ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Evaluating 2-Aminoanthracene as a Possibly Cancerogenic Compound In the environment where animal testing is not allowed, determining possible genotoxicity of a compound is possible with the help of the Ames test (Samiei et al. 121). The specified instrument represents a “bacterial reverse mutation assay” (Samiei et al. 121), which will ostensibly help detect a mutagenic compound. The test involves using the strains of Salmonella/E.coli. As a rule, the following strains are used to detect the presence of cancerogenic elements: “TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, TA104, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). The test is based on the concept of reverse (back) mutation. The bacteria are cultured in the presence of 2-Aminoanthracene as a supposedly mutagenic compound and without histidine. In case Salmonella/E.coli becomes capable of producing histidine and continues to proliferate, the mutagenic nature of 2-Aminoanthracene will be proven (Ruiz-Pérez et al. 6743). Since the test is known for delivering false-positive results, the control tools such as TA98, TA98 and TA1538, TA100 and TA1535, and TA102 will have to be utilized (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Human Oncogene in Fibroblasts: Cloning, Activity Analysis, and the Human Genome To determine whether it is the human cellular oncogene that affects the development of the fibroblasts, one will have to consider using the DNA sequences known as Alu sequences as the key tool (Yang et al. 5812). Since Alu elements are typically viewed as the cause of human mutations, they will have to be used as the testing tool (Yang et al. 5812). The DNA sequence from the mouse cells will be isolated so that it could be cloned into the bacteriophage (Sherif and Broome 124). Using the transposon tagging framework, which implies tagging the genes that do not coincide with the regular process of gene expression, one will be able to detect the presence of the human cellular oncogene in the fibroblasts developed by the mice (Zhang et al. 3134). The hybridization of phage and the Alu probe will point to the presence of the human mutagen in the cell (Yang et al. 5813). Defining the Possibility of Ras Being Responsible for the Cell Transformation To test whether the phenotype was transformed by Ras, one will have to consider using a signaling inhibitor that will allow detecting the possibility of Ras being responsible for the malignant transformations in cells. Particularly, the application of the KIF2C protein will have to be considered to identify the ostensible connection between Ras and the transformation of cells. To be more specific, the use of KIF2C as the kinesin family member will allow inhibiting the activation of ERK1/2, which, in turn, spurs the mTORC1 activity in a mutated gene (Zaganjor 10568). Therefore, in case the activity mentioned above is observed in the mutant gene, the fact that it was Ras that triggered the transformation can be considered proven. Mechanistic Role of Rb and Protein Mutations: What Produc
Introduction Software discoveries are opening new opportunities to improve people’s lives. Following years of significant investments in software innovation, extraordinary technological progresses currently are changing every facet of our lives, growing the economy, and greatly improving lives. However, these achievements are threatened and eroded by software piracy. Software piracy is “the illegal or unauthorized copying, distribution, or use of software” (Crittenden, Robertson, & Crittenden, 2007). It includes intentional copying of specific software by an individual or business. The vice has extended beyond individual copying and has become a part of the world’s counterfeit trade with a big financial stake involved. The Business Software Alliance (BSA) estimates revealed that nearly 41% of all software that were sold worldwide in 2008 had been acquired unlawfully and that the losses due to piracy were to increase in the following years, courtesy of global increment in PC usage (Business Software Alliance, 2007). Though software piracy is a global affair, available figures indicate that the problem is more established in developing nations. A study to investigate the state of software piracy in the Asia-Pacific region revealed low rates of piracy incidences in developed countries like Japan, Australia and New Zealand and high rates in developing nations like China and Vietnam (Lau, 2003). Technological ease i.e., accessibility of software and the ease of duplicating it, has created room for stealing and circulation of intellectual property related to the computer, video, and music industries. This paper examines the modes of software piracy, the reasons behind it, who are the offenders, the cost of such actions, and how and who to control them. Emphasis is given on factors or attitudes that account for the predominance of the vice in developing nations and on the corollaries of software piracy, especially economic losses. Forms of Software Piracy BSA has identified five types of software piracy. The first one is end-user piracy that involves a person replicating copies of software unauthorized. The second type client-server overuse where many people, beyond the licensed number, use a main copy of the program at the same time. The third one is internet exchange or downloading of unapproved copies of copyrighted programs from the net. The fourth type is hard disk downloading by computer venders who illegally copy software into machines in order to attract customers. The fifth type is the commercial counterfeiting of software with the goal of imitating the copyrighted software (Business Software Alliance, 2007). In hard-disk transfer and counterfeiting, a legal copy of the software is reproduced and circulated to a large number of PCs as if it were a legitimate software application. Reasons for Piracy Several reasons have been suggested to explain software piracy behavior. Many individuals until now seem to be uninformed about or are confused about the laws concerning software piracy. The confusion typically stems from the fact that many venders permit differing amounts
