ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction “Poverty must be seen as the deprivation of basic capabilities rather than lowness of incomes, which is the standard criterion of identification of poverty” (Sen 1). Because of poverty, most people in the world cannot progress. The abilities of most poor people are limited by their status. They cannot educate their children, invest profitably, have capital, and or compete in the markets. They are edged out of many beneficial competitions. This perspective of poverty focuses on understanding the true cause and characteristics of capability deprivation because of poverty rather than focusing on income alone as a means to end poverty. With this foundation, this study endeavors to shed light on the argument that capability deprivation is a more powerful approach for finding ways to fight poverty as opposed to being a means of raising the incomes of the poor. Nussbaum’s formulation of ten specific capabilities and Sen’s argument Nussbaum supports Sen’s argument that efforts in poverty eradication should be focused on capability deprivation, which is the taking away of the abilities bestowed on someone, rather than raising the income of the poor. According to Nussbaum, a society that neglects the social justice of its people is not a just society. Social justice denotes the ability of people to interact freely with others regardless of age, gender, color, and or race. The first capability that is central to human beings is life. Human beings should not die before their actual maturity time. People should have the ability to live until their lives become reduced to the extent of not being worth living hence supporting Sen’s idea of respect for life of all human beings. Human beings will be unable to live the normal length of life due to poverty, for example, through hunger and or lack of water to drink. The second central human capability that Nussbaum uses to supports Sen’s opinion is bodily health. Nussbaum is for the opinion that all human beings should be provided with an environment that allows them to enjoy good health. People should not be deprived of reproductive wellbeing, food, or accommodation. Absence of these factors leads to capability deprivation on the victim. As Sen argues, due to poverty, most poor societies are deprived of reproductive health abilities. The third central human capability put forward by Nussbaum in support of Sen’s argument is bodily integrity. People should be free to move without being threatened. They should be protected against any violence or assault. In most poverty-stricken areas of the world, violence in the form of inter-ethnic wrangles, cattle rustling, and lawlessness have resulted in injuries, maiming, and even death. Gender justice is underprivileged when
Early learning classes for small children plays a big role in a student’s future advancement in education. This is every child’s base foundation in studies, and various learning skills must be developed in order to assist the child in his or her advancing classes. In comprehension reading, the teacher should start introducing a new text by employing pre-reading activities. This involves, taking them through the text structure and identifying pictures, diagrams and other visual things that might be available in the text. Images help in predicting on the text’s content. Varying colors and different graphic designs may be used in such text. These colors or designs suggest a descriptive work. One has to identify commonly used text structures in the comprehension, this enables one to know structural components used like descriptive, elements of cause and may be the effects brought out as a result of comparing two subjects. The teacher has to give a hint and guidance on areas where these text structures occur. Slow reading can be initiated in areas that need a lot of emphasis. Student’s or children’s participation is essential during reading because it helps in getting their response as well as evaluating their understanding. Reading aloud sentences and words helps a child much in getting the right pronunciation. It enables the word to stick in his or her mind permanently. Illustrational pictures enable the child to easily relate the words being taught and the actions being displayed by the pictures. Much time is saved on visualization and the message is conveyed effectively (Deborah, 2007). After reading a certain text, the child must be asked some questions regarding an article or passage. This enables the teacher to evaluate a child’s level of reading and understanding. Children can be grouped together in discussion and be allowed to learn from each other (Boardman, Vaughn, & Klingner, 2007). Children should read the comprehension several times. They should be left t
The lymphatic system is a part of the circulatory and immune systems that is “made up of a fluid called lymph which flows through lymphatic vessels, nodes, ducts and organs containing lymphatic tissue” (Board and Harlow 304). Proper functioning of this system is critical for human beings because it ensures decent dynamics of tissue fluid that is drained from the interstitial spaces. Before getting into the main lymphatic vessels, it gathers in pre-collector ones. Then fluid goes through several lymphatic tissue structures of the same group. They are known as lymph nodes or are called glands. Finally, vessels gather and create lymph trunks that pass fluid to ducts. All in all, this system is meant to control the presence and delivery of fluid and proteins to the blood as well as to absorb fat from the digestive system and transport it to venues. However, defending function in the framework of immunologic response can be even more critical. It is significant to underline