ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Since the turn of the century, numerous trends have emerged in labor markets across the world due to globalization. According to experts, the global labor market has struggled to effectively deal with the consequences of globalization in terms of developing policies that protect the interest of employees (Garcia and Fares 112). Many organizations have diversified their operations in an attempt to venture into various international markets and increase revenue. This has led to increase in the demand for labor and better skills in the workplace. Multinational organizations look for employees with a high level of cultural competency and flexibility. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), most industrialized countries face the challenge of achieving stability and security in their labor markets. This is mainly caused by the growing culture of diversity in the contemporary workplace environments (Saint-Peter 18). The relationship between employers and their employees has a huge impact on the stability of labor markets across the world. Employees prioritize job security and satisfaction, while employers want to get the best value from their investments through their workforce. This scenario has led to the development of numerous policies geared towards promoting workplace experiences by employees and promoting the goals of the employer. Governments across the world have embraced the need to open up their respective job markets to foreigners, as the rising trend of companies going multinational continues to grow (Garcia and Fares 121). People have increased their desire to diversify their interests in terms of the kind of jobs they choose and their location. The economics of labor mobility across the globe Studies have established that most people tend to be contented with their jobs as long as they manage to meet all their immediate needs. The culture of complacency among the global workforce has been there for a long time because there were no factors to trigger a revolution (Auer 40). Most employees do not consider the possibility of either doing another job or working in a foreign country. However, due to the high rate of globalization, governments have succumbed to the pressure of opening up their labor markets and lowering restrictions on the kind of people that can work in their economy. Globalization has also led to the creation of job opportunities across the world for both skilled and unskilled individuals (Garcia and Fares 130). Most employers in the contemporary labor market do not restrict their search for employees within their countries. They consider qualified individuals from various parts of the world with the intention to give their business a global presence. This plays a crucial role in attracting a wider market. In addition, the need to have a highly diverse workforce also motivates employers to incorporate individuals with international exposure in their workforce (Auer 48). Labor mobility Experts define labor mobility as the employee ability to work in numerous industrie
Introduction Understanding of the consumer behavior forms the backbone of any successful marketing strategy. This is the case primarily because; through critical evaluation and study of desired market segments; which involves understanding of the consumer behavior, an organization not only acquires the ability to decide where to sale their products, but also the nature of marketing strategies to adopt for success in its business ventures. Such studies on consumer behavior involves the understanding of the factors that influence the buying or demand patterns of individuals, through analyzing their social, situational, psychological , decision making, and marketing persuasions. Primarily, consumer behavior depends on a number of factors, which in most cases are either socially, psychologically, individually, or culturally determined. Although all this factors have major influences on consumer conduct, culture has the greatest influence; primarily because, everything about the daily lifestyles of individual depend on culture. In addition, culture being the primary determinant of the nature of attitudes, values, and personality of individuals; it has many impacts on the nature of buying patterns adopted by individuals. It is important for all marketers to always note that, cultures undergo a metamorphosis on a continuous basis, hence the need to adopt the concept of adaptability, which goes hand with continuous alteration of whichever marketing strategy adopted (Samli, 1995, pp. 9-27). Societal Implications of Reference Group Influences In any societal setting, identification with specific “special” groups is an endeavor every individual struggles to achieve. Considering this, majority of individuals will tend to adopt the nature of lifestyles embraced by members of that particular group, including adoption of particular spending habits. This in most cases is the case, because majority of personal standards and self-appraisal methodologies embraced by individual from originate friends. Regardless of the reference groups; be they membership, associative or dissociative, primary or secondary, majority of spending patterns in those groups are similar. Such influences on an individual are great to an extent that, most individuals will tend to forget their identities, primarily because they want to conform to standards embraced by such groups. A concerns individual’s spending habits, most of such groups are major determinants of brand formulations hence, acting as a mechanism that determines the mental representation of one’s spending or purchasing habits. It is important to note that, there is a differentiation of such groups as ones moves from one culture to another hence, affecting the nature of marketing strategies effected in a specific locality. On the other hand, any consumption patterns adopted by individuals depend on lifestyles of such groups (Macinis & Hoyer, 2008, pp. 393-395). Regardless of the influences form such
