ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The emergence and development of the London Stock Exchange The London Stock Exchange has been touted as one of the most organised market in the entire globe. As a result, it has continued to attract a lot of research and attention (Michie 1985, p. 1). Even as contemporaries have written a lot about the history and the development of the London Stock Exchange, on the other hand, its defects and merits has elicited a lot of debates and controversies. The history of the London Stock Exchange dates as far back as 1762. It started when some 150 successful stockbrokers decided to from a club. The stockbrokers decided to rent the Jonathan’s Coffee House to facilitate trade. In order to raise the £1200 annual rent, each of the 150 members was required to pay £8. They became the exclusive members of the club by virtue of their subscription. However, a non-member broker decided to challenge this exclusiveness in court on ground of having been refused entry. The court ruled in favor of the non-member broker on grounds that Jonathan’s had come to be associated with dealers in shares and stocks for a very long time. As a result, the annual subscription fee for membership to the club was maintained at 5 guineas per annum, up to 1801, when the club built a separate building. Thereafter, the annual fee was maintained at 10 guineas until 1876. The members decided to sell 400 shares at a cost of £50 each so that they could raise the money needed to buy the land and also to construct the building (Davis, Neal & White 2003, p. 119). In order to ensure control of the building, each stockbroker was not allowed to possess more than four shares. In addition, a General Purposes Committee consisting of 30 members was also created. Committee members would be elected very year and anybody could gain membership by settling the annual subscription fee, and upon approval by the General; Purposes Committee. Members of the London Stock exchange were highly restricted from providing additional financial services. Also, member firms were also limited in size by the same rules. The income of London brokers was limited to commissions and in order to increase their revenue, they deemed it necessary to increasing the number and varieties of securities. In contrast, the London jobbers wished to have the number of customers that they were allowed to handle increased and at the same time, maintain the variety and number of securities to a minimum. There are also a number of other major issues that emerged at the London Stock Exchange, such as the issue of fee schedules, and the manner in which the stock market was linked to other securities markets and financial institutions (Neal & Davis 2005, p. 301). Moreover, they had to be scaled to the abilities of an individual broker and to the needs of an individual client. Listing of foreign exchange The first listing of foreign securities on the London Stock Exchange took place in after 1688, when London imported Dutch financial practices wholesale following the ascension into power of William III. The first three companies to sell their shares to the public and foreigners at the London Stock Exch
The issues of race and gender inequality have been topical for centuries, and they caused a large number of conflicts throughout history. These issues were the focus of attention in numerous studies, attempting to determine whether there are scientific grounds for such disputes. The purpose of this paper is to analyze race and gender as social constructs that are not justified by any scientific evidence. Nowadays, genetics has become a discipline of vital importance for science. Ever since the beginning of DNA research, humanity has hoped to find the answers to fundamental questions. Race and gender identity have been the issues that were at the center of the debate around whether there is a genetic component to it. The views on that matter have shifted significantly across history, as science evolved, and more profound research was conducted. As recently as two centuries ago, the scientific society was divided into two large groups. According to Tallbear (2013), polygenists believed that each race had a separate origin, while monogenists saw all races as one human species. The first point of view had more support, but the science of that period was entangled with popular stereotypes, which is reflected in the work of Louis Agassiz and Samuel Morton, prominent polygenists. The former described Native Americans as exclusively proud and courageous people, while the latter described people of African origin as submissive (Tallbear, 2013). However, the science at that time was not sufficiently advanced to conduct research that would be profound enough to present evidence for such statements. According to Tallbear (2013), it was a widespread belief at the time that the brains of different species were different, those of Europeans being larger, “without adjusting for age, sex, body size, or nutritional status” (p. 35). The existence of genes was unknown at that time, so blood served as the main symbol of cultural and racial differences. Tallbear (2013) writes that, when the blood types were discovered in 1900, they were first seen as indicative of race, but this theory was quickly debunked, once it was confirmed that all races possessed all three blood types. The research shows that there are no inherent genetic features of a particular race. Similar to race, gender identity issues have also been researched within the framework of nature-society opposition. It is often claimed that men and women are inherently different. According to evolutionary psychologists, they are driven by different factors when considering a potential marriage. For example, women “place more value than men on good financial prospects” of a future partner (McKinnon & Silverman, 2005, p. 118). McKinnon and Silverman (2005) argue that this tendency comes not from inherent natural factors but from a gende
