ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Conflicts Between Customized and Standardized Care Currently, the are two views on the organization of patient care: one emphasizes the customization of the services to the needs of individual patients while other advocates the standardization of practices based on research. A general consensus on the topic is that these approaches need to complement each other, but several conflicts exist between the two which complicate the integration. First, the standardization implies well-defined and regulated practices. This excludes the human factor, which is known to be one of the chief concerns of the healthcare. However, it also compromises the flexibility which is necessary in certain cases. This conflict was partially addressed by introducing the regionalized care (Nguyen, Kahn, & Angus, 2010). However, this has led to a related conflict, which attempts to determine the boundaries of customization. Once the possibility emerges to introduce the customized practices on a certain level, the inevitable question is: which level should it be? Another conflict associated with these views is grounded in the patient’s perception of the service. The personalized care improves the patient’s involvement in the treatment, which coincides with the current understanding of the successful healthcare process (Geisler & Heller, 2012). Besides, it appeals to the patients’ concept of a “family doctor,” a specialist who can account for all the individual needs. This, in turn, improves patient satisfaction. At the same time, it applies only to a fraction of health providers, while introducing unnecessary waste of time and resources and a possibility of a faulty judgment. Finally, the standardized procedures are more effective in terms of cost and administrative effort. Customization introduces the unpredictable number of variables and complicates planning. The Applicability of Deming’s Concept of Waste to Health Care Entities Edward Deming’s principles of quality improvement have initially been created for use in the business sector. However, they are flexible and universal enough to be utilized in a number of other areas, including healthcare. Of particular interest is the concept of waste. This concept is specifically mentioned in the fifth principle, “Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service.” (Orsini, 2012) While improvement is a broad and somewhat vague term, Deming offers one possible way to do it: through waste reduction. Waste, in this case, mostly characterizes ineffective human resource management. According to Deming, the system which is intrinsically flawed will inevitably hamper the ability of people involved to develop their potential. This notion notably coincides with the established practice of just culture, which is aimed, among other things, at finding the weak points of the system by analyzing mistakes made by the personnel (Kaplan & Fastman, 2003). According to the Deming’s concept of waste, the shortcomings of the system is considered an inhibitor which will render the effort of employees, their skill, training, and education useless (Orsini, 2
Last month, I was at a Model United Nations conference held at the UNEP headquarters in Nairobi. Being one of the protocol officers my assignment was similar to that of an usher at the same time I was to ensure that all protocols of the room are observed. It also meant that I had to constantly be moving around the hall to pick note papers from delegates either addressed to other delegates or the chair. Most delegates had laptops in the room connected to the internet and my surprise a good number of them were misusing the privileges of the internet provided by the UN by accessing Facebook and other social networking sites. It was not surprising that most of the delegates doing this were not contributing to the deliberations going on at the conference. Facebook addiction has had negative effects on many young people and teenagers especially students. Firstly, it consumes most of their precious time that they can use to do something constructive. I have witnessed on several occasions that I have been to the university library, how some students spend a lot of time chatting on Facebook and social networking instead of engaging themselves in studying. There was even a moment when I saw a friend of mine who had a statistics paper the following day but decided to spend half the time he was in the library on Facebook instead of reading for his paper. Even when he began to read for his paper, the Facebook page was still on so that he could see any new notifications coming. If it is not by using a computer then it is by using a phone that can access the internet, either way, addicts have to Facebook. The other negative impact Facebook has over its abusers is that both Facebook and other social networking sites tend to spoil written communication, especially among students. The way people communicate using Facebook is very informal and most of the language used in Facebook cannot be used in any formal writing. A student who is addicted to Facebook will get influenced by the social networking language. He will eventually forget and use it in formal writing setup in school. Just a few weeks ago I came across my younger brother’s composition paper. As I was reading the paper I was surprised to see abbreviations normally used with social networking such as ‘us instead of ‘you’, and ‘xul’ instead of ‘school’ among others. Lastly, in connection with the points discussed above, facebook and social networking can deteriorate grades and performances of average students and employees. This addiction is not only witnessed among students but also in the places of work. A student who spends a lot of time on facebook will eventually have low grades at the end of an academic period. This is because he or she will have spent a lot time social networking instead of focusing on books. Similarly, an employee who uses office hours to facebook will have poor performance of his duties. Companies have come up with a good way of taking care of employees who are fond of this by blocking all popular social networking sites during official working hours. I witnessed this once when I visited my dad at his place of
