ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
IT tools and systems have become ubiquitous in the context of business and economy recently. The increased role of technology in business can be explained by the fact that organizations are entering the global market and are willing to use the tools that will allow them to maintain consistent communication across the supply chain. As a business analyst in the Chief Information Officer’s (CIO’s) department of Maryland Technology Consulting (MTC), it is the responsibility of the author of this report to evaluate the current use of IT and ICT tools in the MTC setting, providing recommendations concerning their further use in the future. Due to the necessity to introduce more rigid control tools for the target setting, it will be necessary to incorporate innovative tracking and monitoring tools as the means of supervising the production process. The first and the most required step toward managing the quality issues observed at MTC will imply setting standards for supervision and control. Namely, cameras an other monitoring tools will need to be introduced into the target environment so that the incidents implying deviation from the established quality standards and norms, as well as the organizational behaviors that can be deemed as unproductive, could be spotted immediately (Oh et al., 2019). The specified change si expected to introduce greater orderliness and better cohesion into the actions of staff members at the manufacturing stage of the production process. The described change aligns quite well with the current standards and objectives of MTC, which revolve around the delivery of impeccable services and meeting the needs of its stakeholders. In turn, the latter should not be reduced solely to the organization’s customers but, instead, including its potential audiences, the company’s suppliers, retailers, business partners, investors, s well as the local and global communities. Once MTC accepts the responsibility that it holds to each of the specified parties, the company will be able to progress. In addition to the monitoring techniques mentioned above, MTC will need a better framework for communication between employees and managers. Thus, the issues associated with the production process will be managed, and staff members will receive a chance at working under better conditions in an improved setting (Lin et al., 2019). The described change is likely to address the presence of the human factor that affects the quality of the end product to a significant extent. Finally, the tools that will help to build an effective framework for retrospect into the key stages of the production process, as well as tracking down and eliminating any threats that may occur to the organization t the specified stage, reports should be used. By using a digital report format, the company will be able to submit crucial details concerning its progress and provide eh basis for a complete analysis of its accomplishments at a specific time slot. Since MTC ill need to reinforce the efficacy of its production process by reducing the number of defects produced in its course, it will need to deploy monitoring tools and supervision techniques that will c
Over the last decade, the world has been facing economic crises. One major crisis was witnessed in 2008. In necessitated legislation of an act that would enable the government to help struggling industries survives the occasional economic depressions. In the same year, the congress passed into law a bill popularly known as the troubled asset relief programmed (Brunetti 11). This bill did not address a situation in any particular industry. However, it was made with the consideration of the difficulties that some important industries in the US economy were facing at the time. Thus, the government did not immediately move on to assist any industry that was facing problems at the time (Brunetti 13). Automobile manufacturers in the United States of America have always been a critical part of the economy. Collapse of companies in the automobile manufacturing industry could have dire consequences for the US economy. The sector also employed more than a million people. Furthermore, the number of people employed in the automobile manufacturing sector remained significant despite the decline over the last few years Late in 2008, two automotive manufactures, Chrysler Corporation and General Motors appealed to the congress to approve assistance from the government to help them avoid certain liquidation in the face of financial insolvency (Brunetti 20). While presenting the case, the companies did not argue that they were doing well in the market, but they rather tried to illustrate their efforts towards avoiding financial crises. Their argument was that the economy would face severe ramifications if one of the major automobile manufacturers were to undergo liq
