ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Mastering Human Language (Apes) Scientists acknowledge the fact that humans may share a common ancestry with apes. Some scientists have however noted that the resemblance between apes and humans ends at language. In this regard, animal trainers have in the past tried to teach apes to master human language. However, these attempts hit a snag in the early 1900s. Apes found it difficult to wrap their lips around common words humans could relate to (Hill, 1978). In light of these developments, sign language was identified as an alternative to verbal communication. In the 1960s efforts were made to teach chimpanzees nonverbal ways of communication using American sign language. These efforts were successful as compared to previous attempts to teach apes using speech. Despite apes being able to communicate using sign language in a few, basic types of communication (like requesting food), scientists have pondered on whether apes have really mastered the art of language. This study therefore seeks to shed some light on this topic because the true definition of human language is an already contested topic (Hill, 1978). Mastering Human Language Since the invention of language, human intellect has always been considered a unique human trait that distinguishes mankind from animals. However, there have been arguments from scholars, academicians and the general population about the specifics of language. In essence, human language can be termed as a series of vocal symbols incorporated by humans to either interact or communicate. From this analysis we can come up with a series of language traits that are not evident in animals, for example, arbitrariness. Not all forms of language we use have a conjoined meaning in the sign, meaning and sound. Research studies have identified that non-human forms of communication are not part of human language in any way (Rumbaugh, 1977). Complexity of Human Language Comparison between apes and humans would probably pit humans as the most talkative species. There is however no doubt that apes posses vocal symbols just as humans do, but we should also acknowledge the fact that human language is much more complex than apes could understand. Human language incorporates variations in tones, intellect or even inflection. Humans can make alterations in language depending on how the speaker feels. Human language primarily incorporates the ability to moderate, change pitch, tone or even speed up speech to suit a particular whim in a given time frame. Claims that Apes Have Mastered Human Language It is undeniable that some scientists have claimed in the past that apes have successfully mastered human language. From the above analysis of the complexity of human language, it can be concluded that mastering human language is much more complex than the evidence purported by earlier scientists about the mastery of human language by apes. It is also important to note that experiments done on the apes had been on a uniform basis that is “iteration” (Gardner, 1989). This means repeating an action or word a number of times until the ape can get it right. It can also be equated to the ability of parrots to master human
Many factors affect females and encompass the sense of vulnerability and the unfamiliarity with issues such as terrorism. Nevertheless, it has been established that women destroy themselves with their aspects of being women. Engaging in warfare is deemed as getting into a status of manhood. Though the majority of people cannot anticipate any violent behavior being done by women, female terrorists cope with each facet of terrorism and feminine attributes do not hinder their adjustment to cruel terrorist tasks and actions. Women are viewed as passive, delicate, and dupe-like. The aspect of discouraging females from such things as terrorism starts from childhood where boys are bought gun-toys to play with while girls are bought dolls to cherish. Such generally gendered functions form the social order. The practice of terrorism has been associated with masculinity with the sexual roles being offered to females, which has greatly reinforced the subordination, quelling, weakness, and degradation of women. The self-worth of females has been significantly destroyed through the operations of most terrorist groups. God-like status of the male heads drew female terrorists while assisting in the construction of female terrorist character; in this regard, female terrorists were stimulated by similar motivations and conditions that stimulate male terrorists. It is evident that terrorism is carried out as a group action; on this note, collective ideological dedication, as well as group cohesion, is a more considerable determining factor of terrorism operations when judged against individual attributes. Nonetheless, terrorist suicide is fundamentally an individual, instead of a group, occurrence. The major reasons behind terrorism could be attributed to lack of democratic organization, need for civil liberties, the set laws, excessively quick transformation, radical philosophies, record of brutality, civil conflicts, autocracies, occupation, unlawful and crooked governments, oppression by overseas occupation and colonial authorities, social unfairness, and the existence of compelling ideological leaders. Female terrorists are mainly inspired by vengeance, liberation, respect, and affiliation. The killings of loved ones, incapacity to bear children, being deemed unmarriageable, and reinvention because of claimed or actual sexual misconduct are the greatest causes of female terrorism. Spiritual and cultural dissimilarities have influenced the processes of terrorist operations. The support of terrorism amid females and males could be comparable. The approval of terrorism in opposition to the United States did not occur directly from disengagement with individual, cultural, financial, and social conditions but instead from perspectives regarding the person or thing blameworthy for the state of affairs. In addition, the
