ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The beginning of the 19 th century can be characterized by the notion “speed”. This phenomenon was perceived as the background mainstream of the society. People changed their vision and perception of culture that is why their demands and interests had been completely transformed. The standards of the society underwent alterations in all spheres of its activities and as a result people needed physical drive instead of various mental trips. Unlike heroine or cocaine, ecstasy, a stimulant drug provides intense and physical delight to the people. One can characterize this emotion as a kind of trance. The introduction of this drug is closely interwoven with the development of rave culture. The characteristics of “speed” are completely combined in ecstasy and rave culture. To understand the influence of these streams on social life it is necessary to investigate their cultural shifts in the period from 80s and to 90s. The Rave Culture Development The emergency of rave culture could be observed at the beginning of 1980s. First rave-dancers and representatives of this stream appeared in Ecstasy clubs of Huston. In mid 1980s rave culture, being characterized as electronic dance and psychedelic music, techno and acid house, appeared to be in its peak of development. They were popular in major night clubs and different free-parties of Manchester and London. Such raves were named as Acid House Parties. It should be noted that Acid House Parties are considered to be the first rebranded parties of rave culture in 1989 in the media. It should be stressed that rave parties were similar to demonstration of football matches; they provided a certain setting fir unification of the working class with few jobs; besides it is important to note that a lot of raves attendees were die-hard fans of football. The emergency of rave culture and its music caused many interactions within the society, to be more exact among politicians. They rejected the development of this culture fining all illegal rave parties. Nevertheless it was not an obstacle for rave blossom in many countries throughout the world (The History of Rave Music, 2006). There is a controversial opinion as to the motherland of rave music, whether it is America or United Kingdom. Actually, it is a well known fact that the USA initiated the flame of this culture. The first features of the rave cultures took place with American Djs, like for example Frankie Knuckles with his programs disclosing disco records and drum rhythms. The first night club with such music was named The Warehouse. It was the beginning of house music. Only after wide spread of rave musical streams in the USA, the United Kingdom adopted this culture. It should be stressed that house music became very popular in the UK in gay clubs; it had been played there for about 2 years until it became popular all over the whole England. Rave culture covers a lot of musical streams characterized by speed energy and movement. Thus, in 1995 one could observe the beginning of hip-house musical stream.
In today’s capitalist markets, sellers are using various strategies to entice the usually naïve buyers. Marketplaces around the world are dominated by labels and classifications that are meant to put certain products in a class of their own. The same trend applies to the ‘aged’ products’ market. Traders always try to convince prospective customers that their products are vintage, retro, or antique with the aim of raising these products’ value. It is quite difficult for an ordinary consumer to differentiate between a genuine antique dealer and an unscrupulous trader who is just trying to make a profit. Most buyers consider antiques to be ‘one-of-a-kind’ or ‘very old’ items. Moreover, antiques are often confused with rare, vintage, retro, or used items. For instance, some people consider things that were made before 1950 to be antiques. According to popular English language definitions, ‘an antique is a collectible item such as a piece of furniture or work of art that has a high value because of its considerable age’. Other definitions associate antiques with valuable but old objects or objects that belong to ancient times. Due to the confusion surrounding the accuracy of what objects fit the antique-description, the definition of the term antique should be changed to explicitly refer to objects that are more than a hundred years old. Most forums relating to antique items are misleading or lack sufficient research to back up their claims. Whenever one visits online forums and antique shows, he/she witnesses frequent usage of the terms ‘rare’ and ‘one-of-a-kind’. However, the usage of these terms cannot be justified by any other reason except the fact that the holder of the item is trying to convince his/her audience how valuable the item under scrutiny is. For an item to be described using these terms, other factors have to be put into consideration. For instance, one has to consider what decade or era the item is from and how many of these items were in circulation during its manufacture. For example, an ancient coin might be rare but it cannot be one-of-a-kind. Most antique dealers tend to be ignorant about the factors that make a certain item vintage and they also lack the necessary tools to conduct comprehensive research on their items. On the other hand, prospective antique buyers face the same challenges when they are perusing through antiques. Therefore, if the definition of antiques was changed to mean items of more than one hundred years, it would be easier to conduct research on the said items. The timeline of the said antique would be easy to establish and in extreme circumstances, carbon dating methods can be used to certify the ‘antiqueness’ of an item. Antique buyers are mostly forced to rely on untrustworthy appraisers. Independent research on a product would help prospective buyers to establish the antiqueness of a certain product beyond
