ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Dysfunctional Behaviour An attitude is a psychological trend that is conveyed by assessing a particular responsibility with some degree of favour or disfavour. In the context of work environment, this paper looks at the causes of negative attitude, as well as how it leads to a dysfunctional behaviour in the organization. The paper will utilize a case where an employee working for an organization develops a negative attitude towards work. Practices, such as low payment without other benefits, lack of development and growth, bias in promotions in the company make the worker develop a negative perception towards work leading to the perception of inequality. In addition, incorrect beliefs in relation to life and work often caused by negativity from family, friends, and unsatisfying circumstances from the worker’s upbringing leads to a negative attitude. As a result, this would develop a dysfunctional behaviour that affects the organization, colleagues, and the work environment. The employee starts being absent, reporting to work late, leaving early, taking excessive breaks, not finishing work on time, lying about hours worked, and wasting organizational resources. The quality of work is not being considered thus directly costing the organization. Dysfunctional behaviour that affects others workers include sexual harassment, gossiping, bullying, and unfriendliness. Eventually, the employee ends up engaging in disobedient behaviour, such as drug addiction. Attitudes among workers have a positive or negative impact on the performance of an organization. The responsibility of the management is to impart positive attitudes among members of staff, such shunning away from practices that can stimulate a bad feeling. Cancelling workshops and other trainings are good tools that an employer can use to rehabilitate employees with negative work history. If the organization in the above case had considered this, the dysfunction behaviour depicted by the employee would not have occurred. Organization Citizenship Behaviour People come with diverse working personalities, such as principles, attitude, and approaches. Behaviour is yet an extra enlightenment that explains why individuals adopt citizenship behaviours. Citizenship is more of behaviour a sociological and psychological concept. In other words, it has a human and collective module, particularly when observed on the roles of leader-follower affairs and employees’ efficiency. Organizations that motivate their workers end up with an enhanced production system because workers would not mind doing extra work to an extent of exceeding the expected requirements. Organizational citizenship behaviour has a very solid connection with the worker and organizational performance leading to adoption of actions that are driven by motivation. On a wider perspective, this is a social exchange. The drive for this exchange is to exploit benefits and reduce costs, influencing the usefulness, and productivity of employees and organizations. Most of these motivations are extrinsic as
Introduction To begin with, it should be stated that the economic system and financial structure of the United Arab Emirates are based on the oil and natural gas trade. Originally, this system is regarded to be the most stable, as energy resources are considered to be the most required and the most reliable source of national income. Taking into consideration, that UAE is one of the largest world economy system actors, it should be emphasized that the impact of world financial structures and organizations, which regulate the currency exchange and financial flow processes can not be ignored. Consequently, the impact of the International Monetary Fund should be regarded and researched for creating a complete image of the Arab economy. Analysis of the Economy The analysis of the financial system and the economy, in general, is generally started from the GDP indicators. The fact is that the GDP rates of the United Arab Emirates are in the fourteenth position in the world, and the third in the Middle East region (in accordance with the data by International Monetary Fund). Thus, the total financial flow of the UAE economy was $198 billion in 2008. The small population of this country makes the GDP rate immense, consequently, the position of Arab Emirates is constantly rather high in the world financial rates. As it has been already stated, the main source of national income is oil and natural gas extraction and export. The United Arab Emirates is regarded to be among the most economically developed states, moreover, this development was rather rapid and steady, as energy resources are the most required legal point of the world export. Impact of the IMF To begin with, there is a strong necessity to mention that the financial system can not be impacted by the IMF essentially if it is stable, constantly developing, and powerful. This impact may be performed only through the regulation of international financial norms and economic principles for establishing the norms of fair competition and steady and homogenous development of the world economy. Originally, the Financial System Stability Assessment, which is applied for the economies of the developing states was prepared by the researchers of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund as background documentation for the periodic consultation with the member country. Nevertheless, this document is unable to impact the financial structure of the UAE. Nevertheless, the joint mission of the World Bank and IMF visited Abu Dhabi and Dubai in 2007 for updating the results of the Financial
