ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The academic area of Social Studies is an integral component of K-12 educational standards and curricula. However, in different states, departments of education determine their specific standards and curriculum requirements for this discipline (U.S. Department of Education, 2017). To ensure the correspondence of a formative assessment test with educational standards designed for high school students, the Georgia Department of Education was randomly selected. Formative Assessment Instruction A thematic educational category of the history of Egyptian society is coded as SSWH1 and included in the high school world history course in Georgia (Georgia Department of Education, 2015). Given the diversity of formative assessment forms (Gipe, 2014; Goldman & Pellegrino, 2015), a synthesis essay format was chosen to assess students’ skills and knowledge with the emphasis on the development of their creativity and critical thinking. This approach to formative assessment will allow focusing “on the faithful reconstruction of a specific historical period, event or process which happened in the past” (Mortara, Catalano, Bellotti, Fiucci, Houry-Panchetti, & Petridis, 2014, p. 319). The instruction is formulated in the following way:  1. Synthesizing knowledge of ancient societies, explain and discuss factors contributing to the collapse of ancient Egypt from the historical, social, economic, political, and cultural perspectives.  2. Substantiate your explanations by choosing one of the following characters: an Egyptian pharaoh of the Thirty-First Dynasty, Herodotus, a vizier, a nomarch of one of the Egyptian provinces, an Isiac, a craftsman, or a farmer. Illustrate your statements from the viewpoint of a chosen character.  3. Provide specific examples, facts, data, and details by referring to the coursebook and appropriate, credible sources; at least two sources should be utilized for the synthesis of information.  4. The essay should consist of at least two pages and include an introduction, three to four body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Assessment Scoring Rubrics and Criteria The scoring rubrics and criteria for this formative assessment are represented as a table (Table 1) in order to ensure an easily navigable format. Table 1                                 Assessment Scoring Rubrics and Criteria Components and points                    Not attempted                                                                                             Inadequate
Medical errors associated with clinical tests are directly related to the factor of patient safety, and the ways to improve tests’ quality are important to be studied in detail. The authors of the article “A Trend Analysis of Quality Indicators of Patient Safety in the Clinical Laboratory over 21 Months” focused on evaluating the quality indicators used during the pre- and post-analytical phases in laboratories in order to decrease errors and improve the quality of test results (Agarwal et al. 300). The research published in 2012 can be discussed as significant to contribute to choosing quality indicators in order to improve testing in the clinical and laboratory settings. Focusing on the problem statement, it is important to note that Agarwal and the group of researchers chose the urgent problem. Thus, the researchers noted that during the pre- and post-analytical phases of testing sessions, the rate of errors is about 93% (Agarwal et al. 300). As a result, it was significant to select the quality indicators that were appropriate to indicate the quality of both pre- and post-analytical phases. The researchers chose incorrect identification, incomplete forms, and sample-rejection rate for the pre-analytical phase as well as urgent sample reporting and critical-values reporting for the post-analytical phase (Agarwal et al. 301). Concentrating on these indicators, the researchers were able to examine changes in the quality rates. Therefore, the choice of indicators can be discussed as relevant. The selection of the methodology can also be discussed as efficient because to conduct the 21-month long study, the researchers focused on the prospective analysis of results during separate pre- and post-analytical phases. It was important to study the tests in the laboratory of Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences in Delhi during the period of January 2010-September 2011. Thus, during this period, 75 675 blood samples were received for testing (Agarwal et al. 301). From this point, to receive the full picture, the prospective analysis was supported with the trend analysis, and researchers also focused on the implementation of three patient-safety strategies as well training sessions for the personnel in order to examine the approaches to improve testing in laboratories. Focusing on the data analysis and discussion of the results, it is important to determine such strengths as the use of both statistical and trend analysis methods to conclude about the collected information. The researchers found that 91.2% of errors were detected during the pre-analytical phase (Agarwal et al. 302). According to the quality indicators, the most typical errors were associated with incomplete forms and sample rejection. However, the most important result is that the identification of quality indicat
