ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Results The qualitative results for this study were collected with the help of the part of the questionnaire that specifically targeted qualitative data. In particular, the questions were structured in an open-end manner so that the respondents could provide their ideas and understandings of the concepts assessed without being limited or controlled by the form of the questions. In total, there were eight qualitative questions (seven in general, but question six has two parts). They are listed below:   * Q1: Name three words when mentioning about “effective communication?”   * Q2: What do you consider as ineffective communications?   * Q3: Name one or two scenarios of effective communication and ineffective communication in multicultural situations The multicultural situation involves “substantial numbers of employees of more than one ethnicity or nationality, diversity in language and cultural values.” (Amason, Allen, & Holmes, 1999, p. 311).   * Q4: What precautions must be kept in mind when interacting with people from other cultures?   * Q5: Name three deviant or withdrawal behaviors that might arise due to management’s ineffective communication/feedback or communication barriers. (Examples of deviant behaviors such as low morale, absenteeism, lower productivity, not committed to the company, make fun of others ethnicity, religious, or race at work, low level of citizenship behavior, etc.)   * Q6-A: Please indicate the major reason(s) why you consider a career in the hospitality/tourism industry?   * Q6-B: Please indicate the reason(s) why you plan “not” to work in the hospitality/tourism industry in the future?   * Q7: Name three things that should be carried out by management to solve the communication barriers which you feel those methods would improve your satisfaction, engagement, motivation, performance, or overall wellbeing? Because the questions were designed in an open-ended manner, the respondents were able to provide many different answers. This approach was chosen specifically to enable the participants to add diversity to their responses and introduce ideas and perspectives that were both common and rare. In that way, answering the same question, some of the respondents provided similar or identical answers, and some mentioned concepts and interpretations that were unique to their particular points of view. Below is the discussion of each question and the most common responses. Question 1: Name three words when mentioning about “effective communication?” This question had several common answers. The most popular response involved “clarity of the information” – eight people named it. Many respondents treated this question as a request to define effective communication, and that is why “clarity of the information” was named most frequently. The second most popular answer to the first question was “listening” this response shares its position with “respect” that was also named by sever
The article Evolution from Quality Management to an Integrative Management System based on TQM and Its Impact on the Profession of Quality Managers in Industry by Mangelsdorf focuses on providing the evolutionary stages of modifications of the integrative management and its possible influences, which had a vital impact on the development of this managerial approach (Mangelsdorf 419). Additionally, it tends to show the growing popularity of total quality management due to the rapid technological development and a necessity to keep precise track of the quality. It could be said the quality control was essentiality of the provided services and was integrated with the other departments, such as R&D (Mangelsdorf 419). The first driver is the economic situation. The article shows a vehement impact of the economic conditions on the managerial approach, as some modifications have to be made to adapt to the adverse changes in the economy (Mangelsdorf 420). In this case, the quality control management projects occurred but they existed as separate functional departments. The author also claims that even now the quality control is used as an independent managerial approach (Mangelsdorf 420). Nonetheless, the integration process of quality management into other business activities started to gain popularity in modern corporations. Another historical agent is the development of standards (Mangelsdorf 421). This factor was beneficial for the integrative management approach, as standardized measures cover not only the working conditions but also the quality of the products. The introduction of the quality award also influenced the advancement of integrative management. Moreover, the development of a new certification system allowed improving the quality of audits and increasing the efficiency of processes (Mangelsdorf 423). It is apparent that th
Introduction The complexity in structure and operations of an organization makes ethics an important topic for consideration and study. It becomes a problem to an organizations management if they do not understand it. For effective solutions to ethical problems in an organization, it is important to have an efficient human resource department. Organizations have to ask critical questions such as what is the role of ethics in business and what is the connection between human resource and ethics. With the presence of ethics in organizations, ethical violations are obviously present. There are different motivations for ethical violation in different organizations. Ethical violations occur even though managers are supposed to obey the code of ethics that forms a basis for an organization’s ethics. In organizations, ethical problems are either small or big, and depend on the issues at hand. Thy are sometimes hard to spot because they may happen without the knowledge of the actor. In addition, ethical violations have ramifications to both the employee and the employer. Human resource problems arise from inappropriate decisions made by the department that are critical to an organization. Human resource department makes the most important and influential decisions in an organization. Therefore, their problems are the most complex and most difficult to solve. This is because they affect employees and the employer directly. Ethical violations affect all people that are in contact with that issue. For example, the collapse of Enron affected the emplo
