ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Malignancies affecting humans have a tendency to bear association with genes. This link is considered responsible for a variety of health consequences which might become undetected and unmanageable. Evolutionary adaptations have favored the success of many genes in contributing to the both positive and negative health outcomes. The mechanisms underlying the genetic predisposition to a particular disease are manifold and this concept is the challenging one to the investigators since the advent of Molecular Biology and database resources. This includes gene localization or identification on a specific chromosome loci and designing a primer to amplify that particular gene in a target organism tissue sample. The present description is concerned with, BRCA2 gene known as Breast Cancer susceptibility gene. This gene is the most studied one in the area of Cancer Research. It was identified through genomic linkage studies and described to be localized on chromosome 13q12-13 (1). BRCA2 gene codes for the BRCA2 protein and represents tumor suppressor gene family.BRCA2 protein involves in correcting the chromosomal damage and especially produces a DNA double strand without any breaks thus ensuring an error free repair (2). However, the role of BRCA2 in the transcriptional regulation has few research limitations. Reports describe that the product of region BRCA2 exon 3 that has approximately 23–105 residues triggers transcription whereas a missense mutation (Tyr42Cys) of BRCA2 minimizes the transactivation potential(3). This concept of mutation and its relationship to cancer biology need additional fundamental insights. BRCA2 overexpression is connected with basal p53 transcriptional activity leading to its down-regulation (3). On the other hand BRCA2 contributes to the modulation of histone acetylation thus reflecting its active role in transcription (3). Thus,the interaction between BRCA2 interacts and transcriptional co-activator protein P/CAF (p300/CBP-associated factor) and p300/CBP, is considered significant as the two proteins function for histone acetylase activity(3). BRCA 2 gene has several associations with other proteins which strengthen its involvement in the Breast Cancer. EMSY, a novel protein was known to bind to the exon 3 region of BRCA2 (4). This protein was shown to co-localize with H2AX and BRCA2 in various experiments thus supporting its role in the DNA damage response. EMSY is a considered as transcriptional repressor as it suppresses the promoter activity. It also involves in chromatin remodeling and DNA repair. EMSY over expression is connected to high-grade sporadic ovarian carcinomas thus supporting the involvement of the BRCA2 pathway in sporadic breast and ovarian cancers (4). But, there is a need of additional mechanistic information on the association between BRCA2-EMSY which could enable to understand the altered pathways in breast c
Abstract International marketing is an important concept in international management course. This paper analyses this concept by looking at the different components of the international marketing, which include identifying market opportunities, market targeting, market mix and consumer behaviour. The diversity of global market is also emphasised in this paper especially its importance to the marketers. Several recommendations are also given to the marketers and transnational corporations at the end of the paper. Introduction International marketing and consumers is a concept that mainly deals with how companies carry out marketing across national borders and in the overseas markets. Agarwal, Malhotra and Bolton (2010, p.18) observe that emerging global culture has made it easier for transnational corporations to cross borders and cultures to market their products. With increased globalization, many companies have extended their operations beyond domestic market hence requiring development of new marketing strategies that will reach their customers who are distributed in many regions across the world (Douglas & Craig 2011, p.82). Global marketing mainly deals with the process of identifying the market, market targeting, and selection of entry mode, market mix and different strategies that can be used to gain competitive advantage in the international market. As Onkvisit and John (2004, p.3) argues, international marketing involves coming up with new plans and executing them in relation to pricing, promotion, and distributing goods, services and ideas in the international market. The success of these processes will meet the objectives of the corporation as well as satisfying the needs of the customers. There are many differences between global marketing and domestic marketing. The later involves marketing in a small market segment; for instance, a given region or country where there is no much diversity among the consumers. In this scenario, it is very easy for marketers to understand the market since the market segment is not large and diverse. However, the case is different in the international marketing where the market segment is too large and diverse compared to the domestic market. In this kind of market segment, there is language differences, cultural and social differences coupled with political and ideological differences. These differences make global market to be more complex where international marketers have to deal with these challenges to acquire and retain customers