Introduction Employability refers to the collection of personal attributes that one possesses making him/her valuable at the workplace, and in the global economy (CBI/NUS 2011). A marketing graduate must have work experience to be employed by either middle-sized companies or big companies. Employers assess knowledge, skills, and experience (Hall, 2012). According to CBI/NUS report (2011), knowledge refers to analytical skills. Various selection tools, and procedures are used to assess the various competencies that an individual possesses. Assessment centers are recognized for their accuracy in selecting the right candidates. Some companies may use an additional selection process known as the graduate schemes. A marketer in a big company may specialize in one line of operation such as account specialist. In a small-sized business, the various duties of marketing are carried out by a single individual. Employers around the world consider perfect academic grades may not be reflected in the actual performance. However, graduates with good grades may be considered as having a successful past which may be repeated at work. Most employers find business and customer awareness as a rare attribute among recruits (CBI/NUS 2011). Analysis Employability in marketing Employability is a term used to describe personal qualities that augment the technical skills making an employee more productive. According to CBI/NUS report (2011), employability is “the set of attributes, skills and knowledge that all labor market participants should possess” (p. 12). This indicates that the attributes are shared across different sectors. The main attribute is positive thinking. Other attributes include communication skills, business and customer awareness, team-working, and self-management among other skills. These skills make it easier for a marketing graduate to fit in the workplace easily. One is able to shift easily from sector to sector according to career preference. CBI/NUS (2011) discusses that employability is “always in demand and is never outdated” (p. 11). However, technical skills such as marketing need to be reviewed or else they become outdated. Maintaining employability requires marketing graduates to “constantly update their skills so that they are desirable to potential employers all the time and at any time” (Ridderstrale & Nordstom as cited by Francis 2012). Employers believe that the qualities of an individual are portrayed in the brand image. Heffernan et al. (2010) discuss that “communication, both written and oral, are to be the most important attribute for a marketing graduate” (p. 4). An employable marketer that wants to work with leading companies and middle-sized companies must demonstrate good communication skills during competency tests. Information transfer, networking skills, and ability to engage foreign languages wer
To address the current issues in politics, Sodaro has come up with a number of political approaches that can be used to understand the political ideologies of people (Sodaro 12). In his book, Sodaro has critically explained the trend politics in several countries. To achieve this, he has explained the types of governments that different countries have, their status of democracy, social status and their economic stability. He has also explained factors that may influence the politics of a given country. The first part of the book critically analyzes core political topics. It mainly focuses on the key issues that may affect the politics of a given country. This includes economic stability, political ideologies, international relations and personal interests of political leaders. It is evident that many governments in the world are striving to improve their socio-political and economic status. To achieve this goal, they apply a number of strategies. However, it has been difficult for most of them to achieve this dream due to a number of factors that act as setbacks in their development (The Economist 6). Democracy may or may not be viewed as a crisis depending on the level of its participation. When the level of political participation by individuals is high, there are high chances that a crisis may arise. At the same time, when the level of political participation is low, there are chances that a crisis may occur. High levels of democracy tend to reduce the power of the government. This in turn increases the level of apathy and reduces the level of public trust among individuals. The government therefore cannot make tight decisions without the approval of its subjects. In many instances, this is viewed as democracy. However, in most cases, it tends to make the process of decision making to be difficult. This in turn makes it difficult for the government to improve the social and economic status of the nation (Southhall 16). As a result, individuals will be demanding more from the government while it can only produce less. According to the Rational Choice Theory, all individuals are believed to be rational. This means that an individual can only engage him or herself in an activity if he/she will benefit from it. The benefits that such an individual should accrue from a venture should exceed the effort invested in it (The Economist 11). While participating in an event, an individual can benefit from either collective benefits or selective benefit. An individual who benefits from collective benefits and was not an active member of the group or initiative is known as a rider. Selective benefits on the other hand are exclusive benefits that the members of a given group or initiative earn. However, with the current democratic trends, an individual will gain no benefit whatsoever from of voting. This may explain the reason why there has been a decline in voter t
