ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The presence of an alcoholic or substance abuser is a family that leaves an imprint on the relationships inside and outside of a family, as well as on the child development and the mental health of an abuser’s family members. In this paper, the impact of abuse on the external relationships and the influence of past experience on current behavior is studied and the examples witnessed by the author are discussed. Effects of the Family Problem on External Relationships Considering the fact that alcohol and substance abuse is a remarkably widespread problem, it can be said for sure that almost everyone has been either affected by it directly or contacted with the affected individuals on a daily basis (National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2015). It is known that substance abuse causes such problems as co-dependence, domestic violence, and disorders of child development. In addition to these consequences, the presence of an alcoholic or substance abuser in a family has a strong negative impact on the relationships outside of the family. My personal experience confirms this notion. The need to cover the abuser often has a strong impact on outside relationships. For instance, some of my acquaintances, who have an alcoholic parent, were not able to invite friends to their homes, talk about their family or make long-term plans in their childhood years. It has lead to restraint, loneliness, and unwillingness to communicate with peers. As the psychologist Susan Forward noted, a child of a substance abuser must always be on guard to prevent themselves from revealing the truth to strangers (Forward, 2010, p. 72). This work is energy-consuming, which may make a child limit contacts with non-family or stop them altogether. The same problem exists for the spouses of abusers. The non-alcoholic parents of my acquaintances had to solve everyday tasks such as accepting visitors, asking a day off at work to take care of the abuser, talking to distant relatives without mentioning the abuse, etc. Leaving with an abuser leads to deep psychological consequences. None of the people affected by abuse, whom I ever knew, were psychologically stable. Many of them had anxiety, which made their relationships with other people complicated. A relative of mine, having lived forty years with an alcoholic husband, started drinking herself, which made her stop all contacts outside of a family. The Link Between Current Behavior and Past Experience The psychological consequences mentioned above usually have a long-lasting effect. It is especially true for children, whose personality has to form in the conditions of domestic violence and an unhealthy atmosphere at home . A close relative of mine is an adult child of an alcoholic father, and the origins of her current behavior can be easily tracked to her childhood experience. Being hateful to alcohol, she has married an alcoholic man with an obsessive idea to “re-educate” him, which often happens to abuse survivors. All my acquaintances with similar experience have t
Face recognition plays a crucial role in our day-to-day lives especially as far as the social relations are concerned. As a cognitive task in life, it plays a crucial role in meeting and identification of new persons as well as keeping in the memory their facial looks for future identification. The essay discusses the processes associated with face recognition, identification, and classification as well as the roles of concepts and categories in this process. It also highlights the role of encoding and retrieval processes involved with long-term memory and its effects on face recognition. Finally, the paper points out the possible errors that can occur with face recognition. Face recognition is characterized by three major processes namely; visual detection, perceptual discrimination and a working memory (McCardell, 2001). Face detection being the first step is based on lack of information regarding a person’s identity, intention or even emotion. Perceptual discrimination involves using the face detection to distinguish between persons. Salient facial features such as the size of the nose, eye color and hair size are used to distinguish among individuals. The information regarding the facial characteristics that different individuals have are stored in the memory that later retrieves the information for purposes of identification. A working memory is used to encode and retrieve face information later. However, it should be noted that several factors have a hand in determining the process of face recognition. According to McCardell, face recognition especially for crime investigations depends upon several factors (2001). The time the target face was exposed and the mental condition of the witness. According to Bruce and Young (2006), persons suffering from schizophrenia are characterized by an impaired facial emotion information processing. This in turn has an effect on face recognition. An effective face recognition process is dependent on several psychological and physiological processes and the processing of visual and cognitive information is vital. Verbal description, according to McCardell (2001), is viewed as insufficient in the recognition of a face. McCardell is of the view that the viewpoint matters in that a 3-Dimensional view of a face would give a better recognition compared to a 2-Dimensional view. The cognitive processes involved with face recognition are affected by emotionality. Fear, anger, indecision and anxiety have been found to have profound effects on face recognition. According to Sporer, in cases where crimes are committed and eye witnesses called to testify, the lack of anticipative power that the crime would occur generally affects ones ability to recognize a face (1996). The confidence level in identification of per
