ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Ever since the beginning of time, people’s lives have been changing as humans continue to learn new concepts of life. This paper examines some of the changes experienced in Europe in the 1700s. The whole of Europe is noted to have undergone diverse changes in course of the eighteenth century. In this essay, I will examine some of the changes experienced in the continent in regard of various crucial aspects of the human life such as health and health care, disease, education, and agriculture as the main source of food and livelihood for many people in those times. This paper also discusses in detail the main thoughts and ideas behind the great Scientific Revolution as well as the enlightenment instilled by early thinkers and writers in the region. The eighteenth century would be a period of diverse changes in the whole of Europe. This period was historically referred to as ‘the Age of Enlightenment’ and would be characterized by many changes in various sectors of life. This would be a more unified intellectual movement across Europe among a group of philosophers or thinkers who shared a progressive anti-religious outlook on life. This scope however, would be greater than it was originally believed and it triggered many positive as well as negative changes across the region. Both the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment would profoundly change the face of the continent and come the 1700s, diverse changes would be apparent in many nations across the continent. One outstanding change that would impact other significant changes would be the high population rates witnessed across Europe in the 1700s. Many countries such as England and France increased their populations at the fastest rate. Even though health and educational facilities were undergoing notable changes to the better, the services would be poor owing to the heightening demographics. High populations would normally paste diverse effects on the human life among them diseases. During the 1700s, the Europeans would be subjects to many ailments and diseases such as bubonic plague, measles, and small pox. Infectious ailments remained endemic in towns and the cities. The entire continent had been characterized by a rapid development of hospitals and in the course of this period, hospitals would be opened in the larger cities. These however would not be enough to cater for the welfare of the surging populations. The century was indeed one of the most tempting moments in the history of most European countries. In the course of this period, Europe populations would remain at the mercy of famines and repeated harvest failures and this coupled with the prevailing diseases would impose great suffering on peoples’ lives. However, no matter these challenges agriculture was still practiced for prosperity even though in vain owing to the progressive famine of the period. Bread was the staple food for many people but it was rarely available in most parts of the region. In this case, most meals would constitute of peas and beans soup supplemented with vegetables and roots. However, no matter these
This is an argumentative essay on the misguided ideas that vaccines are likely to cause serious health problems to people. Vaccination is a chemical procedure which entails the introduction of antigenic substances in the body to make the immune system develop adaptive immunity to specific diseases. The primary function of vaccination is to safeguard our bodies against illnesses and diseases. There is no doubt that these are significant medical breakthroughs that have been used to control the spread of debilitating and fatal illnesses that were once very common. Although there is much medical and scientific evidence showing vaccination as the most successful public health tool which can be used to prevent diseases and associated afflictions, the procedure has been surrounded by many controversies. These, however, are just misleading ideas and perceptions that have continued to trigger mixed reactions about vaccines. According to Bloom and Paul, Vaccination is categorized among the most significant and effective methods used in preventing infectious diseases in the contemporary world (12). As a matter of fact, better results have been realized in all those areas where vaccination has been applied. Ever since the vaccine for smallpox was successfully developed by Edward Jenner more than 200 years ago, vaccination has become a key element of medical research, and today there are vaccines that can be used to protect people from numerous diseases. These diseases would include Polio, Measles, Tetanus, and Whooping Cough, among other debilitating illnesses. There have been many misleading claims from anti-vaccine activists who have always linked vaccines to threatening health problems and conditions. For example, it has been alleged that vaccines can lead to autism, infertility, and sudden infant death syndrome, among other problems. These misconceptions have led to decreased rates of immunization in some parts of the world, thus putting people’s health at great risk. As a result, epidemics of fatal childhood diseases have been observed in most of these regions. Many questions about the effects of vaccines originate from fears that the antigenic substances used to administer vaccines can bring more harm than good to people. These claims have been spread by some anti-vaccine individuals and organizations through interactive social media platforms such as blogs and twitter, among others. Meryl Dorey, the president of the Australian Vaccination Network, is one of those people who cannot be convinced that vaccination is safe and effective. Dorey believes that vaccines can lead to diseases such as asthma and autism, among other serious health problems. In this regard, she observes that these medical procedures are becoming an emotive issue in the world and that there is a need for more public debates to be raised on their outcomes. However, these claims have been completely discredited by researchers
