ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction After the world wars I and II, many leaders of the world saw the need of putting in place proper laws and institutions to govern the world in a manner that would make it very difficult for another world war to happen. One of the key steps towards this direction was the establishment and strengthening of the United Nations, so that it could have the power and means of maintaining law and order in the world. This assignment is a discussion of how and why the United Nations, through the United Nations Security Council has been attempting to manage world order and why and how it has been unsuccessful. Discussion The term world order or new world order as its popularly known as, is used to refer to a bureaucratic system of governance of the world which advocates for global governance in disregard to traditional State sovereignty which advocates for national governance (Slaughter, 2005). The term has its history from what was referred to as “illuminati” which was the movement responsible for the French revolution as well as revolutions in Europe (Stauffer & Williamson, 2005). Recently, new world order has taken the form of institutions which have global influence, appeal and presence like the United Nations and its affiliated institutions as well as the so called Breton wood institutions (Balogun, 2011). One of the key UN affiliated institutions which has been trying to propagate and manage the idea of world order is the United Nations Security Council, which is concerned with global security. The UN, through the UN Security Council has been in the fore front in attempts to have a world which is centralized in terms of governance, administration, justice as well as in terms of trade. The main idea behind the centralization of world’s governance is that such a world would be safer to live in, especially after the September 11 terror attacks on the United States. It is worth mentioning that the United States actually controls the Un Security Council due to its veto power. In fact, many international relations analysts have argued that there is actually no difference between the United States and the UN Security Council. A good example to illustrate this scenario is the US led invasion on Iraq in 2003, in which the Security Council was unable to prevent the US from doing the invasion, despite the fact that there were no enough justifications for the invasion. In its attempts to manage word order, the UN Security Council has been employ
The main structures of the Zionist movement already existed by the time of Theodor Herzl’s death. These included the Zionist Organisation, the Jewish Settlement Movement Foundation, and the Jewish National Fund. The purpose of the foundation was to acquire land in Palestine and prepare it for the needs of the settlement movement. The population of Jews settling in the Land of Israel was still low, but the rate of population growth was higher than previously. The Zionist movement, however, lacked one essential thing: recognition by an enormous power, which would have enabled the Zionist dream to become a reality. The possibility of gaining this recognition emerged after World War I. On November 2, 1917, the British government issued a document in which it acknowledged the right of the Jewish people to form a national hearth in their historic motherland. This document went down in history as the Balfour Declaration. The essence of the conflict between Arabs and Jews in the Middle East is the consistent and complete refusal of the Palestinian authorities to recognize the legal national rights of the Jewish people in Israel. The Declaration was a recognition that the Jewish people are indigenous to the Land of Israel and have maintained a permanent presence there for millennia (Ha’am, 1897). The Jews have been striving to restore their national home since the Romans’ destruction of the Kingdom of Judah in 70 A.D. However, the road to the successful realization of this goal did not begin until the 19th century. The aspiration to return to Zion then took on the characteristics of a political movement with active structures created at the First Zionist Congress in Basel in 1897. The paper known today as the Balfour Declaration was issued on November 2, 1917, by Lord Arthur James Balfour, Secretary of State of the British Empire. The hidden implication of this text is, in fact, that His Majesty’s cabinet is advocating the restoration of a national sanctuary for the Jewish people in Palestine. It will also make every effort to ensure that this objective is achieved. The decisive point in the paper, however, is that in order to achieve this goal, nothing must be done that might impair the civil and religious liberties of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine. Nor should anything be done, that would infringe on the rights and political position of Jews in any other land. It should be emphasized that at the time of publication of the Balfour Declaration, th
From ancient ages, humans have used symbols and myths to express their experience of a reality that transcends the physical world and transmits it to future generations. Nowadays, famous brands apply mythology to successful products due to their magical power. The logo of the house of Versace is a very extravagant and extraordinary mark; it was designed in 1978 by Gianni Versace. The logo represents the head of the ancient Greek mythology of Medusa Gorgon. The designer explained why he chose this character; it is a synthesis of beauty and simplicity, which is able to mesmerize anyone, just like the clothes produced by the brand. Other examples are Lamborghini; first, the Italian company was engaged in the production of tractors. The bull became the emblem of the brand, as the bull is the sacred animal of Zeus. According to some people, this animal is extremely hardy and strong, which endows the brand with great power. Now, Lamborghini cars are high-performance, expensive supercars, and the emblem of the golden bull is very appropriate for them. I prefer the myth of Prometheus because evil never prevails, and goodness and justice win. The mighty titan Prometheus stole the sacred fire from Olympus to provide it for humankind. He made humanity independent of the gods. Prometheus trained people to write, count, crafts and introduced them to metals. Before, people were afraid of the elements of the sea, but now the titan taught them how to build ships; humans became proficient in the art of medicine (Travis, 2021). Prometheus was destroying people’s faith in the deity, and for this, the thunderer Zeus decided to punish him. Prometheus was chained to a rock, the sunburned him mercilessly, and the rain was pounding him. However, this was not the end of the titan’s torment; a giant eagle sat on Prometheus’s chest every day and tore his liver (Travis, 2021). Heracles, the strongest men, killed the eagle that tortured Prometheus, broke Prometheus’ chains, and the titan was free. Reference Travis, C. (2021). The morphology of Prometheus, literary geography and the geoethical Project. Geosciences, 11 (8), 340.
