ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Laws and regulations limit persons from violating the constitutional rights of others. States’ laws prevent and or reduce crime rates (Peak, 2012). However, such laws should reflect both legal and ethical soundness in their application. As one of the constitutional rights, people have the right and freedom of movement without violation of their privacy unless a court order justifies such a violation. However, this freedom is impinged on in the State of New York. In the early 1990s, “the ‘stop and frisk’ law found its way into the State’s laws to promote proactive policing” (Kuh, 2005, p.34). Procedural laws for the State of New York under section 140:50 make provision for it. The ruling by the US Supreme Court on the case of Terry v. Ohio informs this law. It gives the New York Police Department (NYPD) legal justification for stopping and frisking pedestrians in search of contrabands such as weapons. Although one of the mandates of the NYPD includes preventing crime from occurring by deploying legal means, this paper questions the legal and ethical foundation of the ‘stop and frisk’ law applied by the NYPD. It also discusses the pros and cons of the law. Pros Police not only target to arrest crime perpetrators, but also they seek to prevent the occurrence of crime. This assertion implies that the police have to recover weapons in the wrong hands before their utilization to commit a crime such as murder. When applied properly, in theory, ‘stop and frisk’ law is advantageous along this line of argument. The interpretation of this pro in the context of the criminology theory of the ‘broken window’ better elaborates this perspective. The broken window theory argues that maintaining and monitoring urban areas to ensure orderliness conditions incredibly aid in the prevention of additional vandalism and a series of crimes. For example, a house with only few of its windows broken presents no harm to any person; however, when vandalized by breaking more windows, homeless people acquire a better view and access to the building. They soon realize that the house has no occupants. Therefore, they settle and light fires inside, which cause more destruction of the house, and ultimately, it becomes a squatters’ abode. In the context of crime prevention, the ‘broken window’ theory suggests that more crimes have possibilities of becoming major crimes if they remain unchecked, which is analogous to failure to maintain the house in a good condition. This reason underlines the importance of ‘stop and frisk’ law as it enables the police to stop people, especially within areas with high crime prevalence rates, and search them for dangerous substances coupled with weapons. This move helps in the elimination of guns from the streets. Hence, the law curtails incidences of occurrence of serious crimes. Through the law, the NYPD can repair the house’s broken w
Introduction Violence is attributed to be a serious public menace in America. Over the years it has known no boundaries as it has affected the different classes in the society. From the infants to the elderly, none is spared by the wave of violence. The rise in the violent incidents is evident from the ever rising death tolls in America. Despite the fact that majority of the people in America escape the death traps of violence, they may end up living the rest of their lives with emotional as well as permanent scars. Not only does violence reduces the productivity levels within a nation, it is also attributed to disruption of social services as well as reduction in property value. Youth and sexual violence are some of the categories incorporated in the general topic of violence (Violence Prevention, 2011, par 1). Youth and sexual Violence In America, various acts of violence have been on the downward trend among the adults and on an upward trend among the youth and adolescents, especially in school’s environs. The violence among the youth ranges from vandalism to physical assault and homicide. The best way of tackling the youth violence is by tackling it prior to its inception among the youths. Strategies like parent and family based programs, mentoring, Social-development strategies and changes to the physical as well as social environment of the youths, are to be incorporated. Not only do these strategies help in solving the menace at hand, it also prepares the nation for other public health problems (Understanding youth violence, 2010, p. 2). Sexual violence is a type of violence that affects mainly the female gender although there are still cases of male sexual violence that have been reported. Sexual violence ranges from sexual harassment to rape incidents. It is approximated that 20-25 % of college women in America have one time or another experienced an attempted or complete rape incident in her collage life (Understanding sexual violence, 2011, p. 1). Sources and Data information The data attained is from different institutions that are incorporated in the various sectors of the American society as well as the various surveys that have been conducted. The sources include the public health training network, Association of Public Health Laboratories among others (Other information systems, 2008, p. 1). Facts of youth and sexual violence Homicide violence is attributed to be second in causes of death among young people of ages 10 to 24 years. In 2009 a survey conducted indicated that 5.6% of youths carry guns and other weapons to school (Youth violence, 2010, p. 1). On the other hand at least 2.5% of the women have experienced sexual violence in the past 12 months of their lives. In addition to this 30.4 % of perpetrators of sexual violence are intimate partners (Sexual violence, 2008, p. 1) Relevance of information achieved The information achieved regarding youth and sexual violence is crucial to the criminal justice professionals as it offers guidance on zeroing in on the potential perpetrators of a crime. For instance, in case of sexual violence
