ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Ronald Reagan’s American presidency was in so many ways similar to Franklin Roosevelt’s. Just like Roosevelt’s, Reagan’s presidency was characterized by grandiose ideas that not only substantially affected the respective political party, but their power and influence caused so much discomfort amongst their rivals. Their international influence on worldly matters was great and their innovative ideas in matters of the federal government redefined the role of government on the citizenry. (Oakes, 301) Reagan’s revolution is associated with the changes that took place in the United States of America when Reagan became the president. The country experienced a radical change in politics with the introduction of liberal markets and American conservatism. It’s during the leadership of Reagan that the Soviet Union fall and the cold war was ended and this elevated the U.S making her the only superpower country globally. The changes came with many prospects from increased wealth and political control to elevation of capitalism, economy and liberal market (Oakes, 388). His leadership skills were totally different from those of his predecessor Carter in that he used to delegate some of great working responsibilities to some few faithful staff which is contrary to Carter’s form of leadership who used to do all this work alone. He reduced interest-group influence in decision as this increased government’s spending, political overload and brought inconsistent advancement in liberal causes. During this period of reformation, the country experienced considerable tax reduction, a slowing of the increase in spending on the country’s plans and a high increase in security expenses whose main aim was to realign the country’s main public-policy priorities, a highly difficult responsibility in the age of political instability. Reagan revolution improved t
Brief Description of the Organization and New Curriculum Public Schools of Brookline is a K-12 school district located in the state of Massachusetts. The school district’s curriculum is constantly revised to assure its relevance. Currently, the K-12 Mathematics program is undergoing the program review process (Public Schools of Brookline, 2016). The process necessitates the involvement of several key stakeholders, which sometimes leads to conflicts that are usually resolved or prevented by thorough planning. Involved Stakeholders Developing a new curriculum involves several stakeholders, some of which are directly involved in its development and implementation while others play a secondary role. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize two of the most prominent ones who largely determine the direction of the process and its particularities. The learners (in our case, the K12 students) are essentially the reason of the undertaken program review. Their interests and desired outcomes largely create the need for curriculum. The teachers are the ultimate implementers of the curriculum and have the closest contact with the learners (Ornstein & Hunkins, 2013). For these reasons, they also occupy a large part in the development process. School principals are also required to participate since they have access to coordination and administrative means. Since Public Schools of Brookline have a committee dedicated to the program review, a superintendent is a stakeholder with visible influence in designing the curriculum. Finally, a community can be counted in as a stakeholder since its needs and opinion plays a certain role in curriculum design and sometimes provides a visible contribution to the process. Stakeholders’ Roles and Responsibilities As it was noted above, teachers and learners play a central role in curriculum design. However, the role does not necessarily correspond to the allocated responsibilities. For instance, the learners’ involvement in the design process is traditionally limited to providing the results of various benchmarks and test results. On certain occasions, students may be actively involved in the development. However, in the case of the K12 curriculum, such participation is understandably restricted by the age of the m
Introduction It has been the wish of the France president to come up with collective solutions that have the ability of reducing excessive commodity price volatility. This is particularly in agricultural as well as energy product prices. This has been placed as being the first priority due to its effects on food security and world growth. The G20 has been the best forum for dealing with price volatility issues. This is because; the major stakeholders of oil and agricultural products markets are all G20 members. The France presidency has concentrated more on energy and agricultural products, whereby they want to improve regulations dealing with product financial markets. This is because such markets have been having no harmonized rules and regulations. Some of them even have no basic rules that govern market abuse as well as price manipulation (Ambafrance-jp.org. 2011,) France also wants to increase transparency in markets for physical commodities. This is based on the fact that ,there isn’t no international data stating the supply and demand trends that can be termed as reliable, “on commodities markets hamper prices formation and increases volatility” (Ambafrance-jp.org. 2011). Another strategy proposed by French presidency is preventing and managing food crisis. The first response is increasing the supply of agricultural commodities in developing countries. However, the current food crisis have been stated to be as a result of lack of an international organization entitled with the responsibility of providing responses from governments, apart from channelling unilateral measures that are counterproductive. The usage of emergency and strategic food stocks in prevention of food crisis will only be successful, if and only if it is coordinated at the international level. Last but not least, “Stronger hedging instruments to protect the poor populations against excessive price volatility,” (Haig, 1966) is another strategy. Being the president, France has been exploring different ways through which poor nations can be advantaged by the current financial insurance tools, which h
