ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Muslim religion is based on Five Pillars of Islam. These are basic values and principles which influence the notion, actions and morals of the faith. Every Muslim adherent is bound by the Five Pillars of Islam to uphold his or her devotion to the Islamic faith. Devout Muslims are required toask for forgiveness for their wrongdoings in order to secure their place in heaven or Jannah . The five tenets of Islam guide the faithful not to waver in their obedience to Allah. Muslims maintain deep honor for the existence of God, who they believe exists in all the aspects of their life. The religion harbors a profound belief that every individual has a unique natural destiny that is presented to a person by God, thus it is He whogives something to a human. This implies that everything that Muslims own belongs to God. The first tenet of Islam is Shahada . Shahada means Allah who is the most superior God. He reaches out to the faithful Muslim through Muhammad (Henderson 63-64). This term invokedby Muslims is a constant reminder that only Allah should be worshipped.Moreover, He is the supreme deity with the ability and liberty to act at will. This status lends credence to His commandments stated in the Koran. Shahada impliesthat the Christian principleswhich recognize God as the most powerful entity are false.All other religious powers, such as pantheism, are equally obsolete. Muslims believe that Prophet Muhammad is holy because, through him, Allah communicated significant revelationsto the faithful (Khan 13-14). The second Islamic pillar is Salat or prayer. This tenet involves profession of wrongdoings. The profession process begins with the cleansing of oneself and spirit. Prayer is undertaken five times every day, from dawn to dusk. There are five prayers that fallunder Salat are Fajr, Shurooq, Asr, Dhuhr, Isha and Maghrib. The prayer which Muslims say at sunset is referred to as the Maghrib while Isha comes later in the evening. All the prayers act as a constant reminder of the significance of Allah and his omnipresence among and within the Muslim faithful. The third pillar is fasting or Saum . Fasting is a significant tenet of the Islamic faith, which puts all the faithful at the same level of the sacrifice as those who do not have food. The month of Ramadan witnesses Muslims of all the social stratasacrifice the basic need and food. Saum is to help Muslims to seek answers for their questionsfrom Allah. In most cases, the fasting process does not involve any form of ingestion or sexual
Introduction Consumer behavior refers to the way consumers select, secure, use, and dispose of products and services to satisfy needs and the impact that these processes have on the consumer and society. It involves the use and disposal of products as well as how they are purchased. When studying consumer behavior, the marketing mix comes up as the most important determinant in the trends of consumption. The marketing mix is a framework of tactical management of the customer relationship, including product, place, price, and promotions. These are parameters that a marketer can control subject to the internal and external constraints of a marketing environment (Jobber 912). Analyses of factors that affect the consumer behavior Consumers tend to be influenced by the physical appearance of the product, such as the way it is –packaged. Other attributes might include quality, features, options, services, warranties, and brand name. A product should meet a particular target market needs thus, knowledge of the target market is very important to ensure that a product will appeal to consumers. Consumers tend to buy products that specifically match their demands, those that are fast-moving, and have various brands in each product category from which they select. This indicates that brands within a given product category are not all functionally substitutable (Foxall 241-57). Consumers also purchase products according to their purchasing power. They factor in the concept of the price which can be very tricky to determine on the side of business owners. Most sellers feel they must have the lowest price around, and this may be a signal of low quality to consumers. Hence, the pricing approach used should reflect the appropriate positioning of a product in the market and it should be based on consumer demand and the competitive environment. The buyer’s perspective depends on all aspects of the product including non-price factors such as quality, healthfulness and prestige thus, the lowest priced items will not always be preferred. Consumer groups differ concerning their price demand elasticity. That is, they differ concerning how they change the quantity they buy as a function of changes in brand price (Foxall et al. 5-91) Another factor affecting consumer behavior is the place, referring to the distribution channels used to get products to consumers. The product may be sold directly or through intermediary vendors, this implies that in the case of direct sales, the marketing strategy will greatly determine the response of consumers. The market coverage determines how a product is purchased in that consumers will tend to believe that the best product is the one that sells nationally. Thus, they tend to have a low preference for local products. Promotions should contain clear messages to get people to understand the product. Consumers look for products that satisfy their needs hence if an advertisement does not capture them o
