ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction When it comes to conducting qualitative analysis of a particular sociological or educational issue, it is of crucial importance for the researches to ensure that this analysis provides readers with an objective insight onto the issue, throughout the course of its entirety. Therefore, while analyzing the subject matter, researchers must always strive to adjust their study to the principles of structural and semiotic appropriateness. In their article “A set of principles for conducting and evaluating interpretive field studies in information systems”, Heinz Klein and Michael Myers state: “While we agree that interpretive research does not subscribe to the idea that a pre-determined set of criteria can be applied in a mechanistic way, it does not follow that there are no standards at all by which interpretive research can be judged” (1999, p. 68). In the same article, authors provide us with the set of principles, which must be observed by scientists, while exploring and interpreting qualitative subtleties of a researched subject matter. The most important of them are:  1. The Fundamental Principle of the Hermeneutic Circle (researchers must prove their ability to relate parts of the study to its overall conceptual premise).  2. The Principle of Contextualization (researchers must understand the full scope of how currently existing historical discourses affect study’s conclusions).  3. The Principle of Multiple Interpretations (researchers are being required to be able to critically assess their own interpretations, in regards to the researched subject matter, and to define what might account for the alternative ones).  4. The Principle of Suspicion (research must always consider a possibility of a collected field-data being affected by respondents’ personal agenda). In his article “The issue of quality in qualitative research”, Martyn Hammersley outlines another important criteria for ensuring the high quality of an interpretative research – namely, the principle of political disengagement: “There are quite a lot of qualitative researchers today who insist that research ought to be political in this sense: that it should aim at the eradication of social inequality of various kinds, that it should improve the lives of some group of people… It is not hard to see that this is likely to lead to incommensurable paradigms reflecting sharply divergent orientations” (2007, p. 294). In order for the qualitative study to be perceived as conceptually valid and fully ethical, researches must remain intellectually honest, during the course of conducting it. In is turn, this would require them to prove their non-affiliation with currently dominant political discourses. In this paper, we will analyze whether the qualitative studies “Exclusion from school: What can ‘included’ pupils tell us?” by G
It is hard to disagree that providers try to do their best to avoid being judgmental when helping their patients. While it is rather easy with some clients, it can be challenging to forget about personal assumptions and attitudes when working with people with different addictions. Unfortunately, providers can sometimes use stigmatizing or biased language, which can hurt their patients. In this paper, I will talk about my beliefs about persons with addictions. To begin with, I think that there are numerous severe reasons why people become addicted or use substances. First of all, mental illnesses and conditions like anxiety, depression, ADHD, and bipolar disorder may force patients to become addicted to alcohol, drugs, or smoking. Additionally, some traumatic events may be so unbearable for a person that they need to feel better, and substances seem a great option. Genetics and negative examples shown by close relatives also increase the risk. Finally, it is known that famous people and celebrities like musicians and actors use drugs and alcohol to have more energy and get distracted from their everyday activities and the attention they receive. Therefore, in my opinion, the main reason people get addicted is related to the desire to forget about the problems of this reality and feel differently. Since these substances act on the production of certain hormones, the body gets used to it and requires an increase in the dose of alcohol or drugs. In my opinion, all addictions are challenging to recover from. It does not matter if one is addicted to chocolate, drugs, the internet, coffee, alcohol, or smoking. If it is a real addiction, the help of a professional and a comprehensive approach is needed to heal the physical and emotional states of a person. I think that recovery always begins when one recognizes and acknowledges the existence of their addiction and appeals to the socialists. Further, the person must follow all the recommendations despite the desire to surrender, psychological and physical resistance, and a short-term deterioration. After successfully passing these stages, the patient becomes much better, their body removes the remaining substances, and the state returns to normal. According to my observations, a person who, for example, gets rid of addiction to cigarettes is afraid to smoke one again since there is a great chance of becoming addicted again.
