ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract In the measurement of any relationship between variables, it is essential to use a correlation statistic to determine the strength of relationship between them. A data from three studies carried out on a given sample of population was obtained and analyzed by using both SPSS and Excel. The mean, standard deviation, range and F-test were obtained from three groups of samples in order to analyze the two variables X and Y. A one sample t-test was obtained at a 95% confidence interval after which the results were interpreted. ANOVA was also conducted in order to provide the value of F-score for interpretation purposes. The results had shown a lower standard deviation for a large sample size implying that a large sample size should be used to test the relationship between variables since it affects reduces variability of data. Introduction This report is aimed at obtaining a statistical analysis of the relationship between the two variables X and Y before determining the effect of changing sample size on variability. The X variable was the independent variable and the Y variable was the dependent variable. It will also explain the significance of F-score as obtained by ANOVA using SPSS. Three groups have been obtained from different sample sizes to ensure validity and reliability of results obtained in making a conclusion. The experiment involved the selection of various random variables in groups of 30 members for appropriate description and presentation of results. To determine the measurements for variability, the measures of range, standard deviation, variance and median were used to provide useful information for interpretation. Methods The experiment was been performed on random variables of X and Y obtained from a certain population. First, a sample size of 15 variables was obtained and recorded as group 1, second was group 2 with sample size of 60 and lastly group 3 with sample size of 90. The correlation for 30 variables of each group of sample was recorded for the study. In total, three groups of samples were obtained in order to ensure reliability of the results. Correlation was then calculated for each group to determine the relationship between X and Y. The correlation coefficient obtained from each group was then recorded for analysis. ANOVA was also conducted to evaluate whether the average score was equal or different between the means of groups (Adivia, 2010, par.3). Results Degree of Freedom For each the studies carried out, the number of data entries n is equal to 30.Therefore it means that the degree of freedom DF=n-1 is DF = 30-1 = 29 Critical Values Correlation #1 One-Sample Statistics    N   Mean   Std.
Abstract The introduction of a health policy has to be grounded in the principles of good governance, which implies creating and implementing a respective set of actions based on exhaustive, comprehensive research of every factor that may represent an obstacle. Specifically, sociocultural factors that may become the roadblock in advancing patient literacy have to be considered along with socioeconomic, technological, environmental, financial, and political factors. As the case of HIV policy development and implementation in RSA has shown, good governance provides insight into the needs of the target population and the circumstances in which these needs will be met, thus guiding the creation of a policy and its integration in the target setting. Introduction Introducing an effective health policy is always a challenging and complicated endeavor, which is mostly due to the presence of multiple factors that have to be addressed in the policy in question to safeguard general audiences from health issues. In South Africa, the problem of public health management is especially concerning because of the lack of resources (Marais & Petersen, 2015). However, the presence of a somehow consistent governance system allows implementing health policies in the way that implies homogeneity of actions across the state and the application of the policy at all levels of its execution. As a result, a uniform manner of managing a particular health concern is developed in order to be later adjusted to the unique environment of a specific healthcare setting. Thus, the role of state governance has a directly positive impact on the increase in health rates among the target population due to the cohesion of actions within the healthcare system and the opportunity to keep the standards for healthcare services high, at the same time monitoring the system and identifying its flaws. In order to address the effects of proper governance on the development of healthcare bills and introducing sensible guidelines for care, one will need to take a deep look into the notion of governance. Specifically, the principles of good governance have to be outlined. According to Setyaningrum, Wardhani, and Syakhroza (2017), the concept of good governance lies in selecting an appropriate model for action and achieving the results set as the main objectives. Another way of defining this contentious subject included inciting development, in general, whereas Fusheini, Eyles, and Goudge (2016) claim that the very existe
Hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” is an effective and valuable means of extracting natural gas and should not be stopped. Shale gas plays a critical role in securing the future energy needs of the Americans. In addition, hydraulic fracturing of natural gas from shale contributes to employment creation, adds revenue to our economy, and is an efficient form of extraction. Hydraulic fracturing creates jobs. Job creation is likely to have the most significant economic effect on our economy (Source #4). Many of the jobs created are as a result of the ripple effect of gas exploration (Source #1). For example, the Marcellus Shale gas industry generated 156,000 jobs in Pennsylvania alone in 2011 (Source #1). Projections for 2012 are that hydraulic fracturing will help to create 180.000 jobs owing to the advancement in the stimulation techniques that have led to an increase in well productivity (Source #1). It is estimated that by 2025 some 1 million jobs will have been created nationwide thanks to hydraulic fracturing (Source #3). On the other hand, reports by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) show that we are yet to know how long and the level to which hydraulic fracturing will impact on local economies. At the same time, it is assumed that owing to the specialized nature that characterizes hydraulic fracturing, it may fail to provide job opportunities to local communities as they due to lack of expertise. Also, in case of an accident or increase in industry traffic, local resources would end up attracting heavy tax. Moreover, there are indications that financial benefits associated with the traditional shale gas extraction re likely to be less than what was previously thought owing to companies intentionally overstating the size of their gas reserves and levels of productivity. In 2011, the price of natural gas reduced dramatically partly due to high levels of production of natural gas using the fracking technique. It is still not clear how such a price reduction would affect the economy. In addition, hydraulic fracturing impact positively on economic growth (Source #1). Increased production of natural gas stimulates the economy and provides additional resources for community services such as health care, education, and charities (Source #5). Pennsylvania has 1,632 Marcellus wells that pumped out 432.5 billion cubic feet of gas in early 2011 (Source #1). It is estimated that by 2020, Pennsylvania shall be the second largest producer of natural gas, after Texas (Source #1). In Pennsylvania, the Marcellus gas industry contributed $12.8 billion to the economy in 2011 and this is projected to increase to $14.5 billion by 2012 (Source #1). Pennsylvania has had a profound effect on the United States natural gas market. The continuation of hydraulic fracturing has boosted the economy by $12.
Introduction Human interaction without communication is most unimaginable. Surface communication that does not run deep leaves one with a feeling of dissatisfaction (Sherts, 2010) thus it is important to practice effective communication. My key aim when interacting with people is to improve my relationship with them, hence the importance of employing effective communication skills. Criteria My communication with different groups of people is usually contextual and depends on the specific group of people I am interacting with. The criteria are: foreigners, age, the disabled and context within which I am communicating (workplace or among fellow students). General tips for effective communication   * Practice anger management by not engaging in shouting matches with other people.   * Learn other languages so as to make it easier to interact with people from other cultural backgrounds (Schwartz, 1995).   * Be tolerant to people who speak to you in an unfriendly manner.   * Do not shout at people, even when you are angry with them.   * Do not use curse words while speaking to people, especially in a formal setting such as a workplace.   * Always remember people’s names and refer to them by such as this is usually considered polite.   * Not to complain when asked to repeat something you did not state clearly (Schwartz, 1995).   * Address your bosses as Sir/ Madam as this is a sign of respect to their authority.   * Use gestures while addressing audiences in order to reinforce your key points.   * Be patient while listening to people who are not fluent in your language.   * Avoid insulting gestures or gestures that might be construed to be insulting.   * Practice patience when paying attention to other people speaking (Schwartz, 1995). Personal tips for effective communication   * To use proper language while communicating with other people so as to be clear and concise and to be clearly understood.   * To speak slowly and clearly, especially while communicating with the elderly, who more often than not usually have hearing problems.   * To use gestures
What is Accountability? Accountability can be defined as the willingness to take responsibility for a set of actions that one has put into effect. This may come in many forms and features such as a person taking responsibility for a crime they committed or a company CEO owning up to a failed business venture that cost the company a considerable amount of time and money. In other words, accountability is the way in which a person assumes that all actions they commit have repercussions and as such, take measures to ensure that their actions comply with distinct moral and ethical standards. This act is particularly important in modern-day business practices due to the potential impact unscrupulous business practices have on the economy. Evidence of this can be seen in actions of Bernie Madoff (swindled billions of dollars from investors using a Ponzi scheme), the banking industry in the U.S. (hid toxic default ridden mortgages as viable investment-grade stocks) and finally the Greek government (utilized a complex system of swaps and exchanges in order to hide the extent of their debt from other members of the E.U.). What must also be understood is that the need for accountability encompasses not only financial practices but business operations as