ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition where the cardiac output is insufficient for general body requirement. The heart is unable to pump enough blood due to severe blood and intravascular fluid loss. It causes multi-organ failure hence involvement of all body systems. It is majorly caused by “bleeding from injuries, cuts and internal occult bleeding, such as the gastrointestinal tract” (Heller, 2010, p. 1). Conditions such as burns, diarrhea, excessive perspiration and vomiting may also lead to hypovolemic shock. Dehydration is a major cause in pediatric age group. The pathophysiology describes the mechanism of the shock and relates it to the presentation which is multi-systemic. The severity depends on the amount and duration of blood loss. There is early presentation and rapid blood loss while severity increases with increased amount lost. This makes hypovolemic shock a medical emergency that requires immediate intervention. The understanding of its pathophysiology is relevant in description of the various signs and symptoms and deranged tests. It is also important in formulating appropriate intervention and management measures for the patient (Heller, 2010). Presentation Symptoms The patient is usually anxious or agitated initially. His/her skin becomes clammy and cold. Confusion sets in and patient feels general body weakness. With continued blood loss, patient becomes thirsty, has decreased or no urine output. He develops severe pallor and the skin become moist due to sweating. The patient then goes into coma with loss of consciousness. The greater and more fast the intravascular fluid loss, the more severe the symptoms become (Anon, n.d.). Other systems involved include respiratory system where the patient experiences weak, rapid and labored respiration. The patient may have chest pains and in complicated cases, may show respiratory features of congestive cardiac failure. Cardiovascular features include bounding, rapid pulse, severe sweating and shortness of breath. He complains of abdominal pain and feels thirsty. The patient also manifests with anuria/oliguria. There is generalized body weakness and fatigue. Chronic blood loss may also manifest with bone pain (Anon, 2006). Signs The hallmark clinical indicators of shock are the presence of altered vital signs; there is tachycardia, oliguria and altered mental status. The finding indicat
Just like in other parts of the world, visual entertainment reshapes the culture and values of Americans in a number of ways. In fact, entertainment influences the mode of communication among Americans. The television is the most influential entertainment tool. Since its invention in 1950, it has influenced the behavior of many Americans. Television programs set the agenda for Newspaper writers, magazine editors, scholars, and content designers. The television reports various events around the globe, which influence the culture of various American communities. For instance, the television reports events related to war, sports, and movies, which help Americans in evaluating their own society. In particular, the reports presented by journalists help Americans in formulating or supporting certain polices (Valenti, Brown, & Trotta, 2000). Restoration of democracy in various parts of the world could not have succeeded were it not for the television. Every Tuesday, Americans watch the favorite program referred to as the Super Bowl. The program is very important because a young talent in music is always introduced to the public. In various media stations, politicians are interrogated over certain issues affecting the population. The president relies on the television to pass critical information to the people. In the financial market, people are able to get updates from various stock markets without necessarily having to travel to various cities. For young people, the television runs a show that advertises fashion wear. The visual entertainment influences the behavior of Americans in many ways. However, the impacts are mostly negative because children who are addicted to the television cannot perform well in class. Moreover, children are affected in terms of health because they are unable to interact in games and plays. Individuals who are addicted to visual entertainment are antisocial because they lack time to acquire social skills. Many visual entertainment programs influence children sexually because they introduce pornography, violence, and drug abuse to children. For adults, they are also influenced negatively because many people dress and eat according to television adverts. For others, the television influences their leisure activities. Some are forced to spend heavily on things that do not matter. Hollywood movies have affected the behavior of people in terms of treating others. In the Hollywood movies, people are encouraged to treat others ruthlessly. Generally, the visual media has affected the moral standards of Americans (Ivory, 2012). Even though the visual media is accused of propagating evils, it has also introduced some cultural practices that are constructive. Many individuals have been able to express their feelings through music. The videos show the level of commitment and seriousness of a singer. In fact, the singer is able to express his or her feelings in a way that could not be expressed in any other form. Psychologists claim that music could be used to relieve pain. Through music, Americans have had a chance of socializing, meeting new people, learning new values, and appreciating cultural diversity. It can
Introduction The Cold War was a political conflict characterized by military tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and its political allies that occurred between 1946 and 1991. The conflict did not involve direct military confrontations; nevertheless, propaganda, espionage, and nuclear threats were common. During the Cold War, the U.S. was engaged in public diplomacy by promoting its ideals and national interests. The U.S. promoted the ideals of democratic governance and respect of basic human rights through its public diplomacy strategy. President Jimmy Carter (1977-1981), at the height of the Cold War, following the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, declared that the U.S. would use public diplomacy and if need be, military force to protect the oil rich Persian Gulf. This doctrine was appropriate and calmed tensions in international relations between the US and the Soviet Union. The U.S. Foreign Policy The hallmark of President Carter’s rule was his human rights public diplomacy in all nations. Upon taking office, Jimmy Carter undertook to streamline domestic policy by pardoning an estimated 10,000 draft men who refused to fight in the Vietnam War of 1959-1975 (Ross, 2003, p.21). This move, although opposed by war veterans, aimed at unifying gesture as far as the U.S. foreign policy wa
