ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
For the purpose of this study, a literature review method was chosen to review recent studies on IT strategy alignment in healthcare organizations. The rationale for using this method is to explore how healthcare organizations can align their IT strategies with organizational goals and what managerial and organizational characteristics hinder IT strategy alignment, as reported in the literature. Figure 1 shows how the process of selecting relevant studies was conducted. Figure 1. Flow chart of included studies. First, the cover period for the reviewed literature was limited to studies published within the last five years, with articles published in 2016 being the oldest ones meeting the inclusion criteria. The reason for the exclusion of studies published prior to 2016 is that more recent studies are based on the previous research but include updated concepts, ideas, and findings. Since the area of IT is developing rapidly, it is reasonable to search for the latest studies on IT strategy alignment in healthcare to find up-to-date data and recommendations for practical implementation. Secondly, only English-language studies were included in the review because the author of the current research is not multilingual. Thirdly, the articles were not excluded based on the country they referred to because it was assumed that IT alignment practices were applicable to healthcare management regardless of the national context. Then, the search was conducted in the following databases and libraries: Google Scholar, PubMed, ProQuest, Taylor & Francis, and Wiley Online Library. The keywords used during this process included IT strategy , alignment , and healthcare . The Boolean operator AND was used to obtain more relevant results. Thus, the search terms were as follows: “IT alignment” AND “healthcare” and “IT strategy” AND “alignment” AND “healthcare.” It was decided that the search terms should appear anywhere in the paper rather than only in the title in order not to miss potentially relevant studies. The search returned 1,060 results in Google Scholar, 2 results in PubMed, 103 results in ProQuest, 42 results in Taylor & Francis, and 42 results in Wiley Online Library. T
Introduction Jules Ferry is a French politician who served during two terms as the Prime Minister of France in the times of the early Third Republic. He is known for some of the strategies that were developed at the time of his services, such as the strategy of secular education and that of France becoming a colonial empire. In fact, his name is related to the beginning of the French imperial expansion (Fitzmaurice, 2012). His strategies were criticized by those who did not support imperialistic expansion. Nevertheless, Jules Ferry was an influential figure in the French Parliament and had a substantial impact on French foreign and domestic policies. Ferry was also famous for being a skilled speaker. One of the important historical debates he participated was about the necessity of French colonial expansion. The Impact of World Trade Developments on France The speech of Jules Ferry on French colonial expansion (1884) presents his ideas about the changes that were occurring in the world at that moment and his vision of France as a colonial state. Ferry justifies his imperial intentions and links the policy of colonial expansion to three sets of ideas, such as “economic ideas; the most far-reaching ideas of civilization; and ideas of a political and patriotic sort” (“Jules Ferry: On French colonial expansion (1884),” n.d., para. 1). The ferry provided the data which justified the urgency of colonial expansion and stressed its necessity. The first reason related to world trade development he mentioned was the industrialization of European society. Ferry focused attention on the exceptional status of France as a “rich and hardworking country” (“Jules Ferry: On French colonial expansion (1884),” n.d., para. 2). The second important reason that demonstrated the necessity of colonial expansion for France was the need for new markets. General industrial development increased the production of goods and France needed a place to export them. However, the neighboring countries, for example, Germany, had developed industries as well and could not be a place for active exports. More distant partners, such as the United States of America, had their own markets and did not welcome foreign exporters. Moreover, these countries could also enter the French market as importers. Consequently, the increased competition and the development of legislation in the sphere of trade, export of goods became a problem. Thus, Ferry introduced the colonies as a new export market and one of the ways to stimulate the development of the country’s economy. Arguments Against Ferry’s Imperialistic Ideas One of the major reasons to criticize Jules Ferry was his imperialistic ideas. A researcher Fitzmaurice (2012) calls him “a champion of the new imperialism” (p. 125). In one of his speeches during the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885, he announced that “the superior races have a right vis-a-vis the inferior races” (Fitzmaurice, 2012, p. 125). This statement was not supported by the audience because France was considered to be a cou
