ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The relevancy of a research project is measured in terms of the new knowledge the research establishes and the applicability of the same knowledge in solving human problems. The kind of view on research determines the focus of the researcher (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2009, p. 26). The view adopted on research affects how researchers design their research methodology and consequently, the kind of data they are able to retrieve from the field. Each research work has to have significance and validity (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2009, p. 26). Therefore, adopting or having the right perspective view that leads to using effective methodologies is of critical importance. There are two major views on research i.e. the objectivist and the subjectivist view. Subjectivism is a way of looking at subjectivity, which is a quality that characterizes all rational animals (Ratner, 2008). As subjects, we think and interpret or understand data or activities as us. This means that our understanding is limited by our capacity or disposition. It is this element of subjectivity that makes experiences unique to each individual. Subjectivity takes different forms depending on how one looks at it. Subjectivism is warranted by the socially embedded meaning that informs relationships or interactions (Ratner, 2008). The symbolic meanings give a deeper meaning to reality as experienced. Objectivity and subjectivity are elements every research has to contend with. Objectivity in research refers to impartiality in the investigation, recording and handling of data by researchers. Subjectivity issues in research refer to the acceptability of personal opinions and feelings in the investigations, recording and handling of data by researchers. The interplay between the need for objectivity and balancing subjective judgments poses a paradox (Ratner, 2008). If not looked into, subjectivism and objectivism can create a conflict of interest in research work. Background The background of research refers to already established facts about a phenomenon understudy in the research. The research background plays a critical role in research design. A researcher can only develop relevant questions and methodologies to address gaps after doing a thorough background search. The objectivists and subjectivists differ on the relevancy of background to the research. According to objectivists, background research is important and is a starting point for further research. The background research, for objectivists, necessarily, bears directly on the final findings from research work. For subjectivists, background research is important but is not a necessary prerequisite. The subjectivist view understands reality as a moving concern and thus the reality of established facts is not the same reality that will inform present research (Coghlan& Brannick, 2005, p. 23). Based on an objectivist view, many research proposals have been turned down in universities and other research institutions. Authorities in the research field demand that researchers establish clear variables before embarking o
Introduction Traditional Chinese medicine abbreviated as TCM is a complementary or alternative medical system that is practiced in most parts of the world. This group includes traditional practitioners who originated from China. TCM has developed for a long period of time. The TCM constitutes diagnosis, theories, and treatments like acupuncture, massage, and herbal medicine. It’s sometimes called Oriental medicine and includes other traditional East Asia medicine; Japan and Korea. The belief is that the body of a human is interrelated and is constant in contact with the environment. (James, 1999 pp.3) Key People who development medicine in China Hua Tao- He was a famous physician in the period of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the period of Three Kingdoms. Many people of that time referred to him as “an immortal who had passed the gates of this life” and “a man with the complexion of a youth and a snowy beard”. He was the first person to use anesthesia during surgery. This anesthesia was a combination of alcohol and an herbal concoction called mafia. (Fan, 2004 pp.314-316) Apart from the treatment he also devised ways to enhance health. This was among the Wuqinxi; (Frolics of the Five Animals) an exercise which was derived from the movement of tiger, bear, deer, crane, and ape. He was also able to diagnose miscarriages and predict the sex of the fetus through the position of the fetus. He was an expert in digestive system diseases and anomalies. He was able to treat general Zhou Tai and later worked in the court and frequently treated Cao Cao with acupuncture to stop the pain. He was later jailed for lying to Cao Cao and later was executed after burning a book Nang Shu “medical practice book”. This was a loss to TCM. (Fan, 2004 pp.313-320) Zhang Zhongjing-He was an Eastern Han physician and was renowned during the later years of Eastern Han. He lived in the periods from 150 to 219. He derived and developed medication principles and also summed up the experience that he obtained. He learned medicine through Zhang Bozu and accumulated more literature from various sources. During his period there was frequent febrile disease. He later wrote the masterpiece Shanghan Zabing Luin’s “treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases”. He later lost the book during war time. It was later picked up and was compiled into two books: On Cold Damage and Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer. Huang Fu Mi-He lived between the period 215 and 282 CE in the Chin dynasty. He was a renowned physician and compiled a b
