ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Child independence is important to his/her development because many communities face various problems irrespective of the social strata, a situation that affects the child’s independence, development and growth. Notably, there is high level of liberalization in Australia than in China. If the community is not able to meet the prevention measures to the future problem to their children that can be very drastic and may lead to dangerous occurrence during their growth, the parents better reduce the children’s independence at early ages and inculcate virtues among the young generation. Introduction Child independence is critical to his/her development because different communities face various problems irrespective of the social strata of a particular locality, a situation that affect the child’s independence and growth. Variations in child independence are as a result of the lifestyle that the community normally leads (Needlman, 2002). This paper will closely compare and contrast the extent of freedom of the Australian children, in relation to those from China, through analysis of the problems of juvenile delinquencies in our community (Sanders, 2004). To be specific, it gives a general outlook of the assessment between the freedom that the children have in Australia that is not enjoyed by the ones from China. This research will also extend to discover the problem from family level to the national level that the children from the two regions undergo during their growth and the consequences of such issues on their freedom (Brown, 1998). Research Question In this study, the researcher wanted to compare and contrast, then determines the independence of children in Australia and China. Thus, the question that the reach is, are Australian Children more independent than the Chinese? Research Significant The research could be seen as imperative because it tries to unveil the truth about children’s independence. However, it does not matter whether the children in Australia enjoy greater freedom compared to those from China. The research is also important because it compares and relates the family orientation towards their children, in the process of growth. This is significant since the orientation of the child affects his growth and development. For instance, a child who grows in a financially stable background and those who grow up under stable family bond are able to enjoy uninterrupted personal development than
Allure cruise ship and Star Cruises are among the major players in the North American cruise industry. Star Cruises was incorporated in 1993 as under the umbrella of Galactica Limited. The company, with a notable presence in the North, South, Asia and Europe has a fleet of 19 cruise ships and over 20000 berths. The fleet operates under different brands and the customers are segmented in terms of needs and preferences. Star Cruises has recorded a stable revenue of over 100 million US dollars over the last ten years. Additionally, it has introduced new routes with the African context in mind. It has berths in Liberia and Egypt is on the radar. As part of its expansion, it plans to enter the South African market too. The company’s organizational structure is hierarchical. The CEO is the head followed a number of executives who report directly to him. This includes sales executives, finance, operations and customer’s executives. The shipboard structure is the same as Allure. The captain is the head of the ship and others such as customer service, engineering operations among others report to him directly. The major difference between star cruises and Allure is the organizational structure, routes of operations size in terms of cruises and assets and the corporate focus (Jeffs 2008). The ship industry falls in the category of luxury industries. However, it forms only 2% of the global tourism industry. Some of the first entrants include Walt Disney Corporation in 1923 and Carnival Corporation. The industry is defined by the strategic focus of individual companies and the market niche they serve. The competition from the industry is broad. A consumer may choose another cruise company or bypass it completely for another transport company (Kamery 2009). There are many regulations that govern the industry. They range from environmental, safety, consumer demand regulations and fuel competition. Many countries have stringent regulations. For example, the United States environmental protection agency is one of them. The competition, as mentioned earlier, is stiff as it comes from many other transport services such as airlines and ship services (Kamery 2009). The effect of climate and weather is detrimental to the cruise industry. The safety of passengers is at stake if the weather is not good. In comparison, the airline industry fairs better when the weather is involved as compared to the cruise industry. The staff on board a cruise ship has many morale issues. For example, it demoralizes to be without family for a long time. This puts pressure on the performance of employees. Secondly, it takes a long time to complete a single journey. Sometimes it takes months and this may hamper good performance of the employees. The leaders on board may boost the morale of the employees by ensuring that when they are on board they have a family member such as a kid or spouse. It is also important to offer long vacations to the employees and to ensure that they have bene