The Great Gatsby: Abstract This Great Gatsby essay explores one of the greatest novels written in the 1920s. It was created in the days when the society was by far patriarchal, and the concept of the American dream was different. Essays on The Great Gatsby usually explore how much men had dominated society, which led to women discrimination and objectification; the novel will help us understand the concept of feminist critique. Introduction The feminist critique is an aspect that seeks to explore the topic of men domination in the social, economic, and political sectors. It aims to expose how much women characters have been discriminated in the society through the study of literature. This sample essay on The Great Gatsby will apply the concept of feminist critique with reference to the F. Scott Fitzgerald’s work to expose some of the aspects of patriarchal society as revealed in the novel. The Great Gatsby: Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby starts by bringing in a male character, Nick Carraway, as the narrator. First, the narrator is just from the First World War and seeks to settle and takes a job in New York. Searching for wealth and happiness, he rents a bungalow in West Egg next to a generous and mysterious bachelor Jay Gatsby, who owned a mansion. Nick describes the mansion as “a colossal affair by any standard – it is an imitation of some Hotel de villa in Normandy, with a tower on one side, spanking new under a thin beard of raw ivy, and a marble swimming pool, and more than forty acres of lawn and garden” (Fitzgerald 1). The introduction analysis brings out a theme of male occupying a more significant portion of wealth. These two men were relatively young and yet so rich to own such property at their age. The mentioned women, Daisy, Jordan, and Myrtle, are just an attachment to the men in the society since they all at some level depict an aspect of lack of independence since men dominate every aspect of life. Socially, men seem to dominate in the relationships in The Great Gatsby. Tom’s financial power sets him way ahead of that he can afford to have an affair outside marriage. That’s what he does in an open way as he invites Nick, Daisy’s cousin, to meet his mistress Myrtle Wilson. Nick’s reflection on the relationship between Tom and Daisy, Tom, and Myrtle shows a break of social norms. Tom’s relationship with the two women is abusive and of so much control. He abuses Myrtle publicly in the name of making her straight by even beating her. Tom comes out as a man who
Introduction Production management “deals with decision making related to production processes so that the resulting goods or services are produced according to specifications, in the right amount and by the schedule demanded and out of minimum cost”. Thus, POM is concerned with designing, redesigning and supervising business operations that facilitate production of goods, as well as, services. POM ensures efficiency and effectiveness in production. Efficiency involves economical use of resources while effectiveness is concerned with meeting customer’s needs. In this context, POM can be defined as the area of management “concerned with managing and directing the technical functions of a firm, particularly, those relating to development, production and manufacturing”. POM functions include but not limited to plant management, production control, systems analysis, and cost controls. This paper argues for the premise that using different production methods on the same plant and equipment lowers production efficiency. The relevance of this premise will be illustrated by analyzing the operations issues affecting Hudson’s Alpine Furniture. Operations at Hudson’s Hudson’s Alpine Furniture specializes in the production of custom-made pieces of furniture which are sold to owners of ski lodges and operators of holiday cabins. However, the company has since ventured into the production of more standardized furniture for commercial ski lodge operators. As a manufacturing firm, Hudson’s depends on its production systems to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. Production system refers to the “manufacturing subsystems that include all functions required for designing, producing, distributing and servicing a manufactured product”. Hudson’s uses the job-shop production system to manufacture its products. A job shop production system involves manufacturing small quantities of products according to the specifications of the customers. The specifications, in this context, include the cost, quality, delivery time and quantity. The job shop system suites Hudson’s because the firm serves a specific market with different furniture needs. The job shop system used a
Executive Summary In a region that is known for political instability and religious wars the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Federation is well known for its economic and political stability. This is a rare phenomenon in the Middle East. The absence of political instability, visionary leadership along with other features has promoted UAE to be among the worlds most important business destinations. Great multinational corporations have established their presence in UAE due to good business environment prevailing in the federation. Furthermore, big corporations such as shell, BP and many oil exploration companies have found themselves in UAE due to rich oil deposits available for exploits. UAE is not only favorable for oil firms. Companies such as Intel, DHL have also registered there presence because of favorable economic viability. With numerous local and international firms working closely in the rapidly expanding economy, corporate social responsibility (CSR) becomes a major concern to such corporations. Of greater significance are the CSR present and future roles within the local business setting. The paper discusses the UAE business performances in key areas of CSR that include community affairs, environment as well as consumer protection. Each of the industry sectors performance in these key areas varies just as the performance of each major CSR areas varies. The role of Islam in the CSR progresses in countries such as UAE materializes to be of great essence. Many enterprises appreciate the contribution of CSR to their growth and to the general development of the society. However, majority of these enterprises are not cognizant with the requirements of the CSR and how it can be integrated in their business goals. Introduction Despite many years that corporate social responsibility concept has been studied various definitions have been proposed though the universal definition is lacking. Nevertheless many scholars have come up with some ways in which they can define CSR. To these scholars corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to the continuing commitment by an organization to act ethically and contribute to economic growth while simultaneously enhancing the quality of life of the employees, their families, the local community, and the society at large. Models of CSR suggest that businesses should take on philanthropic responsibilities, economic responsibilities, legal responsibilities and ethical responsibilities. CSR function deals entirely with environmental issues, economic issues including marketplace as well as social issues such as the society and the government. The organizations’ argument for social responsibility is leveraged by several factors namely changing public expectations, public image, business resources and avoidance of regulations. CSR is the economic, ethical, legal and flexible expectation that the society has of business at a particular time. It reflects the efforts of organizations in managing operations to spawn overall positive effects on the society. Companies are currently succeeding in global market competition
