ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Chichen Itza is a great pre-Columbian site which used to be a home of the ancient civilization Maya. The archeological site is located in Yucatan Peninsula and presents one of the most famous archeological sites in Mexico, “Chichen Itza has been considered one of the most important sites in the north portion of the peninsula, while the influence it has cast on the entire region has also been recognized” (Ruiz 84). Since 1980s the site it is visited by thousands of tourists yearly which influences negatively on the cultural site. For this reason, INAH closed some monuments for public access. In this report, I am going to explore environmental, historical, socio-political and cultural issues that influence the site nowadays. Considering the fact that the territory where the site is situated has long been transformed by humans: “research has shown that many of the seemingly pristine forests were cleared centuries ago and have grown back, the grassland selectively burned or gazed, the mountains carved into terraces, and the waters of the deserts stored or diverted” (Marston, Knox, and Liverman 234). The “appearance” of the site changed greatly. In addition, climate change and hazards caused by global warming, land use and human activity impact the cultural monuments of the site which causes their destruction. Thus, today, the tourists are not allowed to climb the monuments as it was previously, they can only walk around them at the visitor’s sector. Moreover, as “Latin American’s climate does not remain constant from year to year” (Marston, Knox, and Liverman 236), one of the most important hazards from which suffers the site is El Nino – “a periodic warming of sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific off the coast of Peru that results in worldwide changes in climate, including droughts and floods” (Marston, Knox, and Liverman 236). In this light, physical actions taken by human are the main causes which influence clime which, in its turn, influences negatively on ruins of Chichen Itza. These days, it is the most famous touristic site, “regularly bus tours take tourists to Chichen Itza which is probably the most important and best restored site of the northern Maya culture”. (Wong 57). As Chichen Itza is a famous tourist spot, the regions around it could not avoid economic and demographic changes. The popular migration in the region began in 1843 after the book by John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood, Incidents of Travel in Yucatan was published where they described Chichen Itza inclusively. Since then, the exploration of the city began. Later, in 1920’s Fernando Barbachano Peon started the official tourism in the region which provoked considerable economic and demographic changes. Later, the majority of the historical monuments became the federal ownership. And a “Federal Law over Monuments and Ar
Model of the theory The model consists of 4 components. The primary focus is on the physical product that is being offered. The product itself is closely tied with the environment that this product is being offered in. The physical and psychological factors play a role in the perception and reception of the product. The way the service or product is presented, the quality of product or service, the reliability, which is how dependable a product is or how effective, in the long term, the service is. The third component outside the product is the interaction quality. It is a mutual relationship between the customer and presentation, how prompt and helpful the presenter is. For example, a car salesman could give an opportunity to sit inside, open the trunk and the hood or they could omit these actions. Another example of environment would be outside, dusty conditions, as opposed to inside the showroom, with clean floors and air-conditioning. How do we use this practically Practical application in the field starts with the presentation. The environment and presenter have to appealing to the customer. The neatness of the employee and the facility play a significant role. The equipment used and other materials associated with the product or service must be up to date and in top condition. The employee must be responsive to the customer. They must have all knowledge of the product or service and be able to express themselves freely and intelligently. The guarantees that are given must be complied with, so that the customer feels they can trust the product or service. For example, if a tire salesperson is requested to give advice on the best tires for a certain season, they must not consult books or other sale representatives but answer themselves, as to present a knowledgeable image. Another example would be a customer who is asking a lot of questions that do not relate to the product, the representative must be patient and know where to look for information not related to their area of expertise. Critical explanation – adv., dis. , +ve, -ve The advantages are a better representation of the company and the product. The more experienced and reliable the company and product is, the more trusting the customer will be, which in turn, will increase the return rate and word of mouth. Another advantage is that the company will benefit from a service or product that is presented in a high quality manner. This will increase the profits and thus, more employees can be hired and trained in the products or services. For example, someone satisfied with a fast food restaurant will become a daily visitor because it is of high quality and in the littlest possible time become a regular customer. The disadvantage is that it is hard to predict the type of customer and what their standards are. They might be overly expectant of the service or product and in case they use the product beyond its specifications, they will become dissatisfied, even if the product or service was of high quality. Also, the fact that the consumer is always right and the employee must try to satisfy their needs puts the employee in a delica
