ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Reward management entails the formulation, maintenance, communication and evaluation of reward processes that assist an organization in enhancing its performance as well as achieve its objectives. Successful organizations manage their reward practices in such a way that enables them to come up with accurate predictions with regards to what innovations are best suited for the organization as well as ensuring that whatever activities that they engaged in currently will assist them in delivering the expected results. Such organizations strive to avoid what Kerr (15) referred to as ‘folly of rewarding A while hoping for B’. These organizations opt for the evidence based management approach. Evidence- based reward management refers to the kind of management approach that is justified by improvement in the organization’s performance. In other words, it implies that the effectiveness of the reward management approach can be measured against a certain set of indicators to ascertain whether they have impacted the performance of the organization in any way. Such organizations have come to the realization that reward management is about knowing an individual’s motivating factors- what makes him tick- and determining the level and type of rewards that they should be offered. In some organizations, there exists a very robust and explicit link between the two factors-rewards and performance- while in some they are separated on purpose for reasons best known to the said organizations. Working in this area involves having a clear understanding of the organization’s structure and its objectives as well as the factors that led to the reviewing of performance and reward. One should attempt to understand the current performance and reward systems of the organization work, how they are perceived by the employees and the impact that they have on the overall performance of the organization. The authority that is charged with overseeing the welfare of employees in the organization should be able to determine the conduct and capabilities that deserve to be rewarded as well as the reward approach that will be used. They should also be able to determine who among their employees deserves to be rewarded the most based on their performance. The management can then proceed to devise an ideal reward system for the organization- one that will define the roles and responsibilities of every employee of the organization. The most suitable approach should be used and implementation should be done at the appropriate time (Corby et al, 27). If an organization’s reward management approach is very effective, it will considerably impact the performance of the organization on all fronts as well as enhance its ability to attract and retain quality staff. Most organizations have discovered that far from supporting their goa
Introduction Every organization has a unique approach to conducting its operations which forms its culture. The culture of an organization is composed of values and convictions shared by its employees (Chang & Lin, 2015). It influences the manner in which workers operate and interrelate amongst themselves and other individuals outside the organization. A healthy culture ensures that workers remain motivated and dedicated towards the realization of the set goals (Brettel, Chomik, & Flatten, 2015). Main body Since every successful organization has guidelines that their workers follow, the culture that has been created characterizes predefined strategies that guide employees and offer them a sense of direction. Organizational culture ensures that every employee and stakeholder clearly understands their tasks and responsibilities in the company and knows the best means of completing the tasks in time. Since two different organizations cannot have a similar culture, cultural components in every company have to be distinct from those of any other. Such cultural components dictate the work culture and play a vital role in the creation of an organization’s reputation and image (Brettel et al., 2015). Moreover, they give identity to an organization, which allows people to easily identify a company and develop either a positive or negative perception toward it. Organizational culture has the benefit of bringing all the workers to a uniform platform where they are treated equally without being rejected or left out (Hogan & Coote, 2014). Conclusion There is a need for workers to adjust excellently to the culture of their organization for them to perform to their best ability (Chang & Lin, 2015). Organizational culture unites workers from diverse backgrounds by giving them a feeling of harmony at their place of work.
