ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In philosophy, there is nothing as hard as trying to harmonize the differing views of philosophical theories brought forth for instance by foster fathers like Emanuel Kant and Milton Friedman. For instance ‘Can Kant’s theory of universality be achieved by applying Friedman’s ideas of corporate social responsibilities?’ this question will demand that one critically evaluates the values of the two philosophers. Kant was a German philosopher born in 1724 and died in 1804. He is remembered for his contribution in philosophy through categorical imperative derived from the concept of duty. According to Kant those values which are essentially convincing and are ‘good in and of themselves’ are to be complied with fully and by all people to realize harmony with the general law of moral. Milton Friedman lived between 1912 and 2006. He was an American economist as well as statistician of his time. He is remembered for his immense contribution in price theory, monetarism, applied microeconomics, floating exchange rates, volunteer military, permanent income hypothesis as well as Friedman test. The paper argues that it is not possible for Kant’s theory of universality to be achieved by applying Friedman’s ideas of social cooperate responsibility. Supporting arguments Friedman argued that organization owes their responsibility to the proprietors as well as the relevant stakeholders. For that matter he believed that it is not right for organizations or businesses to engage in social corporate responsibilities (Friedman, 1970). However, on the other hand, Kant advocated for a situation where there is greater benefit for the greatest number of people and this should be a universal law. To Kant, organizations are obliged to invest some of their earning to improve the welfare of the majority in the society rather than solemnly making profits to benefit the few stakeholders provided the move is not for selfish gains. Before continuing with this paper it would be rational to define corporate social responsibilities. The term has been defined as a firm’s sense of responsibility towards both the environment and the community in which it operates (Friedman, 1970). It is no doubt that the link between businesses and the society has for a very long time been a source of intellectual interest to ethicists. According to Friedman, 1970 he believed that when organization engage in social responsibility, a closer analysis will reveal that it aims to improve its image in the eye of the consumers, the government, the local community as well as the general public. Friedman thus strongly denies the link that corporate
Introduction Otitis media stands for several health conditions that affect the middle ear. They usually include otitis media with effusion (OME) that implies the presence of fluid in the middle ear and acute otitis media (AOM) that refers to the infection and inflammation of the given organ. To manage these health conditions accurately, clinicians should follow specific guidelines that will help them achieve the best patient outcomes. Otitis Media with Effusion Treatment When it comes to OME, Rosenfeld et al. (2016) indicate that pneumatic otoscopy is needed to diagnose the disease. Once the health problem is found, clinicians should determine whether patients are at “risk for speech, language, or learning problems” (Rosenfeld et al., 2016, p. S9). Watchful waiting is a suitable option for patients who are not at risk. It is not recommended to use steroids, antibiotics, and antihistamines to treat OME. However, when it comes to the vulnerable population with chronic OME, clinicians should recommend surgery (Rosenfeld et al., 2016). It can be accompanied by tympanostomy tubes for children who are under four years old and tympanostomy with adenoidectomy for children of four and more years old (Rosenfeld et al., 2016). Improved hearing and improved quality of life are the best indicators of successful treatment. Acute Otitis Media Treatment At the same time, AOM represents a more challenging clinical situation. An appropriate study argues that this health disorder is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae (Pichichero & Almudevar, 2016). The most suitable options for managing AOM include the insertion of ventilation tubes and adenoidectomy (Schilder et al., 2016). It means that the given otitis media variation is a severe problem that requires immediate intervention. Conclusion In conclusion, otitis media is a critical health condition that affects the middle ear. Numerous patients can suffer from acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion. Since OME is caused by fluid, its treatment strategy begins with watchful waiting that can be followed by specific measures. As for AOM, it is caused by one of many pathogens, which means that it makes clinicians take immediate steps to deal with the problem.
