ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It can be said that the most important resource of the organization is the knowledge and skills that are possessed by the workforce. This knowledge keeps on increasing since the employees keep on learning new things everyday. In this regard, it can be said that teamwork is preferred since it allows for the enhancement of the learning process among the employees. The teams or the social networks that are used to enhance the knowledge acquisition process of the employees are referred to as the knowledge networks (Ahmadi & Eskandari 2011). There are two types of knowledge networks namely-communities of practice and communities of interest. According to Inkpen & Tsang (2005), community of practice refers to a group of individuals that have a desire for learning and share the same goals. The interactions of the members in the community of practice can be enhanced by making use of the technology. Community of interest is considered to consist of more members than a community of practice and it is very instrumental in facilitating the learning process of the members. The outcome of the community of interest can be enhanced by putting in place discussion forums and by making use of technology. These will facilitate meaningful interactions between the members. On the other hand, social capital refers to the institution’s norms or cultures that influence the extent of interactions in an organization. This is based on the premise that social interactions are very critical in enhancing the economic development of the society. It has been postulated that horizontal associations have a tendency for reducing the cost that is associated with doing a business in a particular place. This can be attributed to the fact that social networks facilitate coordination and cooperation. However, it must be mentioned that social networks that are parochial have a tendency for working against the societal interests. For example, cartels can have the effect of impeding economic and social development. Role of community of practice According to Verbur
Introduction Trowbridge was engaged by Allens on behalf of JHD, to formulate a report for the cash outflows from the James Hardie Industries as a result of litigations lodged by the victims of asbestos related diseases. The report was presented by Minty and Marshall to the company’s incoming directors. Trowbridge is accused of having engaged in a misleading conduct that led the directors develop a foundation fund that was not in line with the company’s future claims (Castleman 2005). This paper will look at the conflict of interest between Minty and the incoming directors at JHD, and also discuss the effect of a code of conduct to the behavior of minty. Conflicts of interest between Minty, Trowbridge and JHD Based on the case, “James Hardie Industries and the problem of Asbestos” there are a number of instances that reveal conflict of interest between Minty, Trowbridge and JHD (Castleman 2005). This part will describe the instances of conflict of interest as pointed out in the case. The first sort of disagreement between the three parties is captured in Minty’s claim over the JHD deterioration. The claims of James Hardie had been deteriorating as from March 2001, but Minty on his part had considered that the revised model would take care of the deterioration. One can make two conclusions from this case; that James Hardie chose not to reveal the deterioration facts to Trowbridge or Trowbridge did not make any follow up to request for data. Minty was well aware that the incoming directors in Trowbridge would require the data contained in the report of February 2000, but deliberately failed to make the data available to the incoming directors. This is an indication of mischief on the part of Minty, in the report; the incoming directors required that Minty includes the current data in the report and advice them on the “cost of diseases related to inhalation of asbestos” (Webster 2005). This was in view of the findings of Trowbridge consulting contained in the March 2000 report. Trowbridge report was based on the cost of the Minty’s proposed “claims on the insurance industry in Australia” (Peacock 2011). Minty rejected any attempts to revise the claim assumption in which the current data had been ignored. They instead insisted that the James Hardie had failed to avail the current data to them and that this alone did not qualify the report to be misleading. Trowbridge challenged Minty on presenting misleading information to the incoming directors in the February report (Peacock 2011). This challenge was valid in the sense that it would be assumed that the incoming directors would be provided with relevan
Identification of the Problem/Concern Preceptorship is a practice of supporting novice nurses by experienced nurses in clinical settings for the purpose of assisting in nurses’ adaptation (Duteau, 2012). At New York Methodist Hospital, experienced nurses also work as preceptors. Still, the problem is in the fact that preceptors in the organization are selected because of their experience, but these nurses often lack required skills and resources to work effectively, and they do not receive special training as preceptors. In clinical settings, it is possible to observe the lack of focus on the preceptors’ orientation. Those preceptors who are not trained for this role during preceptor orientation can experience such problems as poor time management, ineffective communication with preceptees, the decreased quality of care, and inappropriate performance (Shinners, Mallory, & Franqueiro, 2013). Therefore, preceptor orientation in clinical