ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) can rightly be viewed as one of the most important natural resources in Australia. It is recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. However, this reef system is exposed to a great number of environmental threats, namely, water pollution, climate change, oil spills, overfishing, and so forth (Johansen 2009, p. 293). Many of these threats can be attributed to human activities. Such situation can hardly be accepted and more strict laws are required to protect the GBR. The new regulations must raise environmental standards for agricultural and manufacturing enterprises. These standards are particularly important when we speak about waste management and reduction of pesticides runoff. Furthermore, the official authorities must reduce overfishing in this area. In part, it can be done by imposing heavier fines on poachers. Secondly, these regulatory measures must protect this natural resource from the oil spills by making oil shipping companies change their transportation routes. This report is aimed at discussing the effects of human activity on the GBR. Moreover, it must show how new regulations can affect various stakeholders. To a great extent, this report will rely on such tools as system analysis and stakeholder analysis. Finally, one of our tasks is to determine if the management of the Great Barrier Reef corresponds to the latest environmental standards. These are the main objective that must be attained. System Analysis The system analysis has to demonstrate how various actors affect the ecosystem of the GBR. Secondly, it must show the impacts of these activities on the other stakeholders. Moreover, this analytical method must indentify the so-called positive and negative feedback loops. This method will help us understand the causal relations between various elements of this socio-environmental system. Overall, these cause/effect network can be illustrated by means of the following diagrams. Figure 1. The System Analysis Diagram of the Current Situation The first diagram indicates that the effects of human activities on the GBR may not be necessarily direct, and sometimes they are very difficult to trace. For example, the increased emission of greenhouse gases can be associated with the increased number of El Niño events. In turn, these variations of temperature can be ruinous for coral reefs (Arnold 2005, p. 30). They can be the underlying cause of coral bleaching (Arnold 2005, p. 30). Thus, one can say that to a large extent, the survival of the Great Barrier Reef depends upon the government standards which regulate the emission of greenhouse. The changes in such regulations can affect a wide range of industrial enterpr
Introduction The problem of substance use is a serious problem for modern nursing to address. At present, $78.5 billion people suffer from opioid use (National Institute on Drug Abuse, n.d.). Due to the devastating effects of substance abuse, it is critical to prevent the aggravation of the issue. For this purpose, the use of the Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) technique has to be considered (SBIRT Education, 2015). The specified tool allows locating a source of concern early and manage it in a timely fashion, which makes it a crucial component of diagnosing and treating substance use. SBIRT description Screening In the described case, the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) should be used to diagnose the problem. The specified screening tool will help patients to shape their behavior regarding substance use (World Health Organization, n.d.). Furthermore, the results of the test will inform the following intervention strategy. Brief Intervention (BI) The BI stage will include a change in patients’ perception of the issue. A BI aimed at encouraging a patient to change his current behavior will be needed (DiClemente, Crouch, Norwood, Delahanty, & Welsh, 2015). Particularly, the BI should focus on helping patients to restore their connection to their family members and gain their support to motivate them to recover. Referral to Treatment (RTT) Patients will be provided with brief treatment, which will incorporate other factors that motivate the patient to manage his substance use disorder. A nurse will discuss socioeconomic issues with them, exploring the solutions to some of their current problems with finances. The support of Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSA) as an important resource will also be discussed (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2018). Finally, the lack of social support will be addressed by helping patients to regain the trust of his friends. Video Description The problem of opioid use is a common issue in modern American society. The video by Wall Street Journal (2017) shows that the specified health concern has grown out of proportions and, therefore needs an urgent intervention. The video introduces a pre-charge program, which is expected to assist people with opioid addictions in managing them. Problem Description The problem of opioid addiction is rather common in the local community. A vast range of people who come from a poor socioeconomic background and do not have proper healthcare options are affected by this problem. Obtaining patients’ personal information and medical history for the purpose of improving the quality of care for substance use is critical (see Appendix A). Furthermore,
