ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The patient’s health history and current medical evidences point out to a hidden urinary disease. However, he denies having any discomfort except for more frequent urination. Due to the fact that the patient does not experiences any pain when urinating, and has no signs of infections or other diseases, it can be concluded that he has an overactive bladder. An overactive bladder is a symptom complex which is accompanied by urgency, nocturia – frequent urination at night – with or without urinary incontinence and frequent urination. It occurs in the absence of proven urinary tract infection or other obvious pathology of the lower urinary tract. Differential diagnosis should first include a benign neoplasm of the prostate – the fact that the patient’s prostate is enlarged and firm points to the possibility of the prostate adenoma in the making. Langan (2019) states that “benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common condition in aging men that is frequently associated with troublesome lower urinary tract symptoms” (p. 223). Secondly, it could be a case of the second type diabetes – it can cause frequent urination without any concomitant discomfort. For example, Northwood et al.’s (2021) study results “underscore the need for routine screening for UI in older home-care clients during diabetes consultations” (p. 10). Finally, there is the primary bladder neck obstruction which also manifests in frequent urinations. According to Sussman et al. (2019), “PBNO may present with a variety of symptoms including storage symptoms such as frequency, urgency, urgency incontinence, and nocturia” (p. 53). Thus, the patient would require a more specific examination to exclude these diseases’ influence. The overactive bladder treatment begins with non-medication methods such as behavioral correction and changes in drinking regime. Behavioral therapy in the treatment of OAB is aimed at creating a new model of urination, or restoring the previous one, in which the process of urination becomes controllable again. To reduce the frequency of urination, the patient must also limit intake of the caffeine-containing liquids such as coffee and tea. These drinks not only have a weak diuretic effect, but also increase the frequency of urination, thus, their intake should be limited to 1-2 cups per day. Medication therapy includes drugs of the anticholinergic group that block muscarinic receptors of the smooth muscles of the bladder. Lastly, a botulinum toxin injection is the most effective treatment for overactive bladder when the medication is ineffective.
Introduction This paper, as indicated in the abstract discusses the financial viability appraisal methods that were used to advice the management of Jim-care medical centre on which of the two capital investment options to make. The hospital is a medium, but growing health centre that has a strategic plan to expand to attain a level of a fully fledged 24 hour service hospital with over 300 bed capacity. Currently, the institution has only 25 beds and the future looks as bright as it can be. While the ultimate goal of the hospital is to provide high quality medical care to the community, thus enhancing the social welfare of the people, the hospital has financial goals as well as it aims to make profits (Antony & Robert, 2011). This will go a long way in helping it finance its current and future expansion plans. The challenge at hand is therefore the insufficient funds to undertake many projects at the same time. This has made the hospital carry out several financial appraisal activities in the past so as to establish the ones that deserve the priority over others. This paper discusses one such financial appraisal activity that was commissioned by the management to identify which of the two capital expenditure projects that are in their strategic plan ought to be undertaken first. The main concern by the management of the hospital at the time was the cash flows since the cash generated by the services was not sufficient to meet all their operational and investment needs. The method used to carry out the appraisal was therefore the discounted cash flow method Net present value (NPV). Net present value is a financial appraisal method that takes in to consideration the time value of money and given the present value of the future cash flows (Wolf & Sylvester, 2009). This once obtained is compared with the initial cash outlay and a decision is made to adopt the project that has a higher NPV where there are two or more mut
Introduction The aim of lean production is not only to reduce waste, but also to maximize value. This has to be attained through lean production management and by devising particular tools and techniques for effective delivery of the lean production projects. Some of the ways of integrating lean production into the construction project delivery and it is argued that this can be achieved by improving factory based manufacturing in terms of building elements, sections and components. Inclusion of pre-assembly has attracted a lot of opposition from clients, showing how important these clients are to the process of construction. Generally, the client and workers are the two most important stockholders in the construction process. The client ought to be involved in decision making and their views should be sought to ensure that products of value and those that meet their needs have been produced. On the other hand, the effective delivery of the construction process requires that the safety, health and welfare of workers have been met. This assessment discusses the reasons and problems that may lead to the