ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Different stages of “The doll’s house” use their production values to stress Ibsen’s objectives for the play. It refers to both 1959 TV adaptation and 1973-film adaptation. They use set, costumes, and lighting to stress Ibsen’s skepticism about the late 19 th century family. Set: 1973 Film Adaptation This frame is from the movie adaptation directed by Patrick Garland (1973). The set depicts a neat and exemplary Scandinavian household. By doing so, it creates a contrast between the orderly appearances and dysfunctional background of Nora and Torvald’s marriage. Thus, the set helps understanding Ibsen’s critical attitude to the family of the late 19 th century. Costumes: 1959 TV Adaptation Costumes are essential to set the action in a specific historical period. This frame from the TV adaptation directed by George Schaefer (1959) depicts the main characters in their garbs. Strict suits with napkins for men and the neck-high dress with a corset for Nora signify the Victorian era. It serves Ibsen’s objective by causing immediate association with rigid family structures of the period. Costumes: 1973 Film Adaptation This frame shows the main characters as they appear in the previously discussed film adaptation (Garland, 1973). As in the 1959 TV adaptation, Torvald fears a formal attire and Nora – a neck-high dress with a corset. Similar to the previous example, these costumes provoke the association with the late 19 th century and, consequently, the rigid social structure of the families of that time. Lighting: 1973 Film Adaptation Lighting may also be a way to emphasize the authorial intent. This frame from the film adaptation depicts Nora playing with her children early in the plot (Garland, 1973). Light falls on Nora’s face, illuminating and highlighting her. It stresses that Nora is fair, bright, and nor corrupted, as Torvald would later suggest, thus emphasizing Ibsen’s message on the hypocrisy of Victorian morality. Lighting: 1959 TV Adaptation This frame from the TV adaption so uses lighting to deliver the authorial intent (Schaefer, 1959). It is the play’s culmination when Torvald accuses Nora of being corrupted and wicked. However, Nora’s face bathes in light, while Torvald’s is in the dark. This contrast emphasizes Ibsen’s point that Torvald’s arrogant self-righteousness rather than Nora’s earnest although misguided desire to help is the real vice in the play.
Introduction The history of world art is rich in names that stand to denote this or that period of art development. The current paper is concerned with exploration of the relationship between the two artists from different historical periods. Namely, it focuses on Georges de la Tour and Gino Severini. Through conducting biographical studies and exploration of the peculiarities of the artists’ styles we will consider similarities and differences between the two of them. Main text Starting with biographical studies of Georges de la Tour, we should say that he was born on March 13, 1593 in the town of Vic-upon-Seille, in the part of the independent Duchy of Lorraine. His Baptism documentation indicates that his father was a baker as well as all men in his generation. Georges was the second child in the La Tour family. The children were brought up in the surroundings of prosperous artisans. There are no credible sources of information concerning la Tour’s years of youth and education. But some suggestions still exist. Some assume that the would-be painter spent his youth in Vic, where the Swiss painter Claude Dogoz lived, others suggest that la Tour lived at Nance, at the studio of Jacques Bellange (Olga’s Gallery). At the age of twenty-four Georges married Diane le Nerf (born in 1591 to an ennobled family). The couple settled in the parental house in Vic. Georges, Diane had ten children, the first of which was born in 1619 (son Philipp). When la Tour signed his marriage contract, he wrote of himself as a painter thus making the first step into the world of art. After the birth of their first child the couple moved to Lunevil
The desire to create an improved society seems to be one of the most prominent in philosophy. Thomas More, a social philosopher, envisioned a perfect world in his most celebrated work, Utopia , which shaped philosophical discourse for centuries. Although fundamental, the book was not the first of its type – fantasizing about a better life is a significant part of human existence. For instance, long before More, Plato described an ideal society in Republic (Sharpe, 2019). Nonetheless, More’s vision and the name that he gave to the phenomenon contributed immensely to the idea of an idealized world and shaped modern philosophical tendencies. The original meaning of the word “utopia” accentuates the elusive nature of the notion. The word coined to signify a community with a flawless government can be translated from Greek as “no place,” a place that does not or cannot exist (Hodgkinson, 2016). The modern meaning of “utopia” in many aspects coincides with Greek translation. Although the word seems to be chiefly used to mean a perfect state or a place and not necessarily from a political standpoint, its connotative meaning entails a sense of infeasibility or impracticability. From a political perspective, the word becomes utilized to speak of an unrealizable state, such as communism. Therefore, the meaning of “utopia” did not change to a tangible extent, as the modern meaning aligns with the one that More assigned to it. Utopia could be closely related to the philosophical school of utilitarianism. The utopian idea of moral and political right and wrong can be thought of as utilitarian, meant to maximize individual and societal well-being. More’s Utopian society has several characteristics that are utilitarian: for instance, the book shows that a criminal justice system should be rather rehabilitative than punitive. It is stated that “instead of inflicting these horrible punishments, it would be far more to the point to provide everyone with some means of livelihood” (More, 2001, p. 44). Hence, based on More’s Utopia , primarily punitive systems are politically wrong, whereas those that prefer rehabilitation are favored. The notion that to improve society, offenders should be rehabilitated rather than punished is utilitarian in nature. Technological progress could change the idea that a utopian society is unfeasible. Technological utopianism allocates a fundamental role in scientific advancement in achieving a perfect society, particularly regarding social justice (Clint & Cameron, 2016). Even th
