ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Terrorism has been regarded as the leading threat to international peace and security. Over the past years, acts of terrorism have been witnessed in various parts of the world with the most memorable one being the September 11 attack that left scores of people dead. Acts of terrorism are conducted by insurgent groups working through organized network which are sometimes hard to penetrate. The most common terror group is the Al-Qaida that was responsible for the September 11 2001 bombing attack. Its leader, Osama bin Laden, a Saudi national, was killed a few months ago by the United States of America from his hideouts in the remote parts of Pakistan. However, this has not stopped the remaining members of Al-Qaida to continue instigating acts of terrorism. Terrorism is hard to define because of its ambiguity and as such, it lacks a single definition. However, Williamson (2009, p. 47) observes that the commonly agreed definition of terrorism by experts is that it involves the use of violence or threat which is a method or combat strategy used to achieve set goals with the aim of inducing fear to the targeted victims. It is by itself a ruthless act that has no conformity to the humanitarian norms. To achieve certain goals, the applied strategy of instilling fear is carried out through the use of publicity, such as mass media. It is intentionally carried out to civilians and non-combatants groups who also happen to be the major targets (Williamson 2009, p.47). The targeted victims share common characteristics, acting “as instrumental targets of violence” (Williamson 2009, p.47). The victims of terrorism are subjected to subsequent fear and this puts them in a state of constant fear, thereby undermining their sense of security. The sad thing with terrorism is that it is carried out unexpectedly and in unconventional ways in public areas that have mass population. The innocent are usually targeted by terrorists with the aim of seeking attentive
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study compelled the nation to reconsider and reinterpret human testing procedures, particularly those affecting minority communities. As a result, HEW formed a National Human Investigation Board, and legislation requiring the formation of Institutional Review Boards was approved. A class action suit brought on behalf of the survivors in the 1970s resulted in no new law and skirted the question of government liability for harm caused by such an experiment. Eventually, each survivor got a financial compensation of around $40,000.00 (Alsan et al., 2020). The Tuskegee Syphilis Study’s greatest lasting impact is its ramifications in the African American community, which have implications in light of the AIDS pandemic. The study provided the groundwork for African Americans’ persistent skepticism of the medical establishment, particularly public health initiatives and immunizations. It fostered negative attitudes about the medical system and the federal government, as well as a disrespect for African American life. Despite community outreach efforts, there appears to be evidence that African Americans did not seek treatment for AIDS in the early 1980s due to skepticism of healthcare practitioners over the diagnosis, forecast, and treatments of AIDS. Government leaders and medical professionals must work to rid medicine of social contamination by removing any racial or moral prejudices about individuals or their ailments. The Tuskegee Study, as a symbol of racism and medical malpractice, may never inspire the nation to action, but it may influence the way Americans approach sickness. Within the outpouring of rage and pain from those who oppose the experiment is a cry for government and medical experts to listen to the anxieties of people whose faith has been shattered, to address their concerns directly, and to recognize the relationship between public health and community trust (White, 2019). It thus demonstrates that social prejudices and institutional mistrust are deep-running societal problems that cannot be overridden without systemic structural work. Reference List Alsan, M., Wanamaker, M., & Hardeman, R. R. (2020). The Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis: A case study in peripheral trauma with implications for health professionals. Journal of general internal medicine , 35 (1), 322-325., Web. White, R. M. (2019). Driving Miss Evers’ boys to the historical Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis. Journal of the National Medical Association , 111 (4), 371-382., Web.
