ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Ethics in industrial psychology is one of the most important issues today as it determines privacy and confidentiality. Every employee can expect workplace safety and healthy working conditions. If it can be agreed on that ethical behavior is legal behavior plus some other element, then it is important that this additional element be identified, if possible. At first blush, many people will probably agree that this additional element is the collection of moral principles and values of what is right and what is wrong and what is good and what is bad, as determined by group behavior or by some member of the group. The problem is that professional training covers only main areas and the most typical situations occurred in modern organizations but cannot provide clear and detailed recommendations for all areas and problems in organizational psychology. This situation creates an ethical dilemma of practicing psychology outside an area of acceptable training. At this point, it appears that one’s behavior is ethical if it is legal and in accordance with group norms. Based on discussions and some recent philosophies, this is what many would have everyone believe Discussion Section The complexity of organizational psychology has led to a good deal of confusion about its proper conceptual domain. Not surprisingly, studies have addressed quite different aspects of the support metaconstruct, focusing on subjective appraisals of support, supportive behavior, or components of the support network. Some have cast a broader net, examining facets of the social network, affiliation with groups, attachment to neighborhoods, and social role status. This diversity of focus, alone, makes it very difficult to integrate findings. Confusion over the conceptual richness of social support led to an astonishing array of measures. Following APA Ethical Principles (2002), diversity of measures particularly in theoretical framework for sorting them makes synthesis of research findings difficult. The lack of reliability and validity information on these novel and dissimilar instruments makes it all but impossible. In addition to having unknown reliability and validity, some early measures were confounded with other personal and social resources. For proper business and social conduct, these ethical standards and values must be shared by not only individuals but by the total business community and society as a whole. Without agreement by all parties involved, only legality exists to control the actions of everyone (Aamodt, 2007). Following the main ethical theories, it is possible to say that when choosing between two actions, the one that produces the greatest net happiness should be the one chosen. Where most of them disagree with one another is in the area of how this principle should be applied. There are also several stated weaknesses in this concept. It ignores actions that appear to be wrong in themselves; it espouses the concept that the end justifies the means; the principles may come into conflict with
Introduction Human resource can be defined as the individuals’ contributions to an organization in terms of efforts, skills and capabilities, thus enabling the organization to maintain its existence. On the other hand, human resource management (HRM) is the division of the organization that deals with the management of human resource (Dessler, 2008, p. 4). Human resource management can be looked at in two different perspectives: First, human resource management is the personnel or support function in the firm. They provide backing to the HRM issues to keep workers in line, or individuals who are directly involved in the production process. Secondly, Human resource management is a duty of the senior level staff. Whether in the formal or informal sector, the management of employees is always a function of the managers (Sokun, 2004, p. 3). The management and staffing in organizations are done by individuals and without these individual organizations cannot exist. As a matter of fact, the prospect and challenges of developing and managing an organization is normally caused by individual-related problems that originate within them (Cascio, 2006, p. 43). On the other hand, individual-related problems often originate from the misconception that all people are equal and deserve equal treatment in organizations. However, this is far from the truth. No two humans are precisely the same, even with identical or fraternal twins. Each and every individual is unique both physically and psychologically (Cascio, 2006, p. 43). Even among individuals who are almost the same physically they must have different psychological characteristics. A number of them will be sociable, others snobbish; some will be gifted, others not. The point this study is trying to bring up is that the disparities among individuals in an organization call for more attention in order to maximize their potential. It also enables the organization to enhance efficiency and optimize the use of its human capital (Cascio, 2006, p. 43). Managing human capital is an important role of the managers because of the current changes both within and without the organization. Studies have shown over and over again th
