ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There are different approaches to the evaluation of the programs implemented by police. In particular, much attention is usually paid to its effect on the level of crime in the community. Nevertheless, there are other important aspects that should not be overlooked. For instance, one can speak about the responsiveness of police officers. It is possible to argue that the evaluation of the policies implemented by law-enforcement officers cannot be based only on quantitative dimensions because they do not fully reflect the work of these organizations. These are the main issues that should be discussed more closely. Overall, the use of multiple criteria is partly based on the premise that police officers should be empowered by the administrators of law-enforcement agencies (Nowicki, 1997, p. 364). The main problem is that they are often deprived of this opportunity because of the criticism that police often encounters. Yet, it is critical for law-enforcement professionals to take independent initiatives. This premise should be considered while developing a police program. Apart from that, one should focus on the experiences of people who live in a particular community. The opinions of these individuals can also be used to assess the efficiency of police officers. At first, it is critical to consider such a factor as the responsiveness of the police officers. These people should be able to help people resolve conflicts between the residents of the community. They are not necessarily related to crime (Wadman, 2009). Nevertheless, people often expect police officers to play the role of mediators. This is one of the points that should be taken into account. More importantly, one cannot suppose that the level of crime is the only standard according to which a program can be assessed. Additionally, law-enforcement agencies should gain insights the common problems faced by the community. In this way, they can better understand the causes of conflicts of crime in the community. Therefore, this approach is based on the premise that police-officers should understand and minimize the factors that contribute to various crimes such youth violence (Braga, Kennedy, Waring, & Piehl, 2001). This is one of the goals that police should achieve. In turn, it is critical to improve the communication between law-enforcement agencies and the public (Eck & Spelman, 1987, p. 43). For instance, foot patrols do not necessarily reduce the level of crime (Eck & Spelman, 1987, p. 43). Nevertheless, the use of this approach is important for gaining the trust of community. Moreover, this strategy is important for increasing the perceived sense of security (Wadman, 2009, p. 88). For instance, in many cases, police officers need to make sure that people are not afraid of leaving their houses after dark. This strategy is not directly related to the level of crime in the community. Yet, it is important for the sustainable development of any neighborhood. On the whole, these examples indicate that police effectiveness cannot be measured only with the help of quantitative me
Introduction In most hotels, employees work for six or seven days in every week. These policies are applied by the majority of the employers in the hotel industry, despite the adverse impacts of this arrangement on the working environment. In the contemporary business world, there have been changes in the human resource management due to various concerns. In every organization, an employee is a very important asset, as he/she has a significant impact on the productivity of the organization, as well as its profitability (Alleyne, 2006). However, the productivity of employees will significantly be determined by how they are managed. Discussion The policies used in the hotel industry in managing the length of time employees work can significantly affect the entire working environment. It can have a significant impact on the social lives of the employees. This is because the more the number of days an employee works in an organization, the less time he or she has for interaction with other people. Consequently, this can affect the entire employment environment. According to Peper et al (2005), working for a longer period without having enough off time can also affect the employee’s career in the long term. In the hotel industry, it has been a tradition for employees to work for six or seven days per week (Lockyer, 2007). This has denied employees a chance to socialize and interact with their families as well as other employees. This has been used as a strategy to maximize profits as they try to reduce the operational costs. Many hotels have been clinging on these arrangements without making any efforts to balance the benefits against drawbacks of having their employees work for many days in a week. There is a need to consider organizational change in the modern business world in order for any organization to retain its productivity in the competitive business world (Netta, n.d). This consideration is of great importance in making such decisions on the duration of working of each employee. In the contemporary business world, things have changed in the hotel industry, as more leaders realize the importance of allowing employees more time to rest. By giving employees enough time to rest, they get motivated thus leading to improvement in efficiency (Anonymous, 1998). Many hotels are now having their employees work for five days in every week. However, this threatens the profitability of the hotel in question since it will be forced to hire more workers to compensate for those having days off. Bearing in the mind the level of competition in the hotel industry, it may sound uneconomical to have the employees work for five days in a week. However, the hotel management can recover on this by letting employees work for longer hours. At the end of the day, employees will be able to work for almost the same number of hours per w