Assessment occurs whenever a person has to find a solution to a problem or make a judgment. However, this process might be performed professionally by means of various tools that include interviews, tests, and evaluations. Assessment takes place in different settings such as schools, workplace, and neighborhoods. Therefore, it has become a significant part in counseling. There are different assessment tools, but they all should abide by principles of ethics. The stress assessment questionnaire (SAQ) is a very effective assessment tool that is applied worldwide. The main goal of this paper is to discuss the SAQ, taking into consideration the ethical use of this type of assessment. Evolution and Purpose of Assessment Assessment is an important practice that is necessary to identify, discuss, and deal with the existing problems of a client during a counseling session. This practice helps to build a foundation for diagnosing and further interventions. Therefore, assessment is crucial for all aspects of counseling. Regardless of counseling settings, this practice plays a significant role. Assessment involves not only measuring but also specific procedures aimed at helping a person or different groups. However, counselors’ involvement is limited with respect to methods, concepts, and types of clients. Therefore, a counselor has to perform with the understanding of appropriate procedures of assessment. Many scholars differentiate between testing and assessment. While testing is necessary to measure psychological constructs by means of different tools, assessment is focused on collecting information. However, these both processes are very important to understand the client’s problems. Hence, assessment and testing are interrelated activities. Sometimes they can be even interchangeable because testing always goes together with an ev
Introduction Program planning is an indispensable responsibility of field workers. Program planners not only plan but also implement, monitor and evaluate the impact of their programs. According to Waterston, (1965), program development is viewed as an ongoing process that consist of a study of the situation, thinking about long range and immediate objectives and choosing learning experiences that would be constructive as far as the target audience is concerned. On his part, Kettner, Moroney and Martin (2008) viewed program planning as the process of constructing various actions to shed light to community development. Blair (1998) does not divert from the views of Kettner, Moroney and Martin since he defines program planning as a set or a number of related events that portray some needed actions aimed at achieving certain objectives over a specified time. In his view, objectives show what are to be attained. The same objectives can be revised as new knowledge is generated. Knepper (2010)argues that there are a number of factors that must be considered when designing a program. Firstly, the planner must work with the lay advisory committee. Again, the program planner should explore and describe the general situation of communities being planned for. Other factors include identification of problem areas and their prioritization, stating of objectives, preparation of a program document including work plans and finally monitoring and evaluation of the program. From the above information, it is evident that a good program requires careful planning whereby the planner should set goals and objectives, evaluate the effectiveness of the program, implement its tenets and monitor the implementation process. Program planning is not an easy task hence it is imperative for a project planner to come up with various techniques that would help him or her counter the challenges associated with implementation. In this paper, the planner would wish to introduce an online help center where clients could acquire information pertaining to community services. Program Description With the emerging technologies the world, Skype has turned out to be a new phenomenon in the cyber world. In fact, it is almost a necessity, just like the email address. In this proposal, the planner intends to use the tool in relaying information to the locals as regards to health, especially mental health. The planner would set up the Skype center so that people with mental problems can easily seek for advises. The service is very efficient since it permits the planner to communicate with the locals without any difficulty. It has an advantage over the local phones since it transmits both analog and digital information without any interruptions. For th
Patient Population The outcome measures apply to an adult mental health facility with two units, unit Bravo and unit Charlie. The target patient population is adult patients diagnosed with mental illness. The Performance Data Scorecard Measure                    Outcome                         Drivers                                                           – A quality workforce           – Communication                        Employee empowerment       – Quality workplace conditions  – Self/performance management                                     – Improved clinical skills      – Reward/recognition                                                                              – Training & development                                          – Timeliness                    – Timely care delivery                 Customer loyalty           – Quality                       – Patient safety/patient-centered care                            – Service/collaboration         – High responsiveness                                             – Patient/family involvement    – Customer satisfaction                                           – Accurate data collection      – Data collection systems/tools        Operational effectiveness  – Accreditation                 – Length of stay                                                                                  – Readmission rate                     Financial viability        – Cost savings                  – Inventory turnover                                              – Timely payments               – Net revenue increase                  Outcome Measures Performance – this indicator measures the extent to which the care rendered meets patient, family, or provider expectations. The selected outcome measures for this indicator include:  1. The proportion of clients/families satisfied with the care/service as measured with 30-day user appraisals.  