ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Over the past quarter-century, the United States and its political subdivisions have by and large established the age of maturity at 18 years. With a few minor exceptions, this means that an eighteen-year-old can vote, enlist in military service, and marry without parental consent. If he commits an offense he can be tried as an adult and, if the offense is of sufficient gravity, upon conviction be put to death. Yet, a glaring exception to this general rule is the minimum age for the public consumption of alcohol, now universally established at age 21. A close examination of the relevant facts points to favor of a more flexible age limit policy. Background It was not always thus. Before the American Civil War, youngsters were routinely enlisted in military service as young as fourteen (usually restricted in their duties) and women routinely married at age fifteen or sixteen. Voting was almost always restricted to men over the age of 21 (often with other requirements such as property ownership) if only because of the gravity of the responsibility involved. Until the First World War, there were virtually no age limits on the consumption of alcohol. It was the common belief that a man, irrespective of his age, who had gone into the world was prepared to accept the responsibilities that accompany life as an adult. Lower age limits on alcohol consumption appear to have grown out of two fundamental, yet unrelated, events. The first was the repeal of prohibition in 1933. And the second was the massive expansion of automobile ownership at the same time. Whatever the merits of the arguments introduced in their favor (encouraging sobriety, safe driving), it has become eminently obvious that they have not worked, they are counterproductive, and they are incongruent with the prevailing delimiters of adulthood. Social conditions and considerations today Since then we have witnessed an almost incredible reversal of priorities. Eighteen-year-olds have been awarded the vote, a public act of such importance that for centuries democracies have sought to restrict it to the most responsible citizens. The primary argument for a constitutional amendment for lowering the minimum voting age to 18 was the responsibility of those same men (and now, arguably, women) to be drafted into military service. “If he can fight, he should have the right to vote.” Yet the minimum age for lawful consumption of alcohol, which was non-existent for the better part of the first one and a half centuries of this nation’s history, was established nationally at 21, having to be raised to that level where it had been previously otherwise. From Scandinavia to Spain the lawful drinking age varies from 16 to 18. In many nations (e.g., France and Germany) it is both: 18 for an adult, 16 for a teenager in a restaurant with his or her parents. The assumption, a perfectly logical one, is that parents are excellent judges of the maturity of their children and the state has only a limited right to questio
Keynesian Explanation of Recession Keynesian scientists view world economic recessions as part of developed economies. This is unlike what classical scientists believe. Keynesian scientists argue that many investors are constantly looking for new ways to make money. These new ways may not be water-proof. This means that there is a possibility for something to go wrong. In 2008, there was a global recession which originated in the United States. This recession was triggered by the lending market in the United States. Keynesian scientists argue that it is wrong to blame the players in that field for that problem. Instead, the government should bear the blame. The point is that the government should have put in place proper policies to guide the manner of doing business. In 2008, Keynes argues, there was little policy put in place to effectively monitor, discipline and guide the financial institutions that were the central players in that field. Hence, as noted earlier, they engaged in all manner of possibilities to make profits. It might have worked in the past, but they exceeded the limit which triggered the economic recession (Hossein-Zadeh, 2009). Keynes, therefore, does not rule out such instances in the economy at times. This is especially true when the government does not do enough to regulate most of its branches to ensure proper conduct. Hence, Keynes largely blamed the government for the failure in United States banks. However, the manner in which the government responded to the crisis is Keynesian. The argument is that since the risk that the institutions take benefits the government, it should come to their rescue when they get stuck in such recessions. It is in tandem with Keynes recommendations to bail out the agents as the government did in the wake of the crisis. The response of the government: the economic stimulus package is supported by the current crop of new Keynesian scientists. However, they argue that the amount that the government set aside is too little to revive the economy. The amount is supposed to have a multiplier effect on the spending of consumers. But consumers, the scientists argue are spending on long-term investments as opposed to the ‘quick spending’. Therefore, the scientists argue that the governments may not be able to revive economic growth form this front. The scientists are however in unison when it comes to the long term expectations. They say that what the economy is exp
