ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the presented case study, Mr. and Mrs. Falardeau face a dilemma regarding the future of their 3-year-old son. They want their child to be healthy and happy and doubt whether the boy would have a joyful life if he would lose his eyesight. Doing their own research, the parents consider genetic engineering as a way of treating their son’s vision. It is important to explain to the parents where genetic engineering stands these days and its prospects in treating retinal diseases. There are positive aspects of genetic modification and gene cloning on the human body. For example, CRISPR‐Cas9, a unique technique of genetic engineering discovered in the 1990s, can find specific pieces of DNA that need to be modified and do so (Xu et al., 2018). CRISPR‐Cas9 is found to be “efficacious and cost-effective” in treating retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa, which is caused by the loss of photoreceptor cells that can cause blindness (Xu et al., 2018, p. 26). Ethically, research shows that it would be impermissible not to cure people using something as easy as modifying genes (Liao, 2019). However, it is crucial to consider that interfering with genes can have irreparable consequences. The negative aspects of cloning and genetic modification are hard to foretell because there is relatively little research on humans. Modifying human genes may result in inheritable changes that cause various risks, whereas cloning may have unpredictable effects on future generations (Shafique, 2020). However, there are techniques of genetic engineering, such as CRISPR‐Cas9, that with every day become more promising. In 2020, CRISPR‐Cas9 was used in treating patients with cancer, and the results show no “off‐target effects and clinical toxicities” associated with CRISPR-Cas9 (Zhang, 2021, p. 2476). With each
Available literature demonstrates that leadership has been observed in nearly all civilizations of the world, from prehistoric era to contemporary times. As a matter of fact, a number of researchers and psychology theorists progress the notion that leadership is one of the most observed and practiced phenomena on earth since it happens even in the absence of proper structures and frameworks for sustenance. Social psychological research, according to Vugt (2006), demonstrates that a leader-follower relationship develops spontaneously even when groups are formed without leaders. This has led various leaders to project a widely held perception that leadership is intrinsically a universal human behavior. This paper purposes to critically analyze the art of leadership with a view to understand how leaders are able to achieve allegiance among followers even when force or threat of force is not used to effect allegiance. Leadership has been defined and described in numerous ways in the existing psychological literature. Broadly, however, leadership can be defined as a process of influence that is largely aimed at fulfilling or attaining mutual goals (Vugt, 2006; Frey et al., 2009). The concept is often regarded as the result of a social process in which interacting individuals or groups of individuals synchronize their actions towards the attainment of shared objectives. In this respect, good leaders must always first examine the needs and expectations of followers and put them at heart by developing mechanisms through which such needs can be achieved voluntarily (Dollarhide & Gibson, 2008). A wealth of psychological literature have concentrated on not only the personality correlates of leadership, called the trait approach to leadership, but also on the leader’s functions and styles in the light of task demands and the expectations of followers, called the situational approach to leadership (Vugt, 2006). In the trait approach, traits such as power, ambition, focus, intelligent, forward-looking, competent, inspiring, and extraversion are used by leaders to achieve allegiance from followers towards supporting a common objective. Coerciveness, compulsiveness, and irrational traits have also been used by such leaders as Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein, and the disgraced Mobutu Sese Seko, but they have proved to be largely ineffectual and unpopular among followers (Maxwell, 1998). In the situational approach, good leaders are known to work hard to enhance the capacity of followers to meet the needs and expectations of a given situation, while unpopular leaders may not bear such an interest at heart. Leadership is at times perceived and described in terms of a quantitative trait, that is, everyone has the capacity to lead to some degree, but there exist comprehensible divergences in the propensity to lead (Vugt, 2006). This perspective projects the view that leadership is first and foremost a function of the situation, and every individual can be a leader in the right conditions. While this may be true, the perspective falls back to the trait and situational perspectives, discussed
Abstract art emerged in the early 20 th century when artists started creating simplified objections characterized by no or little orientation to the real world. However, traditional cave paintings during ancient times also depicted some elements of abstraction. In this regard, abstract art refers to visual expressions, which do not portray the representation of the visible world’s aspects. It is also known as nonrepresentational or nonobjective art and often comprises largely abstract elements of color, texture, line, form, and tone. Fundamentally, abstract art flourished after World War II as artists tried graphical or sculpture paintings to express their inner feelings or emotions without connecting them to noticeable realities. The abstract art’s primary aim is to use gestural marks, shapes, forms, and colors to achieve the effects of a visual reality rather than representing its actual depiction. I think artists had the desire to expand the artistic works through creativity, and thus, they had to think of an intellectual way of portraying emotional and sensitive expressionism. As a result, they chose to express themselves using abstract art to share their unique inner feelings with the communities. Arguably, with this imaginative evolution, artists pursued freedom to explore new artworks and assign them unique meanings, which excite their audience. For instance, Wassily Kandinsky is an excellent example of an artist who used abstract art to express his inner emotions. He utilized non-naturistic brushwork and intense colors to exhibit his imagination and internal feelings. I believe Wassily Kandinsky preferred this type of art as an alternative pathway to divine reality. Abstract art represents a significant transformation of the art industry in the modern world. Instead of depending on visible realities, this kind of art encourages creative imagination to harmonize and unify different forms, colors, tones, and textures to express inner feelings. For example, Wassily Kandinsky used his non-naturistic brushwork and coloring to inspire alternative views on spiritual reality. Therefore, there is a dire need to promote abstract arts because they give artists the freedom to create new artworks and assign them different meanings.
