ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Though being the representatives of different political powers, Pat Buchanan and Ralph Nader have agreement on the country’s politics in the initiatives over free trade. In general, such an agreement is just a coincidence because these significant political figures have different approaches to the issue. However, the two politicians have a very similar position towards the harm which is done to the US economy due to the expansion of global corporations which is a consequence of free trade policies. Pat Buchanan who represents the conservative wing of the US political spectrum argues that free trade within the frames of the WTO and NAFTA is a reason for a significant trade deficit in the country. His objections to free trade policies are thus mainly explained by economical concerns. Ralph Nader, a prominent politician representing the liberal wing of the US political spectrum, is also critical of free trade policies. The motivation behind such criticism is explained by Nader’s concerns over globalization and its influence on the economy of the country. Nader argues that free trade policies make consumers, environment, and labor not significant. He states that due to free trade, the country’s economy is subjected to significant losses because of the ever-growing employment. According to Nader, a considerable amount of jobs is lost to different countries. The fact that the tendency is getting worse is even more upsetting. Americans come to lose their work positions not only in industry but even in their traditional sectors of high tech technologies and business strategies because foreign employees demand less money as a reward for their work. Everything important within the frameworks of the WTO and NAFTA is trading in itself. Such a state of affairs is very sad because it influences the lives of common American citizens making them insignificant points in the chain of trade opportunities offering unlimited profits and enrichment opportunities. In such conditions, the state and its regulating institutes become insignificant. Everything important in the conditions of free trade is the trade and financial flows of huge corporations. As a result, global companies become more powerful than states which may ruin not only the state system of the United States, but the whole concept of the organization in the world existing currently. In conclusion, it should be stated that both Pat Buchanan and Ralph Nader have an agreement in their opinions on free trade policies. This is an unusual phenomenon because these prominent politicians represent different wings of the US political spectrum, and their supporters are in constant opposition on numerous political and economical matters including free trade policies. However, in the case of free trade within the frameworks of the WTO and NAFTA, the two politicians have a similar position. In general, such agreement is a coincid
Introduction That the inadequate healthcare system needs a significant an immediate overhaul is undeniable. Health care professionals understand the problems associated with the failing system more so than anyone and are the first to voice their concerns. Americans of all political ideologies agree too many individuals and families are uninsured or underinsured and that health care costs are higher than necessary but Republican and Democratic lawmakers disagree on the solution. The country faces many difficult problems today. Healthcare is one of the most pressing and is certainly the issue making the most headlines lately and most likely will for months to come. Background Harry Truman (D) was the first President to try for universal health care back in the 1940’s. Republicans at that time claimed it would lead the U.S. on a slippery slope to socialism. Lyndon Johnson (D) tried again in the 1960’s and was able to provide care for senior citizens in the form of Medicare. Few Republicans supported even that but today would never suggest Medicare be abandoned as it would be political suicide. Bill Clinton (D), more specifically Hillary, tried yet again in the 1990’s but yet again the legislation was swiftly snuffed out by Republicans. Now, President Obama (D) is making another attempt at universal health care. The Democratic leadership in Congress is now trying to fashion a bill that would attract the voted needed for passage. The ‘public option’ now hotly debated nationally is actually a compromise for what most Democrats actually favor, a ‘single payer’ system, otherwise referred to as universal health care, a more efficient system that covers everyone, essentially emulating a similar approach employed by Britain, Canada, Cuba, Brazil, Russia, Japan, western European countries and many other nations. How Does the U.S. Rate? Most Americans identify the health care crisis is one of the main concerns facing the nation as evidenced by the amount of rhetoric allocated to this issue in the current presidential debates, at least on the Democratic side. The majority of Americans concurs with the majority of the world’s population in that a society has the responsibility to care for its sick and injured without regardless of their financial status. That more than 45 million Americans do not have health insurance is widely acknowledged but those who are insured often cannot afford the medical care they require. (Presse, 2007). According to the latest polling more than three-quarters of Americans want the public option, the watered down version of universal health care, the system that is offered the bulk of the ‘civilized’ world. (Stein, 2009) Op