Synopsis Girl, Interrupted is a movie that shows the story of teenage girls that have various mental disorders. Their problems have led them to hospitalization at a psychiatric clinic. Susanna is a protagonist on whom the film is mainly focused. During the narration, she meets many characters, and Daisy Randone is among them. Daisy is a young female suffering from eating and mood disorders, which is evident from many scenes. She is a significant but considerably devastating person in the movie. Randone is admitted to the mentioned hospital on a seasonal basis – from Thanksgiving to Christmas annually (Mangold, 1999). Below, the peculiarities of Daisy’s mental state, the related symptoms, and personal reflections and assumptions in this regard will be provided. Diagnostics Description of the Symptoms During the plot, there are a plethora of opportunities to get acquainted with Daisy’s mental state peculiarities through the lens of symptoms. Her first appearance takes place when Susanne is called to get her drugs. Randone is standing close to the drug dispensing point, waiting for her turn. When the nurse does not give them the drugs she wants, Daisy insists, but after the refusal, becomes angry. In the following scene with Daisy, Susanne knocks on the door to Randone’s room to offer her the drugs Daisy wanted. Before knowing Susanne’s intentions, she replied in a rough manner to this unexpected visitor and tried to send her off using swear words. Nevertheless, after Susanne clarified, “I’ve got what you need,” Randone calmly opened the door and let her in, as well as started a peaceful conversation. It should be noted that there were a number of other symptoms in addition to the depicted mood changes in this scene. Daisy was sitting on the bed and eating a fried chicken that her dad had brought to her. She was not doing this in the common dining room, which implies her alienation from society. It is also evident from her absence in many events in which many other characters took part. At this point, “the chicken issue” should be explained in more detail as it seems to be crucial for the following section on diagnosing particular disorders. Under Daisy’s bed, Lisa found many remains of the fried chickens. Given the fact that Randone does not reveal her obsession with this dish by proudly claiming that her dad owns a café that produces these chickens, Daisy has some issues with her weight. Moreover, Daisy says that she “throughs up” if taking any other food. Then, Randone does
Introduction The concept of the sideshow freak is a term inextricably linked to the various circuses and carnivals in the U.S. during the mid 19th to mid 20th century. Such attractions usually consisted of people, specimens or even objects considered to be abnormal by the standards of society at the time. The reason why freak shows became so popular was due to the fact that at the time when they were prevalent American society was not as, for lack of a better term, “jaded” as it is today. Back then, American culture and society revolved mainly around the concept of communities, towns and close knit families unlike today where the conveniences of modern living have created a far more educated society yet possessing a distinctly individualistic societal norm. As such, most individuals back then chose to remain within the communities that they were born and raised in resulting in a large of percentage of the population living within certain spheres of influence that for all intents and purposes rarely experienced any dramatic change whatsoever. At this particular point in time the global media network that is an ubiquitous existence today did not even exist yet, television was not yet invented and most people tended to derive their entertainment from radio broadcasts or from watching black and white movies at the local nickelodeon aptly named because tickets to watch a movie cost only a nickel back then. In this environment where people rarely experienced anything new, sideshow freaks provided society with a glimpse into other aspects of the world that they are not normally privy to as a result of their closed off and insular lives within their various communities. In a way carnival freak shows provided a valued service to communities by acting as means of entertainment that they otherwise would not have seen. Despite the entertainment value such shows provided one must wonder over the ethicality of taking advantage of individuals already suffering from genetic maladies/ deformities just for the sake of their apparent entertainment value. It is based on this that this paper will seek to explore the effects such shows have on their victims, who allowed the practice to continue and whether society is at fault for the practice continuing and reaching the heights of popularity that it did. The victims When it came to carnival freak shows the more shocking and unusual the person up for display the more likely people would come to pay to view it. Conjoined twins, overly obese individuals, bearded ladies, people with more than one arm, deformed limbs and a variety of similar deformities dominated the carnival freak show scene well into the mid 20th century.
