ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background Age discrimination occurs when an employee is discriminated against on grounds of age. In theory, the term can refer to any age group, however, the group that is most commonly discriminated because of their age is that aged 40 years and above. Employee age groups are divided into three:   * The youth;   * Those aged 40 years or more; and   * The elderly. Many organizations simply refuse to hire persons who have passed a certain age despite the growing lifespans of the general population (Doyle, 2011). Some employees practice age discrimination as they believe that younger people are more energetic and give the organization a positive image and that older employees lack the experience required to meet job expectations, other real concerns like laws that give older workers higher pay or other benefits also come into play. Besides, it is common knowledge that younger employees cost the company less with regards to salaries, insurance costs, and pension benefits. Although it is illegal to discriminate a person at the workplace because of age, the practice is not so easy to identify, and preventing it is even harder (Devine, 2011). Legal Implications It is illegal to discriminate a worker simply because of his/her age: the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) is a regulation that protects persons aged 40 years or more from discrimination because of age (HR Hero, 2011). An employee who is discriminated against may file his case under the ADEA legislation (EEOC, N.d). Another legislation, the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act of 1990 (OWBPA) particularly forbids organizations from denying benefits to workers aged 40 years and above, including retirement benefits. While an older worker is also protected by other workplace legislations, the ADEA and OWBPA are the main laws that protect workers against age discrimination (Workplace Fairness, 2011). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces both of these legislations. Forms of Age Discrimination The ADEA legislation states that no organization can take action against a worker for questioning organizational practices that seem to tolerate age discrimination. Besides, a company may not include age preferences, restrictions, or requirements in job adverts. An exception occurs when the company can prove that age is important in carrying out of one’s duties. Most instances of age discrimination normally
Introduction Nelson Mandela was born in 1918 at Qunu. Mandela is widely known for his charismatic leadership skills. His political career ambitions started while at university when he realized the unjust nature in which the African society was. The blacks were denied the due chances both economically and politically. This disappointed Nelson Mandela which triggered his ambitions to join politics to fight for his people. Discussion Thesis Statement Throughout his leadership period, Nelson Mandela demonstrated excellent leadership skills which went beyond the political role. He committed his whole life fighting for the rights of the South Africans who suffered from discrimination. As a political activist, Nelson Mandela fought for his people which led him to be a political prisoner. Nelson Mandela struggled until he became the first black president of South Africa. These
Introduction Over the past century, the human race has dedicated a vast of the available resources to the efforts of self actualization in terms of development either politically, socially, economically or technologically. To provide a means for measuring the progress made, means have been developed through which progress in these sectors can be analyzed and monitored all the while checking on the possible ramifications that can arise from any selected course of action. This paper shall focus on the economic aspect of development. It shall dwell on the gross domestic product (GDP) as one of the tools used to monitor economy growth in various economies. Much of the discussion shall be directed towards analyzing the GDP of the United Kingdom all the while highlighting some of the factors that have either improved or hindered its economic growth in the past decade. Brief history of the UK economy According to Taylor, gross domestic product refers to the monetary value of all goods and services produced by an economy within a specific period of time (483). If the figures are high then it means that the individual productivity levels are high hence a better economic growth rate. The United Kingdom is considered as the fifth largest economy in the world and second in Europe with estimated GDP figures of US$ 2.28 trillion annually. With this in mind, we would expect the economy to be thriving but this is not the case. Over the decade, the economy has actually been on a down slope due to various economical factors. As per the statistics provided by the office for national statistics, UK’s GDP in percentage in the past decade was highest between the fourth quarter of 2005 and the second quarter of 2006 (above 3%) but has declined ever since to a shocking -6% in 2009. Factors that have led to the GDP changes In the late 1990’s, the house prices were relatively low in the UK and many people quickly invested in the real estate market. However, the housing prices due to forces of demand and supply have ever since been on an increase at a very alarming rate. Currently, in most parts of the UK, house prices are about 14 times the average wage of most households. This house crisis has affected the GDP over the years because as houses become more expensive the lesser the investments margins in that particular region. In addition to this the rates of mortgages was also highest between 2005 and 2007. This means that most of the money earned over this period went into servicing these mortgages instead of investing it into productive ventures which would otherwise improve the GDP. Vandenberg asser
