ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The white rulers of the National Party (NP) initiated the apartheid system in South Africa. The system segregated the Africans from accessing certain privileges, and it became a policy in1948. The policy required inhabitants of South Africa to be classified into racial groups, where, one was black, white, colored, or Indian. People were obligated to reside in particular areas depending on their race. The National Party deprived the blacks of their citizenship, and they had to become Bantustans. The blacks could not access quality education, quality healthcare services, and other public services. The oppression caused various incidences of violence and protests in the 1980s. The imprisonment of the anti-apartheid leaders infuriated the blacks and it caused instability across the nation. Blacks were ready to oppose the governing National party through all ways and means. The state was repressive to the actions of the blacks and it responded by facilitating state sponsored violence. Brief description of the negotiation Although the governing national party reformed the apartheid system, the reformations could not stop the Africans from opposing the government. The African National Congress (ANC) had strongly believed that the apartheid government would never negotiate unless they used force. Moreover, the ruling National Party had earlier on banned the ANC because of its armed struggle to fight for democracy. However, in 1990, President Frederik Williem De Klerk began the negotiations to finish apartheid in South Africa. The ANC could not turn down the offer to negotiate with the National Party. While still in prison, Nelson Mandela got in touch with the anti-apartheid leaders, and he obligated them to put forward proposals to negotiate. During that period, the government had always had secret talks with Nelson regarding his intentions. The ANC, Afrikaner intellectuals, and the white business leaders held meetings to discuss the issue of ending apartheid. President De Klerk played a significant role in influencing the whites to accept change. Nelson Mandela was set free in 1990, and thereafter, intensive negotiations to stop apartheid commenced. Formal negotiations occurred between the governing National Party and the government, and in 4 May 1990, the two groups agreed to end armed struggle and focus on having political negotiations (Thomson, 2012). Thereafter, there was no more violence, and the two groups stated discussing crucial matters. The release of political prisoners, immunity, education, and political rights were crucial matters that were discussed in the negotiations. Through various struggles in the negotiations, the two parties agreed to release political pris
In order for firms to thrive through the economic weak spots, which are integrated into the global economy, they need to understand the way they can develop organizational capabilities (Grant, 1996: 385). Market orientation and strategic flexibility play a big role in building organizational capabilities. Demand and technological uncertainty, which are enhanced by competitive intensity, moderate a firm’s performance. Inventions and innovation of new technologies has been linked to the market. More of the products will be needed by the consumers, leading to increase in market size (Grewal & Tansuhaj, 2001: 75). Three sources of opportunity used in the 1366 technology ecosystem included; refining the business model, technology and team, and market approach (Grewal & Tansuhaj, 2001: 74). The solar market continued to grow a strong interest from the venture community. In addition, 1366 developed its manufacturing facility based on the projections of the set targets. Mierlo was able to solicit many venture firms, which responded positively. There was need to develop a new market, that was independent of raising large amounts of money (Grant, 1996: 379). The second source of opportunity in the 1366 Technologies is the technology and team. By mid 2009, 1366 had many technologies, which were in different stages of development (Grant, 1996: 381). The firm had developed and licensed its grooved ribbon bus-bar technology, and they were refining new machines for use as 3MW systems of production. Sachs expected his team to have both texturing and dispensing machines, which were to be ready by the end of 2011 for customer delivery (Grant, 1996: 384). Sachs has shown the benefits brought by 1366 manufacturing innovations in the PV sector, enabled through manufacturing (Grant, 1996: 387). The approach and contribution was to develop new manufacturing processes and equipment. Inventions of materials typically took longer than inventions of the manufacturing process. 1366 has already known the great deal of silicon, which includes its longevity and reliability. Therefore, the fastest way 1366 is developing PV market is by producing manufacturing innovations for silicon cells (Ulrich & Lake, 1991: 85). The third source of opportunity in the 1366 technologies was market approach opportunities. Sachs could meet targets ahead of schedule, under cost, and above the set targets. Mierlo explored partnership opportunities by visiting American, Asian, and the Europe manufacturers (Ulrich & Lake 1991: 82). Evidently, 1366 experienced competition from the in-house group by telling the management to consider cost reduction, whilst maintaining
