ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The midterm elections were probably the root of the intense political polarization which continues to this day. While the two-party American system always had quibbles and disagreements, the midterm elections demonstrated the utmost divisiveness among the parties and a scorched earth strategy to bring each other down. The far-right conservative Republicans heavily engaged the media to portray questionable facts and attempted to tarnish Clinton’s reputation instead of attempting to win based on the merit of their policy (Moss and Thomas 2012, 284). This inherently led to a sectional realignment of the electorate and increased party parity. More Americans than before began to be polarized based on their party’s alignment and ideology, causing a social divide as well. This became more exacerbated as Clinton and Congress became locked in a budget debate, causing a government shutdown. Both parties, but particularly Republicans, sought to manipulate the political system and endanger the American economy and its citizens to achieve ideological goals. The attempt at Clinton’s impeachment and the 2000 elections significantly pushed apart the Democrats and the Republicans. The impeachment process was seen as an attack on the president, a continuation of the grueling midterm campaigns from before. Although morally challenging, Clinton’s offenses were not strong enough for impeachment as viewed by many Democrats and a majority of the country as Clinton was both personally and politically popular. The Republican leadership in Congress was intent on destroying Clinton and portrayed his behavior as highly immoral and criminal. The crisis of the 2000 election between George W. Bush and Al Gore was further divisive. It was a close call election, with Florida being in contention and numerous instances of vote manipulation such as incoherent ballots, faulty equipment, and even racially-based voter suppression. The Republican party pushed against a manual recount and eventually, the conservative-led Supreme Court declared Bush the winner without letting the recount finish for more accurate results (Moss and Thomas 2012, 317). The Democrats felt that the party and their candidate were denied justice, and the Republicans were not listening to the will of the people, with their leadership significantly withdrawn from realities. Due to these events and subsequent
People cannot be socially isolated for long. No matter how independent one might be, there will always be the necessity for communication. Hence, the need to search for friend arises. Although types of friends are extremely numerous and can be split into categories based on countless number of principles, the best way to categorize types of friends is to consider how close they are to each other. The so-called bosom friends are the most well known type of friends; however, weirdly enough, very few people can actually name the ones that fall under the given category. A bosom friend is the kind of a person that knows every single detail of his pal’s life and always keeps in touch with the latter. The necessity to maintain constant communication is, perhaps, the basic obstacle on people’s way to become bosom buddies. Indeed, what seemed possible in the childhood, when most of the problems were solved by adults, and children had as much time for communication as possible, becomes hardly attainable in adult life, when a person barely manages to split his/her time between his/her family and work. The second type of friendship presupposes much more prosaic relationships. The friends talk to each other on a regular basis because they go to the same school or college or work in the same office. However, as soon as one of them resigns or moves to another city, the communication ends, since both are too lazy to call or send an e-mail to each other. Finally, there is the third type of friends. These friends share their moral principles, poke fun at the same things and find it enticing to talk to each other. Such friends may be separated for quite long and resume their friendship afterwards disregarding the time that they spent apart from each other. Speaking of which type of friends is the best, one must mention that the choice of a friend depends greatly on one’s personality and character traits. For some people, it is crucial to have a devoted friend by their side seven days a week, which means that they should go with the first category of friends. For some people, it is crucial that they could have enough time to arrange their private life and career, which means that they clearly need the second type of a friend. Finally, some might enjoy being alone and, thus, need the third kind of a friend, that is, the one whom they will not depend much on. Personally, I prefer the third type of friends, since I tend to be moody and often need time to be alone. While such type of relationships does not presuppose being close to each o
