ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Global Communication To begin with, there is strong necessity to emphasize that the issues of generic benchmarking, which entail organizational behavior and global communication issues are regarded to be the common matters of successful business performance. The organizational behavior knowledge is relevant for every team member, but not only managers and leaders. Originally, one of the most relevant matters which is an integral part of Organizational Behavior is that more and more companies are globalizing their business activity and the challenges of effectively communicating with the workers have become a multifarious issue which has to be dealt with in a diligent manner. (Sims, 2007) Actually, the key concepts, which helped to realize the challenges of Global Communication, are closely associated with the matters of Organizational Behavior theories and practices. Taking into consideration the notion that the Organizational Behavior is closely associated with globalization, there is strong necessity to emphasize that various forms of communication can not be imagined without other factors of Organizational Behavior, such as the increased competition levels, mergers, work intensification and essentially improved demands for work flexibility. Another relevant concept, associated with the challenges of Global Communication is the appearance of virtual teams, which operate jointly, while staying in the different geographical locations. Originally, this concept is the result of business telecommunication technologies development. The virtual teams may be regarded as the innovative approach in the HRM strategy. Consequently, this concept is aimed at increasing the opportunities of business performance for the companies, who practice outsourcing principles in their business activity. The issues and opportunities, which are provided by virtual teams, are associated with the possibilities of acting through time, space and distance, thus, the company does not depend on the time zone and geographic location. Thus, Toyota has successfully implemented the regarded principles and issues of virtual teams, and currently, the global communication processes are regarded to be among the most important business performance factors. (Miner, 2006) Difficulties of the Benchmarking Research The difficulties, which were challenged during the benchmarking research, are closely associated with the matters of international business performance and the innovative approach of Toyota Company towards virtual team building. Originally, it incorporated customized workbenches that integrated important information and also communication mechanisms for different roles. Hence Toyota Company was able to target appropriate roles for go-getter, for team members unraveling the mystery, and also the Co-creation role. Taking into consideration the fact that Toyota Company is regarded to be one of the most conservative in the international car industry, the fact that it resorts to the “virtual team” too
Introduction In my group, conflicts or disagreements always arise, but success depends on our ability to resolve these issues. In my group, one of the colleagues is of the feeling that the methods applied in teaching students are inflexible. In this regard, the best way to reconcile is to sit down and iron out the issue through dialogue whereby negotiation and listening skills would be critical. However, the most important skill that will allow us to arrive at a consensus is problem-solving. Based on this, it is true that any of us who intend to be a successful instructor must possess problem-solving skills in order to come up with the best options when faced with a challenge (Denham 12). This means that we have to understand that human behavior varies based on gender, occupational status, culture, and educational level. Therefore, my colleague has to apply problem-solving skills diligently to ensure conflicts do not arise, as they have the potential of bringing down our performance. Main body Research shows that certain steps should be followed when providing answers to various problems and this includes handling conflicts among individuals. In the case provide, my colleague have to inform all the concerned parties of the existence of the problem, as this will enable each one of them to prepare adequately before responding. Such an individual is supposed to give all the distressed people optimism time, but he or she should not forget to be realistic. Secondly, the problem has to be explained clearly and the concerned persons should keep off from making snap judgments that are simply based on anecdotal data, as this will not help in understanding the root causes of the problem. In the case provided, a colleague believed to be performing poorly should not be blamed for lacking adequate skills since the problem might be lying with the set standards (McEvoy 657). Problem definition calls for individuals to analyze issues from various dimensions since this will definitely play a role in developing a comprehensive solution. The third step in the problem-solving process is selecting an efficient strategy and the preferred one is brainstorming, which entails the generation and recording of thoughts as they arise. Conclusion Additionally, information gathering is as important as the rest of the steps, even though many individuals fail to indulge themselves in some form of research to establish the root cause of the problem. In fact, research shows that no solution can ever be provided without adequate consulting other people, as this will facilitate the understanding of the scope of the problem. In our case, we will draw examples from similar scenarios by looking at the available data regarding the problem and analyzing the courses of action that were taken. Information analysis is related to data collection because the concerned parties have to assess the problem to understand its details to ensure that it is relevant to
