ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Sufism is considered to be a widespread Muslim flow that usually is searching for celestial truth or devotion due to getting a connection with God. What first appeared to be an ascetic movement in the ninth century then grew to the powerful flow that gains momentum even nowadays. It plays a vital role in the political and religious life of Muslim countries. The flexibility of Sufism and the fact that it is open to new ideas and beliefs result in inspiring philosophy proving that the way towards spiritual perfection is significantly connected with the ability to percept and analyze the world around. Sufism Sufism emerged as the compensation of the mystical and metaphysical void in the early stage of Islam development. This teaching interprets the Quran differently in comparison to Islam. Rising from the voids in the Islamic fundamental practices Sufism was influenced by Eastern philosophies and Hinduism. It is to make an accent that Sufism is open to new cultures and the world’s religions. Muslim historians usually divide the history of the movement into the ascetic, Sufism, and the Sufi Brotherhood period (tariqa). The major idea of Sufism is seen in the establishment of religious practices that target self-control using the psychological and mystical potential of an individual to reach a connection with God. Every religion is centered on the mystical core. It should be stated that this mystical core for Muslim religion is considered to be Sufism (Stoddart & Austin, 2012, p. 3). There are three fundamental aspects of Islamic mysticism, namely the fear of God, the knowledge of God, and the love of God (Stoddart & Austin, 2012, p. 76). Structure of Sufism The followers of the Sufism movement usually organise in Brotherhood with the leader called Sheikh. Brotherhoods honor their saints and take an active part in the arrangement of rituals. The group of people guided by the same beliefs is called tariqa (and is translated as path); the leader of the Brotherhood is believed to be the person who has the biggest spiritual power (Green, 2012, p. 84). The tariqa became well-known since the seventeenth century when Sufism was widespread along with significant for that time trade ways. It is to make an accent that the geographical position of the Sufi Brotherhood was favorable for the attraction of the new followers. The primary role of the tariqa was highly connected to meditation and discovering the inner potential of an individual. Sufism consists of different kinds of paths that lead to the understanding of the celestial truth, God, and love (Baldick, 2012, p. 36). The primary goal of Sufi Brotherhood is to reach relationships with God by different rituals and practices. To achieve the main aim, one can use two or more paths. However, sometimes it can become contradictive; for example, it can be forbidden to listen to flute in one path and allowed in another. Although, it should be pointed out that all the paths lead to the same destination. Practices usually involve Quran prayers and numerous repetitions of the
Introduction In the near past, there are two principal events that influence the nature of conflicts in the present times. The first being world wars I and II and the next was the rise of Nationalism. The writer of the reviewed article starts by defining ‘ terrorism’ by quoting the US Department of Defense definition as ‘the calculated use of unlawful violence to inculcate fear, and usually intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in goals that are either political, religious or ideological.’ If one may ask, how did the world wars and the rise in Spirit of nationalism possibly led to the state of terrorism in the world today? What is the connection stuck between the two? Therefore, this essay looks into depth of these queries. Causes of terrorism World wars I and II kindled the passions and hope of Nationalists throughout the world and this destroyed the legitimacy of the international order and the governance systems. Thus nationalism became more passionate at the start of the last century. Nationalism became an influential power in the focus of the group of a variety of royal territor i es. Later on in the early ages of the last century, many countries became more considerate of the concepts of race and ethnic issues to an extent that political developments that operated at international levels commenced their support for those concepts. This saw the engulfing of minority ethnic groups by others, never to exist anymore! But what could they do? Terrorism was the answer; it was the only way a minority group could let itself known by the larger group whose sympathy was sought. Examples include the Irish and Macedonians in Europe. Irish succeeded while the latter failed. The other factor that fueled the rampant use of terror activities in the quest for ‘independence and recognition’ was the attitude that ‘everybody was doing it- why can’t we?’ The efforts to discourage this attitude from people and communities did not bear fruits but only raised the intensities of the conflicts. More superior weapons were employed to destroy the enemies’ civilian populace (which were often targeted despite being forbidden by rules) and the economy-maintaining ultrastructures thus sending it to a paralyzing fall. Most important forces sustaining the supporters and opposition association using terrorists’ strategy were analyzed as acceptable of their legitimacy. Throughout the instantaneous postwar phase, terrorism was a premeditated alternative by leaders of pro-independence rebellions. Unbeaten operations for self-governance from royal rule took place all over the globe, and a lot of working terror campaigns as a sustainable approach. When terror campaigns were put into action, it was exercised within the plan of superior activities, and matched with opinionated and military action. Still while terror campaigns dominated, the other sides of pro-autonomy struggles, such as the Palestinian battle against Israel; it was po