Classism can be defined as an attitude, action, or institutional structure that subordinates or limits a person of their low socioeconomic status. While this definition is correct, it does not explain the complexity of the issue or its interconnections with other societal factors. Classism is a form of discrimination closely linked with issues of poverty, racism, and schooling. Complexity and Connections Classism is not a problem that exists in a vacuum. Classism does not result in just a negative attitude towards the poor but many issues like racism, sexism, lack of social programs, and even the creation of harmful legislation. This reality makes classism a compound issue in society. Negative classist ideas at their core dehumanize people who are on the lower socioeconomic level, while often disregarding the issues that put them in this situation in the first place (Greenleaf, Ratts, & Song, 2016). Poor people often cannot afford higher education, while public schools in poorer districts have trouble finding qualified teachers and providing the same curriculum level. Public schools are underfunded and cannot afford to provide the latest textbooks and technology to the students. This fact results in stereotyping of graduates from these schools and possible discrimination during the job application. Children from low-income families can be the target of bullying from children of richer families. Also, low-income families sometimes cannot afford to be involved in their children’s school activities due to their busy work schedules (Reay, 2014). People living in poverty are the primary target of classism. They are often stereotyped as being “lazy” or “unmotivated.” But the reality is to the contrary. Due to the lack of jobs that pay a living wage, people in poverty often work multiple jobs to survive. The wage gap between classes is so large that poor people sometimes make less in a year than a person of a higher class makes in a day (Greenleaf, Ratts, & Song, 2016). Racism is another factor affected by classism. People of an ethnic minority are historically discriminated against not only in the United States but also in other parts of the world. While some issues of inequality have been addressed, the problem of institutional racism is still alive. Ethnic neighborhoods often receive less law enforcement leading to a rise in violence. This violence not only perpetuates negative stereotypes but also prevents people from achieving a higher socioeconomic status (Haugen, 2015). As mentioned earlier, schools in poor communities receive less funding making it harder for ethnic minorities to educate properly. These issues create false perceptions of ethnic people as uneducated criminals, which feeds into racist and classist stereotypes (Haney-Lopez, 2015). Classism has a unique effect on the lives of women. Instead of discriminating against women by their socioeconomic position, classist views often undermine women because of their gender. Although it is a primary issue of sexism, lack of access to higher-level jobs and positions prevented women from achieving the same economic status as men. Even if women are promoted to a l
Introduction Kahane Chai is one of the nonwhite supremacist hate groups which is opposed to Arabs and Christians in Israel. Nowadays, it is declared a terrorist organization by the Israeli officials and the USA (Gerstenfeld, 2013). Like many other hate groups, Kahane Chai supports bigoted viewpoints that are not widely accepted both by the citizens of their country and the international community. The extremist behavior and the selection of illegal methods for supporting their ideology, e.g. the armed attacks on civilians and rebellion, are the major factors defining the terrorist nature of the group and its failure to gain widespread acceptance. Historical Development of the Pro-Jewish Movement The group’s founder is Benjamin Zeev, the son of Rabbi Meir Kahane who was the leader of the Jewish Defence League (JDL) founded in 1968 in the USA (Cohen-Almagor, 2007). The activities and philosophy of the JDL are directly linked to the emergence of Kahane Chai. When the Meir Kahane’s movement was restricted by the US federal law enforcement agency, he immigrated to Israel where he continued his proactive supremacist activities. In 1984, Kahane entered the parliament with his Kach party and for a few years, he had undertaken many attempts to disseminate the anti-Arab ideology and had actively promoted the ideas of Jews’ superiority over Arabs and “the precedence of the Jewish law, the halacha , over the law of the state” (Cohen-Almagor, 2007, p. 83). Afterward, the government and the media took measures to reduce Kahane’s influence and prevent his activities – Kahane’s movement became de-legitimized and was banned from participation in the political decision-making. Then, in 1990 he was assassinated in New York. After the failure to succeed in his father’s leadership in Kach, Benjamin Zeev Kahane established the Kahane Chai movement which can be translated as “Kahane is Alive” (Cohen-Almagor, 2007, p. 83). The splinter from the JDL and Kahaneism, Kahane Chai supported a similar ideology and maintained violent activities against Arabs. Ideology and the Focus of Hatred The group’s philosophy is rooted in the Zionist ideo-theology which combines the ideas drawn from the Jewish history and religion, as well as the values of justice and freedom for people with the Jewish identity (Jones, 2007). The members of Kahane Chai