settings is important for nurses who plan to become preceptors. Summary of Relevant Literature Preceptorship orientation is widely discussed in the scholarly literature. In her article, Duteau (2012) have described preceptorship programs in Canada. In their research, Watson, Raffin-Bouchal, Melnick, and Whyte (2012) have also analyzed the implementation of the nursing peer preceptorship program in Canadian healthcare facilities. Kalischuk, Vandenberg, and Awosoga (2013) have concentrated on nurses’ expectations regarding their roles as preceptors. According to Borch, Athlin, Hov, and Sörensen (2013), more attention should be paid to group supervision during the process of training preceptors. Carlson (2013) and Hilli, Salmu, and Jonsen (2014) have focused on the idea of developing specific trusting relationships between preceptors and preceptees. Shinners et al. (2013) and Price (2014) have accentuated the necessity of developing preceptors’ skills in relation to the work with patients, clinical reasoning, and socialization. Mann-Salinas et al. (2014) and Bontrager, Hart, and Mareno (2016) have concluded that preceptors need to develop their skills while participating in orientation programs and courses. In her study, Duteau (2012) provides recommendations on how to improve approaches to developing preceptorship programs while accentuating individual learning needs, responsibilities of skilled nurses, as well as sustainability and flexibility in the working process. Watson et al. (2012) have provided clear recommendations regarding the adaptation of preceptorship programs to the work in clinical settings with the focus on redesigning schedules and teamwork. Borch et al. (2013) recommend focusing on group supervision. Kalischuk et al. (2013) analyze expectations of preceptors regarding the effective
Introduction Disturbing events like natural disasters and terrorist attacks have made societies concerned about the level of emergency preparedness and disaster recovery. Natural and manmade disasters occur at an alarming rate. The magnitude of disasters is widespread and are damaging to infrastructure. The likely hood of attacks by terrorists in the United States is a paramount concern. Disaster recovery is the way that leads to resumption of normal business operation after a disruption. The September 11 attacks on America have made organizations grow the need to get ready for disaster recovery. In this regard, the US government has allocated many resources in preparation for such attacks. The public health and department of homeland security receives a lot of money from the government to deal with such. In 1996, the New York City Office of Emergency Management was established. It has the responsibility of planning and carrying out management of emergencies. New York City OEM regularly conducts tests and reacts to emergencies. OEM is working with partners all over the city of New York to come up with strategies that improve the ability of the city to recover from disasters (Pinkowski, 2008). Disaster Preparation Plans in New York Homeland security and the department of health are working together with an aim of preparing for disasters that can be either manmade or natural. The damage that caused by such disasters can affect lives of the people of New York, the infrastructure and the economy of the United States at large. It is essential that preparation for such be at bay as it may take the city a number of years to recover from these disasters should they occur. In 2009, the health department in New York confirmed the first case of H1N1 virus infection among students from a local college. The OEM worked together with various bodies and individuals to ensure that there is minimization to the spread of this virus. Revision of health regulations already in place on a yearly basis has been their priority. A task force was formed to concentrate on eliminating the spread of infections from this virus. The OEM has qualified health professionals in place to oversee outbreak of diseases and deal with any kind of disease that may be a threat to the people in New York. The administration in New York established a Coastal Storm Plan (CSP) that deals with issues arising from storms especially hurricanes. This coastal storm plan is revised every year and has illustrations on the plans the city has should there be a storm. Effects of storms including inadequate drinking water, destroyed communication media, electrical faults and blocked roads are some of the issues discussed in this plan. The city of New York is well prepared for such calamities and already has a plan to deal with them should they occur. The city of New York has a disaster housing recovery plan. This plan focuses on providing shelter to post disaster victims. The government is ready to provide shelter to New York City residents should there be a disaster that leave
