ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Remedies, a legal way of getting justice for criminals apart from the ones common in courts like punishing the criminal, death sentence, and sanctions require that legal rights are observed, considering that there are different forms of remedies depending on the plaintiff and nature of the case, the defendant compensates for the case mostly in monetary terms. However, if the defendant fails to meet the requirements for compensating the case he or she is prohibited from doing some things. In American jurisprudence, the judicially still makes changes in American social contract which is not supposed to change. This is what influenced the original framers’ intent. If a person harms another person, and the two living within the same fraternity, there is a way in which he or she can get the one debilitated to the original state. This is to facilitate good relationships within a given group of people. It is very important to know the remedy given to those who are injured in order to know what happens to those people whose rights have been tampered with. The reason behind all this is to know how, when and where the remedy is given to the offended parties. In the United States of America remedy is given in three ways; monetary terms where the defendant compensates in terms of money, equity, and declaratory relief. Declaratory relief is where the offender and the offended have to abide by a declaration given by the court The parties should note very well that before seeking remedy for what they are complaining about, the court only puts them back to where they were before when the injury occurred or the court can then put them in their original state by monetary compensation. This came about when the court of law and equity courts came together, though it is not always guaranteed that the remedy will be given despite the fact that legal remedies were created for the cases that can be compensated in monetary terms or services and not punishments or sentences to the wrong doers, it should be carried out following the law guidelines to avoid exploitation. Through this, legal remedy offers the best reconciliation between the offended and the offenders and also prevents property loss. Relief available from a court known as restitution is designed to restore the wronged party to the original state either by monetary or property compensation to prevent getting rich in a false way. Its main purpose is to get things back to their original state and owners as they were before the injury occurred and for it to happen the plaintiff has to have enough proof that the defendant unjustly enriched himself at her expense hence the defendant in the good sense of right and wrong should make compensations to the plaintiff. Judge Benjamin was the first one to address third party liability in the touchstone opinion as a very important issue becoming more difficult in each day of the current modern world. The opinion has changed the business world tremendously hence changing the accountant’s roles. The accountant’s services are very crucial to different parties whereby if any audit is carried out in a wrong way all the parties that relied o
Introduction Thorley, C. (2018). Enhancing individual and collaborative eyewitness memory with category clustering recall. Memory , 26 (8), 1128–1139. Web. The present paper discusses the scholarly article “Enhancing individual and collaborative eyewitness memory with category clustering recall”, critically reviewing its primary elements. The chosen research is an empirical study in the psychology of eyewitness memory. Previous theoretical and experimental data suggest that eyewitnesses are typically more accurate in reporting circumstances when interrogated alone, as this precaution excludes knowledge contamination (Abel & Bäuml, 2017). Nevertheless, a more current body of research uses a different approach to this phenomenon, presenting category clustering recall to manifest that collaborative data recollection might be more effective (Vredeveldt et al., 2016). In this regard, the analyzed study attempts to clarify the distinction between individual and group descriptions of events, aiming to establish the benefits and limitations of these knowledge retrieval methods. Background and Rationale The advantages and disadvantages of collaborative eyewitness memory have been the focus of scientific explorations for a significant amount of time. As such, it has been established that collaboration between the individuals improves the quality of the information described, accounting for the remembrance of additional details (Paulo et al., 2021). However, questioning multiple eyewitnesses may result in the collaborative inhibition effect, which leads to the presentation of incorrect or incomplete data (Andersson & Rönnberg, 1995). Following this evidence, it is still unclear whether group collaboration during information reports is beneficial or harmful for the investigation. A small cluster of recent studies has uncovered additional data regarding group inhibition, claiming that category clustering recall might be used to reduce the impact of this effect. According to this research, allowing the individuals to freely describe the event circumstances and then facilitating remembering by asking category-specific questions can induce recollection and aid in retrieving additional data (Vredeveldt et al., 2016, 2017). Considering the positive results of research utilizing category clustering recall and the reported benefits of group memory, a question arises whether the use of category clustering recall might diminish the negative effects of group inhibition. Furthermore, it is significant to establish whether individual remembrance is more efficient than group recollection. The discussed article clearly contributes to the understanding of category clustering recall and its implementation for improving the quality of information retrieval during individual and group evidence recollection. Method and Design The research method utilized by the authors is an experimental inves
