ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The case Korematsu v. United States illustrates that the principles imbedded in the Constitution of the United States can be violated or at least misinterpreted, especially at the time when the country has to cope with a threat to national security. This paper is aimed at discussing the opinions of judges who had to pass verdict about the internment of Japanese Americans and their exclusion from military areas. It is important to examine three themes, namely national security, race, and the constitutionality of the internment since they are vital for legislators. Justices Hugo Black and Felix Frankfurter supported the decision of the government. In their opinion, internment was not motivated by racial prejudices against Japanese Americans. They believed that the internment of these citizens was motivated by the necessity, in particular, the war with Japan. This is one of the main points that they made. In contrast, Justice Frank Murphy disagreed with this argument. In his opinion, racial considerations did play a vital role, and these biases affected the views of legislators. Additionally, he noted that Americans of German or Italian origin were not interred, even though both Germany and Italy could potentially pose a threat to the national security of the country. This example indicates at the inconsistency of governmental policies. This is one of the main issues that should be considered. Furthermore, it is vital to focus on such a theme as national security. Hugo Black and Felix Frankfurter believed that during the war with Japan, the government of the United States had to take precautions in order to protect the state. In their opinion, Japanese Americans might cooperate with the government of Japan. Therefore, the decisions of the military leaders could be justified at that time. In contrast, Justices Murphy and Jackson opposed to this decision by saying that the ethnic background of a person could not turn him/her into a suspect. They believed that this approach to the national security was driven by racial prejudice, rather than evidence. This is why they did not support the policies of the state. Finally, it is vital to discuss the constitutionality of the internment. None of the judges believed that the exclusion order fully complied with the principles of the U.S constitution. Nevertheless, they looked at this problem from different perspectives. For example, Justices Jackson and Murphy argued that the U.S Constitution did not prevent the government from taking expedient military precautions, especially at the time when the country was at war. However, they did not speak about the privileges guaranteed to the citizens. In their turn, Murphy and Jackson clearly stated that the exclusion order was constitutional
Introduction Did you know a significant majority of Americans do not eat healthy diets? More than 80% are not eating enough vegetables, whole grains, and fruits, while a third of American adults are obese (Blackstone et al., 2018). The leading cause of obesity is due to lack of sufficient knowledge on strategies for healthy eating. Today, I have the opportunity to talk to you about the key strategies of healthy eating. Contrary to popular beliefs, eating healthy is not expensive and requires only a few simple tactics. Although I am not a nutritionist, my presentation is based on credible empirical evidence from a wide range of previously conducted research. Today, I will discuss three strategies for healthy eating: I will first talk about the importance of making a food journal and planning meals and snacks for each week based on the available budget. Then, I will be discussing why serving meals regularly in smaller dishes is good for your body. Finally, I will be looking at why eating at home is better than eating out. Now that you are aware of the overview, let’s begin discussing my first point. Body It is critically important to make a food journal and plan meals and snacks for each week based on your available budget. A recent study revealed that it costs a little more per day to eat a healthy meal (Beets et al., 2018). Food journals are a cost-effective way of keeping track of how much you spend on food. Individuals who consistently keep food journals and plan their meals tend to stay healthy and eat balanced diets.A good food journal should contain more grains and at least one meatless meal in a weak while at the same time ensuring more fruits and vegetables. Planning meals, drinks, and snacks using food journals help one realize if they are consuming enough of each food group, promoting better nutrition. It is easier to determine if you react to certain foods by keeping a food diary. Writing down what you eat and how you feel after helps you realize your intolerance towards some ingredients or food choices. A food journal or diary makes it easier to understand one’s eating habits and makes it easier to make changes to the diet and ensure healthy eating.Several studies concur that people who successfully keep food journals are likely to have balanced diets and maintain healthy weights (Reinders et al., 2017). Record-keeping helps one lose weight by informing them about their food choices and unhealthy eating habits to make necessary changes. Moreover, writing down the time and mood for the day when keeping a food journal can help identify triggers to unhealthy eating. Recognizing specific triggers will help you get rid of unhealthy eating habits. Now that we’ve successfully discussed the import
Introduction American Civil War (1861-1865) was a war between the Union and the Confederate States of America. There was massive loss to economic and social drain during this revolutionary war. There are numerous contradictory theories regarding the effects of the war on industrialization. This paper aims to ascertain the effect of the war on the on going process of industrialization in America. In the course of the paper, we will discuss the different theories prevalent as literature review on the subject and then try to relate them with the available empirical data to reach a conclusion. Main text The forerunner among civil war theorists were Beard and Hacker. Charles Beard labeled it “Second American Revolution,” claiming that “at bottom the so-called Civil War was a social war, ending in the unquestioned establishment of a new power in the government, making vast changes in the course of industrial development, and in the constitution inherited from the Fathers” (Beard and Beard 1927, 53). Hacker could sum up Beard’s position by simply stating that the war’s “striking achievement was the triumph of industrial capitalism” (Hacker 1940, 373). The “Beard-Hacker Thesis” had become the most widely accepted interpretation of the economic impact of the Civil War which believed that the impact of the war on American industrialization was profound.