Protestant reformation was a religious movement that commenced in the 16 th century in Western Europe. 1 This movement was meant to bring about an internal renewal in the church. Consequently, it led to numerous revolts and abandonment of Christian doctrines. Notably, this movement was initiated by John Calvin, Martin Luther and other protestant activists who were largely described as reformers. 2 Needless to say, the activists anticipated to re-structure the Roman Catholic Church’s doctrines. Eventually, this precipitated to the formation of protestant groups. Consequently, the protestant reformation initiated a permanent schism in the western church. Certainly, there were myriads of reasons and objectives behind the movement. Moreover, numerous methods and strategies were used to bring about reforms in Western Europe. As a result, certain consequences were experienced in numerous regions in Europe. It is against this backdrop that this paper intends to analyze why protestant reformation began and examines how it led to the emergence of permanent schism in the Western church. From a careful review of literature, it is apparent that the causes of protestant reformation can be traced back in 14 th century. 3 During this time, religious doctrines remained pure and uninterrupted in all the regions in Europe. Nevertheless, medieval institutions began to emerge and numerous works of education proliferated. During the same period, religious art had a living force and became so influential through domestic missionaries. People in Europe adopted and embraced the edifying literature of religion. Nevertheless, the spirit of civil influence rose with heightened desire for new order in the society. In this case, the desire to spread civilization in Europe was accompanied by social and political conditions that deterred the church’s activities. 4 In line with this, dissatisfaction in the church became so rampant in European society that it hampered smooth operations. For instance, intellectuals criticized the church for its intense emphasis on unhelpful rituals in the pretext of salvation. In thi
The human body and other living organisms have numerous natural adaptive mechanisms that keep them at the state of functioning properly. Sweating is one of these very crucial processes. Sweating can be defined as a natural thermoregulation process that helps in maintaining a balanced body temperature (Franklin, 2005). This research paper seeks to investigate the reasons why we as human beings sweat. It will thus explain how sweating occurs biologically, the circumstances under which we sweat and factors enhancing it, the sweat components, and finally discuss the genetic and sex influence on sweating. Sweating, as mentioned above, is one of the most crucial natural ways through which the body cools down especially during hot conditions. Sweating which is also referred to as perspiration may seem to make the body hotter, especially when the temperatures are slightly higher. However, without sweating, our bodies would not be able to withstand the heat that it produces. According to research, the sweating process occurs in order to maintain the normal body temperature which has been clinically determined to be about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celsius (Roizen & Oz, 2008). In the event of sweating failure, human beings would suffer from heatstroke especially during hot weather or when they are exercising. Sweating can be explained from a physiological perspective. We all eat food most of the time in order to sustain life and keep ourselves healthy. The food that we take in daily has to be burned off during the metabolic process of respiration (Franklin, 2005). This process, therefore, produces large amounts of heat energy which in turn triggers the hypothalamus in our brain to automatically jump start the natural cooling off process. Beneath the human skin, that is in the epidermis, are long and spiraling tubes of body structures which are called sweat glands and are responsible for ensuring the cooling process. During warm or hot days, the vessels carrying blood in our skin open up and the glands contract resulting in the sweat glands releasing the fluid through the sweat pores found on the surface of the skin. The released sweat moisturizes the skin and then it evaporates taking away some amount of heat from the body (Freudenrich, 2006, April 23). Normally, it is this evaporation process that causes general cooling of the body. The number of sweat glands in our body is estimated at 2 million. Sweating is not, however, restricted to hot conditions only, but we also perspire during cold days even when we are not engaged in any strenuous work (Franklin, 2005). It has been established that our body constitutes of two-thirds of water and we lose such a great amount of it on a daily basis through the perspiration process. This is the rea
Introduction Managers should be ready to share power with their followers and subordinates if positive gains are to be realized. This principle is also applicable in a healthcare setting. It is also necessary for nurses to compel their leaders and managers to support their agendas and ensure safe, personalized, and timely services are available to different patients. This paper supports the use of resistance techniques to ensure managers share power with their staff nurses. Discussion and Analysis The article “Seeking Connectivity in Nurses’ Work Environments: Advancing Nurse Empowerment Theory” examines how managers and staff managers exercise power in their respective healthcare settings. The author acknowledges that nurses can use diverse forms of resistance to exert power and ensure that every manager supports their objectives (Udod, 2014). Th
