ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The word organic agriculture is used to refer to a situation where chemical interference is not allowed in the cultivation of plants and rearing livestock that eventually end up as human food. This is the kind of plant cultivation and animal keeping that used to take place before the industrial revolution. It still takes place on a fairly large scale in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America where the agricultural industry has not witnessed much industrial growth. Over the last decade, there has been a hot debate on the kind of food that is fit for consumption by humans. The decision that has been reached by many is that there is a need to go back to organic food. This means that consumers who purchase foods from grocery stores as well as other food outlets be exposed to foods that have not been grown under heavy pesticide or chemical intervention. What are the disadvantages of doing this? The first advantage of organic food is that the element of diseases in humans will be reduced. There is a certain degree of truth in the belief that some types of cancer and other human diseases are caused by the numerous chemicals that are used during crop cultivation. These chemicals such as copper and sulfates of ammonia that are part of the fertilizers and pesticides are not eliminated from the plant body but instead stay on till the foods are consumed by humans. In the human body, these chemicals are not equally eliminated successfully due to a lack of a means to get rid of them in the form that they are consumed. So what happens is that these chemicals accumulate in certain parts of the human body such as the kidney, liver, lungs, and heart and attack the cells that make up the interior lining of these organs thus causing organ malfunction. Therefore by going back to organic foods, this menace of diseases that are caused by these chemicals will be eliminated. Secondly, animals that get exposed to chemicals through such processes as genetic modification that is done to produce fast-maturing breeds develop complications on most occasions. These animals that have these complications are potential risks to humans given that the fitness verification that is based on science is not one hundred percent effective. Thus there is room for error which can lead to heavy harm to humans if they consume the products from such animals. This means that if chemicals are not used and genetic engineering is not avoided on animals, humans will not have to worry about these potentially risky animal products. The third aspect is the impact these chemicals have on the animals themselves. Organizations that fight for the rights of animals have raised concern over potential unfa
Karen Horney (1885-1952) is a leading female psychologist of the second generation (after Freud); many of her theories and psychological concepts are still today. The essay aims at providing a brief, yet, comprehensive review of Dr. Horney’s background, theoretical perspectives, and contribution to psychology. Introduction Karen Horney was born in a Hamburg (Germany) suburb on 16th September 1885, and died in New York City, on the 4th of December 1952. The reasons for choosing her for this essay are; first, Horney was one of the first generations of females admitted to German universities to study medicine. Second, Horney was an eminent second-generation psychologist (after Freud’s) who adopted psychoanalysis. Finally, Horney addressed the political viewpoints of female sexuality and called for changes in male-biased views in psychology (Gilman 2001). Karen Horney background She loved her mother, named Clothilde Marie, but nicknamed Sonni. Karen loved and admired her brother, Berndt, although resentments surfaced every time she realized that as a male born in late nineteenth-century Germany, he led a life filled with greater opportunities than she could have. Karen’s father, Berndt Henrik Wackels Danielsen, in his late forties when she was born, had been married before, then widowed, and had four children from his first marriage. Although significantly older than Berndt and Karen, they rudely laid claim to the attention of their father. Like most men of his time, Wackels Danielsen believed that girls should be raised to become wives, mothers, and housekeepers. But his wife and his daughter could not help but notice that times were changing. Traditionally, young women in Germany completed school in the eighth grade. They were not allowed to enroll in the Gymnasium, the German word for the high school that offered classes from ninth grade on and prepared students to enter a university. Most Germans accepted the plan as a good idea, but at the turn of the century, enough were questioning the practice that rules were beginning to change. Germany’s first Gymnasium for girls opened in 1894 in Baden, a small town not far south of Hamburg. Many traditionalists were incensed and the principle to instruct boys and girls on the same level, with the same method
