ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The speech on the morality of the birth control presented by Margaret Sanger in 1921 is interesting and important to be discussed in detail because of the variety of rhetoric devices used by the speaker in order to announce controversial ideas and persuade the audience. In her speech, Sanger supports the argument that the American women should have the right to learn more about the birth control because of their responsibility for the personal health and happiness in contrast to the social and religious discussions of the issue. While focusing on the examples of bias provided in the speech, it is necessary to mention that Sanger is rather radical in dividing the society into three groups and in discussing their particular features and differences. Thus, discussing the third category, Sanger not only describes the representatives of the group as ‘irresponsible’ and ‘reckless’, but she also declares that in the first place, these people should not be allowed to have children. The fallacies in the speech are also observed, and they are associated with Sanger’s discussion of the role of Christianity in forming the people’s moral principles. To evoke the audience’s emotions, the speaker chooses to discuss the Christian teaching as a failure and to blame the church for women’s moral dependence. From this point, the specific rhetorical devices used to support the ideas are parallelism to convey the message about the church’s role, personification to discuss the role of Nature, and hyperboles to emphasize the quality of the provided arguments. Sanger’s main argument is that all the women have the right to decide about the birth control because only women can evaluate their life and health without the impact of moral norms or religion. Moreover, both adult men and women should be equal in discussing their family plans. The speaker addresses arguments and counterarguments while presenting the provocative ideas as the solutions to cope with the audience’s problems and avoid the imposed opinions. Sanger chooses to contrast the previous social approaches and the modern opportunities while accentuating the absence of the results earlier and the modern great potential for happiness and prosperity. Discussing the effectiveness of the arguments, it is necessary to note that Sanger uses ethos while stating her credibility as one of the researchers who were interested in conducting the survey on the morality of the birth control. In order to support her position, Sanger notes that even the known opponents of the idea participated in the research. While referring to logos, Sanger recalls the survey results and the scientists’ opinions on the problem. However, Sanger most effectively uses the appeal to the audience’s emotions, while provoking the refusal of traditions and moral norms. Furthermore, Sanger stresses on the rights of children to be desired and on the contradictions between the persons’ rights for dignity and choice instead of being ignored and deprived of chances. From this point, Sanger’s arguments can be discussed as effective because the speaker appropriately utilize
The article explores aerotoxic syndrome, which was discovered relatively recently. The authors of the study explain that toxic fumes are polluted air from aircraft. A substance that is added to aviation fuel to ensure engines wear less can lead to a variety of health-related consequences (Michaelis et al., 2017). Passengers breathe a mixture of usual air coming from outside, which is passed through filters, and air from engines that is pre-cooled but not filtered. These toxic fumes can cause serious health problems and complications. Contaminated air can cause nausea, dizziness, headache, trouble breathing, and can affect vision. The authors provide this background to push the reader to conclude that airline representatives should pay particular attention to the danger of this situation and to stress that additional research is needed. In terms of the study design, the research team carried out two studies to detect a cause and effect relationship. The team investigated the circumstances of the emergence of the syndrome and symptoms observed in the participants. The researchers then categorized symptoms to find a correlation between the pressurized air environment and condition observed in study participants (Michaelis et al., 2017). The statistical analysis was not illustrative enough, given that only 274 pilots were taking part in the survey; therefore, additional research is needed to validate the data that were gathered. The authors concluded that “a clear cause and effect relationship has been identified linking the symptoms, diagnoses and findings to the occupational environment” (Michaelis et al., 2017, p. 198). Despite the limited number of participants, a clear association has been identified, which allows stating the argument made is strong enough and requires further investigation and validation. Reference Michaelis, M., Burdon, J., & Howard, C. V. (2017). Aerotoxic syndrome: A new occupational disease? Public Health Panorama, 3 (2), 198-211.
