ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Mr. Thomas Eliot, the writer of ( The Waste Land) , has been known as the leading poet of the 20 th century. Eliot was born in Missouri, St. Louis, but became a British citizen in 1927. For these grounds, his works were perhaps studied in American or British literature subject. In the year 1906 he joined Harvard University, where he was influenced by student organizations who were attracted by Jacobean and Elizabethan literature, the humanism of (Babbitt), and Indian mystical values. He got further education at Oxford University and at Sorbonne. In the year 1914 he migrated to London and got an official position at Lloyd’s Bank. He kept this job for 11 years, that’s when he joined the publishing company of (Faber and Gwyer). After four years the firm became Faber and Faber in (1929), and Mr. Eliot was selected as the director. After 19-years he won the Nobel award for literature in 1948. This poem first appeared in 1922, October, in the standard , a periodical established and edited by Mr. Eliot. In that same year November it was published in the ( Dial) , an American journal. After some time it was printed as a book with some notes included, and it has also emerged in different anthologies. The poem ( The Waste Land) is an allusive and intricate poem written by Eliot. By itself, it is an issue to different interpretations, and there are no two critics who fully agree on its meaning. The wasteland poem can be interpreted on three stages: the society, the person, and the human race. The personal understanding wants to disclose Eliot’s intentions and feelings in writing the poem. In the society stage, a critic looks at the significance/meaning of the poem in relation to the community for which the poem was written. In the end, the human stage widens the societal stage to contain all human communities – future, present, and past. The World War I caused a global destruction at a point never before seen in human history. The whole generation of the best minds of France, Britain, Hungary, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Russia died in the mess and the mire of horrendous people like the Verdun, Marne and the Somme. War, while known in past times as hellish fires, at least apprehended some impression of duty and honor, but now, in the slime of the war, philosophers, artists, and poets died in thousands under sleet of un-merciful, mechanistic guns/bullets. After four years when the war was over (1918), a virus outbreak swept the globe, killing in a period of months more than the total victims of war and in areas previously unhurt by the fighting, like America and Spain. Surely, it was as if God himself was joining in on the killing. (Peter Jennings) once remarked. In such situation, men like Eliot found wisdom itself gone. Maybe the West finally caused its own disgrace/downfall, or, at the very end, place in a coma, such as an etherized patient upon the operating table. Author’s reply to this death of civilization was maybe his biggest work, The Waste Land, an intricate and frag
American Cinema The subject of classical and post-classical American cinema has been a longstanding debate in the study of film. Some scholars, such as Bordwell, argue that the essence of Hollywood film remained very similar throughout the years. Others, however, oppose this view, insisting that there are concrete boundaries to the classical era of Hollywood. In this essay, I aim to argue in support of Bordwell’s point of view and to show how the post-classical blockbuster movies are largely based on what Bordwell, Staiger, and Thompson argued were the standardized practices of the classic Hollywood cinema. Maltby shows how the overall socioeconomic context in which the films of the 1920s-1950s were made is reflected in their structure. Studios aimed to maximize their profits by ensuring that the directors and scriptwriters were employing proven styles, genres, and standards. Bordwell et al. outline this generalized structure. For instance, they show that the chronology of classical Hollywood films is purely linear, the plot consists of cause-effect chains, the protagonist is goal-oriented, and the ending is closed and has no loose ends. However, as we begin to think of the post-classical Hollywood productions, the application of a single generalized practice seems practically impossible. The post-classical Hollywood brought a variety of new release patterns, multiplying the potential profits, and presenting new challenges. The audience has become much more diverse, presenting a serious challenge for studios to make a truly mass-market movie. After all of these changes have taken place, can we say that the core of Hollywood films remained the same? Despite the overall development of the industry, the socio-economic context of post-classical Hollywood film production remained the same. Moreover, the globalization of the film industry allowed for even more revenues to be generated through worldwide distribution. The studios were more than ever motivated to ensure the profitability of their productions by making so-called blockbuster movies. Therefore, the standards of the classical film industry, designed for the films to be profitable, were just as relevant in the post-classical era as they were in the 1950s. As an example, let us look at TItanic. The film’s box office totaled over 2 billion dollars worldwide, making it the second most profitab