Definition of Ethics and Nursing Informatics Nursing informatics (NI) is defined as “a special area which combines nursing science, information science and computer science for managing and communicating data, information and knowledge in nursing practice” (Rajalahti, Heinonen, & Saranto, 2014, p. 47). NI is meant to support professional performance and patient outcomes, but, at the same time, it provokes challenges in nurses’ competence development and ethical use of information. NI-related ethics are primarily associated with confidentiality concerns and patients’ consent for data disclosure. To avoid harm to patients, a nurse needs to understand ethical principles and strive to practice them daily. Ways to Teach and Enforce Ethical Use of Information As a supervisor, I enforce ethical information use by teaching nursing team members to employ ethical models of decision making. For example, to make an adequate decision in a difficult situation, it is possible to implement the five-step model for ethical decision-making also known as IDEAL. The model includes five major steps: identify, develop, explore, act, and look back (Knapp & VandeCreek, 2006). I suggest nurses analyze hypothetical cases of information misuse by following the given models and predict potential outcomes of a made decision or professional action on patient well-being. Additionally, I strive to recognize the nurses’ success in employing ethical standards because it helps them to develop a more in-depth understanding of the criteria for ethical professional conduct. In the case when a patient did not give his/her consent for sharing information and assessment data even among team member
Introduction The United States Army Signal Corps cultivates tests, offers, and controls communications and information systems sustenance for the command and management of joint armed forces. It was founded in 1860 from the idea of United States Army Major Albert J. Myer. It has had a significant task from the American Civil War throughout the present day. Over its history, it had the primary task for a number of tasks and novel technologies that are at present control by other organizations, comprising military intelligence , weather prediction, and aviation (Raine, p. 4). Life History of Albert James Myer Albert James Myer was born on September twentieth in the year 1828 in Newburgh, New York City. He was the son of Henry Beekman Myer and Eleanor Myer. Albert in his childhood days showed an interest for a military life. In his individual posture, he was every inch a tall, upright, and attentive soldier. He had an air of command in each appearance and every movement, which presumed ideal obedience. Whilst serving as a trainee with the Buffalo, New York Telegraph Company, he was able to familiarize himself with Alexander Bain’s electrochemical telegraph system. Before long he found himself resolute to acquire a sophomoric education. However he persisted to work on a part-time basis as a telegrapher with the Buffalo, New York Telegraph Company, during his collegiate years (Hageman). Albert went through the requisite preliminary course and joined Geneva College in Geneva, New York. He attained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Geneva College in 1847, and four years afterward, in 1851, a Master of Arts degree from Geneva. After having taken the ordinary course of study at the Buffalo Medical College, he also attained his degree of Medicine at the age of twenty four. In the year 1852, Geneva College was renamed to Hobart College. As a student, he was particularly renowned for the way in which he would take hold of a suggestion or opinion and pursue it to the later. To this attribute, without any hesitation he owed his accomplishment in life. His graduating thesis was a novel sign language which was meant to aid in understanding about those who do not hear. Throughout this time, his focus was called to the topic of signals for army and marine use. Communication by use of lights and a variety of symbols has been carried out from now and then. However, the systems were not easy and the gadget was normally difficult in character and awkward in form. It shortly became an aspiration of Albert’s to develop a system, which ought to be distinguished by the easiness of its doctrines. In addition, the tools to b