Introduction Electrical and electronics engineers engage in different activities, which involve technologies of different types. Engineers in these fields usually design, develop, test, and assess manufacturing of different electrical and electronic machinery. These machines may range from broadcasting, telecommunication, vehicles and their parts, light, radar, power systems, and navigation equipment among others. In some cases, engineers may work in information technology (IT) departments and computer firms. Nevertheless, engineers in the field of computers and IT are known as computer engineers (Allan, 2004). Electrical and electronics engineering is engineering branch, which focuses on the use of electricity on different forms. These may also include other areas like electronics. Electronics engineering is the branch of electrical engineering, which deals with the uses of “the electromagnetic spectrum and with the application of such electronic devices as integrated circuits, transistors, and vacuum tubes” (Allan, 2004). Electrical engineering normally applies to the branch of engineering, which focuses on the use of heavy electric current. This may include light, power, and other gadgets. On the other hand, electronics engineering relates to the branch engineering, which uses light electric current. These may include apparatus like radio, radar, communication gadgets, computer systems, signals, and other control systems. As technology progresses, differences between electrical and electronics engineering have declined. For instance, distinctions are difficult to draw in cases where conversion of electric power takes place. In short, electrical engineers handle challenges related to electrical gadgets and electric power transmission while electronics engineers deal with electronic equipment (Weber and Frederik, 1994). History of Electrical and electronics engineering European thinkers developed their interests in electrical issues during the 17 th century. Electrical and electronics engineering is a field, which took scientific and mathematical concepts. Emphasis has been on mathematical predication followed with laboratory research. Pioneers in this field included Ohm, Ludwig, Volta, Hans, Faraday, and Joseph, who came from different European countries. James Maxwell applied mathematical principles to explain electromagnetic energy as
There are several theories of theatre origin. None of them is concrete evidence. The ritualistic theory argues that probably theatre started from dithyramb a hymn chanted in religious ,functions to honor a god. The other theory is function the list in which people imitated gods hence the he birth of theatre. The pros of the functionalism theory are the belief that rituals influenced drama because societies have rituals. The other pro is that the theory is the most pervasive. However, the con is that not all societies develop similarly. Briefly summarize the history of Athenian tragedy. How did it come to be, who were its major practitioners, what were its performance conditions, what social functions did it serve? Why did it decline? How does Oedipus fit into the history of either Athens or Athenian tragedy? The Athenian tragedy is also the oldest type of tragedy. Some scholars link its origin to the performances of lyrical epic poetry. Others argue that it started as ritual performances to the honor of Dionysos a Greek god. During the ritual sacrifices of goats and singing would take place. Moreover, the performer would wear a mask. The tragedy performances took place in an open theatre to a male populace. Women did not perform as actors in the plays. The play’s inspiration was the Greek mythology a part of the Greek religion. The plays served the function of entertainment and advancing morals in society. Therefore, no violence on stage and death of an actor occurred on the heard backstage. They also used the plays in competition during festivals and religious functions. Besides, political statements were outlawed in the plays. The plays declined as the Greek government power diminished. The Oedipus fit into the Athenian tragedy in that Antigone Oedipus’ daughter conflicted with her uncle over the burial of one of her brothers. He punished her and eventually, his wife and son committed suicide in despair. How would Aristotle recommend a playwright approach writing a play? Use and define at least four of his key terms from the poetics. According to Aristotle, the best play should have a single and complex plot. The plot is the order of events in a play and all plots must have pathos meaning suffering. The complex plot should include peripeteia or reversal a situation in which a play changes its direction suddenly and events take a different turn. Besides, a play should have an aspect of recognition also called anagnorisis to discover ties that bind then for instance love. Such an element makes play arouse fear and sympathy in the audience. The tragic hero must also make a hamartia or a mistake that will lead to his suffering and teach the audience that mistakes lead to suffering although some of the hero’s mistakes are partly not because of his weakness. How should we distinguish between old and new comedy? Use at least one example. Two would be better. Old comedy focuses on political figures or heroes, use of masks, chorus sang, but new comedy focuses on lif
