ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Frog Book by Steve Jenkins and Robin Rage (2016) is an excellent example of a children’s science book. It contains accurate data and includes dozens of beautiful and easy-to-understand illustrations. Thanks to this, children can learn new information from the text and see the described creatures with their own eyes. In addition, the data is presented simply and interestingly, which attracts attention and makes children less tired of learning. The illustrations are so beautiful that children want to look at them for as long as possible, contributing to the educational process. Although this book is for children, science content is clear, accurate, and up-to-date. The authors describe the different characteristics of amphibians in sufficient detail. They mention the number of species and talk about various features of their behavior. They write about the habitat of different species of frogs using information from trusted sources. In addition, they complement the text with accurate images of animals, filled with small important details. Thus, children receive verified and accurate data, which they store in their memory. However, sometimes it is over-simplified, so teachers should explain some additional facts to kids. The book includes some generalizations that may make the information not accurate enough. Nevertheless, another important feature of the book is the absence of anthropomorphism. In other words, the authors do not attribute any human qualities to frogs. This avoids the creation of stereotypes or misunderstandings of animal behavior. Children understand what animals are, how they behave, and how they should be treated. Thus, this book is indeed a good teaching tool for children. It gives kids the necessary knowledge from the field of zoology in a simple and beautiful format. Reference Jenkins, S., & Rage, R. (2016). The frog book. HMH Books.
Introduction In law, eminent domain is the authority of the state to suitable private property for its own use without the owner’s permission. Governments most normally use the power of eminent domain when the attainment of real belongings is necessary for the achievement of a community scheme such as a road, and the possessor of the required property is reluctant to consult a price for its sale. In many jurisdictions, the power of eminent domain is tempered with a right that just compensation be made for the appropriation. The initiative 07-0018 Eminent Domain states the rules ad procedures of assumption of private property. It had been adopted in Sacramento – Secretary of State Debra Bowen today proclaimed that the proponents of a new proposal might begin collecting petition signatures for their measure. Eminent Domain – Acquisition of owner-engaged residence, a constitutional amendment. Bars state and local administrations from using the renowned domain to obtain an owner-occupied dwelling, as defined, for transference to a private person or commerce entity. The initiative creates exemptions for public work or enhancement, public health and security defense, and crime avoidance. Summary of approximation by Legislative Analyst and Director of Finance of fiscal impact on state and local administration: The tool would likely not have an important fiscal collision on a state or local controls. The Secretary of State’s tracking number for this measure is 1251, and the Attorney General’s tracking number is 07-0018. The supporters for this measure, Christopher K. McKenzie, Susan Smartt, and Kenneth Willis, need to gather the signatures of 694,354 registered voters – the figure equal to 8% of the total votes shed for the head in the 2006 gubernatorial election – in order to succeed the gauge for the ballot. The proponents have 150 days to mingle petitions for this determination, meaning the signatures should be collected by December 3, 2007. Fair Value Fair value is usually viewed to be the fair market charge – that is, the uppermost price someone would pay for the possessions were it in the hands of an eager vendor. The date upon which the value is charged will vary, depending upon the leading law. If the parties do not concur on the value, they will normally utilize evaluators to assist in the cooperation procedure. If the case is litigated, both sides will ordinarily present expert testimony from appraisers as to the fair market value of the property. Just Compensation At times, fair charge involves more than the price of an item or possessions of real estate. If a business is acting from the censured real domain, the possessor is normally en
Elements of Criminal Act For an offence to constitute a criminal offence, two elements must be satisfied: the accusers must regard the act as prohibited conduct and the mental intention or a guilty mind. “The prosecution must prove that in the most reasonable contemplation, the defendant alleged act, so-referred to an as criminal act, was constituted by the two elements” (Jackson, 1997, p.42). For example, supposing ‘A’ strikes ‘’B, without his / her consent. The claim of declaring ‘A’ as having committed an assault will hold only if the action of ‘A’ (striking B) stands out as the prohibited act with the guilty mind or mental element standing out as the intention of the striking. An exception of such a requirement is in the case of a strict liability in which the proof of the actual performance of an act is not required for guiltiness to stand. However, a person may strike the other person unwillingly through reckless behavior. In such a situation, assault is not committed since even though the execution of the action stands out, the person who stroke the other had no intent and