ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background and Significance: Pain Management as an Essential Element of Healthcare Services Painful experiences are part and parcel of numerous clinical conditions (Pergolizzi et al., 2015). Therefore, it is crucial for a healthcare practitioner to be able to address the pain-related experiences of the patients and reduce the pain as efficiently as possible. Pain treatment options are especially important for suffering patients that are forced to deal with pain as part and parcel of their condition (Medical Education, Inc., 2016). Unrelieved pain is likely to lead to a significant drop in inpatient mobility rates, as well as possibly contribute to suppressing the immune system of the patient due to the effects of the negative experience on the pituitary-adrenal axis (Generaal et al., 2014). Indeed, studies show that pain experienced by patients on a regular basis may lead to the development of psychological issues (Mawdsley, Twiddy, & Longworth, 2015). Particularly, if viewing the painful experiences as a stress factor, one must admit that the target population is likely to develop PTSD and depression as a result of the suffering with which they are forced to deal (Toblin, Quartana, Riviere, Walper, & Hoge, 2015). The rapid increase in cortisol levels in the patient’s body as a response to the pain that they suffer can be viewed as the primary factor contributing to the development of depression and anxiety disorders (Bala, 2013). Therefore, the significance of the pain management problem is very high, and the issue needs to be addressed successfully. Unless the subject matter is addressed accordingly, the threat of patients developing a comorbid psychological issue and, therefore, experiencing significant difficulties recovering from the disease becomes very high. With the introduction of new approaches to pain management in suffering patients, a healthcare practitioner is likely to create the foundation for the successful management of the issue (Eckard et al., 2016). Furthermore, the emphasis on providing the patient with an opportunity to control the process of pain management should be viewed as an innovative element that will allow improving the overall experience of the target population. By offering the patient a chance to participate in pain management, a healthcare practitioner is likely to build the foundation for addressing the major stress factors, such as the patient feeling helpless, and reduce their effects to a considerable degree (Rattani, 2015). Proving the target popul
Introduction The Islamic revolution that took place in Iran refers to the sequence of occurrences that resulted to a takeover of the Iran’s monarchy, which was under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, resulting to the rise of the Islamic republic. The leader of the Islamic revolution was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khoimeni. Rebellion against the Iran’s monarchy commenced during early 1978, due to civil resistance fuelled by secular and religious factors (Cleveland & Bunton, 2004). The Islamic revolution resulted into strikes and civil protests that resulted into unrest in the country. Despite being successful, the revolution did not result into the common outcomes such as financial crises, rampant wars and a resentful military in Iran. This paper attempts to investigate the events in the Middle East that steered the Islamic revolution in Iran during 1979, the significance of the Arab Peninsula to the Middle East and other parts of the globe, the causes and outcomes of the intifada and the reasons and regional results of the Americans invasions in Afghanistan and Iraq. The main objective behind the Islamic revolution in Iran was to eliminate the secular government characterized by intense western influence, with an Islamic government (Kepel, 2002). The architects of the revolution argued that the Iran’s monarchy was subservient to the United States, and this significantly affected the Iranian culture in terms of Islamic principles. In addition, they contested that the Shah regime had been brutal, had cases of extreme social injustices and oppression. Evidently, the Shah regime had failed in almost every government aspect ranging from the delivery of basic functional services, economic problems and insecurity. The Islamic revolutionists could not sustain this any longer, resulting to their decision to oust the Shah regime for a better Islamic government. The Shah regime practiced a more centralized government structure, resulting to lack of democracy and its focus on secularization, thereby disregarding the Islamic values. Rebel groups, anti-secularists and nationalists attacked the Iran’s monarchy on the basis of its violation of the constitution of Iran, increasing corruption and oppression. This played a significant role in accelerating the Islamic revolution in Iran (Cleveland & Bunton, 2004). Several events that occurred in the 1970s pioneered the rise of the Islamic revolution in the Middle East. One of the significant occurrences was the oil boom that took place during the 70s, resulting to increased inflation and increasing the gap amongst the rich and poor in Iran. The fact that the royal family of Shah benefited the most from the income realized by increasing oil sales disappointed a significant number of