The Bowenian therapy At first, it is possible to speak about the application of the Bowenian approach. This model is based on the assumption that a counselor should increase a client’s differentiation. In other words, this individual should be able to distinguish his/her own identity from the identities other family members (Ziegler, 20005, p. 80). This concept can be relevant to Ellen who becomes vulnerable to stress because she associates herself too closely with the feelings and emotional problem of her relatives. However, this behavior eventually poses a threat to her emotional wellbeing and socialization. This form of therapy includes several techniques that can throw light on the origins of emotional problems faced the family of Grace Brown. First of all, a Bowenian therapist would construct a genogram of this family. It should be based on information collected during the interviews. This chart should depict genealogical relations, communications patterns within a multigenerational family, or emotional alienation (Rasheed, 2010, p. 193). This method of analyzing information can give many valuable insights to a therapist. In particular, it can show that emotional alienation and suicidal ideations are the problems that affected several generations of this family. For instance, one can mention that Ellen’s grandmother made a suicide attempt. Moreover, her biological father Nick was more attached to his mother, rather than father. To some degree, this behavior is displayed by Ellen. Additionally, this technique is helpful for measuring the degree of differentiation or fusion within a family. While collecting and analyzing information, a Bowenian therapist should understand Ellen’s emotional relations with other family members. In this case, one should speak about such a problem as emotional cutoff. The Bowenian therapy implies that very often people try to resolve their emotional conflicts with relatives by reducing or avoiding any contacts with these people (Goldberg, 1990, p. 293). This is one of the behavioral strategies that Ellen adopts when she distances herself from her stepfather, Henry. Yet, other family members also act in this way. In particular, one can mention Grace and her brother Ted. The main problem is that these individuals are not able to identify and resolve their tensions (Goldberg, 1990, p. 293). Overall, one can say that the collection and analysis of data can be regarded as critical components of the Bowenian therapy. Apart from, the Bowenian therapy includes such a technique as taking an “I” position. (Rasheed, 2010, p. 199). The main peculiarity of this intervention is that a therapist objectively expresses his/her opinions about the family without criticizing or supporting some family members. He/she does not get involved into the emotional conflict. For instance, a Bowenian therapist may argue that Ellen seeks a person who can play the role of a father. Yet, Nick does not call her often enough, while Henry is not willing to be an authority figure for this child. This is why this child accepts the idea of suicide. The adoption of such
Comparing and contrasting presidential tools Every institution either governmental or privately owned has bureaucratic procedures to be followed as stipulated by the constitution. Bureaucracy is the procedures or actions followed within a chain of command; it defines how offices are set in terms of authority. It is noted that, bureaucracies have diverse skillful persons with the capacity to organize a great function or event. As a chief bureaucrat, the president has many tools at disposal capable of influencing and controlling bureaucracies. Powers on budget, appointments and executive commands are some of the tool used by the presidents to influence bureaus. Offices of the President, congresses, parliaments and judiciaries are some of the institutions that influence bureaucracy. In comparison to other tools, power of appointment is considered as the primary tool to a president for manipulation of bureaus. In many states, the chief executive has the mandate to appoint persons that will work as his subordinate. As the executive boss, he has the power to appoint government and other institution’s top officials as stipulated in the constitution. It is regarded as a stronger tool because of its vast influence and manipulation on bureau activities and performance. Considering executive appointment powers, a president will hire persons who are loyal and submissive to him. Consequently, many appointees will perform their duties with presidential interests in mind. This may limit the use of executive orders by the fact that most crucial positions are under presidential supervision with submissive employees. In comparing setbacks, executive orders create governmental controversies while executive appointment may result to employment of unqualified or unskilled personnel in crucial positions. In addition, unqualified presidential appointees do not last long in office due to unprofessional conduct resulting in underperformance in bureaus. Power of appointment is far much stronger than other tools; this is because control, directives and limited monitoring will automatically be at place as compared to executive orders where presidential interests are done only when orders are issued. Although in many state parliaments or congresses are given the basic mandate to exercise budgetary activities, presidents also do have some budgetary powers. The chief executive can decide to delay his consent concerning the budget consequently stagnating budgetary activities. Additionally, the president has the authority to limit or increase fiscal expenditure on different institutions or bureaus. In comparison to effects caused by executive orders, the president may reduce the amount of expenditure thus inactivating organizational activities. Concerning their negative aspect, budgetary powers may act as an avenue for the president to punish some organization by minimizing their budgetary e
