ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Law enforcement agencies believe that national security can be enhanced if the police are empowered to respond to terrorism at the local level. This can be achieved through strategies such as mutual aid agreements, regionalization, and multi-jurisdictional training. Local response to terrorism requires adequate investment in skill development and use of advanced security equipment. As a result, implementing it is likely to have negative effects on the financial stability of local governments/ states. The strategy will also require social changes such as a shift from individualism to collectivism among citizens to enhance community policing. Specifically, community policing is expected to enable police officers to detect and avert imminent terrorist attacks in time. Introduction Terrorism is one of the major threats to national and regional security in various parts of the world. Law enforcement officers and citizens believe that the fight against terrorism can only be won through collaboration among various stakeholders. In addition, terrorism can be prevented through the use of effective local response strategies. This paper will discuss the implications of local response to terrorism. The discussion will highlight the economic, social, and legal implications of the strategy. In addition, the role of Saint Leo University’s core value of community in the process of responding to terrorism will be discussed. Implications of Local Response Local response to terrorism involves using the resources and the law enforcement officers at the state and county level to detect and prevent acts of terror. The application of this approach is based on the premise that the war against terrorism can be won if security services are devolved to the local communities. Specifically, the strategy facilitates rapid and timely detection and prevention of terrorism. This involves “collecting, analyzing, and sharing critical information and intelligence at the local level” (Barak, 2009, p. 53). It also involves protecting vital infrastructure at the local level. The implications of preventing terrorism at the local level include the following. First, the approach requires a significant investment in security equipment to enable local police to prevent acts of terror (Maniscalco & Christen, 2010). The local police must have advanced communication equipment to facilitate inv
Social criticism refers to a situation where malicious conditions are revisited with reference on how they have been entrenched in the social structures. Social criticism is geared towards getting practical solutions by applying certain measures to reform the society. Social criticism has permeated the academic arena, specifically in literature. Fictional literature has been used widely to expose social vices in societies. The Scandinavian fiction has been used largely in the crime novel to portray social criticism (Stieg, 6). Notably, when Scandinavian crime fiction is mentioned, novels like “The Girl with a Dragon Tattoo” and “Silence of the Grave” come into play. The fiction novels have been rated, and their content has achieved a widespread acknowledgement. The novel “The Girl with the dragon Tattoo” uses a woman as the leading character whereby all events in the novel are centered on her. The novel opens with the introduction of Mikael Blomkivist who has lost a defamation case under doubtful circumstances. Mikael is set to start investigations of his niece who disappeared forty years ago. As the story unfolds, and Henrik, who has hired Blomkvist to carry out the investigation, is convinced that the disappearance of Harriet was engineered by family members. The investigations take a different turn when Blomkvist meets Lisbeth who proves to have a good memory, bad temper and intimacy issues (Stieg, 24).The two team up to unfold the mystery behind Harriet’s disappearance (Stieg, 7). During the investigations progress, it is discovered that Harriet’s death forms part of a series of murders that took place in 1950s and 1960s. The novel depicts men as violent among the Swedish society. This is evidenced by the fact that, with the exception of Blomkvist, every male character in the novel is violent. In the process of the investigation, Blomkvist’s relationship with the daughter and a co-worker deteriorates considerably (Stieg, 8). The novel presents a morally questionable cycle where a rape revenge fantasy is presented. The empowered woman in the novel stops at nothing to revenge. The nature of the violence that she goes through depicts a crime dominated society. The novel builds a society based on violence against violence. The society is not represented as depending on the due process of the law. The leaning towards reactionary violence stems from lack of trust in the established institutions. The issue of revenge being a better option in the Swedish society is evident when, at the end of the novel, Blomkvists makes efforts to bring down the executive who worn the lawsuit mentioned at the beginning of t
Why it is interesting to study English law (from a Russian law point of view) The English law has had a lot of influence on the establishment of many legal regimes in the world. Many enacted Acts of Parliament, written decisions of courts, and constitutions all over the world have borrowed many aspects and precedents from the law applied in the UK. This has largely been brought about by the fact that many nations in the world were colonies of the British at some point (such as the Commonwealth countries) in their history, where a lot of legal influence was borrowed by these nations in their creation upon acquiring independence. This may also be partly attributed to the standing that the English law has amongst legal regimes in the world, where many nations regard it as a beacon of justice and equity with a lot to be borrowed from it. Decisions of renowned judges in England, such as Lord Denning and Lord Diplock, have provided precedence to many decisions made in the world on matters of equity and have been a huge stimulant to a myriad of drives for legal reform. This torch bearing effect of the English law in the world has made it