therefore had not regarded his/her actions. Important to note are the cases of ancillary responsibility. Based on joint enterprise, a person who had not directly committed an act but participated in its planning may pass for a convict of the law. For instance, the guilty of the person who drives a getaway vehicle compares well with the guilt of the person who actually involves himself/herself in a robbery with or without violence. A person may also suffer charges proving him/her guilty of an offense even though the action constituting the prohibited conduct did not go up to completion. Rather the person had the mental intent to commit the crime. Even if the target person or place to which a planned criminal action is to be directed is not selected, the persons planning to commit the crimes can qualify as guilty of the offense on the grounds of conspiracy. For the case in question, Jack’s mission was to shoot Bert but accidentally shot Pratt. On realizing the mistake, he further proceeded to perform the second act: what he had priory intended to do. Unfortunately, the gun failed him. Proceeding to shoot the second time makes it clear that he had put his actions to a reasonable contemplation though never completed the action. Consequently, the element of mind guilt or mental intent to commit a crime qualifies. On such grounds, Jack deserved no acquaintance hence declaring the court wrong in dismissing the attempted murder charge. Attempt and Impossibility In legal terms, criminal attempt “…occurs when a person, with the intent to commit an offense, performs any act that constitutes a substantial step toward the commission of that offense” (Lippmann, 2008, p.107). Criminal attempts appear in two kinds: ‘incomplete’ and ‘complete, but An incomplete. Incomplete attempt takes place when the accused does all acts as intended but does not manage to achieve his/ her criminal objective. ‘Complete, but imperfec
Introduction Purpose of Study Al Rajhi Bank is following Islamic Laws in practicing banking and investments functions. It is one of the largest banks in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia with paid up capital of SAR 13500million. It branches network is all over the kingdom of Saudi Arabia with more than 500 branches. This study is under taken to evaluate the financial performance of the bank over the years both from its earnings and growth point of views. Methodology and source of data The financial statements and other information of the bank available at its website have been used to evaluate the performance of the bank. As the bank is listed with the Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul), the information available at the site of exchange has also been taken into consideration for evaluation purposes. Production and Cost Analysis Nature of Products and Underlying Technology The mission of the bank is ‘to be most successful bank admired for its innovative service, people, technology, Sharia Compliant products both locally and internationally.’(Al Rajhi Bank.Com) 1 Beside the normal banking operations, Al Rajhi has developed cash management solution for its customers. The bank has developed some Islamic related banking products like Bai Al Ajai, Murabaha, Musharaka, Istnisana, Ijara, and others. Bai Al Ajai is facility to provide cash to customers. Murabaha enables customers to purchase products like raw materials, capital assets, and other goods from local as well as international markets. Musharaka is a sort of partnership between bank and its customers who need to import goods and equipments but have insufficient financial capacity to do so. Under Istnisana scheme the bank finances real estates for its clients. Ijara is a fixed and floating lease project where under the banks acquires assets and then leases those assets to its customers for their uses. There are other products and normal banking operations and products that Al Rajhi deals in. Breakeven Analysis Breakeven analysis provides a tradeoff situation where revenue equals the costs r
Introduction Management is a very critical tool in the success of all businesses. It give a basis under which the organizations carry out their day to day activities with the common objective of meeting certain laid down goals. The functions of management should be differentiated from other organizational roles. However, there have been a lot of misunderstandings concerning the definition and role of management in any business set up. The four basic functions of management as mentioned above have helped in providing a basis under which management can be defined in a theoretical manner (Waddell, et al,. 2011, p. 324). This paper looks at the theoretical definition and functions of management. Management planning The planning function of management entails the identification and setting of objectives as well as defining the mode of action to be enacted in order to meet those objectives. For this function to be carried out effectively, management should be aware of both internal and external factors affecting its organization so as to allow for easy forecasting of future conditions/factors. It also requires good decision making ability. Planning function of management takes the course of a process where environmental awareness by planners helps them beware of certain critical events that may occur and affect the organization in future. Such environmental factors may include market competitors, availability of customers and other economic factors such as inflation. Such possible contingencies then give the planners a basis under which they can try to forecast future occurrences. Planning is therefore done based on the forecasts made. Setting of goals