Summary In the article “Ocean Acidification Impairs Olfactory Discrimination and Homing Ability of a Marine Fish,” Munday et al. sought to analyze what might be the impact of the growing CO2 emissions on the oceanic inhabitants. In order to achieve that, the scholars examined how the clownfish larvae’s preference towards various olfactory clues changed in the seawater of different acidity levels. As such, the latter is believed to reduce greatly by the end of the current century from pH 8.15 to pH 7.6, assuming that there will be no significant changes in the way businesses operate. Therefore, the experiment was conducted by rearing the three groups of clownfish in the water with varying acidity levels. The first group served as a control group and was reared in the normal seawater with a pH level equal to 8.15. The other two groups were taken as testing groups, where one was reared in the water with a pH of 7.8 and the other – with a pH level equal to 7.6. Next, to analyze how the olfactory preferences change for clownfish within different groups, the researchers chose to compare such olfactory clues as xanthostemon chrysanthus, melaleuca nervosa, megathyrsus maximus, anemone, and those of conspecific adults. In this regard, it is known that under normal conditions, clownfish larvae are attracted by xanthostemon, anemone, and non-parent olfactory clues to choose the best suitable settlement sites. On the other hand, melaleuca, megathyrsus, and parent olfactory clues are generally avoided. Finally, the Atema flume chamber – which allows providing two water streams of different origins – was used to examine the reaction of three group members to the olfactory clues mentioned above. The results indicate a significant difference in the ability of larval clownfish to discriminate between different olfactory clues depending on the water acidity. As was predicted prior to the experiment, the clownfish from the control group spent significantly more time in the stream of the water that contained xanthostemon, anemone, and non-parent olfactory clues. Additionally, it was found that the group members avoided melaleuca, megathyrsus, and parent olfactory clues. In a similar vein, larvae that were reared in the pH 7.8 water were attracted to xanthostemon and anemone, but the reaction to the stimuli was notably weaker. Moreover, larvae started exhibiting an increased preference towards melaleuca and megathyrsus. Furthermore, clownfish stopped discriminating between non-parent and parent olfactory clues. The last group of larvae that were reared in the pH 7.6 exhibited the most outstanding results as it was found that clownfish just become passive and do not react to any olfactory clues. Interestingly, such absence of reaction persisted even after the larvae were placed in the seawater with the normal acidity level. Therefore, it was concluded that continued high levels of CO2 emissions and the associated increase in seawater acidity could significantly disrupt the life of the ocean inhabitants. Article Critique Even though Munday et al. found evidence that the increased acidity level of the seawater can negatively impact the behavior of cl
Introduction Fluid and electrolyte imbalance can cause severe health outcomes in patients, especially those of young age. This paper reflects on the case study of a 2-year-old child that needs urgent care for persisting fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. It discusses the type of fluid and electrolyte losses that the patient may develop and presents possible clinical manifestations that a medical professional should consider in this case. Discussion Water is a significant component of the human body that accounts for up to 70% of its weight (Jain, Shah, & Prajapati, 2015). Electrolytes are the acids and bases, as well as inorganic salts, which are dissolved in bodily fluids. According to Jain et al. (2015), electrolyte abnormalities are observed in more than 30% of children admitted to critical care units. In the case of a child that is present in the clinic for fever, vomiting, and diarrhea, the patient is at risk for extensive fluid and electrolyte losses. It is vital to note that in children younger than five years old, diarrhea can lead to death (Huether & McCance, 2017). Moreover, fluid loss through vomiting and diarrhea, as well as excessive sweating which may be associated with fever, can result in a decrease in blood pressure and volume. The patient may be considered at risk of developing hypotonic alternations, including hypovolemic hyponatremia associated with the loss of body sodium and total body water due to vomiting and diarrhea. Moreover, the patient can develop hypochloremia due to low levels of serum chloride, which may be caused by vomiting (Huether & McCance, 2017). It is necessary to mention that vomiting and diarrhea may lead to the decrease in potassium as well. Potassium is a major electrolyte that is vital for normal cellular functions (Huether & McCance, 2017). As a result of its imbalance, the patient may develop hyperkalemia, which is diagnosed when the level of potassium is less than 3,5 meq/L (Jain et al., 2015). This condition may lead to the loss of muscle tone, muscle weakness, and paralysis. Moreover, low levels of potassium may cause non-responsiveness, hyperpolarization, and disruptions in the heart’s electrical conduction (Jain et al., 2015). It means that it is crucial to consider the risk of potassium decrease during diagnosis. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances may result in various clinical manifestations that include thirst, decreased s
