ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction For athletes in any discipline it is really important to manage body composition and weight. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the accuracy of body fat by using portable ultra sound device which results are reliable and authentic. Its design is based on Cross validation study. The paper deals on a set of individuals of total 93 athletes. The composition of these athletes is as follows: There were 24 women and 69 men), aged between 23.5 ± 3.7 years, their body mass lies between 24.0 ± 4.2 and body fat = 9.41 ± 8.1.All participants committed with a broad range of weight-category sports. Methods Author used two methods for conducting the whole research  1. Data collection Procedures  2. Statistical analysis Data Collection Procedures From the set of individuals, DEXA device is used for measuring total body composition. Test was taken after breakfast and all athletics had assimilated 296 ml of water before DEXA measurement. Hologic device was used to obtain BF% measurements. DEXA method usually uses X-Ray tube with filter to generate low energy and high energy photons. Hologic software is also used in the test in order to obtain accurate and fast results. Ultra Sound device was used to obtain ultra sound measurements. A sonographic approach was frequently used in the whole process. The ultra sound technique is widely used to measure the fat between the skin and the muscle. Using a highly reliable technique, the intraclass correlation co efficient was found above 0.98.Bf and FFM model were used for all athletes. Height was also measured without shoes in order to obtain accurate results. Statistical analysis DEXA and UT were examined via paired sample tests to find out the relationship between BF%. Coefficient of determination is used to find out the accuracy of BF prediction. Results The derived results showed by the author are highly based on accuracy and BF% bias measurement. Results shows that 46 participants. BF% determined by UT showed a minor difference Mean difference according to the results, BF% estimates on the scale of fatness (r=0.12 p> 41). It can be cleared form the following table: Discussion Bland and Altman methods are used to examine the level of UT and DEXA BF % estimates. UT Gem device used in this whole process is good enough for providing best and accurate results. According to estimated results using DEXA, there were 43 trained males. The device is really good and gives accurate range of body composition. Characterizing body composition is beneficial in order to obtain high quality and reliable results and it is important for athletes physical and mental. Diets and excessive diet usually create a problem and it doesn’t sound good. BF content helps in increasing BF% estimate which overall a
Miracles do exist; however, according to Hume, people should never believe in them. In Hume’s view, the occurrence of miracles depends on the Christian religion, which disqualifies their authenticity. Hume posits, “Our evidence, then, for the truth of the Christian religion is less than the evidence for the truth of our senses” (73). Therefore, the proof of the existence of miracles is weaker as compared to the stronger evidence of the real presence. This paper explores Hume’s argument for this conclusion, coupled with showing why the argument is not sound. Hume disqualifies the existence of miracles, as the Christian religion is weaker and more insubstantial as compared to the evidence that comes with one’s experience. Also, Christianity is entirely based on the apostles’ testimonies, which might have been distorted or flawed from one generation to the other, and thus, they cannot be validated. On the contrary, a person’s experience can be validated, and thus, it is stronger evidence as compared to the apostles’ alleged testimonies. Hume holds, “A wise man…proportions his belief to the evidence” (73). Evidence, in this case, amounts to tangible things like one’s surroundings. Therefore, any wise man cannot believe in miracles because one’s experience is greater than the unsubstantiated belief of miracles. The second nullification of the existence of miracles hinges on the view that miracles violate natural laws. He claims, “A miracle is a violation of the laws of nature and as a firm and unalterable experience has established these laws…is as entire as any argument from experience can be imagined” (76). In other words, Hume holds that every miracle should have credible proof and experience. Otherwise, the claims of miracles cannot hold. Also, Hume insinuates that everything that has been experienced conforms to the natural laws. However, Hume’s claims are flawed, based on his assumptions. The first assumption is that natural laws should describe regular occurrences, but miracles are rare occurrences. The second assumption is that the regular occurrence should overrule the rare one. The third assumption is that one should be in a position to weigh any evidence before validating it. Finally, the wise person should believe the greater evidence, which nullifies miracles, as they are lesser evidence. Hume’s philosophy on miracles fails because it holds that miracles cannot be possible for they are based on testimonies. However, testi
