ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
William E. B. Du Bois’ sociological study The Philadelphia Negro provides an interesting and insightful examination of disparities that affect the United States today, over a century after its publication. The book provides historical context, explaining some of the factors that contributed to shaping and maintaining said disparities, some of which seemingly remain unchanged. One such disparity evident today is the negative marriage statistics of black Americans when compared to other ethnicities. Du Bois condemned the high occurrence of cohabitation and children born out of wedlock as arising from “the lax moral habits of the slave régime” (67). Although the marriage rate is declining, poor family structure has nonetheless been attributed to many problems black Americans struggle with today. It is interesting to note that even while discussing a problem that is, at its core, racial, class is an additional topic of discussion. Neighboring the lowest poverty and crime, sometimes literally in the Seventh Ward, were a middle and an upper class (Du Bois, 60-62). Even in the relatively oppressive eighteenth century, there were individuals like Absalom Jones and Richard Allen who were, by all accounts, notable regardless (or, perhaps, in spite) of their race. Furthermore, even as segregation, in its various forms, continued to be upheld, Du Bois explains that a trade guild made up of black people, the guild of caterers, rose to prominence. The author himself, having gained a higher education and recognition, is an example of an exceptional individual achieving great heights despite their circumstances. The class divide described above can be attributed to education. Du Bois explains that it is not only the availability of schooling but the attitudes of the Seventh Ward’s black residents towards it that contribute to the issue. He points out the low school attendance, which is still remarked as a problem in the modern education system. In the first half of the nineteenth century, black Americans were deliberately excluded from learning specialized professional skills, which ultimately allowed foreign immigrants to out-compete them. Although this practice has since been outlawed, this disadvantage and negative attitude are visible in today’s education statistics. Another interesting observation is related to the matter of poverty and upward social mobility. It is not too uncommon to see poor people “dressed far beyond their means; much money is wasted in … visible parts of the homes” (Du Bois 178). There are cultural pressures — not limited to any race — to uphold an appearance of wealth, sometimes with extravagant and excessive displays. Ultimately, however, such spending habits have contributed to the difficulty of achieving a higher social class from poverty. The wealthy, meanwhile, seem to “fear to fall if now they stoop to lend a hand to their [less fortunat
What is the economic ideology being expressed by Jim Flaherty, the Federal Minister of Finance? Jim Flaherty, the Federal Minister of Finance is trying to advance various economic ideologies that will help Canada to move forward as far as the economic growth rate is concerned. He is in a way trying to advance Adam Smith’s ideology on the importance of self-interests in an economy. This means that there should be an invisible hand. The minister is of the idea that an increase in business investments will allow his government to end its stimulus program (Badertscher, 2010, p. 13). In this case, he believes that any increase in business activities will stimulate the economy to perform well. He seems to be warming up to the ideology of the trickle-down effect. This is because a country can not move forward without investments. Investments will restore business confidence in the country and create demand (Wesson, 2007, p. 13). Mr. Flaherty wants to increase exports because this has been the country’s weakness. This is a good economic ideology because countries should be more export-oriented than import oriented (Wesson, 2007, p. 17). Since the US accounts for 63% of the country’s exports, it will be good to enhance exports for long term sustainability (Howlett and Curry, 2010, p. 15). In this case, the finance minister wants to increase the country’s exports. For the county to move forward, he feels that it should be able to reduce deficits and debts. This will therefore insulate Canada from further economic shocks (Badertscher, 2010, p. 18). Besides, the finance minister wants other provinces to reduce their budget deficits because this might hurt the economy. How does Canada’s Federal system affect economic policy in the recovery? Canada’s federal system affects economic recovery in a broadway. In this case, economic recovery will depend on various policies that the system will come up with (Jurkowski and Eaton, 2003, p. 17). For instance, the federal system has maintained a low policy rate and this is very good for the economy. Interest rates are supposed to be kept low to encourage lending that will increase investments (Wesson, 2007, p. 23). For sustainable economic recovery, the federal system should come up with good policies to support various economic sectors (Wesson, 2007, p. 25). This, therefore, explains why the country’s economic recovery dep
