ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Xerox is a global corporation that specializes in manufacturing equipment used for copying documents, as well as in developing technologies for other business processes and operations. This American company is headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut ( Xerox: Investor Relations , 2016). However, the company’s manufacturing facilities are located in many countries over the globe, and much attention is paid to investing in research, development, and manufacturing processes to remain competitive in the market ( Xerox: Investor Relations , 2016). Global trends in the electronics industry made Xerox focus on investing in emerging markets to increase the competitive advantage. The purpose of this paper is to suggest the specific methodology to evaluate the planned capital investments for Xerox, assess the impact of inflation on the processes, analyze differences in evaluating projects in the United States and globally, and discuss advantages of sensitivity analysis. Methodology for Evaluating Capital Investments The traditional method used for evaluating the capital investments in Xerox and other similar companies is the cash payback technique. The other methods include the calculation of the net present value (NPV), the focus on the profitability index (PI), and the estimation of the internal rate of return (IRR). The cash payback technique allows for calculating the period that is necessary to cover costs that are associated with the investment project (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2012). The NPV approach is based on analyzing the present value and comparing it with the values associated with investments (McGuigan & Moyer, 2013). Managers accept the proposal for planning investment if the NPV is positive. The calculation of the PI is used to predict potential financial outcomes of accepting a certain proposal (Weygandt et al., 2012). The IRR is another discounted cash flow technique that is used in addition to the NPV approach (McGuigan & Moyer, 2013). Even though traditional methods can be discussed as effective to measure values related to the investment projects, it is also important to focus on predicting risks. The additional methods that should be used to evaluate capital investments of Xerox in emerging markets include t
The concept of a father figure is important in human culture, both in real life and in works of literature. Interestingly, the idea does not always mean a biological father. On the contrary, many stories reflect situations in which people outside a child’s family can become a major influence. The Cay illustrates how fatherhood can be different depending on the context while extending beyond the constructs of family, culture, and race. In the situation described by Theodore Taylor, Timothy becomes the ultimate father figure for Phillip by helping him survive in a very dangerous environment. The story of The Cay revolves around an 11-year-old boy who lives with his family in the Caribbean. When Nazi submarines surround the area, he is forced to flee with his family aboard a U.S. navy ship. The vessel is torpedoed, and Phillip, temporarily blinded by the blow, drifts in the sea with a black West Indian man named Timothy. While the boy is concerned about his companion, the latter demonstrates a caring attitude from the very beginning. He gives Phillip advice on how to stay safe in the sea and comforts him when the boy becomes seasick (Taylor 32). However, the boy does not take the new relationship well, and this attitude is partly inspired by the racist discourse he heard from his family (Taylor 36). Water became another reason for conflict, as Timothy insisted on rationing it instead of drinking relentlessly (Taylor 37). He did not want the water to be depleted, as the boy would suffer from thirst afterward, so it was an element of survival education. As the characters are forced to survive together, their relationship develops, as well. At the same time, the man continued to care for Phillip, even though he did it his way. The boy did not like the multiple tasks he had to do for Timothy, but he soon realized their importance. By the middle point of the novel, Phillip knew “how helpless he was without Timothy” (Taylor 59). The man may have lacked the common literacy of an
Terrorism is one of the biggest security threats in America. Events in the recent past have forced the United States Department of Homeland Security as well as other government agencies to change the way counterterrorism is approached. More specifically the roles of security agencies have been thoroughly scrutinized. The new approach see the police as one of the central not only in response to terrorism threat but also prevent any occurrence such criminal acts. Because traditionally the police are mere responder, the new approach trains them to be more then that be preventers of terrorism activities this is attained through the SAR program. However Coordinating and incorporating SAR program by the department of homeland security faces a myriad of challenges since there is no mechanism to facilitate such. There is therefore a need for urgent changes in the department to help fight terrorism effectively. The United States criminal justice system has attempted several measures to reduce the occurrence of crime. This includes equipping the police, the FBI and other agencies that deal with crime. Despite all these crucial departments of the justice system playing crucial roles on the fight against crime especially terrorism, their efforts have been uncoordinated (Peak, 2010). The police have traditionally played the role of first responders, a role even though crucial, did not help to combat terrorism effectively. As such there was need to turn police from mere responders to active preventers of terrorism. To enable the police to play this role The Suspicious Activity Reporting (SAR) program was established. Within the SAR program police officer are actively involved in preventing of terrorism by detecting behaviors and