ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction An architect does not arrive at his or her finished product solely by a sequence of rationalizations, like a scientist, nor does he or she reach them by uninhibited intuitions, like a musician or a painter. He or she thinks of forms instinctively, and then attempts to rationalize them; a dialectical process controlled by theory. This theory can only be studied in philosophical and ethical terms. The core of theory as a philosophy is the recognition that there are conjoint worlds, the central debate of philosophy being over the dialogue between them (White, 1991). One is the external world, while the other is the hypothetical or internal world of our thoughts, imaginings, and interpretations, the world of psychology. The internal world houses our conceptions of the external, molded by notions handed down or across generations persuading or convincing; it is the realm of our rehearsals, associations, ideals, expectations, and hopes for it. This essay explores the concept of formalism in architecture as evident the post modern theory and contemporary buildings. Background of Formalism in the post modern era Given that formalism is a philosophical phenomenon, it would be prudent to explore its use in architecture vis a vis other phenomena in the field in order to grasp the elemental features that set it apart from the rest. Throughout history, one can identify recurring architectural themes that demand resolution, both conceptually and physically. Physical questions are resolved tectonically, while conceptual or intellectual questions are problematized in the manner of philosophy (Ots & Alfano 2010). Perennial theoretical questions inc
The Major Historic Events of the Thirties of the Twentieth Century The 1930s witnessed the Great Depression in America where the concept of the American dream turned into a desperate fight for survival. The economic and social crisis reached all layers of society irrespective of race, wealth, social status, and education (Young et al 2007). The land of expectation and optimism turned into the land of frustration and despair. This time was especially difficult for farmers for whom California was a kind of the Promising Land giving a chance to improve at least the agricultural segment of the economy. By inventing the illusion of the American dream where the nation is presented as an ideal country, people were largely obsessed with material values thus ignoring the moral ones. The decade from1930 till 1940 was highlighted by the changes contributed many famous historic personalities, Karl Menninger, the acknowledged psychiatrist in America, whose book The Human Mind considerably changed the public attitudes towards people with mental disorders; Will Rogers, an outstanding philosopher, and radio commentator, who greatly contributed to the development of screen culture; Amelia Earhart, the first woman who made her debut in aviation and flew across the Atlantic Ocean (Sutton 1999). Art of the Great Depression in the 1930s It goes without saying that the cultural and artistic life of America was subjected to the influence of the economic crisis in the United States. Considering the situation of publishing houses that experiences times of bankruptcy, literature of the 30s was under the threat of failure. The dramaturgy was also captured by the wave of the Great Depression so that local theatres could not afford to order the play screen of respectable writers. Nonetheless, though the writers’ creative work was hampered by economic hardships, the plays were regularly written and staged. Hence, this period saw such famous playwrights as Clifford Odets, Maxwell Anderson, Lillian Hellman, and Eugene O’Neil (Eldridge 2008). Despite these deplorable conditions, the literature prospered as writers and readers experienced the same difficulties. It is worth saying that the Great Depression made the artist of the 1930s reject the social reality and indulge in a new modernistic stream where painters despised the economic instability and social status. One of the main representatives was Jackson Pollock who greatly contributed to the development of Abstract Expressionism (Sutton 1999). One could not but mention that the era of the Great Depression in America was marked by the emergence of radio culture. About 80 percent of the population recognized the future and the main hope for the Americans who were desperately waiting for a positive answer. The famous commentators of that time, H.V. Kaltenborn and Edward Murrow helped to keep the country informed about the situation in the country (Sutton 1999). The time of the Great Depression gave rise to the emer
Abstract This paper is aimed at reviewing the role that Cark Jung played in the history and systems of psychology. Close attention will be paid to his ideas related to personality theory. In particular, it is important to discuss such concepts of archetypes, personality types, introversion, extraversion, and other important elements of Jungian theories. Furthermore, current relevance of his views will be examined. These are the main questions that should be analyzed in more detail. Introduction The ideas of Carl Jung have influenced the work of many contemporary psychologists. The diversity of his interests and the depth of his ideas make him one of the prominent thinkers in the history of the twentieth century, even though some of his arguments can be disputed by modern researchers. In particular, one should pay close attention to his contribution to personality theory that is aimed at explaining different aspects of individual behavior, perception of the world, values, or decision-making. It should be noted that he introduced several concepts that have played an important part in the history of psychology. For