Tax policies on both Sweden and Ireland adhere to one of the most prominent taxation systems in the EU, which is progressive taxation. In other words, both nations tax the top wealthiest and high-income individuals heavily. However, the key difference between Ireland and Sweden is the fact that the former country creates favorable conditions for corporations. The corporate tax rate in Ireland is 12,5%, whereas the same policy in Sweden is equal to 22% (Alstadsæter and Jacob 627). EU fiscal legislation regarding corporate tax rates does not differ in uniformity and consistency, which is largely explained by the features of post-crisis recovery, the size of the economy, and the structure of the economy. However, for at least the last ten years in the European Union, there have been tax gaps in the monolithic construct of European fiscal legislation. Based on the structural features of the economies of Cyprus, Bulgaria, and Ireland, only the latter has the necessary industrial potential, which, with investment incentives, can give a significant economic effect in the high-tech field (Negra and McIntyre 5). In Sweden, property transferred by donation and inheritance is not taxed. In other words, donation and inheritance taxes are not established in Sweden. However, there is also no wealth tax. This tax in various countries is called either a wealth tax or a personal property tax. In this regard, it can be expressed differently, noting that in Sweden, there is no tax on the property of individuals in its classical sense. Furthermore, in Sweden, a fixed amount of local tax is levied on certain types of residential real estate. It was introduced in 2009 instead of t
Problem statement Communication is vital in every environment such as business, work, family, or social life. Over the years, there has been significant advancement in the communication channels. This has improved the ability to communicate across the world. In the recent years, different media have been used to pass information, including social media. The main concern is whether social media has improved communication in the society today or whether it has pushed the people to be anti-social. The recent trend and studies indicate that many relationships such as kinship, dependence, alliances at work, home, and school among other places, are breaking up. Could the social media be the cause? Actually, most research studies on social media have examined its impact on relationships. However, none of the studies have narrowed down the analysis to examining its impact on relationship within a university set up. This research gap forms the rationale of this study. Thus, the reason for proposing to conduct this study. Purpose of the report The purpose of the proposed study is to find out the role of social media on relationships among the students in my campus. Research Objectives  1. To determine if social media has a negative effect on relationships  2. To establish the frequency of social media contact Variables The key variables will be the number of hours spent on social media, the effectiveness of social media on relationships, and the frequency of quarrels. However, other variables will also be included in the analysis. Methodology This proposed study will be conducted by carrying out a survey. The information will be collected through the use of standardized procedures so that every participant is asked the same questions in a similar way. The target population consists of students in the campus. The campus has about 1500 students. A random sampling technique will be used to generate the sample (Zikmund, Babin, Carr, and Griffin 56). The study will target students in major meeting points such as cafeterias, classes, and libraries among others. The sample size will be 10% of the entire population, that is, 150 students. From the sample of 150, only 111 students responded. The quantitative approach is the most appropriate design in situations where the objective is to cover a large number of cases. The objective is to cover a sample which is a representative of the larger population. A questionnaire will be used as a data collection instrument (Kothari 76). The questionnaire is presented in the appendices. Statistical tests In this case, both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used to analyze the data. The descriptive statistics that will be used are mean, variance, standard deviation, kurtosis, and skewness. The descriptive statistics are important because they will aid in summarizing the data in a meaningful way (Madura 87). For example, they can give information on a pattern that may emerge from the data. In the case of inferential statistics, a
Introduction Obesity is a complex disease as it involves overweight due to consuming large amounts of fats in the body. Obesity is thus a health condition caused by many underlying factors such as high-fat consumption, the lack of physical body exercise, and others. Today, in contemporary society, many demographic factors are associated with obesity, the most common one is income. Therefore, family income is very pertinent in determining the health conditions of individuals and, in particular, whether they will develop obesity or not (Ogden, 2015). Today, low-income earners are susceptible to developing obese conditions instead of those of high income. The majority of those who are obese have low-quality jobs that result from discrimination and stigmatization in the job market. Some of the reasons lower-income people are vulnerable to obesity and even lead to high mortality rates, as discussed below. Individual’s Material Condition The material possession and acquisition of an individual can make them susceptible to obesity. Those who can acquire and poses material properties considered worth are less likely to be obese than those whose income cannot allow them (Ogden, 2015). The material condition of a person can therefore restrict this individual’s access to healthy food and healthcare. Low-income people are in jeopardy when it comes to material conditions and thus can develop obese conditions. Psychosocial Stressors Low-income earners are also associated with a high level of psychosocial stressors. There are feelings of insecurity, social isolation, stigmatization, lack of control over one’s life, mental disorders. Moreover, stress increases the body calories and obesity among the poor. Low Food Quality The majority of low-income earners consume a lot of processed food that has a high-fat content. For example, processed flesh has a high-fat content, and this is a risk factor for obesity. Conclusion Among the low income, obesity is more prevalent because of not having adequate resources to get quality and healthy food and being stressed about life-challenging situations that leave them more worried, which opens the door to obese conditions. Reference Ogden, C. L. (2015). Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2011-2014 .
