ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Air transportation has become a significant mode of transportation since the last century. It enabled quick and efficient transportation of people and cargo to worldwide destinations. The growth of air transportation led to the growth of the aviation industry. A host of companies provided hardware and other requirements for practically every aspect of aviation. Navigation instruments manufacturers provided navigation instruments whose primary goal was to ensure successful arrival and departure from a location. Owing to the catastrophic nature of air accidents, air safety became, and still is, a paramount concern to aviators and their customers. This research paper discusses the development of modern navigational equipment and related systems and their contribution to aviation safety. In this paper it is argued that tremendous technological advancements, both in computing and aviation engineering have immensely contributed to greater accuracy, efficiency, cost effectiveness and safety in air transportation. Introduction Air Navigation involves ensuring successful movement from one place to another over a long distance by an aircraft. It involves selecting the appropriate air route and maintaining movement along it. This directional movement can be affected by factors such as wind, magnetic property of the earth or poor weather. Since time immemorial man has moved from place to place to carry out trade, launch warfare, or discover distant lands. Ancient navigator relied on stars in addition to simple instruments such as sextant and compass to navigate land and large water masses. These instruments were prone to many errors and missing the exact destination or perishing under poor weather were a common mishaps. The turn of the 20 th century witnessed the emergence of air transportation on a scale never seen before. The Wright brothers ushered an era of air transportation that was faster compared to any other known means. Both people and cargo could be transported over very long distance in a relatively short period of time using an array of aircrafts. Air navigation has seen notable changes over the year. This has been due to technological improvements on existing equipment and the need to improve air safety. Improved safety has been achieved through use of navigation aids that ensure better accuracy in estimation of direction, speed, location and distance of the aircraft from its destinations in addition to landing safety, increased pilot awareness and minimization of mid- air collision. In early day of aircraft pilots would rely on landmarks to stay on course. These include railways, rivers, bridges and highways. These landmarks were used together with a pre-drawn navigation maps. Piloting would later be supplemented with dead reckoning, a method based solely on time, distance and direction that required good exp
The SWOT analysis is frequently employed in various management plans including construction projects. Every construction project comes with several internal and external issues. These issues and challenges apply to each construction project irrespective of its size. For instance, the construction project can involve either a big or a domestic construction. The complexities involved in construction projects make it necessary to employ SWOT in the management practices. The SWOT analysis involves an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses in a construction project. Any construction firm can use the ‘strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats’ (SWOT) model as an evaluation mechanism. The SWOT model can be used together with other construction management practices to help a company achieve its vision, goals, mission, and vision (White & Fortune 2002). This section evaluates the relevance SWOT has to the current construction management practices. Strengths Any good construction project has to make use of some vital management practices. These practices include “advanced project management skills, good relationships with subcontractors and suppliers, use of modern technology and machinery, and access to skilled employees” (White & Fortune 2002). On the side of the construction investors, the management practices to be considered include meaningful contacts with both contractors and subcontractors. This practice ensures that the investor keeps track of the necessary licenses and permits for the entire construction project. These management practices enable the investor to have a demand overview of the construction project. In addition, the investor will have the ability to track the financial progress of the project. Using SWOT to list these strengths in a construction project, the parties involved in a construction project can help to increase the success levels of a construction project. Various studies have been conducted with the view of proving the relevance of SWOT in the evaluation of a project’s strengths. In a study of the construction companies in the United Arab Emirates, it was clear that the companies benefited from a SWOT analysis (Irshad & Shakeel 2010). This evaluation helped the studied companies to address the needs of their clients effectively. This study also listed several areas that construction companies in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) focused during their SWOT analysis. The first aspect of this evaluation is the assessment of a construction company’s financial resources. A construction company can achieve this evaluation using a local stock exchange company. When the company falls short of the expected financial levels, the company can make use of financial mergers and acquisitions. The mergers can be strategically conducted before undertaking a huge construction project. The s
