ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There are various variables that are involved in the effective implementation of Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) in the support of Knowledge Management in organizations. These variables are classified according to their task in the decision making process of organizations. The various organizational tasks include group activity, complexity, difficulty, behavior requirements, unitary tasks, group member relationships and task performance processes, and the duty presented to the group or individual (Chang, Yeh, & Yeh, 2007). The evaluation of task relationship and its relation to KMS variables is based on the assessment of their contribution to the main activities of KM. These activities are knowledge generation, knowledge sharing, and knowledge codification. KMS variables These variables can be divided into various categories including organizational factors, interpersonal and team characteristics, cultural characteristics, individual characteristics and motivational factors. In a larger perspective, these variables are categorized into individual learning, socialization, externalization and combination, and internalization and storage (Chiu, Hsu, & Wang, 2006). Individual characteristics Studies show that individuals are influenced by multiple work attitudes and behaviors that influence their dispositions in the process of sharing knowledge. Individual characteristics influence the norm of reciprocity in terms of in that it defines what the individual gives and receives from an organization. This is, in turn, influenced by the individual’s openness to experience. High openness to experience results in a thirst for more information as individuals tend to share more information and expect to be provided with the ideas and insights of other individuals. Other factors influencing the reciprocal benefits include the level of comfort and ability to use collaborative platforms for information sharing. As a result, individuals with higher level of education and more work experience are more likely to share relevant information with others than those who lack confidence in their abilities (Bock, Zmud, Kim, & Lee, 2005). Motivational factors One of the vital motivational factors is the belief of ownership of knowledge, whereby the individual is more willing to share information of they believe that they have the necessary knowledge. The ability of employees to share information is based on their internal satisfaction, which is influenced by various facilitating conditions provided by the organization, such as time, organizational structure, IT, and leadership, among others (Collins & Smith, 2006). The second motivational factor for the individual to share information within an organization pertains to the perceived benefits and costs. Studies show that individuals assess the pe
Introduction Members of a culture may have dissimilar measures of loyalty basing on the main values. Indeed, countries that were culturally intolerant are becoming culturally varied. As such, conflicting perspectives influence the cultural beliefs and ethical values of people since they believe they are right or better. This is attributable to the increased communication, migration and trade. Cultural conflicts can occur when nurses acknowledge the influence of their values on global health. As such, this paper focuses on the cultural concerns attributable to health among Hispanics. Cultural beliefs related to health in the Hispanic culture                                                                                                    Health practices (Transcultural Nursing, 2008)                                                                                                                  * They should be pampered when unwell because the family shows love and concern.                                                                              * They believe that health is God’s gift and they should always thank him.                                                                                    * People who are sick count on family members, especially elders, for reassurance and advice
Disease Process, Introduction, and Spread   * The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a contagious that causes a condition known as the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).   * This virus is passed to another person through vaginal fluids, breast milk, blood, and semen.   * Unprotected sex is the leading mode of infection.   * Physical contact cannot result in infection.   * Tears, sweat, and saliva cannot transmit the virus.   * Despite the initiatives and measures implemented to deal with this communicable disease, new cases continue to be recorded every year.   * The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that over 3.4 million people in Nigeria are living with this condition (Ajuwon, Komolafe-Opadeji, & Ikhizama, 2014).   * Statistics also reveal that over 1 million patients are unaware of their medical statuses.   * This tool can empower and guide more people to protect themselves from the dangers associated with this disease. Self-Management Tips   * HIV/AIDS is a leading cause of death in the developing world.   * Primary and secondary prevention measures have the potential to deal with this epidemic (Ajuwon et al., 2014).   * Individuals should engage in a number of self-management practices. Some of these tips include:       + Frequent testing and counseling.       + Engaging in protected sex.       + Using condoms.       + Infected persons should use ARVs.       + Mothers infected by HIV should not breastfeed.       + Balanced diets and healthy food materials. Diet and Nutritional Directions   * HIV/AIDS patients should be keen to monitor their nutritional statuses and diets.   * These insights will serve every person with this communicable condition positively:       + Avoid soft drinks and sweets.       + Eat dies high in legumes, whole grains, and vegetables/fruits.       + Meals should have small quantities of good fats.       + Proteins and carbohydrates are essential. Potential Treatment Options   * Secondary preventative measures are essential because they guide patients to contain or manage HIV/AIDS.   * The chances of infecting others with the virus reduce significantly whenever positive treatment methods are put into consideration (Ajuwon et al., 2014).   * These options are essential for patients who have been diagnosed with this disease:       + HIV drugs and medicines can be taken daily.       + The combination of such drugs is known as antiretroviral therapy (ART).       + Engaging in exercises.       + Taking appropriate medicines to treat side effects. Continuation   * HIV medicines are known to result in drug-drug interactions.   * This means that doctors should advice their patients accordingly in order to deliver positive results.   * Specific issues such as drug resistance should be monitored frequently.   * This practice will guide physicians to identify the right combinations depending on the unique needs of the tar
