ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Prior to analyzing military regimes in Latin America and the causes of their emergence, it is of crucial importance to understand the concept of dictatorship, because, it has many forms, and can be interpreted from various perspectives. Traditionally, it is defined as the state system, in which a single person exercises complete authority. The main peculiarity of military dictatorship is that power belongs to military commanders (or commanders). However, it should not be confused with stratocracy, which is also a form of the military regime, but the society and legislation support such form of government (Masterson, 1991). The fact that the twentieth century has produced so many military dictatorships in Latin America can be ascribed to many reasons such as historical, social, and even cultural. First, it should be taken into consideration, that the vast majority of Latin American countries are relatively young; they achieved independence from colonial empires such as Spain and Portugal only in the nineteenth century, which means that the political system has not yet evolved. Moreover, even those countries, which now deem themselves as “highly democratic” (for instance, France, Spain, Germany, or Italy), have also passed through this stage in their development. Probably, it is a natural course of events, and every society has to overcome it. Paul Lewis in his book “Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America” argues that autocratic rules in this region are the result of the so-called “undemocratic culture” (Lewis, 2005, p 7). As it has been mentioned earlier, have long been under the rule of Spain and Portugal, which were at that moment absolute monarchies, the king (or dictator as it turned later) wielded unrestricted power. Therefore, such a form of government is deep-rooted in Latin America. Additionally, Paul Lewis states, the independence movement in these countries was destructive and often spread havoc and anarchy (Lewis, 2005). In such cases, any person, who possesses strength, may seize power, because anarchy, itself often leads to autocracy or dictatorship. Discussing such phenomenon as dictatorship in Latin American countries, we cannot disregard such aspects as the attitude of the society towards this issue. The main problem is that the conservative part of the population in such countries as Cuba, Chile, or Bolivia believes that people require iron discipline in order to make progress and this discipline can be brought only by militaries. The great shift in public opinion towards democracy has already been made; however, remnants of such political philosophy are still noticeable (Masterson, 1991). Autocratic or dictatorship regimes presuppose the exis
Introduction The term genetic enhancement refers to the use of genetic engineering to change or improve one’s traits and capabilities (Borenstein 5180. In most cases, the term is confused with gene therapy. The latter refers to the use of genetic engineering to repair malfunctioning genes or disseminate functioning genes into one’s body in a bid to cure a specific illness (Borenstein 518). Breakthrough in the medical field has led to numerous methods of genetic enhancements being employed today. Drugs have been developed that facilitate hormonal growth in human beings (Devettere 437). These are being used by parents in an attempt to help them and their children grow. Cases of athletes using genetically modified drugs to enhance their performance have also been reported. The practice of genetic enhancement is not only unethical but has also led to the emergence of inequality in society as well as other evils that undermines social norms. Genetic enhancement challenge the value of social equality One of the challenges that have emerged with the advent of genetic enhancement is the inability to ensure that all people have access to the technology (Seck 56). Generally, the costs associated with the technology are high making it hard for the less fortunate in the society to benefit from the technology. This implies that only the rich can benefit from the technology resulting in the emergence of social classes. Those that can afford genetic enhancement become superior to those who can not afford the
Nowadays, lawyers and other practitioners use various types of analysis to investigate the crime scenes, determine the behavioral patterns of robbers and murders, evaluate the long-term trends, and understand the community’s prevailing tendencies and the need to reorganize the office. Consequently, in the context of this paper, it is essential to determine the differences between tactical, strategic, and administrative types of analysis with the help of the examples from the IACA site. In the end, the conclusions are drawn to summarize the critical findings of the paper. Tactical In the first place, a tactical analysis is the most common approach. It usually has a short-term orientation and aims at easing the process of investigation. It offers details about the crime scene and the parties, which are involved in misconduct. It could be said that this assessment method assists in preventing similar crimes in the future and understanding the particular actions of the suspect. In this case, one of the practical examples is North Richmond Robbery Series – Tactical Analysis . This document provides information about the series of robberies, which took place between the 2nd of March and 22th of June ( North Richmond robbery series , 2007). It clearly describes the main assault tactics used on the victims, critical information about the suspect, the common features of the victims, assessment of the location, and the patterns used to arrest the suspect ( North Richmond robbery series , 2007). Acquiring these matters helps understand the main features of the crime, and these findings can be used in the future to investigate similar cases. Overall, the critical aspects of the tactical analysis are a short-term orientation, a detailed description