example, one can mention such a notion as archetype, introversion, extroversion, and other terms that are vital for psychological science. Furthermore, one should remember about the concept of collective unconscious that is closely related to personality theory. Overall, it is possible to say that Jungian theories play a vital part in the history and systems of psychology, even though not all of them have been confirmed in an empirical way. To a great extent, they have enabled researchers to gain better understanding of personality, cognition, or interpersonal relations. This is the main argument that can be put forward about the work of Carl Jung. The major milestones in the life of Carl Jung and career At first, it is necessary to provide some background information about the life of this person. He was born in a small Swill village Kesswyl in 1875 (Carducci, 2009, p. 134). His parents were religious, and Jung wanted to pursue a career in theology when he was young. Furthermore, one can say that religious views affected some of his later works (Neukrug, 2010, p. 65). Later Carl Jung chose to study medicine; in particular, he was willing to become a surgeon (Carducci, 2009, p. 134). However, he ultimately developed a significant interest in various mental phenomena such as fantasies or dreams (Carducci, 2009, p. 135). Therefore, one can argue that Jung had a wide range of scientific interests. During his stay in Switzerland, Jung started an active correspondence with Sigmund Freud whose ideas profoundly affected Jung’s views on psychology and personality. For a long time, Ju
Introduction and Objectives of the Project Plan The project plan is one of the most important and vital documents which determines the main strategic directions and goals of the project. As the basic vehicle for matching solutions with means, or management resources with market opportunity, management planning becomes the mechanism through which a company is brought into line with the external environment. The company, Camelot, develops a unique plan worked as essential functions of management, which have a forward-looking, integrated, and balanced view of total action. Project plan encompasses the perspective of the future, the types of objectives established, and the strategies and tactics to be employed. Through project planning, the fundamental strategies of the business enterprise are conceived on the basis of market needs, forces, and opportunities; and project is implemented as a philosophy of business operation and a way of corporate life. The objectives of the plan are to gain competitive advantage over other companies in Australia and improve its online accounts system, distribution facilities and online advertising. Before talking about the objectives of the Camelot Ice Cream, it might be useful to mention its strategic direction based on a fresh perspective of its mission and understanding the environment in which it operates. The following five strategic directions of the Camelot Ice Cream presume that the company will:   * review and deepen its existing services to ensure that they are state-of-the art for working effectively with children and adults;   * further assess consumer and community needs to identify gaps or needed shifts in product delivery in order to expand or add new in near future;   * take a leadership role in working with a range of providers to identify and meet the needs of children and adults;   * explore the feasibility of expanding the organization’s visibility in the community; and   * emphasize building its discretionary financial resources to invest in providing quality services (Dobson and Starkey 44). At the same time the objectives of product delivery are divided among the employment support and residential support for children and adults. In order to conduct employment support, the Camelot Ice Cream will   * help more people to have good jobs in the community with a good payment and suitable wages;   * try to increase the number of referrals for jobs and the amount of available training to suite the jobs requirement;   * use the opportunities of the increasing number of businesses in the county that will give more chances to employ people; and   * implement the local public policy that continues to form more positive conditions to support the employment. By implementing support, the Camelot Ice Cream will support all the consumers in main categories, such as community, suppliers, employees and customers. In such a way, the objectives of support will cover the following:  1. the consumers will have greater choices and
Introduction Several indigenous tribes in the Northern parts of America form the Iroquois people. The culture of the Iroquois is unique and spectacular. Many people admire the Iroquois because of their unique culture and traditions. In the 16 th century, the Iroquoian-speaking tribes decided to come together and formed the Iroquois League initially composed of Cayuga, Seneca, Oneida, Mohawk and Onondaga tribes. The Iroquois League has a unique cultural and ceremonial embodiment. Although the confederacy dissolved in the 18 th century, the League is still in existence. For the years, the Iroquois are known for having developed a unique culture that all other races of human kind have looked upon with pride and envy; pride that the Iroquois were human and like themselves, and with envy because the culture was not their own. This paper explores the uniqueness of the Iroquois culture and the reason it is widely admired by many people in the world today. The Culture of the Iroquois People The Iroquois people have maintained their cultural practices for centuries. The people developed a unique culture envied by generations and tribes from different parts of the world. The culture developed around certain