Andrew is a 70 years old man. He is suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus. His only brother and father died of type one diabetes mellitus. Currently, Andrew has expressed fears that he has a genetic predisposition, which he may have passed on to his grandchildren. The family’s history indicates that Andrew’s father lived a healthy lifestyle. As such, he never smoked cigarettes nor smoked. On the other hand, his brother had obesity complications. The brother was a heavy smoker and a drinker. Andrew’s mother lived to the age of 89. His mother died of hypertension. In this family, type 1 diabetes mellitus could likely be attributed to genetic predisposition rather than lifestyle habits or natural causes. Concerning reproduction history, Andrew’s father and his mother had two sons and a sister. He has two daughters and a son. Andrew’s family is an American kinfolk of Irish descent. The first family members to reside in the region were Simon Andrew and Bridget Morph. They both emigrated from Ireland to America in 1894. There are slight growth and development variations among Andrew’s family members. Andrew’s brother is the only one who developed obesity among the three siblings. He developed obese complications in his teenagehood. He died in his mid-fifties, unlike his parents who died in their 80s. In the family, Andrew is the only member who thinks that his disease is caused by a genetic predisposition. His father believed that he contracted the disease through aging. On the other hand, his brother believed that he developed the ailment through his unhealthy lifestyle. As such, he was a chain smoker and an alcoholic. Although there are high chances that he developed type 1 diabetes mellitus through genetic predisposition, there are possibilities that the disease was triggered and worsened by his unhealthy lifestyle habits. Based on the above case study, family members may have many questions about potential genetic risks. The first question relates to the possibility that type 1 diabetes mellitus among the family members has been passed on to grandchildren from Andrew’s father (Pruthi, 2014). There is also the possibility that the disease-causing gene is only transferred to male siblings because female members have not been diagnosed with the disease. Concerning my obtained assessment, a family health nurse should implement appropriate intervention strategies to prevent and manage the disease among the family members (James, 2015). For many diabetic patients, managing blood glucose levels within the range endorsed by the physician can be thought-provoking (Kaakinen, 2015). In his pharmacologic therapy, Andrew should note that he requires enduring i
The Most Appealing Ideas Expressed by the Author Assessment and grading are recognized as some of the most complex and challenging practices in teaching. There exist many different approaches to these tasks. Also, throughout the history of education and pedagogy, the perspectives on the role of grading and assessment have changed several times. Today, there are many different types of assessment oriented at various goals. The book Grading Smarter, Not Harder: Assessment Strategies That Motivate Kids and Help Them Learn by Myron Dueck is focused on helping educators make sense of the overwhelming number of different grading and assessment approaches and enables them to choose them correctly for the better benefits. One of the ideas that could be highlighted in this book is the insight about the importance of learning that exceeds that of grades. In particular, elaborating on this idea, Dueck specified that today grades are treated as the indicators of students’ academic performance when, in reality, grades could carry nothing but disinformation if the teacher used an inappropriate method of assessment. Another very interesting idea explored by the author is the meaning and impact of grades received by students. In particular, Dueck noted that they could influence the relationship between teachers and students, students and parents, and teachers and parents. This phenomenon is known well in the field of education; however, the author’s decision to make it one of the factors considered in the evaluation of the assessment practices really shows his learner-centered approach. The Implications of the Ideas in the Book for Me as an Educator The book by Dueck helped me expand my view of grading and assessment as integrated into the process of students’ learning. To be more precise, the author contrasted between the practices of teaching with those of coaching and noted that the latter were more orientated towards the achievement of certain goals and based on the motivation of the trainees. At the same time, in learning there is an unconscious expectation that the teacher’s job is to deliver the material, and the students’ job is to master it and be able to apply it during a te
Introduction This paper aims to critically review an article on behavior-based telephone interviewing. The paper will also discuss how the article applies to equal employment laws and present five non-discriminatory interview questions that can be asked during a screening telephone interview. Summary The article by Oliphant, Hansen, and Oliphant (2008) titled “A Review of a Telephone-Administered Behaviour-Based Interview Technique” discusses the findings of a study that explores the impact of behavior-based interviews on performance and retention of a workforce. The article is written for human resource (HR) practitioners who are interested in improving hiring practices in their organizations. Oliphant et al. (2008) discuss the importance of selection tools in the area of recruitment and emphasize that when compared to unstructured approaches to interviewing, structured interviews are more effective in predicting employment outcomes. The scholars maintain that behavioral interviewing is one of the most popular techniques utilized by many experienced employers. The employment tool is based on the notion that past behaviors can be used to predict future behaviors of an employee (Oliphant et al., 