Introduction Francois Voltaire’s narration is a rendition of comical theatrics that mocks human integrity. Ever heard of the Pope’s daughter? What about a philosopher who, despite his lofty thoughts, could not help contracting syphilis from a lowly prostitute? These things are very probable…but wait, only among ‘civilized’ men! In this story, Voltaire wanted his audience to question the church’s monopoly over moral issues in the face of her hypocrisy, critique the system of giving objects like jewels monetary value (from the economic concepts of scarcity, demand, and price), assess the usefulness of intellectual institutions to society and finally, to examine the human weakness to choose beauty over character. Analysis In Candide , human civilization is turned on its head, especially on matters about sexual morality, leadership, and intellectual institutions. In the novel, the baron has an illegitimate son, conceived in his extra-marital sexual escapades. The Pope has a daughter, fathered in circumstances that claim celibacy of a big joke. And the learned class, in this case, represented by the philosopher Pangloss, could not keep their minds off a whore’s thighs. The protagonist, Candide, the German baron’s bastard son, is banished from home for kissing Cunegonde, the baron’s daughter. He wonders from continent to continent, and everywhere he goes he is confronted with the social and moral rot among men. However, when he and his band of fugitives get to a country called Eldorado, they are amazed to see heaps of jewels scattered along the streets. Satire is achieved by criticizing man’s craze and obsession for material things, which by themselves do not have any value at all. In this incident, Voltaire shows that sometimes men crave things which, if everybody else were to ignore them, they won’t have any value. In Eldorado, for instance, nobody cares for the jewel, and as a result, it litters in abundance along the streets. But because Candide and his men have been conditioned to value it, they see a goldmine, literally. So, what will happen if everybody adopted a very low opinion of banknotes? They will lose their value; they are paper, after all! However, Voltaire’s satire goes beyond mocking man’s assignation of value to inanimate objects. He also points out that they go to war, enslave and kill for these very useless objects. In contemporary times, it happens when nations fight over natural resources. For instance, there were the ‘blood diamonds’ from Angola, where thousands of people were killed for the ‘precious stone.’ The learned class in society is meant to guide the rest of humanity in the right direction. However, in Candide, the learned men contract a venereal disease and then philosophize to blame it on Columbus. Pangloss says that “It was a thing unavoidable, a necessary ingredient in the best of worlds; for if Columbus had not in an island of America caught this disease…” (Voltaire 9). Very succinctly, Voltaire captures the sorry state of a human society that claims to be led by intellectuals. Philosophy, as a subject that engages the mind’s most intelligent faculties,
In medical psychology, metacognition has become an important area of research. In particular, the relationship between metacognition and some mental disorders is an important field. For instance, Önena, Uğurlub, and Çayköylüb (2013) attempted to determine the relationship between metacognition and insight within the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Using a sample of 100 patients with compulsive mental disorder, the researchers found that metacognition scores were higher in people with obsessive disorders and good insight than in people with the disorder and poor insight. In addition, the study indicates that metacognition is higher in people with obsessive mental disorders than in healthy people. This study indicates that there is a relationship between metacognition and insight. In this relationship, higher scores of metacognition correlate with insight. Rogers, Jacoby and Sommers (2012) studied metacognition within the context of aging in humans. Using older adults and younger individuals, the researchers focused on false hearing and its frequency. The study found that older adults have a greater ability to benefit, but this affects their response consistently. Hegarty, Smallman and Tull (2012), did a unique study that sought to explain metacognition based on geospatial displays. The aim was to examine the impacts of design on metacognition and performance. Geospatial displays (weather maps) were used to determine judgment in undergraduate students and meteorologists. The findings indicate that meteorologists are slower and less accurate than students with complex than with simple weather maps. According to Harder and Folke (2012), studies in metacognition show that ‘affect regulation’ plays an important role in social and mental interactive attention. The study reviewed recent and past research work. From the article, studies have shown that metacognition plays an important role in enhancing adaptive functioning. In this context, studies have shown that a vulnerability-stress model exists in humans. Psychotic symptoms appear when the severity of stressors is more than a person’s vulnerability thresholds. A number of studies have also shown that the vulnerability-stress phenomenon is associated with human genomics. In fact, a study by Foster and Sahakyan (2012) has shown that vulnerability threshold is of genetic origin. However, vulnerability increases or reduces in response to stimuli. For instance, it increases when an individual is exposed to trauma, causing the emergence of psychosis. In addition, trauma can lead to an individual’s sensitization to stress that