Wilde portrays Victorian community as insincere, snooty and constricted. People are valued by their wealth and the communal position of their families. For instance Lady Bracknell is not too passionate about Algernon getting married Cicely until she attends to how rich Cicely is: Then she instantly portrays her as a rather “attractive young lady.” Wilde’s community, though apparently very customary and firm, is essentially quite worried about being destabilized by strangers: Lady Bracknell even evaluates Jack’s being found in a purse with “the worst immoderation of the French Revolution” Oscar Wilde was simply the most infamous homosexual of the Puritanical Victorian era. His directness and ensuing trials pictured the conventional community to extreme examination. Despite the unconstructive conversations, the confusion made by Wilde assisted to fuel a later association towards acceptance of which Wilde could only have dreamed. His recommence entails the titles of performer, poet, novelist and convicted criminal. The Victorian epoch was about technological growth. It was an effort aimed at cleaning up the community and establishing a moral standard. The Victorian era was a period of comparative peace and financial steadiness (Marshall 783). Victorians did not desire anything “unclean” or “improper” to obstruct with their notion of faultlessness. Therefore, this citation, taken from Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray, rimming with homosexual suggestions, was regarded unfortunate. Due to the time epoch’s standards, Oscar Wilde was made to hide behind a thin sheet of inference and parallel. Wilde was preoccupied with the perfect representation. Although he dressed more ostentatiously than the modern dress, it was to make an representation of himself. Wilde was frightened of illuminating his homosexuality as he knew that he would be disaffected and excluded from the community. Through his works, Oscar Wilde unreservedly reproduced his homosexual way of life as he feared the consequences from the conventional Victorian era in which he lived. Dickens, nevertheless writing earlier than Wilde, essentially depicts a community in much more confusion. This is because he is narrating on the matters of Industrial Revolution, and his protagonists are mainly middle and working class unlike Wilde’s members of the aristocracy. In Hard Times “the self-made man” keeps all the force, and more “upper-class” people like Mrs Sparsit are made to live as scroungers. However, Dickens’ community is just as duplicitous as Wilde’s, as we see when Bounderby is debunked. Reader could contrast his condition with Jack’s. The nineteenth-century Victorian novel series was a way for audience and writers to make a narrative last years and be talked about continuously like the day by day soap opera of this epoch. The serial is an constant story that is told over time by the means of repayments with disruptions or stops. Its history will give great realizing to just how significant Charles Dickens was to sequential newspaper and how significant serial public
Introduction Politics is an integral aspect of every community in the contemporary world. It helps communities to determine the system of governance that suits their needs. Additionally, it helps communities to regulate their governments in order to achieve social, political, and economic objectives. Generally, engaging in politics involves articulating the governance issues that a country is grappling with (Crick, 2005, pp. 5-11). In this regard, the citizens and their leaders must actively participate in politics. This participation normally occurs through various institutions of politics. The focus of this paper will be the institutions that facilitate politics. In particular, it will answer the question: what sorts of institutions make politics successful? The answer to this question will be based on the premise that the efficacy of governance and politics depends on the quality of political institutions. The first part of the paper will define political institutions and various concepts of governance. The second part will discuss the roles of the institutions that facilitate politics. This discussion will lead to a conclusion concerning the influence of institutions on the success of politics. Definition of Key Terms Institutions of politics refer to the organizations whose roles include, but not limited to creation and implementation of laws; conflict resolution; formulation and implementation of governmental policies; and representation of the public (Hague & Harrop, 2010, pp. 45-67). The main political institutions include the executive, legislature, bureaucracy, experts, political parties, and various types of regimes (governments). The executive is the organ of the government that has the authority and responsibility of executing the administrative functions of the state. The legislature refers to a deliberative assembly that normally consists of elected members whose constitutional mandate includes making, amending, and repealing a country’s laws. Concisely, the parliament o