Introduction In our education institutions, there are a number of challenges that must be addressed to enhance learning. This is also a necessity for curriculum implementation and improving students’ performance. As such, this paper will discuss the system of standardized testing, various learning strategies, instructional resources, and quality instructional methodologies that can be used in our institutions to improve the learning process. Standardized Testing Standardized testing is a system of administering tests and the scores are set in a standard manner (Elford, 2002). One advantage of a standardized test is that this test promotes fairness. It eliminates disparities in education institutions by allowing students to compete on the same standards (Elford, 2002). Secondly, the use of computers in checking the scores eliminates chances of biasness and no human error is experienced. A standardized test system is also cheap and easy to implement (Elford, 2002). This system has been designed to save time and reduce costs. One of the disadvantages of the standardized test system is that this system encourages creativity among learners and teachers. This system is not flexible and methods of learning are very rigid. Secondly, this system does not promote extensive learning (Elford, 2002). In this system, teachers are forced to teach on the test because of the pressure to attain high scores. This system also puts pressure on students. Students have to bear the pressure and perform to maintain the good reputation of a school. Students are usually under the pressure to perform (Elford, 2002). This system affects the curriculum as well as student’s performance. The content of the standardized test is a poor basis for shaping the curriculum content (Fairtest, Inc, 2001). Using the standardized test system affects students from low-income families. The method of “teaching to test” has emerged because of a standardized test (Fairtest, Inc, 2001). This affects student performance. In the multiple-choice tests, teaching is focused on the content that is will be tested. This method of teaching is aimed at improving the skills of taking tests. It does not improve academic performance for students. Acquiring high scores in tests does not mean that an individual has improved academic performance (Fairtest, Inc, 2001). Students are forced to memorize ideas and skills to pass exams. This test controls the curriculum and instructions. Schools use specific teaching methods to encourage attaining high scores. Schools are forced to adjust their curriculum to match the needs of the standardized test (Fairtest, Inc, 2001). The curriculum is affected directly because teachers are forced to teach what is covered on the test. I do not support the system of standardized testing. This system does not encourage creativity and cognitive development (Fairtest, Inc, 2001). Secondly, the system has failed to meet the purpose of education since it advocates for the concept of “study to pass.” A standardized test system does not encourage research as teachers only teach to pass tests. The system has emphasized results rather than acquiring knowledge. Instructional Reso
The labor market today has obtained a flow of issues that have brought change in the economic sector. These changes have been caused by several factors, which include globalization and the economy itself. Among the issues which are currently observed in the labor market, child labor has been a major challenge faced by the world at large. It has been a major concern in the global issues of economics although it is viewed to be more experienced in regions like Africa and Asia. This paper discusses the reasons of why Child labor is practiced, as well as the assumptions about its practicing in some regions more often than in others in the modern world. In the Cornell Daily Sun article of December 2004, one can find lots of useful information about why, how and where the child labor is practiced based on the research done by Professor Nancy Chau of the Cornell Institute for Public Affairs. Labor has been conclusively defined as work or activities that deny the child an opportunity to be in school as well as an opportunity to be a child in terms of behavioral activities such as playing, interaction or learning (Oran 46). Professor Chau’s definition can be backed up by Eric Edmond’s view on the subject. However, he adds that normal domestic chores can be calculated into child labor if the child does not get enough time to study (Edmonds 23) Professor Chau’s claim on child labor and its causes is that it is not only that the child labor cases are caused by poverty. It is for sure a major factor but, there are indeed other crucial factors that add up to the main one. According to Professor Chau’s claim, the regions’ Gross Domestic Product may be the cause of the problematic practice. It is claimed that regions of low GPDs are affected by child labor practice (Oran 32). In another observation, Chau believes that the practice may be developed by the myth that children’s’ way of doing things better than adults would make them the appropriate substitute in the labor market. In her research it is evident that, in a country like Paraguay, a child makes about a quarter of what the rest of the whole family make. These assumptions lead to the fact that adults ignore the fact that a child needs education. Instead, the parents value the idea of bringing more children rather than bringing up educated children. Having observed the areas mostly stricken by child
The decision-making process is critical in ensuring smooth and professional operation. Often, company agents are faced with situations that call for analytical decisions backed by financial implications analysis. The decision involves a review of the cost and benefit of preferring one option over another. In order to come up with a viable and well-informed choice, the decision-maker should involve analytical skills, accounting experience, and laws governing the existence, legality, and operations of the business entity. For instance, Michael is the management accountant at company A and is the sole decision maker for the purchase of various electronic assortments to be used in an upcoming geothermal power generation project at an approximated budget of $ 550, 000. After carrying out research, he comes up with three options which seem viable and are attached to competitive prices. The first option is direct importation of the electrical appliances from Frillic company from Germany which offers free shipment for goods worth over $ 500, 000 but at the client’s risk when the goods are on transition. Besides, there is no guarantee once the goods have been delivered. Option two involves outsourcing supplier B who is willing to supply the same on a contractual basing for each stage of the project at a fixed price. This contract is binding and payments are expected a