Lady Audley’s Secret is a Victorian sensation novel, and, like other literary pieces of this genre, it is known for a “scandalous” portrayal of women, description of shocking crimes, and female insanity. As a sensational novel, it also combines the features of romance and realism, which helps not only to entertain readers but also to criticize existing social issues. In Lady Audley’s Secret , Mary Elizabeth Braddon exposed such problems as female identity and power relationships of genders. It is valid to say that, to do so, she deliberately created an image of the main female character as a femme fatale – a woman who is dangerous and deadly to men and who uses them to pursue personal goals – because such a representation contradicts the traditional Victorian view on females as unintelligent, dependent, and lacking self-sufficiency. Like a typical femme fatale , Lady Audley, known as Lucy Graham before her marriage to Sir Michael Audley, had a mystery about her, and others did not know where she came from. As noted by Miss Tonks, one of her acquaintances: “Miss Graham told me nothing [about her past]; she was too clever for that. She knows how to keep her own secrets, in spite of her innocent ways and her curly hair” (Braddon). The fact that she hid her true identity also indicates that Lady Audley was manipulative and highly strategic in plotting her crimes. Moreover, her change of identity points at abilities that exceed the supposed skills and talents of a Victorian woman. To become another person, she had to research and use information that was far beyond the domestic sphere. Thus, although the character looked like a typical Victorian woman and seemed timid and submissive, she merely used this image to influence men and attain her goals. It is valid to say that Braddon represented Lady Audley this way to highlight the subordinate role of a woman in the 19th century and also challenge it. Work Cited Braddon, Mary Elizabeth. Lady Audley’s Secret . Project Gutenberg, 2017. Project Gutenberg. Web.
Introduction While Johnson and Johnson (J&J) was interested in acquiring the Huggies brand, after further analysis and consideration, it has been found that there were unforeseen flaws in the strategic planning for this supposedly successful acquisition. Such a business venture would likely be unsuccessful as the Huggies brand is experiencing negativity in the marketplace. As Huggies is having experiences not predicted in previous models which are not profitable, the company is rethinking its decision. J&J previously was interested in acquiring the Huggies brand to create a new brand line, “Baby Care.” This would have combined all the scattered baby products lines into one branch while adding a new product manufacturing effort. Currently, Huggies is built into such a branch under its current ownership by Kimberly-Clark, and J&J was going to simply assume this role in its own way to increase organization while gaining a profit. However, this organization is now estimated to come at a price as Huggies is experiencing losses in which there is no foreseeable recovery. As such, the initial benefits are foreseen to gain J&J greater financial resources, deeper penetration into the market, and a wide variety of products would only be partially realized as the company would gain the relations benefits while taking on a financial burden as well. As J&J is not in need of any investments due to its current level of success, the benefits of acquiring Huggies at this point would not outweigh the negative aspects. The main goal of J&J was financial resources, prioritized over the other benefits, and as such the idea must be reconsidered (Beyers, 2009; Hitt, 2009; McIntyre, 2009). Issues Initially, the company’s strategic plan was to acquired manufacturing rights for Johnson and Johnson plants by 2014. In the meantime, manufacturing would have continued in Australia. While this would still be the best method for a transfer, the reported losses show there is less to be gained both before and following the transfer of the right. In recent months the stocks have fallen by 5.3% and are not projected to recover. While the total Huggies sales were relatively high in 2008, these numbers are not as attractive as the new first-quarter losses seen this year. It would appear that the economic conditions are finally revealing a strain that was apparently avoided by the Kimberly-Clark brand. While the profit from Huggies was $3250 million, an offer nearing 5 times the profit was considered reasonable and willing to be approved via debt financing, however, the dollar’s economic value is reshaping the brand’s conditions entirely, and strategically it would be best for Johnson and Johnson to value its current assets and not take any risky moves during such a powerful recession (Beyers, 2009; Hitt, 2009). While the company would still do well to organize its non-categorized product lines, making a large investment, especially during a recession, of a company that is now reporting losses would be a most unwise move. Although it
