ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Planning of the cities is one of the roles that have been considered as very challenging with the current developments of urban centers across the world. As the cities grow, it is important to note that they are always overstretched if their capacity to handle the increased population is not enhanced. Sustainability of the cities is a factor that should be given priority when planning for these cities. There is need to understand how the industrial area, residential area, the trading centers, recreational centers, schools, and other facilities should be located within a given city (Grijzen 2010, p. 82). The role of architectures is therefore, pivotal in spatial planning. They will help in designing the city in a way that will not only allow for the expansion, but also ensure that the city is self-sustaining. Spatial planning involves land use and how it should be managed to yield maximum output, yet remain sustainable for the future generation. Land has been defined as an asset that is scarce and very delicate, and therefore should always be used with a lot of care to ensure that it is protected. Spatial planning helps to understand how a government can plan for its cities in a way that would ensure that they are sustainable (Ren 2013, p. 23). Development of cities can only be considered sustainable if nature is protected, and all the stakeholders are accommodated. This paper focuses on spatial planning in China, especially in Beijing City, in comparison with spatial planning in Scotland. Comparing and Contrasting Elements of China’s Planning Policy and Practice with that of Scotland China has been considered as one of the fastest developing economies in the world. Currently ranked as the second largest economy in the world, China has had a massive development of cities especially due to increasing number of urban dwellers (United Nations 2001, p. 8). However, some of these cities have experienced massive challenges that are directly related to pollution of air, land, and water sources in this country. In most of the cities such as Beijing, people are at times forced to stay indoors because of the dangers posed by polluted air. This is a clear indication that this city is soon becoming unsustainable if this trend is not changed. The case is very different in Scotland. In Edinburgh, the government has come up with policies that help in ensuring that the city is sustainable (Lu & Robinson 2008, p. 62). The following elements of planning policy and practice between these two countries show the existing similarities and differences. National Planning Frame
Sunrise Life skills instructional software is a start-up organization whose vision is to create the finest education/entertainment software for non-reading individuals with developmental disabilities (“Computer software business plan”, 2019). It is specifically for those with developmental disabilities or autism. The software is designed to tech life skills and encourages users to use it as often as possible. The software was founded and owned by Amelia Alberto and will be based in New York. As the project manager, the main issue is whether the person-days concept has limitations (Tilley & Rosenblatt, 2017). In other words, if a task will require 100 person-days, does it matter whether two people in 50 days, 5 people in 20 days, 10 people in 10 days, or some other combination that adds up to 100 performs the work (Tilley & Rosenblatt, 2017)? The issue is trying to decipher if the combinations listed would work. The audience for this proposal would be the programmers and systems analysts. Some of the workers on the team disagree with this concept. A systems analyst on the team believes that it is not possible for 100 people to complete a task estimated at 100 person-days in one day (Tilley & Rosenblatt, 2017). As the project manner, I need to be aware that required allowing meetings, training, project reviews, unscheduled medical leave, and any other factor that could affect productivity. The specific requirements of this project will be ensuring achievement of minimum combinations within the existing workforce. Moreover, the new proposed system focuses on resources utilization to achieve the tasks with minimal costs. Thus, the proposed system life cycle focusing on the system design, testing, implementation, and monitoring. Notably, most of the organizations today, apply a transactional processing system (TPS), which performs daily recording of the firm proving to be more reserved, and automated, as tasks and resources are predefined in a highly structured manner, not permitting an interaction between the employee with the system thus not enabling a person’s day concept. According to Cankaya and Kuzu (2018) instructional software enables individuals with developmental disabilities to remember past learning’s and adaptation to current roles and responsibilities, an aspect of person’s day concept. Data process model . The flow of data in the person’s day concept would be achieved by representing the processed data, documentation, sorting, and analysis based on the needs of the business as presented by the figure below. To ensure that the workability of the new proposed system, data sorting will be done where a particular task will be worked on, its requirements analyzed and matched with the core competencies to ensure effective task combination. Data flow diagram. This will be another dimension that will be used by the proposed instructional model to achieve a person’s day concept information flowing from the highest to other levels as shown below. Data dictionary. In our new proposed syst