Introduction Diarrhea affects most of the people in developing countries and it involves frequent passing of loose, soft, and liquid stool. This condition causes discomfort, restlessness, and uneasiness to the persons suffering from it. The frequent bowel movement leads to dehydration and loss of electrolytes from the body resulting into electrolyte imbalance. According to Katzung, “diarrhea is most commonly due to viral gastroenteritis with rotavirus” (2004, p.24). Although viruses play a major role in causing diarrhea infections, other agents such as bacteria and parasites also contribute to the spread of the infection. Treatment of diarrhea helps to alleviate the excessive loss of body liquid and promotes lessening of abdominal pains and uneasiness. Diarrhea medication The initial diarrhea medication entails the intake of diarrhea absorbents which include the kaopectate anti diarrheal, which are bismuth subsalicylate compounds treating diarrhea among other conditions. According to Alam, “these drugs include kapectolin, Maalox, Pepto-Bismol and pink bismuth which relief stomach upset” (2003, p.151). The medication streams into the intestines and reduces the rate of liquid loss from the body into the stool. The drugs are in both tablet and syrup form. The medicines also have side effects with some being severe and others being less harmful. The severe side effects include allergic reaction leading to swelling of face, lips, and tongue. Experience of these effects calls for doctor’s intervention. On the other hand, less harmful effects include darkened stool, tongue, and constipation (Alam, 2003, p.152). This medication, if administered to children with fever, can predispose them to Reye’s syndrome; therefore, it is not fit for young children with fever. Another medications applied in treatment of diarrhea are the opioids drugs especially the loperamida, which include Imodium, lopex, fortasec and dimor. These opioids do not affect the central nervous system as other opioids, instead they act as “receptor agonist in the myenteric plexus of the large intestines” (Butler, 2008, p.105). The mentioned drugs increase the time that food remains in the intestine allowing enough time for absorption of water from the fecal material in the intestines. Like other medications, loperamide contain side effects including vomiting, nausea, bloating, abdominal pain, and constipation. Severe side effects entail blistering of skin, swelling of the mouth and development of hives. These drugs are over the counter (OTC) drugs and therefore
The Claim: The Poem as an Excellent Example of Dickinson’s Homiletic Style. On the example of the selected poem, the author’s style will be discussed through the lens of her perception of the world. It will be argued that the combination of the sacred texts heritage, her interpretation of those pieces of writing, and her meditation becomes the fundament of the poem. Besides, it will be proven that these intertwined elements form the basis of the ontological metaphor using which the author manages to create a strong effect on a reader. The Interpretation of the Poem After a Surface-Level Reading. Having looked through the text of the poem for the first time and postponing the deeper analysis, a reader can understand the topic of the poem and its plot. The speaker depicts hope as a bird singing tirelessly, and this song is beautiful. As the wind blows and the storm breaks, it sounds even better. Despite the harsh conditions, the bird never asks for a crumb from the speaker. Figurative Language and Prosody Elements Used in the Poem.  1. Meter.  2. Scheme.  3. Ontological Metaphor. In the context of the figurative language and the elements of the prosody, several issues will be important. First and foremost, the meter in accentual-syllabic verse will be examined: in this particular case, the iambic trimester that expands and often includes the fourth stress at the end of the line will be seen as the instrument similar to what is used in classical sacred texts, especially in the Biblical poetry, to transfer the solemnity and spirituality. This idea will be supported by books and other academic sources. Further, the scheme of the poem will be considered. The effect of two ABCB and one ABAB stanzas will be scrutinized. It will be argued that this structure is similar to the structure of the narration: the first stanza may be associated with the exposition, the second one is close to the development of events, and the third one can be compared with the climax and denouement. In this respect, the ABCB structure gives the effect of conclusion and stability while the ABAB structure is to convey the idea of development and change. This structure will be regarded as the means of creating the effect of the homiletic poem: the author sees the bird as the role model because it humbly accepts difficulties and does not ask for anything. Finally, the ontological metaphor will be regarded as one of the instruments necessary to reach the expressiveness. The classification of metaphors and their characteristics described by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson will be applied. Secondary Sources Necessary for the Analysis of the Poem and their Significance. To address the implications mentioned above, the corresponding sources will be essential. The books, journal articles, or reliable websites information that shed light on the personality of the author and her contribution to the world’s culture will be important to introduce the topic and provide the opportunity to know the overall tendencies. The