Introduction Economic integration involves the coordination of the economic and trade policies of many countries resulting into one trading bloc. Economic integration entails the setting of common trade tariffs and allowing free movement of human resources and capital across the borders of countries. It also involves the coordination of fiscal and monetary policies between countries. The European Union (EU) is an economic union, where there is free movement of goods and services among member states, common external tariffs, free movement of labor and capital and a common currency among member states. The EU economic integration has been a source of macro-economic benefits to the member states. However, economic integration also brings challenges among them lose of sovereignty of countries and low influence of small economies in the formulation of trade policies. Furthermore, the integration has the risk of developing protectionist trade barriers against countries outside of the economic union. European Union The European Union is an economic union made up of twenty-seven European countries. The integration came into existence after the World War II when the major governments of Europe set to unify their coal and steel industries. This culminated into the signing of the Rome treaty in 1957 that gave birth to the current European Union. The European Union has established a common customs union among member states. In this arrangement, trade tariffs among member states are eliminated and a common external tariff on imports from the other countries put in place. The customs union agrees on the tariff rates of different imports from the other countries that are applied by all the member states. The European customs union has led to improved economic development in the region and established closer political and cultural ties among the member states. The European Union common market facilitates the movement of goods and services, sets common external tariffs among the members and allows free movement of capital and labor across the borders of member countries. Because of the common market, the citizens of any member country in the European Union can work and invest in any country within the EU without any restriction. The European Union has an established monetary union where countries forming the EU have a common currency, the Euro. The central monetary authority of the European Union determines a common monetary policy for the entire EU member states. The signing of the European common currency treaty in 1991 led to the implementation of a single EU currency unit, the Euro. The creation of the European Union’s monetary authority reinforced the integration effects as it led to reduction in trade barriers
Negligence is usually discussed as a tort which is associated with performing a wrong act which causes damages or with failing to perform the act necessary to treat a person accordingly and to cope with the illness (Pozgar, 2012, p. 32-34). While referring to the cases of negligence which can be discussed in the context of the tort law, it is necessary to focus on the case Butler v. United States (2012) involving Kay Butler as a plaintiff and the United States of America and Veterans Administration as defendants. The decision on the case was announced on December 19, 2012 ( Butler v. United States 2012 , 2014, par. 3). The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals supported the judgment declared by the district court, and Mrs. Butler’s appeal was not satisfied because of failing to support the argument. In order to understand the aspects of the case, it is necessary to provide the case’s details, and analyze the effectiveness of the stated arguments in relation to the principles of the healthcare law and tort law. Details of the Case Mr. Butler, a husband of Kay Butler and a veteran of the armed forces, was diagnosed by a physician working at the Veterans Administration center in Durham, North Carolina, as having a vascular condition. Dr. Jonathan Gray concluded that Mr. Butler needed the urgent surgery. The diagnosis was announced in 2004. During the post-operative period, Mr. Butler was paralyzed from the chest down. The health state of the patient worsened significantly during the following months. Mr. Butler died from developed sepsis on March 15, 2005 ( Butler v. United States 2012 , 2014, par. 5-7). Mrs. Butler claimed to receive the compensation benefits from the Veterans Administration for negligent actions of the physicians which led to the death of the patient. Having received the benefits, Mrs. Butler appealed to court against the United States of America as a defendant in the case. The Sides’ Arguments during the Case The arguments of Mrs. Butler was based on providing the evidence to support the fact that carelessness of the surgeons, negligence during diagnosing and performing the surgery, and the lack of proper skill led to the injury and the death of the patient. The claim of Mrs. Butler was satisfied in relation to the duty of the physicians and the Veterans Administration. However, the argument of Mrs. Butler against the United States to affirm the wrongful death of the husband lacked the evidence of the experts in the field (Pozgar, 2012, p. 34). The Veterans Administration and the United States as defendants provided the support to their arguments with references to the Federal Tort Claims Act and principles of confirming the fact of negligence. Referring to the North Carolina law, the expert witness is required to discuss violation of the standard of care ( Butler v. United States 2012 , 2014, par. 5-7). The argument of the defendants failed to reject the medical malpractice action in relation to the Veterans Administration, but the argument to support the
Despite the fact that contraception as a phenomenon has been in existence for centuries, it was the introduction of the pill contraceptive that stirred a sheer outrage in the United States. While the idea of planned parenthood was understandable and acceptable at the time, the concept of a pill as the means of birth control did not sit well with the American society. Though the significance of the acceptance of the specified medicine is often overlooked, it is the introduction of the famous pill that was a major step forward in promoting the prochoice view on the issue and advocating women’s rights all over the country, as the movie The Pill shows in a very graphic way. When it comes to identifying the reasons for the unwillingness of the American society to accept the “pill” and admit women to their right to make a choice concerning childbirth, one must mention the lack of general awareness on the topic. Indeed, as the movie