ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Following atrocities of Second World War, Stanley Milgram designed social psychological experiment that seeks to explain how authorities’ commands influence subjects. Psychological and social studies of the Second World War revealed that armies and ordinary people committed atrocities by following the commands from authority. Although the atrocities were against their conscience and morality, perpetrators committed them for the sake of the authority. Milgram’s experiment illustrates that orders from the authority have overwhelming influence on conscience and morality of its subjects, thus can make people act against their wishes and beliefs. Maslow’s theory of needs shows the levels of human satisfaction, which affects their motivation in life. In this case, the naïve subjects had different levels of needs that determined their motivations during the course of the experiment. Description of Milgram Experiment Milgram experiment is a social and psychological experiment designed to study the influence of authority commands on conscience of subjects. In the experiment, Milgram used three classes of participants viz. the experimenter, confederate and the naïve subject. Experimenter was the participant who was giving orders to the naïve subjects to follow the requirements of the experiment. The confederate was an actor in the experiment who knew everything in the experiment but acted as a learner. The naïve subject was the participant in the experiment who played role of a teacher and did not know anything about the experiment. The experimenter separated teachers and learners, and instructed the teachers to administer increasing electric shocks to the learners who answered series of questions wrongly. Since the learners answered some questions wrongly and the experimenter instructed the teachers to administered higher electric shocks against their conscience, the teachers begun to feel guilty. During the experiment, some teachers obeyed and blamed the learners for not answering questions correctly, some rebelled further instructions, while others blamed themselves for inflicting pain to the learners. Description of Maslow’s Hierarchy According to Abraham Maslow, human needs have hierarchy in their satisfaction. Maslow’ theory postulates that basic human needs require satisfaction in hierarchical manner in that lower needs need satisfaction before highest needs. The lowest human needs in the hierarchy are physiological needs, which include water, food, oxygen
Overview of the Research This research will investigate factors that determine the capital financing structure of firms within a tax-exempt country, Kuwait. I am informed by my passion to progress my career in the field to expand my knowledge base while contributing to the development of literature, theory, and practice. This research will add interesting insights to the existing literature on how tax-exempt companies, regardless of the lack of debt incentives, continue to prefer debt financing to internal sources of capital. The research attempts to fill the literature gaps, using theories of capital structure, and provide significant reasons why firms in tax-exempt countries, especially the GCC countries, tend to use debt and equity financing. Although several studies have focused on this topic, there are still no tangible or conclusive findings that can be used to generalize this scenario. The reason why I have chosen this research topic is that the paper will be instrumental in contributing toward the development of literature and providing insights to future researchers in the field of business finance. Since the MBS focuses on issues that expand the knowledge base of scholars and answer some of the questions that remain unanswered, my research fits well in this endeavor since it seeks to investigate the decision models of firms operating in GCC countries. Since little research has been compiled to examine these companies, my paper will be significant in this respect. The findings of this research will help company executives and stakeholders in companies to understand the decision models that inform a firm’s capital structure financing decision. The paper will also confirm the findings of previous studies while finding gaps in some of the studies that have been completed. Therefore, I intend to have a coherent analysis of the firm-specific and sector factors that influence debt financing decisions in GCC countries, especially Kuwait. Positioning of the Research While the capital structure has been a popular topic on which many studies have focused, there is no consensus on absolute factors that drive capital structure decisions among companies. Following many studies on the subject, a large theoretical literature has evolved, leading to the development of numerous theories, to explain how decisions on capital structure are made. These theories have pointed to several factors to explain the capital structure of tax-exempt organizations. The controversy that has emerged concerning the testability and validity of these theoretical models and how they can be used to determine companies’ capital structure. Since some of these theories are difficult to test, it remains difficult to arrive at firm conclusions. Some studies have found that the trade-off theory fails to address the key issues surrounding this topic, concluding that the pecking order theory could offer a more affirmative and explanatory insight. Some researchers have found no reasons to reject or contend with both the pecking order model and the trade-off theory 1 . These studies uphold that while both theories offer informative k