Introduction Fluctuations in the value of assets or liabilities could cause significant changes to a company’s financial position because of their effects on balance sheets and income statements, which are common indicators of a firm’s financial health. Given the importance of using accurate data for making investment decisions, it is critical to apply reliable measurement techniques to track changes in the value of assets and liabilities (Saastamoinen et al., 2020). Fair value measurement is designed to meet this objective. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) defines fair value as “The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date” (IFRS Foundation, 2021, p. 3). In this regard, this statement means that fair value assessment represents the transaction price that would be paid by a buyer if all market conditions are satisfied, including assumptions about risk. This report explains the potential for the application of fair value measurement in your organization by highlighting its merits and demerits as well as considerations for its adoption. The provisions of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) guide the findings (IFRS Foundation, 2021). In the next section of this brief, I will outline the theoretical basis for the development of the fair value assessment model, as explained by the asset, depreciation, and profitability theories. Theoretical Foundation Asset Theory The asset theory is relevant in assessing the value of a company’s assets or liabilities because of its focus on utility. An asset is a tangible or intangible item that can be consumed or relished over time to create value for the owners (Evans and Kamla, 2018). Assets are often based on their historical costs and are measured consistently over time (Back, 2017). They should also be devoid of misspecifications that may affect the assessment of their value (Ferson, 2019). In cases where accountants have to compute historical costs of an asset, all incidental expenses should be included in the measurement criterion (Back, 2017). Alternatively, maintenance costs may be treated as “ordinary expenses” (Mora et al. , 2019). At the same time, the acquisition costs of an asset should be adjusted for changes in price levels from the time of acquisition to the measurement period (Back, 2017). These accounting g
The transmission of Hadith The term Hadith can be interpreted as a statement or an action that can be attributed to the Prophet Muhammad. The validity of such statements is of great importance to Islamic historians who pay close attention to their transmission of Hadith (Berg, 2000). The collection of these sayings began in the early years of Islam. It should be noted that the early scholars gave preference to oral narratives that could verify a saying uttered by Muhammad (Brown, 1999, p. 88). It should be noted that written records could also be considered by researchers, but they had to be attested by living transmitters of the Hadith (Brown, 1999, p. 88). In this case, the main task is to trace this statement to the companions of the Prophet. Very often, this reliability of this saying can be questioned, especially when the chain or narrators is not complete. So, it is very difficult to examine the transmission of Hadith because one should determine whether a certain narrator or transmitter of Hadith is reliable or not. So, sometimes there are no ways of ensuring the validity of transmission. The second issue that should be discussed is the time gap between the statement made by Muhammad and its written documentation. During the first one hundred years after Muhammad’s death, this transmission was primarily oral. This is the minimum time-gap between the oral and written traditions of Islam. Overall, these issues are of great importance to modern historians of Islam. One should bear in mind that Muhammad did not want other people to record his statements because his words could be misinterpreted. This is one of the factors that explain the existence of time-gap. Classifications and categories of Hadith There are various classifications of Hadith. Researchers pay close attention to such criteria as the reliability of transmitters, the number of narrators who reported a certain saying or action of Muhammad. Moreover, Islamic scholars focus on the particular authority or narrator to whom a Hadith can be traced. These are the most common classifications that now exist. Additionally, Hadith can be divided into several categories, for example, they can be called authentic, good, dependable, strong or weak (Faldi, 2011, p. 117). Apart from that, Islamic historians attempt to determine whether a Hadith was an explicit or tacit statement. It does not necessarily have to be a certain verbal utterance; in many cases, one can speak only about the actions of Muhammad and their implications. This is one of the main issues that should be kept in mind. So, at this point, there is no universal classification of Hadith, because these saying or statements can be discussed from different perspectives. Special attention should be paid to such terms as Isnad and Matn. The word Isnad can be defined as the chain of narra
Introduction Background Information Terrorism has become a global phenomenon. This has been boosted by the hard economic times that have been witnessed in the world. Various studies have been conducted, and they indicate that terrorism has had on a number of developing countries. The same can be said about the US and UK. However, there is little literature on the impact terrorism has had on other developed countries especially in Europe. Italy is a developed country in southern Europe. The country has borne the blunt of terrorism in the last two decades. Thesis statement This paper seeks to find out the impact that terrorism has had on the economy of Italy, a developed country. Terrorism has had on the economy of Italy In the 17th century, Italy had been undergoing a recession and Spain had taken advantage of its weakness to rule most of Southern Italy. Towards the end of the 17th century, Spain had declined in terms of political and military power. The Italians