ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This paper covers a study on the effects on complex thinking in college students. The study was conducted using three hundred and fifty seven students from three universities. They were grouped in small groups and given tests on perceived novelty of contributors. Racial diversity was the key element and major source of reference for the study. The study is to establish whether racial diversity has any effect on complex thinking. The study also sought to establish whether racial diversity had any effect on integrative complexity. Minority opinion in groups is another issue evaluated by the study. The level of perceived novelty is measured to determine whether it is higher in heterogeneous groups compared to homogeneous groups. The significance of race in higher education is highlighted by this study in relation to retention, intellectual, and social of students. (Lising et al 2004) Method The study was conducted using white students who were then assigned small group discussions. A social issue was picked and assigned two independent variables. The variables comprised of group opinion composition and its racial composition. A collaborator to the social issues discussed was included in the discussion groups. The collaborator was either black or white depending on the type of group membership. Collaborators (thirty one in this case) were identified prior to the tests depending on whether they agreed or disagreed with opinions raised by white participants. Three universities were used in this study. Students interested in the study were supplied with a questionnaire that required information on the following:  1. Race  2. Background characteristics  3. Contact with other races (if any)  4. Their opinions on a number of social issues The main social issues that were used to determine students’ qualification were their opinion on child labor and capital punishment. Successful participants were unaware of the purpose of this study. A total of 357 participants both male and female were allocated same gender experimental groups. The small groups consisted of three members and one collaborator. Group members were supplied with written description of the target social issues. They were required to read them, indicate whether they agree or disagree, and write a brief essay explaining their stance before discussions commenced. A fifteen minutes discussion then followed. A fifteen minutes post discussion essay then followed. Participants were then asked to indicate their stance on one of the target social issues followed by another essay on the second social issue. Participants were then handed out a questionnaire requiring them to indicate the rating of other members’ contribution. Sample survey White stude
Introduction Contemporarily, there are various issues facing the U.S which can be said to have been given rise to by the setting of priorities as well as the legislative agenda by the government and the congress. Some of the major challenges include critical issues attributable to the health care system of the nation. The purpose of this paper is to establish and address the issues that impact the public in the United States. The problem According to New York Times, the serving size of soda as well as other beverages that are sugar-sweetened in movie theatres, street carts and restaurants has been identified as an issue that affects the lives of the citizens of the United States. The editor of this article asserts that too much intake of soda and sweetened beverages increase the possibility of a person developing obesity. Review of the literature Soft drinks such as soda are constituted of extremely high levels of sugar as well as calories. In the findings of the research by Hector, et al. (2009), a standard can of manufactured soda is approximately 12 ounces. In addition to this, this can be contained in sweeteners which are equivalent to 10 tablespoonfuls of sugar as well as approximately 150 calories. The research further established that, by consuming excess soda or even diet soft drinks say 2 cans, the calories add up and as such, there is a bigger likelihood that the person will experience a weight gain, which will exceed 2 pounds in that month. The researcher further uses logic by indicating that, in a year, the person will have gained 20 pounds or even more (Grynbaum, 2012 May). According to the findings of the research conducted by Ogden, Kit, Carroll & Park (2011), the effect of sugary beverages is insignificant as compared to soda as well as sugary drinks. Further, the findings indicate that sugar-sweetened drinks are among the main reasons why obesity has emerged as a pandemic in the United States. Precisely, obesity, stroke as well as coronary artery disease are brought about by too much consumption of sweetened drinks (Waillet, 2012). In research conducted by Children’s Hospital Colorado (2012), 82,902 female nurses were identified. At the beginning of the study, their health, as well as diet, was established and as such, none of them had any complications. After 12 years, information about the same was taken and it was found out that about 2,718 had developed obesity. According to the researcher, most of these people who developed the condition consumed large amounts of soda and sweetened drinks. According to most researchers, rather than taking sugary drinks, a person who prefers to take a glass of plain water every day indeed is indeed likely to reduce the risk of contr
