ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Homelessness is one of the most critical social problems, which is normally associated with criminality, alcohol and drug abuse, mental illness, child abuse, and neglect. The longer the “street” people live without a permanent home, the greater disruption of social values and rules in their understanding of rightness and justice they experience until they lose the ability to reproduce social behavior. As a result, these people begin to realize their abilities in a more destructive way, e.g. through committing transgressions, heavy drinking, or practicing violence against their peers. The present paper discusses two conceptual approaches to the causes of homelessness as outlined by Caton, Dominuqes, and colleagues in the article entitled “Reasons for Homelessness Among New Shelter Entrants” (2002) and by A.Rokach in the article “The Lonely and Homeless: Causes and Consequences” (2004). Both articles present empirically tested models of homelessness, upon which intervention programs are based. In particular, Caton and colleagues consider the path to loneliness, in which the destructive factors gradually appear and reinforce one another. In this sense, the authors identify four types of causes, which might appear one after another in a cycle: the underlying causes (e.g. loss of sources of income); the direct causes or catalysts which result in the loss of a home immediately (e.g. eviction); the critical personal disadvantages, which might be associated with a social pathology (e.g. alcohol abuse, mental health problems, lack of professional training) and influential social factors (for instance, discrimination, loneliness) (Caton et al, 2002, p.7). Rokach views the cause of homelessness as a combination of five factors: developmental deficits (e.g. intellectual deficiency), psychological inadequacy (lack of the motivation for having a permanent home and stable job); social marginality (normally associated with poverty, de-socialization as a result of imprisonment and so forth), dissatisfactory intimate relationship and significant family transformations and life changes (e.g. loss of a spouse or a close relative) (Rokach, 2004, p.47). Caton and colleagues’ viewpoints can be presented and illustrated in the following way. A number of social groups (e.g. refugees, older adults, racial minorities) encounter institutional discrimination, which makes it problematic to find a source of income and long-term employment, due to the fact that both landlords are employers have doubts in their commitment. Lots of people also have problems with drug and alcohol overuse, which also cause difficulties with finding a place to live and a job, often because the person’s only interest is earning money for purchasing the substance (s)he needs. They might also have debts and arrears in paying their rent (either in the private sector or housing association rent). The situation depends on the type of tenancy they have got and often ends with an eviction. Nowadays, lonely individuals, who have experienced an eviction are ‘forgotten’ by social policies and their debt is believed to be their personal re
The practice of medicine is founded on sound ethical and moral principles. It is the duty of a medical profession to act in the best interest of a patient and their representatives in an effort to preserve life. Medics need to exhibit proper judgment in order to deal with the different forms of a moral dilemmas they experience in the course of duty. It is, therefore, appropriate to engage in medical processes aimed at saving the life of the premature baby. The interests of the parents are founded on the cultural and societal practices in their area of origin which will eventually make it difficult for the baby to grow and develop in an appropriate manner; in addition, the parents are worried about the likelihood of the society acting in a discriminatory manner as a result of the baby’s condition. There is a need for a physician to incorporate the tenets of justice in his decisions especially in regard to whether it is entirely up to him to make decisions regarding the baby’s life (Gillon, Lloyd 184). Is there a possibility that the authority responsible for making such a decision is the hospital or better still the government? In this particular case, the interests of the baby are grounded on the law. The type of legislation related to this issue is the right to life and existence, it is worth mentioning that this law assumes universal suffrage thus casting doubt on the desires of the parents to end the life of the premature baby. It is therefore upon relevant institutions and persons to ensure that such legislation is put into practice. A look at the society in which the child will grow up indicates the difficulty likely to be experienced especially in the form of discrimination that will eventually lead to isolation. This calls upon medical personnel and other relevant entities to act in reference to the principles of ethical practice especially justice that makes it mandatory for a physician to act in the interest of the various competing factors in a specific medical setting. There is a need to appreciate the aspect of legality and how it guides the operations of the medical professionals, a violation of such provisions not only places the job of a medical professional at risk but taints the practice of medicine (Veatch, Robert 64). The foreign government and in this case the United States is partly responsible for any procedure carried out within its boundaries even though it does not affect its citizenry. In analyzing such a condition, it is necessary to look into the laws present in the country in regard to the protection of life; these laws are pro-life. In the event that medical personnel engages in practices that