in Southern Italy had tried to rebel in the 17th century. However, their rebellion had often been quelled. It was not until the beginning of the 18th century, particularly in 1713, when Spanish succession came to an end after they lost the war of Spanish Succession (1700-1713) to Austria which then took the part of Spain in dominating Southern Italy. In 1734, Spain would regain Naples from Austria. There was a lot of progress in the 18 th century, and church powers were reduced. The Italian rulers also implemented major reforms in the country. In 1796, Napoleon successfully invaded Italy. The Napoleon conquered the Naples in the year 1798. However, Napoleon proceeded to win at Marengo. On the other hand, Piedmont was taken in as part of France. The Cisalpine Republic, was given a different name, the Italian Republic. When the Napoleon was defeated, the old regime was recaptured. This happened in 1815. Most of the old kingdoms were reinstated in the 19th century. However, Venice and Genoa remained without reinstatement. This era was marked by a high level of restlessness and discontent. Carbonari organized rebellion in Naples. In addition, there was another rebellion that was instigated by the same group in 1821. The rebellions were both unsuccessful as the Austrians were able to quell these rebellions. One Italian nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini was a key figure who championed for a united Italy. After leading an unsuccessful rebellion in 1831, he had to flee to France and later to Britain but continued to agitate for Italian nationalism. The year 1848 was marked by a number of revolutions in Europe (Duggan, 2006). Palermo was the first, Naples and Venice followed soon and succeeded in restoring its status as a republic. The Pope had been prevailed upon to rescue the Italians. Nevertheless, the Pope did not intend to fight the Austrians. Naples’ King staged a coup. He was supported by the Swiss mercenaries. Later on, the Pope was forced to flee his home after a coup that made Rome a republic albeit short lived sinc
Plague refers to a disease spread by fleas which are infected by their hosts, in most cases rats. The fleas used to change host especially after the death of the rat, and the next host they preferred may have been human being. During that process, they infected humans. Plague was first experienced in Europe in the mid of the fourteenth century when the first wave of the infection killed about twenty five million people. The infection continued spreading throughout Europe in the eighteenth century, and at that time the cause of the bacterial infection had not been ascertained yet. Upon infection, an individual experienced severe pain, and in a few days eighty percent of the infected people succumbed to death. In one school, the plague killed twenty boys almost simultaneously. This caused other students to stay away from school as they opted not to attend it (Schoolmaster 1484). Considering the case in England, the plague was caused by filth in the streets and the sputum and dog’s urine which clogged the rushes on the floor of houses (Erasmus 1512). The rich in the society managed to flee from the country, and as a result, the poor were the ones who were left vulnerable to the disease. This also happened in Paris where only a few porters and wage earners who resided there were left (Versoris 1523). Johann Weyer wrote in his The Deceptions of Demons in 1583 that individuals also spread the deadly plague by smearing the gates to the city of Casale in Western Lombardy with a certain ointment that caused the disease. Thus, everyone who touched those gates was infected, and as a result died. Unfortunately, the heirs of the deceased are the ones who made payments for the gates to be smeared so that they would have obtained a quick inheritance. This was the case at Casale where it was reported that people got infected by simply touching the gates (Weyer 1583). Each and every household which was affected by the pestilence was immediately quarantined, and in the event of that person’s death in a specific place, the one had to be buried in that particular place. Furthermore, many people died because of hunger since the roads were under heavy guard to ensure that no infected individuals travelled from one place to another. (Staden 1571) Gold was used to meet the expense of pest houses so as to quarantine the infected while gallows were used to punish the violators of health regulations. In addition, the gallows were also used to frighten other people, and bonfires were used to eliminate the infected (Motto 1576). A particular woman whose husband had a fever was sure he would have died, but he was miraculously healed. He was fed by a piece of bread that had touched St. Domenica’s body. The bread was sent to him by Angelica. (Centennni 1624). An individual really thought a lot about what would have happened in the event their household wo
