ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Diabetes is a significant public health challenge that affects millions of individuals worldwide. As a chronic condition, it also leads to costly treatment and impacts the countries’ economies. Diabetes occurs and develops in people of all ages and requires self-management for maintaining relatively healthy conditions. Such groups as young children, adolescents, or incapacitated adults might experience issues and health worsening caused by the lack of self-control (Rankin et al., 2018). Diabetes management can be especially difficult for teenagers because of the hormonal changes they experience and their parents’ involvement. This period is critical because it influences how adolescents would control their diabetes in the future and how their systems would develop. Numerous studies of different designs have already been conducted to explore how adolescents deal with diabetes, and the results provided a foundation for further research. For instance, the range of their parents’ involvement in the self-management practices can be a crucial factor in treatment and control (Eva et al., 2018). A teenager might be better at developing a correct set of regulations and prevent diabetes from worsening without any interventions (Eva et al., 2018). Consequently, a research question would be “How does the parents’ intervention influence an adolescent’s self-management with diabetes?.” This paper aims to discuss the epidemiologic study design appropriate for exploring the selected question and analyze the potential data sources’ strengths and limitations. Based on the question “How does the parents’ intervention influence an adolescent’s self-management with diabetes?” the study can be conducted in the experimental randomized trial design to achieve objective results. Furthermore, that type of research allows to compare approaches used in a population and isolate the effects from other influential factors (Flannelly et al., 2018). Dividing the participants based on the decreased and increased parental involvement and performing specific measures would be a profound methodology appropriate for an experimental study design (Friis & Sellers, 2021). The application of experimental study design with randomized groups can also be supported by the assumption that diabetes self-management is better executed without parents’ intervention. Data sources for studying the question about the role of parents’ intervention in adolescents’ self-management include the previous qualitative and quantitative researches, interviews with participants, and diabetes control practices exploring. Moreover, information that provides insights about the selected population from a behavioral and psychological perspective would be helpful to develop the trial strategy before randomizing (Flannelly et al., 2018). Self-management approaches for diabetes include monitoring conditions, performing blood sugar tests, and controlling systems’ responses and tractions on foods or other external triggers (Rankin et al., 201
What should be done to implement a pull system? There is a need to understand the benefits of a lean management system and the advantages of a pull system over a push system of production (Bell, p.10). This is the first step. Corporate leaders, managers, supervisors, and factory workers must understand that there is a better way. Once this realization becomes a part of corporate culture and once everyone is in agreement as to what it means to adhere to a lean management system and just-in-time production then it is time to go to step two. The next phase in transforming a conventional push system into a pull system is to develop a special relationship with suppliers. This simply means that a supportive supplier relationship must be created in order to reduce the number of suppliers. After the number of suppliers had been reduced then the organization must make clear to each supplier the intended number of deliveries that they expect based on a given schedule. This also requires the company to reveal to the suppliers a long-term plan and assure them there will be a fixed amount of raw materials that will be expected from the supplier. In this regard, the supplier will know what to expect and continue with a mutually beneficial relationship with the partner firm. In addition, the people involved in production must be trained to adapt to a new system. The first thing that they need to learn is to master the flow of information from the production team to the suppliers and how to receive feedback from the suppliers in order to translate it into a plan of action (Shinkle, Gooding & Smith, 12). The suppliers must know the exact amount of materials that would be needed in a given period of time and when they are expected to deliver the same. After the raw materials component of the production process is taken care of the production team must learn how to use every piece of raw material given to them and avoid waste. In addition, the production team must have a clear channel of communication with their customers. The customers must provide the correct information when it comes to the exact number of key chains that are needed for their souvenir scheme. The production team must know in advance in order to manufacture the exact amount needed and not to overproduce. Finally, the finished product must be expected to be shipped at the designated time and reach the customer not later or earlier than expected. This is the only way in which the customer will feel secure to a new system wherein there is no need to maintain a buffer inventory in order to anticipate problems in the manufacturing and delivery process. The system must be adjusted and continuously refined in order to create a true pull system. Which of the 7 wastes are very evident for the division? Choose one waste and express what can be done to eliminate it? With regards to the 7 wastes in a lean mana
