ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Learning Objective The objective of the lesson is to learn how mathematics is related to art through understanding of the linear perspective and relation between proportions that enable the viewer to recognize the real size of objects and objects depicted in pictures. In this respect, we should focus on the three simple components such as proportions in relation to division and multiplication, linear perspective that depends on proportions directly, and renaissance with regard to development of art techniques. Grade Level Students in the Grade Three are introduced to multiplication and division. Moreover, they should know how these simple actions are used everywhere in everyday lives and art using the example of linear perspective in Leonardo Da Vinci’s works. Script Teacher: Good morning class. Today we’re going to learn about multiplication and division as obligatory actions in mathematics when applied to everyday life and arts. Do you know how math is related to arts? Students: The students raise hands and answer questions as directed. If they have some ideas, they are free to voice those. Teacher: Art has its history and it can be logically divided into definite periods. Renaissance is one of the periods in the history of art and science when most of great inventions occurred including identification and application of linear perspective. Who knows what the liner perspective is? Students: Probably, no one would know answer to this question though I am ready to listen to possible interpretations. Teacher: Does anyone know prominent personalities of the Renaissance period? Students: As with the previous question, there would be no apparent answers. However, if some students name Copernicus or Da Vinci, I can encourage them to tell a bit more about those people and their contribution to the development of art and science in the period of Renaissance. Teacher: Here is where I think it is necessary to listen to a piece of Renaissance music (instrumental) that can help you to understand the spirit of the era and conservatism of ideas in contemporary society. Students: All students listen to the audio tape with Renaissance music (instrumental) previously recorded from YouTube ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SvEttR6HTY ). Teacher: Now let us think about possible areas where multiplication and division operations can be used. Students: The students give examples; the teacher approves them if appropriate and corrects if examples are not relevant. Besides, a teacher can make hints (think about your average grade; how about counting calories when the amount is given for 100 grams of the product, etc.). Teacher: Now, let us discuss how multiplication and division operations are related to understanding of the
Introduction All organizations face crisis of different natures and scales at one time or another and how the organizations responds to the crisis may well determine its future success or failure. Devlin (2006) states that it is the responsibility of an organization through its public relations office to ensure that the organization recovers gracefully from a crisis and that this recovery occurs in a timely manner. This paper will analyze the role that public relations played in the recovery from the over-dosage of premature babies’ incident by the Methodist Hospital. The success of the response by the hospital will be reviewed and anything that may have been done differently noted. The Crisis The case in question involves the death of a number of babies as a result of a medical error in the Methodist Hospital in Indiana. A total of six premature babies were given an overdose of heparin due to an inventory error. As a result of this, there was a wide public uproar as the relatives of some of the deceased babies expressed their discontent and anger over the incident. The hospital crisis was further heighten by the appearance of the relatives of one of the dead babies on national television (Indiana News, 2006b). The relatives expressed their anger over the incident and blamed the death of their baby on the misconduct of the hospital staff whom they claimed should have known better than to deliver the wrong dosage to their baby. How the Hospital Responded The hospital was quick to respond to the issue and it gave details of the error that had led to the death of the premature babies. It took responsibility for the actions of its medical personnel and acknowledged that human and procedural errors were the cause of the overdoses that resulted in the fatalities. The hospital CEO also pointed out that the fact that the babies were very premature may have contributed to their death (Jones, 2006). However, he noted that it was the huge influx of the drug that led to their death. Since an oversight on the part of the nurses is what had led to the wrong doses, the hospital enacted new policies that would require a minimum of two nurses to validate heparin doses so as to avoid any future administration of wrong doses. The nurses who had administered the wrong dosages were also given counseling so as to help them come to term with their actions and help them return to normalcy and continue serving the community. The report also noted that hospital staff had met with the families of the affected babies and offered their apologies for the incident. Why it was Necessary to Respond The response of the hospital wa
