ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Vietnam War was a long time tussle between the northern and the southern region of Vietnam which culminated into one of the bloodiest wars of the time. America played a dominant role in this particular war with Hanoi and Washington waging war in an attempt to ensure that Vietnam was free from the domination of foreigners. This paper seeks to compare the ability of Hanoi and Washington in waging the war successfully. Background Information The Vietnam War was a conflict that was military in nature, occurred between the years 1954 and 1975, and was between the communists and the non-communists. The communists received immense support from China while the non-communists were supported by America. The first war that preceded the Vietnam War was known as Indochina War where the Southern part of Vietnam was fighting to prevent from being united with the northern part under the policies of communism. When this war ended, these two factions were kept apart to prevent further damage and they were expected to remain that way until the next elections were held. The Paris Agreement In the year 1973, an agreement known as the Paris agreement was signed and this was meant to end the more than a decade war between the South Vietnamese and the North Vietnamese. Under this agreement, there are various issues that were agreed upon with Hanoi and Washington each stating their position regarding the issue. There was an acrimonious agreement between Hanoi and Washington in the signing of the agreement although parties understood this agreement could have far-reaching consequences to both the North and the South Vietnam. Though Hanoi and Washington were aware that this agreement could bring problems to the already warring factions, the events that had taken place earlier both parties to the agreement that such a move was the only way out considering the surrounding circumstances. The provisions of the agreement were quite vague and thus not workable with both Washington and Hanoi ignoring the necessary factors of the agreement. To both parties, the most important aspect of the agreement at the time was to fulfil certain purposes for each side. Washington on one hand was concerned in having the American prisoners released as well as being able to formally withdraw from participating ion the Vietnam and marinating the credibility that America had during the Cold War. Hanoi on the other hand was more concerned on being able to force the forces from America to withdraw from the Vietnam War, ensuring that th
The three Pyramids of Giza are considered a wonder of the ancient world. They were built to serve as a tomb for the great pharaohs of Egypt. The pyramids maintain historical significance and have continued to be studied for decades. One of the primary mysteries that remain mostly unsolved is the method of construction that was used to erect such humongous structures that have been able to withstand centuries. The lack of technology has made it a difficult practical concept to accept, leading to the rise of various theories on the construction of the Pyramids at Giza. While there are a lot of absurd and supernatural theories, some suggestions that have been developed by archaeologists, architects, and engineers are based on realistic evidence and calculation. The pyramids were made from stone, laid at an angle on rectangular foundation, with the sides eventually meeting at an apex. After examination, it is evident that the stone was cut into large blocks and moved into position. Historical evidence suggests that a significant labor force consisting of Egyptian citizens and slaves was involved (Sood, 2016). However, the blocks based on their size would have weighed several tons, which creates significant difficulties of raising them to the heights of the pyramid. Two major theories about the construction techniques used by the Egyptians are based on the premise of utilizing simple machines. Despite being an advanced society for their time, it is unknown how primitive their use of simple machines was since a lot of these devices were not yet discovered. The most common theory suggested by practically every available source on the subject, including historians, archaeologists, and engineering experts, is that ramps were used to slide blocks up the pyramid by groups of workers. The ramps were constructed on the external perimeter of the pyramid, eventually coiling around as construction progressed. Lime clay or some lubricant was used to reduce fr
Nowadays, much attention is paid to good research in the field of education. Multiple debates arise among theorists around the whole world. Some people think that any research has to be assessed from the point of view of its relevance and originality (Mattick, Johnston, & de la Croix, 2018). There is also a thought that the ability to combine methods and research questions can be helpful in reshaping research aims (Eriksson & Kovalainen, 2016). However, all ideas and approaches seem to be not strong enough compared to those introduced by Karl Hostetler. He is the author of the article about good education research as not only a matter of “sound procedures” but also “beneficial aims and results” (Hostetler, 2005, p. 16). This paper focuses on the comparison of Hostetler’s ideas about research and developing generalizations with the objective approach described by Karl Popper and conceptualism offered by Thomas Kuhn. Much time and numerous efforts were spent to understand what may count as good education research. First, this question was discussed