ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Anthropology is the study that involves holistic comparison of human beings. It analyses the interactions of human beings with the environment. It originates from humanities and natural sciences. Anthropology questions about the behavior of different people, their origin and their physical traits. Great figures of anthropology includes; Marvin Harris, Jared Diamond and Eugene Linden. Harris was an anthropologist who was born in America. He came up with several theories pertaining cultural evolution. He came up with Cultural Materialism approach where he combined facets of Marxism and several anthropological theories, where he suggested that models of cultural behavior development is based on crucial needs. Jared Diamond was also an American scientist born in Boston. Diamond scrutinized human evolution as well as its significance to the current world, where he incorporated genetics, evolution biology, ecology and anthropology. He also tried to on expound Eurasian Hegemony by use of evidences from genetics, ecology and linguistics. He suggested that gaps in technology and power among human societies failed to reflect racial or cultural differences, but emanates from environmental differences amplified by a couple of feedback loops. In the book, Eugene Linden (2006) The Winds of Change, Linden demonstrates that sudden climate change characterized by variations of the amount of ice, especially from Greenland was the major significant cause of the collapse of the Akkadian Empire as well as Mayan empire found in Central America. In both empires, the societies were reliant on agriculture and were faced with serious famine due to abrupt drought. The book further gives the details of how climate alteration through history has lead to many other challenges which includes the death of Greenland Norse settlers where the extreme cold thwarted subsistence farming which was well established during the summer period. The other example given in this book is the death of Indian peasants and Chinese due to the drought resulting from El Niño in the year 1877-78. Anyone who enjoys learning anthropology will find Eugene Linden (2006) enchanting. Authors’ Suggestions and their Evidences Harris was apparent on how societies come up with complex rituals to avert destroying the ecosystems they rely on, this clarifies banning of the of pig products in Middle East. According to Harris, chubby animals scramble with humans for similar foods. Raising them in numerous numbers would lead to strain on agricultural land by years of desertification along with deforestation. He advocated for their ban to avoid persistent ecological destruction. With this logic, he felt that institution of warfare arose to curtail population strain on the environment in an attempt to balance the ecosystem. About War in primitive soci
Background of Miami Dade Florida Miami Dade is a county in state of Florida. This populous county is located to the southeastern part of United States. According to US census report of 2010, Miami Dade Florida’s population is estimated to be over 2,496,435 people (Saint-Jean & Crandall, 2005). It occupies a total area of 1,946 square miles and has several urban cities such as Buena Vista, Carol City and Princeton among many others. Its principal cities are beautifully placed with half their population occupying metropolitan area of south Florida. Moreover, Miami city hosts a total human population of about 424,662 (Saint-Jean & Crandall, 2005). This essay explores health issues affecting elderly Cuban communities living in Miami Dade. Besides Cubans, Jamaicans, Haitians and Colombians who live in Miami Dade County, census report indicates that 548,402 families and slightly over 776,774 households reside in this county. According to US census report of 2000, some of the dominant races occupying this county include Latinos or Hispanic races, Pacific islanders who, Asians, Native Americans, the blacks and African Americans, whites who are non-Hispanic as well as original whites who are majority and accounting for 69.7% of the entire population (Saint-Jean & Crandall, 2005). Additionally, the size of households is 2.84% with at least an elderly individual living alone in every 8.6% households of the total 23.3% (Anon., 1998). On the same note, 29.4% of the total household population is made up of small units of people who do not have families while women living alone stands at 17.2%, married couples at 47.7% and finally households with children at 33.8% (Skinner & Wennberg, 2003). In terms of age distribution, Miami Dade Florida County, elderly people over the age of 65 years and above constitute 13% of the population, 45-64 years old make up 21.7%, 25-44 years old constituting 31% while those who are18 years and below constitute the remaining 24.8% (Skinner & Wennberg, 2003). The median income in the county among households is comparatively low since those above 65 years among other lower age groups have been found to be living within poverty line since they are unable to afford basic luxuries. According to the 2008 demographics census courtesy of US government, population of some ethnic groups such as blacks, whites, and non-Hispanic groups rose steadily to 19.5% down from 17.8% r compared to year 2000 census estimates (Anon., 1998). Geographically, Miami Dade Florida’s physical environment is well endowed with diverse sceneries such as historical features, cultural landmarks and physical attractions. The latter is made up of swamps, beautiful summits, streams, ridges, lakes, islands, capes, beaches, bays and bars among others (Skinner & Wennberg, 2003). Cultural features include towers, reservoirs, parks, mines, levees, hospitals, harbors bridges and airports among others. Some of the historical features parks, islands, buildings and arches. The county’s health department (MDCHD) has been over the years working towards