Introduction: The Main Idea Speaking of the chapter fMRI Brain Imaging and the Experience of Sound from Morana Alač’s book Handling Digital Brains , one should mark that the author is trying to convey to the people the importance of comprising the visual and the acoustic information that the fMRI device provides in the course of the examination of the patient. As the author explains, deciphering the information that is concealed in the sounds made by the machine is just as important as being able to read the information in the tomography picture. Moreover, Alač emphasizes that it is only with the combination of the two that the doctor can obtain the relevant information and be completely sure that he has all the necessary facts: “In the current account of MRI visuals, this focus on the sound is the first step in indicating how scientists understand and deal with brain imaging data” (Alač 66). Concerning the Argument Structure It is quite remarkable that the structure of the argument in the paper provides rather insightful observation of the problem and allows the reader see the essence of the issue under discussion. Initiating the audience briefly into the history of the researches concerning a human brain and the way a human brain works, Alač emphasizes the significance of the issue in question and shifts into the sphere of the practical appliance of the developed theories. Hence, the reader is initiated into the way MRI was created and improved, and understands the way the MRI works, learning its basic principle. Furthermore, Alač explains the methods to learn people’s reactions to the sounds that the machine makes and the feelings they have about it: “They tried to modify somewhat the prototypical scanning procedures while teaching human cognition as an embodied process” (Alač 56). Furthermore, depicting the UCSD fMRI working principle, the author stresses the changes that have been made to comprise the information obtained from the pictures of fMRI and the sounds that can be analyzed as well. Intertwining the elements of theory with the practice and discussing the results, Alač finally comes to marking the importance of the “acoustic event” (66) and makes it clear that, when processing the information that comes from both the visual and the audio sources, doctors will be able to “hear as an fMRI practitioner” (66), which is of utter importance for further researches. The Significance of the Research There is no doubt that the given paper is of utter importance for the future interpretation of the fMRI results and the understanding of the way the patients feel when being examined with the help of the fMRI device. According to what Alač says, the results of the tests held so far prove to be of great significance for the further work of the new fMRI practitioners. It is obvious that the results obtained in the course of ex
Introduction The PowerPoint presentation covers the gamut of possibilities for prejudice and bias. Race, gender orientation, age, religion, and body shape; it has them all! I see a lot of Asian faces in the mix. some of them are attractive to me if, I were to meet them in real life. I guess some other people would find that those faces awaken their prejudices. As a person who does not fit into the standard “American” image, a lot of these pictures simply don’t make me think negative thoughts. I feel like I am an outsider a lot of the time, both among Caucasians, and among Chinese and other Asians, because of my personal history, and I identify with outsider groups. Prejudice and prejudice The exception is the picture of the very seriously overweight people. Being very fat has been uncommon in China. Food has been very scarce and so precious in China for most of the past millennium. Chinese hospitality meant you offered guest food immediately because there was always a real chance that the guest had not eaten recently or enough. Looking at ancient screens and paintings, it seems that few people have ever gotten the chance to get overweight. In ancient China, women had to have their feet bound to be able to build up fat on their thighs. Even today, Chinese people are not comfortable with obesity. There were a lot of negative comments a while ago when the Chinese government prohibited adoptions by people who were obese. Of course, this does not give me an excuse to be prejudiced, but at least I know where it comes from. So when I see very fat people, it is somewhat disturbing, and still very alien to me. I think that when I see a fat person, I am imagining that they must be greedy or lazy or both. Intellectually, I know that there may be medical reasons why someone is very fat, and I read about portion size and calorie density all the time in magazines. I know from reading articles everywhere that losing weight is difficult for people in this country these days. However, when I see gross obesity, it makes me uncomfortable nonetheless. I want to look away. As a result, I have not dated a lot of women who are above normal weight. I do not have a huge number of friends who are very overweight. If I were working for someone who was obese, I might have an attitude that they were not working as hard as me. If I were working next to someone who was obese, I
Language and speech are some of the most important human characteristics that differentiate people from other living organisms. Unfortunately, there are sometimes developmental abnormalities that cause children to have significant problems in recognizing and using language and speaking. An article titled “The Efficacy of Fast ForWord Language Intervention in School-Age Children with Language Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial” talks about the research that was produced to aid this problem, and what sort of outcomes came to be. The article describes several possible treatments and then, analyzes their effectiveness and longevity. There were four conditions set up: 1-Fast ForWord Language (FFW-L), 2-academic enrichment (AE), 3-computer-asssited language intervention (CALI), 4-individual language intervention (ILI). All the methods had the same amount of repetitions and hours. All had a significant influence on the skills and learning, but FFW-L and CALI were most effective and earned higher scores in the follow up testing (Gillam et al., 2008). The article discusses outcomes, methods used and randomization. Most importantly, how children responded to a specific study is an appropriate start for future research. The rationale for conducting such a study is rather necessary to evolve the offered treatment and properly diagnose the condition. The interactions that a child experiences are much more influential at a younger