ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The role of social media has reached a truly enormous scale over the past few years, affecting people’s lives vastly. “The Social Network,” a movie directed by David Fincher, studies the role of modern media in contemporary society in depth. Specifically, the scene in which Larry Summers talks to the Winklevoss twins outlines masterfully the drastic change that the social network has brought to people’s lives. By incorporating multiple visuals that hint at the presence of a larger theme in the conflict between Larry Summers and the Winklevoss twins, Fincher hints at the vast possibilities that innovative technology offers. The use of the said visuals for emphasizing the dichotomy of innovation and archaism is the first device that catches the viewer’s eye when examining the scene closer. The aesthetic elements used in the movie, namely, the interior of the room in which the conversation takes place, emphasize the old-fashioned approach that Summers supports regarding the understanding of communication and the role that social media may potentially play in it. The levels of subtlety in the use of exterior details drop as the scene continues, exacerbating the impression of Summers’ unwillingness to embrace change. One of the twins breaking the doorknob hammers the specified point down, symbolizing the old, downtrodden way of thinking that Harvard authorities accepted. Similarly, the narrative elements of the scene also indicate that the role of social media in people’s lives is about to change, yet a range of people are not ready yet to accept this change and include its outcomes into their lives. Namely, Summers’ condescending tone contrasting with the twins’ anxious and almost stuttering demeanor points to the seriousness of the breakthrough and the challenges that the innovation is about to face when being implemented. Finally, the formal aspects of the scene in question give several hints concerning the main theme of the movie, namely, the increasingly high importance that social media is about to gain in people’s lives. For instance, the composition of the scene, namely, the physical juxtaposition of Larry Summers and the Winklevoss twins, emphasizes the rift between the unwillingness to embrace the change and the oncoming surge of technological innovations, namely, opportunities for online communication, that social media is about to bring. The lighting, in turn, plays a minor role in outlining the tension building due to the lack of understanding between Summers and the Winklevoss twins. For instance, while the view from the window indicates that the conversation takes place in broad daylight, the room appears to be dimly lit, with the faces of the twins and Summers often being partly covered by a shadow. The specified approach to lighting may be interpreted as a subtle metaphor of the old communication tools represented by the artificial light slowly becoming obsolete, while the innovative social media symbolized by the sunlight breaking through the window is about to gain traction. The color scheme of the movie, reminding of that of an old library, is also indicative of the change that social
Introduction Joanne Bundonis, the writer of the article, started by recalling her experiences when she was a new physical therapist in 1997. It was during that particular time that she encountered the first clients suffering from cerebral palsy and realized that she had initially developed a misconception of the effect of the condition. She narrated a story of Jessy, a 4-year-old girl who was suffering from athetoid cerebral palsy and Adam, a 5-year-old boy with the same condition but different manifestations. These two experiences completely changed her perception and knowledge of athetoid cerebral palsy. She is a senior physical therapist at 1 st Cerebral Palsy of New Jersey in Belleville. In this article review, I give a summary of the content of Bundonis’ article and comment on the relevance of the article as far as the subject is concerned. The summary will highlight the definitions of athetoid cerebral palsy, treatment goals, and finally the treatment interventions as brought out in the article. Article Summary Bundonis started by emphasizing the need to understand the nature of the disease in question before issues of the treatment program as well as prognosis could be raised. In her article, she defined athetosis as a condition that is caused by damaged basal ganglia and thalamus in the putamen. This part of the brain regulates the timing and initiation of body movement. She also captured the possible causes of the damage as due to hypoxic cases, perinatal problems as well as severe jaundice. Bundonis went ahead and offered a description of the characteristics exhibited by athetoid patients especially children. She noted at that particular time that it was difficult to identify athetoid components of cerebral palsy among the newborn children except after about a year. The author of the article then discussed the treatment goals for athetoid patients after the condition had been clearly defined. The primary goal of treatment identified by Bundonis was to help the patients coordinate their body movements. She pointed out that the type of treatment goal depended on the nature of athetoid cerebral palsy. In the next section, the author discussed the treatment interventions for the condition. In her elaborate description, Bundonis stressed the need to involve the clients in the development of treatment planning if treatment intervention strategies are to be prioritized by the patient. Patient-centered approaches to treatment were emphasized by the author. She concluded by noting the significant progress made by her first clients after being with them for seven years then. Critical Reflections on the Article The primary objective of this article seems to be to bring out the need to have a clear understanding of any medical condition, especially at
