ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The African slave trade was the base of expanding colonies in North America. Both black and white slaves had similar rights at some point, but slavery was later transformed under the economic circumstances, prejudices, and fear of others. The Middle Passage and the Economy of the Colonies The reasons behind the massive expansion of slavery in Europe and the Americas are apprehensible, but horrid nonetheless. Although the African coast was densely populated, it could not compete with the empires of Europe. The Europeans thus discovered a new way to boost the economy of the empires and colonies. Africans, whose cities were not as technologically advanced as the European ones, were ready to trade “gold, ivory, and slaves for textiles and guns” (Oakes et al. 12). The slaves had to face the ‘Middle Passage’, also called ‘The Transatlantic Trade’, where goods from Europe were traded for slaves from Africa; those, in return, were shipped to the Americas and sold in exchange for raw materials. The materials were shipped back to Europe. The colonies of England in North America, e.g. Chesapeake, needed cheap labor to produce tobacco. Although Europeans (mostly young males from Britain) immigrated to the colonies, the death rates were too high, and the population size too small. First African slaves appeared in Virginia in 1619, but ten years had passed before enslavement became generalized in Chesapeake (Oakes et al. 71). African slaves were supplied in thousands compared to immigrants from England. As soon as the death rates among African slaves decreased, their labor in the tobacco fields was able to bring more profit to the owners. Unlike white slaves from the British Empire, African slaves had a lifetime status. The wealth was only possible if the owner of the plantation had slaves, so the economy of the North American colonies was extremely dependent on the slave trade. At first, the owners of plantations had to engage the family in the fieldwork; later, the wealth of the colonies was determined by the number of slaves in plantations and fields (Oakes et al. 70). If the white and African servitude was similar at first, later it became lifetime for Africans. The New World The new colonies may have had an appealing name (‘The New World’), but it was a severe experience for African people who had to endure long voyages through the Atlantic Ocean. Almost 10% of traded slaves died during the voyage; most of them had never seen the ocean or white people, so they were petrified when they faced the deep waters and the slave owners (Oakes et al. 129). Moreover, even before departure slaves were kept in pens, sometimes for six months (Oakes et al. 129). It is possible to assume that these slaves were tortured and humiliated before they were sold to the colonies because they were war prisoners; slave trade was nothing new to Africa, but most of the time, male slaves were sold to the New World, while women became servants or plural
Proposal Description of Proposal: “Preserving New Zealand” is an adventurous and inspiring tour designed to introduce the participants to the unusual flora and fauna of Fiordland the largest National Park of New Zealand. The guests will be provided with a two-week or a month-long opportunity to camp in Fiordland. The activities included in the tour are hiking, tramping, boat trips, scuba diving, bike riding, and kayaking. Fiordland National Park literally has everything a tourist could dream about from fiords to waterfalls, from snowy mountain peaks to steep hills, rivers, and coastlines. The guests will also have a chance to meet the workers of the Park focused on its preservation and learn what it takes to keep this area safe. Justification: For centuries New Zealand has been isolated from the rest of the world. This is how its nature managed to stay more pure and pristine than anywhere else. Ever since the country started to be populated by the Europeans, a variety of major ecological impacts occurred and led to a large number of negative outcomes such as pollution, over-hunting, littering, modification of wildlife and ecosystems, which lead to the extinction of a number of endemic species of animals, insects, fish, and birds. The Park has been announced the World Heritage Area, thi
Introduction The most crucial aim of an effective supply chain management arm of an organisation is to ensure that the supply chain management system reduces the cost associated with supplies. For this research, sustainability is defined as a matter of concern for many businesses that influences their supply chain when it comes to the costs associated with jeopardy, wastes, and the surroundings within which the businesses operate. The supply chain is there to offer a plausible bond between the business’ inputs and outputs. This argument means that products and services need to be availed just whenever they are required in a manner that will sustain the increasing number of products that need to be availed in the market. Fundamentally, supply chain administration involves the supervision of the progress of goods and services, finances, and information from the point of production to bulk sellers and then to the end consumers. It also encompasses “coordinating and integrating these flows both within and among companies” (Ketchen & Hult 2006, p. 573). Supply chain management is an important function in an organisation since “organisations increasingly find that they must rely on effective supply chains or networks to compete in the global market and the networked economy” (Ketchen & Hult 2006, p. 574). From this perspective, this paper deploys the concepts of supply chain and logistics management to discuss various ways in which supply chain can be sustained in the modern world of excess supply of commodities both in the local and international markets. The paper argues that the establishment of successful relationships and closer alignment of strategic intent in modern supply chains is important for sustainability in the modern supply chains. An effort is also made to identify and discuss the impacts of sustainability relating to every participant associated with such collaborations from the paradigm of theoretical approaches to supply chain and logistics management. Sustainability of Modern supply Chains Faced with the modern problems that are associated with the processes of production and distribution of products, supply chain managers need to have plausible information about the implications of supply chain and logistics strategies on physical and environmental participants. This requirement is pivotal in helping to resolve various challenges associated with supply chain management in business environments characterised by the changing trends. Such trends link with globalisation coupled with the concerns of intensive competitions and the need f
