ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction John Rawls, in his work A Theory of Justice, considers how application of logic in justice system would save the society from common problems like designing societal systems, distributing social and economic advantages, and allotting duties to people in society among other issues. Rawls shares Immanuel Kant’s thoughts arguing that people should do unto others as they expect them to be done; the principle of nature. Rawls uses what he calls ‘the Difference Principle’ and ‘the Principle of Equal Liberty’ to explain his theory; moreover, he expounds this principle by introducing what he calls, ‘the original position,’ and, ‘the veil of ignorance.’ If only people made justice decisions that would be ideal to them were they to be judged by the same decisions, then justice would be even for everyone. Rawls’ Theories of Justice Rawls starts by introducing the ‘original position.’ At the original position, the involved people would make pass judgment covered by a ‘veil of ignorance.’ According to Rawls, when people are in the ‘original position’, “no one knows his place in society, his class position or social status, nor does anyone know his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, his intelligence, strength, and the like. I shall even assume that the parties do not know their conceptions of the good or their special psychological propensities. The principles of justice are chosen behind a veil of ignorance.” 1 Therefore, at this position, the society would be void of things like talents, status or any other form of societal social distinction. The aim of this ‘original position’ is to do away with prejudices or any other form of personal issues that pervert justice; it introduces neutrality, allowing people to pass judgment as if they were passing it to themselves. Simply put, the ‘original position’ calls for people to pass the kind of decisions that they would wish to get if they were in the position of the one facing justice. Naturally, “people want the best things for themselves; therefore, they would come up with structures that are best for themselves and because they do not know where they would be in future, the overall judgment would be ‘best’ for them and ‘fair’ to everyone else.” 2 Veil of ignorance is the situation whereby, people ignore or assume theirs status in society and make judgments as if they were equal to everybody else. ‘The Principle of Equal Liberty’ states that, “each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others.” 1 This is a classless principle calling for justice equality promoting mutual understanding; nevertheless, taken the way it is, this principle would confuse people on some issues and this is why Rawls compliments it with his second principle; the Difference Principle.’ The Difference Principle states that, “social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that; they are to be of the greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society, and offices and positions must be open to everyone under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.” 1 Rawls div
The best quality guru must provide principles and guidelines that ensure processes in the organization have continued improvement. Moreover, these principles and guidelines must be proactive and reactive in ensuring the continued improvement of the organization’s business. This seeks to improve service delivery to clients. For that matter, the most inspirational quality guru in my view is Joseph Juran. Juran is a quality guru who is considered the father of strategic quality planning (Donaldson, 2004). Moreover, he considered the human element as one of the most critical factors in quality management. This was one of the most important breakthroughs that he made in this area since quality management cannot be complete without the human element. This is so since quality management is intended to provide continuous improvement in business processes that are supposed to meet clients’ needs. Therefore, human element informs of human resource is concerned with the implementation of the quality management and to provide the same to human element who are clients on the other side. Moreover, Juran as a quality guru also introduced a principle of 80 percent to 20 percent in which he believed that the huge pack of the problems which go up to 80 percent of quality problems usually originate from the minor percentage of 20 percent. Therefore, he affirmed that it is relatively important to prioritize the minor pack of 20 percent which accounts for the successfulness of continued improvement. For that matter, Juran introduced this principle in quality management that is supposed to guide practitioners in this field. This helps to prioritize every small element in strategic management to guarantee continued improvement towards the desired direction (Kitazawa & Sarkis, 2000). Nonetheless, Juran remains the best quality guru since he provides a defined roadmap in quality planning. In this roadmap, he prioritizes customers since it begins by identifying the target clients and their specific needs (Medori, & Steeple, 2000). The roadmap is deemed to be excellent since all efforts are put in place to address the already defined clients’ needs. Therefore, it can be believed that the strategic plans that are formulated using this roadmap will lead to the continued improvement of processes in the organization since the whole process is supposed to meet clients’ needs. Nevertheless, Juran provides communication to be one of the key elements that must be used to ensure continued improvement in quality management. Juran postulated that it is comparatively important for all stakeholders to value communication in order to convert quality information into business finance and business. Therefore, this is a critical part of the continued improvement of organizational businesses since it is intended to improve service delivery to clients. For that matter, Juran comes out as the best quality