The role of Islam in the transition to democracy in Indonesia This paper will discuss how Islam and democracy interact in Indonesia. The paper will look at the role of Islam in the transition to democracy, in which Islam has played a critical part in the pro-democracy movement. Islam has played a crucial role in the research on the compatibility in Islam and democracy, in elections and in the building of a civil society in Indonesia. During the past decades, democracy and Islam have been a debatable topic and continues to be a major issue in political discussions. In the western world, Islam and democracy are viewed as fundamentally irreconcilable. Samuel Huntington argued that collapse of democratic system in the Islamic world is owed to the fact that the Islamic customs and society being unwelcoming to Western freethinking principles. According to some Muslim conservatives, the democracy values are contradicted with the concept of fundamental Islam. On the other hand, Indonesia has been considered as one of the Muslim countries that have been able to incorporate and consolidate democratic values into its political system. Robert Hefner points out that in countries such as Indonesia, Islam has became vital to democratization and has turn out to be the single most vital force for political transformation and democracy. This paper will argue the concept of Islam and Democracy can be compatible by looking at Indonesia as the majority Muslim country in the world. Throughout the history, the concept of democracy is marked by conflicting interpretation. The idea of democracy is always contested and vague where it is tricky to apply into practices. Huntington (1984, p.195) argues that the definition of democracy are legion where the term has been far from political area such the term has just been apply to institution. This is where citizens have the capacities to choose freely among political alternatives by making their own decisions that have a direct effect on their lives. Jillani (2006, p.728) states that such values of freedom, tolerance and equality are the principle of democracy that form government in a sovereignty state. However, in the western perspective, democracy and Islam are view as fundamentally incompatible. Huntington (1984, p.208) states that Islam are seen to be inhospitable to democracy. This is because Islamic revival especially the Shish fundamentalist in Middle East are strongly oppose and against the development of democracy as it is identified with Western liberal principles and such principle will denies the Islamic concept of the sovereignty of God. The Islamic fundamentalist is seen to be anti-democratic in the view of religious resurgence (Heryanto & Mandal 2003, p.122). According to Effendy (2008, p.41) the concept of democracy is not foreign to Islamic thought. The values of democracy such as justice, consultation, egalitarian, trust and freedom are inherent t
Walled States, Waning Sovereignty is a book which was written by a political science professor, Wendy Brown, in the year 2010.Brown’s project in the book is to reveal the contradicting features of the present-day wall building. This book is about the classical and the present political theories of national sovereignty, which are meant to understand the ways in which states power and their national identity persevere in conjunction with the declines. Brown has examined state requirements for the legality and the most popular desires that would stimulate the building of the contemporary wall. This book is a theoretical account that conveys an open hypothetical and original thesis of building a barrier. The barrier is being built at the borders and within the sovereign states. The text in the book is highly theoretical, and it is written in an understandable manner. It is about physical objects-the the walls which were built on state borders. The methods used by Wendy Brown in the exploration of the topic are rigorous and sophisticating. These methods include dialogue with prominent political theorists and continental philosophers. Wendy Brown has used the ideas of Schmitt, Freud, Marx, just to name but a few. The author has used theoretical adventures to write the book. She got her sources from Senator J. McCain and others, such as the watchdog group of the US-Mexico border, who helped her to address problems in citizenship, political power, and political identity. A singular capacity has been used in the investigation of the complexities of extreme theory such that it is easily accessed. The approach used is special since she has used a psychoanalytical approach to address the difficulties that are faced by people in the neoliberal globalization. The method used to write this book makes readersto critically think about the meaning of the text, and she also used guidelines that leave readers with suspense. According to Wendy Brown, both