ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Geoffrey Chaucer, the father of English poetry, was the first who started writing in English, not in Latin, as writers and poets used to. No one knows for sure how he spent his early years of life as well as no one knows where he was after 1400. This year is considered as the date of his death. It should be stated that having written many poems which became popular during the life of this great person made him more respected and known after his death. Much time has passed, but this person is still remembered and his popularity does not do out. Geoffrey Chaucer is an English writer who was the first to start writing in English while others wrote in Latin. Geoffrey Chaucer’s verses are perfectly formatted, structured and vivid. The problems he discusses in his verses are interesting and amazing. He has managed to dwell upon the simplest aspects in a very literary and serious language, all his poems are easily understood. Reading Geoffrey Chaucer’s works, one may say that he is an idol and an example for his followers. Having written many works which changed the vision on literature in England, we know almost nothing about Geoffrey Chaucer’s life and death. It is known for sure that Geoffrey Chaucer was born between 1340 and 1345, maybe in London. The first part of his life was devoted to wars and then to serving king and his kingdom. Starting writing his poems, he became popular soon. There is not much known about his life during those years, still it may be said that he was sent to diplomatic missions in different countries. He also worked on royal building projects. The first work written by the poet was The Book of the Duchess , however only The Canterbury Tales brought him fame and popularity. It is unknown for sure which was the final work of the poet as well as we never know what he did before the death. It is essential to know that Geoffrey Chaucer disappeared from social arena in 1400 and it seemed that it were his last days. Geoffrey Chaucer was buried in Westminster Abbey (Geoffrey Chaucer, 2013). Geoffrey Chaucer has written a lot of different works which seem to impress people nowadays. The first work The Book of the Duchess is devoted to John of Gaunt’s first wife written after her death. The poem is highly symbolic. The first part is rather boring due to the introduction of the narrators, but then, the discussion touches very important themes, such as life and death where white and black colors are used (Rudd, 2001). The Canterbury Tales is the most popular work which consists of numerous stories most of which are poems while some of them are written in prose. The main idea of this collection of stories is a telling contest the main characters have created. Therefore, each story participates in it. The more Geoffrey Chaucer’s poems I read, the more interesting and exciting this person becomes to me. Having written so many poems and prose, he also appears to be
Being able to use credible sources in one’s research and practical work is necessary to ensure progress in any field or scientific area. To determine the credibility of any source, it is necessary to ask oneself if the information extracted from that source is likely to be objective, fair, and without any hidden motives (University of California, n.d.). Developing critical thinking skills is essential to be able to evaluate information in that manner. The ability to do it defines a professional and qualified knowledge worker. Knowledge workers are individuals whose profession is closely connected to receiving, storing, and retrieving particular information when required. Examples of knowledge workers include health professionals, programmers, teachers, scientists, etc. One of the sources that knowledge workers, and health care professionals in particular, can use to enhance their knowledge on various issues related to medicine and patient care is Health On the Net (HON) Foundation’s website. HON is “a non-profit, non-governmental organization, accredited in 2002 by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations” (IMIA, 2015, par. 2). Tools and resources created by HON include a range of applications and sites that provide help and feedback to medical students, health care workers, and other individuals interested in different aspects of modern medicine. For example, Curator is a HON platform where users share and exchange information on health applications and websites (Ben-Mussa & Paget, 2016). 3D Anatomy Quiz, in turn, is a helpful and engaging way to learn human anatomy. Apart from these tools, there is a number of other sources, such as HONcode Toolbar, Provisu, and HONselect. To function and provide help according to its values, HON has developed a Code of Conduct, also referred to as HONcode. Its main goal is to address the issues of reliability and credibility of health-related information shared on the Internet (Health On the Net, 2019). HONcode has eight principles, which state that all health-related websites should:   * gather and provide information by qualified medical professionals (Authoritative);   * support the existing relationships between the patients visiting the website and their physicians (Complementarity);   * maintain high standards of information security (Privacy);   * support all information given with references to sources (Attribution);   * support all claims relating to specific treatments with clear evidence (Justifiability);   * provide information in accessible formats and clear manner (Transparency);   * include data on organizations that provide financial support for the website (Financial disclosure);   * describe its advertising policy if it is used as a funding source (Advertising policy). Another source that allows knowledge workers of health-related professions to have easy access to medical information and documents is the Knowledge Helper for Medical and Other Information, or KHRESMOI. It is a special “search and access system for biomedical information and documents” used by scientists,