Introduction Philosophy can be defined as the desire to acquire wisdom and knowledge on life. It thus deals with a person’s intelligence on aspects of life that an individual has developed an interest in. Camus, for instance, developed an interest in understanding the human nature and how humans respond to the environment. This paper seeks to discuss the argument made by Camus over philosophical suicide. The paper will look into what Camus defined as psychological suicide with the aim of evaluating the decision that was made by Camus. Philosophical Suicide The origin of Camus’ argument over philosophical suicide is based on the concept of nature being abstract and thus making it very hard for people to fully and clearly understand it. Camus had the views that it would be difficult, if not impossible to digest and understand the world in a reasonable way thus presenting a conflict in human beings who want to have a rational life. The inability of humans to develop an understanding of the world has also resulted in people’s internal conflict as expectations fall apart to what nature dictates upon people. He explained that absurdity is a result of questions that are asked in life following occurrences that are not understood. Such questions, owing to their lack of answers bring the awareness that nature is abstract. One of the thoughts that Camus laid down for his argument is the idea that once the abstract nature of the world is revealed to an individual, a person develops attitudes that are connected to the urge to die, bringing in elements of suicide among people (Sandres and Skoble 121). Available options The conflict that is created by the existence of absurdity of nature enlists reactions from individuals to try and understand nature for an appropriate response. According to Camus, there are just but a few available options that an individual has in the face of the abstract nature of the world. These options are “actual suicide, philosophical suicide and revolt” (Sandres and Skoble 122). The option of actual suicide involves the termination of an individual’s life in a bid to eliminate the problem experienced due to absurdity. The other available response to nature’s abstract condition is revolt against it. Revolt, however, has the effect of torturing an individual as well as being quite demanding. In revolt, a person will, for example, have to abandon weaknesses in order to be able to endure the effects that are caused by inability to understand or even react to nature. Philosophical suicide on the other hand involves an assumption of the complexity presented by nature. Under this response, a person isolates self from the existence of nature by suppressing knowledge towards nature. Philosophical suicide takes a safer ground that is not available in revolt und
1. Natty Rebel (U-Roy). The genre of this track is reggae. The bits have splits. A lot of keyboard and trumpets are used. The soft female voices humming in the background add to the atmosphere of a typical Jamaican reggae and create an impressive contrast between the soothing sound and the rebellious protest of the lyrics.  2. I Shot The Sheriff (Bob Marley & The Wailers). The slow tempo makes it clear from the very start that the off-beat song belongs to the genre of reggae. In this song, Bob Marley and Waivers tell a story of how he shot and killed a Sherriff. Emphasizing that this was self-defense, the singer demands more freedom for people. The song is another mini-revolt in disguise.  3. I’ll Never Grow Old (The Maytals). This song also belongs to the reggae genre. The composition has an ascending beat and the consistent slow rhythm, which creates the atmosphere of suspense and anticipation. A story of a man who is searching for the love of his life, the song revolves around personal issues rather than social ones, which makes it stand out among the rest of reggae songs.  4. House Call (Shebba Ranks ft. Maxi Priest). Beating in a slow ascending rhythm, this reggae song also touches upon the delicate issue of love and the beauty of body language.  5. Zunguzung (Yellow man). Due to a relaxed, laid-back melody and the rhythmic beat, this song has taken its place in the treasure trove of the reggae hits. Revealing a not-a-care-in-the-world philosophy of a Rastafarian, this song is the essence of Jamaican music.  6. Girl I’ve got A Date (Alton Ellis& The Flames). This song is a rock steady genre composition. It has a mixture of reggae, pop and dance styles. Sending its audience back in the times when reggae was only beginning to gain weight, this song tells about the singer’s relationships with a girl. The phrase “I can’t stay late” seems a motto of a typical reggae singer, free as a bird and with just as little care about anything.
