ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Nowadays, it is possible to hear that everyone has his/her own truth. People are free to choose religion, traditions, and culture and develop truths that meet their preferences. For a long period, the task has been to comprehend the essence of truth and its importance for people. Can it happen that truth is a kind of agreement between a belief and a real life fact, or is it possible that a true belief should cohere with other true beliefs, or is it correct to think that truth has to work, be useful to people, and help to achieve the results that make people happy? This paper aims at discussing three main theories about truth and identifying their strongest and weakest aspects: pragmatists, coherentism representatives, and the supporters of the correspondence theory offered their powerful ideas to explain the meaning of truth; however, they could not even guess that modern people are ready to combine their thoughts and introduce their individual definitions. 1 st Side The correspondence theory of truth is rooted in the ideas offered by Aristotle and then developed by Aquinas. Other supporters of this theory were Descartes and Spinoza, Lock and Kant. All these philosophers believed that it is necessary to accept a belief as a true in case it corresponds to the real world. In other words, the representatives of the correspondence theory explain truth as “an agreement or correspondence between a proposition and some fact in the real world” (Velasquez 403). Bertrand Russell was a prominent philosopher of the 20 th century, who believed that there were a number of facts that could not depend on people. Besides, he mentioned that the truth of a particular belief could be defined by the nature of this belief. It is more important to consider some other outside factors that can influence the chosen belief. That is why truth should be regarded as “a relationship between a belief and things in the world outside the belief” (Velasquez 404). In case a belief faces some misunderstandings or contradictions with reality, it is wrong to believe in the truthfulness of such belief. It should be defined as false. That is why the concepts of truth and false cannot go apart. They are the two parts of one whole. Alfred Tarski was another philosopher and thinker, who made considerable contributions to the development of the correspondent theory. He introduce
Technological development has facilitated the use of robots to advance learning. According to Burbaite, Bespalova, Damasevicius, and Stuikys (2014), robots motivate students, encourage engagement, and enable them to acquire practical skills. Robots are effective in delivering large skill sets to learners. Burbaite et al. (2014) say, “The positive effect is gained from the “embodiment” and physical presence of robots, which make the outcomes of programming very vivid and immediately accessible” (p. 931). Today, many institutions are moving away from the conventional methods of teaching and adopting robotic activities to augment learning. Currently, the most significant development in the field of computer science is the inclusion of robots as teaching tools. Initially, most computer science departments used robots as a strategy to increase the number of learners in computer science courses. Nevertheless, with time, educators realized that robots could be important teaching instruments. That is when they decided to look for ways to integrate the technology into learning activities. This paper will discuss the strategy for using robots in teaching computer science. Use of Robots In the United States, many higher education institutions have realized the importance of collaborative learning and practical exercise in computer science. Most lecturers argue that engaging students in classes enable them to remember what they learn (Berenguel, Rodriguez, Moreno, Guzman, & Gonzalez, 2016). Collaborative learning and hands-on exercises allow learners to internalize what is being taught. Consequently, most institutions have implemented collaborative learning as a means to integrate robots into the field of computer science. Educational theorists agree that robots have enormous power to improve classroom teaching (Berenguel et al., 2016). According to Berenguel et al. (2016), one of the significant values of robots in computer science is their concrete nature. The use of robots in teaching computer science has significantly helped to endow students with valuable skills in this field. In the past, it was difficult for learners to comprehend theoretical ideas. Toh, Causo, Tzuo, Chen, and Yeo (2016) assert, “Today, students can understand abstract concepts and gain a more functional level of understanding when they learn with robots” (p. 152). Nonetheless, Toh et al. (2016) stress that teachers must regard robots as one of the teaching materials. The use of robots alone cannot help to boost learning amid computer science students. The educational theory that instructors apply plays a significant role in determining the success of robot application. Robots enable educators to use activities that are helpful in teaching different disciplines including mathematics, technology, and computer science. In the field of computer science, i