shows, manifesting itself in complete lack of concept about sexual relationships in general and what these relationships may lead to in particular: “There was this smoldering something that we were all supposed to know about but had no way of getting the information” (“The Pill” 00:00:45). Locating the reasons for the pill to get such a negative social response from nearly the entire population of the United States, one must admit that the personal idea of purity and proper sexual behavior had little to do with the reality – in fact, it had insultingly little to do with the latter. These were the Puritanism views in the American society of the time and the what-would-the-neighbors- think attitude (“The Pill” 00:01:39) that defined the attitude towards the concept of childbirth control and the idea of using a pill as the key tool for it. The pill, therefore, was not only the means of introducing a more careful parenthood planning system into the relationships of a husband and a wife, but also a tool for shaping the sanctimonious morals that the society of the time was powered by. Therefore, the revolutionary suggestion that Gregory Pincus came up with could be viewed as a salvation for women all over the USA. Though the scientist is mostly credited for promoting the idea of using the hormone progesterone as the main ingredient of a birth control pill, he, in fact, should be praised for a different kind of innovation – before Pincus came up with the idea of using the hormone for birth control, the effects of progesterone on the female body had already been known, yet, much to the researcher’s surprise, the GD Searle Company “was doing little with it” (“The Pill” 00:20:12). This does beg the question whether the prohibition of the pill, which was issued in the encyclical on the subject matter, was intended for the moral fabric of the Catholic people to remain intact, or for the church to refuse from providing women with their rights. The controvers
The conceptual framework facilitating the effective functioning of most states has incorporated various schools of thoughts as they strive towards their goals. Such frameworks are conceived deeply within the politics of a country or state. In this light, such critical processes as liberalism and realism have been developed to create meaning on the politics of a nation. The frameworks are distinct depending on the state leadership and administrator present. Liberalism set up a code of conduct in the political structure of a nation through identifying the norms of a state or country. The ideas of liberty developed through a processing system and approved as the legal framework of a government regulation ensure that order is restored at all times. Democratic nations create these structures to ensure that the line of action is predetermined and free from bias. Other nations set up the reaction processes through their administrator, who determines the way of handling issues in a country. This aspect has been associated with dictatorship since issues are manipulated through individual decisions and few consultations. This kind of system dissatisfies people since they are not aware of the fairness in such a process. In this regard, the political structure formed through this system is referred to as realism. This paper discusses various aspects of liberalism and realism as the systems developed through the particulate school of thought to ensure that nations grow and civilize. Liberalism Why do liberals think that universal moral principles should be made a reality? Liberals believe that people should have a common way of judgment internationally where each action faces a general reaction for every person across the globe. The common standard of identifying norms within a society forms a solution for differences in ideologies as perceived in the current globe. For instance, the use of drugs has been an area of controversies where some countries allow their use while others refute them. For instance, bhang has been allowed in Jamaica. Jamaica can be a source and a center of distributing such illegal commodities globally. Liberals develop an idea that a common moral standard would exempt such differences that create weaknesses. They support this argument by pointing out that universal norm and morals can exempt differences as seen in religion standards. If all people had a common religion, beliefs, laws, rules, regulations, and conditions among others, the judgments would be made through one line of thought since there would be no differences. In fact, trying individuals in a foreign nation would have no difference. What is the moral defense of this position; what is the political defense, i.e. implications for institutional arrangements? However, the realization of this form of arrangement would not only be impossible but also unrealistic due to the prevailing institutional setup. Setting up such a commo
Abstract Water is being covered about two thirds of the earth surface. Some of the water is found in the continents’ rivers, lakes and in the subsurface. The fact still holds that about 98% of the earth’s water is found in the oceans; this ocean water sometimes is locked up in glaciers. In land, water is locked up in ice caps especially in cold areas. People often ignores most of the things available within his reach and as most of you might agree, it is a universally held notion that we crave for what we can’t get and despise what we cannot live without. Until recently, the issue of water had been taken with less concern with nobody caring on how water was being used. Before then water was considered as a commodity which can survive beyond depletion nobody saw the chances of the commodity becoming scarce. However as events unfold, it has been revealed as a fact that water is rapidly being depleted and soon the world may