Introduction Human resource (HR) department has noble obligations to reduce employee turnover in an organisation. A decline of employee turnover requires HR to deploy appropriate strategies to enhance employee retention. High retention of employees means a reduction of recruitment together with training costs (Beechler & Woodward, 2009: 273). This has the effect of reducing the overall costs encountered by organisations. Since costs are inversely related to the profit levels for an organisation in a fiscal year, strategies to retain employees are directly correlated to organisational profitability (Cegarra-Leiva, 2012: 93). According to Beechler and Woodward (2009), profit-making organisations deploy profitability levels as measures of their performance (275). This implies that workforce retention strategies are also directly correlated with organisational performance. Realisation of this relationship makes organisations across all industries seek mechanisms of retention of employees including deployment of WLB (work-life balance) initiatives to enhance employee job satisfaction (Cegarra-Leiva, 2012: 95). This effort is based on the theoretical hypothesis that satisfied employees are less likely to leave organisations. From this fundamental background, the focus of this paper is to discuss whether the work-life balance initiatives improve employee retention and organisational performance. Relationship between work-life balance initiatives, employe
Introduction Health-related problems are often faced by the representatives of the general public. In order to minimalize their adverse influence on the population, professionals resort to various epidemiological methods. This field allows defining risks associated with particular illnesses or other social issues (such as smoking or violence) and their exposure. Epidemiology also provides an opportunity to identify factors associated with these problems. As a result, it provides professionals with an opportunity to control health problems. Definition of Terms Rather often, epidemiological methods are used to deal with those issues that reach epidemic proportions. It means that a particular population faced health-related events more than expected. In addition to that, this term can be used when a rare disease that is not common for some location occurred within it. Thus, both single and a few cases of health-related events can be discussed as an epidemic. Similar to the term mentioned above is a pandemic. In fact, it is treated as an epidemic that affected a large population in a very wide area. It happens frequently that pandemic crosses international boundaries and turns into a global issue. Epidemiology is a science that is “concerned with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations” (Friis, 2010, p. 3). Its main goal is to control health-related issues in societies. In order to reach this goal, epidemiologists use numerous approaches, including statistical measures. All in all, this discipline gives a chance to reveal more information about health-related events so that they can even be stopped before happening. Key Characteristics One of the main characteristics of epidemiology is a distribution that is focused on the variation of health issues and their outcomes. As a result, it is possible to identify the most affected group of people and implement initiatives to improve their condition. Outcomes are those consequences people face when they are affected by a disease. In fact, they reveal all the possible results. These can be illnesses caused by a particular health condition (morbidity) or death (mortality). Quantification ensures that cases of health-related events and their outcomes can be counted. In this way, epidemiology is connected with statistics because it presupposes the use of statistical measures. They help to describe the frequency of particular outcomes and their connection with exposures (CDC, 2012). Uses of Epidemiology Epidemiology can be used to compare how a disease altered with the course of time. For instance, it was revealed that influenza and pneumonia were the main cau
Introduction The privatization of security has become a global phenomenon with private security companies (PSCs) playing a prominent role in security provision. By definition, Private Security Companies are privately held or publicly traded companies that provide security or protection services to private and public clients (Elms & Phillips, 2009). PSCs sell their services to a wide range of clients including to the government where they serve as private contractors, and to corporations where they protect personnel and facilities. Governments acknowledge that the private security sector is essential globally (Abrahamsen & Williams, 2011). The demand for security services by private actors and the reduction of national law enforcement capacities have created a significant opportunity for the growth of the private security industry. This growth has created some challenges as the PSCs hold significant power due to the important services they provide. It would therefore be desirable for the government to have greater control over the PSC industry. This paper will argue that stricter regulations should be imposed on the Private Security Industry to ensure that its impact on society remains positive even as the industry continues to experience significant growth globally. Security Guards Licensing Considering the sensitive nature of the services provided by security guards, the government must regulate the private security industry. One of the ways