ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Market Revolution of the early 19th century had numerous impacts on the lives of many urban residents. The revolution touched the lives of both the poor and the rich in these urban regions. To begin with, the urban population of the United States grew very fast due to this revolution. More people migrated from their villages to these cities in an attempt to have better lives. As a result, the rich acquired a lot of wealth, while the poor continued to languish in poverty. More people in society were enlightened during this period. They also became aware of their societal positions and classes. The rich decided to have separate residences from the poor. House-cleaners, chauffeurs, and mansions characterized their new lifestyles. The rich members of society benefited the most from the Market Revolution. The rich purchased machinery and equipment to produce more goods. On the other hand, the poor people were supposed to offer cheap labor to these tycoons. This revolution also influenced the passage of the country’s constitution. The constitution was critical towards supporting the rights of different farmers and merchants. The constitution resulted in better manufacturing practices and activities. The country was producing more goods and crops than ever before. The poor were unable to sustain their conventional methods of production. The new development resulted in class divisions. Unskilled laborers were compelled to invent new methods of making money. Those who succeeded established the middle class. The rise of this middle class widened the need for more services and goods. The establishment of the middle class increased the gap between the poor and the rich.
Introduction Technology has significantly influenced the way some practices are carried out in most organizations. Moreover, the field of nursing has also experienced a major transformation in nursing practices as a result of the development in technology around the world. The increase in population in the country calls for the intense use of technology within the health care facilities. Comprehensive training should be adopted on various levels of nursing and strengthened to sustain the knowledge-based technology usage. Nurses have been forced to take advantage of computers in their workplace due to the increased nursing practices and roles. Some studies have provided some limitations of technology in nursing field, but they stated also that the benefits prevail over the drawbacks (Turale, 2011). The impact of technology includes the reduced documentation period as nurses carry out their routine activities to enable an improved productivity. This paper discusses the impact of advanced technology in nursing field. Discussion Technology comes with some benefits such as the capability of performing research regarding demographic analysis, diseases, medical care, introduced medicines, and nursing care. The use of technology is undergoing constant evolution, where practices linked to the transfer of information by the nurses within the institution and receiving responses from doctors via mail messages have developed significantly. The impact of technology is evident in nursing practices, but it is expected to advance increasingly in the health care sector. Additionally, some computerized nursing care practices provide an improved recording, but there was no notable change concerning the outcomes of the patients (Gerdin & Tallberg, 2007). Nursing care planning experienced some challenges as health care providers transform their services into computerized systems. Currently, technology or computer use in nursing practices for the entire documentation has a narrow use and is undergoing some development. Issues regarding ethical and legal conditions are increasing in the medical sector. These legal issues should be kept in mind since computers are easily accessed by various departments within the health care system, as well as several employees. Privacy and confidentiality are the critical matters in the health care, where it may include a case in which a nurse accesses some documents in presence of another person. Integrit
Since time immemorial humans have learned how to use plants as a critical component of traditional medicine. However, advances in science and technology made it more efficient to replace plant-based medicines with drugs that contain a pure chemical entity. Nonetheless, satisfactory treatments are not available for certain diseases. For example, conventional medicines are unable to treat severe liver damage and certain viral diseases that affect the liver. It has come to the attention of the medical community that plant preparations for the treatment of liver diseases can be a viable alternative to conventional medicines. Researchers discovered that certain viral diseases, including viral hepatitis, could be treated with plant-based medicines derived from many members of the family Phyllanthaceae. The focus of several types of research is on the genus Phyllanthus , because of its unique medicinal properties. The active ingredient found in plants under the genus Phyllanthus is found to have medicinal properties including antihepatotoxicity and anti-hepatitis viral activities. The proposal to develop plant-based medicines derived from the genus Phyllanthus is not without basis. Plants from the said genus have been used to treat jaundice, and other liver diseases since ancient times (Kuttan & Harikumar, 2012). Researchers believed that the presence of phylogenetically specific phytochemicals like chemotaxonomy is the underlying reason for the plant’s pharmacological effects. In certain European cities, afflictions