Introduction The American renaissance refers to the American literature in the 17th century era from 1840s through the Civil War period. The renaissance was characterized by efforts by American writers to develop literary works that reflect native issues such as American history, local dialect and geography. As such, the themes revolved around scientific progress, abolitionism, interreligious dialogue and the situation of the Native Americans. During the American Renaissance, short fiction stories covered a wide range of subjects including Gothic romance, sea tales, and horror and detective stories, among others. The short stories by Herman Melville and Edgar Allan Poe are representative of the American Renaissance that explored the political and literary concerns of the time. Poe’s Gothic work, “The Fall of the House of Usher” and Melville’s sea tale “Benito Cereno” reflect the situation of Native Americans in the 18th century era. In particular, their cultural, socio-political and religious practices and beliefs are the overriding themes in these fiction stories. Both authors explore love and tragedy in their fiction stories in the context of the Native Americans. While Poe employs reincarnation as a literary theme that involves rising the dead back to life to explore love/family relationships, Melville explores conspiracy and mistrust as the causes of tragedy in his fiction story. While the two fiction stories involve different symbols, themes and motifs, the plot development is similar and has a tragic ending. The Fall of the House of Usher The narrator, whose identity is not revealed to readers, enters a house of the Usher on invitation in a “dull, dark, and soundless day” (Poe 1). The house itself belongs to Roderick Usher, his boyhood friend. The house, according to the narrator, appears mysterious and gloomy with decaying trees and ponds surrounding it. The narrator observes that, though the house is disintegrating in certain places, the entire structure remains stable. Only small cracks appear in front of the building. He visits his friend after an invitation; a letter sent by his friend Roderick requesting his company (Poe 13). In this regard, Poe shows how mutual trust embodied in friendships and social concern in Native American context. In fact, the main purpose of the narrator’s visit is to assist his ailing friend. The narrator mentions that Usher had fewer relatives as only one descendant of Usher’s family survived from one generation to another. As such, the family had a direct lineage with not many relatives. The narrator appears surprised of the status of his friend’s house, with the inside appearing as spooky as the compound of the house. He notes that his friend is frailer and less energetic than before. Roderick reveals to the narrator that he suffers from fear and nerves. By confiding in the narrator, Poe shows that Roderick trusted and relied on his friend for emotional support. The narrator also observes that Roderick appeared afraid of the status of the house. Additionally, Roderick’s sister, Madeline, is suffering from a mysterious illness, “the loss of coor
Joint versus separate preference reversal Joint evaluation is making a decision after jointly considering several options whereas separate evaluation is making a decision in which options are considered one by one and decided separately. Joint and separate preference reversals affect our decisions in different situations in life. There are times we make a decision after considering several options, but there are also times we choose from several projects presented to us in the office, and then decide and work on that project. These two preferences have different methods. If we try to differentiate the reversals, we may reach a point that joint and separate should be seen as a ‘continuum’ (Hsee et al., 1999). Preference reversals have been studied and applied in the context of choice and matching. An example is when two applicant candidates are evaluated in respect to their passing average in technical and human relations. One had a technical score higher but lower human relations score than the other. Using choice reversal, the participants preferred the one who had a higher technical score. Tversky et al. (1988 as cited Hsee et al., 1999) explained about the prominence principle in preference reversals: that in real situations people would usually prefer the most important trait in choice than in comparison. Decision making in the Challenger space shuttle disaster After several delays, the Challenger space shuttle made its tragic take off on January 28, 1986. The explosion was caused by a gas leak in what they termed as Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) which penetrated the tank and exploded the Challenger. Before the decision to launch, engineers already discovered a major defect in the SRBs and its O-ring. The SRBs were attached to the main tanks and its purpose was to accelerate the shuttle in order to be freed from the Earth’s atmosphere. The investigation centered on the O-ring and the SRBs and the statements of the Morton Thiokol engineers who designed the SRBs. The low temperature on that morning of the launch would make the rubber O-rings brittle. NASA knew of this, but the management did not want to be criticized or embarrassed, so it decided to proceed with the launch ( History, 2014, para. 5). There were some cultural factors involved, such as NASA people failed to discuss the O-ring flaws with the launch team. Another problem noted by the Rogers Commission was staffing for the team involved in the shuttle’s scheduled flights. Organizational culture and management could have caused some of the faults in the disaster because this allowed technical errors to remain unresolved in the actual launch. Expected-value decision rule Calculation for expected value provides evaluation and comparison of several choices with risks and improbability as variables. Expected value results into best forecast of an expected return, such as an investment. EV can be obtained after identificat