The article “Defining Quality and Inequality in Education” by Cynthia Guttman discusses the problem of equal access to education in different countries and the quality of education received by children around the globe. In education exist but they are caused by diverse social, political, and economic factors. This collision of rural and urban values has been known to produce large pools of eligible candidates for opposition politics. Higher levels of literacy and education also created a market for information and explanation, which tended not to be supplied by the more traditional groups. Rural popular religion provided none of this and among the older large Islamic organizations, The main controversial points are the relationships between income and education opportunities in low developed countries and that “poor quality of education is emerging as a foremost obstacle to progress” (Guttman, 2006). In low developed countries, all children have equal access to education despite their social class and income. A low level of education is a result of inadequate policies adopted by Asian and African countries and their cultural traditions. The author does not mention that education is seen as unimportant in many African communities relying on land resources and agriculture. Poor education is not an obstacle to progress because even if all people were educated in African countries, lack of financial resources and poor government policies would prevent these nations from fast growth. The article pays little attention to urban-village relations. One of the most powerful magnets for urban migrants is education. In many developing nations, urban educational facilities and
Maternal health refers to women’s wellbeing when pregnant, during childbirth, and postpartum. Black women in most parts of the world undergo unacceptable poor maternal health results, including disproportionately high death rates (Davis, 2020, p. 56). Health and societal system factors play a significant role in black women’s high maternal mortality rates and poor health outcomes. As a result, these women of color have barriers to receiving competent healthcare services and face racial discrimination. Davis (2020, p. 58) argues that factors such as sexism and racism adversely affect black women’s healthcare outcomes and medical care use. For instance, these women of color are likely to be uninsured, experience significant financial issues with healthcare, and are unlikely to access prenatal care compared to white women. At the same time, black women have high chronic health issues and preventable illnesses such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes. As a result, these health conditions adversely affect infant and maternal healthcare results when these women choose to become pregnant (Davis, 2020, p. 59). However, women of color deserve healthy and safe pregnancies and childbirth. Therefore, what factors affect black maternal health, and what systematic changes should be implemented to ensure it is improved globally? There is a significant connection between black maternal health and women in social topics. For instance, some communities discriminate against women because of gender, color, physical ability, class, and ethnicity. Davis (2020, p. 59) explains that other individuals believe that men should be more powerful than women; therefore, they disregard ideas such as women’s leadership. Some people believe that women’s primary responsibility is taking care of the home and giving birth. These perceptions adversely affect women, leading to mental health illnesses (Davis, 2020, p. 60). Therefore, it is crucial to change people’s perspectives and views about women in society. This can be achieved by encouraging the community to view women positively and accommodate them in society. The black maternal topic has attracted many people’s attention globally. As a result, it is crucial to determine why the number of women of color in maternal and childbirth deaths is increasing in the world. It is also essential to discover the causes of more maternal complications in black women than in white individuals. This topic will help individuals identify why healthcare organizations serving women of color have lower-quality maternity care. People should understand the challenges that black women experience to have reproductive care that meets their needs. This care is essential because it assists women in planning their families and enhances women’s and children’s healthcare outcomes. Intersectionality involves acknowledging and understanding that every person experiences oppression and discrimination differently. Intersectionality can be used in black maternal health topics to determine and identify its ca
The enacted voting law changes in 2012 are intended to deter the minority vote and will significantly affect the minority voters in the U.S. The changes in the voting law will require voters to possess identification requirements and will create more problems to the minority group since most of them will be ineligible to vote. Most states have enacted the changes that have made it difficult for citizens to register as voters. The changes in the voting laws target the minority group, blacks, students, and the older people since most of them have do not have the government issued ID’s and photo identification (Jonel 2006). Those who support the implementation of the changes in the voting law argue that voter fraud will be prevented. However the causes of fraudulent acts in the voting process is very rare. This has led to questions regarding authenticity of the changes made in the voting law. The rights of voters and voting fraud have become an increasingly debatable issue, but