ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is no way human activities can affect the climate and the environment. This thing has been in existence for billions of years before Homo erectus could learn to walk on twos and anyone insinuating that human activities for the last few decades weigh heavily on the climate must be disillusioned. Of course, the rate of temperature increase has doubled over the last 60 or so years, but these are simply cyclical events – they come and go. Similarly, the sea level has been rising by an average of one-eighth of an inch per year from the early 1990s, but again, such margins are trifling and should not interfere with our busy schedules in an industrialized world where we are required to produce an increasing pile of goods for humans to survive. The foundations of the world are so strong for their existence to be subject to human interference. If anything, the world will adapt to the modern voracious capitalistic tendencies whereby success is measured by how much wealth individuals can accumulate. In fact, if capitalism, which translates directly into wealth accumulation at the expense of environmental conservation and reduction of pollution, was slowed down, human beings could become extinct within the next 365 and a quarter days. Therefore, there is no need to worry about scientific claims, backed with hard facts, that humanity is destroying the environment and it is on its way to self-destruction. Scientists do not understand how the current globalized markets work. If anything, companies can always find ways to mitigate their environmental pollution tendencies. For instance, companies can adopt the revolutionary 3Rs – recycle, reuse, and reduce. Why would companies think about sustainability and eliminate pollution when they can adopt the 3Rs and continue making colossal profits while at it? Instead of banning single-use plastics companies can always give incentives to customers by giving them a token every time they returned a plastic water bottle to the companies. In China, industries can continue emitting volumes of greenhouse gases, choke cities, and donate masks for children to wear as they go around their daily lives to avoid breathing in contaminated air. What an ingenious way of dealing with air pollution. Even in the worst-case scenario whereby the earth gives in and fails to support human activities, there can always be a way out. There is always an opportunity to make an extra dollar in profits. For example, a huge number of people are concerned about the steadily rising sea levels and they fear that in the future coastal cities will be submerged in seawater. This is a huge opportunity, a ready market of potential clients willing to spend large amounts of money to protect their cities and industries. Therefore, business-minded people can exploit this opportunity and start building massive walls and leaves along the coast worth of billions of dollars to keep way the r
Important Attributes of the Self Care The text “Introduction to Counseling: Voices from the Field” offers powerful attributes of the self care concept that are important for counselors. Human service professionals might suffer from trauma or compassion fatigue. The concept of self care is therefore important to success in the counseling relationship. The first attribute is keeping the mind, health, and body in good shape (Kottler & Shepard, 2014). The counselor should eat healthy food materials. The professional should also get adequate sleep. The individual should engage in personal therapy. These practices will ensure chances of developing trauma or fatigue are minimized. Exercises should be taken frequently in order to improve a person’s wellbeing. Collaboration with other professionals and clients can result in positive client-counselor relationships. Creative outlets such as dancing, painting, or photography should be embraced to support the counselor’s needs. The idea of work-life balance promotes every counselor’s self-care strategy. This approach will minimize the level of stress or burnout. When these self-care attributes are embraced, the professional will find it easier to establish sustainable counseling relationships. The Concept of Supervision/Mentoring Counselors and human service professionals should have the best philosophies in order to realize their goals. Personal theory development is a framework that guides these experts to develop new skills and talents. These competencies will eventually make it easier for them to offer quality support to their clients. The theory is used as a model that influences a candidate’s counseling strategy or approach. The concept of supervision or mentoring is therefore meaningful when it comes to personal theory development (Kottler & Shepard, 2014). The concept assumes that the supervisory style embraced by a mentor will dictate talent development. I strongly believe that the use of the concept is a meaningful step for every counselor. With effective mentorship and supervisory styles, the learners will be able to develop the best talent. Effective supervision makes it easier for more counselors to embrace the use of evidence-based ideas and competencies whenever designing their counseling models. The clinical environment plays a unique role throughout the mentoring process. It would also be necessary for supervisors to identify the best competencies, theories, and concepts that can support the counseling philosophies of their followers (Kottler & Shepard, 2014). The concept of mentoring is therefore a defining factor in personal theory development. Individuals who want to become proficient counselors an