Introduction The United States Department of Justice starts its existence in 1789, and in 2020 the 150th anniversary became the most significant celebration of the Agency. Nowadays, the Department consists of more than 113,000 employees with about 10,000 federal lawyers. The first steps towards the development of the Department of Justice were taken with the creation of the First United States Congress when the Judiciary Act became accepted (Feldt, 2020). The Department of Justice provides citizens of the United States with protection and represents hundreds of agencies with reliable lawyers. The Department’s main mission is effective and efficient control of justice and creating a peaceful society. Trust, reliability, and stability can be defined as the main visions of the Department of Justice. Agency Functions The functions of the Agency are safety and fighting against external and internal aggressions, controlling and preventing crime, creating fair punishments, and decreasing adverse outcomes of final decisions of the Department’s workers. The American society receives more benefits than drawbacks from the Department’s actions as justice always has a better chance of success. The Department has many divisions such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Drug Enforcement Administration, Bureau of Prison, which function in different ways. More precise functions of work can be represented in three various Agency activities: Immigration regulation, International support, and the provision of a trusted lawyer. The Department of Justice is responsible for the implementation of immigration and naturalization laws. Also, visa approvals and rejections are key responsibilities of the Agency. However, deportation is not included in the work of the Department (Green & Roiphe, 2018). Moreover, it processes requests of refugees and decides who might receive the status. Participation in international courts provides the basis for the creation of mutual assistance. The Department of Justice negotiates with foreign countries and sets specific legal regulations on trading (Green & Roiphe, 2018). Moreover, it follows international conventions to influence injustice abroad and indirectly improve the situation in other countries. The Department of Justice is an official representative of trusted lawyers. Many huge organizations in conflict situations need legal help and resolution (Green & Roiphe, 2018). The appointed secretary processes requests from private or public parties, and acts according to protocols solving specific tasks. Agency News Actions related to laws occur every day, and they might affect personnel in different ways. While facing new cases, many workers might feel pressure a
Introduction The education enables people to gain new skills in a formal and governmentally controlled way which then benefits the individual’s professional training and promotional ladder movement. Though some people think education to be a rudiment of the renaissance age when this was a concept available to rich people only, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of education on different levels and in different ages. The age groups of learners vary regarding the essence of learning. For instance, elementary and secondary education is obligatory aspect of ordinary life in most countries of the world whereas ESL learning is the area available to people who want to learn English and master it to the degree of native speaking. At the same time, many nations acknowledge necessity of learning other languages than the native one in the context of the globalisation and developing cultural diversity issues. The syllabus will include vocabulary, language focus, listening, and speaking sections that consist of specific topics necessary for adequate development of language skills in whole. The present learning syllabus in Taiwan elementary schools was introduced to make the learning-teaching process more effective. Along with the new syllabus, a new assessment scale was introduced to functions as the following:   * understanding the strengths and weaknesses of students’ learning ability,   * assisting teachers in monitoring student learning progress,   * evaluating students’ learning,   * placing students in learning groups based on given institutional standards (Chan, 2006, p. 37). So, the syllabus for the primary school in Taiwan includes interventions for reading (phonemic awareness), writing, listening, and speaking. Reforms can be considered another important aspect of many sectors of human activity including education that should be adjusted to changing needs and preferences of the population with regard to the expansion of businesses into the global market, development of new areas in new fields of industry with the help of foreign partners or involvement of foreign investors. In this respect, ESL learners in Taiwan are facing the necessity of introducing new English literature learning
