ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The development of communities is a long and complicated process. Architects need to design buildings and entire districts to make them both practical and attractive at the same time, and the 20 th century is characterized by outstanding architectural solutions. In this essay, the growth and development of suburbs will be discussed in detail. Specific tendencies and examples of architectural plans will be analyzed, together with the factors that influenced the design of communities. It is important to understand that the image of suburbs was often influenced by the changes in economics, technologies, and other spheres of life. The early suburban architecture in the 1930s included solutions for the developing automobile industry. Then, after the stock market crash in the middle of the 1930s, the need for change and the development of technology led to new designs. Historical events, like the Second World War, also affected the tendencies of suburban growth. For example, post-war houses and apartments were simpler in design and cheaper as they were built for military men coming home. In the second part of the century, when the economics of the country was restored, and the problem of congestion was solved, buildings became higher and received a more complicated design. Today, the buildings and districts like Gordon Matta-Clark’s Splitting and Lincoln Center are the unique architectural objects. The growth of the automobile industry was a significant factor that influenced suburban development. Cars became more accessible for regular use at the beginning of the 1930s, and the first ideas about car storages appeared. For example, Clarence Stein and Henry Wright took positive dynamics in the automobile sector into account and were first to consider building roads and garages for cars. They designed connections to the metropolitan hubs through the automobile facilities. Frank Lloyd Wright also paid attention to automobile-oriented design in response to technological development. However, in some communities, buildings were not supposed to have spaces for cars; for example, Carl Mackley houses designed by Oscar Storonov and Alfred Kastner were not big enough. Garages were developed later, especially after the Second World War, when the country returned to its previous economic condition. The issue of congestion also needed a solution; when it emerged, Robert Moses designed parkways. In the post-war period, the construction of wide highways was especially active and allowed to solve the congestion problem. In order to see how architects followed modern tendencies, it would be appropriate to analyze certain examples of architectural solutions. Clarence Stein and Henry Wright were the architects praised for their Radburn concept in NJ, in 1929. They designed the community in a well-planned way with easy access to houses. They gave privilege to the automobiles and created paths connected to parks. These very American domestic houses with pitched roofs represented a stable community. Another example of an effective construction wa
Introduction The Black Arts Movement was a significant period not only in the history of African American poets, writers, musicians, and other creators of arts. The campaign made a great breakthrough for the whole country and made clear for the Whites that Blacks were equally, if not more, talented, and their voice was to be heard. Many talented men and women joined the movement, and their names are still well-recognized in the US and abroad. Toni Cade Bambara is one of the representatives of the Black Arts Movement whose works inspired the audience and gave people hope for the better future. Bambara’s rebellious nature and her straightforwardness were reflected in many books, short stories, and articles, each of which manifested the exuberant style of the author and thorough understanding and sympathy towards the issue faced by African American people. Overview of Goals and Research Strategy The purpose of the paper is to introduce the material about Toni Cade Bambara’s contribution to the world of literature and analyze some of her most popular works. Research was performed with the help of library databases. I only used books and scholarly articles since these sources are academic and present the most accurate information. The report will be divided into several sections, each of them dedicated to a particular aspect of Tony Cade Bambara’s life or creative activity. Bambara’s Contribution to the World’s Literary Art Toni Cade Bambara was one of the brightest representatives of the Black Arts Movement. As Holmes remarks, Bambara belonged to an “important handful” of Black female writers whose works initiated unprecedented critical approval (xvii). In the 1970s, together with such outstanding writers as Alice Walker and Toni Morrison, Bambara was able to find an approach to Black readers who “hungered” for female authors that described the life of Black women differently from male writers (Holmes xvii). The new authors became a fabulous addition to the “sister” Black female authors June Jordan, Nikki Giovanni, and Sonia Sanchez (Holmes xvii). Female writers of that period paved the way for the coming generations of Black women authors that endeavored to alter the stereotypic perception of Black women in music, literature, media, and cinema. While Bambara was deeply impacted by the social and political movements of the 1960s-1980s, her writing was much more than merely a “marker of time” (Holmes xviii). Bambara predicted multicultural campaigns that crossed geographic barriers such as forging coalitions of Black women. The importance of Bambara’s works was also reflected through its long-lasting effect on the interpretation of African American language and culture. She established a new standard by being able to promote genuine Black views in print (Holmes xviii). Bambara was the one who empowered
