ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Culture Briefing of India Location India is a country located in South Asia. The Indian Ocean is on its southern border, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, and Pakistan on its western border. China, Bhutan, and Nepal are on its north-eastern border and Bangladesh and Myanmar on the eastern border. The country shares a maritime border with several nations, including Thailand, Indonesia, Maldives, and Srilanka. According to Agarwal (2006), the country is the seventh-largest by area. The geographic location of the country makes it very strategic as a business hub. Its large coastal line means that the movement of goods from the parent firm in the United States to this foreign firm will not be complicated. Highly Grateful Enterprise will find it easy to operate in this country because of this strategic location. The country is also a gateway to other East Asian countries. In case the management will consider expanding to other regional markets, then this country is the most appropriate gateway that should be used. History India gained independence from British rule in 1947, and Jawaharlal Nehru became its first prime minister. Indian history may not necessarily be relevant to Highly Grateful Enterprise as it seeks to expand its operations to this region. However, it may help in enhancing an understanding of the people of this country. According to Subba (2005), Indians used a unique approach to gain independence from British rule. Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, they adopted non-violent disobedience to the colonial authorities. They never used any weapons or force to fight the colonial masters. The country has generally been peaceful, with very minimal cases of riots. This may be an advantage to this firm. It is an assurance that its business will not be disrupted by civil unrest such as that seen in some of the Arab countries. Size In terms of geographical area, India is the seventh-largest country in the world, measuring 3,287,590 kilometer square. In terms of population, India is the second most populous nation in the world only after China, with about 1,276,267,000 people. New Delhi and Mumbai are some of the most densely populated cities in the world. As Marjit (2009) observes, Indian population is about 4 times larger than that of the United States. This massive population is very attractive for Highly Grateful Enterprise in many ways. First, it will be assured of cheap labor needed in its various departments such as marketing, production, finance, and logistics among other areas. The population will also be helpful in terms of creating a huge market for the products offered by the firm. Political System According to Patnaik (2011), India is currentl
Use of sweatshops The fact that sweatshops allow consumers in wealthy nations to buy cheap products does not make the practice morally justifiable. This argument stems from a duty-based ethical perspective. In other countries legislation has ruled child labor illegal because it denies children their right to education. In the case presented the laborer, Anh, a 16-year-old girl is forced by circumstance to work for a living. In addition to this, the work hours are not commensurate to the pay received, the working conditions are inhumane and the treatment of employees is equally deplorable. Exploitation in other populations If Americans and other wealthy nations refused to buy products from the sweatshops the economies of these wealthy nations stand to benefit. On the other hand, the economies and populations of the poorer nations stand to suffer a serious setback due to the lost income. The high cost of labor and taxation in the wealthy nations encourages exploration of such options which from certain perspectives serve the “greater good”. However, noble intentions are unlikely to be felt by those who most deserve them if there are inadequate systems to monitor the process. The absence of required checks and balances often leads to exploitation in other populations. Labor standardization All countries should put in place legislation that is similar to that enforced in the US while making the necessary considerations. Standardized labor law will not only protect its population from exploitative entrepreneurs, but it will ensure the bidding for these contracts does not drive its business community to revive slavery. It is in part due to lack of such measures that business people trying to outbid each other that gives rise to such practices. However, a 40-hour working week may be a bit of a disincentive for would-be manufacturers and therefore the hours may vary to lure clientele. The minimum wage offered should also reflect a realistic wage and not necessarily reflect the actual situation in the country. The fact that some people live below a dollar a day does not mean surviving in abject poverty is an option worth considering. International treaties The main advantage of using an international treaty is in its ability to limit the effect of Gresham’s law. Mobility becomes less of an option when all parties involved must comply with a treaty. Also, treaties provide mechanisms for punitive action against multinationals who may attempt to promote unfair practices. Treaties also allow for negotiation to attain a balance that is suitable for all parties which are difficult in their absence due to lack of consensus. One disadvantage of treaties is they w