failure of any construction project and analyses these problems and their possible solutions, so that in the future, the project could be successful. First, the work begins by highlighting problems that may be encountered by any project before proceeding to the use of Toyota way to solve the problems. The problems will be in reference to a number of reports from various construction sites. To begin with, there are several problems that are common at construction sites and had been previously identified in the UK by CIRIA Construction Industry Research information Association abbreviated as CIRIA (Pasquire and Connolly, 2002, p. 9). Analysis of the Problems and Possible solutions First, there’s a problem of the amount of labour, health and safety. Bigger cities are dominated by skilled labour than smaller ones. This is likely to have an effect on both the quality of work and the availability of employees. Survey indicates that in the recent past, there were some injuries which a number of employees. Further study reveals that in the recent years, the industry lost billions of workers as a result of work related injury and poor health during work. Almost every nation has a problem of the safety of workers in the construction industry. The industry is ill reputed due to its high accident rates and despite efforts through campaigns, education, regulation and control, the impact has not been remarkable. The best solution of enhancing safety is changing the behaviour of the system to being safer rather than imposing rules (Bertelsen, 2004, p. 63). Secondly, there the problem of construction site waste. Many builders are finding it an issue to get rid of waste from the construction site. This is an issue in most nations. The waste entails all the unwanted material such as electrical wiring, insulations and rebar. The waste may comprise of hazardous substances such as asbestos and lead. Other forms
Introduction Sometimes, to fulfill one’s duty as a person and a citizen, one has to be not only honest and just but also persuasive and resilient. The play Twelve Angry Men is based on the movie filmed in 1957. It revolves around a jury setting, where twelve jurors must decide the fate of a 19-year old boy accused of murdering his father. Although eleven out of twelve jurors are initially set on convicting the young man without as much as five minutes of deliberation, the actions of Juror Eight trigger a chain of investigations that end up in the verdict changed from guilty to not guilty. The story demonstrates how practicing Phronesis – the act of practical wisdom that encourages virtuous and excellence of character in others can mean the difference between life and death, justice, and injustice. The moral of this story is that a person must always exercise Phronesis and do his or her duty as a person and a citizen, even in the face of overwhelming odds and opposition. In this essay, we will examine the setting of the story, the behavior of Juror Eight, and the arguments he used to sway the other jurors to his side. The Setting To understand the odds that Juror Eight and his position were facing, let us first examine his person and the setting of the debate. It must be pointed out that the decorum and the mood of the setting were extremely uncomfortable – the jurors were forced to sit in uncomfortable wooden chairs, the fan was not working, and the day was very hot outside. Nobody wanted to stay in this room for long – some of the jurors had plans for that evening and did not want to spend time elaborating on the boy’s fate. Appearance The appearance of Juror Eight did not help him in presenting his case. He looked, for the lack of a better word, average. The most striking and impressive in his choice of attire was that of Juror Four – he wore a classy tuxedo with a white shirt and a white handkerchief, in addition to a pair of glasses. In contrast, Juror Eight was a brown jacket and matching pants, which did not help him look any more formidable or convincing. Without the jacket, however, his appearance was slightly improved, as white is considered a more “official” color than brown. Mannerisms and Non-Verbal Gestures During the play, Juror Eight displayed three different types of non-verbal expressions. Some of which helped his case and some of them did not. At the beginning of the play, when the juror was not completely convinced about what position he should take, he expressed this by avoiding eye contact, keeping his head low, and shaking it often. This trait repeated itself whenever he was presented with a piece of evidence that could not be easily refuted right off the bat. The second type of gesture that Juror Eight often used to persuade other jurors to stand with him was asking questi
Though the concept of genetic technologies and alterations appear to be a stepping stone in advancing social and economic aspects of humanity, they set an incredibly ambiguous standard for disability. In 2013, the world was first introduced to CRISPR genome editing, and years later, an arguable claim was made by He Jiankui, a scientist, regarding the modification of twins to be HIV-immune (Fahn, 2020). In its essence, genetic modification allows for the creation of embryos that are physically and intellectually superior to other offspring. The perception of this technology is expressed greatly in media and fictional works, such as Andrew Niccol’s Gattaca (Kremmel, 2018). The depiction and subversion of characters with disabilities within the film illustrate a matching set of values in the current society. As such, I find that advocacy for genetic alterations places significantly economically driven worth on individuals. I do not