Computer security has three main goals; to ensure confidentiality, integrity and availability. Confidentiality is an aspect of security that ensures that access to data and other computer assets is limited to the authorized parties. To achieve confidentiality, access to computer resources should be controlled. Use of smart cards and passwords help control unauthorized access. Encryption of data during storage and transmission makes data readable only to intended users; those who have the decryption key. Secondly any form of modification should only be done by authorized personnel in an allowable manner. This is known as integrity. By ensuring confidentiality, we also enforce Integrity since something that cannot be accessed cannot be changed. Therefore controlled access and encryption of data can be implemented to ensure integrity of computer resources. Availability is the last goal of computer security. It means that resources are made available in usable conditions to legitimate users whenever they are needed. Controlling access to computer resources to avoid mishaps such as theft and deletion, and data backup are some of the controls that can be employed to make resources available at all times. The operating system is a key component of any computer system and its security is therefore critical. Its worthiness in terms of security may not be quantifiable making it harder to evaluate. The process of evaluating the worthiness of an operating system should meet the following qualities. First it should be cost effective in terms of methods used to specify security features. It should have assessment techniques based on the nature of the anticipated adversary as these will identify abnormal operation that may lead to vulnerability of the system. Realistic traffic model, working environment and model of adversary should be used for testing. Test cases, models and procedures should be developed in each phase of development and the process should provide a speedy means of re-evaluation after a change has been made. One key advantage of using TCP is its reliability. When a packet is lost during data transmission, the next packet is withheld by the kernel until the lost packet has been resent. The major disadvantage is the extra overhead involved. It has 20 bytes of overhead in every header segment making it slower. For UDP speed is the major advantage. With only 8 bytes of overhead speed is guaranteed. However, it comes at a cost; lost packets are not resent and this reduces reliability when data transmission is concerned. This is its major disadvantage. In asymmetric encryption also known as public key cryptography, the receiver in this case user B, runs a key generation algorithm which returns a set of 2 keys P k the public key which he makes known to the sender, A and S k the secret key which is only known to him. A sender, in this case user A, runs an encryption algorithm with the message M and B’s public key as inputs to obtain a ciphertext which is the encrypted message. This is sent to B who on receipt decrypts it using his private key to get the original message, M. Using
Recommendations The failed merger between Daimler-Benz and Chrysler suggests that the integration of large corporations requires in-depth assessment of external risks and possible conflicts within an organization. Provided that these precautions are not taken, even very efficient companies can become stagnant. On the whole, it is possible to make several recommendations on the basis of this case. First of all, the management of merged companies should not be too optimistic about the performance and profitability of their organizations. The thing is that the integration of large corporations is a very time-consuming process because it is necessary to align different cultures, production methods, performance appraisal techniques and so forth. This issue is particular important in those cases when business administrators set timelines or develop schedules. The management of DaimlerChrysler expected significant revenues within several years, but these expectations were unrealistic. The problem is that unrealistic expectations often lead to panic and hasty decisions. For example, many Chrysler executives were fired only because DaimlerChrysler did not attain the expected financial goals. Such a strategy only increased the tensions within the organization. Prior to the merger, the management of companies should pay close attention to the competitive positions of each other and the trends that emerged in a certain market. For example, Daimler-Benz was an indisputable leader of the German car-manufacturing industry. Moreover, they believed that the partnership with Chrysler would give them access to the U.S. market. Yet, Chrysler faced significant competition from Ford as well Toyota. Again, this recommendation is related to the problem of unrealistic expectations set by corporate executives who expected that the merger would become successful almost immediately. The executives of such companies should find ways of reconciling various organizational cultures. It should be noted that Daimler-Benz and Chrysler had different polices regarding executive compensation, work styles and decision-making within the company. These differences resulted in many conflicts between the employees of these corporations. Their corporate executives should create a culture that appeal to the workers of a newly-created company. Under these circumstances, the HR managers of both companies should join their efforts and develop a set of policies related to compensation, evaluation of performance, and the structure of the new company. In this way, companies can avoid many potential conflicts. The managers of merged companies must ensure that different departments or divisions of the organization can share resources, technologies or inf