The thing which determines the development of a personality and its skills is self-motivation. Having taken into account the fact that people adopt things and notions better when they are interested in them, researchers outlined the Self-Determination Theory. It is the approach to human’s motifs and personality which uses traditional empiric methods, combined with recognition of people using some inner sources to accomplish task better (Ryan & Deci, 2010, p. 68) In other words, it is the idea of trying to motivate a man to do something for his development. The difference from the traditional approach lies in the powers which motivation can give to a man and how it can influence his development. “Motivation concerns energy, direction, persistence and equifinality–all aspects of activation and intention” (Ryan & Deci, 2010, p. 69). This is why it is vital to use it in the process of study. There is a great difference between self-motivation and some external regulation, that is why a deeper study of motivation is needed. In these terms, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations can be called key points of this theory. Intrinsic motivation makes people do something on their desire, while extrinsic motivation is based on a human’s desire to get some benefit. In the educational process, this kind of motivation can be stimulated by different factors, so the person to start moving towards some concrete aim. This motivation should be internalized as it will guarantee a person’s more autonomous behaviour. Autonomy supportive teaching (AST) is based on this notion. The main idea of it is that enhancing autonomy in study promotes the development of intrinsic motivation among students and leads to better results. There are some main issues in this kind of teaching. First of all, the opportunity for some independent work should be provided as it will encourage a person to think and develop his approach to work. There also should exist some choice within rules. Moreover, tasks and these rules should be explained and have some rational. Students should be shown their perspectives to see what they can achieve while practising some skills. For example, while developing skills in dribbling, pupils should be informed about the great importance of individual skills in modern football and the benefits it gives on examples of some famous football players. MST takes this notion into account. I
Historical perspective Historically speaking, the emergence of the term ‘sweatshop’ can be traced back to the 19th century’s Britain and the US, which at the time were undergoing the process of rapid industrialization. The fact that the process in question has always been ‘fueled’ by the abundance of low-skilled laborers, on the one hand, the possibility to turn these laborers into an economic asset (due to the rapid progress in the field of manufacturing technologies), on the other, created objective preconditions for the concerned term to attain a discursive legitimacy. It was specifically in the earlier mentioned historical period that the term ‘sweatshop’ has gained its classical definition of a workplace, where employees are being exploited rather mercilessly, while severely underpaid and denied an opportunity to enjoy even the most basic social benefits. Nevertheless, during the course of the 20th century’s second half, the economic realities in Western countries have effectively ceased being related to the paradigm of a sweatshop-labor. Initially, such an eventual development was triggered by the rise of the union-movement in these countries, which in turn was made possible by the fact that, at the time, the very existence of the USSR was posing an acute threat to the practice of Western workers being continually subjected to the different forms of a capitalist exploitation. To address the situation, capitalists did not have any other choice but to allow the proliferation of unions, as the mean ensuring their overall control over the economy’s functioning. However, it did not take too long for the sweatshop concept to become thoroughly legitimate once again – this time on a global scale. What established prerequisites for this to happen, was the fact that in 1971, President Nixon terminated the gold/dollar free convertibility – hence, turning the trillions of the US dollars into essentially the tons of a devalued green paper. In order to prevent its economic system from collapsing, America had to ‘invest’ this green paper abroad. In this respec
Introduction Investment destination is a major factor that is considered by most investors in making their investment decision. Effective selection of the most feasible economic sector to invest in, involves comprehensive scanning of the environment. This enables the investor to analyze the various investment opportunities that are presented within the economy. In the recent past, the real estate investment vehicle has attracted many individual and organizational investors. This is due to the low volatility characteristic of the real estate investment compared to investment in the financial sector investment. Recently the real estate has been hit by the economic downturn. This has resulted into many people opting to rent homes rather than owning (David, 2006, ¶ 6).This presents and opportunity to various firms that have diversified their investment within the real estate sector of the economy, for instance the Toll Brothers. The paper presents a case study analyzing the operation of Toll Brothers incorporation. The objective is to illustrate the various strategies and policies that can be incorporated into the firm’s operation so that it can attain a high competitive advantage. Organization background Toll Brothers Company was established in 1967 with its founders being Bruce E. Toll and Robert. Its headquarters are at Horsham in Pennsylvania. The firm operates as a public limited company upon its incorporation in 1986. It deals with designing, building and financing of homes and apartments for the single family homes within various luxury areas of United States. The firm also deals with the designing and building of golf courses and country clubs within these areas. It is located in six regions and operates within 21 states of the US. During the year end 31 October 2008, Toll Brothers operated within 323 communities where it owned a total of 22,560 home sites. The firm also owned or entirely controlled through options an approximate 17,224 home sites of the proposed 137 communities. The firm has a total of 4,655 employees. Its shares are publicly traded since the firm is listed within the New York Stock Exchange market and the Pacific Exchange. Mission statement The operation of toll brothers is dedicated at ensuring that it provides comfort
