ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Discussion For centuries, national economies and social changes have been driven by science and technology activities. Today, current economies have been transformed from economies based on natural resources to systems that are globally integrated based on knowledge and information. It is important to note that this could not have occurred without incorporation of scientific principles or most important, implementing innovative technology. The activities of science and technology have accelerated national growths and have caused social change through various avenues, such as; communication, transport in terms of movement, and enhanced capacities to generate (Cooper 99)). This paper provides an overview in the development of science and technology in European civilization, thus, discussing the following: civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greek. Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek Civilizations The foundation of Western civilization was laid by Mesopotamians and Egyptians. Both Mesopotamians and Egyptians developed cities and coped with challenges of organized states. They also pioneered writing to maintain records and establish literature (Perry 26). Egyptians were able to build magnificent and complex pyramids aimed at appeasing their gods. Their architecture also indicated their power and authority in the kingdom. The basic spheres of Egyptian life, that is, political, social, religious, and others tackle challenges that exist in humans (Perry 29). These observations on Egyptian civilization assisted many in understanding the daunting challenges human beings experienced in terms of: the nature of human relationships; the nature of the universe; and the role of the divine forces in the universe (Perry 29)). Although later citizens of the Western civilizations would offer different views from those of Mesopotamians and Egyptians, it was they who first posed, gave solutions, and recorded them down. In essence, human memory starts with these two civilizations (Perry 28). Mesopotamia Civilization The accomplishments of Mesopotamian civilization played a great part in the development of science and technology in Western Civilization. The word Mesopotamia was extracted from Greek meaning the land between the rivers (Postgate 6). The first civilization began in Mesopotamia an area in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The Sumerians were the first to develop an urban civilization in Mesopotamia. They colonized the marshlands of the lower Euphrates, which together with Tigris flows in the Gulf of Persia. The origin of Sumerians is obscure, although scholars speculate that they migrated from the east, perhaps northern India (Bottero 10). Through imagination and constant toil, Sumerians transformed the swamps into fields’ barley and groves of date palms (Wildwood 21). Gradually, their hut settlements evolved into twelve independent city states, each consisting of a city and its surrounding countryside at around 3000 B.
Introduction A flow of people’s desire to follow a definite dream is great enough to stimulate them to struggle against various obstacles on the way to perfection. The world of a man is nothing without a dream. Japanese people would rather say that “a man without a dream has nothing in the future”. Actually, some dreams are hard to strive in the right direction due to the barriers made in the society. Many of social long-lasted problems of people in different communities, societies, countries on the whole leave much to be desired because of the negative influence of the nasty character features in every human being. This negative impact grows when such motives get an ideological coloring of some groups of people tending to maintain their on rules and principles without adhering to the humane postulates. Racial segregation is a core factor which intended many famous American writers, playwrights, social figures in the first half of the twentieth century to show the real state of things in the “democratic and free” society of the United States of America with its strong power and following the scriptural principles of love towards each other. Raisin in the Sun reminds me of an incident in my life and of why I decided to go in Business in the first place. Discussion This book by Lorraine Hansberry was written and adopted first in the year 1959 ju
History of humankind is riddled with wars waged for various reasons. Since ancient times, nations and states fought one another over territory, resources, religion, traditions, and ideology (Thayer 2013). What all wars have in common is that in every single case, the initiators of the conflict find a justification for their actions. War is a grisly business, filled with murder, fire, and death. While there are certain people ready to wage war on payroll with no need to justify their actions to themselves or others, the majority of the population requires a righteous reason in order to accept and support the conflict. The leaders, rarely driven by morality in their conquest, realized the importance of justifying hardships of war to the troops and their nations. As humanity evolved, justifications took multiple forms. First, there were divisions based on territory and nationalism, followed by religious justifications, which were replaced by ideological wars and confrontations in the 20th century. After the fall of the USSR in 1991, the source of ideological tension between the East and the West disappeared. In the 21st century, wars and invasions are frequently named Humanitarian Interventions. While theoretically, the use of military force for a