Objective truths are those which are discovered rather than formed. What is considered as either being a reality or in many cases an unrealistic act is independent of any individual since one is considered to be the sole decision-maker. This is in accordance with the notions of ethical objectivists. On the other hand, the vivid description laid forward by the philosophers clearly portrays the concept on the basis of the reality of the situation. There entail more aspects of ethical objectivism and can include a number of religious opinions and certain forms of ethical egoism A. J. Ayer is an ethical nonobjective who hold that there are no objective moral facts and there are no objectively true moral principles not because they are difficult to discover, or that we might not be sure what they are but because that there are no objective moral truths to discover (Ayer, 1936). His argument is based on emotivism which states that there is nothing objective to argue about because objectivism requires a much more comprehensive vivid scheme. Since we cannot see, hear, smell, taste or touch supposed “moral facts”, for this matter there can be no evidence of the claimed truths and therefore we should not believe in things for which we have no evidence. He argues that when we talk of “stealing” then it is morally unrealistic because it must have proof that it is wrong ethically yet in a real sense it is not right. From the argument laid down by A. J. Ayer, it is clearly depicted that statements made ethically are not well defined and that they are only enabled in the event that there is a question paused with some moral concepts to tackle the main concept for which they were meant to. Ayer, bring to light that the statement that is morally depicted are entailed to represent emotions that are expressed by individuals an aspect termed emotivism. This is considered as the way a particular feeling or notion is portrayed The recommendation of action to another person is not an ethical thing to be performed in that this has to totally embrace the views that are laid by the person being imposed upon the actions. What is clearly portrayed by Ayer is that in most cases the attribution of the word is usually meaningless and that the only way of attaining a solution is to foster the treatment of various parties in ac
Abstract Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a mental illness that mainly occurs during childhood while Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is common amongst young adults. However, while the two disorders occur at different stages of life, research has highlighted some underlying factors that link them (Salisbury, 2013; Silberg, Moore, & Rutter, 2015). Conduct Disorder (CD) is a mental disorder amongst teenagers hence the link between ODD and APD. The available research shows that cases of ODD in childhood may progress to CD in adolescence and APD later in adulthood (Salisbury, 2013; Burke, Rowe, & Boylan, 2014). While not all cases of ODD go through this transition process, some underlying factors necessitate the progress. Hostile parenting and poor economic backgrounds are some of the defining factors that ensure the progress from ODD to APD through CD (Silberg et al., 2015). Gender also plays a major role in this process as boys suffering from ODD are more likely to experience APD in adulthood as compared to their female counterparts (Burke et al., 2014). Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) affect one’s behavior and personality towards other persons. The two disorders have overlapping characteristics, which can be confused with each other if not observed keenly. However, the two have some distinctive features that can be used to differentiate them. While ODD sets in during one’s childhood, APD develops in late adolescence or young adulthood. The continuous review of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has allowed the classification of ODD and APD as distinct disorders. According to DSM-IV-TR, ODD is a pattern of “negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior towards authority figures” (Boylan, 2014, p. 8). This pattern should last for at least 6 months and cause substantial suffering to a child’s life. On the other side, APD is an enduring “pattern of personal experience and behavior that deviates noticeably from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to personal distress or impairment” (Salisbury, 2013, p. 6). However, despite the clear differences in definitions and characteristics, ODD and APD link at some point. This paper uses recent literature materials to prove that Conduct Disorder (CD) is the connection between ODD and APD. Literature Review As mentioned earlier, the link between ODD and APD is CD. According to Salisbury (2013), the available research indicates that ODD, CD, APD are different developmental stages of psychopathy as opposed to being distinct stand-alone disorders. DSM-I classified personality disorders as Psychopathic Personalities before that label changed to Sociopathic Personality Disorders in DSM-II (Salisbury, 2013). Under the current DSM-IV-TR, such disorders are classified as APD. Research shows that children diagnosed with OD