at a philosophical level. Then, specific epistemological characteristics were defined. Finally, particular research projects were evaluated through observations, experiments, and other actions. Hostetler (2005) tried to take into consideration all possible issues and metrics in order to prove his own position and avoid frames that may determine research. The peculiar feature of his article is the intention not only to give some definitions and explain the concepts but also to figure out what can weaken research and promote unnecessary or unfair judgments. The first research idea touches upon narrowness. According to Hostetler (2005), good research should have a certain number of subjects that can be used in a survey or an interview. Nevertheless, human well-being and its pursuits may create some limitations, and the task of a researcher is to consider the complexity of subjects and a variety of ethical issues in work with people. The ulti
Introduction A Heretic is a person, as far as the early Christian church fathers are concerned, who followed and taught the unorthodox doctrine. Thus as per the early church, heresies constituted any teachings that disagreed with the laid down Christian doctrine as taught by Jesus as well as the apostles and passed down to them on crucial matters such s the deity of Christ, God’s nature and salvation through grace among many others. Early church fathers These were great Christian writers who passed on and explained Christian doctrine during the 2 nd to the 8 th -century era. Any church father, who had qualities such as, being relic, holy, orthodoxy as well as having the approval of the church was referred to as a father. Whereas it was not clear as to whoever brought about heresy in the church, however a variety of these fathers including Iraneus, Hippolytus and Justin Martyr believed Simon Magus to have been the person behind these heresies. Father Iraneous acknowledged that Simon Magus, the Samaritan to have been the person who was referred to by Luke. Reference was widely made concerning the magical capabilities of this person during the reign of Claudius Caesar and as so he was honored with a statue. It is said that this man was highly respected as if he was God; nevertheless some of his teachings were heretic as he led many to believe that he was the one who appeared to the Jews as the son. Based on this understanding many Church Fathers formed the idea that he was the originator of all sorts of heresies.” The center of most of the early Christian heresies constituted the oneness doctrine (Jesus and Trinitarianism) the early church fathers agreed that whereas the oneness doctrine seemed to be Biblical however it was wrongly interpreted. Wrong interpretation such as that held by Sabellianism portrayed Jesus to be not only the son but also the father and the Holy Spirit. Such a view placed Jesus to be only person in God’s Head. Clarification on the above issue was reached as it was decided as follows. Oneness- “God is one, but not a plurality of three persons, and that the one God is Jesus Christ. In other words God is absolutely one with no distinction of persons (Deut. 6:4;) because Jesus Christ is all the fullness of the God’s head incarnate (John 20:28; Colossian 2:9). The father, the Son and the Holy Spirit are only three manifestations or modes or titles the Jesus manifests himself as” Trinitarianism – “The father is God, the Son is God and the Holy Spirit is God. But the father is not the Son or the Holy Spirit and the Holy Spirit is not the father and the son. These three in the God’s head are not three Gods, but are one, of one substance, power and eternity”. Early church fathers were keen on refuting the heretical views that entered the church. As a result many trinity quotes were written to counter heresy that was being taught within the church. The majority of the early church fathers received their teachings about the doctrine of Christ of the gospel, directly from the apostles. These people (Fathers) having had the occasion to be with the apostles offered the most credible accou
This paper is aimed at discussing the functioning of two non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as Sarvodaya and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation. They represent two different approaches to the functioning of NGOs. Overall, one can say that Sarvodaya emphasizes the need for cooperation and partnership as methods of addressing urgent problems. In contrast, Zapatista exemplifies the radical protest against the state. Moreover, it is important to provide recommendations to these organizations that operate in different social, economic, and political environments. These are the main questions that should be examined. First, it should be noted that Sarvodaya takes part in various projects. For instance, this NGO offers assistance to displaced families living in such districts of Sri Lanka as Mannar, Padaaviya, or Vavuniva (Sarvodaya). Secondly, this agency attempts to promote reconciliation and peace in Sri Lanka. One of its major objectives is to alleviate political, religious, or cultural tensions that can contribute to the rise of violence in this region. This is one of the tasks that they try to perform. Apart from that, Sarvodaya promotes tourism in Sri Lanka since this activity is critical for the social progress in this country. On the whole, this organization can be described as a grassroots movement. Its functioning is based on the premise that separate individuals can achieve significant results by sharing “sharing work, knowledge, talents, and