Introduction For many people, the main aim of starting an industry is to make earnings and see the corporation grow. However, this notion does not always hold. Starting and running a business is always a challenge. One of the many challenges associated with business is the lack of enough cash flow to keep operations going. A business should produce enough profits to take care of its capital expenditures and receivable collections. After starting their Zumba business, three friends and business partners, Alberto Perlman, Alberto Aghion, and Alberto “Bero” Perez realize that even though they have done everything to attract their target market, their business model is not giving them enough money. The Zumba business produced exercise video tapes as its product that was targeted to fitness instructors across the world, although it targeted the Latin-American market. The three partners adopted the Business to Consumer (B2C) product type where they could sell their video tapes directly to their clients, including selling them through an online platform. Under the then business model, their cash flow was becoming very impulsive. If they did not do some something to rectify the situation, their business was at a risk of collapsing. With $14,000 in their bank account, they had a decision to make of either quitting and venturing into other businesses or holding on to find a way to make their Zumba business work. Environmental Analysis Environmental analysis is a strategic business tool that used to identify all internal and external factors that affect a business organization. This tool can be applied to examine the Zumba business situation to determine the factors that may be at play to bar it from moving forward (Buchanan 66). Environmental analysis assesses the threat levels or the opportunities that these factors might present. These evaluations are then used in the decision-making process. A detailed analysis of the business environment shows were a business stands in the current market, including where it is headed. It includes both internal and external business environments. Internal Environment A business internal environment involves the elements within the business organization. Such elements may include the employees, management, and/or its corporate culture. In this case study, some decisions made by the
Altruism is the behavior where an individual feels morally obligated help others even if it is at their own expense. This behavior is a selfless act of concern for the wellbeing of others. Individual who practice this behavior also benefit from it, even though, the benefits may not be seen physically. According to Maugham, altruism is as much for us as it is for recipients of the kindness. In his opinion, people do selfless things to other people in order to feel pleased with them. This is true because nicest things always happen to people do selfless things (Barber, 2004). According to Stephen, altruistic emotions and behaviors associate with greater wellbeing, health and longevity. In a recent research, by the University of Miami done on patients with chronic conditions and HIV. Those who joined the support groups to help others lived for long. When the patients help other patients, they heighten their sense of purpose which reduces their depression levels making them feel virtuous about themselves. This shows altruism is not only beneficial to the recipients of the meritorious deeds but also to the doers of the deeds (Doris, 2010). According to Schwarzkopf Jr., 0ne cannot help somebody get up a hill without getting nearer to the top themselves. This is the basis of many self-help groups that exist today. It said that when one helps another person the act of helping heals the helper even more than the one helped. This is so because when one helps another person in solving a problem. The person helping the other one gets to understand more ways of solving the problem than the recipients. Through this the helper also gets an added self-esteem that makes them feel virtuous of themselves. Being altruistic can have physiological advantage to an individual. Patients with fight flight response are normally at danger of having a weakened body defense. It is a known fact that altruistic emotions and behavior do gain dominance over fear and anxiety that normally initiates the fight flight response. Through helping others by volunteering in support groups to a condition called helpers high normally emerges in individuals. This causes quick and unspecified physiological changes that turn off the fight flight condition. This shows that the behavior of minding others even if we have serious medical conditions can be just as helpful to us as it is to others (Gilovich et al, 2006). Altruism as behavior should be instilled in children when they are still young by their guardians, as they say, charity begins at home. When children begin to volunteer at early ages they get enhanced social competence and self-esteem. This also shields them from antisocial behaviors and substance abuse which may lead to early pregnancy resulting in academic failures. Bringing up children with these teachings can add value to their future lives. Moreover, children brought up in this lifestyle normally end up with better mental and physical health in adult hood than those brought up without this behavior. This only shows to which extent altruism is beneficial to an individual who practices it (Harman, 2010). The question in many people normally is altruis
