ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was created in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee by 6 senior members of the military ground force of the Confederate States of America (Elaine, 2005). The main purpose of the group was to maintain white supremacy. In this regard, the Klan was designed to ensure that minority groups, mainly comprised of blacks, are not elevated beyond slave status. The Klan was also opposed to influx of foreigners in the United States. KKK group existed in three phases. The first Klan was created in late 1860s in southern part of the US. The Klan was later disbanded in early 1870s (Elaine, 2005). The second Klan existed between 1915 and 1940. As Elaine (2005) notes, there were similarities between the first Klan and the second Klan. They both used guerrilla tactics and mainly targeted minority groups. The third Klan was formed after the Second World War. Its main aim was to counter civil rights activists who were campaigning for the rights of minority groups. This paper discusses the origin and activities of KKK group. The paper analyses some of the reasons that led to the creation of the group. Creation of the Group The first KKK group was created when southern states were recovering from the effects of American Civil War (Farmer, 2005). As Farmer (2005) points out, the group started as a disorganized entity without proper structure and coordination. Members of the Klan used uncoordinated violence to terrorise and intimidate minority groups in the south. Some historians claim that the first Ku Klux Klan was created by frustrated members of the society without any specific objective. However, analysis of the activities of the group reveals that it had a plan to supress civil rights activism and maintain status quo (Farmer, 2005). Farmer (2005) observes that KKK group was created at a time when black Americans were gaining significant recognition as a result of the American Civil War. The War started in 1861 after some slave states in the south insisted on separating from the US to form the Confederate States of America (Rory, 2009). The War ended in 1965 after claiming lives of thousands of civilians and soldiers. After the war, the Republican government embarked on a crucial journey of reconstructing the country. The government declared freedom for all slaves to facilitate national healing and rebuild unity. This angered white extremists who started forming anti-black movements (Rory, 2009). Apart from targeting blacks, KKK group worked with Democratic Party politicians to undermine the Republican government because of its alleged sympathy for blacks. The original members of KKK group included frustrated farmers, hard-core criminals and Democratic Party politicians who had lost political relevance (Rory, 2009). Rory claims that employed people joined the Klan because they feared that Blacks would displace them in the competitive labour market (2009). Some historians have asserted that KKK was mainly a Democratic Party machine designed to destabi
EFQM This was initially known as the European Foundation for Quality Management. It is widely used in Europe and beyond it in both private and public organizations. It is majorly used in organizations than individuals (Ewy 2002, p. 12). This model is mainly recommended for organizations with ISO Standards of Certification and constitutes the following eight basic principles namely:  1. customer orientation  2. partnership with suppliers  3. coworker development and participation  4. process and facts  5. continuous improvement  6. result orientation  7. leading and target consequence  8. Social responsibility and evaluation MBNQA This stands for Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and was established in 1987, with the main aim of promoting quality awareness, enabling understanding of quality excellence requirements, and allowing sharing of information on beneficial strategies of quality and benefits (Hubbard 2001, p. 67). In this model, neither public nor private organizations are qualified. There is also no recognition of applicants satisfying a given level of performance. Its major principles are good governance, stewardship, accountability, communication, and respect (Arcaro 2005, p. 4). Deming Prize Deming prize is based in Japan and is often used as a quality-awarding tool nationwide for industries. Its establishment was in 1951 and was founded by the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers (JUSE). This model was however named after W. Edwards Deming, which led to the existence of statistical quality control methodology for Japan after the II World War (Ettorre 2006, p. 16). Its major principle is to ensure national competition whereby organizations doing better in terms of quality are annually identified and would be commended for the good work (Cornesky 2002, p. 17). The awards are usually in three categories namely awards for an individual person, the Deming Application Prizes (awarded to private or public organizations), and Quality Control Award for Factories (Cornesky 2003, p. 45). Similarity among the three models  1. All of them are related to quality as they deal with the performance of the organization as a whole.  2. Nearly all of them are concerned with the significance of leadership, commitment, and involvement of employees. They both consider the management that is based on process and facts (Spangehl 2000).  3. They all deal with the
