ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Were both Syngman Rhee and Kim Il Sung nationalists? It is not possible to consider both Syngman Rhee and Kim Il Sung nationalists since their political views and actions were rather dissimilar. Out of these two Korean leaders, Syngman Rhee’s politics was closer to nationalism. Meanwhile, Kim Il Sung’s politics was based on the ideas of communism. The nationalistic ideas of the President of South Korea Syngman Rhee were reflected in his desire to make the country prosperous and create decent living conditions for the people. Syngman Rhee promoted the interests of his nation and defended the right to self-governance. He did not want to let any outsiders interfere with the country’s private concerns. In 1945, when the Soviet Union and the US gathered at Moscow Conference and suggested to authorize a trusteeship for Korea and arrange the collaboration between the right-wing (nationalist) party and the left-wing (communist) one, Syngman Rhee turned down the proposal. Moreover, he rejected the suggestion to join the US Soviet Union Cooperation Committee. Syngman Rhee’s purpose was to make Korea independent. Therefore, this leader may be considered as a nationalist. Unlike Syngman Rhee, Kim Il Sung built his politics on the ideas of internationalism. This dictator and leader of North Korea supported communism and was engaged in active cooperation with the Soviet Union. Under the rule of Kim Il Sung, North Korea was considered a country with the totalitarian regime. The rights of the Koreans were abused in many ways, the harshest of them being mass executions and putting people in prison camps. The cult of personality of the President started to dominate North Korea’s domestic politics. Therefore, due to his political inclinations, it is impossible to consider Kim Il Sung as a nationalist. How should we define Korean nationalism in the first half of the twentieth century? In the first half of the twentieth century, Korean nationalism was largely defined as a variety of national resistance movements. This form of nationalism was initiated at the end of the nineteenth century. There were significant divergences in the approaches to these movements in south and north. After the foreign powers intrusion in the late nineteenth century, Koreans were forced to build their identity with the help of methods that put them in opposition to foreigners. At the time of colonial period, nationalists in Korea led the struggle for independence, competing against the impact of the Japanese rule in the country. In 1910, Korean nationalists obtained annexation that was proclaimed in the Japan─Korea Annexation Treaty. In accordance with the treaty, the Emperor of Korea acknowledged his sovereignty over the territory of Korea, and the Emperor of Japan accepted such an acknowledgment. That period in Korean nationalism was called the Military Police Reign Era because the Police obtained the jurisdiction to govern the whole country. The next significant period for Korean nationalists i
Introduction Egyptian civilization was one of the most significant and very influential civilizations during prehistoric times. The Egyptian Empire, also commonly known as Ancient Egypt, was founded about 3150 and lasted until 20 BC following its inversion by the Roman Empire. The kingdom flourished because of their unique skills in agriculture, especially in irrigation, which helps in ensuring that there was food for its population. The leaders ensured that there was a division of labor which led to specialization at a time when the world had not known such skills. A section of the society worked in the plantations; others became artists, masons, blacksmiths, soldiers, and such other professions. During its golden era, Ancient Egypt was very powerful, with political rulers who were viewed as gods. The pharaohs of Ancient Egypt were absolute rulers. They were both the political and religious heads of their kingdoms. According to Raphael and Bolognese (2014), the fact that people in this society tried to specialize in specific jobs led to the emergence of unique arts and architecture in society. The Egyptian pyramids emerged during this golden age and it had a major impact on modern-day architecture. As the kingdom expanded its empire, it started influencing civilization in other parts of the world, especially in the Middle East and North Africa region. However, like the other ancient civilizations, Ancient Egypt entered a period of decline primarily because of poor decisions made by those trusted with leadership. During the period of its decline, ancient Egypt came under the rule of several Kingdoms that were emerging during that time. Persia, Macedonia, and Roman Empires are some of the ancient kingdoms that at one time conquered and ruled the Egyptian Empire for some time. Each of these ancient kingdoms that ruled Egypt had a varying socio-economic and political impact on society. The Macedonian Empire (Ancient Greece) was one such kingdom. Egypt was conquered by Ancient Greece under the command of Alexander the Great. Alexander ruled Ancient Greece during its golden era. Scholars argue that Alexander was one of the most shrewd commanders and rulers of ancient society (Gardner & Kleiner, 2014). He was a ruthless soldier who knew how to embrace diplomacy when it suits him. When he came to Egypt, he met little resistance and was able to conquer it by engaging in any battle. Ancient Greece had a significant impact on the Egyptian Empire. In this paper, the researcher seeks to investigate the extent to which Ancient Egypt became Greek and the extent to which it remained the same during and after the rule by Ancient Greece. Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt is one of the six civilizations that rose independently (James & Dillon, 2012). It was concentrated along the lower Nile River; Northeastern Africa in what is currently Egypt (James & Dillon, 2012). The civilization is believed to have started in 3150 BC in prehistoric Egypt with the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt under a common ruler known as pharaoh. In the pre-dynastic period, the region of Lower Nile had started experiencing economic d