Introduction The government has to plan annually for its expenditures as well as revenues. This forecast initiative is referred to as the government’s budget. The year in consideration is normally termed as the fiscal period. Imperatively, it should be noted that a fiscal year must necessarily coincide with the normal calendar year. In the U.S, the president proposes the budget to the congress. The congress consequently engage it its discussion. Finally, rational decisions concerning the priority areas and funding of the fiscal year are arrived at. How and Where Revenues Are Derived The federal government mainly gets its revenues through taxation. The government taxes individuals, businesses and the local authorities. The aim is to obtain the resources to finance various activities. These may include transportation improvements, provision of public utilities and sponsoring of major government agencies. The revenue also originates from income taxes. An example includes the ones chargeable on social security. The congress also has power to impose taxes on imports and charge duties to raise revenue for the government. There are four major sources of government revenues within the U.S. These include the intergovernmental revenues and sales tax. Employee contributions as well as the income tax also include other sources (Baumol & Blinder, 2012). The intergovernmental revenue is the largest contributor to the government revenue. It funds education, health and welfare among others. The sales tax is usually chargeable on goods and services that people purchase. Governmental, Proprietary and Fiduciary Fun
Introduction Thermoelectric coolers are gadgets are made from junctions of two semiconductors of different materials usually stacked on top of each other (Anatychuk 1979, p.151). Thermoelectric coolers work with the Peltier effect, which is created by heat instability between the two semiconductor junctions (Vayner 1983, p.30). They consume electric current energy to transfer the heat against the heat gradient. One of the sides of the thermoelectric cooler junction absorbs heat energy when the electric current is passed while the other side dissipates energy in form of heat (Woodbury, Levinson, & Lewandowski 1995, p. 184). The main advantage offered by thermoelectric coolers over other conventional cooling apparatus is that their reliability is extremely high, their nature of being small is highly advantageous, and they are light in weight (Stockholm 1991, p. 228). Objectives   * To understand the phenomenon of thermoelectric cooling   * To use thermocouples for temperature measurement   * To investigate the roles played by heat sinks, thermal paste, and insulation in the operation of a thermoelectric cooler Materials   * Thermoelectric cooler assembly   * Heat sink paste   * Thermometer   * Brass, aluminum, steel, copper Methods Investigating the heat sink Experiment 1: Effect of current on temperature difference created by a TEC The thermoelectric cooler assembly used consisted of a thermoelectric cooler glued to a small heat sink using heat sink paste, without which the thermoelectric cooler would heat up dangerously even with small currents.  1. The thermoelectric cooler assembly was attached to the copper heat sink using a thin coating of heat sink paste.  2. The temperatures of both the cold surface of the thermoelectric cooler and the hot surface of the heat sink were measured as a function of current ranging from 0.0-1.0A.  3. The thermocouple was covered in heat sink paste first before pressing them to the surface of the heat sink and thermoelectric cooler.  4. Time was allowed for the temperatures to reach steady values after the current was changed. This was about one minute. Results and analysis Current (A)  T c (°C)  T h (°C)  Δ t (°C) 0.1          20.9      24.7      3.8      0.2          18        25.1      7.1      0.3          16.3      25.5      9.2      0.4          13.3      26.5      13.2     0.5          12.4      28        15.6     0.6          15.2      33.2      18       0.7          17.2      35.9      18.7     0.8          17.4      38.3      20.9      Table 1.0: Table showing Effect of current on temperature difference created by a TEC Figure 1.0: Graph of temperature difference Vs Current The above table translated into the graph shows that the temperature difference created is directly proportional to the current that is passed through the heat sink. This means that the temperature difference increases with an increase in current. However, the limit that was used in this experiment was a current of 1.0 A in order to avoid damage to the sensitive thermoelectric cooler assembly. Therefore, extrapolating the line graph, it can be found th
Digital clouds and tanks are remotely related. However, statistical methods used to compute tanks during the Second World War may unveil the impact of computing clouds. Computing clouds are often used to refer to digital service factories (Anonymous 1). The computing cloud is a major consumer of energy in the world. Also, the factories account for a substantial amount of carbon dioxide emissions. Consequently, computing clouds contribute to environmental pollution. Computing clouds are important since they provide advanced computing services to less developed countries. The “cloud of clouds” comprises three distinct layers. The outer layer, which is known as “software as a service” incorporates web-based applications such as Gmail and salesforce.com (Anonymous 1). The layer is essential since it assists firms in keeping track of their customers. The second layer is referred to as “platform as a service”. It enhances application writing. The third layer, “infrastructure as a service” offers basic computing services ranging from data processing to data storage. These services are essential for building a highly adaptable computer system. Examples include Rackspace and Amazon Web Services. Computing layers contribute to a substantial share of the market. A study conducted by Forrester Research revealed that the services provided by SaaS firms generated sales of approximately $11.7 billion in 2010. The PaaS accounts for the least market share. Due to its limited number of service providers, the layer achieved revenue of $ 311 million in 2010 (Anonymous 1). The third layer is the most difficult to assess. This is due to its rapid growth that limits the ability of firms to report revenue. Firms such as Rackspace claim to operate over 64000 servers globally. Works Cited Anonymous. “ International: Tanks in the clouds; information technology goes global. ” The economist . 2011. Web.