Definition A narcotic is a term that was originally used to describe drugs that are medically used for inducing sleep. However, the term today has negative connotations to it. In a legal context, it is used to describe substances that are prohibited by the law. Possession of substances that are classified as narcotics increases the penalties for violation of drug control statutes. For instance, the penalty for possession of cocaine is greater than that of possession of amphetamines because narcotics are classified as narcotics (Walker & Wood, 2003). History of narcotics The word narcotic originates from a Greek word that means stupor. It is believed to have been coined by a Greek physician known as Galen. He used the term to mean a substance that causes paralysis. The term was also used by Hippocrates when he was describing the process of numbing or a numbed state. Galen used poppy juice, commonly known as opium and alters seeds as examples of narcotics. The term narcotic was originally used to describe any substances that induce sleep, relieve pain or cause numbness. The word is now used to refer to any illicit substances or substances that bind to opioid receptors. Opioid receptors are those membrane proteins that are activated by substances such as heroin and morphine (Walker & Wood, 2003). Pharmacological effects of narcotics Narcotics have pharmacological effects when delivered to a patient and these effects can be positive or negative. They are known to relieve pain without the patient losing consciousness. This is known as the analgesic effect. Narcotics are commonly used for this purpose. The process through which narcotics work cannot be clearly described although it is believed that analgesia is obtained through the action of chemical substances found in the narcotics on the cerebral cortex. They’re also known to raise a patient’s threshold for pain and therefore are used as pain relievers. They produce a soothing and relaxing effect. In addition, they are also used on patients who are terminally ill. They are also used as antitussive agents. These agents serve to control or prevent a cough. They usually depress the cough center of the brain and as a result, produce the antitussive effect. The antitussive dose is usually lower than the analgesic dose. However, narcotics cannot be used for all types of coughs. Sometimes it is important for the patient to cough in order to expel substances from the lungs. Narcotics can alter the mood of a patient. Mood changes can be put into two categories: dysphoria and euphoria. Dysphoria is characterized by feelings of anxiety, fidgetiness or being ill at ease while euphoria is characterized by an exaggerated feeling of being well (Glass, 2001). They also produce effects on the gastrointestinal system. Patients have reported suffering from constipation after being administered narcotics. This is because they reduce the peristaltic movements of the gastrointestinal tract. It is for this effect that they can be used to treat diarrhea. They can also be used to cause nausea and vomiting. This is because they can be used to stimulate the chem
Medication efficacy is defined as the ability of a particular drug to produce the anticipated positive effect (Farinde, 2018). It is important to notice that drug efficacy is a variable different from drug effectiveness. Practically, efficacy is determined in clinical trials where medications are tested on subjects, and their effects are compared to one another. At the same time, drug effectiveness is associated with real-world use (Farinde, 2018). In that way, assessing the efficacy of a particular, drug, it could be appropriate to apply descriptive statistics. There are two main types of statistics that are commonly used in research. The selection of each type depends on the nature and purpose of each particular research project. The major purpose of descriptive statistics is to collect and process data for further presentation (Kalla, 2011). In that way, when it comes to the assessment of medication efficacy, this procedure is carried out in a clinical environment that is quite limited. The range of variables measured is narrow and is focused on the degree of an effect produced by the tested drug. Differently put, the purpose of efficacy assessment goes down to the collection and presentation of data about the performance of a chosen drug during the trial. Further, since efficacy and effectiveness of any given medication are correlated and form a continuous bond, inferential statistics should be applied to assess the effectiveness of medication (Gartlehner, Hansen, Nissman, Lohr, & Carey, 2006). The latter type of statistics is focused on making the appropriate conclusion from the statistical data analysis (Kalla, 2011). As a result, it would use the descriptive data about the efficacy of the drug in question and apply it to the effectiveness criteria.