Introduction Demand estimation is particularly important for players in the automobile sector due to high consumer price sensitivity. For an automobile firm, production output should be pegged on demand forecast for optimal inventory control. The economic models explaining the relationships between the demand for vehicles and household incomes and oil prices implicate the multiplier effects. In this respect, a deep comprehension of the causes and effects of oil price spikes is required for effective management of demand shocks. The focus of this paper is on estimating a demand function showing to what extent fluctuations in the OPEC oil price since 1990 and personal income predict the number of vehicles in the U.S. and personal income. The real expenditure on automobiles reduces in the aftermath of oil price spikes, indicating a negative correlation between gasoline oil shocks and demand for motor vehicles. Motor vehicle output from countries such as the US is bound to decline during periods of high oil prices due to GDP loss that permeates all economic sectors. Also, monetary responses during spikes in global oil prices can result in economic disruptions that affect demand and household incomes. The number of vehicles to be produced at high or low oil prices can be estimated for effective inventory management. Demand estimation gives an idea of the demand level for a company’s product over a given period. Demand projections can be used to determine the optimal prices for products to avoid overpricing or under-pricing a product. Corporate decisions to invest in a novel product also require prior demand estimation to ensure that the output matches the existing or projected demand levels. Demand in the motor vehicle industry is a function of personal income and global oil prices. Literature Review Registered Vehicles The number of registered vehicles is a function of multiple independent variables. In particular, personal income and oil prices are the key variables affecting automobile demand. Santini and Poyer demonstrate with a statistical model that spending on cars reduces when gas prices increase using the 1949-2012 historical data (488). The periods also experienced declines in automobile sales, which resulted in a low output of automobiles produced by the leading manufacturers. Therefore, oil shocks have an impact on the number of registered vehicles in a country. An increase in personal disposable income increases spending on luxury goods, including vehicles. Personal Income Price sensitivity is higher among lower socioeconomic classes. Personal disposable income has been shown to predict demand for luxury items, such as automobiles, which are considered to have high-income elasticity (Kang and Lee 52). Further, economic prosperity or GDP growth increases per capita income, low unemployment levels, and stable exchange rate and fuel economy (Kang and Lee 50). These factors contribute to higher automobile ownership by the citizens. OPEC Oil Price Fluctuations in OPEC-regulated oil prices during the past 40 years have been linked to economic slowdowns, hyperinflation, and labor
Healthcare systems should be developed in such a way that they meet the needs of all citizens. Governments should present adequate resources and finances to deliver positive results. Unfortunately, the problem of healthcare disparity continues to face many populations or communities in the United States. This paper begins by describing infant mortality as one of the health disparities affecting Anne Arundel County. It goes further to propose a powerful strategy to deal with it. The discussion also identifies an effective plan for reducing unintentional injuries. Health Disparity Infant Mortality The selected health disparity for Anne Arundel County is that of infant mortality (IM). From 2010-2016, the IM rates for minority groups were quite high compared to that of the white population (“Anne Arundel,” n.d.). Williams and Purdie-Vaughns (2016) indicate that African Americans’ infant mortality rates are 2.2 times higher than those of the majority groups. This means that more African American children below the age of a year die in the county. This disparity should, therefore, be addressed using evidence-based measures. This health disparity can be analyzed using the economic, social, and environmental factors in this county. From a social perspective, African Americans (and other minority groups) record higher infant mortality rates because they embrace traditional healing practices. Women from such cultural groups are required to take up household chores or roles. This social practice makes it impossible for them to focus on their maternal health goals (Lowe, Chen, & Huang, 2016). Traditional medical practices also contribute to this disparity. Underage girls from minority groups have increased chances of becoming pregnant. Due to the lack of adequate education and resources, such women find it hard to monitor their maternal health statuses. Individuals from minority races such as African Americans lack adequate economic opportunities. This gap explains why many women lack jobs and stable careers. This problem makes it impossible for them to get quality and timely maternal health services (Singh, Kogan, & Slifkin, 2017). On the other hand, majority races tend to have adequate resources and opportunities, thereby being in a position to afford high-quality maternal health services. High IM rates are also attributable to environmental conditions. For example, many African Americans and minority groups live in unhealthy surroundings. This means that different women are at risk of deadly diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. Domestic violence is also believed to contribute to this health disparity (“Anne Arundel,” n.d.). African Americans women are exposed to secondhand smoke or use cigarettes. Some females are usually required to seek permission from their husbands or seniors before taking their sick babies to the hospital. These factors have contributed to this disparity. Strategy Anne Arundel County stands a chance to benefit from