Introduction Criminal justice policies have a serious impact on all elements of the legislative apparatus of the United States of America. The core considerations for the criminal justice policy include initiatives that are supported by the government and employed in practice to regulate the functioning of courts and juvenile justice (Marion & Oliver, 2012). On a bigger scale, criminal justice policies affect not only legislative bodies of the country but social justice as well. The policies developed by the government provide the basis for court decisions and are designed to protect the citizens from adverse external impacts (Marion & Oliver, 2012). Nonetheless, there are several serious implications inherent in the processes of the development and application of criminal justice policies that critically impact the everyday life of US citizens. Community-Oriented Policing Advantages and Disadvantages One of the key advantages of community-oriented policing is the citizens’ ability to contact law enforcement officers directly. The latter are designated to visit specific communities to contact local individuals repeatedly. This advantage can be explained by the fact that trust in the police force progresses simultaneously with the officer’s relationships with the members of that community (Telep & Weisburd, 2012). Another advantage of community-oriented policing is the knowledge that police enforcement officers obtain during the process of crime pattern analysis. This allows police forces to prevent various delinquencies more often. Therefore, the involvement of law enforcement agencies in the well-being of designated communities is one of the keystones of long-term crime prevention (Telep & Weisburd, 2012). Nonetheless, there are two serious disadvantages inherent in community-oriented policing. First, antagonistic relationships may be developed between the police forces and the citizens who had harmful encounters with the latter. Second, law enforcement officers are required to oppose public opinion concerning the connection between the police and the US judicial system (Telep & Weisburd, 2012). Nevertheless, the biggest issue linked to community-oriented policing is a decline in citizen involvement. This aspect is characterized as a disadvantage because citizens may reac
The purpose of this final ad testing The study was carried out by students to find out various aspects that contribute to effective marketing communication. These targeted various methods of communicating to customers and evaluated their efficiency and effectiveness. Effectiveness of marketing communication tools is extremely valuable because it helps marketers to pass the intended message to their customers without having to waste a lot of resources (Duncan 2002, p.98). In fact, every organization has cost reduction and profit maximization as its main objectives. This means that if marketers are able to reach as many customers as possible by incurring minimal costs, then the organization remains on the right development track. Therefore, marketers should make sure that they come up with effective advertisements that reach customers in the most appropriate manner. For instance, the message should be accompanied by various aspects that will attract the target audience hence influencing their decisions towards the products in subject. Advertisements should be designed in a way such that they catch the glimpse of target customers easily. For instance, if marketers want to communicate to females as their target consumers, they should know the colors that seem to appeal to them. In addition, they should include aspects aiming at specific age brackets in order to touch the hearts of their target consumers. Final advertisements testing were carried to find out how effective they are in reaching customers. In the test, products mostly used by young people were used since the survey was carried in a university set up. This means that the survey wanted to establish whether marketers meet their target in posting advertisements in magazines. This is particularly beneficial because it may help in determining the number of youths who read magazines. If the number is small, then marketers have to reconsider using magazines as a medium for communicating to their target market. If many youths read magazines, then marketers can take advantage of the situation to advertise their products in magazines. In addition, the final testing of advertisements sought to establish the impact of using colored advertisements to customers. This is the reason why colored advertisements were tested along advertisements in black and white. These tests were conducted to establish how well customers understood messages in black and white advertisements. Marketers can find out the best way of presenting their advertisements through recommendations made after analyzing results obtained after these tests (Copley 2004, p.47). A description of the sample of students The sample of this study was selected from a popu
Introduction American families were subject to a continuous evolution due to changing external circumstances, and this fact explains drastic changes in these institutions over time. Moreover, the beliefs attributed to them were conditional not only upon such shifts but also on valued emotions (Poptech, 2011). Therefore, it is critical to examine the process of formation of present-day family life through the lens of its transformation and principal characteristics. Family Life: Three Periods At the time of Colonial America, during the consequent period of the emerging modern family, and after the formation of the contemporary family, the situation of this institution differed drastically. First, before 1820, Americans emphasized the alleged economic dependency of women on their husbands, and this fact determined their seemingly disadvantaged position (Cohen, 2020). Moreover, they emphasized the correlation between one’s marital status and success in life (Cohen, 2020). Later on, during 1820-1900, the perceptions shifted toward the significance of individual choices and increased autonomy (Cohen, 