The US and the Northern countries are getting ready for a second wave of the H1N1 (Swine Flu) infections that could affect many people and lead to many more being hospitalized, thousands dead and closure of businesses and schools. This is according to a report by Rob Stein (2009) in the Washington Post that the flu virus is very notorious and any efforts to make firm predictions are impossible. Swine flu affects the respiratory system, and it infects pigs. The causal agent is influenza type A and seems to spread widely in winter and autumn but can flow all year round. It occurs mostly in humans who have had close contact with pigs, and cases, where humans pass the disease to others, have also been documented. Swine flu has been reported to be associated with Severe Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), a bird’s flu that has caused many deaths in South East Asia in recent. It is a different strain of the influenza virus from that of swine flu. Swine flu is a type of H1N1 strain while the bird’s flu strain is H5N1 (Mancilla, 2009). H5N1 can lead to being a virulent disease because it can transform rapidly but to date, it has been more of a bird’s disease than a human disease. H1N5 is transmitted from birds to humans who work closely with them. However, the flu has since gained the ability to be passed from humans to humans (Mancilla, 2009). The death toll from influenza varies with different strains and the times the strains appeared. The Spanish flu infected 40% of the global population and killed more than 50 million people in 1918 (Fischer &Irving, 1933). The young adults were the most affected group. It is caused by a strain of flu in the form of HN1. In 1957, 2 million people were killed by the Asian flu of the human form of H2N2 of the flu strain which was combined with a mutated train of ducks (WHO Guidance, 1957). The most vulnerable age group at that time was elderly. An outbreak that was initially detected in Hong Kong in 1968 killed approximately 1,000,000 people worldwide (Pappas, et al, 1970). The strain which was known as H3N2 mostly affected people over 65 years of age (Pappas, et al, 1970). The WHO has warned that the Swine flu could generate a global virulent disease. However, it is too early to correctly judge the death toll from the swine flu with certainty. The flu epidemic is being experienced in the world at a higher rate since 1968, rated at 3 on 6 point scale (Rob, 2009). Up to now, the H1N1 virus has spread to over 168 countries with over 162, 000 cases confirmed (Public Services International 2009), and 1,154 deaths with 436 of these deaths occurring in the U
Introduction Communication is an essential part of everyone’s life, both in daily activities and in the workplace. Therefore, applied linguistics has started to take an active interest in identifying the recurrent patterns of language usage by people in various contexts, with various backgrounds, and in different professional settings. The issue of institutional discourse has come to the forefront of scientific attention only after the essence of discourse specificity and close relationships to the type of social activity performed have been identified. Consequently, the modern period of discursive linguistics studies is marked by the quest for connections between the conceptual world, making each setting distinct, and its realization through linguistic means in the process of professional communication. Seeing language and communication as a knowledge-based concepts enables the researchers to draw the necessary parallels between the construction of communal knowledge, the formation of distributed cognition and knowledge-sharing in the institutional settings as essential factors for institutional discourse research. These issues are taken as the basic theoretical framework of the present paper to identify the institutional genres typical for particular institutions, as well as the ways to achieve the communicative goals w
Abstract Different cultures have different beliefs about infant co-sleeping (babies sleeping with their parents) patterns. This paper explores the UAE and American cultural perspectives on the practice and shows that co-sleeping is a normal practice for UAE parents, but not for American parents. Evidence from this paper also recommends that the practice is not advisable for parents who have infants that are under one year because it can cause sudden infant deaths. However, co-sleeping (or the lack of it) does not cause any psychological or developmental problems for the children. Introduction Small (2014) says different social and cultural issues affect human behaviour. Their influences emerge from their social and perceptual powers (such powers also spread across political and economic spheres). The sociocultural theory puts this issue into context by saying that human activities occur within a social or cultural framework. Supporters of this theory say that understanding human behaviour in a historical context is the best way to understand societal practices (Valsiner, 1987). Valsiner (1987) (developer of the sociocultural theory) affirms this fact through the “genetic development law.” Using the above context, this paper explains how social and cultural issues affect societal perspectives on infant sleeping patterns. This framework shows how the same issues affect early childhood development because many researchers affirm intergenerational cultural influences on children’s development (Small, 2014; Valsiner, 1987). However, since early childhood development is a broad topic, evidence from this paper focuses on how these issues affect sleeping arrangements across different cultures. I choose this study focus because understanding societal sleeping behaviours is important in comprehending people’s mental and physical health. Moreover, people spend about one-third of their lives asleep (Small, 2014). Therefore, it is crucial to know how different cultures perceive infant sleeping patterns. Description of the Research Issue through Theories and Significant Terms Different cultural perceptions of infant sleeping patterns highlight why cross-cultural research studies are complex. These complexities make it difficult to understand how children develop behaviours that show their social adaptations. Although many societies know that mother-baby relations are important, these bonds usually show the environmental conditions that govern them. Relative to this observation, Small (2014) says infant personalities show maternal relationship qualities (societal norms a
