ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The first meeting of two people makes up the most importance in their relationship. On the first encounter between two or more people, each undoubtedly asks unconsciously whether the other person will be fit for them in terms of the objective of their meeting. First impressions are an evolutionary trait of humans to adapt adequately and participate in society interactions. Additionally, first impressions depend on the observer and the person observed. Most empirical research on first impression shows that persons are most attracted to other persons who show a tendency to accept them, as they would like to. This paper describes how first impressions are made and why they are important to the functioning of any society. We make first impressions as a preliminary mode of adaptation to the other person and therefore the impressions made are in no way definitive. As we get to interact more with the other person, our preliminary impressions undergo a modification. However, this does not imply that we completely overhaul our initial impression of the other person; instead, our initial impressions make the basis of our further scrutiny and refinement of subsequent impressions. An experiment by the American psychologist, Solomon Asch demonstrates the above point in practice. In the experiment, the psychologist drafted six qualities of an individual and then gave the qualities to two groups of students and asked them to describe the individual in their own words. Each group received a different order of the same six qualities of the individual. The first group received the six qualities in the order of the most positive to the least positive while the second group received an opposite arrangement, from the least positive quality to the most positive quality. The experiment’s result showed that the first group interpreted the negative qualities of the individual in the view of the individual’s positive qualities thus indicating that the group had formed a positive preliminary perception of the individual. Contrariwise the second group viewed the individual positive qualities as minor qualities of the individual’s overall negative personality. This result indicates that the second group relied on the sequence of delivery of qualities to form their initial perception. From the results of the experiment, it is clear that an individual form the preliminary perception of another person based on what attribute of the other person shows up first. The degree of accuracy of first impressions depends significantly on the observer and the observed person. First impressions determine how we handle the next step of getting to know the other person as the example of psychologist Solomon Asch has demonstrated. The experiment only highlights first impressions in a controlled environment, however, the reality governing first impressions is much complex. Humans use first impressions as an evolutionary instinct of survival. According to psychology, it only takes three seconds f
Indigenous education in Australia has been the focus in achieving equity in the education system. Government agencies, as well as international organizations in Australia have formulated numerous policies and repeated inquiries intended to focus on the provision of equitable education among all Australian citizens. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia, commonly known as the Indigenous people, have been experiencing social problems ranging from housing, health, employment, and education sector. According to Ford (2013, p. 80), there has been huge discrepancies in the educational services offered to the indigenous and non-indigenous people across the continent. Even though such inequalities still exist, the author acknowledges the historical decrease in the achievement gap between the two groups of people. Teachers being critical role players in bringing change by influencing behavior in society, the Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) have to inculcate them in designing a curriculum that aims at instilling reconciliation between non-indigenous and indigenous people (Bartlett, 2002). In understanding the key concepts of theories like the Critical Race Theory, teachers would be able to understand the genesis of such discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and mindsets, thus instituting necessary measure to demystify them. The report looks into the need for teachers to develop a critical reflection and comp
Abstract Conflict resolution has never been an easy process for an organization that comprises people from diverse backgrounds and equally diverse lines of thought. This is because many different and contradicting ideas are raised concerning the same issue. Careful consideration of every notion is necessary if a binding and amicable resolution is to be arrived at. This paper will look at such an instance. The situation used is that of a manufacturing company, Orbit Limited, which is planning to mechanize some of its operations. This step will lead to the loss of jobs by hundreds of workers. As a result, a major conflict arises. Some are in support of the step while others are strongly opposed to it. The Conflict at Orbit Limited In the case of Orbit Limited, it is hard to determine whether those opposing the move to mechanize the company’s operations are doing that out of goodwill or they have vested interests. In most conflicts, there will always be those who are right and those who are wrong. The challenge is that at the time of the conflict, everyone is normally convinced that his or her stance is the best. In this case, the Managing Director has a hard time trying to clarify the benefits of the move. However, it would also be prudent if the manager allows those who are opposing the move to present their views. Effect Of Use Of Power In Conflict Resolution The situation in Orbit Limited is a fragile one and should the Managing Director try to ignore other controversial ideas, an even more, serious conflict is imminent. The deadliest mistake that the Managing Director would do is to use his or her powers to decide on the most appropriate course of action. This will only portray his incompetence as a leader and may strike up a revolution against him. The best decision in this circumstance is to provide room for constructive controversy. Although the two parties disagree, there is a possibility that they can discuss this issue and arrive at a solution that will partly fulfill the interests of all of them. Use Of Constructive Controversy The probab