Description of the context for the study: qualitative research based on three different schools; one of public school, private and comment preschool. Using interview questions by analyzing the interview questions after the interview was done with the student. Each area of study has its own body of knowledge and the study of STEM in the context of the research fits well with the qualitative research paradigm. The findings in this research are based on interpretations, personalistic, situational, and other interpretations of the knowledge and practice in the areas of investigation. The qualitative paradigm was based on the systematic review of literature and the themes developed from the review of literature. The epistemological, theoretical, and disciplinary perspectives of qualitative research in the context of STEM activities and how the learners respond to the activities provides the rationale to use the qualitative paradigm to address the data collection and analysis. In public schools, the STEM activities are funded by the Office of Partnership Development because they recognise the need to get involved in supporting early STEM involvement among the children. On the other hand, the study of the implementation of STEM in private and comment preschool are supported by stakeholders who want to have the young child develop the skills necessary to be successful later on life in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). The focus of the study is in the development and analysis of creative and critical thinking skills among the children aged 4 and 8 years and the teaching strategies to improve their abilities. In addition, the strategy was to analyse how the STEM activities could be implemented among the kids to achieve the learner centered skill. The critical thinking skills no only boarder on the use of math and science based subjects, but covers other areas of study that includes engineering activities. Typically, most learners do not embrace or do not like the activities associated with STEM because most of the tasks are boring and uninteresting besides the children and even the adults having the perception that STEM is complicated. The study will focus on identifying the strategies to use to implement the STEM activities among the earlier learners so that they are made to appreciate the benefits of engaging in the activities earlier in life. The earlier engagement in STEM activities can be discovered and established through interviews and the responses the children and other stakeholders provide to the interviewee on how the activities help the students to develop individual skill and how such activities can be implemented by the teachers. Here, the c
Introduction Contemporary Western society has been battling stereotypes for decades. For some reason, however, these biased beliefs and ideas persist. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, in her speech “The Danger of a Single Story,” demonstrates the impact of biased ways of thinking, using examples from her own experience. Adichie explained that she desired to discuss “how impressionable and vulnerable we are in the face of a single story” (“The Danger of a Single Story | Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie”). A single-story is a stereotype based on a biased and highly limited perception of someone or something. Despite the contemporary trend of battling stereotypes, they remain very popular because of the single stories promoted by the media. Single stories can also be extremely dangerous because they are misleading and illusory. Single Stories as Limited Perceptions Whether deliberate or not, most people are guilty of stereotypical and biased thinking. Throughout her speech, Adichie mentions several examples where stereotypes formed single stories and shaped people’s perceptions of someone or something. She experienced stereotyping herself that was based on a single story as her university roommate demonstrated an extremely biased perception of Adichie as a native African person. Single stories may take the form of perceptions of people according to various aspects of their identities and backgrounds such as financial state, mental ability, sexual orientation, gender, age, and ethnicity, among others (Stangor 17–22). The categorical perception that makes people prone to stereotyping is at the foundation of the cognitive processing on which humankind has relied throughout its history (Hinton 29–33). This categorical perception was an ability that helped humans survive and avoid many dangers. Single Stories in Media However, categorical thinking and radical judgment of other people are not as critical today as they might have been many centuries ago. As a result, modern people use critical thinking in reflecting on their surroundings and situations, seeking for the right answer. The problem is that a mind liberated by critical thinking is difficult to create in a society heavily influenced by media and its portrayal of various events and population groups. Specifically, in the United States, mass media outlets are known for the promotion and popularization of biased and limited images of ethnic minorities (Sharples and Page-Gould). As a result, social tensions arise between different population groups, aggravating existing complications ca