Introduction Time travel is one of the ideas that has been occupying the minds of several people from science fiction writers to average citizens for a while. Even though the concept has been proven practically impossible by now, the idea still retains its power and stirs people’s imagination. Taking the classical idea of time travel as the process that can potentially alter the present time, I would move further in time to explore the wonders of the future without dreading that I could disrupt the current environment beyond recognition. Time Travel: Rewriting History. Possible Consequences Numerous sci-fi novels have taught people that time travel requires a lot of responsibility. Any minor change that one makes to the past will inevitably result in tremendous and possibly disastrous effects on the present-day environment. Therefore, I would not like the idea of going back to the past, even though witnessing a particularly spectacular event such as the first successful flight would be delightful. Improvement or a Step Backward? However, traveling to the future is theoretically also fraught with numerous challenges. For example, if I traveled to the future, I would be excited to see technological innovations and advances, yet I would be very hesitant to tell about them in our time. What might seem like a massive improvement may have detrimental effects if people are not ready to use the suggested tools? Conclusion Even though the idea of time travel has been practically proven impossible, I would be thrilled to travel to the future and see the innovations and progress that people will have witnessed. It would be amazing to talk to the people of the future and see what discoveries they will have made and how far they will have advanced by the time I arrive. Using time travel to learn more about future technological advances and the means of coping with some of the current issues, including incurable diseases, overpopulation, etc., would be a fascinating experience.
A description for both books has been analyzed. Styles used in both stories have formed differences and similarities. Similarities are analyzed under narration and dialogue while differences are on humor and symbolism. The conclusion shows an analysis of the stories. The link in the styles is analyzed showing the connection in both stories. Description The book ‘Don’t Let’s Go to the Dogs Tonight’ is a contemporary African literature book. The author, Alexandra Fuller tells the story as a memory of African childhood hardships. The story is a narration of Losses and dangers encountered, and how she was able to deal with threats and challenges such as hunger, drought, and diseases. The author’s family is a victim of Colonialism which took place in the late 20 th century. Alexandra’s family is shown as one that has gone through several trying moments. The parents spent their life in the African colonies where there was war. In the process, they lost one of their children. Alexandra who is referred to as Bobo in the book was born after the first child had died. The story in the book ‘Purple Hibiscus’ is told in a Nigerian setting. However, the dialect is universal. In this setting, beliefs, values, and cultural differences are brought out by the author, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. The story is told about Kambili, a girl who grew up in an abusive family. The father does not only abuse his family physically but also tortures them emotionally. His family suffers secretly as he is considered a generous man in the village. Similarities Both stories, ‘Don’t Let’s Go to the Dogs Tonight’ and ‘Purple Hibiscus’, is narrated by the writers. Alexandra Fuller narrates the ordeals of colonialism and the problems they faced. She shows how they had to come up with ways of dealing with these issues or living with them, for example, ‘We hurry through the rotten-egg stench of Kabwe which belches smoke from copper and cobalt mines.’ Chimamanda also uses narration to relate the audience to the story. One example of the narration shows Papa getting annoyed with Jaja because he did not go to the communion. The authors use the style of narration for the stories to flow. Both Alexandra and Chimamanda use dialogue to bring out their perspective of the narration. Narrating ‘Don’t Let’s Go to the Dogs Tonight’ in present tense helps with the inclusion of dialogue. Linking the two styles, dialogue and narration help in the flow of the story. The audience is also involved by the authors when they use both styles. Dialogue is common in the two stories. In the first story, there is a dialogue between the narrator and her mother. She tells them not to go creeping in their room and that they should not be startled when sleeping. This is because they could shoot by mistake. This shows two people conversing. This part of dialogue helps in the continuity of the narration. In hibiscus, dialogue is used by the author in several places. She uses dialogue to involve the audience. For example on page 242 where aunt Ifeoma’s friend asked whether they knew what had happened to Professor Okafor’s son. Dialogue is used to br