of the crime scene, and a limited focus of the research. Strategic Another approach, which is actively used in the police departments, is strategic analysis. When comparing it with the tactical approach, the main differences are the scope and orientation of the study. In this case, the statistic strategy usually investigates a series of events to understand the existence of particular trends, which take place in the community, state, or nationwide. Nonetheless, the primary similarity is the fact that these concepts have a future orientation, but the strategic approach attempts to enhance the overall effectiveness of decision-making and motivates the development of new policies. In this case, the Annual Crime Report: Theft of GPS Devices from Cars can be viewed as one of the examples of strategic analysis. It offers a profound evaluation of statistical trends and portrays an increase in the percentage of theft of GPS devices ( Annual crime report, 2008). Using information from other police departments from different regions ensures the rationale for providing visuals for particular changes in trends. Simultaneously, this report gives clear reasoning for the existence of these tendencies by referring to the CRAVED theory introduced by Clarke ( Annual crime report, 2008). It could be said
Stress and depression are two of the most critically significant factors affecting patients’ lifestyles inside and outside the family. Thus, stress is the body’s response to a certain “blow” or “pressure” from the outside. As a rule, this condition manifests itself due to prolonged experiences and negative emotions, which result in more serious and destructive consequences. For example, prolonged stress and deep experiences result in depression – a more severe emotional state. These factors significantly affect the course of certain diseases and affect patients’ behavior, emotions, and feelings outside of family life. For instance, a person experiencing stress and depression develops the risk of several pathological processes. Such conditions affect the health of blood vessels and the stomach; they cause asthma, hypertension, and anorexia – this is not a complete list. Patients are more vulnerable to various infections in this situation, and the immune system is weakened. Accordingly, new types of diseases appear, and treatment of existing ones is delayed for a long time. In addition, it has been proven that stressful situations cause risks of developing chronic diseases, deaths, and increased mortality (Chiang, 2018). Moreover, in such emotional states, an individual loses interest in everything, decreases vital activity and productivity of thinking, and develops a sense of his uselessness, uselessness. Thus, a patient cannot implement high-quality, effective, and productive work and activity in some areas. It is also worth noting that the above factors may manifest themselves at several stages of the course of a certain disease. Therefore, for example, stress and depression during diagnosis manifest themselves in a pronounced form and persistently present for at least two weeks. Accordingly, during treatment, the signs of these factors are very diverse and vary depending on the form of the course of the disease. A competent nurse can intervene in such cases and eliminate factors that negatively affect the patient based on such factors and phenomena. Primarily, social and psychological support is the surest way to solve the problem at any stage of the disease. Hence, the social and communicative impact of the patient’s condition on a nurse practitioner can have a strong influence on a wide range of aspects related to physiology and behavior (Karelina & DeVries, 2011). Consequently, special care, necessary support, and increased attention to the situations of a sick person will help to some extent eliminate factors such as stress and depression.
Introduction Marketing refers to the “management process through which goods and services are developed and sold to customers”. Marketing activities include product development, setting prices, identification of distribution channels, and implementing promotional strategies. These activities are often executed by marketing managers in most companies. This paper will highlight the marketing principles that can be used to market Ford F-150 SVT in the United States and China. Ford F-150 SVT is a truck model manufactured by Ford Motor Company in the United States. Ford F-150 SVT can gain market share in China because it provides the four utilities of customer value and the demand for trucks in China is high. Description of Ford F-150 SVT The four utilities of customer value include “functionality, time, place, and ease of possession”. Functionality refers to the tangible attributes of a product such as its durability, color, and safety. Ford F-150 SVT has several in-built safety mechanisms such as front and rear cameras to ease navigation and hill descent control to prevent accidents when driving on steep terrain (Ford Motor Company, 2013). The truck is also available in several colors to satisfy the tastes and preferences of different customers. Similarly, the truck has manual and automatic gearbox options to ease its use. Time utility refers to customers’ ability to access a product whenever they need it. Ford Motor Compan