Introduction The importance of settings in Kafka’s “Metamorphosis” and Marquez’s “Chronicle of a Death Foretold” cannot be underestimated, because it is named by placing their characters within a framework of specific socio-political circumstances, which allowed both authors to endow their stories with strongly defined tragically-comic sounding. Even a brief analysis of both literary works reveals their main motif as being directly related to the idea of social alienation. Yet, what makes a particular person feel like he or she is being alienated from the rest of society? It is the fact that, while acting as society’s integral component, such a person gradually gets to realize the full extent of its expandability. Therefore, it was not by pure coincidence that both authors had placed their stories’ actions amid a social environment that implies suppression of one’s individuality. In this paper, we will aim at exploring this thesis even further. Striking features of Kafka’s story One of the most striking features of Kafka’s story is that, even after having realized himself being turned into an insect, the story’s main character Gregor Samsa never ceased thinking about his professional career in terms of being the only objective proof of his existential worth. While speaking with the clerk who came to check on him, Gregor tried his best to assure his superior that was just about to leave the house: “I’m just getting out of bed. Just a moment. Be patient! It’s not quite as easy as I’d thought. I’m quite alright now, though” (Kafka, Ch. 1). Why would Gregor be still willing to go to work, even though he had just been turned into a bug? This is because, while sharing the household with his parents and his sister, he gradually adopted a collectivist mentality. In its turn, this explains why in “Metamorphosis” Kafka applies a great amount of effort in providing readers with the insight onto emotional atmosphere in Gregor’s house: “Through the crack in the door, Gregor could see that the gas had been lit in the living room. His father at this time would normally be sat with his evening paper, reading it out in a loud voice to Gregor’s mother, and sometimes to his sister” (Kafka, Ch. 2). By doing it, Kafka strived to expose his characters’ lives as being highly ritualized. However, people who proceed with the highly ritualized mode of existence are being rarely capable of perceiving their lives’ value as a “thing in itself”. They assess surrounding reality through the lenses of socially constructed notions of “morality”, “ethics” and “tradition”: “Gregor’s father refused to take his uniform off even at home; while his nightgown hung unused on its peg Gregor’s father would slumber where he was, fully dressed, as if always ready to serve and expecting to hear the voice of his superior even here” (Kafka, Ch. 3). While living with his parents and siblings, Gregor was expected to act as an ant – he could not have a personal agenda,
Abraham Maslow was a popular American psychologist from the 20 th century. His most notable contribution was the Maslow hierarchy of needs, which perceives people as positively motivated, as opposed to a “bag of symptoms” (Goble, 2004, p. 1). This realization was made from repetitive experiments on monkeys, where Maslow noticed that some human needs were more important than others. For instance, Maslow explained that, when people are thirsty and hungry, they would wish to quench their thirst first then eat something. He further explained that, even in the fulfillment of physical needs, there were several levels of needs (in the same category). For example, he explained that, people can do without food for weeks but they would not do without water for a couple of days. His explanation was that, thirst is a stronger human need when compared to hunger. In the same context, Maslow explained that, breathing was a stronger need than quenching thirst. “If you are very thirsty, but someone has put a choke hold on you and you
Icjai Lee, Guochen Cai and Kyungmi Lee presented their article “Points-of-interest mining from people’s pho-taking behaviour” at the 46 th Hawaii international conference on system sciences in 2013. Although the authors have not specified the actual question they are addressing in the article, it is clear that they are attempting to address the question on whether the presence of geo-tagged photos in social sites produce interesting points-of-interest patterns, taking Flickr for Queensland as an example. With the increasing availability of the number of geo-tagged photos on the social media, photo sharing has become a common phenomenon in these websites (Kennedy, Naaman, Ahem, Nair, et al, 2007). This has enabled local tourism and related businesses to take the advantage of people’s photo-taking behaviour as a good opportunity to establish lucrative businesses. This study is important as it seeks to determine the effectiveness of geo-tagged photos on local tourism. It seeks to provide information on how social sites can be used as a means of promoting tourism using the people’s photo-taking and photo-tagging behaviour on the internet (Zheng, Li, Zha & Chua, 2011). The three authors have shown a deep interest and understating in the topic. It is worth noting that all the three authors are scholars at the school of business and IT, James Cook University. This proves their worthiness in developing the article and the argument presented (Popescu, Grefenstette & Moellic, 2009). From an analysis of the article, the authors seem to understand three major issues- the potential of the internet as a tool in promoting tourism, human behaviour in pho-taking and the emergence of a new business niche alongside the new geo-tagging aspects of the social sites. Hers, the three aspects are the key concepts of the argument in the article. They are in related in some way. For instance, social media, a new way of socialization and communication, supports and encourages geo-tagging of photos on the sites, which