quite interesting for many to study it (Harris 2000). Despite the socialist history of the country, the influence of English law has similarly had an effect on the establishment and structure of Russian law up to this day. Adopted in 1993, the Russian constitution is considered quite progressive and enshrines human rights, as well as social justice aspects, which are largely borrowed from the English legal system. This, therefore, makes it interesting for Russians to study English law due to the similarity that it shares with their own law. Russia lacks a legal requirement for the creation of legal precedent between courts of similar or lower levels. However, just like the English law, Russian lower courts follow and are bound by the decisions of higher courts as law on them. For these reasons, the English law is generally considered interesting to study from a Russian perspective (Bowring 2013). Entrepreneurship law in the UK Entrepreneurship basically refers to the process in which a business is started. In this process, the entrepreneur creates a business model that stipulates the nature of the business he intends to create. He embarks on finding and engaging the resources required in rolling out the business and duly establishes the business as required by the law through the registration of the business and acquisition of the required licenses and permits (Marcum & Blair 201
Work is one of the main activities of human life. It is essential to consider the work as something interesting and satisfactory as people spend most of their time at work. I know a lot of different people who work just to earn money and this work dose not bring much satisfaction to them. This is wrong as people do not get satisfaction from money they earn (Lewis, 2011). After work such people are dissatisfied, they do not feel enjoyment from their work. When people work effectively, when they get satisfaction from what they do and when they get good money for their work, people are pleased. Still there are people who work just for personal satisfaction, they get symbolic money for their work and feel great. These people are the happiest ones, they do not need much from this life, they are not tied with the material things, they do not need too much from this life, they get satisfaction from what they do (Stride, Wall, & Catley, 2008). I do not know many people who work just for personal satisfaction and do not get the highest financial reward. These people managed to get the work for calling. This is the greatest satisfaction as people do what they can do and what they like to do. It is essential to work in the atmosphere of positive emotions as it directly affects human condition. People are happy when they do the work and when they are absolutely satisfied with its results (Seligman, 2002). My friend works as a teacher of drawing in the kindergarten. I know what she does there and how children love her and I understand that her work is like a calling. She has the working hours, but I see how she stays with children longer, how she works with them to help them understand what they do. It is really important for her to make sure that her children understand the material. She is ready to work for free on Sundays and Mondays, she stays longer at work and I see how she comes earlier. She does not get additional money for working longer, her salary is not too big, but she does her job with love. Looking at the work she does, I see that my friend loves children and does all possible to teach them draw, she tries to impart the feeling to beauty, she makes them understand this world. The work of this person cannot be paid as she opens this world for people and she formats the consciousness of children. Working with them my friend puts her soul in the educational process, she does not only helps children learn to draw, she learns them the main principles of life, she teaches them to be polite, loving, etc. I want to say that these people are the happiest ones. She has managed to find the job which satisfies her greatly. In conclusion, I want to say that I also want to have such a job. Money is not everything in this world, money can give us much, for example, a good and luxury house with a big bad, however, money cannot give us comfort
Introduction One of the greatest figures of the 19th-century European art, Wilhelm Richard Wagner, is most commonly recognized in the world by his outstanding operas; however, the legacy he left for the future generations goes far beyond his music. Wagner’s philosophy, controversial ideas, progressive vision, and, most of all, his enigmatic personality still evoke interest among both his admirers and opponents. Addressing the composer’s music heritage, it is probably the legendary opera Parsifal that is just as much disputed over as its creator. The significance of this work, as well as its controversy, seem to reflect Wagner’s complicated personality, and thus is worth studying even in more than a century after the composer’s death. Parsifal creation The creation of Parsifal , the last and most considerable dramatic work of Wagner, lasted from 1857 to 1882, embracing the last third of the composer’s life, and thus absorbing his most mature and thoughtful ideas. Inspired by Wolfram von Eschenbach’s poem Parzival , Wagner, at the same time, sharply criticizes the 13th-century author, calling him a poet of “barbaric and muddled period” who “understands nothing whatever of the real content” (Beckett 3). Therefore, the poem conjured up the vision of the future opera in Wagner’s imagination; however, it is the poem’s imperfection (in the eyes of Wagner) that made the composer seek for a more organized and meaningful form for the plot and actually gave a start for Parsifal creation. Indeed, if Wolfram’s characters were mainly plain, as he focused on the story plot and the symmetry of the events more, Wagner managed to develop psychological depth in every character and intensify their dramatic individualities (Kinderman 7). Wagner also paid great attention to the stage organization, believing that only if he arranges every detail in person will the depth of th