Even though teams are usually used at all levels of the organization, they may fail to deliver the hoped result. In fact, failure has become the norm for teams, yet its cost is breathtakingly large (Froeb, McCann, Shor, & Ward, 2015). Perhaps the major reason why many teams perform at a poor level is the lack of a clearly stated measurable goal and a compelling vision. The lack of performance thus stems from people not knowing what to accomplish and why it is important. In contrast, a clear direction enables the team to make a d etailed plan of action and follow it. The lack of clear boundaries is another critical issue that leads most teams to failure. The duties of team members should not be amorphous in order for people to know their tasks and ensure that efforts are not overlapping. It is considered that a team should be formed in order to assemble the knowledge that only some individuals possess (Brickley, Smith, & Zimmerman, 2016). Simply putting smart people together in one room would not be effective. When the team consists of employees who have the same qualification, they may be unsure of what is required of them. The problem with task distribution may lead to unclear decision-making and poor performance of the team. It may be assumed that some tasks are better accomplished by individuals or a group of individuals with different qualifications. In some cases, the creation of a team may be unfeasible for the achievement of a specific result. Poor team performance may be explained by the lack of accountability which is often difficult to establish due to it being indefinite. If established, performance measurement problems may occur even when the team is able to use the different specialized knowledge of its members, so the output of the team is larger than the output of working independently. The chosen performance-evaluation strategy may cause free-rider problems, as some workers may hope that others will work more diligently so as to make a profit for the company. As a result, this will lead to the employees shrinking on effort. The larger the size of the team, the more likely it that there will be free-riders. Sometimes, the costs of controlling free-rider problems within teams exceed the benefits that come from team production. Also, one could note that peer pressure can sometimes be brutal and disruptive. The teams thus work better when jobs are functional rather than multitask. Teams are generally formed because of their beneficial production effects. This, however, complicates the evaluation of the performance of individual team members due to the impossibility of measuring the individual output. Consequently, team members are evaluated based on team output and peer evaluations. However, there are many problems that may stem from such an in
The progress of all sports activities rely on the strictness of rule implementation. We must appreciate the sole factor of restriction enabling proper playing by regulation. Players have a role to avoid breaking the rules of any game (Delgado, 2000). Although these rules have been stated and learnt when playing volleyball, Dubai has remained reluctant to these rules. It is breaking most of the common rules and records that were monopolized by the western hemisphere. What is ironic is that the pioneers of these achievements are brought from the west. With them came their leisure time, like clubbing, bars, music concerts, sports events like rugby and cricket. With these events came around new sorts of communities that are active on daily basis. Considering the multinational identities, races and nationalities on Dubai, a sort of mutual language of behavior is established to sustain the continuity of sport communities, especially in public domains. I explored a completely new domain that is not familiar to me, a domain that is dominant by expatriates, and not everyone is welcome, directly or indirectly. I tend to explain the relationships build in such environment, is it beneficial is terms of getting to know people who might be useful in the future? A chance to enjoy sports after a busy working day? Loosing up frustration from family? Otherwise, it could be all these reasons or one of them. These reasons tend to change as well, as I was told by Rey, a Filipino player, he told me: “ I came here when I had nothing to do, I used to be out of job, nothing to do most of the time, so I come and play volleyball, however this changed when I met someone in that court who offered me a job, now I come and play with my boss when I’m sure there is no work pending, so I stay on my boss’s good side.” He wouldn’t tell me though who is his employer. In this paper, I became friends with a group of volleyball players in Jumeirah five, a mix of more than 10 nationalities, who gather around nearly on daily basis to play volleyball in ShaikhHamdan Bin Muhammad playgrounds. The playgrounds consist of three well-maintained beach volleyball courts, one soap football court and free outdoor body workout equipment’s. The Municipality of Dubai had established volleyball courts for public practices. However, any group of people or a company can rent the place for a private event. Is rare as that happening commonly its used by the public. I first came to hear about this place was during an event hosted by Carrefour, where I used to work. However my younger brother is more frequent. Both my brother and I used to play Volleyball for the Al Naser club, so we are familiar with the game and the rules. And since my brother is more social than me, he kept more friends from the club, and through them he met new people who share the same passion for the game. When I started visiting the playground initially for the propose of writing this paper, I used to take my paper and a pen, and sit for hours, watching their play and behavior, looking at them whispering about who this guy is and what is he writing about us, and some of them actually approached me to ask