Introduction On Gold Mountain: The One-Hundred-Year Odyssey of My Chinese-American Family is a book written by Lisa See. The author shares with the readers her family’s history, adding accurate information about the life of Chinese people who leave their motherland for the United States. The story attracts a lot of attention and is commonly used to describe the realities of California in the 19th-20th centuries. In this review, the problem of laboring in the Golden State is raised. Main text Golden Mountain is the name for America in China. A part of it, California, is known to become the Golden State after the gold was found there. Many Chinese immigrants moved there to change their lives for the better. Lisa See’s great-grandfather, Fong See, was one of them. In 1871 he moved to the United States to build a new prosperous life there (See 3). Fong See started his career by setting up a shop in Sacramento. He did not achieve an admirable success at once but experienced a moderate one, which was also good. At that time a lot of immigrants suffered a setback without tasting the sweets of success. Soon, in 1875, the law to restrict immigration was adopted, so Frog See was lucky to settle earlier (Lim 57). The attitude towards men’s and women’s labor in See’s family differed significantly. Even little boys were supposed to come back home from school and work while women were not allowed to be engaged in something serious (See 91). The majority of female immigrants also faced difficulties in finding a job and being employed. Even Frog’s wife, Tice, who was an American, could not find a job when she needed it. As it is said in the book, Tice went “all over the city, and nobody wanted to hire her” (See 51). Many young Chinese-American women had to work in their ethnic enclaves or got some clerical work far below their qualifications, even though they had a college education (Shirley 121). However, they got a chance to find a paid working place as actresses, like Anna May Wong, a friend of See’s family, whose life story is described in its true colors in the One-Hundred-Year Odyssey. Anna Wong emphasized that educated people can gain more, even though they are not aboriginal inhabitants, and put her brothers through college for them to get good job positions (Shirley 125). It is claimed in the book that, Asia immigrants were hired as laborers and tradesmen, they were also popular among American landowners and factory owners. It happened because they always came to their workstations on time and worked till there was nothing left of them (See 32). This information is proved by other sources. Alexander Saxton points out that Chinamen’s labor was cheap, and they had to work at the most dangerous and least skilled jobs to provide white people with various products needed in everyday life (39
Introduction The internet is the most important invention of the twentieth century and it has dramatically transformed human life. This invention has greatly increased the speed and efficiency with which communication occurs. Its unrivalled benefits in information processing have made this technology a part of most aspects of modern-daily activities. Boghosian (2013) notes that while the internet plays a major role in improving life in our society, some sinister applications of this invention undermine privacy and civil rights. Perhaps the most troubling applications of the internet in current times are the mass surveillance efforts by the US government. This paper will argue that government internet surveillance is a threat to the privacy and civil rights of US citizens and it must therefore be mitigated. The Internet and Surveillance Government surveillance has existed in various forms for centuries. Through this activity, the government has been able to obtain valuable public and secret information and act on it to aid governance. The internet age has dramatically increased the ability of government to engage in surveillance. To begin with, the internet has become the most common medium of communication for many people. By monitoring this single communication network, the government has access to virtually all information that is communicated electronically including email habits, credit card, bank records, and phone records (Regan, 2014). The advancement in storage technology has contributed to the pervasive surveillance carried out by the US. Today, the data that can be stored is nearly infinite due to the tremendous growth in storage capacity and the decline in storage prices. Intelligence agencies are therefore able to collect all available data since it is cheaper and easier than trying to determine what data should be stored and what should be ignored. At the same time, sophisticated computer algorithms make it possible for government agencies to analyze large amounts of data and derive meaning from it. US Government Surveillance Scherer (2013) states that while electronic intelligence in the US historically focused on foreign governments, the events of 9/11 led to an increased focus on American citizens. Starting from that year, the NSA turned inward and shifted its focus to include private individuals. This shift was prompted by the understanding that the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks had resided in the US and made their plans while living in the country. Since then, the government has engaged in widespread surveillance of its citizens in an attempt to prevent crime. The internet has made it possible for the government to engage in mass surveillance. Through security apparatus such as the NSA, the American government can collect and
