ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The economic transition that Asian countries made in the past four decades are a surprise to the global economy. For instance, China is ranked the second most attractive location for foreign direct investment (FDI), while India was ranked fifth in the 2013 FDI report. The observed escalating growth in Asia is brought by the political stability major part the region has experienced in the past four decades. The stability has led to the continuous upgrading of its institutions and the enactment of macroeconomics stable policies (Worm 22). Most Asian governments have recently created a harmonious community with developed rural areas, healthcare, security, and education. Asia is also gradually changing from an authoritarian Communist regime towards a democratic one (OECD 236). Moreover, the current population in both Asian giants like China and India can provide for both foreign and local industries a stable quality labor force for about a century. There is a constant rise in the middle class in both China and India and it will increase spending on household goods, education, and healthcare services (OECD). Trading in Asia Trading in Asia has an equal number of challenges and opportunities. For example, Chinese economic strategies have at times conflicted with rules, norms, and institutional arrangements in the global economic order (Freeman, Lardy, and Mitchell 17). Its role in the global trade system is passive and sometimes disruptive. Presently China is experiencing a domestic backlash over the government’s cooperation with foreign countries and international institutions. The Chinese anti-globalization phenomenon explains to some extent the Chinese attitude toward the world economy (Freeman, Lardy, and Mitchell 17). One of the major challenges the emerging Asian giants face is the financial market volatility, brought by the predictability of tapering of the US quantitative easing (QE). Emerging economies like India that run large current account deficits are prone to capital outflows risks. In fact, India and Indonesia were the major cause of financial instability in the third quarter of 2013 (OED 25). Carrefour Business Level Strategy Carrefour’s business-level strategy depends on the three core values of freshness, variety, and low prices. Its prices are not only to give it a competitive advantage but also provide essential means for its survival. Carrefour promotes its products on a daily basis, with the catching line of refunding its customers if they would find cheaper prices
Introduction It is a well-known fact that James Mercer Langston Hughes is one of the most influential voices of the Harlem Renaissance. Many of his texts reflect the importance of human experience and the culture of his era. Langston Hughes’s “Mother to Son” poem is a powerful message, which a mother conveys to her child as instruction and moral support. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the poem and discuss the way the use of literary elements contributes to building a complex message contained in the text. Analysis The essence of the poem revolves around the idea that life was not a crystal staircase for the main heroine, who is the speaker, and she warns her child about it. Also, the poem explains that life is not an adventure or a journey that should be taken for the sake of self-knowledge, but exhausting work and long, tedious walking. The mother’s instruction encourages the son to continue walking and not give up despite the possible obstacles he might come across in his life. Notably, from the very first line, the mother addresses her child directly and encourages him to listen to her: “Well, son, I’ll tell you” (1. 1). The manner of speaking is informal, which implies that the relationship is close but also that the conversation will not be easy. The second line – “Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.” – immediately reveals the main message of the conversation (1. 2). The woman warns her child that life has never been easy for her. From the third line, the woman compares her life path to someone else’s for whom it was easier to live. For the mother, her life path was full of “splinters” and “boards were torn up,” which is indicated in the fourth and fifth lines directly (1. 4-5). It may be assumed that fear was one of the dominating feelings for the woman, and each new step made on the staircase could bring something new of which to be afraid. In addition, the next lines imply that the woman has had no support at some points in her life because sometimes the floor was “bare” (1. 6-7). The mother says to her son that there have always been instances when she had no support, which was accompanied by poor living conditions (“no carpet”), and so her journey was a struggle (1. 6). Interestingly, starting from the eighth line, the mood changes slightly. The woman tells her son that, despite the complexities faced (“but all the time”), she is moving forward: “I’ve been a-climbin’ on” (2. 8-9). She wants her son to continue
Introduction Innovation and change in business organization requires techniques that will enable the company to effect the changes that are needed. There are many techniques that a company can use to maintain an ambidextrous approach. Some of these techniques include; switching structures, separating creative departments, venture teams, corporate entrepreneurship, and collaborative teams. These techniques are very important since they help a company go through the change process successfully in local as well as the international market. Techniques for encouraging technology change Switching structures is a situation in which the organization creates an organic structure especially when the structure is needed for the hatching of new ideas. For instance Philips Corporation, a firm that produces building materials that is based in Ohio, creates up to 150 transient teams to develop ideas for improving the company’s products and work methods. The members of the transient team are sourced from various departments. It is only after five days of organic brainstorming and problem solving that the company reverts to a more mechanistic basis to implement the change (Daft 2009). Establishing creative departments is triggered by the need for innovation. Such departments include research and development, engineering, design, and syste