Legend of Lightspan Biogas Company Lightspan Biogas Company will be located in the UAE. It will be designing, manufacturing, and distributing biogas-powered lighting systems. The systems charge on their own from the biogas system. The Company will aim at replacing the lantern kerosene lamp with standard biogas lamps. The challenge builds an innovative design of the Lightspan Biogas Company with a core aim of reducing to zero the use of harmful energy sources. Besides, it limits the recurrent costs as it lights for eight hours and has a lifespan of six years. Moreover, the energy will be used for cooking and charging mobile phones. From this dimension, Lightspan Biogas Company will form part of the Society-driven companies that aim for transformative empowerment of the society. In brief, the major pillars of Lightspan Biogas Company are innovation, teamwork, environmental conservation, and organizational identity. These pillars support sustainable development, as they take into consideration the needs of both the present and future generation. Besides, sustainable energy will be the driving force for all stakeholders in the company. A culture of conserving the environment will be the company’s mainstream or the driving force. Given the high rate of globalization, the company will have to adopt the use of technology, especially the use of the internet in order to reach the entire globe. Notably, the company will be non-discriminative in hiring employees in terms of race, gender, ethnic group, or nationality. Ritual of Lightspan Biogas Company Lightspan Biogas Company uses decomposing materials as the main source of energy to produce light for lighting as well as driving machines in light industries. The Company observes rituals defined in their manifesto. Rituals are a set of guidelines or repeated behavior in the scope of business operations that maintains its label and brand. Rituals maintain effective transmission values and beliefs of a Company. The company will organize sporting events and community service programs three times in a year. During these occasions, employees and other stakeholders will have time to bond with each other. Organizational and employees Identity In Lightspan Biogas Company, the team of management and staff build a ritual of organizational and employees identity. The Company portrays an excellence through efficient and reliable provision of harmless and environmentally friendly source of energy. In this regard, the Company reserves the greatest respect to the employees, hence building their self-esteem. Therefor
Introduction Adidas group is one of the largest multinational producers of sports footwear, apparel, and accessories. Its products are available virtually in every country. Its activities are directed from its headquarters in Herzogenaurach, Germany. Reebok headquarters are located in California (Adidas Group 2012). Due to the company’s international nature of business, various issues face the company in regards to taxation. One of the major issues that the company deals with every year of its operation is double taxation due to overlapping. Double taxation is experienced when a company or an individual is taxed twice for the same asset or income. This is mostly the case when there are overlapping jurisdictions of taxation and also when assets, incomes, and consequent transactions are subject to these jurisdictions (Caplan, 2003). To reduce or curb these losses, Adidas Company has taken several measures such as foreign tax credit. A foreign income credit is when an individual or a firm can take credit for taxes against its bills, however, the tax credit has several limitations. A good example is a case of credit being limited to the tax for which the credit is allowable (Caplan, 2003). On the other hand, the company benefits adversely from the benefits provided by tax treaties. A tax treaty is whereby the mother country of a company enters into a contract with other countries to promote cross-border investment and economic activities. This plays a crucial role in the elimination of double taxation, assists the government bodies to enforce the laws of taxation, and reduce barriers to international investments. Adidas Company has highly benefited from these tax treaties as German and US governments have been striking this type of treaty for over 70 years. Transfer Pricing When one part of a big multinational company transfers goods or services to another part in another country the price charged for these goods or services is referred to as transfer price. The main purposes of transfer pricing are to evaluate divisional profits and the calculation of income taxes (Pricewaterhousecooper, 2003). In Adidas, the transfer of its products can take any form downstream, upstream, or from one subsidiary to another. The main role that is played by the Adidas transfer pricing, is shifting income from high to low tax jurisdictions. For example, if the Adidas products are being manufactured in Germany and transferred to the US for sale, a high transfer price raises divisional income to the German division of the company, and hence increases the company’s tax liabi