week after each delivery. In total, this would cost the company $ 600, 000. The third option would be subcontracting the project to another company that will purchase these appliances themselves. This company has presented an estimated budget of $ 450, 000 but on the condition that any additional cost would be taken in by company A., Michael has to make a decision on the best option for the company. How can he go about it? The first option is subject to material alteration. The obligations for supplies end when the goods are delivered. Once company A has endorsed the supplies, transfer of ownership of liability remains with it. Article three; cap 113 of U.C.C permits this foreign company the full rights of conditional endorsement (Richard & Barry, 2002). Though their quotation is within the company’s budget, risks involved and fear of material alteration may influence Michael to reject this offer. Besides, any eventuality during transit would e the company to absorb unnecessary costs. Option two would put the company in a binding contract since the supplies are to be made in stages. The costs are fixed in the contract. Any resultant variances in prices due to inflation will have to be absorbed by the supplier and not the company (Richard & Barry, 2002). Thus, the total costs inclusive of hidden charges are fixed at $ 660, 000 as stipulated in the binding contract. The company will ha
Abstract Black Nationalism puts its basis on only the blacks rather than supporting multiculturalism. Black Nationalism promoted race pride for Africans Americans, black independence and economic self-reliance. The black nationalists disapproved of the technique of Martin Luther King Junior in the 1960s. African American leaders advocated for the evacuation of blacks to Africa. Here they would stay and help the local Africans in building their nation. Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican settler in the United States greatly prejudiced Black Nationalism in the twentieth century. In Black Nationalism, there is a fervent and blazing hatred for the white. It aimed at separating all the black cities to the north. Black Nationalism comprises of those who preferred self-effacing objectives like black management of both private and public institutions. This brought about the slogan of ‘Black Power’. Meaning and History of Black Nationalism Free blacks felt that political sovereignty was required in the creation of a self-governing state advocated for Black Nationalism in the United States. Before the 1850s, support for this idea was minimal. The Fugitive Slave Act approved power to compel the general public recapture slaves. In this era, in the US, political elites according to the white nationalist terms defined citizenship (Fanon 16). It had been declared that the it was not necessary for the white man to respect the African race. Before the civil war, the rights of the free blacks concerning the movement to different states and intermarriage were barred. Some campaigned that the free blacks should depart the United States and move to Canada and other destinations. Black Nationalism in the US is the desire of Black Americans to have a say and control their life and political organizations. In addition to this, preserve their social, economic and cultural organizations. It has existed for long in the United States and remains a force to reckon in the black society. The existence of Black Nationalism has mostly been evident among black male, other than black female. The black movement was instituted in the year 1918. It originated in New York and developed because of the political, social and economic skills of the native blacks of that time. It concentrated on developments that were unique in that era. The black movement passed a message of thinking about the racial identity and the empowerment of the free blacks in the United States. Like Fanon, in his book ‘the wretched of the earth’, the black movement argued for racial purity. It fought racial identity, which despised multip
Introduction According to the chosen scenario, I am an advanced practice nurse who works at a community health clinic. I have made an error when prescribing a drug to a patient. The mistake was not intentional. It is possible that the patient is not aware of what has happened. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate various ethical and legal issues and clarify what I can do in this situation to avoid complications or different concerns that may arise under the law of New Jersey. Ethical Issues Although it is an ordinary thing for people to make mistakes, when medication errors happen in nursing practice, a number of ethical consequences and concerns are inevitable. Medication mistakes are hard to avoid or prevent; therefore, specialists should be ready to solve them (Arcangelo & Wilbur, 2017; Arcangelo, Peterson, Reinhold, & Wilbur, 2017). That is why I have to choose the most effective way of resolving the situation at minimal costs. For this purpose, the ethical consequences of disclosure and non-disclosure have to be analyzed. If the problem is not disclosed, the major ethical issue that may arise as a result of my error is harm done to the patient. Since he is totally unaware of the effects of the prescribed medication, the dosage may be exceeded, which is fraught with detrimental consequences for his health. Moreover, his real condition will remain unaddressed and may get aggravated. In the event of disclosure, these negative effects can be avoided. However, another concern arises. If the patient learns about the mistake, his trust in the healthcare system may be undermined. In the United States, more than 3 billion prescriptions are made annually, and 34% of these prescriptions are defined as unnecessary (Crigger & Holcomb, 2008). As a nurse, I realize that each prescription should be justified in order to avoid further medication errors. Yet, if the mistake has already occurred, learning about it may make the patient believe that such cases are common and prevent him from seeking medical aid in the future. Despite this, my major ethical obligation is to do no harm to the patient (Sorrell, 2017). That is why disclosure is still more preferable than non-disclosure. However, before making a decision, I must also investigate the legal consequences of my error. Legal Implications and Laws Regarding the existing laws and regulations in the state of New Jersey, hospitals have to report all unstipulated and poorly-defined medical events to the Department of Health and Senior Services (“New Jersey: Public and private policy,” 2017). In this state, there was also a medical liability reform at the beginning of the 2000s. As a result of this reform, the Patient Safety Act was introduced in 2004, according to which a new reporting system was developed. At the present moment, there are Patient Safety Committees that take responsibility for all doubtful and provocative situations