the burning issue of nowadays, which are religious terrorism and financial globalization arise disquiet in public. By the way, it still remains a mystery how it manages to influence the state authorities, slowly destroying and undermining the power of the last. Wendy Brown critically begins writing the book and incorporates with the frustrating study of the present revival of the building of the wall by raising points about the new walls that never accomplish what they are supposed to. This is because, according to Brown, they cannot halt trans-border smuggling, and migration cannot prevent crimes, and instead, they just make things appear worse. These walls neither do they carry out meaningful activities about security, nor do they repel their enemies as they are powerless. They cannot prevent agonies, such as natural weapons and irresponsible bombing. In a real sense, walls do not perform any work, but people build them continuously, and through Brown’s observation, there a
Examination Shirley Jackson’s “the Lottery” was first published in the June 26, 1948 edition of the New Yorker, resulting in a deluge of letters beings sent to the publisher from various readers who were either outraged by the content or curious as to what the story actually meant. When going over the reactions of the various individuals who wrote to the New Yorker regarding the story, their main reasoning for sending letters to the publication was simply due to the relative “strangeness” of the story (Franklin 1). It was something that most of the readers had not encountered before, and due to the content, it was even considered “shocking.” Going over the statements of the readers, their reactions are not all that surprising given the relatively conservative nature of American literature at the time. Compared to the present, themes related to sexuality, abhorrent behavior, or outright murder without sufficient justification were simply not common back then and, as such, this ensured that when “the Lottery” was published, it was almost certain that it would create “waves” so to speak. It is also important to note that since the story was published in the New Yorker, one of the most widely circulated publications during the 1940s; this ensured that it would reach a wide audience of potential readers. In the end, many readers threatened to cancel their subscriptions over what they described as a “deplorable piece of literature” and many did, however, a vast majority of the responses were simply empty threats with many readers simply being interested in the background behind the story’s creation. When it came to misconceptions surrounding the story, there were some that believed that it was a piece of the social commentary of an event that actually occurred. On the other end of the spectrum, there were people who thought it was a story of blatant murder. While such misconceptions are understandable, given the lack of commentary by the magazine and the author, the fact remains that the story seems to be more of a form of social commentary. The opinion of the Story When going over the story and the premise of characters continuing a barbaric tradition, it seemingly appears to be a critique of old traditions, practices, and beliefs that society continues to follow at present despite the fact that there is little in the way of sufficient justification as to why they should still be in use. For instance, many people believe that wearing a tie with a suit is a mark of prof
Introduction Over the ages, nations have prospered by legislating appropriate laws which are relevant to their well-being and their population at large. Dream Act is one of those laws which contain the welfare of citizens at heart. Dream Act is an acronym for Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (Preston). The Act is a United States legislative proposal which grants interim permanent residency to some illegal immigrants with acceptable standing moral character. Similarly, it grants immunity to US minors who have graduated from colleges and other institutions of higher learning from deportation (Preston). The writer, in his opinion, views the Dream Act is a legislation whose ratification is long overdue. US, as a nation has been perceived as a land of opportunity, where various nationalities can converge and achieve their dreams; hence, contributing to the social, political and economic growth of the US. Thus, the Act has aimed at instilling hope for millions of illegal immigrants and the US as a nation both on social and economic grounds. Amnesty Programme I think the Dream Act is not a form of an amnesty programme. This is because it involves a thorough check on immigrants so they can benefit from the bill provisions. This process, for example, involves checking the immigrant’s criminal history to determine that he/she is of exceptional moral standing. Because of these processes, it is important to emphasize the bill will safeguard the interests of the United States and its citizens. Security The safety of the nation and its citizens is vital towards realizing social, political and economic advantage. As envisaged in the bill, where an illegal immigrant needs to provide a two year service in the US military, the country will have a stretched pool of military recruits. This will be critical to the US since, presently, the United States faces critical security headaches ranging from terrorism, deploying military servicemen in conflict- prone countries, and supporting peace mission around the world. Hence, I note that the Dream Act will play a significant role in supplementing US military personnel. Economy I think the act, once passed, the United States will remain the most competitive state in the global economy. This is because, with the right education and enabling environment granted by the bill, an illegal immigrant will be empowered to get involved in ac