Introduction Better nutrition and physical exercise are very significant for one’s health. An environmental scanning in the nursing discipline was carried out to establish whether or not parents and kids know the importance of good health and exercise. Some professional and personal choices may lead to poor nutrition. For instance, eating lot of calories can have negative effects on the health of the concerned individuals. As such, both parents and children need to identify those physical activities and food choices that can help them live a life with no or few diseases and other physical limitations. Topics Covered The first topic covered during the Health Fair was the significance of Good nutrition during the early life of children. It was crucial to pass this knowledge about good nutrition of kids to parents since a good start leads to good health in adulthood and old age. Hyrkas and Harvey (2010) asserted that the benefits of good nutrition are less severe diseases of shorter duration. Another topic that was covered was the role of physical exercise for children. Exercise improves the learning potential and physical fitness in kids. As such, children who get sufficient diet perform better in factual knowledge tests than those with inadequate diets. Additionally, exercise improves the strength and general health of children. Exposure to the sun is an example of an activity that can be incorporated during exercise as it assists in the development of strong bones. Personal Objective My personal objective during the Health Fair was to determine how both parents and children perceive the concept of nutrition and exercise. I wanted to find out weather parents know the importance of good nutrition and exercise to their kids. If they do not have such knowledge, there is a need to provide methods of creating awareness to them. However, if the parents know the importance of good nutrition and exercise to their children, one can always learn from them (Whitacre, 2009). Objective Attainment With regard to the impact of the Health Fair, I attained my objective for the day. It was my privilege to realize that most parents knew the benefits of good nutrition and exercise to their kids between the age of three and six years (Samour & King, 2012). For instance, almost all parents know that exercise is very important in strengthening the muscles and bones of growing kids. Additionally, parents believe that healthy nutrition and exercise make a great contribution to economic growth and advancement. The reason of such growth is a decrease in the huge amounts of funds used on medication in a healthy family. Healthy kids are then likely to be healthy adults who put their energy in the attainment of organizational goals hence productivit
Performance Evaluation This is a process that a company uses to scrutinize employees’ performance, areas of effectiveness and efficiency. It also looks at points of weakness. Its aim is to improve future performance, foster company growth, and career progression as well. A company should engage employees in formulating this process. That way, employees know what the employer expects of them. Performance Evaluation: Citibank Case In the case above, a Citibank Manager’s performance undergoes scrutiny from superiors. In the past, he has had stellar performance based on the standards then. However, the Bank introduced new standards touching on customer satisfaction. In this area, the manager scored ‘below par’. Hence, he is uneasy about the reaction of the supervisors and the recommendations in their report. In this regard, I choose to look into the effect of performance evaluation on employees. Citibank is the focal point of this discussion (Harvard Business Review, 1997). In the case study, the bank’s customers were sophisticated. They demanded high-quality services. Employees, therefore, were under constant pressure to meet the standards. This way, the bank would retain and acquire more customers. However, the emplo
Novel coronavirus pandemic has challenged global economics in a way no government or business was prepared to deal with. As the first signs of the potential damage it might have upon global markets, economists across the globe predicted a course of situation that revealed the weaknesses of various processes in the supply chain. For example, the exceptionally high demand for medical equipment exposed the inability to rapidly reshape the businesses to satisfy the need for essential items (Seifert & Markoff, 2020). In turn, several other markets had suffered dramatically from low consumer demands, as their sales numbers plummeted after several countries have established quarantines and self-isolation rules. This report analyzes the current situation of marketing channels, how they were impacted by pandemics, and how they will have to be changed to be resistant against similar breakdowns of the market system. While supply chains were broken in the past by disasters or crises, this time, the situation is different. Lin and Lanng (2020) state that “governments, businesses, and individual consumers suddenly struggled to procure basic products and materials, and were forced to confront the fragility of the modern supply chain.” Statistics on weekly transaction volumes by country show that in Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States these numbers went down by 26% on average, and in China by over 50% (Lin & Lanng, 2020). As lockdown is still in effect, these numbers continue to plummet, and it will be hard for many companies to recover after such a massive hit on supply chains. Many current supply chains rely heavily on overseas manufacturers, which were cut off for many non-essential goods, such as clothes, personal vehicles, etc. Cost control factors that were prevalent before the virus outbreak became the primary source of shortages on the global market, and regional markets were not ready for such a shift (Cordon & Buatois, 2020). Cordon and Buatois (2020) state that the “pharmaceutical industry in Europe, which has imported 80% of the active components for its drug supply from China and India”, will have to restructure itself to focus on local manu