The term “learning” refers to the eternal attainment of cognitive, behavioral, and mental skills by an individual through experience. People have different learning capacities. This difference underscores the need for my tutor to employ different teaching methods to accommodate diverse learning needs. In the contemporary nursing setting, many scholars have come up with numerous theories regarding the best learning practices (Alligood, 2014). Such theories are applicable in the education sector to improve the overall students’ performance in the backdrop of the rising need to streamline educational systems. The nurse teachers have also realized the need to integrate learning theories and to learn styles into the nursing curriculum to improve their students’ learning outcomes. The recent embracement of the theories and styles in nursing has ignited debate among nurses regarding their usefulness in my nursing career and the reasons why we (nurses) should possess knowledge regarding the said concepts. In this paper, I argue that knowledge regarding learning styles and theories is important in my nursing practice. To achieve the objective, I will explore the benefits of accruing to nurses because of their knowledge about learning theories and learning styles. Application of Learning Theories in Nursing Behavioral Psychoanalysis One of the reasons why we need to possess outstanding knowledge about learning theories and styles is to stand a better chance of developing effective strategies for administering behavioral therapies (Moon, 2013). In the past few decades, such therapies have become important components of healthcare. Physicians are increasingly recommending them to improve patient outcomes. The embracement of behavioral therapy in healthcare follows evidence from various researchers that the treatment is associated with better patient outcomes. Additionally, research indicates that behavioral therapies promote personal care among patients suffering from chronic illnesses and other cognitive diseases (Madhavanprabhakaran, Shukri, Hayudini, & Narayanan, 2013). Personal care is attributed to better patient outcomes since it reduces instances of emergency care needs. As a nurse in the making, I will be directly involved in the administration of the therapies. This situation underscores the need for me to possess knowledge regarding learning theories and learning styles. Under the arrangement, nurses assume the role of tutors, whereby they train patients on the best strategies to cope with undesirable behaviors. Since different people prefer different methods of learning, nurses and caregivers must be conversant with the learning theories and learning styles to offer quality therapies to all patients. If I (as a nurse trainer) lack adequate knowledge regarding such theories and styles, I cannot manage to develop effective training programs for patients who are in need of behavioral therapies. Additionally, I need to select the kind of therapy that a patient requires based on the prob
The ACT Human Rights Act (HRA) of 2004 was noted as an extremely vital step in the right direction towards forging a formidable human rights foundation in Australia. It is also imperative to mention that it was the first-ever bill of rights adopted by the legislature in Australia. Hence, this Act offered some form of constitutional model that could be embraced in other geographical locations. Moreover, the 2004 Act added much-needed momentum in establishing a fundamental human rights legislation that was previously missing in Australia (Hilary 2008, p.78). Needless to say, one of the irrefutable strengths of the Human Rights Act (2004) is that it has been a relatively flexible legal document and not static in nature. As such, it has permitted the process of carrying out necessary amendments regularly. It is worth mentioning that any valid constitutional instrument should be dynamic enough to accommodate the changes phases of mankind and civilization. The Human Rights Act (HRA) of 2004 also laid a firm foundation especially among public authorities who are mandated by the law to adhere to its contents to the letter. For instance, any possibility of breaches to the HRA was minimize
Compare and contrast differences for the respective statistics prepared by the forecasters From the projection carried out by the CBO forecasters, the economic indicators seem to be at the highest between 2007 and 2010. This could well be explained by the economic recession that commenced in 2007. In 2007 however, the unemployment rate given was 4.6% and inflation rate was 2.9%. Basically, an increase in inflation rate leads to increase in prices of commodities such as food and oil (Jones, 2009). From the economic trend given by the forecasters, it is evident that the GDP experienced steady growth from the year 2007 to 2018. Despite this trend, the unemployment rate was deemed to rise between 2008 and 2009. This could be attributed to the fact that, most of the firms were still recovering from the devastating effects of global recession and as such, put on hold employment thus aggravating the unemployment problem (Eisendrath, 2008). Relationships amongst the selected forecasts The table below shows the actual figures of the selected economic indicators from 2007 to 2009 and the projected figures from 2010 to 2018. Table 1- CBO’s Economic Projections for Calendar Years 2008 to 2018 Period                                2007    2008    2009    2010 to 2013  2014 to 2018 Nominal GDP (Billions of dollars)     13,843  14,358  14,946  18,278        22,625       Unemployment Rate                     4.6     5.2     5.5     4.9           4.8          Consumer Price Index (Inflation rate  4.0     2.1     1.9     2.1           2.2           Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics; Federal Reserve Board In year 2007, at the given inflation