ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Demographics of the Patient   * Peter is 18 years old   * He lives at home with his parents. Chief Complaint/Identifying Features   * The patient has gained 20 pounds without any diet changes   * His glucose is at 145   * He has not been taking his Olanzapine as prescribed. Past Psychiatric History   * The patient was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia   * His psychotic break manifested at the age of 16 where he got into a car accident and damaged the family car. Past Medical Trials   * The patient was put on Olanzapine medication   * He has been having scheduled appointments with a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner   * The only legal issue that he has gotten into is a bad road accident in which he blamed alcohol use. Diagnosis From his behavior and past diagnosis, it can be asserted that the patient is suffering from schizophrenia. The patient has shown symptoms that are consistent with the disease. On the same breath, his recent behaviors contributed to confirmation of the disease. According to Agius, Goh, Ulhaq and McGorry (2014), one of the main symptoms of schizophrenia is paranoia. In many cases, patients suffering from schizophrenia believe that everyone is against them. When Peter had his psychotic breakdown after the car accident, he felt that his family believed it was as a result of his schizophrenia. He vehemently denied the relation and blamed the accident on disillusions brought on by alcohol use. It can also be argued that Peter is still in denial over his condition as he believes that everyone is ganging on him yet he is not sick. As a result, the patient has defaulted on taking his Olanzapine medication. It can also be argued that the patient suffers from loss of memory, a condition that is also common with most schizophrenic patients, resulting in his failure to take his medication. The weight gain that Peter is experiencing is the reason why his insulin levels are at 145. With schizophrenic patients, the different antipsychotics that are prescribed to them have several side effects, including obesity (Iriondo, Salaberria, & Echeburua, 2013). It is for this reason that Peter is gaining weight albeit not significantly changing his diet. The weight gain is causing his insulin levels to shoot up. Impact of the Psychiatric Disorder Due to his schizophrenic state, Peter’s quality of life and functionality have been affected in very many ways. First, the patient has regular hallucinations that affect his behavior making him see, hear and smell things that do not exist. Many a time, the hallucinations have disorganized the patient’s thoughts due
Constitutional Right to Privacy The US constitution is not written and codified; rather it is comprised of constitutional conventions, case laws, small statutes, and amendments. Likewise, the constitution does not contain an express right to liberty. The Bill of Rights is the only codified expression of the constitution about personal rights, but says little about the right to privacy; though the amendments in the Bill of Rights over the years have contributed to defining the right to privacy. Privacy rights came to be recognized in the early 1920s in a number of court cases. In Meyer v Nebraska (1923), the Supreme Court turned down the state law prohibiting the schools from teaching foreign languages. An important quote from the case verdict is: “While this court has not attempted to define with exactness the liberty thus guaranteed, the term has received much consideration and some of the included things have been definitely stated”. Another case Pierce v Society of Sisters followed two years later that further defined privacy. Years later the privacy issue got in the headlines again when in Griswold v Connecticut (1965) the court invalidated the law banning the possession, sale, and purchase of contraceptives by couples. The court decision expressed the intention to define under the Bill of Rights “a zone of privacy”. In Stanley v Georgia (1969), the court turned down a conviction of a man keeping and viewing pornographic material. The court stated: “ Whatever may be the justifications for other statutes regulating obscenity, we do not think they reach into the privacy of one’s own home. If the First Amendment means anything, it means that a State has no business telling a man, sitting alone in his own house, what books he may read or what films he may watch. Our whole constitutional heritage rebels at the thought of giving the government the power to control men’s minds”. This was the first-ever explicit definition of privacy under the constitution. In later years the “zone of privacy” was extended to the right to abortion ( Roe v Wade 1972), keeping marijuana ( Ravin v State 1975) and homosexuality ( Lawrence v Texas 2003). Presidential Power The US President is elected for a term of four years in a separate election than those for congress. Although this is intended to keep a separation of powers, often there is conflict in the usage of power. Presidential power is well and widely defined. The key elements are deploying troops overseas, making large-scale financial policies, making treaties, and making thousands of political appointments including ambassadors. The three presidents in history with very different ruling styles have been J.F. Kennedy, Bill Clinton, and G.W.Bush. Kennedy had a charismatic personality. He was liked among the US nation and abroad for his negotiable nature, flexibility, and radical leadership style that differed from the conventional war-prone style. He was known to have conflicts with the predefined war and aggression agendas and perhaps was not popular with the establishment. Clinton brought the economi