Introduction A visit to a church of a different congregation can be a very educational experience. I belong to the Baptist congregation and never had any personal experience with the Catholic Church. Obviously, I know many Catholics, but I have never visited their churches because it seemed inappropriate. For this assignment, I have chosen to visit the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis which is a part of the Archdiocese of St. Louis. The History of the Church The Archdiocese of St. Louis belongs to the Roman Catholic denomination. It is one of the oldest churches in the area. It was founded in 1826 by missionaries and pioneers seeking escape from persecution. The church was inaugurated by multiple missionary bishops. The main effort was made by Bishop DuBourg, who was helped by Bishop Rosati. Later Bishop Rosati became the first Bishop of St. Louis. One of the main reasons for the location of the church in St. Louis was the relative proximity to the Native American territories. Bishop DuBourg was very inspired to work with the native population. As of 2017, the church is 191 years old. Over this period it has not changed its denomination and worked through many of the troubling historical events. From 1843-1903 the church was one of the most popular places of worship among the immigrants into the St. Louis area. To help immigrants with monetary issues, Father Ambrose Heim created a banking program titled the “Bishop’s Bank” to provide loans to poor immigrant families that were unable to get loans elsewhere. During the Civil War, the church remained neutral. The next fifty years were formative for the modern incarnation of the church. During this time the construction and decoration of the Cathedral were completed, the church began to be involved in political movements and brought special attention to the needs of the poor. This has always been a priority for the church as it is one of the base beliefs of the Catholic faith. Unfortunately, the church did not involve itself in the difficulties the African-American Christians experienced until 1937. After the Second World War, the church became one of the first to take a stand against racial segregation in schools. Up until today, the church actively responds to political changes that concern religion such as abortion legalization (“Archdiocese of St. Louis”). The Visit I went to the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis as it seemed to be one of the larger and more grandiose parts of the Archdiocese. It was completed in 1914 and is considered the mother church of the Archdiocese. The building is done in the traditional Roman Catholic style with two large towers on either side of the entrance. On the outside, a sculpture is placed dedicated to the promotion of racial harmony which
Introduction Over the years as technology has improved so has the various means and methods of communication. For example, the earliest form of communication utilized by what can be described as a “modern” society were letters that often took weeks or even months to reach their destination. This was followed by the development of the telegraph, which vastly improved the time in which messages were sent yet came at an equally vast cost. It was only through the development of the modern-day telephone and telephone networks that communication between individuals located hundreds if not thousands of miles away became more convenient and more popular. At the present, the internet has become one of the dominant means of communicating ideas wherein access to the latest styles, trends and events are quite literally at a person’s fingertips. There are millions of websites and blogs, billions of articles and trillions of data snippets all devoted to providing information to an average internet user. While such a development has greatly enhanced the means by which people obtain information this has as a result adversely impacted the hardcopy information industry. With more and more content being freely available online most individuals choose the convenience of the internet over the costs and inconvenience involved in having to buy a physical copy of information they can easily get through online digitized content. The reduction in the amount of subscribers to the Chronicle Gazette is a manifestation of this trend at work and is indicative of the fact that
Introduction The Bedouin are nomadic people who live in desert regions in different parts of North Africa, Iraq, the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, and the Middle East. Although there are several tribes forming this cultural group, scholars have acknowledged that they all share similar practices and traditions, including herding goats and camels. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), members of this cultural group gather together to promote their traditions. Some of the common ones include sword dances, tent knitting, and desert camping. They also engage in camel riding ceremonies. The purpose of this research paper is to give a detailed analysis of the Bedouin people in the United Arab Emirates and how they use camels to achieve their personal, societal, and economic objectives. Background Information The word “Bedouin” originated from the Arabic term badawī and many people use it to refer to a desert dweller. The sedentary nature of the Bedouin people explains why they inhabit different territories in Africa and Asia. One of the outstanding features scholars use to identify these cultural groups is the practice of herding goats and camels. They scarcity of grass and water in deserts explains why they have led a sedentary lifestyle for many centuries. Faye (2016) also acknowledges that majority of the Bedouin are Muslim believers since it is the common religion in the region. Within the past ten centuries, historians and archaeologists have applied different names to identify and describe the Bedouin, such as Arabaa and Qedarites. Due to the influences of civilization, globalization, and urbanization, many Bedouins have been abandoning their traditions and nomadic lifestyles. This means that some of them have been focusing on new sources of