Informatics is now part of nursing professional activities, with its progressive consideration gaining acceptance in the 21 st century. Health industry is now operating on advanced service delivery because of bridging the gap which embodied nursing to operate as an art. With the discovery of technology and the availability of applications that supports healthcare, there has been a positive shift in information literacy. This understanding has greatly affected nursing informatics aspects hence powering service provision in this sector. Today, service delivery is more accurate and effective because of nursing informatics as it applies in 21 st century. In this century, healthcare providers and organizations are empowered to collect, leverage, and analyze data in a more influencing manner (University of Illinois Chicago, 2020). Through information literacy, the management of resources, care delivery, and team cooperation in a healthcare facility is appealing. Proper analysis of data, which occurs due to information literacy guarantees accuracy and appealing communication which leverages the execution of healthcare services. Thus, information literacy supports nursing informatics as it ensures there is cohesiveness due to knowledge about the system. The change in the nursing profession demands for a shift towards upkeeping with the challenges occurring in the healthcare field. Nurses are always at the frontline when it comes to caring for the patient, and therefore, they feel the direct impact of changes occurring in best practices (University of Illinois Chicago, 2020). Information knowledge makes them manage to exploit nursing informatic mechanisms to support their roles. In the 21 st century, nursing informatics has controlled the rate at which nursing burnouts occur. In conclusion, nursing informatics has been one of the best ways of supporting nurses to deliver. With the he
Plentyoffish.com is one of the most efficient and profitable networking sites, with $10 million in annual revenues (Cheung et al.). However, apart from its superior financial performance, its business strategy is questionable since it heavily relies on advertising and makes it the only source of revenue (Cheung et al.). Consequently, this paper’s primary goal is to present an analysis of the current competition, assess its strategy, and suggest the most appropriate tactics for improvement. Nature of Competition As it was mentioned earlier, Plentyoffish.com generated its revenues from the advertisers while the usage of the website was entirely free of charge (Cheung et al.). The company was able to attract different agencies and enterprises to use this platform as a promotion instrument due to high activity on the website (Cheung et al.). However, it was not the only website focusing on providing similar dating services. In this case, the major trigger for the constantly intensifying competition was the technological development and Web 2.0 (Cheung et al.). These factors, along with other Internet-based features, contributed to the escalating usage of the World Wide Web and increased the popularity of online social networks. According to the case study, Frind, the CEO of Plentyoffish.com, views dating (Match.com) and listing sites (Craigslist) and other online communities (MySpace and Facebook) as the major competitors (Cheung et al.). Due to low entry barriers, a threat of new entrants is also high, and this factor implies that the competition will become even more saturated shortly. Meanwhile, the market will continue to be represented by niche service providers and widely known networks and attract customers by the user-friendly interface, constant support, and high-quality offerings. The article published in the New York Times might be considered another trigger for the increasing competition, as this publication reveals the success of Plentyoffish.com and describes its revenue-generating tool (Cheung et al.). In this instance, the competitors will attempt to copy this strategy or implement its best features. The rapid development of technology will assist them in attracting more users to their services while decreasing the flow of customers and their activity at Plentyoffish.com. Overall, it could be said that the company has to be prepared for changes in the nature and structure of the competition and its intensity, as the rival firms will react very fast (within several months) to this announcement. Evaluation of the Strategy Based on the aspects indicated above, it could be said that Frind should consider revising his strategy, as having advertising as the main source of revenue is rather risky. Currently, the business model is neither sustainable nor solid because it does not have a long-term orientation or a plan that ensures business continuity. Thus, the overall idea and framework seem to be competitive. In this instance, the main strategic goals should cover continuous growth, expansion, and an introduction of various levels of services. Consequently, they c