Introduction This paper will focus on reflecting on the course “Learning and Communicating Online,” and, in particular, discussing the new information with regards to evaluating, using, and finding reliable online sources for academic communication. Also, the paper will explore personal ideas of using online sources as well as how their credibility can be evaluated, particularly in the context of the recent political and societal events. By the end of the course, I was making a plan to become more proficient in using online resources for conducting research on different topics and be able to differentiate between reliable and credible information. The issue of source reliability was of particular concern to me due to the spreading of the “fake news” phenomenon that has an adverse impact on the society. Change in Areas of Expertise First, it is important to mention that researching a specific topic by using different online sources such as social media platforms or news websites helped to gain an understanding not only of how I can learn but also how new information can be collected from various sources. Because the barriers to entering the sphere of online media have dropped significantly (Allcott & Gentzkow 2017), it is currently possible to get a variety of information about different topics. The resources used for research ranged from Youtube to official websites. It was surprising to find reliable and high-quality information in the most unexpected sources while CNN or Buzzfeed websites sometimes reported on “fake news,” the statements on which they later had to retract. Second, the concern over source reliability was the most important point I wanted to explore during the “Learning and Communicating Online” course. In the essay “Reliability of Sources and the 2016 US Election,” the topic of source reliability was given some extensive consideration. The 2016 US election was notorious for both candidates using different methods of deceit to convince the public to vote for them. While Mr. Trump was presenting “alternative facts” that the public perceived as truth, Mrs. Clinton was seen shifting her opinions from one extremity to another in order to align with the mainstream views. Unfortunately, not all media sources were successful in differentiating between real facts and alternative facts, which lead to
Introduction Canada and China each have their own unique traits when it comes to their economic systems since each country’s system was a product of their history and their needs in the past. Comparison Both countries are considered well to do nations. Canada belongs to the top ten wealthiest nations while China is one of the top three largest economies of the world (Barboza, 21). Furthermore, both these nations cannot be classified as either communist or capitalist system as they contain different elements. Canada is classified as a mixed market economy while China’s economy has been called many things including market socialism and state capitalism. Economic freedom in Canada differs substantially from that of China. The latter country has been identified as one of the most preferable when it comes to economic freedom as government interference is kept at a minimum and start up procedures are some of the easiest and most convenient in the world. Business costs in the G7 have been described as some of the lowest in Canada. Foreigners only need about three days to start up a business and may only have to go through a two step procedure when doing so. Even the issue of corporate governance is given a lot of precedence in this nation. On the other hand, while China may be having a high number of multinationals located in the country, it still has a long way to go in terms of economic freedom. Government corruption still prevents it from reaching its potential. Furthermore, the banking system in China is yet to be redefined in order to make it more feasible towards the creation of some of these other systems. Additionally, corporate governance is a serious issue in China because the rule of law is not as solid as it ought to be (Starr, 54). Both countries were affected by the global financial crisis that started in 2007. It can be argued that this was because they both depend on the largest economy of the world (the United States) for trade. However, it should be noted that the extent to which each country was affected differed. Canada is more dependent on the United States than China is. In fact, in 2008, about 280.8 billion US dollars worth of imports were from the US yet its total imports amount to 442.9 billion US dollars (Statistics Canada, 48). This is the reason why its trade deficit transformed from a surplus of 46.9 billion in 2008 to a deficit of about 4.8 billion Canadian dollars in 2009. Things have worsened in the subsequent years since it is predicted that t
This novel is about an interesting classic tale about Janie Crawford. The identity of this woman takes her through several life processes whereby she gets a good opportunity to learn more about love, to differentiate lives’ joys and sorrows, and then settle in peace with much knowledge and skills concerning life. The life expectations of Janie especially how she was treated were very high than what she received. Her life started becoming real when she met young man called Tea Cake, who offered her an opportunity to enjoy life full of love. Although Janie’s story does not have a good ending, there is a conclusion that leaves readers with satisfaction. It is a fact that Janie is a one black woman who tirelessly stood out from the bondage of sorrow, foolishness, and fear. She confesses that she had done the two most important things that any human being ought to do; one is to go to God, and the second one is to reveal the secret of how to live for her. Motifs are structures that happen again and again in a piece of literature, and they help a reader or the audience to understand the theme of that piece of literature. For instance in this novel community is