Summary Moon . The story of Moon starts with the description of a girl’s affection to two blond twins who managed to humiliate her in the most violent way. This was a Chinese-American fat girl who took a revenge on those boys and provoked the car accident so that boys died. The relationships with parents and their attitude to their daughter’s action reflect the nature of Chinese culture when her mother calls her a ‘slut’ and her father goes on “about the Sino-Japanese war” (Chin 15). Justice is the main aspect of the story when a girl grows up and can afford not feeling oppressed by blond twins that used to humiliate her by pissing on her face. Cake . The parable about twin sisters starts with a story when a woman from the neighborhood offered girls a pie if they “come to the Christmas service with [her] and accept Jesus Christ, our lord, into [their] hearts” (Chin 27). As girls had another religion, the woman tried to convert them into Christianity. The girls’ parents worked hard and their grandmother looked after them. So, she invented a method to make the Christian woman leave the girls alone with their native religion. Though granny died a few years later, the girls did not want to learn the lesson of their culture and religion; the only thing they knew was that they did not ever want to be as poor as before. Literary Criticism Literary criticism is reflected in the article written by Lucy Ellmann in The Guardian who claims that there is no single emotional center in the book however it is full of details which becomes the core positive aspect of the whole boon. In other words, Ellmann reflects on the book from her personal perspective and manages to indicate the most prominent feature of this work presented with the help of a variety of theological, biological, and other concepts as well as historic and cultural details that enhance understanding of American and Chinese cultures. Related Works One of the related works that shares its main theme with the Revenge of the Mooncake Vixen is the book by Pin-Chia Feng Diasporic Representations: Reading Chinese American Women’s Fiction where the author reflects her understanding of Chinese American literary works on various topics. Relations between family members and the difference between American and Chinese cultures are vividly enlarged on in this book that also demonstrates well-known concepts typical of the Chinese culture such as memory, honor, hierarchy in the family, and combination of cultures that gives rise to a set of brand-new concepts and values applicable to both cultures. Comparison of Two Characters Choices . The main characters of the parables are twin sisters who have different choices in their life wit
Introduction According to Marxist theory, commodity fetishism refers to the habit of thinking of commodities as intrinsically possessing a money-getting power like the way money is thought to intrinsically possess power to earn interest. In the same way, commodity fetishism means that a manufactured object (product) is more important than the people and offers special powers to those who posses it. A fetish is often characterized by an unusual devotion to a material object and as a result the object is turned into a an extreme desire. The process of commodity fetishism Marx’s theory explains that although commodities are regarded as simple things, they naturally possess some power which does not arise from the use value of the commodity itself. At the use level commodities only satisfy human material needs and therefore there is nothing special about them. When the commodity is introduced to a system exchange with other articles of value, then it acquires a mysterious nature, this only occurs in societies where people come to believe that value is inherent in the commodity. At this stage a commodity is able to take extraordinary power that is manifested in the people’s desire for the commodity and wishes to posses the object as well (Morrison, 2006 p. 99). When people believe that the value of an object is a natural part of the object, they start to form social relations with the objects in their possession. These things include computers, jewelry, and cars. The relations are of greater intensity and often surpass the social relations people have towards other human beings. Later, the relations people form with objects they posses come to substitute the relations with other people and this leads to a situation where all social relations in the society are shaped by people’s social relation to things. Marx’s explanation is that people assign powers which are not real to commodities and this excites powerful desires and passions in people to have them. Commodity fetishism at work In the today’s society, the acquisition of commodities likes cell phones, computers, iPods, cars, particular brands of clothes and shoes have become very dominant and almost every one seems to have an intense desire to have them. It is common that nowadays people are basing their social relations based on their possessions. The mobile phone has now become a necessity for all
Introduction Usually, employers offer retirement plans to their employees because the promise of a secure retirement represents an effective way to recruit and retain valuable employees (Garman & Forgue, 2009). Even though the Employer Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) does not require companies to offer retirement plans, it does regulate those plans that are provided. ERISA is an ACT that provides a guide for employers seeking to create retirement benefit plans to support their employees when they finally retire and leave the organization. The statute ensures that organizations implementing the planning are fully responsible for any eventualities. Similarly, participants are also entitled to some rights and, these must be made known to them. In addition, ERISA calls for proper plan reporting and disclosure to all affected participants. This paper discusses three types of retirement plans that can be set up for the sake of employees. The three plans are Simplified Employee Pension (SEP), Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE), and Qualified plans. The paper also presents a communications plan that may be used to encourage all employees to participate in the retirement plan. Retirement Benefits Plans For most people, a retirement plan provides the largest single pool of cash they will ever receive, and