rate of 4.0%, the unemployment rate was 4.6% and the GDP was 13,483 billion Dollars. Compared to 2008 and 2009, the inflation rate eased with increase in unemployment rate which could be explained by the decision taken by the firms to cut on the operational costs as they tried to survive the recessionary economic conditions (Pearce & Michael, 2006). However, in 2010 to 2018 projections, the inflationary rate stabilizes between 2.1% and 2.2% and this sees firms employing more eventually leading to increased GDP. Relationship between economic indicators based on the forecasts Inflation, unemployment, interest rates, oil prices and GDP as economic indicators are closely related to each other. This is because when inflation rates rises as shown at the onset of the recessionary period; it results to increased commodity prices and in most cases, to those products which are pegged on the dollar such as oil (Acharya, 2009). Further, at inflationary conditions, the general price level of all products rises hence lessening the consumer purchasing power which in turn adversely affects the MGM c
The article demonstrates the processes and procedures that must be put into consideration toward the formation of a team. The first section of the article demonstrates that effective teams are grounded on coherent goals and objectives, and that these goals and objectives must be rational, achievable, and oriented towards improving the status of the organization. It is very clear from the article that the underlying goal of the team is to improve the care of hospitalized patients receiving antibiotics through setting out clear and coherent objectives, key among them implementing evidence-based practices and interventions to minimize the use and duration of intravenous antimicrobials. Such bright and coherent goals and objectives function as the foundation for the establishment of effective and efficient work teams in organizational settings. The second section of the article deals with some of the critical issues relating to team formation and development, including team composition, team size, roles and responsibilities of each team member, as well as the capabilities that each team member should demonstrate in order to be included in the team. This section clearly captures the ongoing shift in organizational settings where work is no longer organized around individuals; rather, it is organized around team-based work structures and frameworks for optimal efficiencies and competitive advantage. The section clearly details the number of professionals to be included in the team, their exact functions, and responsibilities, as well as how these job roles are related to each other. From the article, it is also very clear that organizational planners must put into consideration the capabilities and expertise of each team member to achieve maximum productivity. The team members should exposed to additional training if it is felt that such a need exists to make the team more functional and efficient. The third section of the article deals with yet another critical component of an effective and efficient team – identity formation and development. The rule of the thumb here is that work teams in organizational settings are able to achieve successful results if they share common values, attitudes, and expectations. It should be remembered that members who comprise a work team are not sourced from homogeneous groups, thus the importance and urgency to identify common values from the team members that could be used as building blocks in the process of identity formation and development. In this case scenario, for example, team members share the concern to enhanc
Effects of the Industrial Revolution Industrial revolution according to Brezina (2005) in his book The Industrial Revolution in America is the enhancement in technology. This move saw the transformation of labor from human and animal dependence to the employment of machines as a substitute. It also led to the industries replacing agriculture-based economies. In its emergence, industrialization brought with it effects to the American people; both positive and negative. The industrial process included “opening of McCormick reaper works, construction of railroads, the introduction of electric lights and power system in New York, introduction of model T automobile. 1 These were part of the industrialization process. The major negative effects of the American industrialization included among others, the migration of experienced smiths and small-scale agriculturists from their fields of experience to cities as industrial workers. This reduced the quality of production in the agricultural sector hence poor service and low-quality agricultural goods for the Americans. The emergence of industries brought in child labor. This, as much as it could have a positive short term satisfaction as a source of income, was a total disaster for the future lives of the children as they could be overworked and exposed to harmful industrial hazards at an early age. Child labor also had a disastrous effect on the learning ability of the children who worked in these industries. Unhealthy working conditions also posed medical challenges increasing vulnerability to diseases. It also led to escalated immigration into America. This as a consequence, relatively increased competition for jobs in the land which disadvantaged the natives. 2 Among positive effects was the discovery of better methods of production that led to the production of high quality good enhancing the satisfaction of consumers. Improved transport systems enhanced the effectiveness of movements at cheaper costs. 3 The industrialization also increased employment opportunities in America, a step that improved the living standards of the American people. 4 According to Cailen Pierce (2008), the industrialization process made it possible for women to take jobs in factories thereby improving their social class and the lives of their families. 5 Industrialization created social structures among the American people. Romantic Impulse The romantic impulse was a movement in the 18 th century that emphasized great emotion, thinking, and “freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions.” 6 It emerged as a protest against the rigidity of social structures that came up during the industrialization process. The social life at the time had threatened to enslave workers in the newly invented machinery. In the article, the Romantic Movement Romantic impulse meant the liberation of the Americans to a point of freedom regarding respect and love. The romantic impulse in the light of the Romantic Movement article was related to aspects of love and life in the American society as the article compares the romantic impulse to books whose themes brings the meanin
