ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Chapter 3. India. Women of Mughal Empire In this chapter of the book Women in World History , the Mughal rule and its consequences for women in conquered lands are discussed. The first concept presented in this book is the aspect of slavery. Non-Muslims were allowed to be enslaved according to Islamic laws, so for women, slavery was a greater threat than being forced to conform to a foreign religion and ways of living. Due to famines, many women were sold into slavery or seized to be sold at auctions away from their homes. At that time, bhakti, an art movement of female poet-saint, began. Bhakti means “devotion”, so this genre concerns religious matters such as denial of pedantry, rejection of asceticism, and depths of personal devotion. This way of self-expression had no boundaries, and its followers (many of whom were women) could present it anywhere. However, this does not mean that women did not struggle with acceptance in those realms. Another critical aspect of women’s lives was the production of cloth. The cloth had become a big part of Indian export, and every woman in a castle was capable of spinning thread (Hughes, & Hughes, 1997). Weaving had become a family production, and many of them settled near cities where silk, cotton, and wool were in great demand. For royal women of Mughal, a great responsibility was to ensure the health and success of younger generations that were to take power. They educated and advised princes in their coming-of-age and wars for the throne and subsequently influenced politics. Empress Nur Jahan could exceed the power limitations set for women at the time by commending channels of power to herself. She enjoyed displaying her superiority, but she could keep in the background and manipulate others. Chapter 4. Europe. Witches, Workers, and Queens Religious cataclysms have colored women’s lives in Europe in the 16th and 18th centuries. On the one hand, due to Protestant ideas of a personal approach to salvation, women were able to access education. On the other, beliefs that women were affiliated with the devil have plagued the minds of authorities. Witchcrazes have been caused by patriarchy and misogyny, and their effects crippled females’ trust and confidence for ages to come. Public executions for witchcraft were ways for men to dominate women through pain, humiliation, and fear. A significant shift happened in the area of female work and empowerment; when earlier women
The idea of metropolitan government first came into being during the early twentieth century. It assumed the formal city-county consolidation, and the idea behind it was a strong need to offer regional services in addition to the existing municipal system so that the municipalities deliver local services to the neighborhoods of theirs. Some of the earliest groups to embrace the idea were the following organizations and institutions: the committee for economic development, the League of Human Voters as well as the US Advisory Commission on the Intergovernmental Relations. Recently, there has been much debate surrounding the idea of creating metropolitan governments. The proponents of the metropolitan government condemn the problems of fragmented local government systems which they see as unsuccessful and incompetent when it comes to funding and distribution of services. They regard a metropolitan government as a system that has the potential to allow the society to compete in the global economy in a superior way. This paper supports these views and argues that replacing city political structures with metro structures has many explicit benefits. The paper commences with a literature review on the functions as well as advantages and criticisms of the metropolitan government. Next is a critical analysis and discussion of the inferences of the literature. Finally, the paper ends with conclusions and recommendations regarding the issue in question. Literature Review Metropolitan governments have become popular due to the ever increasing number of people settling in urban areas. Generally, a metropolitan government, also known as a metropolis, comprises many collective multi-centered municipalities and a total population of approximately one million people (Davies & Imbroscio, 2009). At times, municipal cities grow in the same area and end up forming a region. Although the political powers of the metropolitan government are momentous, they lack a specific political status in the country. Thus, there lacks an ideal structure that defines governance processes in the metropolis. According to Hein (1961), some of the roles assigned to th
Supply And Demand Factors That Affect Food Prices Demand Factors Food prices are on an upward trend which started in 2008. Since then, many factors continue to affect food prices. Some of the major factors are listed below. Population growth-global prices continue to increase in the light of a burgeoning world population. Asian countries continue to report growth in population of over 12% per annum. However, the trend slowed down in the last decade. This is especially true in India and China, which have an aggregate population of over 1.7 billion people. These staggering figures continue to put pressure on the available food stock which drives prices upwards. The developed world‘s population, however, is on a decline. These countries can be able to self-sustain their populace unlike developing countries. It is in developing countries, however, where food is in high demand. Bio fuel production- the world is in need for greener technologies to counter global warming. Most governments and traditional food reservoirs such as United States and Russia continue to stress the importance of employing greener technologies. This is a noble idea but it is reducing the quantity of food stock that is set aside for human consumption. This is because, although there has been a diversion of the amount produced, no additional production has been made in light of the increased demand. Brazil and United States are the major contributors to this shortage. Brazil uses sugarcane to produce ethanol while the United States uses corn for that purpose. These two are majorly used for consumption especially in developing countries (Howell et al. 2006). Shifting dieting habits- the world population’s diets continue to take new shapes. People’s calorie intakes have increased together with meat consumption. Although the world health organization is sounding a warning against this trend, people do not take heed. This trend is especially true in developed countries like United States, United Kingdom and France. Producers of tradi