Locative media are devices and systems that enable communication by physical implementation in a particular location. The contents of locative media are however not restricted to a specific location. Social interactions are greatly facilitated by the different types of digital locative media available. Different kinds of environments are enhanced by the detailed explanations and analysis done by the location based media. The interaction between technology and various places is facilitated by the location based media. Locative media projects enhance the use of technology in locating physical places. Locative media is emerging to be one of the most popular digital technologies in the contemporary world (Eckardt 34). The locative media do not necessarily need to be location oriented but the content has to be bound to a particular location. This paper will extensively discuss the role of urban screens in promoting urban interactions. Urban screens are digital interfaces for passing information to the urban society. The digital displays include projection boards, plasma screens and LED signs. The screens facilitate the creation of a public space which is a viable platform for economic growth and cultural exchanges (Barber 34). The digital nature of the screens makes them perfect platforms for virtual interactions. The urban screens movement has been growing at a very first rate in recent times and many cities across the world are investing in the initiative. The urban screens initiative has quite a number of long term objectives that have the potential of transforming the public space to fit in the current digital era (Gauthier 67). The experimental visualization zones are some of the fundamental elements of the urban screens initiatives. Outdoor screens have a great potential in transforming the way of life in urban centers both socially and economically. The urban screens movement aims at providing digital screens for commercial and social purposes. This initiative presents a public space full of cultural content because of the suitable opportunity the screens provides for artists to exhibit there products. The other objective of urban screens is to establish a link between public space and architecture using the digital technology. The urban screens are supposed to provide a balance between modern innovations and culture. The public screens necessitate the revival of traditional art back to the public space through visual media. The urban screens provide interactive opportunities for the citizens to actively participate in screen projects (Gauthier 123). Urban screens promote communication among different stakeholders like urban architects, artists, the government and culture custodians. Urban screens are very useful in networking and exchange of content. Urban
I participated in an International education career session. There were three speakers Elizabeth, Diane and Sam who work for Office of International Service and Study Abroad Department. They mentioned possibilities of work positions in the area, which are International scholar student advisor, program coordinator, study abroad advisor, English as second language coordinator, international student recruiter/marketing, technician and others. Particularly, Sam told us about his position as technician in his department. He said he handles a great amount of different data, and checks if bills get paid, settles bills, maintains websites and fulfills other operations important for the work of equipment. He said that we have to be technological savvy, because it can help us to get such work and to cooperate with other countries. So, they can save expenses and act effectively in their sphere with help of using new technical system. Also, some people who work for OIS are engaged in the work with international student organizations in order to issue and extend visas for students from different countries to provide lawfulness of immigration. They made emphasis on Internships and volunteering for those who are eager to work in this area. Recently it became much harder to get this job because the number of applicants is larger than the number of work opportunities, and the growth trend for job vacancies does not seem to begin to show. So, they highly recommended getting an internship in school. Actually, I knew that OIS provides internships for students; and I think it is a great opportunity for students to obtain a job. Also, they gave some detailed information about professional network sources, suchlike NCAIE, SIETAR and AIEA. I became aware of a great number of new technological systems. Thus now I know that the possibility to obtain a position is very vague. If one wants to become employed it is necessary to think about the future perspectives of the employment to date. This event made me think over my plans for the future, as the described working opportunities will be a bit difficult to obtain. We have to make decisions in prospect for future. Michael Moore’s “Capitalism: A Love Story” describes the problem of the fatal influence of dominance of global corporations on the lives of common Americans. But this film opens a question of the price of common Americans paid for the opportu