and objectives gives the managers a better chance of effectively planning various activities of the organization. Evaluation of possible courses for achieving those objectives should be done and a decision made on the best course (Watson 1996, p. 332). Effective execution includes identifying the methods to be used towards achieving the set goals. In order for corrections to be made, planning management should also practice evaluation to identify them. There are three basic types of management planning. Strategic management analysis the strengths and weaknesses of the organization regarding market competition and formulates ways of positioning the organization at the top of the market. Mostly, strategic planning is carried out by the top management in an organization. Tactic planning involves the identification and employment of concrete ways of implementing strategic plans in an organization. Since this is a medium level of organization, middle level managers oft
Introduction Ethical obligations are intrinsic to any profession; nonetheless, people often make little account of them, giving priority to the efficiency and accomplishments of their work. In occupational spheres where moral qualities are not considered important, one’s mistake usually has minor, short-term, and reversible consequences. However, in some cases, a breach of ethics can lead to significant detrimental outcomes. Negligence or an irresponsible attitude to work poses a threat to people’s safety, as it happened on the Three Mile Island, and result in long-term catastrophic repercussions, as illustrated by the Chernobyl tragedy. The two accidents serve as valuable lessons and warnings, showing the essential role of the human factor in the nuclear power industry. The well-functioning mechanisms and automated processes cannot guarantee stability and safety because an individual who makes major decisions is still prone to error. To review the mentioned events in the context of engineering ethics, it is necessary to study their history, causes, the underlying code of conduct, and professionals’ relative adherence to it. The Background of the Two Nuclear Accidents The Chernobyl disaster is known for its drastic impact not only on the Ukrainian population and environment but also on the whole world. As Plokhy (2019) explains, the engineers working on the nuclear power plant were given the task to improve the automatic shutdown mechanisms and, consequently, establish a new emergency safety system. The ministry prompted them to run a corresponding test that would imitate the conditions of power failure (Plokhy, 2019). None of the workers had expected that the procedure would disrupt protective appliances. However, on April 6, 1986, an abrupt power emission during the reactor system test had caused an intense explosion (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2018). The resulting fire contributed to the destruction of Unit 4 and the extensive spread of radiation (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2018). Thus, the intention to enhance the work of the plant in case of emergency has turned into the worst nuclear catastrophe globally. Despite the significant efforts of the responders to the Chernobyl accident, its consequences included the creation of the exclusion zone, people’s deaths, and worsening of the population’s health. The remaining reactors were eventually stopped, and the area within 30 kilometers of the plant was closed (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2018). Shortly after the disaster, 28 workers died, many others suffered from the radiation, and millions of people were exposed to the adverse impact in the contaminated areas (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2018). The drastic event has also led to the change in the mental health of the affected individuals. They are prone to depression, addictive behaviors, and anxiety; some people experience unrecognized physical symptoms, overestimate their conditions, and make negative predictions reg
Introduction The US foreign policy stipulates the rules of engagement between the United States and nations from abroad. This policy has set out how individual citizens, corporations and organizations in the US are supposed to interact with foreign nations. Currently, about $15 trillion is used by the United States government to facilitate its global reach in terms of foreign policy agenda. This amount is almost equal to 25% of the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the world. In addition, about $711 billion has been secured for defense budget. This translates to about forty three percent of the total military spending across the globe (Jentleson 70). The US Secretary of State is the key public figure who has been mandated to bridge the diplomatic gap between the US and other foreign nations (US Department of State par. 1). The personality plays a role similar to that of a foreign minister in other countries. Nonetheless, the ultimate power over foreign policies rests with the president. For instance, the national interest is defined by the president of the United States. The Foreign Policy Agenda contains the formal objectives of the US foreign policy. These goals have been enshrined and safeguarded by the US Department of State. The broad goal of the US foreign policy aims at enhancing a more prosperous, democratic and safe world both for the community spread across the international arena and the American public. Moreover, the foreign policy aims at streamlining exportation of goods and services, monitoring proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) such as nuclear weapons, enhancing trade and international