ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The aviation industry plays a crucial role in modern society. This industry makes it possible for goods and people to travel efficiency over great distances. This results in significant economic and social benefits. The people in aircrafts experience an environment that is different from the one experienced on the ground. The human body reacts to the environmental changes introduced as the aircraft travels at high altitudes. Aviation physiology is the study of the effects that the environment inside aircrafts during a flight have on the human body. Ordinarily, the human body is able to sufficiently adjust to environmental changes in temperature, pressure, and oxygen levels. The natural compensatory mechanisms of the body enable it to adapt to the variations in pressure and oxygen levels. However, air travel places great demands on the body’s natural mechanism. To begin with, the environmental changes occur at a rapid rate, which makes it hard for the body to make the necessary adjustments in a timely manner. In addition to this, the environmental changes are of a high magnitude and the human body might be unable to handle them. The human body faces three important environmental changes while in an aircraft. These are: atmospheric pressure changes, temperature valuations, and speed changes. Below an altitude of 10,000 feet, the human body is able to adapt to the atmospheric changes introduced by flight. However, the compensatory mechanisms of the body cannot adapt adequately above this altitude and physical aids are needed to deal with the changes in pressure. These physical aids include pressurized cabins and supplemental oxygen supply to the cabin. Without these facilities, the human body will suffer from oxygen deprivation leading to the impairing of body functions. Aviation physiology considers the effects of altitude changes on the air-crew. The human body is exposed to altitude changes as the aircraft ascends or descends. The body is able to acclimatize to the changes in altitude as long as they altitude changes are gradual. However, rapid increases or drops in atmospheric pressure can have an adverse effect on the body. Air travelers can suffer from decompression sickness if the aircraft engages in a rapid ascent that causes the body to experience a sudden decrease in atmospheric pressure. Traveling by air affects the sensory system of the body. The eyes, which communicate visual sensations, are affected when an aircraft is flying. While in the air, pilots experience disorientation due to the lack of adequate reference points. In addition to this, the pilot might suffer from vestibular illusions. Spatial disorientation occur since the human body is unable to detect a constant turn if it goes on for an extended period of time or if the turn is too gradual. The pilot might therefore assume that he/she is on a straight path while the aircraft is turning. The pilot should rely on the instruments on board since the sensory sensations are inadequate while flying an aircraft. To ensure that flights are carried out safely, it is necessary to identify and deal with the various physical a
Introduction For the economic analysis, I have chosen to analyse the McDonald franchises. I have chosen this franchise because it is an industry where the profits are mostly affected by the quality of food and the customer service. It is also an industry which relies heavily on the labour and raw materials in the market. Scarcity, Choice and Opportunity Cost There are three fundamental questions in economics. This involves the issue of choice, scarcity and opportunity costs. In the first place, there is the concept of scarcity. There are resources which are scarce in the earth such as land and water. These are resources which the world wants desires more. In the business environment, there are also goods and services which are scarce which fetch a good price in the market. This motivates the sellers to get involved in the market in order to earn a profit. Due to scarcity, firms and individuals are expected to make choices that involve certain trade-offs. The owner of the business has limited capital to start a business. He has to choose what business to invest in? What are the goods and services that the business will produce? Considering that the factors of production are scarce what is the combination of the factors of production to use? There is also the concept of opportunity costs. The resources that could have been used in the production of tea and coffee are now used to produce cakes and biscuits? The business owner should be aware of the opportunity costs. At an individual level there is also the issue of opportunity costs. The time taken by an individual to rest instead of working shows the opportunity costs of the leisure time which is the wages foregone for that period. The government also has to decide which expenses they will devote higher funds than the other sectors. The government money spent in defence activities would have been spent in the education or health industry (Hoag & Hoag, 2006, 5). Trade-Offs There are various trade-offs that are involved in any business. Everything in business has an advantage and a disadvantage. There are various benefits of operating a franchise. The business owner gets to sell the products of a known brand in the market. McDonald has a strong brand in the market saving the owner high marketing and selling expenses. The owner is trained on the existing business model of the business. He finds that the business already has an established way of doing things. The models have been tested and been proven to be effective. He does not have to come up with the policies and procedures. The business has already been registered and all the legal procedures have been followed. The company reaches the customers in the mass market through websites. There are centralised call centres that take care of the customer’s queries, complaints or comments. The business owner gets to have advice and professional support from the fellow business owners in the franchise business since they are facing the same business challenges. The company also ho
