ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The lungs major function is to offer uninterrupted exchange of gas between the blood in circulation and inspired air, as well as taking out carbon dioxide through expiration and bringing in oxygen (Roberts, 2000). This process is known as respiration and is managed by the brain areas comprised of apneustic, pheumotaxic and medullary inspiratory Centre that “stimulate the contraction of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles” (Roberts, 2000). Circulation is “the movements of body fluids inside the animals from the place of formation to the place of its utilization” in a one-celled animal (unicellular), cells exchange materials directly with the environment; this implies that it has no circulatory system and the cells have to be close to the immediate medium of exchange (Universereview.ca, 2010). On the other hand, large multi-cellular animals have circulatory system to carry oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and to carry away waste products; blood and lymph are the key body fluids used in circulation of materials (Universereview.ca, 2010). The following section shows the similarities and differences amongst the worms, insects, fish, and human in anatomy and physiology of circulation and respiration. Anatomy and Physiology of circulation and respiration in; Worms Worms such as earthworms usually have a closed circulation system while flatworms and roundworms have no circulation system. This means that they have no respiratory organ thus oxygen is taken in through the skin, body cavity or osmosis (Chandra, 2010). The earthworm uses its skin as breathing organ; this is enabled by its moist skin which allows effective absorption of oxygen. The oxygen diffuses through the body and enters into the blood contained in the dense capillary network that is positioned next to the skin. The blood transport oxygen to other body cells (Universereview.ca, 2010). In the body cells the carbon dioxide diffuses to the blood and it is then transported to the capillaries on skin where it finally diffuses to the body surface. Therefore, skin is an efficient respiratory organ in worms which have a “high surface area to volume ratio” (Universereview.ca, 2010). Worms have no heart chamber except earthworms which have five hearts that pair off (Chandra, 2010). Flatworms mostly lives in water thus remove waste through osmosis and they have organ that get rid of surplus water in the body. This organ contains series of intersecting canals, which are on each side of the body and usually run through the length of the worm while roundworms have single opening for digestion that act as mouth as well as anus (Chandra, 2010). On the other hand, earthworms have two Nephridia openings; one gathers coelomic fluid and the other act as exit to the body wall and between these two openings
In the mid 1980s, there was a remarkable economic boom in Japan, which was mainly influenced by money and security prices as well a profitable real estate market. By the late 1980s, it appeared as if the country would emerge as the world’s dominant economy. The good economic times brought social problems such as a breakdown of cultural order due to increasing access to luxury among various demographics. Another issue was that the country was grappl
Strengths Apex VS National Mills Apex’s products are much better in taste in comparison with the low level of the products’ taste in National Mills Apex Vs International Mills Contribution margin of Apex food is 40% comparing to International Mills’ 30%. Apex Vs Oriental Brand Apex food dominates Oriental Brand in market share by 5% on the total territory. Weaknesses Apex VS National Mills Apex has only 1 brand while National Mills has 2 of them. Apex Vs International Mills Apex food total sales (in millions) are $100, while International Mills total sales are $4000. Apex Vs Oriental Brand Sales force size of Apex is 350 in comparison to Oriental Brand’s 900 Smart Objective for Apex Apex is to increase market share in the West up to 20% by the end of 2013. Selecting the Competitor for Apex Apex should compete with Oriental Brand Company as it seems to be the nearest competitor to work with. Looking at the activities of both companies, it becomes obvious that Oriental Brand is the company which we can reach and even become better. Comparing and contrasting the total market share, Apex has 15% while Oriental Brand has only 10%. However, the market share of Oriental Brand in the West is 15% while Apex has only 5%. Therefore, reaching the desired SMART objective, Apex will have an opportunity to gain more market share in the West that will leave Oriental Brand behind in this sphere. The competition with Oriental Brand can be conducted in other particular spheres. Thus, Apex can increase its market share in other regions by means of increasing the number of brands. The share of self space in typical stores distribution of Apex is equal with the one of Oriental Brand, but Apex should work on it to make sure that their actions are directed at fighting the competitor. Having reached the stated goal directed at increasing the market share of Apex, the company will be able to be ahead in many parameters. Being able to leave Oriental Brand behind by the end of 2013, Apex will be able to create other purposes, to reconsider the strategies and set other goals to be achieved by the end on 2014. Marketing Strategies and Marketing Mix Programs for Apex Considering t