American scholars studying the topic of slavery and in particular African slavery have engaged each other on the issue of African identity. Many of these debates have focused on the ethnological labeling of Africans based on their ethnic identities. One such ethnic grouping that has managed to draw a lot of attention is the Igbo ethnic identity. The issue of Igbo ethnic identity was brought to the fray by the story of Olaudah Equiano, who in his autobiography claimed to have been born in Igbo land but an American slavery scholar by the name Vincent Carretta disputes Mr. Equiano allegations stating that he was born in America, South Carolina to be precise. Despite this controversial assertion, Mr. Equiano books managed to attain global acclaim due to its depiction of 18 th century African Atlantic identity. According to his autobiography, Mr. Equiano was captured in Nigeria and sold to American slave owners. Mr. Equiano was later able to purchase his freedom and as a freedman, he was able to travel to different parts of the world learning the various cultures before deciding to settle permanently in England. Mr. Equiano story is one such depiction of how many of the Africans who were enslaved in various parts of the world during the eighteenth-century slave trade were able to form their identities. As a slave, Mr. Equiano got to travel to the United States and stayed there for quite a while serving his master. During this time, he was able to learn various aspects of the American culture. As a freedman, Mr. Equiano was able to travel to different parts of the world including Central America, the Caribbean and the Arctic and in these places; he also had an opportunity to learn new cultures of the people that were leaving in these areas. After deciding to settle in England finally, Mr. Equiano also was able to learn aspects of the English culture and integrate it into his own identity. The story of Mr. Equiano is an essential illustration of the many debates that have been held over time by African slavery scholars on the twin issues of creolisation and retention. Some opponents of creolisation argue that even after arriving in America and other foreign destinations, Africans still were in a position to retain their African identities and maintain contact with their African heritage. However, both sides of the divide seem to concur that the process of African identity development involved the integration of new cultures into the existing African cultures resulting to the new African American and other such corresponding cultures. One of the specific aspects of African identity during the eighteenth century slave trade period is the aspect of group identity. Group identity was most notable among the well-traveled African slaves who had an opportunity to live in different cultural settings and consequently learning the cultural aspects of the people living in these places. In order to clearly illustrate this aspect, the story of Domingo Alvarez is used, a Benin born man who was able to live in various parts of the world, including West Africa, Brazil and Po
There are several external influences on the labor market, with differing objectives, leading to economy-wide consequences. Providing job security is one such objective which is intended to curtail unemployment, but in reality its effects are quite opposite. Job mobility (ability to switch jobs) and deemed essential for progress are two conceptual grounds that are obstructed by job security that is further influenced by the cost of hiring workers on costly rates. Moreover, there is increased capital substitution to preserve the current workforce, hence resulting in increased unemployment. Next follows minimum wage laws. These laws result in a labor surplus, attributing wages to workers that may be well below their productivity. Unemployment is a direct consequence. The increased opportunity cost of the wage that workers could have earned, if they had been employed at a lower rate, as opposed to being unemployed, is another critical factor. Similarly, the ‘living wage’ notion has caused the poorest to enter unemployment lines since the majority of the minimum wage workers do not, and should not, support families, because most are in the 16-34 age bracket. Most empirical studies hence point in a similar direction indicating a positive relation between minimum wage laws and unemployment, especially amongst the young, less experienced, low skilled workers. In the case of informal minimum wage, that are imposed by custom, labor unions, or international institutions, the effects are similar as the wages and barriers to entry both remain high in the developing economies, causing unemployment. Workers already employed benefit, while those willing to be employed lose out. Overall there is a net loss to the society, especially when considering the potential commodities that could have been produced. Surplus of labor also entails more selective criteria on part of the employers, increasing job qualification requirements, causing some workers that could have been employed to be unemployed. To observe the differential impact of minimum wage laws, their adverse impact on racial and ethnic minorities is also worth noting, as illustrated in various countries over time. We now turn our attent
Over several decades, the implementation of successive policies has led to a complete change of the manner in which the government of Canada regulates the public sector. The most recent reforms concerning the stakeholders governing the public service considerably influenced the political figures such as ministers. Evidently, the recent policy formulation and advice has lead to the emergence of the New Public Management (NPM) and New Public Governance (NPG) to regulate the government actions. As a result, the government leaders have been entrusted with responsibilities and duties. Additionally, a significant responsibility is bestowed upon the ministers in form of policymaking and implementation. This makes it difficult for the ministers and other political figures in the government to formulate independent policies not influenced by the political situation of the country and partisan interests (Thomas 2). Moreover, the newly enacted laws seem to stunt the response to economic stimulus initiated by the government. However, the assumptions concerning the new measures to ensure accountability and transparency are not a total barrier to the functioning of the public service. A survey by the government indicates that the expected response was not realized even with the increased government spending on the public sector. The stimulus plan did not include a strategy to monitor the economy’s response. In this regard, a comprehensive investigation