Introduction The heart is arguably the most important organ in human physiology. Its structure and functionality are amazing, to say the least. Through many years of study, scholars and researchers have relentlessly sought out to understand these two aspects of the human heart. As such, this paper shall set out to explore the main functions of the heart about an article published in the magazine “USA today”, titled “How the heart works – descriptions of the various parts of the heart, their functions, and how they work together – Brief Article”. Literature review According to the article, the heart is described as an energetic muscular organ located between the lungs that continuously pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system. The heart receives the deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs where the waste (Co2) is removed and gets oxygenated. It is then passed back to the heart where it is discharged to the body yet again. The human heart is made up of four chambers and several valves which regulate and monitor blood flow within the body. The chambers include; the right atria, right ventricle, left atria and left ventricle. They are strategically located and serve as the pumps through which the blood flows into and out of the heart. Ad
Generally, Alzheimer disease is a form of dementia, which inflicts a loss of memory, thinking and behavior. Symptoms develop slowly, become worse over time and most often lead to death. This disease was discovered and described by German psychiatrist in 1906. His name was Alois Alzheimer. Alzheimer disease is usually diagnosed in older people. Most often, it is people over 65, but it can also occur earlier. The symptoms of this dementia disease gradually worsen over a long period of time. It can take from four to twenty years. Alzheimer disease can develop differently for different groups of people, regarding to age, sex, race and ethnicity, but there are some common stages and symptoms. On the first stage, there are no any memory problems, no visible symptoms. On the second stage, there is a small cognitive decline. Person can forget words or locations, but there are still no dementia symptoms. The first symptoms can be diagnosed only on the third stage, which is characterized by mild cognitive declines. Moderate cognitive decline occur on the fourth stage. It is characterized by forgetfulness, difficulties in making complex decisions and in completing different routine tasks, etc. Stage five is a moderately severe cognitive decline. On this stage people become confused about day and place, “trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships”, etc. (“Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures,” 2013, para. 2.2.1). Sixth stage is a mid-stage Alzheimer disease. It is characterized by changes in sleep patterns, individuals may need help in dressing and handling toilet, have problems with controlling their bowels, some have significant personality and behavioral changes, etc. Seventh is a late-stage Alzheimer disease. On this last stage, individual’s muscles grow rigid, swallowing becomes impaired. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, certain ethnic and racial groups are more prone to dementia, for example, African Americans and Hispanics are more likely than white Americans to have Alzheimer disease (“Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures,” 2013). Vulnerability is a complex concept. It involves such attributes and constructs as age, race, ethnicity, environmental exposures, etc. (Dannenberg, Frumkin, & Jackson, 2011). The proportion of ethnic and racial diversity in the US is increasing. Some sources claim that the number of elders who are white will de
Early childhood educators have the responsibility of including all children in teaching endeavors. Most learning tools are created with conventional students in mind. Some adaptations, through assistive technology, are necessary for making them applicable to all. The purpose of assistive technology is to support the inclusion of all children in classroom work regardless of their disabilities. The early childhood teacher must keep in mind that children are not defined by their disabilities; consequently, classroom environments need to be standardized in a manner that meets the needs of a wide variety of students (Darragh, 2007). All learning environments need to adopt a standardized approach to assistive technology in order to harmonize learning outcomes across the whole nation. The problem with most educators is that they individualize attempts at providing assistive technology, and this yields piecemeal results. On the flip side, some educators do not know much about assistive technology. If these professionals receive training on a standardized assistive technology toolkit, then they will definitely improve outcomes among children with disabilities or learning challenges. Assistive technologies may be low tech or high tech; surprisingly, it is the low tech devices that yield successful outcomes (Judge, Floyd & Jeffs, 2008). 2008). Schools should thus not shy away from investment in these teaching resources because of financial reasons. For instance, picture clips and visual calendars are useful for dyslexic students as they can represent their ideas in a comfortable and colorful way. Scissor adapters assist children with no fingers while talking books aid learners with visual disabilities. Such tools are easy to create or purchase, yet they can change a child’s learning options (Edyburn & Boone, 2005). Adults can take specific skills for granted, yet those skills may not always be prevalent in young learners. Therefore, early development educators need to consider these differences and invest in assistive technologies that would bridge the gap. For instance, children have difficulties in audio memory, so it would be wise to use color-coded keyboards for computer work (Judge, Floyd & Jeffs, 2008). Assistive technologies can be useful in boosting educational outcomes only if they are used consistently, are made part of a standardized approach, and adapt to learner’s needs. However, challenges in training and the financial costs of the tools may minimize outcomes in this area. Institutions should invest in standardized systems.