The duplicity in concepts of representation comes from multiple meanings this word has in itself. The first meaning – a portrayal of something or somebody in a particular form, is somewhat similar to performance. In the same way, actors perform on stage to tell a story; the media represents certain events or a group of people. For instance, one can say “people of color were underrepresented in cinematography in the twentieth century” and mean that they were not depicted enough or displayed untruthfully. This is a large cultural concern today since every media strives to represent all categories of people and all social issues equally. However, equity is extremely hard to reach, and, more importantly, it does not always match reality. Not every aspect of life that is seen in films is similarly widespread in the real world. For example, in contemporary movies and television shows, there are many women in the government in senior positions in large companies. The actual numbers of female executives are lower, but the reason visual media continuously portrays women in power is to induce people to accept and encourage this trend. In other words, by representing a specific underestimated category of people, visual culture promotes it to the public. Many graphic resources, such as advertisements, social media posts, and traditional arts, aim to create an image of a world where everyone is valid. With that in mind, global visual culture can be seen as a helpful tool for raising inclusiveness by representing minorities. Another meaning of representation is speaking or acting on behalf of somebody else. This concept originated from governmental and legal practice; however, it is now used in media, activism, marketing, and other forms of visual culture. Works of art that want to convey a socially important message often resort to representing some people, animals, and even the planet Earth. Activists who call for action deliver their slogans as if someone in trouble is saying them. The matter is that sometimes representatives are not actually relevant to the ones they are trying to protect. People from the United States or Europe can share social media posts about, for example, some animal extinction in Africa. They are both geographically and culturally far from this issue. However,
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was instituted in 1917 and later succeeded the Russian empire in 1921. The USSR did not last long; it collapsed in the year 1991. There were political, economical, and cultural reasons that led to the collapse of the USSR. The political set up of the USSR was based on a philosophy of socialism; it eventually became a communism state. This state had a centralized political and economic system. The political leadership had total control over all matters taking place in the state, whether economical, social, or cultural. USSR ended up becoming a dictatorial state. This led to internal resistances within the USSR. The assimilation policy put in place by the political leadership failed. More than half of the USSR citizens were of non-Russian ethnic groups. They were opposed to this policy. These resulted to resistance, which weakened the government leading to its collapse. The economy of USSR crumbled. This facilitated the fall of the USSR. There was very poor economic planning. Most of the government’s funds were used for armament, leading to other important functions that needed funding unattended to. This resulted due to cold war between the USSR and the USA. People of the USSR started experiencing poverty, shortage of basic needs such as education, health services. This resulted to resistances that involved people refusing to work, further weakening the economy. The USSR’s economy reached a point where the amount of income generated by the government could not support major functions in the government leading to its collapse. By late 20 th century, so many people had acquired university education. There was a good number of well-learned people in the USSR. This people were exposed to the knowledge from the outside the USSR. This made them to start fighting for liberalization, democracy, and human rights. They also were against the government policy of assimilation; they wanted their government to embrace diversity. This led to revolts all over the states that made up the USSR. A more liberal leader, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power. He embraced liberalization and democratization. This is what led to the splitting of the USSR into different states. The freedom of speech given to people gave them a platform to fight for their rights, criticize the leader for failed economic plan, and hold rallies that preached democracy. The economic changes, which decentralized the economic system, allowed people to see the negatives of communism leading to its failure. This leader came into power when communism was losing favor in the east. He did not put in measures to counter that. This leader also came into talks with the USA to rescue his country’s economy by ending the cold war. The measures put in place to end the cold war further weak