The Clarion School for Boys, Inc. is an institution that provides support, diagnosis and treatment, as well as the discipline to wayward boys so that they can become productive elements in the society. It was established in 1989 by investors from humble backgrounds who had envisioned the creation an environment for such affected boys and also gain some benefits from the investment. Since then, the school has successfully opened other branches, Milwaukee being one of its divisions (Brown, Daniel, Jeffrey, Wainright, & William, 2004, p. 46). Because of the rising operating expenses and capital requirements, Milwaukee school drafted proposals for three main projects that were to be implemented in the fiscal year 2006-2007. The Milwaukee division was started in early 1990s, becoming one-old-institution operating under this system of Schools. Though it collected from the parents the tuition fees, the major source of finance was per diem charges that was paid by different government agencies (an amount payable for accommodation and treatment of headstrong boys). Thereafter, it became a private residential treatment facility for delinquent teenage boys. In 2006, the Clarion School for Boys—Milwaukee Division had 120 students with a total of 128 employees, both full and part-time. Because of its ability to assist children with severe behavioral problems, Milwaukee school registered a high enrollment compared to other residential childcare facilities in Wisconsin. This necessitated the expansion of their information systems, capacity, among other kinds of operations. However, the expenditure was to be kept in check so as to remain within the budget (Brown et al., 2004, p. 50). The IS Task Force report cited the inefficiencies of the information systems of the Milwaukee Division as the principal reason for costly operations. For that reason, the management needed to consider the reorganization of their information systems to the computing system to adhere to IBM standards, enhance the performance of their existing hardware, install new and powerful softwares, and also improve networking within the institution. This would not only reduce the labor cost, which represented 68 percent of the operational cost, but also increase staff effectiveness, productivity, especially in accessing information and communication flow. Therefore, this project was to be their first priority. The ISIS program that was initiated in 2001 was a noble idea for the division to accentuate its objective of increasing its profits. Considering the high returns from the ISIS program ($197.00 per day for each student) compared to the regular program ($150.00 per day for each student), the division needed to remodel the living unit so as to expand the ISIS student enrollment (Brown et al., 2004). With efficient information systems that was already in plac
Introduction Despite being traditionally referred to as correctional and, therefore, presupposing the rehabilitation of criminals, prisons and the related facilities often serve as the means of isolating people from the rest of the society even after the rehabilitation (Miller, 2014). Recent studies show that people, who have been in jail and have recently been released, be it a release on parole or after serving full time, are highly unlikely to integrate back into the society (Hatcher, 2010). Psychological Issues When it comes to identifying the factors that will prevent Bill from integrating into the society successfully, one must mention the communication problems that may emerge as a result of the conflict with the parents of the deceased. Particularly, the fact that the specified members of the community have lost their child to the horrible crime committed by Bill’s accomplice deserves to be mentioned. Although Bill did not have any direct relation trot eh victim’s death he will still be blamed by the parents; more importantly, the latter may affect the way, in which the rest of the community sees Bill. Consequently, facing the victims of the crime and being able to accept the responsibility, yet not be crushed by the weight of the guilt is the key challenge that Bill will have to face when returning to the community (Taxman, 2004). The need to overcome the suspicions of the neighbors should also be mentioned as the key psychological problem that Bill will have to deal with. The neighbors will literally watching his every move waiting for him to make a mistake. The fear of coming into conflict with the law and being reported to the local authorities, therefore, will become Bill’s key fear, which will prevent him from becoming a member of the community and socializing with its members successfully. Practical Issues Additionally, regaining the trust of the rest of the community members is going to be very tricky. Consequently, Bill will have to deal with significant obstacles when applying for a job, participating in the community events that are somehow related to politics, or any events that presuppose any kind of participation in social events. Moreover, the fact that the degree, to which one has to fight against social prejudices in the endeavor of reentering the society depends heavily on gender, as recent studies show in a very graphic way (Taxman, 2004). Particularly, researches point at the fact that women are more likely to being blocked from any kind of social interactions with the members of the community due to the mental health issues that they are exposed to: “young women in the justice system experience significantly higher rates of mental health problems than their male counterparts” (Fields & Abrams, 2010, p. 256). Therefore, from a practical perspective, unemployment and, therefore, the financial wellbeing, Bill has slightly higher chances than women, who are released from jail. Nevertheless, he still has a long way to go to integrate back into the society.. It should be noted, though, that