2. The percentage of acute referrals treated within 24 hours. Quality – because of the refractory nature of mental illnesses, hospital readmission rates, and committals are indicators of the quality of care provided. Its outcome measures include:  1. The total readmissions at the two units within a 30-day post-discharge period as a percentage of psychiatric cases handled per annum.  2. The number of cases put under involuntary committals or seclusion relative to the total hospitalizations per year. Patient safety – adverse events, suicides, and homicides can indicate the patient risks associated with an intervention. The two selected outcome measures for this indicator include:  1. The number of clients under electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) who get fractures, tooth loss, and myocardial infarctions  2. The number of client-reported medical error cases received by the case manager in 30 days Employee engagement – effective engagement programs enhance staff motivation, retention, and capacity, translating into greater unit efficiency. The outcome measures for this indicator include:  1. The proportion of the institution’s annual budget spent on st
The Thomas Library of Congress was the very first electronic record of legislative documentation from the United States House of representatives. It was established in January 1995, and its stated purpose is to research questions posed by senators and Congressmen (Colby, 2017). The library also houses and manages United States Copyright Office (Colby, 2017). The library is available online, and below are the definitions and meanings of some of the terms found on its website. Authority is a power that people have agreed to follow and have specific methods of control. People respect individuals that are dominant in leadership, and they believe that due to the position they are in, respect is deserved. For individuals in a superior position or that ranks them at a higher position that respect is necessitated. Capitalism is a system in which private investors control the economy and industrialization, and in return, they get a profit. They also set market prices to serve society to the best of their interest. Communism is a philosophy that aims to establish a social system so that the socioeconomic order will be based on the ideals of democratic control. It will also deal with the production of resources and the eradication of social groups, finance, and bureaucracy. Democracy is a form of administration in which people are involved in making major enterprises. They are directly or indirectly considered when making laws, the state’s goals, and deciding on their preferred type of governance. Downsizing has been the process of permanently reducing entire operations by eradicating unproductive workforces or departments. It is a predominant legislative method that is regularly related to economic recessions and botched establishments. In a civilization or a specific geographic region, an economic system is a way of manufacturing, priority setting, trade, and administration of merchandise. A small group with a similar political and economic interest in society is viewed as an elite model. Informal economy refers to an extensive choice of commercial development, businesses, service, and employees who are not controlled or legally protected. This term was first used to describe people that are independent and unlicensed companies (Himchenko & Degtyarev, 2021). This has been extended to insurance-paid exertion in non-protected places. A monopoly is a market dynamic in which a vendor can sell a particular product in the market. In this context, the seller has no competitors since they are the lone suppliers of items that are not similar. They have knowledge that is not available to th
Introduction Ever since the origination of the concept of feminism, it has gradually grown to become a global process. The equality of women was the issue, remaining keen for many nations for a long time. The issue was promoted through circulation of ideologies and practices, which facilitated the discussions of the human rights based on gender. Other processes, such as socialist revolution, capitalism and imperialism, also influenced the social minds and contributed to the demand for equality of women. It is pertinent to mention that feminism, essentially, generated the geo-political structures across the world. However, it is, indeed, necessary to explore feminism at the local level in order to fully understand as well as appreciate how the concept was applied by women to demand for their rights. When feminism is studied from the standpoint of history of certain countries, it is possible for the audience to create a clear correlation between the global and local factors that have accelerated the spirit of feminism. On the same note, the desire of modernity among women leaders who have fought for equal rights should also be brought into perspective with the aim of understanding both the micro and macro processes, which have continually constituted the feminism. It is obvious that the feminism has always taken the perspective of the global discourse. In this particular paper, the history of Chinese feminism has been analyzed bearing in mind that this area of discussion represented the topic of the scholarly interest. It is against this backdrop that this essay gives a succinct discussion of the Chinese feminism in the early 20th century, the roots of feminism in the communist women’s movement, and the demand for human rights by women activists in China. The roots of feminism and demand for human rights Wang provides a critical analysis of the relationship between the gender bias and women discrimination. He tries to take into account various factors influencing the gender inequality. The author stresses that the mentality of the nation as well as the cultural and social norms play a crucial role in this respect. In addition, it is important to mention that the feminist ideals, which were eventually embraced and adopted in China, were the results of the influence of foreign countries. 1 Throughout the paper, the global context of Chinese feminism has