Introduction Cross cultural psychology is the term used to refer to the studies done on the processes of the mind and human beings’ behavior using scientific methods. The studies help in determining the variability as well as the invariance of the behaviors and processes under varied cultural environments. These studies are aimed at establishing how universal concepts like cognition are. Issues like depression, psychopathology and anxiety are also studied (Funder, 2007). Possibility of conducting cross cultural psychology The possibility of conducting cross cultural psychology has been realized by various researchers who have travelled extensively in a bid to carry out the research in cultures that are even found very far away from each other. An example of successful researchers is Williams H.R. Rivers (1864 to 1922). His study was aimed at measuring the acuteness of the senses as well as the intelligence of the native people of Torres Straits which is a region found between New Guinea and Australia. Other researchers are Williams and Best who were able to analyze the stereotypes, roles and perceptions associated with gender in various societies. Both found differences and similarities in cultures across over thirty countries (Williams, & Best, 1990). Desirability and success of conducting cross cultural psychology Cross cultural psychology is desirable as it is very interesting to carry out. The experie
Introduction The rational model of decision making, since its introduction, has been used to make calculated decisions from business firms and companies. It is through this pure rational, calculated-numerical, process that the companies tend to make business plans for their future (Taylor, 2006, p. 4). As a manager of a financial service offering company I had to make several decisions based on this model. But the latest financial and economic crisis has shown the limitations of this methodology. This is the situation I found myself in at the beginning of this year and that we will discuss below. Six steps rational model At the beginning of this year I had to find ways out of the financial crisis for my company or we would face failure. Thus I turned to Bazerman and Moore’s six steps model for help. The problem was that customers were turning away from our financial service offerings and revenues were going down. Our criteria were that we had to find new ways of re-building back customer confidence and increase our revenues. How to do that? In order to build positive customer confidence you have to make your company customer-friendly and take into consideration customers’ needs before your own needs. In order to improve the revenues you have to offer them high-quality services with the lowest cost possible. One alternative would be to launch a new marketing campaign explaining in the friendliest way possible our services. Another would be to make several staff training sessions to improve customer relations and company’s image in the public. Yet a third alternative would be to launch new low-cost financial services along with a survey to get to know better customer needs. Since in the present situation customer confidence in the industry is low the first alternative would not generate the desired effects. The second would improve customer relations but the services offered would still be costly and the end result would not be an increase in revenues. And the third alternative could still not be effective without proper marketing support. If the newly launched low-cost services could not reach the customers the effort would become pointless. Thus the ideal solution was to merge the three alternatives in a combined strategy. The launch of a survey to know customer needs would precede the launch of new low-cost services. Then a marketing campaign would advertise to the public these services, meanwhile the staff would be trained to a more customer-focused attitude. The difference between the three alternatives taken alone and the ultimate decision of a combined strategy rest in the fact that the previous would not reach the effect of ‘inv
A constitutional amendment is a revision or the formal change of the contents of the written constitution of a state or nation. However, for these amendments to be implemented, many states or countries, make demands that the amendments should not be employed until certain conditions are met. The changes proceed through a specially defined procedure; often, the required procedure is more stringent than that required for the making of ordinary legislation. Some of the special requirements that should be met before the amendments are done, include direct approval by the electorates during a referendum, a unanimous agreement among the superior majority of the legislature, or a combination of two or more of the varied procedures. In the case where the amendments are to be imposed through the involvement of a referendum, the jurisdiction of popular initiative may be a requirement (Patterson, 2009). In the case of the U.S. government, there are two modes through which constitutional amendments may be employed, though one has not been used yet. The first case is where the bill is to go through both houses of the legislature, by the express unanimous agreement of a two-thirds majority. After the bill has passed the two houses, it is taken to the state level. This is the amendment route used in America up till now, though there has been a special concern regarding the highly procedural and slow nature of the