the role of nodes in this process because they are packed lymphocytes that generate immune bodies which allow the organism to resist infection. All in all, there are about 600 of them in a human body. They belong to different groups and have various sizes. Lymph nodes may be superficial or located deeply in the tissues. They can be axillary and inguinal. Some exist in groups that turn into modular patches. The most obvious and appropriate example tend to be the tonsils. Still, there are also those nodes that are not connected with others and exist independently, for example, the urogenital ones. The size of lymph nodes varies greatly. They can be from 1mm to 2sm 5mm in length and are put in a capsule of fibrous tissue of an appropriate size. All lymph nodes are divided into three parts: “the cortex, paracortex, and medulla” (Board and Harlow 304). The first one is packed with lymphocytes. They are also widely known as lymphatic nodules. Lymphocytes are those white blood cells that produce immune bodies and make the body fight infections and resist them. T-and B-lymphocytes or cells form the outer and the inner rim of the cortex respectively. T-lymphocytes produce a protein, lymphotoxin, that belongs to “the tumor-necrosis factor family and can be produced as a secreted homotrimer, [Lymphotoxin-alpha] LTα” (Mebius 292). It is needed for normal lymph node, which means that those LTα that do not have lymph nodes are disrupted and do not allow the lymphatic system to function appropriately (Ettinger et al. 13102). The discussed homotrimer refers to the tumor necrosis factor family that is very inducible and secreted. It heterotrimers with LTβ to get to the cell surface. In this way, LTα receive
Many educators believe that teaching students with disabilities is challenging work, and it is so because all activities held in the class are to be adapted. It is impossible to expect the students with mild and moderate disabilities to reach the same academic achievements as learners with average intellectual ability can reach. Still, it means that educators should alter the delivery model and provide more support in both educational and social aspects. Differentiation seems to be a key to success in this perspective. It allows defining a range of activities that will be successfully managed by the learners. Teachers should take into consideration such approaches to differentiate instructions for students with mild and moderate disabilities as:  1. Time. Many learners that represent such a population have problems with remembering new information and utilizing it in practice. Thus, educators should spend some time working with the student and identifying the time they need to understand the topic and apply what they have learned. As a result, they will be able to define how long each student should work on a particular topic. Such an approach will streamline the educational process as there will be no necessity to start everything from the very beginning.  2. Instruction. Sometimes students with disabilities are not able to understand what they are to do if the instruction is not explicit and systematic. If the educator said what he/she wants to receive
Diet control, is one of the primary problem facing the world citizenry; more so women. This is because; majority of individuals always want to maintain body shapes or physiques they consider perfect. Hence due to this reason, majority of individuals will always use any means at their disposal to ensure they attain their ultimate weights, with little consideration of the nature of side effects, which may result due to adoption of some weight reduction strategies. The primary methods used by majority of individuals in their endeavors to reduce weight include reducing eating portions, use of dietary pills, and in extreme cases some individual may opt to starve themselves, with little contemplation of what such a practice may result in. The fact is even worse with the enticing adverts in most diet control pills, due to the fact that, most individuals consider them more effective and fast in achieving end results. Although such is the case, it is important to note that, majority of diet control pills have adverse effects on individual health, if such individuals never take precaution in their usage. This is because; due to the impatient nature of most individuals, most assume that, by consuming excess of them, they will achieve faster and better results. Therefore, this makes it necessary for governments to increase regulations on the sale and use of such dietary medicines primarily because; in most uncontrolled scenarios, likelihoods of misuse and abuse are high. Such regulations should target the sellers and buyers, and it is very important for governments to implement specific measures to ensure, users and sellers adhere strictly to the set laws
Philosophy is a very specific branch of science as far as it deals with the whole multitude of events and phenomena that exist in the world. Philosophy is considered to be the cradle of all other sciences as far as in ancient Greece all sciences were thought of as the sub-branches of philosophy. On the whole, philosophy is the science that deals with everything in its general theoretical sense and are the science that explains the basic ideas about human existence. One of the most famous philosophers of the New Age is the French philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes who formulated the principles of the existence of human beings and thinking as the basis for existence. In this paper, I will try to see if the philosophy of Descartes was based on a new scientific method or not and explain my conclusion. Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) was a famous French philosopher who is considered to be the founder of a Cartesian school in philosophy, a supporter of the deduction method in learning, and the formulator of the co-called “Cartesian Doubt”. The main areas of his interest were knowledge, methods of its acquiring, reality, and existence. The concept of existence takes one of the central places in Descartes’ philosophy, and the essay “Discourse on Method” develops his thoughts on the topic. The most famous phrase by Descartes is as follows: “I think, therefore I am”. This phrase reflects the major idea of his philosophy – senses are not reliable and thought is the only source of reliable information about reality and the only proof of existence (Descartes, 1637). Therefore, I think that the hypothesis expressed by Rene Descartes in “Discourse on Method” is based on the new methodology developed by the author and called either “metaphysical doubt” or “methodological skepticism”. This position may be proved by the fact that the method by Descartes has its own stages, theoretical framework, and possible practical implementation. The very name of the method is based on its essence – doubt in everything that is not perceived by one’s mind undoubtedly. The stages of Descartes method are as follows:  1. Not to accept anything in what you are not absolutely sure and consider this or that fact scrupulously without prejudice to prove or deny it;  2. Divide difficult points into as many sections as necessary to understand and analyze them;  3. Arrange one’s thoughts moving from simple to sophisticated so that to make the process of understanding easier;  4. Review the phenomena in a general way so that to consider all possible aspects of the phenomenon. All these stages of the method of methodological skepticism are aimed at one and the only purpose – explain and prove the existence of perfect beings, i. e. of God. Descartes also proves by this method that every person who doubts whether he or she exists actually exists at least because of the existence of the doubt, as the doubt can not exist without the person who doubts. But, a person is the one who feels and as Descartes denies
Introduction Purpose: The purpose of this article is to recommend the best material for making toolbox material. Problem: In machine shops, toolboxes are essential kits. As such, they help in organizing, transporting, and guarding the worker’s tools. Toolboxes can be made from a variety of materials. A number of the kits are made from metal materials. However, some of them can be made from carbon, plastic, or wood materials. A local machine shop has noted that several toolboxes available in the market are expensive and do not last as desired. The shop believes that the short-termed life of the kits is attributed to the materials used in making the toolboxes. For instance, a number of toolboxes in the machine shop have corroded. Other toolboxes have broken and are no longer used by the employees. In a bid to save on cost and equip its workers with quality kits, the shop has decided to design its toolkits. At present, the shop has identified three materials that can be utilized in the production of the kits. The materials are carbon fiber, carbon steel, and aluminum alloy. Out of the three materials, the shop has to identify one suitable material based on its corrosion resistance, cost, hardness, and strength. Scope: The report detailed in this article will recommend the use of aluminum alloy as a suitable material. Compared to carbon steel, aluminum alloy offered a higher resistance to corrosion (Campbell, 2008). Similarly, it was noted that the cost of acquiring aluminum alloy was cheaper than the cost of acquiring the other two materials. It was also noted that the alloy could be molded with ease into the shapes required in making toolboxes. Unlike the other two metals, aluminum alloy can be turned or milled into any shape. Discussion Corrosion resistance Explanation: Corrosion resistance determines how a material can endure damage triggered by oxidization. Corrosion resistance is an important issue because some machine toolboxes are susceptible to corrosion. Data: Carbon steel was found to destroy less than
Introduction The American Revolution started in the early eighteenth century, particularly as a fight for the American people’s rights but eventually ended up as a battle for Independence from their colonial masters, Great Britain. All the American colonies united together to defend their land as well as their freedom from their colonial masters, who were highly oppressive. Grievances The Indies (American colonies) were complaining about hard times, were taxed heavily, and their families were chargeable (Benjamin, 1758, pg 454). Jefferson (1730, pg. 654) claimed that taxes were imposed without the prior consent of the inhabitants of the colonies and deprivation of fair justice in trials. The British offended the sacred right of life as well as liberty through slavery and execrable commerce. Americans were also protesting against the British for using their powers in granting the chief magistrate permission to foreign mercenaries to invade their territory and damage them. The American property was all possessed, confiscated and forfeiture by the British (Jefferson, 1730, pg.655), and the locals had lost their trust with the British power which had induced sorrow, starvation and turned them into beggars (Paine, 1776, pg. 635). Paine noted that reconciliation was now out of hand, and their connections with the British had been deserted by nature. He asserted that it was almost impossible for reconciliation to take root where wounds of hatred had deeply pierced. Great Britain alienated the Americans from other European countries with whom they had no conflicts, and would be