The protagonist of Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment is a mediocre student Radion Raskolnikov, who commits a fatal crime. In the novel, Fyodor Dostoevsky shows that evil lurks in every person. Internal fears and insecurities, disappointments, poverty, and difficulties in life may catalyze the commission of a crime. Whatever are the factors that influenced Raskolnikov’s crime, murder remains murder. In the same way, the greed and avarice of the old Alyona Ivanovna do not justify the commission of such a violent and severe crime. Probably, a person who is unable to influence the development of inner anger deserves pity, but by no means sympathy, nor justifying. At the beginning of the novel, Dostoevsky portrays Raskolnikov as a fanatic who is eager to test his theory. According to Rosenshield (2020, p. 79), the student was inspired by the Great Man idea, in which “actions of great men are justified by the god-like nature of their intentions.” Long before the crime, Rodion Raskolnikov was trying to prove the rights of “higher” people to commit crimes, to reject the laws if crimes are committed in the name of a great idea. Social injustice and hopelessness had originated an absurd theory about “higher” and “lower” representatives of society in the protagonist’s mind. He attributed himself to the “higher” and, according to the theory he had the right to commit the murder. Through the protagonist’s image, Fyodor Dostoevsky shows that evil and cruelty may lurk in every person. As Saner (2010, p. 12) states, “people know what they are, but they do not know what they may be.” Therefore, it should not be assumed that the only reason for committing a crime was adherence to the given theory. Perhaps Raskolnikov already had the inner evil that was required to commit the murder. According to Weinberg (n.d., p. 1078), “people’s behavior is partly governed by their consciousness, so understanding behavior will necessarily require working out a detailed correspondence between the objective and subjective.” Thus, Raskolnikov’s intentions were stored deep in his subconscious and soul. Consequently, in every person’s soul, there may be held eternal stigmata in the form of fear, pain, and agony, hurting which may awaken people’s cruelty and anger. The stigma for Raskolnikov were poverty and injustice, one of the reasons for which was his future victim, an old woman Alyona Ivanovna. The woman, in his opinion, was not bringing any benefit to society, but only poisoning his life with her stinginess and heartlessness. Raskolnikov describes her in the most unpleasant terms since she was lending money at a high-interest rate. According to Dostoyevsky (2019, p. 6), “she was a tiny, dried-up little old crone of
Introduction Negative externalities are the costs that arise from activities or processes that affect uninvolved parties who do not choose to incur such an outlay. On the contrary, positive externalities signify transactions that benefit a non-related party. For instance, a real estate agency that keeps its houses well-maintained may make the neighborhood benefit through increased home values. Main body The rationale for negative externalities, also referred to as social costs, arising is that the involved company does not usually consider such expenditures while computing the cost of production (Hoffmann, Inderst, & Moslener, 2017). Production expenses are often based on monetary information while social costs are not calculated in the same way. For instance, when a corporation chooses to start a new plant, it may fail to mull over the costs incurred by the surrounding community for drinking water that has been polluted by the company’s operations. On this note, products that should not be manufactured since their total expenses surpass the proceeds end up being produced when the social costs are not incorporated in the cost of production. Intervention by the government is crucial as it seeks to charge companies for negative externalities. Governments may either employ laws (for instance, forbidding a given process) or market solutions (Bond & Goldstein, 2015). The application of strategies such as pollution penalties, allowing civil proceedings by private players to get paid for damages emanating from careless practices, and charging environmental levies may make the government realize two things. To start with, government intervention makes it possible to recover money to assist in fixing damages attributable to negative externalities (Ajefu & Barde, 2015). Conclusion Moreover, government intervention may help set a monetary value on social costs. This will go a long way to making companies obtain a correct figure for the cost of production and avoid manufacturing goods whose prices are less than the outlay incurred.
