ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The growth and development of the human race has over the centuries grown exponentially. This can be attributed to the various social, cultural, economic, political and anthropological factors that influence man’s perception and course of action. Additionally, in a bid to ensure the survival of the race and also satisfy their need to procreate, the human population has been on the increase at an alarming rate. Consequently, this population growth has come with its own advantages and disadvantages depending on the prevailing situation. One of the problems arising from population growth is that if unchecked, it may lead to overpopulation which over the years has caused more harm than good to many States. With this in mind, this paper shall set out to evaluate the impacts of overpopulation to the political, cultural, anthropological and economical perspectives to various economies and societies. The causes and effects shall be discussed and possible solutions and recommendations made. This shall aim at analyzing the extent to which overpopulation is beneficial to the various aspects mentioned in this paragraph. According to Bommes & Morawska (2005) human overpopulation refers to the overcrowding of people in one area, location or region leading to the exhaustion of natural resources, environmental degradation and impairment to the quality of life. The impacts of overpopulation have in the recent past influenced the political, social, economic and cultural aspects of human development. It is to this accord that I embark on this study in order to further analyze the positive and negative implications that have and may arise from the same. Overpopulation has been brought about by various factors. Such factors include the massive immigration and movement of refugee, internally displaced persons (IDPs), expatriates and immigrants, irregular economic development, cultural beliefs and poor population control policies. As a result, this has led to over exploitation and destruction of natural and human resources, starvation due to inadequate supply of food, overcrowding, high rates of unemployment due to shortages of employment opportunities and finally, political and social unrest experienced in many nations (Bodley, 2005). In order to study this complex aspect of the human race, I shall implement the various theories and principals developed by credible scholars that try to explain the causes, effects and solutions pertaining to overpopulation. However the concepts vary depending on the field of study and I shall categorize them and provide empirical evidence on each area concerning the influence and magnitudes to which overpopulation is either a threat or an asset. My main focus shall lie mostly on the social sciences approaches devised to examine overpopulation as an area of study. The theories used in this field have been known to suffice in dealing and examining the various social problems that occur in our day to day lives and overpopulation is no exception. The various disciplines developed in social sciences, provides the researcher with an opportunity to narrow down
This essay will discuss the effects of the sun on aging. This topic is interesting as there are currently two central positions presented; the theme focuses on both the positive and negative influences of the sun. On the one side, exposure to sunlight triggers the synthesis of vitamin D3, without which the normal functioning of bone tissue is impossible. However, an excess of the sun also leads to chronic skin diseases and premature aging. Nevertheless, only at the beginning of the 20th century did scientists started paying attention to the sun’s effect on humans. This essay will analyze early research on the effects of the sun on aging and critically evaluate current works on the topic. It seems that since solar radiation in large quantities harms human skin, it is necessary to use protective equipment and control the time spent in the sun. As already noted, studies of the influence of the sun began in the 20th century. However, only in its second half were full-fledged researches carried out. For example, Kligman (1969) was the first to discover that the sun has a damaging effect on people’s skin, causing aging. In later works, the scientists’ observations were confirmed: the sun is an external factor affecting the aging of the epidermis (Sveikata et al., 2011; Vierkötter et al., 2010). All articles mention the devastating consequences of long-term exposure to solar radiation for the human skin and note an insufficient number of similar studies on the topic. Sunlight can be controlled as a factor causing skin aging, but it is essential to know how this process occurs to be protected in advance. In their article Mesa-Arango, Flórez-Muñoz, and Sanclemente (2017) write that the sun’s harmful effects on the skin are primarily due to UVB rays, which stimulate sunburn (2017). Type A beams are even more insidious because they do not hurt but penetrate deep into the skin. They accelerate skin aging and cause light intolerance, known as skin allergies and pigmentation disorders (hyperpigmentation, melanoma) (Mesa-Arango et al., 2017). UVA and UVB rays also damage cells and DNA; this invisible damage can manifest itself in the long term in the form of skin cancer. The article is structured according to the principle of summarizing and evaluating existing literature sources on the topic. The authors turn to scientific papers and research as a theoretical basis and propose their own solutions to the problem of skin aging, such as using natural sunscreens against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. The research was published in a journal included in the register of scientific ones and regularly cited by researchers, so it can be argued that the analyzed work is a reliable s