This paper will establish that globalization is unnecessary. The paper will examine some of the discontents making globalization unacceptable today First, I will describe the issue of globalization as used today. This will include how economists and entrepreneurs consider globalization as a necessary force towards economic development. Next, the paper will use a moral theory to explain why globalization is not the best today. The next thing is to apply the moral theory (utilitarianism) to establish the reason why globalization is bad. The discussion will explore the current definitions and ideas about globalization and explain how they have prevented many people from realizing their potentials. Finally, I will use the theory to justify why globalization is wrong. I will conclude the paper by welcoming the idea of “internationalization”. Globalization refers to “the integration of global societies and nations”. On the other hand, “internationalization is the process of promoting relations among societies and nations” One weakness of globalization is that it has killed national boundaries. This has affected the establishment of sovereign states. Globalization also favors free trade and treaties. This has resulted in uncontrolled movement of goods and citizens thus affecting the stability of nations. The idea of globalization has made it impossible for people to make the best decisions regarding fiscal policies and wages. Globalization has also resulted in mergers and establishment of monopoles in different societies. As a result, this has led to the establishment of giant corporations thus affecting emerging businesses. Globalization encourages monopolies, something that affects growing economies. Globalization forces countries to “specialize” their services and goods. This results in dependency thus affecting the lives of the citizens. The idea to enforce property rights and trade-related legislations affects “knowledge sharing”. This has affected the performance of different economies. In order to understand the evils of globalization, it is necessary to apply the ideas of utilitarianism According to the theory, “actions and behaviors are permissible (and right) if they produce the greatest happiness to many people”. According to utilitarianism, “morality and ethics should be impart
Introduction An earthquake is occasioned by the tremor of tectonic plates on the surface of the earth. Materials on earth’s crust are dislocated by pushing forces from either side (Oliver, 2010). When the friction holding the surface rocks are overwhelmed by the forces, the plate of rocks are more likely to slip over each other leading to the onset of an earthquake. Depending on the intensity of the pushing and opposing forces, some quakes may not have gross impact since they are hardly felt. However, other tremors might be intensive leading to massive loss in life and property. This paper explores the earthquake devastation to Haiti which occurred on 12 th January 2010 and how the international community responded in a bid to rescue and resettle victims of the disaster. Background The Haiti capital, Port-au-Prince among other parts of the country was seriously devastated by the January earthquake. The quake recorded a magnitude of 7.0 in addition to aftershocks that caused further damages thereafter (Taft-Morales & Margesson, 2010). Immediately after the main earthquake struck, it was impossible to relay any information since communication services were brought to a standstill owing to the destruction of communication infrastructure (Aronin, 2011). The preliminary reports obtained by rescuers revealed that several people were either trapped in collapsed buildings or were left homeless and stranded in open air, not to mention the unaccounted deaths and untold suffering of the victims. Although the initial estimates of those who tragically died in the quake have been continuously updated, the actual number may not be established due to uncertainty on the whereabouts of those who were deeply buried in the debris. A statement issued by the United Nations Secretary General indicated that approximately one third of the Haiti population may have been devastated by the earthquake (Ellingwood, 2010, August 1). Aftershocks are even more disastrous than the primary quakes since such tremors can significantly cause additional loss in life and property bearing in mind that the structures have already been weakened by the primary quake and are highly susceptible to further damages. In the case of Haiti, fourteen aftershocks were experienced with a magnitude greater than five while thirty others with magnitude more than four (Taft-Morales & Margesson, 2010). These aftershocks took place within a span of one day after the onset of the main earthquake. The aftershocks persisted for some weeks complicating the rescue effort. In the event that there are steep slopes and uneven land surfaces such as hills and valleys situated within the vicinity of the epicenter, the likelihood of a major earthquake taking place is high while the aftershocks are easily triggered by the steep slopes due to landslides. As a result, both human life and structures located on the lower sides of the slopes are in greater