ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The book “Haven: The Dramatic Story Of 1,000 World War II Refugees And How They Came To America,” tells the story of a photojournalist who assisted refugees from different countries to reach Oswego, New York from Italy in the year 1944. The photojournalist, Ruth Gruber had been chosen by Harold Ickes the Secretary of the interior to be his special assistant but the “top-secret mission” objected this appointment doubting her qualifications (Gruber 4). In her line of duty, Gruber met the survivors of the war who narrated their sad stories of hiding in forests and sewers as well as risking their own lives so as to save others. She “became the refugees’ guardian angel” and this is how she started helping the refugees get to America (Gruber 6). This paper will analyze the character of Ruth Gruber by focusing on two themes: the idea of inspiration and hope restoration and the notion of truth telling according to the book “Haven: The Dramatic Story of 1,000 World War II Refugees and How They Came to America.” Courage, brevity, and patriotism in the theme of inspiration and hope restoration The character analysis of Ruth Gruber in this book can be based on her personality, motivation, ethics, her behavior, and all the good deeds associated with her. The story revolves Ruth Gruber, the protagonist bringing out her brevity and patriotism thus in the end restores hope and inspires refugees to keep fighting for a better life (Gruber 14). The story is dramatic and compelling simply because of Gruber’s character and the way she describes each individual and their story. Gruber illustrates the character of a person who loves her country excluding all differences that may exist due to varied dependencies. In this sense, Gruber can be said to be patriotic and due to her patriotic nature, she helps restore hope to refugees by bringing a thousand of them from Italy to Oswego, New York. Gruber was patriotic such that when she was appointed a special assistant to the Secretary of the interior and people doubt her credibility, she did not give in to the pressure but courageously took her job with stride. Gruber met many desperate refugees who narrated their sad stories of hiding in sewers and forests and how they risked their own lives to save the others. The description of these individuals is quite an emotional one, but Gruber’s dedication to them restored their hope and even inspired them to find refuge in New York. The refugees had lost hope especially with American consulates living abroad telling them that “you cannot enter America, the quotas are filled” (Gruber 16). Her dedication was her motivator to give these people hope for the days to come. Gruber’s courage, brevity, and patriotism is seen where the president Franklin Roosevelt announced that “approximately 1,000 refugees should be immediately brought from Italy to this country” (Gruber 10). She could have turned down the offer but she was brave enough to take it and travel to Europe. Ruth Gruber accompanied the on
Substance Abuse among Military Veterans and their Families Since the United States of America incursion in Iraq and Afghanistan, beginning in 2001, substance abuse among military personnel has increased tremendously. A study by the National Institute of Drug Abuse conducted some studies that investigated the core nature of the problem. Alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs are among the most abused substances within the military and veteran population. Moreover, the study shows that prescription drugs are also subject to abuse to a significant extent. Alcohol is the most abused drug that attracts concern. The effects of excessive alcohol consumption among soldiers include dangerous driving, impaired health, and increased risk of resorting to the use of illicit drugs. Soldiers who had been in combat situations and have an alcohol abuse problem rarely seek medical or counseling assistance. Military authorities have not established proper structures and procedures for assessing soldiers who have experienced battlefield situations. Younger soldiers are more susceptible to battlefield stress and often result in alcohol abuse more easily, unlike their older colleagues. Of concern is the fact that substance abuse by veteran soldiers degenerates into a self-destructive trend after the end of service (NIDA, 2011). Perhaps the real cause of the tendency of the soldiers to engage in substance abuse and the persistence of the problem is the detachment from military authorities at the end of service. The authorities are not able to monitor adequately the veterans’ activities after they are discharged from the military. Also, the lack of thou rough medical assessment after active service is a contributing factor. Army Cracks Down As Drug, Alcohol Cases Rise It is difficult to detect alcohol abuse among service members and veteran soldiers. Recently military authorities have embarked on a mission of rendering the military community free of the drug. Regulation by the authorities is a difficult feat, and there is a need to employ counseling and self-regulation as the key measures. Soldiers, especially those who are fresh from combat situations, should undergo counseling and medical scrutiny to determine their mental stability and the extent of the war trauma. This will help reduce the number of soldiers, especially veterans, with substance abuse problems. Mental instability is another symptom of substance abuse. The battlefield pressure coupled with substance abuse often results in mental illnesses that could become chronic. Although mental instability may not be a discernible prima facie, it could quietly develop into a serious condition of schizophrenic scale. Mental illnesses among military personnel and veterans are not entirely due to substance abuse. However, substance abuse plays a major role in advancing mental instability. It could sometimes couple with intoxication by substances and result in suicide or suici
