ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Loops of Negative feedback are utilized by the body to achieve homeostasis – a balance – in the body. The concept of negative feedback is experienced in the instance that feedback leads to a reversed direction in as far as change is concerned. The effect of a feedback of this nature is the stabilization of the affected system with the aim of the correction of the resultant deviations from the point that is naturally set. Homeostatic regulations are usually associated with some benefits to the organism in a sense of enhancing effective functioning in environmental conditions that are varied in a range that is broad(Marieb & Hoehn, 2007). The principle behind the success of majority of the homeostatic regulations is the hormones that are released by the body into the bloodstream. The mechanisms of crucial application in these processes of negative feedback are composed of the reduction of the output and in some cases, the reduction of the activity of the concerned organ or the entire system to a position equivalent to the functioning range at ordinarily or normal circumstances (Marieb & Hoehn, 2007). The best example of this situation can be demonstrated by the deprivation of food to the body by a person. The set-point of metabolic activities is strictly adjusted to a value that is far much lower in comparison to the normal. This special natural adjustment necessitates for the functioning of the body at a rate that is slower to compensate for the starvation that the body has been exposed to. It therefore implies that starvation through the deprivation of food is not an appropriate method of application for the purpose of loosing weight as is believed and applied by some people. This is based on the readjustments in the direction of lowering the metabolic rate of the body below the set-point for the purpose of the survival of the body though at a low energy supply. The metabolic demand can only be adjusted by exercise. The role of the negative feedback is the resistance of the current course of things and events. Growth is usually pulled back by the negative feedback for the purpose of the achievement of an equilibrium position. “The more I eat, the more I weigh. The less I eat, the less I weigh. Negative feedback damps or reduces an activity” (Marieb & Hoehn, 2007, p. 29). Thermoregulation By knowing science, people can make informed choices. For example, many sport drinks companies claim that by drinking their products, the body can replenish the water and electrolytes that it lost. When the nutrients are replenished dehydration and regulation of the body temperature is achievable. Majority of the sports drinks are known to contain electrolytes and carbohydrates suspended in fluids and their application in most of the cases widely recommended to enhance that the athlete endures in times of training as well as the real event. This belief is based on the assumption that the replacement of the fluid has got positive impact on the performance of the athlete through the process of the elimination of the disturbance created to
Introduction Drugs are one of the most dangerous things in society that destroy a human body, relationships, and life. Narcotic substances have existed for thousands of years in various forms and have been used for a variety of purposes from rituals to medical procedures. The current stage of rapid technological development has also influenced the emergence of new types of drugs that can be downloaded and used online. This relatively new type is called digital drugs, or I-dosing, and are presented in the form of audio tracks that can cause changes in consciousness (Irwin, 2016). This type of drug is also spread in the Arab world, for example, among the youth of Lebanon, Iraq, and the UAE. However, elimination and destruction of such audio files are problematic processes due to their easy renewal and the difficulty of tracking them on the Internet. At the same time, disputes about the reality of the impact of digital drugs and their effect on the body are still ongoing, since this topic has been little studied and have many controversial. However, since the spread of I-dosage in the UAE continuous (Irwin, 2016), predominantly among young people, this issue cannot be ignored. Therefore, the primary purpose of this dissertation is to determine the impact of digital drugs and the electronic addiction they cause on the youth of the UAE to highlight the existing problem in society. Background Digital drugs have gained popularity in recent years, and their increased distribution demonstrates the need for detailed study. Digital drugs, also known as binaural beats, are audio tracks composed of two distinct pure-tone sine waves with frequencies less than 1500 Hz with a wavelength difference of less than 40 Hz (Fawzi & Mansouri, 2017). Usually, they are listened to through headphones in such a way that the sound frequency in one headphone is lower than in the second, which creates a sound illusion. Different frequencies create binaural beats, or waves, which the brain perceives as impulses in the midbrain tubercle and superior olive complex of the brainstem (Fawzi & Mansouri, 2017). These signals at different frequencies combine in the brain and accelerate electrical impulses along neural pathways (Fawzi & Mansouri, 2017). As a result, these changes can affect the cognitive perception and mood of a listener, which is a manifestation of the “high state” similar to substance drugs (Irwin, 2016). However, the effects of I-dosing are still disputed by scientists and psychologists who do not believe that sounds can have the same impact as substance abuse. The idea of binaural beats and sound effects on the brain is not new, but its use as drugs only emerged in the 21st century and has not yet gained widespread acceptance and popularity. The concept of the binaural rhythm was first discovered and used by Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, a Prussian physicist, in 1839 as a treatment option (Fawzi & Mansouri, 2017). This approach was used for the tre