Introduction Following World War II, many of the countries that took part in the war had to rebuild their countryside and public spirit. Unlike other countries who had already established economies, Russia had to rebuild their financial system and carry out reforms as well. Whereas majority of the countries involved in the war were already industrialized, Russia was still in the process of setting up its economic foundations when the war started. The industrialization process that had been began by Stalin a decade before the war broke out moved at full speed after the war ended. While most countries that had taken part in the war were struggling to recover from its effects, the Russian industry flourished and attained new levels. This growth was however short-lived. By the time of Stalin’s demise, the Russian economy was heavily strained by industry investments, huge military formation, and reduced agricultural output. For this reason, Russia like most other countries within the Soviet Union was unable to attain a balance between manufacturing and agriculture (Blackwell 16). This essay traces the development of the Russian economy after World War II to its current state. Economic Situation during the War The story of Russia’s post war years is just as significant as the account of the war itself. Russia came to victory in 1945 only after first coming close to defeat. During the war, close to 25 million people had lost their lives and this left the war survivors extremely weary. Despite this fact, the Russian economy and political alignment quickly returned to its previous form. Just like before the war, there was increased political and economic mobilization. Economic resilience was revealed in quick Russian postwar economic recovery. Although a large section of Russia was adversely affected by the war, the destruction did not match that which was witnessed in other countries that were participating in the war. It was in these countries that the countryside became battlegrounds for the entire period of the war. While the western and northern parts of Russia were adversely affected by the war, the eastern and southern parts continued to experience exponential economic growth (Murphy et al 563). Indeed, the German invasion led to the conversion and relocation of Russian industries. As German troops kept on advancing, the Russians dismantled and relocated entire sections of industries to areas that were not affected by the war. Railroad cargo vehicles carried tools and laborers to the Urals, Siberia, and other parts of Central Asia. By the time the war was ending in 1945, the areas where the industries had been relocated to had become leaders in production in the whole region. According to Blackwell (20), the industrial centers in the eastern part of Russia helped in the growth of Russian industry while the invasion shattered other sections of the country. Despite the presence of the war, Russia was able to sustain production in parts that were not affected by the war and this trend continued even after the war (Murphy et al 564). In a large part, Russia has greatly suffered num
Benefits of formalized approach to forecasting Formalized forecasting has massive benefits which involves the ability of the management of an organization to plan inventory levels, shift or add labor, decrease or increase production and determine whether or not to order raw material. It is also vital to mention that forecasting is a fundamental factor which affects the cost of raw materials and shipping cost such as petroleum increase, tax fluctuations and other overheads incurred by an organization. The margin or profitability of a firm is determined by the latter. On the same note, the overall productivity of a firm is also dictated by the ability to carry out thorough business forecasting. The posterior demand of a product is a major consideration that is shaped by various types forecasting methods. This can equally enhance the process of evaluating the anticipated value of a product. Therefore, effective planning and shrewd utilization of the available resources can be put in place. In this case, forecasting limits inconveniences caused by delay of delivery of products to customers. This is through the number of products required and the arte of producing them at the right time. It also factors in number of units to be produced, the inventory, cash flow, and amount of money that will be used for the process. Hence, augmenting distribution process and minimizing challenges associate with inventory are among the major attributes of business forecasting. The latter is also a vital business undertaking that makes it possible for firms to organizations to execute proper planning. The strategic supply chain management also requires effective business forecasting. Prepare a weekly forecast for the next four weeks for each product. Briefly explain why you chose the methods you used. In order to prepare a weekly forecast for roses, it is crucial to employ a simple method of time series. Using the latter approach, it is indeed possible to determine the forecast for the next four weeks. From the 14 th week data, the sales result is 3.457. The latter is then multiplied by the number of weeks and then the value +48.28 is added. These forecasts will appear as demonstrated below. It will adopt the formula used for the 4 weeks within a period of four weeks. Hence, from the 15 th to 18 th week, the forecast is demonstrated below based on the data obtained from previous weeks. Following falling profits and pressure from rising competition, I would adopt the market based sales forecast for Gold Coast blossoms. This will be based on market research to determine how much to produce and to sell. The figures will be above value based sales forecast. This method helps find breakeven sales figures by dividing annual overheads by profit gross margin (selling price-direct cost *100). I will be able to determine the forecast for the next four weeks. From the 14 week data, the sales result will appear as demonstrated below. The sales result. Works Cited William, Stevenson. Operations Management with Student DVD and Powerweb , 11th Edition, Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin Publishing, 2005.Print.