ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction People exhibit diverse cultural practices, beliefs, norms, and behaviors that dictate the way they interact with their colleagues, neighbors, or friends. Such aspects will affect how they focus on their surroundings and histories. This paper gives a detailed analysis of the observations made after completing a learning activity aimed at identifying and discussing famous citizens whose achievements have shaped history. Easiest Categories After completing the exercise, I managed to evaluate and discuss different governmental individuals from different categories. The easiest ones to name were from the groups: upper class, male, Latino, and African American. This was the case since citizens from such backgrounds have been enjoying considerable support from the government. For example, males tend to have increased chances of acquiring quality education and getting a good job (Cheok, Aleti, & Hede, 2015). Individuals from the outlined categories also engage in activities that can transform societies. Difficult Categories Some categories were difficult to name, including women, disabled, Asian American, Muslim, Native American, and the LGBT community. This happens to be the case since members of these groups face increased cases of discrimination (Rodriguez & Lamm, 2016). Such individuals have been unable to engage in political activities or start their businesses successfully. They continue to grapple with numerous challenges, including poverty and unemployment. Personal Observations This exercise has revealed that I am conversant with the predicaments of discrimination and inequality in the United States. It has been an opportunity for me to analyze famous people who have shaped this country’s history. I am always concerned and willing to learn more about what is happening around me (Rodriguez & Lamm, 2016). The completed work has revealed that I have been brought up in a society characterized by diverse cultures. Since my childhood, I have learned more about different racial groups and leaders who have transformed this country. My Culture, Socialization, and Education Having grown up in a prominently white middle-class neighborhood, I managed to interact and associate with individuals from my culture. I also collaborated with many friends from other racial groups. I have also realized that the awareness of one’s culture is something that happens naturally. This is true since I have been able to associate with different individuals from my population. With bachelor’s degrees in criminology, liberal arts, and paralegal, I have learned much about people whose efforts changed Amer
Important Facts Surrounding the Case One important fact surrounding the case is the role of managers in ensuring the success of a business/ company. Brett et al. argue that managers are critical in the success of a company as they are the link between people and systems (621). In fact, many companies agree with the given premise and ensure that specific characteristics, labelled as great characteristics of managers, are acknowledged during the recruitment of managerial positions. The company in question, Google, has upheld the value of human resources in their organizational culture. Thus, the company puts a lot of emphasis on the proper treatment of employees, in turn, encouraging the development of proper relationships between the employees and the management. Therefore, from the case study, it can be concluded that Google rates managers highly in regard to their impact on the success of the company. Particularly, the research study done tried to determine what ‘best managers’ do and how they are rated by their junior staff. Another important fact surrounding the case is employee turnover. Indeed, Garvin et al. explain that whereas Google does not have high employee turnover (compared to other firms of its caliber), management felt the need to acknowledge some of the issues that had made previous employees leave (5). The research conducted in Project Oxygen revealed that relationships with managers had a significant impact on employee turnover, albeit little. It is also important to point out that the perceptions of junior employees have been used to develop the literature review of the case study. The authors used opinions on definition of ‘best managers’, and views on how the defined ‘best managers’ behave, to come up with their arguments. As mentioned, the impact of managers in success has been highlighted in the case study. It is particularly for the said reason that the entire case study is founded. Key Issue of the Case Study The key issue that can be deduced from the case study provided is the role of managers in the company. It can be argued that managers are often perceived to be influential in ensuring system efficiency. However, as Kelloway et al. confirm, managers have over the years been linked to overall employee performance (40). Indeed, from the case study, it can be argued that managers in this day and age have the responsibility of building the capacity of their junior sta
Taj Mahal Taj Mahal is a grand mausoleum that has an advanced architecture. It was built during the period 1632 to 1652 by Shahjahan, the Indian Mughal emperor in commemoration of his favorite and beloved wife Mumtaz, who left for the heavenly abode while giving birth to her child. The land for the mausoleum was procured from Raja Man Singh, a Rajput king. The premise is rectangular with dimensions of 567 meters from north to south and 305 meters from east to west. The mausoleum is situated at the center and is constructed on a platform towards the northern portion. A mosque was built towards the western side of the mausoleum and in order to balance the architectural look, a guest house was constructed on the eastern side (Ruggles 118). The location of the mosque on the western side can be attributed to the fact that Muslims face towards the west while offering their prayers. Four minarets around the