Consent Form The information used in this paper has been discussed after careful consent from the patient who was suffering from ETOH Cirrhosis. The name of the patient has been kept confidential for their personal convenience. Introduction The aim of this personal impact paper is to critically reflect on the case study of the patient that I have been able to observe having chronic ETOH Cirrhosis. The core focus is to assess the ICU personal impact of ETOH Cirrhosis. Furthermore, social, financial, and personal effects of the ETOH Cirrhosis will also be discussed in the paper. This critical reflection will help in understanding the process of learning for patients undergoing ETOH Cirrhosis. By the end of the paper, change motivators concerning the situation of the patient will be discussed that will form a base for theories to be recommended for better learning among patients. Understanding ETOH Cirrhosis It is highly imperative to understand ETOH Cirrhosis before assessing the case. ETOH Cirrhosis is basically a disease that damages liver. Its direct impact is observed on the functioning of liver because of excessive consumption of alcohol. There are several stages when it comes to liver non-functioning. Out of all, ETOH Cirrhosis is the last stage where functions of liver are totally diminished. The process begins when the consumer of alcohol has a long history of alcohol consumption. Increased consumption of alcohol results in constant inflammation that further results in ETOH Cirrhosis (Singer & Brenner, 2006). Assessment of the Case The case under assessment beholds the patient named XYZ who has had a long history of consuming ETOH (where ETOH is basically a short form or a compound name for ethanol or alcohol). The patient was taken under intensive care for which treatments were provided. Herein, it should be noted that the proper treatment that was provided to the patient included liver transplant. Initially, when the patient reported the case of his suffering with ETOH Cirrhosis, he was put on a regime where he had to learn to stop consuming alcohol. However, the fact remains that XYZ reported that he has been consuming alcohol for a very long time. It was due to this reason that the stoppage against alcohol consumption could not help. Therefore, a liver transplant was necessary. After the liver transplant, there were high dosages which were prescribed to the patients including vitamins, b-complex and folic acid to overcome the situation of inflammation (Wilson, Grande, & Hoyt, 2007). Social, Financial and Personal Effects ETOH Cirrhosis can have many negative effects on the patient. These effects can range from social, financial to personal effects. Looking at the case of liver transplant, there is a lot of risk involved in the surgery. Herein, it should be marked that the availability of liver and then application of the procedure
Introduction While it is apparent that the tests that are used to assess student’s performance need to be valid and reliable, the problem of their insufficient validity has been plaguing education for a while. In fact, it proceeds to be a challenge today (Noble, Rosebery, Suarez, Warren, & O’Connor, 2014). The article “An examination of the validity of English-language achievement test scores in an English language learner population” by Abella, Urrutia, and Shneyderman (2005) is devoted to this issue. The authors carry out a study to test the validity of Eglish-language tests that are used with English language learners (ELL) and provide scientific evidence to the fact that their results do depend on a person’s proficiency in a language. Summary Abella et al. (2005) authors begin by describing the problems related to the then-current methods of testing ELL and highlight the urgency of the issue by indicating that the number of ELL students in the US has been growing. The authors inform the reader that despite the directives to employ native-language tests (NVT), a vast majority of educators proceeded to use English-language ones with ELLs at the time of the article’s creation. Further, Abella et al. (2005) mention that the native-language tools are not guaranteed to be “fully equivalent to their English-language counterparts,” and the students might have problems with the native language as well (p. 128). The authors set the goals to find out the extent to which the proficiency of ELLS in both languages affects test results and to check the validity of English-language achievement tests (ELAT) outcomes when they are used to assess the performance of “recently exited” students (RE). RE are the students who had recently exited the English for Speakers of Other Languages. The research design included the following details. The sample consisted of about 1,700 Hispanic students studying in fourth and tenth grades in the state of Florida. The sample included beginners, advanced ELL, and RE. The students were administered comparable tests in English and Spanish that were aimed at assessing their reading and mathematics knowledge. The latter was of particular interest to the researchers since it is less dependent on language proficiency. For all the groups of the tenth-grade students, the number of math items answered correctly was greater for NLT. Also, the students of this age tended to have a substantial difference in the results of the two tests if they had a high level of proficiency in English or Spanish. For the fourth-grade students, the beginners in English performed better in NLT; the advanced students exhibited similar results for both tests, and RE ones demonstrated better results in ELAT. The authors conclude that the validity of test results depends on the children’s literacy in both languages. Also, the results of the study indicate that ELAT appears to be valid for the students who have a high-level Engish proficiency combined with low-level Spanish proficiency (Abella et al., 2005, p.