Abstract One of the most talked-about archaeology stories in recent times is the Kennewick Man controversy. It sparked off after the discovery of Kennewick Man and one of its effects was the confusion that the public was subjected to by it and the fact that the Federal government tried to settle out a case which was started by the discovery out of court. This case was a result of scientists suing the government over the discovery. The public was further confused over the Native Americans raising objections about the discovery. The sum total of this controversy can be said to be a measure of how the Federal government, scientists and Native American bodies conduct their business and the public scrutiny that is afforded to these bodies (Fine-Dare, 2002). This series of the event was sparked off when in 1998 Sixty Minutes, a new program in the United States broke the story and afforded the story about twelve minutes which is a bit generous for an archaeology story, it gave the public that the story had more to it than a normal archaeology story (Chatters, 2000). The Kennewick Man discovery A boat race in the Columbia River, near Kennewick which is located in Washington State was held in the year 1996. Kennewick is located in the northwestern end of the United States. Two fans in an attempt to have an advantageous view of the race pulled ashore and it is here they located a human skull which they took to a coroner who handed it over to archaeologist James Chatters. Chatters and other archaeologists went to Columbia where they got an almost complete skeleton with archaeological evidence of being of Caucasian origin (Fine-Dare, 2002). Chatters being an accomplished archaeologist soon discovered that the teeth of the skeleton had no cavities and hence came to the conclusion that the owner of the skeleton did not have to grid food substances that had sugar or corn. He also spotted an embedded point of the projectile in the skeletons right pelvis suggesting that the skeleton was owned by somebody who lived between 5,000 and 9,000 years in the past. This prompted Chatters to have the bone tested in radiocarbon dating and to his astonishment, he received the test clarifying that the bone was dated more than 9,000 years ago (Chatters, 2000). The Columbian river stretch is controlled by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the same stretch is perceived by a number of Native American tribes to be their traditional homeland. Former US president George H. W. Bush si
Terrorism, propagated by Islamic Extremists, has cost the lives of countless innocent inhabitants, for a long time. These terrorists majorly attack the United States citizens. The newsagents have aired various cases of terrorism from time to time over an incredibly longer period. One of the worst incidents or terror attacks was experienced in 11 th September 2001, with the bombing of the Pentagon and World Trade Center. As a result, the United States retaliated by ambushing many of these terrorists from their hideouts and thus significantly reducing cases of terror attacks (Gale, Radu & Sicherman, 2009). One of the major breakthroughs in this fight was the recent execution of the leader of Al Qaeda Network, Osama bin Laden. However, the US government should not celebrate yet for this milestone, but it should be more vigilant to curb any retaliatory attacks (Ross, 2011). Moreover, with the advancement of technology, the United States military is to fight this menace and significantly impede terrorists’ operations. On the other hand, terrorists have taken advantage of technology to perpetrate terror to innocent victims. Terrorists now use sophisticated weaponry to carry out their ill-fated missions, in the name of fighting for their religion. Terror groups have now gone global, with followers being almost in every nation (Noritz, 2009). Over the past years, many critics have raised the issue as to whether this war is worth its taking. The war against terrorism has cost the United States large sums of taxpayers’ money that could have been used elsewhere to uplift the economy. However, in my opinion, it is worthwhile. Among the benefits of this undertaking are improved security to the citizens of the United States. The resilient and unending war against the terrorists has made the US citizens to have free movement without fear of recurrent attacks. This has resulted in saving innocent lives and helped safeguarding the welfare of citizens, thus promoting economic growth. Besides, the war has aided significantly in reducing threats from the terror perpetrators (Noritz, 2009). In addition, the battle on terrorism has significantly reduced recurrent attacks. The US Army has deactivated most terrorist activities, thus diminishing their strength for further attacks. Furthermore, the US involvement in countries such as Iraq and Afghanistan has led to the elimination of autocratic rule based on corruption and nepotism and brought democracy to those involved nations. As a result, these countries will experience economic development and thus improve people’s living standards. Through this war, the US military forces have gained vast knowledge about how best to fight enemies, not only the terrorist attackers. As a result, the US government has reinforced its military prowess in terms of efficiency, better organization structure and weaponry sop