Introduction Just in Time (JIT) is an inventory policy that is based on the controlled exclusion of all waste and improving the return on investment. This approach aims at producing the right product at the right time while reducing costs that are drawn in the supply chain; these costs or rather wastes include faulty production strategies that need re-operation, unworthy materials movement, gaining excess supply or equipment breakdown costs. In the elimination of keeping the inventory, JIT ensures that supplies are only delivered when required. It is known that JIT evolved itself from the Toyota Production System also termed Kanban (Long, 2003, p. 53). JIT depicts itself in different ways; including a production strategy, a philosophy and a program, which are deemed to improve profits and investment returns as compared to the traditional inventory control. Body The traditional inventory control is normally seen as adding subsequent costs or waste to some extent, rather than improving the investment value. This is because some predefined steps are involved in the inventory control which does not take care of the wastes that are incurred in the supply chain; the supplies can be stored for a long time without proper marketing strategies for consumers’ awareness. In contrast, JIT is implemented to reduce the stocks; it eliminates the materials that do not pay for the issues in manufacturing, and then immediately increasing the returns on inventory by keeping fewer stocks. While a traditional inventory control applies a whole manufacturing process, the JIT is mainly involved in a recurring manufacturing method in which the same products and items are produced over short periods. This approach has been experienced in two automobile companies; Toyota and Ford as a lean initiative (Jacobs, 2006). JIT is viewed as incorporating various elements. Long (2003) outlines that JIT as a program strategy – eliminates costs and makes more efficient application of company resources, as a philosophy – ensures that the right materials are acquired at the right time, and as a program – gets rid of non-value-added operations, while improving the quality and productivity, lowering the inventory and setting sustainable relationships with the channel members. Other key features are: 1. Reduce setup times – this can be realized through proper planning, product and process redesign. 2. Reduce lead times – the manufacturing lead times can be lowered by performing a collective production technique, in which resources are used in a group technology; the lead times for delivery can be reduced through proper cooperation with the suppliers and middlemen in a view to congest the supply chain. 3. Preventive maintenance – idle time for appliances and employees is use
Abstract According to research literature, the quality of lodging has a considerable impact on the ability of learners to study successfully, as well as on their satisfaction with their time at university; such satisfaction ultimately increases the competitiveness of universities and attracts more students. The objective of this study is to investigate several factors that may affect student satisfaction with their lodging and to compare the importance of these factors for the students of Whitireia Community Polytechnic (New Zealand). For this paper, a convenience sample was drawn from the students of the named institution; the respondents were asked to complete a survey specifically prepared for this study. The results were transferred into IBM SPSS Statistics; descriptive statistics were produced, and several paired samples t-tests were run. No, statistically significant (at α =.05) difference was found in the respondents’ opinion about the importance of such factors as (1) the distance between their accommodation and university, (2) the perceived convenience of transportation, (3) the friendliness of their host, and (4) the amount of privacy they received from their host. The only significant difference (p=.048) that was found was between factors (2) and (4). It can be concluded that, surprisingly, students viewed the named factors as approximately equally unimportant. Introduction The satisfaction of university students may depend on several factors, including those related to accommodation, and this satisfaction is important for universities to attract new students. This statement is confirmed by research, such as Najib, Yusof, and Abidin (2011), Khozaei, Hassan, Al Kodmany, and Aarab (2014), or others. The objective of the current study is to investigate the opinions of students of Whitireia Community Polytechnic (New Zealand), which were not found in the literature, about several factors related to accommodation, such as proximity to the university, transportation convenience, friendliness of the host and the host’s respect for the student’s privacy. This may permit better satisfying the lodging-related needs of this university’s learners and increase the university’s competitiveness. After the literature review, the paper’s methodology is described, and the results of the statistical analysis are reported. Finally, in conclusion, the results of the study are summarised. Literature Review The satisfaction of students with their universities plays a considerable role for these universities (Najib et al., 2011; Wilkins & Huisman, 2011), for high student satisfaction increases the competitiveness of a college (Bashir, Sarki, & Samidi, 2012), attracting more potential students (Muslim, Karim, & Abdullah, 2012a; Najib, Yusof, & Sani, 2012). One of the important factors affecting student satisfaction is accommodation (Khozaei et al., 2014): because many students