mausoleum have been kept lower in height so that the impression of the huge dome is not diminished. A canal is constructed at the front in a manner so that a reflection of the mausoleum can be seen in the water. The entrance gate is so massive that it can be considered a historical monument in itself (“Taj Mahal Garden” par. 1). Quranic verses are inscribed on the walls that give an impression of Islamic architecture. The total area of the Taj Mahal is 174,000 square meters, out of which the gardens alone occupy 90,000 square meters. These gardens are based on geometrical designs and a peculiar thing is that number four and its multiples are used in the arrangements. It is worth mentioning that the number four is considered to be sacred and auspicious in Islam (“Taj Mahal Gardens” par. 2). Alhambra Alhambra is one of the most renowned castle gardens of Europe. It is situated on a fortified plateau that is encircled by the Sierra Nevada mountain range. The word ‘Alhambra’ has been derived from Arabic literature and its literal meaning is ‘red castle’. Though the castle was initially built by Muhammed I, the garden was developed by Muhammed ibn-Yusuf ibn-Nash. The Court of the Pool, within the garden, has abundant instances of Islamic architecture. An impact of northern European gardens’ design is visible in Alhambra (“Alhambra” par. 1). The garden is based on the concept of Islamic paradise, the influence of which is apparent all over the place. It is worth mentioning that according to the Quran (holy book of the Muslims) paradise is a lavish garden. Water was a scarcity during those days in the deserts and was considered to be a luxury. Within the Alhambra gardens, water has been used liberally in order to give people reprieve from the usual scorching heat of the desert; water was believed to humidify and cool the surrounding atmosphere. The sound of water was considered to be soothing to the ear as well (“The Alhambra – Islamic Jewel of Granada” par. 12). Islamic architecture is also evident in Alhambra’s huge horse-shoe-shaped entrance. It was called
Introduction Universal health care refers to the provision of health care services by a government to all its citizens (insurancespecialists.com).Such a health care coverage means that each citizen is able to access health care services which are of standard quality. In the United States, about 25% of its citizens are provided with such a service funded by a government. These citizens mainly comprise the elderly, the armed forces personnel and the poor (insurancespecialists.com). In many western countries like Russia, Canada and some countries in South America and Western Europe, the governments provide universal health care programs to all the citizens. In the United States, the segments of the society which do not receive health care services provided by the government usually pay for their health care coverage. This has emerged as a challenge especially to the middle class citizens. The issue of universal health care provision in the United States is therefore a debatable one. There are those who support it and those who are opposed to it. This assignment is a discussion of the topic. It starts with a thesis statement, then a discussion of the advantages of universal health care provision, its disadvantages and a conclusion, which restates the thesis and the argument behind it. Thesis Statement The government of United States of America should provide universal health care services to its citizens because health care is a basic necessity to every citizen, regardless of age, sex, race, religion, and socio-economic status. Discussion Pros of provision of universal health care The provision of universal health care services would ensure that doctors and all medical practitioners focus their attention only on treating the patients, unlike in the current system, where doctors and medical practitioners sped a lot of time pursuing issues of health care insurance for their patients, which is sometimes associated with malpractice and violation of medical ethics especially in cases where the patient is unable to adequately pay for his or her health care bills (balancedpolitics.org). The provision of universal health care services would also make health care service provision in the United States more efficient and effective. In the current system in which each citizen pays for his or her health care, there is a lot of inefficiency, brought about by the bureaucratic nature of the public health care sector (balancedpolitics.org). Universal health care would also p
Christianity and the Buganda The growth of Christianity in Uganda dates back in the 19 th Century. This was a time when Uganda was under Kingship rule. The first Missionaries arrived in Uganda in the year 1877 when Kabaka Muteesa was king. The prevalence of Christianity within the 19 th century stems from Buganda which was an ancient component of the shores of the lake Nalubaale, meaning home of the balubaale gods. This was then changed by the British to Lake Victoria. Baganda was a complex system of government led by king Kabaka. It had a centralized leadership and maintained high cohesiveness among the community. The fact that the Kiganda society was receptive and very adaptable to change gave way to Christianity 1 . Kabaka Muteesa openness towards the outside world led him to open up trade with the Arabs and Swahilis. Items such as cotton cloth, guns and other luxurious items were exchanged for slaves and ivory. This relationship with the Arabs saw Islam permeate into the kingdom way before Christianity set pace in Uganda. Islam and Christianity Impact Islam and Christianity were the two religions that were making advances in the African continent and this resulted to heightened competition between the two. Their relevance as ‘dini’ by the Ugandans which was contradictory to the traditional African religious heritage gave them a sense of similarity in terms of world view. Christianity came in when the Buganda kingdom was in wrangles with the Islamic religion creating a very strategic and opportune time for Christianity. But it experienced major back-drops because
