ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Criminal justice system is a process through which offenders are punished by law of a certain jurisdiction. Before one is accused of committing a crime, he must have been proven guilty. Criminal justice system has three arms they are, police, courts and correction department. This paper, guided by headings, will discuss and explain the pretrial process. Pretrial Detention This is when a suspect is kept in custody of government facility, mostly in jail, waiting for legal proceeding. During this period the person is still innocent in the eyes of the law. He has not yet been proved guilty of the offence charged. A suspect remains in detention when he has been denied a bail or when one is not able to raise the bail amount set. During this period the suspect has the right to access the library to research his case and can see his attorney in private. When one is denied a bail, his attorney can object that decision and the case looked into again. Detention is done for the interest of the court if there is fear that a suspect might forfeit the case proceedings or releasing him will tamper with the proceedings of the case or is a threat to his or others safety (Smith, 2005). Bail A bail is a guarantee given to a court to temporary release an arrested or an accused person whom case can merit incarceration between the time of arrest and trial. It involves the court asking for a pledge of a certain asset mostly money to release an arrested person on condition that he will abide to set conditions. The conditions include appearance in trial and remain within a certain jurisdiction during the process of trial. Failure to abide to set conditions calls for payment of the whole amount of bail to the court. The arrested person is supposed to pay the bail amount however in cases where he cannot raise the bail amount, then a third party in form of a friend or a bail bond company can be involved. The amount of bail is determined according to the case at hand thus can vary from few coins to large sums of money (Maclean, 2008). Right to preliminary examination This is the first stage in a case where the prosecutor is mandated to show cause and reasons why the case should continue for trial. In this case the prosecutor is giving the evidence collected that can either prove that a crime was committed or a law was broken. Secondly it shows that there is at least probable cause to show that the accused committed a crime. The prosecutor does not have to give a lot of details but give adequate information that can make the judge believe that the case can proceed. This is a constitutional right to a suspect and should be followed to the latter. Grand jury Grand jury is an examination of a civil case by court appointed group of people with the aim of identifying whether there is enough evidence to support a case in court. They collect information and evidence of a case and we
Gang-related activities are an increasing contemporary problem across the world. Totten (2010) exposes the complex manifestation of this challenge amongst the Aboriginal youth in Canada. While Aboriginal people of Canada account for only 4.9% of the Canadian population, they make up to 22% of all gang members in Canada (Leach et al., 2020; Totten, 2009). The complexity of the dynamics surrounding the nature of Aboriginal gangs’ prevalence can be explained by the fact that Aboriginal youth are the perpetrators, at least in part, and simultaneously the victims of this phenomenon. At the outset, the Aboriginals experience a disproportionate burden of suffering relative to non-Aboriginal Canadians, a fact that I felt is inherently linked to the enduring effects of colonialism, systematic racism and segregation. I found this particularly interesting as it means a trend of poorer life outcomes is observed among indigenous people such as Canadian Aboriginals and, as Dickson et al. (2000) find, the Maori of New Zealand, relative to the nonindigenous peoples. Perhaps what I found most shocking was the extent of violence female Aboriginal gang members face, such as sex trafficking, assault, forced prostitution and other forms of violence. Male gang members perpetrate this violence, and to an extent, it is perpetuated by the same system mandated to protect them. Totten (2009) prefaces the discussion with a gut-wrenching account of a twenty-two-year-old-gang-member Aboriginal woman who is sexually repeatedly abused by a fellow gang member. I think this and similar accounts from the various young women enable us to see how girls as young as 12 are exploited by male gang members and make you view the government as passively complicit. Throughout history, the Canadian gang suppression strategies have largely been punitive, law enforcement focused, which, as Totten notes, have largely been unsuccessful. I agree with the author in that respect. The prospects of effectively tackling the Aboriginal gang problem in Canada is practically impossible unless the burden of suffering of the Aboriginal Canadians is reduced (Totten, 2009). A successful program would involve concerted efforts in addressing the problem at the roots—during the infancy of the high-risk children. Funding otherwise channeled to law enforcement should be redirected to ensure these children do not join a gang or end up in prison. Such a strategy would include tackling the historical underpinnings that dispose Aboriginal people to poorer life outcomes such as endemic poverty and racism.