History of Korean minority in Japan Koreans constitute the largest ethnic minority group in Japan having majority of them being the Zainichi. The Zainichi are permanent residents of Koreans in Japan. Their name (Zainichi Korean) was derived from the fact that they had been residents of Japan for a long time and had been able to retain their nationalities and undivided nature. We can trace the origin of Zainichi Koreans since the early 20 th century when Japan was under the rule of imperial. In 1910, there was an annexation treaty between the Japanese and Koreans. As a result, all Koreans who were residing in Japan were subjected to the Japan’s empire (Lie, 2008:29). There have been claims, by the Koreans, that the treaty forced Koreans to migrate during the 1920s. On the other hand, Japan claim that the immigration was voluntary and it was for the Koreans who were in search of better opportunities economically. During the period of the Second World War, majority of the Koreans were made to work as slaves in coal mines (Ryang, 2000:62). Majority of the coal mines were not safe and posed a lot of threat to the Koreans. By 1950s many Koreans had immigrated and further immigration was caused by the Korean War after devastification of South Korea. Research shows that most of the Koreans immigrated for various reasons. These reasons includes but not limited to economics, marriage and family, academics, and for employment opportunities. During the Second World War most of the Koreans were recruited to work in Japan’s mainland through civilian agents. Out of the total number of Koreans who were recruited, about 10% remained in the mainland of Japan where they worked as civilians. The rest were taken to Japan and were forced to work in either factories or mines or to work as laborers under awful conditions. They received harsh treatment, unsafe working conditions, and allied bombings which resulted in the death of most of them (Yŏn guwŏn, 2009:23). By the end of the Second World War most of the Koreans had repatriated back to their country leaving about 2.4 million Koreans in Japan. In the present day, Koreans are nearly half the number of foreigners recorded in Japan most of whom moved into this country between the year 1910 to 1945. Majority of the Koreans have remained stuck to their nationality despite the g
Article Summary Jack Bewkes is a conventionalist, but a levelheaded Time Warner CEO, who grew up in a successful family and studied in the best schools. Bewkes is on a warpath with cheap online broadcasters that distribute content at a very low cost. He is defending Time Warner’s traditional business approach and achievements while at the same time propagating its new idea of selling content through TV Every where, a concept that allow viewers to pay a $ 79 monthly charge and watch TV and movies on web based devices. This business model has two initial challenges; gathering the technologies relevant for launching, and the new web based broadcast companies such as iTunes, Netflix, Hulu, and Boxee, among others. These new online broadcasters rent content to viewers at 99 cents per rental, 70 cents of which belongs to content makers, an idea that Bewkes believes to be unsustainable. He supports technologies like Google and Cisco, which will enhance the accessibility to internet TV. However, he will not let them broadcast his content free, especially it they broadcast alongside ads. Boxee CEO Avner Ronen, however believes that Time Warner must accept new technologies, as it would reap most benefits. Bewkes has been faced a few management challenges such as the under performance of Time Warner stock, poor investments such as the acquisition of Social site Bebo and divorcing AOL and Time Warner. During his tenure at Time Warner, he streamlined its operations to focus on Content production. He also increased the company’s returns, which meant better dividends for shareholders. Time Warner content is everywhere but Bewkes will only sell it at the right price. Implications for Professionals Involved in Strategic Management Strategic management is “the analysis, decisions, and actions an organization undertakes in order to create and sustain competitive advantages” (Gregory, Lumpkin, & Taylor, 2005). It is the responsibility of managers to develop a visionary plan, which will ensure their company’s survival in an increasingly competitive world ( Ireland & Hitt, 1999). Brady, (2011) explains that Time Warner’s CEO, Jeff Bewkes, beliefs on strategic management; it is not just taking action, but doing so only when the action makes sense. In this light therefore, he has had to make several strategic decisions at the right time, to ensure Time Warner’s market survival. He had to streamline time Warner business portfolio and reduce operational cost, a process Zairi & Sinclair (1995) terms as “redesigning business processes to produce improved performance” (Zairi & Sinclair, 1995). The result is that Time Warner profits grew by 3%. He also had to protect his market share by fighting off new online broadcasters who rented his content at low cost. He proposed TV Everywhere, a technology that allows viewers to pay a monthly subscription fee and watch it on any online devise of their choice. He was also ready to let online broadcasters rent his content as long as they paid the right price for