people share and enjoy as points-of-interest in the media. In turn, this encourages local tourism in Queensland. With the research, the authors found that there is an interesting point-s-of-interest pattern associated with the Flickr for Queensland, which has the potential to encourage local tourism. They key indicators of the concepts include the awareness of geo-photo and geo-tagging among the users, the willingness of the people to take geo-photos and use them to tag their friends on the social sites and the willingness of the tourism corporations to attract clients with this form of communication and advertising (Popescu & Grefenstette, 2009). The conceptual model and the empirical model displayed in this research article is evident, indicated by the authors finding that the hypothesis that Flicr of Queensland has interesting point-of-interest and its ability to develop and promote local tourism. In fact, the hypothesis has been proved right. The evidence given in this article seems to build on the confidence in soci
Primarily, recognizing a situation that has occurred already creates an ethical situation and can be considered the first step. When a situation involves serious harm and violates moral standards, it is likely to be considered ethical. The second step would be judging what the ethical course of action is. This step is about moral reasoning and applying moral standards to the information that was gathered. It also requires realizing that information about a certain situation may be distorted by one’s perception and biased opinions. The third step is deciding to do the ethical course of action. The decision to do what is considered ethical can be influenced by people’s surroundings. There is also such thing as moral seduction — it is generated by organizations to create pleasures that lead people to make decisions that they know are wrong. Lastly, the fourth step is carrying out the decision to the situation. In the end, people’s strengths and weaknesses make the decision for them. It is important to control your actions and your mind in order to make an ethical decision. What is the difference between a negative and a positive right? The most common classification of human rights is the division of all rights into negative and positive rights. Negative rights determine the obligations of the government and other people to refrain from certain actions in relation to the individual. They protect the person from the violation of their freedom. These rights are considered fundamental, absolute; their implementation does not depend on the resources of the state or the level of socio-economic development of the country. In contrast to negative rights, positive rights record the obligations of the governments, persons, and organizations to provide a citizen with certain benefits. The nature of the positive right is all social rights. Those rights apply to education, healthcare, a decent standard of living, etc. The exercise of positive rights is impossible if the government does not have enough sufficient resources. Their specific content directly depend
Introduction The possibilities of creating favorable conditions for working with clients and realizing the goals set are largely determined by the quality of strategic planning and corresponding risk management mechanisms. In case weak and insufficiently effective analytical practices are maintained, even a potentially successful business can cause difficulties and losses due to problems with budgeting, goods supply, customer interaction, or all the issues in total. To avoid undesirable results, it is essential for project managers to support a high level of risk control and comply not only with the general rules of market entrepreneurship but also those aspects of activities that characterize a particular business. On the example of Global Green Books Publishing, a recently operating firm specializing in printing and delivering electronic books, relevant problems and challenges will be considered, which relate to risk management and the ways of preventing unprofitable production. Since the company in question is young, maintaining appropriate control principles is an important procedure. Therefore, risk management in the context of the activities of the considered project is a crucial practice that allows achieving the sustainability of work, sales stability, and recognition from customers through quality services. Challenges That Project Managers Face as Risk Managers The principles of work organization at Global Green Books Publishing are based on the involvement of modern technologies for creating electronic books, which is in demand in the context of the transition to digital methodological resources. Nevertheless, despite a potentially profitable business, its creators have some difficulties that impede the development of the company to the full extent and cause discontent on the part of some customers. The invited specialist has been able to identify some areas that are weak and adjust the work of Global Green Books Publishing in such a way as to eliminate the most severe problems. Among these challenges related to a risk management policy as one of the important activity conditions, such issues should be mentioned as the absence of specialized software for scheduling, undeveloped tools for estimating costs, and poor communication with stakeholders. Absence of Software for Scheduling One of the shortcomings found in the process of analyzing the activities of the company in question is the absence of