ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In Paul Lawrence Dunbar’s poem “We Wear the Mask”, he illustrates the various ways in which people hide their true selves from the public behind a smile. However, this is almost always a negative thing. This is made clear from his first line, “We wear the mask that grins and lies / It hides our cheeks and shades our eyes”. Not only does it hide who we are to the public, but it also enables us to lie and cheat and steal from people because we are aware that this isn’t really us, but is instead someone we are pretending to be for the moment. As we become good at pretending, though, we lose the ability to make real connections with others and find comfort for our “torn and bleeding hearts” and “all our tears and sighs”. Examining several public personalities, it is possible to discover that many of them have masks of their own, often hiding a great deal of pain and suffering that might not otherwise be suspected. Movie stars are a tremendous example of this kind of behavior. Growing up, actress Lindsay Lohan was thought of as the quintessential, all-American ‘tomgirl teen. She was sweet and innocent and considered having everything together. For many young girls, she was a role model of what they’d like to be – spunky, determined, motivated, talented, beautiful, and capable of finding her own. However, as an examination into her personal life illustrates, she was never what her characters seemed to be. While young girls envisioned her as a regular, down-to-earth girl from the country, Lohan was accused of wealth, given a performer’s childhood complete with dance and singing lessons, and spent her entire life pursuing the cameras. When her parents’ lives began clashing, Lohan was again caught in the middle of it and began losing control over herself, partying too much with her new Hollywood friends and gaining a reputation more for her drug use and drinking than for her acting (“Lindsay Lohan”, 2008). There are thousands of examples of this kind of profound disparity between the real individual and the public persona that is conveyed in Hollywood. However, the concept of the mask is not unique to Hollywood alone. Political figures are well known for presenting one face to the public while hiding their true face behind closed doors. This is the case for nearly every President in recent history. Ronald Reagan was considered to have been a highly successful president, sure of his actions and leading the country with confidence, yet there was evidence that his mind may have been slipping while he was still in office (Swan, 2004). The activities of Bill Clinton were made public to the world during his impeachment trials in which his persona of a happily married man, dedicated father, and responsible politician was demolished by the revelation of his multiple sexual escapades with women other than his wife (“Bill Clinton”, 2000). George W. Bush also managed to get himself elected on several claims reg
Abstract Gekkonidae family is discussed in the paper. Geckos are among the most geographically widespread and species-rich lineages of vertebrates. They are sufficiently present in Qatar as well. A comprehensive description of the family peculiarities started with the analysis of general characteristics of lizards and the features they obtained throughout the evolution. After this, the specific physiological properties of geckos were outlined. In this way, it was possible to identify both the common and unique qualities of the given biological family. Introduction Within Qatari borders, the plethora of habitats including deserts and shorelines are comprised. As a result of geographical and habitat heterogeneity, the wildlife in the country is characterized by diversity. It is possible to find a lot of mammals (e.g., gazelles, sand cats, camels, etc.), birds (e.g., gulls, falcons, sparrow-larks, etc.), fish, and insects there. However, the given paper will focus on reptiles − lizards and geckos, in particular. Along with nocturnal mammals, such as desert hares, geckos are represented as a common natural feature of the country. Although lizards and geckos are terrestrial vertebrates, their biological characteristics are different from many other groups of terrestrial animals in many ways. Their major physiological and biological peculiarities will be discussed in the given paper. Lizards: General Characteristics Reptiles are typical terrestrial animals − they move by crawling, groveling on the ground. They belong to the Amniotes group comprising tetrapod vertebrates (Jensen et al. 2013). The major biological and structural features of reptiles helped their ancestors leave the water and spread widely across the earth. These features include internal fertilization and the laying of eggs covered with a dense protective shell, which contributes to the reptile species’ development on the land (Rheubert et al. 2014). Respiratory and Muscular-Skeletal Systems The breathing in reptiles is performed by lungs which, compared to the lungs of amphibians, have a more complex structure. The advancement of reptiles’ respiratory system became possible due to the development of a new section of the skeleton in them − the thorax (Taylor et al. 2010). The thorax is formed by a few paired ribs that connect at the dorsal side and the spine, as well as at the ventral side and the breastbone. Sue to a well-developed muscular system, the ribs are mobile and contribute to the expansion and narrowing of the chest during the respiration process (Taylor et al. 2010). Blood Circulation System Changes in the structure of reptiles’ respiratory system are closely related to changes in the blood circulation. Most reptile