desire for amendment changes. In this case, there are still some outstanding amendments, proposed years back, a case that has led the American government to impose the demand that such a seven-year time limit should be pointed out, during the time when amendments are going through the amendment procedure (Patterson, 2009). The way through which amendments are imposed on the American constitution as per Article V of the constitution may take two procedures, though only one model has been used in making amendments to the U.S. constitution. Of all the American amendments implemented, the model of the amendments has been taken one of these routes: where two-thirds of the members of the senate and the house approve the proposal for the given amendment, after which the changes are escalated to the states level, where the voting may be done for or against the proposed changes. The second procedure of passing constitutional amendments places the demand that two-thirds of the legislatures of the different states call for a constitutional convention. The constitutional convention may propose changes, as may deem fit, after which the amendments are to be approved by three-fourths of the states. The reason why a constitutional amendment is done is the supposed need to improve the contents or correct any errors or revise areas that evidently call for changes to the original context of the constitutional provisions inaugurated in 1978. Up to date, 27 constitutional amendments have been approved, while six others, which have been proposed during the history of the U.S., have been d
Applying point-of-care testing to the hospital setting is crucial to the further quality improvement of the corresponding healthcare services and the patient’s well-being; furthermore, the patient’s recovery often hinges on the application of iStat POCT since the test helps save time and, therefore, address a certain cardiac issue in a prompt manner. Therefore, the improvement in the quality of the services provided can be viewed as the primary reason for the introduction of iStat POCT in the contemporary healthcare system. The application of iStat POCT is likely to create prerequisites for efficient retrieval, usage, and the further transfer of patient information so that the appropriate treatment could be provided. Indeed, recent studies indicate that the testing can be viewed as assistance in bridging the geographical gap between the patients and the healthcare services. As a result, the patient’s needs are tended to in a much more efficient and expeditious manner which leads to the overall improvement of the quality of care, as well as the levels of patient satisfaction. It should be borne in mind that, to administer a Troponin test to the target audience, no patient preparation is needed. Therefore, a significant amount of time is saved in the process. Similarly, the Creatinine test implies a simple procedure of taking a blood sample from the patient. Therefore, there is no need for patient preparation for the identified kind of testing, either. However, in certain cases, the patients may need to receive specific instructions that will allow taking the test faster and with less discomfort for the patient. The issue of fasting should be brought up, however; according to the latest recommendations on the subject matter, it is strongly recommended that the patient should not consume any food for at least twelve hours before the test is taken. The identified guidelines ar
In each country, justice and equality are the vital factors that should be exercised for it to run smoothly, and for all citizens to enjoy their freedom of being in that country regardless of their social class, race or gender. If such issues are not looked into and put in place, inequality and discrimination is exercised by those in the upper class against the poor. The poor and the minority in the society are oppressed and in such cases, conflicts result bringing about demonstrations and at times, people loose their lives, property is damaged and other people are left homeless. Following the death of Mark Duggan, a 29 year old suspected drug dealer in the Northern part of London, a small crowd of people, Duggan’s mother being among them, approached the Tottenham police station. They demonstrated peacefully demanding a satisfactory explanation that led to his death. These people insisted to get an explanation from a senior police officer as to why he was shot dead. However, they got none even after waiting for long hours. After this, the crowd lost patience and set two police vehicles ablaze. Mark Duggan was short dead by a police officer, in his efforts to arrest him on a bridge next to Hale station, an incident that the police said was accidental. This act triggered riots across the city. Through critical analysis and view of facts, the death of Duggan is not the major cause of the riot that occurred in the month of August, 2011 in London. The family members demanded an act of justice needed an explanation as to why the Metropolitan police officer shot him. However, there were claims that Duggan was armed. The family members and friends said that he was unarmed and from the tests made from the bullet found on the police radio, it was discovered that this was from a separate incident. Following the consequences of the August,