the process had been supported by the Republicans. The Republicans imposed these new restrictions on voter registration to bar the minority group. According to the views of the Republicans, the new rules are intended to boost a practical way to prevent frauds and to enhance the integrity of the voting process, but the Democrats argue that the changes have little to do with preventing fraud, but are intended to create obstacles to their supporters including the minority groups and the older people (Jonel 2006). These changes are intended to prevent the massive turnout of the minority voters who supported President Obama to achieve victory during the 2008 presidential elections. Hence, the changes are aimed at reducing the numbers of the minority group and to increase the numbers of the republican supporters. The decision of the Justice Department brought the administration of the Obama into hostile criticism on the new wave of voting restrictions. The changes are mostly supported by the Republicans in the pretext of curbing fraud in the ballot box. Initially, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was implemented to prohibit discrimination to any person due to the previous conditions of slavery, race, and color, from participating in the voting process (Jonel 2006). During the 19th century most legislators held a belief that the law would protect the minority group from discrimination during the voting process. The requirements of the new law, such as, proof of citizenship by presenting photo identification are an obvious restriction because it will cause millions of the minority voters to become ineligible to vote (Brennan Center for Justice, n.d). The policy that requires voters to show proof of citizenship is a substantial setback to the voting rights of the minority. The Voting Right Act of 1965 has been a success for many decades in the U.S. The presidential elections of 2012 should be even easier for citizens to take part in the voting process. The partisans shou
The topic of electronic health records (EHR) has been subjected to detailed research in the past decade due to the increasing popularity of technology use for patient case management and the array of benefits that technologies can bring. In this paper, basic chance management principles associated with EHR will be explained, success factors of interventions will be listed, and ways to help leaders to optimize their practice will be discussed. Kotter’s change management model has been identified as the one to offer the most comprehensive view on basic change management principles linked to the use of electronic health records. The following is a summary of key principles that successful change managers in healthcare facilities may implement:   * To develop a clear idea of the future practice; this means making sure that patients, staff, and the management understand how the EHR implementation will occur.   * To make sure that the staff knows their responsibilities; the staff should be educated on their role in the change management initiative.   * To establish urgency; an explanation should be provided as to why changes are needed as soon as possible.   * To build a credible team; staff that works effectively with others should be selected for change management initiatives.   * To educate all staff; this means that the healthcare team should receive relevant and timely information on the initiative.   * To recognize a leader’s role; the leader should be aware of his or her role in the initiative and how he or she can encourage the team.   * To help the staff reach desired goals; the leader must help with everyday issues and assist in achieving goals.   * To promote confidence in sustaining change; necessary actions should be taken for promoting the use of EHR.   * To develop short-term objectives; this means acknowledging small achievements.   * To create a quality improvement culture; the leader must evaluate the initiative, make adjustments, and reward staff for their success. Critical success factors associated with change management and the use of EHR cover a broad spectrum of activities. These factors include having a clear idea of what the future with the implemented change will be, developing and communication an action plan, establishing a skilled team of professionals (guiding team), defining key strategies for communication, deciding on how and where the guiding team may get help in implementing the initiative, and being aware of the possible need to train and retrain the staff during the initiative as well as provide technical assistance for ensuring success (The National Learning Consortium 19). One of the ways to help practice leaders optimize their use of health information technologies (HIT) is patient engagement, which is the second stage of initiative implementation. Patient engagement is associated with the empowerment of patients and thei
Critical Summary In his article, Halwani examines the concept of adultery from the standpoint of virtue ethics rather than the Kantian model traditionally used for the topic. He argues that virtue ethics is better suited for the social complexities surrounding adultery. This ethics does not judge the rightness of actions but ultimately focuses on character, therefore allowing for more than one ethical answer based on the context and avoids the phenomenon of moral luck (Halwani 7). Fidelity can be defined as faithfulness and loyalty to one’s partner. It is driven by a concept of policy, such as marriage which consists of vows to avoid external affairs and promise to love each other. Halwani characterizes a good person based on the virtues they possess. The virtue of ethics does not distinguish between moral and immoral, but a combination of traits that define a character and offer justification for any action that inherently makes a person good (Halwani 6). When fidelity is an