livelihood, including the search for jobs or entrepreneurial activities. However, members of this culture have managed to retain most of their practices, rituals, and ceremonies. For instance, Tesorero (2019) indicates that urbanized Bedouin still engage in traditional dances, recite poems, and offer sacrifices. They also organize different festivals depending on the season or time of the year (Zacharias, 2017). It is also evident that many individuals still prefer to live near wilderness regions or deserts in order to continue engaging in such cultural practices. The Role of Camels among the UAE Bedouin People The nomadic nature of the Bedouin people explains why they inhabit different regions across the Middle East. The latest statistics indicate that this country has around 180,000 Bedouin (Harin, 2017). Majority of them are from these three tribe
The US Constitution is a remarkable document that represents a victory of democracy, but the victory was also rather biased. The Founding Fathers focused on the interests of a specific group (white middle-class men) when developing the document. On the one hand, the primary goal of the document was achieved, as it defined the scope of the power of the new state (“The Constitution of the United States”). On the other hand, the needs of such people as women, ethnic minorities, immigrants, and the poor were left out of consideration almost completely. This approach resulted in the creation of the context for lasting tensions in American society. The US Constitution was a considerable step toward the development of a new nation, but the actual power of the people (which the Constitution proclaimed) was very limited. The first articles and sections of the document address important aspects related to powers, responsibilities, and rights. The country’s pool of voters is claimed to consist of citizens who have reached a certain age and reside in the corresponding state (“The Constitution of the United States”). This may seem to embody a democratic dogma and represent an illustration of the power of the people. However, the real distribution of power was very different from the written text. The wording of the oath of allegiance for those who tried to oppose particular laws reveals some gaps in the Constitution. The men were to acknowledge and profess “the authority and power which is or may be vested by their Constituents in the Congress of the United States” (“Oaths of Allegiance from Shelburne, Colrain and Deerfield”). It is clear that the power of Congress is placed far above the individual rights of people. The authority of the government of a country is rarely subject to scrutiny, as it often ensures the welfare of the entire nation. However, the words written in the US Constitution shed light on some aspects of life in that period. It is important to consider the people behind the words in order to understand the weakness of the document. The Founding
Economists and market analysts state that statistics on financial instruments make inaccurate indicators because the functions of financial indicators change. Financial innovation and the rise of new markets changes the uses of apparently the same financial instruments. Traditionally, market efficiency is focused on the speed of price reversion to market averages and correlations between futures and spot market price changes. These factors may be important when there are zero or negligible net inflows of money into securities markets. However, as net inflows rise, a process of capital market inflation gives an upward trend to prices in general. Taking into account criticism and the new study of finance, behavior finance, I would not invest in S & P 500 indexed fund. Also, I would use it as proxy for the market and the security market line. Moreover, as the amount of buying in the markets is raised by higher inflows, inflows into and outflows out of the markets for particular securities become more extreme. The main problem is that a financial inflow is never translated into equal buying across all markets. Outflows from less favored markets are therefore enhanced by investors’ portfolio switches to take advantage of capital gains in markets favored by inflows. In such a situation, substitution effects between the prices of particular stocks become unstable and unpredictable (Lo, p. 23). Capital market inflation has adverse consequences for listed companies and the economy as a whole because the resulting excessive gearing discourages investment and eventually drains the internal liquidity of companies that is not held against financial market liabilities. Internal corporate liquidity, rather than the liquidity of capital markets, is crucial for fixed capital investment. Capital market inflation also has adverse consequences for investors and the structure of capital markets (Dollars and Sentiments n.d.). The main problem is that the future is never like the present, or the past. Because economies and markets change over time, each day in those markets has its unprecedented developments, so that the past is not a complete guide to the future. Indeed, speculation would be impossible if the past could provide such directions about the future, while financial innovation may be regarded as an optimistic attempt to distinguish the future from the past (Lo, p. 29). There is a degree of uncertainty (lack of knowledge) about the future which cannot be proxied by deviations from historical averages. In the equations, the deviation on the maturity of a futures contract, may not be in any stable relationship with the array of pas