Introduction Solomon (2011) defines consumer behavior as “the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose off products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires’” (p. 41). Studying the behavior of consumers is very important because it helps develop marketing strategies and public policies. It also promotes social marketing which is provides the marketers with adequate knowledge about the needs of consumers. Consumer behavior enhances maximum satisfaction of the needs of consumers and the development of better products (Perner, 2011). To maximize profitability is important for marketing and this can only be achieved by developing good strategies of identifying the behavior of consumers towards the products in the market. The main objective in marketing is to retain existing customers and get new ones. All business activities are supported by the good relationship with the consumers. Learning consumer behavior in both business-to-businesses marketing as well as business-to-consumer marketing is very important in improving the performance of a business (Deaton & Muellbauer, 1980). Effect of culture on consumer behavior Culture affects the consumer behavi
In a profession such as politics that is filled with conmen and liars, it is unusual to come across a political leader who is adored by the citizens of his or her country both in life and death. It takes a unique combination of qualities woven into a clear rope of character and manifested in an honest and unambiguous life. Maria Eva Duarte de Peron stands out as an example of the few leaders with this kind of life. While alive, the people loved and after her death, their affection for her immortalized her. Biographical Context Maria was born on the 7 th of May in the year 1919 in a poor village named Los Toldos in rural Argentina. Her mother was not married meaning that she was born out of wedlock. Her father, Juan, was a married man who came to Juana, Maria’s mother when he felt like (Barnes, pp. 5-7).It reached a point where he left and never came back. The crushing poverty that ensued made it difficult for Maria to pursue education. Her outstanding ability to comprehend issues would have served her well in school but this is a chance that she never got. At the age of sixteen, she left her rural home to pursue acting as a career in the capital city, Buenos Aires (Martinez, p. 20). Her charm was inescapable and within a short time she was able to secure a job with a radio station. This later allowed her to get gigs in acting and perform other roles in the media industry. The driving factor in all these pursuits was the search for not only financial freedom for her family but also love that was not in plenty at home. The struggles of her single mother and the absent father led to the absence of the parental love that young girls need. Her three siblings needed financial support as well as her mother and the poverty of the rest of rural Argentina never ceased to bother her. This is what remained in her conscience throughout her adult life till her death in 1952 at the tender age of 33 years. It was clearly displayed in her public life as a first lady and politician when she worked closely with the masses through state structures and her charity organization to improve the lives of poor Argentineans. What achievements did Maria Eva make during her lifetime? Maria Eva’s Achievements Maria made numerous achievements during her time as a private citizen and a public servant. The much she was able to accomplish is astonishing when the beginnings of her life are brought into focus. It is not always that a young girl from a poor single family is able to rise to the level where she can make decisions on behalf of a nation. But this is exactly what Maria achieved for herself and her people. In the following segment of this research paper, the various achievements that Maria made are examined in detail. To start with, Maria is credited with the admission of women into the politics of Argentina through voting. Argentinean women were not allowed to vote, a condition that Maria felt was oppressive and discriminatory. With the female population being far higher than that of m
It is necessary to understand the importance of cross-cultural research on leadership. There are several aspects that contribute to its significance. These are globalization, methodological challenges, validate leadership theories in other cultures, a wider range of variables and processes, validate taxonomies in other cultures, culture-dependent situational variables, and the need to influence people from other cultures. To comprehend the obstacles of studying cross-cultural leadership, it is important to identify the types of these studies. Such studies are divided into categories. The first category is focused on the research of behaviors, skills, and traits. The second category aims at studying beliefs about effective behaviors. The third is about differences in leadership methods. Finally, the last category studies the relationships between leadership and subordinate outcomes. However, to properly conduct a cross-cultural study, researchers should overcome such methodological problems as the equivalence of meaning for measures, defeating effects of demographic or situational variables, response bias, representative sample, and level of analysis. Cultural values relate to leader behavior. Such a connection might be caused due to several aspects like cultural values and societal norms, cultural norms and societal laws, cultural conformity, changes in values and traditions over time, and incompatibility between organizational and cultural values. In order to fully understand the correlation between cultural values and leader behavior, it is necessary to mention cultural value dimensions. These are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, gender egalitarianism, performance and humane orientation, and culture clusters. Another important aspect relates to gender issues. Such issues in leadership include sex-based discrimination, glass ceiling explanation, feminine advantage theories, research findings and limitations on gender differences, and identifying causes and reducing discrimination. The main findings of research on gender differences describe debate and scholarly disagreement and gender differences in leadership behavior and effectiveness. These findings suggest two steps to manage diversity. The first step is to foster appreciation and tolerance. The second step is to provide equal opportunities. The development of leadership in companies is highly beneficial. It increases external condition change rates and professional competence. Also, it provides new competencies. In addition, such development is relevant for all decision-makers as it focuses on professional skills applicable to existing occupations. There are several methods of development. These methods include lecture and
