ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Indigenous people are referred to as those continuing historical practices of pre-colonial era. Such groups are currently considered part of non-dominant sector within society and are associated with transfer of ancestral cultural practices to successive generations within their territories. Indigenous people are approximated to be roughly 6% of total global population. However,such groups of people should be considered important part of globalization initiative programs. Native people are considered part of periphery systems in modern society where they were initially used as source of enrichment of colonialist culture. Indigenous people were considered as having rich cultural and social attachment towards natural resources such as land, forests, mountains and community beliefs. This was attributable to their level of spiritual attachment towards traditional practices (Hall and Fenelon). Globalization comprises of two images of culture, one of them being extension outwards of particular culture within the world and heterogeneous culture incorporating all other cultures hence forming dominant move encompassing entire world. Concept of globalization began when dominant cultures colonized indigenous cultures in all aspects of their livelihood from traditions, lifestyles and spiritualties. However, definition of globalization can be considered from a number of perspectives depending on nature of background used. One of the effects of globalization on indigenous peoples of Canada could be identified as signing of land surrender treaties. This could be identified from European Settlers actions when they arrived in North America in mid-16 th Century and initiated informal trade systems with natives of the land. The process was followed by formation of other organized alliances such as military based on national long-term treaties (Hall andFenelon). Royal proclamation of 1763 granted first priority of land ownership to First Nations, the treaty controlled rate of colonization by Europeans. British government at some point took land from First Nations and used it as a reward to those who proved loyal to their governance during wars. This led to settling of most American refugees in North America’s reserved lands. British government dispossessed most First Nations of their land and heritage during war invasions and at some point indigenous people were forced to accept Christianity as condition of dwelling in religious lands. At the same time, invasion led to expansion of trade where several categories of equipment were traded back in European market. Cree intermediary used during such trading activitiesinfluenced indigenous culture in terms of business and general lifestyle. Implementation of Crown Lands Protection Act of 1839 led to relinquishing of First Nations rights to own land and other properties. After peace negotiations between British and First Nations materialized, British decided to convince indigenous population on the superiority of British culture alongside their practices such as Christianity and Agriculture (Hall and Fenelon). British influence was further felt thro
As a leader, one must be able to supervise the performance delivered by a team, primarily so that timely feedback could be provided and that the efforts of the participants could be steered toward the desired effect. Therefore, supervision remains an inseparable aspect of leadership, which can be observed in any instance of leading a team or an individual (Chen & Rybak, 2017). In MacDonald’s and Scott’s (2000) movie “Gladiator,” several instances of leadership can be observed, each featuring a unique supervisory model. By using collaborative work as the main supervisory technique based on direct observation and planning, the movie protagonist, Maximus Decimus Meridius, manages to win in one of the most emotionally devastating scenes of the movie, namely, the fight against charioteers. The use of collaborative work, direct observation, and planning remint the main supervisory techniques used by Maximus throughout the movie. Although some of them turn out to be less effective than others, the overall choice of the strategy as the means of leveraging the advantage is quite consistent and logically justified given the circumstances depicted in the film. The specified techniques are portrayed particularly vividly in the famous chariot scene. In his attempt at winning in the chariot battle, Maximums prioritizes collaboration, which constitutes the centerpiece of his supervisory technique. Looking closer at the team and the strategy that they use in order to retain a strategic advantage in this battle will help to realize that every gladiator remains a member of a team, and that their actions are mostly coordinated. In t
Abstract This literature review explores the possible methods available for productivity improvement in industries. Productivity is affected by various factors but the main ones include work measurement and waste materials. When good working conditions are availed to employees of an organization, their morale is boosted leading to increased productivity of the company as a unit. On the other hand, waste materials in an organization contribute greatly to reduced productivity. Therefore, if waste materials are eliminated in the production process, this can translate to improved productivity in an industry. Introduction Productivity is a very important factor in any industry especially when talking about profitability. Company’s profits do vary proportionately to the productivity level at any particular time. Productivity is the relationship that exists between the total outputs either goods or services and the total inputs of either physical goods or intangible services to the company’s customers (Ali, Yousof, Khan, and Masood 2212). Therefore, for a company to boost its profits, clearly set measurement systems