Public Support for Arts Gerro researched to determine whether the members of public support the American arts industry. The author used evidence from the USA to make the pertinent determinations concerning this question. The research explores how the social status, the cultivation of esthetics, and attendance of artistic events affect the inherent attitudes of the cultural policies in the USA. The researcher sought to answer and addressed three critical research questions about the topic. First, the research required to answer the question of whether the similar attributes of the public social status affect the attendance of artistic events. This research question also addressed the inquiry of whether the similarity of social status can affect the attitudes and opinions of funding the industry. The second question addressed the issue of how public attendance of artistic events affects their willingness to fund the industry. This question was meant to determine whether the design of arts has transformed the perception of people towards the arts. Thirdly, the study sought to answer the inquiry concerning esthetic disposition. Specifically, it sought to determine whether this disposition affects the public funding of arts. The inquiries were answered by a survey in both the USA and the UK to make determinations that were pertinent to the two countries. After the research, it was established that a white member of the public with high incomes was not necessarily supporting artistic funding (Gerro 24). This implies that the level of income does not prompt the public to support or disregard the funding of arts. In the second question, it was determined that the people who attend the public artistic events support the funding of this industry. In essence, the critical interpretation of this finding is that the artists can create an emotional connection of satisfaction with the attendants. However, the authors also identified some interesting disparities between USA and UK. The critical strong point of the research study is the fact that it analyzes the results in accordance to the affinity that exists between attendance of arts by the public, social setups and financial capability of the attendants. In that regard, it has considered a wide scope that makes it credible and reliable. However, whereas this research has made crucial determinations regarding the funding of arts by the public, it is evident that there are some deficiencies in this research. Importantly, the researchers did not identify why the differences were noted between the two countries. Teaching Artists in the U
In the parable of the cave, Plato uses metaphors to contrast human beings’ beliefs and perceptions regarding the truth and reality. The thesis behind the allegory of the cave is that as human beings we have different perceptions on the ultimate forms that are said to represent the truth and reality. Plato presents the parable of the cave through a fictional dialogue between Socrates his teacher and Glaucon his brother. The parable of the cave can be understood better when it is related to the metaphor of the sun. In this theory, Plato presents his viewpoint on truth and human beings’ struggle with reality. According to Plato, the purest truth is ideas or forms and not perception of the world in our senses. To demonstrate how the truth can be painful and confusing, Plato establishes a cave with prisoners who are chained and are facing the front wall of the cave. When analyzing this allegory, two things come out as important: the metaphor of the prisoners and tenets of philosophy demonstrated. The prisoners are chained in darkness; they are bound to the floor such that their heads cannot turn to see whatever is happening behind them. To their backs, there are puppeteers who are protected by the parapet and they cast shadows on the cave’s wall. The prisoners perceive this as reality. The description of the cave as well as that of the situation of the prisoners shows that they are mistaken on the idea of truth and reality. From this perspective, it is clear that the ascent of truth can be painful and confusing. For instance, the reader can tell the fact that the puppeteers are using objects to liken those shadows to reality. With the prisoners’ heads turned down there is no way they can know the truth thus they perceive the shadows situation as real. From this point, it is a fact that what a person perceives as real from the time they are born can be completely false because the assumption is based on imperfect interpretation of th
Introduction Powerful efforts to ridicule and silence activist has been achieved through quick progress in prosperity of the western world. However, nationalism and feminism are different movements in one nut shell. In this case, they both aims to cleanse rectify and shape the western society from the conflicting issues ranging from religion, legal rights, politics and culture. Researchers assert that, the two perspectives can be analyzed within a common framework of gender and culture relationship (Kinshlansky, Gearly & O’Brien, 2008). This is to mean that, they coincide over common issues of in the society such as national liberation, legal rights and war against neo-colonialism. However, their consistency will be assessed individually. Background: Feminism and Nationalism Currently, there is a huge debate over the position of women in the society. Majority argue that with the patriarchal nature of the society, women have been treated as inferior to men. On the other hand, the concept of nationalism came into being approximately five centuries ago. This movement involves individuals struggling to gain identification in a political entity so called a nation. Since then, it has dominated both in political and international affairs. There is an aggressive debate over the difference between a nation and nationalism (Kinshlansky, Gearly & O’Brien, 2008). However it is evident that nationalism gave rise to emergence of nations in the western world. Post modernist and Marxists have their own view that a nation exists individually and that nobody can explain how it develops. Certainly these schools of thoughts lack consistency due to the contradicting issues and challenges posed to them by their critics. Nationalists and feminists are unable to give a clear stand on them. For instance, nationalist of a particular country like USA, claim that, nationalism was first initiated from their own incumbent to other nations (Kinshlansky, Gearly & O’Brien, 2008). In this case, there is much contradiction over the specific nation where nationalism first came into being. Moreover, critics wonder what constitute to a nation since nationalists argue that the incumbent is a cultural entity within a particular territory. Currently, there are ideological divisions over what nationalists refer to as a nation (Kinshlansky, Gearly & O’Brien, 2008). In this case, it is more difficult to settle on the different views of critics about nationalism. Different revolution faces of nationalism calls for review of past history for us to know the c