through which this is achieved is by requiring security guards to obtain licenses. Most states require guards to be licensed and this license is valid for a given period of time after which it must be renewed. Stricter regulations about licensing would be beneficial to the industry. Stringent licensing policies can lead to a uniformity of standards across PSCs. As it currently stands, the training of PSC recruits varies significantly across companies and it is often limited (Abrahamsen & Williams, 2011). This means that most of the security guards utilized by PSCs are undertrained and might not be capable of providing the best services to the various PSC consumers. Focus on uniform standards would ensure that licenses are only issued to guards who have demonstrated a high level of proficiency. Licensing can also ensure that private security guards are well vetted before being employed in the industry. This is of significant importance since a lack of effective vetting procedures by PSCs can lead to disastrous outcomes. The danger presented by a lack of vetting is best elaborated by the incident involving a former UK soldier. In this incident, the UK security company ArmorGroup employed a former British Army paratrooper who had been diagnosed with PTSD after being discharged from the British Army (Gomez, 2011). This mentally unstable former soldier
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge UP, 2010. This provides an illustrated history of China. The book provides traditional myths about the Chinese. The book demarcates several periods in the history of China using dynasties. The author uses illustrations throughout the book to show various activities that took place in various dynasties. In addition, the book explores the complex nature of Chinese society and points out various factors that help Chinese groups who have different dialect, religion, and way of life live together harmoniously. The book provides a historical basis for the peaceful coexistence of various Chinese groups. In addition, the book illustrates the changes in the society during the ancient dynasties. Elkins, James. Chinese Landscape Painting as Western Art History . Hong Kong UP, 2010. Landscape painting is one of the major ancient Chinese forms of painting. The book provides a study of Chinese landscape painting that might be of interest to non-specialists or generalists. The book provides a detailed history of Chinese landscape painting. The book looks at various influential ancient Chinese painters who helped in shaping Chinese landscape painting. In addition, the book tries to provide interpretation of various Chinese landscape paintings. The book compares Chinese landscape painting with various ancient western paintings. In so doing, the author helps in showing the importance of Chinese Landscape painting in modern art history. Huang, Junjie and Erik Zürcher. Time and Space in Chinese Culture . BRILL, 1995. This book helps in explaining the peculiar nature of the Chinese notion of ‘time’ and ‘space.’ The book explains how the peculiar notions of time and space help in moldin
Introduction The mountain pine beetle (MPB) or Dedroctonus ponderosae as known in the scientific name is a species that belong to the bark beetle common in the western North America forests starting from Mexico to the British Columbia forests. The beetle is black with a hard shell and they inhabit pines, hence the name Mountain pine beetles. The pine species that are habitat to these beetles are mainly Ponderosa pine, Scots pine, Lodgepole pine, and the Limber pine. The less attacked species of pine are the bristlecone pine and pinyon pine. The trees attack begin with the injured trees, trees with in poor site, infected trees in the roots or stem, fire damaged trees, overcrowded trees and the very old trees during the first stage of the attack of these beetles. However with the increase in their population the beetles attack all the trees regardless of their conditions. The infestation of the beetle has threatened the presence and the existence of forests in the British Columbia, Mexico and Canada. The outbreaks of the mountain beetles in the past have destroyed much of the forests and the recent outbreak which is the largest is posing great risk to forest destruction. These piece of work looks into the infestation of the mountain beetle, its effects, prevention and control measures towards the reduction of the beetle’s attack on the American forests. Tree infestation of the Mountain Pine beetle The beetles are very dangerous and destroy and kill the tree within a short time. The beetles bore through the bark of the tree and enter the in the phloem and feed on its sap and lay their eggs. The initial tree attack is done by a pioneer female beetle. After its first attack, it produces pheromones, a type of hormone from their bodies that attract more beetles for mass attack of the tree. (McMullen, 1999) The trees when attacked increase the production of resin that kill the beetle but the beetle also counteract this resin by the blue stain fungi that they carry along that block the tree’s resin production. With two weeks time, the attacks on the phloem of the tree becomes so intense that the phloem tissues are damaged such that the transportation of food to the branches is impaired which result to the death of the tree. The tree changes the color of its needle like leaves (a characteristic of pine tree) to reddish which is a clear indication of starvation of the tree by lack of water and food that result from the damage of the phloem and the xylem tissues that transport food from the root to the leaves. The trees that are vulnerable are the old trees and the already disease infected trees that die faster than a healthy tree. The beetle’s infestation usually occurs aft
