ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction To begin with, it is necessary to mention that any social conflict, independently of the way of manifesting (violent or non-violent means), generally occurs because of extremely different views and agendas among people with various social-political, and financial identities. Social change is often regarded as the concept which can signify strategies, aims, and results of socio-political transformative projects. It is essential to emphasize that even the struggle against modification originates its types of modifications and social conflicts. This paper aims to think critically on the matters of social conflicts, the approaches towards the conflicts by society. The matter of social conflict will be argued and described from the viewpoint of its understanding, acceptance, and how these matters depend on the notions of individualism and universal truth and the inevitability of progress toward predetermined outcomes. Generally speaking, social conflict is not restricted to violent or hostile opposition; it is not a clash of coercive power as it is often regarded. The conflict of intellectual forces may be manifested by the means of debating, disputing, etc, though it may proceed to obliging, exchanging, and dickering. Description The contemporary issue, which involves social conflict, and which may be taken as an example, is gay marriage. Originally, this issue arises too much confrontation, as the rate of homophobes is rather huge in contemporary society. It is closely linked with religious views and prejudice towards sexual minorities. The evaluation of this problem from an individualistic point of view always depends on the personal perception and experience of every individual. The individualistic approach is widely spread in contemporary society, as most people do not wish to take into account the points of view expressed by other people, and consider that their opinion is the only correct. Surely, these people are the basis of any social conflict, especially if their opinions are extremely different. Thus, some people consider that gay marriages are a common and natural thing; others claim these marriages were forbidden. This is the essence of the individualistic approach. As for the issue of universal truth, it is necessary to mention the following notion: it is said that there are no absolutes that can define reality and give the only correct point of view. Those who support this point of view consider that everything is relative to something else, and there is absolutely no actual reality, and there is no definite answer on such arguing issues as gay marriage. On the one hand, these people seem not to have their firm point of view, on the other hand, it reveals the principle of objectivity “if stars are lit, someone needs it”. Originally, this app
Introduction Nowadays, the efficient work of any reliable health care organization is impossible without implemented electronic systems. Electronic health records (EHRs) systematize all data concerning patients. However, it is Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs) on the basis of Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) that provides accurate and correct actions of clinicians. In this essay, the operational features and benefits from the implementation of CDSSs in the work of the department that is occupied with cardiovascular diseases are described. Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are defined as a specific group of disorders connected with the functioning of blood vessels and the heart. The person’s problems within the heart and vascular system may include congenital birth defects and issues acquired in the course of a lifetime. They are regarded as the most disturbing health issues as CVDs are the main cause of death all over the world (World Health Organization, 2017). More people die every year from CVDs in comparison with any other diseases (World Health Organization, 2017). This group of disorders includes coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, congenital heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis. The main difference between these diseases consists in the location of affected blood vessels. CVDs are traditionally characterized by strokes and heart attacks, and these acute events are primarily caused by the existence of blood blockage. It cannot flow to the brain and heart in the normal way frequently due to “a build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels” (World Health Organization, 2017, para. 3). Blood clots and bleeding from the brain blood vessels are common reasons for strokes as well. CVs are typically caused by genetics and the combination of factors that increases the risk of heart and blood vessel disorders, such as tobacco and alcohol use, physical inactivity, an unhealthy diet that le