of the liver are treated with a combination of Phyllanthus amarus and Silybum marianum (Lewis, 2003). However, in India and South America, it is a single herbal drug remedy against jaundice. The use of Phyllanthus amarus extracts seems to be effective because of its popularity in many parts of the world. However, clinical trials cannot provide clear evidence that this type of plant-based medicine can be utilised to treat specific liver diseases. A possible explanation is that plant-based medicines should not be expected to work like drugs that are made from synthetic chemicals. Conventional medicines are created to directly affect pathogens. For example, chemicals in drugs can directly affect the mortality of bacteria and viruses. Plant-based medicines on the other hand can have an indirect effect. In the case of Phyllantus , it contains biologically active compounds with physiological roles (Buchman, 2006). The plant also has pharmacological actions such as anti-oxidant, anti-cytokine, antispasmodic, immunomodulatory, and neuromodulatory (Buchman, 2006). In other words, Phyllantus may not be able to directly deal with the symptoms of liver diseases, but the organic compounds from the plants can strengthen the liver, the body’s immune system, and the body’s other physiological systems. As a result, the plant-based medication enables the patient to increase its ability to recover from liver problems. Extracts from
Language of every nation is a dynamic phenomenon that exists in permanent development. Time brings some new phenomena into the life of a nation and removes some old ones. All these processes find their reflections in the language and the basic differences between the English of Shakespeare’s times and modern English are the topic of this very paper. The following excerpts from Shakespeare’s plays are to be transformed into the English language spoken in the world nowadays.   * Context: The boatswain of the ship carrying the Italian dignitaries is wrestling with the storm that threatens to destroy the entire ship and all its crew. Because of this, he ignores requests made by the dignitaries and tells them all to go back to their cabins. Gonzalo, takes issue with this, essentially tells him to remember his place, and reminds him of the importance of those to whom he had spoken so freely with. This is the boatswain’s response.   * Boatswain: None that I more live than myself. You are a councilor: if you can command these elements to silence and work the peace of the present, we will not hand a rope more; use your authority. If you cannot, give thanks you have lived so long, and make yourself ready in your cabin for the mischance of the hour, if it so hap.—Cheerly, good hearts!—Out of our way, I say. (I.i.21-27) The words of the boatswain can be interpreted into modern English in the following way as the words uttered in an emergency situation and full of emotional coloring: “There is no person more experienced than me. You are a councilor: if you can calm the forces of nature down at least for now, then do it by your power and authority. If you can not, then thank God and me that you are still alive. Now go to your cabin and be ready to face the disaster i
Introduction   * Handy presents a speech for managers.   * His discussion offers propositions for the next 25 years.       + It addresses the period from 1996 to 2021.   * In 2019, we can see how these ideas were or were not implemented. In his speech, Charles Handy discussed the state of business and the job market in 1996, offering his thoughts about the upcoming 25 years. Now that this period of time is coming to an end, one may critically analyze the points that the philosopher made. It is also possible to compare the author’s ideas with those that are visible in modern societies. The author discusses jobs, companies, and capitalism as well as people, talents, money, and education, and he shows how the major issues of humanity are interconnected. One can also employ different philosophies to evaluate the concepts that Handy believes in, including Utilitarianism, Value Theory, Kantian theory, and Egoism theory. Critical Summary: What Sort of Jobs?   * Job force, as predicted by Handy:       + 50% – full-time employees.       + 25% – part-time workers.       + 15% – self-employed individuals.       + 10% – unemployed or in training.   * The increase in self-employment and freelancing requires people to possess soft skills and a level of awareness about their personal talents. According to Handy, the job market would continue to shift towards a decrease in the share of full-time jobs. The philosopher stated that companies needed to hire fewer people in order to keep up the growth of their profits. Therefore, full-time positions would have to be reduced, thus contributing to the growing number of part-time jobs, project-based positions, and self-employed people. Indeed, many companies now work with freelancers who do not have similar protections, benefits, or stability. These people, as prophesized by Handy, are not educated by the company but through their own means. Critical Summary: What Sort of Companies?   * Companies grow continuously through acquisition and merger.   * Federalism – the dissemination of authority to manage large corporations.   * Example: International Postal Federation.       + Where is the central office?       + Each subsidiary is equally important.       + The center as a whole follows agreements between its parts. Handy argued that companies would increase in size by using technological advances to create international systems. As the same time, all businesses would have to become smaller. Here, Handy introduced the principle of federalism – the distribution of power from one entity to multiple smaller units. The author, however, rejected the idea of a “Superstate” that had one or multiple strong centers. Instead, the idea was to disperse authority among people interested in the company’s profitability. Currently, many companies are international, and a significant number of them dominate their industries by buying or undermining their competitors. Critical Summary: Trust Is Cheap   * Employees can work without constant supervision if they are motivated by:       + Owning company shares.       + Contributing to the discussion.       + Gaining profit from the business’