Establishing an Inclusive Setting From the interviews, it is clear that an inclusive setting in the school context is established once the school is able to provide a balanced learning environment for typical children and students with special needs. Another requisite ingredient is co-teaching, which normally involves pairing one general education instructor with one special education instructor in an inclusive classroom setting of general education and special education students (Scruggs et al., 2007). The third critical ingredient is the adoption and implementation of one or multiple co-teaching variations identified in the education literature (Friend et al., 2010). From the interviews, it is clear that parallel teaching is favored since it provides teachers with an opportunity to work together to teach one lesson, thus allowing students to gain perspective in various ways. In station teaching, a variety of learning stations are developed and the co-instructors avail individualized support at the different stations (Scruggs et al., 2007). Role of Administration From the interviews, it is clear that the administration should be part of the IEP team that is involved with the development of the students’ goals and objectives. In inclusive settings, the administration is charged with the critical role of maintaining an ongoing focus on school improvement and support for change to ensure that students with special needs are well accommodated, while their counterparts of general or exceptional capabilities are not held back by the shift in the school’s policy and culture (Salisbury & McGregor, 2002). Furthermore, it is been demonstrated in the literature that the behavior and actions of the administration directly determines the school’s climate as well as its effectiveness. This observation implies that the administration is centrally placed to determine the success of the inclusive setting by not only initiating changes in school schedules and spearheading effective and balanced deployment of personnel, but also pursuing productive assignment of students within the existing structures of the school (Salisbury & McGregor, 2002). Lastly, it should be the role of the administration to address the attitudinal and knowledge hindrances that can adversely influence the participation and membership of learners with disabilities in inclusive school settings (Keefe & Moore, 2004). Challenges faced by Students and Instructors There are innumerable challenges faced by students and instructors in inclusive settings. From the interviews, the challenges faced by instructors include: difficulties working on the goals and objectives of one lesson due to lack of shared vision; lack of cooperation among the teachers; broad variations of teaching styles; handling large classes; difficulties in maintaining close contact with parents; difficulties in instructional adaptation; lack of proper understanding of the guiding policy or the needs of the child; dealing with challenging personalities, and; lack of time to cover what is needed. These challenges have been well documented in the literature (Keefe & Moore, 2004). In inclusive settings, e
First, I argue that social movements do not simply use disruptive behaviors at times but are naturally disruptive. Social movements usually emerge when the existing institutions — elections, political parties, and government agencies — are unable or unwilling to solve evident issues. As such, social movements serve as an instrument of direct democracy that articulates certain positions and conveys them to authorities. By doing that, social movements disrupt an ideal model of liberal democracy, in which citizens vote for the candidates, who, in turn, represent them in governing bodies. Therefore, the disruptive nature of social movements allows marginalized and underrepresented social groups to speak and be heard. Moreover, this notion is valid for all sides of the political spectrum, which makes social movements valuable to the democratic political system. For instance, the anti-globalization movement encompasses a variety of issues — while its left-wing aspect is concerned about environment and labor rights, right-wing anti-globalism aims at safeguarding national sovereignty and restricting immigration (Greenberg et al., 2018). In this regard, social movements cover various identities and foster political pluralism. Secondly, it is necessary to separate the disruptive nature of social movements from specific disruptive tactics that they utilize to promote their agenda. For example, both followers of the Civil Rights Movement and Black Lives Matter (BLM) used disruptive methods in the fight against racism. The difference between them lies in the message — whereas Civil Rights Movement actively sought to attract people from the outside, BLM struggled with the message of inclusion (Clayton, 2018). In the end, Dr. Martin Luther King’s rallying cry “We Shall Overcome” attracted many non-Black sympathizers, so BLM would arguably benefit from a more inclusive approach. Lastly, it is necessary to clarify that disruptive tactics of social movements do not contradict U.S. law per se. The First Amendment grants every American the right to assemble peacefully regardless of their political preferences. Consequently, if the social movement members resort to violent disruption of civil order, the authorities have a right to prosecute them legally. For instance, Donald Trump’s supporters had a right to gather peacefully and protest against the presidential election results. However, when those people broke into the Capitol, they ceased to be protesters and became offenders.