viable associates in commerce. According to Paine (1776, pg. 364), the crying voice of nature was calling for separation “Tis time to part.” The white men were sometimes abusive to the extend of calling the natives “Indian dogs” if they ventured into Whiteman’s house and asked for a drink while having no money. The natives’ ideas were to demolish and get rid of this great empire, starting from the remotest province. Natives in the remote provinces were denied the right to enjoy similar common rights with the rest of the country, commercial privileges in addition to being governed by laws that were severer than the rest of the country. People in the colonies were enslaved in tyranny of churches as well as monarchies, and Benjamin, (1758, pg. 450) believed that with proper undertaking of education, the colonies would arise to their freedom and Independence. The English parliament was the one responsible for making all laws to govern the colonies. The colonies themselves had no freedom to govern their affairs independently. The colonies choice for Benjamin to be a representative in the Second Continental Congress ignited their quest for Independence, especially when the Declaration for Independence was drafted in 1775. (Benjamin, 1758, pg 451). They felt that it was the right time to renounce the “unfeeling brethren” the British (Jefferson, 1730, pg. 656) The ideological climate in the American coloni
Key Business Issues and the Impact of Various Factors Main Problems of Business Development One of the most significant problems hindering the development of any business is the political situation within the state. Entrepreneurs tend to be dissatisfied with the complex bureaucratic system, the taxation system associated with unreasonably high taxes, regulatory agencies and high levels of corruption. The second problem in the way of business development is financial policy. Even if a business grows, profit increases monthly and there is no staff turnover, it does not mean that everything is stable and will always be so. It is assumed that the most optimal national economic programme is the creation of flexible and dynamic markets of labour, goods and capital able to quickly and effectively adapt to the changing environment, reflected in the profitability and competitiveness of enterprises. No one is immune to such risks as a new player with more attractive prices or an expanded offer appearing in the market. As can be seen from this, some business projects are unable to withstand competition or financial oppression as a result of, for example, wro
Introduction For the majority of people, morals are the number of regulations that we are obliged to obey, they define what is right or wrong. Moral theorists wish to reveal how these regulations are rationalized, and at the logical outcomes of moral or ethical suggestions. The period of illumination saw a questioning of spiritual and conventional values. If religion is questioned, then so is morality. Theorists are required to ground moral structure on a justifiable basis. Discussion For Nietzsche, there are two general types of morals: master morality and slave one. By this, he argues that moral standards arise from people’s social derivations. Master morality regards the gracious as good and emphasizes heroism, bravery, and personal greatness as can be searched in the aristocratic morals of the ancient Greeks. Slave morality is for the weak. What damages the weak is called “evil”, and what assists them is regarded to be good. Christian ethics are classified as slave morality. This should be taken into account while proving the offered thesis. Nietzsche regarded that every personality needs to arrange their moral structure: the key point of principles is to facilitate every individual to sublimate and regulate their obsessions, to emphasize the originality inherent in their being, thus, the thesis, offered by Nietzsche seems to be true. He regarded the origins of morality saw moral structure as arising from the attentions of social groups. For Nietzsche, the personality had to go beyond taken morality to arrange a new morality for oneself. In the twentieth century, there has been increasing pessimism about the probability of a universal moral system. Arguing on the matters, how religion impacts the moral codes of human behavior, Jean-Paul Sartre emphasized the subjective judgments that a person must make to be “genuine”. Anglo-American philosophers have argued whether philosophy could state anything significant at all about what is right or good, as they argued moral statements have no “true value”. For these investigative philosophers, the function of philosophy is to analyze how people may apply moral notions, rather than state what morals should be. Writers like A.J. Ayer offered that moral declarations just express the moral feelings or attitudes of the person and that philosophy has no way of estimating which adjustment of moral declarations is best. Only wicked stubbornness and weakness motivate people to cling to these servile principles. It would be braver, more honest, and much nobler to cut ourselves loose and challenge to live in a world without God. In such a world, death is not to be afraid, since it symbolizes nothing more essential than the fitting termination of a life dedicated to individual gain. Original autonomy, Nietzsche claimed, could only define freedom from all outside restrictions on one’s behavior. In this state of living, each personality would live a life without the false restrictions of moral responsibility. No other authorize on conduct would be significant than the natural sentence entailed in the triumph of a greater person over a defeated opponent. But the wish of lesser people to secure themselves agains