ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The issues of transnationalism, globalization, consequences of the colonialism, and the current aspects of industrialization are actively discussed in the modern society. In the chapter on the world system and colonialism, Gezon and Kottak discuss a lot of associated questions, and it is necessary to pay attention to the parallels which are determined by the researchers in relation to the period of colonialism, the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century, and current situation in the world. All the historical and social processes are interdependent and to understand aspects of the modern society’s development, it is important to refer to the past. Although all the points mentioned by Gezon and Kottak in the chapter are significant and require their further discussion, it is useful to focus on such aspects as the role of industrialization in the past and today, the social stratification, and the correlation between the notions of colonialism and identity. Gezon and Kottak are rather convincing in their analysis of the role of industrialization for the society in the 19th century and for the modern world. Thus, the Industrial Revolution changed the world significantly and influenced the social and economic progress of countries. The authors state that the approaches to economy changed, and the development of the capitalist economy is closely connected with the Industrial Revolution. However, there were a lot of negative consequences of the extreme changes for workers, and the modern stage of industrialization is also associated with definite problems. Gezon and Kottak state that “around the world contemporary nations are repeating – at an accelerated rate – the process of resource depletion that started in Europe and the United States during the Industrial Revolution” (Gezon & Kottak, 2011, p. 221). It is also interesting to follow the authors’ discussion of the Industrial Revolution’s role in determining the new social stratification. If it is possible to determine capitalists and workers as the main social classes of the 19th century, to state strictly the contemporary social classes is a rather problematic task. Thus, “modern stratification systems aren’t simple and dichotomous” (Gezon & Kottak, 2011, p. 208). Gezon and Kottak’s discussion makes readers think about their social position and belonging to the definite social class the criteria for which are not determined strictly. Today, these criteria differ from such Max Weber’s dimensions as wealth, power, and prestige because there are more additional factors which can influence the social status of the person. Moreover, the authors effectively accentuate such aspects as social mobility and social equality. From this point, it is possible today t
Situation 1 Brief facts A woman slipped on a banana peel and fell outside Good Grocers, Inc. bakery. She was an anchorwoman for NewsNow. She wore five-inch high heels at the time of the incident. Issues  1. What is the most appropriate method for dispute resolution?  2. What steps would be involved in seeking a resolution? Rule Law of tort Resolution  1. The matter in this case is best resolved by way of litigation, as the matter falls under the law of tort of negligence. The law would require the matter to be taken through the proper steps of determining the existence of liability. Consequently, the court would have to establish whether Good Grocers, Inc. owed a duty of care to the injured person, whether the company breached the duty, and whether there had been harm on her part. The court would have to apportion liability for the incident between the victim and the company. It would put into consideration contributory negligence on the part of the victim and her stature in society as a news anchor, which might aggravate the harm caused to her. If alternative dispute resolution measures were to be taken in this matter, the resolution arrived at would lack the above analysis and the process would, probably, arrive at an erroneous finding (Gifford & Robinette, 2014).  2. In seeking a resolution, the court would have to determine whether the action or omission of the company amounted to an act of negligence. Negligence refers to acting or failing to act in a manner that reflects reasonableness. It is a discipline of law that deals with strict liability, rather than intentional breach of law (Deakin, Johnston, & Markesinis, 2012). The court would consider the following elements. Duty of care The tort feasor must have owed the victim a duty of care for the tort of negligence to be established. The duty of care was defined in the case of Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 532, where Lord Atkin found that the duty of care was an obligation of caution owed to a neighbor. The neighbor was considered to be one who was so close to the tort feasor to have him reasonably contemplate his safety by any of his acts or omissions. In the instant case, therefore, the victim may be found to have been a neighbor. Consequently, a duty of care was owed, given the obligation of caution that the company ought to have taken to ensure her safety. Breach of duty Following the establishment of the company’s duty of care to the victim, the court would have to determine whether the duty was breached or not. In other words, the above discussed duty of care must have been clearly viola