Introduction Innovation is a critical driver of a company’s progress and efficiency in a market of its choice. The urgency to adopt an innovation-based corporate framework intensifies as a company enters the environment of the global market and starts competing with organizations that have a pre-established presence in it. Therefore, strategies allowing for the unceasing monitoring of the key processes affecting a company’s performance, including both external and internal influences, are needed. For the company to meet the new requirements and participate in unceasing economic progress, one will need to integrate the principles of innovation-driven management and the tools such as force field analysis, stakeholder analysis, and Kotter’s change model. Ongoing Environmental Monitoring The introduction of tools for controlling the impact that the company has on the environment is crucial since the specified aspect of the firm’s performance affects the entire global community. While seemingly innocent in the short term, the outcomes of the continuous waste mismanagement and neglect of essential environmental standards are bound to have deleterious consequences, causing the quality of life and the levels of public health to deteriorate. Therefore, it is the ethical obligation of the firm to incorporate tools for continuous environmental monitoring into its system of organizational management. Waste management should also become an important corporate policy and an integral aspect of its sustainability policy. An Entrepreneurial Climate Apart from external issues, the management of the concerns that occur within the firm will also have to be regarded as critical. In order to keep staff members satisfied and motivated, the company will have to introduce the framework for keeping the number and intensity of workplace conflict to a minimum, addressing the emergent issues objectively. For this purpose, the principles of collaboration-based and compromise-oriented strategies will have to be integrated into the company’s context. Encouragement of Entrepreneurial Behavior Innovativeness should be integrated into the system of the firm not only on the level of decision-making but also on a smaller scope of individual performance and input. Each and every staff member needs to be encouraged to contribute to the improvement of the company’s performance by suggesting innovative ideas and opportunities for improvement. The described goals may be implemented in the form of financial incentives for proposing and completing innovation-oriented projects. For this reason, the principles of entre
Many organizations invest in training their employees in order to improve their performances. The training activities would only become useful to the organization if the learned skills and knowledge were transferred to the workplace. The support of the peer and supervisor on the transfer process can be highlighted in three levels; pre-training, during training, and post-training. Peer support to the learning of new skills is important because it motivates the peers through informing them that what they learn will be accepted by their co-workers and supervisors (Bhatti & Hoe, 2012). The peers will be motivated to get prepared for the learning activities before the training begins. During the training, they will also put more effort into acquiring skills from the activities. Finally, peer support motivates the trainees to display the skills learned at work. Support from the supervisors entails how the managers reinforce the training activities. It is important in training transfer because it depicts that the materials and resources required in the process will be provided since the management and supervisors provide support. The supervisors also play an essential role in setting goals for the trainees (Bhatti & Hoe, 2012). Role Play This is a training method where the trainees have characters assigned to them in a bid to resolve the situation (Pant, 2011). The trainees become performers and attain the understanding of their duties and circumstances. There are various types of role plays depending on the arrangement offered to the performers and the number of trainees taking part in the activity