Introduction Summer Place in China is one of the influential architectural designs that marked a major shift in the Chinese construction industry. Located in Haidian District north of Beijing City, Summer Palace is the largest well-preserved royal park that has become a major tourist attraction in the country. According to Mackerras and Yorke (73), it was constructed in 1750 by Qing architects as a royal garden for entertainment. The ruling class wanted a unique garden where they could rest, entertain themselves, and be safe from any form of aggression. That is why it was constructed along the beach in a unique design to ensure that the royal families were safe. It later became the official residence of the royal families before it was destroyed by Anglo-French armies. As Sullivan (32) says, Summer Palace introduced a new era in the Chinese architectural design. It succeeded in bringing out the Chinese unique culture in a park in form of the sculptors used, trees and flowers in the park, the buildings among others. In this paper, the researcher seeks to support the argument that the design of Summer Place influenced the Chinese architectural development towards modernity. Design of Summer Place The architectural design of Summer Place focused on how to offer the the royal family of Qing Dynasty maximum comfort and pleasure. According to Mackerras and Yorke (114), when analyzing Summer Place, it is important to take note of the time when this park was constructed. In 1750, Qing Dynasty faced numerous security threats from the neighboring countries and European powers that were spreading their sphere of influence. The figure below shows one of the houses within the park. It acted as a watchtower where the security personnel could identify a security threat as early as possible. This park is considered revolutionary because for the first time in Chinese architectural history, nature was integrated very closely with structures. This can also be seen in the figure below. The architects had a difficult task of designing how houses had to be constructed without interfering with trees and other important vegetations. The vegetation had to coexist with the structures in the most normal way possible. According to Mackerras and Yorke (82), this was the beginning of having vegetation closely integrated with major buildings in this region. The third factor that made Summer Palace unique was the fact that it was constructed along Kunming Lake. Figure 1: The Summer Place Park Summer Palace integrated both traditional Chinese and Western architectural designs. According to Mackerras and Yorke (54), Summer Palace was an ensemble of palaces, lakes, and gardens all integrated very closely to give a unique ambience. Once in the park, one had the choice of relaxing in the palaces, walking within the gar
When Tokugawa Ieyasu assumed the position of shogun in 1603, an era that carries his family name in Japanese history began. The period lasted until 1868 when Tokugawa Yoshinobu chose to relinquish his diminishing power and resigned from the post his family had occupied for centuries in favor of returning the control to the emperor. Various policies and restrictions characterize the time between these two events, the most significant of which was likely the isolationist policy that all but prohibited trade with other countries. This essay investigates the factors that helped or hindered the growth and cultural progress of Japan throughout the Tokugawa period. Positive Influences The principal factor that benefited the growth and progress of the nation after the ascension of Tokugawa Ieyasu to power is the conclusion of the Sengoku period. The constant strife that characterized the 15th and 16th centuries heavily impeded the ability of the Japanese to create new ideas. The separation of the nation into numerous minor territories reduced the mobility of people and knowledge, preventing advancements from spreading. Furthermore, the wars took the lives of people, many of whom would otherwise be occupied in productive professions. When Ieyasu unified the nation, he allowed people and their ideas to travel freely and thus assisted cultural progress. With the pacification of the land came the tightening of the laws, which now allowed significantly less violence than before. Walker provides the example of Asano Naganori, who failed to adapt to the new rules and behaved according to the samurai codes of honor (127). He ended up performing a fatal breach of the law and was forced to commit suicide and forfeit his lands. The forty-seven ronin who avenged their lord’s death was put to death in the same fashion, though Walker notes that they were permitted to retain their honor due to their shame and righteous behavior (128). The reduction in violence served to preserve lives and build a more peaceful community, thus promoting cultural advancement. Despite the separation of Japan’s residents into various societal classes, the Tokugawa period was characterized by merit-based promotions and demotions as espoused by the dominant Confucian teachings, at least early on. Smith provides the example of the Matsue family, the vassals of which almost universally attained a higher or lower-income, with changes often occurring within a single generation (75). However, Smi
One of the necessary provisions to achieve success in civil or criminal trials is to fulfill the burden of proof since a failure to meet it frequently leads to appeals. In general, the burden of proof relates to a party’s obligation to provide evidence on the criminal charge, claim, fact, or another subject of the lawsuit to have them legally established. Thus, this standard determines the required quantity and quality of the evidence that persuades the judge or jury and attains the standard specified in the burden of persuasion. This paper aims to examine the difference between the burden of proof in civil and criminal cases. In civil lawsuits, including personal injury cases, the plaintiff’s burden of proof is known as the predominance of evidence. To meet the preponderance of the evidence, the plaintiff should provide slightly better proof than the defense. In particular, a civil case victim has to assure a judge or jury that “a greater than 50 percent chance that the claim is true” exists ( Law Office of Vikas Bajaj, APC ). Therefore, the plaintiff can convince the jury to conclude in his or her favor by creating the impression that his or her story is slightly more substantial than that of the defendant. The plaintiff loses the case if he or she offers evidence that a judge or jury considers to be of dubious quality. In criminal cases, the burden of proof rests with the prosecution that has to set a fact beyond a reasonable doubt. Generally, the defendant’s presumption of innocence, guaranteed by the Constitution, must be refuted by the prosecution’s evidence. It is worth noting that this type of burden of proof is the most complicated in law since judges have yet defined this burden of proof and the term “beyond a reasonable doubt” ( Law Office of Vikas Bajaj, APC ). If the case lacks credible and convincing evidence and there is a slight chance that the defendant is innocent, the fact trier should acquit the accused.