Human diseases and health issues derive from three shared elements: individual vulnerability, age, as well as environmental factors. Today, Chicago’s population has the unhealthiest neighborhoods in America (Hunt, Tran, & Whitman, 2015). To be more precise, the Southwest, as well as the South sides of Chicago, do not have access to healthcare facilities. The poor distribution of healthcare services has for a very long time led to poor health conditions in the area. Among the main health issues in Chicago include raised HIV/AIDS, childhood obesity, teen pregnancy, breast cancer, as well as motor vehicle death and injury (Choudhry, 2011). However, childhood obesity is one of the key concerns in the area. Childhood obesity in Chicago is closely linked to environmental issues present in the areas. Since health issues outlined in this report are unacceptable, it is necessary for the individuals in charge of public health to align the best practices that will foster the creation of a healthier city. The poor distribution of healthcare facilities in the region has a close association with the health disparities in the area. According to Hunt et al. (2015), Chicago Lawn is an area with few healthcare resources. The lack of resources has continued to discourage not only healthy eating but also physical activities. Compared to other areas of the city, Chicago Lawn is a community that does not have a necessary number of places for physical activities and few stores where one can buy fresh produce. Health experts have argued that the availability of playgrounds and supermarkets alongside other environmental factors is the key determinant of obesity reduction. Tracking Chicago’s healthy resources such as healthcare facilities, exercise facilities, and supermarkets with vegetable and fresh produce have helped in understanding the environmental concerns. The imbalanced distribution of health care resources in the area explains the increased mortality rate in Chicago (Hunt et al., 2015). While most breast testing healthcare centers are in the northern parts, the southern parts of Chicago have a small number of such health care centers. As illustrated by the current environmental concerns in the Chicago area, health care practitioners should come up with a clear strategy for addressing these issues.
Introduction The hospitality industry has gained a lot of recognition from all over the world in the recent past. Unlike in the ancient times when customer satisfaction was of less importance, nowadays every organization seeks to satisfy its customers in order to retain them as well as attract new customers given the high rates of competition in the market. The hospitality industry is very diverse including features such as hotels, restaurants, cruise ships, and health spas among other activities that play the role of helping people unwind during leisure. Given the high demand for the aforementioned services as well as the increasing number of businesses offering the services, most organizations have opted for the application of information technology in the hospitality sector just like in other sectors (Nyheim et al., 2005). This paper is therefore an in-depth analysis of the application of IT in the hospitality sector. Focus will be on the reservation processes in a hotel. The application of Hospitality IT The hospitality industry just like any other business sector encompasses four main business functions, which include operations, marketing, human resources, and accounting functions. In all the four business functions, information technology is applied in order to facilitate the transactions and interactions of the hospitality industry especially in hotels (Tesone, 2006). In most of the hotels, marketing is normally the key business function as hotels seek ways to make their products and services known to the public. Information technology comes in by the use of electronic marketing also known as e marketing whereby advertisements and promotions by the hotels are made through the internet. For instance, a person who wants to go on holiday in a country of their choice could find details of the desired services by searching various hotels from the internet (Tesone, 2006). Upon their selection, booking and placements could also be made online. On the other hand, business operations of a hotel could also be achieved through the application of information technology whereby orders and supply of the hotel are made through electronic means. For instance, vendors of a hotel could transact with hotel electronically such that purchase, service orders, invoices, and cheques are transferred electronically without physical meeting of the parties involved. The accounting function of hotels could also be carried out using information technology whereby accounting services such as banking, payroll, preparation of financial statements and other financial transactions are done electronically (Cline & Louis, 1998, p. 11). This allows customers to make their payments online and get proof of payment by receiving receipts online. In addition, the human resource business function also requires in application of information technology given its diverse functionality. Through information technology, hotels are able to fill up vacant