Introduction From time immemorial, diseases have been a threat to human existence. Without prevention and control measures, communicable diseases spread from one individual to another, from one community to another, and from one continent to another. In history, humans have used quarantine, adoption of environmental control measures, vaccination, and drugs to contain these diseases (Katherine 2007, p. 47). Notably, vaccinations have become major public health success stories. Vaccination programs have saved millions of lives worldwide, and are among the safest and most effective ways of controlling a number of infectious diseases. Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, and Maurice Hillman are the three pioneers in the development of human vaccines (Katherine 2007, p. 47). Jenner developed small pox vaccination in the year 1796. Pasteur attenuated several viruses for use as vaccines. On the other hand, Hillman developed more than 40 vaccines against mumps, measles, rubella, and hepatitis A and B during the post world war II. Currently, a number of vaccines are being developed against Nipah virus, malaria, and Ebola. Once these vaccines are fully developed and testing concluded, manufacturers will be required to obtain approval for their use through national drug regulation institutions such as WHO and Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration. Despite the efficiencies of these new strategies focused on controlling and eradicating human diseases, some experts argue that strengthening the current approaches is the best option to manage and eliminate the diseases. This article evaluates whether the introduction of new strategies such as vaccine and drug measures to control and prevent Nipah virus transmission in Malaysia is the most appropriate course of action compared with strengthening the current approach used. Epidemiology Nipah virus is an infection common in Southeast Asia (Chua 2007, p. 265). Fruit bats that belong to the Pteropus genus have been identified as the natural host of the virus. To date, the route of transmission of virus from bats to some domesticated animals is debatable. However, pigs can be infected if they feed on fruits that have been contaminated by bats’ saliva, foetuses, urine, and contaminated water (House & Kocan 2007, p.123). It is believed that the virus spreads to other domesticated animals if they are exposed to infected pigs through sharing the same feeds and water. This virus has been isolated in the urine, kidneys, and faeces of these bats. The disease affects human beings, swine, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals. Human beings can be infected with the disease if they feed on contaminated fruits, or if they are exposed to nasal or throat secretions from infected swine. Once a human has been infected, the virus may be transmitted th
Introduction On Going Home is a personal essay written by Joan Didion and published in 1968 where the author talks about various aspects of the home. Although the author counts on how it has become hard to get back home, now that she has been married, the home played a key role in shaping whom she became. According to the author, home means a reflective place that has features of human anatomy and socialism in defining and shaping the future of persons. This paper describes Didion’s meaning of life as a burden of life in terms of living current life and also counting on the past events when she lived at home. Meaning of Home to the Author There are key aspects that define what is home is to Didion. The author says that home refers to the place where she was raised and not where she is married. Didion grew in California, where life was characterized by hectic situations such as dusty houses and walls. In the essay the author says that ‘By “home” I do not mean the house in Los Angeles where my husband and I and the baby live, but the place where my family is, in the Central Valley of California’ (Didion 140). Therefore, from the reflection that she gives, it is clear that home is the original place where she learned ways of life before transitioning to adulthood. The meaning of home is vast as discussed in the work by Joan Didion. The author’s explanation about home makes a reader understand that she means a place where one is shaped in life before getting to other ventures. Thus, home is like a foundational zone where an individual can learn to navigate life before opening an eye on other life occurrences in the future. In one-part Didion says that ‘…the yellow fields and the cottonwoods and the rivers rising and falling and the mountain roads closing when the heavy snow comes in’ (Didion 141). Thus, she portrays home as a distinct factor and a burden that builds an individual into learning cultural aspects that must be undertaken in life. The fact that she mentions rivers and mountain roads shows that she explored keenly between the native place of origin and the current place of residence. There is a difference in terms of environment and ambiance that defines their childhood. The culture she tries to reveal is that of accommodating each other’s situations, which might seem to be hard to perceive. Didion shows that her husband did not like the home due to the dust and also the lifestyle which forced them to learn the ways of people of the ridges (Didion 140). According to the work, home is like a phenomenal theatre that makes an artistic element in an individual for the sake of living in the world. The burden of life as per the author’s take on a home is also eviden