History Louis Leon Thurstone hailed from Chicago, Illinois. He was born on May 29 th , 1887, and passed away on September 30 th , 1955. He was the founder of psychophysics and psychometrics studies. He authored many works including intelligence testing theories, the law of comparative testing among others (Thurstone, 1938). Definition of factor analysis Factor analysis is one of the statistical methods used to explain the unpredictability of observed variables based on a fewer unobserved variable called factors (Thurstone, 1938). It helps to analyze and estimation of how much variability is suitable to common factors. This approach is used in psychology and mostly in intelligence research although it is also used in the analysis of personality, attitudes among other studies (Thurstone and Thurstone 1941). Thurstone’s Multi-factor analysis of intelligence Louis Thurstone in 1935 published his book in factor analysis called Multiple-Factor Analysis which took factor analysis study to the next level. It is not easy to calculate the multiple factors from a set of observations on a group of people. Multiple factors in the study of intelligence are not something that psychologists could readily do during the times of Thurstone as they lacked sophisticated technologies like the use of computers and other statistical methods. Due to the resemblance of multi factors used by Thurston, he called them the vectors of mind because of their relationship with the eigenvector. In his works on multiple factor analysis of intelligence, he believed that human intelligence is multifaceted since one can be of average intelligence but can be highly talented in other fields like football, music, or even mathematics, and so on(Thurstone, 1938). Using this observation he came up with Primary Mental Intelligence (PMAs) theory which was based on human intelligence. This theory stated that each person posses different intelligent factors and at different levels. He disagreed with the then-popular Charles spearman’s singular general intelligence theory which featured much in psychometric tests. Charles’s theory argued that regardless of the domain and how it was tested, all mental tests tend to load on one major factor and thus these scores are fuelled by a pool of mental energy which is called g. Thurstone argued that g was a statistical artifact resulting from the mathematical procedures used to study it (Thurstone and Thurstone 1941). Foundations of intelligence behavior According to Thurstone, a general factor can not be the origin of intelligent behavior. The source of intelligent behavior comes from the seven independent factors that he termed primary abilities. This includes the fluency of words, verbal command, spatial idea, number facility, associative recollection, way
Introduction Budgetary preparation is the method of creating a budget and then using it to manage a company’s activity. Budget planning aims to reduce the possibility that an institution’s financial performance would be much worse than intended. The process is critical since it allows the corporation owner to focus on working capital, cost reduction, profit improvement, and financial return. This report will be discussing the base case budget and scenario analysis, as is explained below. In the current scenario, this is the 2020 – 2021 budget representation, although the pandemic has affected the economy, net profit before tax has been increased by almost 13%. These figures are critical as they are used to plan budgeting so as to improve productivity. The government has been forced to increase revenue to allow it to cater to COVID-19 issues. The pandemic has caused many people to lose their jobs while others have shifted to working online, and the occurrence has negatively affected the economy. Base Case, Scenario Analysis Graph 1: 2020 Actuals versus 2021 base case budget Graph 2: 2021 Scenario Analysis Starting from graph 1 ( 2020 Actuals versus 2021 base case budget) , that is a comparison between 2020 actuals versus 2021 base case budget. Net profit has been increased by 11% in the 2021 base case budget. The government has increased tax to collect enough revenue, which will allow it to cater to any eventualities regarding the COVID-19 case. Supporting cost in each category has also been increased by an average of 2%, thus raising revenue rates. Onl
Macroeconomics concerns the understanding of economic factors that result to fluctuations of national income in the short-run and in the long run. There the field involves an aggregation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), price indices and unemployment levels in the country. Since macroeconomics has the national income as its basis, the government plays a key role in providing an enabling or disabling environment for other sectors of the economy. The president who appoints a qualified and loyal team to help run it leads government. They include treasury and departmental heads of various government institutions. The government affects business cycles that alter the national income in two ways, by fiscal policy and monetary policy. The president of the United States plays an important role in formulating the government’s strategy of fiscal policy, which is the main source of government