activities that might lead to terrorism. These activities are carefully and thoroughly vetted to ensure that they meet certain standards before any action is undertaken. All activities are coded and stored thus making it easy to track them by exact date and time they occurred. This enables the police to track and link certain behaviors and activities and thus provide a clear picture on emerging trends in terrorism. Even though SAR is the brain child of the LAPD it has gained national appeal through Nation-wide SAR Initiative (NSI) (McNamara, 2009). In the US, the Department of Homeland Security is the primary body that deals with all matters of homeland security, including the prevention of terrorism (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2011). However, the departments Intelligence & Analysis office does not have the appropriate mechanism for integrating all reports from the police as well as any other report of terrorism generated by other local, State and federal security agencies. This hinders the successful incorporation of SAR reports into enhancing
Inequality and the patriarchal view of women by the Greek philosopher influenced the later Western thinkers. Biology of women Women present a lower form of life because, according to their physiology, they are colder than men. Women are lower than men because they are infertile and passive. Women’s emotions are jealousness and unhopeful Women in society: their role and perspectives As women are weaker than men, they have to be controlled by their husbands in the home. Though women are defective by nature, they should be happy as well as men because a great state is impossible without happy people (men and women).   * Role of Female in the Society According to Christine de Pizan   * Defender of the fair sex – she argued against stereotypes in terms of women established in the contemporary society   * Writers of the Malleus Maleficarum : Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger Witches are women (and only women) who make deals with the devil to gain supernatural powers Women are strong personalities and they become witches to overstep the proper personal decorum appropriate for females. Religious Views of Women in the 17 th Century Religion empowered women rather than oppressed them. Young girls could learn more about art, music, and literature instead of natural sciences. Some women could obtain jobs at different houses which were engaged in making food or pastry. However, women were mostly housewives and helped their husbands on farms and in business. Catholic Europe believed women to be the source of a genuine sin as they saw women as lustful and sexual individuals and the act of sex was thought to be sinful in its nature. Women Were Believed to be Sexual Temptresses and Mothers From one side the image of sexual temptress was more influential for all women of that time. Women were considered sinful by nature because sex was considered sinful as well. However, the image of a mother can be regarded as influential as well as the image of the sexual temptress. Women were only housewives. They were supposed to maintain the house and deliver children As you can see Christine de Pizan’s views can be opposed to those possessed by Aristotle and the writers of the Malleus Maleficarum Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger. She was the only woman who defended the rights of women and insisted on their equality with males. Meanwhile, Aristotle can be considered a severe misogynist, though Kramer and Sprenger argued against women as well. However, the writers of the Malleus Maleficarum claimed that females are strong personalities (maybe only those who become witches). The role of women can be considered extremely humiliating with a view to their image. As the Catholic Church believed women to be sinful by nature, they could not obtain normal positions typical of men only. The women were oppressed by the religious beliefs of the Catholic Church; they could only be housewives, sexual temptresses, and mothers of children. Women were considered defective members of contemporary society. They could do nothing without a man’s permission. Women were believed to be lustful and sexually weak; they provoked men to act sinfully. It was because of women that men sinned.
Somerville studied the concept of sexuality and how it influenced equity in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. He attempted to explain how the concept of sexuality was developed and used to classify human beings as either homosexuals or heterosexual and the influence that this classification had on equity (Somerville, 1997). Somerville’s arguments on homosexuality and its relationship with racism and equity will be discussed in this paper. Somerville used several concepts to explain the relationship between homosexuality and equity. According to Somerville (1997), homosexuality was considered to be a deviant behavior and was thus unacceptable. The heterosexuals who were against it focused on the use of various forms of punishments to discourage sexual acts between individuals of the same sex (Somerville, 1997). Their decision was based on the concept of dominance whereby a person or a group attempts to gain control over another for their own benefit. However, the perspective of the heterosexuals did not take into account the rights of the persons who proclaimed same-sex sexuality. This is because their freedom to engage or not to engage in sexual activities of their choice was limited. Drawing from Marxism theory, Somerville argued that sexuality was used to perpetuate inequality by classifying human beings according to their sexual orientations (Somerville, 1997). According to Marxism theory, social and economic determinants are used to classify individuals. Thus the homosexuals were classified as perverts due to their sexual orientations. He also argued that the methodologies and symbolic representations that were used in comparative anatomy aimed at identifying specific physiological characteristics that formed the basis for classifying human