This chapter of the book is aimed surveying several theories of learning. In this paper, I would like to focus on the idea of operant conditioning because it is critical for explaining the development of a person’s behavior. In my view, this approach can indeed throw some light on the formation of a person’s values, attitudes, or principles, but it attaches too much importance on the consequences of an action, rather than internal motives of a person. Additionally, this framework is not effective for discussing the situations when people take actions that contradict the law of effects. This is the critical limitation of this framework, and it should not be overlooked. Overall, the principle of operant conditioning is based on the assumption that a person modifies the behavior depending upon the consequences of an action that he/she takes. According to the law of effect, the behaviors that lead to positive consequences are more likely to be adopted by an individual. In contrast, the negative consequences prompt a person to make corrections in his/her conduct and avoid certain actions. This mechanism is essential for the learning of an individual. The modifications of these positive and negative consequences are described as reinforcements and punishments, and they are critical for explaining the way in which a person can acquire certain skills. These are the key postulates of this model. To some degree, the model of operant conditioning has been confirmed in empirical studies. In my opinion, the theory of operant conditioning is quite applicable when one speaks about the behavior of animals. Moreover, it can tell much about the conduct of children. Nevertheless, it is not applicable for explaining many decisions that people take. In particular, judging from my observations, people do not necessarily think about rewards and punishments when they take actions. For example, I was able to observe many teenagers who chose to violate the rules set by their parents even despite the possible punishments of their parents. For example, they did not want to come home at the predetermined time. To a great extent, their conduct reminded me of my own opposition to my parents. Such choices contradict the law of effect according to which a person is more likely to avoid the decisions that lead to negative consequences. This is one of the main points that I can make. Certainly, the idea of operant conditioning is important for the explaining the leaning process among various species. Nevertheless, it does not explain those situations when an individual takes ethical choices that can harm his/her interests. This is another aspect that cannot be explained by the principles of operant conditioning. In my view, the supporters of this theory do not pay sufficient attention to the internal convictions of a person. This is one of the main issues that should not be overlooked by psychologists. It has to be admitted that an individual inevitably takes into account the consequences of certain action. But one cannot say that the law of effect is always suitable for describing the conduct of a person. The principles of operant c
Introduction Social media plays an important role at work places. Importantly, it is increasingly gaining popularity among different users as compared to other media like radio and television (Patel, 2010, p.60). By making use of computer networks in communication, social media plays an important role in helping organizations to communicate with their new employees (Sims, 2010, p.157). In addition, it provides an interactive platform, whereby, individuals can converse uninterrupted. Unfortunately, this has resulted into misuse of the media, for instance, some users can express their ill motives or influence the public, or post information that they could not convey in a real life encounter. Privacy of the employees at a given workplace should be given priority when using social media. Primarily, ethical codes of conduct should be observed in communication through the social media. Here, individuals should understand the feelings and emotions of the recipients of the information. There is also a need to ensure security of the information contained in these media, since some of the information is essential for smooth running of the organization. The access to such information by unauthorized parties such as competitors of an organization would be very detrimental to the realization of the objectives of the company. The Social Networking Sites These are websites used for social interaction in the cyberspace. They include Facebook, MySpace, Opera, Yahoo, Twitter, Livejournal, Classmates, Myblog, and Linkedln among others (The Arabian Affiliate, 2011). Facebook has had a significant subscription recently, with a figure of over 500 million users by 2010 (Lyncheski, 2010, p.32). In most of the sites, a user is required to develop a profile (The Arabian Affiliate, 2011) by signing up in the network. Other individuals then get to know more about this particular user. Privacy in Social Media at Workplace Individuals have a right to privacy, and there are legal provisions that protect this right. Similarly, employees of an organization have the right to privacy of information. Unless it is necessary, employers need not to get into the private affairs of employees. To some extent, the kind of communication between the employees and the allies should be of little concern to the employers. However, while using social media at workplaces, the company has the capacity to check into the content of such information. Ordinarily, the company retains the ability to monitor communication through the facilities at workplace (Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, 2011). Importantly, organizations have private policies enacted to protect their operations. This is because some irresponsible employees could use the social sites to influence the behavior of other employees or leak information to the wrong individuals. In