Failure of Secular Political Movements In most cases, secular political movements fail because of lack of organization and the spontaneous nature of these groups. These groups often arise spontaneously without proper organization. The movements are, therefore, often not identified with a particular leader. The lack of predefined leadership agendas dents the movement’s strength as rivalries arise from the different groups constituting the movement. The movement, thus, has to handle challenges of institutionalizing their diverse interests. With time, various governance issues such as qualification of the leaders, the people to spearhead constitution making, what the constitution should entail, and scheduling of elations arise. Leadership wrangles are also dominant in absence of well defined succession plans. Despite the popularity of the secular movements, internal rivalries are common. This was the cause of divisions in the Muslim brotherhood in the 1980s and 1990s where the group split along key personalities (Rutherford 89). Generational disparities also contribute to the failure of political movements. Internal divisions may arise due to reluctance to integrate the agendas of the different age groups, especially the young generation, into decision making organs. Conflict of interest across the generation and reluctance of leaders to give the young people the opportunity to utilize their skills can cause rivalry. Ideological differences may also come out across the generation, whereby the young generation may be willing to accommodate new concepts and ideas while the older generation of leaders is rigid. This was wi
Introduction Australian standard of business combination accounting is based on International Accounting Standards. A critical review of AASB 3 has been undertaken in this essay about procedures of purchase method to be adopted for business combination accounting. The use of fair value evaluations of assets and liabilities transferred during the acquisition has been critically analyzed. Goodwill has a special role to play in business combinations, and accordingly, efforts have been made to evaluate goodwill calculation methods with particular stress on its accounting aspect. It will be seen in the write-up that Australian accounting standard AASB 3 is aptly adopting the changes that are emerging at the level of IASB. Contents Introduction   * Significance of reporting entity   * The implication of purchase method of accounting   * The determination of the fair value of assets   * Treatment of directly attributable cost in a business combination   * Accounting treatment of bargain purchase   * Treatment of Goodwill in a business combination   * Current proposals Conclusion Significance of reporting entity AASB 3 defines reporting entity as “an entity, in respect of which it is reasonable to expect the existence of users who rely on the entity’s general purpose financial report for information that will be useful to them for making and evaluating decisions about the allocation of resources. A reporting entity can be a single entity or a group comprising a parent and all of its subsidiaries.” (AASB 3, Appendix A) The important criteria in the determination of reporting entity in a business combination are ‘existence of users’. The existence of users does not only mean present users of the financial statements, they may be the future users of such statements. They may be investors or creditors, or even a general information seeker of that company. The idea is that company financial statements may be used by them to take important financial decisions. In most business combinations acquirer is the reporting entity. As the criterion is the existence of users of financial statements, these are the financial statements and financial reports prepared as per
The six areas of improvement identified in the report are the following: safety, effective care, patient-centered care, timely health care, efficient care, and equitable care (IOM, 2001). I have noticed improvements in the safety of care and its effectiveness, as well as inequitable care. However, more attention should be paid to patient-centered care as both physicians and nurses in this organization tend to choose a paternalistic approach rather than a holistic one. As a nurse leader, I can speak to my colleagues about the importance of the family’s involvement in patient care, pointing out how preferences of patients or spiritual guidance, as well as respect for their cultural background, can increase compliance with the prescribed treatment. The identified safety issue is diagnostic errors. According to Conlan (n.d.), diagnostic errors cause from 40,000 to 80,000 deaths a year. They can vary in their severity, but their impact on healthcare is substantial: these errors can lead to delayed or incorrect admissions and readmissions, a lengthy patient stays additional losses for hospitals, and even penalties and lawsuits. Furthermore, physicians or nurses who have made the error can lose their licenses or be sued as well. To address this issue, the organization chose the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) Model for Improvement. First, three questions are asked: “what are we trying to accomplish?”, “How will we know that a change is an improvement?”, and “what change can we make that will result in improvement?” (IHI, n.d.). After that, changes are tested using the PDSA cycle (plan-do-study-act). This method implies that the identified change (or changes) are first planned, then tried or implemented in the workplace, then studied, and then the organization uses the obtained results to learn from them. The organization was able to decrease the number of diagnostic errors by restructuring the work of physicians who had more time per patient than earlier, while nurses were assisting them in entering all data into electronic health records. This strategy addresses safe care by identifying the cause of diagnostic errors. It also enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of care by showing what processes affect physicians. It could also be said that the strategy addresses the aim of patient-centered care because physicians have more time per patient to understand their needs and preferences and diagnose them correctly. The inter-professional work, in this case, consisted of the collaboration between nurses, physicians, and IT specialists. IT specialists in the department helped nurses customize EHR in such a way that they could use it without a physician’s assistance, while physicians were able to spend more time on patients’ examinations. According to Supper et al. (2015), facilitators in inter-professional work can be acknowledged by leadership and trustworthiness, as wel