Introduction Considering that scientists and philosophers still debate about the time of human life beginning, such issues as abortion and cloning also become controversial. To decide on the mentioned issues, one needs to integrate biology and ethics, but since the start of human life is a physiological process, it is critical to take a scientific approach and focus on the arguments provided by research. It is important to clearly understand the concepts used by scientists and the processes that happen before, during, and after conception. The answer to the question of when human life begins provides the foundation for prenatal development decisions. Although a zygote, the product of fertilized sperm and oocyte cells, appears at conception and contains particular sex, in vitro fertilization and the concept of “brain birth” assume that human life begins later in development. Human Life Begins at Conception Conception occurs when a mature oocyte and sperm each having 23 chromosomes meet, leading to fertilization. Since oocytes and sperms only bring parts of human beings, the moment of their meeting can be called the start of human life. Therefore, it becomes evident that the destruction of sperms and ova cannot be considered an act of abortion. Irving (1999) provides a good example, stating that likewise kidney or skin cells, sex cells bring parts of human life, yet they are not human lives themselves. Only since the moment of conception, a zygote divides and grows, while also producing proteins and enzymes. One more argument supporting the opinion that human life begins at the moment of conception is that human sex is already defined as the fertilization product. Genetically, a zygote has male or female nature, which is determined by the sperm type that was given by a male partner. Namely, the sperm can contain either 2X chromosomes or X and Y chromosomes (Irving, 1999). In the first case, it will be a female, and it will be a boy in the second case. From the point of science, it is incorrect to think that sex is identified at the later stages of development. Moreover, it should be stressed that a common belief that the product of fertilization is only a potential human being is a myth. This myth refers to the issues of ethics and theology, but the scientific stance clearly states that it is incorrect. The fact that a zygote has definite sex means that it is a human being, possessing unique biological characteristics. Human Life Begins Later in Development The arguments that insist on the beginning of human life later in the process of development largely refer to theology, artificial conce
Introduction There are many reliable ways, which may give a clear explanation of the term aggression . Some of these explanations consider aggression as a form of human behavior that develops on the base of frustration, as a type of behavior that leads to pain or harm, or as a critical form of existence of any alive species. There are two major theories, which deal with aggression essence, its development, its causes, and consequences. They include psychological theory and social learning theory. In this paper, the analysis of these two theories and the investigation of aggression as an integral part of human nature will be presented, grounding on the works of such writers as Bandura, Baron, Berkowitz, and Dollard. Social learning and social psychological analyses of aggression prove that that there are many significant bases of aggression, and frustration is one of the most considerable factors, which lead to human aggression as evidence of fighting instincts in a person against other people. Discussion Human Aggression as a Form of Social Behavior During many centuries, the definitions of aggression have been changed considerably. Lots of scholar offered their own understanding of aggression, its causes, forms, and outcomes. Aggression may be a kind of emotion that demonstrates person’s negative attitude to the situation, or a motive that may help to achieve the purpose, or an attitude to the situation or to his/her own life in general. In this paper, the definition, offered by Robert Baron and Deborah Richardson (2004), will be used: “aggression is any form of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment” (p. 7). So, aggression, as a form of behavior, has to have certain bases, and first of all, these bases should be biological. Certain biological processes are inherent to people from their birth. Feeling of discomfort if the temperature is too hot or too cold, parching with thirst if there is no opportunity to drink, or feeling of hate when annoying person is near – all these examples may cause frustration and arouse aggression. Little children are not able to comprehend what aggression can mean and how to demonstrate it in a proper way, this is why they just burst into tears and cry. Adult people, who are already aware of the forms of aggression, realize that their frustration is a good reason of aggressive acts and demonstrate their aggression in o
The hospitality industry is one of the most fast growing industries in the world. With the fast growth, its rate of competitiveness has skyrocketed with new strategies, styles, and approaches being developed to appease customers. In the hassle of maintaining competitiveness, employees in the industry face work burnouts. For example, rapid changes in the coffee world leave Starbucks employees with the burden of coming up with new products to meet customer demands. The burnouts result from internal pressures and pressures they succumb to from the external environment. Burnout in the industry is the result of a build up of anxiety and stress that last for long periods of time; and sometimes the stress and anxiety may be build within a short period of time, especially in the peak seasons. In the changing environments, human resources managers/theorists have developed new intervention methods to deal with effects of burnouts in organizations (Bullen & Eyler, 2010). For example, the recent terror attacks in the United States have left employees of companies like Ford with much anxiety of their future in their jobs. The following are two main approaches, their pros and cons. Burnout Prevention Program When using this program, the management over and above human resource programs in their company adopt another program, burnout prevention program. The program aims at establishing stress or any dissatisfaction in the company at its minimal stage. Stress and anxiety related to work are among the new phenomenon of modern jobs; there has been a change from what used to be injury from hard physical work, to psychological stress and mental disturbances. Although different factors contribute to the psychological stress and mental disturbances, the net result is a work burnout. Jobs have shifted from physical to more psychological and mind involving; what is rather disturbing is that the more mind focused a piece of work is the more physically tired someone feels. (DiStefano & Maznevski, 2000). Advantages of the method  1. The method has the strength of establishing the challenges that an employee is going through and making an intervention at the most appropriate stage.  