In most cases, people have watched crimes happen without reporting them because of the complexities involved in reporting crimes, as some do not want to be involved in investigations; others are ignorant or frightened to the point that they cannot even report what happens. However, individuals are legally required to report a crime as it happens. In this research argument, the ‘1964 Kitty Genovese Case’ could be used to support why witnesses do not report crimes as they happen (Behrens & Rosen 433-500). In this case, Kitty also known as Catherine was the eldest child in a middle-class Italian-American family living in New York City. It can be seen from the case that, she decided to be left in the city when her parents migrated to Connecticut after a murder had occurred within the city. It is well indicated that Kitty had parked her car after returning from work at around 3.15 a.m.; when a man in black drew near her from the midst of darkness. After this, she was outdone by the man in a chase and was knifed many times despite the fact that she struggled to yell for help. From the case, it can be seen that no one came to rescue her except a man who yelled from inside his house to the murderer; telling him to ‘leave her alone. In this case, observers saw the attacker enter his car only to come back again to complete his mission; but did not dare help or report the case to the police. It can be seen from the case that, the attacker found Kitty when he came back for the second time bleeding and weak; when he raped and robbed her of some $49. The witnesses said that the police arrived after being called by Karl Ross some minutes after the murderer had run away. This episode lasted for about half an hour, without anything being done to stop it or even report it to the police (Rosenthal 10-79). Based on this case, it can be argued that thirty-eight people witnessed the murder but did not report it because of varied reasons and excuses. In this case, it can be deduced that many crimes happen unreported because of the onlookers’ assumptions; where they think the noises heard may be as a result of drunkards or between quarreling lovers. This has been brought about by the frequent noises and shouts; which are usually found in most city streets. Based on these assumptions, many attacks are not reported as it can be seen from Kitty’s case; where some onlookers thought her screaming was a result of a lover’s quarrel. From the case, a witness said, “We thought it was a lover’s quarrel” which made them ignore it (Rosenthal 1079). On the other hand, crimes are not reported as a result of fearfulness among the onlookers; after they get frightened to the extent that they can not make a call to the police. In this case, one gets frightened and starts shivering, fearing to be heard or seen, and gets attacked too. From the case, some witnesses were much afraid hence could not find the courage to call the police; an onlooker said that “Frankly, we were afraid”. “I tried but I was gaspin
Introduction Theoretical issues can be of primary importance for making certain decisions because theoretical ideas are implemented in practice. Observation of nature and society can clarify the issue of living in a certain period of time and experiences the processes that take place in natural environment, in society, and interact with other individuals. As some conclusions can be based on observations, it is necessary to consider the work by Engels and Marx that analyses the relationships between individuals in society in terms of their connections to each other and types of interactions; Freud focuses on the role of an individual in a society in terms of its relations to the civilization, and Darwin emphasizes the relations of individuals in terms of natural environment and other living species that inhabit the same territory. Examination of Sources The Communist Manifesto by Engels and Marx “A specter is haunting Europe — the specter of communism” (Marx and Engels, Preamble). The first statement of the manifesto identifies the relation of people towards the period of time they live in and characterizes the relations between people. As communism is described as specter, people are either unaware or afraid of it. However, the next passage clarifies the issue and analyzes that people were aware of communism but did not know exactly the peculiarities of regime and its consequences for the world. So, one of the prominent features of this work can be considered an idea of observation enlarged on while writing. For instance, the author described the ways of production and their adjustment to the needs of contemporary people hence thinking about changes that should be made in every situation when time comes, some time is necessary to see the necessity of changes and take appropriate steps: “The feudal system of industry, in which industrial production was monopolised by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets” (Marx and Engels, Chapter 1, para. 7). Thus, the author analyzes the actions of people and relations between different classes in society by observing the history and inferring from events that happen all the time. Repetition of events is the main concept that can be emphasized from Marx’s observation of society in a long period of time. Civilization and Its Discontents by Freud People need those ‘regulations which adjust the mutual relationships of human beings in the family, the state and society” (Freud 59). This is one of the examples that demonstrate how the author used observation of nature and society to infer from things he saw. The work is aimed at analysis and interpretation of the major reasons and preconditions for creation or appearance of civilizations. Freud noticed that all individuals have something in common and that every period of time can be marked with certain peculiar features that can be tips for creation of civilizations though every change requires a lot of time. Moreover, he analyzed the events that took place in the era such as the World War I where all technological innovations were used and the n
