ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In an age before the wonders of the Industrial Revolution brought about the possibility of widespread social change, many writers had lost hope for the kindness and divinity of humanity. The callous way in which individuals treated other human beings were often written about as indications that the golden age of man had already passed and all that was left was its gradual decline. As writers began to explore mankind’s reason, they began to come to the conclusion that reason frequently offered little more than a source of confusion and an outlet for evil committed upon fellow man. In his poem “Satyre Against Reason and Mankind,” Rochester presents his arguments for why he would rather be an animal than a human being. He says “Were I / … / A spirit free to choose, for my own share, / What case of flesh and blood I pleased to wear, / I’d be a dog, a monkey, or a bear; / Or anything but that vain animal / Who is so Proud of being rational” (1, 3-7). In this statement, he seems to hold human rationality as the greatest cause of our suffering and thus presents a very bleak view of humanity. Because of their conviction that they are superior, mankind is willing to hurt others, destroy nature and loss their humanity in their bids for power, wealth or revenge. However, in using reasoning to make his points and showing how adhering to reason is the only means by which mankind can escape this process, he suggests there remains hope for mankind if he will but use his reason appropriately. “But a meek, humble man of honest sense / Who, preaching peace, does practice continence; / Whose pious life’s a proof he does belief / Mysterious truths, which no man can conceive” (212-215). In these lines, he illustrates how reason free of greed, self-aggrandizement, power, wealth or other typical vices is a rare breed that cannot be rightly defined as man (the common greedy variety) or beast. Swift, however, in his “A Modest Proposal,” offers no such hope for the rare worthy individual sought by Rochester. In making his suggestions of how to solve the food crisis in Ireland, he makes the (hopefully) facetious suggestion that the wealthy should dine on the children of the poor. “I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked or broiled.” The advantages of this solution are enumerated throughout the essay, including the reduction of Papists, who produced more children than others; the provision for the poor of something valuable; a reduction in the number of children that must be provided for; the reduction in costs of maintaining a household for the breeders; and the increase in value of the children themselves to the women and men who bore them. While the entire essay is full of sho
The history of these two cities is rich in civilization matters, religion, economic empowerment and development of the east. The history surrounding the land between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris known as Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt is one that can be closely related to the Indus valley cities. This paper is going to discuss the Harappa and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus valley. Generally, the Hindu religion can be traced back to the Indus valley. The two words sound the same that is, Indus and Hindus. In fact “Their chief god was Indra, god of the storm, whose weapon was the thunderbolt, and he rode to battle in a golden chariot drawn by two ruddy horses. As puramdara, the ‘fortdestroyer’, he gave the nomadic Aryans victory over the sophisticated agriculturalists living in the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro” (Cotterell 60). Mesopotamia is attributed to agrarian revolution and industrialization. The most featured activities were discovery of clothes through the use of the spinning jenny, the domestication of animals, and the discovery of plantation farming. This really changed the world and put Mesopotamia in the books of history which will go a long way. The road of civilization owes a lot to the land between rivers Euphrates and the Tigris. Other remarkable activities are the fields of mathematics that led to the calendar system, astronomy in the predictions of eclipses, and medicine where diagnosis, prognosis and physical examination were invented. “Could this old world, which man has overthrown, be rebuilt, could human cunning rescue its wasted hillsides and its deserted plains from solitude or mere nomad occupation, from barrenness, from nakedness, and from insalubrity, and restore the ancient fertility and healthfulness of Mesopotamia” (Marsh 64) The Indus valley also had remarkable things that were recorded about it. And because of that, excavations have continued to demystify its cities. The studies are mainly on economic, religious, social cultural, political, science and art. This paper examines them basing the facts on the Harappa and Mohenjo Daro cities of the Indus valley.The Indus valley is also well recorded in the records of civilization of the human beings. It is said that the Indus valley activities can be traced back in to the 19 th century. However, “the story of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization developed gradually. It does not enter the archaeological record until 1924 when Sir John Marshall began excavations at Harappa. Awareness of Harappa remains, however, goes back to the nineteenth century” (Javonillo 2). The banks of the Indus River are now the Pakistan and western India. Someone may wonder why it took a lot of time for the Indus Valley to be documented as much as Mesopotamia despite its significance it has in civilization. It might have been due to the poor technological and education systems in place. The cities’ history was recorded after archaeologists started excavation. In this paper the structure of the two cities is considered basing the study on the economic, political, agricultural, technological, science, art and humanities, and the history of excavation along the Indus Valley