When conducting social work, it is indispensable to have a complete understanding of the circumstances in which a person lives. Each situation exists in a complex context combining multiple interrelated elements. These factors can be arranged in a particular order, starting from the immediate environment to external factors influencing a person’s behavior. This multidimensional model is often applied in the cases of troubled children. Examining all layers of the context in which they live provides social workers with an in-depth understanding of the crucial processes determining their behavioral patterns. The purpose of this paper is to review the multidimensional approach to human behavior. The multidimensional theory focuses on categorizing the environment in which a person lives, dividing it into several layers. In the case of children-oriented social work, specialists tend to lay emphasis on the familial factors influencing the behavior of their patients. However, a multidimensional approach expands the range of factors, encompassing external factors, as well. Urie Bronfenbrenner utilized the multidimensional model when designing his theory of bio-ecological development, summarizing these principles (Houston, 2017). According to the discussed approach, a child’s development is shaped by several components. The familial relations serve as the core of this paradigm, but their influence is further complemented by meso-, macro-, and meta factors. In addition to the household situation, this model considers broader circles, such as extended family, friends, peers, teachers, and the broad socioeconomic context (Houston, 2017). Therefore, the key components of the multidimensional approach are represented by several layers of the context of a child’s life. The discussed theory appears highly relevant in today’s complex environment. The context of a person’s life is broad, and it comprises multiple
State report cards are important sources of information regarding students’ academic achievements in schools with the focus on changes in results in the concrete state, county, or school district. Such state report cards reflect the average academic scores of students regarding literacy, mathematics, and science among other areas (Siegel, Menon, Sinha, Promyod, & Wissehr, 2014). Much attention is also paid to presenting the data regarding the levels of teaching in the state, as well as enrollment and graduation rates (Jamgochian & Ketterlin-Geller, 2015; Paolini, 2015). State report cards are valuable sources of data regarding the level and quality of education and students’ achievements in the concrete state and school in contrast to other states. The reason is in the fact that scores are presented in comparison with the state standards. Maryland State Report Card is selected for the assessment and analysis (Maryland State Department of Education, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to present the review of the state data regarding students’ scores, analyze the assessment data against the state benchmarks, discuss the state authorities’ strategies to improve results and provide recommendations for the improvement of the academic performance in Maryland. Review of Maryland State Report Card The data associated with the Maryland State Report Card is located on the special website where the information is divided into sections for the quick review of the required scores. The report presents the information on demographics in terms of data regarding teachers, absence, attendance, enrollment, and graduation rates, and on several types of assessments adopted in the state. The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) was adopted as the state assessment for skills in English and Mathematics in grades 3-8. The program was launched in 2015 (Maryland State Department of Education, 2016). Students’ knowledge in Science is assessed with the help of the Maryland School Assessment (MSA), and high-school students’ knowledge is assessed with the High School Assessment (HSA) (Maryland State Department of Education, 2016). The knowledge and skills of students with disabilities are assessed with the help of the Alternate Maryland School Assessment. The report card indicates that, in 2015, the highest results for PARCC (“meet expectations” and “exceeded expectations”) were typical of students from grades 3-8 and grade 10 who were tested on English Language Arts and Literacy. The results regarding Mathematics were lower (Appendix A). The results of the MSA on Science indicate decreases in the scores of students from grades 5 and 8 in contrast to previous years by 1% (Appendix B). The results regarding Biology and Algebra are rather stable for several years (84.6 and 83.7 accordingly) (Appendix C). Those students who studied in high school from 2005 to 2015 or graduated in 2015 were assessed with the HSA tests. These assessments are presented in such fields as the English language, Algebra, Biology, and Government. The percentage of those students from grade 10 who passed all tests successfully is about 50%