and report demonstrated that the money allocated to the various projects was appropriate. The lack of the political support for a quicker implementation of the projects was evident among the political class. The parliamentarians and municipal authorities who anticipated to be afflicted by the political implications of the failure to meet the set deadlines were pressuring the state to ease on the deadlines and allow the projects’ implementation at a slower rate. This political pressure forced the federal government to accept the deadlines’ extension for the poorly performing projects and approve the funding of other projects as late as 2010. In 2011, the government extended the deadlines for the completion of the projects with the prime minister asserting that most of the projects would observe the deadline (Johnson 39). An examination of the economic situation in the world and the progress in Canada in particular, indicat
Executive Summary The United States of America and the United Kingdom are two countries of the world that are frequently compared and contrasted with each other in regard to a variety of different aspects, features, and characteristics. This could be the case because the two countries are strongly related in terms of historical development. Being the former British colony, the United States of America inherited many of its important concepts, views, and approaches in regard to the political system, legislation, governance, and law. As a result, there exists a set of similarities between the political and legal systems of the two states (such as the reliance on common law or case law in legal decision-making, the democratic structure of the political systems, and the division of the government and court systems into branches allowing them to balance and check one another. Introduction A lot of time has passed since the times of the British colonization of the continent of North America, and, as a result, the two countries grew apart, each taking its own way of future prospects, goals, and political courses. A detailed comparison of some of the aspects that comprise the statehood of the United States and the United Kingdom will be discussed in this paper. In particular, the major topics on which this report will elaborate are the differences and similarities between the Constitutions of the two countries, their view of a legal concept, governmental systems, and their perspectives on case law. Differences and Similarities in the Design of Both Constitutions The USA and the UK are some of the world’s most developed, wealthiest, and politically organized countries. Both of these states are also known for their strong democratic approach to their political systems supported by their constitutions. However, there exist significant differences between these documents. The first and foremost point of difference between the constitutions of the United States of America and the United Kingdom is the way they are organized. In particular, while the Constitution of the United States is the existing document that was handwritten and thoroughly put together by a large group of political and legislative experts, the British Constitution is known to still remain unwritten (Thomas, 2017). As surprising as it may sound to a modern analyst, the British Constitution is practically a compil
Introduction This paper aims at giving an overview of management in general, as well as risk management, in particular. The main objective is to understand management and how it helps in running an organization. Some management practices contribute to the failure of organizations given the fact that managers often tend to overlook how prioritizing of the short-term goals may affect the long term goals of the organization in the future. These bad management practices often render the organizations vulnerable to market stresses. The global financial crisis is one of these stresses. It had a great impact on the global economy and may have caused some organizations to become bankrupt. Proper risk management might have helped these organizations to avert the global financial crisis. The paper looks at some of the gaps that exist in management and why some organizations are not able to fill these gaps. In addition, the paper provides an overview of some of the issues that managers failed to put into consideration prior to the financial crisis. We see that some of these issues could have been avoided if there had been adequate preparation and management. Importance of management This section aims at giving an overview of how management works and what role it plays in the organization. It also briefly discusses how to find out whether an organization is managed properly. The main objective is to highlight leadership strategies that can be used to influence the productivity of the employees. Management plays an important role in the effective functioning of an organization. Sales managers are responsible for maintaining a good sales network for the company’s products. Personnel managers, on the other hand, are responsible for ensuring that the employees are productive and work in a good environment. Plant managers are responsible for giving us quality products that we use on a daily basis. Our society needs to have mangers for it to be run properly. It is said that effective management is the reason behind developed countries and probably a resource that is required in the developing countries. Either way, our societies and organizations require good managers. The role of management Managers play a huge role in the organization because they help the company to attain desired goals. All organizations have certain goals and accomplishments that they wish to achieve and managers play the role of guiding the company to achieve these goals. To begin with, managers assign certain tasks to individuals who are qualified to perform them. This is just one of the ways that managers may use to help the company achieve its desired goals. Managers ensure that all tasks and activities are designe