choosing the right plan can be beneficial for both the employer and the employees. As stated earlier, an organization may choose to adopt either SEP, SIMPLE, or Qualified plan. The basic features of these three types of retirement plans are explained as follows. Simplified Employee Pension (SEP) Plans Simplified employee pension plans are geared toward employers who may be discouraged by the complexities of establishing a regular qualified plan. Under a SEP, the employer agrees to make contributions to an individual retirement account (IRA) for each eligible employee. To establish a SEP plan, three conditions must be met. First, the organization must clearly state how employees will benefit from the plan, and this will need to be communicated to all the affected employees in this organization. Second, the organization will be expected to provide certain information about the plan to each employee. Third, the employer must establish a SEP-IRA for each employee over the age of 20 whose compensation is at
The central piece of analysis is hauberk, a shirt of mail dating back to the beginning of the sixteenth century. Soldiers used the artistic piece as a part of their garment to protect their bodies from injuries and wounds. Made in Iran, the item is made of steel and brass interlocking loops interwoven into a shirt. The sleeves of the hauberk are of elbow length or more. Apparently, woolen gloves equipped with metal as well covered the rest of the arm. The leading Shi’a imams’ names, those of Ali, Husayn, Husan, and Kazim, are stamped on the metal chains, which add up to the artistic value of the piece (Philadelphia Museum of Art n. p.). The hauberk is knee length with a split in the sides that permitted a soldier to ride a horse. Functional qualities of the item enhance its artistic and historical value. Some features as length, size, form and texture of loops, as well as the materials the hauberk is made up, identify the cultural and economic peculiarities of the country this artistic piece originates from. For instance, it can be concluded that Iran has a certain level of economic and scientific development to be able to produce alloys of brass and steel. The production of alloys required specific technologies and certain level of knowledge and experience. In addition, the stamped names on the metal chain indicate a historic and cultural importance of certain historic figures. Although hauberks were manufactured in many countries of the world, beginning from the 12 th century, the artistic piece shows that Medieval Asian military leaders had used these pieces of military garment for a long period. Defining the Work Of Art within Historical Context The piece belongs to an impressive collection of Carl Otto Kretzschmar von Kienbusch exhibiting Iranian armor and armoring (Philadelphia Museum of Art n. p.). Within the historical context, the coat of mail in various countries was the main means of body defense. As the art of work shows, hauberks were usually created for riding. It was usually made of chain mail, manufacture of great antiquity (Meller 76). Persian origin of the hauberk is explained by the tendencies of the Persian dynasties in using discs and rings sewn on tough chain textile arming their soldier (Meller 76). Though this type of armoring originates from Greeks and Romans, the Persian coats of mail possessed certain peculiarities. The hauberk production came from Europe and was spread around the Northern countries. Originally, coats of mail were made of steel rings. However, as the artwork information reveals, the Persian hauberk has alloys of steel and brass. The Iranian use of hauberk refers to much later dates, as compared to the actual date of the armor appearance. The general use of shirts of mail refers to the beginning of 12 th century (Meller 76). However, the technical description of the artifacts proves that Persian manufacturers achieved the advanced level of production technology and designed hauberk that did not limit freedom of actions of the wearers. Until 16 th century, the hauberk had also been presented in the Iranian fashions, which implies that the Muslim word w
Freedom occurs when people are given an opportunity to do what they want without any interference or influence. Generally, a society enhances freedom by providing opportunities that people desire for action and enjoyment. On the other hand, justice entails a commitment to respect equality claim of each individual that leads to happiness. It is evident that freedom and justice are mutually exclusive, as “the theory of justice signifies its implications in regards to freedom as a key ingredient to happiness” (Rawls, 2009). Mills theory appeals to considerations of justice to mark off the rightful domain of individual liberty regarding individual freedom. In light of this view, the goal of extending freedom to all members of the society is integrally linked to achieving social justice (Baum, 2010). In this paper, the discussion will be on how freedom and justice are mutually exclusive when it comes to social values. In the past, colonialists used freedom as a tool of enslaving African Americans who later gained their freedom through social justice. The use of freedom as a tool to inhibit empowerment in individuals has been found to impact justice. For many years, racial discrimination was defined as a way of living, especially in schools, restaurants and social places, which were reserved for the whites; white-collar jobs were also mainly reserved for the whites (Loewy, 2009). Many African Americans looked for manual labor where they were gardeners and maids in households all over America. Interracial marriages were highly unpopular and many who engaged in them were discriminated. However, freedom came when justice was served as Martin Luther King fought for equality on both sides, marking the end of racial discrimination, although racial discrimination is still experienced in some places today. Justice presupposes that individuals are responsible, in some sense, for their actions. It tends to reward and punish in regards to good or bad behavior, contributions and harm brought in the society. In relation to this, when a person commits a crime that affects the society, the freedom he or she holds may be removed from him or her through a jail term. This relates to lack of social values on a personal level and using their freedom negatively; in this case, justice is used