In the modern television sphere, the themes of sexuality and feminism have become more common than ever before. However, in the 1990s, these topics only started entering the media and faced challenges of introducing these complicated ideas to the general public. Multiple TV shows, including Ally McBeal, Sex and the City, Will and Grace, Ellen , and others, portray homosexuality and feminism through sexual minstrelsy that portrays sexuality in a comic way. The depiction of these complex topics in the TV series of the humoristic genre implies both regressive and progressive impulses for the audience. In the 1990s, the mass media and entertainment spheres initiated a more active representation of homosexuality, introducing it as a norm. Such TV series as Will and Grace and Ellen “helped draw so much attention to the visibility of gays and lesbians on U.S. television” making “gay material a remarkable programming trend of the decade” (Becker, 2006, p.185). However, despite attracting the public’s attention to the issues associated with queer sexuality, the impulses these shows created were both regressive and progressive. Indeed, using homosexuality as a source of minstrelsy or entertainment, jokes are made around the challenges of homosexuals in the social reality where they are estranged and misunderstood. For example, in Ellen, the main character is continuously portrayed in situations where her homosexuality is emphasized by the opposition of conventional female life choices and clothing to those stereotypically assigned to lesbians (Burns, 2012). In such a manner, through humor, the audience’s attention is attracter to homosexuals’ issues, as well as encouraged to differentiate them as unconventional. Similar to the depiction of homosexuality on TV, feminism is also popularized through the entertainment medium. For example, in the TV series Ally McBeal , the portrayal of women is both progressive and regressive in terms of feminism representation. Indeed, although the TV show concentrates on women and their independence in general, it fails to deliver a positive image of feminist ideas. In fact, the show creates additional stereotypes on the ways women interact with one another. The humoristic effect is commonly achieved through the opposition Ally and Georgia, whose relationship is marked with the ambiguity of friendship and rivalry. Through such a portrayal of female characters, the TC show cultivates a prejudiced idea of women as cruel and unsupportive of each other. An example of a scene that is very descriptive of this idea is when Ally and Georgia are participating in a fighting match against each other. Every punch is followed by apologies from one of the women address to another one (Pumpkin1977, 2011). As stated by Kim (2001), Ally McBeal entails “the depiction of independent women who are shown as unhappy because of this independence” (p. 320). However, such a dualistic portrayal of feminism reflects the ambiguity of women’s status in real life, where they are confused with the opportunities and insecurities that their independence grants. In summary, the ambiguity of the portrayal of homosexuality and
In the world where food wastage and food shortage are becoming common phenomena, the current food and agriculture model proves extreme vulnerability. Transnational agribusiness companies monopolised the industry to a great extent, and as long as they continue prioritising their economic interests over the needs of the people, food crises will continue to occur. Moreover, these companies seem to have overtaken the pricing mechanism, which leaves individuals with an uncertainty as to what tendencies in economics and their purchasing power are bound to take place. As the world and the commodities market undergo rapid changes, it is imperative to assess the situation and seek new solutions to tackle food insecurity. In 2017, Sara Menker presented the most recent findings of her project ‘Grow Intelligence’ in which she outlined a new approach to predicting the next food crisis. This essay will discuss the strengths of her research as well as apparent shortcomings. One of the strengths of Menker’s research is the concrete data regarding the potential start date of the next food crisis. At that, the speaker debunked the previous forecast projecting the crisis to start around 2050 and predicted the event to happen in 2027. However, Menker was not an alarmist, for the researcher succeeded in backing up her hypothesis with relevant data. Her innovative approach to the issue was to measure food shortages in calories as opposed to the traditional method of measuring in pounds and stones. It is abundantly easy to see why such an approach might be beneficial: weighing foods does not provide any information about their value and thus, usefulness (TED 2017). The second solid point that Menker made in her presentation is the concept of calorie import and export. She conducted extensive worldwide research to establish which countries consumed more calories than produced and hence, inevitably became food importers. The findings may help solve a dilemma regarding food aid which some experts find controversial and unsustainable in the long run. For all the virtues of the present research, one should point out the disadvantages. First, although Manker made a point about foods not being produced equal, the speaker did not differentiate between any food types beyond the calorie content criterion (TED 2017). It is evident that health and wellness are not maintained through calories alone. Camacho and Ruppel (2017) stated that the importance of the total calorie intake is overrated and generates a misconception whereas the sources of calories and nutrient balance are the decisive factors. Moreover, diets low in protein are characterised by decreased energy intake and increased energy expenditure. Thus, it is safe to say that diets deficient in this macronutrient may lead to overconsumption of other foods, especially rich in fats and sugars, which might aggravate the looming food crisis (Pezeshki et al. 2016). Lastly, one may assume that the report would be more comprehensive if Menker explained how food wastage correlated with food shortages and whether it might account for the next food crisis. Outlining all the contributing factors would m