Introduction In many fields, mass shooting is defined as any incident in which more than four people are killed through the use of a firearm. According to Congress, a mass shooting is any incident that involves three or more cases of homicide. Mass shootings are common occurrences in many countries around the world. However, the US leads in the world for the highest number of mass shootings. Recently, 26 worshippers at a rural church in the state of Texas were killed in a case of mass shooting. After each tragedy, discussions on issues critical to the incident involve topics that range from mental health to gun violence. The high prevalence in the US makes mass shootings a serious social problem that needs hasty mitigation. Mass shootings have severe consequences in the United States because they affect both families and communities. Mass Shootings Mass shootings are a serious problem in the united Sates and have raised debates on the never-ending discussion on gun control. Mass shootings are at the center of debates on gun laws in the US. As mentioned earlier, the United States leads the world in the prevalence of mass shootings, making them a serious social issue. Mass shootings have a serious effect on education as many of them have taken place in institutions of learning including high schools and colleges. A report released by the United States Department of Education showed that between 2013 and 2015, an average of two shootings took place in public schools across the country (Sarteschi 54). In 2007, 32 people were killed in the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia mass shooting, and five years later, 26 people were killed in the Sandy Hook Elementary School mass shooting (Sarteschi 61). Education has been affected immensely by these mass shootings because of their effects on students, teachers, and support staff. Politically shootings are aimed at eliciting fear among citizens and destabilizing the government. Different Viewpoints Mass shootings are a social problem because of their adverse effects on students, families, communities, and society in general. They have a negative effect on education as schools and colleges have become unsafe places for both teachers and students (Sarteschi 63). Some experts claim that they are as a result of mental illnesses while others argue that the perpetrators are fame seekers who aim to capitalize on the attention they receive from the media. Many of the perpetrators of
According to utilitarianism, when the moral value of an act is determined solely by its utility. So, it is morally permissible to throw the switch because the death of one person is less of a loss than the death of five. However, from the point of view of accepted morality, it is better not to do anything. If a person throws the switch, they can become a killer of one person. If a person does not change it, they can indirectly become guilty of the death of five people since they theoretically have the opportunity to save them. It is not morally permissible to push the large man on the rails because it is unethical to save some people, sacrificing the lives of others. In addition, it is impossible to approach the solution of the problem purely quantitatively: the life of one is no less valuable than the life of five. It is not necessary to interfere in the course of events if, perhaps, they are going by the will of fate. A person does not have the right to decide whose life is worth continuing – this large man or those five. So, we have two moral problems, but if we think about them, it turns out that there are not two tasks, but only one. Removing all the nuances that do not affect the formula, the problem boils down to the following: is it morally permissible to kill one person to save five. In both the first and second examples, the decision-maker murders people by his actions. The problems of “action” and “inaction” are not discussed here because, in both cases, the moral significance is the necessity to act. It seems to me that there is a fundamental difference between deliberately throwing the switch and killing a man with a scalpel. Even though both actions will lead to the death and the rescue of five, the situations are entirely different. The first case of the trolley can be interpreted as salvation through necessary evil. The second case with the donor is an example of an immoral act. I think Peter Unger and Peter Singer’s thought experiment provide reasonable grounds for their conclusion. We must save the child, despite the loss of the shoes. And since we must save the child, there is no fundamental difference where he is: right in front of us or on the other side of the world. There is no difference between a child who is drowning before our eyes and a child starving to death in Africa. The cost of shoes in the experiment is similar to a donation to charity. If we save a child nearby, we must also save another, unknown one. I t
Abstract This paper broadly discussed the sustainability of the natural resources in the Gulf states. The paper has presented the numerous challenges in the Gulf in relation to the diversification of economic activities. The Arabic nations mainly depend on oil as the principal source of wealth. Nonetheless, this paper presents a rationale that nothing can last forever. Anticipating future depletion of the oil reserves, the paper argues that it is in the best interest of the Gulf States to explore alternative economic activities. There is a risk of solely depending on one economic resource in an entire region. In case of a decline in the demand for the product, the entire region will be at risk. The Gulf States depend solely on oil and the development of sources of energy that are friendly to the environment may threaten its demand. Introduction While the Gulf Cooperation Council petrochemical industry is proving a world-leading economic pillar, there is a looming challenge of managing the environmental implications. It is projected that as the industry is set to influence exiting opportunities, there is a downside where some challenges will arise. A number of gulf petrochemical manufactures are more concerned with trading their products hence overlooking the issue of sustainability. It is evident that 5% of the amounts of greenhouse gas emissions are emitted by the chemical manufacturing industry [1]. This is even made worse by the fact that some of these resources are actually non-renewable. Sustainability in the petrochemical industry is a detrimental challenge that is making the industry rate very low in labor attractiveness. Employees are not willing to work in an industry that does not show the capabilities to sustain its