According to President Joe Biden, “the heart of American capitalism is a simple idea: open and fair competition.” Competition leads to innovation because businesses constantly try to improve their prices or services to attract customers. In 1890, antitrust law was formally established to ensure fair trade and prevent the formation of monopolies that use their market position to take advantage of consumers (Saylor Academy, 2012). However, the original antitrust laws could not have foreseen the creation of digital markets and new antitrust legislation must be passed. In the 1870s and 1880s, various corporations were combined into one trust and effectively controlled entire industries: the Cotton Trust, Whiskey Trust, and Oil Trust (Saylor Academy, 2012). Consumers were outraged as monopolies led to excessive prices and inferior quality. In 1890, the Sherman Act outlawed monopolies and granted the federal government power to regulate trade (Saylor Academy, 2012). The Clayton Act was passed in 1914 and forbade the acquisition of competition, predatory pricing, and exclusive contracts (Saylor Academy, 2012). The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was established as an independent agency to enforce antitrust law (Saylor Academy, 2012). Standard Oil, American Tobacco, Paramount, and AT&T have all been targets for antitrust cases, but most FTC measures have had “little effect” (Hazlett, 2020, p.7). Despite this failure, these hundred-year-old legislative measures still form the basics of federal antitrust law today. The landscape of business will be vastly different in 2021. The Information Revolution has radically changed human lives in just thirty years. Ninety-three percent of American adults today use the internet (Pew Research Center, 2021). Most of the users’ online interactions are mediated by only four companies. As of September 2021, Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet (Google), and Facebook are the most valuable publicly traded companies in the U.S. (Szmigiera, 2021). Firstly, they act as both “operators for the marketplace and sellers of their products and services in competition with rival sellers,” creating extremely high entry barriers for third-party sellers (Colangelo, n.d.). For example, Apple sells smartphones, develops a digital marketplace for smartphone applications, and sells services such as Apple Music in competition with third-party companies like Spotify. Apple is incentivized to undermine Spotify and promote its application, and no anti-competition regulation exists to prevent it. Secondly, technological behemoths buy out smaller companies to maintain market power and create “digital ecosystems” (Newman, 2019, p. 1508). Google is known as a search engine but has also expanded into owning a mobile operating system (Android), a digital assistant, a video hosting service (Youtube), and driverless cars (Newman, 2019). In light of Big Tech’s methodic attempts to edge out the competition, American voters have been pushing for antitrust legislation reg
Abstract Child Abuse has been a major part of our society. Many children are abused every day but very few cases are reported to the authorities. This act is well hidden since the majority of the time it is conducted by those close to the child. It can be deliberate however abuser can also sometimes not know that his action can harm the child, for example in the case of neglect. Statistical data shows how a child’s brought up affects his or her involvement in the social ills of society. Mainly children that are abused become abusive as adults thus abusing others and so the cycle goes on. A major part of what a person turns out to be as an adult depends on his/her treatment as a child by an adult. Therefore young children are supposed to be protected and provided with all that is necessary for bringing them up as better and normal adults for the smooth running of society. Child abuse has always been a negative part of every society. There are four major types of abuse; physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. Most of the time the abuse is coming from people close to the child, caregivers, parents, babysitters, and other family members. Due to acts of abuse children suffer greatly and it won’t be wrong to say that these experiences are definitely engraved into the child’s personality. The main long-term after-effects of child abuse that have been proven by facts are psychological disorders, crime, and addiction, and most shockingly these abused children grow up to be child abusers themselves. Figures of child abuse are rising ‘in 2007, approximately 5.8 million children were involved in an estimated 3.2 million child abuse reports and allegations in the US’. (National Child Abuse Statistics, 2007). The increasing number of this gruesome crime, however, is not just limited to the US but the same trend can be seen all over the world. There are many organizations working to curb this problem however the main requirement for elimination is awareness of the consequences that abuse leads to. According to the research conducted by Gene Abel, medical director of the Behavioral Medicine Institute of Atlanta, around 30% of pedophiles have sexually abused themselves as children. (American Psychiatric Association, 2006). This clearly states that those who are abused themselves become mentally sick and addicted to this dirty act. It is important to know how a single abuse can lead to more abuse by a former victim, thus the number multiplies. Apart from just sexually abusing others they also get involved in other serious violent crimes such as stealing and substance abuse. In another study regarding child abuse done on a large population-based sample of men and women it came to light that ‘as many as 80% of those abused are diagnosed with some form of psychological disorder at the age of 21.’ (Springer, Sheridan, Kuo & Carnes, 2007). Mainly these disorders are related to depression, anxiety attacks an