Audience is important in any communication process because the media constructs and conveys information for the people. Moreover, it would not exist if there were no public 1 . Therefore, an audience is the group of people or the public to which information is being conveyed to. In this case, an active audience is that which assesses and interprets the information that is passed by the media and reacts according to the facts conveyed. The active audience may reply, tell to another person or buy a product as a result of the information received; more generally, people make active discretions according to what they find out from the media. Its importance to the theorization of audience dates back to the 1970s and 1980s when more researchers and theorists, such as David Gauntlett, Frank Biocca, among others, became increasingly focused on media audience 2 . Most of them centered on gaining more useful understanding of what people do with the media in their daily lives. Vital characteristics identified include the selectivity by the active audience on the type of media they choose to use, the utilitarianism of active audience to use media to meet their needs and goals intentionality as the media content works on to achieve purposeful and complete involvement of the active audiences, in order to influence it. Polysemy Polysemy is the association of a word to more than one distinct meaning. A polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings. In relation to media audience and the theorization of the audience, a word may have more than one meaning when it is received by the different audiences which may differ from what was intended by the sender of the information 3 . The audience may interpret information conveyed based on its social background or surroundings or previously received data that is related to the one received at the moment. Therefore, different receivers of the same information may have different understanding of the same information. Therefore, the texts are viewed as polysemic and related to gratification theory which discusses how users proactively search for media that will not only meet a given need but enhance knowledge, social interactions and diversion 4 . That is why, the whole society should be very interested in the way of how the media are accepted and work on further to see its influence on people and their lives. According to this approach, it is also emphasized that people decide on their own what type of media to select which will be perfect for them. The theory also states that media is necessary for the current society as a way to meet and satisfy individual’s needs and desires 5 . To sum everything up, it can be concluded that media should always remain competitive in the sphere of entertainment to please its consumers. Public Sphere Public sphere is an area in social life where people can come together to freely
The healthcare system in the U.S. is largely dependent on the number of health professionals available in public and private healthcare facilities across the country. Nurses are at the core of the healthcare system by virtue of their role in the doctor-patient relationship, and hence their availability is fundamental if the country is to uphold an effective, competent, and efficient healthcare system (Rickles, n.d.). However, it has not been easy for many states to maintain the required number of nurses in their health facilities judging by the vastness of the healthcare sector and high level of specialization witnessed in the industry. This paper aims to use the article by Rickles et al (n.d.) titled ‘California Policy Options: Supplying California’s needs for Nurses’ to evaluate the labor market for nurses in California state. Factors Influencing the Supply and Demand of Nurses The demand and supply of nurses is influenced by a multiplicity of factors judging by their relative importance to the healthcare system. Indeed, analysts are of the opinion that the U.S. is not anywhere near satisfying the demand for more nurses, and a time when the supply of nurses will effectively deal with the demand can never be imagined as of yet (Rickles, n.d.). California’s shortage of qualified nurses is among the most relentless in the U.S. as many of the state’s health institutions experience great difficulty in the process of recruiting and retaining qualified nursing personnel (Rickles et al, n.d.). By 2005, California had an estimated 200,000 registered nurses, with credible projections suggesting that the state’s demand for registered nurses will stand at 300,000 by 2010 and 458,733 by 2030 (Rickles et al, n.d; Hausellberg, 2010). The above scenario can be attributed to a variety of factors that influence the dynamics of supply and demand of the nurses in the state. On the demand side, it can be safely argued that the demand for nurses in California has sharply risen in the past and will continue to steadily grow in the future due to the population’s ever rising demand for healthcare (Rickles et al, n.d.). The trend is that individuals residing in California are increasingly utilizing hospital facilities, with around 4 million patients being released from hospitals in 2003, a 7% increase from the figures recorded in 1998. The total population of California has also expanded by at least 8% between 1998 and 2003, and is projected to continue expanding in the future. Still, California’s elderly population is increasing by the day, impacting heavily on the demand of nurses since the elderly requires more medical attention than any other age-category. Other influences on the demand side include the reimbursement approaches employed by health insurance plans, federal regulations on nurse staffing ratios to meet the required nurse-to-patient ratios, aging of the Registered Nurse work force, natural attrition, and personal wealth (Rickles et al, n.d.). Influences that determine the supply of nurses into health facilities based in California seems s