Introduction Budgeting is an important management responsibility. Budgeting is a realistic management plan, presented in financial terminologies, for a specified future time period. The research focuses on the nuances of world of management budget. The research centers on the importance of budgeting in management’s decision-making activities. The budget affects management’s decision-making activities (Lawrence 33). Types of Budgets There are different types of budgets. The annual budget is a projection of the projected ceiling amounts on the future expenses allotted within the next year. The master budget is composed of several unique budgets. The continuous budget is a budget that is continually increased or decreased based on the prior years’ operations. If the prior year’s budget amount is lower than the actual expenses incurred, the new budget must show an increase. The increase will formally include the variance in the prior year’s production output. The fixed budget is done to make the proposed expenses on one activity level more realistic. For example, the proposed budget is pegged on a future production output of 1,000 units. The Incremental budget is a budget that focuses on increasing or decreasing the prior year’s budget proposal. The zero-based budget is the preparation of a new budget from pure scratch or nowhere. The budget officer creates the new budget by taking into consideration all the items listed in the balance sheet (Redburn 3) Benefits of Budgets Management reaps many benefits from the setting up and implementation of the periodic budgets. First, management uses the budget transmit the goals and objectives of the organisation to all its synergetic departments and branches. The head office sends a budget to Department A. the budget states that the salary expense is budgeted at £ 10,000. Management explains to the management letter states that the budgeted represents a ten percent increase over the prior accounting period’s actual amount. Department A’s head must comply with the budget proposal. Before the budgets are implemented, management normally invites the departments to contribute their comments, suggestions, misgivings, and other critical information during the preparation of the new budget. The move reduces resistance from the different departments, branches, and other affected organizational departments (Lingensjo 21). Second, management is forced to ponder about the company’s future as well as plan for it. Management scrutinizes the prior period’s actual expenses. Management can use the prior accounting period’s actual expenses as a basis for reducing the affected department’s budget current budget. Management discovers that the prior acco
Introduction Complex illnesses can bring serious suffering and massive use of resources in reducing their severity or in an attempt to seek cure them. Patients with such fatal illnesses need close care and attention so as to minimize their suffering and prolong their life span (palliative care). This means providing any form of medical attention or treatments that aim at reducing the intensity of the disease symptoms or reducing the disease progression in general. Personal relationships are very important as far as cancer patient assistance and other patient assistance are concerned. Sometimes the patients see their future as hopeless and feel so, because their situations cannot heal. Thus, personal relationships serve to restore hope and confidence in them. As mentioned, palliative care also aims to provide psychological and spiritual care to patients with fatal health complications to see them live a more active life. This could mean through guidance and counselling, where necessary. Lung cancer exhibits such symptoms as breathing difficulty, continual fatigue and intensive cough. As it progresses, the disease passes to the terminal stage exhibiting severe conditions which lead to a patient’s death. The treatment depends on the type of cancer cells, the extent of its spread, and the intensity of the progress of the disease. When undergoing a course of treatment, a patient may feel distressed, lose the interest to the course of his/her life; his/her eating habits and social life may be also affected. Palliative care services help a patient and his/her family cope with the treatment process from the moment the disease has been diagnosed to its advanced stages. Palliative care is applied to clients who are not responding to medical treatment. it gives them opportunity to life their life with dignity and comfort at that stage when the disease is threatening their lives (Doyle, Hanks, & MacDonald, 1998). It provides guidance for both a client and the family in making decisions regarding optional pain management and treatment that may be inconsistent with their will and wishes before the clients’ end of life (Lynch, 2003; Buckley, 2008). Case Management This paper is devoted to study of the case of a 65 year old woman with lung cancer. Clare lives with her husband in their home and has two grown children who are married. The disease exhibits such symptoms as breathlessness, cough and fatigue: Clare gets distressed by her inability to breathe, and as she sometimes has trouble sleeping at night; she is often sleepy during the day. Clare feels her powerlessness in managing the symptoms of the disease and considers that her condition challenges fulfilling her usual activities. Besides, she lacks close communication with her children: despite being in constant touch with her children by the phone, she misses them very much. Clare feels uncomfortable about a big number of people who come to visit her. Her hus