Green Corp. is a child care service provider which is attempting to operate on the basis of green building. The specific regulations that would be governing the operations of childcare located in the Washoe Country School District would include compliance with the rules and procedures set forward by the board of country commissioners and the Bureau of Statistics for child care. These provide regulations for the design of the facility, the infrastructure required, the size required and the specific services to be provided by the child care facility. Other regulations pertaining to the Plan Submittal Application, the Utility Permit Fax Request, the Structural Observation Agreement, and compliance with the Structural Design and Inspection division. The law and litigation for child care facilities are handled by the Washoe County Department of Social Services and their Business Development Committee. Civil litigation and criminal charges can be brought up against the company if it does not comply with the regulations stated above or if it fails to get a license for its operation and as well as the development of the building. The penalty that is set for such offense pertains to states that “Any person who violates the County’s land use or business license regulations is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction within a Justice Court, is punished according to section 125.050 of County Code (a maximum fine of $1,000 and/or a maximum jail sentence of six months). Each day that the violation persists is a separate violation and the CEO can issue a written misdemeanor criminal citation for each day the violation remains uncorrected.” (‘Washoe Code Enforcement’, 2007). Green buildings are those building structures that are environmentally sound and allow for sustainability. This is a much healthier and resource-efficient practice of construction, renovation, and maintenance. The benefits of a green building include that it aids in reducing costs pertaining to energy usage and wastage of material. The project will seek outbuildings already certified by or built to the U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standards, “a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in five key areas of human and environmental health: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental
Introduction Adolescence is a crucial development stage in human beings. Teenagers usually experience several cognitive and physical challenges. For example, some teenagers often become shy and develop low self-esteem. On the other hand, some of them become aggressive. A sex offense is one of the serious challenges among adolescents. In America, sexual violence perpetrated by teenagers has become a serious challenge (Awad & Saunders, 2009, p. 195). Adolescents do not characteristically commit sex assaults against grown-ups. Nonetheless, the risk of assaulting against grown-ups increases to some extent after a teenager reaches sixteen years. At present, juveniles account for approximately one-fifth of rape cases. Furthermore, adolescents have been linked to many incidences of child molestation (Travin & Cullen, 2008, pp. 140-141). “Studies indicate that majority of juvenile sexual offenses appear to involve adolescent male perpetrators; however, female adolescents to some extent engage in abusive sexual behaviors” (Becker, 2002, p. 185). Juvenile sex offenders are defined as teenagers between the age of thirteen and seventeen years who commit unlawful sexual behaviors. This essay discusses adolescent sex offenders. Causes of Adolescent Sex Offense Available literature suggests that the following factors can cause Juvenile sex offense. Peer pressure can lead to the development of bad behavior in adolescents because they can be influenced easily at this stage of development (Travin & Cullen, 2008, pp. 146-147). For example, teenagers who have engaged in the sexual offense can coerce their peers to carry out irresponsible sexual behavior. Early exposure to pornography can lead to the development of irresponsible sexual behavior (Katz, 2007, pp. 567-568). Various studies indicate that adolescents who abuse drugs often engage in immoral behaviors such as stealing and sexual offenses. Teenagers who have experienced sexual maltreatment can be motivated to molest children due to psychological disorders. Exposure to violent role models can also make teenagers aggressive (Stevenson & Wimberleya, 2012, pp. 55-56). “Although sexual aggression may emerge at an early stage of the development process, there is no substantive evidence to suggest that the majority of juvenile sex offenders are likely to become adult offenders” (Travin & Cullen, 2008, p. 148). Juveniles who sexually harass minors mainly attack female children. Within the general population of adolescents who sexually attack children, some teenagers demonstrate serious violence. Generally, these adolescents exhibit high levels of psychological disorders such as low self-esteem and sexual sadism (Becker, 2002, p. 187). Prevention of Adolescent Sex Offense The causes above of adolescent sexual misconduct can be prevented through the following mechanisms.