This essay compares the arguments for women’s education, as outlined by Adrienne Rich and Virginia Woolf, two pioneering activists in their day, whom all literate women owe a great debt. Western women alive at this time in history sometimes forget the hard fought equality battles won by their foremothers, particularly in the area of education. On the one hand, this memory lapse has its value. Constant reference to a time wherein women found access to basic intellectual stimulation and education difficult to acquire, and in some cases nonexistent, breathes life into a sexist past best left to die. On the other hand, in our age, barriers to and lack of education still pose a relevant concern for women in developing parts of the world. For these women, the struggle to obtain and exploit educational opportunities remains as fresh and topical as it was for Rich and Woolf. Let us begin with Woolf. A Room of One’s Own , based upon two of Woolf’s papers delivered to the Arts Society at Newnham and Girton Women’s Colleges at Cambridge in October of 1928, was first published in 1929. In it, Woolf describes an event, shocking to any Western woman now, wherein upon attempting to gain access to a library, “instantly there issued, like a guardian angel barring the way with a flutter of black gown instead of white wings, a deprecating, silvery, kindly gentleman, who regretted in a low voice as he waved me back that ladies are only admitted to the library if accompanied by a Fellow of the College or furnished with a letter of introduction (Woolf 8). Woolf’s essay details the story of Judith Shakespeare, the bard’s “extraordinarily gifted” imaginary sister, “as adventurous, as imaginative, as agog to see the world” as her brother, yet Judith “was not sent to school” (Woolf 50). Judith “had no chance of learning grammar and logic, let alone of reading Horace and Virgil. She picked up a book now and then, one of her brother’s perhaps, and read a few pages. But then her parents came in and told her to mend the stockings or mind the stew and not moon about with books and papers” (Woolf 50). Woolf’s argument for a woman’s education points to the need for a woman
Introduction It is necessary to mention that many authors utilize various techniques to make their works much more interesting or draw attention to issues that were prominent at their time. Situations that can be perceived as humorous or contradictory should be noted because the writers may utilize them to shape a particular topic with the use of such methods as commentaries and others. Moreover, it would be beneficial to analyze several works that include such approaches. Discussion Munif discusses crucial issues in his work and devotes enormous attention to dialogues that draw attention to vital topics. Dr. Subhi al-Mahmilji is a character that is especially worth noting because most of his actions are evil, and he tries to manipulate people that surround him. He is an absolute opposite of Mufaddi Al Jeddan, who protects the interests of others and is not focused on personal benefits. The spiritual healer is viewed as a significant threat by the doctor because he provides health-related services without asking for any pay. He realizes that he has to deal with this competitor, and needs to destroy his spirit. Moreover, Subhi tries to gain the respect of the people and appears friendly. Such an approach has helped him to gain an outstanding reputation. He betrays his people and cooperates with invaders, but still manages to protect his image. Subhi tries to ensure that no one suspects his wrongdoings. He suggests his colleagues tell a story about how he tried to save Mufaddi even when it was not true at all (Munif 579). The author raises the topics related to power and control, and the fact that many people are capable of taking advantage of their positions is worrying. Such actions may contradict their words but they are still respected because of their influence, and it leads to severe complications in some situations. Munif emphasizes the tone of the voice and personal qualities of the character to ensure that the reader has a better understanding of his motives and reasoning behind his actions. The theme is not central, but it supports the idea that many people try to appear differently in front of the public. Marshall utilizes several techniques to make her work interesting. Lyle Hutson is an especially interesting character. He has gained an outstanding education, and he could use it to promote equality and fair treatment, but he decided to focus on personal profits. Hutson lived on both sides but preferred to become an exploiter. He is a part of the black elite that thinks that these people are ignorant and would not be capable of doing anything if they are not oppressed because of their lack of motivation (Marshall