Introduction Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one of the recent approaches to depression treatment. While depression should not be diagnosed in the absence of depressed mood, in some patients the depressed mood is either well hidden or expressed only in derivative form as attitudinal, behavioral/acting-out, existential, and/or physical mood equivalents. Behavioral mood equivalents are not only a way to express but a way to relieve depression. Depression Defined Depression is a term used both too widely and too narrowly. Clinicians who use it too widely apply it to diverse normal states, like sadness and grief, and diverse abnormal states, like paranoid paralysis due to fear, schizoid remoteness, schizophrenic anhedonia, and obsessive ambivalent paralysis. Some clinicians overapply the concept for neurotic reasons, perhaps because their own depression has colored their world in its depressive image. Others overapply the concept for practical, nonneurotic masons: they run a depression clinic, have a research grant, or are caught up in a wave of popular sentiment (Alexopoulos et al 2000). Every depression is created and sustained by vicious cycles. One depressive’s anger drove nonmasochistic people away. A person can feel lonely and abandoned, he can be angry over being abandoned, and his anger drove more people away. As an example of different legs to disable and different ways to disable each leg, the angry leg in the case cited above can be disabled with, among other things, abreaction, drugs, or shock (not necessarily recommended); and/or the abandonment leg can be disabled with, among other things, socialization groups or interpersonal analysis. In each case the results can be the same: no anger, no loneliness, no depression. A good eclectic practitioner not only combines treatment approaches but varies each according to a specific need. He might use a combination of antidepressants and psychotherapy for both reactive and endogenous depression (Gurman & Jacobson 2002). This obvious statement must be made, because some clinicians rigidly believe that one should use psychotherapy for the first, drugs for the second. In the reactive depression, the practitioner might give the antidepressant in a lower dose, to promote relaxation and sleep and in psychotherapy emphasize understanding, while in the endogenous depression he might give the antidepressant in a higher dose, to elevate mood and in psychotherapy emphasize support (Alexopoulos et al 2000). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Family Most explanations of family have concentrated on the formal nature of the relations between family members. These relations are ones that are either biologically created or mar
On the one hand, affirmative action program focuses extensively on discriminating features in the workplace, including color, religion, race, sexual orientation, and gender and, therefore, employees might oppose to these programs because of unequal treatment with other workers. On the other hand, affirmative action programs provide strong support to employers suffering from discrimination. Therefore, the adoption of the affirmative actions can ensure “a long-term cure for discrimination by allowing victims to demonstrate their skill and worth, thus changing prejudicial attitudes” (Myers, 2007, p. 3). Both sides of debate, nevertheless, suggest that effective implementation of affirmative action program should lead to increase in minority employment. At the same time, women and minority groups can oppose to the efficiency of the employment process. Affirmative actions, however, can recognize the problems in an explicit way, which was impossible so far. Similar ethical and moral undercurrents refer to the reverse discrimination approach that is used to focus on the majority groups working in a business organization. Using reverse discrimination can strike the balance between the white populations presenting the majority in business organizations of the United States and the minority groups. At the same time, emphasis on reverse discriminative policies can lead to serious conflicts between various social and national groups working in an organization. As a result, an organizational culture can be under the threat. According to Arcidiancono (2001), reverse discrimination can negatively contribute to the overall economic situation because of declines