Our society today can be said to consist of a dynamic culture. This culture adapts to accommodate lifestyles, which become so much embedded into it that we can only falsely conclude that these were characteristics of our culture from time immemorial. This truth is well illustrated by the emergent ipod culture. Many people make use of this device at the workplace, at home, while traveling and anywhere else that it can be used. The time that it has taken our society to develop the iPod culture trend is amazingly short. Some have described the device as one that appropriately came into being at our time. This is considering the creativity used for designing the device, its incorporation of current technological advancements and its appeal to our society today, a society bent on distinguishing itself in class. (Egan) So, why has this device integrated so much into our lifestyles? An obvious answer to this question is the fact that the device is being used to directly service an existing need. We know that music has always been at the heart of almost everyone. iPods are able to provide quality music to people privately. One can listen to loud and quality music without interfering with the privacy of others. Another aspect that is unique to this device is its portability. The device can easily fit into a small pocket but has much functionality. Depending on the type, one can listen to music, watch videos, play games and scroll through a wide range of options creatively provided by Apple Company. (Open Culture) Moreover, it is well known that many people in our society today want to identify themselves with class and fashion. They want to be part of a unique trend of lifestyle that can be used to distinguish them from the rest of the society. B
Introduction This is a review of the book ‘Crime and EveryDay Life’ by Marcus Felson, third edition. This book is easy to read and understand, and at the same time, provides a comprehensive and critical approach on the issue of crime. Chapter One Fallacies about Crime This chapter spells out the ten fallacies about crime. They include dramatic fallacy, media painting a dramatic picture of crime activities, cops and courts fallacy (which states that the cops and courts play quite a significant role in combating crime), the not-me fallacy (where many people ascribe crime to a certain group of people with certain characteristics), innocent-youth fallacy, (which ascribes crime to the middle aged while children are perceived as innocent) and ingenuity fallacy (depicts offenders as too crafty and detailed for the normal person’s comprehension). Organized crime fallacy states that crime activities are well organized into large families and organizations. Juvenile gang fallacy depicts juvenile gangs as hardcore members, who are brutal and ruthless. Welfare state fallacy states that crime is high in areas where welfare policies are not strong to favor the poor, than in countries whose policies promote equality and empowerment of the poor economically. Political and social agenda fallacy attributes most criminal activities to social and political agendas. Finally, whatever-you-think fallacy leaves no universal definition of crime, therefore, leaving its boundaries are vague. Dramatization of Crime Dramatization fallacy states that the media overrated crime, portraying it as a highly structured event. This is true to an extent. Murder is the number one crime we view in our television sets and read on the internet, while other major crimes like robbery are left out. In a survey, murder actually comprises less than 1% of all the eight part one crimes. To another extent, negating this fallacy does not hold. The media plays a critical role in exposing crimes that were left untouched or to which little was done. It also warns the public of areas that are dangerous. The Role of Cops and Courts Fallacy of cops and courts exaggerates the role of the cops and courts in combating crime. Experienced offenders would not fret in the presence of the police. In most crime scenes, the police arrive as an aftermath and mostly, they do not apprehend the offender. When they do, it is that wrong victim. If they get the offender, there will be lack of sufficient evidence in court. If the offender is sentenced, the sentence is delayed. Chances of the prison system impacting positive change on the offender are minimal; he could actually get hardened as a criminal. Despite these arguments, we cannot completely rule out the role of the police and courts in curbing criminal activities. If alerted in time, the police can respond in time to save a crime activity from taking place. The notion that police scare off
American history has been marred with controversial issues such as racism perpetrated by the whites towards their African American counterparts. The system of chattel slavery established at the very outset generated intense debates for over two hundred years even in the framing of the major founding documents of the nation. This also led to the onset of the civil war. Many Americans presumably of European ancestry suspect that they have ties to the Romany, Middle Eastern or African-descended people. These ideas originate from interpretation of family stories, physical features, inclinations, heirlooms, or photographs. Many blacks who have family stories that include a Native American ancestor will point to the black foot as the possible tribal identification (Chin, 2004). Racist perceptions and inequities were deeply embedded in American society in the 1930s. The idea of racial difference was accepted as self evident during this time. By the end of the 20 th century, however, scholars and theorists began to reevaluate this concept. They argued that the notion of racism is based on social constructions rather than in biology. Thus, they said that racism is a