time” (Sarvodaya). Moreover, separate efforts of individuals can contribute to significant changes in public opinion (Sarvodaya). In particular, they can promote democratic development in the society. This organization promotes small-scale gift-giving, but this strategy helps them address many problems. These are the main peculiarities that can be identified. These issues are important for understanding the strategies adopted by Sarvodaya. In turn, it is possible to speak about the functioning of Zapatista Army of National Liberation. This organization differs dramatically from Sarvodaya. This organization was established to support indigenous people of Mexico (Inclan 1316). Moreover, one can argue that it is a paramilitary NGO that openly resists the policies of the Mexican state. The representatives of this movement believe that the government is not willing or able to resolve the difficulties faced by the Mexican society. It should be mentioned that Zapatista is movement which emerged a very repressive political environment (Inclan 1326). At the beginning, this organization opposed a non-democratic state. Apart from that, Zapatista protested against “closed local governments” because they oppressed indigenous people (Inclan 1345). Nevertheless, the number of their protests decreases if they see that the government attempts to carry out political reforms (Inclan 1345). They expect the state to change its policies toward indigenous people of Mexico. One should keep in mind that Zapatista combines va
Introduction A performance management system to work properly and effectively its design has to be considered carefully and planned well. A good performance management system is purposely for the elevation of employees’ performance and in effect, improves on business productivity hence the management should endeavor to find a good system that delivers the object of the company. Basically, a performance management system should have four benefits (Dun and Bradstreet 1).  1. It should clearly understand what the job expects.  2. It should give regular feedback on performance.  3. Advice on steps of improving performance  4. Finally, it should reward performance. Communication is important to any company, as research shows that managers with poor communication and poor interpersonal skills often than not lead to the downfall of the company, therefore, all managers should be trained on how to conduct fair, nonjudgmental and consistent appraisal. A performance program should provide a guideline for improvement and Institute basic policies, deal with poor performance and employee weakness. In establishing the system you should decide whether you will provide training or mentoring for weak employees and also set guidelines on improvement of timelines. A system should incorporate employee input. The system should also input staff suggestions. Finally, a well performing employee should be rewarded or compensated. Rewards improve employee morale and generate loyalty within the company and foster improvement. However, performance appraisal and pay hikes are a highly contested issue.critics have been of the opinion that tying the two would be punishing underachieving employees. Employees should be constantly rewarded for their hard work (United States Department of Commerce par. 5). Discussion The IRS performance management program is a good example of a working system that has improved the performance of IRS employees. The IRS performance management system has established critical job responsibility for frontline employees who align with the agencies three strategic goals. This system provides responsibilities and supporting behaviors on how the daily activities of the frontline employees and managers should reflect the organization’s core values, for example. The responsibility of customer’s satisfactio
Cuba is a communist state. To date, there is only a single legal party in Cuba. The government of Cuba controls the country under its constitution of 1976. Fidel Castro ruled the country until he retired due to health problems and left the leadership to his brother, Raul Castro in 2008. Cuba has a centralized power system. Castro and the top officials in the government control power. The regime does not allow any kind of democratic participation in issues of power. Some critics believe that centralization of power has interfered with production capacities of Cuba (Robson, 1996). Scholars agree that the education level in Cuba is of high standards. However, they disagree on factors which have favored education in Cuba. Proponents of Castro claim that it is the emphasis placed on education after the revolution that has created high levels of literacy in the country. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the government of Cuba altered its education system to reflect that of the West. Earlier education system in Cuba aimed at instilling values of ‘correct line’. The system had a rigid curriculum and instruction style developed from social ideologies. The system encouraged rote learning through memorization and did not encourage independent thinking and questioning. Fidel Castro made education its priority after the Cuban revolution. In fact, scholars note that education remained the greatest achievement of the Cuban revolution. Education in Cuba prevailed despite difficult economic situations and the US embargo. The government continued funding its education with the scarce resources. Education system of Cuba has remained advanced in the Latin America. The present system of education still imparts the value of