Abstract The lab report helps to understand the science and techniques that are used to identify different types of bacteria based on their DNA sequences. DNA sequencing which was a time-consuming and complicated effort earlier is now much simpler with the wide array and range of equipment available. The paper provides a lab report on the method used for DNA sequencing of 16S rDNA which causes infectious diseases. Introduction Facilities available at the online lab allow the DNA sequence of the gene to be sequentially mapped (HHMO, 2007). The piece of DNA used for identifying bacteria is the region that codes for a small subunit of the ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA). Different bacterial species have unique 16S rDNA sequences. The identification is done by matching the sequence from the sample against a database of all known 16S rDNA sequences available at NCBI (NCBI, 2007). Method There are two distinct phases in the method. The first is the preparation of the DNA sequence and matching it with the database of known DNA sequences. DNA Sequence To find the DNA sequence and perform the sequence analysis, there are six distinct steps to be followed and are Sample preparation, PCR Amplification, PCR Purification; Sequence Preparation; DNA Sequencing, and Sequence Analysis. Sample Preparation: In this step, a single colony of the bacterium is a culture dish and put into a microcentrifuge tube. The process of extracting bacterial DNA consists of dissolving the cell wall with a digestive buffer. The buffer contains proteolytic enzymes that “eat” the cell wall and this step may take a few hours. The proteolytic enzymes have to be denatured by heating the sample in a water bath at 100 degrees centigrade. the cellular debris is spun down in the centrifuge and appears as a solid deposit (pellet) at the bottom of the tube. The DNA is contained in the supernatant (the liquid), which is then transferred to the PCR tube. Given below is a screenshot of the process Figure 1. Microcentrifuge Tube. PCR Amplification: To prepare the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the PCR Master Mix solution is added to the sample DNA. The PCR Master Mix solution contains water; a buffer to keep the mixture at the correct pH for the PCR reaction; large quantities of the four nucleotides adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; large quantities of oligonucleotide DNA primers that bind the 16S rDNA region to initiate the replication process; and a heat-stable DNA polymerase that extends the copy DNA strand. Once the reaction tubes are loaded onto the thermocycler, the automatic process of DNA replication starts Figure 2. PCR Machine. PCR Purification: The tube will now have many copies of 16s rDNA, each about 1,500 base pairs (bp) long. It is recommended to run a gel to confirm that the PCR reaction worked. The gel should contain three lanes: one for the negative control (i.e., water), which should not have a product unless the water was contaminated; another for the positive control (PCR product of a known DNA sequence)
On August 2, 1985, the Lockheed L-1011 airplane with 152 passengers on board crashed at Fort Worth International Airport, resulting in 137 people being killed during the impact. 26 passengers have managed to survive, with two of them dying later due to injuries. It was the third large accident in the US in 10 years that have taken lives of more than a hundred people. The cause of this accident was a weather phenomenon that was not fully understood during that time – a microburst. The day the accident occurred was pretty standard for the last month of summer – very hot and moisty, conditions that are very well suited for a thunderstorm. When the plane was reaching Dallas, a shower started to develop near the airport. Later on, the shower was getting stronger, and the captain of the plane noticed lightning in the cloud before him. However, the captain decided to proceed as the weather report still fit the restrictions for landing. A few moments later, the plane got caught in a thunderstorm. It was first accelerated because of being struck by strong winds; then, the plane began to lose speed and altitude. At that moment, the only thing the pilots could do to prevent a crash was to maximize the power in throttles. Unfortunately, it was too late; the plane crushed into a car on State Highway 144, killing the driver in the process. After that, the plane slammed into two water tanks and almost completely got engulfed by fire. Delta Flight 191 was not the first case of a plane crush caused by wind shears. However, the problem was overlooked by airline officials, as no specific training in microburst avoidance was provided to pilots. Having learned from this terrible mistake, the officials have provided all susceptible airports with various radars and alert systems, as well reconsidered the training process of pilots in order to avoid further accidents caused by microbursts. Factors Contributing to the Accident The main cause of the Delta Air Lines Flight 191 airplane crash was a microburst, a downburst that was not quite understood at that time, but, still, was regarded as one of the main reasons for airplane accidents because of the wind shears that come along with it. On August 2, 1985, the weather was extremely hot and moisty, providing perfect conditions for a possible thunderstorm. When the plane was reaching Dallas, a shower began to intensify near the airport. A few moments later, the plane encountered a heavy thunderstorm, receiving a couple a hits from strong winds from behind. Subsequently, the plane lost speed and altitude, resulting in a crash. Based on various reports, it appears that the crew of the plane was also partially responsible for the accident. It was not a good decision by them to approach the cloud despite noticing the lightning around it. Also, the members of the crew lacked knowledge and training to deal with microbursts. The strange part was that there was no training program related to dealing with microbursts before the Delta Air Lines Flight 191 accident, despite the fact that this was not the first crash caused by wind shears. Furthermore, another possible reason that contributed to the airplane cr