Introduction Blood brain barrier is the membrane separating the blood from the cerebrospinal fluid in the nervous system; it is usually found in all capillaries. In this membrane there are cells which restrict the diffusion of external microscopic objects into the central nervous system. This barrier contains highly dense cells which restricts the passage of any foreign substance in the blood system (Langley, 2002). This system is there to prevent any infection of the brain from the bacteria’s and this justifies why brain diseases are very rare and when they occur it becomes very complicated to be treated. Common brain diseases are caused by virus which easily attaches themselves on circulating immune cells. This does not rule out bacteria infections to the brain, since some diseases like treponema pallidum and Lyme are caused by bacteria (Maccagnan, 2007). Drugs which cross the blood brain barrier Caffeine is one of these kinds of drugs, this drug is found in; cola drinks, tea and coffee, some of the medications taken can also have this drug. When this drug is consumed the user feels an increased heart rate and the blood pressure goes up. In every consumption of this drug, some of the amounts go to the brain which then causes the blood vessels to narrow. For minors, consumption of this drug in amount of 800 pounds is fatal (Langley, 2002). When nicotine is used, it directly goes to the brain unlike other drugs, this drug is always found in tobacco. Most people consume the same because it increases attention, memory and concentration. Consumption of this drug inhibits the flow of oxygen in the blood stream thus causing cancer and other diseases. This drug affects the brain by stimulating receptors which are distributed on nerve cells in the brain (Maccagnan, 2007). Another drug that crosses the blood brain barrier is Ritalin, which is used to treat attention, this drug is mostly prescribed for children under the age of six years, it prevents the brain from being distracted and excess use of this drug can cause negative side effects (Langley, 2002). Aspirin when used, it directly acts on the brain; it is mostly used to treat pain. Old age can cause the blood brain barrier to weaken thus increasing the chances of the brain affection. With advance in age the permeability of cell membranes is lost which then decreases the enzyme activity (Maccagnan, 2007). Coronary Heart Disease This is the lack of enough oxygen circulating in the cardiac muscle, it is mainly caused by the following:   * Diabetes   * Smoking   * Hypertension The above causes usually make the lumen of the coronary artery to be obstructed hence restricting the flow of oxygen to the myocardium (Daniel, 2007). Conclusion The best cure of this problem is to do some physical exercise and quitting smoking. Physical
The existence of laws is an integral part of providing the proper functioning of any society. The laws are created by the members of the society when the necessity for regulating particular behavior occurs. All people have subjective opinions and personal interests, which influence their decisions. Therefore, people are predisposed to make mistakes. The creation of laws is also influenced by the subjective views of the individuals involved in its creation. It leads to the occurrence of mistakes made while designing the laws. Such a situation results in the possibility of the creation of legislation, which does not reflect the real attitudes of society towards certain aspects of everyday life. Such laws can be defined as unjust ones. They put a threat on the successful functioning of the society instead of promoting justice. Unjust laws raise a number of questions about our understanding of the laws and the responsibility to follow them (Edlin 1). The common ways of opposing unjust laws are the protest and civil disobedience (Carbonara, Parisi, and Wangenheim 1). Such behavior, naturally, causes certain penalties enacted by the country. I consider accepting the unjust penalties enacted by the state a part of the activity that promotes the awareness of the injustice of certain laws and regard it as the demonstration of the person’s respect to the country. In my opinion, the person who is not willing to follow the unjust laws should understand the consequences of the violation of the laws and face them with full respect to the legislative system. Martin Luther King, Jr, in the letter dated 16 April 1963, stated, “One who breaks an unjust law must do it openly, lovingly” (9). Therefore, the person breaking the unjust law should not hide from the penalty. If the individual violates the law considered unjust, he/she should not break the law that puts the penalty for violation of another law. Otherwise, such a person can be considered a constant lawbreaker instead of being regarded as a thoughtful opponent to the unjust laws. The violation of unjust laws can be considered a public demonstration of the certain civil position of the person. To make this demonstration effective for promoting the consciousness of other members of the society and encouraging them to take a similar civil position, the person demonstrating distrust of the certain law should, at the same time, show full respect and love for the country. The patriot should be thankful for all the advantages provided for him by the state. The person considered a real patriot of his/her country by most of the compatriots is able to find support in striving for disclosure of the injustice of certain laws. Therefore, the readiness to accept penalties contributes to creating a reputation of a dutiful citizen who cares for the country and respects it. The person with the reput