of the productivity level need to be in place to monitor every step the company takes. This means that productivity improvement is capable of use as a unit of measurement of a company’s growth and profitability. Good methods of measuring productivity therefore, need establishment to ensure improvement in industries. Productivity encompasses many departments in any industry ranging from the quality of the finished products, cost of production, amount of capital, and cost of labor. There are also numerous ways of improving the productivity levels of an industry like quality improvement or measurement methods. However, this review limits its scope to measurement methods as a method of improving productivity in industries today since without measurement no improvements can be observed (Williams 9). This review will not only consider the normal methods of measuring productivity through amount of finished goods, but also consider the affairs of the workers and waste reduction. It is within the scope of this review to evaluate some of the traditional methods of gauging productivity coupled with attempts to demonstrate and support the hypothesis as stated above. Background Industrial engineering foundation l
The daily deadlines experienced in business organizations ensure their managers pay attention to pressing issues. This may include issues which provide relatively immediate financial gains. As a consequence, human resource managers usually find it hard to allocate the required time needed to formulate new job descriptions or competency models specific to a vacancy. Instead, they usually depend on a previous job descriptions and competency models during the recruitment of new personnel. This is a huge mistake because job competencies are an essential part of the job description. A valid job analysis is essential in the recruitment of the best-qualified person for a particular job. The job description of a certain vacancy originates from a process referred to as job analysis. This procedure is carried out when the human resources department or manager assess and determine the qualities desired by the company in reference to a particular vacancy. Most traditional job descriptions focus on the responsibilities and tasks that the employees have to achieve. However, competency models further extend the assessment of the job description. It describes the qualities and competencies required for an individual to be successful in a particular task. Competency models are particularly advantageous to prospective and current employees. The primary objective of the traditional job analysis is to illustrate the role and responsibilities of a particular vacancy to the staffing managers and employees. A comprehensive list of obligations assists the employees to comprehend the roles in the organization. Traditional job descriptions are essentially used in the training and coaching of employees. Inadequate descriptions of job functions result in uncertainties among the workers in relation to the particular roles they are supposed to play. Competency models usually expand on the job description functions to include skills, conduct, and behavior, among other things deemed vital for the position. The inclusion of competencies in job advertisements enables prospective employees to determine whether they have attained the minimum requirements for a position. Organizations use functions to define what is expected of an employee on the job. On the other hand, competencies define the kind of candidate is best suited for the position. Another essential advantage of a competency description is assisting the current employees to familiarize themselves with the essential skills required to secure a promotion. Front-line personnel with an ambition to pursue management roles are able to get information about the knowledge, skills and roles required for a particular position. The common characteristic of a front-line employee seeking a managerial position is leadership
Introduction Nowadays, the term ‘energy’ is being used in a variety of different contexts. For example, it is not utterly uncommon for people to refer to the sheer amount of one’s ‘mental energy’ while describing him or her as an ‘energetic person’. There can be only a few doubts as to the full appropriateness of mentioning the notion of energy within a variety of different literary contexts. Nevertheless, it appears that many of those who tend to apply the concerned term at will do not quite understand what it really stands for, in the theoretical sense of this word. My paper aims to contribute towards filling a knowledge gap, in this respect. Discussion The term ‘energy’ was introduced for the first time by Thomas Young in 1808. Prior to that, the commonly used idiom to denote the notion in question was ‘living force’ (vis viva) – a German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz is credited with having formulated it in the 17 th century. The year 1829 marks the time when Gaspard Coriolis came up with the definition of ‘kinetic energy’ – the development that was followed by the introduction of the term ‘potential energy’ by William Rankine in 1835. Nevertheless, it was namely in 1847 when Hermann Helmholtz conceptualized the Law of Conservation of Energy that the concept of energy ended up attaining its contemporary sounding. As of today, there is much inconsistency between people’s cognitive comfortableness with using the term ‘energy’, on one hand, and the fact that only a few of them happen to possess a scientifically sound understanding of this term’s discursive connotations, on the other. After all, it does not represent much of a secret that most individuals tend to envision energy as some kind of a fluid force of its own – something that presupposes the innate sameness of matter and energy. Such a point of view, however, cannot be deemed thoroughly valid, unless assessed from the perspective of Quantum Physics, which is concerned with the world of elementary particles. We, however, live in the ‘macro-world’, to which quantum-laws do not quite apply. Therefore, when it comes to defining energy, one must keep in mind the provisions of the classical laws of Thermodynamics, which point out to the fact that even though the notions of ‘energy’ and ‘matter’ are indeed closely related, they are not quite the same. As Bagley aptly noted: “Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Energy is the capacity to cause change” (par. 1). What it means is that, contrary to the popular belief, energy cannot be discussed in terms of a ‘thing in itself’ – it is merely a collective term that refers to the various extrapolations of physical matter being in the state of motion, which stand