2020). For family life, it meant that the evolution of gender roles resulted in women actively exercising their rights and freedoms, and divorces became common (Cohen, 2020). Consequently, during 1900-1960, modern families appeared, and they were characterized by an earlier age of getting married and poor economic conditions, which implied cooperation for survival (Cohen, 2020). Thus, over history, families went through periods of dependency on women, their increasing freedom, and combined efforts. The Origins of the American Family The “origins” of the American family can be viewed as the consequences of external factors, which affected marriage. In the beginning, they were related to men’s greater capability in providing for families, which determined their significant roles (Cohen, 2020). Subsequently, economic hardships presented by the Great Depression underpinned the feasibility of working together within families to survive (Cohen, 2020). In addition, the growing importance of women as citizens and voters served as the basis for their current position (Cohen, 2020). These processes were supported by the emotional aspect since the protection of women and children was contrasted by their oppression (Poptech, 2011). According to Dr. Coontz, this cultural problem was vital for people, and it was the basis for relationships (Poptech, 2011). This conflict was critical for the institution of family in the country and contributed to the sta
A journal article by Sakdirat, Sussman, and Matsumoto discusses the challenges of the transportation infrastructure. The paper focuses on addressing the issues of modern transportation systems in all of their diversity. The authors note that while the public and private means of transportation face their unique problems, they offer opportunities for further research into the topic as well. Article offers a summary of strategic research areas in this sphere, highlighting the biggest challenges faced by the systems of transportation and transit. Summary Generally, the article is separated into sections based on the areas of interest for previous research. The first paragraph is titled “Translating Policy, Strategy, and Innovation into Practices and Products” and states that the recently discovered ways of advancing industry practices are used to improve development in a number of directions. Manufacturing, design, construction, maintenance, and other areas in transportation all benefit from innovation. The paragraph notes that for effective translation of policies and new technology into working approaches requires collaboration between the stakeholders and the public. The next section is concerned with counteracting the risks and uncertainties in the transportation sphere. Natural disasters and unexpected occurrences are a frequent factor in the field, and the need to account for the unforeseen is recognized by many. Practical knowledge has developed to respond to such events as floods and earthquakes, but the technology used is still insufficient in innovating the industry. Many fundamental issues connected with the engineering properties and the choice of materials are not being resolved. The inability to solve the emerging issues raises costs for repair and maintenance. The current challenge in this regard is using the available technology, innovation, and research to effectively adapt to unforeseen circumstances and natural events. The third paragraph raises the issue of urban infrastructure and its connectivity. In many cases, older transportation systems are not being kept in shape due to insufficient funding and inefficient spending. Modern technology faces the need to modernize the existing infrastructure and efficiently integrate it with the newer system. This issue is especially pronounced in areas with increased population, where the needs of the people put much pressure on transportation. Both engineers and policymakers are faced with the problem of crea
The selected extracts come from the laws issued by the Virginia House of Burgesses in the 17 th century. All of them include the concepts of race and ethnicity without actually using these words. From the modern perspective, each of the excerpts can be viewed as an illustration of racial profiling that connects the ethnic background of people, their skin color, country of origin, and religion to the concept of slavery. The provided laws emphasize the differences between the English, the Indigenous people, and the African slaves juxtaposing the former to the others as superior. There are two policies that particularly mention the background of the slaves as the determinant of their social status – December 1662-ACT XII and November 1682-ACT I. December 1662 Act XII states: “all children borne in this country shalbe held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother”. This law discusses the social status of the children of mixed race and answers the question whether or not they are supposed to be enslaved automatically. Since African race is associated with slavery, the question basically asks whether or not the mixed race children are to be considered black. The answer is “yes”. Also, the law implies that mixed race children can be born only to African women. There is no statement concerning the children of white women and African men. This omission indicates the common practice of rape of enslaved women and rules that slavery is inherited along with the ethnicity. November 1682-ACT I provides a strong characteristic of race connecting it to native religion and generalizing all slaves as people “who and whose parentage and native country are not Christian”. The two laws contribute to the definition of race as skin color and cultural background and making it the critical feature to the law administration.