The Freedom House organization conducts research on democracy, human rights, and political freedom around the world. The Freedom in the World Reports are most notable because of their contribution to the knowledge about the state of civil and political liberties in different countries, ranking them from 1 (the most free) to 7 (the least free). In this paper, Canada was chosen as the focus for exploration, looking specifically at its rating in the Freedom House research. As Canada is a diverse country with a rich history, its status in the Freedom House rating will reveal much about the quality of life enjoyed by its citizens. For political rights, Canada received overall 40 out of 40 in the Freedom House rating. Such a high score suggests that the current heads of government are designated fairly, the national legislative representatives were chosen credibly, and that the existing electoral frameworks were fair (electoral process gained a score of 12 out of 12). Highest possible ratings (16 out of 16) were assigned to Canada in terms of political participation and pluralism, which means that Canadian citizens are free to organize themselves in different political parties, oppose the existing rule, are free from military domination, and those in minority groups (LGBT, ethnic, religious, and other groups) are able to exercise their political rights. In the functioning of government, Canada also received the highest rating (12 out of 12). This is because the population is free to elect legislative representatives and feel protected against official corruption. As such, they expect openness and transparency from their government. All of these individual categories achieved a score of 4 out of 4, which makes the Canadian government functioning at the highest possible level. In terms of civil liberties, the country recorded a rating of 59 out of 60, which is also a very high indicator. In the category of freedom of expression and belief, Canada received 16 out of 16, which means the media are free and independent, citizens are free to practice their religious beliefs, enjoy academic freedom, and are able to express their personal views without surveillance and retribution. In terms of associational and organizational rights (12 out of 12), Canadians are free to assemble, non-governmental organizations can operate freely, and trade unions are free. For the rule of law, the country got 15 out of 16, showing that there is an independent judiciary, that due process prevails in legal matters, and that the use of illegitimate force is forbidden. However, in regards to equal treatment, the rating was one point less than the highest possible due to the rising number of minorities in prisons, issues with the indigenous population, and overall discrimination. Lastly, for personal autonomy and individual rights, Canada received the highest rating because i
End-Stage Renal Failure (ESRF) is a decrease in the excretory filtration systems of the kidneys, which arose due to the death of nephrons and was provoked by a chronic organ disease. The extinction of renal function causes a violation of normal life, to which various body systems respond with complications. The incidence of ESRF has recently reached more than 1 in 7 adults in the US, with 144 cases per million reported globally (Cobo et al., 2018). In the last decade, the prevalence of ESRF has been steadily increasing in parallel with the rapid growth of the population, including about 759 people per one million (Benjamin & Lappin, 2021). In 2017, the ESRF-caused mortality rate was 28% worldwide, with frequent comorbidities of ESRF being hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and malignancy (Cobo et al., 2018). Given this evidence, ESRF is a highly dangerous disorder with numerous adverse effects on the population’s health. The body cavity associated with the disease is the abdominal cavity, where the kidneys, the main affected organs, are located. Kidneys are gradually losing their functions, failing to filter blood; there may also be a deterioration in blood clotting, the level of prothrombin decreases, and thrombocytopenia occurs (Cobo et al., 2018). The affected body system is the urinary system, which cannot efficiently eliminate waste from the blood; however, changes in the central nervous system may also occur, such as sleep disorders, problems with concentration, and inhibited reactions. Prefixes that could be used for describing the disease are nephro-, hemato-, patho-, and reno-. While nephro- and reno- mean kidney, which can be used to describe the organ’s failure, hemato- is defined as blood and can be utilized to specify the issues with blood filtration. Patho-, which means disease, can be used to explain the pathologic nature of ESRF. Thrombo- could also be used, as blood clotting may occur together with ESFR. A useful suffix for ESFR could be -al, defined as “about”; for example, renal is “about the kidney”. Another similar suffix is -ic, which has the same meaning. Suffixes -in and -ism can be utilized to discuss the condition of ESRF, with -ism also referring to the process. Finally, -osis explains the abnormal condition of the kidneys and body systems. Combining forms that could be used to describe ESFR can be renal, nephric, and nephritic, which means “relating to the kidney”. Nephrosis could be used to describe the degenerative nature of the kidney tubules. Nephrogenic and renogenic are also utilized to describe the excretory body system, as these words are defined as “originating in or derived from the kidney”. Renopathy and nephropathy may be used to discuss a kidney disorder. Nephroma is another word specific for the kidney system, as it relates to the tumor of the renal cortex; a nephrocyte is a cell involved in the excretory process. As chronic renal failure causes