Research question What are the benefits of exercising in reducing the effects and occurrence of obesity among adolescents? Significance of the research This study is very important because obesity has very many implications among teenagers and these implications may have lasting and long-term effects on them. The study will also cover several remedies that can be harnessed to reduce the prevalence of obesity among teenagers (Ross, Hudson, Stotz, & Lam, 2015). To emphasize the significance of this study, several health complications that occur as a result of obesity will be outlined. The current generation must be taught how to live healthy lives and how to avoid obesity (Ross et al., 2015). Obesity has numerous negative effects that are detrimental to human health and it has to be addressed from an early age. The purpose of this research This research seeks to identify and outline the different benefits of exercising in the fight against obesity and the positive effects achieved through physical activities. Research Variables Variables that are being examined in this research include the prevalence of obesity in students between the ages of 14-16 years who are involved in physical exercises. For instance, it was noted that teenagers involved in extracurricular activities are less likely to become obese compared to those who do not engage in any physical activity (Kouvelioti, Vagenas, & Langley, 2014). Teenagers take more food compared to adults. Therefore, to utilize the amount of energy taken in teenagers should be very active in extracurricular activities. Limitations In this research, there will be certain restrictions to limit the scope of the data collected to maintain focus on the subject. This research will strictly be done on students between the ages of 14-16 and will include students in boarding schools and those who commute daily from home. Sample This study will be restricted to young people at the age of 14-16 and they must be students enrolled in two different schools. The sample will include students involved in extra curriculum activities such as games and those who do not. This research will sample 50 students who do not engage in extracurricular activities and 50 students who do. The total sample of students will be a hundred students from two different colleges. Instruments To carry out effective research, there must be instruments that can be used to determine the results of the subject. In measuring a person’s body mass, the best and most effective instrument for that is the Body Mass Index formula (Burns & Groves, 2008). In this formula, one’s height and weight are computed to determine whether or not he or she is overweight. The reason for using this method is because it is a simple method for identifying one’s obesity level. Reliability BMI is a renowned and recommended method of identifying one’s probability of being overweight and it has been used by many medical practitioners all over the world. This method is simple and accurate in
The four core Articles of the UNCRC (UN Convention on the Rights of the Child) The four core Articles of the UNCRC (UN Convention on the Rights of the Child) are commonly assumed to account for the following: Article 2 (Freedom from Discrimination) According to this Article, the provisions of the UNCRC apply to all children indiscriminately, with the governments of the state-signatories being held directly responsible for ensuring that no child is discriminated against, within the context of how he or she goes about exercising its basic human rights. Article 3 (Best Interests of Child) The article stresses out that, when it comes to addressing a particular legal case, the judiciary branch must prioritize the considerations related to ensuring the well-being of the would-be affected children. However, the Article 3 does not specify how the child’s best interests are to be determined, in the first place. Article 6 (Survival and Development) This specific article mandates the state-signatories to establish the basic preconditions for children to be provided with enough nutrients, during the course of their physiological development. It also requires the affiliated countries to guarantee that children have the right to receive some elementary education, as well as some basic medical services. Article 12 (Free Expression of Opinion) The article points out to the fact that children are entitled to express their opinions free of any fear, and that these opinions must be taken into consideration by adults. It also implies that, while in the process of designing the domestic socio-economic policies, the governmental officials must be mindful of how these policies may affect the interests of children. There can be only a few doubts that the mentioned core-Articles do contribute towards strengthening the Convention’s overall systemic integrity. The reason for this is that they provide the discursive framework for defining the practical implications of the rest of the contained Articles. To illustrate the validity of this suggestion we can refer to the hypothetical situation of some parents (who reside in a foreign country) trying to reunify with their children and not being able to do so, because of the applicable immigration-related legal restrictions. When assessed through the legal lenses of the UNCRC, this situation will appear strongly inappropriate because it is inconsistent with the Convention’s Article 10, which establishes the child’s “right to leave or enter any country for family reunification and to maintain contact with both parents”. However, if the outlined situation continues to remain unresolved for a long time (because of the mentioned legal restrictions), it becomes a legal subject matter itself, because of the provision contained in the Article 2 “rights in the Convention to apply to all child