disciplines and as a result defined the unique roles and responsibilities among the tribesmen. The different tribes in the Iroquois League helped a lot in the preservation of the people’s culture (Graymont 37). The Iroquois people have specific cultural peculiarities that make the unique and admirable. For instance, the culture embraces some spiritually significant beads known as wampum. The beads are also important and have monetary value. Their cultural practices of the people have remained accurate and unique for very many years. They people also have their own prophets whom they greatly revere. It is because of this uniqueness that many people admired their culture. The Iroquois used to replace the dead with captives captured during their mourning wars (Graymont 46). They Iroquois naturalized the captives to become citizens of their tribe. This was the melting pot practice thus making the Iroquois people famous for very many years. Looking at this kind of practice carefully, it is observable that the Iroquois did not simply conquer and capture the people, but they dedicated much of their time to naturalize and remold them to become part of them. The tradition of the Iroquois also promoted the status of the woman thus making her very powerful and in a position to own properly, horses and even land. This is something widely admired by tribes across the world today. Occupation is another important feature of the Iroquois people. For very many centuries, the occupation of the Iroquois tribesmen has been taking up different forms including agriculture, hunting, gathering, and fishing. Some occupation
Introduction Athletic training may involve injuries on the part of the trainer or the athletes. Some of the injuries are superficial. However, others, such as the brain and spinal injury are grave and may even result in death or permanent impairment. This paper focuses on concussions and the effects they have on the lives of athletes. A concussion is a brain injury that is caused by the violent hitting of the head. It leads to vigorous shaking of the brain within the skull. The severity of a concussion can be detected by symptoms such as nausea, headache, ringing in the ears, balance, concentration, and memory problems, as well as oscillating levels of consciousness. Brain injury is catastrophic to a maturing brain. Concussions are very common among athletes. Its effects are only momentarily felt, thus leaving no visible symptoms. However, for a mild concussion, investigation and treatment should be offered immediately. When an athlete develops brain injury, he or she should rest and avoid medication, alcohol, and stress. Certified Athletic Trainers (ATCs) should be extremely sensitive to the modes in which traumatic brain injury (TBI) manifests itself. It may appear as severe cerebral concussion, moderate, or a mild TBI. The most severe concussions may impair sensitive parts of the brain, such as the brain stem. At the time of injury, concussion management is vital. The ATC should actively participate in providing awareness among coaches, athletes, and even their parents about the symptoms that indicate a concussion and the importance of managing it immediately and effectively. Team physicians should be aware of an array of test methods that are required to determine whether a player suffers a concussion. Before the beginning of each playing season, such tests should be carried out on all athletes, even those who have displayed no symptoms. Such an evaluation will help to reduce the severity of the impacts of head hitting. After treatment, the other important assessment is whether the player is ready to return to play. Such evaluations must involve both postural-stability and neurocognitive testing. For athletes who engage in sports, which bear a high concussion risk, additional tests to the cranial nerves and cervical spine should be made to detect any possible injury. The reason why such tests are imperative is that suffering a subsequent concussion before recovering from a previous one is ruinous. Preston Plevretes Video The video depicts the devastating consequences of concussion in Preston Plevretes’ life. The brain injuries he suffered changed him from a popular, independent, and energetic football player to a young man who currently needs constant care because he can longer do all things he would desire to accomplish ( Preston Plevretes Story ). The i
Childhood is the period which is meaningful for every person because it is the start of a life-long journey. In his Moll Flanders , Daniel Defoe concentrates on many controversial social issues. Moreover, the childhood theme is also masterfully described in the novel as the key point for understanding the persons’ actions and the peculiarities of their further lives. Thus, Daniel Defoe reveals all the worst features of the world’s reality and discovers all the hidden details of the persons’ souls in the work. He also accentuates the seriousness of the harmful surrounding which a child can undergo in his life and its influence. The effects of childhood follow persons during their whole lives. Furthermore, people have the opportunity to observe the peculiarities of children’s everyday life as the part of the society anywhere. To discuss the peculiarities of describing the concept of childhood in the novel, it is necessary to focus on the actual substance of childhood as it is and on the impacts of childhood on the life of the main heroine of the novel. Thus, in his novel the author presents the notion of childhood as a stand point to watch the heroine’s destiny and present her further development into a young lady with her own hidden psychological troubles. Defoe opens his novel as a really strict narration that derives conclusion right away saying that Moll is going to continue her mother’s destiny, as well. This is what life did to her: born in dreadful conditions, not having an opportunity to meet mother ever, and raised by gypsies, Moll is not as bad as she could have become. The peculiarities of Moll’s situation make her act as a grown-up. This situation can be considered as typical for that period. It was the eighteenth century – the time of nobilities, good manners, and dismissal of poor from any worthy life sphere. Moreover, women could not have any rights except being a seamstress, if she wanted to work. Therefore, a girl who could possibly get to that atmosphere was doomed to lead a very modest life when she is a grown-up. A boy, however, had slightly more chances to achieve success and work. Those children who were growing witho
