ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Insurable interest exists where a policy holder derives pecuniary benefits from protection or continuous existence of some property, or suffers pecuniary loss from the property’s’ destruction. Insurable interest requires an entity or a person who holds an insurance policy to derive some significant interest from the property, upon which a policy is held (Clarke 1996). Previously, insurable interest under common law and Insurance Contract Act 1984, was broadly interpreted hence giving different meanings. In this paper, this section will explore the origin of insurable interest and how it is stipulated in common law and Insurance contract Act, 1984. Under common law The insurance law requires the policy holders to have an insurable interest on the item they intend to seek cover. Insurable interest serves as a safeguard to the insurers as it allows them to justify nonpayment in the event that a covered event takes place. This is only successful if the insurer proves that the insured lacks the insurable interest in the property insured. In such a case, the court will nullify the insurance cover (Robinsons 1998). The initial purpose of this doctrine was to curtail use of insurance contracts as a vessel to gamble on ships and lives. In order to achieve the intended purpose, common law sought to avoid contracts which were short of insurable interest. Interestingly, the English case law outlined the boundaries of insurable interest and gave a guide on whether insurable interest should encompass legal interest in a property or just a mere possession of the property under question. This is well illustrated in Le Cras v. Hughes case where, a British captain and his crew overtook a Spanish ship during a war with Spain. Pursuant to the common law and under certain circumstances, Lord Mansfield stated that, “… the crew of the ship could acquire title to the captured ship and goods contained therein upon return to England” (Birds, 1987, p. 310). As such, the captain insured the ship and attempted to sail it back to England. However, a storm ensued and the ship together with the load therein capsized. Thereafter, when the captain filed a claim to collect on the insurance policy, the insurance company denied the claim because the legal title had not yet passed to the captain—the insurance company argued that it was merely expectancy, not an interest as such. The court held that the captain’s interest did not give rise to the level of legal expectancy as the ship and its cargo might have been awarded to the Royal Navy. Further, Lord Mansfield explained that the captain lacked legal interest as what he possessed was interest under factual expectancy theory. It was common that whenever a capture was made, the royal crown was the one mandated to make a grant. Lord Mansfield indicated that no particular interest was required, and as such, the factual expectancy interest was sufficient (Clarke 1996). Another important background worth understanding is the principle under Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd where the House of Lords established that a shareholder could not have an insurable interest in a property that he held shares even if he is was
Social Revolution   * Social movements and collective action in France.   * Occurring in the 1980-1990s.   * New forms of social mobilization for a variety of social issue.   * Meant to achieve social and economic goals without relying on existing political structures at the time.   * Focused not only addressing labor needs but key social constructs such as racism and income inequality. 1   * Collective action with a political stake combined with ideology.   * Generating social change and commitment to politics in order to secure.   * Redefying and reforming political and social structures.   * Tourainian perspective saw this action as society expressing rejection of existing systems. 2   * These collective action movements saw a change in the nature of society and culture in France as it became politically active. The latter part of the 20th century saw a significant rise of “new” social movements in France, which not only defied conceptions of relative indifference to politics among the modern French society but shifted methodological and ideological perspectives on social change. These forms of mobilization highlighted the contemporary issues that French society struggles with and gave rise to a dynamic form of citizenship which is evident to modern day. The social movements of the late 20th century in France have all the markings of a peaceful social revolution. It was a general social expression of contempt and rejection of the status quo, particularly of the political and social systems of governance meant to oversee areas that the population was dissatisfied with. It led to a transformation of certain political and social structures and the manner which society perceives its role in the political institutions guiding social policy. Cultural Revolution   * China’s post-socialist transformation in the 1980-1990s.   * Reforms instituted by Deng led to ideological shift.   * Cultural transformation from Mao’s revolutionary past.   * Led to the capitalist and global economy known today.   * Reform paradigm shifted perspective of socialism.   * Both public perceptions and methods of governance changed. 3   * Radical transformation of China’s society, economy, and politics.   * Sociopolitical movement which addressed the social roots of discontent.   * Changed the cultural landscape for China’s population.   * Introduction of new ideologies and relaxation of restrictions. 4   * Reforms presented opportunity for growth and discussion for China’s future and its identity. Deng Xiaoping became the leader of the People’s Republic of China after the death of the infamous revolutionary Mao Zedong which established Communism in China just a few decades earlier. Deng began a series of socio-economic reforms which were initially meant to revitalize socialism but led to extensive cultural and social changes. The conditions of state repression a