Introduction Throughout the history of second half of twentieth century, the attempts to suppress a so-called “unpopular knowledge”, on the part of governmental authorities and public institutions, have contributed more then anything else to citizens in Western countries being slowly deprived of their essential civil freedoms. We are being continuously told by mainstream Medias that, among other things, people in democratic countries enjoy the freedom of self-expression. In fact, we are being told that America’s recent wars in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq, had only one objective – popularizing the concept of democracy among those who used to suffer under totalitarian regimes. However, this is being done in time when citizens in so-called “democratic” countries often face criminal charges for simply trying to do a historical inquiry on the issue of Holocaust, or for suggesting that the establishment of “multicultural paradise” in Western countries is impossible in principle, simply because the concept of racial equality does not correspond to the objective reality, while being utterly unscientific in its essence. In this paper, we will focus on exploring different aspects of formal and informal censorship, in regards to a so-called “Holocaust denial”, as we strongly believe that people’s ability to express their thoughts freely is essential to the existence of democracy in this country, despite the fact that the hawks of political correctness strive hard to convince us in otherwise. We will also establish a link between government’s pressure to silence historical revisionists and the fact that Western civilization, as we know it, will be facing the danger of self-destruction, once citizens are being deprived of their sense of rationale, as result of being subjected to politically correct indoctrination. Main body Before the end of WW2, it was a perfectly legitimate practice to criticize Jewish people for their strong affiliation with shady commercial activities, their promotion of spiritual decadence or their close ties with Communist leadership in Soviet Union. However, after WW2, the public criticism of Jews, or even referral to them as regular people and not the “holy cows”, became socially unacceptable. It appears that, even if Holocaust did not happen, it would have to be invented, because it effectively puts Jews beyond any criticism whatsoever. The fact that indulging in historical research on Holocaust started to represent a danger to historians, unless they wholeheartedly support the dogmatic version of this event, laid the ground for the establishment of informal and then formal censorship, in regards to this issue. In his article “Informal censorship of Holocaust revisionism in the United States and Germany”, Robert Kahn provides us with example of how the existence of informal censorship on discussing the Holocaust reveals itself in America. The article describes what has happened wh
Introduction One of the most notable effects of the COVID pandemic on the education system is the closure of schools. In this case, schools worldwide were closed indefinitely because of the spread of the coronavirus. There were lost opportunities in the education sector because of the time that children and students had to spend at home. Such school closures brought considerable disruptions to the education system across the world. On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the school calendar indefinitely, leading to mental health issues among the students, teachers, and parents. The schools during the epidemic were affected mostly by mental and psychological health challenges among the teachers and students. How the COVID-19 Affected the Education System The COVID pandemic affected the education system because schools were closed en masse. Such closures brought about considerable disruptions in the education system across the world (Gloster 4). Emerging evidence demonstrates that schools worldwide were affected, from low-income to high-income countries such as the European Union, the US, Canada, and Australia. The epidemic increased inequality in the education system and learning losses. In reducing and reversing the long-term negative consequences, most countries resorted to introducing and implementing learning recovery programs once the pandemic was gone (Ma et al. 4). When the pandemic was at its peak, many countries in all parts of the world closed their schools, affecting millions of students globally. The situation was very abrupt, which forced teachers and other school administrators to adjust because they were not prepared for the transition. As a result, most schools were forced to build some emergency response mechanisms and other remote learning systems. One of the most notable impacts of the issue of COVID on the educational system is the introduction of remote learning as students could not attend physical classes. Therefore, virtual teaching methods became the order of the day and very prominent. However, the emergency distant learning had one limitation: it was difficult to have personal communication between students and teachers (Gloster 3). Therefore, some stud
Describe the ethical risks in anthropological field work. What are the ethical obligations of an anthropologist? Introduction Anthropology as a multidiscipline has throughout the history of mankind tried to make available fossil material to future generations as references. Anthropology therefore makes use of field studies and research in order to give forth empirical and viable information. As a result, the ethics of collecting in addition to presenting anthropological material in museums for the public is central in anthropological discussions (Erickson, Sabatke &Wall, 2001, para.2). With the world becoming a global village, people from diverse cultures interact with the aim of anticipating to learn each other’s culture. Consequently, anthropologists should prepare ethical values that will promote cultural understanding. On the other hand, these ethics, due to cultural diversity and many other factors, may pose serious risks that may interfere with what would have otherwise been a peaceful field work. Ethics in anthropological field work Anthropology like any other discipline operates on clearly defined ethics which anthropologists are obliged to abide by. According to American Anthropological Association (1998) an anthropologist in his or her research owes an obligation to all those