Data collection forms a fundamental part of the research project. In order to obtain reliable data, basic ethical considerations must be put in place. Cell phone market data collection requires the researcher to reach different people in different places and of varied rank as well as people with diverse backgrounds. One of the ethical concerns that are involved in this data collection is the legal consideration. Many retailers and the whole seller may legally not allow the person conducting the data collection process to access their data. This is because they have no trust in them. In the constitution, the act of law provides the right of privacy, which may be used to bar data collectors from data access. It is therefore ethical to obtain documentary permission stating and giving details and reasons for data collection.. It is therefore highly recommended that the researcher disclose his purpose of research to the respondents. Another ethical concern is the privacy of respondents. People involved in business fear revealing information to strangers, due to the risk of business operation secrecy. Each and every business has its own way of maintaining its secrecy for better competition and economic purposes. So, some of the businesses may fear disclosing data that will bring adverse effects to their overall performance. So, the data collector must show secrecy and honesty to the respondents. Respect is very important in doing research work. The participants may be contacted through their cell phones or in any other way. All in all, they duly need respect from the data seeker. For instance, courtesy and greeting are greatly required in all data collection processes. This indicates the integrity and conduct of the individual. This will consequently have an impact on the behavior of the respondent. Generally, the integrity of the researcher will protect the respondent secrecy and provide firm confidence for data retrieval from the respondent. Reference Conway, M.J. (1998): How to collect data: Alexandria.
Gendered approach is a system that is able to concentrate on both men and women without making any distinctions. In this case gender approach does not mean women like many people perceive but rather generalizes all the sexes. Gender is realized by the formation of activities, functions and obligations that are credited to both male and female in the community. In this way gender approach recognizes the need to collectively treat every individual fairly in the community. It allows for a greater control and fulfillment in many areas that both male and female are involved in within the society. The gender roles and obligations regularly change because of social, monetary and technological differences. Control is needed in the society to ensure both male and female receive the due protection. Gender approach helps in bringing together the needs of those forced to migrate in different locations (Castles & Davidson, 2009). Gendered approach in forced migration can be important by ensuring equality for both male and female. Once one is forced to relocate they are vulnerable to the conditions that they will meet in the new location. However, once gendered approach is considered there will be equal opportunity for all thus allowing for common understanding. Women are many a time harassed in the boarder while migrating as they may be regarded as prostitutes. This approach will help females to be treated with respect just as the male counterparts. These women may also be marginalized for being in a new country thus having bad relationships with the people they meet. Gendered approach always for women to have their roles delegated to them and therefore will not need to depend on men for support. They will have an opportunity to face the challenges of the new territory knowing that they are not les important to their male counter parts (Abusharaf, 2002). Gender approach in forced migration allows for recreation of moderate policies to suit the immigrants. This can be done by having an evaluation on how to include the new policies into the existing ones. In this way, crimes and violence especially against women in their new surroundings will be minimized. It will allow for national security for the immigrants who are forced to leave their country to another. Discrimination will be avoided an in turn replaced by assistance for these victims. The government is responsible to ensure that the forced immigrants receive the necessary protection and help through gendered approach. Through gendered approach health conditions and other basic needs of the immigrants will be ensured. This will ensure total control and equal treatment and understanding from all the involved members (Constable, 1997). The other importance of gendered approach to forced immigrant is the creation of international protection programs. These programs will be observed by every state in the world. This will allow for easier and safer