E-governance has emerged as a new important tool of reforms and influence over global change. Today pursuing of the government reforms occurs through the electronic governance strategies. Despite the wide embrace over technology advancements, the participation by the citizens is still lagging behind. The assertion provided in this paper handles the transformation strategies to enhance participation of citizens through e-governance. The logical hypothesis illustrated in the paper show some of the eminent issues that need future considerations. Theoretically and experimentally, the assumptions are that e-governance is the key source to e-democracy. On this basis, the paper eventually places some anonymous and theoretical considerations regarding today’s reality of e-governance for the support of important issues concerning resource and social advancement. It checks upon the gap between the reality and anticipation of citizen participation electronically and lastly it investigates ways of overcoming the gap. Knowledge-based society The knowledge-based society is a basis providing power through prerequisite of information and knowledge. Citizens’ participation brings sufficient conversion of services to a more reliable and efficient level. The system reduces data or information transmission time and distance thus improving the diversity and productivity as the basis for change. Although intolerable to many especially leaders, change is inevitable because it guarantees government, business and individual’s survival. Consistent with Brody et al (247), today change is not an option for consideration but a crucial dynamic characteristic for future advancement. The government tries to solve its problems through optimal revolutions as well as smooth natural transformations. Worldwide most government are considering the e-governance style and are upgrading the management systems for better high quality customer based services. The issue of e-governance has experienced a diverse progress since its initiative considering the high pace of the social, economic, technical and environmental capacities. The system centrally focuses on the customer as a transition to engage participatory governance. Management views over e-governance According to Lukensmeyer and Boyd (12), some governments consider citizen participation as an “unnecessary complexity cost factor “to implement in the e-governance system. They include the electronic techniques in their systems but fail to engage the electronic consultation and forums. This is an indication of low citizen participation in governance despite the incredible advancements. In 2001, the U.S. government brought forward the initiative to modernize the government through “strategic management of human capital, expanded e-government and integration of budget and performance. Citizens ought to demand for the decentralization, digitization and automation of government undertakings. Electronic innovations are government strategic efforts to find optimal results
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has been devastating healthcare systems worldwide for more than two years already. Despite heroic efforts by millions of healthcare workers, some of the deeply rooted problems in medical care have become vivid. Moreover, a few issues with the entire US healthcare system have finally become exposed to all members of our society as the virus continues to disrupt millions of lives. It is of major importance to analyze all the weak sides of our current healthcare system and, what is more important, to find the proper means to mitigate the long-lasting crisis. Health Inequities Millions of Americans had to deal with their health issues without much assistance from the state, as the US is the only prosperous country where citizens cannot expect affordable (let alone free) medical care. As COVID-19 threatens every American, scholars can conduct research and describe how the virus affects different communities in detail. According to Okonkwo et al. (2021), poorer communities find themselves in a distinctively terrible position, as poverty, inequality, and discrimination multiply the devastating effect that the illness has on people’s health. Therefore, to truly improve all Americans’ health, the healthcare system should participate more actively in various types of partnerships (including public-private). The focus should shift from solely providing medical care after an individual gets sick to ensuring that all nearby communities have proper life conditions that hinder the chances of getting a disease that is typically associated with poverty and other social problems. Insurance coverage plays a key role in providing the population with guaranteed medical care. It has helped millions of people to feel secure about their own health. Nevertheless, it is crucial to remember that insurances covering a wide range of potential risks are only available to people with a steady high income. Nevertheless, during the pandemic, millions of people have lost their jobs, meani
Introduction It is important to note that the selected healthcare organization is Inpatient Hospital Atrium Health, located in Charlotte, NC. Atrium Health is a non-profit health system that focuses on improving health outcomes by enhancing and promoting compassionate patient care, education, and innovative research. The key strengths of the healthcare organization include specialized musculoskeletal programs, burn treatment programs, organ transplantation, heart care, cancer care, and pediatric care (Atrium Health, 2022). Therefore, the impact of Atrium Health’s growth, services, and healthcare delivery are massive on the nearby communities of Charlotte. Impact on Growth The identified economic event is centered around an increased need for comprehensive cancer care, which leads to the opening of the Levine Cancer Institute II as an extension. The given institute reflects a massive investment done by the healthcare organization because the 260,000-square-foot building alone costs $125 million (Atrium Health News, 2019). It should be noted that expanding through the facility enables increased patient capacity, better support in terms of medical care, efficient care provision, and more innovation and research (Atrium Health News, 2
