ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
At the moment, there are two major weaknesses that might threat the further evolution of the company and limit its opportunities. First, TESCO is extremely depended on the UK and European market as in accordance with the statistics, the bigger part of income comes from these two strategic locations (Wood 2014). Additionally, the company does not recognise this threat and does not devote resources to the development of other markets in areas where it works. The possible solution to the problem is the introduction of the strategy emphasising the critical role of other locations as the potential source of new clients and the generation of additional income. Improvement of the infrastructure in other states might help TESCO to improve its positions. Another weakness is related to the previous one. Existing retail formats fail to show outstanding effectiveness in some countries because of the lack of market research about clients’ preferences, their buying power, preferable options, and demands to products (Wood 2014). In such a way, the company experiences a decrease in incomes in areas that are potentially beneficial. The possible solution might include additional market research with the primary aim to determine the main source of the problem and eliminate it. Altogether, TESCO remains a potent retailing company that holds leading positions in the international market. The company is recognised in many locations, and in the UK and Europe, it is taken as a leading seller of food and products of acceptable quality and price (TESCO 2018a). All these factors indicate that there is a potential for further improvement and development for the brand to become a leader and compete with other giant corporations. The company is focused on selling groceries as the biggest part of its operations; however, there is also an increase in the provision of other consumer goods to broaden the target audience and generate additional revenue. The latest reports show that that given approach remains effective as TESCO was the largest retailer in the UK by sale with 27.4% of the market share of total grocers (TESCO 2018b). There are three major shareholders which are BlackRock (6,64%), Norge
Introduction The case of Thad Christian plays a valuable role in the movement for civil rights, and understanding its implications is crucial to the current discussion of equality. The case is concerned with the murder of a 54-year-old African American man in 1965, which is why discussing its context is especially relevant. This paper will focus on exploring what happened with Thad Christian on August 30, 1965, with the purpose of providing an overview of its outcomes and the wider impact on society overall. The Case On a Saturday in August, Thad Christian, a father of seven children, went out to catch some fish for dinner along with his friend Shelley Kirby (“The United States Department of Justice,” 2011). Unfortunately, the father never returned, as he was murdered by a shot to his stomach by Robert Haynes. According to the Federal investigation, Christian was shot because he and his friend were fishing in the rural community of Central City and the subject came and told them to leave. The two friends did not leave, as they did not know whether that man was the owner of the property or some ‘random’ passer-by. Later, while the men were already fishing and were putting their gear in the car, Haynes returned with a sixteen-gauge shotgun and fired a round, subsequently catching Christian in his abdomen. When retelling the story to the law enforcement, Kirby mentioned that Haynes was driving around in his car shouting for them to get away from the creek. Allegedly Haynes said, “you niggers get out from down here” (Newton, 2011, p. 78). After the altercation had already occurred, two other witnesses, Lucile Edmondson White with her husband, were passing by and saw Haynes leaning on the bumper of his car that was parked in the middle of the road while Kirby tried to help Christian and shouted for help. The witnesses were also intimidated by the shooter because as they came closer, they saw that he had a gun and was looking at them directly. Because of this, the two decided to back up and leave the scene in fear of being injured or even murdered. The family of the offender told a different story to investigators, saying that Christian had a gun and was threatening Haynes, although none of them were present at the scene. As mentioned by Newton (2016), “Aubrey Haynes stood by his brother’s unsupported claim that Christian carried a rifle and was accompanied by “many men” rather than Kirby alone” (p. 78). Therefore, Haynes’s family tried to clear his name and suggest that he was acting in self-defense against a large group of armed African American men. They knowingly perpetuated the stereotype that non-white men were threatening and were always armed despite the situation being the opposite. Despite the opposing reports of the case, Robert Hayes pled guilty for the offense of manslaughter and served time in the prison. He died in 1968 in a car accident, which means that there had been only three years between the incident and him leaving prison. The relatively short time that Hayes served points to the existence of severe inequality sin