Economic sanctions have been widely used in recent decades as an alternative to military threats. There are several reasons why different governments impose economic sanctions. The most common of them are the attempts to destabilize rogue regimes in sanctioned countries, discourage local hostilities, prevent war, limit the abuse of human rights, and promote democracy (Felbermayr et al., 2019). While sanctions pursue seemingly noble goals, they may lead to issues with free and fair trade. The US, along with the EU, is among the countries that use economic sanctions to achieve their political and economic goals the most frequently (Felbermayr et al., 2019). This paper aims to review a recent article on US sanctions against Myanmar military officials and discuss the importance of this issue for the global community. The Article Summary The article under consideration is entitled “Biden Imposes Sanctions on Generals Who Engineered Myanmar Coup.” It was written by David Sanger and published in the New York Times in February 2021. The article says that Mr. Biden has imposed sanctions on Myanmar military leaders and their families in an attempt to force them to restore democracy in Myanmar. The sanctions include preventing Myanmar generals from “gaining access to $1 billion in funds their government keeps in the United States,” as well as other restrictions (Sanger, 2021, para. 1). Although the US has taken steps to restore democracy in Myanmar, Sanger (2021) argues that these measures may not be enough. The reason for this is that Myanmar has weak trade relationships with the US, so the US might want to encourage China to join its sanctions effort because it has much impact on Myanmar’s economy (Sanger, 2021). However, China has not expressed its discontent with Myanmar’s political situation yet. The article further claims that Mr. Biden’s sanctions have several subtexts. First, Mr. Biden aims to show that he uses sanctions to advocate American values and human rights, as opposed to the Trump administration (Sanger, 2021). Second, Mr. Biden attempts to encourage other countries to join him in his sanction efforts, which will distinguish him from Trump, who did not pay much attention to getting allies (Sanger, 2021). Finally, Mr. Biden’s sanctions will demonstrate whether the current US president can work with China and compete with it in the Pacific region. Sanger (2021) concludes the article by stating that Mr. Biden’s sanctions can lead to cooperation between the US and China to avoid th
Article Summary Considering that relationships form the core of human needs, it is obvious that interpersonal relationships influence people’s psychological functioning, mental health, and wellbeing. For example, individuals experiencing attachment security are known to possess high levels of self-esteem and excellent adaptive or coping strategies. On the other hand, individuals experiencing attachment anxiety and/or avoidance have been found to suffer from psychopathology and emotional distress (Sutin & Gillath, 2009, p. 351). Therefore, many studies demonstrate the relationship between various attachment styles and the subsequent psychological distress, particularly depression. However, to demonstrate this link, many researchers have had to rely on the way people predetermine, store, recover, and use different memories in their interpersonal relationships. Accordingly, Sutin and Gillath (2009) deviated from the previous studies by proposing that some measurable aspects of the autobiographical memory determine the relationship between attachment styles and psychological distress. The proposed components of the autobiographical memory measured by these researchers include the phenomenological experience and the emotional content of the memory. In their study, Sutin and Gillath (2009) tested the two components of the autobiographical memory in two separate studies. In the first study, 454 participants took part in a two-session survey whereby in the first session, the participants’ experiences were evaluated relative to different measures such as self-defining relationship memories, phenomenology, adult attachment, and depressive symptoms while in the second session, the participants were asked to retrieve and rate their self-defining relationship memory experiences regarding romantic interactions. In the second study, 534 participants were introduced to one of the three priming conditions; attachment security (195 participants), attachment insecurity (157 participants), and the control condition (182 participants). After priming, the participants retrieved and rated their experiences regarding a self-defining memory (Sutin & Gillath, 2009, pp. 353-358). The research findings show that memory phenomenology (memory coherence and emotional intensity) determined the relationship between attachment avoidance and depression, while the negative affective content of the autobiographical memory determined the link between attachment anxiety and depression (Sutin & Gillath, 2009, p. 355). On the other hand, priming the participants with attachment security made them to show more coherent relationship memories, while attachment insecurity made the participants to show more incoherent relationship memories. Analysis The concept of autobiographical memory has been shown to mediate the association between different attachment styles and psychological distress. In fact, different aspects of autobiographical memory seem to be the product of a reconstructive process that underlies an individual’s emotional
One of the biggest challenges in modern safety is the food production and supply network which has grown exponentially due to globalization. Therefore, imported foods where safety standards may be lower than in the United States and environmental causes during transport are potential causes of foodborne bacteria or illness. It is important to consider the food production chain which can be quite extensive. It begins with production when the plants are harvested or animals are raised to be used for food. Although the majority of production comes from domesticated animals or plants occurring on farms, some are caught or harvested in the wild such as fish or mushrooms. Contamination can occur at this stage if the animal’s organs are infected, contaminated water is used for irrigation, or the animals or plants intake toxins from the environment. The next step is processing, by turning plants and animals into recognizable food from their fruits or parts. Processing can be complex, ranging from simple sorting to dedicated trimming and shredding, or as with milk, pasteurizing. At times, the process requires further cooking, smoking, or freezing the resulting products. Contamination can occur during processing due to insufficient sterilization of materials and surfaces or transfer of bacteria during the washing or slaughter process. Distribution occurs next when the food is delivered from the processing facility to stores, restaurants, and consumers’ homes. Transport and storage is involved in this complex logistical enterprise that includes many suppliers and participating agents. Contamination can occur when proper norms of sanitation or storage are not followed, cross contamination between animal and plant products, or presence of mechanical errors in transportation. The final step is preparation, when the food is being prepared or cooked to eat, commonly occurring in kitchens. The food is heated, mixed with other ingredients, and served. The human factor comes into the contamination risk at this point where disease may be transferred if someone is sick, fails to wash hands, or does not properly sanitize or use appropriate equipment. It is evident that the process of delivering food to the table is highly complex and there are multiple points along the way where food may be mishandled leading to contamination. The food production chain is highly regulated and numerous guidelines exist, but there is still potential that a foodborne illness may be transferred at some point throughout the chain.
