ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary Previously identified threats were addressed from two perspectives: risk management strategies and control identification. The risks were code injection attacks, DDoS attacks, and buffer overflow vulnerability. From the risk management perspective, it was established that risk avoidance and risk acceptance strategies are inapplicable to dealing with these threats because the use of these strategies would impose limitations on the organization’s operation, thus deteriorating its current performance and hindering further development. Instead, the risk mitigation strategy was recommended, and particular measures to be taken according to it included encrypting messages containing credentials and other types of sensitive information, protecting the server, and creating tools for detecting suspicious activities. From the control identification perspective, it was established that three major categories of controls exist: preventive, detective, and corrective. The division corresponds to their functions. In terms of their implementation, one more category should be identified: administrative controls, i.e. such that require changes in existing policies and procedures. Preventive controls were recommended for the threats of code injection attacks (cryptographic protocols) and DDoS attacks (server protection, reverse proxies); a corrective control was recommended for DDoS attacks (obstacles for incoming data), and a detective control was recommended for buffer overflow vulnerability (data execution prevention). Further, the importance of risk management and control identification for the organization is explained, and it is stressed that defining, prioritizing, and addressing risks, along with properly classifying the instruments needed for effective risk management and control development, are crucial in ensuring the organization’s safety and continuous development. Strategies for Addressing the Risks Three threats were established to be relevant to the organization: code injection, DDoS attacks, and buffer overflow vulnerability. For all three, a strategy should be selected for addressing the risk. Code injection attacks are a risk because they compromise sensitive data stored by the organization. Risk acceptance, as one of the possible risk management strategies, is inapplicable to this case because the safety of data should remain a primary consideration for any organization. Data loss or data theft lead to dramatically negative consequences, as an organization exposed to them may eventually lose money and jeopardize personal confidential information of its members. Risk avoidance is not the optimal option eith
Introduction Neolithic revolution refers to an agricultural revolution that occurred between 8,000 and 5,000 BC, during which period the human way of life was transformed from historically practices that predominantly involved hunting and gathering to a form of agriculture that involved cultivation of crops and domestication of animals (Watkins). Because Neolithic revolution finally led to a more established agricultural farming among inhabitants it eventually led to three major developments in the ways of life of the people, i.e. economically, socially and politically. These immediate outcomes of the Neolithic revolution are the main points of discussions that are going to be the major focus of this paper. Causes of Neolithic Revolution As early as 8,000 BC in events that were taking place in Melansia, the first efforts by man to practice agrarian based farming started taking place leading to the earliest recorded events where man was deliberately moving from nomadic way of living through hunting and gathering (Watkins). Over the next three thousand years or so this shift from nomadic way of life started taking place in many regions of the world spontaneously such as in Sub-saharan Africa and Asia among others. The factors that are mostly attributed to this shift of way of life are many and varied and include change in climate, change in culture, population increase and natural evolution. One of the theories that attribute Neolithic revolution to climate change is referred as Oasis theory which claims that dry climate resulted in people settling around available sources of water (Watkins. It is from here that they started taking the first initiative of farming and domesticating animals thereby departing from nomadic way of life which had started to become unreliable. Other theories suggest that population increase forced the early world inhabitants to ditch nomadic way of life to more stable agriculture methods which could be relied to provide enough food for the ever increasing community size (Wright). Natural evolution of both humans and plants which enabled man to domesticate plants and animals is also attributed to the Neolithic revolution. It is unclear what exactly might have triggered the Neolithic revolution but it is most probable that a combination of all these factors eventually led to settled form of agriculture that man continues to practice to this date. Consequences There are three immediate impacts that Neolithic revolution had on the way of life to the early inhabitants; one, people started adopting permanent settlement as a result of the domesticated way of life. Two, there was rise of social classes occasioned by the need of the people to stay connected now that they were finally able to settle in one place and practice agriculture. This is what led to social change because of the new social structures that are inherent in any community that get to live together. Finally, the two fac