Introduction The story in Othello by William Shakespeare is based Othello, a Moorish General employed by the Venetian state, who has married Desdemona secretly. Desdemona is the daughter of a Venetian senator called Brabantio. Iago is an ensign in Othello’s army, who nurses a private grudge against Othello and wants to destroy him. The story revolves around the relationship between Othello and Desdemona, and the way in which Iago executes his plan against Othello. Shakespeare uses the vehicle of Othello to reveal the attitudes and values attached to women during the Elizabethan period. Portrayal of Women Using the three female characters of Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca, Shakespeare gives us the common view of women through the eyes of Iago and the view of the nobility through the eyes of Brabantio, Desdemona’s father. In the Elizabethan period the common view of women were that they were instable with the potential risk of being unchaste, as they were morally frail. This is reflected through Iago, in the second Act of the play, when he observes that women wake up to go to play and do their work when they go to bed. (1). The sexual desires in women were seen as unnatural appetites needing to be satisfied, and hence the portrayal of the potential risk of betrayal of their men by women. The observation that women do their work in bed is the reflection of the commonly held view in the Elizabethan period that women had power over men through their sexual desires and sexuality. They used this to subdue their husbands and other men, thus blinding men to this power that women held over them. It is this common perception of burning sexual desires and sexuality that Iago is able to use in his plans to destroy Othello. The higher society’s perspective of women is seen through Brabantio. To him his daughters are required to be subservient and obedient. The marriage decision of Desdemona is a betrayal of this requirement of women in higher societies. This perception in the higher levels of society also demonstrates the inferior manner in which women were treated in those days. This inferiority of women concept is not strange as it was the practice followed in many of the older human societies. Shakespeare highlights this feature of Elizabethan society by having all the female characters in the play abused by the male. (2). There is a contrast in the portrayal of Emilia, with Shakespeare offering a different view of women. Emilia is portrayed as a strong character with having characteristics quite different from Desdemona and Bianca. She is portrayed as realistic, pragmatic, capable of courage, loyal and self sacrificing. Shakespeare also makes Emilia the focus of any feminist views present in the play, when in Act IV Scene iii, when Emilia questions the perception over women’s sexuality as the reason for the fall of women through the words “But I do think it is their husbands’ faults if wives do fall”. (1). The reason for the portrayal of such a female character is a matter of speculation. Did he intend it as relief of the poor picture of women being painted or was it a reflection of his expectations of the character of a woman, or was it
Votaire’s letters on England is a series of essays that were published first in the year 1733 by Francois Marie Arouet. In total, the series is made up of twenty-four letters. The letters can be interpreted as portraying political, religious, philosophical, and cultural themes. This paper analyzes the Votaire’s letters from the context of these four themes. First, religion is a key dominant theme in the first seven letters. Letters 1 to 4 talk about Quakers while letters 5, 6, and 7 address the Anglicans, Presbyterians and Soicinians respectively. Quakers are described from the basis of their history, customs, and religious beliefs. Votaire particularly praises them since they lack baptism, priests, and communion. In particular, according to The Pennsylvania State University, Quakers assert, “we are not of opinion that the sprinkling water on a child’s head makes him a Christian” (8). However, Votaire is concerned that the religion is highly influential due to its capacity to manipulate its believers through magnificent organizations. In letter 5, Votaire compares Anglicanism with Catholicism claiming, “With regard to the morals of the English clergy, they are more regular than those of France” (Votaire 27). Nevertheless, he criticizes Anglicanism for remaining faithful to Catholicism rituals. In letter 6, Votaire sees Presbyterians as highly intolerant coupled with being over strict. This argument is supported by Votaire when he writes, “No operas, plays, or concerts are allowed in London on Sunday” (Votaire 31). Finally, in letter 7, Votaire discusses the practices of Socinians claiming that, under the religion, men choose to abide by the teachings of authors who are wretched. Arguably, amid the discussion of the differences in the religions, Votaire supports the idea of religious tolerance. This holds because he enormously believes that prosecution acerbated to one religion only produces the effects of hiking proselytes. Thus, these four letters can be interpreted as an opposition against the dominance of a single religion in the public domain and or opposition against religious conflicts stemming from the differences in beliefs. Secondly, the theme of politics is central to the letters of Votaire. This is reflected in the eighth and ninth letters. Letter 8 discusses the political system of the English land in comparison to the political system of France and Rome. While Votaire is concerned that Britain would consider engaging in conflicts based on religious reasons, he is also concerned that Rome would serve tyranny,