Introduction Taxation as a system of governmentally imposed financial charges is a subject of dispute among economists in the modern world. Different theories of capital structures attribute to taxes different roles in the economy, either as a positive regulative factor or as a breaking mechanism of the economic growth. However, in modern rapidly changing economic conditions the non-tax countries have proven to the world, that it is possible to function efficiently without imposing any taxation. Main body The initial purpose of the taxation system, of course, was for the government to levy a fee for its services. Nevertheless, as the structure of the state systems and financial mechanisms developed, the principles of taxation became more complicated. Nowadays, many countries impose taxes on both individuals and legal entities and have complex administrative regulations, concerning the amounts and types of taxes. However, the main purpose of levying taxes today is the redistributive function of the government. Some taxes and cash transfers, like income tax, are more efficient for the economy than others, as provide a better redistributive effect (Joumard 37). As for the corporation and business, Graham suggests, that often ‘firms choose organizational form, based on relative corporate and personal tax rates’ (1121). That means, that tax influences decision-making in business, and thus, may slow down some developments. The property taxes are also designed to control the ownership by imposing taxes on land, immovable property, inheritance, etc. Thus, in some ways individual shares the right of ownership with the state. Presumably, such an approach can be legitimate and acceptable as long as it is ‘a contribution to the framework, within all the individuals live’ (Murphy 42). However, being inside of that framework it is impossible to define the benefit. Perhaps, the most controversial set of economic theories of the last century is the theories of capital structure, aiming at finding the balance between taxation, debt and leverage in the economy, for example, by ‘balancing tax advantage against bankruptcy costs’ (Bradley 857). The research for the majority of the tax models of the capital structure was conducted in a western economic environment with rather complicated systems of taxation. During the Great Recession, non-tax counties received a lot of attention from economists, since they were less affected by the crisis, despite the predictions of the optimal capital structure theories (Ayyash 30). As one of the reasons for such phenomenon, researchers see the fact that complex taxation systems discourage foreign investment. Martina Lawless claims that ‘for
Introduction New York City is the most densely populated city in the United States of America with a population of about eight million people in an area of 784 square kilometers. The five boroughs, which make up New York City, are Brooklyn, Bronx, Manhattan, Staten Island, and Queens. New York City has an estimated population of eight million and three hundred thousand people according to the census of 2012. The city of New York is part of the state of New York and is a global power city, which exerts a major impact upon trade, media, technology, and entertainment. It also houses the United Nations headquarters. With over 800 languages spoken in the city of New York, this depicts it as the cultural centre of the world. New York City boasts many landmarks making it one of the most travelled cities in the world. Annually, over 50 million visitors visit New York City. Among this, landmarks there are skyscrapers, world-renowned bridges, and parks and form a force to reckon in the world’s entertainment history (Jackson 34). Sources of agglomeration economics in New York City The term agglomeration economies refers to the benefits that firms get when they locate near each other and relates to the economies of scale concept as well as the network effect. The five principle sources of agglomeration economies are location centrality, knowledge spillovers, skills matching, and labor pooling and input sharing. New York City enjoys all this agglomeration benefits making it a robust industrial hub. Among the economic forces holding the city together are, the unemployment levels, the fiscal policies, the inflation rates and the government policy. Firms operating in this city have an operating environment conducive for profitability since the city enjoys a good source of raw materials, and a good supply of the labor resource and at the end a large market for the finished products. New York has an expansive real estate industry forming a significant force in the city’s economy. As well, New York has comparatively advantaged television and creative industry (Jackson 47). Growth rate and industries spurring growth in New York City An estimate from the Bureau of Economic Analysis indicates that the New York City economy grew by 3.3 % in 2005. Technology forms the leading factor of growth for New York with the city now boasting a number of state of the art technology industries such as software development, biotechnology, and internet services. This is largely attributable to the city’s position as the terminus of a number of fiber optic lines. The city remains steadfast in growth and is a major eco
The case under consideration is Costa Rica v. Nicaragua. It is connected to maritime delimitation in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. This case is of special interest because it is associated with the provisions of international law and, in particular, the law of the sea and boundaries between states. Therefore, the paper at hand aims at analyzing the case in detail with the main focus on providing its summary, mentioning key facts and legal components, and reviewing the court decision and judges’ stances on the issue under investigation. Summary of Case Costa Rica v. Nicaragua is one of the border-related legal cases. The application to the International Court of Justice was filed by the Republic of Costa Rica against the Republic of Nicaragua. The issue under consideration is the establishment of a maritime boundary between the two states that would be determined in accordance with the norms of international legislation and be single for the both states as well as the global community (“Maritime Delimitation”). The boundary is in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The application was filed on February 25, 2014. The latest document – an order – was published on May 15, 2017. According to this order, this case should be united with another case concerning Costa Rica and Nicaragua (land border in the Northern parts of the states) and reviewed as a