Western Province in Kenya was chosen as the focus of the study because of one’s familiarity with the area. Food from farms in this region is readily available to the population. The community practices subsistence farming and cash crop farming. The main crops grown are maize and sugarcane. This province has four sugar processing plants that produce cane (Maxon 299). The Western Province is situated on the western section of Kenya and borders the eastern part of Uganda. It is among the smallest provinces in Kenya (about 8000 square kilometers) with a population of about 3 million people. Its headquarters is in Kakamega. The province experiences specific tropical (hot, wet) climate characteristics of equatorial rainforests. Kakamega Forest is an outstanding example of rainforests found in the region. The African race is prominent in the Western Province with Luhya dominating the area (Mwakikagile 89). The Luhya is a Bantu-speaking community that is the second-biggest tribal group in the country. However, a few Asians also live in the province. The community relies mainly on agriculture for getting income. Literacy level in the area is fairly high. In fact, Western Province hosts several public and private universities (90). The province has urban settings around its five main towns and rural settings away from the towns. Maize is the region’s commonly cultivated food crop, and sugarcane is the main cash crop (Maxon 300). “Ugali” is the staple food in this region being the mixture of maize flour and water forming a solid mound. Therefore, the community consumes most of the maize harvest locally and does not depend on food from distant regions. However, it sells a substantial quantity of the maize yield for income generating purposes. The community also grows other foods like beans and green grams, but imports wheat and rice from other parts of the country. People of Western Province also practice dairy farming on a small scale. The community faces several obstacles in obtaining healthy food. Repetitive farming without fertilizers impoverishes the soils and leads to low yields. Extreme reliance on maize as a cash crop neglects other valuable products such as vegetables, fruits, and protein-rich cereals that are essential for a healthy balanced diet. Farmers do not have knowledge on proper farming procedures and use poor quality seeds (Ali-Olubandwa et al. 471). The population consists mainly of middle-class income earners. Therefore, small grocery stores, markets, and roadside stands are common features in most towns. Several agricultural NGOs seek to improve the farm yields by educating farmers and providing loans to enable the farmers to buy fertilizer and other farm inputs. Schools in the region offer meals to students. However, parents have to pay for these meals as part of the school fees. The local food system is sufficient to cater for the community’s needs. However, the government can intervene by educating farmers on superior cultivation methods to ensure better food quality. Financial institutions ought to lower
Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid or commonly referred to as DNA is an acid that is nucleic within every living organism and forms the very basis of the existence of the organism. The essence of DNA in every living organism and certain viruses is that it forms the basis of the genetic instructions that are essential in the development and functioning of these organisms. In a nutshell therefore the DNA’s main function is to ensure that genetic information existing in each cell is stored and maintained in the long term. It resembles a code or recipe because within its structure are various instructions that are required to many other components of the cell that include such components as RNA molecules and other proteins. Genes in a general sense are the DNA segments that carry the information. At the center of the DNA makeup are 2 long polymers that are bound via ether bonds to the phosphate groups that are called nucleotides; this forms the structure of the DNA. These 2 polymers run against each other (anti-parallel) within the base of the four types of molecules that comprise each sugar. Information is encoded from the four bases that are laid along the backbone. The general arrangement that is apparent in the amino acids within the proteins is dictated by the genetic code and specifies the order of arrangement. The copying or a process termed as transcription of the DNA extends to the nucleic acid RNA which is used to read the code. Chromosomes are the structures that make up the DNA and are duplicated in a process known as DNA replication. This process takes place before the division of the cells. In most living organisms which are classified as Eukaryotic organisms the DNA is generally stored in the nucleus which is in contrast to organisms that are classified as prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) where the storage medium is the cell’s cytoplasm (Shen et al). Below is a DNA structure Figure 1. DNA structure Nanotechnology Nanotechnology entails the shrinking of the sizes and properties of various sets of materials with the nano-particles that have and increased sizes in terms of surface areas taking advantage of the ratio in volumes. Their visual properties that including such features as fluorescence, characterize the particle’s diameter. Nano-particles have a great influence on the mechanical properties like elasticity and stiffness of the materials they are introduced to. This is exemplified when nano-particles are used to strengthen the traditional polymers are used as metal alternatives. This leads to a very positive impact of nano-particles on technology and society at large. Such materials that are improved through nano-technology, in a nutshell, have the benefits of weight reduction and the added advantage of improved stability and functionality (Center for Responsible Nanotechn