Vision and Mission Statement As Ralph Lauren states, the mission of his company is to redefine American fashion and style, offer high-quality products to its customers, and involve individuals in the process of creation of those products. However, Ralph Lauren does not have a vision statement. The latter is critical to the company for the reason that it would provide the options for future growth (Schley and Weston 99). Moreover, the vision statement would direct the organization and help review the short-term and long-term objectives. Description of the Brand The organization functions in three sections: Retail, Wholesale, and Licensing. Ralph Lauren Corporation proposes a variety of clothing goods, together with male and female collections which are retailed under numerous brand titles. Overall, Ralph Lauren Corporation trades its goods to chain stores and specialized stores. The company also provides golf apparel. Ralph Lauren Corporation also features a variety of retail stores and its e-commerce websites. The corporation also sells its wear, household, and other goods by means of licensing agreements (Lauren 15). Products and Services Ralph Lauren Corporation produces its goods for both men and women, including footwear, wristwatches, belts, hats, eyewear, fine jewelry, and leather goods, including shoulder bags and luggage. The
During the 21 st century, organizations in different economic sectors are faced by numerous challenges. Some of these challenges relate to changes within the economic environment. For example, there has been an increment in the intensity of competition amongst firms in the same economic sectors. Other environmental changes relate economic changes such as the recent economic crisis which have presented a challenge to most organizations (Cummings & Worley 2001, 11). As a result of these changes, most organizations are experiencing a decline in their economic growth. In an effort to survive in the dynamic business environment as going concern entity, organizations’ are increasingly incorporating the concept of downsizing in their human resource management practices (DeLuca 1988, 49). According to Lurie (1998, 19), downsizing is one of the human resource management practices used by organizations in an effort to cut the cost of operation. Additionally, downsizing is also used by organizations to increase the shareholders value (Lurie, 1998, 19). Lurie defines downsizing as the process through which organizations reduce the size of their human resource base by various methods such as undertaking organizational restructuring, retrenchment, and re-engineering amongst other methods (Lurie, 1998, 16). According to DeMeuse and Marks (2004, 19), ensuring that an organization has the right size of human capital should be integrated in the firm strategic management practices. According to Appelbaum, Evarard and Hung (2001, 631) downsizing is a strategic management plan designed to improve the financial position of a firm by reducing and changing the structure of the workforce so as to improve its operational results. Downsizing has become very popular among organizations seeking to demonstrate flexibility, increase efficiency, reduce bureaucratic structures as regards decision-making, improve communication and cultivate entrepreneurship. One of the strategies that explain how organizations can implement the concept of downsizing effectively is the stable core and flexible ring idea. This strategy states that firms should develop a stable core personnel category. The human resource manager should ensure that job security is ensured to this category of employees. On the other hand, flexible ring strategy entails contracting additional employees depending on the situation (Appelbaum, Evarard & Hung 2001, 638). A downsizing survey that was conducted by the American Management Association in 1990 indicated that the major cause of employee cuts was an anticipated or actual business downturn Appelbaum, Evarard & Hung 2001, 638). Findings of the survey conducted by AMA reve
Introduction At the beginning of the musical period known as Romanticism Frederic Chopin was born in Poland. Chopin would grow to be a major player in the musical world in Poland, France, and beyond. Success for a musician of that period was measured by whether or not your music was played after you died…and Chopin’s was. Early Life Frederic Chopin, born in 1810 near Warsaw Poland, was a musical child who began to study piano at age four. By the time he was 8 he had performed before an audience. His home life must have been a wonderfully interesting place as his father was French and his mother Polish. Although his songs were written in Polish, Chopin grew up speaking both French and Polish. He had a better command of Polish though because that was the primary language at home and in his early schooling. He also learned the universal language called music. He studied harmony and counterpoint at the Warsaw Conservatory (Funk&Wagnall, 2007). And, Chopin published his first composition at age seven. Chopin’s parents were considered upper-class. His