ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Moravcsik and Weiler Theories Two major theories have been suggested to describe the formation of the European Union (EU). One of these theories is known as the neo-functionalism model. This theory asserts that the major forces that encourage nations to unite are supranational or subnational. This theory has been supported by thinkers like Joseph Weiler. The second theory is the “liberal inter-governmental” and asserts that societal groups in a given country will develop specific interests thus dictating the common policies developed by different nations. According to Moravcsik, domestic actors benefit significantly from the increased level of market liberalization. Consequently, the nations are forced to cooperate in an attempt to minimize barriers to trade (Moravcsik “De Gaulle” 12). This essay discusses and compares the theories of John Weiler and Andrew Moravcsik. Discussion of the Theories In the work “The Transformation of Europe”, Weiler argues that the integration of different European states transformed the continent into something similar to a federal arrangement (Weiler 27). The move allocated joint power and authority between national legal entities and supranational orders. By so doing, the nations managed to enhance their judicial authorities. The neo-functionalist theory presented by Weiler shows conclusively that the drivers of the EU integration were sub-national and supranational. This is true because the integration was “driven by sub-national and supranational actors working tirelessly to pursue their interests in a sphere that was insulated politically” (Moravcsik “Preferences and Power” 491). Since the integration of the EU was engineered and managed by the court, the author conclusively shows that the process can be supported using a neo-functionalist approach or theory. The court, therefore, had a direct influence on both the political and economic aspects of the EU integration. The neo-functionalist theory goes further to describe how the interests of individuals were subordinated over time thus forming collective expectations in the long run. Weiler’s argument shows conclusively that law can function as an integral aspect of politics. This means that the unique role of neo-functionalists is to forecast economic developments and political changes. The integration was something that could never be separated from the notion of politics. However, it would provide an acceptable buffer to ensure positive results are realized by specific nations. Such results could “not be realized in the political realm” (Weiler 44). The theorist shows “conclusively that law is something widely perceived by political decision-makers as the most technical” (Weiler 44). This fact explains why more lawyers have been given the freedom to speak for the national governments forming the EU. On the other hand, Moravcsik focuses on a liberal approach to examine the economi
Judging from the prologue that precedes the poem, the reader realizes that the author of “Lanval” was of French origin. However, there is no part of the poem whatsoever that makes a revelation of more details about its author. Originally, the poem was written in French and was translated into various dialects, which include English. The purpose of this essay is to carry out a close reading on lines 17 to 26 of the poem in order to perform an analysis of the same. “Wives and land he gave in fee to knights who served in his meiny, except for one that was Lanval” (17-19).The author narrates about the adventures of one of King Arthur’s most loyal knights, Lanval. Despite his loyalty, the king does not recognize and bypasses him as he shows his benevolence to his other knights. As a result, Lanval mounts on his horse and sets of in solitude, away from the king’s castle in search of a peaceful moment. This step marks the beginning of his adventure. From the three lines above, the reader recognizes that Lanval” is both a dramatic and narrative poem that deals with the theme of adventure. It is dramatic since it creates emotion and imagery in the mind of the reader when one realizes that Lanva got nothing from the king while the rest got a lot, which include wives and lands. The lines tell the story in an appealing and descriptive way, using third person narration. “Nor did his men like him at all” is a phrase that portrays how the king’s men envied and disliked Lanval (20). This statement aims at creating the suspense and keeping the reader hooked in searc
Introduction Bahrain is a small island nation in the Persian Gulf, officially known as the Kingdom of Bahrain. Like many countries in the Middle East, this island nation is known for its oil resources, pearls and dominant financial and heritage structures. The country has also been on of the faces of the Arab spring that has toppled various tyrannical governments across the Middle East. Precisely, the government of Bahrain has faced serious demonstrations since 2011 from protesters demanding removal of the country’s long serving prime minister and various other reforms from the ruling monarch. The latest face of the Bahrain uprising was the demonstration against the staging of Formula One, a premier sporting event that the country uses to showcase itself as a united nation with sustained social, civil and political harmony. Protesters in Bahrain are mainly minority Shiias agitating for civil freedoms and equality in all levels of the Bahraini society. The Bahraini protests are inspired by the protests in Tunisia and Egypt that succeeded in overthrowing the