In this session-long project, the topic of interest is the critical infrastructure protection (CIP) of information and communication in the United States. Specifically, the report will assess and analyze the overall development of the US’s critical information infrastructure protection (CIIP). Internet technologies during its existence have created both a host of new opportunities for economic development and many dangers for the world community. Challenges and threats emanating from the information space were included in the priority areas of work of the leading states of the world in the early 2000s. The United States was one of the first to work out the legislative framework for cyber policy, which was aimed primarily at ensuring the country’s security after the terrorist attacks of 2001. Over time, more than a dozen legislative acts were adopted, many committees and agencies responsible for ensuring the country’s information security were created. The report will examine the evolution of US doctrinal approaches to ensuring information security during the ten years of the presidency of three presidents: George W. Bush, B. Obama, and D. Trump. It will be traced how the priorities of American politics in this area have changed over time, as well as the development of US relations with other leading players in the cybersphere. Particular attention should be paid to Washington’s policy aimed at ensuring the security of critical information infrastructure (CII) (Viira, 2018). Despite the adoption of several regulatory acts, the level of safety of CII facilities remains quite low. In general, an analysis of doctrinal documents will highlight several key features that characterize the development of US cyber security policy in recent years. In particular, the tendency toward unilateral actions related to exerting sanction pressure on certain countries and their companies is growing. At the same time, the issue of cybersecurity is often considered not as an independent area, but only as a tool to achieve other, broader foreign, and domestic political goals. In general, the US policy in the field of information security is more reactive in nature, which cannot but affect its effectiveness. It is important to analyze the approaches stated in key American doctrinal documents to the issues of ensuring cybersecurity and the protection of CII objects. The implication is that it will find out whether it is possible to discuss the existence of a coherent line in US policy regarding the information space, as well as whether this policy is proactive or reactive. At this stage, the American establishment has a clear desire to pursue a strict policy regarding the information space, attempts not only to protect the state from any kind of interference using the CIP but also to explain its potential steps in advance. In conclusion, the actions of the US leadership in practice are reduced to the development of new policy documents and the creation of specialized authorities. At the same time, despite the stated ambitious goals, it is difficult to
Nowadays, there are still many social problems that people cannot solve entirely and successfully. One of them is the difference in treating persons of various races. The fact that some unexpected areas use this factor as a measurement of one’s abilities, skills, diseases, and treatments is rather disturbing. It is scientifically proven that race is not a reliable shortcut or proxy but simply a distraction that does not let see the real and the whole picture of one’s condition and situation. However, practice shows that specifying race plays a significant role in treating patients, which means that probably not all people get equal and fair treatment. Unfortunately, not many people know that the health care area supports and promotes stereotypes about people with different skin color. Precisely race runs deeply throughout all of medical practice, including “shaping physicians’ diagnoses, measurements, treatments, prescriptions, and even the very definition of diseases” (“The Problem with Race-Based Medicine”). The question of why this happens bothers many feminists, journalists, sociologists, and other researchers like Linda Villarosa and Dorothy Roberts. They find it rather strange and disturbing that a person’s race plays a crucial role in defining his or her diagnosis, treatment, and condition. One may not believe it, but medicine was used to support and justify slavery. Back in the 1850s, “Negro medicine” promoted the racial concept of disease, meaning that “people of different races suffer from different diseases” and never experience common ones in the same ways (“The Problem with Race-Based Medicine”). What is more, slavery was announced to be beneficial for medical reasons (“The Problem with Race-Based Medicine”). It sounds absurd and made up, but this is actually our past. Of course, it cannot be changed, but every effort must be made to prevent this from happening in the present. According to Dorothy, “human beings are not divided into races in the biological sense of the term” (14). The importance of this statement is hard to be overestimated. People of other races have to feel relaxed when going to a hospital or participating in a research study. African-Americans need to be completely sure that their treatment is as effective and strong as it would be for white patients. Asians and Native Americans have to stop doubting whether their treatment is primarily based on the color of their skin or their individual and current condition (“The Problem with Race-Based Medicine”). The ideas of black people having more muscles, being predisposed to drug addictions, or feeling less pain lead to even more injustice, hatred, harmful biases, and stereotypes. Linda Villarosa, an American journalist, writes about these problems, tells about the link between slavery and medicine, and draws public attention to the necessity of making the health industry get rid of stereotypes and racial prejudges. There are some evident connections between the information we study i