The beginning The first thing that startled me from the very beginning of the book Looking for Alaska is that there is no number of chapters, but there is a countdown. Now I am reading about the events happening some 110 days before something. It is actually quite exciting, and only this can prevent me from stopping reading this book because I want to know what is going to happen in 100 days. Meanwhile, I meet the main characters: Miles Halter, Colonel, Alaska, and Takumi. Colonel called Miles Pudge, and now everyone calls him like that. Most of all, I like Pudge (I’ll call him as everyone do) and Alaska because they differ from the others. Pudge is occupied with other people’s last words; he remembers a lot of the last words of famous people. But it doesn’t make him an erudite; I’d rather call him an obsessed boy. My statement can be illustrated by the episode when he is in great danger (he almost drowned) he is concerned about his own last words. Pudge is a bit lonely; he seeks for something to happen in his life. Of course, he has loving parents, who he loves, but he cannot make friends in his school. That is the reason why he is sent to another school, and this attempt actually works. Another interesting character to be considered is Alaska; this girl is very active and cheerful, but at the same time, she is a bit pensive: she speaks about death and life and the labyrinth where each person has to wonder. I am also amazed by her attitude toward books and reading. For she has a lot of books, and she likes reading, but at the moment almost all of her books are unread because she thinks it is more interesting to live crazy life when you are young and read when you are old. Well, quite an interesting point of view, maybe she is right (not, of course, about cigarettes and boys): we should find time for our study, and we should have time to have fun. But I am a bit worried about the girl because she is talking about dying young, this is no good. But, as a matter of fact, all of us sometimes think about the eternal questions, and it doesn’t mean all of us are going to do something horrible. So the main hero makes friends and starts his study at a new school. Now he thinks that something big is going to happen soon. The second part From this excerpt, I learned some interesting facts about the main heroes. First, now I know the story about Alaska’s naming. It is quite a surprising story. I mean, I’ve never heard of such a present to a seven-year-old girl to choose a name for herself. And Alaska made an interesting choice. First of all, the place to find a name was a globe, quite unexpected for a little girl. Secondly, she wants to be named by a place that is as far from her native town as possible. And actually, this whole passage made me think about the complexity of Alaska’s cha
Love has always been associated with complications. To some, love is the best thing that has ever happened to them; to others, the mention of the word love revives pain, deeply buried for so long in their hearts. Love can be a therapy to a person in pain when expressed in a genuine manner. This is however, a rare occurrence as only a few humans are able to express true love, as it should be. The type of love expressed by human is far much different from what the recipient expects. Variation in the expectations and delivery of love is the cause of hurt and mistrust. Louise Lobe probably experienced this fact when she composed Long-felt Desires and I Live, I Die, I Burn, I Drown . The two poems must have been a confession from Louise as they talk of real experiences that many would confess as true. In these poems, love is not a source of joy but a source of pain and mistrust. In I Live, I Die, I Burn, I Drown, Labe laments the inconsistencies associated with love. “Thus I suffer love’s inconsistencies” (“I Live I Die I Burn, I Drown” Line I) tells of the sufferings associated with love due to inconsistencies. The inconsistencies bring in confusion. Being unsure of what to feel is more troublesome than having negative feelings. The poet undergoes many contradicting feelings that leave her unsure of everything. All of which have both sides of emotions: good and bad. “I live, I Die, I Burn, I Drown,” (“I Live I Die I Burn, I Drown” Line 1) tells of tribulations that the writer goes through. In one minute, life is smiling at her and in the other life seems to be fading away. Her spirits are lifted by the good deeds that come with love at one moment. Yet in the next, the bad things that ensue dampen them. She is not sure whether she is burning or drowning, whether she is alive or dead. Bad things and good ones come together leaving her confused and exhausted. Sometimes the tribulations are manageable while at other times they are unbearable. Life is both good and bad at the same time as troubles and joys are intermingled. When it seems like rejoicing time something happens that would make her celebrate and grief at the same time. She does not know if she is happy or not. She is torn between the two. It is as if happiness is always there and always absent. Sometimes she feels like love is crushing her and sucking her life away. This occurs when her partner hurts her. When things are good between them she feels like she is growing. She starts to grow emotionally, physically and spiritually. However, this does not last for long, as she is forever doomed to inconsistencies. Sometimes she thinks that she is condemned to pain but this pain does not seem to exist. When she is about to rejoice that happiness is back; meant to last, nevertheless, this feeling also does not last. Labe is confused and suffering due to the events that are neither good nor bad. To her, love is pain and joy at the same time. Long- Felt Desires also by Labe is a poem told by a heartbroken person. The experience with love has planted a seed of pain and hopelessness in the heart of this person. However, she still longs for the good feeling associated