The western civilization can be traced from the Celtic reign. The Celts though believed not to have been the inhabitants of Europe nevertheless reigned in Europe before the Romans took. The reign of the Romans introduced road systems and cities after their departure the Anglo-Saxons took over. The Celtic Reign   * Archeological digs in Eastern Europe and Asia Minor indicate the possibility that the Celts were not native to Europe.   * Originally Celts were a dark haired people with swarthy complexions.   * Thought to have migrated through Europe to what is now England. The Celts have been reported to have been diverse. Their empire has been reported to have spanned the European continent. Archaeological evidence from Germany and Scotland has proved that there was Celtic settlement as early as the late Bronze Age. Archaeological evidence collected from Asia Minor and Eastern part of Europe do not show that the Celts were Indigenous to Europe. It is reported that they were dark haired with swarthy complexions. The Celts are believed to have migrated to Europe through the Asia Minor. Soon after settling in the Danube River basin they are said to have began conquering their neighbours a practice which continued to cover wide geographical region. The Celts covered most of the Western Europe region. The Celtic dominance was short lived as new conquerors narrowed down the influence of the Celtic people. The Celtic Civilization   * Celtic tribes divided into family clans.   * Celtic society divided into 3 classes: a warrior aristocracy, an intellectual/religious class, and the common people.   * The Celts were civilized probably even before the Romans and Greek.   * Cattle was an important food source.   * First Europeans to make iron.   * Art consisted of curves and spirals often called Celtic knots.   * Had a pagan religion worshipping many gods; threw jewelry and weapons into streams and lakes as offering to the gods.   * Stonehenge- located in southern England; possibly built by the Druids which were the high priests of the Celts; ancient megalith that was constructed beginning about 3000BC and stopped around 2000BC; blue stones for building brought in from Wales; may have been a lunar calendar, a temple, or a burial ground.   * France and Ireland had monuments similar to Stonehenge.   * Celtic women had rights and generally treated with respect. Little is known about the culture of the Celtic people. It has been said that they were nomadic. Though the Romans identified them with the barbaric tribes, it has been revealed that they were high organized. The Celtic society consisted of three classes: a warrior aristocracy, an intellectual/royal class, and the common people. The common people were considered free men. Though the Romans and Greeks are said to have viewed the Celts as the savage race, archaeological evidence has pro
The article is one of the latest reports on the improving international business at both the Wall Street and the European Union, owing to a number of fiscal policies expected within the next few months. The article reports that the Wall Street is gaining from increased equities and bonds trade that is being driven by an improving business environment and economies of the European Union. According to the report, the Wall Street markets are achieving massive improvement because there are expectations that the number of merger events in the EU region will increase while the European Central Bank is expected to cut the rates on stoked bids for equities. The article provides examples of the increasing rate and value of trading at the Wall Street. For instance, the Dow Jones and the Nasdaq indices rose by about 0.49% and 0.40% receptively (Reuters, 2014). The ECB’s wants to counter low inflation as well as weak lending in the region. Due to these expectations, orders for some manufactured goods have been rising; capital spending is dropping while home prices have been on the rise since March 2014. In addition, it reports that consumer confidence has achieved the highest peak since 2008 (Reuters, 2014). However, the article also notes that some problems might arise and interfere with the trend because the rise is due to mere expectations while the recent political conflicts between the US and China have made the Chinese authorities undermine trade between corporations in the two nations. Fiscal and monetary policies are the main economic issues that emerge within the context of the article above. For instance, it is evident that the main issue driving the observations reported in the article is the role of ECB in developing and enforcing money and fiscal policies in the EU region, which directly affects the trade at the Wall Street, USA. Theoretically, the purpose of a fiscal policy is to aid growth and check on the level of market growth and development of the economy (Langdana, 2013). The authorities involved have the role of fixing fiscal policies to help the economy run towards its full capacity (Langdana, 2013). It seeks to promote growth in real GDP, increase employment rates and assume the monetary supply. In doing this, the authorities attempt to have a relatively constant monetary policy to influence growth. In this article, it is clear that the ECB is t