The consequences of disrupted sleep patterns experienced by members of the health care team Sleep is a state of the body that is characterized by the inactivity of the brain and partial or complete unconsciousness. Sleep plays a very important role in our bodies. Different people may require different times or durations of sleep. But generally, many adults sleep for an average of 7-9 hours daily while younger people sleep for longer periods or durations. The current world is characterized by many commitments and busy schedules which make some people think that it may be wise to sleep as little time as possible in order to spare some time to meet their busy schedules. This is a misconception of the functions of sleep just as something which is a luxury but not as a necessity. Psychologists argue that sleep is just as important as other activities like eating and doing sex (Cooper, Quick, and Schabracq, 2009. pp.82-98). In a health care team, there are many ways in which the members may experience sleep disruptions. Different members of the team may have different interruptions of their sleep, which may lead to different sleep patterns. Some may be disrupted by their children who wake them up in the middle of the night; others may be disrupted by television sets, others by noisy neighborhoods or neighbors, others by snoring sleeping mates, as well as poor sleeping habits like taking a long day time nap or the consumption of alcohol before sleep (Cooper, et al, 2009. pp.82-98). The effects of these disruptions of sleep can be detrimental to the performance of the team. First of all, the sleep disruption may lead to a lack of coordination in the team because some members would be fatigued during the working hours, which would interfere with their functioning and concentration in the activities of the team. The sleep disruption may also affect the team by lowering its creativity and problem-solving skills. This is because the disruption of sleep of the team members would lead to poor quality and quantity sleep, which would lead to lowered thinking capacity and also to slow the ability to think first and increase sharpness. It would also affect the team by the fact that some members would have reduced memory, and would not be able to remember things easily thereby increasing their chances of repeating mistakes due to the fact that sleep disruption makes people have reduced memory (Cooper, et al, 2009. pp.82-98). The disruption of sleep would also affect the team in that many team members would be less motivated and have reduced morale in the activities of the team, thereby reducing the synergy which is necessary for the stability and progress of the team in its activities. The team may end up in a mess because many or some of the members may lose interest in the team’s work or do as little as possible due to their fatigue, while others do a lot of the team’s work. This may lead to a situation whereby the team may become divided and have the culture of “I”, instead of “we”. When this happens, it would lead to the division of the teams’ tasks into small bits each to be done by an individual member o
The current lab is focused on the phenomenon of light and its peculiarities. It is one of the most important elements of our universe as it is associated with numerous processes. Light is what we see using our eyes. The fact is that all objects can reflect light. It is the fundamental quality that provides people with an opportunity to see (Walmsley 12). Reflected rays of light travel from diverse things that surround us into the eye, which works as a complex lens that focuses them and projects on the retina (Watzke and Arcand 81). In such a way, all human beings can orient in space due to the given phenomena. At the same time, there are several unique features associated with light, such as its speed, behavior in different environments, reflection, and refraction (Hecht 56). They can be used to explain diverse optical illusions and images we can observe. During the lab, we investigated the way light moved and how this factor impacted the final image. It is a well-known fact that light travels in a straight path until it meets a particular obstacle (Walmsley 32). However, the direction and velocity of light can alter at the boundary of two materials (Watzke and Arcand 81). At the same time, we do not see the whole object and all rays of light that are reflected from the object (Walmsley 39). There are multiple fractions that come in all directions with the high speed (Pedrotti et al. 98 ). However, only some of them come into our eyes due to the existence of a tiny hole, a pupil. Similar conditions were created in the experiment during the lab. Using a pinhole, we managed to acquire the image of an object in front of our device. However, it was reversed. The given factor is explained by the fact that light always moves straightforward (Walmsley 35). Thus, the pinhole helps to focus on some rays that come from the object in all directions. However, passing through the hole, the light continues to move in a straight line. In such a way, it ends up at the bottom. The given assumption perfectly demonstrates the fundamental aspects of this physical phenomenon and how light travels in space. Using a pinhole, we reconstruct mechanisms similar to those occurring in our eyes. The only difference is that there is the pupil that is responsible for focus, and it acts as a converging lens. That is why we see actual images, not reversed ones. Continuing experiments with a pinhole, we were able to alter the size of the image and its brightness. It can be achieved by changing the distance between tubes of the device. The smaller space will help to acquire a smaller image, and on the contrary. Additionally, by making the hole bigger, we also blur the image and make it brighter. It can be explained by the fact that more fractions are caught by the hole and alter the character and quality of the image. However, the presence of a bigger number of rays of light means that the image will become more contrasted. In such a way, we managed to observe the basic characteristics of light and the way it moves. The given information is used in multiple s