Introduction Good health remains one of the most important assets that any human being can have and it is therefore crucial that every individual takes very careful thought about the health care choices he/she makes. People must learn to become wise consumers of the various health care plans in the market by taking full charge of their personal well-being as well as the well-being of their families. Every health care plan should be investigated and a second opinion sought about it before any decision can be made about its implementation. This is because uninformed decisions could turn out to be very costly often exposing people to healthcare frauds and putting their lives in jeopardy. In the course of their desperate battle against excessive weight or the bulge as most people refer to it, Americans have often become vulnerable targets of fraudulent health care schemes which have constantly been advertising various weight-loss diets and gimmicks. The self-proclaimed experts have really capitalized on most Americans’ love for meat and other cholesterol and saturated fat-rich diets and managed to convince millions of Americans that carbohydrates are responsible for extra weight, especially around the waistline. They encourage their clients to follow low-carbohydrate diets (low-carb diets) while ignoring the side effects that such a diet would have on the general health of the user. While no specific research has proven their effectiveness, a lot of research has on the other hand proved that low-carbohydrate diets can be harmful (Krystosik, pp. 9-10). Body The American overweight population can however only be blamed, not on carbohydrates intake, but on the continuous absence of essential nutrients in the common American diets. And millions of people are now being lured into various fad diets and their promises for miracle cures but which are nevertheless doomed to fail because they too, restrict foods that are nutritionally very essential and which help to prevent disease while also helping to maintain a trim and fit body. A fad is any interest or practice that gains a popular and zealous following for a short period of time. Fad diets are merely bogus schemes that have been designed to cause quick and dramatic loss of weight for desperate dieters. Most of them are unrealistic, monotonous and so restrictive that they only teach dieters how to set restrictive boundaries to their eating habits while failing to provide the necessary advice that would help them to balance their nutrition and maintain a permanent weight loss. B
Introduction African American culture is termed to be the most vibrant form of culture in the United States along with Hispanic cultures, Mexican cultures and also Chinese cultures. African American culture is deemed to be the most influential to American culture as a whole as the country plays host to a large African American community that has its roots in Africa. This culture has its roots from both sub-Saharan African communities and also Sahelean cultures, which consist of the Senegalese, Malians, Sudanese, northern Nigerians and Ethiopians. While sociologists such as Gunnar Myrdal have observed that African Americans have lost their cultural background and connection with Africa, other researchers such as Melville Herskovits argues that African traditions and cultural belief systems have continued to be practiced by many African Americans living in the various parts of America (James, 2008). The period of slavery played a huge part in developing African American culture despite the fact it restricted the ability of slaves to exercise their traditions and beliefs. The result of this was that African American culture was able to develop separately from White American culture where black Americans developed their own cultural practices to reflect what they went through as a minority group in America. African American culture has, therefore, been able to evolve as a result of slavery making it a significant part of American culture. The aspects of African American culture that mostly stand out are the radical innovations that have taken place in music, art, religion and food, which were mostly affected by the emancipation of slaves during the period of slavery (Nichols, 2006). The urban and contemporary music in today’s world has mostly been influenced by African Americans and their culture with rap being the most dominant form of music that has influenced the cultures of many young people around the world. Rap music which is mostly done by young African Americans represents the aggressive side of the Black American society given that it represents the racial discrimination and hate crime that have been committed against this minority group. Rap together with jazz music has created a distinction of the cultural differences that exist between African Americans and the American society. While jazz music is not as intense and aggressive as rap music, it represents a part of African American culture that embodies their ancestry as well as their continued fight to be recognized as equal members of the westernized society. African American music has influenced other aspects of this community’s culture such as art, food and religion where the various components if these aspects are heavily influenced by African American music (Nichols, 2006). Perceptions of Psychological Processes in African American Culture Psychological processes refer to how human beings behave or act in certain situations and how these actions influence the behavior of other people within society and also their norms, customs and beliefs. Psychological processes help to explain how culture is shared among various people of the same descent or ethnic community by examining