A critique of meta-analysis on how spacing impacts verbal learning An advert sticks into one’s memory when it focuses on the characteristic of the material being advertised, other advertisements competing for the same market niche, and the kind of people it targets (Shapiro and Shanker, 2004). Other secondary issues that have to be considered include how these ads are scheduled by the advertising media and how frequently the ad material is done. Developing an insight into how the repetition of advertising material can be learned and remembered can help in gauging their effectiveness. The interaction between repetition schedule, advertising content, and context has not been formally researched and if there are any studies into these areas it is very sparse. Those intending to study this phenomenon have to look at related studies. Much of the investigation into verbal learning has had to heavily rely on studies of learning via repetition. Attention, rehearsal, retrieval, reconstruction and encoding hypotheses, and encoding variability are very relevant if one wants
Abstract Learning to read and compose is vital to a child’s accomplishments in school and later on, in life. One of the best predictors of if a progeny will function competently in school and proceed on to assist dynamically in our progressively literate humanity is the grade to which the progeny progresses in reading and writing. Although reading and composing adeptness extend to evolve all through the lifetime of individuals, the early childhood years-from birth through age 7 is the most significant time period for literacy development. The assertion, for the curriculum, constitutes a set of values & recommendations for educating practices and public policymaking. The prime reason for this place declaration is to supply guidance to educators of juvenile young children in schools and early childhood programs (including progeny care hubs, preschools, and family progeny care homes) assisting young children from birth through age 8. By and large, the values and practices proposed here furthermore will be of interest to any mature individuals who are in a place to leverage a juvenile child’s continuous learning and overall development. Teachers work in schools or programs regulated by administrative principles as well as access to resources. Therefore the minor addressees for this place declaration are school principals and program managers whose functions are critical in setting up a supportive environment for sound, developmentally befitting educating practices; and principle manufacturers whose conclusions work out if ample assets are accessible for high-quality early childhood education. Brief Outline: Goals and Assessment A large deal is distinguished about how juvenile young children discover to read and compose and how they can be assisted in the direction of literacy throughout the first 5 years of life. A large deal is known, furthermore about how to help young children once compulsory schooling starts, if in kindergarten or the prime grades. Based on a methodical reconsideration of the study, this article reflects the firm promise of two foremost expert associations to the aim of assisting young children to discover to read well sufficient by the end of second grade in order that they can read to discover in all curriculum areas. Initially, the problem statements as stated below; summarize the current issues that are the thrust for this stance in education development; then it reviews what is acknowledged from research on young children’s literacy development. This research as well as the collective wisdom and experience of previous researchers, academicians and there, help build a stat
The Story of an Hour is a novel by Keith Chopin, published in 1894. This is one of her most famous short works, partly because of the unexpected ending, but also due to the underlying feminist theme. With the striking laconicism inherent in Chopin’s best creations, The Story of an Hour tells how Mrs. Mallard receives the news of her husband’s death due to a train wreck. An hour later, when he himself appears in front of her, apparently alive, the woman dies from quite a traditional diagnosis – “the unexpected joy”. Similarly, Walker’s Everyday Use is also a feminist-themed narrative, although the story is focused more heavily around the racial and cultural aspects of feminism. The story is narrated in the first person by a Black woman – a mother of two daughters, only one of which lives with her – a shy and unattractive Maggie. They are both anxiously awaiting the visit of Maggies’ sister Dee – the bright, beautiful girl, for whom life has always been easy. Dee, although she is not the only main character, is the drive that pushes the story forward, and the narrative unfolds with her arrival. It seems at first like Walker’s Everyday Use bears no resemblance or similarities to Chopin’s The Story of an Hour , but it is not true. In the tiny spaces occupied by the action of both stories, there are also two completely different stories underneath – the heroines’ inner drama and hidden motives. When Dee from Everyday Use comes home, she greets her mother and sister with phrases from Muslim and African cultures. She claims that she cannot use her birth name anymore, as it came from the oppressors of the Black race, so she has changed it to Wangero Leewanica Kemanjo. Dee does not pay attention to how the decision affects her mother, who sees it as Dee’s rejection of her ancestry. The woman sees herself as absolutely superior to her mother and sister, using her new cultural identity to underline and justify it. However, she still struggles to understand what is it that she truly wants. Her feelings are jumbled, and she is confused by her own reactions, and so is the heroine of Chopin’s novel. In The Story of an Hour, Mrs. Mallard’s sincere grief for her husband is replaced by another feeling, which she at first cannot even give a name to. Her understanding of this feeling is very vague, abstract, just like Dee’s understanding of her legacy that she refuses. Both heroines have the need to separate themselves completely from what they think is holding them back – for Dee, it is her family, and for Mrs. Mallard – her husband. For Dee, her ancestors’ legacy is not something to treasure and remember, but merely a curiosity to show off to others. She is disgusted by the idea of using the old quilts the women of her family made as they are intended. “[Maggie] would probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use” (Walker, 2018, p. 388), claims Dee in indignation. Dee disrespects not only her living family members, but also the real people who make up what Dee considers to be only an abstract “legacy”.