Introduction Kate Spade is a renowned fashion brand that mainly specializes in selling women’s handbags (Loeb 1). Its Pasadena store is the subject of this paper. It is also the chosen channel for this report. Why I Chose to Report on this Channel I chose Kate Spade’s Pasadena store because it is among the company’s fastest growing distribution channel (Loeb 1). Moreover, the store is in a highly vibrant market (California) where many inhabitants understand fashion. Although Kate Spade has defined women’s fashion for more than a decade, it is interesting to see how this channel fairs in the highly competitive Californian fashion industry. Reason for Wanting to Report on the Channel The Pasadena store is an important channel for Kate Spade. It contributes to the company’s profitability and plays a key role in sustaining its market presence on the west coast. I chose to report on this channel because many people talk about the excellent customer services offered on this platform. For example, my friends have talked of its wide array of innovative products, its friendly employees, and Kate Spade’s dominance in women’s fashion. Being a fashion-conscious person, and a keen follower of ongoing developments in this industry, I find that these views conflict my understanding of Kate Spade’s place in the fashion industry. For example, I believe the company’s fortunes are “unknown” because its founders left the company and sold it to a different player (Fifth & Pacific Company). To me, these are signs of “dwindling fortunes” for the company because if it were doing well, this move would be unnecessary. However, I found that my views contradict popular perceptions of the brand’s strength. Therefore, this paper investigates these issues further by understanding the company in more detail. Background of Channel   * A New York-based entrepreneur, Kate Brosnahan Spade, started the Kate Spade brand (after her name) in 1993   * She created the company’s image as a leading lifestyle brand and opened the first store in New York. The New York branch often oversees most of the activities of its global and local outlets (Kate Spade New York is the biggest store and the company’s headquarter)   * Kate Spade’s mission statement underscores the main activities of its Pasadena outlet (customer focus). Women are the focus of the channel, and the company strives to appeal to their needs. This preoccupation has defined the company’s mission, for a long time. It reads, “To develop a well-edited line of fashionable, but not trendy handbags” (LAF 2)   * Kate Spade’s locations (both locally and globally) subscribe to the above mission statement. The company has different outlets around the world. In America (alone), the company has more than 80 retail stores in almost all states. These stores are in major cities around the country, including Los Angeles, New York, Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco   * Globally, the company operates about 100 retail stores (KSPD 1). Its global outlets exist in six contin
Identifying Information The article in question was published in 2009 in the journal of business venturing by Johanna Mair and Ignasi Marti. The purpose of the study was to identify the institutional voids in developing countries and illustrate the approaches used by entrepreneurial actors to address it. The term “institutional void” refers to the scarcity or absence of institutions offering support to entrepreneurs entering the markets of developing countries. The article is a case study based primarily on field interviews. The authors do not specify the theoretical framework. However, field interviews as a primary source of data suggest the use of the epistemological approach. Research Questions The study aims at answering the following research questions:  1. What kinds of resources do institutional managers use?  2. What strategies, apart from skills, are enacted to use these resources?  3. How do institutional entrepreneurs perform the institutional work in the conditions of constrained resources? (Mair & Marti, 2009) Research Design and Methodology The method augments the studies on the impact of rules and institutions on entrepreneurial activity by specifying the attempts to change these rules by actors. The method is suitable for the purpose as means to study phenomena that are not fully understood and address the gaps in existing research. The authors ensure the realism of the method by including a narrative account which corroborates personal perceptions with key historical events and facts. Therefore, it is possible to state that critical realism philosophy was used in the study. Finally, the method is suitable for identifying specific mechanisms of institutional entrepreneurship, ensuring the consistency of results with the research questions. The question of validity was addressed by corroborating the findings at each stage of the analysis with independent experts and BRAC managers, as well as field observations and contacts with target groups. The paper does not specify limitations of the study. It can be argued that some of them, such as the use of English as a preferred language of the interviews within the organization, were left unaddressed. On the other hand, targeting the ultra-poor population segment addressed one of the major limitations. The article does not list ethical considerations or means of addressing them. The data collection process description does not specify whether informed consent was obtained from the participants. The information in the article is insufficient to conclude on the compliance of the study with tri-council guidelines. Research Design in Details The research design and its methodology, which were discussed in the previous slides, were shaped by the authors’ initial purpose. They