Terrorism in the Middle East is mainly due to the conflict between the Arabs and Israelis. Most of the violent terrorist activities that are conducted there are done with the goal of destroying Israel and are due to political reasons involving possession of land area. Another reason is Islam, since Israel is the only nation, which is non-Muslim. Similarly, even in Africa, religious conflicts have given rise to terrorism and the goals of these terrorist movements are mainly to control revenues from oil, diamond trade and achieve political representation of the states. (Davis, 2007) While terrorism in the Middle East is mainly due to religion and sometimes-even power, the terrorist movements in Africa have emerged due to their social and economic problems and growing issues like AIDS, poverty and draught that have been neglected for decades. (Alexander & Hoenig, 2008) The terrorist movements in the Middle East are well known for their obsessive tactics and more for suicide bombings and sometimes even hijacks. They recruit religious people, convince them to either strap explosives on their body or take them in cars or planes, and then detonate them not only destroying the target but also themselves. These fanatic Muslim terrorists believe that by giving their own life for destroying their enemies will bring them eternal salvation and even martyrdom. However, these are not the methods of the African terrorist movements. The African radicals are very different from that of the Middle Eastern, as most of them do not participate in suicide bombings and hijacks. They are sometimes linked with the Middle Eastern terrorist groups since they too fight for Islam. (Davis, 2007) Both the African and middle eastern terrorist groups goal towards lessening American influence in their nation which is corrupting the people and making them greedy such that they may even abandon their religious beliefs. However, there is more Muslim fundamentalism in the Middle East than in Africa fueling the terrorist movements. (Alexander & Hoenig, 2008) The methods used by these African terrorist movements were mainly armed banditry and guerilla warfare. The Middle Eastern terrorist groups aim towards the destruction of mainly Israel since they believe that Israel being a non-Muslim nation has corrupting influence on them and even hold the rest of the world, mainly the West, responsible for these demeaning influences. (Alexander & Hoenig, 2008) However, the terrorist movement in Africa occurred whe
Introduction This write-up intends to review an article written by James Weber titled Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers’ Moral Reasoning . The main areas that this essay will tackle include: the basis of the article, the main points presented in the article and a critical evaluation of the article with reference to how well the article achieves its goals, shortcomings, possibilities suggested by the article and conclude with the most convincing points. In the article, Weber seeks to illustrate how to enhance Kohlberg’s Moral Judgment Interview and the Standard Issue Scoring Method by conducting an empirical study that uses four adaptations. The main purpose of the article was to illustrate that, there are other scientifically acceptable methods, which are, a modification of Kohlberg methods that can be utilized in the quest of enhancing the assessment of the level of moral reasoning for managers. Based on the evidence presented inform of discussions and sample interview questions, Weber was able to convince me on the applicability and generalization of his findings. Background information Conflict resolution in any organizational setting is an essential facet that ensures proper workplace relations, interactions and performance thus ensuring that organizational goals are met in due time. Weber in this article strives to provide better ways of assessing the manager’s level of reasoning with reference as to how they deal with emerging conflicts in the workplace. In order to critically evaluate the applicability, generalization and the internal validity of Weber’s empirical research, I will evaluate the nature and scope of his literature review, sample size, data collection tools, data presentation and analysis and discussions. Summary Weber has justified the relevance of assessing the level of moral reasoning for managers by indicating that managers are continuously faced with substantial conflicting issues in the work place thus, the need to assess their level of ethical and moral reasoning in dealing with such issues (293). Further, to justify for the need to come up with adaptation strategies that are relevant for assessing the moral reasoning for managers, Weber identifies the major shortcomings of Kohlberg instruments of moral assessment by indicating that, “Kohlberg’s objective was to assess the development of an individual’s moral reasoning from childhood to adult hood”, which is contrary to what Weber sort to assess (294). Further, Weber has explained Kohlberg assertion of the reasoning development stages as proconvetional, conventional and postconventional. Weber explains that, according to Kohlberg method of assessing the level of moral reasoning, this stages are relevant in the sense that they present an individual’s reasoning from childhood through to adult hood in relation to the environment that the inhabit (295-296). To test his hypothesis, Weber presc