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni is a woman who has written literary works that show her strength and character. These works also show her inclinations and passion for the plight of women. She has been a staunch supporter of women and has worked with different Afghani women refugees as well as those with dysfunctional families (Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni). The woman’s role is depicted ever so poignantly in the works of Divakaruni and this also reflects the importance of reclaiming the understanding of the role of women in society. The themes of feminism and culture are seen in most of her works. For instance in her work “Sister of My Heart” and “Mistress of Spices” the culture of Calcutta was highlighted and showcased. Not only that, the stories describe strict upbringing especially the ones concerning Sudha and Anju. These two are well-guarded and not allowed to go around unaccompanied. Their mothers are also obliged to bring them up in the old values and standards that they themselves learned as they were growing up. But these women find themselves wanting to break away from these traditional standards (Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni). But intrinsic in the practices is the fact that the widowed o
Introduction Critical thinking has increasingly become a vital part of nursing practice in the world. Unlike in the past when nurses were required to implement orders issued by doctors, today’s nurses have been empowered to make decisions related to their functions as healthcare providers (Benner, Ronda & Molly, 2006). As Benner, Ronda and Molly (2006) observe, nurses should be allowed to make decisions because they spend more time with patients than doctors. However, analysis of the process of critical thinking reveals that it is still not possible for nurses to think critically. Definition of Critical Thinking According to American Philosophical Association, critical thinking is the intentional and self-controlled judgment that makes use of one’s cognitive abilities (Simmons et al., 2003). Critical thinkers are people who think about how they think (Simmons et al. 2003). While they strive to attain the highest standards, critical thinkers are concerned about the reasonableness of each step they take and are willing to take responsibility for any outcomes (Simmons et al., 2003). Critical thinking, therefore, entails striving to get maximum outcomes while remaining wary of the impediments and possible dangers involved. In nursing, critical thinking involves the influence of both knowledge and experience (Yang & Jung, 2004). Yang & Jung (2004) asserts that several strategies such as reflective thinking are employed to determine and assess prevailing problems and identify available opportunities to address such problems. A critical thinking nurse synthesizes available information and deploys appropriate interventions within the limits of acceptable nursing practice. Such nurses are normally confident, creative, flexible, inquisitive, intellectual, intuitive, open-minded, patient, and reflective. Yang & Jung (2004) also claims that a critical thinking nurse is able to analyze available information and apply appropriate standards. A nurse should be in a position to look for missing information, logically reason, discriminate what is wrong and predict the outcomes of certain situations (Yang & Jung, 2004). This means that information is vital in critical thinking. In this regard, Yang & Jung (2004) observes that nurses are not sufficiently trained to handle and interpret complex information. Nurses are still trained to strictly work under
The articles under analysis are devoted to the examination of the terrorism problem in the context of Yemen. In spite of the fact that both authors study American participation in the fight with terror, they address the relevant problems from different perspectives. Hence, the paper at hand is mainly aimed at analyzing the author’s approaches and the arguments they provide. In his Breaking the Yemen-Al Qaeda Connection , Mark Katz focuses on the problem of the cooperation that currently exists between Yemeni tribes and Al Qaeda. The author examines in detail the factors that underpin this cooperation as well as the ways it might be cut off. It is essential to note that the author has a rather realistic vision of the problem. Thus, he does not offer the most apparent variant that resides in the complete destruction of the Al Qaeda group. Instead, he focuses on alternative solutions to the relevant problem. The relevant approach to the problem’s treatment distinguishes Katz from other authors who neglect the practical side of the question focusing on the abstract solutions that are highly problematic to apply to real-life circumstances. It is necessary to note that from the perspectives of potential solutions, Katz’s prognosis is quite pessimistic. The author admits that there is a need for external intervention, however, he, meanwhile, points out that there are currently no forces that could carry it out effectively. He refers to the cases of the British and the Soviet Union’s unsuccessful attempts in order to show that foreign interventions are almost apt to fail. It is essential to point out that the reference to historic examples makes Katz’s rationale more consistent and valid. A particular emphasis is put on the potential participation of the United States in the problem’s resolution. However, according to Katz, the only possible way of succeeding is likely to do harm to the country’s image in the international field (42). In other words, in case the USA tries to perform some financial pressure over the leaders of the Yemeni tribes so that the latter agree to break their connections with Al Qaeda, other countries might accuse the country of supporting terrorism. Moreover, the author adds that this variant is a “short-term” solution that will only work as long as the USA or any other country continues providing financial support (Katz 43). It is critical that the author tries to analyze the suggested solutions not only from the perspective of their efficacy but in terms of their long-lasting effect as well. Instead of enlisting alternative steps and methods, Katz prefers to address the problem complexly. Hence, the author suggests that the only possible way out resides in eliminating the cores of the Yemeni tribes “grievances”