FSA is an agency in the US department of education charged with the responsibility of ensuring that grants and loans are availed to students in time. It is one of the largest providers of funs to students in the US at the federal level. Apart from offering loans to students, the agency is also charged with the task of providing work-study funds to needy students. The agency comes up with policies aimed at assisting needy students, by designing forms in a way that would benefit only the needy. The agency works closely with other agencies in the department of education to ensure that all students, irrespective of race, social status, and ethnicity, achieve high education. In the 2010 academic calendar, the agency distributed over $144 billion to fifteen million students from humble backgrounds. The agency is allocated over $864 billion each year. The role of the agency is to ensure that stakeholders are involved in the allocation of student funds. Since most families are unaware that loans and grants are available for needy students, the agency ensures that parents receive information in time to enable their children to continue with education beyond high school. Recently, the agency embarked on a mission of opening call centers in a number of cities. Moreover, it publishes books and other print materials for parents and students. In the last twenty –five years, the Federal Student Aid has undergone a number of changes due to increased student population. Each year, the number of students joining colleges and universities has been increasing. The agency has been forced to design new policies to cope with the new challenges. Currently, the enrolment rates among various ethnicities, races, and social statuses have gone up. However, the financial gap between the rich and the poor is ever increasing. The old system of loan distribution favored students from rich families. It can be observed that new policies in the agency tend to generate a culture of overreliance on loans. In other words, the agency prefers loaning students rather than offering grants. This affected students in a number of ways because the major aim of the agency is to ensure equality and fairness. The agency was established to ensure that all students access high education through offering financial help to the needy. However, this has changed because the poor no longer benefit from the agency. Even for the poor families, loans are the major source of funding for their high education. In 1994, the agency gave out over $26 billion in form of loans. The agency was established to offer grants and financial assistance to students, not loans. In the modern society,
Introduction Plastics are found everywhere and have many uses. However, there are some limitations to the use of plastics and one of these is that they cannot withstand a temperature way above 200°C. Plastics that can withstand high temperature are applied with so-called aromatic base. This kind of plastic is exposed to condensation during manufacturing and also possesses high melting point. Polyethylene terephthalate is a kind of polymer that has a melting point of 145°C. Others are within the range of 200°C but not higher than that. Plastics are also limited by the chemical composition they are made. Properties of plastics become limited because of the chemical composition they possess and as such, their hardness and density and other remarkable properties are totally affected. A lot of plastics commonly used today are made of polymers (or polymer based). Manufacturers utilize various techniques in polymerization and one of these is the application of several additives to vary the plastic properties and to attain the desired results for commercial purposes. The most likely plastic used The most likely plastic used today is a combination of several chemicals but one process applied is polymerization. Poly means a combination of several chemicals to produce a type of plastic that has many applications. An example is that some plastics have chemicals with a so-called backbone to introduce quality and to make it more commercially viable and cost-effective. There are five types of plastics that are commonly used and are described in this paper. These are the polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, vinyl and polyethylene terephthalate. The discussion will focus on these types of plastic. Polyethylene Plastic (PE) This is one of the most widely-used plastic because of its valuable properties and many applications. Figure above shows examples of products made from PE plastic The origin of polyethylene comes all the way from England before the outbreak of the Second World War. ICI Corporation made the move without the intention to introduce it commercially. They did it through an application of high pressure of ethylene mixed with small amount of oxygen. Interestingly, an accident occurred at the plant conducting the experiment, but the application of oxygen to ethylene produced accidental but positive results. Polyethylene was born. (Green and Wittcoff, 2003, p. 24) The first type of polyethylene and also the first to be introduced commercially is the low-density polyethylene (LDPE). It can