Introduction In the short story “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the narrator’s feelings, activities, and general well-being intertwine with the imaginary patterns she sees in the yellow wallpaper in her room. The narrator and her husband travel to a castle home for a summer vacation that will also serve as recuperation for the narrator who seemingly suffers from a mental disorder that may be associated with the recent birth of her son. She tries to convince her husband John and one of her minders Jennie, to see the patterns she notices in the wallpaper of her upstairs room, which they, of course, cannot see: the narrator has extended her mental disorder to the yellow wallpaper and the illusionary patterns she perceives on the wall are her mind’s creations. Her general descent into psychosis begins when she requests to have some things done for her that turn out to overwhelm her – for example she insists on a visit to Cousin Henry and Julia, but when she gets there she is barely in the mood and cries for no apparent reason (6). Her bizarre fascination with the patterns on the wallpaper begins when she spends a lot of time in the room with the wallpaper at daytime, eventually having her conscious state and sense of image inextricably linked to an image of herself that she projects in the patterns on the wallpaper. Therefore, the woman that the narrator perceives in the wallpaper patterns represents her own projected image, and the woman’s acts illustrates the real, actual and physical acts of the narrator. Description as an indicator of similarity The descriptions that the narrator gives for the woman in the patterns portray the similarity of the projected image and the narrator’s physical state. The narrator states, “There are things that paper [wallpaper] that nobody knows but me, or ever will”. This description of the wallpaper being as intimate to her as to preclude anybody else ever finding out some details about it reflects her. The personal and intimate details of the heart, mind, and soul that only known to self are what she describes here. She says confidently that nobody can ever find out about these details of the wallpaper because she is referring to her feelings, desires, and dreams that she would never mention to anyone else – hence the confident declaration that nobody will ever find out these details. She further states that the wallpaper image is “Always the same shape, only very numerous”, an indication of the form of her physical body’s shape which never changes. The many patterns are only a description of the different angles through which the sun’s rays project her shadows at various places during the day, and the moon’s illumination throughout the night, on the wallpaper. Behavior and character attribute as an indicator of similarity One of the queer behaviors that have afflicted the narrator because of her mental unsoundness is creeping. She states that the pattern on the wallpaper “Is like a woman stooping down and creeping behind that pattern” (7). Yet this description fits her because further in the text
Introduction Globalization has accelerated the necessity of developing new marketing strategies and designing consumer oriented products by almost all world wide companies in harnessing potential target groups. During yester years marketing new products in developing and underdeveloped countries with low per capita income was a Herculean task for most of the companies. And in due course cross-cultural entities are given prime importance in building up a feasible strategy to increase the sales proceeds. However, the process of modern marketing strategies in BRIC countries was started only in the late seventies, while the world economy began opening up gradually before them. When these countries adopted economic reforms through economic sanctions and deregulation, global companies who had their base in Europe and America jumped into the competitive markets of BRIC countries. This they did by launching new strategies with a hidden agenda of building an emotional bond relating to the demography and ethnography of each region. The observations on the present Mini Case about the task of customizing 5.4 billion new customers are viewed in this context. How to conceive strategies to market products in underdeveloped countries? Marketing new products requires adoption of maneuvers and innovations in marketing concepts. Decades ago the marketing plans had been restricted to selling identical products to identical customers. But times have changed and customers are blessed now with more access to information at the blink of an eye. As a result, the customers are placed at a vantage point, and the product developers are forced to adopt new strategies to cope with the changing situation. It has become imperative for them to build specific fundamentals in designing every product to make money by exploiting the needs of their target group (Power). Cultural customization in BRIC countries: The marketing strategies evolved through the years have proved that any product could be sold to anybody if sold in the right way at the right time with right solution framed towards a right goal. Keeping this in mind, every company, now days, is keen to seek apt and innovative measures in marketing their products considering the geographical, ethnic and living standard of the people. The Hewlett- Packard Company, in order to sell their digital camera, printer and solar battery charger to an economically backward people in the remote villages of Andhra Pradesh in India, adopted a new strategy, not as a direct sale to the end user, but as a rental to the end users. With this innovative idea, the company achieved its aim by marketing a product to which the target group actually has no potential to buy. The company started renting out the device to the village photographers on monthly basis. This has benefitted the company with continuous revenue inflow and at the same time ensured the effectiveness of the marketing strategy. Moreover, the close encounter with the HP technology has increased the potential of the customers, and has ignited their aspirations as well (Power). Marketing of products in the under developed an