Executive Summary Abu Dhabi National Oil Company has registered impressive performance in the recent past that has led to its expansion to new markets around the global market. However, the issue of safety at its distribution service stations remains a concern that needs to be addressed properly. Some of the risk factors such as assembly, connection, installation, maintenance, procedures, and work practices have been identified as some of the major causes of accidents within distribution service stations. Other factors include malfunction, operations failures, misuse of equipment, and carelessness among the attendants or third parties within the stations. Terrorism has also been identified as an issue that may need to be addressed. Managing this threat should be given priority because their impact on the organization may be devastating. The management, employees, the government, and other oil companies must work together as a single system in addressing these concerns. It is only after finding a lasting solution to these threats that the management of ADNOC can consider the firm’s aggressive expansion sustainable. Introduction Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) is the largest oil company in the United Arab Emirates. The company has its headquarters in Abu Dhabi. According to Bahgat (2013, p. 53), ADNOC has experienced massive growth over the past decade, and currently, it is ranked one of the top oil companies in the global market. This growth is expected to continue given the effort that the company is putting to expand its operations. This state-owned corporation has managed to withstand economic downturns such as the 2008-2009 economic recessions that hit its major markets in Europe and American continents. The recent drop in the oil prices that was witnessed in the global market has not affected its growth. This is a clear sign that this company has a bright future in this sensitive industry. However, this impressive growth comes with risks and responsibilities that the management of this firm has to address. The larger the company grows, the bigger these risks and responsibilities become. One of the issues that the management of ADNOC will have to pay close attention to is the safety of distribution service stations. According to Hults, Thurber, and Vimor (2011, p. 84), there are several hazards and risks associated with petrol stations that an oil company cannot ignore. Risks such as fire explosions, contaminations, environmental damage in case of leaks, among other concern
Architecture is another way to tell stories and shed light on numerous historical events and cultural peculiarities of the nation. Clearly, architects often find inspiration in works of other artists, those who created masterpieces in previous epochs. This is the case with the Pazzi Chapel located in the heart of Italy, Florence. It is obvious that Filippo Brunelleschi was inspired by one of the most majestic architectural masterpieces, Parthenon, located in Greece. The two temples have many features in common, as they both have an altar, they both occupy a place within a city and they are both based on the principle of mathematical perfection. At the same time, the two temples differ in their major use, in the type of people who attended them and in their meanings. As far as similarities are concerned, it is possible to stress that the two buildings are both characterized by mathematical perfection (see fig. 1). Parthenon has a rectangular form that is emphasized by the use of columns (Hurwit 18). The use of space is remarkable as the temple is very airy and people feel the glory of deities in it. The Pazzi Chapel also has a rectangular form adorned with columns (Kleiner 442). Notably, the use of the massive dome could create a feeling of round spaces but it only stresses the perfect geometrical forms chosen by the architect. Of course, the use of space also aims at creating the specific atmosphere in the temple. The geometrical perfection is also emphasized by the use of altars on axis with the front doors of both temples. It is also important to add that both temples have quite a specific location as they are surrounded by other buildings. The temples are integrated into the urban setting, which is quite common for religious sites. Each of the temples is situated on the hill. This stresses the grandeur of the temples. However, the two temples are quite different. For instance, they were used differently. The Pazzi Chapel was used for educational purposes. Higher ranks of clergy and nobility also gathered there (Kleiner 442). Apart from that, there was also a place to bury the richest representatives of the city. When it comes to the Parthenon, this was a sanctuary of the goddess Athena, but, more importantly, it was used as a treasury (Hurwit 32). Of course, different people attended the two temples. The Pazzi Chapel was predominantly attended by nobility and priests, while the Parthenon was visited by priests. Finally, the two temples had quite different meanings. The Pazzi Chapel was to reveal the might of the city and its richest families while the Parthenon was a symbol of the victory of the Greek (civilized) nation over barbarians. Thus, in the form