Background In December 1999, NYSE and NASDAQ instituted changes in audit committees’ requirements. The changes required firms to have audit committees, consisting of no less than three directors, independent from the management and the company. These requirements were a response to damaging “earning management” by firms. In her study “Audit committee, board of director characteristics, and earnings management” (2002), April Klein, a professor of accounting at New York University Stern School of Business, evaluates these changes and makes the argument that audit committee and board characteristics correlate to the earnings management by the firm. Methodology To prove her theory, Klein decided to examine how variations on audit committee and board independence affected the level of abnormal accruals (expenses or revenues that happened, but haven’t been recorded in the accounts), which are often in positive relation to earning management. Throughout the paper, Klein tests the idea that an independent audit committee is the most productive at supervising a firm’s accounting process. She has also noted how existing empirical evidence suggested that board independence had a positive impact on firm performance and negative on financial fraud. Participants To test these ideas and how they correlate to the levels of abnormal accruals, Klein analyzed a sample of 692 publicly traded American firms-years. This batch consisted of non-US firms, banking and insurance firms, missing data on audit committees, missing compustat, and the outlier for the absolute value of abnormal accrual. Procedure To achieve this, she used the methods advocated by Ron Kasznik and Eli Bartov, who previously wrote on control when estimating accruals, and its importance for the earning process. She used Kasznik’s matched-portfolio technique to analyze the data and asserted that the more independent the boards and audit committees are, the smaller are the AAACs. She also determined that optimal option for firms was to maintain audit committees where 51% of directors were independent, but the higher the percent of independent directors, the smaller is the level of AAACs. With this data at hand, and by cross-comparing it with data about the changes in accruals caused by sh
The explanation of nonsense words “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll, consists mostly of nonsense words. But if we were to look at those words closely, a certain meaning could be attached to most of them. For example, the word “slithy” is something between lithe and slimy. This adjective describes the noun” toves” that sounds like “toads”, which are lizards. In this case, the context specifies such attributes, as lithe and slimy which alludes to lizards or toes. Examining the word “mimsy”, it sounds similar to the word flimsy which means shaky or fragile. Because within the context of the poem this word describes the “borogoves” which are probably some types of animals, they could be embodied as fragile or shaky. The “Bandersnatch” sounds conformable to a name for a monster, so the word “frumious” probably characterizes it as furious and fuming, therefore “Bandersnatch” may be a name for a dragon. The fourth and fifth quatrains describe a battle scene. The first line tells that the character stood in “uffish thought”, waiting for the fight to begin. “Uffish” sounds similar to such words, as roughish, gruffish, huffish which mean rough and ready, blunt, and courageous. These are the right words to describe the thoughts of someone, who has prepared himself for battle with a dragon, according to the context. The expression “galumphing back” that appears at the end of the fifth quatrain which describes how the main character had conquered the beast, most likely implies going back, as it sounds like the word galloping and somewhat triumphantly. These words are appropriate, as the monster is slain, and the central figureheads back to where he came from.
The article addresses a technological framework that enables to respond to an aviation disaster. Emergency response in aviation has continued to be a major concern in the modern aviation. In the recent years, this has been facilitated but communication infrastructure and advances in information technology. As a result, to attain interoperable and efficient information network, it is essential to design an infrastructure that will not fail in case of an actual emergency situation. As a result, ATENAA project promotes the use of Aeronautical MANETs that comprises ad hoc aircraft, which is a communication transmission. MANETs is an XML service network that enables transmission of information regardless of the current infrastructural network. XML service is the software that allows the network transmissions and enables aircraft operations both on air and on land (Xiaofeng et al., 304). Teamwork is crucial in case of an aviation disaster through the coordination of Workpad architecture, which is integrated with Aeronautical MANETs to comprise a framework of the XML Services. In the framework, MANETs offers interoperable, consistent as well as proficient communications, linking the aircraft and the AOCs. Besides, the Workpad organizes the actions in response to an aviation disaster on the land, while Semantic Web allows the relations as well as incorporation of the necessary applications. The EDXL applies as a standard language to identify the necessary rules. This framework is not only dependable but also efficient even in severe aviation disasters. It is flexible and considers the future needs since it incorporates innovations such as security control, depending on the aircraft type. Work Cited Xiaofeng, YU., Sommestad, Teodor., Fung, Casey & Hung, Patrick. Emergency Response Framework for Aviation XML Services on MANET . IEEE International Conference on Web Services, 2008. Web.