Depression is a condition that changes millions of lives in a certain period of time. It is also necessary to admit that a peculiar feature of this mental disorder is that its progress may occur for years or cause functional impairment in several days. Globally, depression is observed among 5-17% of the population, including 10% of children (Lee, Lee, Hwang, Hong, & Kim, 2017; Roelofs et al., 2013). There are many forms of depression, as well as many ways to diagnose and treat it, which explains the importance of credible and effective screening instruments to be used. In this paper, special attention to one of the well-known psychometric tests, the Beck Depression Inventory, with its history, benefits, and limitations will be paid. The Beck Depression Inventory has a long way of development with two main editions of the original version, and despite its subjectivity, this tool is characterized by its usefulness and accessibility to clinicians and researchers in their intentions to assess depression and the level of its severity. General Description Depression is a global health issue. It can be an outcome of various chronic medical illnesses such as heart disease, cancer, or diabetes, or a standing alone psychological problem that requires special treatment (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). About 60% of depressed people have their first mental health problems at their adolescence and develop them into one of the more serious episodes of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in their adulthood (Lee et al., 2017). Therefore, the detection of depression at its early stage, the evaluation of the risks, and the definition of the level of depression are the main goals. Formal assessments with properly defined measures can be offered by clinicians to different patients. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is one of the most frequently used scales with the help of which people can evaluate the severity of depression. It consists of 21 items that introduce a self-reporting questionnaire (Jackson-Koku, 2016; Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). According to Huang and Chen (2015), this scale is applied to prove the presence of depression among adolescents and adults older than 13 years. One of the significant factors is the detection of behavioral changes or concerns during the last two weeks (Huang & Chen, 2015). Regarding the statistical data that depression can bother young children (Lee et al., 2017), the main question about the appropriateness of the BDI remains op
Abstract The rate at which photosynthesis is affected by various environmental parameters such as carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and light intensity was examined under conditions in which these parameters could be manipulated. The influence of temperature on the rate photosynthesis was measured at room and icy temperatures. Similarly, the effect of carbon dioxide and light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis was also measured by varying the concentration and distance of carbon dioxide (NaHCO 3 ) respectively. When the hypothesis was tested, the concentration of NaHCO 3 solution to which the spinach disks are exposed increased, the rate of photosynthesis also increased. In addition, the hypothesis that as the temperature at which the spinach disks are exposed decreases, the rate of photosynthesis decreases. The effect of these environmental on the rate of photosynthesis was measured concurrently. The rate of photosynthesis was relatively high at room temperature, high carbon dioxide concentration and high light intensity. The data obtained suggest that these environmental parameters are interlinked. That is, for the rate of photosynthesis to be at it optimum, these factors too must at their optima levels in the biological system where photosynthesis is taking place. Introduction Photosynthesis is an important process that supports aerobic life on Earth. This is because as the photoautotrophs including plants, algae and some species of bacteria converts carbon dioxide and water into sugars using sunlight energy, they release oxygen. This waste product is the major constituent of aerobic respiration. The sugars produced are a source of food to all forms of life on earth (Smith 508) making photosynthesis a very vital component of food chains and food webs supporting all trophic levels as the primary source of energy. Photosynthesis takes place mainly in the chloroplasts which have chlorophyll, carotenes, xanthophylls and phycocyanin among other pigments depending on the organism. These are pigments that absorb light energy which is important during the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis depends on both the light and dark reactions. Taking place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts, light-dependent reactions involve the capture and storage of light energy in the form NADPH and ATP which are chemical energy carrying molecules. These molecules are then used in the light-independent reactions which take place in the stroma. They are used in photolysis and carbon fixation leading to the formation of sugar compounds and release of oxygen as a waste product (Bidlack 367 – 372). However, for th