Introduction The lab attempts to introduce difficult issues like ISDN, RIP, IGRP, and OSPF on the Cisco Routers and switches. In the next paragraphs, we will provide brief descriptions of all the components. Integrated Service Digital Network or ISDN It is a special type of communication standard. It can simultaneously transmit video, voice, and data through the very common and general telephone network systems. ISDN was first brought into the public eye in the year 1988 in the CCITT Red Book. Before the ISDN system came into existence, the telephone system was looked at as a simple way that can only transport voice from one receiver to another receiver, but they also said that the telephone system was capable of transferring some special types of data. The most important feature of the ISDN service is that it can successfully integrate speech and data inside the same line, and moreover that it also adds some other and advanced technologies too, which one can not find in a classic telephone connection. If we look at the system technically we can say that ISDN is a circuit-operated telephone network system, and it is enabled to access the packet-switched networks too. ISDN is digitally designed in such a way so that it can allow digital voice transmissions and also data transmission through the ordinary copper wires that are used in ordinary telephone circuits and in the present condition it can be stated that it is extremely important. The final result of installing ISDN is a much better quality of voice and data transfer than a simple analog telephone. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) – RIP can be termed as a dynamic routing protocol. It has wide use in both local area networks and wide area networks. It can be also termed as an interior gateway protocol or IGP. RIP uses the distance vector-routing algorithm for its working procedure. The first definition of RIP was published in RFC1058 in the year 1988. After that the protocol has been changed and upgraded many times, and the recent result is RIP Version 2which is known as RFC 2453. Still now both the two versions are in use. But as newer technologies are coming in recent times these technologies are facing extinction in many parts of the World. Advanced technologies like Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and OSI protocol IS-IS has replaced the RIP is many cases. RIP has been used in IPv6 networks. There is a standard of RIP known as RIPng and it is recently published in RFC 2080 (1997). This is actually known as the next generation of RIP. Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) IGRP is a new type of protocol and it allows different gateways to buildup the routing tables while exchanging information with other networks. The beginning of a gateway is denoted by entry to all the networks that are directly connected wit
Internationalization and Financial Health in the US Hotel Industry focuses on the trend towards the internalization of the American hotel industry (Seoki & Yoon, 2014). The article highlights two major theories with respect to the internationalization of the hotels from the late 20 th century to the present (Seoki & Yoon, 2014). According to the author, international American hotels are economically better compared to local American hotels. In the mid of the article, the author evaluates the second theory. The theory asserts that international US hotels experience a number of financial problems when they try to venture into foreign markets. As such, the article attributes the challenges to the unknown factors in the foreign markets. To overcome these challenges, the article offers some recommendations (Seoki & Yoon, 2014). The author suggests that by adopting internationalization strategies, the hotels will gain more benefits as they expand. The strategy’s benefits outweigh the cost of internalization. Therefore, the implementation of the strategy will result in a U-shaped relationship. After reading the article, I noted that a number of international hotels had conquered numerous challenges over the last two decades in their bid to break into foreign markets. Through the article, I recognized that financial challenges are the major issues faced by the hotels (Seoki & Yoon, 2014). I believe that if international hotels implement the strategy proposed in the article, the challenges would be addressed. In this regard, I recommend that the article be read by the hotels wishing to expand into the foreign market. Hospitality 2015: Tourism, Hospitality, and Leisure Trends appraise the relationship between the travel industry and the hotel and management industry (Deloitte, 2014). The article indicates that in the emerging markets such as India and China, the travel industry will play a huge role in the growth of the hotel and restaurant industry. For instance, the article claims that successful western hotel and restaurant compani
Emotions constitute an integral part of the human experience and are crucial to the development of the characteristics such as empathy, curiosity, and the ability to communicate, in general. The latter, in fact, entails an important question of whether emotions serve the purpose of having a particular personal experience or whether motions are used as a communicative tool for conveying important information to others. Although the expressivity of emotions and the presence of a social function that it is expected to perform, the effect that emotions have on people’s well-being indicate that the specified tool has been developed primarily for the purpose of self-expression and a method of giving vent to one’s feelings. In addition, the external influences that shape the emotions that one may experience are also quite curious to study. Namely, it is believed that the presence of extraneous factors, such as other people, affects the expression of emotions, as well as their depth and the impact that they have on an individual (Moran et al, p. 273). The connection between the effects that motions produce and the presence of other people can be tracked down when studying how one reacts to certain factors emotionally. The importance of communicating emotions to others is defined primarily by the need to shareexperiencese and participate in social interactions. By showing emotions to others, people convey important messages about the effects that the actions of others or a specific phenomenon have produced on them, thus offering very honest and clear feedback that determines the further development of relationships. Therefore, emotions should be valued as a crucial tool for expressivity and a universal method of communication that transcends cultural boundaries.
