ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The different behaviors of people are essential in determining people’s approach to work. There are individuals who have a very positive attitude towards work, while others do not like to work. Similarly, there are people who like to work as a team, while others like to work individually. In line with this, there are many theories in psychology that have been developed over the years in a bid to explain the differences that exist between people and their approaches to work. It is important for employers, as well as leaders and managers, to understand the differences so that they can be in a better position to understand the workforce (Mayer, 2009). The importance of these differences has made researchers and academicians more interested in the related theories, as they seek to relate the theories to the different personalities and understand people’s approaches to working (Hall & Scragg, 2012). People are always confronted with challenges at their places of work. Therefore, it is important to understand the theories that explain the behaviors of different people to address these challenges. This essay seeks to outline the different ways in which the differences that exist among individuals may affect their approach to work. The paper will relate these differences to various theories and explain how these theories can be assessed in the context of work. How individual differences can affect approach to work Individual differences at work may occur as a result of different psychological factors. It is important to understand these differences because they also determine the general productivity of various individuals. There are a number of theories that can be used to explain the different approaches that people have towards work. One of these theories is the cognitive theory (Nicholas, 2008). This is a theory that generally refers to the mental ability of an individual. In this regard, some people have a high mental strength compared to others. These are individuals who have a high ability to reason. They are also able to plan effectively and solve problems. At the same time, they are in a better position to understand complex problems and issues (Nooteboom, 2009). The fact that highly cognitive individuals are able to understand their surroundings means that they are well-positioned to respond to the trending issues at a certain period of time and can react proactively to various issues. They are able to understand what they read or what they hear. They also have a good understanding of arithmetic. In addition, people with high mental strength are good in spatial visualization, as well as deductive reasoning. According to the cognitive theory, people who have a high cognitive ability will always try to analyze and understand a piece of work before doing it. They are people who are always keen to understand the implications of a certain piece of work. People who have high cognitive abilities are likely to select a piece of work
Introduction Classroom management is an important part of any teaching process; at schools, however, it becomes even more important, as the school’s purpose goes beyond simply giving academic knowledge. In our paper, we will discuss three articles addressing legal and ethical issues (namely, the issues of rights and responsibilities) related to school teachers, students, and parents, and consider the implications of these issues for classroom management. Implications for the Teacher In her article, Allen (2010) addresses the issue of classroom management and its relation to unwanted behaviors. The author observes that classroom management is not only about keeping discipline, but also (and mainly) about organizing educational activity, maintaining and facilitating the learning process (Allen, 2010, p. 2, 9). At the same time, failure to create proper educational environment seems to “promote or permit” unwanted behaviors at school (Allen, 2010, p. 8). Therefore, classroom management is crucial for preventing disruptive and abusive behaviors (not only among students, but also between students and teachers) and not allowing for the abuse of children’s rights. In fact, the teacher’s responsibility is not limited to teaching the subject only; they must provide a personal example of a dignified, ethical person, and create an atmosphere favorable for hard study and mutual respect. Legal responsibilities are to prevent the abuse of children’s rights and create a safe learning atmosphere. Implications for the Student Bayer (2004) views “classroom incivility as often emanating from the synergy between the incivilities of students and the incivilities of faculty members towards students” (p. 77). The researcher asserts that students have, among other rights, the rights: to get proper instructions from a teacher who is interested in teaching; to have a “just, fair, respectful, and non-authoritarian classroom environment”; to express their own opinion; the right to confidentiality (Bayer, 2004, p. 79-80). On the other hand, it is the students’ responsibility to learn behavioral norms of the academic environment; to provide good environment for other students, not to harm them and not to disrupt the teaching / learning process; do the academic tasks given by their teachers. Therefore, students also may contribute to classroom management. Teachers’ classroom management should be built in a way that doesn’t allow for abuse of students’ rights, and enables the learners to get the necessary studying information and proper instructions. Implications for Parents According to Minkle, Sheridan, Moorman Kim, Ji Hoon, and Koziol (2014), parents’ involvement in schooling can have a great effect on their children (p. 528). Even though both parents and teachers often feel uncomfortable while interacting with each other, congruence in parents-teachers relationships leads to much lower quantity of behavioral problems and might, in some cases, lead to better
