ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Mitosis Mitosis is a type of cell division in which a single parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cells that divided to form them. That is, mitosis allows equal transfer of chromosomes from the parent cell to two resulting daughter cells. Therefore, in mitosis no change in chromosome number occurs. This division results in production of new cells that act in replacing the old, damaged or lost cells. In this way, the new cells aid in growth and development of the body. In addition, mitosis also plays an important role in the development of embryos. Mitosis is divided into several stages. Stages of Mitosis Interphase This is the initial stage. However, it is not included in mitosis since it comes before cell division starts. In this stage, DNA is imitated but the chromosomes are not yet condensed and appear as loosely coiled chromatin (substance in the nucleus of a cell having DNA as well as protein) Its nuclear membrane remains intact to prevent the molecules of the DNA from mutating. Prophase In its early stage, chromatin fibres cut down to chromosomes that can be seen using a light microscope. Later, the nucleolus disappears making the envelope of the nuclear and the centrosomes, two in number, start forming the miotic spindle which is a combination of microtubules. As the miotic spindle lengthens, centrosomes are forced to move to the opposite sides of the cell. As a result, the spindle apparatus in the cell move to the opposite sides. Early Prophase Late Prophase Metaphase Here, pairs of chromatid line up at the metaphase plate (mid-point area within the cell characterized by centromeres) attached by spindle fibres to the centromeres. Anaphase Here centromeres splits into two untying the chromosomes into two sister chromatids. These chromatids appear as V-shaped due to the pulling force acting at the centromere. This force is caused by shortening of the spindle fibres thus, dragging the sister chromatids in the direction of the poles. Early Anaphase Late Anaphase Telophase This stage commences when movement of the chromatids (daughter chromosomes) stops. This occurs when the chromosomes reach the respective pole. Nuclear envelope restructures around the chromatin mass forming nucleoli. As a result, Cleavage furrow is developed making the miotic spindle cut. Cytokinesis Here, the daughter cells split making it the last stage. The cleavage furrow formed during the telophase eventually breaks forming two separate daughter cells with equal number of chromosomes having similar genetic qualities. After this final stage, the cycle repeats itself. Meiosis This refers to a type of cell division in which the parent cell divides to form four daughter cells each having half the number of chromosomes (23 chromosomes) as the parent cells (46 chromosomes). In animals, it is a proc
MedStar St. Mary’s Hospital is one of the leading health care providers in the United States of America. The hospital delivers several health care services, such as inpatient, outpatient, surgical, emergency, pulmonary, and cardiac rehabilitation. As such, the hospital’s mission is to maintain and improve health standards within the community. Driven by its vision and objectives, the hospital has risen to be one of the leading hospitals in Maryland and Washington, D.C. However, the current challenges of budgetary constraints and shortage of hospital personnel have forced MedStar St. Mary’s Hospital to reform its culture in order to serve its community effectively and be economically viable. To survive the ever-changing environment, MedStar St. Mary’s Hospital regularly manipulates its cultural variables to suit the changes. In this regard, the hospital has identified various elements that affect the hospital and its culture. Some of these factors include the external environment, management, physicians’ confusion, and discussions. Since its inception, MedStar St. Mary’s Hospital has correlated its internal variables with external variables to adapt to dynamic changes in the outside environment. For instance, the hospital’s extra efforts can be manifested in the success of its marketing and personnel departments. Through this act, the hospital has not only offered excellent services but also managed to compete with other hospitals in the country. Apart from emphasizing the external factors, MedStar St. Mary’s Hospital has also directed its extra efforts towards management roles. To achieve a vigorous organizational culture, the hospital has learned to appreciate the roles played by the management personnel. In the workplace, the hospital’s management is faced with numerous challenges from a diverse labor force. As illustrated by its labor force, the hospital management opted for a culturally diverse workforce. Due to this act, the hospital delivery service has improved significantly. In addition, the hospital’s staff relationships have improved, leading to a reduction of ethnicity incidences. Despite these gains, the hospital management teams are urged to work relentlessly to eliminate all factors that compromise the institution’s culture. In the past, MedStar St. Mary’s Hospital promoted some of its physicians to top managerial positions. However, it was noted that these physicians were promoted despite their in