the Cuban government through required classes that teach “sacrifice, patriotism, collectivism and a militant defense of national sovereignty, all in the context of glorifying the Cuban revolution” (Marx, 2002). Community and school related together through communal works and vocational skills where students learned to be morally and politically correct. Cuba system of education remained compulsory for six years. After this, students could join secondary or vocational training schools. It is this system of education that instilled national identity of Cuba. Cuba has developed a national identity consisting of various races and cultures. African cultures defined the nation through cultural music and dance. The combination of Africans and white minorities in Cuba form the modern national identity of Cuba. Closeness of Cuba to the US has significant impacts on its culture and national id
The world history of the twentieth century after the Second World War was by large dominated by the relationships that formed as a result of the opposition between the United States of America and the USSR. The two mega-powers were struggling for global influence, and since they possessed completely antipodal views on what the ideal state should be like, this confrontation shaped into the so-called Cold War. Among the main features of this bloodless war was arms race that involved a harsh competition, inter alia, in the sphere of nuclear weapons. The post-war United States could boast a yet unsurpassed advantage over the military arsenal of any other country: their main strategic weapon was the atomic bomb, which became an almost legendary symbol of the US power. The attitude to the atomic bomb and its role in the Cold War sufficiently changed with the course of time, and this change is reflected, in particular, in the coverage of Cold War events by the US Life magazine. The atomic bomb explosions on Hiroshima and Nagasaki allowed the USA to demonstrate an unprecedented military might and to declare their ambition of global control by means of atomic weapon. The devastating power of the latter allowed the US military authorities to build ambitious strategies involving the use of atomic bomb as a nuclear deterrent and annihilator of the enemy. Provided that the US atmosphere was strained in the expectance of the enemy strokes and acknowledgement of the “ever-returning concept of war” [1] , atomic bomb was an impressive weapon of intimidation. Inspired by the immense destructive force of the atomic bomb, military officials built
Executive summary Major global companies such as Apple have lately been criticized for engaging with offshore or outsourced suppliers that have been found to be involved in mistreating their workers as well as engaging in work-related malpractices. The outsourced companies have been accused of intimidation as well as other labour rights violations against their workers. The other major global corporations, such as Nike and Reebok, have e also faced similar accusations previously. Indeed, Apples outsourced factories have been accused of engaging in sweatshop operations where employees often work under excessive long hours or overtime, sub-minimum wages and abusive management. As a result, the company brand image has been negatively dented and is associated with labour malpractices. Most significantly, the company sales volume around the globe has drastically reduced, so make its profits. Moreover, the company competitors have also taken advantage of its afflictions to introduce their products in the global market place and increase their sales. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to identify and discuss the mechanisms through which these global corporations, in particular, Apple might implement to reduce the negative association with these offshore suppliers and improve the working conditions as well as the welfare of their workers. Most importantly, is to improve the corporation brand image constantly being eroded by these criticisms. Moreover, the dissertation is aimed at providing practical recommendations to Apple management regarding the management of the off-shore suppliers in order to reduce the incidences of violations of labour rights. Introduction Since time immemorial, firms have presented poor working conditions to the employees. The employees have done nothing in regard to these working conditions. Strikes have been called for when a tragedy occurs but have been called off before any impact is made. This is what happened in the United States during the Industrial Revolution as well as at the end of the 20 th Century. The poor working conditions are no longer experienced in the United States, apart from the agriculture sector. However, in the poor third world countries, the poor working conditions are still being experienced everywhere. Large firms have now transferred their factories from The United States in order to avoid the strict employment regulations within the country. These firms are seeking cheap labour from such third world countries as Taiwan, China, South Korea and Vietnam. These firms will reap cost-saving benefits from these countries as they are offered cheap labour and offering high-cost products. To their surprise, the public has been awakened by the media leading to their downfall for such malpractices. Apple has not escaped the criticism either. This dissertation explores the situation in Apple’s offshore suppliers and their exploitation of employees to fetch higher profits. The dissertation explores how Apple has engaged off-shore suppliers who treat their worker