Self-Driving Car A self-driving car or an autonomous vehicle refers to an automobile with unique capabilities such as sensing its surroundings and navigating in a safe manner with minimal or no human input. Its design comprises devices such as GPS, radar, sonar, and inertial measurement units that help in sensing the environment (Fallon, 2018). It is also installed with advanced control systems that capture and interpret information, which allows for navigation through paths, evading obstacles, and signage among others. Google started this project in 2009, with the aim of realizing the dream of autonomous driving. In 2016, Waymo, an American autonomous driving technology company, became a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc, the parent company of Google. This eventually led to Google’s self-driving project becoming Waymo. Since this development, the company has engaged a lot in public participation, where the public is often invited to join in public trials of autonomous vehicles operated by Waymo drivers (Fallon, 2018). In 2020, Waymo became the first company to introduce a fist autonomous vehicle on public roads. One of the most notable elements about this concept is the sensational promotion that has happened over the years. This is evident in the number of technology companies that have offered their support. Tesla is one of the companies that have shown great support and faith in this concept to the extent of offering private vehicle owners subscription-based “full self-driving” experience in 2021. This feasible technology is definitely bound to have a constructive impact with regard to the way people move from one point to another. Among the revolutionary changes that are likely to be witnessed due to the impact of this technology, include increased safety on the roads, low transportation costs, and reduced use of fossil fuels among others. The number of accidents resulting from human errors and irresponsible behaviors such as drunk driving will be greatly reduced (Bailey, 2014). It would be a safe option to replace human-driven cars with self-drive cars as a way of improving safety on the roads and reducing the cost of providing health services to accident victims. Another positive impact that this technology will have is increased productivity across all sectors of the economy. This benefit will be necessitated by the fact that people will be able to utilize their time while commuting to do different things. However, the adoption of this revolutionary technology is bound to have some negative impacts across the spectrum. First, various car-relate
ISKCON Prabhupada founded ISKCON in New York in 1966 (Haddon 147). This religious institution promulgates ideas and beliefs that are rooted in Hinduism. The followers of ISKCON believe that Krishna is the supreme being that should be worshiped. ISKCON devotees believe that humans reincarnate constantly living numerous lives in different shapes (people, animals, plants, and so on). ISKCON is also famous for its mantra that involves saying ‘Hare Krishna’ many times (Petersen 146). The rituals include chanting mahamantra and Japa (chanting mahamantra for each bead in their bead string) that help the devotees to purify their spirit. The most important ceremony is the initiation that includes a discussion with the guru, commitment to the principles of the religion and certain way of life (no substance use, no meat-eating, no gambling, no illicit sex), and receiving a new name. Sikhism Sikhism appeared between the 15 th and 18 th centuries (Mandair 4). Ten gurus created it. This religion is associated with an individual’s path to perfection through the guidance of his/her guru. It originated in India but became popular in the USA in the 1970s when many Indian immigrants came to this country. Devotees believe that there is one god that is one for all religions. They also believe that all people are equal and should try to achieve perfection through knowledge and virtue (Kaur Singh 33). Some gurus stress that rituals cannot be used in Sikhism as they distract from self-perfection (Mandair 120). However, rituals still exist. For example, the ritual of initiation involves expressing commitment to the values and beliefs in front of a guru. The devotees also drink ‘holy water’ and eat special food. After this, people are regarded as devotees. Yoga and Its Five Paths Yoga is deeply rooted in Hinduism, and the development of this practice started around five thousand years ago (Payne 20). The major belief is that the central goal of human life is to get rid of the individual’s ego and achieve enlightenment. Five paths can help people achieve enlightenment (Payne 20). These paths include the path of action (Karma), the path of devotion (Bhakti), the path of knowledge (Jnana), the path of introspection (Raja), and the path of balance (hatha). Meditation is one of the basic rituals of yoga. This is the process that helps devotees to achieve enlightenment and balance as well as get rid of their egos. Yoga also teaches non-violence and the focus on the spiritual aspects. Jainism Jainism appeared in India in the 6 th century BC (Long 219). Jains believe that there is no creator, and the universe includes hell, heaven, and siddhas (enlightened souls) (Vemsani 116). Devotees of this religion promulgate non-violence. They believe in reincarnation. A