Introduction It is impossible to imagine a natural catastrophe which does not influence the international economy. Paying attention to the Icelandic volcano eruptions and especially the most recent one which took place on April 14, 2010, it is possible to say that Eyjafjallajokull volcano has affected the international economy greatly. Therefore, it is impossible to say that the impact was positive. The whole international economy suffered greatly. The ash plume rose over several kilometers into the sky which could not be left invisible for the national and international economies. It is obvious that the first problem which seems to be crucial is the environmental one. So much ash in the air and other consequences of the eruption harm the nature greatly. Still, the economic impact may not be compared with the environmental one as the environment of one country was affected and the changes the eruption caused are reversible. But, the whole world suffered from the disaster which has happened on one island. Dwelling upon the international influence of the Icelandic volcano eruptions, it is necessary to state that not only the nearest countries like UK, France, Germany, and other northern European countries suffered from the disaster, but such remote ones like Japan and some other countries in Africa appeared under the influence. Thus, it may be easily stated the economic impact of the Icelandic volcano eruptions on the international economy was great, especially in the airline sector and other types of transportation, tourism, import and export, and business. At the same time, referencing to the problems which have appeared, it may be predicted that there are some specific facilities for solving those. The Influence of Icelandic Volcano Eruptions on the Airlines It is natural that the appearance of much amount of ash in the air prevents airplanes from flying. This problem seems to be not so urgent if to consider it from the side of some tourists who had to stay on the island for several days more, but, being the international problem it is necessary to consider the far-reaching impact which is negative. Now, it is possible to calculate the costs and state that the global gross domestic product reduced on about US$4.7 billion for the first week. The global aviation has lost about US$2.6 billion along with the net aviation sector which was impacted by US$2.2 billion lost. Due to the flight restrictions, the international tr
Abstract Depression and eating disorders among teenagers is becoming a major cause of concern among medical practitioners, parents, the government, and many other stakeholders. Studies have linked social media use among the teenagers to these disorders. In this study, the researcher wanted to determine if indeed the social media is responsible for the increasing teenage depression and eating disorders. The report recommends that parents and teachers should monitor social media use by teens. It recommends that parents and teachers should be keen to identify when a teen is under stress so that appropriate remedy may be taken. Introduction According to a report published by Pantic (2014), there is a sudden rise of depression and eating disorders among teenagers over the past ten years. Medical researchers have tried to investigate the issue by looking at their patient’s lifestyle to identify a common pattern that could be linked to the increasing eating disorders and depression cases. In their report, what is more worrying is the fact that these teenagers are unable to determine when they are suffering from depression and eating disorders (Pantic, 2014). Parents, who are expected to notice any behavioral changes in their children, are rarely at home, working most of the time to improve the social status of their families. Most of these children suffer for a long time, not understanding what exactly affects them. Recent studies are now linking social networking sites (SNS) with the increasing depression and eating disorders. A number of studies hav
‘Race’ is the word commonly used to describe any group of people with similar characteristics. According to the PBS’ ‘Race: The Power of Illusion’, race and racial groups are two different things. In the early days, whites were considered a race while African Americans were viewed as a racial group. This shows the element of discrimination in the view of the whites. During the sorting activity, for example I only managed to get two of each category correct. I attribute this to the fact that I grouped the individuals based on their physical features that I could see on them. This goes to show that just by looking at the visible physical features; one cannot accurately determine another person’s race. My definition of race is a group of people who after living together for a period of time, are able to integrate each other’s individual cultures into theirs and be comfortable with them. In the sorting people exercise, skin color cannot be an effective indicator of race because for example, the ‘medium light’ shade if skin color is present throughout all the races, and dark skin tone was present in the one of the Asian subject who conventionally, is perceived to all be light skinned. This means that a person with medium light skin can belong to any of the races present in America and a dark skin tone does not necessarily mean that one is black. In addition, blood type is ineffective in classifying race because from the use of the blood type sorting activity, I found out that the blood types O and A, are present throughout all the races provided. In short, this would make use of blood type inaccurate in grouping people into races since one blood type may be present in all races and one another blood type may be isolated to a particular race. Social construction in relation to race In America, there is a perceived sort of social order according to whichever race you are from. From the early days of slavery and settlement, the whites were always considered the top of the racial ladder. This notion was further affirmed by the fact that most slave owners were white and their slaves were black. This is still further compounded by the fact that the concept of races predates slavery. Before slavery, in America the people had grouped themselves into the whites and American Indians. That is before black slaves shipped in from Africa were added to the fray Many people view race as a socially constructed entity determined by underlying factors such as politics, social factors and economic factors. Their argument basically states that race is just but a social concept created by people in order to justify things like wealth and social status without feeling guilty. Moreover, this led to the notion of hypo descent, which refers to the assigning of children of mixed union to a subordinate group, further emphasizes the presence of a social hierarchy of races. This goes to show that children born of mixed unions are not considered in the same light as children born of same race unions. All in all the concept of ‘race’ is one, which is created by the human urge to segregate themselves socially due to certai
Explain Calhoun’s theory of nullification and his defense of it. Why did Jackson oppose Calhoun’s theory of nullification? How was the nullification crisis of 1832 settled? In 1828, Congress passed a bill that radically increased the prices of raw goods. In the south, it was referred to as the “tariff of abominations.” The tariffs favored the North’s manufacturing industries over the South’s agricultural economy (Glowen, para. 2). South Carolina was one of the states most affected by the tariffs. During this period, many inhabitants of the south, together with slaves, left the state in search of better opportunities. Many Southerners protested, asking for a repeal of the bill. John C. Calhoun from South Carolina, who was serving as a vice-president, wrote down one of the greatest replies to the bill. This written protest came to be known as The Theory of Nullification. In the nullification, Calhoun laid an argument calling for intervention by the state. He argued, that the Union had not been formed by people, but by individuals standing for States, this meant that the states were sovereign, but not the Union. The states made up the compact (Union) and could secede from the compact whenever they wished so. Calhoun also argued that a state could declare any law by the federal government invalid within its borders unless the decision was overruled by three-quarters of the number of states needed to approve the constitution. If that happened, the state would have the option of accepting the verdict of the other states or secede from the Union. Congress adopted the nullification in 1833, and South Carolina passed an act that declared the federal tariffs invalid. The arguments presented by Calhoun were not new in the United States similar theories of nullification, state freedom, and secession had been proposed in 1789. However, no action had been taken back then. When it was forwarded by Calhoun, secession was a high likelihood, especially after it was taken up by the state of South Carolina. Through a states’ right to secede, Jackson knew that the nullification principle was both catastrophic and silly and would, certainly, lead to discord between the states. To him, nothing could cause any state to secede from the union. He saw Calhoun’s proposal as a threat to his authority since the nullification handed each state the authority to manage its affairs. In the Proclamation on Nullification, he argued that the Union was permanent, and there was no right to breaking away from it, adding, “disunion by armed force is treason” (Glowen, para. 5). Resolution to the Nullification Crisis The adoption of Calhoun’s argument on Nullification by South Carolina and the subsequent passage of a law in the state that declared the federal tariffs invalid put President Andrew Jackson’s administration to test. In reaction, Congress passed a bill that authorized the president to use the army to compel a state to obey the federal legislation. The two sides almost went to war, however, they reached an agreement through the Compromise Tariff of 1833 that sought to reduce the tariffs. The Act stated that import taxes would be cut gradually over the next ten