Critiquing is an art which is equally important as the craft of writing itself. It also calls for sound expertise in the relevant subject area on which the paper is written. Therefore, before I decide to critique a piece of writing, for example: a research paper, I will first make sure that the topic falls in my area of expertise. There are several elements that a good research paper should contain. Out of these, I will specifically be looking at the following points while critiquing a paper: Originality, evidence of research (use of sources), structure/organization, content, flow, style, use of language including word choice and finally grammatical consistency. The first thing I will look for, while critiquing a research paper, is its originality. Nowa days, it is easy to find a lot of research papers or literature on any given topic. Therefore, when critiquing a paper I would like to make sure that it is original and takes a fresh look at the subject matter rather than repeating what previous researchers have done. I believe that if a person spends time researching a topic, he or she should be able to provide new insights on the subject to the readers. Another point I will consider when critiquing a research paper is to evaluate the evidence of research undertaken and the methodologies followed by the researcher. It also needs to be seen that the writer has exhausted all possible avenues where information is available. I will further see whether the researcher has used ample sources for the literature review and also verify the validity of each of the sources. A good research paper should use only reliable materials or literature from academic or scientific sources. The third point I will check when reviewing a research paper is whether it is organized properly and the structure is correct. All research papers must follow a definitive structure so that the readers can easily understand the subject matter as also this will allow the writer to organize the paper well. This will further ensure that the paper is written in a professional manner and it has good flow. I will also evaluate the paper to see that the researcher has developed the content properly, and it is balanced with arguments, counter arguments and considered both sides of the issue on hand. This is to achieve a certain degree of balance about different points of view so that the conclusions drawn by the researcher may not sound biased. I will also judge whether the researcher has argued his points logically and whether he or she has come up with any new finding. Finally, like any other piece of writing, a research paper should be rendered in a proper style, using formal language and include standard terminologies that are relevant to the topic under discussion. I will also check for the use of language, whether word choice etc is appropriate for the content and level of the research scholar besides making sure that the text is free of grammatical errors. The pur
Abstract This paper presents the exploration of the New York City Transit subway system in terms of its safety. Compared to other means of transportation, subways are free of traffic congestion, save money, and free time for pursuing different activities, including education, work, shopping, and so on. The observations of the subway infrastructure and passengers are integrated with the literature that provides relevant facts. The paper begins with an overview of passengers’ behaviors and their impact on safety issues. It is stated that the identified subway has a unique atmosphere of little care acts, even though people are generally inattentive to each other. For example, those with young children say they are often helped to carry strollers. The police officers and station staff are always there to help with any cases, while the New York City Transit plans to pay more attention to promoting the culture of safety among passengers. Introduction A life in such large cities as New York significantly depends on public transportation systems that are expected to ensure easy and convenient trip experience from one place to another. The New York City Transit subway is one of the most rapid and oldest systems that operate since 1904. It is a “high-volume subway system, carrying an average of 5.4 million passengers per day—1.6 billion per year” (Nieminen, et al., 2016, p. 25). This paper aims to explore the subway of New York in terms of its safety, which is based on observations and scholarly literature. Although New York’s metropolitan tries to follow modern standards of safety and innovation, passengers lack the awareness of safe behaviors, which increases the risks to their health, others’ lives, and the system in general. Passenger Behaviors, Subway Infrastructure, and COVID-19 Changes When it comes to safety, mindfulness and caution are the key factors in underground transport. The main mistake of modern people is the movement in the subway and escalator, looking at their smartphone screens. In this case, one will not be able to see and react in time during a dangerous situation, while such inattention can cause injury to other passengers. The observations show that the majority of people in the New York subway do not pay enough attention to being alert since they are engaged in their smartphones. This leads to the fact that they do not notice many issues, raising their eyes only in case of fighting or some other dangerous activity. Another observation is that many customers sleep during their trips, which helps them isolate from others. Even though the primary goal of trips in the subway is reaching the desired destination, the observations show that there are some small manifestations of care. Obviously, the subway is not a space for practicing love for one’s neighbor. However, people’s behaviors confirm that on the subway, they tend to be polite and caring, which does not require much effort from them. For example, they wil