NFL is among the most popular sports in the United States, with an ever-growing interest in the international arena. One of the key business issues in regards to the selected sport is the evaluation of player performance metrics, which is especially critical in regards to quarterbacks, who are responsible for scoring touchdowns (TDs). Therefore, there is a need to properly assess a player’s touchdown rate on the basis of other metrics. The given analysis will primarily focus on Passing Yards (PY) assessment and its predictive capacity in regards to touchdowns. PY can be easily measured on the basis of historical data as well as on-field training sessions, where a player’s activeness can be potentially linked to one’s touchdown rates. In other words, the core question is whether a player’s PY score can predict his or her touchdown rates. The relevant data collected for the analysis is derived from the Nextgenstats website, where all NFL-related data is provided. The touchdown raw data is taken from the top 30 athletes because they are the targeted quarterbacks and give the most plausible playstyle, which is in tune with the business question. Accordingly, the PY data is also collected from the selected players, which is denoted as YDS on the website (“Passing,” 2020). The ranking is based on 2020 NFL data on touchdowns or TDs in order to make the assessment as up-to-date as possible. There are two sets of raw data; the first dataset is comprised of the top 30 TDs, which will be the dependent variable data, and the second is comprised of PYs, which is independent variable data. The average football field is 120 yards wide, but the plays take place within the 100 yards, which means that each TD takes place within these 100 yards (Athlon Sports, 2019). Therefore, PYs and TDs have a relationship, because each touchdown is made by passing certain amount of yards, and it can have the predictive capability since one’s PY will be directly indicative of his or her active movement measurements. The scatter plot for each independent variables (TDs) and dependent variables (PYs) is presented in Figure 1. The R Square is equal to 0.6285, and the regression line formula is Y = 0,0089X – 6,5889. Figure 1. Scatter Plot. The appropriate analysis technique is a linear regression analysis, which is critical to determine whether or not there is a statistically significant relationship between an independent predictor (PY-independent variable) and the dependent target (TD-dependent variable). The first major step of linear regression analysis is to determine the “goodness-of-fit” factor through the R-Square value, which is equal to 0.6285. The given value means that fitness level for R-Square is high, which ranges from no fit of 0 to an ideal fit of 1 (“Linear regression,” n.d.). The next step revolves around determining whether or not there is a statistically significant relationship between two variables through p-value, which is equal to 0,000000294. F is equal to 45,683.   * Null Hypothesis : There is no statistical relationship between PY and TD.   * Alternative Hypothesis : Ther
Introduction Reproductive technologies have the capacity to revolutionise lives. For instance, through the use of in-vitro fertilisation IVF, assistance has now been given to those who have problems in conception; also the use of PDGs prevents conception of severely abnormal children. Despite all these advantages, reproductive technologies have received immense levels of scrutiny from policy makers and other stakeholders. Consequently, advancement in these technologies has not been fully applied. Reproductive technologies present a series of challenges in terms of health and safety of parents and their offspring; they also pose several ethical dilemmas such as multiple births and costs. Given the complexity of such medical interventions, it is critical to offer custom made regulations to separate problems in reproductive technologies since sweeping regulations can cause unintended consequences. The paper will therefore argue for case by case regulation of specific reproductive technology issues. How new reproductive technologies should be regulated One issue that has brought a lot of concern in this field is prenatal screening. Many have associated this procedure with selective abortion claiming that potential parents are put in a position where they can choose to terminate a pregnancy if they realise that they might bear a child with severe deformity. The latter matter has generated a lot of heat and brought people back to the fundamentals of bioethics. Matters of conception and the right to life have been put forward. (Crowley, 2010) But it is essential to acknowledge that certain deformities may place weighty burdens on parents’ shoulders. Consequently, these parents should have the choice to decide whether or not they should keep a severely deformed child. To this end, parents who opt to forego prenatal screening need to be allowed to do so as the procedure may be objectionable to some. The United Kingdom has gone a long way in acknowledging the right to life of all individuals and it should therefore continue engaging in greater support to those who feel that they are okay with bearing a child with severe deformities. Nonetheless, the issue of screening has also been associated with voluntary termination of children without desirable features such as having the ‘wrong’ sex. A number of Asian countries have been known to carry out abortions as a result of their children’s sex. Policy makers need to step in and prevent subsequent termination because of such non health related reasons. In other words, regulation should be encouraged only to a slight extent i.e. when prenatal screening leads to voluntary termination as a result of non health related reasons (Human Genetics Commission, 2006). This will go a long way in ensuring that indiscriminate destruction of young lives does not occur. However, it may undermine th