social relation (Langa, 2004). During this period, in New York City, an unusual number of artistes responded to international issues, both by addressing them in their art and also by organizing demonstrations, conferences, and fund raising events. Their visual images caricatured fascist leaders, protested war’s horror generally, and highlighted the deadly results of the civil war. This period also oversaw the increase in number of many leftist organizations. However, many right wing attitudes and organizations also flourished during this period. It is important to note that antifascism also acted as a defense of artistic freedom. Many American artists came to newly admire the constitution’s democratic protections for freedom of expression. Essays calling attention to the dangers of fascist expression and the benefits of American political freedom proliferated in both the main stream and leftist art press. Many artists during this time came to understand how important freedom of expression is to their livelihood. Racism therefore affected American art in many ways during this period. The history of racism reflects the complex social relations through which racial differences have been defined. Racism shaped the American cultural ideologies and individual self definition. During this period, artist
Introduction According to Syed (2005) diversity management is a novel organizational paradigm. He defines diversity management as a voluntary program aimed at enhancing inclusion of people with different backgrounds into prescribed social networks and programs. According to Blackburn and Hart (2003, p. 60) diversity management entails logical and planned programs or processes that are meant to enhance interactions among people in the organization especially those coming from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Management of diversity is meant to ensure that the diversity becomes a source of creativity, harmonization, and enhancement of organizational effectiveness rather than a source of conflict. According to Adler (2002, 754) the term diversity comprises of visible and invisible differences among people and these includes attributes such as disability, personality, parental status, income, gender, and lifestyle. Invisible characteristics include ethnicity, religion, and marital status among others while visible characteristics include features such as age, disability, race and many others. Workers represent a significant cluster of stakeholders in organizations. Workers values and concerns regarding employment policies of an organization and social effect of organization’s activities have to be taken into consideration when designing response towards diversity and sustainability (Chatman and Spataro, 2005, p. 330). From the view point of social responsibility it is significant to translate values such as team work into HR practices. Therefore, managing diversity in an organization is a significant starting point for creating socially responsible organizational policies (Hofstede, 1991, p. 8). Excellent management of diversity in the organization creates a sense of ownership among the employees and this enhances job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Sound organizational culture, diversity management and corporate social responsibility normally lead to sustainable human resource (Webber and Donahue, 200, p.155). Most organizations employ people of different gender, cultural background, nationality, and religion. Therefore, organizations must ensure that these employees maximize their potential without any form of prejudice or discrimination. They should employ strategies that accommodate diversity and ensure equality in the workplace. Some organizations have developed diversity and equality units to facilitate cultural transformation throughout the organization with the objective of entrenchin
Networking and Team Relationships Management experts have argued that when team work together they have the possibility of achieving more than the sum total achievement of individual team members. To do this a team must have the necessary synergies to optimize collective efforts. Synergies are realized where effective managers have managed to create the necessary relationships within and without the team. Team relationships are cultivated where effective networks have been created. The need for establishing team relationships has been is because of the changing face of modern management. The reorganized management structures means that employees are gaining more power over their work place roles. This can be utilized effectively for the benefit of the organization as well as team members. But to realize this various type’s networks and relationships within the team must be properly enhanced. There are various types of networks and relationships in effective teams. Social relationships are an important part of networking and socialization as they help team members to increase the level of collaboration, help in sharing work related experiences and the enhancement of trust amongst the team members. Tacit knowledge is spread effectively through social relationships. Establishing social networks amongst team membe
