ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Additional Information for a Treatment Plan To assist Sally in conquering her fears and managing her current psychological issues, one may need additional information about her family. Since family support is typically viewed as one of the essential constituents of effective therapy, inviting Sally’s parents to help her maybe a necessity. However, for the intervention to work and the fears to be conquered, Sally will need to tell them about the molestation incident. It is unknown currently how the parents will receive the information, which is why collecting more data about Sally’s relationships with her mother and father will be essential. Moreover, the specified details will shed light on possible obstacles in helping Sally rekindle her relationships with her parents. Sally’s Risk Factors and Strengths Sally is currently facing significant psychological pressure due to her traumatic experience. Her return to the place where she experienced abuse may cause the patient to develop a mental health issue, such as anxiety or depression (Rubin, Weiss, & Coll, 2012). Social isolation, which Sally is currently experiencing, can also be interpreted as a risk factor. Moreover, the failure to find a job should also be seen as one of the contributors to the development of a health concern. Finally, the traumatic experience of watching her fellow soldiers being killed affects the patient extensively. Nevertheless, Sally has a lot of strengths that must be used in promoting a faster recovery. For example, her ability to acknowledge the problem and seek help needs to be mentioned as the sign of her being realistic and ready to accept treatment (Corcoran & Roberts, 2015). Furthermore, her refusal to give up and willingness to fight for her well-being is an evident advantage. Veteran and/or Civilian Resources for Sally The patient will require the assistance of healthcare practitioners and psychologists to handle her current problem with sleep and anxiety. Using the services provided by local facilities should be seen as an important step in handling the current situation. The services of the Department of Veterans Affairs will also have to be utilized to ensure high-quality care (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2018). Thus, Sally will be informed about the issues that she may face, the means of managing them, and the people that she can contact to receive help. Treatment Plan Based on CBT Goal 1 Promoting resilience must be deemed as the primary goal given the circumstances. Thus, one will have to ensure that Sally is capable of facing risk factors safely. For this reason, one will have to consider focusing on the military culture, and especially the importance of honor (Rubin et al., 2012). Also, one will have to remind Sally about the si
The process of responding to the needs of students with learning disabilities can be discussed as rather challenging and complex, as it is observed in the Australian schools. According to Chloe, there are three aspects associated with this complex issue, and they are the problem of appropriate parents and professionals’ intervention, the problem of identifying resources, and the problem of government’s funding ( Chloe Posting 1 , 2014). While focusing on these aspects, Chloe recognises the origin of this complexity in the problem of definition. Chloe’s considerations are supported with the fact that the term ‘learning difficulties’ used in the Australian school environment is not appropriate to discuss all students who can have problems in learning in general words (Rivalland, 2000, p. 12; Westwood, 2008, p. 3). Chloe also points at the connection between the weak definition and absence of effective diagnostic tools to assess students with learning difficulties ( Chloe Posting 1 , 2014). This statement is reasonable because standardised tests that are usually used for assessing students are not appropriate to identify all possible disabilities and problems in learning. Teachers need specific assessments and tests that are not based on comparing students’ results with average ones. The reason is that much attention should be paid to the origin of the student’s problem in order to find the solution and help students (Robinson, 2002, p. 30; Sternberg & Grigorenko, 2001, p. 337). From this perspective, it is important to agree with Chloe who accentuates the role of the teacher’s careful observation before assessing students. One more important barrier identified by Chloe is the teacher’s unwillingness to address the needs of students with learning difficulties while developing interventions and adapting the curriculum ( Chloe Posting 1 , 2014). Working with disable students and other students with learning difficulties, teachers need to create instructions appropriate for the diverse student population (Kavale & Forness, 2000, p. 239). However, the problem is in the fact that teachers often lack the necessary competence, and they need to receive recommendations and consultancies of special teachers who work with disable students. Among negative effects of identifying students with learning difficulties at school, Chloe emphasises the negative role of labelling. According to Chloe, the teacher’s labels lead to the students’ loss of self-esteem ( Chloe Posting 1 , 2014). The actual results of labelling can be even more dramatic. Thus, according to Westwood, those teachers who use labels make students with learning difficulties become the part of the ‘bottom’ groups (Westwood, 2008, p. 78). The potential problems in this case are “negative social labelling effects, reduced curriculum coverage, removal of opportunities for lower-achieving students to work with and learn from high-achieving students, and a widening of the gap between high-ability and low-abilit