Introduction Nowadays, it is paramount for manufacturers to strive to improve the quality of the goods that they produce, not only to reduce the waste involved in the production process but also to be able to better satisfy their customers, which is pivotal if an organization is to gain the trust of consumers and to be able to survive in the competitive modern world of business. To do so, it is possible to utilize some quality control and improvement instruments. The current paper proposes a project aimed at reducing the defect rate in the casting process by implementing the DMAIC tool, which is a part of the Six Sigma set of quality control and improvement methodologies. Project Idea On the whole, the main idea of the proposed project is to increase the effectiveness and efficacy of an organization that employs a casting process for manufacturing products, by using certain tools and techniques that were specifically designed for such a purpose and successfully employed in several companies (Jirasukprasert, Garza-Reyes, Soriano-Meier, & Rocha-Lona, 2012; Rahman & Talapatra, 2015). The current project offers to implement the methodology that is called Six Sigma. In particular, this aim will be achieved via using the DMAIC technique; it should be highlighted that the abbreviation DMAIC stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (Jirasukprasert et al., 2012). It is expected that system using the DMAIC technique to improve the quality of the manufactured products by finding out the causes of the most frequently occurring defects will allow for considerably reducing the ratio of defective products to the total amounts of production. It is highly unlikely that implementing this method once will permit for lowering the rate of defects occurrence to 3.4 or fewer defects per one million opportunities (which is a goal set by Six Sigma) unless the rate of defects in the targeted organization already approximates this rate closely enough. However, it should be clear that one-time use of the DMAIC technique cannot solve all the problems in manufacturing at the same time, and, if its use has been successful, it should further be implemented repeatedly until the desired rate of defects in production is achieved. Thus, the proposed project will test the effectiveness of the DMAIC method in reducing the percentage of defected production to ultimately achieve the desired ratio of 3.4 or fewer defects per one million opportunities as set by the Six Sigma system, and will also help improve the production in the chosen company and teach its employees to efficaciously use the DMAIC instrument in practice. Methods to Be Used As has been noted, the DMAIC tool,
In the process of implementing various policy instruments to keep up traffic safety in Oman, the policy analysts should consider various policy instrument alternatives. Problems involved in the implementation of a given policies should be considered to decide the most effective instrument which can be applied to end traffic problems in Oman. Normally problems occur in the process of implementing various policies. For instance a policy may be inconsistent with the incentives of target people whose behavior is supposed to change. Secondly, a given policy instrument may not be in line with the interest of the policy makers who may be unwilling to carry out the policy. In addition, adequate resources may not be available to put a given policy instrument into practice (David and Vining 294). Below are implementation scenarios for two policy instruments which can be applied to make sure that traffic safety in Oman is sustained. Implementation Scenario for Rules Rules in form of indirect information provision according to David and vining (87) can be the most proper rules when it comes to restricting certain type of people from offering specific service and allowing only specific trained people to offer a given service. Most accidents in Oman are caused by drivers, as a result formulation of rules which target drivers, motorists and bicyclists on roads are needed in Oman to check traffic problems (Abulbasher et al., 175). Rules which address reckless driving, driving while drunk, safety belt violation, rules which prohibit young and old vulnerable drivers from using roads and t
Introduction A number of theories are often employed in organizational development to explain the efficiency companies. Ford’s theory is one such theory that has always been utilized in measuring the performance of the organization. The theory is based on the principles of Taylor’s theory and the ideas of Henry Ford, who was one of the engineers that shaped the manufacturing system in the motor industry. The theory suggests that efficiency is achieved through tight control of employee movement, as well as instituting adequate policies that would separate planning functions from executive tasks. Edwards (1990, p. 35) was of the view that ideas of Taylor were criticized for neglecting the role of employees in organizational development. Taylor’s management theory treated employees in an inhumane way since it viewed them as properties of the organization. In this regard, Ford’s theory was embraced as an alternative to the views of Taylor on management. As the name suggests, Henry Ford developed the theory during the post-war era in European. The theory was widely supported by the working class since it suggested a wage rise and domestic production, as opposed to external production. The theory respected the contributions of workers in the organization. Several organizations adopted Ford’s theory as a production model after it was applied successfully in the Ford Motor Company (Sobrero & Roberts 2001, p. 499). Ford’s theory insisted on the development of production methods and manufacturing techniques. Ford was of the view that economic development would be sustained through integrating mass consumption into production accountabilities. This meant that the organization had to improve production processes in order to realize full benefits. In this regard, the welfare of workers had to be taken care of for the organization to sustain the market. In the motor industry, the idea of deskilling had to be adopted to ensure constant mass production and technological improvement. In the modern management systems, Ford’s ideas have continued to influence many organizations. Organizations utilize the ideas of Ford in order to tackle the contemporary demands of the highly competitive market. The modern market is very complex meaning that it needs improved operation management strategies. Consequently, businesses find themselves implementing lean management principles, the ideas related to flexible production systems, inventory systems, referred to as just-in-time inventory systems, and leaderless work groups in order to remain competitive. Hounshell (1984, p. 112) commented that the above factors can only be achieved through rapid manufacturing life cycles, globalization of customer merchandise and markets, a