Introduction Coca-Cola Great Britain is based in West London. It is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Coca-Cola Company, a multinational corporation of American origin (Ignatius 2011). It is involved in the manufacture, distribution, and marketing of non-alcoholic drinks in the markets within which it has operations (Senker & Foy 2012). It mainly deals with concentrates and syrups used in the preparation of beverages. The company’s main brand is Coca-Cola. The product was invented in 1886 by John Stith, an American pharmacist (Ignatius 2011). Today, Coca-Cola Great Britain consists of a team of 110 persons. They are charged with the responsibility of promoting the brands that are already in existence, as well as introducing new ones into the market (Senker & Foy 2012). The company has a total of seven manufacturing sites across the United Kingdom (UK). It is only involved in the production of syrup concentrates that are sold to bottlers who serve specific territories across the nation. Coca Cola enterprises within the UK employ an estimated 4650 individuals. In the proposed research, the author will attempt to showcase the strategies that Coca Cola Great Britain has put in place to promote involvement and engagement of its employees. The company was chosen for this study as a result of its continued commitment to the promotion of both human and workplace rights (Senker & Foy 2012). The company also operates in a dynamic and contemporary market. In the 1880s, the case was different. At the time, the organisation was a lone player in the industry. However, there has been an increase in the number of competitors today. The emergence and increased popularity of low calorie beverages across the globe has prompted the company to innovate and acquire other smaller firms in the industry. Such firms include, among others, Minute Maid. For an organisation to become innovative, it should involve and engage its workforce (Rayer & Adam-Smith 2009). Problem Statement Employees play a major role in the success of an organisation. The reason behind this is that they are involved in the day-to-day running of the entity (Henderson 2011). They are also involved in decision making within the firm. As such, human resource management (HRM) practices should seek to improve the involvement and engagement of these individuals in the activities of the business. Consequently, such employees will become committed to the organisation and its values (Balantyne 2004). However, most firms fail to put in place effective HRM strategies. As a result, their workforce is less willing to contribute to their success. Research Questions The study will focus on assessing the effects of involvement and engagement of employees with regards to the success of an organisation (Holm 2013). The topic is highly relevant to the firm selected for the study. The reaso
Western is a significant genre in modern cinematography, though its history and significance are controversial and are actively discussed in society. There is an opinion that the Western film genre is an attempt to establish the identity of the American nation as dominated by male representatives of Anglo-Saxon culture. Such an assumption may be genuine for the origins of Westerns, but now this genre is much more complicated and broader. Western has a complex history and rich heritage and is a worldwide genre representing values and beliefs of many different nations and national environments, illustrating people’s lives from a specific “Western” perspective. First of all, Westerns cannot be identified in a primitive way because nowadays, the genre does not only relate to the national identity of Americans. For instance, Gonzalez argues that Western is not a national genre anymore as it has become a transnational phenomenon that “has been received and interpreted differently in diverse national contexts” (257). In other words, there is much more to the genre, which now demonstrates specificities of various nations and cultures, including civil authorities and the relationships between the Middle East and the American West (Gonzalez 258). A specific term introduced by Miller and Van Riper – “international Westerns” unites the corresponding films into a large group of cinematic works (Gonzalez 258). Cinematic internationalism, or transnationalism, is associated with the film and all stages of its production, including distribution, exhibition, and reception (Gonzalez 259). Western films may have started as an attempt to institutionalize the American national identity, but now it is a more complicated genre. Moreover, the Western genre films’ primary concern is not establishing the American national identity but the interpretation of national myths and epics. As Gonzalez claims, Westerns are a part of popular fiction that deconstructs and problematizes various foundational myths of the nation while presenting them from different perspectives (263). The researcher demonstrates that the Western genre is associated with the process described above as a part of cinematography in America, Ireland, Spain, France, and many other countries (Gonzalez 264). For instance, American Westerns illustrate the ideological implication of the American dream myth, whereas Irish Westerns refer to the legends of the Irish West associated with cultural nationalism in Ireland (Gonzalez 264). More importantly, Gonzalez states that Western films