Introduction Like the majority of countries in Africa, Nigeria has had its share of problems regarding small arms and the violence they fuel. From the oil-rich delta region of river Niger to the common thug in the streets of Lagos, access to small arms is a non-issue if you can afford it. The Nigerian government is doing what it can to empower the law enforcement agencies, but like most police forces in Africa they lack the proper equipment and funding to go after these gun runners who are profiting from the trade (Hazen & Horner 123). Origin of the Problem Most of these small arms originate from the former Soviet republics those that possess large stockpiles from the cold war era. With the collapse of the Berlin wall, these AK-47s and RPGs were supposed to be stored in depots in countries like Ukraine but the emergence of various conflicts in Africa over natural resources like oil and diamonds created another arms race where only the gun smugglers were profiting. It is worth noting that a large number of armed forces especially in the third world countries also rely on small arms in the black market to equip their soldiers since buying an M-16 or a light anti-tank weapon in the open market is just too expensive(Hazen & Horner 123). The cycle of violence in Nigeria around the period of general elections also worsens the situation. Politicians usually ask for more funds from the federal government to beef up security but these funds are diverted and used to buy weapons for their local militias. These militias are nowadays becoming more independent as they have found ways to source funds without the help of politicians meaning they can push their agendas without running for office (Hazen & Horner 127). The Niger Delta with its vast oil reserves is probably Nigeria’s most important natural resource. With oil revenues in the region of 130 bill
Introduction Over the last few years, the Australian economy has performing poorly. This is despite of the policy makers’ efforts to maintain a highly performing economy. Due to poor performance, many activities in this economy have deteriorated. When an economy is performing poorly, the government is unable to provide public services effectively. The level of unemployment also goes up (Mankiw 2011). Therefore, this condition poses a major issue in Australian economy. There has been an increase in the financial obligations owed to non residents by the country. High financial obligations of an organisation to the non-residents contribute to an increase in the external liabilities levels (Stern 2007). There has also been an increase on the real assets in the country that are owned by non-residents. These are the main reasons why there has been an increase in the external liabilities in Australia. Due to the increase in the level of external liabilities, more cash is flowing from the Australian Economy to other economies. As more income out flow, the balance of payment of the country deteriorates i.e. it will be moved towards the deficit. Discussion There are several factors that have led to the poor results in the Australian economy. One of the main factors, which have significantly contributed to this problem in the country, is external liabilities. Australia has a significant level of external liabilities. These have failed over the previous years. This has threatened the performances of the economy. It has led to poor performance of this economy. In most cases, the global crisis adversely affects the economies with huge external liabilities (Stern 2007). Australian economy has been adversely affected by recession due to large external liabilities. Due to large external liabilities, the economy slows down as a result of recession. In other words, many economic activities are adversely affected by recession when an economy has large external liabilities. The countries with large external liabilities in most cases have a tendency to have more depreciated exchange rates (Arnold 2010). On the other hand, countries with net foreign assets tend to have more appreciated exchange rates. Having significantly higher levels of external liabilities, the Australian exchange rates depreciate. It therefore becomes expensive for the country to import from other countries. For instance, it becomes expensive to import technology and other capital goods that may be useful in production. This can adversely affect the total GDP in the economy. Balance of payment accounts and the International investment position 2010/2011        Balance of current account  International Investment   Sept. Qtr. 2010  -6 490                      Net foreign equity-110 819                                              Net foreign debt-677 016   Dec. Qtr. 2010   -7 299                      Net foreign equity-131 833                                              Net foreign debt