Critic Rieff presents a convincing case in the arguments of globalization. The basis of his argument is the sale of several ports in the United States to a company that belongs to the government of Dubai; there are also negotiations with the Indian government over nuclear weapons and contravening the global laws that govern the production of such weapons. In this article, the author seems to hit two birds with one stone. He makes two arguments in one presentation. While selling the port to the Dubai government and attributing this to the embracement of globalization, he says that the government jeopardizes national security, especially when the country faces threats of terrorism. He also shows the manipulation that the whole concept is shrouded on. America and the European countries purported this concept to expand markets and favor their own economies. While the economic power has shifted to Asia, they are still trying to hang on by trying to gain favor from the countries through these transactions in the name of globalization (Held, 2004). This is echoed by Held, who shows the negative consequences of globalization that countries in Africa have suffered and also the prosperity that countries with conservative economic practices have experienced. Background As mentioned by Rieff, Globalization started after the Second World War with the embracement of the universal rule of law and international agreements of Peace. Though international trade thrived, the 1990s saw a great increase in the desire for economic integration of individual state economies through the liberalization of trade and free flow of capital. Bolstered by the policies that were advocated by international organizations such as the IMF and the UN, as mentioned by Held, countries dropped the restrictions for trade and called for increased trade. The developing world was lured in using debt restructuring that promised prosperity and development on paper. Of course, none of them came to pass, and even some derived negative consequence. Rieff exposes the deceit as a strategy that only expanded markets for exporter (developed world). Indeed, we have seen the effects of globalization. In 2008, the Unites States economy came under intense pressure after the collapse of real estate and mortgage-backed securities went tumbling down. The effects were devastating. Countries in Europe felt the pressure with Ireland experiencing bank runs. Source of the Controversy Globalization is facing controversy due to the ineffectiveness of the policies that came with it. The practices of geopolitical and occurrences such as 9/11 have also brought into the limelight the decisions that affected globalization. Held describes the findings of IMF economists who find no significant benefits from globalization. Indeed, the developing world with sensitive economies is likely to be negatively affected due to volatile markets. Again, international law has grown weaker with the war against Iraq is an exam
The assumptions of the divine command theory are based on the idea that God commands what is morally appropriate, and things and actions can be viewed as moral or ethically obligatory due to God’s directions (Driver 24). As a result, this theory is often discussed as rather controversial because its premises provoke debates regarding the morality of God’s commands; therefore, its main aspects and related criticisms need to be discussed in detail. Even though the divine command theory can be disproved by the Euthyphro dilemma, a weak variant of this theory can be viewed as appropriate to provide the basis for ethics. The main elements of the theory depend on the version of this code. According to a strong version, ethical norms are directly prescribed concerning God’s commands, and God can command anything. Thus, all things and actions should be viewed as moral or immoral depending on God’s directions. In this case, God’s power is more important than God’s goodness. According to a weak version, God commands not everything that He can command because He is limited by His goodness (Driver 24). In this case, God’s goodness limits His power because God loves people, and His commands are related to the principles of morality. As a result, the presence of two versions allows for applying the Euthyphro dilemma to understand a strong version of the theory and its potential weaknesses or controversies. Thus, it is also important to focus on criticisms of the divine command theory. Firstly, since some of God’s commands are inconsistent because they are associated with God’s power, they cannot be viewed as the only source of morality. Secondly, the emphasis on God’s power in a strong version rather than on God’s goodness allows for accentuating the obligatory character of commands and performing acts that can be viewed as morally inappropriate in some cases. Thirdly, a strong version of the theory represents it as the framework for obligation rather than morality. Also, being viewed as the remedy for people’s arrogance, the theory makes them focus on such controversial God’s commands as it is in the case of Abraham’s offering of Isaac (“Genesis 22”). As a result, the analysis of this situation creates problems for those Christians who refer to a weak version of the theory. The discussed criticisms are associated with the attempts of applying the divine command theory to a range of issues and situations. The problem is that each of God’s commands can be discussed as entirely moral only in a specific context. For instance, in situations when religious fanatics commit crimes against humanity, they support their actions concerning God’s will and message. Furthermore, the reference to God’s message can be observed in a variety of cases that cannot be viewed as morally right or wrong, but there ar