humanitarian purpose can be justified. In practice, humanitarian interventions frequently carry hidden agendas that distort the initial justification of the action and affect the result in a negative way. What is Humanitarian Intervention? McMahan (2010, p. 3) defines a humanitarian intervention as “military intervention in another state that is intended to stop one group within that state from brutally persecuting or violating the human rights of members of another group.” He states that these interventions, more often than not, target the existing government and its army. Thus, such an intervention is conducted without the consent of the state, and the country subjugated to intervention. The concept of humanitarian intervention resides on a postulate that, under certain circumstances, human rights violations can override the rights of states to govern themselves and deal with their own internal affairs. In theory, the UN must pass a resolution in order to justify the beginning of humanitarian military intervention in another country. In practice, however, certain countries allowed themselves to act with no regard for the resolutions and the UN Charter (The UN Charter 2017). One of the examples includes the invasion of Iraq by the US and its allies in 2003. Justifications of Humanit
Definition Mindset – mental attitude which defines how one interprets and responds to situations (Dweck, 2012). Previously people believed that intelligence was fixed and that it could only be measured by way of an IQ test. This theory claimed that no matter how one learned, the intelligence stayed the same. Present Theory Advances the fact that what one is born with does not matter; what matters is their mindset. Types of Mindset Mindset can be either positive or negative:   * Negative mindset is also referred to as fixed mindset.   * A positive mindset is, on the other hand, referred to as growth mindset. This is because it envisions growth. Fixed Mindset Fixed minded people tend to avoid challenges. They do this due to fear of failure since they feel this may negatively impact their self-image. Fixed mindset people quickly give up and view effort as fruitless. Ignoring useful negative feedback is what also characterizes people with a fixed mindset. In most cases, they take such criticism as an insult. They fail to realize that such feedback points to their capabilities and not self-esteem. Growth Mindset Growth mindset has several advantages for students and the general public. People with growth mindset desire to learn. They believe that intelligence is progressive and not static (Tough, 2012). Embracing challenges is the hallmark of growth mindset. This is because people with positive mindset know that out of any challenge they will come out stronger. Setbacks do not hold back people with growth mindset. Thus, both internal, as well as external setbacks, do not discourage them. Effort is seen as a roadmap to mastery. Criticism and negative feedback for people with growth mindset are taken as principle sources of growth and mastery of skills. Students who have a growth mindset know that they can learn from constructive criticism and negative feedback (Duckworth, 2016). Application to Students Students should know that their mindset is the greatest determinant of their success. No student should feel that they are slow or dumb; anybody can learn well. Those who feel otherwise should instead find out what they did not understand and probe further for useful strategies (Ricci, 2013) Students should be open to criticism and negative feedback. Students should know that effort is vital for any success. Judgment on one’s ability should not be taken as it is; effort and persistence can bring the whole difference.
Introduction I find writing to be among the most fulfilling activities that I engage in. Through this media, I am not only able to express myself, but I also get in touch with my creative side and come up with fascinating material, which I believe my audience enjoys. While writing may seem to be a standard activity, I have come to appreciate that there is various kind of writers. Knowledge of the kind of writer that I am is of great importance since it enables me to capitalize on the positive attributes of my writing style while minimizing the negatives. In this essay, I will engage in a detailed exploration of the kind of writer I am and discuss what makes me this kind of writer. I will then consider my strengths and weaknesses as a writer and discuss my writing process. My Style If I were to describe myself as a writer in one word, the word would be “spontaneous”. The reason for this is that I do not limit myself in scope but instead let my writing guide me. While writers who are planners spend time coming up with a detailed plot of how their story will develop, spontaneous writers only have a rough plot and they let the story develop as it advances. When beginning my work, I only have an idea of how the story will eventually end; I do not know the various twists and turn that will lead to this ending. I let my story evolve naturally and if an event that I had not previously thought about comes up or a character does something against my original plans, I do not stop them. Despite being a spontaneous kind of writer, I do come up with some plans for my work and I have a general idea of how my story will play out. In my mind, various key events will take place in my story. I came to adopt this style of writing after I discovered that I could never come up with a full plan of how my story would play out beforehand. Whenever I tried to develop a detailed plan for my story, I always got overwhelmed and ended up not writing anything at the end. In addition to this, having a detailed plan of how my story would play out removed the sense of suspense and creativity since I had to ensure that my characters fitted into this pre-defined cast that I had made for them. I remember a close friend of mine told me that while my stories were interesting, they were predictable and not very captivating. Following these revelations, I decided to adopt a writing style that did not inhibit my creativity. Before I begin writing, I like to b
