ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Considering the cultural aspects of a family is crucial for understanding family processes, values, beliefs, and practices. One of the most explicit examples of culture and ethnic traits affecting the well-being of family members is a movie directed by Riggen (2007) Under the Same Moon. The present paper offers an overview of the family from the movie. Description of Movie Family The movie revolves around a single-parent family of Mexican origin. Rosario is the mother of the family, who left her only child, Carlitos, with her mother when the child was five years old. She went to the USA to find a job to support her child and mother. Carlitos is a nine-year-old boy living with his ill grandmother. He is a self-sufficient and brave young man, who decides to leave Mexico illegally after his grandmother’s death to look for his mother. Josefina and Manuel are the boy’s greedy aunt and uncle who want to take custody over Carlitos to steal the money that Rosario sends to her son every month. As the boy searches for his mother, he encounters his father, Oscar Aguilar Pons, who can be characterized as unaccountable as he fails to keep his word and take Carlitos to Los Angeles. In summary, family relationships are rather complicated; however, the situation is rather frequent for Mexican families. Family Processes Family processes are controversial, as, from an American point of view, they are rather disturbed, while they are normal for Mexican realities. The sociocultural aspect of the processes is adequate, as the family members, especially Carlitos and his grandmother, feel like a part of a larger society, which is crucial according to Friedman et al. (2003). It can be seen explicitly during the birthday party when many friends come to celebrate the occasion. The environment is also peaceful, with the only exception of Josefina and Manuel, as they just wanted the money and Carlitos and his grandmother needed to protect against their emotional impact. Even though effective communication exists between the boy and his grandmother, Carlitos and Rosario cannot always find ways to agree. At the beginning of the movie, mother and son talk on the phone arguing about Carlitos coming to the US. As for power, Rosario is the one in charge; however, there is no clearly defined process for the decision-making process, which is crucial for a normally functioning family (Friedman et al., 2003). Additionally, the family suffered from poor role distribution, as the mother had to work, while the
The logographic writing system is one of the earliest ones. It needs to be said that the biggest difference that is worth noting is that symbols are used to describe a particular concept and not a sound like in other systems. One of the most interesting glyphs that were used by Maya is Bahlam , also known as a Jaguar. The fact that it is culturally important is a significant factor that should not be disregarded. Another symbol that needs to be discussed is Wits that means a mountain. It needs to be said that it would not be an easy task to identify the meaning of this glyph if one is not common with the Mayan language because it is unique (Campbell 380). It is especially important to note that culture and traditions play such a significant role because pictograms are still used by some tribes. The main aspect that needs to be considered is that it would not be possible to have a full understanding of the meaning without the necessary knowledge about a particular lifestyle (Ottenheimer 186). It needs to be said that the accessibility of modern technologies such as social media and others is quite important because it becomes incredibly easy to express emotions with a use of such tools as smileys and reaction pictures. It is paramount to note that fewer words are used during the communication process, but it is extremely convenient. The emoji language is also an interesting phenomenon that is worth mentioning because it is quite similar to pictograms and others. It is especially interesting that it is possible to make complete sentences simply with a use of smileys (Cohn par. 4). However, it may be quite problematic to identify the meaning for those who are not used to it. Works Cited Campell, Lyle. Historical Linguistics . Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. Print. Cohn, Neil. “Will Emoji Become a New Language?” BBC . BBC. 2015. Web. Ottenheimer, Harriet. The Anthropology of Language: an Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology . Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2012. Print.