2. Though the method is ongoing in an organization, it is seen as a normal way of human capital management, thus employees don’t feel as if they are spied out.  3. The management gets the chance to manage chances of low performance and poor service arising from burnout programs. Disadvantages of the method The method has one major disadvantage which is the human resources managers will need to keep monitoring the progress of employees almost at their every move. This creates an environment where people get concerned about others limiting the growth of a good working environment. Professional or work related stress poses a threat to employee’s psychological and physical health, however when someone has gotten burnouts from other areas outside the working environment, it may be very challenging. Rotational work structures Under this method, the hospitality company engages in compulsory rotational working environment with staffs. Staffs are
Introduction Technology in today’s world is moving at a supersonic speed and so is the rate of churning out the number of players in the industry. As such competition has been cut throat with the involved companies generating various ideas that they figure will give them a competitive edge over their rivals. Some of the strategies that we have witnessed since the turn of the millennium have seen the merging of many companies (computer makers) in this regard Compaq and Hewlett Packard. Industry analysts and managers have projected that results of such horizontal intergeneration measures by such big companies could result in either way as beneficial or detrimental to the involved parties. Now almost six years down the line since the merger of Compaq and HP, the company is down on the hills of EDS one of their main rivals and talks to acquire it is underway. However one thing remains to be seen; whether the talks will go through and how it will affect the two parties. Of importance to note is that the announcement of HP’s intentions drove the EDS shares up by 28% while HP’s share fell by 5%. In this paper we thus look at the possible strategies t
Introduction Sometimes crimes are performed by young people below the age of attainment of adulthood. But these offenders are not suitable for going through the justice system meant for adult people, i.e. the courts and the prisons meant for adult people. Therefore, the juvenile justice system was established which was aimed at diverting the children from the trauma of going through the adult court and the influences of adult prisons. It was also aimed at the rehabilitation of the children charged with delinquency or adult crimes. However, the juvenile justice system has certain drawbacks or faces certain challenges which hinder the actual purpose of such a system (Boots 2010). This research is aimed at developing insight into the challenges that exist in the juvenile justice system. The hypothesis – the juvenile justice system cannot provide justice to juvenile offenders if the challenges are not taken care of. Background The background for this research was made keeping in mind the fact that the juvenile justice system needs a new configuration for proper functioning. There are several instances when juvenile offenders committing adult offenses are not tried in the juvenile system. In Massachusetts offenders of the ages between fourteen and seventeen who are accused of murder or gun violence are charged as an adult youth offender instead of a juvenile. Though meant for juveniles, the prisons have become no better than adult prisons. Instances of violence are there involving the inmates with each other and the guards and the inmates. Inmates are subjected to extreme mistreatment by the prison guards. This includes both physical abuse and restraint and sexual abuse. Sometimes death is also reported (Boots 2010). This paper has reviewed various literature to get a clear picture of the situation and then a sampling of five previous types of research has been carried out. The reviewed sampled literature is described in the next section. Literature Review This paper has reviewed the problems or issues coming in front of five peer-reviewed literature along with their strength or weaknesses. The first sample, by Odgers, (2007) deals in the content about the various aspects regarding the violence in the juvenile justice system. This sample is a report of a panel side event organized by the Human Rights Council, OHCHR, UNICEF, DCI, Penal Reform International (PRI) and Save the Children UK and Terre des Hommes Foundation. This sample was chosen because of the solid information and effective suggested solutions. Violence and abuse, both physical and mental are the first things a minor offender encounters upon arrest, during pre-trial detention, or because of belonging to vulnerable groups like street children, children of racial or religious minorities, and children with disabilities. Violence results in th