countries’ autocratic regimes (Manhire 56). Though the Bahraini monarch is not explicitly threatened, analysts agree that the protests outcomes will have far-reaching effects beyond the country’s borders. Additionally, some scholars argue that the protests in Bahrain can be seen through the various schools of though especially Marxism and liberalism. In this paper, the focus will be on the likely effects of the protests on the larger Gulf and Middle East countries. As mentioned, there will be emphasis on the aspects of one of the schools of thought regarding the protests and their effects in the Gulf and the larger Middle East. Bahrain uprising 2011-2012 The protests in Bahrain were initially about political freedom and respect for human rights. However, a raid by police on the otherwise peaceful demonstrators on 17 th February 2011 led to the call by Shiia clerics leading the demonstrations for the overthrow of the monarch. It is important to note that the monarch that is leading Bahrain is from the Sunni minority, a similar ethnicity that also rules neighboring Saudi Arabia (Dabashi 78). Perhaps fearing a spread of the Shiia-led Protests to its kingdom, Saudi Arabia began taking an active role in the Bahraini protests. Saudi troops with the authority of the country’s crown prince entered the kingdom and forcefully suppressed the demonstrations.. Besides, Bahrain and other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are mulling a proposal to form a loose political union that may later be transformed to a federation. Saudi Arabia and Bahrain however seem to be more committed in realizing the political union compared to other GCC countries, perhaps due to the perceived threat of shiia majority rebellion to their establishments. Bahrain Protests in Marxism perspective Both capitalist/liberal schools of thought can be used to explain the protests in Bahrain. A careful study of either of th
Handling Suspected Terrorism The roles of local law enforcement agents in cases of terror attacks involve notifying the relevant authorities to carry out investigations on the attack scenes, controlling crowds, and securing the areas under threat. They maintain communication with the citizens to reassure and inform them about the progress of the investigation and security. The San Francisco local law enforcers take roles in coordinating with the terrorism early warning groups (TEWG) through production and dissemination of intellectual outcomes ( San Francisco Bay Area Regional Emergency Coordination Plan, 2008). They provide information to TEWG and other state government institutions in order to allow proper connections of the available ideas. They establish policing initiatives that aim at improving security and prevention given the potential loss of life that can arise from a terrorist attack. As a result, the local security should be increased during main events same as raising security patrols in major entries such as ports, airports, bridges, and such important infrastructures as buildings holding huge numbers of people or housing government offices. Furthermore, it administers trained personnel involved in ensuring public safety and organization as well as to monitor and report suspicious events. Conducting security surveys may also be required to identify problems, give advices, and take measures securing possible target sites while ensuring that the officers undertake proper training before handling these activities. Finally, the enforcers facilitate the implementation of a communication system termed as Roam Secure Alert Network (RSAN) that facilitates the delivery of threat reports ( San Francisco Bay Area Regional Emergency Coordination Plan, 2008). Moreover, the San Francisco officer may utilize community policing officers to promote communication with residents and local business owners as they are likely to notice changes. The enforcement upholds the regulation of the command and emergency reaction prior to and after a threat. They can know the newcomers as well as leaders of immigrant communities and ask for their help in monitoring suspicious behavior. The law enforcer is required to share relevant information with the pertinent authorities hence upgrading of the information system or employing a properly trained analyst. Gathering information from the private sector can also facilitate handling the threat of a terrorist attack. These include banks and cash-transfer stations which can inform about suspicious financial transactions. Others are car rental agencies, motels, and private security practitioners who can provide information about distrustful activities. Disaster prevention requires the office
The supply chain for Dough Pizza will involve cooperation with local producers and foreign suppliers: flour, meat and sausages, greenery, and vegetables will be bought from local suppliers, and cheeses will be exported from Italy. The supply chain will adhere to the principles of sustainability, which is highly significant due to the elimination of a negative impact on the environment (Emamisaleh & Rahmani, 2017). It will be necessary to arrange trustworthy relationships with suppliers, warehouses, and delivery services at local and international levels to maximize the quality of the final product and reach the highest level of customer satisfaction. Dough Pizza needs to take into account its major competitors when analyzing its supply chain potential. The company intends to employ trucks and other vehicles to bring fresh products to pizzerias as well as deliver the final product to customers (once the delivery service is launched). In this respect, it is crucial to single out the major competitors of Dough Pizza and analyze their disruptive power. The two biggest rivals that can present a threat to Dough Pizza’s development are Domino’s and Pizza Hut. Both of these companies have many years of experience and can afford some technological innovations in their work which Dough Pizza currently cannot boast. For instance, Domino’s has invested in such a supply chain innovation as the use of drones for research and delivery (Bamburry, 2015). Meanwhile, Pizza Hut has engaged the humanoid robot, Pepper, in its work (Ivanov, Webster, & Berezina, 201