commerce between the US and foreign nations, facilitating an effective labor force and education as well as monitoring effective immigration policies (Ikenberry 55). International aid and foreign policy of the United States have been topics of great discourse especially in the contemporary US politics. The policy has received equal share of both positive and negative criticism at the local and international levels. Although the US constitution clearly documents its foreign policy agenda, I feel that the contemporary U.S foreign policy definitely appears to strike a close balance between liberalism and realism because there seems to be secluded interests that are beyond our constitutional provisions. A case study of the invasion of Iraq in 2003 is a critical example to this effect. Comparative Analysis of the Branches of Government engagement in the foreign policy of the United States The negotiation of treaties on behalf of the US government is the constitutional role of the president of the United States. However, this has to be done with the approval of the U.S senate. Hence, two-thirds of the senate must ratify any kind of treaty before being enforced. In addition, the armed forces of the United States are commanded by the president who is the chief officer. Hence, he has elaborate power over the defense forces. Nonetheless, the power to declare or endorse any kind of war rests with the federal Congres
Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American psychologist and a philosopher. He is categorized as a behaviorist following his famous rat experiment which he conducted to demonstrate that behavior is influenced not by individuals’ will but by other variables which are external to the individuals. He took a hungry rat and placed it in a cage and then placed a lever and a food tray. Since the rat was hungry, it would wander in the cage sniffing everywhere and accidentally stepped on the lever, which would trigger the release of a food pellet into the food tray. Skinner observed that the frequency of pressing the lever increased up to the time when the rat was no longer hungry. This experiment drove Skinner to reach the conclusion that there is nothing like free will but rather, behavior was a consequence of our actions. If actions carry positive rewards, the corresponding behaviors are perfected. Similary, if certain behaviors are not rewarded, they are avoided. Skinner belonged to the school of thought which contents that human behavior is determined by our cultural orientations and psychological profiling. If we live in a culture whereby for example girls are married at a tender age, then the girls who live in that culture have got no option
Scholars have often used the term ‘capital’ in different contexts and fields to imply a number of related meanings that may not necessarily agree in both scope and depth. In finance, accounting and management, for instance, the term is used to make reference to financial wealth, particularly the wealth used to start or sustain a business entity. In classical economics, however, capital is used to imply one of the three factors of production, and differs from the other two factors – land and labor – because it can be used in the production of other goods, it is human-made and, lastly, it cannot be exhausted immediately in the process of production (Perlman & McCain, 2000). From this broad definition, capital can be further narrowed down to mean the goods produced or supplied by the production system that are utilized as primary inputs in the production and sustenance of other goods and services in the future. Education can be considered as a form of human capital because it is not only used to produce other goods such as knowledge, wealth, and careers, but it cannot be exhausted in the process of production once an individual goes through a school system, not mentioning that it is human-made. Skills, education and training have been used by individuals, groups, societies and states as a form of human capital that is mostly used to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty levels. Without education as one of the primary factors of production, many organizations would not have the human capital required to drive their agenda forward. According to Investopedia (2011), return on investment (ROI) is “…a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or to compare the efficiency of a number of different investments” (para. 1). As already mentioned, the returns on an investment in education are many, and include the knowledge and capabilities that an individual uses in the production of other goods and services within the economic system; the wealth accumulated over time and which can also be used in the production of other goods; career development; social prestige; improvement of the level, quantity and quality of human capital; economic growth; better income distribution; and reduced poverty (Economic Returns, n.d.). It is imperative to note that these returns are interrelated to the extent that one economic or social return affects the other. Accumulation of wealth, for instance, will curtail poverty levels and enhance social prestige as well as economic growth. In finance and economics, an investment is beneficial to the shareholder if it is worth the return. When an individual uses financial and time resources to get an education then end up with neither of the returns described above, it can be effectively argued that the investment in education was not worth the return. To measure the return on investment in education, therefore, one needs to subtract the cost of the investment (both in terms of time and money) from the gains attainable as a result