Abstract Nanotechnology is an emerging technology which is developing at an exponential rate. The technology utilizes novel characteristics of materials that are exhibited only at nanoscale level. Although still in early stages, this technology has signaled potential and breakthroughs in many areas such as medicine, computer technology, food industry, building construction, environment protection to mention just a few. The many exciting products it promises have served to draw a lot of attention to it. Many findings of nanotechnology are quickly being implemented in viable commercial products. This is in spite of insufficient toxicological data about the environmental and biological effects of such nanomaterials. As nanotechnology gains widespread application in various disciplines, it is imperative to understand its potential effects. This is important for its long terms sustainability. It is also equally critical to set up necessary control legislations and benchmark standards to control research and commercial application of this emerging technology. The last half of the last century witnessed the technological world going “micro” evidenced by microdevices and microparticles. However, from the start of 21 st century, the “micro” is poised to give way to the “Nano”. Nanotechnology is an emerging technology that is offering promises of breakthroughs cutting across multiple subjects such as medicine, food industry, energy sector and environmental remediation to mention a few. The Potential of nanotechnology to solve hitherto “unsolvable” problems by conventional technologies has attracted the attention of government and commercial corporations with diverse interests. Billions of dollars for research and development continue to be channeled to nanotechnology projects all over the world. This paper presents the potential applications of nano-inventions in selected areas of medicine, pollution control, energy, construction, computer technology, and food sectors. While the benefits of this emerging technology appear to be immense, its environmental and social effects also need to be given as much attention. Nanotechnology is a relatively nascent industry and its potential uses and effects need to be exhaustively established researched before mass production and commercialization. Nanotechnology is the most significant emerging technology today and will play a major role i
Organizational behavior refers to all the professional expertise affected by behavioral aspects in addition to personal skills like motivation, imaginations, beliefs, unconscious drives, as well as values in an organization. Self-understanding, on the other hand, refers to the self-actualization that workers get to understand about themselves in the course of their working in an organization. Self-understanding requires that a worker gets to understand his content about the job or task allocated to the person (Colquitt, Jason A., Lepine, Jeffery A. And Wesson, Michael J.). This calls for the person employed to get an insight into self-evaluation concerning the task in question in a given organization. This self-identity of employees at work place may be influenced with either positive worth and value or harmful value. The assessment and content of self understanding encompass negotiations of an individual’s understanding in interacting with other employees. Self actualization among employees is expected to grow in a manner that by presenting themselves via interactions with team members get to know if or if not their opinions concerning themselves are validated or reinforced by other employees. How Are You Motivated To Do Work In attaining self understanding in an organization, employees need to be self-motivated in doing their different tasks in an organization. Employees get motivated to work through the conviction of doing the assigned task in an organization. This infuses confidence and courage in an employee to focus towards the set goals. A strong conviction helps employees to accept organizations goals as true as well as align their goals to that of the organization hence getting the meaning of their role in a team. Secondly, motivation calls for an attitude change that is positive towards life. This calls for all the workers to behave and think positively hence approaching the assigned tasks positively. In addition to this, an attitude that is positive towards work indicates that individuals will work with belief, pride as well as passion giving their best (Cunningham,J.B. & Eberle,T 57). This enhances motivation towards the work, thus contributing to the success of the set objectives. In addition to this, it’s important that employees plan their day so that they can be motivated to work. For instance, it can be so frustrating for workers to watch the clock as it ticks as they wait for the close of the business, which in this case might seem to be an eternity. Hence planning for the daily activities with breaks in between helps time to move fast as the workers work hard to meet the deadlines. Employees