Vestas Wind Systems The company headquarters is in Denmark, and as a result of enormous growth of the company since its founding in 1945, it has set up manufacturing plants in several countries including Germany, United kingdom, India and US. When the company initially started, it used to manufacture household electrical devices but drastically changed their manufacturing through years making agricultural appliances, intercoolers, hydraulic machines and turned their focus to wind turbines since 1989. Fairly writes that, “For the last eight years, the company merged with NEG Micon, another Danish company specializing in making wind turbines.” The two companies put their efforts together to establish the worlds biggest manufacturing plant of turbines using the brand, Vestas Wind Systems. The company recovered in the year 2006 after a drop in sales the previous year making it be ranked the number one top green company in 2006. Towards the end of 2008, the company embarked on expansion plans in their plants in Colorado and Oregon. While the company is aggressively looking for new markets, it has been closing some of the plants in regions that their demand is low. Fairly (43), states that, “Some of the closed manufacturing plants include the one in Scandinavia and Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom.” Todate, over forty thousand wind turbines have been installed by vestas worldwide with its workforce which is estimated at around twenty three thousand people globally. The new expansion targets include countries like China and US where its products are on high demand. The company is gradually shifting production to China and US because of reduced demands in Europe. The companies goal when making their turbines is to provide customers with turbines of high quality, they don’t look at market share and prices when designing them. One of the products manufactured by Vesta is V112-3.0MW. It is designed in a manner that it can adapt to areas with low and medium wind. The company projects that such areas will be shift to wind power in future. This device has the ability to produce more electric power than other turbines in that category of 3MW. This turbine is reliable, easy to service and offers greater efficiency than other turbines in the same class. According to the company website, “Another product designed for areas with light winds is Vestas V90-2MW.” This one is mainly designed for European countries because of its light weather conditions. Another product from Vestas is Vestas V90-3MWwhich is used all over the world to generate electricity. The distinctive feature of this product is that is uses pitch control. V90-3MW V47-660kW Vestas company spends a substantial amount of its revenue in research and development. Recent statistics indicate that it spend in excess of one hundred and thirty million in the year 2009 in research. Some of its recent research findings is unveiling a stealth wind turbine i
Introduction Jones Blair is a private company that has specialized in making and advertising different architectural paint. The Company uses “Jones” for branding reasons. In addition to paint, the company deals with sundries such as rollers and brushes produced by other companies (Herman, 2003). Since 2004, the company has accrued a profit of 1.14 million dollars from its total sales of 12 million dollars. Over the last decade, the company’s growth in sales approximates at 4 percent yearly. Consequently, the authority has made key decisions for the company to introduce the latest commercial marketing efforts. This script thus provides a summary of the company’s strengths, weaknesses, threats, as well as opportunities (SWOT analysis). Strengths The company maintains its margins despite the increased expenses resulting from factors such as hiking costs of the research, as well as development. Secondly, they lead in offering reduced prices for the paint in their area of specialty (Herman, 2003). Significantly, the company has many outlets for its products. However, external premium retail purchasers only deal with the products of this company. The majority of its outlets with purchases exceeding over 50,000 US Dollars carry the John Blair line. The company produces goods, as well as services of improved quality. The presence of proficient sales representatives that personally know the individual customers provide support for the company. (McCaffery, 2004). The company’s long-term market has matured to approximately two percent of its entire sales. Sources have designated that, the company produces distinctive lumberyards, as well as paint stores making it the most common patronized in the region. In addition, the company has markets in key businesses, as well as financial centers such as “Dallas Fort Worth” (DFW). Weaknesses The company faces many challenges in deploying commercial marketing efforts in the available markets for architectural paint coatings. This implies that the corporate marketing efforts would explore new markets for the company’s products. As a result, the company’s sales would increase and would result in its growth (McCaffery, 2004). In addition, their sales representatives have been participating in coordinating cooperative advertising programs with the company’s competitors. As a result, the majority of their competitors accrue more sales over them. In addition, the requirement that forces them to trim down the release of volatile compounds poses a challenge to the company. The requirements that it should comply with W/EAP have resulted in squat profit margins. This compliance means that the company would incur extra costs inform of the acquisition of an additional workforce. Consequently, the company’s expenses would hike, therefore, the squat profit margins. Consequently, the company would serve a small proportion of clients thus the minimized sales volume. Additionally, the company’s high charges for their products de