Introduction THL is one of the leading tour firms in the New Zealand’s tourism industry. The core business activities of the firm involve providing tourism related services which include rental motor-homes, car and couches rental services. Apart from New Zealand, the firm also operates in Australia, Fiji and South Africa. THL’s mission is to utilize its attractions and investments in the overseas markets to become the leading operator in the industry. In order to realize its growth objectives, THL has always embarked on diversifying its investments and divesting its underperforming business segments. This paper thus seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy. Success of the Strategy used by THL The financial analysis in the appendix indicates that the firm has been able to realize a steady growth in revenue for the last three years. Even though the net profit has been on the decline between 2006 to the year 2009, the firm is still financially stable. The decline in net profit is attributable to the rapid rise in cost rather than the growth strategy adopted by the firm. This means that the firm’s growth strategy of acquiring related businesses and selling off its non-performing business segments has been successful. This can be justified by the following reasons. First, the firm has been able to increase its market share through acquisition of various firms or related businesses in both local and international tourism industry. Through acquisitions, the firm has become the main player in the New Zealand and Australian markets. For example, the firm currently operates over 4300 rental motor homes after it acquired both Maui and Mount Cook motor homes. This has not only enabled the firm to increase its market share but has also contributed significantly towards the improvement of the visibility of its products. Given the large number of motor homes operated by THL, the firm has been able to target two market segments with specialized products. For example, the Maui brand targets families while the Britz brand focuses on the independent travelers segment. The increase in market share has thus helped the firm to increase its revenue and product visibility. Second, through acquisition of relat
With the growing recognition of the ineffectiveness of harsh punishments for decreasing the violence rates and ensuring social justice, the underlying causes of the policy failures, their effects and the possible improvements are being discussed by modern criminologists. The book Thinking about crime: Sense and sensibility in American penal culture by Michael Tonry provides a valuable insight into the major triggers and drawbacks of the American criminal justice policies and offers the adoption of a more humane approach to policymaking as an effective alternative to harsh but irrational penalties. The major themes developed in Tonry’s book Thinking about crime: Sense and sensibility in American penal culture include the major underlying processes triggering policymaking in America, the legal foundation of penal policies and their ineffectiveness for decreasing the crime rates. Tonry views the changing sensibilities in the form of the established social values (long-term trends) and moral panics (short-term effects) as the main influential factor in the process of shaping the penal policies. Evaluating Tonry’s work under consideration, Kudlac (2007) emphasized the role of moral panic in opening the window of opportunity for policymakers who can use it at their own discretion (p. 5). Estimating the legal foundation for the current penal policies, Tonry (2007) admitted that policymakers typically overact to the moral panic and design punitive laws not only lacking rationale but also cost-ineffective. Tonry discusses the three-strikes laws and the mandatory minimum sentences as examples of byproducts of the aggressive elective strategies which have been implemented by politicians since the 1970s. The criminologist’s estimation of the effectiveness of the draconian punitive laws can be regarded as the thesis of the whole book: “Current policies are too severe, waste lives and money, and often produce unjust results” (Tonry, 2007, p. 3). Rejecting the proposal of other scholars to legitimate the role of shaming in the legal punishments, Tonry (2007) outlines the benefits of adopting the humane approach “contrasted with the destructive shaming of the traditional criminal justice system that ostracizes, alienates, and often breeds defiance or leads to rejection of pro-social norms and attachment to antisocial ones” (p. 163). Thus, along with criticizing the aggressive punitive policies of the past, the criminologist offers to adopt a more humane and rationalistic approach to designing the penal policies as the effective solution for the existing problem of harsh and ineffective punitive laws. Tonry’s goals of explaining the main underlying processes of American penal policymaking and the adverse effects of irrational decisions driven by the moral panic and the politicians’ inclination of gaining authority among the potential voters and offering a more effective solution for the existin