Introduction Privacy of individuals is an issue of concern. This confidentiality is guaranteed under the Privacy Act of 1974, 5 USC 552a. Provisions of privacy of citizens guarantee every individual that his or her personal identification information should not be collected without legal authority. However, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) along with policies and technology, are violating people’s right to privacy. The information collected about an individual by the federal government and its authorities should only be done with legal authorization. The Department of Homeland Security has gone ahead to maintain this information in a way that allows its access by unauthorized persons, groups, or institutions. In the common law, any person who is aggrieved by one who illegally intrudes into his or her privacy discloses any personal information, or does false publication about people’s names can initiate a lawsuit. No one should be compelled to give his or her private information unless under the authority of the law in case of investigations. The Department of Homeland Security is charged with the responsibility of providing mechanisms to ensure security to all Americans. However, the need to ensure intelligence makes the department endeavor to collect personal information in diverse ways. As various agencies of the DHS collect information, privacy Acts require the department to provide that there is authority, purpose, routine, and disclosure regulation. There have been controversies about the way Homeland Security officers collect information from citizens. Various quarters have risen complains that the department collects Personally Identifiable Information (PII) without legal authority. The department has also been accused of illegal disclosure of personal information. Therefore, this research proves that if privacy is subverted, with the DHS practices continuing to be under the umbrella of safety, civil rights will continue to diminish until they are non-existent. To support this thesis statement, the report will rely highly on the Privacy Act of 1974, the US Constitution, the Patriot Act, the National Defense Authorization Act, department policies and memorandums, scholarly journals and law reviews, E-Government Act of 2002, and the Federal Records Act among others. The findings will be useful in enhancing the application of contract laws since they reveal the instances when Personally Identifiable Information (PII) can be collected, revealed, or shared. Research Questions This paper seeks to address the following questions:  1. Why is the Department of Homeland Security violating citizens’ constitutional rights in exchange for protection?  2. Should the willingness to provide personally identifiable information (PII) be voluntary or mandatory by law? Hypothesis Based on the above research questions that have been raised on matters of privacy and homeland security, the paper hypothesizes that the United States citizens are willing to give up the
Introduction Ethics deals with decisions regarding what is good or bad based on moral duties and obligations. It is a branch of philosophy that encompasses defending a course of action based on moral concepts. Decisions made are based on values and subsequent outcomes of the action. Ethics in accounting and business ensures that stakeholders are protected from fraudulent attempts by employees who are not morally upright. Accounting aims at providing financial information regarding the position of an entity or organization meaning that the accounting discipline must be upheld with the utmost integrity. Some business decisions fall within the confines of the law while others lack guidance under the law. This leaves a person to execute their judgment (Nwakpa, 2010). Case Study of Enron Enron was once termed as one of the largest and most powerful energy deregulation companies which sold natural gas and electronic power supplies. It however collapsed due to misrepresentation of the company financial reports arising from questionable accounting. They had borrowed external debt and were unwilling to provide stakeholders and investors with information on financial reports. Using Enron as the case study, the paper seeks to identify forms of unethical behavior, the impact of unethical behavior and seeks to suggest solutions that can be employed by entities to enforce moral values and ethical practices within business entities. Forms of unethical behavior in business entities Unethical behavior manifests itself in several ways within entities. They are however influenced by several factors that determine employees’ decisions within the firm in their day-to-day performance of duties. Based on the case of Enron, some of the possible identified forms of unethical behavior include the following. Conflict of Interest Enron did not observe conflict of interest rules on its senior finance officers thereby allowing them to run parallel entities which did business with the firm. These transactions in turn concealed debts that would have tainted Enron’s financial standing. Disclosure and conflict of interest emerge if the accountant has to protect certain information. Accountants are charged with the responsibility of furnishing stakeholders who have legitimate authority to access financial information regarding business entities. However, this role may be difficult to undertake in the event of a conflict of interest. A good example is where an accountant is confronted to provide full disclosure of the financial records of the firm. If the information is potentially damaging, inaccurate information may be disclosed. Negative managerial pressure and governance i