2008). The researchers evaluated the employment outcomes of salespeople hired by a consulting company with the help of behavior-based telephone interviews. The results of the study revealed that employees who had been hired with the help of the technique were more likely to show better performance across several key measures (Oliphant et al., 2008). The scholars conclude that behavior-based telephone interviews can be effectively used to decrease hiring costs. Discussion The authors conducted the study to understand whether a behavior-based interview method developed by the consulting company is effective in predicting employment outcomes. The use of the method is predicated on the findings of extensive academic research that suggest that the administration of structured interviews is associated with a higher predictive validity than that of unstructured interviews (Oliphant et al., 2008). Another reason for conducting the study was to explain why interviewing is “the most popular employee selection method among practitioners” (Oliphant et al., 2008, p. 383). Despite the paucity of evidence presented in the article, it is hard to disagree with the conclusion reached by the authors. Numerous studies point to the fact that structured interviews are extremely effective in reducing interviewer bias (Levashina, Hartwell, Morgeson, & Campion, 2014). Furthermore, structured interviews allow hiring professionals to measure applicants’ personalities. Many interviewers include questions aimed at the assessment of key dimensions of consciousness—“initiative, work ethic, and thoroughness” (Levashina et al., 2014, p. 243). Interviews with a high level of structure can be used by employers to recognize whe
Introduction Like any other sphere, politics does have its complicacies that need immediate resolution. However, sometimes the right actions cannot be carried out, because they presuppose a number of conditions fulfilled. Thus, one of the problems that is on the agenda of the contemporary politics, the need to make countries integrate into a unity that will help the world economics maintain relatively high level. Splitting the Goals into Objectives Unfortunately, it is practically impossible to achieve the great goals at once – to complete the global project, the mankind will need considerable amount of time. Thus, it is necessary to split the existing goals into smaller steps that the humanity will have to make on the way to the progress. Therefore, considering the first goal introduced, one could possibly suggest that it can be subdivided into certain stages. To achieve the cooperation between the government agencies, the states could possibly start with the following points:   * find the common points of contact, i.e. the need to help the eastern countries suffering from maritime disasters;   * create the system that could keep the states aware of the situation concerning the state of the East countries suffering maritime disasters;   * draw a plan that could define each country’s level of involvement into the East countries’ state of affairs. Speaking of the way to improve the communication between the world states, one could possibly suggest the following objectives:   * improve the technical means to maintain the constant contact between the countries;   * appoint the people responsible for leading and protocoling the conversation with the other states;   * draw the plan according to which the discussions of the eastern problems are going to be held in. Speaking of the next concern of the West, the improvement of the integrated reactions, one could possibly take the following as the objectives to strive for:   * revising the existing plans according to the various maritime agencies;   * adjusting the maritime plans to the current situation in the East;   * create the general maritime plan that could embrace the agencies of all countries and provide the course of actions for each of them. However, it must be kept in mind that the “natural and cultural marine resource management” (Xiang 26) of the Eastern countries is not to be forgotten either. There is no doubt that, to assist the Asian countries that are suffering from the maritime disasters, the countries of the West will have to join their forces to provide certain preventive planning and operations. To undertake the necessary preventive me
Introduction The killing of Michael Brown, an 18-year-old African-American in Ferguson, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis on 9 August 2014 reopened the already existing debate – role of policemen, stress, and decision-making under traumatic situations (Shoichet, 2014). The case aims to explore the impact of the judicial verdict on the psychology of the officer involved as well as on the police force. Psychological Assessment After a traumatic event, such as shooting, police officers are debriefed as a part of a standard procedure (Pasciak & Kelley, 2013). The officers involved in shooting incidents must undergo a psychological evaluation in order to ascertain if they are suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD). The aim of debriefing is to evaluate the level of PTSD and stress perception of the officers involved in a shooting. This is essential to restore the mental balance of the officers. Pasciak and Kelley (2013) point out that debriefing has been considered helpful in alleviating PTSD symptoms, perceived stress, and trauma. Officers who have participated in debriefing after a shooting incident believe that it provides an environment for sharing and talking about their experiences. In case of officer Wilson, the shooting of the young African-American that turned into a racial uproar, trauma was inevitable