Abstract This paper will focus on home ownership problems that face individuals in choosing the right category of houses based on their tastes and preferences. Individuals tend to buy houses that have either pools or garages depending on their level of income and preferences. This paper will analyze and address this issue by drafting possible questions that will enable the researcher to collect primary information. Real state Problem Statement Do people buy homes with pools and garages, homes with pools, homes with garages or homes without pools and garages, without a pool, or without a garage? Survey Analysis This survey is aimed at identifying homes that are perceived as the best and most common among the majority of individuals. Individuals choose homes to buy depending on fixtures such as pools and garages incorporated in the buildings. This survey will mainly focus on people preferences regarding home ownership. This is mainly because home ownership has become an increasing trend among most people (Doane & Seward, 2009). Assessing these categories of homes will enable the researcher to develop the reason to why individuals buy these homes. This survey will be carried through the use of open ended and closed ended questions. The survey questions will revolve around preferences mostly preferred by home buyers. These preferences will be categorized in terms of pools and garage. The questions will revolve around these issues mainly because they are the independent variables of the survey (Doane & Seward, 2009). The level of measurement for these questions will be based on preferences and level of income. Homes with both garage and pools will be given a higher priority than those that do not have either a garage or pool. Respondents will be required to rank the houses that are most and least bought and preferred. This quest ion will facilitate collection of data from mortgage Companies regarding houses that have higher returns and occupation. This question is fundamental in researching this problem because it will give researchers crucial information concerning houses that are bought more than others. This question will be measured on an ordinal basis of one to five. This question will be structured as follows; 1. Homes with pools and garage, 2. Homes with pool, 3. Homes with garage or without pools and garage, 4. Without pools and 5.without garage (Doane & Seward, 2009). The other main concern for this survey will be to determine the levels of income of most individuals that acquire this home. This will enable researchers to develop the relation between the category of homes and the level of income. Home owners will be grouped into those that earn above average income, average income or low income. This question is critical in the survey analysis because it will enable the researcher to get information concerning homes that are likely to be bought
Introduction Most nurses picture leaders as people at the top of administrative structures. Moreover, when the term leadership comes into frame, most nurses think of directors, nurse managers, and chief nursing officers, among others. However, leadership is also prevalent at the bottom of administrative structures. For instance, leadership manifests among nurses when they perform their day-to-day duties. Additionally, leadership manifests among nurses when they link top managers to patients in healthcare facilities. In addition, nurses manifest leadership when they work in groups. Every activity requires effective leadership to achieve success. However, one of the most debated issues is the source of leadership. While some theorists argue that leaders are born, others believe that leaders are usually made. On the other hand, several theorists also postulate that leaders are born. However, these theorists also believe that leadership skills need nurturing. This paper will explore whether leaders are “born” or “made” (Lewandowski & Adamle, 2009). Whether leaders are “born” or “made” The debate on whether leaders are born or made is as old as the debate on nature against nurture. Past research has established that specific genetic combinations can give individuals an advantage concerning leadership. However, one must nurture leadership skills to achieve success. Interestingly, several studies were conducted concerning the source of leadership. Two distinct types of research in the United States established that leaders’ brains were unique as compared to other subjects. Additionally, another research established that a gene known as rs4950 was present in most leaders as opposed to the subjects. These findings showed that leaders had brains, which could prioritize things more easily than other subjects. Additionally, leaders could devote resources to activities as required. Nursing requires leaders who are competitive and effective. To achieve this, organizations must work towards getting the best in leadership (Walsh, 2010). Leadership depends on two main factors namely, environment and genetic predisposition (Amerland, 2014). However, the latter does not guarantee success as a leader. When the environment is conducive to developing leadership skills, one can succeed. Brain processes underwrite each activity that an individual does. In this regard, the gene for leadership experience demands its decision-making ability when an individual works in a good environment for leadership development. Genetic predisposition is also important in providing a platform for leadership success; however, individuals must nurture leadership to achieve success (Schaffner, 2009). In essence, nurturing makes leaders. Although individuals may have a genetic predisposition to leadership, training is more important than genes. Therefore, continuous practice makes leaders, although leadership may be inborn. Dilemma resolved Nurses have the responsibility of providing best practices at th