Introduction Reward systems are the programs that are set up by different firms to recognize and appreciate the individual’s work in the organization. The main purpose for this is motivation. The concept of reward system comes from the fact that employees need to be motivated to work and this is achieved either by intrinsic or extrinsic rewards. All reward systems revolve around the assumptions of attracting, retaining and motivating individuals. Reward systems are not only based on the financial needs since there are other factors required to motivate employees and increase their level of performance (Ledford, 1995). Organizations have adopted alternative reward systems so as to increase both, the domestic and international competition. Normally, performance-based compensation is considered in designing most reward systems because companies are aimed at cutting costs, restructuring and improving performance (Lawler, 1995). Therefore, in order to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of reward systems, it is vital to ensure that they are based on performance. Hence, management should embrace the fact that rewarding performance is a continuous process that is essential for current and future employee performance. A reward system is a major contributor to shaping employment relationships. However, there are various forces that have an impact on the pay systems. The impact of the reward system will be felt in changing the work design and organization as a whole. This is as a result of putting emphasis on the individual performance. However, all reward systems have two elements that contradict each other. These include tensions and conflict between employer and employee (Hamel and Heene, 1994). Alternative reward systems are normally linked to employee participation programs and are embraced by employers as strategies that are necessary in the current global competitive marketplace. This can be seen from the point of view that compensation for work done by the employees has been changing. In the past, it was referred to as payment. It was later referred to as remuneration and now, as reward. Reward systems The basic types of reward systems include direct financial compensation (salaries/wages), Indirect financial compensation – other financial rewards, other than wages and salaries (for example, medical cover, insurance cover and paid leave) and Non-financial compensation – most are intangible and they are relate to the satisfaction that an individual gets from performing his duties. They can be as a result of meaningful jobs or a good environment (Schuster, 1992). Financial rewards are based on three criteria. They include the base salary, pay incentives and employee benefits. All of these can be categorized as extrinsic rewards, which are aimed at meeting the basic needs of individual and non-financial rewards are based on two things; intrinsic
Cinema is one of the most beautiful forms of art ever created by human beings. It is used to reflect the events of the objective reality, but the major advantage of the cinema is that it allows its creators to depict not only external, but also internal, i. e. personal, emotional, and psychological states of their characters or their selves. In this respect, the so-called auteurist cinema is of special importance for this research paper. This type of cinema presupposes the whole bulk of the cinema creation carried out by the film director. It includes production, writing, cast selection, etc. This paper will focus on the comparative analysis of the aesthetic styles found in two examples of the auteurist cinema – The 400 Blows by Francois Truffaut and India by Roberto Rossellini. The film by the famous representative of the French New Wave cinema movement is viewed by many critics as an autobiographical movie. The plotline of the film develops around the life story of a problem child who is despised and not taken care of by his parents and relatives. In this aspect, the film is autobiographical as Francois Truffaut experienced all the events and emotions he presented in his movie. This is one of the major traits of the auteurist cinema as the one that acknowledges the priority of personal things over-generalized ones. In auteurism, a director is a major figure in film creation, and his or her views are viewed as the guidelines for all other people working on the picture. Thus, Francois Truffaut, being not an ordinary director reflecting someone else’s ideas, attempts to display his inner world and his relationship with the outside one. Picturing a young boy rejected by the whole society, the author compares his fate to his one and draws the comparison between the image of the ocean in the film and the personality of Andre Bazin, who was his spiritual teacher and the person who saved Francois Truffaut from the criminal life and prison. The symbol of the ocean never seen by Antoine before is compared to the “father” whom Francois Truffaut never had and whom Andre Bazin became for him. However, symbolism is not the only feature of auteurist cinema. The specific filming techniques distinguish it from mainstream cinema, especially the one that dominated the world in the 1950s when auteurist cinema was born. First of all, the already mentioned focus on a personality is observed in this aspect. It is manifested by long-lasting shots of a character’s face while his or her mind is busy with vital thoughts and emotional stresses. For example, the long focus on Antoine’s face when he was transported in a police