Charles Dickens was a prominent 19th-century writer who gained popularity not only for his brilliant language and plot twists but also for his contribution to addressing numerous social issues of Victorian England. Rapid industrialization and urbanization, which occurred due to the population explosion, led to the creation of a dirty and noisy city, which was a hard place to live in for the poor. Dickens colorfully describes the injustice, imbalances, and decay that could be seen almost anywhere. Moreover, he often raises such issues as child labor and managed to draw public attention to it. The writer had a comprehensive knowledge of the poor’s lifestyle, as he spent his childhood years communicating with all kinds of people. He had to leave school early to begin working long hours in a warehouse. The experience he had there and the atmosphere he was exposed to inspired him to improve working conditions and to promote social and economic reforms which were needed at that time. This topic became a vital part of many of his works, and the descriptions they provided led to the implementation of several measures by authorities and philanthropists to enhance the living standards of the poor. Child labor plays an important role in some of Dickens’s books, and the bright characters he created, such as Oliver Twist, Pip, Tiny Tim, Smike, are still loved by readers of any age. Children in his books are often left alone and do not have any chance to stand up for their rights. Pip and Oliver, for instance, are both portrayed as creative and sensitive orphans who are treated unfairly and suffer. Dickens should be praised for shortening the distance between various social groups and promoting compassion by showing the emotions caused not only by awful treatment but also by injustice towards poor children, especially orphans. Moreover, Charles Dickens pointed out that miserable childhood often leads to multiple problems in adult life. All the above-mentioned had a strong effect on people in charge and a general audience, which helped Britain lead the fight against such issues.
In the beginning of the twentieth century jazz was a new and developing, and yet very important and popular style of music. Full of improvisations and energy, great mood and various interesting techniques, this style was incredibly attractive for the musicians of all kinds. Many talented people played their jazz music creating a massive influence on the genre and its history. Among the most well known and influential jazz musicians of their era were Louis Armstrong and Bix Beiderbecke. Armstrong played an important role in the process of development of jazz music. His popularity is worldwide. Armstrong appeared in many films, wrote autobiographies and was loved and admired for his very special voice and singing style (Daniels, par. 1). The start of this musician’s popularity happened during the beginning of the World War I in New Orleans. Armstrong learned and improved his musical skills and the abilities to read music while he worked as a member of a riverboat band. Armstrong moved from band to band and from city to city trying to fit into different groups, where he had to stay in the shadow of more famous musicians. His first records appeared in 1920s and 1930s, then his tours started and his fame grew. Bix Beiderbecke lived a short life due to his heavy drinking. He earned recognition because of his special talent for improvisation and his pure and cheerful tone. Bix was a raw talent, but he never learnt to read the music properly (Leon “Bix” Beiderbecke, par. 1). His first records were made together with Wolverine Orchestra. He quit that Orchestra and soon joined Original Dixieland Jass Band, but he did not stay with them long, he was fired for his lack of musical education. Bix’s famous solo piece called “In a Mist” was recorded together with Frankie Trumbauer’s Orchestra. Bix spent his best years with Whiteman’s Orchestra, earned a lot of money and admiration, but the fame encouraged his drinking and soon he got delirium tremens, which slowed down his career. Bix Beiderbecke’s style and career were influenced by a well known band of that time called Original Dixieland Jass Band. The band included five people. They announced themselves as “the creators of jazz” (Original Dixieland Jass Band, par. 1). This statement reflects such important feature of the social conditions of that time as racism. The band consisted only of white men and they played within the musical style started by the African-Americans, yet they claimed to be its inventors. Today jazz is well known as the genre mainly played by the musicians of African-American origin, and Bix Beiderbecke is still famous for being an outstanding white guy, who played fantastic jazz music. Armstrong enjoyed playing together with many well known jazz musicians; one of them was Joe Oliver (Armstrong, Louis, par. 5). The young musician got under the influences of multiple people
