ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Comparing with the US, China has a short history of trademark law (Grinvald 55-56). However, with China’s expanding interest in global business, there is a threat that it will overtake the USA’s share in patenting and modernization in the new century (Jaeschke et al. 569). China’s investments are most intensive in the technology sphere. Additionally, it is trying to seize the right for renewable energy, biotechnology, semiconductors, and storage batteries (Jaeschke et al. 569). In order to completely realize the present state of things, it is necessary to look into the history of patent development in China and the US. Historical Overview of Intellectual Property Laws in the US and China China’s third and most assertive amendment to the patent laws was implemented in 2008. The new rules were enforced in 2010, along with the Patent Examination Guidelines (Jaeschke et al. 570). On the contrary to the US case-by-case method, China’s arrangement of juridical perception is a combination of rules developed from legislation, judge-made law, and the concepts of the Supreme Court judges (Jaeschke et al. 570). While the patent law in the USA has its roots back at the end of the eighteenth century, China enacted its first patent decree only in 1985. The two amendments were soon added in 1992 and 2000 (Jaeschke et al. 570). Meanwhile, the patent law in the US has marked the technology progress from the steam engine and light bulb to nanotechnology and internet. Granting legal protection for an extensive amount of items has not been an easy matter. Still, the US Congress and the courts succeeded in administering the regulations and countermeasures for the most constructive commercialization of the innovations (Jaeschke et al. 570). The companies which want to succeed in China need to cultivate a combined IP strategy reflecting the issue they meet in the realistic evaluation of their aims and supplies (“Best Practices” 1). The US-China Intellectual Property Complaint Although the agreements about intellectual property (IP) rights between China and the US specified China’s commitments, it did not hurry to implement them. In 2007, the US charged a complaint against China for disobeying its duties under Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Harris 96-97). As China was growing its progress and impact in the world trade, it entered some IP protection transactions. By this, the country showed its promise to defend the IP rights. However, implementation of IP laws did not lead to enforcing them (Harris 97). The USA’s pledge to the World Trade Organization (WTO) included addressing China’s criminal IP regulations and accusing China of insufficient opposition to trademark infringement and piracy. For instance, China’s law did not punish the infringers unless th
Introduction Management in an organisation is an important aspect that propels all organisational functions. Without proper management, organisations may not afford to handle some vital issues, thus leading to null performance. It oversees all organisational functions. In management, several forms of leadership are applicable. Managers can either chose to use democratic or autocratic leadership styles, which are the two common management styles used across the world (Nankervis 2006). Both styles are significant in management depending on the context of their application. However, in the modern world democratic style is more acceptable than autocratic one. In this context, managers have a close relationship with their employees. Employees actively participate in managerial issues in different ways including decision-making without supervision or consultations from their bosses (Amabile1997). This aspect underscores “employee empowerment”. In most cases, empowerment results motivation. Motivation makes employees dedicated in their work, and they thus take their responsibilities positively. The aspect of motivation and employee empowerment led to the formation of theory Y. According to Frame (2010), theory Y supposes that employees are capable of accepting responsibilities through self-control and determination in accomplishing organisational goal
Recidivism among juvenile and adult offenders is quite common in many countries including the United States. It is noteworthy that female offenders’ recidivism is still characterized by the lack of attention from researchers as the major focus is on male offenders’ recidivism (Greiner, Law, & Brown, 2015). However, although female prisoners constitute only 10% of inmates, the number of women in US prisons is increasing (over 113,000 in 2009), and up to half of these females reenter (Barrick, Lattimore, & Visher, 2014). The research problem of the proposed study is as follows: improper behavior of parole/probation officers may have a considerable impact on female offenders’ recidivism. Some actions and behaviors of parole/probation officers are associated indirectly with reentering women’s recidivism, which makes the cost-effectiveness of these measures doubtful (Morash, Kashy, Smith, & Cobbina, 2016). It is important to study this problem as it can potentially lead to a decrease in recidivism in women. The understanding of the problem will have a positive effect on the development of the US economy as the problem of prison overload will be addressed, the parole/probation programs will be more cost-effective, and former inmates will reintegrate successfully. The study will focus on the way parole/probation officers’ behaviors affect female offenders’ recidivism as seen by reentering women. The intervention may involve the development of the supervision program that ensures the display of a positive attitude and support. It is possible to make the supervision more effective through the development of measures and procedures involving the offender’s family and/or community.
