ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
McBrien: Catholicism Catholicism is a term coined from the Greek adjective Katholikos, which simply means universal. Catholic was first used by St. Ignatius of Loyola about 107 D.C in a letter to Smyraeans (McBrien71). Catholicism has unique but specific religious and liturgical attitudes and practices. Since the reformation, the term has been used or applied in opposing the Protestants. What is emphasized in Catholicism is the universalism and orthodox of the Christian faith. St Cyril of Jerusalem describes the universal Church as “Catholic” because it exists all over the world. Besides, Catholic teaching centers on universality and doctrines that form part of human knowledge. The universality of Catholicism is ingrained in individuals’ faith because of its practices such as; being a true religion for all statues of people, rulers, and subjects. The Word “Catholic” became controversial after the East-West schism of the 11th century and the reformation period during the 16th century. The West demanded itself the title “Catholic Church” whereas the East, which had a strong relationship attached to communion with Rome, seized the “Holly Orthodox Church”. After Reformation, those who had communion with Rome retained the term catholic whereas the splinter group was referred to as Protestants. However, modern theologians suggest that Catholics relate to all Christians. The Second Vatican Council of 1962-65 expanded the concept of Catholicity to include churches outside the mainstream Catholic Church (McBrien 4). My position McBrien has elucidated well on the use of the word catholic. I am personally convinced that Christians should be united as one. I am also convinced that the church at the chore is one save for differences due to different traditions. What the leaders of the church in our world of today ought to do is to seek ways of going beyond these traditions to embrace the oneness in faith. This cannot be done as a matter of compromise but as a matter of humble acceptance of the truth. Ada Maria Isasi and Diaz Enlaluncha Enlaluncha (87) looks into human solidarity as a calling to which all Christians have to respond. In current or common usage, solidarity is used with nuances to the effect that it is a temporal consideration. One is in solidarity at some point and can choose to withdraw solidarity at any time. True solidarity is anchored on shared responsibilities and interests as opposed to mere empathizing (Enlaluncha 89). Solidarity is anchored on true love for mankind or the world at large. The people most in need of solidarity are exploited many. Through solidarity with such people, the world is healed of alienation. Solidarity is not based on pity but rather on belief in the soundness of the interests of others. Therefore, at the heart of solidarity is mutuality or mutual concern (Enlaluncha 93). If the oppressed in the world are to find liberation, then they have to find strength in their numbers and struggle together for their liberation. The easiest way of achieving dealing with oppression in the world is getting the oppressors to appreciate
Trends   * Fashion, health consciousness and active lifestyle trends Statistics have indicated that bicycling is a healthy lifestyle with regard to not only cardiovascular exercise, but also a great mode of stress and tension relief. Many Americans have realized the benefits associated with bicycle industry (National Bicycle Dealers Association 2009 Para.4). It is also a fashion trend that fit and slim people are regarded to as fashion conscious. Many people regardless of age or gender therefore see bicycling as a convenient way of achieving fashion statements with regard to their perceived fitness and body size. Subsequently, the bicycle industry has grown as more and more people take this option either as a means of transportation or, for recreation. The retail shop is evidently going to have high sales due to these social trends which do not show signs of diminishing in the next three to five years.   * Student market The fact that this retail shop is located near a university is very convenient, as many students prefer to use bicycles for their transport given that most of them cannot afford cars. Additionally, it is regarded as fashionable to own certain makes of bikes, which is a very effective factor that might see this retail shop make large profits in the course of the next five years. Opportunities   * High fuel prices Political instability in the Middle East is a vital factor that highly affects the cost of fuel world wide. With the high cost being felt by the consumer in the recent times, consumers have found cycling not only a faster means, but also a cost saving mode of transport (Williamson & Zeng 69). The bicycle industry therefore must see the opportunity in the high fuel costs which has turned about 5.2 % of the total population to cyclists. It is therefore important that the market finds convenient strategies to win more consumers as they also work effortlessly to satisfy consumer needs.   * Bicycle variety Additionally, the business must endeavor to stock a wide variety of bikes to cater for varied consumer needs. These include comfort, mountain, hybrid, beach cruiser, downhill, commuter and also children bicycles in order to capture the whole market. If every customer’s needs are met, then the profits will inevitably be enormous. The business can engage in offering free repair services for a specified period of time after purchase. This shall keep customers as they build business trust. The retail shop must therefore have unlimited selection of bicycles