There are different forms of therapy, and it is vital for psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs) to know and distinguish it. Supportive and Interpersonal types of treatment share similar patterns and differ from each other in some ways. PMHNPs can decide what form of therapy is the most favorable for a client. In the current assignment, the primary aim is to address similarities of supportive and interpersonal psychotherapies and to discuss three differences between them. Moreover, the impact on practice depending on a form of therapy, is presented and discussed. In conclusion, a suitable personal approach with clients is mentioned and explained. Similarities Both forms, Supportive and Interpersonal psychotherapy, pay special attention to a therapeutic approach to clients that diagnosed with mental health diseases. The practices aim at dealing with severe psychological issues such as anxiety and depression. The two therapeutic forms concentrate on personality problems, simultaneously reducing current symptoms (Wheeler, 2014). Thus, Supportive and Interpersonal psychotherapy share a similar approach to treatment. Differences One of the significant differences is that Supportive psychotherapy does not need as in-depth professional training as Interpersonal, where future specialists learn to work with clients diagnosed with interpersonal disputes, grief, role transitions, and other relationship issues (Wheeler, 2014). Supportive therapy is the form of treatment chosen by a client to treat negative symptoms and improve self-esteem and mental state (Winston & Lujack, 2015). To do so, this form of psychotherapy involves numerous strategies, including working on cognitive, defensive, and interpersonal problems (Wheeler, 2014). According to Cuijpers et al. (2016), Interpersonal psychotherapy is efficient in reducing depressive symptoms and preventing relapse. At the same time, the form of therapy is proven to be useful in treating eating disorders. Impact on Practice Supportive psychotherapy is found to be efficient in working with psychotic disorders. As Wheeler (2014) states in his book, “the left-brain frontal cortex problem-solving abilities are greatly impaired” (p. 239). In this case, Supportive therapy can be especially helpful for psyche stabilization. Concerning Interpersonal therapy, it is more useful for treating problems gained in the past, as it is concerned with interpersonal interactions (Wheeler, 2014). Supportive Psychotherapy Approach Supportive psychotherapy is a form that was chosen as m
Introduction The Grapes of Wrath which is written by Steinbeck is in the era of a great depression that caters to the poor family and dealing with economic hardships. It presents a hopeless scenario that the people experienced through the journey of their life. A presentation of the bitter tension between the fortunate and unfortunate people is greatly depicted. It showed pride in American literature and captured the repulsion of the great depression as it headed through the system of justice and parity in the country. The author depicts reality in the scenarios of the world and shows a modern era. The journey of the Joad family and other significant characters in the story who played the roles in building the whole context take the path of meeting miserable economic situations. Powerful and powerless people are distinguished in the story and highlighted the boundary between the fortunate and unfortunate people as to how it is conveyed in the given situations of Joad’s journey. The release of Tom Joad from being imprisoned for four years in the manslaughter conviction does not mean starting a new life for the protagonist (Zirakzadeh, 2004). Instead, his release started a new life though but full of trials and hardships. However, the determination of the Joad family to survive made them to the triumphs that they faced in their battle for living in California. Although they have been treated cruelly, the family still remained determined to continue living and fight for what they believe is right. The interpretation of John Steinback’s work caters to the current situation of certain areas in the world. Not totally in America as it is known for being a progressive country, but in places where poverty and disparity still arise. The things that the family need are the rights of a person in order to live. However, the setting of the story is not in a democratic time where freedom has widely prevailed and many opportunities are open for all. It is good to know that the people before are striving hard for their living and practices self-expression for their own sake. It just gives the readers the idea of people being a fighter now and then. Fighting for the people’s rights is a must and this should be treated as one of the biggest deals and that disparity should be disregarded. Joad family also various face through their journey and experienced scenarios that taught the readers the lesson of being strong in times of hardships. Humanity also arises through the context because of treating each person as if a family member. But of course, death cannot be stopped throughout the journey and it needs to be part of the cycle. People come and go. Each played a significant role in the lives of