The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of seven books by C. S. Lewis and the His Dark Materials trilogy by Philip Pullman are fantasy books written aimed primarily at children. Both writers have described a comprehensive and internally consistent universe in their works. It has been implied that Pullman’s work is derivative of that of Lewis and is in fact a refutation of Lewis’ work. Both series are similar, in fact both writers are enthusiastic adherents to a particular ideology and their works are strongly colored by the ideology they hold to be true. A common objection made upon both series of books is that they represent an attempt by their authors to proselytize children to particular ideologies (Haley). In the case of C. S Lewis, the ideology which colors his works is a nondenominational traditional Christianity, Lewis opposed progressive and socialist ideas and was a monarchist, social and political conservative (Melling). Lewis’ works offer a reimagining of the story of Jesus as depicted in the New Testament and a representation of Orthodox Christian beliefs in the context of his imagined world (Melling). Philip Pullman, on the other hand, is a committed and outspoken Atheist. Pullman’s works are characterized by an enmity of religion in general and Christianity in particular. Religious beliefs, religious institutions, and religious individuals have all been portrayed in a negative manner in Pullman’s works (Burke). At times, the Christian religion is disparaged by name, one character refers to it as, “a very powerful and convincing mistake” (Pullman, The Amber Spyglass). While these charges appear to be true, it is quite possible for children to enjoy both the series as imaginative works of fantasy adventures without giving much attention to their ideological content. I read, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe at an early age, without being inclined in the slightest to embrace Christian religiosity. Similarities between the fantasy world described in The Chronicles of Narnia and the one described in His Dark Materials may not be mere coincidences or instances of both writers having the same inspiration for their stories. There are indications that Pullman in his works, has attempted to create an atheistic anti-Narnia and undo what he sees as the damage caused to children psyche by Christian works such as The Chronicles of Narnia. He has done this by offering a refutation of Christian beliefs in his works (Haley). Many similarities can be observed between both series by looking at them superficially. They both depict worlds of magic, inhabited by witches and talking animals. The existence of parallel worlds and travel between these worlds forms an important aspect of both series. Both series start off with a little girl hiding in a closet. The names of the two girls are similar too. In The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , the little girl’s name is Lucy, while in The Golden Compass the little girl’s name is Lyra (Lewis, The lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) (Pullman, The Golden Compass). However, unlike The Chr
Introduction Jeddah is a city in Saudi Arabia found in the western region. and the it is a flat, low- lying ground next to the Red Sea. Climatically, Jeddah has arid climatic condition with generally sparse rainfall that is normally experienced in December in small quantities. There has been significant hail and thunderstorms in the past (Farlex, par 2). Cause of Jeddah Flooding and Effects It was joy for Jeddah residents on 25 th November 2009 when the city started experiencing rainfall. However it turned out to be disastrous after nine hours of heavy rainfall resulted into huge flooding. The downpour grounded the whole city with only two days left to Eid holidays and the number of dead and missing people rose to hundreds. More than five hundred (500) people died and other hundreds of residents could not be accounted for. Transport infrastructure, vehicles and the city’s old buildings were not spared too (Baxter, par. 2). Just to mention but a few of the effects, Jamia Bridge on the Haramain Highway in eastern part of Jeddah disintegrated. Furthermore a section of the highway which connected Makkah and King Abdul Aziz Airport collapsed bringing to a halt transport activities. Al-Tawfiq, Al-Ajawid, Al-Samir, Al-Raghamah and Abruq eastern regions were disconnect from rest of the city. This heavy downpour led to thousands of pilgrims being stranded in buses as they headed to Makkah from Jeddah. The rate of accident shot up forcing some road stretches to be closed. For instance, 80-km stretch on Jeddah-Makkah Highway was inaccessible (Jumbojet, par. 2). Houses in most parts of eastern Jeddah were flooded with water, compelling residents to seek refuge on roofs and upper floors. However, most hit by the flood was King Abdulaziz University (KAU). The massive flood demolished communication facilities and a lot of university learning equipments. For example, hospital equipment, nanotechnology laboratory apparatus and most of the animals used to carry out research were destroyed. What’s more, medical research facility and some of its research work dating back to 30 years were not spared. In total the King Abdul-Aziz University suffered destruction of property translating to SR1.6bn ($427m). On the campus fraternity alone, on 25th December, forty (40) lives were lost and further 76 corpse retrieved on Monday (Baxter, par. 4). Government Rescue As claimed by Jeddah residents, government response was slow apparently due to poor communication as most of them tried to reach out to Civil Defense but in vain. For example, a mother in Al-Raghamah attempted to call Civil Defense but only to find a busy signal from the authority (Jumbojet, par. 5). To make the matters worse, there was a black out in regions such as Makkah, Jeddah and Madina as reported by Saudi Electricity Company(SEC) due to flooding as transformers were drowned. We see government helping hand later when Civil Defense set out one hundred and twenty (120) rescue groups throughout Jeddah city, among them eight teams were deployed in Jeddah’s famous downtown region as said by Col. Muhammad Al-Qarni who the Jeddah Civil Defense Department chief (Jumboj