The behaviour of the organizational community greatly depends on its internal environment, the cooperation between the personnel and other things. However, it would be a mistake to believe that the external context has no influence on it (Allen 2001). The Luxborough Primary School, like all other state schools in Britain, is doing its best to deliver the policy and remain on the top of the Local Education Authorities’ priorities. The Head, Trevor implemented his own approach, which he calls “house style” and was new to the school, to make the educational facility prosper and attract the attention of the authorities and parents. Due to it, the staff is tight-knit, and the pupils are taught to cooperate (Davies & Ellison 2005). Political involvement makes the school funded by the Department for Education but not self-funded and allows it to carry forward funds for now. It makes sure that the teachers are employed only by LEAs and that Governing Bodies are involved in the operations. Needless to say that the funding decisions are made not only by the school community (the staff and governors). LEAs also attended the meeting that was devoted to the building of the new class. However, the decision of its representatives that the creation of one more class is not efficient was not considered valuable enough, which might be a mistake. One more issue may occur, as the parents were not informed of the opportunity to use these funds for other purposes. They might prefer the building of a swimming pool or car park. Moreover, the prices for the building made the Head choose H&Q. If the diversity was not that critical, another company might provide better services for the school and do everything in time. The provision of the school occurred to be affected by the neighbourhood educational facilities. A huge problem for the Luxborough Primary School is the population of the village. There are not enough children for it to maintain all operations efficiently. The classes could not be divided decently, and different year-groups were taught together. With the growing interest towards the school, the number of pupils increased and the necessity of building a new class occurred as well as the need to hire a new teacher (Preedy, Glatter & Wise 2003). The parents also affect the behaviour of the teachers and support staff (as they interact) making them patient and trying to streamline the process of building (Smith, Farmer & Yellowley 2013). Except for that, the fact that the parents prefer to send their children to this school but not to others increased the competition between educational establishments. As Trevor communicated mostly with Piort, he faced lots of troubles. The direct interaction with Jock might have streamlined the building and be advantageous for the school. Using the description of the case, it occurs to be not possible to make a decent technological analysis of the school ( What is PESTLE analysis? 2015). There is no extended information regarding the usage of computers or any other technologies and IT systems. Still, as the new class is to be built, it seems to be clear that some new
Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common, chronic, systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by symmetrical synovitis, inflammatory exudates in the joint cavity and erosion of articular cartilage and marginal bone. RA predominantly manifests in the synovial membrane of diarthrodial joints. It is exemplified by the infiltration of immune cells into the synovial membrane, ultimately resulting in the proliferation of cellular cytotoxic lymphocytes and synoviocytes, by the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and by B cell activation with autoantibody production, all of which contribute to cartilage and bone destruction (El-Gabalawy, 1999; Firestein, 2003; Choy & Panayi, 2001). Long-term prognosis is poor with 80 percent disability after 20 years of active disease and an average 3-18 year reduction in life expectancy (Scott et. al., 2000; Pincus & Sokka, 2003). Combined therapies with traditional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS) and a growing list of novel biological agents have enhanced outcomes and reduced the destructive course of the disease. Despite these advances, substantial disease activity persists in many patients, with accompanying progressive joint damage, functional loss, and occasionally toxicities (Fleischmann, 2002; Kalden, 2001). Main Text Arthritis, as the leading cause of physical disability in the United States comes with significant economic implications. While most patients need continual treatment to control flares, many others require joint replacements. With 2.1 million existing patients and 150,000 newly diagnosed RA patients every year, the disease has severe long term economic consequences, with direct and indirect costs of related care totaling up to $19 billion annually in the United States alone (Medical Economics, 1999). This is further exaggerated by the advent of the biological era with the addition of expensive biological agents adds an estimated burden in excess of $ 10,000 per year. These high direct and indirect costs, together with substantial morbidity and mortality, emphasize the imperative need for more exhaustive investigations into the etiopathophsyiology of this chronic disease. The prevalence of RA increases with age, is about 2.5 times higher in females than in males, and affects 1.5 % of the North American population (and 6% prevalence rates among the Native American population) (Klippel, Weyand & Wortmann, 2001, p. 209). The peak incidence is between the fourth and the sixth decade with an average age of diagnosis at the ag