Currently, the national healthcare spending is estimated to be about $3130.2 billion (Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2014). The spending has risen by 7.4% compared with the previous year. The increased spending is primarily due to healthcare coverage expansion because of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). In fact, the ACA has caused a sharp increase in the Medicaid spending estimated at $579.2 billion, which is an average increase of about 18.0% compared with the previous year. Besides, the private health insurance spent over $997.8 billion representing an overall growth of about 7.9%. The increases in spending on Medicaid and private health insurance have contributed hugely to the national healthcare spending (Leonard, 2011). Further, since the insured population is relatively younger, their spending on prescription drugs as well as physician and clinical services increased tremendously causing a sharp increase in prescription drug spending growth by over 8.8%. Similarly, the clinical and physician spending growth increased by over 8.5%. However, spending in other areas such as out-of-pocket has reduced significantly from $322.7 billion to $317.7 billion since most of the consumers’ expenses were taken care of by the third party coverage (Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2014). Moreover, the overall hospital spending growth rate is expected to remain constant at 6.7%. Generally, the overall healthcare spending is increasingly high particularly due to the new reforms that have been introduced. Whether the Current Level of Healthcare Spending is High or Low Given the existing statistics, the current level of healthcare spending is high compared with the previous years. Besides, studies indicate that the growth of national healthcare spending surpassed the GDP growth in 2012 (Leonard, 2011). In fact, the average annual growth of healthcare spending is over 0.9% of GDP since 2011. By January 2014, the annual growth in healthcare spending jumped to over 7.4%. The main reasons for the high rate in healthcare spending include the increased number of the aging population, improved economy and the new healthcare policy. The growth will become unsustainable particularly when the economy does not grow correspondingly with the national healthcare spending. The healthcare providers and the governments, both at the federal and state levels should focus on the provision of quality healthcare at reduced costs. In fact, new strategies should emphasize on increasing efficiency in healthcare provision, quality care and reduced costs (Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2014). Where National Healthcare Spending Should be Added or Cut The main aim of healthcare providers is to achieve improved overall healthcare system performance and reduced spending growth. In other words, the healthcare system providers should respond to the public need of reduced cost, increased efficiency in delivery and improved access to healthcare. In order to attain the healthcare goals, spending has to be reduced in areas with fewer outcomes (Leonard, 2011
Question: To what extent, using the South African and Ugandan cases, can international institutions contribute to justice within a state after war or political violence, and to what extent do those institutions reflect problematic conceptions or relations of power that might inhibit justice? The role of the international institutions in promoting justice in the states which suffer from extreme violence and civil wars can be different about the possible positive and negative consequences. However, this role is usually significant to influence the post-war development of the states and to determine the paths according to which the states’ governments should develop the principles of justice in the countries. Referring to the South African and Ugandan cases, it is possible to state that the actions of the international institutions can have dramatic effect on the states’ development after the periods of political violence and civil wars, and these international institutions can contribute to the progress of the idea of justice significantly, but the impact can be not only positive but also negative. If it is possible to observe the opportunities for the international institutions to influence the states’ development about overcoming the effects of civil wars and political violence, the institutions’ role in the process is always significant, and the position of international institutions can contribute to changing the vision of the concept of justice. Mamdani determines two types of justice which are criminal justice and political justice, and these types are discussed as playing an important role in overcoming violence in South Africa (Mamdani presentation, November 15, 2013). According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s decisions, it is more relevant to discuss justice as political, and the positive consequences of discussing the idea of justice are possible only when it is the survivors’ justice connected with the orientation to the political reforms (Mamdani presentation, November 15, 2013). If the international institutions focus on corrective justice instead of political justice, the results of such a strategy can be less positive for coping with the problems of political violence and civil wars. Thus, according to Branch, corrective justice is not the only effective and important concept related to justice because “there is also the broader concept of social or political justice, in the sense of establishing a social and political order in which the fundamental injustices that led to conflict and violence have been rectified” (Branch 2007: 193). In the Ugandan case, the International Criminal Court played an important role in overcoming the post-war effects and in stating the ideals