Abstract The amount of waste generated in construction and demolition (D&C) processes is enormous and is considered the largest portion of global waste. Waste generation statistics from countries indicate a range of 34% in Europe to up to 65% in Hong Kong. This significant amount of generated waste by the construction industry is a growing problem that requires planning, management, and monitoring. At present, several studies on efficient C&D waste minimization and management have been conducted, however, there are insufficient decision-making tools to support effective construction waste minimization evaluation and implementation throughout a project’s life cycle. A limited but growing body of recent literature suggests that building information modeling (BIM) has the potential to assist stakeholders to minimize waste on their projects. It is suggested that BIM helps project participants improve the processes and technologies in the planning, design, construction, and demolition phases, thereby managing and minimizing C&D waste efficiently. Through a review of current literature and conducted case studies this paper will investigate the limitations of C&D waste minimization and management and identifies the opportunities BIM can provide to minimize waste more efficiently throughout the planning, design, construction, and demolition phases of a project. Introduction The amount of construction waste that can be produced either during the process of building or demolition of a certain object is tremendous. As this issue has been more prevalent within the last several decades, many scholars have conducted studies focused on effective C&D (construction and demolition) waste management and its reduction to the lowest possible minimum. Nevertheless, 8 technology-related and 21 process-related limitations regarding appropriate waste management remain unresolved to the present moment. BIM (building information modeling) implies a digital process of a particular building’s erection. It assists engineers and architects in such activities as designing, planning, constructing, and demolishing projected buildings. Hence, these operations also help professional engineers to manage and minimize all the C&D waste that is expected to be generated in real-life conditions. Therefore, BIM is a helpful technology that can be used to consider and prevent potential accidents or actions that might lead to an increase in construction waste. Not only is the use of BIM essential in the process of planning a building, but it is also an indispensable tool for overall efficient C&D waste management. Limitations in the Use of BIM As mentioned in the introduction section above, Won and Cheng (2017) outlin
Marketing is the process of strategising on selling a large volume to meet the demand and increase sales. Many businesses in a market have to develop an approach to make an improving sales pattern. This will result into increased revenues from the business. In the end, the business will benefit highly from an increase in profits. David Jones decided to increase his selling capacity. The business had several options to follow in order to attain a high volume of sales. However, he had no choice but to choose the best among the options for the business to realise its objective. Since the business had several competitors, it had to employ a unique business model. Since the landlords had delayed their opening of two new stores, the company opted to change its entry strategy into the market. In their decisions, they decided to refurbish their stores. This was aimed at improving the pre-existing stores to make them modern. The initiative to refurbish stores was to ensure the market had access to better services from the company. In the refurbishing, the company had improved the new look of the stores. The stores were more decent and up-to-date. This was an appealing approach to customers as they were compelled to like the products of the company. In refurbishing the stores, the company increased the amount of space available, thereby increasing its capacity. This would lead to higher sales in comparison to previous ones. Refurbishing the stores was an initiative designed to increase shopping space, which had all along been little. With this increase, there would be available space to accommodate more shoppers than the company previously had. Since the shoppers will have more time in the store, the sales are likely to increase with time. In actual sense, an increase in selling space was an initiative that would counter the opening of new stores by the company. It has been argued in the past that retailing is in the theatre of the mind. An atmosphere that is conducive to business is the best atmosphere for success. For instance, customers are appealed by stores that have a compelling atmosphere. The customers are compelled to buy more goods and request for services when in an encouraging atmosphere. With such an approach, David Jones decided to initiate the same to the business with the aim of attracting customers. Therefore, it is evident that refurbishing the stores was an initiative that would attract a large number of customers. David Jones decided to take a price-conscious approach to business as another marketing strategy. Customers in a market always have a soft spot for the pricing of goods and services. As such, customers demand goods