Recent years, organic farming and organic methods become a part of the agriculture and, as a result, food. Population growth and new laws and regulations demand new farming and production methods and techniques. In addition, environmental degradation and land extortion are still the main problems in agriculture. Organic farming is one and the most cost effective way to overcome current problems and ensure productivity. It is worth considering what conditions are necessary in order for crops to adapt to changed socio-economic and environmental conditions. Natural selection in ‘the wild’ requires that there be diversity on which selection pressures can act. The process of selection imparts to adaptation a genetic, and therefore heritable, base (DeGregor 44). Those combinations that are selected will constitute the best part of the genetic make-up of subsequent generations, resulting in the development of ecotypes adapted to local ecological conditions. Ecotypes are made up of populations which are not uniform genetically, but are characterized by the frequency with which different alleles of genes occur within that population. At the beginning of the 21 st century, evolutionary perspectives in economics are very much in fashion. Evolutionary thinking in economics is nothing new, and has a notable pedigree. Renewed interest reflects the belief that the keystones of economic orthodoxy, its assumptions concerning the rationality of actors and preoccupation with equilibrium, are losing their capacity to support the edifice founded upon them. The transmission of cultural information does not, of course, guarantee that the behavior of individuals will be modified in accordance with cultural norms. Indeed, if this were the case, cultures might lack the source of variation enabling them to evolve. Information is processed through cognitive structures of individuals who may subsequently either accept or internalize the values or norms of a culture, or choose to reject them (Lampkin and Spedding 74). Genetic engineering techniques applied to agricultural products, both plant and animal, have been referred to by terms as varied as food biotechnology, frankenfoods, agricultural genetic engineering, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), transgenic, and genetically engineered (GE). By whatever name, it is the topic for the new millennium. Genetic engineering is simply altering the genetic material of an organism (DeGregor 48). The debate on the topic is anything but simple. It generates emotional and far-reaching opinions among consumers, researchers, and governments around the world. A simplistic view would be that grassroots consumer groups, organic farmers, religious groups, and Europeans oppose genetic engineering; while industry, academic groups allied and funded by industry, and the U.S. government support it. Caught in the middle is the U.S. consumer—lulled by the promise of low food prices and improved foods, frightened by new technology, consumed by the media, and confused by conflicting reports from scientists. Group
Lean technique is one of the strategies being adopted by various manufacturing companies. A pilot project is important in various ways. One of the significant importances of using pilot projects is that it leaves adequate room for equipping a plan for a large scale implementation by first testing the assumptions of the implementation process in a much smaller scale. Similarly, risks that may be associated with the introduction of new strategies such as introduction of lean manufacturing. In addition, the pilot project proposed to be used in the introduction of lean manufacturing can be used to assess the impact that lean manufacturing might have on the company. The effectiveness of the new technologies can as well be assessed and compared to previous ones in terms of production. Due to the risks associated with investing in a new venture, pilot projects help reduce these risks as they require little funding than that of a large scale implementation. As a result, pilot projects provides the evidence that ensures a company of a risk free venture as the pilot projects provides the justification for a much higher expenditure on a particular strategy implementation. Pilot projects also gives the team members a chance to gain adequate experience before engaging in the main project which is much more demanding than the pilot project (Basssi, 2010, p. 1). This ensures efficient performance and running of the large scale employment since the team is already conversant with the whole project. Finally, pilot projects can be used to compare between two or more strategies in order to ensure that the most effective is chosen since they only involve a small scale employment. Ways of diffusing successful change Diffusion of successful changes may be done in several other ways besides the pilot project. One of these methods is the technology push which involves the transfer of technological innovations from the top management downwards. This is where a new strategy is implemented among the top management of an organization first and with time, in relation to the impact of that strategy to the organization, it is implemented on the subsequent levels of organizational structure. The advantage of this method is that every individual level of organizational structure gets to be assessed on the deployment of the strategy before being implemented to the next level (Rodgers, 1995, p. 1). This method is used by individual entrepreneurs and organizations for marketing purposes. Another method is the transfer pull method which is directly opposite of the technology push method. It involves deployment of new strategies from the lowest levels of organizational structure up to the highest. In this case, the innovations come in as demands from clients which are then implemented from the low organizational levels until they are finally approved by the top management. This method is a little similar to the pilot project in that it leaves room for assessment as the low organizational levels try the impacts of the strategies before they are fully implemented. Therefore, this ensures that the management approves of only those strategies that have great and