This paper is aimed at discussing the book Rethinking Christ and Culture: A Post-Christendom Perspective written by Craig Carter. This work is important for analyzing the role that religion should play in the contemporary society. One of the points that the author makes is that Christian organizations should not separate themselves from the world of politics in order to maintain their moral integrity. Moreover, religion should not be viewed as the main agent that dominates culture since this policy can undermine the credibility of the church. Thus, it is critical to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments expressed in this book. On the whole, one can argue that Craig Carter successfully identifies the most important problems that religious institutions should address in order to maintain their ethical integrity. By using Biblical and historical examples, the author demonstrates that contemporary views on religion should be re-evaluated. It should be noted that Craig Carter critiques the ideas expressed by Helmut Niebuhr. This theologian argues the development of Western civilization and culture has been shaped primarily by Christian thought (Niebuhr 7). Thus, religion can be regarded as the agent of transformation. These arguments are based on the premise that the representatives of various social or political institutions perceive themselves primarily as Christians. This is one of the assumptions that Craig Carter wants to question. From his standpoint, Niebuhr’ theory is not relevant to the modern community. Moreover, it contradicts the principles that are outlined in the Bible. These are the most important elements of Craig Carter’s book. First of all, this author rejects the notion of Christendom or Western civilization that has “a religious arm (the church) and a secular arm (civil government) both of which are united in their adherence to Christian faith, which is seen as the “soul” of Europe, or the West” (Carter 14). This is the main notion that Craig Carter wants to examine in a critical way. The writer makes several points in order to show that this notion is not acceptable. He mentions that the ideas expressed in the gospels are “countercultural, nonviolent, and subversive of empire” (Carter 20). In turn, the very idea of Christendom implies that the followers of Jesus try to become of a part of the empire (Carter 20). This is one of the details that can be identified. Furthermore, the writer believes that Christian Church should adopt new roles in the modern society. In particular, this institution should not associate itself with the government because this association implies that the church legitimizes the coercive violence that the government can perpetrate (Carter 105). Therefore, it is necessary to “draw visible between the church and the world” (Carter 105). In this way, religious organizations will be able to safeguard themselves against decisions that cannot be ethically acceptable. For instance, one can mention the encouragement of the Crusades or even the justification of slave labor in the United States (Carter 105). S
The history of psychology is rooted in philosophy, with its origin being old Greece during the times of Plato and Aristotle. However, Philosophy differs from Psychology because Psychology employs the use of scientific research methods to study and collect factual data about a subject in order to prove a theory. In contrast, Philosophy is theoretical. It relies on logic and the power of observation, hence, setting apart psychology as a unique discipline from philosophy. Renee Descartes and John Locke were among the early philosophers to propose the existence of a relationship between the mind of a person and experiences, which is the basis of Psychology. In the 19 th century, psychologists around the world influenced the birth of Psychology as a discipline, such as, Wundt in Germany, James in America, Freud in Austria and Ivan Pavlov in Russia, but its development and growth as a discipline can be attributed to western psychologists. Wilheim Wundt pioneered in turning Psychology into a discipline when he used scientific methods to study the connection between the physiology of the brain, and the mind (Pickren and Rutherford, 2010). He was the first psychologist to start a laboratory at a university, where he continued his work that was to be furthered by Titchener. His student, Edward B. Titchener found the first school of thought in Psychology known as Structuralism. However, this school of thought was limited in its perspectives and eventually faded away with Titchener’s death. The pioneer in the west was William James, who is now referred to as the father of Psychology in America after publishing his book, The Principles of Psychology, which was the basis for the school of thought in Psychology known as Functionalism. In his theory, James differed with Wundt in the subject of “the nature of introspection and procedures to be followed” (Pickren and Rutherford, 2010). Also in Austria, Sigmund Freud introduced the idea of personality into Psychology after working with mental illness patients who helped in his study of the connection between the unconscious mind and a person’s character. His psychoanalytic theory was published in his book, The Psychopathy of Everyday Life . Another pioneer in the emergence of Psychology as a discipline was the founder of the theory of Behaviorism, Ivan Pavlov. He studied the relationship between reaction and stimulus using behaviour in dogs and their reaction to controlled stimuli, thus introducing Classical conditioning (Lefrancois, 2011). Although the origin of Psychology as a discipline was in Germany, the growth and development of the discipline proliferated mostly in the United States of America (Pickren and Rutherford, 2010). The pioneer was William James, and later, other Psychologists emerged to improve on previously proposed theories and introduce new schools of thought. John B. Watson continued in the footsteps of Pavlov in behavioral science and became an advocate for the theory of classical conditioning proposed by Pavlov. However, B.F Skinner introduced Operant conditioning, which was part of behaviourism, but differ