The fictional narrative below exhibits quite a number of alluded psychological concepts. These concepts are categorically discussed in terms of the name and the general perspective each concept falls under. Aggressiveness The case study of Allan and his family first of all starts by exploring the relentless attitude which Allan has towards making sure that he secures a better job to sustain his family. This was not an easy choice for him to make bearing in mind that he was abandoning his secure job for another company which had not established itself. This psychological concept alludes decision making ability of Allan. The concept falls under behavioral approach because as it can be observed, it took an extra mile for Allan to leave his secure work. This was not only risky as far as his income was concerned but also very delicate undertaking which only required an aggressive attitude. In fact, as can be noted from the essay, “it hasn’t worked out as well as he’d hoped” (par.1). Another level of aggressive attitude exposed by Allan is the ability to work until late hours including weekends because he seems to be a perfectionist in spite of the demanding standards from his employer. This continual work presence has led to a myriad of accusation s from his family who assert that he has abandoned them altogether. Additionally, this psychological concept is well brought in Asch’s Conformity Study which elaborates how social influences can determine how an individual conforms to emerging changes including shaping of ones point of view. Decision Making This is yet another psychological concept alluded in the fictional essay. This falls under the broader cognition level whereby Allan has to make up his min regarding different lines of action he has to take. Although the process of decision making might lead to wrong judgment in the end, Allan demonstrates optimism in his actions. For instance, when his sister Erin asked him how he felt concerning his predicament, he replied saying “…I am happy-very happy, in fact”. Although not all is well, Allan is still hoping for the best. Optimism theory has it that those who practice it do not take a myriad of precautions in whatever they do. No wonder Allan at one point or the other appears to be careless both in his speech and actions. Moreover, his oldest son, Carl, seems to be indecisive having dropped out of college in addition to changing workplaces several times. Carl is also unable to settle a
In order to estimate import demand function for Australia and Argentina, it was necessary to convert raw data into natural logarithms. The variables, in form of natural logarithms, are available in excel file. To establish a relationship between dependent and independent variables, the data was subjected to multiple regressions. This resulted in the following estimated demand equations for the two countries: Based on the demand equations, both the price and income elasticity of demand can be deduced. By finding the absolute value of coefficient of , the result is price elasticity of demand. In the case of Australia, absolute value of +1.06 is 1.06. Price elasticity of demand is therefore elastic because 1.06 is more than 1.00. On the other hand, Argentina has inelastic price elasticity of demand since the absolute of -0.73 is less than 1.00. Different from price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand is not calculated by finding absolute values of coefficient of . Instead, income elasticity of demand is obtained directly by looking at coefficients in the equation that represents income. Australia and Argentina then has income elasticity of demand of 0.03 and 4.42 respectively. In view of the fact that income elasticity of demand in Argentina is more than 1.00, the good meets condition of a luxury good. Conversely, the good imported by Australia is a necessity because it has an income elasticity of demand that falls between zero and positive one. This elasticity shows that demand for the good is rising along with income but in less than proportionate manner. A business can use the knowledge of elasticity in various ways. First, price elasticity of demand would assist a businessperson to know the impact of a change in price on demand for a good. When the good is elastic, a business would register high returns by reducing the price of that good. In the same line, more profit would be recorded if a firm increases price of an inelastic good. Secondly, income elasticity of demand assists a firm to have a clear view of how change income of a consumer affects demand for goods produced. A firm that is producing inferior goods is aware that an increase in consumer income leads to a lower demand for the good. In order to assess statistical adequacy of import demand equations, it is vital to conduct R square, F-test, and t -tests. The outputs from regression show that Australia and Argentina have R square of 0.94 and 0.73 respectively. It denotes that 94% and 73% of the variations in imports for the respective countries are explained by the equation. For that reason, both equations give the best fit. To establish existence of linear relationship between independent variables and dependent variables, F-test is applied. In this condition, hypothesis would be as shown below: In the case of Argentina, the calculated F value is more than p-value. Null hypothesis is rejected and the conclusion is that at least one of the independent variable affects import demand. Australia as well ha