Financial accounting is an important part of every business, corporation, and other organizations that operate with various sums of money. This system helps people count their profits, calculate their regular expenses, and operate their financial means properly. The following paper will explain what financial accounting is and what role does it play in a corporate environment. Discussion Financial accounting is a number of certain operations in any business or profitable organization that are intended to summarize, analyze, and report every transaction that is somehow related to the company’s activity. People who work in this sphere are usually responsible for making quarterly and annual reports that should reflect all the expenses and earnings of the business for a set period. Sometimes, accountants are expected to prepare financial statements that will be published on sources open to consumers or other people interested in this information (Bushman, 2014). Usually, this data is beneficial for stakeholders, workers, government services, financial institutions, and businessmen to help them make correct decisions as to their investments or collaboration with a particular company. Financial accounting departments’ employees must follow professional standards established by both transnational and local organs related to the given industry. Nevertheless, the rules set by GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principle) always have to be regarded by people who work with financial operations and reports. This doctrine includes all the ethical, professional, and organizational rules accountants must refer to when they summarize and prepare different financial statements. There is another set of accounting rules called IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). Information presented in this source is used by professors of all Universities in the world and qualified specialists to identify how various types of transactions have to be reported not to confuse individuals who will have to deal with the given records in the future (Narayanaswamy, 2017). As IFRS develops and becomes more accurate every year, transnational corporations use its standards more often recently. When professional accountants work on their reports, they must remember every factor presented below:   * Relevance. All the provided data must be accurate as it has to help people make their decisions based on the statistics they obtain from financial departments of different firms.   * Materiality. Every mistake made in a report might lead to other individ
Cell engineering techniques based on the use of fine organic synthesis are gaining popularity in modern medicine. Furthermore, as chemical synthesis advances, the profound molecular studies regarding the structure of both receptors and envelopes become less challenging. Another critical point is that these envelopes enable the cross of the species barrier for pathogenic viruses, and therefore, it is vital to research them along with receptors. In addition, the focus of this academic work is the theoretical study of antiviral agents that can be used for the therapy of infections. It is significant to note that reliable vaccines for these diseases have not been created yet and require thorough research to enable their development. It is recognized that the most relevant areas of medicinal chemistry are those that pose the greatest threat to society. For instance, nowadays, the most pressing issue is the global pandemic caused by the spread of Covid-19. This virus is spreading across the globe at a growing speed and infects considerable amounts of people (Pillaiyar et al., 2021). Moreover, Covid-19 can be easily transmitted from a human to a human (Pillaiyar et al., 2021). Thus, it is evident that the development of antivirus therapies is strongly and urgently required in order to decrease the rates of infected people and deaths due to the virus worldwide. As a result, medicinal chemistry is concentrated on solving this severe problem by creating reliable vaccines that ensure high rates of survival and a complete lack of adverse side effects. Thus, the present study is based on a specific analysis of the coronavirus pathogen named SARS-CoV-2. To be more precise, the central part of this paper is mainly focused on the advancement of antiviral agents against the mentioned coronavirus pathogen, SARS-CoV-2. The critical point is the need for the detailed research of biochemical cases that are crucial for viral replication and pathogens lifespan within the cells. Furthermore, the biochemical mechanisms that hold virus entry into the target cell were studied and described in detail. This research paper discusses the theoretical basis for common infection pathways and how they can be averted. Thus, the relevant data regarding SARS-CoV-2 is implemented as a source of predicting the chemical composition of antiviral agents beforehand. It is evident that at first, humanity needs to develop a functioning tool that can considerably reduce the rates of infected people and deaths due to the Covid-19 (Pillaiyar et al., 2021). Consequently, it would enable the creation and further development of a universal vaccine against the coronavirus by scientists. Overall, the paper concluded that among a large number of low molecular weight compounds, a set of 22 drugs with aromatic configuration had potential effectiveness (Pillai