Global terrorism is one of the most crucial problems nowadays. Even though all militant communities harm the lives of civilians, the most dangerous one is The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, or ISIS. One of the harmful terrorist attacks of this group was a shooting in Orlando gay nightclub in the year 2016. The United States had to cope with the tragedy, which led to the creation of new policies and other necessary actions. This essay describes the event and examines how the terrorist organization impacts the US through the event. On June 12, 2016, Omar Mateen entered the Orlando night gay club, Pulse, where he killed 49 people and wounded many others. Mateen proclaimed himself a part of ISIS and demanded that the United States should stop bombings in Syria. Specifically, he pledged allegiance to “the leader of the virulently anti-gay Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, a group that releases propaganda videos of gay men being thrown off buildings” (Fitzsimons, para. 2). However, that was not the only reason why Mateen decided to start shooting people. The killer specified that the other motive for his attack was the death of Abu Wahib. This person was “one of the more visible leaders of the terror group” (Frosch & Hong, 2016, para. 2). Therefore, the terrorist wanted to take revenge by causing harm to civil people. In addition, the officials found out that Abu Wahib was known as “one of the group’s more Internet-savvy leaders, often appearing in propaganda videos” (para. 4). Therefore, there might have even been a threat of an online attack behind the killer’s actions. According to Bradley (2019), US companies invest a tremendous amount of funds in cybersecurity annually. The country tends to apply any possible forces to prevent the attacks. The US government quickly responded to the situation by releasing new policies to protect citizens. First, Buddy Dyer, the mayor of Orlando, declared a state of emergency for the city. Also, Sacks et al. (2016) claim the attack to be “a hate crime against LGBT people” (para. 7). Thus, the mayor of New York City ordered the deployment of New York Police Department officers to protect LGBT communities. Newman and Clarke (2010) argue that providing well-trained officers is one of the key factors for preventing military attacks. Moreover, the government started developing more policies related to gun control in the country. It seems that the actions taken by the government were effective and made the power of ISIS weaker (Sands, 2016). The organization has lost a significant number of its members, and it has also suffered financial losses. ISIS is a Salafi jihadist militant group that has been defined as a terrorist group by the United Nations. The group announced the formatio
Introduction The essay is an in depth examination of the concept of basic physical privacy right issue in the workplace. This is done by selecting an issue and for this case electronic monitoring of employee is chosen for the analysis. Over time the relationship of employers and their employees have gone through numerous stages. In the recent past, most employers have resorted to closely monitoring their workers to the extent of their residential places. This has been deemed by the later to be unconstitutional while the former claim it is for the interest of not only the organization but also to the employee (Simms, 1994). Electronic monitoring of employees As suggested by Ravi, S. & Robertson, 2003 it is worth noting that with time, man has strived in developing technology to better his life. With such technological advancement that has made it possible for workers to be under surveillance even at their home is a privacy concern in place of work as most workers are of the opinion that their privacy is unprotected. Indeed there are provisions that allow employees to monitor their workers. Similarly, the later do have the right of going to work without the fear of his/her privacy being invaded. Despite the different opinion being held by proponents and opponents of electronic monitoring or surveillance of employees, a study by American Management Association has shown that there was a sharp increase in organizations adopting the practice (Simms, 1994). Just
Introduction A constitution is an important document about the governance of a given country. It provides a set of rules that guide the affairs of the state. In the COAG meeting, several proposals were made to amend the Australian constitution. For example, it was decided that a new form of appointment procedure should be used to select representatives to the Queen. In this case, the representatives were to be elected by their respective parliaments. However, the Premier of Victoria was not happy with the way the matters were handled. The official was not impressed by the various attempts to politicize the position of representative to the Crown. Their reservations notwithstanding, the Premier did concur with the proposals made in the COAG meeting. As a result, an amendment was the only way the proposed measures could take effect. In this paper, the author provides legal advice to the Premier. The officer sought expert opinion on three major issues. The first is the process to be followed before such a proposal could take effect. The assumption is that the application will be a formal amendment to the constitution. The second issue involves the alternative course of action that the government can take if the Senate rejects the proposal. Finally, the Premier expressed the desire to know the process involved before the suggestions could become formal amendments to the Victorian constitution. The Process to be followed Before an amendment to the constitution can take effect, several factors need to be put into consideration. For example, it is important to ensure that the proposal to change the laws is in response to the constitutional requirements that underlie its operationalization. The first requirement that should be met in the initialization of the process that sets the stage for the amendment of the constitution