Introduction The development of fire protection codes can be traced back to Rome in 64 AD, where fireproof building materials were first used. This is the first fire protection code known to man. Currently, fire fighters employ sophisticated technologies which greatly enhance fire disaster management. The development of modern fire protection codes is as a result of response to catastrophic fires rather than in anticipation of such fires. Regardless of these developments, success in fire management seems elusive due to a number of factors. The greatest hindrance towards successful fire disaster management is noncompliance with existing fire protection codes. From the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911 to the Station Nightclub Fire in 2003, investigations reports are consistent; business owners largely ignore basic fire protection and building codes. Additionally, the investigators report that disaster response time has gradually been reduced due to the improvements made on the fire alarms system. Despite such developments reduction in response time, noncompliance with fire protection codes hinders effective managemt of fire disasters. Regardless of the fact that fire management has improved tremendously, new challenges continue to face fire disaster management. Such challenges include fire started by non traditional causes such terror attacks such the 9/11. This requires fire disaster managers to continuously evaluate the effectiveness of existing fire protection codes.. Fire disasters have led to some of the most horrific property damage and loss of human life. Recurrent fires disasters have led to gradual changes, amendment and improvements on fire protection codes. However, these gradual changes have not led to achievement of success in management of fire disasters. With regards to the findings in this research paper, the following hypothesis seems relevant: despite the gradual improvements made to fire protection codes, noncompliance and the challenge of dynamic nature of fire disasters continue to hinder the attainment of successful fire disaster management practices. From this hypothesis, questions arise on why successful fire disaster management is elusive. To answer these questions, it is imperative to evaluate the circumstances that have led to evolution of fire protection codes. Fire protection and building codes The management of fire disasters evolved from the use of rudimentary methods in ancient Europe to sophisticated methods employed in management of fire disasters today. The result of such gradual development is evolution of a complex life and property safety codes. Generally, life safety codes are developed to minimize or totally eliminate the loss of human life as well as damage to property in case of a maj
Introduction Internet bubble is the skyrocketing or boom in the various share prices of stocks of various industries especially the social media oriented industries. Due to this misconception, the share prices end up crashing, causing massive losses. A bubble situation occurs when the various market observers discover the rapid and spontaneous increase in value hence rushing to buy as they are convinced there will be even more rises in price value and thus they will be able to make a fortune. This type of buying is on speculation and anticipation rather on the survey that the shares in question are undervalued. As a result, many companies perceived as fast growing become grossly overvalued much more than their actual worth. The situation becomes tragic for many investors and companies when the bubble is said to burst as many of the organization gaining due to the bubble frenzy are hit by the dramatic and rapid falling of share prices and as a result many end up falling. (Wade: 39) Some investors are able to make hefty profits if their companies are bought at the initial stages of the bubble. The first internet bubble was characterized by the rise of market shares of companies with a.com. Companies that were not even performing saw their share prices rise by simply adding the e-prefix to any of their names to give them a modernized sophisticated look, and a.com at the end. (Cole & Hawkins: 12) The escalating rise in value of social media companies has made it imminent that the second internet bubble is on the way, if not already being experienced and having an impact. Comparison of the firsts and second internet bubble The second internet bubble has had similar characteristics from the first internet bubble in that during recent times especially 2011, people have become very much interested in technology developed companies especially the social networks and games. The first internet bubble was mainly characterized by the valuations of firms and organizations with a link with internet getting very high beyond the actual valuation as people felt they were sexier, sophisticate and was the way for all, in the embracing of information and technology. The second internet bubble has almost similar characteristics, although there has been more technological advancement like the development of web 2.0 technology. This technology has seen the emergence of the latest internet technologies that have taken the globe by storm, many people feeling they are sexy, better and modern. Any individual left out of the developed and emerging new technologies is viewed as conservative left behind and removed from reality. You Tube, Face book, my space and twitter have emerged to represent the modern sophisticated market gainers that are viewed as sexier and very convenient. Since 2010 alone the value of the leading social network, face book has more than tripled. Some social video game firms have risen rapidly, their value quickly shooting up to even overtake already established companies that have been flourishing an