Introduction Hong Kong’s legal proceedings (and law in general) are based on nomocracy. The concept simply means that the rule of law is the supreme authority in the land. The rule referred to in this case defines the behaviour of individuals in a given society. The law is contained in Hong Kong’s basic legal structure. It is the document that serves as the constitution of the People’s Republic of China. 1 The legal system used in this country is similar to those used in the Commonwealth nations. However, the case is different in the People’s Republic of China. In this country, the legal framework varies with those used in other parts of the world with regards to ‘akin’. The variation is brought about by the influence of socialist laws and Marxist ideologies on Chinese society. 2 There are various legal statutes used in Hong Kong. They include, among others, criminal, civil, constitutional, and administrative laws. In this paper, the author will dwell on criminal and civil cases. The two are some of the major laws used in Hong Kong. According to Young, the difference between the two laws is pinned on the objects pursued by the legal frameworks. 3 The aim of a given law is either to redress or to punish. To this end, it is noted that the fundamental objective of civil law is to redress. Such a goal is achieved by compelling the wrongdoer to compensate the affected individual. On the other hand, criminal law is used to punish the culprit. It does this by providing a strong inducement for reformation. The objective is to prove to the public that wrong deeds will always be punished. 4 Criminal Proceedings in Hong Kong Overview In Hong Kong, a criminal prosecution can be initiated individually. However, in most cases, it is the Secretary of Justice who initiates a formal criminal hearing. There are two things that this official must consider before putting into motion a formal prosecution. First, they must ensure that there is strong evidence that will make the case stand in a court of law. Second, the secretary must ensure that the case benefits the society as a whole. 5 To this end, the officer should make sure that the proceedings are not carried out to benefit one individual. Rather, they should improve the welfare of the community. There are a set of rules involved in the prosecution process. After collecting enough evidence, the case is then presented by the secretary to an impartial court. The accused is given an opportunity to defend themselves during the court proceedings. After hearing, the court is expected to determine whether the defendant is guilty or not. De
There is no doubt that practices applied in the field of social work are strictly connected to changes that take place in human society. Taking into consideration the fact that they can be of different nature, it is possible to suppose that the impact that they produce remains one of the primary forces shaping and changing attitudes to work of those people related to social work. If we speak about such country as Australia that is often regarded as an example of a stable society, it is extremely important to understand that changes related to notions of family and childhood also take place there. This paper is devoted to discussion of changes related to technology development, demographic shifts, cultural diversity, and ideals and their connection with social work. As for the particular cultural changes in the last fifty years that have influenced the world and social work as well, it can be important to divide them into a few groups. To begin with, a lot of things and people’s assumptions seem to have changed due to quite rapid development of modern means of communication (Partridge, 2014). People in Australia and in other countries have been given access to a large amount of information due to the development of the Internet and a wide range of devices allowing to consume information and tell other people about something important related to their life. As for the connection between this global trend and social work, it can be stated that it has both positive and negative impact on certain practices used by social workers when they have to deal with young people, children, and families. On the one hand, modern children and families, in general, have access to any information due to these inventions, and this is why it can be often regarded as an opportunity that they can use in order to solve problems on their own (Dezuanni, Dooley, Gattenhof, & Knight, 2015, p. 12). On the other hand, it can be said that a lot of people tend to use these opportunities in the wrong way. Furthermore, ideas that people want to take example by also tend to change, and social workers have more clients whose values and attitudes differ markedly from ones supported by people from previous generations. Apart from that, there are a lot of sociological changes that take place and encourage social workers to implement newer concepts into their work. To begin with, there is no doubt that the majority of people in Australia and other countries suppose intercultural communication to be very important for the further development of human society. Therefore, it may be stated that growing cultural diversity is an important tendency that may also influence social workers (Rubin & Babbie, 2016, p.116). Thus, the number of families whose members belong to different races has increased during the past fifty years, and this tendency encourages specialists related to social work to extend their knowledge on characteristics of different cultures in order to be ready to provide such families with proper assistance (Sue & Rasheed, 2015). Due to the increasing number of cu