Steps of Addictions Assessment Even though ideally, information about the client is to be continuously collected and revised, there are twelve traditional addictions assessment processes. These twelve steps are suggested by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA, 2013) and should be used by all addictions professionals in the US as guidelines. The first step is engaging the client, which is crucial for establishing contact. The second stage is identifying and contacting friends and family members to gather additional information. After that therapists are to start screening to detect co-occurring disorders (COD), such as mental problems or traumas. The fourth step is determining the quadrant and locus of responsibility by identifying the severity of psychiatric and substance use disorders. The fifth stage is evaluating the level of required care by considering six dimensions of assessment. This endeavor is crucial for using adequate resources for the best patient outcome. The sixth step is making a diagnosis, which is essential for elaborating a treatment plan. The first four stages are designed to assist in making the correct diagnosis and determining the level of care to ensure further rehabilitation of the client. The following five steps lead to the final phase of planning treatment. The seventh step is determining disabilities and functional impairment, which “contributes to the identification of the need for case management and/or higher levels of support” (SAMHSA, 2013, p. 89). During the eighth stage, addictions professionals should identify strengths and supports of their patient since it provides a positive approach to treatment. The ninth step allows therapists to assess any particular cultural or linguistic needs to overcome cultural or language barriers if there are any. The tenth step is identifying problem domains, such as legal, vocational, or social issues. This stage helps to appreciate how COD affects a patient’s life. The eleventh step is evaluating the stage of change by reviewing all the disorders separately. This endeavor helps to understand the focus of future treatment. The final step is elaborating an optimal treatment plan to ensure a patient’s rehabilitation. Even though the twelve steps described above take much time to go through, they are crucial to improving patient outcomes. Multidisciplinary Assessment Teams Addictions are often accompanied by other issues, such as physical traumas and mental problems. Therefore, a multidisciplinary team is suggested to be used for assessing and treating addictions (SAMHSA, 2013). Goodman, Milliken, Theiler, Nordstrom, and Akerman (2015) describe a case of a pregnant woman suffering from opioid withdrawal and the consequences of an abusive relationship. Apart from addiction problems, she had a history of pregnancy loss, childhood sexual trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A multidisciplinary team, consisting of addiction sp
Description of Topic This chapter provides a brief description of the research topic, which is to find out the effects of tariffs on automobile sales in the UK. The topic emanates from the recent attempts by some nations to use protectionist policies to advance their economic goals (Mourao 2015; Khorana & Narayanan 2017; O’Rourke 2017). This move is surprising because, for a long time, countries have built their wealth on the gains made from globalisation and international economics. Globalisation has also supported the growing interdependence of nations based on increased investments in tourism, education, trade and improved competition (Asche 2018; Scholvin 2018; Virkkunen 2018; Kovalčíková 2014; Consterdine 2018). Indeed, according to Tejpar (2017) and Yao (2018), the breakdown of borders that have traditionally impeded the growth of international trade has heralded a period of economic prosperity in many nations around the world. Signing different international treaties and supporting the functions of various global trade agencies, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), has also helped many countries facilitate the growth of international trade and forced many governments to rethink the importance of tariffs (Kovalčíková 2014; Consterdine 2018). In many countries, national governments eliminated trade barriers through the abolishment of tariffs (Mourao 2015; Khorana & Narayanan 2017; O’Rourke 2017). The outcome was the growth and emergence of global commerce, which has been a product of trade liberalisation policies in many countries around the world. Globalisation has also increased collaboration among different nations through the principle of competitive advantage, which encourages countries to import goods that they cannot efficiently produce and export those that can be produced locally or competitively (Augustin-Jean & Xie 2018; Wrench 2015). Although the merits of global commerce are there for all to see, the trend has been changing because some countries have started to reintroduce trade tariffs and barriers in a counterproductive process of international trade growth (Armstrong & Portes 2016; Khorana & Narayanan 2017). This move is surprising and “illogical” because it attempts to support prohibitive trade practices that impede commerce in the first place. For example, there is a protectionist trend being pursued by the UK government, under Theresa May’s administration and the “Brexit” agenda, which strives to withdraw the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) economic bloc (Martonyi 2017; Raitio & Raulus 2017; Hardy & McCann 2017; Armstrong & Portes 2016; Khorana & Narayanan 2017). The United States (US), under the Trump a