After the Taliban seized power in Afghanistan, the U.S. evacuated the Americans by Aug. 31. The mission was complicated by difficulties at the airport, caused by a sizeable local population wanting to escape from the new government’s control. Although the Taliban regime had already been overthrown 20 years earlier with U.S. military support, the collapse of the government happened quickly. It is important to note that the Biden administration claims an international agreement with Taliban representatives to allow the United States to remove its citizens from Afghanistan safely. Nevertheless, there are reports of Americans being delayed at the airport, which Biden is prepared to deal with. More than 30,000 Americans have already been evacuated when this article was published, and 11,000 more in the last 24 hours. Several large commercial aircraft and civilian aircraft have been mobilized on a mission to transport citizens from temporary shelters to their home countries. The rapid change in power in Afghanistan came as a surprise event. Many politicians were not prepared for it, so Washington is skeptical of what the new authorities are saying despite the Taliban promising to leave civilians alone and protect rights. Sullivan stated that the U.S. does not plan to trust the Taliban but will closely monitor and review the new government’s actions to ensure they do not violate human rights. The reason for this tragedy was the disorganization of the Afghan military. It was caused by the desertion of many soldiers, the lack of motivation, and the lack of morale in the army. In addition, the support of the Taliban by some states such as China, Iran, and Russia also weakened the effectiveness of the Afghan military. Biden believes the decision to withdraw American troops from Afghanistan is correct because he does not understand the rationale for keeping soldiers in another country. The president says that the United States accomplished its task 20 years ago by bringing bin Laden to trial and protecting Afghanistan from a terrorist takeover. Biden has also explained that he believes it is necessary to shift the U.S. course to fighting terrorist groups worldwide rather than leaving it to the war in Afghanistan. Even though the president’s rating has fallen due to the chaotic withdrawal of troops, Biden argues that criticism is appropriate after the end of the operation, and now it is necessary to focus on the work.
Introduction In the article “The Nine-mile Wolves”, Rick Bass makes the case for the continued protection of the wolf species of North America and Canada, viewing them as endangered species due to the combined forces of civilization, political necessity and even ignorance practiced by the citizens and leaders of these countries. In the article, author Rick Bass, himself a writer and environmental activist, keen on the socio-economic and ecological functions that healthy and un-endangered species of wolves perform, argues that wolves should be left alone to breed and co-exist within their various territories in the wild. Thus, Brass argues that wolves perform vital roles that, if eliminated, might upset current socio-cultural, economic and political balances. According to the author, wolves are the ultimate symbol of the vintage North American wilderness; they are significant tourist attractions, their predator role in the wild balances the ecosystem, and can co-exist with humans, therefore, they should be preserved and allowed to breed freely. The Case for the Wolf: The Socio-Cultural, Economic and Biological Importance of the Wolf Species The author portrays the wolf in colorful and humanistic language: he humanizes the wolves. The author depicts the wolf as native to North America in the very way that the Indian natives are. He argues that to attempt to eliminate the wolf under the guise of increased human settlement (Civilization) is to seek to eliminate a tremendously fundamental cultural symbol of the North American wild lands. The author believes that the wolf represents the ultimate survival characteristics embodied by pioneers to the Americas, and thus the continued existence of the wolf symbolizes the undiminished adventurous and explorative spirit of the early settlers. The author thus develops an intimate relationship with the character and nature of the wolf that makes the reader to view the animal beyond its bare nature as a predator: in a warmer and almost human nature. He describes the wolf as having teeth, long legs and “thundering hearts” (Bass 762). Similarly, he describes them as being pioneers and explorers, and the author even ascribes a soul to them (Bass 768). All these characterization of the wolf aims at endearing it to the reader and thus create a need to preserve the wolf species of North America. Target Audience Rick Bass ultimately addresses three sets of reader in his article: the common person, the politicians/bureaucrats and the biologists. To the common person, the author urges a more pro-active and learned approach towards the preservation of the wolf species. The author sites a 1990 poll that showed that two thirds of those polled were of the view that wolves should be preserved. However, his ultimate concern is that increased human settlement is diminishing wolves’ numbers, together with the sad practice of hunting of wolves for pleasure by many citizens (Bass 764). Politicians are cautioned against creating and adopting polices that will endanger the existence of wolves, with the author stating that while wolv