Whether one ever gets the chance to visit the stupendous Louvre Museum in Paris, it is comforting to know that the museum offers the ability for would-be visitors to view the collection virtually. With more than 35,000 works of art displayed in an area exceeding 60,000 square meters and a constant flow of tourists, visiting the museum does not necessarily guarantee that one will have the chance to see every work of art in the collection. While the website cannot possibly provide the same depth of experience as visiting a work in person, it does enable visitors to take their time in viewing a work, see the work without the interference of other patrons and browse the collection more complete. One of the more famous pieces of artwork hanging in the Louvre is the Italian Leonardo da Vinci’s Renaissance-era painting “Mona Lisa” probably created between 1503 and 1506. The painting is essentially a portrait, believed to be that of a wife of a Florentine cloth merchant according to the Louvre. The woman in the scene is shown from approximately her waist up, the first time such a pose had been used in such close-up, in such a way that she dominates much of the available space. Behind her is a fantastic landscape seen as if in the distance, through a window. It remains unclear who Leonardo’s patron was for this work as it was one of only two that Leonardo kept with him until the day he died. The soft environmental effects Leonardo used in painting the background have served as a superior example of his mastery of the art of sfumato, or atmospheric painting, which is a technique he developed during this period of tremendous artistic growth that continues to characterize the Renaissance period. The painting is strongly influenced by the techniques developed throughout this period in its focus on realistic modeling and the creation of an illusion of three-dimensional space. The Mona Lisa was painted on poplar wood using traditional oil paints (“Mona Lisa”, 2006). Its size is quite small, measuring only 31 by 21 inches, reportedly making it difficult to be seen in person behind the crowds and protective measures. However, viewing the image of the painting online enables one to explore the painting more completely. Leonardo uses atmospheric perspective and proportion to establish the feeling of three-dimensionality and incredible depth in the painting. Although the woman takes up a majority of the frame, the landscape behind her depicts an entire countryside including agricultural fields and roads as well as wilderness areas and riverfronts. The composition is based upon the pyramid of the woman’s body, giving t
Introduction In a business environment where companies always experience competition from their rivals who manufacture and sell similar products, change is not only an inevitable undertaking, but also a necessary aspect of driving innovation and attaining a competitive advantage (Goffin, Lemke & Koners 2010). Since it is considered as an imperative aspect of innovation, a company cannot let change to happen without managing it in a manner that will fit the organization’s structure and achieve the desired results (Willard 2009; Wysocki 2011). As a result, managers must adopt suitable models of change management in order to ensure that all stakeholders embrace the change without much or any resistance (Ball 2010). This paper will discuss the various models used to manage change, define a case study of a company in regard to the Netflix organizational change, identify problems that appear in the case study, and provide solutions for them. Literature Review Practically, the various steps included in the models of change cannot take place completely in the real-life situations (Bernoff & Schadler 2010; Blood 2013). As a result, most of the change models that are evident in Netflix are not necessarily complete in accordance to the theoretical stipulations (Berry & Fazzio 2010). In some instances, the agents of change skip some steps or undertake several stages at the same time so that it becomes difficult to isolate the distinctive levels (Cooper 2012; Deshmukh & Naik 2010. Lewis Three Step Model Lewis proposed a model that introduces a change in three steps, including unfreezing, moving and freezing. Following the struggles that Netflix has undergone in an attempt to introduce price plans in correspondence to the cost of the Internet and licensing fee, the company adopted strategies that envisage the Lewis Three Step Model. The CEO first expressed dissatisfaction of customers with one price plan. He stated that all customers are not satisfied with one price plan bearing in mind that the customers have different need (Barr 2011; Bell & Koren 2010). In essence, this was a tactic of unfreezing the existing price plan to prepare customers for change. Second, the company has expressed their intention to introduce the proposed model. This implies that the company is prepared to