The process of cross-border flows of goods, services, money, people, information, and culture is termed globalization. It is not merely an economic or cultural process but it is also an ideology. Processes of integration and globalization have been largely matched, and perhaps exceeded, by co-occurring processes of fragmentation and disintegration. And whatever evidence there might be to support the end of the nation-state thesis, it can be easily matched by counterevidence attesting to the continued health of the nation. All considered, however, it is nonetheless questionable whether our world still hangs together in the international sense. A sovereignty-based territorial pattern of segmentation (the “inter”) instituted at Westphalia in 1648 seems to fade away in this age of globalization. The territorial logic that held this state-centric “inter” together with started losing part of its legendary force, a more problematic national sovereign structuring formula emerged to institute the first post-Westphalian order. However, in a historical and intellectual context that continued to privilege territorial over nonterritorial principles of separability and individuation, in practice, the nation continued to be fully eclipsed by the sovereign part of this formula. In IBO terms, the nation-state construct anchored a solidly stabilized international world, with national and statist identities, borders and orders consistently reinforcing and mapping into each other. For as long as the gulf separating nations and states remained a distinction with no theoretical or political difference, both of these concepts remained equally capable of “nationalizing” the contemporary IBO configuration. Escaping theoretical attention was the fact that a world nationalized by the nation would have been vastly different from a world nationalized effectively territorially. Westphalian ordering and Westphalian bordering hence go hand in hand, but the question of which comes first seems to be case-specific rather than trans-historically invariant. Still, it may be possible to institute some analytical clarity in this context by judiciously situating the discussion in the IBO framework. Converging on the borders-to-orders and orders-to-borders sequences would be key to such an undertaking. The centrality of the borders-to-orders sequence becomes obvious once we apply it to events such as the implosion of the Soviet empire, the removal of the Iron Curtain, the reunification of Germany, the expansion of NATO, European integration, the collapse of apartheid, the multiplication of failed states and so on. It is also a vital theoretical node in current debates on neo-medievalism, globalization, democratization, national self-determination, multiculturalism, immigration, citizenship, societal security, and more. Individually, and together, these events and debates convey an indisputable message acts of inscription, crossing, removal, transformation multiplication and diversification of borders carry momentous ramifications for the political orders (domestic, regional, and international) in which they transpire. Westphalia is important because the modern
Introduction The complexity of the human relations in the society is characterized by the variety of rules and norms that people have to follow for their activities to be socially acceptable. Ethics serves as the set of such norms and regulates the relations between people, organizations, and between people and organizations. Needless to say, ethics is important not only in daily lives of human beings, but in any other spheres of activity including business. Real estate as a specially complicated business area also has its ethical norms. However, often business activities in real estate are carried out ignoring the basic ethical concepts. The book by Sam Foster titled Alpha Male: A tale of the battle of Commerce and the movie Glengarry Glen Ross by James Folley illustrate the situations when ethical norms are violated in real estate business. Alpha Male: A tale of the battle of Commerce Book Background The book by Sam Foster, Alpha Male: A tale of the battle of Commerce, is perceived by numerous critics as the most skillful and literary reflection on the complex and often deceptive world of real estate in Los Angeles (Foster, 2002). The plot of the book focuses on the struggle of ethics and its absence, morality and readiness for everything for reaching one’s goals. Depicting the victory of ethics over immorality, Sam Foster manages to express his idea of the possibility that the real estate business, and the human life on the whole, can be ethical in their essence. The struggle of Jack Kendrick and Liz Peterson embodies the eternal fight between ethics and immorality in the human society (Foster, 2002). Major Characters The major characters of Alpha Male: A tale of the battle of Commerce by Sam Foster are Jack Kendrick, Liz Peterson, Lorna, Jack’s wife, and Ian, Jack’s son (Foster, 2002, p. 13). The whole plot of the book reveals the struggle carried out by Jack for introducing ethics and morality to real estate business (Foster, 2002, p. 16). Jack Kendrick is a former salesman in a huge Los Angeles company, who was fired because of his reluctance to take part in the illegal real estate transactions. He becomes employed by another real estate dealing company but faces absence of ethics again and considers the need to fight for his vision of real estate business and principles of human coexistence (Foster, 2002, p. 17). Liz Peterson is another main character, and the major antagonist, of the book by Sam Foster (Foster, 2002, p. 14). Miss Peterson is a woman that values her work in real estate business and is ready for achieving her goals in it by all means necessary. Liz Peterson is supposed to be Jack’s subordinate in t