Introduction By the end of the nineteenth century, besides the predominance of Old Europe on the global international arena, certain signs already indicated the future formation of two dominant world powers (Kennedy, 1988). The main indicator that defines the national strength of the leading world countries was industrial productivity. Besides the manufacturing strength, the key factors that had an impact on the destiny of the leading countries were their political instabilities, alliance policies, and geographical positions. Changes in the Balance of the Leading Forces in 1885-1914 The end of the nineteenth century was characterised by a rapid development of economies, due to industrialisation and urbanisation of countries. The power of each leading country was defined by the state of its military, economy, technological advancement, foreign policy and government efficiency. The balance of forces on the global arena changed with the emerging strength of Japan, Italy and Germany. Italy was gaining weight by leading progressive internal and international policies. Japan was in relative security due to its geographical isolation and remarkable patriotism. Germany had become one of the most prominent players on the map of Old Europe (Kennedy, 1988). The nation was strong both in the high rate of growth of its population and economy-wise, possessing both human and material resources. Despite being one of the most influential military forces on the continent, the country was spending a relatively small percentage of its human resources and GDP compared to Russia and France. Austria-Hungary’s main industries were coal, steel production and textile; the country has achieved great successes in the fields of mechanisation and electrification. Meanwhile, there were internal tensions and complicated relations with neighbours. All these factors led to a weakening of the situation in the country, making it dependent on German military support. France possessed a significant colonial army and naval bases in Africa and Asia. Besides a substantial growth in the economy, France was the fifth leading world power. Great Britain was the largest world empire, possessing colonies
Introduction A few women join the congress in US; however, Donna Edwards constitute such few persons. Born in North Carolina, she attained elevated levels of education. Consequently, she defined her career, which focuses on enlightening the public about their rights. She fought in the quest for rights, as evident in her actions in countries like Sudan. It is imperative to assert that Donna launched her political career in 2006 thus overthrowing Wynn as evident in 2008. She has reformed the healthcare system in Maryland, thus enhancing the state of women (Edwards). She equally strives to reform the education sector by initiating superior programmes that aim at offering competent graduates. Background Information Donna F. Edwards was born in 1958 in North Carolina, and had six siblings. Her father was a member of the Air Force throughout the warfare in Vietnam. It is significant to note that Donna was among the few women academics during that time. This is factual since she completed her first degree at the Wake Forest University where she was among the few colour women present in her class. Later on, she proceeded to study a degree in law at the Franklin Pierce Law Centre (AFN). Donna has since involved in diversified careers mostly working for non-profit oriented organizations. For instance, prior to her congress job, she was an executive director in Arca foundation where she helped champion the need for ending capital punishment, promote labour and human rights, as well as ensuring independence of the judiciary. Furthermore, she was involved in the effort of concluding domestic violence in America. It is remarkable that Donna involved herself in the demonstration against genocide in Darfur, outer surface of the Sudan Embassy where they were protesting against the refusal to offer humanitarian aid to the victims. During that remonstration, she was arrested after breaching police orders of maintaining a line, which was meant to protect the embassy (Bartlett). Her first political conquest was in 2006 where she contested in the democratic primary for the Maryland seat. She lost by a thin margin to Wynn but that did end her desire to represent Maryland. In July 2008, Donna Edwards again declared that she would face off with Albert Wynn for the Maryland seat. She criticised Wynn regarding frequent support on republican proposals, for instance 2002 vote that was in support of Iraq invasion by the United States. She claimed that the bush administration was not sensitive to the wishes of Americans and with this notion as the campaign slogan; she began her onslaught on Wynn. She embarked on an effective low profile campaign based on her connections with local groupings. Despite the fact that her rival managed to spend excessive money on his campaign, she managed to defeat Wynn on the 2008 January primary achieving a decisive 22% points. On his defeat, Wynn opted to resign rather than finish his period of office. This gave way to a special election in which she received weak competition from her republican opponent. She comfortably won the election by gaining 81% of the total votes (AFN). Th