Project Description Sweet Berry coffee shop is a business-oriented project whose main objective is to provide beverage and pastry services to customers, across different market segments in the hospitality industry, within the locality. Beverage products offered by the shop will include iced, blended, and hot coffee, hot and iced tea, and several other pastry accompaniments. Sweet Berry coffee shop is a limited liability business operating under a mother company known as Berry Restaurants Company. The building where the coffee shop is to be located will be acquired through a three-year lease contract with the option of extending the contract. The property occupies a space of 1400 square feet, situated in a strategic location that is accessible to customers. The coffee shop will consist of a restaurant and a coffee bar with a capacity of holding 120 customers. The project will be implemented and supervised by a team appointed by the project manager in consultation with the project’s sponsor, Mr. Abraham Jefferson. The Project team members include:   * Eng. James Patton- Project chief structural engineer.   * Christina Brito-Project finance director.   * William Ashley- Project manager.   * Wendy Keppler- Logistics manager.   * Wilkison Johnson- Project human resource manager. Figure 1. Project functional organizational structure. Eng. James Patton, who is the project’s chief engineer, possesses years of experience in interior design, especially in hospitality establishments. He will be responsible for property management and other design-related duties in the acquired building. Christina Brito will be responsible for controlling the financial resources that are required in implementing the project and relative financial estimations of services and equipment that need to be purchased. William Ashley, the project manager, is responsible for managing the whole project. He will be responsible for planning, monitoring, evaluating, and coordinating with other functional heads of the team during the implementation phase of the project. Wendy Keppler, the project’s head of logistics will be involved in acquiring the necessary materials needed for executing the project. She is an experienced logistician and will be in charge of purchasing, supplying, and storing materials needed during the implementation of the project. Finally, Wilkison Johnson will be responsible for the recruitment and management of the human resource segment that is vital during the implementation phase. The team will be meeting every week to review the progress and development of the project under the guidance of the project manager. Scope Statement Sweet berry coffee project’s implementation phase will be initiated on 16 th June 2013 and it is expected to end by 2 nd August 2013. This phase is set to take place after t
The Renaissance period has presented a lot of masterpieces of art which has formed the cradle of modern culture. The works by Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael are famous all over the world. The perfectness and harmony of their art pieces have determined the principles of the world art development. Raphael is one of the most prominent Italian artists who made his masterpieces during the Renaissance period. Sistine Madonna is one of his most discussed works which was completed before his death. Today it is located in the Gemaldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden, Germany. It attracts the public’s attention with its inimitable composition and the sacred meaning which is hidden in Madonna’s and her son’s views. Sistine Madonna is an oil painting which was completed by Raphael in 1514. This piece of art was worked out as the part of the high altar of the Monastery of San Sisto in Piacenza. It was the Benedictine monks’ wish to have such a painting as the altarpiece. The composition of the work can be divided into two parts. However, the center of the composition is Madonna who is on clouds with her son Jesus in her hands. Madonna is looking in front of her. Jesus is looking at something which is left to him. We also can observe the images of Saint Sixtus and Saint Barbara nearby. Saint Sixtus is looking at Madonna and pointing at something in that direction where Jesus is looking. It seems that he tries to warn Madonna. Two small winged cherubs who are situated beneath Madonna finish the composition. They are often considered as the independent part of the painting. The background of the work is rather soft and light. We can discover the obscured images of cherubs there. The color scheme of the painting is rather contrasting because the background of the composition is pale and the main figures are depicted in quite dark colors. Raphael used the tones of dark blue and dark green colors to portray the figures. The dress of Saint Sixtus is in golden colors. Definite details of Madonna’s and Saint Sixtus’s dresses are presented in a bright purple color. The most discussed issue connected with this religious painting is the meaning of the expressions on the faces of Madonna and Jesus. It was not typical for the art of that period to portray Madonnas with such a worried face. Moreover, the child seems to be even frightened. Many critics and historians tried to find the answer to this question. It was hidden in the peculiarities of the altar where the painting should be located. Thus, according to one hypothesis, Jesus was looking and Saint Sixtus was pointing at a crucifix as a sign of the death. Sistine Madonna is one of the most famous religious oil paintings made by Raphael. Moreover, it is the last image of Madonna completed by him for the church or monastery. This painting became the most prominent example of portraying the religious themes in art for many generations of artists. Many critics emphasize that in this work Madonna looks like an ordinary woman who feels the great responsibility and even fears for her son. This great painting was developed for the Benedictine monks’ Monastery of San Sisto and has determined