Introduction We live in times when the application of conventional social, economic, and political terminology, to describe the realities of living in the post-industrial world, can no longer be thought of as fully adequate. Nowadays, politics is much better described in terms of economy, social trends – in terms of psychiatry, and the economy itself – in terms of criminology. In its turn, this comes as a result of a process of Globalization changing the very essence of socio-political reality as generations and generations of people before we used to know it. The validity of this suggestion can be best illustrated by the fact that nowadays, the problem of international terrorism has acquired fully independent qualities while becoming a major headache for the governments of Western countries; whereas, as recent as thirty years ago, terrorist organizations’ activities were thought of as being simply the by-product of geopolitical confrontation between U.S. and Soviet Union. One does need to go far to find proof for what is being said earlier – the terrorist group Hamas, with the membership of fewer than 1000 men, has been keeping the whole region of the Middle East (and consequentially, the whole world) in the state of permanent political tension for the duration of last 10 years, even though it
Introduction Decomposing human personality, it can be stated that the component of cognition can be explained in contexts larger than the commonly known. In that regard, most people will relate cognition merely to intellect, where cognition is “the activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired” (Sigelman & Rider, 2009, p. 187). On the other hand, the cognitive component can be related to personality development, representation of one’s capabilities, look, social value, and other factors. After reading chapter seven in Life-Span Human Development by Sigelman and Rider, titled Cognition, the concept that I found most important is related to formal operations, a stage in cognitive development. The concept The formal operations stage was identified by Piaget as the stage of cognitive development “around age 11 or 12 and possibly later” (200). The main characteristic of this stage can be seen through the definition of the notion of formal operations, i.e. “mental actions on ideas” (200). Thus, thinking logically, implementing abstract thought, and adopting systemic and scientific approaches in problem-solving are the main attributes of this stage, which mark the acquisition of all the aforementioned characteristics. Additionally, Piaget argued that the peak of cognitive development, in which formal operations are fully mastered, comes between the age of 15 and 18 (205). The formal operations stage leads to several developmental changes, which are associated with the newly acquired capabilities, namely adolescent egocentrism, the imaginary audience phenomenon, personal fable, and other painful aspects of adolescents’ experiences. Reflection The significance of this topic is not related to the formal operations stage in terms of cognitive capabilities, rather the side effects to which formal operations thought lead. In that regard, the concept might serve as an explanation of many teenagers’ problems and complexes. Despite being acknowledged as a peculiar attribute of such stage, there are still many parents who contribute teenagers’ problems to their own upbringing mistakes, the influence of friends, the teenagers themselves, and other external factors. Accordingly, many problematic aspects related to self-confidence, rebellion, and others might be reflected in adulthood, although many of these phenomena should decrease as adolescents get older. Thus, it can be stated that an acknowledgment of the peculiarities of this stage of development is necessary not only as a fact that should be ignored until it ends but also in terms of means that would make this stage bearable for adolescents and as well as their parents. Application The implementation of this concept is most evident through various support groups for children and parents as well as in the field of school psychology. The formal operations stage occurs at the age when adolescents are attached to their schools, and thus, many of their needs and problems might as well influence them academically. Accordingly, the principles of the concept might be applied in various fam
Tales are told of how the city of Orleans came to be rescued from the ruthless Hans. However, the role that a humble shepherd boy named Jean and his Magic Ring played remain all but forgotten to the younger population of Orleans; but the older generation will never forget. It all began on a typical day with the sun shinning down on the besieged city of Orleans. “If only our great god Azula would have mercy on us and rescue our beloved city from these ruthless invaders as he did in the ancient times!” mourned Jean the shepherd as he tended to his fathers sheep on the highlands of the city. “ No sooner had the thoughts crossed his mind than a bright light beaconed to him from where one of his sheep had toppled the rocks. He ran to the spot and behold in front of him lay a ring that shone with the radiance of the stars. He stood in awe and after some few moments of contemplation, picked up the magnificent ring. To his surprise, the Ring glowed even more brightly. The ring felt warm and throbbed in his hands as if it had a heart of its own. “What a peculiar object this is!” he murmured to himself, “I wonder if it has magical powers and can grant me a new pair of cloths.” No sooner had the thoughts crossed Jean’s mind than an elegant looking pair of clothes appeared. In an instance, Jean knew what ring he held in his humble hands. Stories had been told for centuries amongst his people about a great magical ring which always appeared in Orleans’s hour of need. Now the shepherds used to tend their flocks outside the city gates and in wild excitement, Jean changed into the new clothes and ran on home to tell the good news to his people. He never made it that far though