Introduction The doctrine of libertarianism entails that people have inherent or natural rights. These rights should not be taken away (Shaw and Vincent 15). It is an immoral act for anyone or for the governments to deny people their rights. Examples of these natural rights include the right to own property, the right to personal autonomy and the right to use unused resources. According to this school of thought, the society can cooperate and coexist well when people respect their natural rights. The paper delineates the two versions of libertarianism namely total libertarianism and moderate libertarianism. Total libertarianism According to this version of libertarianism, people are protected by the government. The government has the obligation of ensuring that all the rights of people are protected. The government needs to formulate rules that ensure individuals are well protected. Therefore, the citizens should be protected from activities like breach of contracts, fraud, theft and any subjection of force. Moderate libertarianism This version of libertarianism ensures that the government protects free and fair competition in the markets. People should be allowed to carry on with their businesses and other activities without restriction provided they are not violating the rights of others. For instance, there should be no monopolies, oligopolies and integrations in the market. The market should be free to allow people make progress in their duties without restrictions. Strengths of total libertarianism One of the strengths of total libertarianism is that it ensures that people are protected from mistreatment. People have equal rights and nobody should violate them. Further, it ensures that people coexist well in a society. It fosters transparency and honesty in the society as people respect each other’s rights. For instance, no person should steal someone’s property as this would amount to violation of natural rights. Weaknesses One weakness is that it is difficult for human beings to govern themselves. Therefore, a government should be formed to ensure that these rights are practiced. Further, the government, which is bestowed the responsibility of ensuring the protection, may not have the right mechanism or may be biased in its decisions, hence can have negative impact on the process. Strength of the moderate libertarianism This ensures that people cooperate and coexist with one another without restrictions or limitations. It enhances unity in the society. Moreover, it promotes the spirit of togetherness and discipline in a society as people make decisions at free will. Weaknesses libertarianism This form of government poses a risk of exploitation, especially in situations when it does not participate in decisi
In business and economics, a macro environment reflects the overall conditions in an economy. The macro-environment of a company thus encompasses the factors that are outside of the organization’s control, although they still impact organizational functioning and success. Understanding macroeconomics is significant for business leaders to be able to adjust to challenging economic conditions and ensure that their organizations succeed in the long term. The present paper will focus on two essential concepts in macroeconomics. Question 1 will consider the application of business cycles to the global economy before the 2008 financial crisis. Question 2 will explore the notion of stagflation and assess the government’s option for responding to this economic condition. Business Cycles and the Global Economy before 2008 The authors of the provided passage focus on the global economic environment of 2007, right before the global financial crisis of 2008. Despite the upcoming recession, the passage conveys the ideas of stability and reduced volatility. In particular, the authors note that the global economic environment at the time was associated with an increased rate of growth and decreased variation in outputs. According to the passage, these factors could become a foundation for future economic stability. Despite these positive claims, the authors avoid making predictions regarding the future. In particular, they note that, despite the evident change in business cycles, there may still be emergent risks that affect the economy of individual countries, and that governments should take action to manage these risks promptly. The application of business cycles to the passage provides an excellent opportunity for analysis. Based on the theory of business cycles, the overall positive trend in economic growth is interrupted by periods of growth and recession. During a recession, the level of economic activity decreases significantly until the point of a trough, after which it starts to rise again, reaching the peak before another recession occurs (Lipschitz and Schadler 7). It is critical to note that business cycles represent short-term changes in outputs, whereas the general growth trend remains intact (Lipschitz and Schadler 8). This is primarily because long-term economic growth depends on a set of fundamental factors, whereas short-term output fluctuations occur irrespective of them due to exogenous variables. Several conclusions can be made from the application of the business cycle theory to the model. The first observation is that the authors are correct in stating that there are still certain risks that could affect outputs and economic growth in the short term. Based on the business cycle theory, 2007 was the time when economic activity in many global regions peaked, and thus the recessio