one of the motifs used by the author to assist the readers understand his themes. When Janie returns to Eatonville, the author centers his attention to the porch-sitters who gossip openly about Janie’s situation (Hurston 86). There are two major places in the novel that the author puts significance, the Eatonville and the Everglades, the environment that Janie made interactions. In several cases, we are shown Janie’s desire to be part of this vibrant social life, which she feels safe and well connected with other people. For instance in chapter 18, whereby Janie was in the company of Tea Cake, and Motor Boat when they were looking for a safe place to shelter from the rainstorm. The author makes us aware that the group of these three characters sheltered themselves in shanties with others. The author did not literally mean that they shared the same room with them, but he wanted to show us how they united against that natural disaster which was devastating (Hurston 103). However, the author indicates several occasions whereby Janie ridicules the gossip and rumors that exist in these communities. Most of these gossips found within these communities were to criticize Janie especially due to her independence nature and possession of a strong will power. Most of people in these communities were trying to demonstrate a negative picture of practicing unity, because they preferred the total sacrifice of individuality. On the other hand, Janie was against this type of sacrifice, a she was a strong woman who could not allow any person to control her life against her desires. Janie cared much about the outcome of her deeds, and that is why she used to take her time before ma
‘The fire this time’ rings out the themes of indigenous resistance or indigenous reality. It shows there is a political, religious, and cultural connection among the African-American, Blacks and Native Americans and indigenous communities. This link is somehow unifying and cohesive among the people and enable people to appreciate each other more not necessary along racial boundaries, but on humane basis. This video presentation shows the struggle for independence fought by indigenous individuals in West Papua New Guinea and other areas. This presentation is connected to a state of exploitation that continues in the world that has deprived people so much, yet the struggle continues (Raging Blakkindian Dub 2). ‘The sociology and history of African American’ brings out the theme of poverty. It observes that poverty levels are more concentrated to the urban areas due to the historical denial of access, deindustrialization, that is, lack of job opportunities, and segregation of groups. Poverty is particularly concentrated among the black community. The percentage of high poverty and extreme poverty areas has increased. Also the book brings out the theme of crime and fratricide in an urban setting. It is notices that there is an increase in trend intra-racial homicide danger of the African Americans which is not particularly inter-racial; furthermore it was higher in black communities than any other group. By 1987, the ratio of blacks to whites is 1:9, yet almost one out of two people arrested of murder and none negligent manslaughter was a black, and 41% of those murdered were blacks (Black 210). The cool pose’, this book brings out the theme of racism and discrimination among the various races in the United States. It also brings out the theme of dilemma of masculinity among men in the United States. Racism, harsh injustices and discrimination mostly affects black men, subjecting them to social stress and social symptoms. Being a man and a black in US meant that one was weak economically, politically, and social arenas, which were occupied by whites. Also their hard work did not yield the same fruits as their counterparts, whites, in terms of wages and positions (Majors and Billson 3) According to Chunk D. of ‘Public Enemy’ the “3Es” necessary for healthy community development were economics, education and enforcement, however these factors play a role in the pieces stated above. According to ‘cool pose’ social, economic and environmental problems have
The poem of my choice is a sonnet by John Keats titled On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer , which is focused on a piece of poetry describing the importance and the impact of poetry in general. It is important to note that “the sonnet has been a popular literary form in English since the sixteenth century, when it was adopted from the Italian sonnetto , meaning “little song” (Meyer & Miller, 2019, p. 484). The first thing that one notices when reading the poem is the fact that it is an Italian sonnet with its two distinct parts. It is stated that “the first eight lines (the octave) typically rhyme abbaabba . The final six lines (the sestet) may vary; common patterns are cdecde, cdcdcd, and cdccd c” (Meyer & Miller, 2019, p. 484). In other words, the poem’s form is tightly related to the poem’s content because the first six lines or the octave focus on the narrator’s travels and search for literary understanding. However, the latter six lines, or the sestet, are centered around the revelation and knowledge of the narrator, where a new translation of the Greek poem is delivered in a more profound manner to create awe. The common rhyme is an “old” sound, such as words, hold, gold told, and bold, which define the octave of the poem. The meter is also present in the latter part of the piece with alternations between eyes and skies, or men and ken. The challenge is manifested in the fact that the line number is predetermined to be six plus six, and each section needs to have its own theme, context, as well as meters. Therefore, by understanding and seeing these format rules of an Italian sonnet, it becomes more apparent how challenging it is to create such a poem. Reference Meyer, M., & Miller, D. Q. (2019). Literature to go (4 th ed.). Macmillan Higher Education.