The habit of steroid use among professional athletes is not uncommon in sports arena. Over the past decade, athletes have been charged with the use of performance enhancement drug namely the anabolic Steroid. The reputation of these athletes has been tarnished after they openly admitted to the allegations. However, it is common knowledge that the use of performance enhancement drugs in competitive sports has been perceived with a lot of negativity (Frounfelter & Brandley 113). Fans and other stakeholders in sports have unanimously agreed that using anabolic steroid, for instance, give users a competitive edge and hence provides uneven playing field for athletes who engage their physical strength during sports such as baseball. The debate on steroids use in baseball gained popularity in 1991 when a ban was put in place. However, testing among the major league players did not start until in 2003. The results were heartbreaking as many players were confirmed to have used steroids at least once in their sporting activities (Miah 316). Today, MLB is at crossroads of whether to carry out medical test on steroid use among baseball players due to the increase in franchises value derived from promotion of high performing players. This essay explores the use of this enhancement drug as well as the actual and perceived economic results of steroid use. In addition, the economic cost of steroids to players is also analyzed. Mass entertainment sports The use of performance enhancing drugs can be viewed on the board of the rise and fall of mass-entertainment sports. According to Yesalis (112), the use of performance enhancement drugs can be traced back to ancient Roman and Olympic times. Players would use herbs and mushrooms for performance improvement. This gave them a competitive edge in the game. The trend has not been consistent since the use of this drug diminished during the post-Roman and pre-Modern era only to be revived during the nineteenth century (Del Cid 180). The rejuvenated use can be traced back to the role of the media in promoting sports as a form of entertainment. Media has promoted the use of performance enhancement drugs as successful players are glorified through numerous sponsorships which translates to appearance in highly paid adverts (Del Cid 182). The media has also increased attendance to the matches which translates to higher income for the franchisee, players and their coaches (Del Cid 184). Economic motivation The perceived economic value of steroid use has led the players to ignore the harmful effects of their actions. According to health experts, prolonged use of steroids can pose adverse effects to the user. Therefore, its usage should be prohibited at all costs. Miah (318) observes that the harmful effects of steroid use can be analyzed both empirically and theoretically. From the empirical point of view, regular use of steroid is unhealthy but there is lack of clear explanation on whether these harmful effects occur when one participates in sports (Dec Cid 175
Introduction Ageing is a biological process that one cannot avoid; it is often related to diseases. A healthy lifestyle helps a person to live healthy even in old age. A healthy lifestyle is a way of living that tries to eliminate occurrence of a disease as well as reducing the risk of dying. It involves social, mental and physical health. There is thus a relationship between ageing and lifestyle. Lifestyle refers to choices that one makes including diet, physical exercises, smoking and alcohol intake. A healthy lifestyle makes a person to enjoy his life and avoid health complications. This article will discuss the correlation between a lifestyle and the quality of life that a person lives as he/she grows old. Factors that Affect Ageing Ageing is determined by social lifestyle of a person; this comes as a result of ones experiences and environmental interaction in which one is exposed to. Several theories have been developed to explain the ageing process: activity theory, disengagement theory, social cognitive theory among others. Biologically, ageing is caused by the destruction of cells, “metabolic stress, oxidative stress and inflammation” (Rahelu, 2009, p. 232). Depression contributes much in ageing. People with depressed mood indirectly quicken their ageing. Depression may be caused by an unfavorable environment. A depressed person is likely to engage in unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, alcohol abuse, less physical exercises which will likely result to development obesity. Smoking of cigarettes and taking of alcohol are associated with many diseases some of which include cancer and diabetes. Most chronic diseases are attracted to people with depressed moods (Gool et al ., 2007). Social differences are related to the level of exercise engagement. From a research carried out to support ecological theory, it was seen that women who earned a lot of money engaged more in physical exercises while those with high level of education engaged less in physical exercises. In men, money and level of education did not affect the level of physical exercise. Among those who engaged in physical exercises, there were few blacks compared to whites (Grzywacz, 2001). Experience determines the social approach to life. In young unmarried relationships, love is not much a commitment like in older people. How we live our lives is also determined by other factors, such as race, gender, ethnicity and environment. For example, some people marry early in life while others marry late. According to a psychologist Daniel Levinson, transition begins when one gets into adulthood. Moving away from parent’s residence marks a signi