Cause China When considering the factors that predetermined the rapid and practically uncontrollable population growth in China (0.43% in 2016 according to the CIA data (“Population Growth Rate” CIA.gov )), one must mention the fact that the living standards have increased significantly over the past few decades (Lucas 2). As a result, the rates of infant mortality are very low, and life expectancy is outstandingly high in the state. The issue of the living standards increases, in its turn, revolved around the rise in the number of immigrants in China that was due to the numerous job offerings. Furthermore, apart from a rapid increase in the number of immigrants to the state, the improved living conditions triggered an increase in the life expectancy levels. Despite the fact that a law prohibiting one-third of Chinese families from having more than one child was passed in 1979 (“India” CIA.gov ), the population growth rates continue to rise, therefore, becoming a reason for understandable concern among the authorities. India Although a substantial part of the Indian population cannot enjoy high living standards, the population growth rates are very high in the identified area as well. However, the reasons for the identified phenomenon are the exact opposite of the ones that cause population growth in China. Particularly, the high poverty rates and the lack of literacy among a large number of people compel them to have as many family members as possible to increase the income rates. Furthermore, the cultural tradition, which encourages Indian people to marry at a relatively young age and produce as many male children as possible, evidently has its toll on the population growth level. Finally, the lack of literacy mentioned above also implies that a lot of Indian people are unaware of the essential concepts of contraception; consequently, the tools for avoiding pregnancy and controlling childbirth are used rarely. The factors listed above affect the population growth levels greatly, seeing how rapid the increase thereof in India is. According to the official statistical data, in 2016, the identified index amounted to 1.19% (“India” CIA.gov ), which is nearly three times as high as in China. Discussion It is quite spectacular that, despite the obvious differences in the situations observed in China and India, the growth rates in both states increases exponentially every year. Indeed, seeing that there has been an improvement in the living conditions in China, which is the exact opposite of the situation in India, one may assume that the population growth rates in the two states should be in inverse proportion to each other. However, the identified phenomenon can be explained by the fact that, in both cases, the subject matter is affected by the specifics of the local culture and economy to a considerable extent. The economic issues and the political choices made by the state authorities must be listed among the basic reasons for the growth rates to be nearly equally high. For instance, in China, the creation of a range of job opportunitie
Introduction Leadership is one of the most important roles in every aspect of human life, and it defines how a given section of the society will develop towards achieving specific goals. According to Armstrong and Stephens (2005, p. 23), most leaders prefer being showered with praises even when they are in the wrong direction more than when they are told the truth. This may be associated with the fact that leaders are always anxious about how their subjects view them. They would want to be accepted by the society, and praises are considered as aspects of this acceptance (Oestreicher 2011, p. 112). On the other hand, most leaders consider criticism as a sign of rejection from the concerned individuals. In most of the cases, the leader will react negatively to such forms of criticism, making it difficult to pick anything positive out of it. As a leader, I have experienced what it means to be subjected to both praises and criticism. In this self-reflective paper, I seek to conduct a self-analysis as a leader using some of the leadership philosophies to understand areas of personal strengths and weaknesses with a view of developing a path for future development. This will help me improve my leadership skills and be able to meet the expectations of both my supporters and critics in delivering my duties. Critical Reflection I have developed a strong desire to understand my orientation in leadership by conducting critical self-analysis. I became a leader at a very tender age of seventeen years when my parents assigned me to a unit to lead within the family company. I found it very challenging at first because I had to lead adults, some of whom were older than my parents. I felt intimidated, especially during consultative forums with the employees in this unit. They seemed to be experienced and more knowledgeable in this field than I, but still I had to offer them some guide. In most of these cases, I would play the role of rubberstamping what members of this unit decided based upon discussions that I chaired. There were instances when I felt that their decisions were not in line with my thinking. I once questioned them over the same, but they would respond using complicated terms and approaches that would force me to stop further probing. I shared my views with my father who gave me encouragements. He directed me to various books of leadership and told me to take leadership orientation that would best suite my working environment. I wanted to be an inspirational leader. I would also like to be able to motivate the employees to be more productive in their different lines of duty. I was concerned of the amount of criticism I would receive whenever I made independent decisions. According to Banks and Ledbetter (2004, p. 56), leaders should always use criticism to identify their points of weakness, and use it to develop a strong leadership foundation that is holistic in nature. At first, I found it difficult to follow this advice because