Introduction This report is aimed at examining the social and economic development of Nigeria. In particular, it is necessary to look at this country from the perspective of modernization and dependency theories which can throw light on various changes in the former colonial countries. This state has been chosen because it illustrates the barriers that a developing economy has to overcome. Among them, one can distinguish such issues as corruption, lack of long-term policies, and slow adoption of new technologies (Botchway, 2011, p. 37). However, at the same time, Nigeria can be viewed as a state that does attempt to implement the principles of modernization theory in order to attain sustainable growth. In the course of this process, it has to overcome such obstacles as absence of well-developed educational system, low productivity, and the legacies of colonial and military rule. These are the main issues that should be examined in greater detail. The use of modernization concepts Overall, it is possible to argue that the country could not properly apply various concepts of modernization. The supporters of modernization theory often use such notions as innovation, increased productivity, and human development since they are critical for bringing social and economic changes (Wang, 2009). One should bear in mind that Nigeria has significant reserves of fossil fuels, namely oil and gas (Offu, 2013, p. 39). In turn, the presence of these reserves can be perceived as a positive factor that can contribute to the socio-economic development of this nation. At present, there is a widely-held belief among economists that this state did not make full use of resources. For instance, the growth of the extraction industry did not strongly contribute to the development of other industries, especially manufacturing sector of the economy (Botchway, 2011). Additionally, the policy-makers did not pay significant attention to the development of human capital. One of the main problems that a country faces is the lack of skilled professionals who can bring innovations or raise the productivity of the manufacturing processes (Botchway, 2011, p. 37). In fact, many of the skilled professionals left the country. Furthermore, the upward social mobility in this country is very limited. In other words, it is extremely difficult for people to climb the existing social ladder, especially if they belong to low-income classes. To a great extent, the problems faced by Nigeria exemplify the so-called resource curse which means the presence of natural resources may actually slow down the economic development of a country, instead of stimulating its growth (Botchway, 2011, p. 37). These are the main problems which suggest that various principles of modernization were not properly implemented. This is one of the main challenges that can be singled out. The relationship between social, political, and economic underdevelopment Current difficulties that the country faces can be explained as a combination of different political, social, and economic factors that are closely related with one another. First, o
Introduction Professor James Mayall is Director of the Centre of International Studies and a Fellow of the British Academy. During his career, he has explored in detail the themes of nationalism and international society. He has numerous works on the topic of pluralism. In 2000 Mayall published his book World Politics: Progress and its Limits . The book presents a broad overview of pluralism in its historical development and within the international society. The purpose of this paper is to give an analysis of Professor Mayall’s book in the context of international organizations. The structural analysis of the book Professor Mayall’s book World Politics: Progress and its Limits is divided into four parts. Even from first sight, it is visible that parts present opposition of two views on the contemporary international society. Solidarism is opposed to nationalism, as well as sovereignty to democracy. The conflict between pluralist and solidarity values defines the narration. Every topic of the book is presented through the lenses of pluralist views on international society. The first part gives an overview of the origins and structure of international society. Remarkably, the development of society is intertwined in the book with the spread of pluralism across the world. The first part ends with the contemplations about new solidarism that is immediately countered by an overview of nationalism. The opposition of pluralism and solidarity continues throughout the narration, presenting them as two completely different values. Pluralism in an international society James Mayall writes in a classical way supporting the pluralistic view on society. The basic values of this political theory are territoriality, sovereignty, and non-intervention. The author believes that the active promotion of human rights and democracy can bring disorder on the international level because there is no supreme organization to control the activity of the states (Mayall, 2013). Nevertheless, Mayall does not advertise his point of view. He infers that the society as a whole is pluralistic independent of the will of people living in it (Mayall, 2013). The book presents a historical overview of the development of pluralism. After the creation of a Westphalian international society, this political theory becomes widely known in the world. In connection with that, the differences between cultures and nations are seen as their heritage. The author disapproves of the recent methods in dealing with international relations (Mayall, 2013). Nationalism as an integral part of s