personally think that being successful, physically, financially, or intellectually, to be the primary purpose of life or co-existence in a community. In my opinion, the relation of a person with disabilities to others are greatly influenced by their current or past financial status, social support, exposure to individuals with disabilities, and ability to provide for dependants. There is also a factor of disabilities that are life-threatening to a child, or illnesses that may be able to be fatal within the first few years of life. In such cases, it would be understandable why certain parents would prefer to secure their child’s well-being and length of life. I find that health to be a much more vital factor when it comes to happiness and life satisfaction than financial security, social acceptance, and career or academic success. Due to my personal philosophy, I would only rely on genetic modification in the case of a fatal or life-threatening difficulty for my child. Disabilities such as blindness, deafness, Down syndrome, and other disabilities
In the first book of ‘The Republic,’ Plato tried to solve two issues by representing his teacher Socrates. The two issues that are outlined in the book are the definitions of justice and the reasons of being just. Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus provided different definition of justice, but Socrates rejected these definitions through giving his reasons. Cephalus provided the definition of justice as an effort to express the basic Hesiodic notion. He defined justice as an achievement of legal responsibilities, and the act of becoming honest. Socrates disputed this definition with an example of a person taking back a weapon to a madman. A person owes the madman his weapon to a certain extent if the madman has a right to keep his weapon lawfully. However, this may be an undeserved action because it may put at risk the lives of other individuals. Therefore, according to Socrates, it cannot be appropriate that justice is nothing above respecting lawful responsibilities and becoming honest. Polemarchus defined justice in their discussion as a case where people owed enemies who harmed and friends who helped. Although this meaning of justice may appear different from Cephalus’ definition. They share fundamental imperative of offering somebody things he or she owes or giving someone things that are acceptable. Socrates provided an explanation against this perception. He stated that since the decision about enemies and friends was imperfect, these beliefs would take people to help the wicked people and hurt the fortunate people. People are not often friends with the moral people, and enemies are not often the scum of the community. Socrates stated that there was incoherence in the perception of hurting individuals through justice. Thrasymachus provided also the definition of justice as nothing more than the advantage or gain of the stronger people. Although Thrasymachus stated that this was his explanation of justice, it was not truly intended to be the meaning of justice, but it represented a delegitimization of justice. Thrasymachus believes that justice is unnatural control on people’s natural wish for more. The logical approach to do is to disregard justice entirely. Socrates provided three explanations to oppose this suggestion. First, Socrates made Thrasymachus confess that the perception he was providing would encourage injustice as a virtue. In this perception, life is observed to be a persistent competition to receive more finances, authority, and other requirements. This show
Introduction This is a comprehensive essay which outlines the process of tablet manufacture with a detailed discussion on aspirin. Background information is given on tablet manufacture in the ancient days. This essay will bring to light the whole process of pharmaceutical manufacture of tablet making the description as detailed as possible. History of Tablets The use of tablet as a means of drug administration to the body is not a recent practice. It has been shown beyond doubt that tablet were used by the ancient Greeks. It is quite amazing that the tablets used by these ancient people are very similar to what is currently used in the modern day life; think in terms of stability and the different constituents in the tablets. The acknowledgement that the ancient Greeks used drugs in tablet forms surfaced upon the discovery of an ancient shipwreck where 2,000 year old drugs were found intact. Papapostolou (2010) reported that a ship which sank off the coast of Italy n 130 BC gave valuable revelation about the knowledge that the ancient Greeks possessed on matters of drugs. It was reported that tablets were recovered from the wrecks of the ship and some DNA analysis was carried out on these drugs showing amazing knowledge which was not expected to be in existence then. According to the laboratory tests carried out on these tablets it was shown that each single tablet of them contained a variety of plant extracts which were reported to be more than 10. The art of mixing different extracts in a tablet is in line with modern day manufacture of tablets. The fact that the tablets were still intact by the time they were discovered is a sure proof that the ancient physicians knew much about tablet stability. The laboratory analysis showed the following extracts “carrot, radish, celery, wild onion, oak, cabbage, alfalfa and yarrow” (Papapostolou 2010, 1) most of which have been claimed to have high medicinal value: Yarrow staunched the flow of blood from wounds, and Pedanius Dioscorides, a physician and pharmacologist in Rome in the first century AD, described the carrot as a panacea for a number of problems. “They say that reptiles do not harm people who have taken it in advance; it also aids conception,” he wrote around 60 AD. (Papapostolou 2010, P. 1) This discovery of the ancient Greece pills have shown that the arguments made by Dioscorides and Galen of Pergamon were not just about quackery drugs as there are possibilities that the extracts in these tablets may treat some illness effectively. Studies are still taking place to resolve the drug therian which has been described by Galen and claimed to have more than eighty plant extracts (Papapostolou 2010, p. 1). It has not been shown yet how the ancient Greeks went about the process of measuring and mixing the different plant extracts bu