Human life is the most challenging in nature despite the presence of technology and modern skills to help people solve their problems. Human beings need to think and act after making wise decisions. For that reason, people’s ability to think, believe, and make rational decisions outweighs all other aspects of animals like physical strength and lethal poisons. However, debate continues to rage between science and religion despite the countless evidence to prove opponents wrong. One of the recent arguments is based on William Kingdon Clifford and his views on the suitability of belief based on evidence. Clifford points out one controversial issue that human beings should not base their beliefs and faith on things that do not have evidence. However, this argument is, without doubt, one of the endless debates that will continue to dominate learning institutions and scholars’ organizations. It is evident that human beings base more than half their lives on hope and faith. For instance, when people leave their offices in the evening they are sure to get home safe and meet their family members. They dine and go to bed expecting to wake up early and prepare for the following day’s duties. However, none of these people has evidence that the following day they will be okay. Therefore, they base their hopes on the belief that all will be well with them, and they will wake up to continue with their daily activities. Secondly, science and technology have led to the production of drugs meant to cure diseases all over the world. When people fall sick and go to healthcare facilities they hope to get well after treatment. Even though doctors’ efforts and drugs may be evidence that patients will recover, this depends on various issues. Some patients die as a result of common ailments that have vaccines and drugs to cure them. Therefore, it surprises that even though there is evidence to prove that these drugs have prevented and cured the disease. No one can explain why people die yet they get quality treatment and healthcare services. Moreover, science is based on research and evidence as crucial ways of understanding phenomena and not belief in the existence of super natural powers. However, the same researchers and laboratories produce conflicting results with regard to an occurrence. Scientists have varying approaches to events and even if they use same research methods they are bound to come up with different answers. One basic factor that evidence based beliefs fail to uncover is the origin of human beings. Even though, scientists have sufficient evidence to prove the origin of human beings it is surprising how they fail to uncover the origin of life on earth. Therefore, scientific and common knowledge is suspicious and thus unreliable to offer solutions or foretell events. In addition, belief is based on personal assumptions with regard to past experiences or future expectations. Clifford argues that people must have evidence before believing in anything. However, it is evident that some people will believe his arguments
Justice reinvestment is now a topic of heated debate. Notably, officials, scholars, and policymakers tend to agree that it is an effective way to reduce the crime rate. Though, there are people who still believe that the old system with its prisons and regulations is more effective. Therefore, it is essential to identify the major advantages of the new approach and its benefits for communities. In the first place, it is necessary to note that the existing system has proved to be ineffective. The US prisons are overcrowded. Hence, expenses on maintenance of prisons increase. At the same time, the rate of crime does not reduce. On the contrary, it steadily increases. It is also important to note that inmates often acquire more connections with the criminal world in prisons and continue committing crimes when they are released (Wright 20). Wright also notes that prisons are outdated institutions and are still tolerated due to a lack of knowledge about them (20). The researcher stresses that prisons contributed greatly to the increase of criminal activity as inhumane conditions in prisons and stigmatization of former inmates make people commit crimes that are often more serious than their first offenses. More so, former inmates have to bear a certain stigma and it is difficult for them to become respectable members of society. It is but natural that the system has to be changed significantly and justice reinvestment is the most efficient option. Justice reinvestment entails the reduction of expenditure on prisons maintenance and reallocation of these funds to the development of communities. Hence, this approach focuses on the cause of the problem rather than on its effects (Fox, Albertson, and Wong 27). Neighborhood characterized by underinvestment and poverty of the population is often characterized by a high rate of crime. Therefore, it is crucial to invest in the development of neighborhoods rather than waste money on the maintenance of inmates. Admittedly, it is vital to focus on the economic development of communities. The government should try to decrease the unemployment rate. People should also have access to health care services that are affordable and efficient. Remarkably, it is possible to create jobs while developing the infrastructure of neighborhoods. Funding development of neighborhoods should address such spheres as education and recreation as well. Children and especially teenagers must have access to high-quality education, both secondary and higher. Building sports and recreational facilities will also be beneficial for the community. It will help reduce the unemployment rate and keep away teenagers from criminal activities. Thus, funding the development of neighborhoods will lead to reduced crime rates as people will not be involved in criminal activities since they will have appropriate living conditions. On balance, it is necessary to note that justice reinvestment is an effective and necessary option that can positively affect the development of society. It is more effective to prevent crime tha