Introduction Wassily Kandinsky, born in 1866 in Russia was one of the pioneer abstract artists. The first pieces of paintings he created were the Improvisation and compositions in 1910. Many things influenced the working method he used. This influences include; the paintings he saw done by Monet. He got motivation by the opera by Wagner that made him think that melody could be used to indicate shade 1 . He got awed by the different things he experiences in his tours. In Paris, he saw exhibitions done by different painters. While, in Munich, he studied theosophy that played a crucial role in shaping his aesthetic values. He began his painting career by painting things that had a Russian topic. He tries to match the value of post-impressionistic process of painting with the palette. This helps the people identify with the subject of his painting because such features art established in the local elf tales and folks songs. A good example of such work is the one seen in his painting, Composition 2. He later explains that the theme of the painting based on life in Motley 2 . However, his theme of painting changed after he visited Paris. While in Paris, he got a chance to see landscape paintings. He then started painting fauvist-motivated paintings 3 . There was also a difference in his use of color. He shifted from the use of naturalistic and evocative colors to communicative colors. His focused shifted from painting Russian theme based paintings to painting fauvist and landscapes. He focused more on three themes; impression, composition and improvisation. He described the paintings he made from the direct impersonation of the external environment as impression. Improvisation, on the other hand, was the paintings he made from motivation he got from the things that happened in the spiritual level. Lastly composition was those paintings that he made based on the inspiration he got from both the improvisation and impression paintings 4 . However, the main reason for the development of such paintings was the long time that he spent in Munich studying anthropology. He made his first publication on abstract painting during this time. He concerned himself with comparing colors to the day to day activities in the world. For example, he uses the yellow color to show the articulateness of different sounds on earth. Blue to compare it with the heavens and the sky. Color represented sounds and places and every color used in a painting have a different meaning 5 . Abstract painting After his stay in Munich, he settled in Germany with his mistress who was also a painter. This was where he began his journey in the world of abstract painting. This encouraged by the fact that he loved paintings, which had its lines, shapes and colors giving the inner meaning of things. He did not want paintings that had objects that easily identified in a painting 6 . His main aim was to create paintings that could stir deep emotions in its viewers. However, he was not the only abstract pain
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), a Canadian organization, has greatly assisted in the fight against HIV/AIDs. By the year 2005, the organization had committed a lot of its funds in the fight against HIV/AIDS. For instance, from 2000 to 2005, the organization used more than $ 800 to fight HIV/AIDS worldwide. This organization is committed in preventing and controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS, a scourge that is associated with poverty (Marketware par.1). In its effort to fight the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS globally, the organization uses various strategies to achieve its objectives. Such strategies include funding institutions that are involved in the development of HIV/AIDS vaccines. For instance, in 2005, the organization set aside $ 15 million to be used in developing an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine. This comprised $ 12 million that was used to support the international AIDS initiative together with $ 3 million that was channeled towards the Global Health Research Initiative. This contribution enabled the Canadian researchers to work in collaboration with researchers from Africa. The organization is also in record of donating $ 800 million. From this amount, $ 5 million was used to support women’s legal rights. The support provided also entailed initiating projects that legally empowered women. The increased feminization of the HIV/AIDS pandemic by the CIDA is after its realization of the imbalanced legal, economic and social status between men and women and especially in Asia and Africa. In most Asian and African nations, women are denied the right of owning land among other properties. CIDA realized that such imbalances make women vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. In addition, their limitation to access resources makes them less effective in mitigating the consequences of the pandemic. For this reason, the initiative concentrated on projects that focused on enhancing women’s property rights (Marketware par. 3-6). Other projects that were established were those tailored towards helping the affected and infected people. They included empowering such people economically to help them mitigate the consequences of the pandemic. The funds helped them to access the anti-retro viral drugs and proper nutrition. Using these drugs as well as maintaining good nutrition habits boosted the immunity of the infected individuals greatly. Thus, the organization’s strategy of empowering these people was very beneficial. The introduction of these projects in 2004 managed to assist about 6,266 people in Mozambique and 7,721 in Caribbean, to get ARVs. Similarly, approximately 15,000 people in Tanzania received ARV s from C
