ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Numerous allegations have been put forward against tobacco in bid to make United States of America’s government declare cigarette smoking illegal. Research has shown that one in every ten adults die out of tobacco related illness. In fact, there has been argument that the only preventable deaths are those caused by tobacco. In addition, it has been found that tobacco contributes to poverty intensification. For cigarette smokers, about 10% of their income goes to cigarette. This leaves them with less to spend on things such as education, food and health care. Consequently, tobacco is blamed for contributing to the level of illiteracy in United States. With most of cultivable land being used for tobacco growth, it is evident that tobacco contributes to reduction in food commodities in United States. Land currently being used for tobacco ought to be used for planting maize and other food crops (Lovato, Linn, Stead & Best pp. 115-118). Another negative impact of tobacco is environmental pollution from cigarette smoke and butts. With tobacco being blamed for these adversaries, one wonders why the government is unwilling to declare cigarette smoking illegal. There are many economic benefits associated with tobacco and declaring cigarettes smoking illegal would render the nation incapacitated economically. Cigarette smoking ought not to be declared illegal. In its place, the government needs to come up with measures to regulate cigarette smoking so as to cater for the young generation which being affected by cigarette smoking at an alarming late. Why government can not illegalize cigarettes Illegalizing tobacco in America would lead to the country’s economy being greatly affected. Tobacco industry is a major contributor to the country’s economy with the industry offering jobs to tens of thousands of the Americans. In 1993, nearly 43,000 Americans were working in tobacco related companies. In the same year, federal, state and local governments gotten 15 billion dollars as tax collected from tobacco industry. In 1995, Price Waterhouse Coppers carried out an analysis that indicated that 51.5 billion dollars of the total Gross National Production came from tobacco industry (Bearman 31). Besides, over 681,353 of the Americans were working in tobacco industry. These huge economic benefits of the industry underline the reasons why the government is not willing to declare cigarette smoking illegal. The fact that tobacco industry greatly influences politics of different states in United States is a sufficient reason why cigarette smoking is here to stay. In most cases, the government gets its campaign funds from the industry. For that reason, those in the government would not like to oppose the industry’s activities as it would appear like biting the hand that fed them. With approximately 45 million Americans smoking, illegalizing cigarettes would ruin government’s reputation (Bearman pp. 45-53). This implies that the respective government would be risking loosing its po
Abstract Zara Fashions has been struggling to improve its supply chain as a way of improving its supply delivery in the market. The management realized that the process needs modern technologies and effective strategies that would help in reducing the duration of product storage and transportation. This is important in reducing the cost of the product when it is finally delivered in the market. With the current competitive market, the management has realized that it has to restructure its processes to achieve success. This success can only be realized if the firm remains consistent in its supply chain strategies. For success to be achieved, goods of high quality should be availed to the customers at the right time and in the recommended shape in different markets. It has been keen on developing superior means of delivering its products to the customers in a superior manner. The supply chain management of this firm has been fashioning its product delivery styles in order to meet the demands of the market. The main aim has been to ensure that the firm’s products are delivered in the right form and at the appropriate time. Shortening the period of delivering products to the market does not only cut the cost of warehousing, but also ensures that the products are always available in the market. The management of Zara must realize that it is consistent in the market in terms of availing its products to the customers. All its products should always be available in the market. Introduction Supply chain management is one of the most important tasks that determine the success of an organisation in the market. Shah (2009, p. 67) defines supply chain as “A system of organisations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in moving a product or service from the supplier to the customer.” From this definition, supply chain is a system with various components that should work together towards achieving the objective of moving products from the supplier to all the customers in various locations. Zara Fashions is one of the leading Spanish retailers of clothes and accessories. This firm is operating in a highly competitive environment where customer satisfaction is the core component of remaining afloat in the market. There are a number of market competitors offering similar products in the market, and this means that if this firm expects to retain its lead in the market, then it has to ensure that its products and product delivery method are superior to that of other competitors. Supply chain defines the product delivery method, and is one of the most important tasks that would determine the level at which a given firm is able to satisfy its cust