well. This comes in the form of the need to comply to international environmental standards of manufacturing (which China has been violating), the need to provide workers with a decent wage and safe working environment (which China has also been violating) and lastly the necessity of implementing operating procedures that take into account Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (which various U.S. based corporations have been violating by turning a blind eye towards the effect of outsourcing on the U.S. manufacturing industry). It is these and other examples too numerous to mention that show the impact of a lackadaisical approach to accountability and how it can negatively impact the lives of millions if not billions of people around the world. From a certain perspective, it can be stated that accountability involves not only taking responsibility for when actions result in adverse consequences but also the use of a moral and ethical framework in a decision-making process wherein an individual (or group of individuals) takes into account the potential impact of their decision and aligns their response in a way that results in a positive impact to all those concerned rather than one that just benefits the business itself. Applying Accountability in the Field of Hospitality Management In the field of hotel, management accountability becomes applicable in cases involving consumer interactions and how management deals with consumer complaints. The fact of the matter is problems do occasionally occur when a consumer’s concerns aren’t met. This can come in the form of e
Introduction Crime can be said to exist for many reasons. Some argue it is a natural part of life that will occur under nearly any circumstances while others argue that it can be controlled or all but eliminated by employing certain structures within society (Hickey, 2007). While it is commonly advised to make a clear distinction between deviance and crime, the same underlying principle that deviance aids in affirming the standards and values of society hold true to crime in the practical sense for all practical purposes. Philosophically this is the equivalent of saying that without evil one would not recognize good, and while this is evident in the criminal world and the world of law, it only provides some explanation as to why crime actually exists on a tangible level. While crime does in fact seem to reaffirm values and may occasionally assist in social changes, it is not rational or logical to claim that this is actually why it exists. This is the reverse of cause-and-effect thinking, and thus faulty. Needs for change in social norms may cause crime, and while these may be recognized the claim cannot be extended that crime is there waiting to help us see what needs to change. Criminals do not exist as harbingers of change waiting to reveal the truths of social existence. Statistics may be analyzed in such a way that similar conclusions can be drawn, however again this is not evidence that crime actually exists to help with changes that need to be made. Claiming that it exists to show us the positive values are in fact positive is on the same order of faultiness with regards to logic. Possible reasoning Many people have been trying to explain crime and find the reasoning behind it, while many philosophers and other theorists offer various explanations as to why crimes are committed. American society is based on social control, as are many other societies in modern times. Laws exist and are enforced on many levels on a constant basis. Police, lawyers, judges, and many other people function for the sole purpose of maintaining a level of social control. Society decides what is criminal and what is not, while many acts which are considered crimes by society can be twisted to be seen as either justifiable or even a fair or proper course of action for philosophical ideals such as revenge or other issues of equality. While many scientists have attempted to find genetic differences in criminals, nothing has been found as of yet which offers a sound and thorough explanation which is applicable to all or even the majority of criminals. Most studies have focused more on the environmental effects of society to drive people to commit a crime, and while this provides insight into a high number of statistics, it does provide answers on a general or fundamental level (SH, 2008). Psychological profiling has been attempted on a wide scale only to find a large number of people who have been convicted of crimes are psychologically “normal.” Some suggest
Drawing is a crucial element of visual arts since it constitutes a noteworthy element of fine art. Evidently, a drawing highlights crucial information about the object under study. It also shuns the use of words in recounting occurrences in real life. Modern drawings make use of ‘dry’ or ‘wet’ media; furthermore, drawings do not significantly differ from painting. During the drawing process, it is important to look at the connection between the vertical and horizontal lines of the image. The identification of the angle is tenable using a compass. It is remarkable to note that the measuring process lacks significance. Additionally, the pose of grasping the pencil is crucial during illustration. An example is evident when the vertical line is placed against the second line to form an angle. This determines the accuracy of the angle under formation. During the course of coming up with angles, it is important to shun the preconceived knowledge concerning the object. Instead, the artists should create new ideas to bring out the subject in a real situation. Proper consideration of the layout as evident in accurate joints makes