The word oppression comes from the Latin opprimere which means “pressed down.” It depicts abuse of power by people in authority. It means ill-treatment of people in a manner that is cruel or unjust. There are different forms of oppression. However, social, economic and political forms are more popular and dominant (Deutsch, 2006). Globally, oppression is widespread. This paper outlines social oppression in the health setup. Origin of Oppression Oppression was not part and parcel of ancient societies because they lived communal lives. However, oppression continues to characterize modern societies since the inception of individualism, especially in control and ownership of resources (Cudd, 2006). Before the advent of agriculture, societies depended on hunting and gathering for food supply. They shared food amongst each other, and were cooperative in looking for food. They did not aim at acquiring and accumulating wealth, but worked together and shared the benefits of working together. There were remarkably few conflicts in these societies. As populations expanded, there was a need to increase food production. Therefore, communities developed an urge to expand their territories. This often led to inter-community conflicts, resulting to split of groups along ethnic boundaries. Agricultural advancements, which brought better tools of farming, as well as improved agricultural techniques followed thereafter. Communities that were powerful in terms of numbers and weapons staged warfare against the other communities (Cudd, 2006). After successful battles, they took control over their agricultural and pastoral lands, thereby leading to more conflicts and rise of oppression. Pictorial Examples of Oppression Example 1 Source: Story, CNN’s Jessica Ravitz. Photography & Video, CNN’s Edythe McNamee. SAVING Aesha. Web. This is a picture which made it to the cover of Time Magazine on August 9, 2010, in Afghanistan. It got posted on the internet in May 2012. It shows a woman with a prosthetic nose. Her name is Bibi Aesha. She ran away from home at one time. She was running away from her husband’s physical and emotional torture, which was common through domestic violence. Her husband, as well as in-laws, took the law into their arms and laid an ambush on her (Ravitz, 2012). They hacked off her nose as well as the ears, as a way of punishing her for running from home. Later on, they left her to die and ran away from the scene of the accident. Aesha’s condition affected her health in a major way. She had to nurse her wounds for a long time, and she suffered from psychological torture because of the ordeal. She also faced lack of acceptance by many communities. This is a form of social oppression targeting women in society, and it should be dealt with immediat
While Durkheim and Tocqueville discuss groups, their views on what roles they play in society may seem somewhat similar. For instance, they both agree on the fact that aside from political groups, there is also a number of civil establishments that contribute to the development of an individual. Nevertheless, their opinions also have some differences, for example, Tocqueville speculates on how associations work in American democratic society, and why people create voluntary associations. On the other hand, Durkheim argues that intermediary groups exist between an individual and a society. The purpose of this paper is to define voluntary associations and intermediary groups, as well as to figure out how two political scientists interpret the main function of these establishments. First of all, Tocqueville notes that associations in a country maybe not only political, and people continuously create them for a variety of reasons. However, there is no guarantee that civil associations can exist everywhere. For instance, they are rarely present in countries where the government does not allow creating political associations. Nevertheless, American citizens establish voluntarily groups for solving community problems, for entertainment, for religious, moral, or commercial reasons. While in other countries one can find a human or the government at the head of a new establishment, in the U.S. there is a high chance of finding a voluntary association. It is the primary feature of the American democratic society. Moreover, Tocqueville also mentions that associations are considered to be one of the most powerful instruments of influencing people. As an example, the philosopher speaks about aristocratic societies, where a small group of influential individuals is a leader of a big association. At the same time, other people in this association, who are not that wealthy and influential, execute the plans of those who are above them. Such a hierarchy is compulsory in aristocratic groups, and it cannot be questioned. He points out that since a democratic society is considered to be free of influences, it must be artificially created because people inevitably have an impact on each other. Furthermore, some people wish to promote their id