ideal in a relationship, a virtuous person will strive to maintain it by fostering love, trust, and affection (Halwani 14). This leads to Halwani’s primary example of Richard Taylor, who was involved in a loveless and unhappy marriage with little physical attraction and emotional acknowledgment. Eventually, his wife met another man that accepted and loved her despite physical disfigurements. Despite the wife committing the act of adultery, it is the husband that would be considered in violation of fidelity based on his long-term behavior. Halwani believes that there is no connection between love and sex, which makes adultery permissible. If love and sex were connected, then it can be argued that adultery is immoral since the sexual act demonstrates the act of falling in love, which is an act of deep emotional betrayal (Halwani 13). Fidelity is ideal in a marriage in the case that its discovery leads to pain upon the faithful partner and could destroy trust and love built over the years, which may eventually result in the break-up of the relationship. The virtues described help maintain fidelity by allowing a person to have a character of fidelity through commitment, resisting temptation, and demonstrating compassion for one’s spouse, all of which prevent adultery. Based on the account, it can be argued that there are degrees to virtue as individuals have differing abilities to exemplify certain traits, and there are contexts when committed infidelity is not necessarily a critical factor in ending a marriage (Halwani 14). Evaluation Situational contexts can differ significantly, and humanity’s complexities make it possible for radically different decisions to remain ultimately virtuous. Halwani offers the example of a working mother with five children with poor
At the age of five, most children develop differently and have unique characteristics, but there are common features of development that are common among five-year-old children. These children’s physical progression, motor proficiency, moral awareness, thinking skills, and language mastery change commonly or have a similarity. An unusual five-year-old child would have some of the features in child development different from the others. His or her development would not be the same as a typical five-year-old child. Carlos Chavez is an example of such children. He is not a typical five-year-old child (Carlos Chavez represents the unusual five year old children). A typical five year old child would have improved motor proficiency, an average growth rate of 2- 3 inches per year, an unreasonable way of thinking, good language mastery and low moral awareness (Wilson & Steelman 27). This paper will describe how an unusual five year old child is different from other five year old children. Motor proficiency: Typical five year olds have improved motor proficiency in tasks with the ability to perform several tasks accurately for example; fold papers into various geometrical shapes, catch balls, tie shoelaces
Introduction The stiffening competition in the business world has pushed companies to invest heavily in education for their employees. Traditionally, firms focused on offering additional skills to their workforce by enrolling them in colleges and other institutions of higher learning (Marsick & Watkins, 2015). Bearing in mind the rising commercial pressures, the reader may question the effectiveness and sustainability of such an approach. In fact, Boud (2006) emphasizes the increasing demands in the business world as the reason behind companies’ move to adopt modern approaches to learning, as opposed to the conventional ones, which have proved to be highly expensive and inefficient. Besides, the traditional training programs are not problem motivated, a situation that underscores the need to develop modern training techniques. The search for a better training method caused the evolution of the Just-in-Time (JIT) workforce training method. The stated method refers to a kind of training strategy, which entails offering problem-motivated instruction based on demand. Under the method, employees can access learning materials when they need to solve a specific problem (Brandenburg & Ellinger, 2003). This paper argues that although the JIT training has the potential of changing productivity in an organization, failure to establish the relevant instructional JIT principles in the workplace may make businesses succumb to the rising commercial pressures that have informed the need to abandon traditional models. Instructional Principles of Just-In-Time Training in the Workplace: A Critical Analysis One of the strategies that organizations can use to ensure that employees benefit from JIT learning programs is to create an online library, which is in line with the JIT principle of production management. In this case, such a library may be viewed as a good whose production is fuelled by the existing demand for information among workers. Does the online library design matter when it comes to meeting employees’ information needs? Responding to this question, Hardyman, Bullock, Brown, Carter-Ingram, and Stacey (2013) assert that the library should be designed in a way that it contains rich information regarding different topics that are relevant to the firm’s operations. The creation of the library will promote knowledge available within the firm, hence saving employees the time, which they would otherwise spend moving from one department to the other seeking advice from colleagues. The JIT-based infrastructure should allow the creation of information by tutors and employees alike. Such information should then be stored for retrieval by employees anytime, anywhere, and from any device. What benefit does this JIT plan have to employees? According to Hardyman et al. (2013), the availability of such information ensures that employees remain updated concerning the business opera