Educational reforms contribute greatly to creating new paradigms and visions to meet the highest academic goals. They should not only be aimed at enhancing students’ performance, but also at increasing the individual potential as a competitive member of society (Vail et al. 37). In particular, such skills as problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking are indispensable to adjusting to a constantly changing social, cultural, political, and economic environment. Within the established educational goals, the role of a family is enormous in shaping children’s personality, as well as their ability to adjust to a new social environment. It creates a context in which individuals learn to care for each other and take different responsibilities. To keep pace with time, as well as ensure further development of future society, integrating the National Educational Goals (NEGs), the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) and the Road to the Top will help the Family and Consumer Science Educators continue constant growth and development of society through enhancing family values and focusing on individuals’ potential. The scope of the NEGs is to ensure economic growth and societal progress by introducing proper educational reforms. Understanding educational perspectives within the perspectives of family analysis is a step forward to a multidimensional development of a person. In this respect, community roles and responsibilities can be clearly defined in case cultural, ethnic, and social peculiarities are met (Ministry of Education n. p.). Because families are shaped within different social environments, the educational objectives should uncover the significant concern in this field. In this respect, FCS and NEGs perspectives are closely interconnected and, therefore, tax payment should be encouraged. Ensuring effective education for children is possible through enhancing their parents’ awareness of importance of improving learning techniques. The FCS educators realize the seriousness of this task and, therefore, they can provide efficient strategies for communicating the favorable environment between parents and their children (Vail et al. 79). Similar concerns are presented in the NCLB Act, introducing multiple options to parents who seek to choose the most relevant education program for their children (U.S. Department of Education n. p.). Such a perspective for promoting societal goals and values can encourage people to invest their money. FCS educators strive to present efficient and technologically oriented educational programs for students to become competent and professionally rewarded in a constant development high-tech environment (Vail et al. 40). All these goals are also accepted in the Road to The Top program that seeks ways to establish effective training programs both for teachers and for student
Introduction According to the explanation of God’s existence using the cumulative approach, we have sections of truth that together concur, but cannot be used as definite proof that there exists a powerful deity. McCloskey has criticized the presence of God by objecting to all the arguments claiming that they do not satisfy anyone to believe in God’s presence. In addition, examining the objections separately, each of his objections fails to satisfy the presence of God. Theists believe that there is a creator who created all the things on earth, and he (God) takes control of the world in his hands. However, they do not take into consideration the problem of an uncaused cause, an existing being. Generally, from the design evidence and purpose in the world, people are made to believe in God. They further explain that without knowledge of evolution, one can easily adapt to the environment as evidence of purpose and design. On the Cosmological Argument According to Evans Stephen and Manis Zachary, the existence of a contingent being who does not have an explanation of his or her own existence and argues that he is the cause of the contingent beings exists, hence, the first cause 1 . They argue that the first cause needs an explanation of its own concerning its origin as it has provided the explanation of all the constituents of the universe. Lack of this explanation, therefore, means that there is no supernatural being in existence. Kalam’s explanation of the cause and an uncaused cause definitely out wins the arguments of McCloskey and prove him wrong. He uses the Scientific, Mathematical and Philosophical arguments to explain the existence of uncaused cause. He simply uses the premise that whatever begins to exist has a cause, meaning that the universe begins to exist, and thus it has a cause. He claims that all series of past events are finite in their number, and the past series of physical events have a beginning. The existence of beings in the universe simply shows that there is a contingency cause that can not be infinite. Giving an example of distances between two points as indefinite means there is no actual infinite; hence the universe series of causes had a beginning 2 . Kalam further uses an example of a continuous falling of objects; for their continuous fall, there must be a first object to fall. He argues that McCloskey declaring the nature awareness as broken is wrong since no one has the knowledge of knowing that nature is broken unless he/she has the supernatural powers standards of normalcy to judge whether something is right or wrong. McCloskey assumes the fact that nature is broken by claiming that there