Introduction The question that is often posed concerning the contemporary information technology oriented work environment is whether technology is critical in moulding communication and relations at the workplace. People have become used to technology to an extent that a rise in the level of addiction to new media is witnessed across different workplaces. Can the modern work culture be sustainable without the new media? How do people cope in the workplace without the presence of the Internet considering the fact that the Internet is the main supportive technology on which the functioning of new media tools is based? These are some of the questions that people ask when it comes to analysis of the cultural and social impacts of new media in the modern workplace. In this paper, it is argued that the Internet and new media tools have had immense effects on patterns of communication and relations at the workplace. This has interfered with social attributes of people due to the virtual nature of communication that is enhanced by new media. This paper explores the impacts of new media technologies at the workplace. The paper focuses on a work scenario: a day without internet in an 8 hour work environment in an aviation industry in Singapore. The paper begins with an overview of the sociocultural impacts of new media in the workplace, followed by a discussion of the scenario based on research. Overview of the social and cultural effects of the new social media in the workplace According to Julia et al. (2012), development of web 2.0 technologies has made the use of online social media acceptable in different realms of life. New social media are not only embraced as a tool for communication by individuals, but it is also used to embrace communication by organizations. Hearing and Ussery (2012a) observed that the orientation of the modern working environment has been immensely altered due to the introduction of the Internet and new media communication tools at the workplace. The Internet is now used as the main platform on which work is discharged, especially in busy working environments. There are three attributes that can be attached to the role of the Internet and new med
The Scoring of the Two Scales The Achievement Motivation Scale is usually used in order to determine the person’s attitude and behavior related to performing well. It also demonstrates how a person chooses to strive for higher results and how he or she sees any type of success. Learners with high scores on this scale can be discussed as highly motivated and oriented toward achieving their personal and academic goals when learners with low scores are not motivated enough to achieve success within the academic setting. The average need for achievement is typical for most persons, and they need stimulation to set right and effective goals and strive for success. These scores are important for a teacher to predict the students’ academic successes and to develop strategies to improve motivation. The Rotter Locus of Control scale is traditionally used in order to determine what type of control is discussed by a student as preferable. If the locus of control is external, a student can be considered as dependent on the situation, setting, events, and a variety of external factors. This student can think that his personal efforts are meaningless. If the locus of control is internal, a student is concentrated on his abilities to complete tasks, and he usually increases efforts to overcome different barriers. This approach is advantageous to achieve high results in academic environments. Achievement Motivation Achievement motivation can be discussed as a student’s drive for the success that is observed when a student performs tasks accurately and demonstrates the high efforts to complete the activities well. As a result, a student can achieve the desired goal and become satisfied with the outcomes of his or her effort. However, there are many situations when students do not demonstrate high achievement motivation, and they need to be stimulated through a range of factors to make efforts in order to succeed. In this case, an instructor should start by focusing on such stimulation activities as praising effort, building confidence, and persuading (Schulten par. 3). This approach works for students with both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations as well as for students with an external and internal locus of control because the stimulation of personal abilities is an important element of the teacher’s support in the class environment (Vansteenkiste, Willy and Deci 22). The next step in developing the achievement motivation is the focus on the intrinsic motivation of students that is determined depending on students’ preferences. If a student is usually intrinsically motivated, it is relevant to concentrate
Introduction Parents can influence their children with the help of different specific practices, targeted at guiding, controlling, and socializing young generations. The parents’ attitudes to their kids create a specific emotional atmosphere, which is traditionally called a “parenting style”. It is generally thought that the way of treatment has a serious impact on the children’s future lives and development. The typology was first introduced by Diane Baumrind and identified four major types of parental behavior: authoritarian (or disciplinarian), authoritative, permissive (or indulgent), and uninvolved (or neglectful) (Kuppens & Ceulemans, 2018). There are numerous debates between experts about the pros and cons of each method of raising a child and its possible effect on the individual’s adulthood. Parenting Styles The Features of Authoritarian Parenting Parenting styles are typically characterized by two dimensions: demandingness and responsiveness. Demandingness refers to “the extend parents control their children’s behavior or demand their maturity” (“4 Types of parenting styles and their effects,” 2021, para. 11). Responsiveness signifies “the degree parents are accepting and sensitive to their children’s emotional and developmental needs” ((“4 Types of parenting styles and their effects,” 2021, para. 12). The authoritarian type is characterized by high demandingness and low responsiveness, meaning that parents have high expectations of their kids’ achievements, giving them little response and care. This style implies indisputable obedience, with mothers and fathers applying it to “try to shape, control, and evaluate their children’s behavior based on the absolute set of standards” (Kuppens & Ceulemans, 2018, p. 169). The followers of this way demand obedience and use only one-way communication, making strict discipline their priority and often using severe punishments. According to Baumrind, these parents “are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation” (as cited in Cherry, 2020, para. 8). Kids in such families tend to feel insecure and have low self-esteem, show poor performance at school, develop aggressive behavior, and even have increased risks to suffer from depression. The Features of Authoritative Parenting The authoritative parenting type is characterized by high levels of demandingness and responsiveness, meaning that parents expect good achievements from