Introduction Performance is defined as a contested concept. Goffman (1959) describes performance as “reference to all the activity of an individual that occur during a period marked by his continuous presence before a particular set of observers”. This activity has some influence on the observers. Performance could also refer to aesthetic performance or art practice also known as performing arts. “This is used to describe a performance by someone or an artist” (Schmitt, 2010, p.367). This may also describe in other terms a whole show or a particular genre also known as performance art. Other occurrences well suited to performance definition but outside the aesthetic bracket would include sports for example where we describe an athlete’s performance. Similarly while focusing on the management arena we may talk about organizational performance indicators or further still basing on science and technology we can perform an experiment and take measurement of certain parameters. Performance as a term will therefore broadly encompass a range of human behaviour of a particular kind. This behaviour will either be extra daily, aesthetic or cultural. Broadening the classification results in two kinds of performances under everyday performance or aesthetic, cultural or extra daily performance. The extra daily , aesthetic and cultural performance may typically cover the likes of operas, films, circus, theatre, ceremonies, rituals, specific events such as weddings, trials; any behaviour outside of the daily behaviour. It is significant to note that aesthetic, cultural or extra daily performances are not mutually exclusive. Bateson and Goffman attempted to define the everyday performance through the frame theory. It can be understood from their approach that various aspects of social life are framed and participants act appropriately within each of these frames. While defining relationships among living organisms Bateson made an attempt to categorize seriousness and play through what he termed metacommunicative mechanism. These mechanisms are meant to define how specific actions are to be understood in every day performance. Bateson concludes that every metacommunicative message describes a frame. Goffman was the initiator of the frame idea. In the light of this understanding Goffman asserts that someone creates a conceptual frame enabling their behaviour to be viewed by an audience as a performance. “Based on this understanding the relationship between everyday and extra daily performance can be described as a continuum” (Schmit, 2004, p.55). The implication is that every day unmarked performance is part of the big picture that is about the extra daily. Performance in anthropological, sociological and psychological spheres is concerned more with context other than specific activities by the performer. Fitzpatrick in quoting Bauman’s definition of performance points to the fact that there is the assumption of responsibility to an audience to whom is a display of communicative competence. According to Bauman (1984) “compet
Introduction Religious practices and meaning are constructed in relation to other social institutions like economics and politics. From the anthropological perspective, religion may alter economic and political structures or the latter may change religion, as well. Relationship between social institutions and religion Religion plays a vital role in political change. Most religions take conservative stances about social matters. Many of these social issues are subject to political change. Consequently religion affects the overall direction that political change follows. For instance, Muslims have always had a conservative stance about women’s place in society. Some feminists in the Middle East have tried to oppose this view by advocating for better protection of women’s rights by the Quran. Strong Islamic believers have responded to these efforts by making religious decrees against such reformers. A number of them have even called for their death (Andreatta & Ferraro 364). Therefore, religion and politics are intertwined because sometimes religion stalls major political changes. Muslims have always opposed different political values, as these are viewed as western and foreign. The same thing has taken place in predominantly Catholic states. This church has always taken a conservative stance against major political initiatives like abortion or gay rights (Andreatta & Ferraro 149). On the other hand, religion may be a source of revolutionary change within a certain community. This happens when religious leaders take on reformist or revolutionary roles. A case in point was one by the Buddhist priests in Vietnam. A number of them burnt themselves to death in order to protest against the US-led war. This prompted US authorities to reconsider their position in Vietnam, and eventually led to their withdrawal. Another scenario occurred in South American during
Rhetoric and Fallacies Used with Respect to the Claim   * It is stated that spanking is a necessary means to enforce discipline on a child, to make them obey parents and punish them for their misbehavior, for it is better to spank than to leave bad behavior go unpunished (Preston par. 3).   * It is also claimed that “to be feared (in the sense of reverence) is to be respected,” and that spanking teaches children to obey the authorities regardless of what they think (Williams par. 1).   * Some proponents of spanking say that it establishes responsibility and shows parents’ love for children (Ingram par. 1, 5, 18-21).   * Fallacies:       + Claiming that spanking is necessary, which means there is not a single other option available;       + Being convinced that fear is identical with respect, and that fear is good;       + Believing that blind obedience is the best way for a person to behave;       + Asserting that punishment is a proof of love. Scientific Research on the Claim   * There is ample research on the issue of spanking children.   * The research is concerned with: the statistics of spanking children (Lee, Altschul and Gershoff 158); its effects on child’s behavior, development, and long-term outcomes such as increased child