It can be rightly said that social science is the area of scientific and academic awareness regarding different social groups and more specifically in the context of human societies. I believe that social sciences are science because they primarily refer to the science of studying social groups, even though some would disagree because they mistakenly understand the concepts only from the perspective of the study programs being integrated into a field of study that aims at promoting civic competency. I firmly stand by my belief because social science is a science that speaks about social conditions, the roots of which can be traced to ancient philosophy. In the ancient world, there was not much difference amongst the studies in maths and other areas such as politics, history and poetry. Consequently, a strong unity had developed in terms of deductive reasoning of the social sciences which created a strong scientific framework for the social sciences. I essentially believe that social science is a science because it directly relates to social conditions as also the relationships and institutions that have a bearing on the existence and well-being of human beings in being members of well-organized communities. Social science is concerned with issues of education, health, labour, criminal justice reformation of delinquents and criminals, and several other such practices of society. In this context, science too has been defined in the Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary as “knowledge attained through study or practice, or knowledge covering ge
Introduction Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring was introduced in 1979 and premises on the humanistic perspective of nursing and health care combined with scientific knowledge. The design of the theory focuses on the concept of nursing that is associated with a health profession. According to the theorist, caring should enhance and form the identity of health care professionals and, therefore, medicine focuses on the concept of caring. Specifically, nurses should perceive patients as a personality whose major purpose relates to establishing interpersonal relationships with patients through displaying unconditional care and acceptance. At this point, caring contributes to promoting individual growth and health. Main Discussion Definitions of the Human Caring Concept At the middle of nineteenth century, Florence Nightingale introduced nurse caring patterns of behavior as “…deliberate, holistic actions aimed at creating and maintaining an environment meant to support the natural process of healing” (Nightingale, 1859, as cited in Sitzman, 2007, p. 8). In the late 70s of the past century, Jean Watsons aimed to develop a common concept for the science of nursing that could be practiced in all settings. Watson suggested that health care professionals should have a strong sense of belonging and interconnectedness of all individuals and share common goal of supporting patients. Nurses should also be committed to science of healing from philosophical and scientific perspectives. At this point, Sitzman (2006) has singled out several important aspects of Watson’s theory that involve practicing kindness in terms of intentional caring consciousness, awareness of subjective life of individuals, cultivating individual’s spirituality and background, and engaging in teaching-learning experiences that premise on interconnectedness. Similar to Sitman (2007), Cara (2003) also examines the concept of caring as a pivotal factor in nursing profess
Introduction Scientifically, death refers to a point in which biological functions of a once living organism become terminated. It could simply be referred to as a cessation of living of a certain biological being, in this case, a human being. The word itself has its origin from the Old English language. Further, it comes from a reconstruction of analysis by etymology of the dauthaz of a Proto-Germanic origin. All living things, inclusive of human beings, have to succumb to death. In humans, however, there seems to be various causes other than the normal biological aging or the so-called senescence in the technical term. The latter is mostly common in wild animals. Nowadays, human beings do succumb to their inevitable end from such causes as suicide, homicide, war, accidents and malnutrition. There is also the uncommon predation by other living organisms or other human beings who are crazy enough to prey on fellow human beings (GrowthHouse, 2005). Therefore, no matter how lucky a person can get to survive the many years on this earth; eventually the person succumbs to old age and goes to an unknown afterlife, if at all it exists. However, it is intriguing to note that the proper declaration of whether a person is still alive or dead gets a bit complicated because of some medical reason. A person, declared to be clinically dead, might legally be alive. On the other hand, a person might be pronounced legally dead from the fact that the person is brain dead even if the victims’ lungs are still working. Such a person on the contrary is still clinically alive. Unfortunately, however, the law is just the way it is and so we have no choice but to take the legal option in such matters. This, therefore, just shows the paradox surrounding this issue (Ashkenazi, 1988). The Luhya Away from all the medical and legal terminology to a certain tribe in the Western part of the Republic of Kenya. This tribe is called the Luhya tribe and is one of the 42 tribes of the Republic of Kenya. This Bantu tribe is believed to have migrated from the now Egypt and most of its cultural practices are shared amongst its 18 sub tribes including some of the Bantus’. Death According to the Luhya Despite the early introduction of the Christian religion in the early 1902, most Luhya families especially in the rural parts of Kenya still practice their traditional death ceremonies. This has lead to most of the tribes mixing the Christian religion with their traditional practices thus leading to syncretism (Ayot, 1996). This phenomenon has lead to a continually weakening of the Christian faith. Superstitions Surrounding Death The Luhya have various superstitions with regard to death. This is from their profound believe that an outcome of something or just an undertaking that is very important and which might happen in a future that is not so far could be easily told through various portents or omens. One of the most common presages in this tribe includes the sighting of an antelope. This
