ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Middle East is a term that has been used to refer to a region that covers South Western Asia although currently it includes some countries like Pakistan, North Africa and Caucasus (Brown, 2004). It is important to note that the term is also used to mean Near East and to exclude the region known as Far East. It is a major center for various affairs in the whole world contributing greatly to its popularity. For instance, it is the center for some of the major religions in the world like Islam, Judaism, Baha’i faith and Christianity. Farming is a major economic activity and although some parts are arid, there are some rivers that are used for irrigation and thus why agriculture is practiced even in such areas. In addition, some regions especially in the Gulf area are rich sources of crude oil and contribute greatly to the economy seeing that oil is an important source of energy in the whole world. There is much about Middle East in relation to political, economic, geographical and cultural perspective. Bent on that, this essay shall focus more on its history as well as the relevance of the term Middle East. According to Davis (2003), Middle East originated from British office in India, in the mid 19 th century. Further studies indicate that the popularity of the term increased in the 20th century. It was used to refer to the area between India and Arabia by Alfred Thayer, a naval strategist from America. Further studies illustrate that he used the term for the first time at the beginning of the 20 th century in an article he authored known as Persian Gulf and the International Relations. The article set pace for other articles which were published latter mainly focusing on the definition of the same concept. Before the Second World War, the term Middle East was used to refer of the region between the Far East and the Near East. Nonetheless, history records that after Middle East Institute was Established during the mid 20 th century in Washington DC, the term became popular not only in Europe, but also in the United States. Although currently the term Middle East has become increasingly popular, there is much criticism that has resulted from the usage of the term. For instance, the fact that the term is of European origin and is used not only by Europeans but also by non Europeans both in academic and media sector raises much criticism. In addition, the description of Middle East is also as mater of concern especially due to the fact that the definition has been prone to so much change. For example, before the First World War, Middle East was used to refer to the region of Central Asia, Iran and A
My differential diagnosis and a list of my primary diagnosis After assessing Leroy’s issue, I realize that he may be suffering several differential diagnoses. Acute Pyelonephritis, Kidney stones, Appendicitis, and Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) are among the diagnoses that top the list of my examination. In the case of Acute Pyelonephritis that leads to renal scarring, individuals display symptoms that include fever, vomiting, costovertebral angle pains, and nausea. The disease is caused by bacteria that may infect the renal parenchyma through the bloodstream or by ascending to the kidneys via the urinary tract. Consequently, kidney stone disease is a condition that takes place when stones develop in the kidney and block the normal functions of the ureter. The symptoms associated with the stones usually include renal colic, vomiting, and restlessness. These symptoms transpire because of the sensational pain that an individual feels when the ureter tries to release the stones. Drinking lots of water and avoiding food that has excess calcium can prevent the development of stones. Although the role of the human appendix is not clearly defined its inflammation also known as Appendicitis is a life-threatening condition. When the appendix swells, there is a need for timely medical attention to remove it. Cancer, stool, or foreign bodies are some of the factors linked to the condition. Severe cramps, pain when passing urine, abdominal pain, fever, loss of appetite, and inability to release gas are some of the signs that indicate the presence of the ailment. After a close examination and attention to Leroy’s case, my primary diagnosis becomes UT infection. The symptoms presented by the old man substantiate my diagnosis. Mody and Juthani-Mehta (2014) explain that fever, confusion, costovertebral angle tenderness, violence, and impaired judgment are primary signs demonstrated by old individuals suffering from UTIs. In effect, when bacteria enter into the bladder and affect the kidney through the urethra, old individuals demonstrate signs that differ from the young people. Instead of feeling a sensational pain when passing urine, old individuals suffer from confusion, loss of memory, withdrawal, and violence. Additional tests that I would do to confirm my diagnosis To ascertain my diagnosis, I would undertake some tests. I would start by taking samples of urine through a process known as a urine culture. I will also take samples of blood and test them to check if the patient suffers from diabetes. The importance of assessing whether the man suffers from diabetes takes effect because the disease increases the probability of contracting UT infection (Rowe & Juthani-Mehta, 2013). On the other hand, urine samples will help in establishing whether there are bacteria in the urine that have led to an eventuality of a UT infection. To get good results, I will insist that the urine samples be taken in the morning. According to Grigoryan, Trautner, and Gupta (2014), Bacteria such as E. Coli, are the most common types of bacteria that initiate UT infections. In this regard, I will check the presence of E. Coli in the u