Health care is one of the basic factors that firms are always forced to offer to their employees. Firms in the current world find it very difficult to operate because of the competitive working environment. This working environment is so competitive that firms are always forced to find ways of reducing any little cost of operations that can be reduced. According to Gordon (2006), the world has become so competitive because of the increasing number of firms that offer similar products in the market. This means that the number of suppliers will remain relatively smaller. Suppliers will have a wider choice of who to offer their products. This makes suppliers charge higher prices for their products in the market. On the other hand, firms find that they have to compete for the customers. Customers have a wider variety to choose from when they want to make any purchase. They will therefore, demand a cheaper price for the products they purchase. These results in a situation where firms use more to produce their goods, but they are forced to sell them at a lesser price in order to get the market. This awkward situation forces firms to find mechanisms through which they can cut costs of operation from whichever front. Cutting down the cost of healthcare that a firm has to pay for its employees is one of the ways through which a firm can increase its profitability. This paper is focused on how a firm can successfully cut the cost of health care for its employees. When the current president of the United States, Mr. Barrack Obama, took office in 2008, one of the most pro
Introduction Struggles for equality and justice have a long history. One of the figures that made a significant contribution to the destruction of slavery as a social phenomenon was John Adams, the second American president. Before the Civil War, he was elected to the State Congress and participated in the development of the Declaration of Independence. He manifested himself as a conservative politician, and during his political career, he more than once came into conflict with the supporters of Thomas Jefferson, the famous American reformer of that era. Adams corresponded with his friend Elbridge Jerry, the American diplomat and the representative of the Democratic-Republican Party. One of such letters 1 will be the basis of the study aimed at analyzing historical events and significant facts of that time. Additional materials will be used as supplementary resources. It is supposed that the political position of Adams largely influenced the formation of American democracy and the development of the society as a whole. Significant Events of the Time Described Despite large-scale changes that took place in the political life of America since the signing of the document on the granting of freedoms, difficulties still existed. According to Locke and Wright 2 , a few years after the revolution, thousands of farmers were in distress due to economic problems in the country. The government was unable to fully recover from the financial crisis caused by numerous conflicts. Therefore, various difficulties with the organization of the labor market and the distribution of resources were constantly manifested. As a consequence, it led to the uprising in Massachusetts, and the riots in the country were the typical feature of that era. The country’s legislation has undergone significant changes. As Locke and Wright 3 remark, the Constitution that was proposed for the introduction could influence the political structure of the country and change some orders, in particular, land law and the right to freedom. Adams showed great interest in achieving justice, as the politician wrote in his letter to Mr. Jerry. The US Constitution introduced the post of the elected president, established the presidential republic as the form of government, and consolidated the federal form of the country’s management. These essential changes led to the fact that the new order was established in the US, and the policy of strengthening domestic politics and economy was taken. The financial system and ownership became important topics for discussion during the period under consideration. Locke and Wright 4 note the position of Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, who believed that the government played an essential role in the formation of commercial relations within the country. In his letter, Adams 5 mentions the current political system as a mechanism that stops innovations and changes. Nevertheless, despite Adams’ criticism, the future president was not against amendments that could positively influence the way of life of the Americans. Establishing statehood and a n