The Word of Wisdom The strategies of controlling deception appearing in advertisements can vary depending on a country where they are used, as well as on the target audience. There is a chance that, if the government and advocacy groups succeed in preventing the use of deceptive advertisements, consumers will be able to make reasonable decisions and avoid being misled (Eagle & Dahl, 2015; Mullins & Walker, 2013). Many advertisements are very provocative in their nature, applying the pathos technique and making people feel the need to purchase this product referring to their emotions (Eagle & Dahl, 2015). Instead of relying on pathos, advertisements should be based on logos as an influential rhetoric technique. From this perspective, different ads should include honest representations of product characteristics and features in order to help a consumer make an argumentative, evidence-based decision. In the Scripture, it is stated that, being dishonest leads evildoers to being trapped because of “their sinful talk” (O’Dowd, 2017, p. 10). This idea can be suitable to explain what is expected for those producers or advertisers who provide untrue information about products and services in the media (Mullins & Walker, 2013). The reason is that deceived consumers will not purchase this product or service again, and there is also a significant risk of spreading negative commentaries among potential consumers. Additionally, according to the Scripture, “a lying tongue lasts only a moment” (O’Dowd, 2017, p. 10). In the context of advertising and marketing, these words can be interpreted in the following way: if the information presented in advertisements is misleading, it can be effectively used only during a short period of time, until consumers know the truth about this product. On the contrary, companies that respect their clients and provide rather truthful information remain leaders in the market for many decades because of customer loyalty and brand recognition (Mullins & Walker, 2013). Therefore, the principles of religious ethics can be effectively used in marketing to improve advertising and sales. First-Mover Advantage The examples of pioneers in different industries and markets, especially with the focus on technologies and services, are illustrative for explaining the principle of the first-mover advantage when the first in the market wins it. However, referring to the analysis of different markets, it is possible to state that the first-mover advantage can work only during a short period of time and for the most innovative areas (Owens & Fernandez, 2014). When this particular sector becomes occupied by other entrants, the factor of quality can become the most important one. Thus, the idea of the first-mover advantage seems to be wrong because quality, effectiveness, and excellence are the key factors to become a leader in the market. Those companies that follow the examples of first-movers have an opportunity to analyze these pioneers’ strong and weak sides to propose a better strategy or product. With the help of their activity, first-movers demonstrate what course to follow and what decisions h
Accounts receivable (A/R) represent the amounts to be paid from customers for goods or services provided. A/Rs are crucial to consider in a sole proprietorship because such a business is owned and incorporated by one individual. Sole proprietors (SP) usually create accounts receivable when they mail invoices to their customers, with A/Rs being listed on balance sheets as current or short-term assets (LaMarco, 2019). As to the effect on business, even though they appear on balance sheets as assets, A/Rs can adversely affect the cash flow of sole proprietors. In order to provide products and services to customers, SPs are required to pay costs for labor and inventory, and if they are not paid in time, business owners may find themselves short on money. Consequently, the net worth of a sole proprietorship may look acceptable ‘on paper,’ nevertheless, it is still possible to run into difficulties associated with covering the everyday expenses of organizations. For sole proprietors, it is essential to consider the impact of uncollectible accounts on business. Accounts become past due if companies fail to pay them in time, and if they are not paid for long periods of time, the accounts become uncollectible (Kenton, 2021). If accounts become uncollectible, it means that they are no longer considered assets to businesses, and business owners must record that in financial statements for reasons of transparency and responsibility. Accounts uncollectible may offer a significant amount of insight into the lending practices of a company and its clients. For instance, if an SP notices that the accounts uncollectible are either increasing or remain in the same spot, it is extending credit to risky customers and, therefore, should implement effective measures of vetting to avoid working with such clients in the future.