is prior notice. The public should be notified of the intention to amend the laws. The notification should be expressed in a clear, logical, and precise manner. It can be achieved through a gazette. The essence of this requirement is to enlighten the people and make them aware of the issue that is about to be changed. The notice should be placed in an open area that is recognized and accessed by the majority of the citizens. Accessibility of the proposed item should be made possible. As a result, people are allowed to take sides depending on how they feel about the issue. It is the role of the government to ensure that the proposition is in line with all constitutional provisions and administrative principles. In this case, it must be established that the proposal is not built along the lines of absolute biasness. It is important to establish that the supporters of the move were not under actuation of business when they were drafting the proposals. If it is found that the parties were under pressure, the decision is disregarded. The principle of legality is another key feature that must be taken into consideration. It is important to address this issue before changing the administrative structures of the constitution. In some cases, other laws related to administration may contradict t
A journal is a document which sheds light into some of the ways that people or human beings may be thinking at some point in time. It offers insights into what one views a given aspect of life at a given point in time. It may be social, academic, financial or even psychological. In this paper I am going to write my journal based on three areas. These areas include the cognitive area, the affective area and the behavioral aspect. Interpersonal communication is defined as the kind of communication that takes place among persons. It is an important aspect in a human being. During my study I have interacted with several principles of interpersonal communication. The two concepts which have captivated me the most have been as follows. First, interpersonal communication is inescapable this implies that as a person I cannot live on my own. I need to communicate with the others so that I can be able to belong in this society. In addition, for communication to be effective there is interplay of very many factors which include both verbal and non verbal communication. The second principle is the fact that as a communicator I cannot take back that which I have communicated before. This entails the fact that communication is irreversible. So it is my responsibility to ensure that I am keen as to what I communicate with others. This entails responding to the question of self definition and self description. As a person, I am a student, part time employee, tall, light skinned, outgoing, focused and daring. Based on this I defined self concept as the way I view myself as a person. As a person, I can describe myself as vivacious, daring, timid, outgoing, outspoken, focused, motivated, adventurers, funny and peaceful. These words may not create my accurate self concept because some of them are rarely come to the fore in the day to day experiences, and some of them are my ideal admirations. Some of the words which I would like to see removed from my list include outspoken and timid. And the words which I would like to see added to my list include courageous and introspective. This is because at times I have found myself at loggerheads with my colleagues simply because I am both timid and at times outspoken. It is like I oscillate. In my opinion, perception is the world view I hold about issues of life. In my life, I have had experiences where my perception of the world affecting me either positively or negatively. One instance is when I vocalized that politics is a dirty game based on my world view with regard to politics. Eventually, I ended at loggerheads with my colleagues who held a contrary opinion. This led me to realize that the perception which I held previously had a major impact on how I viewed life in entirety. There are various areas of myself which I would like to improve. This is because I feel that I m
The recording technologies change significantly between 1966 and 1971, and it is evident that the 4-track approach was replaced by 8-track versions. For example, the Beatles song Taxman uses electronic guitar from 00:27 to 00:51, and it sets the general feeling of the music (The Beatles, 2018). However, Marvin Gaye’s song slowly introduces percussions as the main rhythm delivery element, and it lacks string instruments (Marvin Gaye, 1971). One might argue that the 4-track recording is more simplistic and less fluent compared to the subtlety of sounds of the 8-track alternative. Nonetheless, it is also important to note that the 8-track recording feels unnecessarily noisier compared to the 4-track song. It is especially relevant because the Beatles performance is more active and dynamic by nature compared to more relaxed and slow-paced Marvin Gaye’s song. It is possible that the gradual addition of a series of tracks on the latter made it overflown by sounds since the tape is a track incremental version. However, it seems that adding more tracks does not necessarily improve the song but rather allows it to be coherent, fluent, and unique by adding both prominent and subtle sounds. In the case of the Beatles, the performance feels raw and stratified into tracks, which is evident due to the obvious limitation of four tracks. In other words, Taxman is more rigid and simple compared to What’s Going On, but the latter is still inferior to the former because the 4-tracks technology was properly executed. In the case of the 8-track song, the tracks seem to be filled unnecessarily, which made it highly noisy at the end with no clearly dominant track in the mix, and it is especially true in regards to the added singers at the end.