Introduction A highly developed agricultural sector, as a rule, is the indicator of a sustainable economy since this industry brings essential large profits but, at the same time, requires significant expenditures. In Africa where quite a few countries have a low level of financial development, this sphere of life is of particular importance due to various factors. This work is aimed at determining the significance of agriculture in African countries, the main features of the regulation of this field, as well as the causes leading to a failure in a traditional developmental system. Importance of Agriculture to Africa The development of agriculture in Africa is not only the objective of the development program but one of the priorities. According to Adenle, Azadi and Manning (2018, p. 413), this filed “drives economic development and gross domestic product (GDP) growth, industry growth, and global trade, whilst enhancing quality of life and providing jobs”. Since the shortage of industrial enterprises is felt in some regions, stimulating the agricultural industry is natural. Moreover, in addition to financial gains, other issues are also inevitably affected, for instance, the problem of poverty. As Adenle, Azadi and Manning (2018, p. 413) argue, about 40% of the continent’s population go hungry, and the chronic lack of money is a typical situation. An opportunity to correct the situation through increased attention to this sector is one of the logical and informed decisions. In addition, Banson, Nguyen and Bosch (2016, p. 81) note that in this field, about 65% of the continent labour population is involved. Therefore, the importance of agriculture to Africa is undeniable and logical. Failure of Traditional Agricultural Development Efforts in Africa Although the agricultural sector is of importance for Africa, the formation of the traditional development model has proven to be ineffective. Porter et al. (2018) remark that a weak economy has always hampered the use of modern mechanisms that could allow fertilising the soil and cultivating products efficiently. The quality of labour also plays an essential role in the development process of this sphere. According to Brown, Llewellyn and Nuberg (2018), the overwhelming majority of farm employees are low-skilled, which complicates natural progress and innovations. Moreover, the economic effect of the management and control system also has not brought any positive changes. Sparrow and Traoré (2018) argue that in some regions, particularly in West Africa, losses in agriculture were significant and, despite helping some people to avoid poverty, a positive balance was not observed, and costs exceeded income. As a result, the traditional principle of agricultural development in many African countries has proven to be ineffective. Conclusion The importance of agriculture in Africa as a key industry is significant due to problems in the economy and the attendant difficulties, such as poverty, un
M-commerce has entered the global market place quite recently. However, many people claim that m-commerce has a great future. Some even state that m-commerce is expected “to be one of the key drivers in developing the global information society” (Deans 59). It goes without saying that m-commerce is closely related with e-commerce. At present many researchers report that these two ways of buying and selling have a bit different perspectives. For instance, e-commerce is associated with some purchases that need to be considered, whereas m-commerce is used for making quick purchases, or “to support time-critical activities” (Ankar and D’Incau 56). However, it is important to note that e-commerce and m-commerce have many similarities and are often based on similar software. Thus, recent introduction of Flash 4 ActionScript can be considered as an example of close ties between wire and wireless commerce. Flash 4 ActionScript is a software that “has been a part of the web” for a long of time (Roggio). Basically, it has been transferred to cell phones. Flash 4 ActionScript is considered to be a very helpful software since it enables to use cell phones to greater extent. It enables to download numerous apps. Admittedly, it is very convenient for producers and consumers to use the same soft they are accustomed when dealing with computers. Alexander Graham Bell once claimed: “The great advantage [the telephone] possesses over every other form of electrical apparatus consists in the fact that it requires no skill to operate the instrument” (qtd. in Venkatesh et al. 53). This can be also applied to the use of the familiar software. Thus, the product is designed for both consumers and sellers. Consumers benefit from using Flash 4 ActionScript since they can obtain numerous apps. Consumers will be able to use their cell phones in many cases: watching pictures and videos, sharing information, etc. Besides, many games and exciting apps are based on this very software. As far as producers of mobile software are concerned, it is possible to assume that they also benefit from using such universal (applicable for many occasions) software. Thus, companies do not need to re-invent the wheel. They can use the same software for both e-commerce and m-commerce. Basically, they obtain more opportunities (can easily enter m-commerce market) and save money since they do not need to pay for another software development for their products to be available on m-commerce mark