Anthias (2007) and Griffith (1998) argue that, post-industrialization marks the transition where service sector offers more revenue than the manufacturing sector in specific nations. In the 19 th century during the industrial age, Britain was the leading nation in industrialization. Britain had founded its empire on the mercantilism era where it emphasized on in-side trading and suppressed any rival empires. The mercantile economic theory was founded on the principle of ensuring collaboration between the merchants and the Britain in order to enhance private wealth and political power by segregation of other empires. In order to enforce the mercantile theory, the British government sheltered its merchants and segregated others through regulations, trade barriers, and subsidiaries of local industries. These measures favoured local industries and suppressed foreign industries. However, as time elapsed there was a need to collaborate in trading. The emergence and propagation of globalization favoured other nations that were more recipient to the changing economic evolvement. Nations such as Germany, United States and Japan overtook Britain in the international trading. This happened during the Fordism period where many industries evolved from large static organisations with stable markets to small dynamic firms with specialized markets. The shift-attracted mass production and economy of scale became the competing factor. According to Held (1999) and Herman (1999), the continuous proliferations of globalization lead to an increased competition because of consumers’ access of many varieties of products/services. Of late, there has been a great evolvement of the trade policy pursued by the EU. The EU has continuous loosened their tight regulations by tariffs and quotas to embrace non-tariffs barriers to trade, as well as single market. The EU trading policy are known for being committed towards specific policy issues that entail gender relations, social policy, labour protection and environmental sustainability that greatly curtail free trade international. The demand for high quality, low costs and shorter period for production because of globalization and market liberalization has called for outsourcing of some services as well as high participation of women in the labour market. Whereas Herman (1997) associate American firms in opting for outsourcing most of their services in response to the current stiff global competition, Hurrell (2000) argue that firms in Europe and particularly the UK respond by attracting young and educated personnel from foreign countries to come and boost their slow economy. The Europe economy is slow because of low birth rate associated with high level of older working population, which is too slow to support the inactive group. Nonetheless, there has been great trade integration worldwide despite the EU reluctant participation (See appen
Introduction Most people in the United States are aware that the federal government has a constitution that governs the different branches of government. Most people don’t know that states have their own constitutions as well. Southern states that were part of the Confederacy were required to draft and adopt new state constitutions before they were allowed to rejoin the United States. The constitutions had to declare the order of secession null and void, outlaw slavery, and provide civil rights to the newly freed slaves. At the end of Reconstruction (1876) Texas passed its constitution. Structure Both the U.S. Constitution and the Texas Constitution share similar structure and begin with a preamble. It appears that the Texans used the U.S. Constitution as a guide when drafting their own constitution. The Texas Constitution is state specific in that it includes situations only found in Texas such as “Spanish and Mexican Land Titles”. The outlines to both Constitutions are listed below: The Texas documents preamble is a simple introduction to the Constitution while the U.S. Constitution’s preamble serves to begin telling why the United States needs a constitution. For example, the U.S. Constitution’s preamble wording includes: “in Order to form a more perfect Union” This shows why the document needed to be written. The sentence continues on mentioning justice and domestic tranquility in the purpose statement. The Texas Constitution’s preamble simply introduces the document” “Humbly invoking the blessing of Almighty God, the people of the State of Texas do ordain and establish this Constitution” The Texas document includes a bill of rights in Article 1. The U.S. Constitution does not include a bill of rights as part of the Constitution. But, the U.S. has a Bill of Rights as a document separate from the Constitution. It is important to note that those who drafted the Texas Constitution wrote into the document that the State is answerable only to the Federal Government. This is clearly stated in Article 1: “Texas is a free and independent State, subject only to the Constitution of the United States” In the writing of this document the State of Texas set up their state government similar to the Federal Government. The Constitution includes parameters for establishing the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government. Both Constitutions include guidelines for amending the Constitutions if needed. The main difference between the two Constitutions is their focus. The U.S. Constitution was written long before the Texas Constitution and reflects the era in which it was written. Article 3, section 3 of the U.S. Constitution includes parameters for the prosecution of treason. During and after the American Revolution treason was a problem as many people were in favor of British rule in the colonies. Although incidents of treason do still occur, they are not as common in recent times. The Texas Constitution contains provisions for handling situations unique to Texas. These unique situations include Spanish and Mexican Land Titles which the Constitution of the State of Texas nullified. The writers of the Texa