for he was soon stopped dead on his tracks by one of the dreadful Hun soldiers. “What business are you up to you wretched Orleans boy,” mused the soldier barely concealing his contempt, “don’t you know that soon we will trample over your unworthy city and turn all of you into dust and ashes!” “I am from tending my family’s flock sir.” Jean replied in a soft voice. “Well I don’t see the measly collection of animals that you call a flock!” the soldier, whose name was Madu retorted. “You must be one of the spies who are attempting to infiltrate our prestigious army! Come to think of it, your clothes are too expensive for a shepherd to afford”. With that, the solder grabbed the hapless Jean and marched him to the nearest Hun barracks. Jean realized that in his excitement, he had not remembered to conceal his magically obtained clothes. Before they arrived at the barracks, the two met up with another Hun soldier named Atila. “Hello my fellow Hun Madu!” Atila bellowed in Greeti
Writing a science essay differs from an ordinary essay because it deals with more complex and specialized topics. Science essays are often used to write about discoveries, observations, and hypotheses pertaining to this specific field. A science essay requires the writer to have a basic understanding of a particular scientific topic. From that point, the writer will then go on a journey of research and discovery in order to present his documented conclusions on the science essay topic. The steps that guide a writer when writing a science essay are as follows:  1. Introduction. The science essay must present a topic background followed by an argument or proposition. After which the scientist will then present his interpretation of the topic while defining technical terms. Finally, the writer will explain the steps by which the science essay will present the experiment.  2. Body. Just like with any other essay, a science essay must develop in a logical manner leading to the scientist’s point of view on the matter. It is important to present all relevant information in support of the argument within the body of the science essay using figures, tables, references, numbers, and labels whenever necessary.  3. Conclusion. The scientist must remember to restate the purpose of his experiment/essay. He must then collate all his evidence in support of his science essay reasons and conclusions. Finally, he must make suggestions for future research whenever necessary.  4. Reference List. A science essay is no different from other essays because one must still present all his references for the information contained within the essay. Science essay writing only sounds difficult. Actually, it only has additional steps when compared to other essay formats.
Elizabeth and her twin sister Ann were born in 1936 by Alice Lamb, a 33-year-old single mother, in London. However, due to financial constraints, Alice was forced to offer both of them up for adoption, hoping that they would live better lives than the one she was able to provide. Luckily for her, Ann was adopted when she was 5 months old, which separated the twins for the next 70 years. Hector and Gladys Wilson preferred adopting Ann to Elizabeth because the latter was born with a slight spinal disorder (Segal et al., 2015). This essay aims at shedding light on the twins’ life history and how they met after being separated for 70 years. Elizabeth had been raised in England by her single mother until she was 15 years old. It is during that time when her mother met her over 50-year-old step father, who had a son and two daughters from his previous marriage. However, Elizabeth did not live with her step brother and sisters at any point in her life. Regardless of her other siblings, her parents did their best to educate her, although she was always in bottom third of the facilities’ rankings. Nevertheless, she was pursuing her education until she was 15 when she dropped out and sought employment in various offices. She worked in different positions for the next ten years and eventually joined the Women’s Royal Navy. When serving in the army, she met her future husband, who held a degree in real estate appraisal (Segal et al., 2015). They got married when Elizabeth was 28 years old, gave birth to two sons, and moved to the US where they managed rental houses. Ann’s life was more eventful than Elizabeth’s in terms of career and family stability. Her mother and father adopted her when they were in their thirties and raised her together for the next six years before getting divorced. Henceforth, she had minimal interaction with her step-father until she was 20. Ann and her now single mother spent her teenage years moving from town to town, before she got married at the age of 26. Her husband was six months younger than her, and they had three daughters (Segal et al., 2015). She spent the rest of her life working part-time and raising the children until she reunited with Elizabeth more than half a century later. Elizabeth and Ann’s eventual meeting, which happened when they were 70 years old, was not coincidental. Ann had spent significant time and resources trying to find her biological mother. She searched and advertised in newspapers hoping that one day she would get information on where her mother or any other biological family member were. Luckily, after using her grandmother’s death certificate, her daughter located Ann’s step father, who informed her that her grandmother had a sister live in the US. Ann’s daughter later found Elizabeth and initiated a contact, which led to their first meeting in 2014. The encounter was rewarding, with both Elizabet