The proposed program comprises the implementation of two main interventions. The first intervention implies raising public awareness of the dental caries problem and promoting the relevant prevention measures among the population. The second intervention has a more practical character as it implies providing dental treatment services to the low-income groups. Issel (2013) points out the importance of aligning the strategic plan’s stages with the target goal and objectives (p. 216). Therefore, it is ensured that the proposed interventions will help to reach the measurable objectives that have been initially set: the enhancement of public education and the provision of the relevant attendance to the groups that have limited access to healthcare services. A detailed description of the proposed interventions and the associated activities is provided below. The selection of the described interventions relies on the critical analysis of the relevant literature. Hence, the first type of intervention is educational. The need for such an intervention has been empirically evidenced by numerous scientific studies. Hence, for instance, recent research has illustrated that poor healthcare awareness is one of the key determinants of the prevalence of dental caries in the population (Costa et al., 2012). Therefore, it is rational to suppose that the enhancement of the relevant education will help to reduce the caries incidence. The second type of intervention implies providing dental treatment for low-income population groups. The need for such an intervention is emphasized in numerous empirical studies showing that these groups are more exposed to dental caries due to their limited access to the relevant services (Costa, Vasconcelos, & Abreu, 2013). The main strategic questions that need to be resolved to implement the proposed intervention are where, what, how, and who. Otherwise stated, it is essential to decide where to perform the target activities, what to do, how to do them, and who should be involved. Intervention 1: Education   * Where? The choice of the media channel is an important strategic decision as it determines the scope of the audience that the proposed intervention is likely to affect. As long as poor healthcare awareness is often associated with low income, it is considered rational to adopt a low-cost strategy and ensure that the target population groups have the access to the offered options. As a result, it is proposed to choose social media as the most cost-effective channel to disseminate educational information.   * What? Another important strategic point is the selection of educational materials. First and foremost, it is essential to perform a critical analysis of the entire scope of the relevant information and summarize the most critical data so that it can be offered to the audience in a clear and concise manner. It is suggested that the proposed educational material should not be excessively theoretical but should
My Vision of Social Stratification Since the beginning of humanity, people have had unequal access to resources based on their community roles. Later, with society’s development, its structure became more complicated, resulting in division into groups that possess different access to resources and benefits. According to “What is social stratification,” (n.d.), “in modern times, this phenomenon is defined as a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy according to four principles and called social stratification” (para. 1). From my perspective, social stratification is a generally accepted method of awarding personal achievements, utilizing privileges and access to additional resources. The disadvantage of social stratification is the unfairness of transferring social positions in the community from generation to generation and biases regarding some groups of people. This pattern results in conflict, as the initial purpose of the phenomenon is to motivate, remunerate, and honor. Social stratification stimulates to rise of position in the hierarchy but raises the frequent discussion of its inequities. An Instance of the Social Stratification in the United States Comparatively unequal rights and opportunities are provided to different racial groups, people of various ages, and representatives of opposite genders because of social stratification. This phenomenon results in inequities, all forms of which are presented in the United States. As non-Hispanic white men are the largest demographic group, they are used as a benchmark for others’ earnings (Miller & Vagins, 2018). According to Miller and Vagins (2018), in the United States, in 2017, women were paid 80% of what men earned. It is explained by men’s and women’s predispositions to different industries and occupations, where men tend to have jobs with higher rates of pay (Miller & Vagins, 2018). A structural-functional theory is applicable to this evidence as it claims the reasonability of unequal rewards, which depend on personal talents and abilities (“Theories of social inequality,” n.d.). In this instance, men are inclined to occupy better-paid positions that require additional skills or imply difficult working conditions. From this point of view, social stratification fulfills its initial purpose to encourage people.