The Product / Service Maroline Couture is a womenswear brand established in 2017 by two friends. Together, the synergy of this duo has brought together femininity and chic at an affordable price. Unique Selling Point The brand is all about unique/exclusive clothes at an affordable price for the younger generation. List of the problems to solve   * Low recognisability   * Low access to the products   * Insufficient channels and opportunities to reach potential clients   * Absence of an outlet (physical environment)   * Lack of trust or loyalty   * Absence of favourable image Objective The objective of the project is to increase the recognisability of the brand and to build a favourable image among potential customers (young women). Three main points that are expected to appeal to the target audience are chic, quality, and affordability; it is important that all three are stressed in combination (chic and affordable without compromising the quality) as opposed to being stressed separately. Also, the objective is to gain the trust of young women who appreciate sophisticated styles but cannot always afford luxury brands; such women have the potential to become loyal customers. Target Audience Project Target Young generation; girls and young women who are 18 to 25 years old. Brand Target The brand is targeting modern women who pursue an effortlessly chic lifestyle. Current Brand/Campaign Analysis Positive Aspects The brand is still small, which makes it rather exclusive and allows the designers to maintain the top quality of their products. Negative Aspects All production takes place abroad, and it is hard to monitor everything closely. The rent is high, and it is still impossible to open a store, so all selling has to be done online. Attitude – Campaign Look And Feel Campaign Look and Feel Just like the brand’s clothes, the campaign should be chic and sophisticated. The target audience—women who are young and interested in chic products but not always able to afford them—suggests that the campaign should be classy but, at the same time, bright and appealing to younger audiences. Campaign Message Major benefits are that the brand’s products are affordable and exclusive; in addition, they are capable of attracting different women because they are both modern and chic. The brand is young and small, which is why it is still flexible in terms of managing its production and marketing efforts, which is recognised as a benefit as well. Message Strategy What What the advertising should deliver is the idea that Maroline Couture is the place where a woman will definitely find something that fits her and makes her feel elegant and sophisticated. The message is that the brand can help customers look great even if they find it hard to find the right outfit, e.g. for a special occasion. How The message will be delivered through an example: two women are walking with shopping bags, and one of them complains that s
Introduction George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, was a profound philosopher of the early modern period, who criticized Locke’s ideas of perception and nature of substances. He is a follower of the idealist theory claiming that reality exists only in people’s minds by perception. Two of his works, Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (Principles) and Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous (Dialogues) are examined in the present paper to describe Berkeley’s philosophy and his arguments against materialism. Locke’s Criticism Before starting the points on which Berkeley criticized Locke and other materialists, one should refer to Locke’s “copy theory.” According to this theory, knowledge is the perception of connection or repugnancy of humans’ ideas (Ferguson 117). In simpler words, Locke claims that a person cannot percept an object directly; however, he or she refers only to the ideas or the copies of the objects that are created in their minds. The concept presupposes that material matters exist and have primary and secondary qualities. The primary qualities, such as solidity, extension, mobility, and number form a simple idea inside minds, while secondary qualities, such as color, sound, and taste produce sensations. These concepts attracted much criticism from idealists, such as George Berkeley. Berkeley’s critique of Locke’s theory is explicitly depicted in the Dialogues where Philonous, an idealist, explains his concepts to Hylas with materialistic views. Berkeley insists that sensible qualities must be ideal rather than belonging to a substance, as claimed by Locke. The first argument supporting the statement is that some qualities as heat, for example, are similar to pleasure or pain (Berkeley, Dialogues 4). The second point mentioned by Philenous is the issue with relativity, as qualities may vary depending on the perceiver (Berkeley, Dialogues 6). For instance, if something is hot and bitter to one person, it may be cold and sweet to another. Furthermore, Berkeley gives an example of microscopes to undermine the “plausible thought that the true visual qualities of objects are revealed by close examination” (“George Berkeley” para. 34). In short, even though there are some flaws in Berkeley’s arguments, he effectively criticizes Locke’s theory on the ground of substance existence. Even though the arguments presented above may seem appropriate, they can be contested by the idea of primary and secondary qualities. It may be assumed that primary qualities cannot be misperceived, while people can interpret the secondary ones, as in the example with substances tasting different depending on the perceiver. However, Berkeley denies the ability to abstract the primary qualities from the secondary ones, as it is impossible to conceive a material body that is extended but not colored (“George Berkeley”). In brief, Locke’s concept fails to stand against the critique provided by Berkeley in the Dialogues. Implications to the Knowledge of External World Berkeley offers an innovative concept of a human’s ability to know and under