Behaviorism Theory Since the invention of psychology, numerous theories have been advanced that attempt to explain, be it human behavior, personality types, processes of brain perception, cognition, and psychoanalysis, among others. Most notable of these theories are structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, multiple personality disorder theory, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, reinforcement, cognitive neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, and cultural psychology (Devarajan, 2006). Among all these forms of theories, the most influential theory, in my own opinion, is the theory of behaviorism developed during the 20th century, which was refined by the American psychologist John Watson. Behaviorism is the branch of psychology that focuses on observation of human behavior from an objective perspective, thereby providing a form of common ground that other psychological theories could base their scientific concept (Devarajan, 2006). Motivated by the James Angell earlier work on the field of behavior and the renown Pavlov experiments, Watson advocated the first theory at the time in the field of psychology that shifted the focus from studying what people experienced to what they did; what he terms as behavior (Devarajan, 2006). In his own way, Watson was attempting to discover another approach of gaining insight into the human mind and as well as understanding it without applying the current theories that had proved ineffective. The principle behind the behaviorism theory is accurately captured in the Pavlov experiments and revolves around the two concepts of stimulus and response (Devarajan, 2006). In other words, what Watson advanced through this theory, in a nutshell, is that human behavior is a factor
Introduction Critical infrastructure is defined as an asset, network, or system, either real or virtual, which is of crucial importance to the United States. The destruction of critical infrastructure may cause a devastating effect on the economic security, public safety, and health well-being of the citizens (Lewis, 2006). The power that is used across the nation, water used in households, transportation used for mobility, and the system of communication used for connectivity all belongs to the existence of such critical infrastructures (Morton, 2012). Technological advancement has facilitated interconnections of infrastructures in most countries, thus making them vulnerable to terrorist attacks. Since they are of very sensitive nature, their security is paramount, and thus precaution measures are needed to secure them. Define Critical Infrastructure Protection and explain why it is important Critical infrastructure protection (CIP) refers to a concept adopted by the US in 1998 in the fight against terrorism (Lopez, Setola & Wolthusen, 2012). The concept was launched by Bill Clinton, the then president of the US, under the PPD-63. The concept requires all the involved stakeholders to ensure that the infrastructure remains protected from terrorist attacks. The US adopted the concept against the backdrop of the rising cases of cybercrimes directed to the nation’s cyber space (White, Boult, & Chow, 2014).President Bush added to the concept by launching the Homeland Security through the Presidential Directive HSPD-7. The Obama administration, through the PPD-21, altered the CIP further in 2013 in a bid to increase its effectiveness. CIP initiatives aim at improving interoperability across communities coupled with improving collaboration with the federal government to detect, prevent, plan for, respond to, and recover from natural and human threats to telecommunications, water resources, oil and gas, government, transportation, emergency response, electric power, and health services infrastructure (Lopez, Setola, & Wolthusen, 2012). As a collaborative effort, CIP is being conducted in coordination with federal, state, local government, commercial, and non-government Sponsors (De Bruijne, & Van Eeten, 2007). DHS’s Mission The Homeland Security Act of 2002 created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The DHS started its operations in 2003, and it was charged with critical infrastructure protection responsibilities and its goals and objectives are to prevent, protect, respond, and recover, as well as build in-security, ensure resilience, and facilitate customs and exchange (Lewis, 2006). The DHS’ core mission entails five homeland security aspects, viz. “Prevent terrorism and enhance security, secure and manage American borders, enforce and administer immigration laws, safeguard and secure cyberspace, and ensure resilience to disasters” (Morton, 2012, p. 112). Failure to address the DHS’s mission effectively would have serious consequences for the American national and economic security. The DHS’s Operations With the passing of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the DHS was officially formed and as part of