The Second Industrial Revolution was a rapid development period in the industrial segment in the last decades of the 19th century. This era began in 1820, although it slowed down up to the 1870s and picked up again up to 1900. During this period, there was tremendous transformation of the European society in most aspects of development. Technological Revolution, a term also used to refer to the Second Industrial Revolution, refers to increased productivity and higher quality
Introduction The case study is about Alaska Airlines and the crash of one of its flights (Flight 261). Alaska Airlines was founded in 1932. During its inception, it was a small regional airline. It is best known as the airline that “goes the extra mile” and for its service offerings and accessibility. In 1999, the airline became the largest airline in West Coast and tenth largest in the country. In a brief period of 1989 to 199, the airline’s capacity doubled and its workforce increased by 58 percent. In 1999, it was among the top ten airlines and had the youngest fleet. Further, until 1999 it had been fined least amount among the other airlines by FAA. The company was then headed by John Kelly. The brief background of the company shows that its prospects were fright from the nature of events in 1999. Main Body The crash of Flight 261 was an unprecedented event, which brought windfall of problems to the airline’s doorsteps. The company though retained customer loyalty faced issues related to aircraft maintenance and security. The investigation of the crash revealed that there were several maintenance problems with the aircraft including “damaged jackscrew assembly”, signs of excessive wear and tear, etc. further inspections also revealed that the aircrafts of Alaska faced more wear than other airlines – for instance, Alaska had 0.24 problems while that of Continental was 0.01 and that of Northwest was 0.005 1 . Further investigation showed that Alaska airlines had learned about the wear of the jackscrew as early as in 1997. However, the plane had put on additional 5000 miles and still the jackscrew was not replaced. This brought the maintenance practices of Alaska Airlines under scrutiny. Therefore, post 261 crashes there were a few challenges faced by the airline. They were:  1. There were maintenance issues that caused a lot of stir and questioned the maintenance practices of the company. Especially the investigation of NTSB, which reported that the jackscrew problem was identified earlier and was, decided that it required to be replaced; however, it was not done even after 5000 miles of flying made by the aircraft. Evidently, the question arose if the flight crash was due to an unprecedented accident or the outcome of company neglect.  2. An old employee of the company, John Gustafson, alleged that Alaska Airlines repeatedly falsified airline records to shows their airlines airworthy as he, as a mechanic, had faced similar problem and resigned due to it.  3. The company which manufactured MD-80 faced serious problems in 1990
The historical background The first cinema to exist in Korea was the Tongdaemun motion picture studio, which started its operations in 1903. Thereafter, the Dangsung-sa cinema was opened in 1907 in Seoul and it commenced its operations immediately. Earlier on, before the domestic film industry was formed, the country imported films from America and Europe, which were later shown in the theatres. The first film producer in Korea was Park Sung-pil, who played a major role in supporting the first Korean film that was named ‘loyal revenge’ inclusive of a documentary film known as scenes of Kyoungsoung city, which were later shown in his Dansung-sa theatre in 1919. Most of the businesses at that time were owned by Japanese; hence, they contributed heavily towards limiting the growth of the filmmaking businesses, as at that time they were colonizing Korea. They however implemented rules concerning all the films, both domestic and foreign, in that, films had to be submitted to the government censorship board for approval before being screened. Ironically, the police had to be present at the time of screening. However, in 1935, the Koreans were able to implement sound features in the films with the help of the sound technician Lee Pil-woo. Unfortunately, it was expensive to produce sound films for the local filmmakers, while the silent films were no good either. However, Korean filmmakers were under pressure to only produce films that were supported by the Japanese military and thereafter, in 1942, the Korean language-based films were banned by the then government. Nevertheless, in 1953, the then president declared that the cinemas would be exempted from any taxes as a move to revive the collapsing industry, therefore, marking a fresh beginning of the Korean film industry in the late fifties. Talented directors emerged in the sixties, thus leading to the production of amazing films, which drew the public to theaters once again. However, due to the dictatorial government that implemented restrictive laws, the industry was once again affected in the form of its creativity. Without question, one of the most original directors of all times in Korea was Kim Ki-young, who mostly include women in his films, thus portraying the power of women over men in terms of relationships. The Korean motion picture promotion corporation was formed with an aim of reviving the industry in 1973; some of the booming films at that time were woman chasing killer butterfly, insect woman, and iodo, among others. In the eighties, the censorship oppression reduced and the Korean films started gaining recognition internationally. With the government support on the film industry, young talented producers emerged and brought with them a taste to the Korean films. However, with the government relaxing on the foreign films rules, and