Introduction Over the years, there have been growing concerns about the rise of cases of adolescent sex abuse victims across the globe. The primary challenge is the best strategy or strategies to put in place to help these teenagers get back to their lives through a formalized support system. Social psychologists have attempted to develop a series of intervention programs or plans aimed at addressing the setbacks faced by the victim of sexual abuse during the recovery process. Moreover, these policy-based intervention strategies have been developed to accommodate the unique needs of adolescent sexual abuse victims. This paper presents a comprehensive intervention program based on social psychology to transform adolescent sex abuse victims into functional survivors. Overview of Adolescent Sex Abuse According to Mwangi et al. (2015), the act of sexual abuse of an adolescent involves any activity deemed as sex between an adult and persons below 18 years. The law prohibits these acts. This means that sexual abuse involves intrusive and aggressive behaviors that are directed on adolescents by adults in the form of touching and non-touching acts. The touching behaviors include influencing an adolescent to touch another party’s genitalia, playing sexual games, touching the adolescent’s sexual organs, and inserting objects inside the private parts with intent of sexual purpose (Mohler-Kuo et al., 2014). On the other hand, non-touching behaviors include exposing an adolescent to pornographic material, exposing adult genitalia to adolescents, photographing or videotaping an adolescent in a sexually motivated pose, and encouraging minors to listen or watch sexual acts. Peeping or voyeurism is also categorized as sexual abuse. Social Thinking Theoretical or Contributing Social Factors The menace of adolescent sexual abuse has grown over the years due to high prevalence and excessive exposure to sexual materials. Sexual traumatization among adolescents has become increasingly perceptible in the psychological counseling field. Specifically, the physical and psychological effects of sexual abuse have attracted public attention in the last three decades and necessitated research initiatives for developing intervention strategies (Soylu et al., 2016). The countless theoretical and empirical literature has confirmed the high levels of sexual abuse among adolescents, especially of the female gender. For instance, the behavioral and psychological symptomatology theoretical framework associates the psychological and interpersonal problems of the victims to the sexual acts (Foster & Hagedorn, 2014a). This means that a therapist should be aware of the appropriat
Physical inactivity is a current global issue that crosscuts various regions and age groups. The current prevalence indicates a high level of sedentary lifestyle; minimum recommendations for physical activity are not met by 31% of the world’s population. The global prevalence of physical inactivity is at 17% (Kohl 3 rd et al., 2012). Physical inactivity is associated with 3.2 million deaths annually in the world. In a CDC report cited in Harvard School of Public Health (2013), active individuals have less medical costs on an annual basis. Therefore, it is estimated that physical activity could help reduce the annual medical costs by at least $70 billion in the U.S. Physical inactivity has gained momentum due to increasing urbanization and computerization. In a study in China by Kohl 3 rd et al. (2012), rapid economic development was associated with reduced physical activity in adults and more television viewing by children. Increased rural-to-urban migrations have been linked to a reduced prevalence of physical activity. Currently, the major forms of energy expenditure are occupational, domestic, and transport-related (Kohl 3 rd et al., 2012). As people continue to embrace technology, these major forms of energy expenditure are slowly fading away. According to WHO (2013), the prevalence of physical inactivity in 2008 was highest in America and the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Whereas physical inactivity is prevalent across all age groups, males are more physically active compared to their female counterparts. Efforts have been underway to promote healthy diets and control of alcohol and tobacco to avoid amplification of physical inactivity effects. Physical activity is not identified as a standalone public health issue since it is coupled with diet. Physical inactivity is a global health problem because of its detrimental effects, yet individuals continue to embrace an activity-free lifestyle. In the current times when the diet is an issue due to the increasing fast food shops, physical inactivity is gaining more attention. A poor diet that is high in calories predisposes one to risk factors like elevated LDL that can be reduced and/or converted to HDL by physical activity. Physical inactivity is a multi-sectored issue; it is based on people’s personal behaviours, the environment, and policies. There have been increased efforts to promote physical activity, but little impact has been achieved. While the prevalence of physical inactivity has remained stable in developed countries, it is rapidly increasing in developing countries as behaviours of developed countries get adopted in these developing countries. The main perception held of physical activity is that it helps to lose weight, but this is not the only cause for engagi