Evolution has various definitions depending on what is being studied. According to (Griffin et al., 2005) it can be defined in this context as a historical transformation of a closely related group of species; phylogeny. It is used by biologists in the study of the evolution of various organisms. The thesis statement in this report is that cooperative breeders adjust offspring sex ratios to produce beneficial helpers. The issue being investigated in this case is whether birds and mammals adaptively adjust their offspring sex ratios in response to the environmental changes. Many different studies have revealed that there are different patterns as far as sex ratio adjustment is concerned. This has been brought about by the fact that sex ratio adjustment occurs in some cases but with some exceptions. It is much easier to estimate the strength of selection on sex ratio adjustment in cooperatively breeding species and hence they are the best in addressing the problem at hand. Prior studies of invertebrates have demonstrated strong support for the adaptive manipulation of offspring sex ratios (Griffin et al., 2005). However, this is quite different in the case of birds and mammals, where the evidence is less clear-cut. This is because the different studies have shown varying patterns and hence different conclusions have been drawn. The challenge that arises here is the understanding of how the selection is acting on the sex ratio of invertebrates. This difficulty implies that it is quite hard or utterly impossible to forecast the anticipated pattern of sex ratio adjustment for a given species or how it should differ across the species of birds or mammals. The background information, therefore, justifies the asking of the question for investigation. Various methods were used to collect and analyze data in this investigation. Several studies were collected as a way of surveying the existing literature. Other secondary sources of information that were used included the searching of the web and the citations in most of the written articles. Direct contacts with the researchers were also an invaluable way of collecting information. The team also had access to additional unpublished studies which focused on three bird species. The three cases indicated that helpers have a negligible effect on parental fitness, and there is no proof for a sex ratio bias in favor of the helping sex (Griffin et al., 2005). The inclusion of these data served to further strengthen the relationship presented in this context. When the helping sex is absent or rare, there is a tendency for parents to produce the helping sex in large numbers depending on the benefit that these helpers provide. In general, it can be predicted that the sex ratio adjustment ought to
Introduction Dual relationships in psychotherapy generally refer to “the situation in which multiple roles exist between a therapist and a client; for example when the client is also a student, friend, employee, family member, or associate of the therapist” (Lee, Jones, & Owens, 2011). In this paper, the concept of dual relationship and the challenges presented by the boundary issues in professional psychology are discussed. Dual relationship There are several rules and regulation guiding many professional codes of ethics on dual relationships, with some codes advocating against it while others are allowing it, but under some strict conditions. According to American Counseling Association (ACA), the concept of dual relationships relates to “three different types of relationships: sexual/romantic relationships, nonprofessional relationships and professional role change, with the first type being banned by the code of ethics due to the damage that can result.” The second category includes “activities that you may share or be involved with a client outside of the counseling context,” while the third type involves “changing from one type of counseling to another with one client and it can be very confusing and ethically compromising” (Kaplan, 2006). Most of the psychotherapist had been avoiding situations which might bring about a dual relationship since before it was banned or due to conditions accompanying it even if it would benefit the client. The revision of 2005 ACA Codes of Ethics allowed a dual relationship to exist only when it beneficial to the client, supervisee, student or research participant. The counselor should evaluate whether the dual relationship will be damaging or helpful to the client through a discussion with the party concerned and then the therapist should document this discussion in case of records along with the logic behind engaging in the relationship (Kaplan, 2006). The challenges presented by the boundary issues The professional/client relationship is defined by the boundaries, and these boundaries are limits that allow for a safe connection between you and your client and always based on your client’s needs rather than wants (Newman, 2007, P.9). The challenge presented by the boundary issues in professional psychology includes the following. Power Imbalance Power imbalances exist between the therapist and the client calling for professional boundaries between the two to be created. The power imbalance is created by a situation caused by the clients need for professional advice and knowledge from the therapist. This point of intersection creates inherent clients vulnerability, within which the client trusts that the therapist will do good and cause no harm to them; thus the therapist power is real, and their acceptance or non-acceptance of this reality will shape the relationship between them and their clients (Newman, 2007, P.9). Impact and intent The deep interpretation of the therapist intent is the major driving force determining what the client selects