Introduction Chinese and Western societies are very different from many points of view. One of the most important of them is preferences in diet and nutrition. Chinese and Western cuisines are based on different ingredients; people’s food-related habits vary too. This essay is designed to outline these differences and analyze them from the perspective of the economy. There is a connection between what people have to eat regarding their personal needs and financial opportunities. When the demand for food and products is under discussion, the evaluation of various economic factors has to be developed. In this case, the economic impact on the food industry and diets between China and the West will be evaluated from three major perspectives. The paper presents the major aspects of Chinese and Western diets and reflects on them, discussing individuals’ needs and wants, the question of opportunity costs, and supply-demand concept. Each economic concept has its peculiar effect on traditions and preferences of the population. The paper concludes that economic issues like demand, supply, population needs, and costs are one of the primary causes of significant differences in food between Chinese and Western people. Differences in Diet Food is a vital element of human civilization and society. Diet habits may be very different among communities, states, and countries. In Chinese and Western cultures, variations in food are distinct and caused by many factors, including the economic ones. Although China takes all possible steps to avoid trade competitions with Western countries, it is wrong to neglect the fact that economic differences and opportunities determine the development of the chosen regions. Despite numerous attempts to deal with poverty and gain recognition at the international market, the Chinese government continues fighting against poverty. According to Scott and Sam (2016), Chinese people are still defined as the poorer population compared to the average stated in the United States. The average Chinese person has only a third part of the spending power of an American (Scott & Sam, 2016). This paper will concentrate on the economic aspect of differences, it is also necessary to mention that the populations of China and Western society have distinct concepts and contents of food culture (Zili, 2017). These are noticeable from their etiquette, the taste and nutritious value of dishes, and the diversity of meals. The primary economic reason for variations in the Chinese and Western approaches to food is that Western society tends to be more focused on the animal industry while in China, the planting industry prevails. China is famous for rice and wheat, which are one of the main components of its traditional cuisine. It is necessary to mention, however, that China slowly adopts the Western diet due to the rapid growth of industrialization (Weller, 2017; Zhang et al., 2015). This fact, however, does not affect Chinese focus on local foods and agriculture as opposed to the imported goods. At the same time, in Western society, meat is one of the main components of the diet, which can be explained by th
In Virtual Moundville Native American Festival-Pottery by Mary T. Newman, my objective was to reflect upon the experience and ideas attained from the culture of the Native Americans as a virtual attendee. In addition, I compared my experience during the virtual attendance to the following issues: the heritage and tradition of Native Americans and the local history and tourism. This article discusses the history of pottery making in Native American culture and the benefits of such a rich past. The pottery culture associated with the Native Americans dates back nearly five centuries ago. However, they are classified as modern, considering the oldest dates back to 20,000 years ago. Pottery in this culture was born due to cooking, carrying and holding water, and storing harvests. Other research has stated that the Native Americans used mud to cover cooking baskets during cooking (Mahardika et al. 509). They then realized that the soil hardened, making it durable and capable of cooking without the baskets. Archaeologists have validated this statement by noting that the early pots had indentions resulting from baskets. Watching as Marry T. Newman made a pot using the Native American culture, I realized that this was not just how the Native Americans met their necessity to have cooking pots; it was their heritage. The passion that Mary had molding and the tone of her voice could pass the message clearly, that this was something to be full of pride. Though the pottery made during those times had similarities, each culture had its own unique identity. For example, the type of clay used, the amount of heat to harden the pot, the clay’s contents, iron, and water. Marry explained and made a joke, “I’m gonna bury this one day and see if the archeologists can figure out what made that” (Newman, 3:50-4:5