make the change (Bransley 2010; Bell & Koren 2007; Delimitrou & Kozyrakis 2013). However, they have not accomplished the last stage of freezing back to normalcy. The Process of Transition There are various aspects of the process of transition that have been shown in the Netflix’s attempt to introduce three tiers of price plan. In regard to the process of transition, there are three steps that have been portrayed including anxiety, fear and threat. In this case, it is important to understand that the company is in the process of introducing the new price plan, but it has not implemented it at this point. When the CEO announced their intention to change the prices in January, 2014, the customer expressed fear and anxiety that the plan might lead to a situation such as the one experienced in 2011. In addition, the change has
Introduction Foreign policy is as a result of the enforcement of international relations. Over the years, the concept of foreign policy has evolved and different models have even come up in order to conform it to current issues. The kind of foreign policy adopted by different countries depends on the kind of relationship that exists among the countries in question. Foreign policy provides a common ground on which countries interact with each other. The decision-making process of foreign policy can be viewed as being very complicated when various factors come into play. One thing is very pronounced though: the leaders or executives of a country do not make these decisions on their own. They have enlisted the help of specialists, who in this paper will be referred to as bureaucrats or actors or agents. These specialists and the organisations for which they work for are the contributing factors. This paper will look at the brief background of foreign policy and how it is closely related to international relations. The Bureaucratic Politics Model (BPM) will also be discussed in order to give a background on bureaucratic politics and illustrations with the use of two case studies both involving foreign policy of the US will be used to argue the distortions brought about by bureaucratic politics. It will be shown from the model and the case studies that bureaucratic politics does indeed introduce distortions and though it has positive aspects to it, the distortions far outweigh the positives when it comes to decision making on foreign policy. The disadvantages associated with the BPM will be shown from the above two case studies and general disadvantages will also be listed. A suitable way forward in dealing with the BPM will finally be highlighted. Background Foreign policy as defined by Hill is “the sum of external relations conducted by an independent actor (usually a state) in international relations” (2002, p. 3). It is necessitated by the fact that different states all have to converge and put their differences aside in order to relate with one another. With such diversity it is evidently hard to have a common ‘theory’ that is able to define the different behaviours of different nations. As Newmann (n.d. p.1) put it, these theories are then able to explain the foreign policy and international relations phenomenon. Different authors have come up with different theories; one thing they agree on is that there are distinct “levels of analysis” and that “theories of state behaviour” (Newmann, n.d. p.1). The two are discussed below. The levels of analysis include: the system level – in which a particular state is almost defined by the international system, for instance, when the US and USSR were the most powerful states, other state behaviours were de
Introduction In history, there are three different periods in the revolution of the global oil industry. These periods are (a) the era of early oil agreement and oil cartel arrangements (1901-1949), (b) the era of evolution from oil cartel production and pricing to the market-controlled measures (1950-1973), and (c) the era of post-oil cartel and economic process of the oil market (since the oil crisis of 1973-74). It is disputed that these phases, distinguished by their historical implication in the development of the global oil market, make up an exceptional assumption appropriate to the global oil sector. The OPEC “posted price” increase of the 1970s must be perceived as a reaction to the international reform of the industry, which resulted from a major increase in the scale of U.S. production price, and which ultimately led to a comparable increase in the number of global oil prices. Discussion The development of OPEC was a reaction to the one-sided decrease of the “posted price” by the TNOCs in the Persian Gulf oil area. This lessening brought about an immediate decline in the number of oil rents (per barrel) due to be collected by the oil-commercialism countries of the region. Likewise, there was a concurrent decline in the “posted price” of Venezuelan oil. This offered Venezuela and the Persian Gulf oil manufacturers a reason to unite forces in a collective manner that marked the beginning of OPEC in 1960 (Rouhani, 1971). The entire history of OPEC stands out the reality that there has always been a possible or definite disagreement between the members of the organization and the controlling TNOCs since its foundation in 1960 (Rouhani, 1971). To be particular, the arrangement of OPEC itself was the very effect of such a disagreement. The main in