age, so the intervention must be offered early. The article fails to mention that children are more observant than adults, and are mostly watching and making conclusions in their learning process. Thus, adults play a significant role in the way children perceive and use speech and language. The repetition of behaviors and mimicking are observed in many instances. Evidence from an experimental study has shown improvement, but it is not related to other instances in life. How well children write, use their imagination, crafts and regular behavior are not implemented into the study. It is possible that at some moments children might have a better predisposition or ability to speak, than at others. This might be related to the mood or attitude towards a specific situation or a general physical condition. In order to properly study the effectiveness of the research and improvement methods, many more aspects of the individual characteristics and social life must be taken into consideration. Control group and conditions were rather reliable. The fact that examiners were blindfolded excluded some form of bias and impli
Roles in Food Safety Food safety refers to the steps that are followed when food is being made, handled, and reserved for future use without exposing people to the chances of suffering from illnesses that are associated with eating contaminated food. This paper focuses the duties of the various parties who are the major players in this industry in their obligation of maintaining food safety. There are three parties that are mainly involved in food safety and they are namely the government, producers, and processors. The issue of food is important safety because in the recent past there have been numerous reports of people who died after consuming contaminated food. Governments in general have the major role in this field because incase of anything it is the government that will be blamed for failing to protect its citizens. The government has the mandate to supervise the overall procedures that are undertaken for food to be made from the farms to the shelves (Redman, 2008). This means that the government must supervise how farmers grow their crops and also how they rear their animals that are meant for human consumption. For instance, government agencies must ensure that crop farmers don’t use toxic substances to enhance the growth of their crops. Besides that the government agencies must ensure that the animals that are slaughtered for human consumption are in good health and those that do not meet the required standards must be rejected. In other words the government agencies act as regulators. For example, all meat that is available in any given slaughter house must bear the stamp from the department of health which means it has been verified as safe for human consumption. The processors are the people who refine food into other forms to increase the shelf life of food. The processors rely on the government to ensure that food manufacturers bring food items that are of good standard. The government ensures that the food producers adhere to the rules of food safety. If the government allows substandard food items to penetrate through the production chain the processors will not be able to check for the standard and quality of the food items. The main aim of this is that producers and retailers must aim at providing customers with safe food (Jany, 2000). According to Redman (2008) the processors act as the reserves because they refine food in order to lengthen the timeline that it can last without going bad. For instance, milk processors refine milk by converting some portions of that milk into powder for it to last longer. The government must ensure that the food processors adhere to hygiene standards when they are repacking the food and as well when they are transporting the food materials from the producers. This is because if hygiene is compromised the food can be hazardous to the people who will consume it. In fact in some countries food from the farms and from processing companies must be transported using designated vehicles which must be licensed by the government agencies as food transporters. The people who work in food processing companies are required by law to be vetted regularly and must always be in protective clothing such a
Abstract Decision making is a fundamental part in any management practice. Management policies and procedure are what essentially keeps a company going despite all prevailing circumstances. At the core of any action that is taken, is a decision making process which validates the worth of that action towards achieving the company’s goals. There are several methods that have been put forward to guide decision makers in any organization towards choosing options that will give optimal results. When it comes to marketing strategy decisions however, a larger role is played by market research data. The insights that emerge from such data are critical in answering some of the questions that guide the strategy building process. We shall hence evaluate the effects of poor decision making in the corporate world by looking into the New Coke saga of 1985. An overview of the assumptions underlying the product’s launch will demonstrate to us why most marketers consider it the biggest marketing mistake in corporate history. We shall then explain the flaws in these assumptions and how they could have been avoided. Introduction In the course of heated product rivalries with their main competitors Pepsi, Coca cola’s had dropped its market share from an enormous 60 percent to only 24 percent by 1983 (Davila, Epstein & Shelton, 2007). Given the resounding message that Coke was losing out on product quality, the firm chose to change its age old product formula. The Research Just like any normal product launch process, a thorough market research study was undertaken beforehand. The research was based on taste tests and focus group discussions. It conducted 200,000 taste tests in total to gauge a true picture of people’s reaction to the product (Bhasin, 2010). The