Introduction The incredible vitality and suppleness of Chinese culture and civilization have had a profound influence in the whole of East Asia region and beyond in ways that no other civilization can match in global history, anywhere. Although it’s full influence on world history had not been understandably felt or experienced until the last couple of centuries, the transmission and adoption of fundamental elements of Chinese culture to other regions in East Asia, specifically Korea, Japan and Vietnam, undoubtedly provide one of the most essential illustrations of the spread of civilization from an inner core locale to other neighboring and distant regions (Adler & Pouwels 214). It is fascinating how the Chinese culture has been able to spread its wings beyond the East Asia region to find homage in other civilizations thousands of miles away from mainland China. This essay aims to prove that the Koreans have been greatly influenced by the Chinese culture and civilization due to close geographical proximity and recurrent cultural communications between China and Korea in ancient times. Historians trace the interactions between the countries – China and Korea – back to the Han Dynasty due to its great expansion into Manchuria and Korea (Gernet 121). However, others are of the opinion that it is difficult to lay a definite timeline on when the two countries started interacting since Korea was greatly viewed as an extension of China during ancient times (Sterns et al 299). It is worthwhile to note that dynasties formed the basic political units in the history of ancient China, with the government being led by an emperor who, “although by no means divine, was able to inspire the loyalty of a great many talented and ambitious servants in his bureaucracy” (Adler & Pouwels 214). These bureaucracies, based more on merit than on characteristics such as family connections, played a significant role in spreading the influence of Chinese culture to other regions. Due to the increased overtures of these dynasties in attempting to conquer new regions, the Koreans and Japanese have no less understanding and perception of ancient Chinese culture than the Chinese themselves. Comparisons between Korean Culture and Civilization with the Tang Dynasty A majority of historians consider the Tang Dynasty (618-907) as the epitome of all Chinese civilizations throughout history (Forte 297). It was during this era that ref
Environmental catastrophes can be avoided as long as human beings limit themselves voluntarily. Whilst we should limit ourselves in order to avoid future environmental catastrophes, unfortunately we cannot gather the requisite discipline for such an accomplishment due to the culture of materialism coupled with capitalism. Tania, a character in the novel, Through the arc of the rain forest, is a perfect example of how capitalism cannot allow us to limit ourselves voluntarily. At this point, it is important to note that the majority of environmental catastrophes occur due to human activities. These activities include clearing forests for human settlements coupled with polluting the air, soil, and water. Therefore, this assertion implies that if human beings limited themselves in the way they relate with the environment, then they can avoid future environmental catastrophes. Regrettably, as aforementioned, while we should limit ourselves, we cannot as analysed in this paper using Tania as the reference point. Initially, Tania’s husband runs a small business dealing with pigeons. However, Tania takes over and the business booms. “It was Tania Aparecida’s idea, therefore, that great money was to be had in the pigeon business…Tania began to see pigeons as a profitable source of income” (Yamashita 92). Therefore, driven by the capitalistic spirit of accumulating more than one needs for a comfortable life, Tania embarks on an unstoppable journey. She starts the ‘pigeon advertising’ venture and within no time, the company gets global recognition. She even changes the business name to Djapan Enterprises. The business opportunities are irresistible and Tania takes them as they come and she weaves “the Djapan Pigeon Communications network farther and farther over the globe and, as she had always wished and dreamed of, travelled abroad for the company to New York, London, Paris and Las Vegas” (Yamashita 138). The link between Tania’s driving force and most multinational companies is very strong. Currently, the issue of global warming is a product of pursuing capitalistic desires, and thus companies are releasing tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect, hence global warming. These companies and organizations are driven by the need to have higher profits margins than their previous ventures, and just like Tania, they are crisscrossing the globe to create awareness of their products. The pertinent question remains – at what cost are these multinational organizations reaching the international markets. Unfortunately, the same multinational organizations are very influential within governments, and thus they influence policymaking in a bid to facilitate their insatiable appetite for gaining wealth that they will never use in their lifetime. Operating international business is not evil; however, the environmental costs of such ventures should be