Introduction The aptitude to reflect critically is an elementary trait exuded by man. It is notable that, each activity undertaken by man consciously entails thinking critically. Circumstances requiring people’s autonomous thinking include unraveling problems, evaluating options, making judgments, explaining progressions and results and interpreting matters. Reasoned thinking entails all facets of rational and reasoned judgments including choosing what to suppose or do. Reflective thinking also focuses on suppositions hence entails inquiring the assumptions, which are essential to people’s traditional and ordinary way of judgments and actions. This generates a divergent way of thinking and acting emanating from questioning people’s assumptions (McLean, 2005). Independent thinking emancipates persons and empowers them to refute and analyze opinions and decisions. This piece will identify a management unit, whose objectives include critical thinking. Further, it will utilize the chosen course to avail answers regarding the opinion of the tutor for including or failing to provide a designed assessment procedure necessary for evaluating critical thinking. Furthermore, it will confer specific elements indicating an occurrence of critical thinking. Moreover, it will avail discussions on how critical thinking assessment may take place based on scholars’ work. Additionally, this paper will quantify critical thinking from knowledge products. Finally, it concludes by summarizing the pertinent discussions presented on diverse facets of critical thinking. A management course on “Critical Thinking and Project Management, MIS 3210 gains usage in enhancing conclusive discussions on the identified areas (Stafford, ND). The tutor succinctly accentuates the coherence of coaching beginners on critical thinking, which is significant in running projects. The tutor appreciates and recognizes critical thinking as a core facet of the course. The tutor illustrates the course through the amalgamation of critical thinking conception and project running progressions. The course also hopes to confer issues that enhance scholar’s critical thinking, avail insights on managing diverse components of projects through critical thoughts. Further, the objectives of critical thinking entail, students, learning what characterizes critical thinkers, primary activities of critical thinking and the need for students to apply critical thinking activities to the process of project management. Designed Good Assessments for Critical Thinking It is observable that, the instructor failed to incorporate assessment standards for reflective thinking i
The article Writing geology: Key Communication competencies for geoscience was written by three authors, Simeon Yates, Noel Williams and Ann-Florence Dujardin. It was published in 2005 in such journal as Planet . This article analyzes the most common writing mistakes, made by the students of geoscience, and proposes methods of improving writing strategies of students. We can advance a thesis that this study raises very important questions about causes of poor academic writing among students but it has some limitations, especially the fact that this research was prompted by speculative observation rather than verifiable evidence. In the introduction the authors argue that modern students have to spend a substantial time on the correction of stylistic or grammar mistakes because they do not view academic writing skills as an essential part of being a scientist (Yates, Williams, Dujardin, p 36). This argument seems to be rather reasonable but the scholars do not give any statistical evidence supporting this argument. They compared writing style of undergraduate students with that one of experienced scholars (Yates, Williams, Dujardin, p 36). In particular, they focused on the students’ ability to follow scientific style of geological report writing (Yates, Williams, Dujardin, p 37). Their main assumption is that undergraduate students do not fully understand the requirements set for this specific genre of academic writing (Yates, Williams, Dujardin, p 36). Other researchers support this argument and say that students should pay more attention to the analysis of different scientific texts in order to improve their writing skills (Bruce, 3). Thus, this study raises very important questions and the findings of this study can be important to be both teachers and students. There are several limitations of the study that attract attention. One of them is inaccurate references: many in-text citations do not specify page numbers, and this is not very convenient for people, who may want to refer to these sources (Yates, Williams, Dujardin, p 36). Still, these sources used by the authors are quite reliable since they were published in peer-reviewed journals. Secondly, some sentences of this article sound too informal, for instance “The study described here developed out of my personal awareness of this issue” (p 36). Moreover, it suggests that the study could originate out of personal observation rather than some evidenced-based research. Thus, one can argue that this research aims to resolve very important p