A Diagrammatic Illustration of a Force Field Analysis With regard to the Modified from Lewis et al. (2007, p.268) With regard to the force field analysis, the driving forces are those that influence (that is, push) a positive change; such as enhancing the corporate productivity and individual creativity (Accel-Team, 2012). On the other hand, restraining forces act to decrease the pace or halt progress of the driving forces (Accel-Team, 2012). Being a management trainee, personal mastery is a reflection of the degree of complexity of assignments accomplished. This means, the desire to remain relevant to the company or climb to higher positions depends on maintaining a personal vision within the immediate company needs. Actually, remaining contented or fear to take-up new career opportunities or responsibilities pose an indifferent feeling (May, 2012). Indifference is demonstrated towards low personal self-confidence and self-esteem. This should not be construed that individual mastery is completely controlled by the immediate environment. However, the need to cease the opportunity and proof worth by providing the desired solutions to immediate corporate challenges will always present the metrics to test changes in professional conduct and skill. That is why there is a need for continuous clarifying of personal vision, especially to weather down self-induced barriers (May, 2012). The positive correlation between self-esteem and personal growth resulting from well crafted mastery will instill self-confidence. Thus, there exists a cyclic of events upon which mastery indicators can be set for continuous self-evaluation for improvement. Arguably, being an achiever will not be instantaneous but progressive, especially for starters. Thus, personal mastery does not purely depend on talent and intelligence quotient (IQ) but rather rigorous innovation and creativity for industrial solutions (May, 2012). This is true considering that every technology in the market has its own restraining factors. Remaining appreciative of individual achievements against a backdrop of setbacks gives the impetus to go for new challenges without despair. Thus, learn from the past and use it as an asset for better achievement. Mental models for career growth, especially within the research and development depends on the skills that balance inquiry and advocacy (May, 2012). Providing the necessary assumptions made in the interest of others when making an inquiry will present an optimal opportunity to advance (or advocate) individual views, while encouraging others to always give priority to your view. When others continue to explore your view this promotes career growth through learning new perspectives presented as challenges and leverages (Childress, 2007). An example of a model to illustrate this, the board-of-directors comprised of interdisciplinary professionals who influence a
Analyzing personality profile using two theories Kohut talked about the self-object relationship whereby he noted that the self refers to the behavior of the child while objects are other people in their lives, including parents. Objects are divided into two major categories, one of them being external objects, which refer to parents while the other is internal objects that represent the experiences of children with their parents. An interaction between the child and the parent results in the development of the nuclear self. Kohut focused his attention on narcissism, which was simply based on the Greek myth of narcissus. Narcissus was believed to be a handful of young men who failed to fall in love with all beautiful young women. He could not even entertain the presence of Echo, which was a divine spirit that would easily animate nature. The spirit was extremely beautiful. The spirit had been cursed to echo the sound that others would make. Since Narcissus was unable to fall in love, he was made to admire his reflection in the pool. In a different rejoinder, the theorist suggested that a mother’s love would fulfill the needs of each child. However, this would not be automatic, which would perhaps lead to trauma. For the child to generate some resistance against trauma, he or she should develop a grandiose self, which refers to the unconscious belief among children. This belief encourages children to feel that they are indeed perfect in what they do. The child feels that he or she should be admired or be mirrored to fulfill self-desires. Mothers are in a position of approving and confirming the behavior of any child through empathy. Consequently, children would feel appreciated and would tend to internalize this relationship. Since mothers are concerned with the healthy living of their children meaning they would not allow certain behaviors to go on unnoticed. In this regard, they would set limits on the child’s desires. The mother would ensure that the child develops only desirable qualities. Negative qualities are often punished severely to prevent the development of a negative personality. This process is referred to as optimal frustration. The child would perhaps believe that his or her rights have been violated, but the mother would aim to instill positive values. However, the mother does all these in a calm and loving attitude, but not aggressively. The child would realize that certain behaviors are undesirable and therefore they should be discarded. Through this, the child would develop transmutation internalization whereby he or she would accept the reality that certain actions are inconsistent with societal norms. The child would perh