Introduction Mobile phone technology is synonymous with modern society, and currently, most of the population has access to or owns a mobile phone. The mobile platform has evolved tremendously from sending messages and making calls to accessing the internet and availing real-time information to its users. A mobile phone user can now access a wide range of digital content instantly through their phone’s applications. As a result, people have developed a reliance on their mobiles due to their ability to complement the user’s life. Mobile phones provide a new platform for the delivery of content, services, and products to a wider audience than that which previous media could reach. Therefore, businesses that want to succeed in the 21st century must become adept at marketing their products through the mobile platform. History of Mobile Marketing Product marketing has a long history, and it takes on a new form on the mobile platform. Marketers can now relay product information through online advertisements or SMS notifications and reach a large audience due to the proliferation of mobile devices. Ideally, mobile phones are personal devices that contain unique identifiers of the preferences and traits of individual users. Marketers can use this information to narrow their audience down to those whose preferences indicate higher affinities for the company’s products. They can also market their products to people who frequent audience-specific online services since such audiences already display the same preferences. However, the cost of this approach increases according to the size of the audience that these services can reach. Therefore, marketers should carefully analyze their target audience and their preferences to minimize their advertising costs. Reaching Specific Audiences Dedicated applications achieve the same goal of reaching specific audiences with the added advantage of customer loyalty and increased security compared to online advertisements. These applications provide direct access to a company’s inventory without it incurring the cost of placing ads on other entities’ websites. Lifestyle applications provide the same advantage, allowing users to add information to the app’s inventory and make it available to other users. This approach is prevalent in location-based applications that provide suggestions based on the user’s location and allow them to add more business locations, personal reviews, and opinions. Marketers can also take advantage of advertising through printable QR codes that multiple users can scan into their mobile phones. Unlike online advertising, companies do not incur increased advertising
The content-analysis had been conducted for the two communication messages of International Agency of Atomic Energy retrieved from the web-site of this organization. These two documents are:  1. El Baradei Welcomes North Korea´s Commitment On Nuclear Programme Staff Report . Web.  2. IAEA Director General Dr. Mohamed El Baradei Introductory Statement to the Board of Governors . 2007.Vienna, Austria. IAEA Board of Governors. Web. The type of documents analyzed:  1. The 1 document is Introductory Statement (direct personal communication message);  2. the 2 document is Staff Report (narrative communication message) Common theme explication The common object of two communication messages is North Korea Nuclear Program, which will be further proved by necessary statistical analysis but preliminary it can be explicated by the names of documents. The common theme of these two documents is North Korea’s commitment to abandon its nuclear program and the actions that IAEA has to take in order to foster this process. This assumption can be proved by reference to the text structure and components. Both texts present achieved agreements between North Korea and IAEA on country’s nuclear program, though the first relates to the early stages of negotiation process while the second deals with final stages of IAEA verification of nuclear plants’ dismantling and monitoring. Nevertheless both represent the same thematic communication message that could be summarized as the progress in IAEA-North Korea negotiations with participation of Group Six countries. In the first document the main component that shows the centrality of this particular theme may be found in the entering paragraph: “IAEA Director General Mohamed El Baradei has welcomed the commitment by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK, North Korea) to abandon nuclear weapons, and rejoin the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)”. The context of this communication component shows that there has been achieved agreement with North Korea, so IAEA will have a possibility to engage in cooperation with this country. The second document proves the centrality of this theme by the following context statement: “As you are aware, at the invitation of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), an Agency team visited the DPRK during the last week of June with a view to agreeing on modalities for verification and monitoring by the IAEA of the shutdown and sealing of the Yongbyon nuclear facility, as foreseen in the “Initial Actions” agreed at the Six Party Talks in Beijing on 13 February 2007”. As we see two entering paragraphs of the documents analyzed present the same context of these communication messages, namely the progress in IAEA negotiations on dismantling North K