Introduction Modern people engage in the process of information exchange in a variety of ways. Given the abundance of opportunities, it is of paramount importance to understand the limitations and strong sides of different modes of communication and implement this knowledge into practice when creating detailed goal achievement plans. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of interpersonal, mass, and technology-mediated communication modes and anatomize their role in meeting communication goals. Three Communication Modes: Strengths and Weaknesses Interpersonal Communication Despite its seeming simplicity, interpersonal communication is a popular research topic and has different dimensions. According to the broad definition, it is understood as the exchange of information in everyday life (Tinianow & Fairley, 2015). This communication mode’s specific characteristics shed light on its strengths. The advantages of interpersonal communication over other modes include its independence from devices for data transfer (Tinianow & Fairley, 2015). Moreover, if compared to written communication using other modes, interpersonal communication often allows people to understand messages better by placing them in the context of interlocutors’ emotions and non-verbal behaviors. Apart from that, face-to-face interpersonal communication offers privacy, whereas messages delivered using mass and technology-mediated communication are easily retrieved by third parties. When it comes to weaknesses of this mode of communication, attention must be paid to the efforts needed to stop it from happening. To avoid participating in technology-mediated or mass communication, people can isolate themselves from digital devices and mass communication channels, such as TV, the Internet, or newspapers, which is challenging but possible. The only way to stop the process of interpersonal communication is to live outside of civilization and be isolated from information about the world. If an individual is surrounded by others, interpersonal communication never stops since even the refusal to talk presents an independent message. Mass Communication Mass communication involves delivering messages to large groups of the population instead of individual addressees or closed communities. It is defined as the communication mode that deals with massive volumes of communication and places emphasis on the effectiveness and efficiency of information dissemination efforts (Tinianow & Fairley, 2015). Mass communication has several advantages and strengths that are unique to this communication mode and lie at the heart of its role in human society. For instance, only mass communication can be used to serve the public interest, disseminate messages of nationwide importance, and initiate social change (Huang, Liang, & Tsai, 2018). A more specific advantage of this form of communication is that it can improve dissimilar cultural groups’ ability to live i
Introduction Security is an issue of concern to every individual. When a person’s security is threatened, it is almost impossible for him or her to function normally. For this reason, nations across the world are compelled to indulge in different activities to guarantee the security their citizens. To a large extent, security tends to boost economic growth and creates a democratic space where people can freely express their thoughts without fear of victimization. I would, therefore, like to take this opportunity to bring to your attention some important issues about crime and victimization and how the taxpayers in Ontario are affected by criminal activities. I will also offer suggestions on how crime and victimization can be reduced in Ontario. The said issues and recommendations are discussed as follows. The Risk of Crime and Victimization to Canadians and its Costs to Taxpayers and to Victims Ordinarily, a rise in the level of crime and victimization will lead to huge expenditures that take up a big chunk of taxpayers’ money. Among other measures, crime will require the Canadian government to beef up its security forces. Despite the fact that an increased number of police officers will help to reduce the rate of criminal activities in Ontario, it will equally raise the cost of government spending. In turn, this is shouldered by the Canadian taxpayers. Although additional funds to strengthen security forces will contribute greatly to the reduction of crime in Ontario, reduced funding for other public services will affect their quality. The Canadian government will also be forced to incur costs to cater for the demands of crime victims. Increased criminal activities also tend create fear. This is regardless of whether one is a victim or not. Although victims of crime are the ones mostly affected, witnesses of frequent incidences of crime suffer. Apart from being filled with anger and a desire for revenge, victims also get subjected to social problems. The Causes and Prevention of Youth Crime One of the reasons for increased youth crime is the failure of parents or communities to effectively mould their children to become responsible citizens. Communities should be strong enough to shame anyone who fails to comply by the acceptable standards. In most cases, it is social disapproval that prevents individuals from indulging in any form of criminal activities. Communities in which individuals have lost their sense of interdependence and connection with one another are less able to exercise strict forms of control in order to protect the youth. Certainly, parents have a major role of ensuring that the future of their children is not interfered with. Other causes of youth crime include the increased rate of dropping out of school and lack of employment. When children drop out of school, they are exposed to so many challenges that mess up their development into dependable citizens. They are denied an opportunity