Introduction Governments implement and pursue evidence-based policies and laws that can protect their citizens and prolong their life expectancies. In many countries, people can choose specific vaccinations available within their public health networks or systems. In others, immunizations against specific diseases and conditions tend to be mandatory. In the United States, there are no federal requirements or laws compelling citizens to receive mandatory vaccines. In many regions, vaccines have continued to eliminate or minimize cases of various communicable diseases. Additionally, immunizations have protected many people against dangerous illnesses for many decades. In the recent past, numerous anti-vaccination campaigns have emerged in different parts of the world. Such developments have continued to spark concern and controversy within the fields of medical safety and public health. This paper gives evidence-based arguments and views to explain why there is a need for mandated vaccination policies in the United States. Technical Aspect The unique benefits of vaccines are undisputable since they protect individuals and entire populations, thereby reducing the chances of disease outbreaks in the targeted regions or nations. Hendrix, Sturm, Zimet, and Meslin (2016) support this argument by indicating that the scientific practice delivers herd immunity. This means that all beneficiaries will have improved immune systems that can recognize and fight disease-causing pathogens. Many states require that all school-going children receive timely vaccines. The introduction of such policies will also ensure that all healthcare professionals have specific immunizations in an attempt to protect more patients. This is also appropriate for military personnel to avoid the transmission of various diseases from one place to another. While the benefits of vaccines are documented in many publications and works, some people have offered contradictory opinions. Additionally, many employers require their healthcare workers to have immunizations. For instance, some have outlined their philosophical notions and religious views to challenge the purpose and nature of immunizations. These issues explain why this topic remains controversial in the United States and across the world (Born, Ikura, & Laupacis, 2015). Those who support the importance of mandatory vaccination policies should consider all technical aspects in order to present evidence-based insights that can eventually transform or improve public health. Public Policy Arguments Timely vaccinations are essential since they protect children and adults from various life-threatening diseases. Although some parents and guardians might be convinced that they have the right to reject such vaccinations, the final outcome is that most of the affected children will be unable to lead healthy lives. Hendrix et al. (2016) indicate that vaccinations reduce children’s risk of new infections or illnesses. This is true since the compounds introduced in their bodies will boo
Throughout the history of literature, from Homer to Rowling, there have been characters who have suffered and died needlessly to help writers make points, develop other characters, progress a plot, or to simply serve as a metaphor for something larger. Such characters, referred to as “mockingbirds,” can be benign or dangerous, but more often or not, they are victims of circumstance; other characters hold specific fears, hatred, jealousy, or contempt for these “mockingbirds,” leading to the eventual destruction of the target. Such is the case regarding Tom Robinson in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Cinna in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, and Lennie in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. These mockingbirds die to further their respective authors’ plots and to teach the audience about the tragedy in “killing a mockingbird.” Tom Robinson, a strong, kind, and hard working black man in To Kill a Mockingbird unwittingly makes the mistake of assisting Mayella Ewell in various chores; this lead to her developing a crush on Tom, eventually causing her to rape (in a sense) him, with a kiss. Following a savage beating from her drunken and ignorant father, Bob Ewell, Tom is accused and convicted of raping Mayella, eventually resulting in his death. Tom pitied Mayella, for he knew that she was basically alone in her filthy house (regardless of her siblings and lousy father); being a gentle soul, Tom reached out to Mayella and tried to make her life more tolerable by doing some simple tasks for her. His biggest mistake was to take pity on Mayella, as this was unacceptable to the social code of Maycomb in the 1930’s; blacks, regardless of their good intentions and clean living, were considered less than whites, even lowly white families like the Ewells. His good deeds were his beautiful mockingbird songs, and even though it was a sin to do so, the jury of the Maycomb Court convicted a crippled man (physically incapable of doing the crime) of forcibly raping a young white girl. Lennie Small, the large, strong, and mentally delayed best friend to George Milton in Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, is another character that could best be termed a “mockingbird.” His downfall rests in his inability to grasp his own physical strength and proper social conduct (he strokes a woman’s dress and another’s hair, unintentionally killing the second). In both instances, Lennie simply wants to explore his love for soft and pretty things, but those around him cannot get past his hulking size to see the childlike brain within his head; people see him as a threat, even though his heart lacks malice, and his greatest desire is to take care of bunnies on a farm, hardly the profile of a rapist/ murderer. George knows that Lennie is much too tender to go through the savagery that awaits him for killing Curley’s Wife, so George “kills the mockingbird” of Lennie, putting a bullet in the back of his head after a moving discussion of their utopian dreams of owning their own land. Lennie’s status as a mockingbird is complicated, due to his committing a murder, but his feeble mind and ten