During a long period of time the institute of slavery in such country as the United States of America was considered as the main controversial issue which influenced the social, economical, and political development of the state greatly. Slaves as the part of the society had not any rights, and their rebellions became more frequent. Definite states voted for the abolition of slavery, the Haitian Revolution developed, but the public and politicians in the country were not ready to reject the principles of slavery on which the economics and social life were based. In 1837 “The Mulatto”, a short story written by Victor Sejour in French, was published in Paris. It was the first story written by an African-American writer in which the negative effects of slavery were criticized and discussed from the social and psychological perspectives with accentuating the slaves’ emotions and feelings as the reactions toward their masters’ violent actions. To analyze Victor Sejour’s style peculiarities, it is necessary to concentrate on the author’s presentation of the conflict in the story, characters’ depiction, and usage of irony. Victor Sejour’s short story can be considered as one of the most deep psychological discussions of the phenomenon of slavery with paying much attention to slaves’ inner world, their emotions, and feelings. Sejour’s story is based on the social conflict between masters and slaves which was typical for that period of time. However, Sejour develops this conflict with focusing on the psychological aspect of the relations between masters and slaves. The author represents his position toward the slaves’ state and their conditions through the words of the teller of the main character’s story, “a negro’s as vile as a dog; society rejects him; men detest him; the laws curse him…Yes, he’s a most unhappy being, who hasn’t even the consolation of always being virtuous” (Sejour 354). The plot conflict of the story is developed around the issues of sexual harassment, the master’s brutality, race discrimination, and slaves’ exploitation. All the aspects are depicted with the help of focusing on the relations of the main characters who are Georges, a mulatto slave, and his master Alfred. Thus, their difficult and tense relations form the main opposition of the story which is described by the author with using the elements of the psychological characterization. Victor Sejour makes a lot of accents on the analysis of Georges and Alfred’s characters. Georges is depicted as a man who tries to learn the peculiarities of his birth because of the fact he does not know his father. “Georges grew up without ever hearing the name of his father; and when at times, he
Introduction In 2008, the worst financial crisis after the Great Depression plunged the United States and the world into recession. The deregulation policies initiated during the 1980s have been indicated as the cause that led to the collapse of the economy. However, some studies argue that the deregulation hypotheses are incorrect, suggesting that the crisis was the result of a particular macroeconomic background (Shaanan, 2017). The Inside Job analyses the crisis and discloses a disturbing scenario of collisions and conflicts of interest between politics and finance. Inside Inside Job In September 2008, the investment bank Lehman Brothers, one of the largest investment banks worldwide, declared bankruptcy, throwing the global financial world into chaos. The meltdown cost over 20 trillion dollars, while millions of people lost their homes and jobs (Ferguson, 2010). Terms as the housing bubble, subprime mortgage, and Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) became infamously well known. However, drawing a clear picture of the coeval economic world is a hard task. The 2010 documentary Inside Job , directed by Charles Ferguson, investigates events, causes, and effects of the crisis, shedding light on the ethical and moral aspects of the complex bonds between the financial industry and politics. To understand how the crisis matured it is crucial to look back to the deregulation policies of the 1980s. After the Great Depression, the American economy witnessed forty years of constant economic growth. The financial sector was strictly regulated, and every possible speculation using the depositors’ savings was prohibited. On the other hand, investing banks were small private partnerships where the partners watched the invested money meticulously (Ferguson, 2010). During the 1980s, everything changed when the investment banks went public, and huge amounts of money became available through the investment of the stakeholders. In 1981, President Reagan began to promote the policy of deregulation, backed by prominent economists and lobbyists. Also, he appointed the CEO of Merrill Lynch as treasury secretary, starting dangerous connivance among politics, banks, rating agencies, and the most influential national economics schools. A small group of economists, businessmen, and lobbyists held the most significant centres of power, promoting laws that made them increasingly rich, powerful, and not punishable. A law that allowed banks to invest the savings of depositors into risky business was passed, while the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act paved the way for an even larger merging of banks. As a result, the financial sector consolidated into a few gigantic institutions, and each of them was so large that a failure of one of them could threaten the stability of the whole system (Ferguson, 2010). At the turn of the millennium, a series of crisis shed light on how the system was corrupted and involved in criminal activities, including laundering drug money, funding prohibited nuclear research and helping dictators. The combination of dereg