Servant leadership is a type of leadership that is spearheaded by Robert Greenleaf. In this type of leadership, the leaders give priority to the needs of the colleagues, rather than him or her, as a leader. Therefore, a servant leader is a modest steward of an organization’s resource. This is in terms of finance, human relations, and physical presence. This principle of servant leadership may be applied in a number of areas and key amongst them in the running of organizations. In order to create a better output, there is the need for the leader to create a leadership style in which he or she focuses on what he or she can do to make the employees work harder. An example is when managing of a fast food restaurant. In a bid to make the employees work harder, and treat the customers better, there is the need to give them some priority to them and make them feel like they are leaders of some sort (Greenleaf & Spears, 2002, p. 29). This would brighten their spirits and through it, the employees will come out with tactics and would work better for the organization. The other impact that this type of leadership would have on the setting is that it would create a close bond between the leader and the employees. This would encourage them to work harder, and that would mean there would be high returns for the organization. Therefore, the servant leadership when moderately controlled is the best type of leadership in the contemporary times since it creates a path of excellent relationship between the employer and the employees of the organization. In addition, the leadership style is adequate in creating a rapport with the customers due to good service. Servant leadership and religion Servant leadership in most occasions is associated with Christianity. This is because in the Christian teachings the leadership style was evidently seen through the guidance of Jesus Christ. However, other religions in the world still practice the leadership style, as the teachings are compatible with the way they discourse their leadership. Islam is one of the religions that preach peace, and additionally, the religion teaches that in order to be at the front, a person must lead from the back. This is contrary to the numerous stereotypes in the world related to the religion. The leader should not be given priority over the person he or she is ruling. In Hindu, a number of ways through which the teachings of Buddha precipitate a leadership style from the back. The teachings of the leader says that a person should be humble in the way that he or she leads his or her people s
Chinese culture is one of the most ancient and unique cultures that exist in the modern world and can be thought of as a continuation of an ancient civilization. The traditional beliefs, norms and separation of gender roles have been always prevalent. For a long time, there has been a gender difference between men and women in life and social environment. Even though there were times when women were an instrumental part of the world and family, they were still oppressed. A movie titled “Raise the Red Lantern” depicts women, their lives and the cultural rules that are almost impossible to destroy. In the movie, there are several major themes that describe the way women are treated in society. The mistresses are used as a medium to show how the cultural norms defined social and sometimes, private lives of women. The 4 concubines and a maid, Yan’er, use their characters to reveal a part of a society that is rarely seen. The time period is indirectly criticized and brought to light through their affairs and competition. It also illustrates the morality of each woman, as in reality they are competing for something they do not really want. Master Chen is not liked by his wives, but the status that he brings to each individual person is something women will fight for using any means necessary. As such, their reputation within “the family” and their private self respect and pride are shown to be the major goal of such existence ( Raise the Red Lantern ). The first mistress, Yuru was the first wife, and she has bared a son to Mater Chen. She is almost the same age as he is, and seems to have gotten used to a rather indifferent way of life. She is very distant from all the matters that take place, and is just living out her years. This sort of character trait reveals that women in society come to a point where they give up. The society has been the same type of environment for so long, and it is so difficult to change anything that she has made peace with her world and herself. Deep inside she understands that the gender difference between men and women in life and social environment are inseparable of the culture. The factors can be seen in the community itself, as well as environmental factors, gender bias and segregation prevent individual women from reaching their full potential. Not only does it create a vicious circle where it becomes close to impossible to get rid of the separation, but it divides people from the rest of society, making it a problem that is hard to deal with ( Raise the Red Lantern ). The second mistress is Zhuoyun who represents a completely different emotional appeal and connection to the world. She starts off by being extremely nice and welcoming to the forth and latest concubine, Songlian. Even though it seems that she is helping Songlian and this is shown by the admiration of her looks, but in reality, that is not the case. She goes on to warn the four concubines about the “ill matters” of the third wife, Meishan, and this goes to show her nature, as she diverts attention f