Introduction “Beautyism” in the workplace refers to a biased preference of individuals to fill certain employment positions or perform certain responsibilities based on their bodily attractiveness whilst overlooking their skills, knowledge, and abilities. The preference of beauty is a common habit that is exhibited by recruiters and employers who extend favour to some individuals during interviews or work situations simply because they regard these individuals as beautiful or handsome. Most job recruiters select prospective employees on the assumption that the appealing nature of people matches with their smartness in task performance and/or are successful in their careers. However, these assumptions are not always right. The results of their deeds highly determine the competitiveness of an organisation and its chances of accomplishing performance goals. This paper discusses “beautyism” in the workplace based on a case study where the Chair of The College of Business Administration (CBA) overlooks a more qualified candidate in favour of another candidate who had personally met with the Chair. The criterion leaves worries amongst the department members. “ Beautyism” and its Potential Discriminatory Effects on Hiring in the Workplace “Beautyism” is indisputably an unfair practice, especially when hiring competent employees in any organisation. The tendency of employers to divert their recruitment skills to physical attractiveness of a prospective employee is deceiving and implies potential discriminatory effects on hiring in the workplace (Nkomo & Fottler, 2012). Persons who have physically attractive traits are more likely to succeed in job interviews than persons who are deemed less attractive (Jabbour, 2009). This circumstance leaves the less attractive candidates with narrow chances of passing an interview. Sometimes, attractiveness bias adds to low esteem, frustration, distrust, discouragement, and feeling of disapproval (Jabbour, 2009). Furthermore, “beautyism” leads to the halos effect in candidate selection. Physical attractiveness deceives employers by leading them to the assumption that a prospective candidate has the necessary qualities and potential for a particular job position. Beautyism” does not only affect the interview process but also the job process itself, thus resulting in mediocre performance in organisations. Most often, employees who are chosen because of their physical attractiveness often perform poorly than those who pass interviews on merit. Jabbour (2009) conducted a survey to study the effect of “beautyism” on employment trends. From the findings, many human resource managers acknowledged that discrimination based on physical attractiveness has existed in organisations for many years. They also confirmed that this bias contributes to organisational failure and increased turnover rates due to employee incompetence (Jabbour, 2009). Evaluation of the Chair’s Manners from a HRM Viewpoint The leaders conduct is evidently affectionate to the prospective administrative assistant. Personal attitude drives the chair’s decision to hire an assistant.
Defence Mechanisms They are methods used by the ego to defend itself against the conflict between ‘forbidden drives and moral codes’. Individuals unconsciously develop ways of overcoming unpleasant feelings from their midst (Cilliers, 1998). They then feel less anxious and reality is made more acceptable. Defense mechanisms have 2 common characteristics. They function at an unconscious level so the individual is unaware that he is using a defence mechanism (Cilliers,1998). They ‘deny or distort or falsify perception of reality’ so as to appear less significant. Freud stated that a certain amount of defense is found in all individuals and is necessary for normal functioning. When these mechanisms develop a regularity, they disturb normal functioning (Cilliers, 1998). Repression is a primary defense mechanism which transfers unacceptable drives or memories into the unconscious. It is the most direct approach when anxiety is to be dealt with. Repressed material can reappear in the conscious and that too can cause anxiety. Projection is another defense mechanism by which one blames another for his shortcomings (Cilliers,1998). He attempts to repress truths from entering awareness by frequently changing the focus to other peoples’ wishes. The behaviour of a child to its mother when he feels rejected is a significant example of projection. Identification with a person of high status or institution helps a person gain self esteem, prestige or power that he cannot otherwise gain. It expresses its desire to be noticed (Cilliers, 1998). In projective identification, the anxious subject attempts to reduce anxiety by splitting off parts of the reason for anxiety and leaves very little for self and therefore less to worry about (Cilliers, 1998). By rationalisation , one tries to justify one’s actions. The underlying reason for this justification may not be perceived by others (Cilliers,1998). Fixation is when an individual’s or child’s development gets stuck at some stage. The child is not able to cope with the problems of the advanced stage. Regression is the returning to an earlier stage of development. Regression and fixation are related (Cilliers, 1998). When a person regresses, he becomes fixated at an earlier level. Freud maintains that cohesion is found in a group when all members introject the same idea into their ego