Introduction For an effective budget, each country has to examine its population to understand the peoples’ needs and expectations. By analyzing the population, the government understands the age, sex, and distribution of its citizens. The following paper discusses population dynamics to determine what affects it and how population growth rate can be controlled. Population Dynamics Definition Population is defined as a group of people who live in the same environment at a particular time. Each population is distinct due to various factors such as physical distribution, age, size, and sex. Population dynamics is a scientific field that analyses human population changes such as life expectancy and fertility level in a population (Hummel 34). By focusing on population dynamics, one can determine how, why, and when the difference in a population occurred (Hummel 38). Factors Affecting Population Dynamics The first factor that affects population dynamics is birth rate. Birth rate is calculated by dividing the total number of live births by a thousand. High birth rate means that the population size will increase as well as the number of young adults in the society. The second factor is death rate (Mosher 47). A high rate of mortality can drastically reduce the population size. However, if the death rate is minimal, meaning that the life expectancy of a particular population is high then, the population will increase. The third factor that affects population size is immigration. This is the number of individuals moving into a given area permanently. If there are many immigrants moving into a particular jurisdiction, then the population size will grow. The final factor is emigration rate; this is the number of people moving out of an area permanently (Turchin 54). If this number is high, then the population size will decrease but if there are few emigrants the population may remain the same or increase. Reason for Increase in Human Population Human population has increased due to high birth rate and low number of deaths because of medical industry development. Life expectancy ratio has increased, due to the improvement of medical technology (Mosher 62). The mortality rate of children under the age of five has reduced hence, raising the young adult population. Slowing Population Growth Due to the decrease in scarce resources, there has been a greater need to control the rate of population growth. The first way of slowing population growth is by controlling the rate of birth to a manageable figure. This can be achieved by educating individuals about the need of having a small family (Mosher 76). States can also restrict the number of children that one can have by formulating laws that prohibit giving birth to many children. Birth rate can also be controlled by encouraging the use of contraceptives to avoid unwanted pregnancies (Turchin 88). To manage the level of population growth
Stonehenge is an ancient monument which is composed by barrows of hedged stones that are located in the Wiltshire county of England Salisbury Plains consisting of long and round, bowls, bells, discs in singles, twins, as well as triple barrows. It is during this period that men improved their architectural skills, and consequently, built constructions that have been “alive” for centuries. These monuments served a religious purpose with a relation to the surrounding barrows, similar to that of a church to a churchyard, or a cathedral in later periods of England. People of ancient times shifted from their nomadic lifestyle (hunters and gathers) to a much advanced food producing cultures, after settling in certain areas, and forming discrete villages, where they started using stones to put up magnificent structures. [1] Stonehenge society may be seen as egalitarian, structured by kinship who was worshiping its ancestors. It is this culture that initiated the history of building castles in England; these are the people of that time who saw humans move out of un-civilized cave “houses” into grand builders. That time was the time of architects who constructed monumental structures, which still, impress modern people. While entrenched in the land, they built permanent dwellings, shrines, granaries, and collective graves. In addition, to the religious role, the Stonehenge moment marked immensely to the passage of seasons that gave practical significance to the people of the time. Indeed, most megalithic structures can be credited to them. [2] They fit the GREAT ROUND Archetypal Category because, they are characterized by stone circles, passage mounds, sacred caves and sanctuaries, all which describe the GREAT ROUND nature. [3] On the other hand, the spiritual focus is on the Great Goddess, and her sacred Womb-Cavern, which is a prevalent form motif that becomes the prototype for the holy-of-holies of nearly all later religions. It is believed that the artistic-huge stones were paraphernalia that was used to mark extraterrestrial happenings such as solstices and eclipses in th
The debate on the impact commerce has on science have been ongoing for several years so far. Notably, Slaght and Pallant (2012) stress that businesses were not interested in science until a new trend in the society appeared. The new trends occurred due to the change in consumers’ demand. People have understood that scientific research may contribute to development of advanced products which may meet their needs. Clearly, contemporary consumers tend to pay attention on particular characteristics and possible uses of the product. They want to make sure that the product has been clinically checked. Companies willingly address their customers’ needs and this leads to quite a dangerous trend. Only particular products (and entire spheres) obtain investment while other spheres are stagnating. Slaght and Pallant (2012, 12) note that companies focus on “short-term economic gains” as they need new products which meet customers’ expectations and are produced sooner than in other companies. Business competition contributes greatly to this process. It is noteworthy that this is not reflected in the sphere of science only as it is found in the educational system as well. Thus, students who work on commercially attractive products receive grants and get the opportunity to continue their research. At the same time, students working on projects