Introduction The Internet is unquestionably the most important mass medium nowadays. According to the research that was done by the Central Intelligence Agency in 2006, there are over a billion Internet users in the world and most of them are young people (Healy et al., 2001). Out of 100% of young people that use computers, more than 90% use the internet regularly. To some extent they use internet to do homework’s and research, however most young people also use internet to communicate with their friends after school (Archer, 2007). They communicate through chat rooms, emails and post comments on their friends’ walls. Internet usage among young people is so pervasive that many professionals, scientists and psychologist have begun to study its effect on the lives of youths. Literature Review The youths are generally regarding the Internet as a flexible medium and often consider themselves as experts on Internet than their parents. (Buckley, 2008) Although the young people enjoy the digital web experiences that integrate them into their daily lives their exposure to Internet harbors them with negative impacts especially when they go online (Healy et al., 2001). Online dangers include exposure to improper, exploitative and dangerous contents. A number of studies have identified attitudinal and behavioral differences between societies and cultures that use the Internet. Unlike television viewing where parents can execute intervention and control the young people confidently by monitoring them, when they use internet is much more complicated (Healy et al., 2001). Methodology Procedure A survey will to be conducted to examine the use of internet among the young people. The targeted population include young people aged 15 to 24. Questionnaires are to be prepared and hard copies of the questionnaires are to be distributed through face-to-face interactions. The respondents will be requested to fill out the questionnaires by themselves. A briefing session will be conducted with the interviewers and the exact meaning of questions in the questionnaire will be explained. The questionnaire will consist of three parts. The first part will focus on how the young people allocate their time across different media types and their media preference for different activities. The respondents’ time allocation to the media will be measured by asking them on average how much time they spend with each medium everyday (Healy et al., 2001). The second part of the questionnaire will focus on the contexts the usage of Internet. Respondents will be asked about their access to the Internet at school, at home, and at work. Questions on how often the respondents use the Internet for a particular purpose will form the second part (Cuban, 2011). A list of five uses of Internet will also be included. Respondents will be asked on how
The price analysis has been done on polystyrene foamed board, a product used for making dome-shaped roofs and other structures. The product has several advantages compared to the others in the market. The foam boards are stiff but can also be bonded by heat alone, they are light in weight, have a good structural rigidity, can be used for insulation, and many surface finishes can be applied on the foam boards, e.g., the concrete-based stucco which is cheap. The marketing survey on uses of existing dome structures revealed that they are made of cement-based materials. These materials take a long time in construction compared to the polystyrene foamed products. The study showed that large savings would result from using foam boards they reduce the construction time. Bulk storage, cold storage, educational construction, covers for industrial tanks, light commercial constructions, planetariums and recreational construction (such as a golf-course starter house) are some of the areas that could be served by the domes. The purpose of this exercise is to conduct an accurate price analysis on the foam boards to convince the managers of ApplPoly Products Company that they should invest in the new project proposed by Abby Preston. The marketing department should support her in researching by allowing her to demonstrate the use of the products and the therefore go-ahead to build more demonstration projects in the US, Europe and Japan which may welcome her idea. The US is not the only market for the products. If it is difficult to launch a new product in the US, then it is prudent to enter the global market (Nagle, 2001). It is true that people may take some time to accept the new idea, so she may try to make more demonstration projects to be able to convince the users of the product to welcome her idea. The management should help her report the products in the trade papers and magazines to reach a large number of users. Some of the factors to be considered while trying to market the product abroad include consideration of trade restrictions that may exist, environmental effects on the manufacturing of the products, the availability of users in the market, the current price of other related products in the market, the costs of making and promoting the product into new markets. The product should be lowly priced at the initial stages to acquire a larger share in the market (Hutt & Speh, 2002). This is the appropriate strategy that shall ensure that the users are attracted to buy the product. The price can then be increased as the demand also increases in the market. This should be done gradually to avoid losing the users to the competitors. However, the costs of producing the product may be high due to the materials used. Before deciding on the prices that will be