Prejudices is a practice where one group holds irrational attitudes and opinions about another while discrimination, on the other hand, is described as behaviors directed by one group against another (Parillo, 2011). Prejudice is having preconceived beliefs about a person, group, or cultural practices, and they can either be positive or negative beliefs. It is the negative prejudice however, that can lead to discrimination. Discrimination, in most instances, occurs when a particular group feels threatened by another; hence they respond in discrimination to protect their interests and opportunities. In the United States, for instance, the whites discriminate the black people to shield them from political positions, access to employment and health services, and other opportunities that are freely and easily accessible to the whites (Parillo, 2011). This essay gives a perfect scenario that clearly shows prejudice and discrimination. Women today are the major victims of prejudice and discrimination all over the world in all aspects of life. Discrimination among the female gender is rampant in religious, cultural, and even social settings (Luft, 1969). However, in the Muslim world, the situation is a bit more complicated and more intense. A female classmate who is a Muslim was once a victim of discrimination. Two years ago, her father forced her out of their home to insist that she wanted to go for a degree course. In her country, women do not pursue academic knowledge freely since their role in the family set up is to take care of the family and the homestead. Her father declined to see her through college and vowed to disown her if she disobeyed him
The responsibilities of the Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team (DMORT) are highly significant as they identify deceased people and store their bodies in the unit. Furthermore, DMORT is commonly activated during large-scale disasters to ensure the proper identification of all victims. By and whole, DMORT operates after severe incidents with a high number of casualties, which considerably overwhelms forensic, local, or mortuary resources in the specific area. However, the functioning of DMORT is also strongly connected to the duties of funeral directors. To be more particular, such experts are responsible for arranging logistics of funerals after DMORT recognizes the dead bodies. In addition, they consider the wishes of victims and their families to organize the event in terms of location, date, memorial services, and buries. Overall, funeral directors and DMORT together form a team responsible for the arrangements concerning the burial of the deceased after severe incidents or disasters. Furthermore, working in DMORT seems to be significant as experts need to have appropriate skills to be able to identify the person with an incredibly injured body. Sometimes, in severe accidents, people lose body parts vital for determining the deceased, and, consequently, such damages make the responsibilities of DMORT even more challenging. However, people in mortuary services play a pivotal role in ensuring a calm burial of victims for their families, considering that relatives do not need to stress over the possibility of identification mistakes. Overall, I would be honored to work in DMORT to help victims’ families after such disasters by adequately analyzing the bodies and ensuring accurate results. Still, it seems crucial to spend a considerable amount of time studying the specifics of such an occupation to become a professional in this field.
Benzodiazepines (benzos) are drugs that are normally administered to ease anxiety and they also help in sleeping. They are depressant drugs that lessen some brain activities thus causing a calming effect. They are also prescribed to people who are having painful or stressful health procedures, in such a case they are referred to as sedatives. At times they can also be used to treat muscle spasms and seizures. Whenever Benzodiazepines are used as prescribed by a medical specialist, they are safe especially when compared-with barbiturates. Some people use barbiturates instead of benzos but benzos are safer. When overdosed, benzos can cause death especially when they are taken with other different drugs. Old people are in particular vulnerable to benzos and can go through falls or experience confusion. When taken through the mouth, the stomach and the small intestine absorb them and the liver metabolizes them. These drugs are very fat-soluble and they build up in the fat tissue. They are excreted through saliva, sweat, breast milk, stool, and urine (Salamone; 2001). Benzos function mostly in the brain, affecting emotional responses, thoughts, memory, consciousness control, toning, and coordination of muscle. Benzos improve neurotransmitter and Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) actions and functions. Neurotransmitters are substances that facilitate cells of the brain to send out/transmit impulses from one-to-another. Electrical signals help in releasing them from brain cells. Once they are released, neurotransmitters signal adjacent brain cells’ excitation/inhibition. Gamma Amino Butyric Acid helps in calming or slowing things down. Benzos boost the efficiency of Gamma Amino Butyric Acid, hence bringing about inhibition and soothing/calming. Benzos are extensively prescribed, they include; Clonazepam (Klonopin), alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan), and diazepam (Valium). These medications are listed among the topmost regularly prescribed drugs. Benzos usually produce almost instant results and therefore may be recommended for temporary, irregular usage. Since several anxiety disorders emerge after a while, patients mostly prefer benzos because these drugs can be taken at irregular intervals, whenever the patient feels anxiety or the need to take them. Most patients can use benzos with caution. Benzos are also extensively used for other different reasons like; spasticity of muscle, paroxysmal disorders, pre-surgical sedation, alcohol and substance detoxification, anxiety linked with gastrointestinal or cardiovascular problems. Benzos vary in how fast they work, and their common usage. For example:   * Clorazepate (Tranxene) and Diazepam (Valium) and have “fast onsets of action”,   * Alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), and lorazepam (Ativan), have “intermediate onsets of action” and   * Oxazepam (Serax) has a “slow onset of action.” Even though most benzos are used exchangeably, some are commonly used for particular conditio