Executive Summary The New South Wales government came up with two new policies concerning provision of environmentally friendly electricity to the residents of South Wales region. The first policy states that electricity providers should be authorized to use environmentally friendly technology to produce electricity. The benefit of this policy is that there will be no more greenhouse gases emitted to the environment therefore, enhance cool air and clean environment. The second policy states that it should carry out a public education program modeled to inform customers concerning the environmental charges of using electricity from coal plants. The benefit of this policy is that it will enable electricity providers and residents to stop burning coal for energy and to adapt low greenhouse gas emission energy generators such as solar energy. The alternative policy that can impose the same outcome to the NSW government is to destroy the environmentally unfriendly electricity sources and support the electricity providers to set up new environment friendly electricity generators. Introduction Energy usage behaviors of modern customers’ ways of lives cause massive worldwide squander difficulties. Some optional energy firms are establishing new techniques to recycle waste by producing electricity from landfill waste and pollution. The ultimate aim of this context is to examine the two main policies imposed by the New South Wales government. The context looks at the benefits the policies have to the nation, the region and the residents (Trebilcock & Hrab 2005). It winds up by imposing an alternative policy that can also enable the NSW government to achieve its outcomes. First NSW Government Policy The policy states that electricity providers should be authorized to use environmentally friendly technology to produce electricity. The main aim of the New South Wales government to impose this policy is to prevent pollution of the environment through emission of the greenhouse gases (Ferguson 2007). The NSW government should encourage the electricity providers to shift to solar energy by supporting them in purchase of solar panels. The solar panels are portable and easily installed almost everywhere where they can receive the rays from the sun (McCann 2003). Their function is to change the energy from the sun to electric energy that is able to power a machine or charge a battery for later usage. Solar energy has several economic impacts to the consumers and to environment (Keoleian & Volk 2005). This is the best method of electricity generation although the NSW government can also let the electricity providers to adapt other techniques that are environmental friendly. It should then fight against the companies that fail to adapt the environmental friendly electricity provision by closing down their firms and charging them in law courts (Vladimir 2011). Instead of incurring massive l
Introduction Electrical conductivity of a myriad of elements and compounds gracing the earth’s surface can be classified depending on the electron energies in both the valence and the conduction bands 1 . Ideally, the lower energy bands which are normally filled up are always irrelevant when it comes to electric conductivity. With this in mind, these materials can be classified as insulators, conductors and semiconductors. In a synopsis, insulators are poor conductors which have no mobile electrons under normal conditions. Moreover, they lack electrons in their conduction band despite having a filled up valence band. Importantly, the gap separating the conduction and the valence bands is very wide. As such, electrons face an uphill task to cross over to the conduction band. For conductors; however, there exist numerous mobile electrons in the conduction band which are made available owing to the fact that both the valence and the conduction bands overlap. For these materials, no gap exists between the two bands. When we focus on the semiconductors, as the name suggests, these materials have conductive abilities that lie amid insulators and conductors. Examples of these materials include silicon and germanium; all group four elements. For these types of materials, the gap separating both the conduction and the valence bands is very thin. This gap can be overcome by an energy equivalent to 1ev. Importantly, the conduction band is near-empty while the valence band is near-full at 0 0 K. When the temperature increases, electrons shift from the valence band to the conduction band to enhance conductivity. It is worth noting that as the electrons shift they create positive holes in the previous band while at the same time add extra electrons in the conduction band. As such, current in semi conductors is the total sum of both the electrons and the positive holes which move in the opposite directions. Figure 1 below shows the aforementioned types of materials. Figure 1: of a conductor insulator and a semiconductor.2. One would actually wonder how this happens yet for group four elements the atoms are covalently bonded. Indeed, with all the electrons on the outer shell bonded, a high resistance to electric current is anticipated for these types of semiconductors otherwise intrinsic semiconductors. Conductivity for these conductors is enhanced by imperfections in the crystal lattice and thermal ionization due to heating. 3 Therefore, conductivity increases with temperature as is in thermistors. Of note, for these conductors, the number of holes and those of electrons tally. Scientific advancements in semiconductors led to the discovery of extrinsic semiconductors. These are developed from intrinsic semiconductors when a few impurities are added to the same in a process referred to as doping. These kinds of semiconductors were a major breakthrough in the world of electronics. Devices, for instance, diodes and transistors are among the components that are developed from this kind semiconductor. Doping is done either by group five elements, for instance, arsenic, or by group three elements, for instance, indium. Doping with group five elements results in