Information technology has transcended state boundaries and has substantially altered economies, societies, politics and the business environment. It has gone beyond national boundaries and in this respect it has made the world to become a global village. Information technology has both advantages as well as disadvantages in the society and the world as a whole. Three dimensions of information technology that paves way for understanding its specific character in a transnational environment include the characteristic dimension, policy area and issue area dimension as well as the effects dimension. (Lianey, 2003) The effects dimension looks at the consequences or the impact that information technology has on an individual, the state and the transnational organization The aim of effect dimension is to asses the extent of the impact whether extremely important to an individual, the state and the transnational organization or it has detrimental effects. The characteristics dimension looks at the prominent characteristics that are related to information technology. The interaction of effects dimension and the characteristics dimension gives rise to a demand for public policy and regulation as well as issue areas which is referred to as the policy dimension and issue area. Transnational information technology operations have several advantages as well as disadvantages. The first advantage is the heightened decision interdependencies in the organizations due to independent information technology operation in international business branches. This enables organizations and their subsidiaries to perform their business activities with minimum difficulties in the transfer of information from one point to the other. For example, an organization in one continent can be able at a glance to establish the happenings in its subsidiary in another continent. According to Lianey 2003, transnational information technology operations are therefore vital to business men and women who anticipate carrying out their business activities across the globe. The second advantage that transnational information technology operations have is the reduction in criminal activities globally through the interconnection of various security agencies. For example Interpol international is able to establish the whereabouts of criminals around the world because of the connection that is made possible through transnational information technology operations. The third advantage of transnational information technology is the expansion of educatio
Introduction Constitutions are foundation laws of countries that lay out their political structure. A constitution is not always a single document as it may be scattered among many bills and legislations. According to Dickovick and Eastwood, constitutions symbolize agreement of people to “confer authority to political actors in exchange for the establishment of order and a rule of law.” Therefore, the term constitutionalism means a limitation of governments, which is closely linked to democracy. However, having formal limitations does not guarantee rights or justice in a country as governments may refuse to follow the constitution. Even though constitutions are seen as the ultimate points of reference, politicians may choose to neglect it by using lawful and unlawful methods. Landau states that in some countries, including Hungary, Egypt, and Venezuela, politicians use mechanisms of constitutional change to erode the democratic order. Therefore, it may be stated that the opportunity to diminish the principles of democracy may be embedded in the constitutional design. Constitutional design refers to the basic features of government that help to institutionalize powers. Conventional constitutional designs are federalism and unitarism, which differ in the degree of power given to the central government. According to Hirshl, there is also another constitutional design, juristocracy, which is rising in the US, Canada, New Zealand, and Israel. The present paper aims at comparing federalism and juristocracy and evaluating both concepts and their influence in light of Biblical principles and a Judeo-Christian worldview. Federalism Federalism arises when there is a need to unite vast complex territories under a comm
Introduction Futura industries, whose president is Susan Johnson, was able to build success in the firm by the use of a balanced scorecard foundation level that involves learning, innovation, and growth dimensions. Unlike other industries that focus only on the financial and operational matrix, Futura industries focus on learning and innovation to improve its employee-customer relationship. The employees of the company learn from the culture established by the management of the firm. This dimension is vital for the organization since it has been hailed as a success factor for the overall performance of the firm. The strategy has resulted to 50% increase in the revenue. Employees of organizations are encouraged to increase their skills and knowledge through advanced learning and training. These can be obtained by an organization using the learning and growth perspectives that help in the development of the culture of a company. Futura industries learnt to put people first thought implementation of these basic dimensions of a balanced scorecard. According to Norton and Kaplan (1992), learning includes people who are mentors and role models within the organization. Learning is also influenced by high performance and effective communication systems. Success in the first quadrant of the score will have a domino effect to the other three quadrants since it will act as the key success factor that propelled Futura industries (Kaplan, 1992). Analysis Futura Company would like to measure the intangible contribution of human capital that is otherwise not measurable in a traditional way. Futura Company wishes to achieve the following aspects by use of lean