Introduction Hong Kong is an example of a nation where English is taught as a second language. It is a unique representative of L2 teaching in that the language proficiency of the many students in the past has been conveyed as not living up to the expectation of the community. Similarly, many years of the British colonial rule did not leave a major language impact on the local population, as was the case with the colonization of the United States. The reason is perhaps that Hong Kong people’s mother tongue is culturally and linguistically distinct from English. It is against this backdrop that I analyze the territory’s current ELT curriculum innovation’s successes or failures during its implementation. Methodology The report aims to analyze the Hong Kong senior secondary (S4-S6) English Language curriculum document. It is directed to the peers to give them detailed information on the current theories and issues underlying the ELT syllabus and how they manifest in this curriculum document. In addition, the issues and concerns that arise with major changes in the curriculum are discussed. Credible literature sources, including books, dissertations, book reviews, journals, curriculum documents and other relevant manuscripts, provide the cornucopia of information presented here. Overview A good TESOL curriculum development approach is the one in which the aspects of planning, implementation, and evaluation decisions are consistent and interdependent and not undertaken in a lockstep manner (Graves 2008). That is the case with the Curriculum and Assessment (C & A) guide (secondary 4 – 6), one of the many documents prepared for the Hong Kong English Language Curriculum. It was prepared in 2007 by the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority (HKEAA) and the Curriculum Development Council (CDC) and updated in 2014 and 2015 respectively (Education Bureau 2015). Therefore, the C & A guide is a compulsory national document recommended for use in senior secondary schools in Hong Kong. It is updated regularly to comply with the medium period proposals of the New Academic Structure (NAS) review of curriculum and assessment (Education Bureau 2015). This ensures that students benefit from such alterations at the earliest opportunity. The document is conceived to offer the basis and aims of the English subject syllabus, curriculum framework, planning, pedagogy, assessment, and use of learning and teaching resources (Cheng 2009). In addition to considering learning and instruction strategies as being important aspects of promoting learning to learn and entire-person development, the curriculum emphasizes on the recognition of assessment as a means for evaluating performance as well as improving learning. It follows the general direction for the development of English Language Curriculum established from primary 1 to secondary 3 and expounds on the previous knowledge, skills, and positive values and attitudes that learners gain through the basic education (Education Bureau 2015). The curriculum is an innovation as it stipulates a specific approach to teaching English Language, i.e., introducing the communicative methods to language teaching.
Introduction The world is fast becoming one global village courtesy of up surging rates of globalization and free trade. Latin America has not been left out of these global changes which have led to drastic changes including the way of doing business and importantly socio-cultural changes that have resulted thereof. In Latin America, the 1980s are commonly referred as the ‘lost decades’ and as the economy tries to recover from these effects, there has been mass influence from globalization and free trade. Globalization in Latin America came with its merits and demerits. Currently, Latin America is undergoing intense import substitution facilitating global economy; this has led to privatization of many firms. Apart from Cuba, all other Latin American countries have fully embraced globalization and free trade and this has been happening for several years after World War II. According to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), international trade in Latin America tripled between 1960 and 1989 with service industry expanding for more than 16 times with foreign exchange markets hitting climax around this time. Social issues like joblessness and poverty underwent huge turnovers and reduced drastically with the endorsement of free trade and effects of globalization taking toll. This can be attributed to the fact that, apart from more businesses opening up in the region, there has been massive immigration to developed countries like the United States of America among others. This paper focuses on the roles that globalization and free trade have played in Latin America. It will also focus on their effects to establish whether they have been advantageous or disadvantageous. However, it is important to note that the changes that have taken place in Latin America are because of international changes that are far from stabilization. The world in general is undergoing several changes that can overhaul historical trends and put new ones in place that comply with global systems. Historical Background of Latin America Great Depression and World War II caught the whole of Latin America by surprise and it was devastating. This region depended largely on production market and primary produce export; unfortunately, this form of trade was completely shattered by the 1929 crisis. The repercussions were far reaching throwing the region into turmoil of facing rising national and international debt. Many people lost their jobs and started looking for alternative ways of making a living. As the world regained stability from the Great Depression and the effects of Second World War II, international relations stabilized also leading to trade liberalization and increase in foreign financial trade. The most significant change that came with globalization and free trade was the massive immigration of Latin American natives to developed nations like the United States of America. Free trade meant free flow of goods and services meaning that people would move with ease f