Equal employment opportunities are to be provided to all applicants and employees, regardless of their gender, race, age, and other characteristics. The US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was founded in 1965 in order to guarantee that the equality in the workplace is guaranteed for all employed Americans, along with individuals seeking the employment (Ruszkowski, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to explain the functions of the EEOC, to discuss the recent case related to the EEOC, to assess non-compliance issues, to explain associated procedures, and to analyze possible sanctions. General Functions and Authority of the EEOC The EEOC was established in 1965 as a response to the adoption of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964). According to the principles and statements of the Civil Rights Act, it was necessary to guarantee that all Americans were provided with the equal opportunity regarding their employment chances (Remington, Heiser, Smythe, & Sovereign, 2012). Today, the EEOC, as a federal agency, works to enforce the Civil Rights Act and associated employment laws to prevent the cases of discrimination in the workplace (Baumle, Badgett, & Boutcher, 2020; Ruszkowski, 2019). Thus, the key functions of the EEOC include the administration and control over employer-employee relationships in terms of providing the equal opportunity (Remington et al., 2012). If there are cases of discrimination related to a person’s gender, age, race, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation, among other aspects, the US EEOC enforces the related laws in order to address the problematic case. Overview of the Chosen EEOC Case In order to understand how the EEOC realizes its goals and objectives to serve the needs of the US population, it is necessary to focus on examining one of the employment cases. Northern Arizona Orthopedics (NAO) was sued by the US EEOC because the medical provider hired two women for the positions in the company instead of men who had more qualifications and experience (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2019). One of the male applicants complained to face the sex and gender discrimination because of NAO’s activities (Remington et al., 2012; U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2019). Furthermore, it was also reported that NAO prohibited the mentioned candidate to apply for other positions in the organization as a reaction to his lawsuit. This situation attracted the attention of the specialists working for the EEOC. The EEOC Non-Compliance Issues Related to the Case The problem under evaluation is that the conduct of NAO’s authorities directly violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. According to Title VII, gender discrimination in any form is prohibited in organizations. Furthermore, according to this law, the retaliation of an individual for complaining a
Scientific narratives are essential tools that help the unprepared public understand how science is relevant to everyday life and behavior. This genre is a merge between belles-lettres and scholarly literature that includes captivating the audience through driving anticipation and a thorough explanation of a phenomenon. De Ceglia (2011) offers an exceptional example of a scientific narrative, as both essential qualities are present in The Archbishop’s Vampires . The first example of the two dominant features is the paragraph where de Ceglia (2011) describes the things the Devil is not allowed to do. The passage offers a list that includes nine entries that are very specific and concise. Such listings are typical for scientific literature, as they are used to provide information without any emotions. At the same time, the narration helps to build up readers’ interest, while the author is about to describe the method to defeat the Devil. In short, the list provided by the author is an excellent example of scientific narratives’ nature. De Ceglia (2011) uses both scientific and persuasive language that served a dualistic purpose of his writing. On the one hand, the following sentence uses scholarly language: “The recognition of the efficient cause – natural vs. preter- and supernatural – depended on the individuation of the final cause: aetiology was subordinate to teleology (and theology)” (p. 510). On the other hand, the author offers interesting facts about Davanzati’s biography written in simple language to captivate readers’ attention. In brief, the author uses sentence structure and vocabulary common both for belle-lettres and scholarly articles. In conclusion, The Archbishop’s Vampires is a vivid example of scientific narratives because of its dualistic goals that include giving a thorough description of a phenomenon and intriguing the reader through telling an amusing story. Reference De Ceglia, F. (2011). The Archbishop’s Vampires. Giuseppe Davanzati’s dissertation and the reaction of “scientific” Italian Catholicism to the “Moravian events.” Archives Internationales D’histoire Des Sciences, 61 (166-167), 487-510. Web.