Introduction Public budgeting can be defined as “the critical exercise of allocating revenues and borrowed funds so as to attain the economic and social goals of a given country” such as the United States (Chantrill, 2011). It also includes the management of public expenditures in a way that the most effective economic impact will be realized from the production and delivery of goods and services (Huddleston, 2005). The budgeting process is vital in the sense that it allows governments, states and agencies to implement proper planning and management of financial resources. The prevailing economic condition often acts as a guide to help governments to prioritize and implement programs and policies that will work best for them. The budgeting process entails four different stages or phases: budget preparation, budget authorization, budget execution and accountability. The United States and many other countries have an annual budgeting process. Revenue estimation is an important component of the budgeting process for every government, state, local governments and agencies. This is important for ensuring that strategic planning is done to correctly pinpoint how much money should allocated to different programs. It’s also important in determining whether taxes are to be increased or decreased. This paper seeks to review the revenue estimates in Federal, State and local Budgets. The review will include: Basic description of each budget- federal, state and local budgets; Identification of the differences and similarities between the budgets; identification of the areas that account for the most of the revenue in the different categories; determination of how the budget fits with the mission of each domain; and finally, recommendation of how the budget can be improved and revenue estimation be accurately accessed at each level. Description of the different budget estimates Local government budget estimates There are many local governments across the United States. These governments usually fall under the category of general purpose governments that offer several different public goods and services or special purpose governments that provide a specific good or service (Huddleston, 2005). There are governments for cities, others for rural areas and some representing both cities and rural areas. In some states, municipal governments provide public education while in others pubic education is catered for by special purpose governments (Huddleston, 2005). This diversity in local governments is also reflected in the public budgets as well. However, the underlying factor in all these budgets is raising and spending of public money (Chantrill, 2011). Budgets of general purpose local governments are usually composed of three distinct parts that operate together: annual operating budget; capital budget; and the enterprise or utilities budget (The PEW Center of the States, 2011). The annual operating budget outlines the anticipated spending that will be
Introduction Periodontal therapy or removing etiologic agents in the dental system is a serious undertaking that requires similarly serious attention and handling. If not well handled it may lead to dental plaque, inflammation, or other unwanted complications. The processes involved in dental scaling include the removal of teeth stain, plaque, and calculus from the root surfaces and the crown. It is therefore imperative that a qualified person is left with the business of dental scaling. There is a danger today in medical or dental officials of delegating such tasks to junior officials at the expense of more qualified personnel for unconvincing reasons such as low cost of payment (Lory, 2009). Dental scaling The profession of dental hygienists is in danger of major decline after the introduction of legislative bills in some states allowing board-approved assistants to carry out dental scaling. Such legislation would mean that licensed and more qualified dental hygienists will have fewer responsibilities as they are delegated to dental assistants (Lory, 2009). Should a responsibility of that nature be left to a less qualified person when there is the availability of qualified people who have received extensive training on dental scaling? I have nothing against on job training. What I am against is giving a medical responsibility to a less qualified person when a qualified person is available. Dental scaling and periodontal care require licensed individuals such as dentists and dental hygienists to perform these procedures. One of the reasons cited for approving dental assistants to perform dental scaling is the shortage of dental hygienists. Dentists in the state of Kansas for instance have described the shortage of dental hygienists as widespread while others say it is restricted to rural areas. The state of Kansas in 1998 changed the law to allow dental assistants to scale supraliminal parts and polish the tooth. A licensed dental hygienist or a dentist is however required to complete the cleaning (Hinton, 2007). In my opinion, this is not only tedious but also wastes time. All the work of dental scaling and periodontal therapy should be left to one individual. Another question that arises in this procedure is whether the client is aware that the individual attending him or her is not sufficiently trained in dental scaling. Dental hygienists are for instance t