It is well-known that reproductive mechanisms are arranged in many ways much more complex than in humans as a social species. In order to continue their lineage, birds rarely have families and live with a partner for long periods but often team up with males to obtain sperm only during the mating season. This phenomenon creates an important question: how exactly do female birds know that the male in front of them is suitable for them to continue their lineage? There are several assumptions on this question: on the one hand, it is believed that the more striking appearance of a male, the more likely he is to attract a female (“Why Are Male Birds”). On the other hand, male birds often use songs and loud noises to “defeat” mating competitors (Podos and Cohn-Haft 1068). In addition, the presence of specific odors can also be a severe predictor of the selection of a particular male (Daley). Danielle Whittaker of Michigan State University was interested in this question for unsightly junco birds and decided to test the assumptions. Description of the Experiment Whittaker hypothesized that there are at least two equivalent predictors that may cause female juncos to choose males to mate with. These include the presence of white spots on the birds’ tails and feathers and the concentration of 2-pentadecanone in the fatty secretion covering the bird’s feathers (Whittaker 1). The presence and content of 2-pentadecanone in the male may be related to the saturation of particular odors that excite the reproductive call of female birds (Whittaker 70). Whittaker decided to test her hypotheses through observation: the woman collected 22 male Junko birds and measured the average percentage of white feathers. This figure was a non-numerical measure ranging from 1.7 to 3.0. At the same time, Whittaker measured the percentage of 2-pentadecanone in the males’ secretions: this total ranged from 1.4% to 6.6%. Observing the birds during the mating season, Whittaker recorded the number of offspring from them to test her hypotheses. Thus, by the time the data was processed, the researcher had a table with measurements for each bird. To avoid confusing the animals, Whittaker used unique IDs for each of the males. On the row of the data table, each ID had its measure of the number of chicks per mating period, the white feather content of that bird, and the substance content of the fat-like secretion. R
The evolution of the sun The sun, which is the center of the solar system, is the main source of light and energy for the entire earth (Merali & Skinner, 2009). The sun has been described as a huge ball of fire and all the eight planets of the earth revolve around it. The ball of fire is made up of several elements, which include hydrogen, helium, iron, nickel, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur among others. The sun has a temperature of approximately 5,780 K and is approximately 1.496×10 11 m from the earth (Merali & Skinner, 2009). This paper will discuss the sun’s formation and its patterns of movement. It is difficult to tell the exact period of formation of the sun but it was approximated to have been between ten and twenty thousand million years ago (Merali & Skinner, 2009). The Nebular theory also called the Condensation theory is one of the theories that explain the origin and formation of the sun. Astronauts suggest that the hydrogen present in the sun was influenced by the big bang theory. This justifies the assumption that the sun came into being around the same period as the rest of the universe (Merali & Skinner, 2009). According to the big bang theory, hydrogen gas through condensation formed huge clouds. These clouds after contracting they formed the present galaxies. The role of motion and bodies involved in the formation of the sun However, some hydrogen gas did not contract and was floating freely in our galaxy. Due to some incidents, the free hydrogen gas also contracted leading to the formation of the sun and the entire solar system. It is said that the sun and the solar system later turned into a slowly spinning molecular cloud (Merali & Skinner, 2009). This cloud was composed of hydrogen, helium molecules, and dust (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Gravity caused the cloud to compress a process called Helmholtz contraction (Merali & Skinner, 2009). The inability of gases to balance against self-gravity was the major cause of the contraction and this is what astronauts refer to as jeans instability (Noguchi, 1999). As the compression process went on the speed of rotation also increased and the high-speed spinning caused the cloud to flatten forming a giant disk-like shape (Noguchi, 1999). Astronauts believe that the majority of the Sun’s mass collected at its center, which led to the formation of a gas sphere (Noguchi, 1999). The sphere further influenced compression by attracting materials from the disc a factor that led to an increase in the temperatures and pressure from within the sphere (Noguchi, 1999). The collusion of these particles turned the kinetic energy into heat. This caused the nebular to accumulate great heat at its center where most of its mass was. This led to the collapse. However, the process could have continued but hydrostatic equilibrium prevented it. As the heat increased at the center of the cloud, the pressure rose and influenced an outward net force (Noguchi, 1999). Below is a diagram showing the hydros