Interview Summary To gain a better grasp of the impact of electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM) in the hotel industry, we interviewed Mr. Hisham who was kind enough to share his expertise. According to the interviewee, the first step is the evaluation of brand awareness, which is usually conducted through a series of questions to clients. It is best if they can provide information as to how they first heard about the hotel and what was the exact channel of communication – advertisement, social media platforms, or friends. Other sources can also be valid communication channels, which obviously, should be specified. Mr. Hisham shared his opinion on hotel comparison and the difficulties related to that aspect. Namely, customers are not experts in the hotel industry: they do not know the market inside out and are not capable of a thorough analysis of brands and names. A typical client cannot judge objectively on the quality and services provided, which eventually may lead to a decision not advantageous for the hotel in question. Mr. Hisham argues that the customers with very limited knowledge regarding the hotel industry do not only make bad decisions but they also set a negative example for others. They can disseminate wrong information and inadvertently make other potential and actual customers follow their advice. Yet, the aforementioned issue is nothing insurmountable: the hotel should simply focus on its strong points and capitalize them. For instance, defining the strengths is possible by inquiring about customers’ book intentions – business trips, leisure trips, medical tourism, or others. Focusing on the key points will gain a hotel more positive comments about its services. Moreover, it will help create a vision that potential customers will be able to understand and use as one of the factors in the selective process. According to Mr. Hisham, knowing the customer affects the way a hotel is promoted. Many factors are taken into consideration: nationality, gender, ethnic origin, and others. Still, not all negative comments should serve as an indicator of the worthiness of a hotel, its flaws, and virtues. In the interview, Mr. Hisham provides an excellent example: the manager is well aware that his restaurants are serving authentic Asian food, some of the best in the country. However, if a Scandinavian consumer finds it not to his or her taste, it can be explained by their habits and what they are used to. For Mr. Hisham, the most important may be to appease the majority and accept the fact that it is impossible to be liked by everyone. Mr. Hisham states that a hotel should make an effort to enhance its perceived trustworthiness by ensuring transparency. For instance, being precise and straightforward about the room sizes helps contradict complaints about small rooms. Overall, a hotel can reduce risks by making information available and updating it when necessary. There should be no misleading data about prices, charges, and extra services. Instead, a good manager should fos
Introduction Most devices, toys, and equipment used today play significant roles in people’s lives, and one undeniable fact is that such devices are all reliant on gears. Jelaska (2012) argues that gears complete a wide range of roles to enable numerous products and mechanical devices to be even more effective. The use and application of gears have made it possible for human beings to achieve much with mechanized equipment. The commonest gear train or set is simple in nature since it contains only two components; one of the components is known as the input gear and the other is the output gear. Such a set will provide a single gear ratio (Kapelevich, 2013). However, a human invention, and a desire to achieve, even more, has led to the creation of different, more complex, gear sets. One of the most ingenious and recognizable of these sets is known as the planetary gear unit (also called an epicyclic gear system). This literature review focuses on providing a detailed analysis of this gearbox system, as well as outlining its historical applications, and modern uses to date. Analysis of the Planetary Gear System The planetary gear system borrows its name from the behavior of the sun and the planets in the solar system, as the gears in the system behave in a similar manner to the planets. As such, the planetary gear set is, without any doubt, a versatile system (Gawande, Shaikh, Yerrawar, & Mahajan, 2014). Unlike a conventional system, the planetary gear system has two inputs. With additional inputs, the gear sets are, therefore, more complicated to design or use. The system consists of four unique components that work together to produce the required results. The first component is the central gear and is known as ‘the sun’ (Wang, Zhang, Liu, & Wu, 2015). This gear can either be supported by a shaft or bearings, depending on the functions of the system. More often than not, the sun gear consists of a metal shell. Diagram representation of a simple planetary gear system. The second component in the system is usually composed of one or more ‘planet gears’ (Gawande et al., 2014), also called pinion gears. These planet gears must be held in place by a carrier in order to function optimally (Kapelevich, 2013). Within the gearbox assembly, the carrier should be attached to an output or input shaft, depending on its design. The planet gears can also be attached to another component within the assembly of the gearbox. By so doing, the gears are able to perform their intended functions. The ring gear is the third element and is also referred to as the internal gear (Wang et al., 2015). This ring is usually helical in nature and the teeth of this gear are cut internally. The ri