How Victims Can Protect Themselves There are several ways in which potential victims can protect themselves. First of all, it is crucial to think rationally and stay away from any criminal activity. Second, any given individual should be aware of the importance of protecting their vulnerability. On a bigger scale, the notion of vulnerability is inextricably linked to the notion of humanness (Quinn, 2015). Another trivial way to protect yourself from being victimized is to choose the company carefully. There should be only a small circle of people who share the same lifestyle and ideas. One of the most rational ways to protect yourself is to avoid allowing strangers to enter your home. This living concept is rather simple, but its effectiveness has been proven by numerous research projects. Depending on the area the individual resides in, it may be useful to spend a reasonable amount of money on home security. The implementation of such precautionary measures will positively affect the well-being of the individual and minimize the chances of being victimized. One of the most underrated ways to decrease the victimization possibility is to be careful with valuables (Quinn, 2015). This means keeping expensive things or important documents in a safe place. Lately, neighborhood watch becomes more and more popular among American citizens. This method is an efficient crime deterrent as the majority of criminals are commonly avoiding communities with a neighborhood watch. It is also reasonable to evade potentially unsafe areas when walking alone and discard routine actions as often as possible (Wagner, 2013). Any individual should not entrust their belongings to other people as it may negatively affect interpersonal relationships or lead to other adverse outcomes. The Rates of Victimization The rates of victimization are highly contingent on a variety of seasonal patterns. The so-called seasonal patterns evolve when a certain trend is identified in terms of victimization rates during a set time interval. The issue of seasonal patterns is a very popular topic among numerous authors. These authors are known for linking things such as daylight hours and temperature changes to variations in annual crime rates. Moreover, there is a belief that the beginning and end of the school year also have an impact on the victimization rates due to the routine activity patterns developing throughout this time of the season. The existing reports on the victimization patterns show that there are numerous seasonal trends connected to household property victimization (Crawford & Evans, 2012). These include motor vehicle thefts and burglaries. There are also trends in violence which include robberies, different types of assault, and rapes. Som
There a lot of different music styles and directions appeared recently. And the number of musicians is constantly appearing. And it is not a surprise. People try to express their feelings and emotions through their music, and different styles and directions only prove it. It is not a secret that people are different, they have different points of view in different questions and they want to look different from others when they compose some new pieces of music. Benny Jonas Nilsen was born in 1975 in Sweden. His other names are BJ Nilsen, BJNilsen, and Hazard. He is a Swedish sound artist who spends his life and creates his music in Stockholm, Sweden, the place where he was born (BJ Nilsen: Biography). Nilsen began to work with experimental music at the very beginning of his professional career as musician. “He was influenced by the early tape movements with the pioneers of sonic assault and released his first recordings at the age of 15” (Icon Group International 2008). Now he specializes on the sounds of nature, he is interested on the effect which nature music creates on people. Chris Watson was the pioneer of electronic outfit. He specializes in established wildlife records. He has his three albums for Touch. Chris Watson worked for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. He used his experience in recording nature for different programs on wildlife topics for the BBC. Several years he did not take part into music scene. But in 1996 he returned with his first solo album for Touch “Stepping into the Dark”. This album was created with the help of recordings which he had made all around the world during the years of his traveling. (Themilkfactory 1999) Their music album “Storm” had a real success. The music critiques began to quarrel whether it is music, what its aim is, what people listen and many others. Some critiques said that “mixing, editing and collaging his material into soundscapes that are more akin to music than anything else” (Marsh 2007). “Storm” combines in itself three extended tracks. The Watson’s track “No Man’s Land” opens the album. Nilsen’s “Austrveg” closes it. These two solo tracks of Watson and Nilsen give the sound for more than fifteen minutes each. And the third, the middle track, give sound for more than nineteen minutes. Every track is based on a series of different nature recordings from wildlife to sea conditions, wind and storms. Watson and Nilsen created their music differently; they recorded and collected it for some years and only then decided to compose a common project, the album, which can combine the nature sounds. The materials, which were presented in the album, were collected in different parts of the world. Watson’s recordings were gathered on the North East coast of England and Scotland, during October and November, between 2000 and 2005. His material presents the active and dynamic series of soundscapes, “with vast colonies of sea birds drowned in an increasing cacophony as they get more agitated, rough seas and animal noises” (Themilkfactory 1999). The second part of the track was recorded in a cave. Nilsen collected his music in Gotland and Öland. These are two neigh