in such spheres as environment or clinical research often fail to find proper investment and start working on more ‘profitable’ research. Therefore, researchers often blame businesses for their narrow interest. Scientists also argue that the government is responsible for providing proper investment to really beneficial projects which will have significant long-term benefits (Slaght & Pallant 2012, 12). Admittedly, it is difficult to accuse business for being focused on short-term gains as this is what they do. However, the government should address serious issues arising in the society and work on solutions. Therefore, it is responsibility of the government to invest into research. Some researchers note that this is a vicious circle which cannot be overcome. Businesses have funds but want short-term benefits while the government addresses long-term gains but has scarce resources. Researchers are victims of this system and have to collaborate with commercial companies to have a job. However, there is a solution to the problem. In the first place, it is essential to make the government and local authorities to inv
Sample/Setting The settings of a longitudinal field experiment are likely to be multiple, but a palliative clinic may be considered a central setting. The patients’ conditions and health will define the rest of the settings. The clinic (or several clinics) will provide the sample: at least 20 NPs. The sample size is explained by the aim of the research and feasibility considerations. In order to test the co-creation of possibilities (CP) introduced by Bergdahl, Benzein, Ternestedt, Elmberger, and Andershed (2013), the number of NPs in both groups (CP and control) needs to be roughly equal and sufficient to make a generalization possible. However, since the NPs are going to use CP with a number of patients, every new NP increases the amount of data to be processed significantly. Therefore, if it is feasible to increase the sample size (given the funding), it should be done. Still, the proposed sample should be enough to make generalizations about the effectiveness of CP within the practice of one NP (due to the number of the patients involved) and NPs in general. CP is not supposed to depend on the disease or the NP’s qualities, which is why no stratification is suggested (Bergdahl et al., 2013, p. 343). It is proposed to take into account the experience of NPs, but it is not going to affect their eligibility. All the NPs who currently work in palliative care and have not studied the intervention proposed by Bergdahl et al. (2013) will be eligible. Sampling Strategy The sampling strategy will begin with contacting palliative clinics or clinics and their NPs. The research design and aim will be explained to them; they will be provided with a copy of informed consent and encouraged to inquire their patients, who will also need to provide consent, about their intent or lack of intent to participate. The final sample will be randomly split into two groups: control and CP. Such a strategy corresponds to the type of the research; apart from that, randomization is “the most effective approach” to improving the validity of a study (Polit & Beck, 2014, p. 166) Research Design The type of the research design is a randomized controlled trial (RCT), which is a subtype of the experiment proper. The specifics of RCT include the random assignment of the people from the sample to either the intervention or control group (Polit & Beck, 2014). The NPs from one group will receive the CP training; those from the other one will not. Both groups will be followed for a year, which makes the study longitudinal (El-Masri, 2014). The baseline data will be gathered before the intervention; apart from that, it will be collected throughout the year, which makes the study a pretest-posttest one (Johnson & Christensen, 2014). It is a field experiment since is it going to be “conducted in real-life setting” (Johnson & Christensen, 2014, p. 321). Rationale RCT i
The Letter that Martin Luther King wrote to eight ministers in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 was in response to their published appeal to their congregations to stop demonstrating against the unjust segregation laws that had been oppressing the black population in the South since the end of the Civil War. As King was the leader of these demonstrations, he was one of the 53 individuals who were arrested that Good Friday. In particular, his statement “one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all” seems to set up his entire movement of peaceful protest as a simple refusal to obey unjust laws. By obeying unjust laws, the black people were being horribly oppressed and squeezed out of every chance to improve their way of life. They weren’t necessarily asking for handouts to make their lives better, just a removal of the obstacles that kept them down. King’s Letter attempts to justify his actions and highlight the need for nonviolent demonstrations such as the one he’d just led. It was only through this sort of action that the white population could be forced to negotiate better terms for the black man. In making his argument, King indicates that the levels of frustration among the black community are reaching such proportions that something must be done now, while peaceful means are still possible, before this frustration reaches its boiling point and explodes into violence. The peaceful protests that grew out of the sentiments King expressed in his Letter from a Birmingham Jail came together in the form of a large march on Washington in which about 20,000 came to hear King deliver his “I Have a Dream” speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial. Within this speech, Ki