Sound All instruments of the various types all deal with the same general theories of sound. Sound travels through waves, and these waves transfer energy. No matter is transferred in this process. Known as mechanical longitudinal waves, the sound requires a medium to travel through while the motion is longitudinal. Essentially, particles move through the medium of air while all motion in the process is parallel. Waves can be measured in a number of ways, via wavelength, periods, or frequencies. Frequency is measured in Hertz, and is vibration. Sound waves differ from matter in that two or more waves can be in the same place at the same time. While both waves affect the medium in a different way these effects can be observed in what is commonly known as the superposition principle. The superposition principle says that the displacement of a medium of any medium caused by multiple waves are all of those added together. Constructive interference occurs when the waves blend together to form a displacement farther from this equilibrium of these waves, destructive interference moves the equilibrium so that it lessens or becomes null. The loudness we hear for any musical instrument or any sound is more commonly referred to as intensity, while scientifically this can be found directly using the energy, time, and area. Mathematically this equates to intensity being the energy divided by the time multiplied times the area. Another way of considering this is intensity equaling the power divided by the area. Normally the units for measuring sound intensity are watts over meters squared. The human ear has the capability of hearing very low intensities
Introduction Vigorous is an American NAB company producing soda. The organization aims at providing its customers with unique experiences and offer not only traditional but also exotic types of beverage at a reasonable price. It is expected that the organization will be able to stay within the annual cost limit of $2,364,000 for the next two years (see Appendix A). Company Description Vigorous is a corporation operating in the environment of the food industry. The mission of the organization is to search for innovative ways of offering its target customers unique experiences, as well as meeting the needs of all stakeholders involved, including the company’s staff, partners, etc. Vigorous views people aged 21-60 as its primary audience, although the firm strives to address the needs of audiences of all ages. Although the firm’s segmentation strategy was designed to cater to the needs of American, African American, Latin American, and Native American descents primarily, the entrepreneurship is ready to expand its services to embrace a wider range of cultures and ethnicities. The firm will also focus on providing customers with beverages that are not only delicious but also healthy. Although soda and a healthy diet might not seem to go well together, Vigorous will strive to prove that its product is both healthy and tasty, natural ingredients, and a unique recipe being the keys to Vigorous’ product formula. The emphasis on the health benefits and opportunities that Vigorous products have to offer to the target customers is the essential selling point of the organization and its greatest competitive advantage. Industry Analysis and Trends SWOT Analysis The U.S. non-alcoholic beverage (NAB) industry can be defined as quite stable. It has been experiencing consistent growth over the past few decades due to the technological progress and the opportunities that it opened for companies in terms of the production processes enhancement and quality improvement, from smarter packaging to the enhancement of the supply chain. The profitability of the industry can be viewed as an essential strength. Indeed, according to the latest reports, the NAB department’s revenues peaked at $87,918,000,000 and is expected to reach $202,386,000,000 in 2017 (Statista, 2016). The identified trend has been consistent on all continents, though with minor differences in the growth rates (see Appendix B). Similarly, its openness to technological innovations mentioned above provides significant support for the companies operating in the environment of the global economy. The sluggish growth rates of the industry, however, should be considered as its primary weakness. Exploring the opportunities that the company will face in the target environment, one must admit that the recent increase in concern for healthy drinks, such as the increase in customers’ interest in green tea, opens a valley of opportunities for Vigorous. Particularly, the firm might consider experimenting with the flavors, e.g., including the ones of exotic fruit. Unfortunately, the designated realm also exposes the entrepreneurship to an array of threats, the debt issue being the key one. Acc