The authors introduce the article by describing eGovernment as a concept comprising numerous technologies used to offer citizens and stakeholders public services and information conveniently. Even with the promising potential of the idea, it has not been widely adopted. Among the notable barriers to extensive use of eGovernment are the risks of citizens’ data and privacy breaches (Gefen et al., 2002). Hence, the authors theorize that the most probable way of realizing the advantages of the new technology is by promoting citizens’ confidence in the application. The article provides an example of e-commerce to justify the significance of trust. It asserts that consumers share information, increase inquiry, and show purchasing intentions where there are lesser levels of dependence and risk to personal data. The main focus of the authors is on the electronic filing of tax as one of the most crucial functions of eGovernment. Therefore, the article assesses the impacts of citizens’ trust in government on their motives to file tax returns online based on the presumption that it is more convenient. The researchers examine some of the strategies the government can employ to boost citizen trust. Gefen et al. (2002) explain that various government bodies at different levels gl
Parents and children are generations with a significant age difference between them. That is why, throughout their lives, their views on many issues differ. It is arranged by nature that mothers and fathers, due to their experience and age, have the opportunity to protect their children from the surrounding difficulties, to guard against mistakes, and to protect, educate and help them from childhood. From an early age, the child does not just get used to his parents but considers himself one with them, a family. Ideal families are those in which there is mutual understanding between children and their mentors. This essay will compare and contrast the attitudes of children toward their parents and parents to their children using the examples from two literary works. An example of a rather complicated father-son relationship is the characters in William Faulkner’s book Barn Burning . The book is based on the story of a farmer and his family, who, due to the problematic nature of the head of the family, are forced to change their place of residence: “None of them ever did or ever asked, because it was always somewhere…” (Faulkner 3). Sarty, Abner’s son, knows that when they arrive at a new place, where it would seem that life can improve, his father will spoil relations with his employer and set fire to his barn. One night, the father hits his s
Introduction This paper offers a normative decision and defense about whether a swimming pool should be built or not by the contractor. The actions of the contractor and the mayor disregard existing business ethics. The code of conduct stipulates the professional ethics that guide the completion of a certain activity. The practitioners should adhere to the stated ethical practices to satisfy the needs of the parties concerned. The violation of professional ethics normally results in an ethical dilemma and, in this case, Costa a contractor with the municipal authority wants to build a private swimming pool for the mayor. The Mayor is his old friend, but the cost of the pool should be included in the financial accounting of a municipal project. Based on this idea, the contractor is on a dilemma on how to undertake the private project without minimal complaints from his family and employees. In essence, the contractor should not build the swimming pool for Dlonosis. Justification The contractor and mayor are jointly responsible for the violation of business ethics. This is evident because both of them are engaging in fussy deals that violate the set ethical behavior. The contractor is incorporating private work with the construction of the municipality, and the favor is centered at acquiring tender for new projects in the municipality. As such, the private work of constructing a swimming pool for mayor will cost government revenue, amounting to misuse of government resources to satisfy personal interests. Cumulatively, the contractor and mayor should take responsibility of guarding public resources, as well as upholding business ethics. It is a crime for the contractor to make a false claim of construction accounting knowingly to gather for the construction of the pool. The consequences of the violation are severe and the contractors can lose the eligibility to be given government contracts, face criminal suits, with possible suspension, consequential fines, and prison sentences. The contractor is also prohibited from prior access to any information that is essential in the process of tender selection. In this case, the contractor is accessing the information because the mayor is an old mate. The association between the contractor and the mayor is being considered in municipalities’ activities. This is evide