become a desert. As it has been reported, many third world countries are still grappling with providing usable water to their citizens. Most of these countries are in Africa and Asia. This research tries to explain the importance of water especially in an economist’s perspective by explaining the uses of water in various fields, pollution of water and the agents of pollution. In essence, the report tries to crystallize ways in which this precious commodity can be utilized to enhance sustainable economic growth in the society. As we shall be able to see in this report, clean water quality is more of primary importance than just the water itself. Water is put into a specific use depending on the degree of its quality. Introduction When we talk about water, the first thing that comes into our mind is a colorless liquid, which is used for domestic, purposes such as cooking, cleaning, drinking, and for animals’ consumption. Despite the numerous uses of water, as we have seen above, the commodity is quickly running out of stock and action needs to be taken in devising ways in which we can use water in an efficient and a sustainable way. The distribution of water across the world varies with some places having abundant supplies as others have constrained supplies. This is confirmed by Johnson (2010) who states that: “In wealthy parts of the world, people turn on a faucet and out pours abundant, clean water. Yet nearly 900 million people in the world have no access to clean water, and 2.5 billion people have no safe way to dispose human waste—many defecate in open fields or near the same rivers they drink from. Dirty water and lack of a toilet and proper hygiene kill 3.3 million people around the world annually, most of them children under age five” (p. 2). In some places accessing even the dirty
Healthcare provision to the aged people forms one of the most important aspects that dictate the ability of the latter group to effectively carry out their task and continue living healthy lives. Its provision therefore requires careful consideration of their health status, inabilities and planning as well as provision of adequate resources to support the whole system. Due to the emergence of constraints arising from the high cost of providing the services and care to this group, it is critical for healthcare to be viewed as a necessity. Though the concept of healthcare as a necessity to the aged has emerged to be highly contentious, some medical specialists indicate that it is the only way out in guaranteeing high quality healthcare provision. This paper is a commentary review on plaintiff life care plan to Attorney Martin on the need for adequate resources to support a 72 year old plaintiff. From the letter to the attorney, the case which is exploring the burden of taking care of the plaintiff stands out quite strongly. The fact that she has to take care of hiring individuals to perform duties on her behalf since she is blind and deaf is indeed strenuous, tough and demanding. It is critical to note that there are many factors in a community that determine health and well being of the aged as reflected by the tone of the letter. As such, circumstances and environmental factors such as place of residence, income, inabilities, relationships with family and friends, and the state of the environment determines their health status to a large extent Some of the issues that the plaintiff is facing and that needs to be addressed include factors which are triggered by both social and economic factors he/she is living in. The factors are mostly social determinants as reflected by economic status which determines whether she will be able to cater for the cost of $20 per hour for the many hours she will need the services in a day. This can be estimated to about $47,320 or more per year alongside buying other materials like reading machines, listening devices and replacement of grab bars and rails. In my view, the elderly plaintiff requires legal assistance to remain safe, healthy and independent as long as it is possible, but to also curb issues on age discrimination, neglect, protective services, utilities, housing, nutrition, long-term care and income security. While the plaintiff reserves the right to choices concerning his/her healthcare, the situation of the case is indeed one where the plaintiff’s conditions render him/her unable to perform certain tasks. There is need for the plaintiff to be covered by disability insurance policies or be provided by long term insurance plans or financial assistance under the federal medical assistance programs. According to Kapp (2008), the elderly with
Dante’s epic poem Inferno is one of the defining works of the Western canon. The vivid imagery of the nine circles of hell has been endlessly referenced, reread, illustrated, and used to instill the fear of God in Christians for over seven hundred years. Dante’s conception of the universe is commonly known as a straightforward representation of the Medieval view of the afterlife. However, it has lately been suggested that it is actually a dramatized allegory for Dante’s spiritual reawakening. Thus, Inferno can be categorized as a spiritual autobiography depicting the soul’s transition from a state of damnation to one of grace. The poem starts with Dante standing in the woods, “gone from the path direct” (Dante & Cary, 1866, p. 1). Three animals block his path up the mountain. The spirit of the Roman poet Virgil, sent by Dante’s love Beatrice, appears to guide Dante. He must go through hell and purgatory to finally enter heaven. If the reader interprets the text through the lens of allegory, it becomes clear that Dante has been motivated by his love for Beatrice to recognize the morally compromised state of his life and alter it: “love brought me thence” (Dante & Cary, 1866, p. 9). However, he mu