Introduction “To My Dear and Loving Husband” by Anne Bradstreet is a poem devoted to the author’s husband, telling about their genuine love. In the verse, the poet claims to be united with her partner, saying that “If ever two were one, then surely we” (Bradstreet 1). The woman also states that their feelings are above all the financial matters, which is unique for that time. The main theme of the poem is conjugal love, which is supposed to be eternal from the point of view of the poet. To illustrate the message of the verse and to increase its power, the author uses multiple literary devices, as well as the structure of the text, to make the narration deeper and more complex. Main body Bradstreet utilizes numerous elements in the poem to enrich the text’s simple theme and make the narration more vivid. One of the elements used in the poem is anaphora in the first three lines, starting with “If ever…”, making an accent on the beginning of the verse, attracting the attention of the audience (Bradstreet). There are also many examples of hyperbole, which was widely used in the poems of that time, making the reader feel that most of the meanings are exaggerated. For example, “If ever man were loved by wife, then thee” is aimed at emphasizing the feelings of the narrator toward her husband (Bradstreet 2). Another example is, “I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold”, which makes the audience feel the depth of the woman’s feelings (Bradstreet 5). Bradstreet uses these devices to describe a real relationship, and not an inaccessible object of love as was typically done by other poets of that time, and shows her feelings as dramatic and elevated. An important role in the verse is played by metaphors as they are an integral part of emotional poems, making the narration brighter to evoke the readers’ feelings. For example, the poet uses metaphors in the fourth and fifth lines “Compare with me, ye women, if you can. I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold” (Bradstreet 4, 5). With the help of this element, Bradstreet shows that she ranks her husband’s feelings higher than all the riches. Another metaphor can be found in the sentence “My love is such that rivers cannot quench”, comparing love to thirst, which is a reference to physical love (Bradstreet 7). From this perspective, metaphors play a significant role in the poem, enriching its vocabulary and making the narration more vivid and picturesque. From a structural point of view, the poem also attracts much attention as it consists of six rhyming couplets, made of twelve lines total. “To My Dear and Loving Husband” is written in iambic pentameter, which is shown by the lines “If ever wife was happy in a man, / Comp
Introduction At my current workplace, the frequency of conflicts between nurses and their coworkers/supervisors seems to have increased with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, making some of the least experienced nurses consider trying a different career. When managed poorly, workplace conflicts can give rise to the issue of workplace bullying. According to Safe Work Australia (2016), workplace bullying is defined as “repeated and unreasonable behavior directed towards a worker/a group of workers that creates a risk to health and safety” (p. 5). The planned capstone experience will involve project- and research-based efforts aimed at studying Australian nurses’ (women’s and newborn health services) experiences with mistreatment in the workplace during and before the COVID-19 pandemic. Problem Background The risks of bullying against new and inexperienced nurses have increased at the organization where I work with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on my personal conversations with new nurses, they often feel upset because of the introduction of new responsibilities (rules regarding disinfection and the use of protective equipment) and conflicts with colleagues and managers that can take place during every shift. The potential causes of these emotionally challenging situations may include an increased workload on staff members, employees’ fear of making costly mistakes when implementing safety measures, and individuals’ emotional stress stemming from the threat of getting an infection or transmitting it to their children and elderly relatives. Additionally, it cannot be denied that prejudice based on the incompatibility of philosophical or cultural values still exists in nursing settings. From what I have witnessed recently, new safety requirements can give another opportunity to express personal enmity towards some of the care staff; for instance, supervisors and more experienced nurses can ridicule young nurses’ approaches to disinfecting their personal belongings or blame the latter if their patients refuse to wear masks. Nurses caring for expecting/new mothers and their newborns are still supposed to complete the same amount of work as before. Additionally, they are to implement all safety measures to prevent the transmission of the infection to the most vulnerable populations, such as neonates and women with high-risk pregnancies and chronic health conditions. Using an anonymous questionnaire, I am planning to study my coworkers’ experiences of being treated poorly or having conflicts when working in women’s and newborns’ health nursing. The results will shed light on nurses’ knowledge gaps related to anti-bullying laws in Australia, misconce
Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the imperativeness of participating in the UK Excellence Award and integrating the concepts of the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) model as recommended by the British Quality Foundation. The study underscores the importance of participating in the UK Excellence Award regarding the recommendations of the British Quality Foundation, which examines and makes a follow up of the EFQM Excellence model. Drawing evidence from some renowned UK organizations in performance improvement that began introducing EFQM Excellence Model after understanding and appreciating the UK excellence awards right from the application process, these organizations have improved substantially in their areas of operation. Normally, UK organizations regard winning the UK Excellence Award as one of the UK’s great compliments that any organization can manage to achieve. More importantly, M&S and Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service (GMFRS) are among the organizations that have achieved great performance improvement by engaging in the UK Excellence Award that subsequently allows managers to understand the EFQM Excellence Model. Introduction The rapidly diffusing business world has been receiving a continuum of challenges ranging from unremitting customer requirements, intensifying regional and international competition on the market share, as well as changing management practices (Nabitz et al., 2000). Management has been a key contributor to success or failure of organizations and to strengthen the competence in policy making and corporate governance, organizations are constantly integrating modern business models. The development of emerging paradigms including Total Quality Management (TQM), Six Sigma, as well the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) has been core movers to productivity and competence in organizations. In addition, business awards and schemes including the UK Excellence Award Achievement Awards, the Lean Six Sigma Award, and the Gold Medal for Excellence are becoming exponentially significant in enhancing a competitive business world within the United Kingdom and other nations globally. This essay explores the UK Excellence Award as recommended by the British Quality Foundation. Organization/company Background This study aims at analyzing the benefits of the renowned UK Excellence Award in the British Quality Foundation. Perhaps, one of the most outstanding organizations that have proven significant in enhancing competence within the business world is the British Quality Foundation. The British Quality Foundation is an organization that the UK government introduced in the year 1993 with a principal aim of assisting the UK business organizations to enhance their performance, providing awards and recognition for performing organizations, providing performance education to investors, and promoting sustainable excellence (BQF, 2013). The British Quality Foundati
Knowledge management is an important tool for acquiring, disseminating, and utilizing knowledge assets for the business’ benefits. Many businesses have gained global strength that enables them to compete with multinational corporations due to their ability to manage knowledge. For instance, Amazon.com an online business has utilized its knowledge to enhance the business performance. Knowledge Management is one of the sources of competitive advantage in the improvement of their services and dispatch of the products within a short time (Turban, 2012). Many global firms, engaged in e-commerce are proverbial on an ongoing basis which takes into consideration the customers buying behaviors and attitudes in order to gain a large market share. These firms employ most of their techniques and resources to analyze and manage the customer information at hand without leaking to competitors (Turban, 2012). It is, therefore, prudent to say that Knowledge management plays a vital role in integrating e-commerce with other internal processes aimed at increasing business productivity and efficiency in the long run. Knowledge management in an e-commerce platform is a starting point for sharing of thoughts, lessons, and skills with the business stakeholders, which is aimed at increasing business efficiency and effectiveness in all the processes undertaken by the business. Moreover, instances of duplication of efforts and frequent mistakes will be a past issue as employees understand the processes and loopholes during service delivery. Therefore, high standards will be an eventual outcome in promoting the e-commerce and higher revenues in the long run. Knowledge of business clients, business partners and their needs is extremely essential in building and strengthening a mutual and profitable relationship. Knowledge Management is vital in developing e-commerce services and contents to give the traditional marketing a correct direction, and allow customers generate their own contents and services. With revolving e-commerce platform and internet connectivity, knowledge about customers’ tastes and preference is highly paramount. Understanding such tastes and preferences aims at delivering customer-valued products and allows customers to suggest their ideas. This will enhance the loyalty and trust within customers, which result in mutual benefits in the long run. In e-commerce (EC) arena, Knowledge Management is an effective tool for improving the organizational internal processes. This will in turn help the management to reduce the overall operational costs if utilized efficiently. Moreover, a suitable content, description of the Knowledge Management assets transform a business to a cash cow. This is possible by retaining customers and gaining new customers from the competitors. At the same time, it provides information on demand and supply factors in the market (Turban, 2012). Businesses conducting their trading activities through the internet find it necessary to acquire knowledge of their customers. They employ statistical methods such as surveys, questionnaires, and customers comments from the discussi