Introduction Ernest Hemingway’s “Hills Like White Elephants” is a short story first published in 1927. It depicts a couple drinking at the bar at a Spanish railway station and discussing the possibility of an abortion. The male character, only referred to as “the man” or “the American,” advocates the procedure, even if he does not want to appear doing so (Hemingway, 2017). The woman named Jig has her doubts, and these doubts consolidate as the story progresses. “Hills Like White Elephants” highlights Hemingway’s mastery of short story as a genre and of using superficial descriptions to convey deep meaning lying under the surface of what things appear to be. In particular, this mastery manifests in the imagery of the bamboo curtain that symbolizes and propels the divide between the two characters. Curtain Imagery: Summary of Ideas There are several factors indicating that the curtain imagery is important for the story and Jig’s arc as she draws her conclusions and arrives to a decision. First of all, the curtain is introduced as early as the text’s first paragraph – its third sentence, to be exact (Hemingway, 2017). Secondly, the very image of the curtain invokes the associations of separation and division, as it is meant to delineate a clear and sharp border between spaces and things. This image fits neatly within a story about a man and a woman who have fundamentally different perceptions – whether of what the hills look like or of the abortion in question. As a result, the curtain highlights the already-present divide between the characters that solidifies as the story progresses. Short Passage #1 A suitable passage to illustrate the author’s use of the curtain as a device symbolizing and bringing forward the separation between the main characters is the excerpt when it is first introduced. As one can see by the highlighted part, the author points out specifically that the curtain’s purpose is “to keep out” something undesirable, in this case – the flies (Hemingway, 2017, p. 253). This image magnifies the man’s desire to keep the unwanted baby out of his life as well as Jig’s eventual decision to separate herself and her future child from him. This connection is all the stronger as the main characters are introduced right after the curtain. Secondary Source Summary The secondary source sharing and developing similar ideas about t
Article Summary The article on Leadership Style Emotion has broadly explored the impact of negative and positive organizational behaviors. According to the authors, all leaders aim at maximizing the ultimate performance of their workers in regards to achieving their organizational goals (McColl-Kennedy & Anderson, 2002). The leadership style administered is therefore very crucial for reaching and achieving the set goals. The authors assert that the transformational approach in leadership is more yielding compared to the transaction approach (McColl-Kennedy & Anderson, 2002). They argue that the style of leadership used contributes greatly in the performance of the subordinate. Links Between Performance and Leadership Nonetheless, McColl-Kennedy & Anderson (2002) are careful to note that leadership style cannot be the sole determinant factor in regards to workers’ performance. Factors such as worker’s perception of their leader’s style in leadership greatly affect their performance (McColl-Kennedy & Anderson, 2002). Workers feelings about their ability to perform with the type of leadership provided has a great influence on their willingness to perform their duties as the authors assert (McColl-Kennedy & Anderson, 2002). The article shows the links between performance and leadership styles as well as the implications of an imbalance between the two. Organizational behavior is greatly influenced by the leadership in an organization. Workers respond positively or negatively in their performance due to the organizational leadership structure. Leadership structures may cause the workers to feel more closely attached to the organization or it can create a social distance that can be detrimental to the success of the organization. There are a number of models of organizational behavior, which include, Autocrat, custodial, supportive, and collegial models. Leadership Models In the models mentioned above, each meets a certain need. For instance, the autocrat model meets the subsistence needs of the employees. The custodial model on the other hand provides the employer with security and benefits. These two models according to research have been proven to have a minimal performance response. The supportive model as well as the collegiate model both focuses on encouraging the workers hence enhancing their performance. However, with the four models above, not many organizations operate with one exclusively without engaging at least an extra model. Managerial leadership that supports teamwork encourages employees to be responsible and demonstrate friendly relations will fellow colleagues (Roman & Boyce, 2001). This positive organizational behavior can c