Introduction Companies engage in takeovers with the objective of increasing their value. Different nations have diverse legislations that guide or regulate takeovers. In the UK, Shikha reveals that takeover regulations take a shareholder-oriented approach. 1 Indeed, shareholders reserve the right and authority to permit managers to engage in any defensive tactics for a takeover bid. In fact, in the UK legislation, the City Code on Takeovers and Mergers only comes into play when a bid already exists. In support of this assertion, Jindra and Moeller state, “ban on defensive tactics by managers in the UK makes it easier for hostile bids to succeed”. 2 Hence, the existence of a bid gives room for managers to deploy less stringent regulations before the actualisation of a takeover bid. Despite this possibility, the UK still believes that its takeover regulations encourage economic growth. From this position, by reviewing the literature on hostile takeovers and considering typical takeover cases between Cadbury Plc and Kraft Food Inc., this paper argues that the UK’s takeover regulations are detrimental to its long-term economic growth and that urgent reforms are needed to address this situation. The Main Argument The link between takeover laws and economic growth is apparent upon considering the argument that any takeover arrangement, including mergers and acquisitions, focus on increasing the value of stock prices. This arrangement creates a positive image of a firm’s performance, hence attracting more investments. Asker, Farre-Mensa, and Ljungqvist support this assertion observing that corporate takeovers should serve the principal purpose of improving stock prices and the stock market performance of various businesses that are involved in takeovers through a merger or acquisition. 3 However, despite the substantial stock price increment after a takeover, Erel, Jang, and Weisbach assert that the acquirers suffer negative market performance in the long-term. 4 In other words, based on their implication on the long-term economic growth, takeover laws in the UK do not consider the underlying effects on the firm taking over a given organisation. Indeed, whether the acquiring firm gains more than the one taken over or the vice versa, it is apparent that financial resources flow within the UK economy, especially where such arrangements do not involve a foreign company. Nevertheless, ill-motivated takeovers are disadvantageous to long-term economic growth. This claim implies that laws in the UK should ensure that ill-focused takeovers do not occur. Misinformed takeovers that have been experienced in the UK have cost the country huge financial resources. For example, the 1996 hos
Relapse model Relapse refers to a situation where the victim returns to a previous state of behavior or mental condition (Percy, 2008). Relapse supports the disease model, and it is linked closely to the medical and psychological models. It is a constituent of the overall process, which is specific to the affected individuals. Relapse is akin to a normal event that can be handled by treatment. The relapse model coincides with a number of medical and psychological behavior models. Recidivism Model Recidivism is defined as the act of returning to prison, but generally, it is taken to refer to return to a pattern of a given behavior. However, the focus of recidivism is being caught and being returned to the justice system. Many studies measure recidivism by considering the number of times an individual returns to prison (Hosser, Windzio & Greve, 2008). Studies in this area do not look at the reasons for returning, but only whether the person returned to prison or not. Harm Reduction Model This model considers treatment as successful if going through the treatment has less harm than not taking the treatment at all. An example of this aspect is a violent person who completes a treatment program for violent conduct. If in a repeat incidence, the person destroys property, the treatment is considered a success because s/he did not harm the owner of the property. His/her violent behavior is considered to have reduced. Contrasting the three models The advantage of the relapse model is its consistency with other treatment efforts. For this model, one reoccurrence of behavior or a lapse is not a treatment failure. The lapses are used as learning points, and they help in understanding the pattern coupled with how to control a full relapse. Its greatest limitation is the ambiguity in measuring the reoccurrence of the targeted behavior accurately. Forensic treatment providers have to report the relapses, and thus the tendency to fear or hide the reversions makes the measurement of the reoccurrence of the targeted behavior difficult. One of the advantages of the recidivism model is that by using records for law enforcement such as prison records and offense databases, among others, one can measure the outcomes related to recidivism. This aspect makes the use of this model highly beneficial. However, its challenge is that it does not factor in the reason why the victim returns to the prison. Finally, the advantage of the harm reduction model is that it takes into account both the frequency and the quality of the behavior (Hanser & Mire, 2011). Therefore, this model is highly adopted by most needle-sharing programs for addicts of heroin in Europe and organizations that distribute condoms for HIV prevention in Africa. The greatest challenge of the harm reduction is its difficulty in measurement. For example, if a drug addict reduces his/her intake of the drug from “more frequently” to “less frequently,” such a trend is not quantifiable, and the victim is still at risk of other challenges. Therefore, the model is qualitative. An individual can complete a treatment program for sexuall