Corporate governance refers to a system that enables us to control and direct organisations. The IUFC defines corporate governance as “the relationships among the management, Board of Directors, controlling shareholders, minority shareholders, and other shareholders” (IFC 1). While the traditional definition of corporate governance recognizes the existence and significance of the terms “other stakeholders”, however, there is still a lot of debate on the kind of relationship between on the one hand, self-serving managers and on the other hand, disconnected owners (Applied Corporate Governance para. 2). Corporate governance consists of two key components:   * The long-term relationship between the management and owners of a firm and the incentives for managers, checks and balances, as well as communication between investors and the management;   * Transactional relationships that include issues of authority and disclosure. What the above two elements appears to suggest is that business owners are suspicious of the activities of their managers, as explained by the need for checks and balances. In addition, both the management and investors share an adversarial relationship. Corporate governance consists of five components that are worth of consideration by both investors and the management. They include the long-term strategic goals of an organisation, customers, the environment, employees, and regulatory/legal compliance (Applied Corporate Governance para. 5). As such, corporate governance can be thought of as a culture that is founded on strong business ethics. Corporate governance enables managers of a firm to fulfill the long-term strategic goals of the shareholders. In the process of fulfilling such goals, there is need to also consider that the expectations of the various stakeholders of the organisation (Kirkpatrick 6). Therefore, the past, present and future interests of employees at the firm need to be addressed. In addition, the management should endevour to enhance excellent relationships with both suppliers and customers. At the same time, the needs and interests of the local community should also be fulfilled. Importance of corporate governance Globalisation has seen organisations becoming more complex as most of them have increased in terms of size and scale of trade. As a result, most organisations have ended up with a very bureaucratic structure as they try to manage the emerging complexity (Applied Corporate Governance para. 5). This has led to an augmentation of the importance of internal regulation and corporate governance owing to the increased difficulty of regulating organisations externally. Many organisations view corporate governance as an important undertaking when it comes to the issue of integrity. Shareholders and the general public would want to be associated with an organisation that is led by leaders with integrity (Kirkpatrick 9). In this respect, corporate governance acts
Introduction Weather is known to change its pattern every now and again as observed throughout the globe. In studying the average pattern of weather, climate becomes the understudy. This average pattern usually stays the same for centuries. On the other hand, earth changes every time, with several human activities as well as natural occurrences, which change the climate in many ways. This paper will try to define climatic change, explain its natural causes as well as the role human population play in climatic change (“Global Warming and Climate Change” 1). What is Climatic Change? Climatic change refers to the alteration of statistical properties of weather pattern, usually for as long period such as millions of years. This alteration can be observed with respect to well-known weather situations or, in some cases, harsh weather events. Climate change can be experienced throughout the globe or in specific regions of the globe (Broecker 79-89). Explain the natural causes of climatic change There exists several natural causes of climatic change, these include, among others, ocean invariability, solar output, volcanism, plate tectonics and orbital variations. The ocean forms an integral part of climate system and therefore, any prolonged fluctuations contributes to heat redistribution effecting heat redistribution in the oceans of the world. The sun is known for its natural energy that it inputs to the world. Nonetheless, any short term or a long-term variation in the sun’s intensity is of great effects to the climate (Broecker 79-89). Likewise, volcanism exposes the earth’s internal materials to surface, in the process releasing gases to the atmosphere, which cause climatic change. For instance, Mount Pinatubo eruption decreased the global temperature by 0.5 degrees Celsius. Plate tectonics as well, impinge on both global and local climatic pattern over a lengthy period. This is because it redesigns the oceanic and land areas and consequently creates topography. When such processes occur, the oceanic configuration is altered and this transforms the mold of oceanic circulation. Orbital variations also lead to climatic alteration as it varies the seasonal sunlight exposure on the earth’s surface. The