Kimberly Rachel Grunke’s Article on The Effect of Christianity upon the British Celts Introduction In the article, The Effect of Christianity upon the British Celts , Grunke (2008) discusses the Celtic culture and the impacts of Christianity on the people from this community. The article is a reflection of the cultural experiences of the Celts, including the Gaelic community, as they came into contact with Christianity. The spread of this new-world religion had various impacts on the deeply mystic culture of the Celts. Discussion Questions The article by Grunke (2008) raises several questions regarding the culture of the Gaelic community and the Celtic people in general. What were the religious practices of the Celts before their encounter with Christianity? The question is significant given the fragmented nature of the Celtic societies and the differences in their cultural practices (MacKinnon, 2009). Grunke (2008) refers to some pagan priests belonging to the Drund order. The religious practices that formed part of the Celtic culture, however, do not come out clearly. What was the quality and character of the Christian life among the Celts in ancient times? The Celts, including the Gaelic people, had their sets of cultural beliefs, which were likely to be upset by the incoming faith. The idea of Christianity disrupting the set way of life among the communities, including their religious beliefs and practices, is well documented. The experience of the Celts is worth exploring, especially because the religion was introduced by the community’s archrivals, the Romans (Grunke, 2008). Were there some pagan practices that conflicted with the Christian faith? It is a fact that the Celts were fond of mysticism. As such, it is possible that some practices conflicted with Christianity, but the Celts did not want to give up (Grunke, 2008). It is a perspective that is worth investigating. A Review of the Main Points in the Article The Celtic communities, including the Gaelic people, evolved in various ways in response to a wide range of historical and geographical elements. Despite this, their culture remained the same. Some of the groups were farmers, while others were traders. The Celtic culture was generally handed down from one generation to the other through oral traditions. The community had specialists in folklore and cultural practices, whose role in the society was to act as the custodians of the people’s cultural and traditional practices. The Celtic culture was characterized by beautiful forms of artworks, which included oratory skills. While the Celts formed several sets of complex societies, the religious and social customs of the people differed between the various groups of communities (Grunke, 2008). Their interaction with the outside world, especially the Europeans and the missionaries, had a profound effect on their cultural heritage. In this article, Grunke (2008) highlights the cultural practices of the Celts and the arrival of Christianity. The question that remains unanswered relates to the kind of religious practices that existed before the introduction of formal Christianity. It should b
To manage their colonies in Asia, the Dutch formed the Dutch East India Company in the year 1602 (Cipolla, 2000). They established their earliest trading post in late 1602 in Banten, Indonesia. Currently, the area is known as Batavia. From this trading post, the Dutch established their settlements in various parts of Indonesia. In these settlements, cloves and nutmeg were the major cash crops. By the year 1640, the Dutch had expanded their trade across Asia and opened another trading post at Ceylon. In the year 1652, the Dutch opened a trading post at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. This post provided goods to the ships destined to eastern Asia. Before the decline of the Dutch East India Company in the 1680s, more trading posts had been established in Persia, Bengal, Malacca, Siam, and Formosa. These trading posts provided supplies to the company and made it the wealthiest global company in the year 1669. In the early 1600s, the British founded the British East India Company. Through the company, they established trading posts in Jakarta, Pulau AI, and Pulau Run in the year 1611. These trade posts were situated near Banda, where the Dutch had their own trade post. The trading post focused on spices and nutmeg trading. In their first 150 years of operation, the British company had established several trading posts across India (Cipolla, 2000). These posts were situated in Madras, Bombay, Calcutta, and Surat. During the year 1711, a new port was established in Canton, China, to tap into the opium trade. With these trading posts, the owners of the British company became very rich and powerful in England. They built several estates and had political influence in the British government. Reference Cipolla, C. M. (2000). Guns, sails and empires; technological innovation and the early phases of European expansion, 1400-1700 . New York: Pantheon Books.