This paper will detail my motivation for pursuing a career in acupuncture. It will explain why I feel so strongly about Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and how this is linked to what I experienced as a medical trauma specialist in the Navy. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is the polar opposite of the invasive field of medicine I used to practice. TCM adopts a non-invasive and holistic approach to healing, and it is this style of treatment that I have grown to prefer. This essay details how and why I have decided to pursue a career in TCM, as well as the reason behind why I feel so passionately about this decision. I spent 14 years in the Navy where I practiced western medicine as a medical trauma specialist. I had extensive experience performing invasive medical procedures and also prescribed various drugs and medicines to my patients to aid their recovery. After many years of practice, however, I began thinking of alternative options for the surgeries I was performing. I began wondering whether such invasive procedures and so many prescription medications were necessary. I researched other options and discovered Traditional Chinese Medicine. TCM is made up of medical practices that were developed in China over 2000 years ago. TCM includes acupuncture, specialized diets, massage, herbal medicine and exercise. (Eldridge, 2003.) TCM is rooted in the idea that the body must be in harmony with its internal processes and the external environment. TCM views disease as a disruption of this relationship. (Overington, 2009.) TCM practitioners evaluate an ailment in terms of its cause, how it has developed and progressed, its location in the body and the nature of the illness. Also taken into consideration is how the body is reacting to the particular illness. TCM practitioners recognize that each person copes with various illnesses in different ways and, therefore, treatment is uniquely tailored for each patient. (Eldridge, 2003.) During my time in the Navy, I saw many adverse reactions to the medications I was describing. I also came to realize that some of the operations I was performing were unnecessary as the ailments could either correct themselves or be prevented with the use of holistic medicine. I developed a passion f
The struggle for gender equality has been going on for a long time. It can be said that there has been notable developments in the attempt to narrow the gap between men and women. Nevertheless, gender equality is far from reality. This assertion is especially true in Third World counties and even in emerging economies in Asia and Europe. The solution calls for an overhaul in the way people understand equality, women’s rights and education. It is no longer enough to simply clamor for equality, women all over the world must redefine what it means. The rights-based-approach also requires an overhaul because it is easy to create international laws favoring women’s rights. But in terms of implementation in the local level there is still so much that remains to be seen. It must begin with a radical change of perspective when it comes to the way people understand gender. According to a progressive view of feminism there is a need to take a few steps backward when it comes to the discussion of equality. There is the need to focus on the difference between men and women (Sen 10). In the past the focal point was on equality. It was inevitable to force society to consider that women must be treated in the same way it treats men. The call for equality was mistakenly understood as a call for similar treatment. Now, feminists and other activists bewail its failure. There is now a desperate need to differentiate women from men when it comes to the discussion of social problems (Sen 12). It is no longer enough to simply strive for equality because it is time to study differences based on circumstances and needs. Feminists discovered the awful truth that in their struggle to achieve equality they have created gender neutrality wherein solutions are being crafted without giving thought to the specific issues faced by women (Sen 12). It is time to develop solutions that are crafted based on the specific needs of women. The radical alteration when it comes to the discussion regarding equality can be understood through this statement: “The systematically inferior position of women inside and outside the household in many societies points to the necessity of treating gender as a force of its own in development analysis” (Sen 123). It must be pointed out that in Third World countries women do not possess the means to initiate social mobility. Their identity is closely associated to their male relatives such as their husbands and fathers. In many societies around the world the value of women is dependent on their relationship with the head of the household. Their rights are intertwined with the need for protection and guidance from a male relative. Their value exists only because men are willing to take care of them and shield them from the harsh realities of the outside world. In other words their utter dependence on men