beings (Somerville, 1997). The use of physiological and social attributes thus became a widely accepted principle for illustrating the differences between individuals from different backgrounds. This principle was thus used by sexologists to distinguish the ‘homosexual’ body from the ‘normal’ body (Somerville, 1997). This means that the principle formed the basis for identifying the differences between the homosexuals and the heterosexuals. Somerville (1997) says that medical perspectives on sexuality considered homosexuality to be a natural condition that was perceived to be a normal sexual orientation by those who engaged in it. This perspective was later adopted by sexologists to articulate the various forms of homosexuality (Somerville, 1997). Due to the weaknesses of both medical and social perspectives on homosexuality, sexologist decided to adopt the psychological paradigm to explain the relationship between racism and sexuality. In this case, “unnatural sexual desire” (Somerville, 1997) was the main indicator of perversion. Besides, interracial sexuality was considered to be analogous to same-sex sexuality. The misconceptions on homosexuality thus describe the power struggle between the proponents and opponents of same-sex sexuality. The proponents consider s
College tuition is a very important issue to many people because it exposes graduates to many opportunities in life. There has been a lot of debate in the country on whether college tuition needs to be increased or reduced. This paper will discuss how students in the country will benefit from a reduction in college tuition fees. There have been a lot of arguments in the country regarding the high cost of college tuition. The demand for quality education continues to increase because a lot of students who graduate from high schools wish to continue their studies in colleges. Many universities in the country raise their fees annually and this has made college education in the US very expensive for some students. Therefore, it is unfair to raise college tuition fees because this denies students who are intellectually gifted an opportunity to study. Many students aspire to expand their future career prospects by getting college education. They go to college in order to acquire new skills for careers they choose after their studies. Students who have strong intellect need to be given an opportunity to advance their knowledge in professional disciplines they are interested in. The government should play its role by putting in place favorable policies which make it easier for more students in the country to access college education. This will improve the standards of education and will make it possible for more students to fulfill their personal and professional dreams. All bright students should have an equal opportunity to attend colleges regardless of their social status, race, physical appearance or age (Weissman). The government needs to revise policies which make it difficult for bright college students to gain admission in top universities due to financial problems. This will ensure they have access to opportunities which help unlock their potential. Students who have just finished high school have dreams and ambitions which they aspire to achieve. Some of these students have talents in different areas which need to be harnessed for the benefit of society. The government needs to make it easy for them to attend colleges by encouraging universities to lower their tuition fees. This approach will encourage more students to work hard in their studies, which improves educational standards in the country (Smart and Paulsen 77). If college tuition is lowered, more students will be willing to go to university and this will result in an increase in enrollment rates in many universities. Reduction in college fees will help reduce income gaps in the country. It is estimated that college graduates have higher incomes compared to other workers who have never got an opportunity to attend college. Therefore, reduction in tuition fees charged on students will create uniformity in employment patterns across the country. The US government needs to change its policies on education to enable more students to attend co
The internet is a worldwide network of computers linking thousands and thousands of computers all over the globe. It has turn out to be one of the quickest growing means of communication in the 21 st century. The internet began as a U.S Defense Department Cold War trial during the 1960s (Ruthfield, 1995, para.1). The government was seeking for a method of conveying messages linking tanks and headquarters, so the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DAPRA) developed a method of relaying signals from the combat zone to get to the main computer by means of radio signals and satellites. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT suggested a way of linking computers in 1962, and relocated to DARPRA later in the same year to champion the efforts of developing it. Leornard Kleinrock of MIT and afterward UCLA built up the technique of packet switching. It is a way of dividing the information being sent into small independent packets which transport sufficient message to find its destination and channeling them out individually in the direction of the destination server. This was to act as a foundation for internet connection (Howe, 2009, para.1). The packet switching theory developed by Kleinrock was verified in 1965 when Lawrence Roberts of MIT linked two different computers in Massachusetts and California by use of radio signals. Roberts relocated to DARPRA in 1966 and initiated his intentions in ARPANET. These visionary thinking individuals and other unnamed ones are the fathers of internet. The first person to use the internet was Charley Kline who in October 29, 1969 made an ARPANET link involving Stanford Research Institute, Los Angeles, and the University of California. The use of ARPANET grew rapidly from then. In 1979, Tom Trustcott and Jim Ellis then students at Duke University, developed the Unix-to-Unix