Introduction The role of a nurse in community health settings in the context of modern US healthcare is difficult to estimate appropriately due to the variety of their development patterns. The major part of public healthcare in the country is dedicated to educational establishments such as schools and kindergartens because children are one of the most vulnerable social groups in terms of infections development. Thus, school nurses are, by all means, crucial for the public health state in the country, as they are responsible for the well-being of hundreds of kids attending schools. Since the first school nurse appointment in 1902, their role has shifted from promoting student attendance to actual medical surveillance (Holmes et al., 2016). The purpose of this paper is to define and evaluate the current school nurses’ position in the community healthcare system on the example of Ronald Reagan Academy in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Main body To begin with, Ronald Reagan Academy is a public middle school located in Elizabeth, New Jersey, that constitutes approximately 750 students. Speaking of school infirmary, the setting consists of a school physician and a full-time school nurse. Such a system is common for an average US public school, and it is a typical representation of a public health establishment. The primary target of the set is to ensure safety for the kids’ health environment in the school while the care focus is the well-being of the students. Disease prevention as a main concept behind the school infirmary is divided between the doctor and the nurse. Thus, the physician is responsible for tertiary prevention or the process of treatment. The nurse in such a system takes care of both primary and secondary prevention, which means preventative measures and students’ screening. The conversation with the school nurse has shown that they have a lot of responsibilities, even if they are not supposed to provide direct treatment for the students. Her major and the most complex duty is to ensure that all the preventative measures are considered in order for children not to be infected. Otherwise, if the medical regulations are not followed, the entire facility is at risk of an epidemic. Another important nurse responsibility is to schedule students’ screening to make sure that all of them are healthy and are not infection carriers. Speaking of the educational requirements, which are generally equal for all the educational establishments, the nurse at the Reagan Academy holds an Associate’s degree. Before applying for the position of the school nurse, she had been working at a state hospital for a year. Such an experience is quite helpful as she often has to make decisions on the spot without the ability to consult the doctor. Speaking of the nurses’ necessary skills, besides professional excellence, which should be default for any medic, the nurses should also have communicative and quick-thinking skills. With these characteristics, nurses will know how to talk to children and make quick but right decisions. However, as public school is
Summary Experiments are carried out in the laboratory to help students gain practical experience on the theory studies experienced during other classes. It is a good introduction to an apprenticeship that helps students to deal with technical matters in around the technology world. This experiment was accomplished through an introduction to study mechanism under Newton’s second law that states force is a product of mass and acceleration of the body. It is, for this reason, it qualifies to be a vector quantity. In a better part of this experiment led to determining methods that can help us locate the center of gravity of regular bodies. Through considering the measurements of the bodies with regular shapes, it was easy to locate the C. O. G through bisection. Experimental Objective The main objectives of this experiment were to determine the equilibrium of objects when forces and torques are applied to the body. To locate the center of gravity of different bodies of regular shapes such as circular, triangular and rectangular shaped objects. Another objective was to find out how energy is conserved in bodies in motion. Theoretical Background Force is one of the components of Newton’s laws and it falls under the second law. It is calculated as: Force=mass*acceleration A push or a pull on a body is regarded as a force. This force is associated with many effects such as changing the speed of an object, alteration of direction of the motion as well as deformation of shapes of bodies. Generally, its description using both magnitude and direction makes it a vector quantity. To understand the forces acting on the body to make it into equilibrium they must be equal from both directions. If forces are not uniformly acting on a body it leads to mechanical stress. As a result, the body cannot balance if the pivot is not put at the center of gravity. This concept of C. O. G have been used in many places where the balancing of objects is required for example for decoration purposes. Experimental Procedures The following are the steps followed in this experiment:   * There was a demonstration of force where it was clear that it was vector quantity   * The concept of force being a vector was used to demonstrate this effect in determining the equilibrium of the physical bodies   * Uniform motion of pendulum was demonstrated where we used spring/mass system   * Lastly, we used bodies in motion at different slope angle to determine how energy is conserved in bodies in motion as well as forces acting on these bodies. Experimental Data Different shapes were used in this experiment to determine their centre of gravity. It was observed that, Centre of gravity of these shapes laid a point midway the objects. Calculations were carried out to determine the C. O. G points. For instance, to determine t