In the 1990s, Ford planned the creation of the luxury car division that could involve the car brands similar to Volvo. The division known as the Premier Automotive Group (PAG) was established in 1999 (“Ford Buys Land Rover”). During the period of 1999-2008, the PAG included such brands of luxury cars as Volvo, Jaguar, and Land Rover acquired and then sold by Ford because of their non-profitability (Table 1). Table 1. Ford’s Acquisitions and Sales Brand       Date  Acquisition Cost  Date  Sale Cost                      Jaguar      1989  $2.38 billion     2008  $2.3 billion (with Land Rover) Volvo       1999  $6.45 billion     2010  $1.5 billion                   Land Rover  2000  $2.9 billion      2008  $2.3 billion (with Jaguar)      Referring to the table, it is important to conduct the VRIO analysis in order to state why Ford made decisions regarding the acquisitions and following sales. The VRIO Analysis The competitive advantage can be gained by Ford when the company utilizes ‘valuable’ (V), ‘rare’ (R), ‘inimitable’ (I), and ‘organized’ (O) resources. Jaguar In case of Jaguar, Ford planned to cover the niche of prestigious cars with high driving dynamics, and during a long period of time, the development of the brand addressed the requirements of value, rarity, inimitability, and organized exploitation. However, the situation changed in 1999, when the PAG was established, and Ford planned to use the centralized approach to managing the operations within the division. Jaguar cars became set on the common vehicle platforms as other cars of Ford, the sales decreased, and the company chose to buy the brand to the Indian corporation in 2008 (Prokesch par. 2). Volvo The acquisition of Volvo in 1999 was a result of Ford’s strategy to expand the market share in Europe and widen the niche of premium brands. In terms of value, Volvo was discussed as a profitable brand. Rarity and inimitability depended on the high quality and exceptional safety. Organization depended on the synergy approach within the PAG (James par. 3). However, Volvo became less valuable brand in the 2010s, when Ford focused on uniting the engineering departments within the PAG to decrease associated costs. As a result, the measures related to rarity and inimitability were also decreased. Ford needed to sell Volvo in 2010 while losing more than 70% of the brand cost (“Ford Sells Volvo”). Land Rover Land Rover was acquired in 2000 as one more luxury brand to expand the PAG. The decision was discussed as good for Ford because of the opportunity to focus on the prestigious cars with the high off-road capability. This aspect added to the rarity and inimitability of available resources (Hill and Jones 312). In terms of value, the acquisition of Land Rover was important for Ford to expand the market share in the area of four-wheel-drive cars. The aspect of organization was addressed ineffectivel
Level of competition In comparison to developed nations, China is not saturated marketed. Existing markets do not offer the quality and service advantages that advanced nations offer. Latent markets also exist in certain parts of the country. Vast areas remain unexploited, and foreign investors who understand China’s incipient demands will likely meet their needs. The country has no national market, and its retail sector is still dominated by many small stalls and street vendors. Competition from big-box sellers is not as intensive as it is in rich nations. Furthermore, firms compete based on price rather than product features. Most Chinese citizens are still poor hence their purchasing decisions will be determined by the most cost-effective item available (Tingchi et al. 362). However, an increase in affluent citizens is causing an appreciation of foreign-made commodities, especially in urban areas. Psycho, cultural, geographical closeness Chinese consumers are not very different from UAE consumers. Most of them are conservatives who care about saving face. Additionally, they will not tell market researchers the truth about their products, so foreigners need to observe their behavior to understand it (YeSheng and Yan 50). The country is not too far from the UAE, as such, investors will not need to spend a lot of resources when transporting commodities to China. On the flip side, the Chinese are proud of their language and use it both formally and informally. A business person from the UAE would need to learn the language or rely on a translator’s goodwill. Potential of future demand In the future, the market potential in the country will likely keep growing. As the US and other western counterparts try to recover from the global economic crisis, many of them will minimize expenditure. Conversely, the Chinese government may encourage greater expenditure following an increase in export revenue streams. It will make the market quite lucrative to foreign investors. Numerous affluent Chinese buyers are also developing a taste for high-end products. These individuals trust foreign-made products as they are perceived to have a higher quality. Such consumer segments will likely grow (Walters & Samiee 101). Furthermore, infrastructural support may support future foreign investment greatly. Market viability Projections for the future growth of the Chinese market seem promising, but plenty of obstacles still exist for foreigners doing business in this nation. Acquisitions and buyouts are rarely done transparently (Delloite 3). The government controls managerial requirements, and most policies are designed to protect local businessmen over foreign players. Political, social, and economic environments may sometimes disenfranchise foreign investors. First, the judiciary system tends to favor locals; additional requirements for starting foreign-owned businesses are quite complicated. Counterfeits are common and prevalent in almost all industries in the country. Furthermore, cases of br