single case due to their connection to the issue of borders between states. Facts Related to the Case Costa Rica and Nicaragua are neighboring states. They have a boundary in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. However, the boundaries are not legally determined so that there are common disputes related to the control over particular territories. The problem under investigation is not a new challenge. It dates back to the 1990s, and there are several critical facts in the history of relations between Nicaragua and Costa Rica that became the foundation of the existing issue. For instance, in 1998, there were territorial disputes related to the control over San Juan River. Even though it is controlled by Nicaragua, Costa Rica may use it for increasing economic and social benefits. For instance, it is permitted to use this river for commercial purposes. However, in 1998, Nicaraguan authorities decided to collect taxes from Costa Rican tourists and limit policemen transit in this river. This initiative has become the foundation of the dispute. In 2002, the two states initiated negotiations aimed at determining the boundaries. However, they f
I have just completed reading the manuscript for the book titled We by Yevgeny Zamyatin and would like to recommend that the book should be published for a number of reasons. First, the book is a dystopia, that is, it explains a state of things that is possible but not an ideal one. The author lays value not in the possibility that what he writes will eventually come to pass, but rather in the fact that by bending reality, or expressing it in a satirical manner, it permits us to see it from another angle. Zamyatin gives us the picture of the actual difference between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ societies, arguing that the good ones are built on people, with focus being on the people. A second reason why the book should be published is its fight against oppression of the people. The book clearly depicts the eventual threat of Stalinism and the Dictatorship regime that emerged in Russia after the revolution. The novel gives a plain picture of a world in which authorities come down on any free thought and the people live in fear with no freedom. He writes, “I’ve read and heard a lot of unbelievable stuff about those times when people lived in freedom – that is, in disorganized wildness” (Zamyatin 13). Despite the hard times, the author gives the readers hope that by looking past their sufferings, they can come out of such oppression. He writes, “… I hope we’ll win. More – I’m certain we’ll win. Because reason has to win” (Zamyatin 225). Despite my recommendation, I must point that the book has some flaws too. For instance, its pace was a little slow in the early parts while other parts are not easy to comprehend given its complex setting. As an example, one of the key metaphors used in the book are the glass houses, however, the reader is never sure whether the houses referred to are actually made out of large glass blocks or the walls are lined with glass. Secondly, since the book is written in sharp imagery and fluid prose, it
Introduction Romanticism is referred to the form of intellectual and artistic movement rooted from the 18 th century. This period was formed in accordance with such concepts as classical correctness freedom in art, rejection of social conventions, and strong imagination. It should be noted that Jean-Jacques Rousseau is considered to be the father of Romanticism; the philosopher’s considerations were based on balance and harmony, rationality and idealization, combining the features of Neoclassicism. Main Text The analysis of romanticism presentation on the basis of Rousseau’s theory is to be reflected through the atmosphere of French revolution period. The thinker supported the idea of individual self-fulfillment; special stress was given to authority system opposition allowing individual rights freedom. Rousseau highlighted the causes of human evil; according to his ideas, evil comes from personal selfish interests developed by people, rather than from the very sin. Rousseau touched the aspect of Christianity form, stating that Protestant Deism seeks ‘simple and pure religion of the Gospel’. (Lawall, and Mack, 654) Romanticism of Rousseau appeared to be close to the approach of ‘primitivism’, characterizing the period of 18 th century. It is necessary to stress that this irrational system was merely promoted by Communists; Rousseau followed its ideas under the impact of environmental movements. The disclosure of Romanticism views was demonstrated through the desire of democratic absolutism promotion. The thinker strived to demonstrate his rejection against physical materialism and rationalism which characterized the period of the 18 th century. It is necessary to stress that Rousseau managed to emphasize the imaginative, irrational, spontaneous, visionary and subjective; special stress was given to the exaltation of the reason over the intellect. It is necessary to highlight the idea that Rousseau strived to outline the role of creative spirit, both in art and politics. The thinker stressed the importance of church in social life; he could not find complete coincidence of his personal considerations with the views of the Enlightenment period. (Lawall, and Mack, 654) The epoch of Romanticism reflected the importance of inner struggles within the person; the philosopher underlined the imagination concept as the key gateway to the experience and internal development of the individual. Much stress was given to political development of the state, especially after the period of revolution. The promotion of democratical view appeared to be mixed with philosophical freedom characterizing the epoch. Rousseau stressed the place of romantic primitivism which was closer to his romanticism presentation; despite the fact that this movement was followed by the thinker only from th