surveys pitted the new coke flavour well above both classic Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola. The 10 percent portion of negative feedback received was hence easily ignored following top managerial pressure to adopt the new formula and save the brand’s dwindling market share. What followed was the decision to take the former version of the drink off the market. Market Reaction Initially, the market had reacted quite positively to the introduction of the new Coke. The product had raised sales for Coke by eight percent up from the previous year . Nevertheless, it wasn’t long before devoted consumers of the classic Coca Cola started to strike back by influencing boycotts and protest on the new Coke. 10 weeks after its removal classic Coke version was returned (Clifford, 2009). Poor assumptions made Failure to investigate market’s reaction to Classic Coke’s withdrawal It was quickly that the newer product would ultimately prove more superior to the former regardless of the period that either product had been in the market. The value of brief taste tests was not sufficient to validate an immediate shift of preference towards the new product. The company had made a crucial mistake in disregarding the contradic
Introduction Dreams may be normal occurrences for everyone but this does not discount the fact that a certain mystery comes along with the idea of one having all that mental processes when he or she is already asleep. ­­­­­Children and adults often differ in their conceptions of dreams, such that this became one of the adult’s evidence that children do not know better yet, and how family treats children when they told them their dreams and/or nightmares. Main text Adults deemed that dream entities like all mental entities differ in several ways from concrete physical objects. For most adults, dream entities are nonphysical, which means they are not available to the dreamer’s senses or to act in the same ways as real physical objects. Additionally, dreams are private occurrences, both in the sense that they are not available to public perception, in a sense that they are not shared with other dreamers, or in other words, they are individuated. Lastly, unlike other physical entities that may lack certain behavioral-sensory properties, dreams often have no real-world reference or origin, this is to say, they can be completely fictional So, for the adults, in coming to a mature understanding of dreams, children must first determine that dream entities are nonphysical, perceptually private and individuated, and that the dream contents can be fictional. But, young children’s earliest conceptions of dreams may lack any similarity to those of adults on any of these dimensions. Children may first think that dream entities and events are both physical and public. Or they might first think that dreams are mental and fictional like the adults but at the same time believe that they are shared communally by dreamers or that people in general were in the same dream as they were (Woolley, et al., 1992). In a study investigating children’s developing conceptions of dreams, children were particularly assessed to see if they understand the three primary distinctions discussed: physical versus nonphysical, perceptually public versus private and shared versus individuated. They were also probed for their understanding on both the idea of the contents of their dreams being potentially fictional in nature and the fact that dreams are spatially localizable. The results dissuade people’s, in particular the adults’ perception that children are realists in the sense that they understand their dreams only as real in nature and the idea that children do not understand the three primary distinctions yet (Woolley, et al., 1992). Therefore, the family of the children either poked fun at the children’s account of their dreams and don’t take them seriously when the kids relay their nightmares. Parents or the adults us
Introduction Under the Six Sigma DMAIC analytical approach, there is an evaluation stage that is known as the 5-why process. It is a deep causal technique that entails continually asking ‘why’ so as to shed off the symptoms and isolate the root cause. This is a preferred method of ensuring quality as it does not involve statistical analysis, therefore, making it simple. In addition, it helps determine the relationship between different root causes of a problem and above all identifies the root cause of a problem (Determining the Root Cause, 2012). In an attempt to pin-point the basis of a problem most managers adopt the 5-why analysis. It is mainly used with chronic problems so as to eliminate them. As a problem-solving analysis method the main idea is to go beyond the symptom thereby enabling a permanent solution to be identified and implemented. It is an alternative to other analysis methods such as Pareto charts, fault-tree analysis and cause-and-effect diagrams (Practical Problem Solving Method, 2012). The actual process This problem-solving process involves four key elements:  1. Identify the situation- here the problem is pin-pointed, explained and the Point of Cause (PoC) established. This facilitates formalizing the problem to enable focus. One begins with a descriptive statement that states what the business offers i.e. its services and how the business offers this i.e. means of delivery to clients  2. Initiate the investigation- here a 5-why investigation is carried out and it entails grasping the root cause for the problem, for why it was not detected early and for why the ‘system’ allowed the problem to occur. The main aim is to find out exactly why the problem happens.  3. Problem rectification- here a specific action is taken to at the very least provide a short-term solution to protect the customer.  4. Avoidance through error-proofing- this entails ensuring the problem does not persist. Also, the lessons are noted down for future use. Each of these elements enables a break-down of the problem to answer questions that include who is responsible, what information is lacki