employees long enough. Employees seek to secure jobs that can sustain them for a period and offer them a sense of security. These economic times require secure and certain economic plans which can only be provided by employers who have a future and sustainable infrastructure. The petrochemical industry as of now seems to have hit rock bottom in its pursuit of solutions to the global problems caused by their activities. The global warming that has drastically changed the weather patterns of the entire globe is a major challenge. Far from the environmental challenges, the resources found in the UAE have turned to be tragic inventories. Some people refer to these resources as a curse. The rationale is based on the circumstances that these resources are being exploited. The Middle East is a region known for its reputation in war and conflicts over natural resources. This has led to the rise of incapacitated governments and countries hence paralyzing normalcy in the region. The reason why this is the case is because of the oil deposits found in this region. Sometimes the oil deposits in the region are considered a curse rather than a blessing due to the conflicts that have arisen from the fight to control the oil reserves. Battles ens
Destructive viewpoint regarding violence Gamers of Grand Theft Auto experience a gradual change in their viewpoint regarding violence. They learn that violence is right since it is what the superstars in the game use to make things right. They assume that violence brings good things. Gamers also ape the actions of their favorite stars and use them to solve conflicts (Bornstein 2006). They end up hurting themselves and others. Emotional desensitization towards violence Individuals who participate in Grand Theft Auto game, become emotionally desensitized towards violence. They view violence as an inevitable aspect of life that can neither be avoided not stopped. As a result, over indulgence leads to violent and aggressive behaviors (Child Development Institute 2003). In addition, gamers learn to mistrust people because they view every one as violent. This leads to development of self-protective behaviors that have adverse effects on their social lives (Tompkins 2003). The main cause of mistrust and protective behaviors is avoidance of becoming a victim of violence. Destructive behaviors Gamers who spend a lot of time playing Grand Theft Auto become addicted. They spend most of their time playing the game to perfect their skills. The more they play the game, the more their thinking is compromised to adapt aggressive and violent thinking patterns (Greenwood 2011). They express their aggressive thoughts through aggressive behaviors. In addition, gamers show decreased prosocial behaviors because most of their time is spent playing the game (Greenwood 2011). They have very little time for socializing. On the other hand, their peers segregate them because of fear that they might harm them. Conclusion   * Grand Theft Auto has adverse effects.   * Psychological effects:       + Destructive viewpoint regarding violence.       + Destructive behaviors:           o Physical violence.           o Foul language.           o Addiction.       + Emotional desensitization towards violence:           o Mistrust of people and the world.           o Violent and aggressive thinking.
Such a notion as social psychology has a very broad meaning to be distinguished in a simple definition. Every individual is a social creature who influences a surrounding reality by performing his daily activity, as well as this reality has an impact on him. Social psychology is a field of psychological science that studies facts, objective laws, behavioural patterns, communication and activity of an individual in surrounding society. There may be distinguished in several content areas of social psychology. One of its major areas is social cognition, which may be defined as “an application of knowledge and methods of cognitive psychology and information processing theory to the field of social psychology” ( Social Psychology. 2015, p.17). Social cognition is the essential thing for the understanding of social behaviour and mental processes. Attitudes are also important areas of investigation in social psychology. Attitudes are a person’s negative or positive estimations of an object. A combination of affective, cognitive and behavioural attitude components creates a generalised vision of a subject, defines an individual’s feelings and predicts his behaviour. One of the major concepts of social psychology is the conception of aggression. This discipline also deals with the nature of prejudices and stereotypes. The behaviour of groups is one of the major aspects of studying in social psychology. There are different conditions that are necessary for the functioning of any social group. They are conformity, obedience and compliance. Conformity is stipulated by an informational and normative influence (Gleitman, Gross,&Reisberg, 2011). The informational influence presupposes the fact that every person wants to be right, while the normative influence states that people do not want to appear foolish. Conformity has a tendency to reduce when there is a lack of convenience in a group. Special attention is also given to the nature of obedience in a group. It is believed that authoritative individuals are more obedient. At the same time, factors of shared responsibility are also of great importance. When a person is not responsible for his deeds, he is more inclined to obedience. Human behaviour in groups is affected greatly by the presence of an audience, which may cause either social facilitation or social inhibition. The effect of the audience on an individual is the increase in the actor’s arousal (Gleitman et al., 2011). There is an effect of shared responsibility in groups, which is also known as a social loafing. It supposes that an individual wor