Japans Sogo Shosha is a unique trade organization dealing with large range and quantities of products and raw materials. These trade organizations are a core of the national economy with millions of profits a year. Taking into account current trade corporation and nature of retailing business in the US, it is possible to say that trade companies like Sogo Shosha will become common in American but will fail in Europe. These differences are caused by different structures of retail nad trade business in the US and EU. The most famous and large Sogo Shosha companies are Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsui, Toyota Tsusho and Sojitz (Yoshino and Lifson 1985). These companies operate with consumer goods and raw materials, media and the Internet products, Finance and logistics. The aim and goals of the companies is to support large manufactures and deliver products to small traders. This type and structure of business meets the needs of the US market and its growth opportunities. Today, the new wave of competition will focus on information (Seth and Randall 2006). The USA experiences on a new wave of communications technology, interactive multimedia. Europe is far behind in this technology. Only a few companies such as Philips Electronics of the Netherlands and British Telecommunications are investing large amounts of money in this technology which can link televisions, computers and telephones (Johnsom and Scholes 2006). European research mainly is conducted in state-subsidized programs, focusing on long-term applications rather than immediate consumer products. The same situation occurred with the introduction of personal computers. The result is that European producers are the technological laggards, left with finding low cost alternatives to the market leaders (Drezner, 2006). Sogo Shosha type of business will be readily accepted by large US retail companies. A large number of firms in the USA are involved in international retail operations all over the world, in the United States, Europe, Japan, Australia, and South Africa. Some are directly involved through joint ventures, acquisitions, and horizontal expansion in other countries. Others are not as directly involved because of the lack of resources or lack of a global orientation. They export their merchandise by selling to cross-border customers or enter into franchise agreements with overseas parties contracting out their retailing “formula” for a fee. There are still others who refrain from any such involvement with actual retail operations. They prefer to act as a hands-off investor in an ongoing overseas enterprise (Drezner 2006), Trading has long been regarded as an essential service function in a community around a given location. Unlike farm produce or manufactured goods, it is rarely perceived as an exportable item. However, when a retain operation is franchised by an overseas traders or when a trader enters into a management contract with a foreign traders, it does amount to an export of trade and financial services. Globalization of business and integration demand a new type of organizations to meet needs of diverse
Executive Summary Adult and peer mentorship programs have become one of the most popular ways of helping young people to pursue their goals. However, on most occasions, these programs are rarely evaluated and sponsors fail to get reports on the impact of their efforts. It is for this reason that this research has been scheduled to determine the effectiveness of adult and peer mentorship for adolescent dropouts. This report is guided by a research question, which is also the hypothesis of the research. The research hypothesis is supported by the set of objectives, which designed to form the core of the research. The research will be using a quantitative research design to obtain solid data in the survey. This research design suits well the operation since it seeks to find out quantitative information that can be tested and worth of generalization. To successfully implement the research design, the non-probability sampling technique will be adopted. This sampling technique is best since it covers a large geographical area and only the targeted group is reached. To come up with a credible report the research team will adhere to the code of ethics applicable to the research field. These ethical principles not only govern the conduct of the researchers but it also ensures that all the parties involved are contented with the outcome of the research. Finally, the report highlights the expected outcome from the research. Research Design for Program Evaluation Introduction Incidences of female adolescent dropouts have been on the rise in the past several years. Attempts to contain this problem have often proven futile, thought different groups have shown resilience in curbing the situation. In order to determine the extent of female adolescent dropouts peer and adolescent programs have been formulated to show causes and effects on respective variables. This report is generated to determine the effect of these programs and providing a viable solution on how the scourge can be contained. Peer monitoring is a type of mentorship usually carried out in learning institutions to establish the root course of certain behaviors. The high prevalence of female adolescent students has caused alarmed and major concern both to the government and to the public at large. In most cases, peer monitoring endeavors to provide facts concerning the extent of a certain problem as well as offering a lasting solution to the problem. It is for this reason that this research has been planned in an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs. Program design The program is designed to help obtain both the quantitative and qualitative info
Introduction Alcohol-related road carnage is a globally acknowledged problem. Despite the efforts made by many countries to curb it, the scourge has persisted. In the U.S., alcohol impairment contributed to 31% of the fatal road crashes that were reported in 2010 (Rosenblatt et al., 2012). This aspect makes it one of the leading causes of accident-related deaths in the country. To make matters worse, the problem of drunken driving mostly affects the youth, who form the biggest portion of the U.S. population. The grave nature of this problem is the reason behind the numerous measures that have been taken to combat it. Unfortunately, like in other countries across the world, the measures yielded insignificant results for a long time. The emergence of the DWI courts, therefore, came as a relief to the U.S. These courts are based on the drug-court model. They operate a post-conviction treatment program that assists offenders to overcome an alcohol addiction, which is the main cause of drunken driving (Wallace, 2011). Although the existing evidence seems to suggest that these courts make a difference, the magnitude of this difference remains a point of contention. This paper explores the rise of these courts, examines their effectiveness, and proposes possible measures that can improve their efficacy in the state of Missouri. The Rise of DWI/DUI Courts in the U.S. In the last one decade, the relative success o