Executive summary Nowadays the world faces a great political and humanitarian crisis. The fact is that constant skirmishes between local governments, terrorist organizations and rebels, peculiar to the Middle Eastern region, transformed into the real war. Syria became the place where the war came into its most complicated phase. Various terrorist organizations, stimulated by some western governments to create another force that could be controlled and used to change the political situation, united in the great organization known nowadays as ISIS. Having become a great power in the region, it managed to occupy large Syrian territories. People, residing in these regions, were the first to suffer from the new merciless regime and they decided to leave their homes, aiming to find the new place to live and save their families. All these conditions led to the appearance of the humanitarian crisis as millions of refugees tried to reach Europe and settle there. That is why, 4 million people left their homes (Specia, 2015). Pic. 1. Refugees in the region (Specia, 2015) Being not able to shelter all these people, states of the EU faced a great problem as there was no efficient policy or strategy that could help to change the situation. Moreover, a great number of states decided to close their borders in order to protect their own population from the bearers of another culture. Under these conditions, appeals of the leaders of various states and media to the GCC countries become more and more intensive and pretentious. Very often, newspapers like Time publish articles in which they outline the unwillingness of the countries of the GCC to shelter Syrian refugees and help to find the needed solution (Maslin, 2015). Accusations Pic. 2. Refugees in the GCC countries (Gulf states refuse to open doors to Syrian Muslim refugees, 2015) Thus, it should be said that the main sense of accusations connected with the unwillingness to shelter refugees lies in the following points. First of all, various means of media underline the fact that the majority of people, who w
Cultural sensitivity is important in determining the models and techniques employed during counseling. Counselors need to recognize how a person’s career and social life are related. They are expected to acknowledge these relationships because it enables them to assist people in finding healthier ways of living. The counselors should not separate the client’s careers and personal concerns. This paper discusses a scenario in which the steps of multi-cultural career counseling models are applied (Zunker, 2012). Multicultural counseling usually focuses on the client’s cultural diversity. However, the counselor’s cultural background may have an impact on the assessment process, as well. A counselor should understand the impact culture has on a person’s view of the world or relationship with other people. It is also important to appreciate the client’s ideas as this helps to overcome the negative bias associated with a counselor’s ethnocentric point of view (Byars-Winston, & Fouad, 2006). Therefore, multicultural career counseling models need to incorporate the multiple experiences of clients from different ethnic backgrounds. The counselors should also acknowledge the importance of fully understanding the career concerns of an individual. In addition, the counselor should be able to relate to his or her experiences by understanding how the culture they live in influence and shape their career goals (Byars-Winston, & Fouad, 2006). The steps provided by the multicultural career counseling model gives an understanding of the techniques that identify the client’s specific needs, and the materials to be used during the counseling process. These steps are to establish a rapport of the cultural relationship, identify the career issues, assess the impact of the cultural variables, develop the goals of the counseling, make the appropriate interventions, make a decision, implement, and make followup on the client (Zunker, 2012). These steps are applied in a scenario in which an immigrant, Dembe, has sought the counselors help concerning his decision to take a job in the United States of America. Dembe is an immigrant from Africa and now lives in Texas. He is afraid of being discriminated against because of his race and has, therefore, sought the counselor’s advice (Burgess, 2012). Establishing rapport and appropriate cultural relationships The relationship between the client and counselor is important during a career counseling process. In cases where the client and the counselor are from different ethnic backgrounds, trust plays a major role in the process. It is more likely that Dembe will open up if he trusts the counselor. Therefore, the counselor should acknowledge the racial difference and should be ready to invite Dembe to discuss his feelings about racial differences (Chope, 2008). Identifying career issues The client should acknowledge Dembe as a unique individual. During this step, the counselor will attempt to identify the barriers th