Serious Sexual Offences Sexual violence continues to be an issue for modern society, affecting both developed and developing nations across the world. These actions are a variety of different crimes, including assault, rape, acts against sexual integrity and a variety of other actions that violate a person’s freedom and right to choose partners. Apart from the legal definitions of serious sexual offences, scholars have developed multiple theories that aim to explain this type of behaviour. This paper aims to define serious sexual offences from a sociological and legal perspective, present and discuss significant theories that explain these offences and outline the main issues associated with these crimes. Definition and Discussion The definition and attitudes towards serious sexual offences vary from and incorporate the legal perspective of the matter and social approach to viewing these offences. This explains why in different countries different types of sexual crimes may be classified and prosecuted differently. From a legal perspective, the Sexual Offenses Act of 2003 regulates these crimes, their perception, and prosecution ( Sexual Offences Act 2003, 2003; Sexual offences, no date). Most importantly, this legal document outlines the types of abuses and discriminatory actions that can be considered a sexual offence, protecting the victims of these crimes. Firstly, any sexual contact without consent is considered a sexual offence. However, in order to prosecute the criminals, the policymakers must have clear definitions of each type of crime. For example, rape is defined as a “penetration by penis” in the Sexual Offences Act ( Sexual Offences Act 2003, 2003). It should be noted, however, that crimes are both social and legal concepts, and the definition provided by the latter may not be the same as provided by academic or other approaches to serious sexual offences. While the legal prosecution of sexual offenders is crucial, Simons (no date) highlights the fact that to make society safer, it crucial to understand the underlying causes of serious sexual offences. It is evident that not all sexual offences are reported to the police. Moreover, not all victims are able to report them in surveys because of personal feelings or fear, which may make it challenging to examine and evaluate the variety of crimes and the underlying causes. In general, these offences occur in different countries and for different reasons. Moreover, the Sexual Offences Act outlines a variety of possible sexual offences that can occur, ranging from voyeurism to lack of consensual sex ( Sexual Offences Act 2003, 2003). Several national and international organizations developed their definitions of sexual offences. For example, the American Psychological Association, (no date, para. 1) defines it as “unwanted sexual activity, with perpetrators using force, making threats or taking advantage of victims not able to give consent.” This approach highlights the central aspect of such offences – use of force or other methods. The Crown Prosecution Service (no date) incorporates any non-consensual a
Introduction An individual goes through several procedures when he/she gets into prison. These procedures include correctional, organizational, and administrative. The receiving process The booking process involves procedures such as recording the name of the suspect and the reasons for the arrest. Police would then take a mug shot for records. This step also helps in determining whether any other individuals with same name as the one arrested are registered in the police database. The next step involves taking personal property and clothing of the suspect for safe custody by the police. The officers then scan the fingerprints of the suspect and the information is noted down in the police database. The suspect then undergoes a thorough full body search, which at times may involves stripping as a caution against any drugs or weapons being brought into the custody or prison (Bergman and Berman 13). The officers then check with their records or files to determine if the suspect has any other pending charges to determine whether the suspect qualifies for a bail. They carry out tests on the suspect to detect any sensitive infections or diseases as a way of protecting other inmates and prison officers against communicable infections. A DNA sample test is required at times. Release process Release of prisoners occurs after going through corrective measures. They would return all the prison uniforms that they posses and get the clothes they were putting on during the arrest back. The suspects would then sign for the clothes returned to them as a confirmation for receipt. They also sign any other relevant documents before release after which, they would be escorted to the reception or waiting area. Correctional Environmental Function Carefully chosen locations within the prison have closed circuit television cameras to help the officers identify any prisoner who may break any policies or rules. Federal prisons also regularly do drug tests to prisoners by taking samples from their saliva, sweat, urine, and hair. This may be either voluntarily or forced. Some of the methods used in prisons include biometrics, which uses the technology of detecting the prisoners’ fingerprints, retinas, among other parts of the body. Very high frequency radios track the whereabouts of prisoners through communication between officers whenever the need arises. The prison officers also ensure they detect and confiscate any weapons or objects from prisoners to avoid any harm that may occur. Prisoners and their visitors go through serious search using metal detectors to prevent any use of weapons against guards or prisoners. Carrying out of regular searches at any time and place within the prison is a common practice to find out any illegal item that could have been smuggled into the prison. Separation of prisoners considered more dangerous into special sections also occur in prisons (Gendreau and Kuhns 11).The officers open and search all letters delivered to the prisoners and in some cases read them. This preve