Summary Disaster risk reduction is the process of protecting the assets and livelihoods of people or individuals from the impact of hazards. This definition is comprehensive in that disaster risk reduction entails minimizing the risks of a disaster through systematic efforts to analyze and reduce a disaster’s causal factors (International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, n.d). Lowering human exposure to risks, managing land and the environment effectively, reducing the vulnerability of people and property, and enhancing disaster preparedness are some examples of disaster risk reduction (Bello, Bustamante and Pizarro, 2021). Disaster risk reduction also covers disciplines such as disaster mitigation, disaster preparedness, and disaster management and being part of sustainable development. Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers Poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSP) describe the macroeconomic, structural, and social policies and programs to minimize poverty and promote growth in a country alongside associated external financing needs. The primary purpose of PRSPs is to help recipient countries attain the Millennium Development Goals (Elkins, Feeny and Prentice, 2018). PRSPs were introduced by the World Bank in September 1999 as an instrument to aid the body in assisting developing countries (Kranke, 2020). PRSPs work by detailing the plan of a nation toward reducing poverty and promoting growth through implementing particular social, economic and structural policies over three years or longer. How Cyclone Laura will have an impact on the macro-economy Cyclone Laura will typically be associated with a contraction in the economic output of Southeast Texas and hence the reduction in GDP. Strulik and Trimborn (2019) argue that in th
Introduction The cognitive theory covers a lot of aspects of learning areas and helps to explain the major aspects of different study fields from the psychological point of view. The abilities required for writing a report can be thoroughly examined and researched with the help of this very theory covering all the involved cognitive processes. The effectiveness of successful report writing lies in the combination of all total mental processes studied by the cognitive approach. It should be pointed out that this theory is merely concentrated on the general learning procedure organization and mental activities development. Cognitive theory is completely opposed to the theory of behaviorism which rejects the involvement of any mental processes in learning areas. Thus, it should be stressed that report writing activity includes the participation of all mental processes and can be easily explained from the point of view of cognitive theory. The research paper is merely concentrated on the analysis of the report writing in terms of cognitive theory and how this theory interacts with other approaches studying scientific areas. Report Writing Peculiarities To write a report means to create a structured presentation that is aimed at interested readers to fulfill a particular purpose or request. The main function of the report creation is to provide a particular audience with problem solutions or to answer some interesting questions related to some definite themes. It should be noted from the very beginning that this field of study requires certain skills and abilities to write an effective report. (McKay, 2007) There are several important features that characterize effective report writing. They are the following:   * The report should compulsorily be concise and clear. The information of t
Introduction Weight training is a form of organized body exercise in which the body muscles are made to shrink and contract to stimulate growth and strength. It can also be termed as an exercise that uses weights and machines to create resistance to the muscles by having a variety of movements. It capitalizes on the increasing workload on the muscles. Principles of weight training Type of lift: The lift should be chosen by considering the body part a person needs to strengthen. Various body parts will have different types of lifts. Intensity: This refers to the effort that is necessary for a workout. For example, reducing the resting time between sets and having supersets. Volume: This refers to the duration and the number of workouts a person undergoes. It can be determined by the number of days trained in a week and the duration of the sessions. Variety: It is achieved through changing workout programs. It involves having a variety of exercises in a workout. Progressive overload: The weight should be increased gradually and systematically to enhance the growth of muscles. Rest: A trainee needs to have breaks between sets. The duration of these breaks is usually determined by the goals of the trainee. For example, if one’s objective is to increase the size of the muscles, less rest between the sets is recommended than when the objective is to strengthen them. Recovery: After workouts, the trainee needs to rest the muscles to give them room to repair and grow. At least 48 hours are recommended. Benefits of weight training: Toning of muscles: Weight training helps in toning muscles for them to look good and also helps in raising the basal metabolic rate. Strengthening bones: Weight training helps in the strengthening of bones and in maintaining bone density. As we get old, we tend to lose bone density especially women who lose about 1% to 2% of the total bone density especially after menopause. A combination of a good diet and exercise can help in muscle building and strengthening of the tendons thus reducing the risks of getting osteoporosis. Enhancing flexibility and balance: Weight training helps in energizing the body by strengthening the joints and muscles to work more efficiently together to give much-desired balance, flexibility, and increasing resistance to injuries. It can also help in lessening the joint pains especially the lower back pains as well as improving motion, especially in older people. The increase in balance is more beneficial to older people as it prevents them from falling. Benefits of weight training to the cardiovascular system: Training or exercising with light weights and more frequently for example 12 to 15 times, benefits the heart. This can also be beneficial to many older people (Neipris 4). Weight management: Weight training increases the metabolic rate and therefore burning fat. Weight training combined with cardiovascular workouts revitalizes metabolism by adding mus
Since their invention in 1960s, breast implants have been tested and controlled by the research institutions and the FDA. Some researchers state that breast implants cause no risk to human body and women’s health as they are safe. Thus, there are some facts that state that implants can cause a painful hardening of the breast, autoimmune disorders-diseases, etc. During recent years, growing evidence of long-term problems with these breast implants appears to raise public awareness about the problem. Rather than questioning whether there might be something risky in such intrusions into the women body, the idea is to replace one type with another. Thus, there are millions of women around the USA who have this type of breast implants (Finkel, 2005). The primary forces behind the emphasis on breast implants safety are found in the health care research institutes and the public. Producers of breast implants safety are trained to do what is best for women. According to the case study, medical professionals re taught to rely heavily on tests and research studies, most of it expensive and some of it hazardous. This is because those who teach and do tests lead an insular medical career that effectively prevents them from experiencing the realities of medical job in a society. Today, Dow Com­ing embraces the technological imperative. It for this reason objects to any outside researchers to place limits on the practice of breast implants especially when they threaten interests and the interests of the patients. There is also a strong resistance by the medical approach to implants safety to serve as gatekeepers when it is viewed to the loss of individual women even though such a provision is necessary to reducing consumption (Finkel, 2005). The controversy of Dow Com­ing is that a lot of women file lawsuits against the company because of negative health effects caused by breast implants. “According to the FDA, by 1991 around 600 cases of autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and lupus erythematosus, had been reported in women with implants” (Case study). Reinforcing this fact is that current state of the medical establishment that caters to these demands for the perfect body and which has a important financial stake in the continued use of these medical interventions. It might be said that the diffusion of new methods of breast implants will have an democratic impact by allowing those women less endowed naturally to become more competitive. Though, in reality, the huge inequalities in resources make it more likely that those women who are already advantaged will have access to breast implants and become more so at the expense of the least well off. “Nevada woman was awarded $1.5 million by jurors in a San Francisco court, who concluded that Dow Corning had committed fraud in marketing its implant as safe; the case
Identify the three steps in the Individual Ethical Decision-Making Process and discuss how characteristics of individuals and organizations can influence our ethical behavior When making ethical decisions, a variety of steps must be followed; although the first three actions should be analyzed in detail. Thus, the first step an individual is to rely on is to gather the facts. It is necessary to remember that jumping to conclusions without the facts can lead to negative consequences. The second step involves defining the ethical issues (one is to ask himself or herself: does a problem really exist? What are the key causes of a problem?). So, there is a strong need to consider the ethical dilemma or problem in detail; the right decision depends upon an individual’s ability to focus on the most important problem at a time. Identifying direct/indirect stakeholders is also important, as seeing things on the third hand allows identifying the ethical dilemma in a proper way. Identifying the potential outcomes, actions, justice issues, and considering cognitive biases and opposite views are the most appropriate steps an individual is to follow before jumping to solutions. When making ethical decisions, it is necessary to remain open, as well as keep skills current. When speaking about the characteristics of individuals and their impact on our ethical behavior, it is necessary to point out that ethical behavior depends upon a per