There is a massive link between environment and addiction. Evidently, an environment where a person comes from can influence the aspects of drug abuse and the alleged addiction. The study undertaken with rats indicate that environment contribute considerably to the aspects of addiction due to numerous factors. Contextually, it is evident from the study that when rats are exposed to an addictive environment, they tend to develop addiction in various factors. Biologically, their systems develop tolerance to the addictive factors in the concerned environment. Consequently, they cannot do without such stimuli. Environment is a critical contributor to the aspects of drug abuse and the alleged addiction. It is important to agree that its influence on rats is massive with regard to the study. Concurrently, the concerned environment can necessitate the use of a particular drug for survival. Evidently, the body systems of addicts require drugs in order to operate normally (Peele, 1998). Concurrently, withdrawal symptoms indicated earlier can actually enhance the need to continue using drugs. The study indicated how test animals (rats) required particular drugs to operate normally. Their immediate environment necessitated the continuity of using such drugs. This indicates the link between environment and addiction and how the two can influence the continuity of drug abuse despite the challenges. Implications on Addiction Some studies front numerous implications on addiction theories. For example, studies showing that human beings and rats are not ‘prone’ to take drugs based (solely) on the effects fronted by the concerned drugs is important in this context. This indicates that the ultimate effect of a given drug is not the only contributor to drug abuse and addiction. It indicates varying implications on the aspects of drug abuse and addiction as indicated earlier. This thwarts the aspects of biological theory, which indicates that drugs are taken to counter the withdrawal symptoms experienced when one tries to quite drug abuse and addiction. Since the body develops some tolerance to any abused drug, the mechanisms developed to respond to such drug effects must also be countered by the effects of the concerned drug. This shows why drug addicts continue to abuse drugs despite the lethal effects (of such drugs) and condemnations drawn globally. It is crucial to understand various aspects of drug abuse in the realms of their effects and other characterizing features. This is a considerable provision in the context of drug abuse and addiction. Additionally, humans and rats (according to the study) might abuse drugs in order to satisfy their psychological needs. This reason contrast the ultimate effects presented by the concerned drugs. One’s desires to take a drug can be driven by psychological and environmental factors, a fact that contrasts the ultimate effects of the concerned drug. This indicates disparities and implications noticeable in the context of addiction indicated earlier. Research on Overpopulated Human Areas Contextually, the study undertaken on overpopulated areas regarding the incidences of drug
Introduction Personal protection equipment (PPE) is assigned a critical role in healthcare interventions, and its effectiveness is rarely questioned. With COVID-19 case numbers exploding, not a single day passes away without news about healthcare facilities lacking personal protection equipment. While these concerns are not entirely ungrounded, they overshadow the often ignored aspect of the problem: how PPE itself is exploited by healthcare workers. Formally, full-body PPE sets for medical workers treating COVID-19 patients have been found to protect from 99.99% of particles (Holland, Zaloga & Friderici, 2020). The reasonable question arises as to whether doctors, nurses, and the rest of the medical staff can use PPE – including taking it on and off – without contaminating themselves. There is a possibility of existing gaps in PPE use that should be eliminated to turn this tool from almost symbolic to working. This article provides evidence that the efficiency of PPE decreases without proper safety strategies and in-service education. Search Strategy To achieve the goal of writing this literature review, the researchers sought to locate recent (less than five years old), peer-reviewed articles from reputable journals on three topics: (1) efficiency of PPE use; (2) difficulties in using personal protective equipment; (3) interventions for improving the efficiency of PPE use. Limiting the search strategy to these domains allowed us to understand the actual empirical usefulness of PPE and gain insights into difficulties encountered by medical staff when using PPE. Apart from that, researchers were able to get a grasp on what intervention techniques were effective in improving the outcomes of PPE use. For this search strategy, the researchers used Google and Google Scholar. The latter has a feature of filtering articles by the time of publications, which allowed for only displaying recent articles on the topic. The keyword search for “use of personal protective equipment” returned 63,610 results, but many of them were irrelevant. From then on, the researchers used more specific keywords such as: “efficiency”, “efficiency healthcare”, “difficulties”, “barriers”, “mers”, “sars”, and “covid.” After further filtering sources by relevance and contents, the researchers were able to locate eight articles to be used in the present literature review. Literature Review The Efficiency of PPE Use At the moment, very little is known about how medical workers use personal protective equipment and what actions lead to contamination. Kang et al. (2017) videotaped