Introduction This article aims at discussing Central bank independence (CBI) contributions towards attaining long-term price stability, reviewing alternative monetary policy instruments that can achieve low inflation rates, focusing on fixed exchange rate currency board arrangement, inflation targets as well as central bank contracts. Effects of CBI to inflation on a monetary policy regime Barro and Gorden (1983) start with the idea that the monetary authority is a social welfare maximizer with control over the rate of inflation; objectives are defined over employment (or output) and inflation. Based upon rational expectations wage setters foresee these incentives and incorporate the expected rate of inflation into their nominal wage. Assuming objective function of monetary authority is publicly known, the expected inflation will reflect the equality between marginal gain and cost of inflation. The actual rate of inflation will be equal to the expected rate of inflation. No monetary surprise no employment gains, but a positive rate of inflation. To avoid positive rates of inflation that have no benefits a mechanism by Rigoff (1985) proposes appointing someone whose preference is known to diverge from relative weight on avoiding inflation than unemployment. Independence, conservation and political influence Input in this argument is the equivalence of independence and conservation. Several problems are making the two concepts equivalent the negative empirical relationship between CBI and inflation typically breaks down in a sample of third world countries. Longami and sheets (1997) conclude that CBI has a beneficial effect on inflation in Eastern Europe. They find for a single point in time that CBI is negatively correlated with inflation, the major setback being that it does not take into account the average of inflation rates over time. CBI is not related to price stability however after countries achieve economic liberalization and condition in price control and wars CBI appears to be negatively correlated with inflation. (Cukierman, 2000) On the relation between CBI and low rate of inflation Maxfield (1997) indicates that there is a great difference in independence according to some indexes. One further standard argument for creating legally independent central bank to avoid political business cycle by government trying to improve their re-election chances solution to this is by delegating monetary policy away from the government. In cases where governments are unable to set monetary policy, neither are they able to use this tool to pursue political business cycle. CB that is formally independent can be influenced politically via appointment procedure. Shocks on CBI to the economy Government may want to override independent CB’s in case of particularly large negative shocks to the economy this restricts the independent CBS in
According to C. Wright Mills chapter of the promise, he explains sociological imagination is the ability to differentiate the connection of the actions of individuals and large social forces. This means, having the capability to see connections that are between historical change and individual biographies with the capability to spot how social causations function in different cultures. Mills invented the word sociological imagination to describe the type of knowledge offered by the regulation of sociology. Since then, the term has been used in sociology to define it and the relevance it has on everyday people’s lives. Lacking sociological imagination has many consequences on one’s life. This is because the most productive way that sociological imagination works is through “the personal troubles of milieu” and “the public issues of social structure” (Mills 1). Consequences arise when individuals ignore their social surroundings. Unemployment for instance can have an effect socially when an individual losses interest in looking for a job. In some cases, this may lead to the collapse of the structure of opportunities. Marriages are affected by a lack of sociological imagination because when a man and a woman have personal troubles in the institution, they consider having a divorce. It can lead to war and if it takes place individuals who do not have survival, skills or those who want to die as heroes are the main causes of their problems. The global challenge the United States is facing today is it does not know the catastrophic changes that occur in men and women because of the historic facts and cultures that are quickly becoming history. Their main challenge is that they do not have a history of their own and they have to rely on global history. At the rate at which the Americans are going today, there will be no history to look at shortly. With this taking place, the United States cannot see connections that are between historical change and individual biographies. They also cannot spot on how social causations should function in the different cultures of their country. This also means that the United States does not have values of their own thus; they do not have values to cherish. Americans today have difficulty in understanding the meaning of different ages of their life. Anthropology is defined as the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human beings. Kottack (1) says “the human society is constantly being destabilized and re-formed through engagements with diverse flows of populations, commerce, mass culture, technology, and politics”. This class puts the American picture in the spotlight as a nation of immigrants and not a country that stands alone. America is also considered a land that is under siege than an open global system. Key anthropological notions of ethnicity, class, kinship, race, gender, and class are explored in the United States communities as ways of contemporary problems of living in diversity. A focus on the lively and