Introduction Milk is the primary source of food for newborns and infants. The best and natural source of milk is from a lactating mother’s breast; hence, it is greatly recommended for newborns aged six years and below. Moreover, breastfeeding should be continued for approximately two years. Human milk is composed of several nutrients and minerals; nevertheless, a special diet may be recommended for infants in certain situations due to metabolic reasons or other pressing factors. As a result, in these cases, artificial feeding is embraced. Powdered milk contains nutrients and minerals, including trace elements. 2 Examples of trace elements in infant milk formula are iron, lead, copper, manganese, cadmium, lead, and chromium. The presence of metals in food is best determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), with the two main ones being the flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAS). In AAS, the flame vaporizes the sample and decomposes it into gaseous atoms. The concentration of individual atoms is then measured by the absorption of their specific wavelengths of radiation. For some metals, GFAS expresses superiority over FAAS and this is because each metal has its distinct absorbance wavelength. AAS is generally used to evaluate the concentration of an analyte in a sample. It requires the use of standards with known analyte concentrations to establish the association between the measured absorbance and the unknown analyte concentration. Therefore, entails the application of Beer-Lambert’s principle. This experiment aims to achieve the following objectives:   * To determine the amount of copper, one of the main trace elements, in an infant milk formula sample.   * To utilize serial dilution to generate a standard calibration curve.   * To evaluate the sensitivity of the GFAS using standard solutions. Results and Discussion In this experiment, the concentration of copper (Cu) in the infant milk formula was determined using the GFAS technique. Calibration standards were prepared from:   * Exact concentration of the stock copper = 602.4µg/ml   * Exact concentration of the working standard copper solutions = 24.1µg/ml Four samples were obtained and absorption was measured using AAS. Before subjecting the sample to spectroscopy, the powdered milk sample was subjected to dry ashing (heating it in high temperatures of 600˚C in the furnace) and the wet digestion procedure (addition of concentrated nitric acid) to remove organic matter. The absorbance values of different samples are represented in Table 1 below. Table 1: Sample solution preparation Prepared By  V Sample (ml)  V Spike (ml  Corrected Abs. Sample 1     5.00           0.00         0.2058         5.00         0.50           0.2529      5.00         1.00           0.2952      5.00         2.00           0.3593      Sample 2     5.00           0.00         0.2054         5.00         0.50           0.2494      5.00         1.00           0.2918      5.00         2.00           0.3692      Sample 3     5.00           0.00
The decision of the Supreme Court on the constitutional right of citizens to same-sex marriage is a significant event in the history of the development of modern democratic society. However, this topic is still controversial as to how legitimate it is for such institutions. While some opponents of this decision may argue that marriage is a union of a man and a woman, changes were necessary to meet the current social needs. I believe that the Supreme Court is able to make decisions of this kind as they protect the equality of citizens. As noted in the article by Gerstmann, the traditional view of marriage is Christian, which does not necessarily need to be extended to the whole of American society (par. 2). In my opinion, the court cannot decide on the restriction of same-sex marriages since this is a direct violation of the rights and freedoms of citizens. However, the given change, on the contrary, allows all people to marry, regardless of their sexual preferences. In particular, the restriction on same-sex marriage can be viewed as taking away the right to marriage from LGBTQ members due to their inability to tie the knot with a member of the opposite sex. This decision is also important because the absence of same-sex marriage can lead to many legal inconveniences. In particular, same-sex couples did not have options to protect their rights in relation to, for example, property acquired with a partner or custody of children. However, in modern society, same-sex relationships, as well as relationships between a man and a woman, are the norm. The law should reflect the current needs of society and effectively protect their rights in the context of current social conditions. Work Cited Gerstmann, Evan. “Don’t Panic: The Supreme Court Is Not Going To Overrule Its Same-Sex Marriage Decision.” Forbes , Web.