18th-century London and Vienna were leading musical centers that attracted both renowned and aspiring composers from all over Europe. The cities differed in their concert scene and attitude to music, as well as the cultural and economic factors that shaped their musical culture. Both Beethoven and Haydn worked in Vienna, and Haydn spent several years in London, where he created some of his most well-known symphonies. 18 th -century London was one of Europe’s most thriving capitals, where the wealth and power of the British Empire were concentrated. It led the world in trade and manufacturing and in the banking and insurance industries, on which trade depended (Rice 88). In 1714, the new Hanoverian dynasty was established that presided over London’s growth and prosperity and, to some extent, shaped the city’s cultural life (Rice 89). London’s musical scene, however, although mirroring the court in its multiculturality, was not under the king’s control. Numerous cultural institutions were sponsored by rich benefactors and did not rely on the government’s money. Haydn was invited to London in 1791 by the German impresario Johann Peter Salomon, who conducted concerts that attracted the audience with the novelty of the programs and the popularity of the featured musicians. According to their agreement, Haydn was to write six symphonies and direct the performance of a new work for each of the 12 concerts presented during the season (Rice 238). The audience loved novelty, and Haydn strived to please their tastes. In his Surprise Symphony, the most celebrated of his twelve London symphonies, he included a fortissimo chord reinforced with a drumbeat in the otherwise placid slow movement, supposedly to attract the audience’s attention. Both the joke and the symphony itself won the public’s admiration and contributed to the composer’s popularity in England. In Vienna, music flourished throughout the entire 18 th century, attracting a steady stream of composers striving to establish themselves in the European musical scene. The French influence on Vienna, which was initially significant, deteriorated after the French Revolution when Parisian aristocrats disappeared from musical life. However, the revolution itself has a significant impact on the Austrian compositional style, with the nobility focusing on “a self-conscious promotion of “greatness” in music, at the expense of music that is perceived as merely entertaining or pleasing” (Rice 255). Composers found inspiration in the events that took place in Europe during the Napoleonic era, and the figure of Napoleon. The city’s artistic climate was primarily created by Viennese noblemen who commissioned musical pieces from composers under the terms of exclusive ownership for a certain period of time. Beethoven, who moved to Vienna in 1792, quickly found patrons and established his reputation as a composer. His musical style reflected the tendencies of that time, combining “Mozart’s universality and wild, extravagant audacity with Haydn’s humorous caprice” (Rice 256). His works during the 1
How did Electrolux Chief Executive Straberg break down barriers and increase communication between departments? Teamwork is essential in every business establishment (Bontis, Crossan & Hulland, 2002; Easterby-Smith, Thorpe & Jackson, 2012; Kotler, 2011). The Electrolux CEO broke down the barriers of communication that negatively impacted the productivity of workers and the overall performance outcomes of the firm. Before he took the drastic changes, departments were working independently, with limited communication and exchange of ideas among personnel (Ivancevich, Konopaske & Matteson, 2012). The CEO was worried that the company would lose out on cheap products in the market. There was increased competition in the United States and the company could be forced to close unless the CEO affected the drastic changes within the business establishment. He urged his marketers, designers, and engineers to work together so that they could design and produce products that could fetch good prices in the market. He believed that the quality of products of the firm could help it remain in the market, which was characterized by a high level of competition. To speed up the rate at which the communication changes could be implemented, the CEO hired business executives from business organizations that were characterized by an unrivaled history of innovation (Ivancevich et al., 2012). For example, he ensured that he recruited executives from Procter & Gamble and PepsiCo. The new executives could lead other employees in all the departments within the firm to increase their communication, which would be utilized to increase the efficiency of the organization. What are the advantages of Electrolux of having individuals from different departments and functional areas work together on product design? Departments within a firm specialize in certain production activities. However, all the activities are aimed at producing one final product. Coordination of production events in all sections within a company is essential because it improves the quality of products that are manufactured. At Electrolux, there were concerns that the products that were produced were of low quality (Ivancevich et al., 2012). Thus, it was prudent for the CEO to aim at linking all the departments so that people would collectively work on the product design. Coordination of events across departments has the advantage of correcting mistakes before a final product could be produced. For instance, marketers could let the production team know that the design of a product could not attract customers. Thus, product design would be changed to reflect customer needs. Also, linking activities across departments and focusing on product design has the potential to reduce production costs significantly. For example, if design errors are detected early during product design and developmen