Abstract Remote sensing techniques can be used in vegetation monitoring. It is carried out from space using satellites. It avails information regarding how satellite images can be used to study the vegetation. Over the years, remote sensing has becomes an effective technique of evaluation of developments taking place about vegetation. Through remote sensing, normalized difference vegetation index can be evaluated and explained. The index shows the green coverage of vegetation on a graphical indicator. Remote sensing can also be used to monitor other changes in vegetation. Such changes include pollen activity and alterations in mangrove forests. Introduction About 70% of the earth’s surface is covered in vegetation. Ecologists need to gain insight into the kinds of plants existing within a region (Awange & Kiema, 2013). They should understand how plants are distributed, as well as their patterns and growth phonology. However, it is difficult to gather information over a wide area. The use of satellites has provided ecologists and water and environment engineers with a means of monitoring vegetation. Monitoring vegetation via satellites is commonly referred to as remote sensing. Sensors are fitted into the satellites to achieve this. The process makes it possible to monitor the quality of the earth’s vegetation cover, such as its physiology and morphology. The technique can also provide information regarding plant communities and species available on the ground surface. Remote sensing also helps in the determination of the distribution of the existing vegetation cover within a particular locality. In this paper, the author seeks to provide an overview of the use of remote sensing to monitor vegetation. The author will also outline some of the benefits associated with the use of satellite technology (Frachtenberg & Schwiegelshohn, 2008). Photosynthesis and spectral properties of vegetation will also be discussed. The use of NDVI retrievals from space and dedicated satellite missions will be highlighted. Also, the limitations and challenges of this technology will be outlined. The researcher will then highlight NDVI retrieval in arid and desert environments. A discussion on NDVI in monitoring pollen activities will also be provided. Finally, the detection of mang
An Overview of the Evolution of Society’s Views on Crime and Punishment Society has always viewed punishment as the best way of deterring criminal activities and punishing offenders. Traditional societies used to excommunicate or stone to death individuals who committed crimes. Children were punished through canning or other minor punishments (Sudbury, 2014). Society believes that errand members should be incarcerated in correctional facilities, imprisoned for life, or sentenced to death depending on the severity of their crimes. Punishments are meted on individuals depending on the severity of their crimes. The Need for Crime and Punishment Crime is important in society because it helps people to understand the need to have laws that will govern their interactions. Punishment for criminal activities promotes respect for laws and ensures people live peacefully. Individuals who commit crimes are sentenced to serve different jail terms depending on the severity of their criminal activities (Sudbury, 2014). Society believes that people cannot commit crimes without having the intention of doing so. Therefore, they know what they are doing, and this means that they deserve to be punished. The type of punishment given to offenders depends on society’s perception of the severity of the offense. A person who abuses an underage child will suffer more serious consequences than the one who commits the crime on an adult. Defilement and rape are classified according to the ages of the victims involved, and that is why their punishments are different (Roberts and Hough, 2013). Society dictates how and when criminals should be punished, and that is what sets the sentences for criminal activities. Emphasis on Punishment and Rehabilitation Punishment and rehabilitation are considered the appropriate ways of punishing and correcting individuals who break laws. Society has a significant influence on what people should do. The traditions and culture of the society are formed based on the values of its people. Activities that are perceived to go against the expectations of society are branded crimes and anybody who commits them is punished. The practices of a member of society affect other people (Sudbury, 2014). The habits of members of society should not go beyond the limits set by its people. This means that human behavior has strict limits beyond which they are considered criminal and unacceptable. Rehabilitation and punishment are supposed to correct bad behaviors and give criminals opportunities to live with other members of society. The Shift in sentencing Policies Today, there are institutions responsible for maintaining law and order and punishing offenders. Some procedures must be followed before suspects are proven guilty. Criminals have rights that should be respected by the state and the public. Society believes that people commit crimes because they are forced to do so by forces beyond their control (Sudbury, 2014). Society has a responsibility of helping disgruntled members to cope with their situations and work their way out of the problems that make their lives unbearable. So
Electrical injuries are believed to have started within the last two centuries; however, humans have been exposed to electrocution through lightening for a very long time. These injuries are not frequent but they pose devastating effects with high mortality and morbidity on human beings. Most of them occur at workplaces although most children are exposed at home. Severity of injuries depends entirely on three factors. The factors are magnitude of electric current, duration of contact and the pathway which current follows in ones body (Koumbourlis, 2002). The aim of this article is to give an implementation plan for ARC Flash Management and a statement of legal aspect of Occupational Safety and Health topic. ARC flash is caused by an electrical short circuit which can cause fatal injuries to an electrician or anybody around. According to White (2006), to protect employees from electric shock at workplace, the following strategies should be implemented. As an employer, a leader or a manager, one should develop zero-tolerance policy towards energized work especially in highly mechanized factories. Although some electrical equipments and tasks are not considered to be energized, electrical hazard analysis should be conducted on them. Some tasks like racking circuit breakers in and out of their cubicles seem to have no hazards, but they involve breaking electrical connections which are risky to electricians. Therefore, they pose a danger of ARC flash hence requiring ARC flash PPL when racking breakers. Leaders and employers should frequently go to the working areas to see what their employees are usually doing. This will help to develop a checklist for tracking best employees who can perform particular tasks in the workplace (Gregory, 2003). Emplo