Introduction Globalization is the singular most irresistible force of modern times. It has overpowered the political and economic authority of nation-states and reduced their capacity policy imperatives. Thus, in this world globalization is the triumphant force over agency, citizenship, and the nation-state as the latter lose their relevance. Due to the engrossing impact of globalization, concepts like citizenship that so far were closely intertwined with the nation-state concept has become problematic. Countries have altered their policies regarding immigrant citizenships access and the notion of citizenship has gained focus in academic and political discourse (Castles & Davidson, 2000). The concept of modern citizenship has undergone drastic changes from “individuals endowed with entitlements or rights” within the parameters of government and territorial nation-states (Falk, 2000, p. 5). Thus, citizenship arises from the concept of “entitlement” and freedom from authority and coercion. Thus, the modern concept of citizenship could be traced through the secular nation-state backdrop, which was a geographically bordered concept of political community. Thus, this concept was in contrast to the concept of ethnicity or religion. Citizenship is the modern concept that allowed the full right of membership to this political community and duty and responsibility towards this nation-state (Falk, 2000). This definition of citizenship demonstrates an exclusionary concept of citizenship related to nationalism. However, the liberal-democratic theory of citizenship is more of a concept that helps in attaining political cohesion. Thus, in this concept, citizenship is more inclusive and open to all rather than exclusive as pointed out in the geography-bound definition of citizenship (Castles & Davidson, 2000). The traditional concept of citizenship, which abides by legal status or administrative category, refutes the new concept of a global citizen, which transcends nation-states (Stokes, 2004). This article proposes the thesis that globalization has transcended the concept of citizenship from its traditional geographically bound identity of the nation-state and abides by its responsibility in a global community. Citizenship Citizenship has its basis in the empowerment of individuals (Castles & Davidson, 2000; Falk, 2000). One of the oldest political concepts of western political philosophies, citizenship has its root in the Greek tradition (Castles & Davidson, 2000; Shafir & Brysk, 2006). Historically, the concept was developed from Aristotelian philosophy that stressed on civic membership of individuals, which provided a legal and social affiliation. The main ideology of the Greek concept of citizenship was to provide individuals equality to participate in the polis and to engage in military activity. The concept of citizenship has undergone a complete makeover from what it originated as and the concept of citizenship spun around three areas: “through the transfer of citizenship from one political context of sovereignty to another, through extension to members
Chaos Theory is an exciting 2D puzzle platform set in a hostile maze-like world where the player’s only goal is to survive. The world consists of several realms, each with slightly different obstacles. Players can switch between the realms if they find themselves unable to complete a level or simply want to change the scenery. Each realm is inhabited by monstrous alien creatures that the player needs to defeat in order to progress through levels. Enemies shoot projectiles in fixed directions, and the player needs to avert them. To do this, they can pick up blocks scattered around the level and move them around for the enemies’ projectiles to bounce from them. In different realms, various kinds of puzzles are available. The game is currently under development, and four levels are already completed, each with its own puzzle design. We are currently working on the mechanics that can support a number of realms and multiple levels. We decided to opt for the camera that shows the whole map instead of following the player around in the style of classic platform games (Arsenault et al., 2016). The instructions have been improved so that the user can better understand how to play the game. The development plans for the spring include adding new mechanics, levels, and puzzles, as well as improving the game design. Currently, only rough concept designs of levels are available, and we plan to polish them up further and work on the visuals to create a dark and gloomy atmosphere (Jun, 2019). New types of enemies will be added, varying in difficulty and appearance. Novel puzzles will be designed and incorporated into the game to increase versatility. Chaos Theory is meant to be a game that can be played for hours without getting bored.