The question of the crisis of westward expansion can be researched in the works of Jordan, Johnson, and Zinn. These works report about the antislavery resistance to improve the economy of the USA during the period of the Civil War. The expansion of new territories provoked a new wave of the turf war between slavery South and North opposition. The crisis is grounded on that this expansion caused the further intensification of the confrontation. The point under discussion is the choice between slave labor and wage labor of free people as more productive. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the government of the USA found a way of economic development. Searching for natural resources, Americans started westward explanation. Assimilation of new territories gave a stimulus to the rapid growth of the manufacturing and farming industry and economic stabilization. The expansion raised the question of the labor type. “Territorial expansion forced the United States to confront the question of whether new areas of settlement were to be slave or free” (Johnson, 275). The South upheld the principle that the slavery economy can be taken for granted as efficient. Their position was slightly confirmed with Lincoln’s opinion that the tendency of free labor was temporal, but slave labor was permanent. “A major finding of the research into the economic dynamics of the slave system was to demonstrate that the rise in the value of slaves was not based upon unfounded speculation. Slave labor was the foundation of a prosperous economic system in the South” (Jordan, 138). Moving westward, Southerners attempted to receive new territories to stable the slavery economy. In Mexico, their expansion met with resistance of the native population. With the help of antislavery supporters, they issued the law of slavery abolishment. Zinn makes, “In 1829, Mexico abolished slavery, threatening the power of slaveholders who wanted to expand the territory in which slaves could be legally held” (Zinn, 158). North conducted the policy of wage labor. They declared that free workers would enhance labor productivity. They started the industrial increase with the improvement of transport and communication systems. “The growth of an urbanized market society in the North produced more than just a legislative program of political economy that Southerners strongly resisted” (Jordan, 143). The market economy was spread and became important on the big areas westwards. A major contribution to the development of agriculture was made by Free Soil Party. The Party insisted that the soil should be given to farmers without payment. The rapid development of the farming industry proved that
Acting to lying It is not a secret that people usually lie a lot, and for some people, it is a part of their lives. People usually consider actors as liars because they usually change their behavior and faces. To provide the audience with the relevant information on whether acting and lying are similar or different, the very concept of these two notions should be considered, compared, and contrasted, and the results of the investigation may help us to answer the question. Considering lying as part of people’s behavior, the first aspect, which should be mentioned, is that whether to lie or to tell the truth is a personal choice. Telling some untruth facts, a person is aware of the situation and it is his/her consideration. Lie speakers are people, who according to some inner thoughts have chosen this way of living, they are responsible for their words and they will have to respond for their actions. Lying, people usually hide some information, they do it consciously and others may even not guess that some untruth facts were told. So, the main issue, a characteristic feature of a lie is that people are not told that they are defrauded, and percept the information as the true one. Analyzing acting from the point of view of whether the lie is told or not, the first fact, which should be defined, is that watching actors, people know that all, that is provided by this or that person is unreal: face, behavior, some personal characteristics, all that is the creation of somebody’s imagination and should not be perceived seriously. Playing some roles, the person expresses not his/her considerations but shows somebody, parodies him/her. Acting may never be considered a lie because it is not the actor’s thoughts and ideas, not his choice whether to tell truth or not, the actor has imposed some roles and according to these roles, the characteristics of these roles entertain others, make them laugh and have fun. Analyzing the previous information and considering what lie is, the question may be easily answered: acting is not lying, as these are two different notions. Considering the personal choice factor, actors are not given this choice, they are told to do this, or to act in such a way according to the situation, and they do this, while liars make up their own choice not to tell the truce, they consciously hide some information and in this way trick the others. The information possessing factor is also different. Watching actors, people are aware that these people are not real, that the information, which is performed, should not be trusted. The other side of the situation is with liars, as people trust them and do not know that the words, told by them should not be believed. So, it may be concluded that actors are not liars, as they change their faces, opinions, and behavior not because they want so, but the situation, the character description demand these changes. The factors, described above, give us the whole picture of the question and it may be easily understood that actors are not liars, and liars are not actors, as the significant differences are in the behavior. If people lie, this is their