The assessment of political risks and legal environments is a necessary stage before deciding on the foreign direct investment (FDI) in the concrete country. The reason is that the political situation in a country can have negative effects on the company’s development and the safety of investments. Therefore, international legal environments need to be assessed to propose efficient strategies for the company planning the FDI (Debaere, Lee, & Lee, 2010). The computer and high technology industry are actively developing in South Korea, and it is characterized by a qualified workforce. Therefore, the decisions regarding the FDI in this country are mostly made by IT companies and producers of laptops and computer components. This paper aims to assess political risks and examine specific legal factors that can affect the decision on the FDI in the computer industry in South Korea with the focus on the macro and micro perspectives, and the other purpose is the provision of recommendations to address the situation. Expropriation and Confiscation Threats In South Korea, threats of expropriation and confiscation for laptop production centers are minimal. The reason is that the country refers to the international laws regarding the practices of expropriation of the invested properties ( Foreign direct investment hit record in 2014 , 2015; Lall, 2013, p. 20). Thus, the foreigners’ private property is protected by laws, and this principle is also relevant for producing and selling laptops because they represent the significant niche in the technological market of the country (U.S. Government, 2015, p. 3). Although the confiscation is not prohibited in the country directly, the compensation for the possible expropriation of the property for the public use is guaranteed. It is important to state that South Korea has many regulations regarding business development and foreign investment. Therefore, the use of business models that are not authorized or adopted in the South Korean environment has legal consequences (Chung, 2014, p. 223). Moreover, the level of government interference in various industries and businesses is different, and it is correlated with the level of the industry openness to the FDI. The laptop industry of South Korea is open to the FDI, and the level of government contro
Tsao and O’Neill were motivated to expand internationally and specifically into China by the prospect of getting software programmers who would be cheaper to employ. They expected to get cheap labor in China. Previously, they had outsourced labor from Ukraine which had proved quite expensive for the company. They thus believed that the cheap labor force in China could be the magic to high profits as opposed to a failed startup. This made them rush to the China market which they did not understand. Settling on the idea to relocate their software development to China was not a good decision. Firstly, they never understood the China market but worked with assumptions based on the prospect of a cheap labor force. As they realized, jobs that have moved to China mostly faced legal barriers, issues to do with security as well as different working situations and culture. The hope of reducing costs of operations makes many a company blind to the rigid government bureaucracy in China, misunderstand the local culture, underestimate the workforce as well as local competition. Malaysia and Pakistan are some of the countries that should have considered. The reason being, that the countries mentioned present a cheaper working environment due to the cheap workforce as well as less stringent government bureaucracies. For instance, there exists low-cost freehold land and even cheaper workforce in Malaysia than in China. Starting a business in Malaysia requires nine procedures as compared to China where a total of fourteen procedures are a must. Starting a business in Malaysia takes eleven days only while it takes thirty-eight days in China. Malaysia scores highly when it comes to regulatory support for business. It is ranked 2 nd , ahead of Brazil and China among others. Malaysia has moved to the single tier company income tax system, unlike China. Under this system, tax on the company’s profit is a final tax and dividends distributed to shareholders are exempted from tax. It is 25% cheaper for doing business in Pakistan than in China. Also, companies can easily repatriate profit easily in all seasons including bad financial periods. Work ethic in Pakistan is way higher than in China. Tsao and O’Neill, choose a multinational global strategy to inform them to move to China. They did not choose the right since multinational strategy demands a deep understanding of the customer and competition as these two aspects are different in every country. They should have opted for the international strategy which emphasizes on the home market but has activities in other markets. Given the culture of the people in China, Tsao’s adjusting his management style might not make a difference in the performance of his workforce in China. He was right in employing a staff trainer, but he was not right in granting meal subsidies to employees as it allowed the staff to lavishly treat themselves over lunch. Over and above, instead of working on the team, he implemented a departmental recreation budget which was abused. I would recommend that Tsao works on team dynamics so that he instills work ethics and culture
Private sector growth For a long period, the UAE had been associated only with the incomes obtained from hydrocarbons. However, the given pattern also introduced a certain instability and vulnerability into the financial sector as the level of income depended on the price of oil greatly. Oscillations of this very index affected the UAEs economy greatly. For this reason, the government introduced a set of measures to stimulate private sector growth and create another stable and predictable source of income (“Economy of the UAE”). For this reason, this tendency is considered one of the leading indicators of the UAE financial sector. Credit growth It is another distinctive feature of the UAE economy. At the moment, there is a tendency towards the reconsideration of the basic lending practices to make them more beneficial for small and middle businesses (“Economy of the UAE”). The initiation of the given process is a good sign for the UAEs financial sector as it indicates the economys gradual growth and could be considered one of the most important dr