Introduction During the Roman Empire, Church and State worked together. However, several events occurred that separated them, these included the splitting of church, which later led to various reforms in States. Today most States such as United States and United Kingdom, assume secularist governments that make and apply their laws without necessarily consulting religious sectors. This has fuelled a number of issues ranging from disruption of prayers in public schools, to institutional conflicts. This paper will explore and identify one of the main issues facing the State and Church; it will also endeavor to recommend solutions to the same. Contemporary Church/State Issues The church and State have had several issues for centuries, most of which still remain unresolved. These issues have instead increased, leaving the question as to whether they will ever be resolved unanswered. Among the issues that face Church and State are separation of Church from State, secularism of the state, Disputes on symbols and mottos as well as conflicts between institutions of State and religious institutions, among others. One of the main issues surrounding Church/State conflict is the role of Church in a State. In most Countries, such as United States and Britain, secularism and cults have infiltrated their policies and law courts. This has continued to draw the Church away from State. Churches no longer correct States; moreover the States have enacted laws that give people freedom of religion. United States is no longer a Christian nation by law. Moreover, the church has been isolated by State, even though it is willing to provide guidance and advice whenever called upon. The Church feels cheated by State since basic structures of States have been infiltrated by what the church believe, are ungodly (cult and secularism). This separation, although not uttered publicly, can be seen in the way State conducts its duties as well as the constitution (interpretation of the first amendment). There is no clear boundary given to the Church, however with growing secularism and cults whose symbols take stage in most States, the State’s position becomes clearer, that State has chosen to work without the Church. In fact, nowadays Church guides States only on invitation. Conclusion Church usually tries to guide the State on issues likely to affect people’s focus on God. Nonetheless, this rarely happens in recent times. Both the State and Church feel obliged to lead the people, and this fuels further conflicts as they try to control the po
From an anthropological point of view, the social relationships and behaviors of populations, especially extinct cultures or those with very few representatives, have always attracted scientists’ attention. The context of US history implies a particular interest for anthropologists since the life of Native Americans on the lands of the country after the Civil War was drastically changed. The tribal culture of Native Americans has become an exception, a rare exhibit of uncivilized, so-called primitive life. The film entitled “Ishi: The Last Yahi” presents a documentary overview of the events of the beginning of the 20 th century when a renowned anthropologist Kroeber used the last representative of a native Yahi tribe to study its culture and language (DocSpot, 2018).The film provides a vivid historical interpretation of the events and, at the same time, provokes deeper thoughts about the ethics of anthropological science and human existence across cultural domains. In this paper, I will reflect on the film and discuss my perception and views in relation to the issues brought up by the authors of the video. When watching the film, I was experiencing ambiguous feelings of criticizing and understanding of the actions of the anthropologist. On the one hand, his keen interest in Ishi is validated by his scientific goals of preserving the information about the rare representative of an extinct culture. Kroeber did not abuse or force Ishi to do anything against his will and merely performed his duties as a scientist whose priority was to collect as much information as possible. Despite the difficulties of communication, the anthropologist managed to establish contact with Ishi and progressed significantly in his study. On the other hand, the very fact that Ishi was placed in a cultural setting that was foreign to him seemed to be unethical and inhumane. I think that such an angle of my perception was influenced by the history of the white population’s destruction of Native Americans by occupying their lands in the early centuries of US history. Indeed, the state in which Ishi was found, being the last person representing his nation, community, and family, is heartbreaking. It seems particularly unfair when the person whose ancestors have lived on the territory of America for thousands of years is seen as an alien among the dominating white population. In such a context, the actions of Kroeber, who encouraged Ishi to participate in exhibitions and photo-shoots, trigger my critical attitude. Nonetheless, Kroeber’s final demand not to let Ishi’s autopsy happen since it contradicted Yahi’s beliefs reassured me of the responsibility the anthropologist took for the Native American. Indeed, the extraction of the brain, which was a common practice in America of the time, was unacceptable to the Yahi culture. These people believed that the body and th