Introduction The book Left to Tell is an incredible publication that tells how a young woman managed to escape from the 1994 Rwandan massacre. Ideally, the book is captivating as it unfolds horrific incidences that cost the lives of thousands of people in Rwanda. The book is so moving and touching that it keeps a reader glued to every detail of the story. Influentially, the author, Ilibagiza takes her readers through inspirational moments that reflect on what she went through during the Rwandan genocide. One unique character of Ilibagiza is that she positively overcame the traumatizing experience without anger and resentment. Despite losing her close family members, Ilibagiza becomes an inspiration to her readers as she gives an insight on developing a true relationship with God. Basically, the events in the book are heart-stopping and this acts to enhance the reader’s desire. The objective of this paper is to address a brief cultural historical context as it provides a history of the country that the stories take place. The paper addresses the colonial, racial and religious histories. The paper also addresses a description of the macro and micro cultural groups, muted group, and how power is distributed. It goes further to discuss the categorization process that took place within each of the main characters. The paper addresses how the main character acculturated to the situation they were in. Finally, the paper discusses what was learned as a result of the selected story. History of Rwanda Originally, Rwanda was inhabited by the Twa people although their population has greatly reduced over the past years. Later, Rwanda was inhabited by the Hutus and Tutsis who are believed to speak the same language despite their separate ethnicity. Notably, the Hutu and Tutsi have many similarities as they also share cultural distinctiveness. Historically, cultural distinction between the two groups was based on their occupation but not their ethnicity. As such, people from the two tribes were involved in different cultural activities. The Hutus were agriculturalists who grew crops while the Tutsi were cattle keepers. Structurally, the Tutsi were known to be tall and thin while the Hutus were believed to be short (Scherrer, 2002, p.120).This distinction was however not convincing because it was difficult to know who was who. As a result of this, there was an introduction of identity cards by the Belgians who invaded Rwanda. This was during the colonial period when World War 1 was still at its peak. The identity cards served as a distinction between the two groups because it clearly indicated a person’s tribal ethnicity. Towards the end of the colonial period, tension erupted between the Hutus and Tutsi leading to an exit by the latter. The tension led to a civil war that forced Tutsi rebels to go into exile in Uganda. Later on, the Tutsi rebels went back to Rwanda with a mission to overthrow the government which was led by a Hutu. Due to this reason, there was the need to form a coalition government in
A good example of a takeover that did not go as planned is the Daimler Benz and Chrysler merger. Daimler Benz sought to get in control of Chrysler by buying the company off the stock exchange. The company thus staged one of the most memorable successful takeovers after acquiring a 76% stake in Chrysler worth over $867 million. When companies eye other companies in an effort to merge or to acquire them for other reasons, not all parties may agree to the idea (Goodman 104). As such, some management may seek to follow the path of hostile takeover. This mainly done through the buying of the majority shares in a publicly traded company then forcing out the remaining shareholders to have total control of the company (Pride et.al., 45) as in the case of Daimler Benz and Chrysler. For this reason, Chrysler staged a takeover defense detail consisting of publicly giving all the wrong decisions that Daimler Benz had undertaken to woo the public into retaining their shares to avoid Daimler Benz from purchasing them (Maeijer 24). One of the most famous proxy take over was witnessed between Hewlett-Packard’s take-over of Compaq. These are two of the world’s largest companies dealing in the manufacture of computers with the highest percentage of market shares (Koslowski 23). The management at HP set its sights at acquiring the controlling stake in Compaq despite of opposition from the management at Compaq. The deal was worth $259 million. The founders of Compaq were against the merger and presented a takeover defense detail of lowering the value of the company shares to deter any interested company. The move sent the share prices of the company tumbling down but Hewlett-Packard never quavered in their quest to gain the company. HP eventually managed to win the support of slightly over 51% of the shareholders votes. The case went to court but the court dismissed it in favor of HP since they managed the needed quorum though in a rather unethical manner (Hashemian 17). Oracle is also a leading computer based solutions company with a huge market share. When the company set its eyes on acquiring PeopleSoft in 2004, the deal slowly turned into a public fistfight with contrasting opinions from the managements of the two companies. PeopleSoft had started off as a small private company yet it had grown to become a business leader in the development and support of Information technology solutions. It was seen as a threat by Oracle thus the push to buy it off the market. It appears that Oracle was leaving nothing to chance in a frantic effort to gain PeopleSoft. PeopleSoft management tried to offer the best takeover defense detail they could by releasing their new products well earlier than planned. This sent the market into frenzy with the products selling out within days and consequently sending the cost of the company shares to the roof. This was the defense detail to make