Introduction It is the matter of crucial importance for just about anyone who seeks to attain a social prominence, to understand how to properly utilize rhetorical devices, while addressing the audience, because it is namely one’s ability to persuade listeners or readers to adopt its point of view on the subject of discussion, which more then anything else qualifies such an individual for position of leadership. In his book “A New History of Classical Rhetoric”, George Kennedy provides us with the insight on the art of persuasion as not only some abstract concept, but also as a very practical instrument of gaining a variety of absolutely concrete benefits: “Ultimately, what we call “rhetoric” can be traced back to the natural instinct to survive and to control our environment and influence the actions of others in what seems the best interest of ourselves… This can be done by direct action—force, threats, bribes, for example—or it can be done by the use of “signs,” of which the most important are words in speech or writing” (Kennedy 1994, 3). Therefore, it is not by a pure accident that, as practice shows, skilled orators always seem to be the ones who address life’s challenges in most effective manner – apparently, these people’s ability to psychologically manipulate with others provides them with a crucial advantage, while existing as a part of society. In this paper, we will aim at analyzing three most important elements of rhetorical persuasion – namely, appeals to Logos, Pathos and Ethos, as well as providing readers with a better understanding of how these rhetorical devices should be utilized, in order to maximize a persuasive effect upon the audience. Logos The rhetorical concept of Logos is best defined as the process of orator appealing to audience’s sense of rationale. In his work “Rhetoric”, Aristotle provides us with the insight on the very nature of appeal to Logos as persuasive technique: ”Persuasion is affected through the speech itself when we have proved a truth or apparent truth by means of the persuasive arguments suitable to the case in question” (Aristotle 1954, 25). It is being traditionally assumed that people will not be persuaded to adopt speaker’s point of view on the subject of discussion, unless he succeeds in presenting them with substantiated proofs as to validity of his point of view. For example, when it comes to convincing listeners that illegal immigrants should not be granted amnesty, orator must make sure that, during the course of his speech, he provides listeners with a statistical data that exposes such immigrants as being more likely to commit crimes. Alternatively, when speaker wants to convince listeners in otherwise, he will need to present audience with a statistical data that is being concerned with th
Introduction This was a case filed at the United States Court of Appeals in 2007. In this case, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was the plaintiff while WC&M Enterprises, Inc. was the defendant. The case was taken to the court of appeal after the district court had entered a summary ruling in favor of WC&M Enterprises (Dawn, 2007). After considering all the presentations by all parties, the court of appeal reversed the district court ruling. Mohammed Rafiq, a WC&M Enterprises employee, had filed a petition in the district court that he had been harassed based on his nationality and Muslim faith. He accused his co-workers and managers of harassment. Rafiq was always referred to as a Taliban or an Arab. This was about the Taliban terrorist attack of September 2001 in America. Main body Harassment based upon an inaccurate portrayal of a worker’s national origin is unethical and wrong just like harassment based on a worker’s national origin. In the case of Rafiq, he was an Indian but his colleagues and supervisors accused him of being a Taliban. Although he was not a Taliban, he felt the pain of being associated with a terrorist gang. It hurts more especially that Rafiq was not a terrorist in any way. Streater-Smith and his colleagues knew that Rafiq was an Indian but they linked him to the Taliban. The issue of inaccurate portrayals of national origin does not occur. However, even if they did not know Rafiq’s nationality, they would not call him a Taliban. The other issue is that the harassment started immediately after the terrorist attack in America. Therefore, harassment based on the inaccurate portrayal of a worker’s national origin should be treated exactly like harassment based on knowledge of a worker’s national origin (Dawn, 2007). The conduct described in the case is sufficiently linked to national origin. Although Rafiq’s country was not directly referred to, statements from his colleagues clearly show that it was discrimination based on his national origin (Dawn, 2007). At one time, Kiene told Rafiq to go back where he came from because he had a strong faith. This referred to his Islamic faith. In addition, Swigart told Rafiq that this is America and not an Islamic country where he came from. According to Swigart, Rafiq had proved to be an Islamic extremist. Therefore, he directly linked him to acts of terrorism often associated with Islamists. All Islamic faithful are not terrorists. Acts of terrorism depend on individuals and not religion or their physical appearance. Also, Kiene and Argabrite repeatedly called Rafiq a Taliban and an Arab. In my opinion as a jury, I would link t