Directed by Robert Rossen in 1949, All the King’s Men, is a chef-d’oeuvre film adapted from Robert Penn Warren’s award winning novel by the same title. The film chronicles Willie Stark’s journey in politics from a small-town lawyer to becoming the Louisiana’s state governor. The movie dramatizes chapter one of the book by highlighting Stark’s humble beginning. Initially, Stark comes out as an honest man, a lover of the truth, and a champion of justice. Speaking to a reporter, Jack Burden, on the ills of the local County Commissioners, he accuses them of playing dirty games to bar him from rising to power. He wonders, “Why have they used every dirty method known to make sure I’m not elected County Treasurer…they’re afraid of the truth, and the truth is this; they’re trying to steal your money…yeah, I said steal…they’re interested in welfare, sure, but it’s their own” ( All The King’s Men ). From this statement, one can conclude that Stark is the right person to fight social injustices. However, I would differ by arguing that all kings/leaders are “generally more set on acquiring new kingdoms, right or wrong, than on governing well those they possess” (More 12). The well-being of the common person is not a priority of kings. The movie overemphasizes chapter two of the book by highlighting the poor leadership in the government of the day. Jack receives a phone call saying, “…go up to Mason City and see who the hell that fellow Stark is who thinks he is Jesus Christ scourging the money-changers out of that shinplaster courthouse up there” (Warren 77). This statement underscores the leading class’ resolve to silence anyone fighting for the truth. The first half of the movie dwells on the ills and rampart corruption that surrounds Louisiana County governance as highlighted in the second chapter of the book. Jim Madison posits, “…he told me Lucy didn’t favor drinking…I am just guessing about her not favoring stealing” (Warren 77). This statement reveals that the County leaders thrive on stealing from public coffers and Stark is
This research proposal presents exploratory research to identify management’s critical managerial aspects in American restaurants that affect intercultural and international employees’ performance and motivation. It tries to establish why cross-cultural workers are essential in the restaurant industry in the U.S. and how managers influence their work productivity and incentive. The paper identifies why cultural awareness of different ethnicities should be viewed as an essential factor for success, especially in the industry of food service. The topic is quite relevant to the targeted audience, who are intercultural workers and their supervisors. Its topicality increases due to an augmented level of people who migrate to the United States of America and try to earn decent money there. The restaurant industry in the United States is the core sphere contributing to the state’s economy. The food-service domain offers multiple workplaces, promotions, and countless job opportunities. It allows building a stable career: from busser to a manager, from server to a chief executive officer. Moreover, restaurant businesses hire thousands of workers from different cultural backgrounds (Famiyeh, Adaku, Amoako-Gyampah, Asante-Darko, & Amoatey, 2018). Millions of foreign employees have received profitable opportunities to demonstrate their skills and knowledge due to their managers’ supervision (Kraak, Englund, Misyak, & Serrano, 2017; Smith & Bititci, 2017). However, some studies suggest that international laborers do not receive enough incentive to work harder. Therefore, this paper’s primary objective is to investigate international employees’ increased performance and motivation and how they depend on restaurant managers. This research poses the main research question: how international workers are dependent on the American management system in restaurants. Therefore, the study aims to analyze the interrelation between managers and intercultural staff, the internal environment, and behavioral patterns in 20 restaurants in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The main investigation methods will be surveys and observation as they would provide robust evidence for achieving the goals. Foreign restaurant workers tend to display augmented productivity at their workplaces due to completing the tasks that have been delegated adequately by their managers. Therefore, the managers significantly impact the performance by finding an approach for a specific worker. Primarily, it concerns the cross-cultural representatives who have different values and beliefs (Campbell, Boese, & Tham, 2016). Modern literature pays much attention to the restaurant managers in charge of establishing such an atmosphere that each employee could perform well and was satisfied with his working conditions (Smith & Bititci, 2017; Hanna & Lyons, 2016). Previous research showed that international restaurant employees are easily susceptible to their American managers’ requirements (Bufquin, DiPietro, Orlowski, & Partlow, 2018). Therefore, no prob