Free laborers were people who were freed from slavery. In fact, most of these people were black Americans. They were born mostly as a result of slave owners having affairs with their female slaves hence siring children. These children got freed from slavery hence bringing about free laborers. Very few free laborers came to North America due to harsh conditions faced by slaves. This was due to the fact that racial segregation was prevalent in North America. The white discriminated against other races hence keeping free laborers away from the North. In fact, free laborers who happened to be born outside North America could not try to go there for fear of being taken into slavery (Hughes and Cain 126). There was high demand for slaves in the North to work in farms. There was no need for free laborers when one could get access to slaves. This was another reason why remarkably few free laborers settled in North America. In addition, majority of those freed from slavery owned land with some owning slaves hence no need to look for another form of labor. North America invested in fighting illiteracy hence empowering most of its citizens. These people were given chores that could be done by free laborers hence reducing demand for them. For Instance, free laborers could be allocated duties such as supervising slaves and these duties were given to the literate North American citizens. Finally, there was a need to control balance between the laborers population and North Americans hence ensuring that there was no labor for free laborers hence reducing their demand and movement to the North. Standard of Living in Colonial America The standard measure of living standards is the Gross Domestic Product per capita. This measure is adjusted according to changes in the price level of commodities leading to inflation or deflation. In fact, a lot of changes in colonial America were influenced by the English colonizers. Americans adapted much of English habits and ways of life. For instance, most of the America’s institutions were modeled in line with their English equivalents. Colonial America was characterised by high birth rates and immigration. Immigration was instigated by factors such as fear for religious wars causing people to migrate from America to other places. Other people were attracted by the growing economy hence migrating towards American colonies. This means that the living standards of people were enhanced by economic growth where some became traders. Families were based on economic and social aspects of colonial life. Many people lived on farms working for their fortunes (Hughes and Cain 109). In fact, the general society thrived in rural setups as there were extremely few towns. This is the reason why many people lived in farms practicing agriculture. Americans experienced higher standards of living than people in Europe during their colonial period. Health of American people improved as A
Abstract Italy is a country which embarks on its tradition, religious value and culture. It takes pride in all aspects of its rich history which is quite apparent in the Italian food served in homes and restaurants. Venice is located in Northern Region of Veneto is home to Italian food customs and food here is different in taste from other regions of Italy. However, it is considered to be an expensive city for food and poor people are well affected by this. Lastly, we will look at some of the history which led to some world famous Italian foods. Venice, Italy Venice is a beautiful city situated in northeastern Italy and is a capital of Veneto region. The city is built with a great network of canals instead of streets. The Grand Canal serves as its main canal. The city has been described by many in different ways such as ‘Bride of the Sea’, ‘Queen of Adriatic’, ‘The Most Serene One’, ‘City of Water’, ‘La Dominante’ and ‘The City of Light’ admiring its beautiful and unique setup. Venice is one of Italy’s most historical cities which had been marked with events dating back of 1 st century and is a major port besides commercial and industrial center. Food Customs The food customs shared by Venice are similar to those across Italy. The Italians love their food and appreciate their time at the table. There are some food customs which are common and important for understanding the food culture in Italy. These food customs can be summarized as follows:  1. Italians do not start eating until everyone is seated unless the person who is serving insists.  2. Italians eat their salads last.  3. There are usually two or more courses mainly a combination of pasta, meat or fish and vegetables.  4. The different courses are always served on new clean dishes. This means that Italians do not use the same dish for eating different courses.  5. Never drink milk with the meal.  6. Fruits and cheese to finish the meal is always served.  7. Pairing of food and wine is essential.  8. Pasta dishes with sea food are never served with grated cheese on top.  9. Knife and fork are held in right hand and left hand respectively. 10. Italians do not like watching TV when eating. 11. Breads are no eaten with pasta. 12. Italians usually eat two times during a day where breakfasts are usually skipped with strong coffee and croissants or pastries. Climate Venice is a city of sea shore and the climate here is a typical one. The weather of the city is very high in humidity and moderate in temperatures as compared to other cities such as Rome or Florence. However, the moderate temperatures recorded in the city are by all means unbearable to