Presenting a Strategic Global Marketing Plan A reasonable and analysis-based strategic planning is crucial for a business entity to ensure sustainable growth and maintain a competitive advantage in the market. Globalization trends provide multiple opportunities for the company to grow geographically and operationally, thus enhancing its market presence and increasing revenues. For a company that is on the verge of building a sustainable marketing plan for strategic growth, globalization is a prioritized solution since it meets the requirements of contemporary economic trends. Also, the company that operates in a highly competitive market of textile materials and possesses sufficient supply chains and distribution points both inside and outside the domestic economy is encouraged to use these advantageous features to expand globally. In this report, the company’s perspective to enter a global market is discussed from the point of view of its beneficial contribution to the company’s strategic growth, increasing competitive advantage, and strengthening its position within the textile market. The validation of the decision will be provided on the basis of marketing analysis results, geographic location benefits, and the support of the overall goal of growth and expansion. Globalization as a Good Move for the Company The contemporary state of the world’s economy is particularly shaped by the influence of globalization trends. The omnipresent effects of technological advancement and the expansion of marketing into the digital world and the Internet lead to growth opportunities for businesses within various industries to enter the markets abroad. The growth of the company within the realm of the domestic economy is limited to occupying the leading position among the domestic competitors. However, for the enterprise to ensure sustainable growth and continuous competitive advantage on a global scale, expansion overseas might be a significant step forward. According to Petricevic and Teece (2019), the business world is now more dependent on macro-level governance rather than on micro-level governance. Indeed, a micro-level environment, including the internal company issues, leadership, corporate culture, or the performance of separate departments, is less influential for the company’s position among other competitors in the market. Therefore, political, global economic, socio-cultural, ecological, and technological factors become decisive for a company in its attempt to pursue strategic growth. When developing a framework and a basis for expansion, an enterprise is expected to analyze the multiple factors contributing to its performance and providing spac
Introduction Barbara Ehrenreich, in her essay, “In defense of Talk Shows”, criticizes an aspect of talk shows that leaders, critics, and commentators overlook. While critics find the matters discussed in these talk shows morally repulsive thus, their opposition to them, Ehrenreich goes a step forward and tackles, not the moral content of these shows, which according to her have an ultimate corrective purpose, but their tendency to take advantage of the poor and less educated members of society. According to Ehrenreich, the numerous talk shows that are present in the program schedules of various television networks fulfill a moral function; however, these shows are also inherently exploitative of the poor masses (21). Ehrenreich argues that, by enabling couples, families, and friends to expose their secrets in public, and subsequently offering moral guidance and corrective action to the guilty parties in the various episodes, the talk shows dispense a communal moral guidance that plays an essential function in giving the guilty guests and the viewers a source of moralistic reference. In spite of this, Ehrenreich feels that these shows exploit only the poor masses of society, because hardly do professionals or wealthy people in society make it to the hot seats of these shows. Therefore, according to Ehrenreich, the objectionable aspect of talk shows is not necessarily in issues discussed therein, but in their tendency to exploit the poverty of their guests by promising them monetary rewards for sharing embarrassing details of their lives and lifestyles, details that are then shared with audiences across and beyond the country. The Exploi
Euthanasia refers to termination of the life of a patient who has no prospect of recovering. The patient might be in great pain and suffering, which calls for termination of his or her life in order to release him or her from pain. Termination of life qualifies to be euthanasia if a professional or a medical practitioner does it. Moreover, Euthanasia is granted to a patient if he or she does not have a prospect of recovering. In the modern society, Euthanasia is an ethical issue that has raised a controversy between those supporting it and those opposed to it. Mercy killing takes two major forms, depending on the concept and procedure. Voluntary Euthanasia takes place when the patient requests for the termination of his or her life (Torr 87). Apart from requesting the hospital to terminate his or her life, the patient might as well give consent to the termination of his or her life. In some circumstances, the family and friends of the patient might request the hospital to terminate the life of the patient without necessarily informing the patient. This is termed as involuntary euthanasia. Involuntary euthanasia takes place when the patient is unable to give consent due to incompetence. Positive euthanasia takes place when the patient is assisted to die through injection of lethal drugs or shooting. Negative or passive euthanasia happens when the patient is left to die without injection of lethal drugs. This takes place when medication is stopped or when the doctor switches off the life-supporting machine. Euthanasia is highly contested in society since some people claim that God gives life, and only he can take it. Others believe that the sick person should not be left to suffer, but instead relatives and friends must intervene through mercy killing. Proponents suggest that Euthanasia is cost effective implying that the family can save on resources and time by simply helping the patient