French speaking father was of distant Polish ancestry. When his father was young he chose Poland as his home. The older Chopin taught French. Chopin learned to play the piano from his sister. His mother also instructed him. Chopin was known as the “Second Mozart” and “little Chopin” (World Encyclopedia, 2007). He was considered a child prodigy while he was young. Romanticism The period of time between 1810 and 1910 is commonly referred to as the period of Romanticism. Chopin grew up during this period and was influenced by other musicians of this period. The period of romanticism is described below: “Extending the bounds of music beyond the restrictive formality of Classicism was the prime function of the musical period known as Romanticism. Formal concern, intellectuality and concise expression have now been augmented by sentiment, imagination and effect.” (Classical Net, 2007) Other musicians of this period include Ludwig Von Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Joseph Haydn. Musicians that influenced Chopin included Italian Opera composer Vincenzo Bellini, Hector Berlioz, Felix Mendelssohn, and Charles-Valentine Alkan. The Musician and Composer Most of Chopin’s compositions were written for the piano. The piano was his chosen instrument and one that he mastered at a very young age. Chopin’s compositions were influenced by Polish folk music. Although he left Poland in 1831 he was a very loyal expatriate (Classical Net, 2007). In addition to frequenting Salons in Paris to play the piano Chopin spent his time penning compositions. Chopin’s most famous works were written while he lived in Paris, France. He was famous for writing short, intense, pieces that lasted about a minute to minute and a half (Minute Walz). Other famous pieces include:   * Polonaise   * Funeral March   * Nocturne Op9. No. 2   * Revelutionary Etude (Op.10 No. 12) Many of Chopin’s works were called Mazurkas. As stated earlier, Chopin was a loyal expatriate. His music reflects his love for Poland and Polish musical form. Mazurkas are music written for dance such as polka. Chopin’s Ma
Introduction Information technology has transformed the political, social, and economic practices of individuals in modern societies. To be specific, it has changed the traditional methods of sending and receiving information. People are now able to communicate instantly despite geographical barriers or time inconveniences. Most importantly, information technology aided by mobile applications has improved social interactions and group adoption by different demographics in urban regions. Moreover, the concept of high-definition implemented in 1990 has been useful in depicting improved message practices enhanced by digital video formats. This literature review aims to evaluate the contribution of information technology in effective communication among social groups aided by the HD concept adopted in 1990. Group Adoption and Usage by the Social Sector Definition Group adoption of information technology has attracted different social sectors which provide essential services related to human dignity (Horstman, Colaner & Rittenour, 2016). These sectors include community or society-based institutions, local and international non-governmental organizations, foundations, and faith-based entities (Bayerl, Lauche & Axtell, 2016). Internet knowledge in digital communication has transformed social interactions among associated stakeholders working on community projects (Yu, Lin & Liao, 2017). Group adoption and usage are vital in this research as it identifies the objective adoption of digital technologies by varying social groups (Taherdoost, 2018). Enhanced communication practices have ensured timely and accurate delivery of information from a sender to recipient. General Research and Specific Area of Study Information technology in communication practices has affected different economic and social sectors. In essence, the concept of HD adopted in 1990 has been useful in promoting content sharing between remotely located persons (Widjaja, Chen, Ha & Lin, 2017). Individuals can share graphics, such as images and videos using portable devices. Digital formats of communication present vivid evidence of claims as expected in criminal proceedings. It implies that social groups can advance significant announcements among stakeholders in facilitating institutions’ establishment (Garcia de Sierra, Estevez-Cid & Cuenca-Castillo, 2018). This research specifies group adoption of information technology among stakeholders of humanitarian organizations. A systematic approach of this review is objective in highlighting improvements made regarding communication efficiency among social groups. The Concept of HD Adopted in 1990 High-definition improves digital communication as it allows accurate sending and receiving of texts and graphics. The HD concept of 1990 was integrated into information systems to improve accuracy in the timely sending and receiving of messages (Kroenung, Eckhardt & Kuhlenkasper, 2017). The literature review ensures a critical systematic review to assess how so