Introduction Parkinson’s disease is a common progressive neurodegenerative disease, which affects the basal ganglia of the brain. The disease is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, especially in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The clinical feature of Parkinson’s disease is characterized by difficulty with coordinated movement; this includes asymmetric resting tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Psychiatric symptoms are also frequently seen in Parkinson’s disease. Pharmacological treatment is the mainstay of treatment but there are surgical options. Etiology The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease is not known. One suggested cause is exposure to an unknown environmental toxin (Aminoff, 1998). Alternatively, or additionally, endogenous toxins may be responsible (Aminoff, 1998). It is not clear if there is a genetic basis for the disease. Recent work with positron emission tomography (PET) has shown that asymptomatic twins of Parkinsonian patients commonly have abnormalities of striatal dopamine uptake (Aminoff, 1998). The intake of certain drugs (e.g., metoclopramide, haloperidol) and the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease (e.g., multiple lacunar strokes) can lead to secondary parkinsonism (Young, 1999). Pathogenesis Although the exact cause of Parkinson’s disease is not known, the pathogenesis involves various inflammatory processes (Teismann & Schulz, 2004). The affected area of the brain contains activated microglia and reactive astrocytes (to a lesser extent). This is also associated with cell loss and contributes to the inflammatory process by the release of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins or cytokines (Teismann & Schulz, 2004.) The dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra are especially prone to oxidative and inflammatory damage. The microglia (which functions as the phagocytes of the brain) may be the main contributors to the inflammatory process since a large number of superoxide anions and other neurotoxins are produced by the microglia (McGeer & McGeer, 2007). Not much is known about the contribution of astrocytes to the inflammatory process (McGeer & McGeer, 2007). However, the astrocytes can produce both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules, and this may contribute to modulating the activity of the microglia (McGeer & McGeer, 2007). Current knowledge does not support the role of oligodendrocytes in promoting inflammation (McGeer & McGeer, 2007). However, the oligodendrocytes may also be damaged by the inflammatory process like the neurons (McGeer & McGeer, 2007). In short, the mechanism by which activated microglia specifically targets dopaminergic neurons could be the critical missing link in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the distribution of weather patterns over a long period. Some individuals deny climate change, which might cause a repeat of the failed Copenhagen summit. The interplay of forces between the EU, the basic countries, and the umbrella group of countries decide the outcome of climate conferences. Kyoto protocol was the world’s only effective legal agreement on climate yet it was not embraced. Although the basic countries emit more greenhouse gases than the rest of the world, they can be persuaded to accept the Kyoto protocol with regulated emissions to save their poor from punishment due to immediate change. Further, it has been denied by political players who influence government decision-making and are funded internationally especially by the USA APCO introduced an astroturfing strategy to counter-attack the scientific climate change report. Front groups and industry-funded websites e.g. TASSC and TCS funded by companies like EXXON, teach people against junk science on global warming, bringing controversy hence delaying the decision to look for a solution. Right-wing think tanks e.g. the competitive enterprise institute also, deny climate change. In Australia, the denialists are led by Hugh Morgan and Ray Evans. Morgan a C.E.O at Western Mining Corporation has a profound influence on the Australian debate on climate change. He is against environmentalism and views the Kyoto protocol as an invasion of Australia. He influenced greatly Prime Minister Howard against the carbon tax bill. Ray Evans is the founder of many activist groups such as Lavoisier, which he formed together with Hugh Morgan, and it opposed the Kyoto protocol in Australia. The bureau of the meteorological department in Australia had been silent on the climate change debate with its then-president being a close associate of Hugh Morgan and Ray Evans. The environmental policy-making process involves incremental distribution or redistribution of wealth for power and is complicated due to the sovereign status of each participating policymaker. It gives science a strong voice in agenda-setting and formulation and is more science-driven than others. Advocacy coalitions are interest groups for political and economical advantage and consist of environmental advocacy with five important cluster coalitions based on; human health, ecological health, global geochemical change, sustainable resource consumption, and spiritual and ethical development. These are organized around seven significant enterprises; energy industries, forestry and wood products, food and agriculture, real estates, automotive manufacturers, chemical industries, and the government. All these give the environmental making process as follow,  1. Initiation process where agendas are set and issues developed.  2. Formulation where the options are assessed.  3. Selection where adoption and legitimization of options are done.  4. Budgeting and imp