Abstract Global tendencies are leading businesses towards globalization of supply chains and diversification of their employees, seeking out new talent and innovation. This leads to the creation of multicultural teams that must collaborate on given projects. In turn, companies must adapt their HRM diversity practices to promote inclusivity. Several practices ranging from recruitment to performance management must change by ethical and legal considerations. Communication is key to establishing change and ensuring a smooth transition. Introduction Globalization is a rapid and influential economic tendency that has a profound impact on the workplace. It is leading to changes in business practices and employee relations which requires organizational restructuring. Companies that adapt to this trend, becoming more inclusive and diverse, are more likely to emerge as successful. This report will examine the potential changes in the global workforce in the next years and how companies can prepare for them. Changes in the Workplace Ease of global transportation and telecommunications means that the global economy overall and numerous supply chains have become spread out across continents and are interdependent for functioning and creation of the final product. Globalization and technological development are going to lead to a shift in workplace demographics towards diversification. The organizational function will evolve with diversification. As a business grows, it expands globally, reaping the benefits of cheaper raw materials and tax breaks in other parts of the world. However, it is ineffective and challenging to send large groups of employees abroad, so they take advantage of the local workforce. Companies have affiliates and teams working globally to promote their products and business relationships, creating multiethnic international divisions. This allows to seek out talent and offer more competitive wages. Diversification is inherently beneficial since it helps to increase productivity, efficiency, and contributes to a positive work environment. Diversity programs in companies significantly contribute to employee motivation, innovation of ideas, and consumer satisfaction. A diverse workforce can be leveraged for marketing purposes as well, appealing to consumers and offering insights on advertising to various groups. Diversification also leads to increased standards, both in domestic companies changing to be more inclusive and in foreign affiliates which must adopt Western practices and
Introduction The concept of delivery of goods and services to the customers refers to availing of goods in a zone where they will be easily accessible by the customers. In the delivery of goods and services of any nature, time is of essence. Failure to deliver goods at the correct time in the right place may lead to cancellation of the contract orders and imposition of forfeiture (McClain et al, p.45). For these reasons, an efficient means of delivery should be formulated to avert any losses emanating from the delivery process. This paper will look at some of the efficient ways (new or improved ways) of delivering goods and services to potential and new customers; Ways which are safe, reliable, straightforward and hustle-free. The Delivery Process Any process involving delivery of finished goods and services should be done with the customers as the primary focus. Customer’s feedback and suggestions should be given priority considerations if high quality and standards are to be achieved. Goods are separated into majorly three categories as found in (Berry et el, pp.53-58), namely; fragile goods, heavy goods and oversized goods. The best way that has proved quiet a successful in the delivery of goods and services is the employment of the courier services . Courier combines the use of land, air and sea modes to reach the clients. Though the system has been docked by a lot of insecurity claims, it still stands out among all the modes of delivery. Taking some cautious steps will see a lot of efficiency in the system as far as delivery of goods and services is concerned. The system has been incorporating the use of the Post Office Box Delivery Address for a good period of time now (Moroney et al., pp.23-24). This idea should stop, and instead customers should be encouraged to use the physical addresses. In case the delivery is to be done to a non-residential recipient, the name of the building or the company needs to be indicated. The common practice of signing the delivery documents upon receipt of the goods should also be kept up. The courier process can be computerized to make it more efficient in locating and tracing the movement of goods and services. It would be much better if it embraces the e-commerce system for those clients who have access to the internet and can utilize e-banking with their credit cards. To boost the customers trust and erase any doubt, the customers are allowed only to pay after the delivery in exchange for the service or the goods. Improved technological communication ensures that the packages and the specified guidelines are all accounted for to trim down cases of tampering with the goods and a loop-hole in the supply chain security (Mann, pp.12-34). There should also be a means to notify the buyer on the delivery status of the ordered goods and services; probably by phone or e-mail. Further the courier service providers need to have different rates of packages, which should be able to present varied choices to customers. Charges on the packages should be