The current global landscape of the agricultural economy is composed of large companies. In fact, their presence is prevalent enough to dictate and formulate policies and standards within the industry (Chemnitz et al., 2017). In practice, this has resulted in a number of discrepancies such as environmental damages, violations of human and labor rights, and even the lack of effort to minimize poverty. While the scale of the issue may seem too large to resolve, alterations of consumer buying habits have the potential to foster diversity within such industries. However, buying habits are only a small fragment of a number of interventions that are necessary. Perhaps the most vital change that is missing includes government presence. The most interesting aspect of the reading to me was focused on how the current size of the agricultural market was attained. The most prominent driver of such expansion was technological advancements that led to fundamental changes within the institution of the agricultural economy. Because machines were able to harvest in abundant amounts compared to employees, this created a substantial raise within the supply component of the economy. Companies also gained the upper hand by being able to sell quantities of crops before they were even sown. Such growth allowed even further expansion, though global companies would infrequently observe the effects of their actions on the planet, people in poverty, or farmers. Another interesting factor of the rapid and substantial expansion of the agricultural market was the evolution of food retail. Essentially, the effectiveness of retail operations currently influences purchasing habits and product availability, especially within developing and developed countries. As such, from an economic perspective, the size of a food retail firm dictates its influence over both the consumer choice and which suppliers are selected. The monopolization that currently exists within the market is problematic, mainly due to the fact that such firms disregard the issues of modern agricultural processes. Reference Chemnitz, C., Luig, B., & Schimpf, M. (2017). Agrifood atlas: facts and figures about the corporations that control what we eat . Atlas Manufaktur.
Introduction The book A Ghetto Takes Shape by Kenneth Kusmer is a fascinating must-read chef-d’oeuvre that strategically presents a history of the Cleveland Afro-American society and the formation of an urban ghetto. The book is meant to show how the present Cleveland Afro-American society evolved in different stages for up to 60 years from the year 1870 to 1930. The Black society in America has gone through so many challenges since its introduction into America. It has been relegated to the second place in society. The relegation appears behind the white society in terms of social economic power because, for a longtime before the civil rights movements brought a semblance of equality in the American society, the black community was then a second-class society. To bring change, different black leaders came in and went. The book therefore is intended on documenting the transformation of the black society from a poor and hopeless community to one that can stand on its own. With this hint in mind, this review is a critical analysis of the facts that the writer has given in this book in a bid to find out if they give a true picture of what happened then. However, it begins by giving a brief summary of the book. Summary of the Book The book opens by presenting the misunderstandings that exist concerning the state of the Negro people with some declaring them as free though with no valid facts to support their claim. The book narrates the experiences of the black community in Cleveland since the year 1870 to1930. It dwells on the different leaders who led the black community represented by the Negroes during the period when racial segregation was rife. It presents the commissions and omissions of the different leaders at the time. The writer has highlighted the different steps that the federal government as well as the black leadership community took to improve educational standards of the society with regard to the race issues. The book also highlights different black leaders and their roles in elevating the black society from the shackles of oppression showing how leadership was transformed from the old to the young. The book touches on the black migration of 1915 and goes ahead to point out how the then black community was laid back by wholly depending on the direction from the white community. The book dwells on the hostilities that were frequent then between blacks and the whites when incidences of clashes between the two societies happened. Most of these hostilities were referred to as the anti-Negro campaigns that would sometimes lead to lynching of black members of society who were accused of anything that would lead to their attack. The writer compares the race riots that happened then by taking a comparison between Cleveland and Chicago where black and white societies lived in