revenue and impacts directly to the aggregate demand in the economy. The government uses fiscal policy to direct spending in a certain sector of the economy. For example, reducing taxes charged on certain products will theoretically result to an increased consumption of the product, all other factors remaining constant. While the tax policy affects the level of demand, government may also alter the focus on spending in the economy and how resources are allocated. In order to reduce the unemployment rates in the economy, the president may direct his government to take actions that lead to a reduction on capital expenditures in favor of labor-intensive investments. This achievable using tax rebates for economic sectors and corporations employ a large number of workers in the economy such as the Detroit motor industry. The U.S. government spends money it collects from the economy by financing several national and regional sectors such as public education, healthcare, infrastructure development and security. The amount of spending for a given in the specific sector of the economy depends on the directive of the president as the leader of government. Massive spending on infrastructure inspires innovation in the private sectors as introduces costs of doing business and increases the competitiveness of the given sector. On the other hand, an increased military spending at the expense of other development sectors of the economy drains aggregate demand in the economy and leads to a stagnation of most industry that may even cause a recession on the overall economy. Other than taxes, the state will obtain funds from deficit financing and this impact on the available money in the economy that is left to finance other development and trade of the private sector. When deficit financing is through borrowing from bonds and treasury-bills then it serves as a withdrawal of funds from other uses in the economy to finance government spending. When the withdrawal is excess, it leads to a decreased supply of money in the economy and therefore the price equilibrium of the cost of credit shifts upwards. It becomes increasingly expensive to obtain credit that forms the lifeline of business transactions. The president leads the government intention of providing a robust environment
Duality of soul is one of the themes highlighted in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . This book tries to find out the strange nature of two individuals that is between Mr. Edward Hyde and his old pal Dr. Jekyll. This work is such that it brings out the split personality of a given person. Robert Louis brings out two different personalities in Henry Jekyll with purely contradicting morality levels. The theme thus becomes what is now called Jekyll and Hyde which means an individual is extremely different when it comes to morality changing from one moral status to the other. Just as Jekyll and Hyde brings the theme of dualism, the universe in which we dwell admits the fact that there exist two components. The two components are the component of good as well that component of evil. In spite of the two components being in opposition, they do coexist. Dualism of the soul is what differentiates some religions especially those that believe in the existence of evil. For example during the creation of the earth, the two forces were in existence where evil was purported result from powerful forces who were bad or good depending on what brought good tidings to the community or vice versa. The force of bad and good are always in conflict and the force of good finally overpowers that of evil. For instance Christianity a religion in which Stevenson’s belong, does not support the fact that people should have dual personalities. Never the less, the dual existence of the soul of human beings together with the body is clearly stipulated and outlined by the body. In his novel Stevenson, brings out Dr. Henry Jekyll as a hero who understands his evil nature. Dr. Jekyll who is fed up with his dual nature of life those he posses finally succeeds in performing some experiments to himself in overcoming the complete part of evil in him that is the Mr. Hyde in order to have each of the personalities involving in a lifestyle that is independent of one another. Henry Jekyll admits that on daily basis his intellectual as well as moral being is in agreement that a human being can not exists in one personality. Therefore, good does not need a justification from evil for its manifestation. Each of these entities exists on its own. Dr. Jekyll however notes that enjoyment of life results from the two existing solely, however towards the end, this is what his death and ruin. This is as a result of Dr. Henry Jekyll’s knowledge of the danger posed by Mr. Hyde to the community and this leads him to bring ruin to himself. At this point it is quite clear that Robert Stevenson decides to abandon Christianity and embarks on dualism personality. The author does not only tend to consider the dualism in individuals but also societal dualism where the nobility that was distinguished and discreet had evil secretes hidden behind their mansions walls. Much of these evil is conducted at night in London’s most poor districts which are considered a home for people who are evil. It is im