Introduction Cognitive development in human beings almost starts once a baby is born. But in the case of babies, the behaviour is more reflective in nature. This ability that is inborn in human beings (and other animals) develops more and more as the child grows older. According to research this ability peaks during the adolescent age when new abilities like analytical and initiative thoughts begin to converge. In other words, the child uses both these capabilities to come to decisions and to act or not act in a particular way. This paper will discuss the harmonious combination between analytical thought and initiative thought which can help children during their adolescence. Jean Piaget, who incidentally was a biologist by qualification, is considered to be the greatest authority in the field of cognitive development. Analytical thought Analysis is when then child begins to ask questions (first to self and then to others if he does not get the answer) about what her perceives in the world around him. There are five levels of analytical thought. They are the questions what is it, how does it work, how well does it work, what should be or should not be done about it, and how do we know. (Five Levels of Analytic Thought). These would be the thought that come in the mind of a normal child. The levels of each of the questions will vary depending on the cognitive ability of each child apart from the many factors that affect child development. This will be the stage when the child begins to understand that some things may not be good for him. When the analytical ability begins to develop the child will be full of questions and will usually pester the parent, teacher or other family members with a stream of questions. Initiative thought Like analytical thought, initiative thought also varies between individual children. Though age is a factor in its development, other factors with regard to child development will also play a part in the level of initiative shown by the child. For example, if a child has been brought up in a repressive of environment the level of initiative could be very low. Ideal harmony between the two thoughts Even though these two thoughts begin to develop in children more during the adolescence, there need not be a positive correlation between the two. In other words, a child may have excellent analytical skills, but may lack the initiative to act on his or her an
Introduction Modern societies have undergone complete metamorphosis and adopted new ways of doing things. Modernization has become a common occurrence in almost all aspects of our daily lives and this has improved our living standards. However, an improvement in technology does not reflect human developments if what happens to some members in the society is anything to consider. For a long time, women have suffered various challenges and become victims of circumstances without anyone raising an alarm about this. This essay explores the violation of women rights and possible causes in our modern societies. Definition Human rights refer to the privileges that a person enjoys as a human being. These rights include the permission to access quality healthcare, security, food, shelter, education and public amenities (Wollstonecraft 7). In addition, it also includes the freedom to move and express opinions regarding various happenings. Causes of Women Rights Abuse Most women have been abused in modern societies due to illiteracy and lack of exposure to their rights. Women constitute the greatest percentage of the illiterate population due to societal perceptions. This exposes them to various forms of discriminations that lead to their oppression (Rich 7). In addition, the lack of proper guidance from governments is also to blame for women oppression. Most developing nations are struggling to adopt democratic policies and forget that women deserve the right to be heard and considered as members of the society. Moreover, poverty has continued to propagate women suffering due to the lack of sufficient funds to cater for domestic needs. Most women are forced to look for food for their families and this makes them vulnerable to oppression. It is imperative to state that the modern woman has become so occupied with the desire to earn a living without relying on men. However, she is not able to find job so easily unless she bows down to some form of pressure from a man’s side (Rich 12). Consequently, women seek favors by submitting their bodies to men in exchange for these aspects. As a result, they end up being victims of rape and other forms of sexual abuse. Moreover, drug abuse has become a common problem in many homes and this makes women the most susceptible victims to the effects associated with this vice. In most occasions, men have violated women either verbally or physically when they are under the influence of drugs. The number of cases of rape and other forms of sexual abuse among women have increased due to drug abuse especially in the informal settlement areas. In addition, some traditions are extremely retrogressive and still consider women as domestic servants. The fact that there are free primary and secondary school education and many scholarships to study further education has not helped women to attend schools. Their communities still treat them as servants and have not given them opportunities to u