The existence of human society has always been connected with the forms of ruling that people invented for handling their political, economic, and social disputes. Among these forms, much controversy has surrounded the opposition of the centralized authority to the system of federalism and its concept of devolution. Shafritz et al. (2008) argue that federalism and devolution if properly implemented are the most effective forms of the country’s government (Shafritz t al., 2008, Ch. 4). To prove this, the historical events can be recalled. The two main manifestations of federalism/centralization debate took place in the USA during the severest crises – the Civil War in the middle of the 19th century and the World Wars that destroyed the planet in the first half of the 20th century (Shafritz t al., 2008, Ch. 4). Calling crisis the best tool of centralization, the authors of the chapter argue that having overcome the crisis people always tend to decentralize the authorities, i. e. to carry out devolution. Shafritz et al. (2008) compare the federalist system to the marble-cake in which the cake components represent the federal and local governments interacting closely and permanently. They also attribute the paramount role in devolution to the concept of mandate interpreted as simple order that should be fulfilled according to the authority hierarchical structure (Shafritz t al., 2008, Ch. 4). Thus, federalism and devolution provide local governments with the appropriate extent of political and economic freedom but preserve the power to control the overall picture of the country’s development. As for the methods of research, the qualitative method is the most fitting one into the study of federalism and devolution in their opposition to the centralized form of government. This research method allows examining not only the facts of history or today’s politics but also inquires about the underlying reasons of this or that process, thus providing for the understanding of the essence of federalism. Federalism and devolution have their own strong and weak points. The former include the balance between the central and the local bodies of legislative and executive authority, the appropriate rate of freedom that local bodies have in decision-making, and the mutual assistance that the federal and the local governments can address each other. As for the weaknesses, federalism is associated with the weal power in the country and opens the way to numerous speculations, law violations, and corruption in the authoritative bodies. So, federalism should be implemented only if it ensures following all the laws of the country and provides for certain centralized control over the local affairs. Accordingly, the sources of federalism in the USA include the Constitution, the will of the nation, and the state and federal laws that regulate the relations between the citizens and between them and the state. The implications of federalism are the multinational and diverse US society and the historical context in which the states forming today’s country were independent federal republics. To conclude, federalism and devolution are rather effi
Quality of life during palliative care End of life care pertains to the regulation of an individual’s immediate environment by implementing measures that would augment the level of care to individual as he approaches death (Singer and Bowman, 2002) End of life care may not be defined by a specific duration but through the kind of care that is provided to an individual. Although the time of death of a patient may not be clearly identified, there are some key features that could help pinpoint whether end of life care should be given. Other terms that pertain to end of life care include palliative care and hospice care and these terms may also be used to signify that same concept. Although there is a need to create a precise definition for end of life care, there are three key features that pertain to this concept. Firstly, the occurrence of a chronic medical disease or condition is a primary evidence that end of life care needs to be provided to a patient. Secondly, a patient who presents symptoms that are constantly present in a patient and of which impairs the patients from his normal functions is in need of end of life care. Thirdly, end of life care should be provided to an individual when his medical disorder is known to eventually lead to his demise. Social support Mary’s end of life process also affects her immediate environment. Caregivers come into the picture as they provide professional care to the patient in need of caring and monitoring. Mary will also need other forms of social support, especially from his family members. At the same time, the members of the patient’s family will also go through the same end of life process because their roles in the family will change, as the patient’s role in the family gradually diminishes due to his illness. The family members may also sense some form of stress because of the major change that is happening to their loved one and the impending arrival of death. Ultimately, the family members will also go through the stage of bereavement once their loved one passes away and at end of the entire journey. Spiritual needs In the case of Mary, her end of life process also involves an emotional aspect because she will feel unique sentiments with regards to his ailment and consequences to his life. The spiritual condition of a patient in an end of life process is also affected because he now realizes the importance and need to reassess his beliefs and will call on spiritual healing to make him feel better. Appropriate end of life care is also associated with stable spiritual beliefs in the dying patient and he does not show any confusion that his philosophical standpoint is being tested by his current grave illness. In addition, a dying patient received quality end of life care often shows his hopes that he will eventually get better, and if not, that he is heading towards to better place where he can find peace and rest. Psychological support The psychological condition of a dying patient al