Background of Guglielmo Marconi Marconi was born in Italy, to be very specific in Bologna, his Father was an Italian who was a landowner and his Mother was Irish. Guglielmo studied in Italy in the lab of Augusto Righi. He also studied in Florence and at a later part in his life in Livorno. Guglielmo never did well as far as his studies were concerned. He was a member of the Anglican Church and he was Catholic who was baptized. Guglielmo was involved in a scandal called the Italian Navy Coherer Scandal; it is believed that he stole the work of Jagadish Chandra Bose an Indian who is very renowned for his contribution in the field of Science. This happened because Jagadish Chandra Bose’s work could not be accepted because of the British rule, the British Administration made sure that his work never got published and it is very strongly believed that Guglielmo stole the work of Jagdish and came to the limelight. Guglielmo had a keen interest in Science and especially in Electricity right from the early years. During the time of Guglielmo the invention of the electromagnetic waves took place and this was invented by Heinrich Hertz. The death of Hertz threw more light upon his discoveries this further intrigued Guglielmo, Guglielmo got very motivated and decided to invent something unseen by the world. He conducted experiments by setting up his own devices and material required to carry out the experiment. His main goal was to use radio waves to create wireless telegraphy. This meant that the transmission of the wireless messages got across without using any wires. The Development of the Invention This was not a new subject Guglielmo was working on, research had been already done on this subject, and he just utilized whatever was researched about the subject. Guglielmo used many important parts in this experiment, parts like oscillator, spark producing radio transmitters, a telegraph key were used in his experiments. Other researchers also used the spark- Gap transmitters but they could not get the transmission to cover a long range, the transmission usually covered a few hundred meters. The case was no different for Guglielmo; he also got limited transmission when he first attempted the experiment. But at a later stage he experimented outdoors, he increased the length of the transmitter and the radio antenna this resulted in a very big success. The transmission improved drastically and he was able to transmit signals with a range of roughly about 1.5 kilometers. He concluded that he required funding to invent a device which could take this forward. He believed that this experiment will be very useful if it becomes an invention to the military personnel’s as they would be able to transmit signals easily. When he was close to inventing what he dreamt of all his life, he realized that Italy was not the right place to be in. He moved to London along with his Mother at the age of 21 to pursue the invention. 1897 was the year when Guglielmo sent
Introduction Memorializing the primordial values of Mesopotamian society, the Code of Hammurabi serves as a barometer that shows how legal standards transformed thousands of years later. Referring to the text of the Code of Hammurabi, this paper will discuss the class structure of Mesopotamian society, manifestations of inequality, justice administration, a system of penalties, and the status of women. The Class Structure of Mesopotamian Society by the Code of Hammurabi The class character of Mesopotamian society is evident in many regulations of the Code of Hammurabi. Previous tribal affiliation is not mentioned in the Code, testifying to a better-organized society with more developed economic relations. However, the fact that specific laws were determined for the categories of the upper class (chieftains, merchants, judges, and others), ordinary community members (tillers, common soldiers, cultivators of corn or sesame, shepherds, and so forth), and slaves reflect the stratification of classes. Moreover, slaves were divided into those belonging to the State and the ones belonging to free men. Inequality-Related Treatment In the Code, the system of penalties entailed diversified punishments for the same crimes due to social stratification and social inequality. For instance, the principles of retributive justice, such as “An eye for an eye” (Law 196) and “a tooth for a tooth” (Law 200), were only applicable statutory requirements for men of equal ranks. While the upper-class representatives and ordinary community members were sometimes equalized in their rights and legal liability (Laws 26-41), slaves did not have rights to anything. According to Law 7, there was no difference between slaves and livestock regarding trade and exchange relationships. Like other goods, slaves could be sold without any restrictions. Justice Administration by the Code of Hammurabi Justice administration reflected religious traditions and legal practices of Mesopotamia that existed. However, although in the Prologue and Epilogue, Hammurabi refers to Mesopotamian Gods and proclaims himself the executor of the Divine Will, the Code structure correlates with today’s branches of law. For instance, the performance of trials and justice administration were specified in accordance with adjective law (Laws 1-5). Informers had to prove their accusations; nevertheless, the trial by ordeal was the primary prosecution evidence. In conformity with Law 5, judicial decisions presented in writing required mandatory performance and had to be faultless judgments; otherwise, a judge had to be punished heavily. The System of Penalties In accordance with the Code, punishment assignments and executions were grounded on the principles of retributive justice established in Laws 196 and 200. Depending on crime severity, punishments ranged from the death penalty to multiple indemnifications of the value of the stolen property. However, the infliction of punishments was socially unfair. For instance, if bodily blows were caused by a f