Introduction In the case of public health programs, there is the need for depending on several sources of funding for taking care of the long-term medical needs of people especially elderly people nearing retirement. This becomes essential since most of the social insurance programs cover people within a specified income range. Some of the sources which can be used for funding the long-term medical needs of senior citizens are discussed in this paper. Private Insurance A large number of Americans depend on long-term care insurance. Elderly people might be able to buy at least long-term insurance coverage. Although the senior people nearing retirement in the middle-income group cannot afford to buy the most comprehensive insurance plans, many of the private insurance carriers offer a number of variants with the best possible benefit combinations. When the senior person is able to specify the amount, he/she can afford to pay as premiums, the agent can arrive at an acceptable price by adjusting the policy design. However, it is not possible to identify the important policy features readily and it needs a complete analysis of the different options available. However, it must be noted that any change in the environment like modifications in the Medicare policies or the introduction of other new public funding programs may make the policy obsolete. These changes may overlap with the coverage under the long-term insurance policy procured by the individuals. This implies that the policy bought today might lose its value in the future or might fail to provide access to newly emerging service facilities. Stand-alone insurance products may become handy and may prove to be a sensible investment option (Merlis, 2005). Reverse Mortgage Home equity is one of the available sources of funding for long-term care for senior people nearing retirement. Under a reverse mortgage, the lender advances to an elderly person against a future claim on the home. Even though this practice has not become popular, some of the state’s borrowers have presumably been using the proceeds to pay long-term health care needs. One disadvantage with a reverse mortgage is that this method is costly and in extreme emergent situations people can avail the funds for immediate use (Merlis, 2004). A reverse mortgage is an improved type of loan. Under this facility, the seniors are given the option of receiving the money in different forms. The elderly people can receive the benefits as a lump sum payment. They can also avail the facility of receiving fixed monthly payments for up to life. They may also opt for a line of credit or a combination of a line of credit and monthly payments. Most people choose the line of credit which allows the borrower to utilize the funds as and when necessary. Virtually any individual of
Introduction Statement of the thesis The decline in oil prices is likely to cause an increase in consumption, a decrease in inflation, and an increase in real GDP growth rate in the next few years. In recent times, oil prices have been falling and seem to stabilize at around 40 dollars a barrel. This paper will examine factors determining the changes in oil price and how it affects the country’s economy, with a focus on the U.S. economy. There are uncertain reasons regarding this recent steep fall in oil prices, such as temporary and permanent shifts in oil demand and supply, such as the entrance of the United States as a leading producer in the market. We will further investigate how changes in oil prices affect a country’s GDP and its economy as a whole, considering selected economic indicators such as nominal and real interest rates, real GDP growth rate, real wages, and final consumption. If the change in oil prices has a strong influence on the rate of inflation, there is a need to specify the actions that policy makers should consider in response to the changes. Statement of the problem/ issues The main problem is to find out whether there is a strong association between crude oil prices and other economic indicators, such as interest rates, final consumption, real GDP growth rate, and inflation rate. If there is a strong correlation between oil prices and selected macroeconomic indicators, the government should consider an intervention to protect the economy from fluctuations in oil prices and the rate of inflation. The decline in oil prices is likely to cause a decline in export demand because of reduced income from oil exporting countries. The decline in oil prices is also associated with a decline in investment in the oil & gas sub-sector (Baffes at al., 2015). Reduction in investment in the sub-sector may have a small negative impact on aggregate demand. There is uncertainty on how long the low prices will last. It may prevent interest rates from dropping further when interest rates have a correlation with oil prices. If the low prices are short-lived, any intervention from the government will cause a distortion that may last longer than expected. Blinder & Rudd (2008) suggest that a rise in inflation raises concern in a similar manner to disinflation. Nelson (2004) discusses that the economic policies should not react to the changes in oil prices in a similar manner it had reacted in the past oil shocks. Hypothesis There are multiple graphical presentations in existing literature that portray that inflation and oil prices follow the same trend line. This paper seeks to establish whether there is a strong correlation between changing oil prices and the selected macroeconomic indicators. It follows the first impression they give when one studies the graphical presentations. We state the following hypotheses to assist in finding a solution to the strength of the influence of oil price changes to the economy. H 0 : There is