Introduction In today’s business world, technology plays a fundamental role and very few businesses can boast of success without the use of technology. The music industry is one of the businesses which has greatly benefited from the technological advances that have characterized the 20 th century. In particular, the computer and the internet have had a huge impact on the music industry. As a result of the two, a new business entity; the online music industry, has emerged and continues to flourish. While the manual system which includes selling music over the counter still plays a role in the distribution of music, online distribution has taken ground and is fast becoming the preferred form of distribution. Considering the importance of the online music industry, this paper shall set out to examine the history of the same, its challenges and the future of the industry. The Music Industry From a commercial perspective, music has become a big business in America contributing over a billion dollars to America every year. One can therefore extrapolate that the music industry is an important facet of the American economy. Through the various components e.g. recording artist, production houses, agents and concert venues to name but a few, this industry creates employment for a big number of American citizens and also increases the government’s revenue accrued from taxation on sales made. Music production and the medium through which music is distributed to the consumers has changed through the years as technological advances are made. The cassettes and records which were the preferred mode in the 1980’s are now rendered obsolete by even more efficient mediums. The invention of the MP3 audio encoding and compression format had a huge bearing on the manner in which music was distributed. Lehmann documents that the significant reduction in size required for the storage of audio files while maintaining quality was a huge breakthrough to the music industry (6). This technology was used in CDs which quickly replaced the cassettes and records of the 1980s. In the past decade, there has been an unprecedented high adoption rate of internet usage. This is because the costs of computers and internet access have reduced drastically over the years. This has resulted in internet connectivity becoming widely available to a majority of the population. Technological advances which have resulted in higher rates of transmission over the internet have led to a situation whereby transferring of data over the internet can take place at very high speeds. This perversity of the internet has resulted in CDs becoming superfluous as digital media takes a front seat in music distribution. New technologies that have emerged as a result of the internet have changed the classic business model for music in profound ways. Ground-breaking inventions such as the iPod revolutionalized the manner in which music is listened to by consumers. The iPod has made it possible for one to listen to their favorite music literally anywhere owing to their compact nature and allows users to buy music online from internet musi
In every organization, there is a need to have an effective business meeting preparation in order to promote the success of such meetings. The successfulness of a meeting session in meeting its agenda is significantly determined by how much preparations for the meeting are made. In order for a business meeting to be successful, there is a need to prepare an effective meeting agenda. A meeting Agenda promotes the success of an organization in various ways. Agenda gives a summary of the things which will be covered in the meeting before the date of the meeting. For instance, it highlights the things to be discussed, approved or to be adopted. Therefore, the participants will have an insight of what is expected from them. This will help them in preparations on how they can contribute on the points. An outline of the things to be covered in the meeting ensures that all the necessary items are covered during the meeting. Since people are able to know what exactly to expect in the meeting, it will save time because they will come prepared to ask or answer questions or contribute to a certain agenda. This ensures that every point is discussed exhaustively during the meeting. The agenda also allocates time to each item to be discussed in the meeting. This plays a significant role in saving time. Otherwise the meeting can take double the time it is supposed to take. In other words, a meeting agenda ensures that each item is addressed within the allocated period. Hence, every item will have enough time to be addressed without necessarily rushing the discussion. This helps in meeting the objectives of a meeting. A meeting agenda helps the attendants to understand their responsibilities and roles in a meeting. This ensures that every item is clearly discussed and explained. As a result, every item that the meeting is intended to fulfill is fully exhausted. By having a well planned agenda, the chances of omitting relevant points are very low. The meeting agenda also specify the time and the venue where the meeting is expected to take place. This eliminates any confusion which can cause delays or absenteeism in the meeting. The attendants are able to make the necessary preparations before the time of the meeting. For instance, they are able to estimate the time they can use to reach the venue. Therefore, the cases of lateness are reduced hence promoting the success of a meeting. In conclusion, planning of a business meeting agenda is of great importance in promoting the effectiveness of a meeting. It enables the participants to prepare themselves for the meeting before the exact time. This helps in time saving and solving problems exhaustively. This ensures that the meeting is successful in meeting its objectives.