Was Silvio the right choice for General Manager of the Indian operation? Evaluate the entire range of factors such as experience, education, skills, personality, etc.   * Silvio’s experience can be deemed as one of the primary factors for choosing him as the General Manager (GM) since he had already gained a deep understanding of how the company worked y the time that he was appointed (4);   * Napoli’s education should also be considered a significant advantage that needed to be taken into account when choosing since his MBA degree showed that he was ready to break new grounds (4);   * The fact that he was rather young, especially compared to the other option that the organization had, should also be viewed as the advantage since his age was the evidence of his propensity to being open to new strategies and approaches;   * Napoli also had the temper that met the needs of the organization impeccably – he was willing to promote active change and improvements in the corporate environment (4);   * Finally, Napoli had a perfect understanding of the local culture and could develop the philosophy that he marked as the one of a monk so that it could be combined with his temper of a warrior and, therefore, help him gain success in India (6). As Luc Bonnard, how would you evaluate Silvio’s performance for the first seven months? What advice would you give him?   * Napoli’s tendency to be very emotional about the progress of the organization shows that he could use better personal management skills and work on his negotiation abilities (6);   * His willingness to introduce innovative approaches is admirable, yet Napoli should be able to give a project enough time to let the dust settle – thus, the general tendency can be identified at an early stage and the necessary measures can be designed accordingly (6);   * The absence of an appropriate risk management approach, as well as an exit strategy, should also be listed among the primary problems – Napoli has to learn to identify all possible outcomes and be able to pull all the available resources to address an emergency (10)   * The product strategy, as well as the branding approach, could have used a significant improvement, especially with a competitor as strong as Otis in the target market; therefore, Napoli should have put a stronger emphasis on improving the company’s competitive advantage (8);   * Furthermore, Napoli should have considered the opinions of his managers before releasing the product seeing that a lot of them had doubts about the feasibility of the project; thus, he could have avoided some of the problems (10). How could Silvio use the key issues namely glass-walled elevators, transfer of specifications, transfer pricing, and increase in customs duties to develop his stra
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel was in unprecedented circulation for its time and described the despair and anguish that shrouded slavery throughout America. Using the example of a deceived and suffering enslaved person, the author showed the cowardice, hypocrisy, and lies of the entire system and its defenders in particular (Stowe, 2021). Contemporaries recognized that Stowe did a great job by publishing the novel. The novel provoked fierce criticism from the enslavers and their families; the author was repeatedly exposed. However, the book became a propaganda mouthpiece on the path to freedom from slavery, fundamentally influencing public sentiment. Even Abraham Lincoln admitted that Stowe was the key to starting the Civil War. The Dred Scott Case of 1857 The Dred Scott case became a ‘black stain’ on American law, encouraging the spread of slavery even in states where it did not exist at that time. Even though Dred Scott died a free man, the judiciary never showed him a favor, having struggled for many years. Dred Scott was humiliated by judges and enslavers, and only the abolitionists helped him contain the pressure (Helg & Vergnaud, 2019). This case subsequently increased the wave of abolitionism, and Abraham Lincoln repeatedly referred to the story of Dred Scott in his debate with Stephen Douglas. The Lincoln Douglas Debates, 1858 The Douglas-Lincoln debate underlined everything that had happened before it. Lincoln mentioned Dred Scott’s legal losses referred to other separate stories; in particular, both debaters said The Kansas-Nebraska Act (Kyte, 2022). These debates reflected the contradictions between the South and the North sharply, and Lincoln used the metaphor of a divided house. With its division and total contradictions, this home, America, tears itself apart from within and collapses. Stephen Douglas was a stern opponent of Lincoln, who already had popularity and political merit. The problem of slavery was raised to a new level of discussion, and the intensity became evident to everyone. The Inevitability of the American Civil War Society could have avoided a civil war in America, but the intensity of public discontent was too great. The community was ready for changes and wanted them, and the passionate people intercepted the agenda in time; they wrote literary works and filed lawsuits. However, it was hard for society to part with the idea of slavery. Single disturbances would not have led to a Civil War, but their combination and concentration made war inevitable.