Current Situation In the year 2008, it became apparent for Jud Linville (CEO of the American Express Company, also known as Amex) that the commercial enterprise in question needed to adjust its corporate philosophy to be fully consistent with the contemporary realities in the US market of financial services. Among the main driving factors behind Linville’s realization in this respect was the increased role of informational technologies within the operational framework of the economy’s banking sector, the rapid expansion of the ‘open-loop’ payment networks (both conventional and web-based), and the growing popularity of retail spending with cardholders. While planning to expound on the issue at length during his meeting with Ken Chenault (Chairman) and Al Kelly (President), Linville decided to make a point in proposing that the would-be implemented strategy for addressing the situation must take into account the Company’s foremost competitive advantages, such as being in the position to practice ‘data-based marketing’ and capitalize on having established a particularly loyal customer base. This paper aims to provide some analytical clues as to the discursive significance of the described corporate challenge, on the part of Amex, and outline the most circumstantially appropriate approaches for tackling it. Key Issue As one can infer from the assigned article, the years 2007-2008 marked the emergence of many objective prerequisites for Amex to consider applying adjustments to what then used to represent this company’s business model. In its turn, this development appears to have been fostered by the outbreak of the 2007-2008 financial crisis – something that caused Amex to discontinue its B2B ‘franchising’ partnership with commercial banks. The development’s yet another consequence had to do with the Company’s decision to diversify the line of its products and services while making sure that their commercial appeal would be reflective of the post-2008 specifics of the economic climate in the US. As the Company’s Senior Vice President Michael O’Neill pointed out, “(In 2008) we narrowed the business and broadened the brand” (Labatt and Quelch, 2008, p. 15). Given the fact that the mentioned competitive moves, on Amex’s part, imply the eventual modification of its currently deployed business model, it will only be logical to expect that the Company’s corporate reputation would be strongly affected as well. This specific suggestion can be discussed in terms of the article’s key issue. The reason for this is apparent – there is just too much uncertainty about what may account for the anticipated scenario’s long-term discursive implications. The article’s key issue will appear especially noteworthy if assessed in conjunction with the fact that the brand name American Express has always been known for its close affiliation with the notions of ‘exclusivity’ and ‘prestige’, “Unlike its transaction-oriented competitors, Visa and MasterCa
Statistical Analysis System (SAS) is a program developed for data management and analysis. The software includes standard functions, such as mining, altering, and retrieving data, together with more advanced tasks including predictive and multivariate analyses. SAS is similar to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) in terms of capabilities and field of applications. However, the former seems more challenging and harder to learn due to the complexity of user interface and the number of integrated functions. Moreover, SAS has its own programming language and can be operated through queries rather than a graphical interface. In short, even though I would prefer using SPSS for everyday tasks, an advanced user may find it more beneficial to use SAS. Knowledge about data management software is crucial for educational technology leaders, as it helps to process large volumes of information and acquire statistics. The statistics will enable me to make evidence-based decisions rather than relying only on my own judgment or theoretical works. Moreover, software decisions like SPSS or SAS enrich the flow of data within the schools making it easier to exchange, store, and access information from any geographical point. In brief, these programs support technology leaders to improve schooling experience for both staff and students. The basic statistics that will be most helpful for me as an educational technology leader is comparing scores of different student groups among each other. This type of statistical analysis will help to evaluate teachers’ performance. Additionally, I envision that I will compare statistical data of the scores to the expected outcomes to confirm the validity of tests and educational programs. In conclusion, I believe that I will be using and analyzing test result statistics while working as an educational technology leader.