Introduction The onset of global warming has resulted in a significant rise in temperatures and the melting of ice in the Arctic region. Diminishing of ice in the Canadian Arctic ice implies an increase in the size of accessible land. Accessibility of the Arctic will in no doubt raise the question of the sovereignty and security status of Canada. Since the Arctic region is endowed with about 37% of world’s unexploited resources, conflict over boundaries, resources, and shipping will definitely arise over the area (Griffiths 257). Canada has settled most of its population in its islands apart from one island. This situation gives her the legitimacy to claim sovereignty over the region. International law gives Canada the authority to claim control of its coastline in the Arctic for 200 nautical miles. However, conflict over international free waters, straits, and/or how they are defined affects Canada’s interest in the Arctic. In the past, the country had a conflict with countries such as the US concerning the Arctic region. During the cold war, Canada defended its interest in the Arctic from Russia. Countries such as the US, Russia, Denmark, and Finland, which have a coastline with the Arctic, have begun preparing their navies and resources towards more ventures into the Arctic. Hence, Canada’s Arctic sovereignty is at stake. Although Canada has remained quiet over the Arctic, the question of whether it will be able to regulate shipping, mining, and exploitation of the Arctic is yet to be seen (Griffiths 258). Moreover, states that are far from the Canadian Arctic such as Japan, China, and India have shown interest in the region. The paper confirms that the Arctic is no longer a seabed to be ignored but an economically viable region that countries of the world are looking upon with diverse interests. Therefore, since global warming is at the center of the debate, this paper confirms that it has a profound impact on the Canadian Arctic’s sovereignty and security. Background Information Over the years, the Arctic region of the North Pole has been regarded as inaccessible due to ice caps. National and international interest in the region has also been low, owing to the infeasibility of venturing into discovering and exploring the Arctic region. One of the Arctic countries of interest is Canada. Although Canada portrayed great interest in defending the sovereignty of its Arctic territory during the cold war, such efforts began to dwindle after the cold war. Since then, Canada has not been assertive enough to enact policies and/or allocate funds for the development of its Arctic territory. However, the impact of global warming has awakened the interest of many states concerning the Arctic. Global warming has resulted in warmer temperatures in the Arctic (Birchall 3). High temperatures have resulted in the melting of ice in the region. Consequently, the ice-covered waterways continue to be opened. In fact, by the end of the 21 st century, there will be no ice in the Arctic (Griffiths 12).
After careful analysis of what has been achieved within the current infrastructure of Gene One, the founding members of Gene One and the current board members are in agreement with the idea that Gene One is prepared and capable of becoming a public entity. Gene one has revolutionized the manner in which farmers preserve tomatoes and potatoes. Gene One is currently conducting research that will rapidly expand the crops that can benefit from Gene One’s gene technology that prevents crops from becoming diseased and is hopeful that their research will speed up the growth rate of multiple crops. The success that Gene One has had in eight short years has presented a quandary concerning the strategic path of Gene One’s future. Should Gene One execute a strategy of constancy and continuity? Will this type of strategy keep Gene One’s competitors from gaining ground on Gene One’s share of the market place over the next several years? After careful consideration of these perplexing questions, the leadership of Gene One has decided on an alternate strategy, as Gene One has not achieved all that they have by continuity alone. Gene One has taken risks that were founded on sound strategy and faith that intelligent men and women with innovative ideas and unsurpassed drive and passion cannot be stopped. These types of people are winners and they accomplish their goals. These factors set the stage for constantly evolving ideas that have provided multiple benefits that have been accomplished in record time. Seldom has this type of success been achieved in the biotech industry which is considered a risky business in some cases. That said, the Gene One leadership has decided that Gene One must be given an opportunity to experience its maximum growth potential before some piggy back organization with lucrative investors siphon off strategic market areas previously held by Gene One. Gene One 3 As with any strategy, there are risks involved. However, due to Gene One’s financial stability, strong leadership and growth potential, these risks are just obstacles that can be turned into positive opportunities. Please note the following: Economic Packages (founders of Gene One, board members and essential personnel) While IPO capital is of extreme importance concerning Gene One’s preparations to go public, this topic can not be considered if it does not include job security and economic packages that reward the founders, board members and essential personnel at Gene One for their contributions that have led to the meteoric rise of Gene One over an eight-year timeframe. This is not a difficult problem to solve due to the strategy that will restructure and diversify Gene One while mai