It has been observed that local family units have tend to file bankruptcies due to a number of causes, and medical expenses that are unaffordable these days, is one of the main causes of bankruptcies that has affected millions of lives around the world. However, the ratio of the deaths in different countries has been different in terms of developing and developed countries. One of the reasons of this difference is that excise and custom duties that are responsible for the unaffordable prices of medicines have been avoided by the developed countries by the creation of pharmaceutical industries, which has reduced the ratio of deaths, as well as, bankruptcies in these countries. In addition, an extra benefit is provided by some of the companies of developed countries by the provision of health insurance. In this regard, high prices of drugs, as well as, medicines have considered greatly by the economists, as well as, other experts around the world. In addition, most of the developing countries are confronting crisis in their health sectors due to these high-priced medicines, which has been greatly provoked tension in these countries. Specifically, it has been indicated by a number of statistics that infectious diseases are the causes of deaths of around fourteen million people around the world. Some of the diseases are tuberculosis, malaria, etc. Moreover, a number of experts have held infectious diseases responsible for approximately fifty percent of deaths in the African, as well as, in some parts of the Asian continent (Balasubramanyam. K, 2001). Several countries have improved greatly in the health sector around the world. However, developing counties are still confronting many health crises due to high death toll caused by expensive medicines. One of the reasons is poverty that is very common in the developing countries, and thus, does not allow a person to afford expensive medicines, which results in the death of the patient. Moreover, one of the most important causes that is not considered greatly by the authorities is the water and sanitation system, which affects the poor people adversely. The Pharmaceutical Industry and the AIDS Crisis in Developing Countries There a number of medicines that plays an important and significant role in saving a person’s life, which has been referred as life-saving medicines. It has been indicated by the statistics that countries that are available with these life-saving medicines have observed reduction in the deaths that have been caused by the AIDS / HIV diseases. In this regard, industrialized countries that have their own pharmaceutical industry have observed dramatic change in t
The path towards the description of the origin of life is inherently insulated with nebulous philosophical and scientific propositions. For a climacteric issue that would define the tangent of human destiny, a concise definition of human origin seems to be lacking. If any, these explanations are immersed in insufficient theorems. The incandescence by which the origin of life whips up emotional and intellectual “rage” craves for a conclusive explanation that shall help extinguish these flames of controversies. Nevertheless, the current proposals by scientific, philosophical, and religious precincts seem not to entirely grasp the veiled idea about the origin of life. These dispositions seem to end up drained in the sea of confusion at one point. Massimo’s expression in the article, where do we come from? Indicates his despair in the proposed explanations about the origin of life. The creation theory succinctly approaches the origin life. Its premise is completely missing from the scientific scale and may not sustain a thorough analysis on how life came. It defies the basic canons of the scientific process. The supposition about the existence of a supernatural being who is in charge of the whole universe may not be totally dismissed but then, it makes little sense that all issues that are not explainable through science would be “discarded” to the supernatural human. Conventionally, the loose ends left by scientific discourse in highlighting the origin of life would tempt an individual to resign the explanation to the “existence of a superhuman” whose origin is not known. Massimo outrightly dismisses creation theory. With the admission that it openly defies science, creation theory fails the threshold of a scientific approach. Nucleotides and Proteins: the question of “which came first?” Nevertheless, even as humanity scratches its head over creation theory, the proposal that life emerged from nucleotides that precipitated into proteins ingenuously leaves a sour aftertaste when reading. A critical analysis of the whole theory begs the question of the chicken and the egg: which one came first? If nucleotides emerged first, then how did they replicate without the input of proteins known as primary components of life? Conversely, one wonders how the replication occurred with no input of RNA and DNA. A very similar situation is witnessed in Millers scientific analysis of the primordial soup, his explanation about the spontaneous origin of life was based on very weak assertion regarding the ubiquity of microbes in the atmosphere. Despite the advancement in technological and scientific processes, the primordial soup has not found any solid scientific principle to base its explanation on the spontaneous origin of life, it is very fallacious, and no wonder; no further work has been pursued regarding its submissions and scientific proposals. What we are witnessing is therefore, a topsy-turvy of ideas explaining the origin of life and universe. These explanations contradict each other immensely. A critical insight into the paradigm shifts in explaining the concept of life evolution reveals that there is no progressive p