Introduction Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank (ADCB) is a bank operating in the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi government owns 58 percent of the company’s stock. Private investors hold the remaining shares (“ADCB – Ownership Structure”). This paper aims to conduct an intrinsic valuation of the company using a discounted cash flow (DCF) model. It will also examine how ADCB’s intrinsic value corresponds to the market value to determine whether it is under or overvalued. Intrinsic Value The intrinsic value of a company can be defined as “the net present value (NPV) of the sum of all future free cash flows (FCF) the company will generate during its existence” (Karrakman). By determining the intrinsic value of ADCB, it is possible to determine how much the company’s stock is worth in case if the bank along with all of its assets is sold. Implementing a Discounted Cash Flow
It is believed that when there is a controversy between free imaginative practices and ideology, it is ideology that wins the encounter but is defeated in the main battle. This is the core issue examined in the book “Reading Lolita in Tehran” written by Azar Nafisi, which is the gripping narration of existence, and literary learning in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The book interlaces the different accounts of how she learns from her own experiences of teaching in the Iranian universities, her students, her husband and other entities that she comes across during her teaching career in Iran. Nafisi is clear in depicting her opinion and resisting the attempts of Islamic ideologists in suppressing her for what she taught, for the purposes of justifying the practices being followed in the name of Islam. The major theme of the book incorporates the interactions she had with the students as also those that students had with each other in regard to the books read by them. Nafisi has divided her book into different parts on Lolita, The Great Gatsby, novels by Jane Austen and Henry James, most of it being from the book Pride and Prejudice. She has found a theme from the texts they discussed and with delicate indirection related each of these with the problem faced by the group in the context of their daily routine and life in Iran. For example in the chapter on the Great Gatisby she narrates the dreams of people in regard to the future, the dangers associated with fulfillment of such dreams, and the frustration resulting from the dreams going sour in the face of reality dawning upon them within the given framework of the religious set up. The books read by Nafisi and her group of students were banned by the government, and they had to meet secretly in sharing photocopies of the novels. The group kept meeting for two years in discussing the subtle issues highlighted in the given novels. The entire group which comprised of women was shy and scared of the implications of what they were into but soon got over it and boldly used the meetings as opportunities to freely express their viewpoints on the political, cultural and social implication of life in the strict rule and atmosphere of Islamic rule. The women often gave vent to their anger in such meetings at the high handedness with which they had to face the indignities on a daily basis by the so called morality guards of Ayatollah Khomeini. They also shared their frustrations in regard to the Iraq – Iran war of the 1980s, marriage, love, and about over all life circumstances in the Iran of that time. These narrations enabled readers of Nafisi’s book to have a detailed insight at revolutionary Iran and the strict code of conduct required to be
Introduction New products create a good opportunity for organisations. This ensures that an organization is on a creative plane where it can stimulate profitability growth. This can help organizations to expand their business operations from domestic to international levels (Parsons and Maclaran, 2012). For this to happen, the new product development process strategies should be employed by the organization to encourage and harness the creative and innovative talent within it (Annacchino, 2003). The research answers various questions. These include: what are the strategies for new product development for soft drinks? Will the process facilitate efficient communication for the new product development project ranging from learning to training to best practices? Does the process provide an agreement on the criteria for investment in a new product development and its branding and post launch evaluation? Consequently, the research should recognize the challenges that new product development process encounters. This should be inclusive of accountability and possession of all associated capital spending decisions (Kumar & Phrommathed 2005). Thesis statement The main aim of the research paper is to assess and analyse the approaches and methodologies of new product development. This will be achieved through comparing the relevant literature related to the research topic. Notably, the new product development (NDP) is vital for the company’s growth and prosperity. Though it is not easy to manage, the NPD leads to opening new markets and attracting new customers. It also helps organizations to enlarge their capabilities and provide higher qualities on final products. New product development has stages and activities related to the idea of launching new products and with systematic approaches to the phases in the company. In this case, the probability of the company succeeding and securing a long time survival is very high. The new product is the most critical factor for organizations because customers or clients’ needs change rapidly and fosters competition among companies. Competition leads to positive impacts because it forces the organization to bring new products to the market. In addition, the products are offered at a reduced cost. Furthermore, competition improves the quality of products for consumption (Brown, Leavitt, Wright & American Productivity & Quality Center, 2004). Methodology This research study will mainly use qualitative research methods from both secondary and primary sources. The secondary sources for the dissertation will includ