Introduction The family and marriage impacts the society in a very great way. The family is a vital element in the setting up of a society. The family is the building block for any society and without marriages, families cannot exist. Good families are a result of successful marriages. The order socially revolves around instincts marriage and family. The natural hunger and desire for sex has led to the creation of marriages since time in memorial. The maintenance of descent of the society for the lineage of mankind is a very important issue in many communities and societies. Marriage and divorce are key identity features for the Muslim society and families. They are also symbols of the Islamic tradition. The family being the basic unit of a society which is also a principle in the Islamic society its genesis is the relationship between a husband and a wife. Marriages among the Islamic society Marriages among in the Islamic society are categorized into five. The marriages are described by jurists and include he following; fard which is compulsory. In this situation the individual is expected to have all resources for the genesis of a family life. These resources encompass attainment of adulthood and earning a livelihood, health and have a residence. This should be accompanied by the certainty that if the individual does not marry he is likely to engage in the sin of commission of zi
In order to improve organizational performance, four main improvement strategies may be employed; these are repair, refinement, renovation, and reinvention (Besterfield et al, 2003, pp.131-33). Each of these strategies is unique and is applied depending on the desired outcome. The telecommunications industry is faced with the growing need for improvement in order to keep up with the ever-growing competition among service providers. New and existing service providers have to come up with ways of improving their products and services and at the same time meet budgetary requirements (Stamatis, 2004, p. 67). Communication service providers refine their business processes in order to make them more efficient and economical. A telecommunication service provider may improve the quality of customer care by training customer care executives on how to deliver services in a polite and efficient manner. Improving the customer feedback process is another way of business refinement in this industry. The company may also improve the business by repairing the existing product. This short-term approach does not necessarily improve the business process but is nonetheless important especially in the telecommunications industry. For example, if the call billing system is faulty then it should be fixed urgently otherwise it may cost the company a lot of money or customers. Occasionally it is important to renovate products and services to stay ahead of the competition. This may be done by establishing new calling tariffs that are cheaper to the consumer but profitable for the organization in the long run. Renovation is primarily achieved through the improvement of technology and infrastructure, like installing boosters that have more capability. Reinvention took on the telecommunication industry with the advent of cellular phones, the industry is dynamic such that it has become possible to browse, send money and even pay bills on the phone. We are yet to see even greater reinventions (Hamilton, 2004, p.67). The retail sector of the telecommunication industry is always faced with product design problems where the retail team needs to improve the existing products or to come up with new products that will satisfy the consumer needs and enable the organization to stay ahead of the competition (Cleland & Roland, 2006, P.45). We face the problem of identifying the consumer need and tailoring a product that will suit this consumer and at the same time bring in profit for the company. The first phase of solving this problem is to identify the opportunity from a field study and customer survey, we may establish that customers do not prefer a certain tariff compared to other tariffs at a statistical rate of 26% for unknown reasons. We then analyze data that we have gathered about the tariff from customers as well as management to establish why it is not popular (Chrissis, Konrad & Shrum, 2003, p.34). Using the data we then come up with an optimal solution, we may discover that the reason
Introduction: Microsoft Company. Current Strategy and the Related Issues Known all over the world and used by the majority of the population in literally every state, Microsoft is more than a brand – it has become a business legend. However, when considering the current company policy, one will most likely discover that the company management pursue their own selfish goals instead of working for the benefit of the company. Unless Microsoft changes its strategies and makes the managerial abandon their selfish ways, the company will face the threat of a rapid decay. Issues with the Company’s Managerial: With Personal Interests Ahead According to what Goals and governance of the firm says, it is quite understandable, yet rather undesirable: “Is it desirable for managers to act in the selfish interests of their shareholders?” ( Goals and governance of the firm , n. d.). Hence, to make people less selfish, the company needs to make them understand that their ambitions are accepted, yet, to gain something, they will also have to make an effort and offer something to the company (Hill & Jones, 2010). Market capitalization and the current financing Before going any further, one must mention that the strategy which Microsoft Corporation used to implement before left much to be desired, since it was focused rather on the company’s benefits and, therefore, gave the employees reasons to suspect that they are being used ( Goals and governance of the firm , n. d.). In addition, the issue of interoperability must be mentioned; defined as the ability of the company’s products to operate together with the products of other companies, interoperability is not the prior issue at present, yet it can bring the managerial sufficient income, which defines the company’s current policy. As Orcmid (2008) claims, interoperability works “as a self-interest of a dominant producer in our industry” (Orcmid, 2008, para. 1), which means that the company managers are most likely to choose the interoperability method to Making Managers Stop Pursuing Their Selfish Interests: New Ideas It seems that the actions which pursue the stakeholders’ interest are harmful for the company. As Benkler explains, “Those of us who have looked to the self-interest of lending inst