Introduction Evidence refers to anything that a person can refer to in a bid to come up with a sound judgment or conclusion on whether a statement is true or false. In a court of law, evidence is an indispensable part of the court proceedings as it is offered during trial to help in exculpating or corroborating that an offender is guilty of the violation that s/he is accused to have committed. All the parties involved in a case carry the burden of collecting relevant information within their grasps that can be used in a court of law as evidence. The facts collected should be related to qualify as a probable item for evidence (Friedman, 2002). For example, if a certain person is facing murder, there should be facts of whether he or she was at the scene of crime or was somewhere else. The main aim of doing this is to convince the court to rule in one’s favor. However, due to mishandling of evidence the outcome of trials in the modern society has affected judgment tremendously as explicated in this paper. Evidence mishandling Certain rules and regulations govern on the kind of information that can be presented in court as evidence to prove whether a certain person is guilty or not guilty as charged. There are various kinds of evidence that are acceptable and can be presented in a court. One of them is forensic evidence, which involves the use of scientific methods and technology to collect information from scenes of crime to resolve miseries surrounding the committed offense (Saferstein, 2011). Specialists collect evidence such as saliva or semen in case the victim was raped to show the identity
The main commercial activities of Pakistan Football Federation At the given moment, Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) has very few opportunities for commercial activities, and the financial performance of this organization leaves much to be desired. In order to explain the underlying causes of this situation, we first need to discuss the functioning of Pakistan Premier League (PPL) that was established by PFF. A great number of players, participating in this tournament, are only semi-professionals (PFF, 2010, unpaged); as a result at the attendance of the stadiums is very low. Apart from that, media coverage of Pakistani Premier League is also insufficient, and this sport receives very little attention of the community (FootballPakistan.Com, 2010, unpaged). Therefore, both clubs and PFF cannot earn sufficient profit through ticket sales. More importantly, neither local nor international channels want to purchase the rights to broadcast the matches of PPL. It should be borne in mind that the sales of television rights to broadcast are one of the largest sources of revenue for many European clubs (Stewart, 2006, p 68), while Pakistani clubs do take full advantage of this opportunity. We also need to mention that the majority of football clubs in PPL are not independent; as a rule, they represent a certain company or organization such as the Army (PFF, 2010, unpaged). This is why they have very little stimulus to boost their financial performance because any football club that continuously receives funding from another organization (in this case, it is a governmental agency), does not feel any necessity to improve its financial operations and become more profitable as an enterprise. Another obstacle that we should not overlook is that these clubs are little known at the international level, and foreign broadcasting companies as well as fans are not very interested in their successes or failures. Besides, one should not forget that football is not the most popular kind of sports in Pakistan, and people are more willing to spend time and money on cricket (Deady, 2001, p 19). This is another reason why it PFF has very few chances for commercial activities. Poor financial results of PFF can also be explained by the fact that Pakistanis have an opportunity to watch foreign championships such as English Premier League, La Liga, Seria A and so forth, and local championship cannot stand the compariso
Introduction There is a strong notion among historians that every nation’s strategic culture has a connection with its society. The Strategy of any nation stems from its resources and features as well as its experience with history. It also depends on the society and the political structure and organization of the system. Past experiences of a nation give rise to a slowly conceived and evolved approach that finally defines the strategic culture. Considering the above factors that influence strategic culture, different nations have different strategic cultural policies. For instance the UK has historically favored the use of the navy in its military operations. Israel, considering its geographical size and history of hostility towards it, it has perfected the use of offensive operations, preemptive military strikes and technology in war. This paper will concentrate on the strategic culture of the US and how it applied in some of the major wars that the US has been involved in. By virtue of its being a super power, the US is prone to many challenges and threats that leave with no choice but have a strategic culture that is aimed at protecting its territory and people as well as ensuring survival of the nation for generations to come. According to Mahnken (2006, p. 4), American strategic culture has been shaped by free security that is underscored by exceptionalism. He adds that the country’s strategic cultures lays emphasis on open-minded idealism and believe wars as the downfall of policies. The strategic culture of the US is closely linked to the military culture that stresses on employment of direct strategies, an industrial approach to war as well as technology and firepower use in combat. In the American context therefore strategic culture is defined as the modes of thought and action in respect to force that is as a result of historical experiences of the nation and aspirations for self characterization (Mahnken, 2006, p. 4). There is often debate as to who are the drivers and keeper of a nation’s strategic interest. However, many scholars agree that the state and the military do play the crucial roles in implementing the strategies that are defined by the nation’s strategic culture. In the US the values of the nation in regard to the use of force represents the first l