Despite several essential differences between the control theories and criminological theories, there are also aspects that may be perceived as similarities. There are also two key derivations of these theories which are called rational choice theory and deterrence theory (Hirschi, 2011). On a bigger scale, these theories relate to the classical schools of crime causation. The core differences between the control theories and criminological theories are reflected by the divergent areas of focus. The emphasis of the deterrence theory is placed on severity and rapidity of the penalization process. In this case, the criminal justice system is responsible for the inevitability of the punishments (Hirschi, 2011). On the other hand, the criminological theories emphasize the benefits of delinquent behaviors and associated costs. Another critical variance between the two types of theories is that the adepts of the social control theory do not consider the criminal justice system the superlative legal instance. Instead, they believe that the criminological theory is intended to control the crime rates but fails to do so. Moreover, the experts in the field of social control theories tend to ignore the benefits of delinquent activities due to their belief that these benefits are identical to the benefits of law-abiding behaviors (Wagner, 2013). When it comes to the ideas proposed by control theories, they do not have much in common with the sociological view of the crime. For instance, social learning theory presupposes that crime cannot be related to natural activities (cultural deviance theory also supports this claim). According to these theories, crime is normally committed under the influence of a number of social triggers (Hirschi, 2011). The combinations of these pivotal aspects may include peer pressure or even social culture. The amalgamation of these external factors is the ultimate controller responsible for the manifestation of delinquent behaviors in a given individual. According to these ideas, not a single crime will be committed if there is no external impact. In such case, the influence comes not from the dominant society but the conformist wrongdoer’s outlooks. It is also critical to mention the anomie theories which commonly presuppose that the shortcomings of the social system tend to push the individual to crime (Beirne & Messerschmidt, 2015). The conflict between the criminological and social control theories transpires when the individual realizes that a legal way to achieve the desired outcomes does not exist. These core aspects allow the researchers to critique social control theories and perceive the relevance of each of the theories. There are several biological schools of crime causation. Nevertheless, all of these theories have one weak spot in common – these theories suppose that genetic inheritance and other biological characteristics positively affect the probability of manifestation of criminal behaviors. Even though the evidence supporting this claim exists, other control and criminological theories have a much mo
Introduction Cultural diversity entails the experiences and characteristics of different people within an organization. It includes the whole spectrum of human beings including ethnicity, race, age, gender, disability, religion and the sexual orientation. Most importantly, the focus of cultural diversity ought to be on individual work style, communication technique, role, level of performance and economic significance. A Successful Experience with Cultural Diversity I once occupied a marketer post in a chain store of a renowned international company. The employees were from diverse ethnic groups and different countries. To begin with, I noted that cultural diversity boosted the company’s competitive situation in the market. Marketers know that goods or services are not universally acceptable; diversification enabled team of marketers to know that different cultures demanded for different taste of the same product or service. Our chain stores were able to establishing the best way of presenting products and services to clients by consulting with the richness of the multi-cultural setting of the teams. Out managers sent each member in favour of their ethnicity as a strategy to enhance proper understand between client and the serving member of staff. A company was culturally diverse and thus rich in cultural knowledge because of engaging people from various countries. The company was thus able to achieve enough chances of enhancing trade. Most international media companies such as CNN, Aljazeera or Reuters have news anchors or reporters from various ethnicities. Everyone goes out to collect news in conformity to the ethnic or cultural background, as a strategy of enhancing the process of collecting information. Our company was able to cater for a wide range of personnel preferably from various countries internationally. Cultural diversification meant that the business had ethnically diverse personalities who easily assisted in serving a wide base of clients without much effort, considering the ease for workers to relate with clients. The company offered their clients a diverse representation in the firm with the aim of sharing common grounds between the client and the employee, to meet customers’ needs. In this case, the management had a proactive supervision mechanism that caters for inclusion of multi-cultural diversification at the workplace as a subsequent to strategically planning or the human resources management planning. A Failure Experience with Cultural Diversity Contrary, I was also able to witness cases discrimination in the firms due to cultural diversification. People from different background have personal features, preferences and practices that may hinder this form of development. Lack of proper training, emphasis and practice caused the diversification at the workplace to fail especially between the black and white ra