Persepolis was originally a series of two books; the story is a critically acclaimed Memoir by Marjane Satrapi in which she tells of her growing up in Iran in the days of the Islamic Revolution that saw Shah’s regime overthrown (Tan). Marjane recounts the things to which she bears witness: the cruel impact of the war between Iran and Iraq and the success of the Islamic Revolution (Tan). But what makes the book a great success is its black-and-white comic strip images that send powerful messages, and in spite of the strong themes that the story explores, it manages to be both funny and heartbreaking. Equally remarkable is the intelligence of the young narrator’s unrestrained voice. Like most great literary works, there was hunger to bring the book to the big screen. This effort came to fruition in an animation movie of the same name in 2007. The movie shares a number of similarities with the book. But that is expected as the book is what gives birth to the movie. The notable thing is that, as is mostly expected when a book is adapted into a movie, the Persepolis movie also deviates from the book in certain ways. The purpose of this paper is to pinpoint and discuss these deviations and differences. The Differences There are quite a number of differences between the book and the movie. For the scope of this paper, the focus will be on the major differences. Differences in Plot. The first notable difference is in the opening. The first chapter of the book, ‘The Veil’ opens with the description of Marji, 10, in 1980 wearing a veil. But the movie opens with Marji at the airport, who then goes to the bathroom and folds the veil on her head (Tan). The chapters in the book are patches/bits of selected events of Marji’s life as she tells it. The movie unites these chapters into a flowing story rather than bits of it. But it is still easy to realize that two chapters in the book have been completely done away with in the movie: those of ‘The Letter’ and ‘The Jewels’ (Tan). In ‘The Letter’ Mr. Satrapi, Marji’s father, is against the love relationship between his maid (Mehri) and his neighbor. His reason, he explains to Marji, is that the said love affair is not possible as relationships between people from different social classes are not permitted (Tan). In ‘the Jewels’ we witness a confrontation between Mali and Mrs. Satrapi, plus two other women in a grocery store (Tan); here Mali feels it is better to lose everything to the Iraqis than have her own kind insult her. These two chapters are quite crucial in exploring some of the themes that Marji touches on in the book. For instance, her father’s attempt to abide by the norms of social relations in trying to end Mehri’s affair with the neighbor, because he does not abide by the Islamic code of dressing which exposes a social conflict within him. And the confrontation at the grocery store reveals internal conflicts between the Iranians in spite of the shared enemy that they are fighting. Again, while the book gives a detailed account on the relationship between
Introduction The death penalty is one of the most controversial topics related to criminal justice. Usually reserved for the gravest crimes of all, it is the harshest punishment recognized by the legal systems of many countries. An interesting thing about the death penalty is its geographic pervasiveness: it is present throughout the world, and neither national and cultural nor economic concerns may serve as a predictor. It is legal and used in some of the most totalitarian states, such as North Korea, and Western liberal democracies, such as the United States (Ziebertz & Zaccaria, 2019). It is present on every populated continent – even in Europe, where the vast majority of countries have abolished it by now, Belarus still retains it (Ziebertz & Zaccaria, 2019). However, this geographic pervasiveness does not mean that there are no national variations in implementing the death penalty – there a different issues with it depending on a given country’s legal system. Capital punishment emphasizes the shortcomings inherent in a given legal system, be that flawed jury selection or racial profiling, and promotes fatal mistakes, which is why it has to be abolished. Main body One of the central points in the argument surrounding the death penalty it contradicts the right to live directly. Perhaps the most important document considering human rights in the contemporary world is the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. This document refers to the right to life in article 6 and guarantees that every person has it and should not be deprived of his or her life arbitrarily (Ziebertz & Zaccaria, 2019). Notably enough, the Covenant criticizes the death penalty explicitly but does not ban it outright. Instead, the document stresses that the penalty may only be a final measure that concludes the proceedings of a competent court in full accordance with domestic and international law (Ziebertz & Zaccaria, 2019). Hence, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights stops just short of banning the death penalty but does not try to mitigate the controversy surrounding it. By putting a remark to the death penalty in Chapter 6, the document unequivocally emphasizes that this type of punishment contradicts a fundamental human right. Another source of controversy in the case of the death penalty is its inherently irredeemable nature. Many of the legal punishments may be compensated for – for instance