Abstract The behavior of an individual is dependent on his immediate environment. The family is the main environment that contributes to the behavior of a person. The effect of each family on an individual is different from other setups. A nuclear family does not exert the same character and behavior of a person as a single parent scenario. There are both positive and negative impacts that either a nuclear family or a single-family has on a person. Introduction Parenting has a profound impact on the behavior of children. The decisions that an individual makes in life are largely dependent on how the family setup was when the person was growing up. Some of the American children are raised in nuclear families. Others are raised by single parents, whereas some are raised by their grandparents. Each of the family setting impacts differently on the character of an individual is raised. Some of the impacts are positive, while others are negative. This paper will focus on individuals who are raised in a nuclear family and those brought up by single parents. The positive and negative impacts of each type of setup on an individual will be given in a move to compare and contrast the effects of these types of family setups on individuals. Literature Review According to Lee and Hankninb (2009), two-thirds of the children born in America are said to be born to married couples. This indicates that close to one-third of these children are born out of wedlock. If the mothers who give birth to children out of wedlock do not get married, then their children are raised by single parents. Lee and Hankninb (2009) go on to say that half of the first marriages in the United States of America file for divorce only a few years after their marriage. This indicates that the number of children who are not entirely raised within a nuclear family can be higher than the one-third statistic. Other factors that contribute to the single parenting in the United States are separation and death affecting one spouse in some cases (Lee & Hankninb, 2009). It is postulated that individuals who grow up in a nuclear family tend to perform better than those raised in single parenthood set up (Allen et al., 2014). Also, it is believed that single parenting contributes significantly to individuals whose characters are not accepted by society. Bulanda and Majumdar (2009) indicate that a majority of children raised by single parents tend to develop negative traits. For example, a lack of proper guidance leads to many of these children becoming aggressive to a point that they gradually become criminals. In turn, it leads to many cases of juvenile delinquency. Alami, Khosravan, Moghadam, Pakravan, and Hosseni, (2014) admit that a big number of criminals that are jailed in America have admitted that they lacked proper guidanc
Social Bonding Theory Explanation and Its Four Key Elements The theory of social bond was first developed in 1969. The author of this theory, Travis Hirschi, dwelled on the different approaches to social problems and tried to explain them in the most extensive way possible (Hirschi, 2011). It is interesting that a bit later this theory was expanded and the theory of social control appeared. In order to correctly apply Hirschi’s theory, one should clearly realize the idea on which this theory is based. The major concept developed by the social bonding theory claims that there are several important elements that should be taken into consideration when assessing criminal behaviors inherent in an individual (Hirschi, 2011). On a bigger scale, the theory of social bonding appeared as an attempt to extend the general theory of crime. Nonetheless, there is a critical difference between the two reflected by Hirschi’s peer-centered approach. The four major elements of the theory include the notions of commitment, attachment, the belief of importance, and involvement in various activities (Hirschi, 2011). The first and the foremost element is the attachment. According to the idea of the social bonding theory, the society that surrounds us has a momentous impact on our personality and may restrain an individual from committing a crime (Hirschi, 2011). Ultimately, in the case if the crime occurs, there are three key attachment sources which include peers, parents, and educational facilities. The theory describes attachment as the ability of humans to be both moral and social beings to a certain extent at the same time (Hirschi, 2011). The second element is called commitment. This element of the social bonding theory can be reflected by educational expectations and professional ambitions. The f
The Executive Summary This paper covers issues on the organization’s roles in delivering its services in social responsibilities to its immediate environment. This shows how the organization has set out strategic plans in ensuring all social responsibilities are carried out in the right order. Furthermore, this paper shows also the organization’s background and how the organization has developed over years to its present level. This paper will also show how the organization has implemented its corporate social responsibility strategies or plans. This will also include the shortcomings that have been experienced in implementing corporate social responsibility. The paper will also provide recommendations that will ultimately lead to improvements in future. Finally, the paper has a conclusion that gives the findings of the whole work covered. Company Background The University of Dubai was established in the year 1997 seven by the Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The main aim of establishing the institution was to fill up gaps in human resources in the whole country’s workforce. This was in line with the country’s human resource development programs that targeted both private and public sectors. The university has two main campuses that are known even though there are some new developments in terms of campuses. Concerning academic issues, the University of Dubai has a few main schools or colleges that offer various courses. The schools include the College of Information Technology that is abbreviated CIT and offers extensive programs in Information systems and Computing. Secondly the college of Masters of Business Administration, abbreviated MBA, aims at enhancing critical thinking while increasing both written and oral communication for business leaders who need successful careers in organizations around the country and all over the world. This program also helps in building appreciation for diverse cultural outlook. Finally, the College of Business Administration that offers various major business degree programs, including business economics, supply chains and logistics management, accounting, finance, entrepreneurship management, and human resources management. The institution has scholarship programs that target each governmental authority or department. The mode of qualification depends on whether the b