that are useful in carrying out a field work including species in addition to materials of study as well as the people in the study. This code of ethics stipulates the following obligations: a researcher should not in any way harm or wrong or even violate the dignity, privacy and or the safety of the subjects of study whether they are human or animal species in the cause of knowledge development(Erickson, Sabatke &Wall, 2001, para.2). Regardless of being human or non human, the species subject to study should be treated with respect. They should ensure that the psychological well being of the subjects of study is not compromised. While carrying out a research, the anthropologist should put in mind the need to conserve historical records, fossil and archeological material for a long-term period. In the same manner, an anthropologist is obliged to establish a favorable working platform by first making consultations with persons to be affected so as to ensure involvement of both parties. In carrying out a research, information providers that is, the interviewees might either want their names and whereabouts to be disclosed or withheld. An anthropological researcher has to strictly comply with these wishes. In case recognition or anonymi
Introduction “Araby” is a short story written by James Joyce; it focuses on an Irish teenage boy who is emerging-from adolescent fantasies into the unkind realities of each day life in his homeland. He doesn’t reveal his identity but he narrates his story in 1 st person viewpoint. For readers who are familiar with Joyce’s literary work, it is obvious that he symbolize the author. In the story the boy goes through disillusioning moment that distorts his ideals. Those experiences alter his viewpoint concerning the world around him. The boy is discovering his deep emotional feelings towards a woman for his first time; he is fantasizing and noticing the women around him. The boy’s involvement with a woman is evident from his fantasies and imagination; he is experiencing intense sexual desires. Body The author concentrates largely on his characters instead of the plot to disclose the ironies inbuilt in self-deception. From a different perception, the short story is a commencement of a boy’s pursuit for the ideal. This pursuit however fails but brings about an inner consciousness and a step to adulthood. From another perspective the short story involves a mature man recalling his experiences: because the short story is narrated in retrospect by a grown man who remembers a specific moment of profound insight and meaning. Per se, the experience of the boy is not limited to youth’s first love encounters. Instead, it is a depiction of an ongoing problem throughout the life: the inappropriateness of the ideal, of the fantasy as one desires it to be, with the drabness of reality. This dual focus; the first experiences of a young boy and a mature man who remembers these experiences create dramatic depiction of a short story. The character of the boy is obliquely revealed in the opening setting of the short story. He was raised in the back-wash of a vanishing city. Symbolic images portray him to be a person who is insightful to the fact that the vivacity of his city has faded and left remains of empty piousness, the weakest echo of passion, and merely symbolic reminiscences of a vigorous concern for people and God. Even though the young boy can’t understand this rationally, he believes that the street, the city, and Ireland have become dull and self-satisfied. It is a world of religion stagnation, thus, the boy’s viewpoint is very limited. He is uninformed and thus innocent. Alone, imaginative, and secluded, he lacks the comprehension needed for appraisal and perception (Milesi, 47). He is initially as blind as the world he lives in, but the author prepares the readers for his ultimate understanding arousal by confiscating his blindness with an unconscious rebuttal of the world’s spiritual stagnation. The way of thinking of the boy is also apparent in the opening scenes. Spirituality controls the lives of North Richmond Street people, but it is a fading religion and gets on
The emergence of new actors, groupings, and non-governmental organizations has had a potent impact on the changing frames of traditional approaches to diplomacy. The changes are revealed through the new patterns of foreign politics interpretation all over the world. The remarkable role of NGOs in contemporary diplomacy is emphasized due to their threatening and destabilizing character for the general process of diplomatic activities. In particular, the newly emerged actors affect state sovereignty, as well as introduce new aspects to economic, humanitarian, environmental, and cultural realms. Therefore, the deployment of non-state entities creates a significant shift from the nation-state policy to a less effective climate where diplomacy loses its importance. The economic environment has undergone tangible shifts due to the transitions occurred to the traditional state-to-state economy. The growing number of non-state actors, such as NGO diplomats and Business Diplomats, has contributed to the established realm of economic diplomacy and has created supra-territorial relations destabilizing state sovereignty (Saner and Yiu 3). These relations are largely predetermined by the democratization and globalization processes that undermine the territorial distinctions and blurred the boundaries between the traditional diplomats. In addition, Saner and Yiu note, “diplomacy as a profession has undergone change in terms of definition, qualification, and role expectation of what a diplomat is or is not supposed to do” (3). These major introductions of new diplomatic activities invite reconsideration of role of diplomacy in a contemporary environment. Global managers possess sufficient skills in controlling business operations, but they do not have enough competence