The day when the world becomes free of all its issues will probably never come. However, it does not mean that one should give up all the aspirations to make it a better place. There are numerous examples of people doing small changes every day and changing the lives of others gradually. If every individual has made their responsibility and capability clear, then the task of making the world a better place for everyone would not seem to be impossible. The purpose of this essay is to consider the life and contribution of the most inspiring women of all times, Mother Teresa. Biography Agnesë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, better known as Mother Teresa, was born in today’s capital of North Macedonia, Skopje, in August 1910. However, the date of birth of Mother Teresa is still an issue of a robust discussion. Her parents were of Albanian descent, even though, back in 1910, an Albanian state did not exist yet. It was part of the Ottoman Empire until 1912 when the Republic of Albania declared its independence. Although Mother Teresa was Albanian, she had not visited Albania until 1989 (Endresen 53). The reason for this was Albanian officials who refused to issue her a visa. Once the Communist regime fell, the problem solved itself. In her early years, Mother Teresa understood that her mission was to spread the love of Jesus Christ. When she was eighteen, she decided to join a Catholic congregation called “the Sisters of Loreto,” which sent missions to India. Having taken a mandatory training in Dublin, Mother Teresa went to India where she finally made her vows as a nun. In Calcutta, Mother Teresa was teaching at the school from 1931 to 1948. During these years, she noticed that outside the walls of the convent, ordinary poor people were suffering a lot. This observation was an incentive that made Mother Teresa ask for permission from her congregation to devote herself to helping most marginalized people in Calcutta. First, she started an open-air school, but soon other people, who cared about vulnerable residents of Calcutta, joined her. In 1950, Mother Teresa founded her order called The Missionaries of Charity . Fifteen years after, the congregation received a decree of the Pope, which made the work of the order possible in other countries of the world. Overall, she was a well-respected person who committed herself to help less privileged people. She received such awards as the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian endeavors and contribution (En
Robinson Crusoe can be viewed as a classical example of the eighteenth century novel because of the themes that the author explores and the form that this literary work takes. In particular, one can argue that Daniel Defoe explores such issues as individualism and the role of Protestantism in the life of a person. Furthermore, the writer prefers realistic description of the main character. Moreover, this novel is presented in the form of autobiography which is also a characteristic of the eighteenth century literature. Furthermore, one can say that this book is a powerful story of a person who is forced to display his best qualities in order to survive. First, it should be mention that this novel emphasizes the importance of individualism and self-sufficiency of a person. At the beginning, the protagonist dreads the idea of being completely isolated from the rest of the world. However, later he is able to reconcile himself with this thought. He says, “it was possible I might be more happy in this solitary condition than I should have been in a liberty of society, and in all the pleasures of the world” (Defoe 20). To a great extent, this situation gives him an opportunity to discover some of his best qualities. Moreover, this work throws light on several principles of Protestantism. First of all, one should mention that this movement rejects the idea of luxury and sensuality. In turn, Robinson Crusoe also mentions the things that he does not need, namely, “pride, ambition, avarice, and luxury” (Defoe 200). Moreover, labor is essential for the protagonist because it enables him to retain his humanity. To some degree, this is an example of Protestant work ethics. Furthermore, it is important to focus the way in which Daniel Defoe describes the events of the novel. One can say that he prefers the tradition of realism which only began to emerge in the eighteenth century. For example, the author provides very detailed description of Crusoe’s attempts to sustain himself on the desolate island. In particular, the readers can see how difficult it is for the protagonist to construct a boat or grow food. In this way, the author wants to show that individualism is closely related to painstaking labor and hardships. Finally, much attention should be paid to the form of this novel. It has the elements of an autobiography as well as diary. Such literary technique was very widespread in the eighteenth century. Robinson Crusoe can be regarded as one of epistolary novels along with such works as Clarissa and Pamela written by Samuel Richardson (Spacks 107). This approach enables the writer to explore the inner world of the main characters. Yet, Robinson Crusoe differs from these novels, because unlike other authors, Daniel Defoe pays much more attention to the realistic description of the main events. These are the main aspects that can be identified. Although, Robinson Crusoe has the characteristics of a conventional eighteenth century novel, this works produces a power impression of the readers. By looking at a person, who is left to his ow