In any given community, when people cooperate with one another, the community is likely to get ahead in terms of development. A collaborative learning community structures the curriculum to ensure that what students learn in class is able to help them meet the needs of the community as observed by (MacGregor J., 1991). This makes the students to develop more intellectually due to the programs that encourage them to socialize. A challenge that faces the collaborative learning is the cultural traditions that have always assumed that teachers should use the lecture-centered method of learning. This makes it hard for students to interact freely with one another or with the teachers. People who share their ideas and experience helps others to know how to do various activities much easier due to the consultation and sharing of information. Such communities become very creative and innovative and may come up with new projects that can help them have a high standard of living. A collaborative organization involves teamwork of all members within the organization that entails all staff members to share ideas across different departments. For any given organization to be effective, then all the members must have cohesiveness so that they can learn from one another. This will also be useful in solving different problems that may exist within the organization. Employees within the organization should be allowed to interact freely with one another and this should not be viewed negatively by the management. There is no other way that they can share ideas without interaction. Sometimes this may seem like wasting of time when they form and interact so much within the organization, but the results are very good. However, this does not imply that it is good to leave employees to be involved in so many discussions instead of doing work. Decisions made in a collaborative organization are actually decentralized. The management should always consult the employees before making decisions which may affect th
Introduction There are multiple barriers to care quality in healthcare services, and designing strategies to identify and address them as soon as possible is an essential responsibility of health informatics specialists and the senior management. This report discusses detrimental factors related to internal workflow processes in the X Hospital. This information is then used to formulate recommendations regarding the selection of a new healthcare information system. Environment, Issues, and Provider Objectives The healthcare institution being analyzed is a U.S.-based rural hospital with a long history. Nowadays, it serves hundreds of local citizens and provides inpatient and outpatient care, as well as emergency services. The recent increases in the local population have contributed to changes in the patient flow, thus altering the work environment. The members of the nursing and healthcare teams have to serve more clients than before, which increases the risks of confusion and care mistakes. Therefore, new technological solutions helping to manage patient flow and optimize workforce utilization may be required to avoid problems linked to decreases in care quality and various types of nursing errors. Since inadequate health information systems impact the success of clinical decision-making in hospitals, provider objectives include analyzing and optimizing the use of IT to ensure patient safety. Information Systems Configuration Despite negative stereotypes about the state of healthcare IT in non-urban areas, the utilization of information systems in the discussed hospital is evident. Nowadays, healthcare providers in the organization use outdated EHR systems and old desktop computers to store and manage patient data. The EHR system being utilized is a basic one without clinician notes, which means that it only supports general information on patients’ health problems and medical history (Balgrosky, 2015). In particular, the functions that are limited include data from nursing assessments, advance healthcare directives, and nursing orders with in-depth descriptions of patient preferences and educational needs (Krousel-Wood et al., 2017). Utilizing the local basic EHR solution, the team is deprived of an opportunity to use multiple functions, including clinical guidelines or documents that standardize care and clinical reminders or alerts (Krousel-Wood et al., 2017). Furthermore, the currently used EHR system does not allow using drug-lab interactions data and decision support for drug dosing (Krousel-Wood et al., 2017). Considering changes in the number of patients, the absence of such func
Mathematics is a very important subject because we use it in our day to day lives. Regardless of that, many learners express it as one of the most difficult subjects and that explains why many educators have been experiencing poor performance in this subject. This could be because most learners did not have a good foundation during their initial stages. In mathematics, geometry is one of the most difficult subjects that pose many challenges to children. Children need to understand shapes, sizes, figures, and figures so as to appreciate geometry. This calls for proper foundation in geometrical concepts, both in schools and homes. Therefore, this paper will shed light on how educators can teach mathematics to children efficiently, particularly learning geometry. According to Rich and Thomas (2008), the process of learning mathematics commences early enough even before the child reaches the age of going to school. But this study progresses automatically as the child gets acquainted to his or her surroundings. For instance, when you bring two toys to three children they will tell you that they are not enough and yet they do not know anything about numbers. This is because they expect each one of them to have a toy. When a child is being introduced to mathematics, the teacher should start on a gradual pace by ensuring that the child first learns the basics. For instance you can never teach children how to add numbers when you have not taught them about numbers. This means that the basic lessons should come first. Children gain knowledge through observation. Therefore, it would be important for the teacher to attract the attention of the child when he/she is demonstrating how the calculations are done. This can be achie