the drawing appear real. Evidently, figures such as portraits attain proportionality. When drawing figures to exemplify three-dimensional aspects, it is important to darken the regions that are further from the light. This reflects the tone of the drawing. The direction of light influences the side of image with the shadow. Interestingly, the strength of the light influences the shade of the shadow. Additionally, lighting in the drawing also affects the feeling created by the figure. Two lighting aspects influence the ‘mood’ of a drawing. This incorporate the direction of lighting, and the magnitude of the light. During high intensity, light may blur some element of texture thus creating a perception. Composition is a significant aspect when producing quality artwork. Plans are initiated while organizing each of the image’s elements in a proper way thus communicating the mood/feeling to the observer. The positioning of the image together with the lighting will influence the feeling, which comes to the artist’s mind. In essence, the artist’s ideas ought to exemplify the viewer’s perceptions. The distance of the main figure relative to other figures in the drawing is an imperative element in art. This aspect influences the size and the ‘negative space’ in the drawing. This is an important feature in presentation of the drawing since it highlights important themes in the background. The arrangement in the background and emphasis on objects highlights the message, which the artist aims to communicate. Indeed, motion becomes articulate with the intention of passing appropriate information. Conclusively, drawings h
Three Parts of a Means of Egress A means of egress is the ability of people to leave a building safely when an emergency occurs. The exit path has to b well maintained in order to ensure that they are not obstacles to individuals during operations. An emergency may include fire and collapsing of a building. A means of egress comprises of three main parts. The parts are the path of travel to an exit, the exit itself, and the exit discharge that is also referred to as the path to a safe assembly point (LeClaire 2005).  1. The path of travel to an exit. It is also referred to as the exit access or the egress path. This is the path used by occupants of the structure to move from their workstations to a safe exit. It includes the space used by residents as a passage to reach the exit point. This may include the offices and corridors. The egress path must have fully illuminated exit signs. These signs should be clearly marked to aid the residents in case of an emergency (Stern, & Newlove, 2004).  2. The exit. This is the exit door, which is found at the farthest end of the path. It is a stipulated requirement that the exit should lead to the public assembly space. The exit door can have interior doors, which expressly head to the lobby or the doorway.  3. The exit discharge. The exit discharge is very important within a building. The space that comes immediately after the exit discharge must be kept clear of any objects that may hinder free accessibility during an emergency. The design of egress The design of egress varies from one region to the other, depending on the specific use of the structure, room, or space. There are basic requirements laid down by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) that guide these designs. These standard rules have to be applied when designing the egress. The NFPA has specified particular standards that must be applied when designing all the doors the egress. Some of these rules are discussed. At all times, no locking hardware for example chains and other locking devices should be used on these doors
Executive Summary The current challenge with Nestlé’s operations management system is its inability to effectively function at expected efficiency level for every bundle of inputs and outputs. Unfortunately, the linear efficiency feedback tracker of the company is not helping the situation since it generalizes the entire product line as a single unit. As a result wastes in terms of factors and cost of production are on the rise. The paper proposes full integration of a six-sigma tool to improve on production level efficiency by streamlining the decision process for every bundle of inputs against expected output units. The results indicate that integration of six-sigma would result in improved productivity level by up to 78% against an earlier expectation of 45%. Implementation of the proposed six-sigma tool will ensure that there is a balance in the operation efficiency cost elements such as dependability, speed, cost, and sustainability to create a self-sustaining decision process. Therefore, Nestlé will be in a better productivity level when the proposed recommendations are integrated within its linear production efficiency decision tracker. Background Information Operational Problem The Nestlé Company has a stable operational management framework characterized by efficiency in the quality certification system from a centralized production network. However, the company is currently grappling with the challenge of sustaining its quality management matrix due to the constantly shifting production dynamics and poor forecasting strategies. For instance, in the last three financial years, the company has not been able to meet the production efficiency targets as the costs continue to expand. Nestlé depends primarily on macro production tools for tracking different quality elements in the production sustainability matrix. However, considering the dynamics in the mass production sector, this approach has not been effective since it cannot accurately pinpoint any inefficiency within a unit