“Pepsi Next baby” TV commercial involves a mother snapping her baby playing on the floor. The father comes home with a box full of the new “Pepsi Next” soda. Unfortunately, the mother never admitted that Pepsi Next could taste like the original Pepsi. From the advert, it is clear that the new soda in the market contains 60% sugar. When they try the soda, they become so enthralled by the Pepsi Next soda that they do not realize their baby dancing, performing ‘the worm’, and playing guitar (Stewart 2008, p. 67). Generally, this advertisement is suitable for individuals suffering from diabetes, and need sodas containing less sugar (healthier sodas). The audience can also be people trying to lose weight without surrendering their soda consumption. In this essay, this advertisement (“Pepsi Next baby” TV commercial) is critically analyzed in the realms of denotation and connotation, Polysemy, Technical codes, and symbolic codes, convention, and Representation. Denotation and Connotation While denotation is what can be depicted from a given image, connotation refers to the supplementary or associated meanings that go along with any sign or image. The connotations of an image or symbol are individual-based compared to the straight forward denotations since they involve personal perceptions and emotions about that sign or image (Stewart 2008, p. 67). In Pepsi Next baby commercial advertisement, the denotations that have been used include a literal depiction of a mother who hardly believes that the new Pepsi Next does not taste like the original Pepsi. There is extreme happiness in the house after trying it. The baby dances while playing the guitar. The mother does not believe in the new taste of the Pepsi Next product. She represents the fact that most people do not believe that Pepsi Next can taste like soda, a fact that is not true. Nevertheless, trying it could result in great happiness among the users. This would attract individuals who would want to try it out to ascertain what is advertised. Polysemy According to Calder (2008, p. 305), polysemy is the existence of diverse interpretations regarding a single advertisement. Even though there is no much polysemy in this advertisement, it can be viewed from a different perspective. An individual can believe that, from this advertisement, people do not believe that Pepsi Next is tasty until it is tried. This is evident from the kind of happiness experienced after experiencing it. This is a critical interpretation; rather than focusing on the sugar content in the Pepsi Next, it focuses on the taste. Pepsi Company sets its
It is possible to analyze behavior of a particular teenager. Let it be Jimmy who is 13. In the first place, it is necessary to note that such things as cleaning the room or completing, at least, some tasks can be effectively taught at an earlier age. The target behavior is cleaning his room every weekend (Saturday). This will teach Jimmy to be responsible and it may also make him understand that a tidy room is a norm and it is a great convenience. This may develop into a habit. It is necessary to break the behavior down to manageable parts, as this will enhance the chances of effective learning (Pear, 2014). Jimmy is expected to tidy his room, which includes making his bed, putting his things to the corresponding places, dusting, vacuuming, and cleaning the window. To shape Jimmy’s behavior, it is necessary to use operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is beneficial when it comes to shaping people’s behavior. It involves learning through reinforcement (Coon & Mitterer, 2014). When the target behavior is broken down to manageable parts, the task becomes clear and it is possible to start the learning process. First, it is necessary to provide Jimmy with the list of the tasks he has to complete every Saturday. It is essential to make sure that Jimmy understands the tasks clearly. It can be a good idea to make him clean the room with the instructor. The instructor will show how to do everything efficiently. It can be a good idea to encourage Jimmy to find more efficient ways to complete the tasks. Next time, Jimmy will have to do everything on his own and the instructor will simply check the result of his work. Such inspections will be held during two months. Jimmy will get advice and will be praised or even rewarded for properly completed tasks. If Jimmy fails to shape his behavior, punishment can also be imposed. It is necessary to remember that there are numerous types of reinforcement that can be used. The type of reinforcement to be employed depends on the character of the teenager as well as his/her willingness or readiness to shape his/her behavior. For instance, it is possible to utilize positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is a stimulus that is provided when the task is completed correctly (Pear, 2014). In Jimmy’s case, positive reinforcement can be going to the cinema with friends, attending a party or going to an amusement park. It is necessary to note that this is also seen as a primary reinforcement. Thus, the teenager obtain particular benefits for proper behavior. Clearly, it is essential to use secondary reinforcement as well. Secondary reinforcement involves praising. Jimmy should see that his behavior is praised and appreciated and parents see that he is trying hard. This can be a potent stimulus for the teenager as many teenagers seek for parents’ appreciation and approval. At the same time, the target behavior is a continuous habit of cleaning Jimmy’s room. Hence, it is possible to employ such type of secondary reinforcement as tokens. A token reinforcer is “a t