Introduction This paper intends to discuss opportunity cost. The first part covers the definition of opportunity cost and an example of a situation that gives rise to opportunity cost. This will be followed by an assessment of how time and information impact on opportunity cost. Thirdly, the link between scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost will be established. Furthermore, the paper will discuss the aspect of opportunity cost under the scenario of production possibility frontier. Finally, the essay will show the relationship between opportunity cost and comparative advantage. Opportunity cost In a study by McEachern (2011), opportunity cost of an item is the value that has been forgone for another alternative hence can be viewed as a lost opportunity. It is essential to understand that opportunity cost is subjective because the individual making the choice is the one who is able to choose the best available alternative. In many occasions, the person making the choice is not aware of the forgone alternative. As an example, a student can forgo an evening with friends to study. Such a student will never know the exact value of what has been given up. However, the student expects returns from studying to be higher than returns from spending time chatting with friends. In order to obtain the value of opportunity cost, time, and information is required. Economists are convinced that people are rational when choosing between alternatives. However, it does not mean that all alternatives are assessed thoroughly. A consumer would evaluate the different options only if the expected marginal benefit of collecting information concerning the options surpasses the expected marginal cost. Owing to the fact that studying the nature of alternatives takes a lot of time and is costly, some decisions are made based on scarce resources. Scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost There exists a link between scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost. First scarcity implies that a society does not have sufficient resources to meet all human needs thus the need to make choices. Therefore, a consumer is obliged to go for a particular choice instead of the other alternative. The link between scarcity, choice and opportunity cost can be illustrated using the following diagram. Production possibility frontier The aspect of scarcity can also be illustrated using production possibility frontier. The curve gives a combination of goods and services that a society can produce using limited resources. One of the assu
Introduction The rate of crimes committed by children under the age of eighteen years is alarming. Kids are at a more risk of joining the wrong groups that teach them wrong manners or behaviours that eventually lead them into a criminal life. The era of social media has made it easy for individuals from different places to interact and share ideas. In the past it was easy to prevent some of the cases that are witnessed but the social media has made it harder since the kids are learning risky behaviours from others online. This has resulted in different institutions working individually and collectively to ensure that the issue is neutralized. This paper looks at how the family, education and law enforcement institutions are addressing the problem. Description of Juvenile Crime Juvenile crime is part of criminal law involved with crimes of offenders who are below the age of eighteen years. This kind of offenders receive less strict forms of punishment than the ones adults get plus instead of going through the adult criminal system, they are taken through the juvenile justice system. Therefore, even though majority of the offences by the minors are similar to the ones committed by adults, the former group is subject to different laws as well as procedures than the latter group. The law and procedures are primarily governed by the state law plus regulated on a state by state basis with majority of states enacting juvenile criminal codes via legislation (Valuiskov et al., 2017). This means that a state determines the rules in how a juvenile may be scrutinized, their arrest, conditions for their supervision, restitution orders plus other aspects of juvenile criminal procedure. Many kids are mischievous but sometimes it can go to extents that the behaviour turns into a crime. Since they do not belong in a penitentiary with grownups, plus possess a greater