Introduction The present is marked by numerous ecological and environmental concerns such as the high rate of pollution, the threat of global warming, and others. Most of these issues are direct results of humanity’s progress into the industrial stage and the subsequent massive increase in the production and transportation of goods. As such, many developed countries are spearheading efforts to reduce the harm done by manufacturing facilities and various transport vehicles. Technological improvements that allow for better recycling or lower waste production are an essential part of the initiative, but there are other methods that do not require intensive development. One such approach, known as green logistics, is the focus of this paper. What is Green Logistics? Nowadays, humanity’s numbers are higher than at any prior point in history, and various goods are produced worldwide. As such, increasing amounts of freight transportation become necessary to deliver products to consumers, especially essential ones such as food. According to Piecyk, Browne, Whiteing, and McKinnon (2015), freight transport was responsible for approximately 8% of the worldwide carbon dioxide emissions, or 33.7 million tons, in 2004. The figure has likely grown considerably since then, as countries such as China and India have entered a rapid development stage. The traffic growth also leads to increased amounts of other pollution manifestations, such as noise and life-threatening accidents. However, freight vehicles are essential to modern civilization and cannot be eliminated. However, the amount of movement, and consequently the emissions produced by vehicle engines, can be reduced through a reorganization of suppliers and routes. Traditional logistics concentrates on economic efficiency, minimizing the costs of transportations as expressed through money and time, but an additional parameter, pollution, may be added. After such a transformation, the adjective “green” may be used to signify the environmentally conscious nature of the approach. It is gaining increasing traction among companies that try to reduce their overall degree of harm to the planet, as the changes are more organizational than technological. It is accessible to everyone, though the resulting approaches may lead to reduced revenue and so can be unpopular with profit-oriented companies. Ultimately, the reduction of traffic pollution requires a decrease in the overall time the various transports spend being active. According to Fahimnia, Bell, Hensher, and Sarkis (2015), the primary approaches to the problem at the tactical and operational levels are “green routing, consolidation of delivery schedules, and efficient inventory management” (p. 2). If every vehicle can always be filled to capacity when conducting deliveries, the overall
Introduction This paper is aimed finding the solutions to such a problem as body image blues. This term can be defined as the extreme dissatisfaction with ones physical appearance (Rodriguez, 2010, p. 9). In some cases, individuals can have a distorted perception of their body. To a great extent, this phenomenon can be explained by the idealized images that are imposed by popular culture. This issue should not be overlooked because it affects a great number of people. In particular, one can mention that from 30 to 56 percent of middle-aged women are can be dissatisfied with their physical appearance (Marshall, Lengyel, & Utioh, 2012, p. 243). Furthermore, body image blues can be associated with depression and other mood disorders. This is why this problem should not be overlooked. Background It is important to mention that the given problem has been addressed several times. There have been a number of researches concerning beauty standards, their change over time and people’s perception of self in relation to the established standards of male/female beauty. Grogan (2007) claims that the researches on the issue started in 1980; according to the author, PsychINFO database contains a number of citations concerning body dissatisfactions since 1970 (“from 726 in the 1970s, to 1,428 in the 1980s, to 2,477 in the 1990s” (Grogan, 2007, p. 1)). Hence, it can be considered that the problem has finally reached its peak and, therefore, needs to be solved. Defined as dissatisfaction with one’s deviations from the established beauty standards in a specific society, body image blues is worth careful consideration. Solutions It is possible to provide several recommendations that can be used for addressing this problem. First of all, people, who struggle with this problem, should accept their body as a given (Daften, 2010). In particular, many aspects of a person’s physical appearance are not dependent on his/her lifestyle (Rodriguez, 2010, p. 9). For instance, one can mention the shape of one’s nose, skin color, freckles, and so forth. This approach to this problem is important because it enables a person to forget about the guilt that they experience for the alleged defects of their body. Secondly, one should remember that in many cases other people do not pay much attention to the so-called flaws of their physical appearance (Leone, 2007, p. 164). In many cases, they do not detect these defects. This strategy is important because in this way, a person can understand that his/her body is not a subject of someone else’s scrutiny. More importantly, this person can see that other people can be attracted to his/her physical appearance. This strategy is beneficial since it helps people take a less critical view on their body image. This is one of the main aspects that should not be overlooked by people who struggle with body image blues. The third recommendation is that these people should be more aware about the stereotypes that are imposed by popular culture. For example, these individuals should learn more about the images that are displayed by the popular media (Grogan, 2007). In most cases, they set certain standards that every person has to meet (Kindes