The regulations and enforcement strategies followed by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) modify or enhance existing rules tackling security concerns. The SOX Act brings improvements in corporate responsibility, accounting directives, new protections, and criminal punishment. Apart from the financial aspects of a company, such as accuracies, controls, and audits, the SOX Act influences demand for information technology sectors concerning electronic records (Abdioglu, Bamiatzi, Cavusgil, Khurshed, & Stathopoulos, 2015). The standards established in the Act do not indicate how businesses ought to maintain their records. Still, they only affirm that the information and technology departments have the accountability to store them (Gu & Zhang, 2017). The SOX Act has a high impact on corporate governance in the United States. It encourages public companies to reinforce audit boards, carry out internal control checks, hold directors and officers responsible for the precision of fiscal statements, and fortify disclosure. It also calls for stricter criminal punishments for security fraud and transforms the operation of public accounting companies. Under corporate governance, the members of audit committees have to be independent of the management, acquire new accountabilities that include the approval of several services, choose and oversee external auditors, and address complaints concerning the accounting functions of the executive. The SOX Act modifies management’s accountability for fiscal reporting considerably (Banerjee, Humphery-Jenner, & Nanda, 2015). The Act demands that top executives personally confirm the accurateness of monetary reports. When the executives deliberately or intentionally make mistaken certifications, they may serve more than ten years’ jail terms. Suppose companies are compelled to make necessary accounting restatement attributable to the wrongdoing of executives. In that case, top directors may be forced to forfeit their bonuses or profits obtained from the stock sale. In cases where officers or managers are convicted of securities law infringements, they can be barred from serving in similar roles at public companies.
Introduction Nelson Mandela was born in the year 1918 in a small village called Qumu Transkei in South Africa. He was born to Chief Henry Mandela whose origin was from a tribe called Tembu. Mandela in his childhood was a herdsman and was also involved in community works. When his farther died, he was then left under one of his relatives care. He was then taken to a missionary school where he used to mobilize his fellow students against the colonial rule. For this case, he was expelled from school for inciting the other students. He then proceeded to the university collage of Fort Hare and later joined Witwatersrand University where he qualified in law in the year 1942. Main body After completing his education, he then fully got involved in politics from the year 1944. He joined a party called the Africans National Congress whereby he was at the fore frond to stage rebellion against apartheid policies imposed by the then ruling National Party. He was later arrested and imprisoned for disloyalty from the year 1956 to 1961. After the African National Congress was disallowed in 1960, Mandela then suggested that there was need to form an army from the ANC. His suggestion was accepted by the ANC top leadership that would involve violent strategies to air their views. He was once again arrested in the year 1962 and sent to prison with hard work. He was again brought to trial in 1963 following the arrest of the fellow ANC members for planning a coup de tatagainst the government. While in prison Mandela became more famous and widely accepted as the only leader of the African origin who could save the people. Actually, we will look deeply into Mandela’s humanistic nature as well as his traits. Mandela can be described as humanistic because when we consider all his decisions that he used to make whenever he did anything, they were very personal. In all his life from his childhood, we find that Mandela at no time acted under pressure. This strange personality that he had really helped a lot in his life because he never did anything that made him regret later. For instance, when he was in school, he was expelled because he was accused of inciting fellow students against the ruling party. He did this alone without being influenced by anyone. Again we find that after he had completed his education, he was in the fore front leading his party fellows against the ruling party by advising them to use violent tactics to air their views. Surely, it was very difficult at that time to find someone opposing the powerful government because there was a lot of oppression and intimidation. But Mandela went against this mentality and did the contrary which landed him severally in jail. In addition, after the African National Congress had been illegalized, he did not want to feel finished, neither did he want to be