The film portrays unimaginable power with physical emotions that seem manipulative. The film transports its viewers to a period when visual art was the core initiative in the filmmaking industry. The Revenant is based on the life of a US fur trader, and the director was Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu. The ideology of Inarritu’s auteurism creates the transnational cinematographic work that specifies the history of North America in the 1820s. The film brings the realism of the religious ventures that shaped US history and how people responded to the change throughout the transition (Dwyer-Mculity 97). The religious language of the movie can be imaged through a narrative strategy hence making the story seem like a historical venture to the viewers of the twenty-first century. For instance, the religious language is shown when Hugh Glass is suffocated by John Fitzergerald during the last sacrament. Fitzergerald showed Christian ideologies with constant regularity that any other Christian should have in their daily character. The Catholic ideologies influence the recurrence of the religious references in the film, and Gonzalez Inarritu’s auteurism interprets them. In Protestant denominations, anointing the sick is a sacrament, but Fitzgerald gave Glass the last sacrament. Equally, Henry wanted Bridger to say the Lord’s Prayer before dying in the film. Saying the Lord’s Prayer is part of the catholic tradition’s last rites, and it is not among the Protestant denominations (Dwyer-Mculity 147). There is a scene where Glass and Hikuc part ways, and Glass imagines having re-encountered his dead son Hawk. The re-encounter is imaged to have happened in a vicinity full of images of the crucified Christ. The imagination is part of the stamp set by Inarritu’s architecture and murals (“Religion and Auteurism in the Revenant – Active History”). This kind of filming synchronizes with the Catholic Church in Dakotas in the 1820s. When the US was under expansion during Mexican rule, the bordering regions were influenced by Catholicism. The infusion of Catholic teachings in the film is referenced by the revealing nature of the transnational outlook of the film. The Mexican challenge to the historical nature of the US synchronization with the Catholic teachings, more so in the North West, embraces the orientation of the faith (Hanley 102). The film shows the recurrence of Catholicism through Gonzalez Inarritu’s attempt to depict the bor
Racism has been like a plague that America has lived with since the existence of this Great Nation. A lot has been spoken on the matter, opinions given by the most influential people in the world, and even accusations made, but racism has just refused to go away. The election of Barack Obama, an African-American to the highest seat in the nation is one big leap of a lifetime, an advancement that has not been even in the wildest dream of the world. The struggle began with the likes of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. with his “I have a dream” speech. As at then, the possibility of Black Americans being fully integrated with the pure white society was still a tall order; but he believed that “Someday” it surely will come to pass…this was proved when the Americans rose above the racial barriers and elected Barack Obama (Dinesh D’Souza, 12). The advancement is a clear indication that a clear path has been opened towards a resounding resolution to the racism issue. With Obama on the presidential seat after the swearing-in ceremony on 20 th January 2009, Americans will have surely confirmed that the fight against racism is at the point of completion and that they no longer judge anyone by the color of their skin but by the content of his/her character. The NAAWP (National Association for the Advancement of White People), which is the modern equivalent of the KKK (Ku-Klux-Klan) and their policies can be fought successfully with a number of blacks as well as non-racial and liberal whites in the top government positions (Sentient Cenerd, 13-17). No single nation in the entire world holds racism a greater horror more than the U.S. It surpasses all social evils, and it is believed to be more reprehensible [national obsession]. That is why any individual who advocates in public for its abolishment in most cases becomes a hero instantly…churches preach it and newspapers and politicians denounce it. It is explained that the non-white Americans have been forced into violence and in some extreme cases into drug abuse as a form of self-defense because of centuries of white oppression. But thanks to the previous polls that resulted in the election of Barack Obama that has seemingly put to rest our worries. And since he fell victim to the white oppression, it will be a lot easier for him to understand the logic involved in the struggle to completely put an end to racism in America. Basing our argument on the speech he gave on racism in Philadelphia, if he goes by his own words then Mr. Obama will really make racism a part of our history. He stated that the US government has previously failed to address the racial issue by failing to deliver the lofty promises due to the constitution’s shortcomings. The number of African-Americans languishing in jails for varied offenses surpasses that in school, reports indicate that this has been fueled by the previous administrations: For instance, in the 1900s the Pennsylvania Authorities constructed eleven new prisons and only one public high school. The government statistics show that a go