variations, also known as Milankovitch cycles, have great effects on climate as they correlate with glacial as well as the progress and recoil of the Sahara (Broecker 79-89). How does human population play a role climatic change? Human population has been believed to accelerate the demise of species in the world and climatic change due to uncontrolled emissions. Nevertheless, a new study made by a set of scientists regarding human population and climatic change has given signs of positive impacts especially around 2050. For instance, increasing urbanization is seen to contribute a further 25% emissions while the ageing numbers of human population in Europe, China, India and USA, is projected to reduce emissions by about 20%. Another factor that is expected to reduce emissions is reduced growth rate of human population. This is expected to reduce emissions by about 30% with the United Nations projecting a lower growth rate at 0.3% by 2050
Introduction The evaluation process refers to an efficient way of examining the importance of objects. It focuses on how given programs operate. If done correctly, the process of evaluation can offer information to enhance the qualities of a program. It can ensure that the required quality of the program is achieved. Consequently, it can make the program become accountable to many stakeholders inclusive of sponsors, administrators, and staff (Combs & Falletta, 2000). The evaluation process In the recent past, the evaluation process has changed greatly. This has seen the process acquiring new new aspects including definitions and approaches. This evolution led to the emerging of program evaluation. This was as a result of combining program management with the process of evaluation. There are three forms of evaluation. They include formative, process and outcome evaluation. Formative appraisal is usually carried out prior to the commencement of a campaign. In addition, it can be carried out during the early stages. It guides the development of the campaign and techniques that would understand the targeted audience. The evaluation assesses the short and the long term changes that result from campaign activities (Wansburg, 1995). Process evaluation vs. formative evaluation The two forms of evaluation can lead to improved consumption of the scarce resources. They can also facilitate better understanding of the challenges of program impacts for future reference. Their difference is that the primary purpose of the process evaluation is to improve understanding of how a program achieves its goal. It also interprets impacts of the program informing others who wish to learn from the program’s experience. On the other hand, the purpose of the formative evaluation is to source the information that can be consumed by the program decision makers in refining and improving programs on a continuous basis from an early stage (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999). Outcome evaluation vs. process evaluation Process evaluation can be used in reporting great issues affecting the people. On the other hand, the outcome evaluation does not indicate whether there has been a change or improvement in the level of knowledge. How the results of an evaluation influence decision making in public health Evaluation has a great impact on decision making process in the levels and mechanisms of public health. It is important for guiding and evaluating doctors and nurses on their instructional objectives that are based on quality services achievements. These levels and mechanisms include individual attitudes and behaviour, interpersonal behaviours, and public health at large. The individual level of decision making helps in behaviour change, skills acquisition, priming, salience and attitude change. At the level of the interpersonal behavioural decision making, evaluation influences justification, persuasion, change agent, social norms and minority opinion influence. The public health is also influenced by
Introduction Post-Soviet migration was caused by different social and political factors, cultural and economic changes in the post-USSR era. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Soviet citizens received a chance to migrate to European country looking for a better life and high standards of living. Thus, Stiglitz (2002) and Friedman (2005) admit that the causes of immigration can be explained by globalization processes and economic integration of the world. Researchers link immigration with the domestic development of sending countries. They suggest that cross-national inequalities in the level of development are underlying conditions pertinent to immigration. Post-Soviet immigration was caused by a combination of factors: domestic factors (low economic development and low standards of living) and global factors (new labor elations and economic integration). The Main Trends and Causes of Immigration The main causes of immigration involved economic instability and a shift from central-planned economy to capitalism. Overpopulation, economic stagnation, and poverty determine immigration. Underdevelopment may only partly explain why people want to migrate but cannot explain why they can do so. For an individual from post USSR countries to move from one country to another, motivation is only a necessary condition, but not a sufficient one. Potential immigrants need to have resources to carry out the move and overcome legal and administrative barriers.. This may be especially true in countries with low average income. Hence, the motivation-only argument is, at best, an incomplete explanation of cross-national variation in imm