Introduction World Population refers to the aggregate number of human being living in the world. The current human population is estimated to be 6.8 billion people by the United Nations. This is expected to increase even though there are low fertility rates in both developed and developing world. Over the years the world populations have been going on an upward trend. Despite the low fertility rate in both developing and developed world a massive world population it’s expected to rise till the year 2050 where it is projected to be 9.37 billion people (Jiang, & O’Neill, 2005). Beside United Nation projections, other projection states that the world population will reach a crest in the year 2050 at a population of 9 billion people. This crest have bee attributed to the gradual decrease in birth rate all over the world. In another phenomenon, environmental and other disasters associated with population growth will eventually control the population. For instant, population increase has lead to pressure on resources which has had a negative effect on the population (O’Neill, & Chen, 2002). Various efforts have been undertaken by various governments to control population growth, for instant, in the United States of America, family planning methods/ techniques to avoid conception have been initiated and thus reducing birth rates. In India, the government have initiated a project where they tested women between the age of 16 – 35 whether they are pregnant and if not they were to be given some amount of money. This too was a method to control population through reducing birth rates (Jiang, & O’Neill, 2005). Statement of the problem Despite the world governments controls, the population has continuously increased. This has posed a major threat and pressure on the forest resources throughout the world. Due to population increase massive forest and bush areas have been cleared to provide land for cultivation and grazing ground and areas and timber for putting up shelters for the growing population. This has resulted to destruction of water catchment’s areas thus reducing the volumes of water in rivers and lakes (Kaimowitz & Angelsen, 1998). Destruction of forest resources have also resulted to reduction in rain fall and this has resulted to increased occurrence of drought resulting to hunger and eventually death to all living things. Due to the fact that there is no rain desserts have increased in both severity and size. For instant, Sahara dessert in Africa has extended to reach countries that initially were not affected, example of these countries include Sudan, Washington and Ireland. Thus there is a need to control the world population (Robert & Richard, 2000). Justification for the choice of the topic Over the past years the world consumption of energy resou
Whenever a new president ascends into power every citizen awaits with eagerness on his inaugural address to the public. It is on this day when the president delivers his/her speech on what citizens should expect from them. As, I sat down to listen on the FDR’s speech over the radio, and being one of the unemployed labor in the country, I did hope that a better future was on the way. At this time the economy was experiencing depression, many were jobless, the demand for farm produce was very low and inflation was souring making lives difficulty for the common man. FDR is known to be opportunistic and ever believes in fighting any problem without any fear, something which his predecessors never achieved. The president brought hope and increased confidence to people when he assured them that, the country would endure this difficulty time as it had done before. He asked citizens to understand the situation, show a sense of patience and give him support to conquer these problems. “Unemployment situation comes about when a person is available to work and currently seeking work, but the person is without work. The prevalence of unemployment is usually measured using the unemployment rate, which is defined as the percentage of those in the labor force who are unemployed” (Malinvaud 12). If a country’s national income is low, then the saving rate is low translating to low investment, when investment rate is down then, unemployment increases. His first promise to the people was to put the jobless people to work. He understood the fact that, the economy was facing unemployment crisis and put forward measures to curtail the problem. The government has the responsibility of providing jobs to her citizens. The president promised a direct recruitment by the government as the first step in addressing the problem. He further promised to start more projects and employ the plenty of natural resources which were underemployed. The establishment of more projects will give the jobless something to do while utilizing the idle resources provided by nature. The president called for redistribution of the population and public resources. He recognized that, the industrial sector had been over populated, and taking people to land would increase value of output while the cities would provide ready market for the output. He called for reduction in cost of maintaining the state, federal and local authority. As a result, taxes on income will be reduced; domestic savings will be high hence increased domestic investments. A high tax on income overcrowds investment. FDR advocates for supervision and control on banking and other financial organizations. This would restore confidence in people on their banks. More people will save in bank which in return will provide credit to investors, hence increasing domestic investment. This will m