to die. Again, Euthanasia is preferred because it saves on the hospital bed and space meaning that curable patients can be admitted (Nitschke 28). Others observe that Euthanasia is the only option if society is to save drugs and fluids, which are usually wasted on patients who will never recover. If Euthanasia is adopted in many countries in the world, doctors will have adequate time to attend to curable diseases and conditions. Families can as well save on the little resources instead of wasting them on the sick who will never recover. Apart from the issue of cost effectiveness, euthanasia is preferred in the western countries because it is the honorable exit from pain, suffering, and possible humiliation. Euthanasia is considered the only way that one can die with some honor. Based on this argument, we should look at life beyond more existence and consider its quality. When life becomes useless, it should be terminated. Supporters of euthanasia observe that the principle of individual freedom should be upheld even in matters related to health. An individual s
Human resources management is a crucial area because virtually any organisation faces the important need to properly manage the people who work for it. The success of organisations largely depends on how effective their human resources management is. In the modern world, the concepts and ideas associated with human resources are being redefined along with the extensive process of change like work environments and work overall. This process is global and highly connected to the current developments in the market and the theory of labour. Researchers generally agree that the way people work is changing with remarkable intensity in today’s world. The industrial model of labour is drifting away, and new models appear in many spheres. This development causes significant changes in many related areas, such as the understanding of working environments. For example, it is speculated that, in 10 years, the workplace, as we understand it now, will not exist, as it will have been modified due to the changing modes of workforce operation (Gratton 2011). Under these circumstances, human resources management ceases to be regarded as a function of organisations and becomes a broad field that goes beyond organisations and provides frameworks for the organisation of work overall. Boudreau and Ziskin (2011, p. 263) describe six trends that will shape the future of human resources:  1. “Hero Leadership to Collective Leadership;  2. Intellectual Property to Agile Co-Creativity;  3. Employment Value Proposition to Personal Value Proposition;  4. Sameness to Segmentation;  5. Fatigue to Sustainability;  6. Persuasion to Education.” From my experience, I notice the changes like work and work environment in terms of the advancement of technology. With present day’s means of communications and new media (such as social networking websites), people’s work lives and their personal lives intertwine, which creates a situation where practically everything one does is a contribution to his or her work in one way or another. Overall, I think the new technologies are the main factor in shaping the modern nature of work and work environments. For example, Facebook is an organisation that largely influences the key aspects of today’s labour. First of all, the company’s technology, i.e. the social networking website, has become an important player in employment. What employees share on Facebook may affect their work, productivity, internal relations, and employment status (Landy & Conte 2016). By sharing much more with the public than people ever could share throughout history, employees find themselves in a situation where their professional lives become much less segregated and contained than in the industrial era. Besides, being able to connect with colleagues any time from anywhere modified the working processes of practitioners in many spheres. Since Facebook is one of the creat
Feminist critique has been instrumental in establishing the current interest in the body from the perspectives of sociological, historical, philosophical, and anthropological research. As a result of that, new concepts have emerged to denote the way in which women’s bodies were approached in the healthcare discourse. The idea of the gendered body was based on the focus on the concept of gender, which sees masculinity and femininity as social roles and the need for the representatives of genders to maintain within their binary heteronormative norms. The common body practices were combined with gender expectations of gendered attractiveness, embodied practice, and body movement. In the public health discourse, the concept of the disciplined body has emerged to denote the supposed ‘risks’ that the body presents, such as being dangerous, problematic, or posing imminent danger to society. Because of this, the control over human bodies ‘in the name of public health’ has often been coercive and discriminatory (Lupton, 2012). The state’s preoccupation with controlling bodies went beyond health promotion and facilitated the increased responsibility of individuals to adhere to their respective gendered norms. Thus, the feminist agenda aimed to point out the limitations in sexualization and the control of gendered bodies in accordance with social expectations. In addition, the disease became constituted in the social rather than the individual body, and deviant types were considered needful of control for the sake of health and wellbeing of the entire population. Because of this, by the twentieth century, everyone was treated as a potential victim requiring careful monitoring. Thus, even though the existing health promotion rhetoric aimed to promote health and wellbeing, the control over the gendered nature of bodies remains, legitimizing the ideology of social practices as to how individuals should conduct their bodies. Reference Lupton, D. (2012). Medicine as culture: Illness, disease and the body. London, UK: SAGE Publications.