Introduction Nowadays, the problem of immigration needs to be examined particularly critically due to the drastic change in the socio-economic environment. It is particularly important to study the phenomenon of forced migration that is associated with a series of negative consequences for both the immigrants and the native population. Forced migration is a multifaceted phenomenon that occurs for a variety of reasons. As a rule, people are driven by the search for more favorable socio-economic conditions of living or by the desire to survive. This essay will explain the impact that forced migration has on both immigrants and native populations, putting a particular emphasis on its socio-economic, ethical, and political consequences. The nature of migration, as well as the direction of migration First and foremost, it is essential to realize that the nature of migration, as well as the migration destinations, has changed significantly (Bartram, Poros, & Monforte, 2014). Many countries around the world accept millions of migrants every year, but some states have a leading position in the number of immigrants. As such, Flahaux and De Haas (2016) note that the African population has started migrating to North America more intensively rather than to the European countries that they tended to choose before. On the other hand, Europe has faced active migration flows from such countries like Syria. The migration patterns have likewise changed. Thus, Lori and Boyle (2015) note that undocumented migration has become a new trend in Europe. Otherwise stated, the immigrant flows are so large that the local governments are physically incapable of performing a consistent registering policy. Second, forced migration leads to actual, intractable social conflicts (Tran, 2012). Many of those who are forced to move away from their homes are not eager to part with their regular lifestyle, worldview, and customs and cannot systematically integrate into society. McAdam (2012) mentions in the research that many communities are indeed committed to
Introduction: Shariah Advisory Board and Home Financing The Shariah Advisory Board is a specific legal council that consists of several people. The purpose of this committee is to control the activities of financial organizations in accordance with Islamic religious laws. The representatives of the council are watching to ensure that the work of banks and other financial and economic entities does not contradict the laws of Shariah, and the primary rules of the Islamic order and religious canons are strictly observed. This committee often consults various representatives of the banking sector on some issues: financial audit, work with securities, insurance investments, pension, and charitable funds, etc. The significance of such authority in countries that live under the Shariah law is quite large; it controls financial institutions and ensures that their activities take place not only in accordance with the basic rules of trade but also according to the norms of the Islamic world, defined long ago. The activities of Standard Chartered Bank are primarily regulated by this board. In particular, when it comes to working with real estate and lending in this area, the Shariah Advisory Board represents the interests of Islam and determines which of the areas of the bank’s work are legitimate. Thus, the committee allows the rental of residential premises, the acquisition of real estate for long-term or short-term use, and also considers all business agreements between stakeholders. Standard Chartered Bank, like most other similar financial institutions, operates on the basis of the Ijarah principle, which implies a lease or rental agreement (SCB Shariah Supervisory Committee, 2017). This type of control by the Shariah Advisory Board is quite typical and standard for most Islamic states. Parsing the Fatwa According to the rules of the Shariah Advisory Board, the Ijarah principle is one of the key ones in the work of Islamic banks. The essence of this concept means the rental of real estate, that is, the use of the third-party property for a specified fee on a contractual basis (Abdul-Rahman, 2014). With the Ijarah agreement, some Shariah rules apply. For example, the right to cancel the contract by buyers when they consider a particular proposal like the one that does not correspond to the description. Another rule implies the assessment of the quality of specific goods. Buyers have the right to cancel the transaction if a defect is found after the purchase. There is also the right of the parties to terminate the contract at any time, depending on the established deadlines or on particular events. A recall or cancellation is also one of the Ijarah rules, which is
Introduction White-Collar crimes are committed by individuals who are respectable and of high social status in their occupation/corporations. Such criminal behaviors are adapted due to interpersonal interactions with other white-collar criminals. Hence, white-collar crimes overlap and provide opportunity to corporate crimes. In United States alone white collar crimes cost the government $300 billion annually as its reported by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Major white-collar crimes White-collar crime is characterized by many types of fraud and the main one are; bribery, computer crime, public corruption, insider trading, medical crime, identity crime, forgery, environmental crime, and financial crime (Zarka). Crime in most public and private sectors Most public institutions are characterized by the crime of bribery, insider trading, and public corruption. There is high rate of unfair distribution of jobs, contracts, and other operations which are mainly financial. These vices have made it difficult for one to get services or even employed without bribing those who are in leadership or the decision-makers. Computer crime Most institutions have computerized their operations hence almost all operations are done by use of computers. This has made it much easier for the users to commit crime without being detected with ease. Hence, over the years this is one of the major types of crimes being done every day and most of them go undetected. Holding