Introduction Airlines in various parts of the World use different boarding scenarios to make the process quick, client-oriented, and efficient. The chosen strategy depends on the company’s size, resources, and the goals they try to achieve. Southwest Airlines considered alternatives and changes to its existing process: dividing the passengers into three groups based on the check-in and arrival time without assigned seats. Each potential scenario has different pros, cons, and bottlenecks to analyze before implementation. Assigned Boarding Gate Line Positions The first alternative is assigning the boarding gate line positions based on the group and gate arrival time. The positive effects could include a clear division of the passengers before the start of the process. The airline representative would be able to estimate the number of customers in each seating zone and the time needed to transfer them into the aircraft. Some passengers may also find this division to be organized and useful when searching for family members or lost items. If the gate areas are appropriately marked for the new procedures, there should not be any issues while adjusting to them. The preparations could include remodeling of the waiting space, adding the electricity sockets and chargers, and placing the information monitors so that people could see them from the new seat positions. However, the negative effects of this strategy outweigh the positive ones. The airports are not only transportation hubs, but large businesses and passengers often expect to engage in shopping or entertaining activities while traveling (Gitto & Mancuso, 2017). Finding a designated waiting area would create additional confusion, especially if some customers have not arrived yet. In addition, people usually choose the preferred seats according to their needs. They may be located near the charging point, bathroom, or close to the information screen. The assigned boarding gate line position requires the passengers to sacrifice some of their personal time at a comfortable location, thus creating potential conflicts. This alternative is unlikely to be implemented as it does not correspond with the signature strengths of Southwest Airlines. The loyal customers value the simplicity of the rules: they wait for their group to be announced and choose the desired seat in the aircraft. Any additional complications may lead to a decrease in the number of customers. Single Boarding Chute and Many Groups in One Queue The second scenario is using a single boarding chute and allowing up to nine-passenger groups in one queue. A single line allows company representatives to quickly estimate the number of passengers present and guide them in the needed direction. The group would have to hear one set of instructions applicable to everyone. Adding the monitors with entertaining content along the queue would distract the passengers from the need to stand for some time. This may require receiving permission from the airports’ management as the space for long queues may affect the neighboring areas. It is also possible to move all of the
Segmenting Consumer Markets Geographic segmentation: Demand for some goods and services can vary according to the geographic region. Most major brands get 40-80 percent of their sales from what are called core regions. Demographic segmentation: Dividing consumer groups according to characteristics such as sex, age, income, occupation, education, household size, and stage in the family life cycle. Psychographic Segmentation: Divides a population into groups that have similar psychological characteristics, values, and lifestyles. Product-related segmentation: Dividing a consumer population into homogeneous groups based on characteristics of their relationships to the product. Buying characteristics by age groups Generation    Birth years     Characteristics                                                                                 * Experienced limited credit growing up                       Seniors       1945 and prior    * Live within their means                                                                     * Spend more on health care than other groups                                                 * Increasingly using the internet more                                                        * Second largest generation in the US                         Baby boomers  1946-1964         * Grew up in prosperous times before widespread use of credit                                 * Account for 505 of US spending                                                              * Willing to use new technologies as they see fit                                             * Comfortable but cautious about borrowing                    Generation X  1965-1979         * Buying habits influenced by life stage                                                      * Embrace technology and multitasking                                                         * Largest US generation                                                                       * Grew up with credit cards                                   Generation Y  1980-2000         * Ignore irrelevant media                                                                     * Adept at multitasking                                                                       * Technology use is innate                                     The Market Segmentation Process Stage I: Identify Segmentation Process   * Segments predefined by managers based on their observation of the behavioral and demographic characteristics of likely users.   * Segments defined by asking customers which attributes are important and then clustering the responses. Stage II: Develop Relevant Profile   * Marketers seek further understanding of the consumer in each promising segment.   * Develop a profile of the typical consumer and each segment. Stage III: Forecast Market Potential Combination of market segmentation and market opportunity analysis to produce a forecast of market potential within each segment. Stage IV: Forecast Market Share   * Analysis of competitors’ positions in targeted segments.