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) play an indispensable part in today’s communications infrastructure. Although WLANs are more versatile and convenient than wired networks, they also tend to be slower and less secure. Effectively addressing the latter problem with minimal hindrance to performance is the purpose of WLAN security protocols. WEP, WPA, and WPA2 protocols are the results of successive attempts at reaching this goal. Throughout their development, different methods of security provision were tried, leading to divergent results. Comparing the effectiveness of WLAN security protocols reveals considerable improvement from earlier to more advanced versions. However, this progress has not been linear and straightforward in all regards. The earliest protocol, WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy), offers weak encryption that could be overcome within hours (Osterhage, 2018). Its weakness stems from the entire network using a single encryption key using 40-bit or, in later updates, 104-bit encryption. By contrast, the Wi-fi Protected Access (WPA) protocol uses the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) to generate temporary 128-bit keys for individual packets and authenticate message integrity. WPA2 further improves on its predecessor by incorporating the Advanced Encryption Standard in its encryption protocol, allowing it to encrypt individual blocks. While each new protocol makes it progressively harder to compromise entire networks, those improvements
The great recession has resulted into increased cost of living characterized by a general increase in prices of items. According to McLaughlin, the effects have also been felt by the learning institutions. Many colleges and universities have experienced huge losses, forcing them to make major decisions and adjustments to compensate for them. This paper gives a summary of McLaughlin’s opinion in his article “Colleges’ response to budget issues will affect students”. Among the major adjustments and decisions that colleges have employed is the amendment of their “No Loan” policies. Prior to this major amendment decision, a number of colleges in the United States offered grants and scholarships to middle income earners to facilitate their studies. The scholarships and grants program proved expensive due to the endowment losses that most of these universities encountered. As a result, they all started reviewing their scholarship and grants policies and some of them preferred to scrap of their “No Loan” policies. In addition, these colleges and universities increased their preference for the richer out-of-state students to the low income in-state-students. These universities finally resorted to doing away with more faculties’ staff, and reducing student service option with an aim to accommodate the budget shortfalls. These layoffs have resulted into fewer courses being offered in the colleges and universities, elimination of majors, and delays in student service areas. McLaughlin advises that students in search of higher education should start by finding out the financial aid policies available in the colleges and universities and if these programs are prone to such changes. The students should also find out the popularity of the major they intended to pursue in their college of choice. If it is expensive they should opt for another college or take another more affordable major. To ameliorate the impacts of these changes, students may find it cheaper to live off campus with a roommate instead of the expensive in-campus accommodation. In my opinion, the effects of the recession are widespread and no one is immune from them. The changes the universities and colleges have put in place are an evidence of this strain, and the students can only cope if t
Introduction Porter’s generic strategies were designed to explain how firms achieve competitive advantage. Numerous industries have applied the three generic approaches, and thus illustrated that Porter’s model was accurate in explaining how firms become successful in their industries. Nonetheless, a few exceptions do exist. Explanation of the model Firms may adopt one of three generic strategies: cost leadership, differentiation or focus. Cost leaders are organisations that sell their goods or services at the lowest price in their industries. Companies can become cost leaders by acquiring and continually investing in capital so as to create or sustain a large market share. High capital investments also create large economies of scale that allow firms to minimise unit costs of production. As a result, these businesses can pass on production savings to their consumers through low prices. They need to keep up with the latest developments in technology in order to control process-related expenses. Many cost leaders also have closely monitored overhead. They tend to reduce labour costs through commission-based pay. Others can negotiate low prices for raw materials with their suppliers. Organisations may choose cost leadership because it can protect them against powerful buyers and suppliers. Furthermore, it hampers potential entrants from entering the market because they cannot match their economies of scale. The differentiation strategy refers to provision of unique services or products to one’s clients. Some organisations may achieve differentiation through addition of certain qualities in their products. Others may simply work on brand perception while some may dwell on product design. Even the use of technology can become a source of differentiation. Companies may choose such a strategy because it allows them to enjoy high profit margins. Customers tend to be loyal to differentiated firms, so they hardly pay attention to price adjustments among competitors. Differentiation also reduces buyers’ choices hence their power over the concerned firm. In order to achieve this feat, companies need to invest heavily in research and development. They should also market their services or products effectively. In other words, they need to communicate to consumers the exceptional qualities of their products. Differentiated firms ought to have a fixed pay structure that enhances employee loyalty. Innovation and creativity are central features of this strategy. However, businesses in this category do not enjoy a large market share because the strategy focuses on exclusivity. The last approach is called the focus strategy. He