This paper will provide a critical and analytical perspective on global development. It will focus on the political economy of debt and inequality in the context of African countries. The analysis will be based on the perspectives of Brown (1997) concerning economic development in Africa. The central tenet of Brown’s argument is that Africa has failed to develop due to implementation of top-down policies that are often imposed on national governments by foreign development partners. The structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) are some of the notable policies that were imposed on African states by the World Bank and the IMF to stimulate economic growth. The policies included reducing public expenditure, liberalising the economy, increasing domestic savings, and promoting exports. Although these policies were implemented in over half of African countries, the desired economic growth was not achieved. Reduction of public expenditure resulted into loss of jobs in the public sector in countries such as Zambia, Nigeria, and Kenya, thereby worsening inequality. Nonetheless, privatization of state owned corporations improved efficiency in the public sector in countries such as Kenya. Industrialisation failed in Africa because of inadequate investment in infrastructure. By contrast, Asian countries achieved rapid economic growth because their governments increased public expenditure in order to develop transport and communication infrastructure. Most African countries were forced by the World Bank to liberalise their economies prematurely. Consequently, the nascent industries in the agricultural and manufacturing sectors failed because they were not ready to compete effectively in the global market. In this respect, Brown (1997) argues that African states should promote cooperation rather than competition at the grassroots level to empower their producers. Indeed cooperative societies have promoted economic development in Tanzania and Kenya. However, competition has to be promoted in every market economy to enhance efficiency and profitable production. Brown (1997) argues that homegrown policies are the solution to Africa’s economic problems. These include focusing on long-term development plans, increasing investment in agriculture, and marketing local products. Although these strategies are likely to improve economic growth, they can easily fail due to lack of financial
The integration of the use of technology in education has long been a subject of debate as well as a goal of several educational institutions. Modern times have made learning technological skills a must in order to cope with the many advances in technology – the internet, the invention of several helpful software, the invention of a variety of electronic equipment to make education more interesting and vivid to learners. There have been several attempts to study how teachers cope with technological advances and implement new technological skills in their teachings. Jonathan Brinkerhoff has come up with a thorough, longitudinal study of a number of teachers who partook in an intensive course in the integration of technology in education at the Professional Development Academy in a span of two academic school years. Introduction and Review of Literature The article started off with identifying barriers that prevent teachers from using technology in the classroom, each, duly explained with supporting evidence from the literature. Four barriers named were: resources, institutional and administrative support, training and experience, and attitudinal or personality factors. Brinkerhoff mentioned a litany of factors supporting attitudinal and personality factors and some on institutional and administrative support but did not delve much into the other two factors of lack of resources and training and experience. It was obvious that due to limited resources of efficient and a good number of computers, software, a reliable internet connection and the hiring of a trained personnel to impart knowledge and skills to teachers and students, some schools are unable to implement a good program that incorporates computer technology in their curriculum. Training and experiential factors were mostly dependent on administrative and institutional support. Most barriers were blamed on the teachers’ attitudes and beliefs in the integration of technology in their classrooms and even their own competence in computer and technological skills. Methodology Brinkerhoff’s introduction presented the problem at hand and clearly paved the way for the full discussion of the article’s content. The reader is efficiently led to focus on the “meat” of the article, which was how the academy’s efforts at training teachers in a span of two academic years impact the teachers’ efficiency and attitude towards incorporating computer technology in their classrooms. The preliminary processes of recruitment of prospective participants; establishing the selected teachers’ participation on a voluntary basis; and the provision of support from the school through giving the teachers allowances, free meals and accommodation to those
In business, it is imperative for all in the office or factory to work in sync with each other for a common goal to enhance productivity and profitability, which in turn leads to individual growth and profitability in achieving one’s personal goals. Hence all productive activities essentially involve teamwork to achieve maximum synergy to enable optimum utilization of the available resources at any given time. Every activity in the production process entails important individual roles for team members who are all working towards a common goal for the company. Hence it is normal for companies to come out with regular team-building exercises to improve the solidarity within the groups in order to avoid conflict of interests and differences between individuals. Hence organizations aim at forging support and trust between team members by first designating a team leader who enjoys the support and trust of his team and has excellent people and management skills. An essential quality of a good team is to support each other even during times when there is a difference of opinion or clash of interests by adopting approaches of empathy in understanding the points of disagreements within the team. It is only in this way that trust can be built in the team, which can then go ahead in achieving synergy in all activities. If the team building activities can be adopted on a regular basis by trial and error methods that aim at removing differences and removing their root causes, the company activities can result in achieving the goals of the company.