Protocol (UUCP) to transmit news and messages on a serial line. In 1979, the use of Usenet was adopted based on UUCP. Newsgroups then developed that functioned to exchange messages across the world. The use of internet got a major boost in the 1970’s from the development of TCP/IP network protocol first suggested by Bob Kahn at BBN and later improved by Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf of Stanford University during the decade. The Defense Department took it in 1980 and substituted it with the previous Network Control Protocol (NCP); it was globally adopted in 1983. The word “internet” was accepted in the first Request for Comments (RFC) publication on the TCP network in 1974 as a short form for the word internetworking and both terms were used interchangeably (Cerf, et al., 1974). Generally, internet referred to any network making use of TCP/IP network. Around that time, ARPANET was connected with NSFNET in the 80’s, and the word meant the name of the network, internet, signifying an enormous and worldwide TCP/IP network. Interest in worldwide network was aroused and software applications for it were made, the internet technology extended all over the world (Wiggins, 1994). The TCP/IP network made it possible to use any p
This presentation is devoted to an outline of a research project in the field of accounting, which is going to focus on managerial accounting tools that are used within the telecommunications sector in the UAE. Background The UAE telecommunications sector:   * is well-developed and rapidly expanding;   * has two major operators: Etisalat and du. Modern accounting experiences:   * an increase in the amount of accounting data;   * a need for best methods and practices. The telecommunications sector of the country has been rapidly developing in the past decades, and currently, it has two major operators: Etisalat and du. Nowadays, managerial accounting finds itself in a turbulent environment as the amount and scope of accounting data proceed to expand, which calls for the development of new methods and tools and the improvement of the currently employed ones. The proposed study is going to review this process from the point of view of the two major telecommunication operators of the UAE. Managerial Accounting (MA)   * presupposes providing accounting information for managerial decisions;   * fosters strategic partnership between accountants and managers;   * creates value;   * aims to achieve companies’ objectives (e.g. profit maximization). Before proceeding, it is necessary to review the concept of managerial accounting (MA) and its tools. MA can be defined as the production of accounting information that can facilitate managerial decisions. As a result, it is apparent that MA is strategic, helps to develop a meaningful partnership between management and accounting, and eventually creates value and helps a company to achieve its objectives. Thus, the significance of MA for a company’s strategic development is notable. MA Tools MA tools intend to:   * maximize profit;   * assist in planning;   * detect inefficiencies;   * distribute knowledge. Used in the UAE:   * ABC: effective in analyzing costs and activities and assigning indirect costs.   * ABM: uses ABC data strategically. MA tools are numerous, and their uses also vary, but they typically aim to maximize profit, distribute knowledge, define the issues and ineffectiveness at various levels of operations, and provide information that facilitates planning. A preliminary research allows determining two MA tools that are most often employed in the UAE companies: they are ABC and ABM. Neither of them can be regarded as a solution to every issue, but both are rather powerful and effective in their areas: ABC is especially useful in cost and activities analysis, and ABM is a helpful strategic tool. This information is going to be reviewed in the proposed study within the context of the UAE telecommunications sector. Research Objectives and Hypotheses Aim: determining preferred MA methods/tools in the UAE telecommunications sector. Hypotheses:   * A positive correlation between the size of the company and the complexity of MA tools employed in it.   * Long-term MA tools are pri
Hypothesis Testing As a statistical process of making decisions based on the significance of findings, hypothesis testing is central to statistics in various fields of knowledge such as business, science, and mathematics. A real-world example of hypothesis testing is the comparison of the battery life of Android smartphones and IOS smartphones with similar features. Android and IOS are two major mobile operating systems developed by Google and Apple, respectively. Battery life is an essential feature of a mobile phone because it determines its functions and expediency on a daily. Smartphones with long battery life are desirable because they save time and improve expediency for users who do not have to charge them frequently. Mobile phone companies strive to develop mobile phones with long battery life to satisfy the needs of customers, augment sales, dominate competitive markets, and create a unique brand. Moreover, customers need to make informed choices regarding the nature of mobile phones that they purchase and get desired value for their money. Mobile phone companies claim that their respective smartphones have long battery life, as indicated by the charge capacity and voltage. In this view, hypothesis testing would enable the determination of the existence and extent of battery life of smartphones with Android and IOS operating systems. The claim is that Android and IOS smartphones do not have the same battery life because they use different mobile operating systems. Formulation of a hypothesis based on the claim is a critical step in hypothesis testing. Since the claim does not specify the direction of battery life, hypothesis testing would use a two-tailed test. The null hypothesis, in this case, is that the means of battery life of Android smartphones and IOS smartphones do not differ significantly (H0: µ1 = µ2). In contrast, the alter