Introduction Political ethics refers to the practice of practicing moral judgment with regard to actions, decisions, and behaviors that are associated with political processes (Fredrickson and Rohr 23). There are two main areas of political ethics, namely ethics of process and ethics of policy (Grcic 35). The ethics of the process deals with the methods that public officials apply in the execution of their duties. On the other hand, ethics of policy deal with the judgments that holders of public office make with regard to policies and laws (Grcic 35). The aforementioned concepts have their basis on moral and political philosophy. One of the most critical issues that contradict the precepts of political ethics is political corruption. Corruption is one of the most destructive challenges that many nations face today. It entails the use of power by government officials for the sole purpose of gaining personal advantages at the expense of national good (Fredrickson and Rohr 26). I chose this topic because political corruption is one of the greatest challenges that developed and developing countries face in today’s society. It has negative consequences that include distortion of public policy, misallocation of resources, embezzlement of public funds, destruction of good governance, and underdevelopment of public and private sectors. Political corruption exists in all countries and harms their systems of economic and political governance through the misuse of power. Political Corruption Political corruption refers to the act of misusing power in order to win personal advantages or gains at the expense of public interest (Grcic 18). It includes bureaucratic behaviors that deviate from political ethics, which require government officials to maintain accountability, responsibility, and transparency in their dealings, especially if they involve official duties (Lansford 28). The primary form of political corruption is bribery, which occurs when a government official receives or gives the money in exchange for favors. Other common forms include extortion, influence peddling, graft, funds embezzlement, and nepotism (Garcia 43). Political corruption has several consequences that affect the quality of governance and the reputation of any government that is associated with corrupt leaders. Common forms of political corruption in developing countries include oppression, rigging during electoral processes, mistreatment of political opponents, and police brutality (Garcia 43). The state is always a party in political corruption because individuals who misuse power for personal gains are its representatives. Therefore
To begin with, let us tackle the author of the book under consideration. Charles Wright Mills was an endowed, outstanding sociologist, a prominent and incomparable specialist in his field who generated controversially, but unique ideas. Wright Millis is famous for such works of his as “The New Men of Power: America’s Labor Leaders” (1948), “White Collar: The American Middle Classes” (1951), and, certainly, “The Power Elite” (1956). The most interesting and striking thing about the book “The Power Elite” is that though Wright Mills wrote it more than a half-century ago to depict American society from the point of view of that time, the main ideas of the book may be applied to contemporary society as well. The main thesis brought forward by Wright Mills in “The Higher Circles” may be easily derived from the title of the chapter. It states that there exists a group of people in America that form the higher circle and they possess enough power to affect the everyday worlds of ordinary men and women (Mills 3). In the first place, the importance of these people is proved by Mills in the following way: he says that they occupy the position that enables them to make decisions that will lead to major consequences, and no matter if they make a decision or not, both action and absence of action will cause important consequences. He defines those people as opposites to common people: “They are all that we are not” (Mills 3). Thus the invisible barrier between people and the elite becomes evident. In the second place, Mills defines those people who form the elite: advisers, consultants, spokesmen, and opinion-makers. He also stresses the importance of professional politicians who belong to the middle level of power and of those celebrities who are not on the top of the hierarchy, who perform the function of the entertainers of the public and create the impression that they inform people about the drama that takes place in the higher circles. In the third place, Mills criticizes the men of the elite, for their uncertainty as for their roles and functions in the system, for their underestimation of the power given to them. The rhetoric of public relations that has become the lifestyle of the elite is also stressed by the author as one of the arguments of those who do not believe in the elite. In the fourth place,