Introduction The case of Ongko Furniture is the classical case of a small to medium enterprise that is facing the global challenges brought up by globalization. Mr. Jaya Ongko has been manufacturing handcrafted furniture products for the past three decades and has witnessed his business expansion at an incredible rate during the first decade. Nevertheless, during the second decade of operations, a combination of internal and external factors leads to increasing problems for his small firm. We will try to describe all the finance concepts that undergo the story of his firm throughout these years. Concepts found in the scenario Rising competition is one of the major factors that influenced the small firm of Mr. Ongko during the 1990s. The realized return is the rate of return actually earned on an investment during a given time period. The realized return depends on what the future cash flows actually turn out to be. In the preceding return example, with the same $0.50 dividend but an unchanged stock price, the realized return would be 2.5% (= 0.50/20.00). Or, if the stock price had declined to $16.00, the realized return would be minus 17.5% (= [0.50 + (16.00 − 20.00)]/20.00). It is critical to understand that a realized return is an outcome, the result of having made the decision to invest. You cannot go back and change the realized rate of return. You can only make new decisions in reaction to it (Mullins & Walker, 2008). Another concept is that of rising operating costs for Ongko Furniture. The expected return is the rate of return you expect to earn if you make the investment. If you expected to make 15% in our example investment, including an expected $0.50 dividend, you would be expecting the value of the stock next year to be $22.50 (15% = [0.50 + (22.50 − 20.00)]/20.00). The ‘behavioral principle’ is another concept found in the case discussed. Practically it is a principle to look at what others are doing for guidance in what you should be doing (Emery, 2007). Mr. Ongko found out that competitor had been consolidating into larger organizations by merger and acquisition. Yet another important concept we find is that of product diversification (Resnick, 2007). Mr. Ongko found out that a second competitor, operating only in Denmark, was looking for channels to distribute in Asia. A positive NPV increases wealth because the asset is worth more than it costs. A negative NPV decreases wealth because the asset costs more than it is worth. The net-present-value concept is important because it provides a framework for decision-making. NPV appears in connection with virtually every topic in this book, and most financial decisions can be viewed in terms of net present value. NPV measures the value created or lost by a financial decision. However, NPV is measured from the benchmar
Today the consequences of the crisis in Greece are widely discussed by economists and sociologists. In his article “The Welfare State and the Crisis: The Case of Greece”, Manos Matsaganis concentrates on determining and analyzing the main causes and effects of the crisis in Greece in the context of the social system typical for the country. Thus, the author discusses the peculiarities of the relationship between the economic crisis and the aspects of the social protection system. The discussion of the main factors is organized with paying much attention to the analysis of the significant causes of focusing on the controversial problem of pensions from the perspective of the welfare state. The second point which is under consideration is the general consequences of the crisis for the welfare state. The next question is the ways to overcome the situation of the crisis effectively. Thus, the author determines the weaknesses in the social system as the influential aspects of the economic crisis and examines the perspectives for the further realization of the principles of the welfare state (Matsaganis). According to Manos Matsaganis, the economic crisis in Greece is the combination of the factors which are significant for the development of the foreign markets and of the aspects by which the domestic economy of the country is characterized (Matsaganis). Thus, the external forces are the impact of the foreign and global financial markets and the loss of access to these markets. The inner problems are based on the ineffective social policy with a high level of unemployment and the low level of the public’s incomes. Therefore, Matsaganis indicates that such factors as the welfare state and the economic crisis are interdependent. Examining the peculiarities of the causes and effects of the crisis, the author of the article accentuates this interdependence by focusing on the ambivalence of the relations between the financial crisis and the social protection system in Greece. The controversial question of pensions is considered by Matsaganis as a significant aspect from the point of which it is necessary to discuss the causes of the crisis. Thus, the peculiarities of the pension expenditure, the inequality in sharing the funds, the loss of incomes, the high level of unemployment, and the ineffectiveness of the realized reforms in the social sector affected the welfare state. Moreover, the fiscal and external deficits should also be analyzed as influential factors. Today it is paid much attention to the development of the reforms which could overcome the effect of the crisis and which should be based on the approach to the proportional distribution of pensions and retirement benefits in the context of the social protection system. To guarantee social protection, the government concentrates on providing a new minimum pension. Thus, the main idea of the current reforms is the reorganization of the previous social system and approaches to pensions depending on the principle