Abstract The paper examines the role of depot repair in reverse logistics and closed loop chains. It studies the key milestones of the depot repair development and analyzes the importance of this services at each stage. A significant part of the paper is devoted to the overview of the relevant literature. This analysis helps to understand the key trends in reverse logistics operations and the way depot repair can be applied to this market segment. A particular focus is likewise put on the analysis of the depot repair structure and the key models of its operation to provide a better idea of the service significance. Additionally, the paper provides a brief comparative study of the way depot repair is applied to closed loop system and reverse logistics in the modern context. The final part of the paper provides a brief summary of the most critical findings. It also points out the key gaps in the existing research base providing a guideline for further research. The paper illustrates that the significance of depot repair service can be considered through two dimensions. The first dimension s its effectiveness in performing cost-effective logistics operations. The second dimension implies its valuable assistance in enhancing the sustainability concept. Introduction Special attention is being currently paid to the problem of closed loop supply chains and reverse logistics which might be partially explained by the growing awareness of the products and technologies’ value as well as the increasing pressure imposed by the so-called “green” laws. Therefore, modern logistics needs to implement alternative approaches to fit in the market environment. Depot repair is an important element of the closed loop supply chains and reverse logistic procedures. Hence, its key function resides in repairing the parts and materials returned by the customer so that they can be further reused. The role of depot repair service has been changing throughout the past decades in response to the new needs and conditions in the relevant market. The relevant business has generally completed fours growth phases: the pre-1980-s, the 1980-s, the 1990-s, and the modern period. Each of which implied that its role for closed loop supply chains and reverse logistics acquired a new significance. Gradually, it has turned into an independent party market. In other words, depot providers might be regarded as the fourth party that supply chain firms have to consider in order to ensure effective reverse logistics and supply chain management that guarantee a substantial competitive advantage in the present context (Blumberg, 2004). Hence, the paper at hand targets to provide an overview of the role of depot repair in closed loop supply chains and reverse logistics. It analyzes the phases of its development and such critical aspects as deport repair structure, its operating models, and the most common practice applied to the supply chain optimization. A special emphasis is put on the examination of the associated research findings to provide a relevant representation of the current role of depot repair in the market. Some practical recommendations are likewise provide
Dr Montessori was born in Italy in 1870. In 1896, she actually became the first female doctor in Italy. She began her research about the development of the child and the necessary conditions required in order for the child to fully grow from a medical perspective, researched about the child and her mission was actually to study about the child on a educational perspective and this was actually intended to help improve their opportunity for better learning and their development and hence it was through her research that could help understand the child. She based her work on the direct observation of young children and it was due to her own research that she refused the opinions about these children abilities and neither did she attempt to manipulate these behaviours of these children by reward or punishment towards any end. This actually led her to develop some materials which were linked to the children’s interest, their needs and their developing abilities in order to help this child to develop and these actually made educators to give her the name of miracle worker because of her determination in understanding the child. Some of the quotes she made in her new education include “free the child’s potential and you will transform him in to the world”. (Montessori 1996). In Montessori 0-3 program, which she opted to work with in the first place, she realized that working with children who are older than three years of age, was too late to have the most beneficial results on the life of a human being so she decided to work with the 0-3 program which would give better results on the life of the human being and in understanding how a person actually develops. But she later came up with the two-year full time course for adults living or working with children from birth to three years of age. Children below three years can give better results of understanding the young child since these children below the ages three do not know anything and mostly do play with anything they come across with and hence achieve a state of profound peace order and harmony. (Jung, 1954). Montessori quoted that” learning child sees not so much the task of filling the mind with information, but of rather constructing the mind through activity according to inner directives and urges. Sere she meant that children below ages three do not want to understand anything by filling their minds with information they are not able to remember but through the activities they perform since children at ages below three have poor memory, can’t go to school but they learn through the activities they mostly do like playing with toys. For children age of six and older, the computer can be a very positive part of the environment, but it is stil