Course Introduction This is an Intermediate ESP (English for Specific Purposes) course for ESP learners in their 1st term in their 1st Year at the Industrial Secondary School in Najran, Saudi Arabia. This course is designed to introduce students to the more “technical” aspects of the English language in order for them to acquire a level of proficiency in both verbal and nonverbal communication utilizing technical jargon and concepts. The inherent necessity of such an endeavor is based on the subject matter of the Industrial Secondary School which consists of electronics, computer science, electrical engineering and general automotive design. This mixed curriculum requires students to familiarize themselves with a wide assortment of technical terminologies and processes which are written in the English language (Carrió-Pastor, 2009). Familiarity with such concepts is essential in order to properly apply the lessons that are to be taught to them. To ensure that students will have ample time to develop technical English proficiency, the course duration will encompass 15 weeks with an average of 60 hours of teaching. Each class will be composed of 25 to 35 students with ages ranging from 16 to 18 years old. Students have been classified as possessing a lower intermediate level of English and, as such, transitory periods will be necessary in order to ease students into the different topics that will be covered in this course. Overall, this course is designed to increase technical English competency and proficiency to prepare the students of the Industrial Secondary School to understand and apply the lessons that they will be taught. Overview of Aims and Objectives The aims and objectives of this course focus primarily on the framework advocated by (Robinson (2011) when it comes to teaching the technical aspects of the English language to ESL students. This involves aspects related
Executive Summary The following document outlines a detailed business plan for a new venture in the travel tourism sector of the United Arab Emirates economy. UAE Tours will offer an original travel and tour experience unprecedented in the United Arab Emirates at this time. UAE Tours strikes a balance between the domestic Middle Eastern travel market, the international tourist and adventure tourist market, and destination operators currently at work in the capital and second-largest metropolitan center in the United Arab Emirates. The goal of the company’s executives is to provide a unique, personal, and exhilarating experience for tourists visiting the UAE, an experience that until this time remains unavailable in Middle Eastern tourism operators and tour companies. The business plan for UAE Tours includes detailed coverage of the company’s marketing plan, a SWOT analysis of the current trends, government policies, and economic developments that will likely have an impact on this business venture. The plan also contains a detailed overview of the company’s competitors located in Abu Dubai and the surrounding region. UAE Tours boasts an important competitive advantage over the other tour operators in Abu Dubai in that it will actively develop strategic partnerships with high profile events in the regions and the many of the local hotels in Abu Dubai and the region. UAE Tours extends its brand via a series of strategic partnerships with world-class events such as the Formula One race at the Yas Marina Circuit (Yas Marina Circuit, 2011). The report also includes financial information, sector forecasts, an overview of the current political and economic landscape in the United Arab Emirates, and a detailed overview of the tourism sector and the anticipated growth of this industry over the next five years. Please note, the following report is confidential and remains the property of the UAE Tours business owners listed above. The following plan is intended only for use by the person to whom it has been communicated. Therefore, any reproduction or disclosure of any of the contents listed herein, without the prior written consent of the UAE Tours, is prohibited and will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Description of the Business UAE Tours represents a new direction in the travel tourism sector based in the United Arab Emirates. The UAE Tours headquarters will be based in the heart of Abu Dhabi, a thriving Middle Eastern metropolis that attracted 1.65 million tourists from all over the world in 2010, according to the Abu Dhabi Tourism Authority (Hotelier Middle East, 2010; UAE Interact, 2011). UAE Tours strives to optimize the UAE experience for all international and regional tourists and show the world the beauty and charm of the United Arab Emirates. The business owners of UAE Tours are as follows: Customer A, CEO; Customer B, CFO; Customer C, Chief Strategy Officer; Customer D, Senior Vice President of Marketing; Customer E, Senior Vice President of Sales, and Customer F, Senior Vice President of Operations. UAE Tours will provide tour options and packages at a competitive ra
Introduction P2P, otherwise known as peer to peer, is a model in which one can share the files or data without the need of any centralized servers. In this, one can see many peer systems which are interconnected to each other. “Peer-to-Peer systems benefit from and share the resources owned by systems that are distributed around the Internet.” ( Welcome to the 8 th international conference on peer- to peer computing 2008 (P2P’08) 2008). This technology is entirely different from the server-client technology. The P2P systems can be in many forms. Presently “Email, Internet Relay Chat and Napster are all examples of P2P systems.” (Stone, et al n.d.). Routing There are different types of routing issues present in this P2P technology. Before discussing each type of routing in the P2P technology, one needs to understand about the techniques of routing. The term routing can be defined as a selection of path in the network for sending the data from source to destination. In other words, it can be explained as the process of defining the routes for sending the packets from source to destination. The routing has got two important tasks – first one is defining the paths for sending the data and second one is forwarding the packets based on the pre-selected path. In case of P2P technology, an important thing one needs to keep in mind while designing the routing algorithms are scalability, complexity and anonymity. These are the important issues faced by the desig