Effects of Haymarket Riot, Homestead Strike and Pullman Strike on AFL The Haymarket riot helped the AFL by increasing pressure for the creation of reasonable working hours. The AFL took the initiative to campaign for short working days. It is also believed that the strike led to growth and vitality of trade unions. The Homestead Strike on the other hand saw the defeat and collapse of the of The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (AA) and this acted as a great setback to the efforts put forward in a bid to unionize the steel workers. The fact that most steel companies decreased their wages and continued with de-unionization efforts meant that the AFL efforts were also undermined. The Pullman Strike boosted the AFL due to the immense support and great success achieved. The strike did not only increase national attention, but also led to the demand of federal action. The success of the strike was a big milestone to AFL. These three events hurt AFL as union membership began to decline. This was fuelled by employers developing their own strategies, which they used to counter the activities of the trade unions (Holley, Jennings &Wolters, 2009). Differences also arose within AFL in regard to the representation of semiskilled workers weakening the organization, as a rival labor organization was formed. Employer tactics to prevent/ minimize union membership growth before the Wagner ACT Employers would interfere with the formation and administration of labor unions, discriminate employees in relation to their tenure or the hiring processes and even put terms and conditions that would discourage employees from joining the labor organizations. Hiring of strikebreakers to end strikes and blacklisting union members was also used to counter the strengths of the unions. Employees would be restrained from their right to self-organization, by being restricted from engaging in activities with the aim of collective bargaining. They would be discharged or discriminated against if they filed charges against their employers or even testified against them. Employers would also have their own company unions in a bid to weaken the outside union’s influence on their employees (Michael, (n.d). Others would decline to bargain with union representatives if their employees were members and even forced them to sign agreements otherwise known as ‘the yellow-dog contracts’, agreeing not to join unions. None of these tactics would be lawful today. Evolution of labor unions and human resources Human resources can be traced back to the era before the industrial revolution when master craftsmen lived at home or in their shops with their apprentices. The apprentice would be taken care of by the master’s family as they learnt the trade (Michael, (n.d). With the emergence of the industrial age, this arrangement changed from a home environment to the fact
Japan is one of my countries of interest. Based on this discussion, I will be able to learn more about its identity, social construction, and culture. The national identity possessed by Japan has been inflexible for the last many years. Throughout history, the Japanese have defined their national identity as a homogeneous lingual, cultural and regional country. Although there has been friction and battles over the assimilation of other foreign populations and their languages, Japan has remained a united nation with a distinct national identity. Generally, Japan’s identity has been socially constructed to a high degree based on its core culture of ren, yin, and yang which implies togetherness, collectiveness, and heartedness. Based on this, Japan has been able to improve and rise to a level being witnessed today. It has become a world exemplary country setting trends for other upcoming countries. Despite the upcoming science and technology, Japan has always maintained its cultural identity focusing on social customs, cultural values, and intellects. Ethnicity and racism have played a minor role in the social construction of Japan. However, cultural concepts and Japanese core values have contributed to a higher degree of idea construction and general growth of the country. Currently, the modern-day society of Japan is defined by its vast landscape and a diverse population most of which share the same language (Japanese). There are several organizing symbols in Japan. The culture of Japan has been evolving greatly over the past years. Originally, the Japanese engaged in Jomon arts and has now evolved to contemporary culture gaining influence from other continents like Asia and Europe. Japan now engages in arts like architecture, cuisine, manga, and video game consoles. These art forms originated from crafts, performances, and traditions. Japan enjoys eclectic music and has borrowed various instruments, dancing styles, and scales from other cultures especially those close to it. Currently, Hello Kitty is becoming a Japanese popular culture with a character portrayed as a female bobtail Japanese cat. Hello, Kitty has now become a trademark for various products like pen sets, clothing, televisions, and other products. Financial products, high-end products, video games, and establishments form part of Hello Kitty’s products. Considering music, Hello Kitty’s album named hello-world features her inspired songs performed by artists like Pelmer and Yarckin. It is among the most popular music in Japan. In terms of sports, baseball forms today’s Japanese favorite sport. However, the original type of sports activity that was enjoyed by most Japanese was sumo. Language also forms part of the organizing symbols of the Japanese nation. As a country, almost ninety-nine percent of Japan’s occupants or population speak Japanese as a nat