Guess is an American apparels company specializing in men, women and children clothing’s, watches, perfumes, and jewelries; Marciano’s four brothers namely Georges, Maurice Marciano, Paul and Armand founded it. The company is also the owner of Marciano apparels company; Guess has an operating name of GUESS?; the company has been in operation since 1981 (Guess Corporate Website, 2011). This paper undertakes a company analysis of Guess Apparel Company. The reason why I choose the company is after considering the success it is having in the fiancé competitive apparels industry; the company has been in operation over three generations and still keeps innovating relevant and fashionable products to keep it competitive despite social-economic changes in the world. The company’s profile History Guess was listed in the New York stock exchange in 2010, twenty-eight years after its first branch was established at Los Angeles to deal with men and women clothing. Currently the chief executive office (C.E.O.) is Paul Marciano and its Chairman or co-chief executive officer is Maurice Marciano; the leaders are responsible of over 8800 employees. In 2006, the company’s sales amounted to $1.19 billion of which the net profit after tax and interest is $123.2 million (Guess Corporate Website, 2011). Ethos / Philosophy The success of the company amidst competitive apparel industry can be seen in its management strategic decisions; they have robust marketing team supported by well-managed human capital that has the philosophy of continuous improvement through research and customer behavior analysis. Identity The company has an identity name as GUESS? Which is well positioned in domestic and international markets; the logo of the company is as follows: Store environment The company has a variety of collections, some of them are: (Guess Corporate Website, 2011). Marketing at Guess Cohort Market segmentation is focusing a brand to a certain population in the market; Guess uses different methods of segmentation they include income, status, niche markets creation and class mechanism. The company also prepares for festivals and times of high market to enable it gain higher incomes during these times. During festive seasons, sometimes the lower class people and the lower medium uses this product and thus the brand should be advertised to the general population during this time (Guess Corporate Website, 2011). Guess has a variety of products targeting different market segments, the most basic method of segmenting the market is by the use of age parameter; there are apparels for kids of different ages, school going children, adolescents, teen’s young adults and the mature population. The apparels include clothes, like jeans, women tops, shoes, watches, accessories and jewelries. Periodically to meet the demand of the market and to remain relevant, the company engages in massive innovation, invention and products developments. The brand of products are targeted to hig
Pride and Prejudice is among the most eminent literature pieces produced by Jane Austen in 1813. Her novel shows that love can appear completely unexpectedly: she depicts in detail the revival of hostility, even hatred, in contrast to the purest and most sublime feeling – love (Normandin 7). Some scholars argue that Pride and Prejudice belongs to the epistolary genre because it consists of letters’ exchange between different characters, regardless that others claim it insignificant. The paper will include the explanation of the letters’ primary function and the analysis of letters. Austen resorts to using letters as a primary literary device in Pride and Prejudice – the characters communicate through them during the whole story. Even though some readers do not find mail in the novel significant, they help highlight characters’ feelings, explain their behavior, and portray individuals. The author chose letters as a device to emphasize the characters’ feelings and demonstrate the lessons they learned. The reader sees a constant correspondence between Mr. Collins and Mr. Bennet, Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth. Additionally, it helps identify the attitude of individuals towards each other. For instance, Lizzy states that Jane and Mr. Wickham eloped and “she has no money, no connections, nothing that can tempt him to – she is lost for ever” (164). Elizabeth was enraged to witness Mr. Darcy leaving her and Mr. Wickham in poverty. Hence, it should be stated that the primary ideas of the letters are to highlight people’s emotions, advance the plot, introduce characters’ tempers and phases of their relationship. It is vital to analyze Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth’s correspondence that helps describe changes in behavior between them. One of the letters becomes the story’s turning point where Elizabeth justifies herself for blaming Darcy for all the wrongdoings he presumably did to her family while he explains his standpoint. He admits his participation in the Jane-Bingley affair but claims his good intentions. In the letter, Darcy attempts to demonstrate as much honesty by proving he was only trying to help the couple as possible to prove to Elizabeth he is worthy. The protagonists’ relationship starts to develop from that moment – Elizabeth’s coldness is gone and she begins trusting him. Darcy’s pride melts, and Elizabeth’s prejudice towards him begins to dissipate as she plunges into the details of his letter . After reading it, she admits to having been “blind, partial, prejudiced and absurd” (Austen 201). The letter helps Lizzy to recognize her own blindness about Darcy and makes her look at him in a new light – as if he has never been a person of malice. Thus, it is observable that the letters help characters improve their relationships and reveal hidden traits. Furthermore, Mr. Collins’s genuine behavior and inclinations are perfectly revealed in a written me