Introduction The research paper selected and why it was selected This paper review focuses on a research paper dubbed Framework for managing multicultural project teams, which was authored by Edward Godfrey Ochieng and Andrew David Price. The gist of the submission under review is the effective handling of a multicultural construction project team to tap into the synergies that accrue from such teams while simultaneously balancing the accompanying challenges. The paper review examines the subject matter in the developed and the developing world, thus giving a comprehensive perspective on the subject. Structure of report The review sets a very informative background and gives a detailed explanation of the methodology. The methodology is followed by a comprehensive discussion of the findings and a conclusion. Summary of purpose, rationale, and related literature Purpose / Rationale of the Research Paper The paper under review was inspired by the view that in modern times, it has become attractive to run projects with the help of culturally diverse teams of workers. These teams can easily handle problems that could otherwise be very challenging to mono-cultural teams. The paper seeks to make it plain that it has become attractive to work with multicultural project teams but the problem of integrating the members into a cohesive team presents a challenge that cannot be ignored. The main purpose of the paper is thus to address the question of balancing the two seemingly paradoxical factors in order to tap into the benefits of working with multicultural project teams (Ochieng & Price 2009). The study was timed perfectly especially considering the view that the construction industry was grappling with the idea of constituting and managing multicultural project teams at the time the study was conducted. In addition to its timely conduction, the study directly addresses the real issues that present the construction industry with an enormous challenge – the constitution and effective management of a multicultural project team. This gives the study a lot of relevance to the construction industry since it directly addresses the problems that are top on its agenda. Clarity of the research question of research paper Multicultural project teams are a common phenomenon in many workplaces today. However, in this paper, the authors chose to focus on multicultural project teams in the construction industry. Such a move clearly outlines the research problem because the construction industry is well known for its adversarial relationships between clients and project teams. In addition, the con
In a world full of incentives for the promotion of prostitution as well as pornography one should keep a strict eye on how to treat such features right. In fact, feminist trend in supporting the rights of women to show their position equally to men touches upon every field of activities and such prohibited as prostitution and pornography as well. It is vital, then, to evaluate what opinions of feminists should have to do with the opinion that pornography manifests men’s superiority and supremacy. On the other hand, one can guess eventually either a woman wants to follow this way of life herself, or she was humiliated and enforced to be on the streets or to star in pornography. The feminist position on female prostitution and pornography is quite categorical, because there is no utter male supremacy in these two fields of activities. First of all, it is necessary to distill an idea that the democratic way of relationships in modern societies helps individuals in doing what they want to do. It mea
Introduction Reptiles are truly terrestrial animals that are key not only to individual trophic chains but also to the entire biosphere. Evolutionarily, mammals and birds became descendants of ancient reptiles, therefore there is no doubt about the importance and significance of this class. Human has long been able to domesticate some reptiles such as snakes, turtles, lizards, and even crocodiles. However, the close connection between the pets and the host is fraught with consequences: veterans and physicians around the world are concerned about salmonellosis in reptiles. Due to the growing popularity of reptiles as pets, the risk of salmonellosis is also increasing. In this essay, the task will be to discuss the phenomenon of this disease among reptiles. Pathogen Salmonella is a common name for a large family of Gram-negative bacteria, usually living in the gastrointestinal tract. There are many varieties; each of them has a name consisting of two words. In particular, the name of a biological species begins with the word “ Salmonella ” and ends with a description of the species, such as Salmonella enterica . While some species are a natural part of a reptile’s intestinal flora, others are highly pathogenic: they almost always cause disease. Moreover, those that are dangerous to reptiles can cause zoonotic infections in humans. It would be incorrect to claim that salmonella infection is not prevalent among reptiles –– the variety of routes of bacterial transmission justifies virulence. In particular, pathways of infection include fecal-oral and transovarial transmission, consumption of contaminated food, and cloacal contamination of eggs. The phenomenon of coprophagia is known to be common among young lizards, eating adult reptile feces. Salmonella may remain viable in the environment for some time, especially in humid areas, which poses an additional threat to reptiles. Clinical Signs All reptile species, including lizards, snakes, iguanas, turtles, and crocodiles can be carriers of salmonella. Nevertheless, a reptile may not suffer from salmonellosis for a long time, but maybe a vector and infect other pets. In addition, in most cases, such microorganisms are simply symbiotes of the gastrointestinal tract, without causing any harm to the host, periodically excreted from the intestines into the external environment, infecting the skin of the reptile and the surrounding world. However, the situation can be complicated by various factors, which in turn will lead to serious consequences. It is worth noting that the clinical symptoms of reptile salmonellosis are not specific: in the initial stage, the disease in reptiles causes inflammation of the small intestin