For every aspiring barrister and solicitor, court visitation projects are very essential. Attending law sessions is not only interesting for law students but also educates them. During the court visits, students can observe and record several cases before the courts. Similarly, students can learn how court participants behave and administer their duties. Through this, the students will gain firsthand knowledge of various court proceedings. During my case study, I visited the California Supreme Court in San Francisco. In the visitation, we were required to document our observations and experiences. Before the visitation, I learned from a colleague that the Supreme Court of California had scheduled its oral arguments in San Francisco on March 4, 2013. According to the Supreme Court of California’s calendar, several cases were to be heard during the day and the day after. The arrangement allowed me to experience legal proceedings firsthand. Therefore, on March 4 , 2013, I attended the oral arguments. In the morning session, County of Los Angeles versus Co. Employee Relations Comm and Boyette versus Habeas Corpus cases were heard. During the afternoon session, People verses Nuckles and People verses Beltran cases were heard. At the sessions, I noted all the accounts as they transpired. However, I was able to observe and note the People versus Nuckles case more extensively. Thus, I was able to report on this case in a greater depth. This paper seeks to highlight the People versus Nuckles case . People verse Nuckles case was heard on March 4, 2013. The case commenced at 1:30 P.M. San Francisco’s community leaders brought the case before the court. In the case, of Nuckles, the defendant was accused of killing her girlfriend Claire Joyce Tempongko in the year 2000. The court was told that the defendant had stabbed his girlfriend several times in front of his children. Because of the attack, the victim died a few minutes later. Thereafter, the suspect escaped to Mexico to avoid being apprehended by the law enforcers. It took relentless efforts from the community leaders and the criminal investigators to locate the suspect. The court heard that the suspect was arrested in the year 2006 in Mexico and extradited to San Francisco to face justice. Later, the suspect was convicted of murder. In the year 2011, the district court overturned the conviction. The district court claimed that the jury who had convicted the defendant had committed some mistakes during the conviction. Therefore, the district court asserted that the defendant was to be brought back to the court to face new trials. On that day, the court was supposed to determine whether the defendant was to be charged for manslaughter or murder as earlier charged. During the court sess
Abstract Innovation plays a critical role in ensuring that officers managing the borders of the country can deliver expected results when undertaking this sensitive responsibility. The research focused on determining how to enhance border security using innovation. The study relied on both primary and secondary data sources. It is evident that with the emerging challenges that border control officers face, innovation and emerging technologies are critical in ensuring that they secure the country’s borders. Introduction Background The United Arab Emirates is one of the fastest developing countries in the world and the government has committed a lot of resources to diversify the economy as a way of over-relying on oil and gas exports. The city of Dubai has become a leading global tourist destination and business hub. Abu Dhabi is also a major trading city (Nemeth 2013). One of the major issues that the government faces as the economy continues to develop is the growing insecurity in the region. Violent extremism that is caused by communitarianism in some parts of the MENA region is causing a major security concern. The war going on in Syria, Yemen, and Iraq has caused security concerns in the region. In the spirit of internationalism, the government of EAE has committed itself to take some of the refugees fleeing their country because of the insecurity. However, Springer (2013) says that some of the people getting into the country are radicalized and there is always the fear that they may become a security threat in the country. Then some infiltrate our border and get into the country illegally. They may be individuals looking for jobs within the country or people trading in contraband goods. These people are increasingly becoming sophisticated. They continue to use unique ways of getting into the country. Their activities inside the country may have economic or negative social impacts. It is the responsibility of the border protection unit to ensure that the borders are protected from illegal immigrants and criminals. Innovation offers the best solution to the problem that the border protection unit often faces in its normal operations. Criminals and illegal immigrants are becoming very creative when trying to find their way into the country. Criminals dealing in hard drugs and related products have become sophisticated. Hahn (2012) says that some of these contraband goods pass through the airports and seaports without being detected because of the sophistication that they always use. It has become difficult for the customs officers to detect these illegal goods when doing checkups using the conventional method. That is who it is becoming important for the border protection unit and the customs officers to use innovative ways when doing their work. They must use sophisticated means of checking the borders and inspecting goods and people who get into the country. The officers must be capable of using emerging technologie