Case Citation Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell , 485 U.S. 46 (1988). Facts In November 1983, an issue of Hustler Magazine presented a parody based on an advertisement depicting Campari Liqueur, which also had the name and image of the interviewee. The advertisement was entitled, Jerry Falwell, talks about his first time . Specifically, the advertisement parody was aimed at copying other similar advertisements of the brand, Campari. The advertisements were centered on the notion of the ‘first time’ a person took the drink, Campari Liqueur (Flynt 1). The ad satire depicted Jerry Falwell’s first time as an intoxicated, incestuous childhood sexual intercourse with his mother in the family outhouse (Flynt 1). The ad claimed that Falwell and his mother were highly intoxicated on Campari when the incestuous act took place. This case referred to two polar opposites of the society but captured the American political events of the 1980s. Jerry Falwell was a well-known, respected, noble televangelist clergy focused on advancing public policy to reflect religious rights. On the other hand, Larry Flynt was a mocking pornographer with a flawed trait and ran a profitable publishing house. Flynt was eager to go beyond the norm on various subjects, from politics to sex, using his satirical language (Gutterman 1). Not amused by the parody, Jerry Falwell sued Larry Flynt and Hustler Magazine for emotional distress (Kang 583). Falwell claimed the invasion of personal privacy, libel, and intended statements to inflict emotional distress against him. Falwell was a staunch religious conservative and the organizer of the Moral Majority, which was a political advocacy union (Smolla 423). At the District Court and the US Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, Falwell won the case because it was established that Flynt and Hustler Magazine had indeed violated Falwell’s privacy and damaged his reputation. In addition, the Court also argued in favor of the respondent’s claim on intentional infliction of emotional distress (Kang 582). As such, the Court awarded Falwell compensatory damages of $ 100,000 and an additional $ 100,000 in punitive damages against Larry Flynt, the publisher and Hustler Magazine . The suit emanating from the published satire carried in the Hustler Magazine in which the Reverend was portrayed as having illicit sex with his mother was never considered defamatory, not privacy invasion, and not legally lewd. The Fourth Circuit, however, argued that the parody met all characteristics of the tort of “intentional infliction of emotional distress” (Smolla 423). In addition, the script clearly indicated that the publisher planned to cause emotional distress on the respondent. Therefore, the award of the damage did not go against the First Amendment . In essence, Larry Flynt and Hustler Magazine were fined $200,00
Introduction The world has undergone various transformations that have made it easier for people from various regions of the world to meet and share many aspects of their cultures. Modernization has forced almost all countries in the world to share common beliefs and practices that identify them as one block. The use of modern technology in communication and other aspects of human life have made it mandatory for people from different countries to adopt similar practices to enhance their interactions and boost relations among nations of the world. This has led to the formation of international bodies that oversee interactions in various fields are carried out with minimal barriers. These bodies have been set up to ensure all member countries enjoy same benefits without oppressing others on grounds of their levels of development. One of these organizations is the International Federation of Football Association commonly known as FIFA. This research paper explores the structures, membership, functions and benefits of this association to member countries and individuals. FIFA is an international association that governs all the sporting activities that involve football and soccer played on the beach by men and women. Many countries in the world are members of this association. It is estimated that two hundred and eight nations are registered members. The headquarters of this association is found in Switzerland and is headed by Sepp Blatter (Elvis 2010) who is considered the president of this association. This association is responsible for coordinating and organizing various tournaments including the World Cup and continental tournaments which are events known world wide and command majority of the population as fans. It is believed to have begun in the twentieth century when there was great need to have one institution to handle and coordinate football matches that were gaining popularity all over the world. Therefore, in 1904 this association was formed by four countries including France, Denmark, Belgium and the Netherlands with its structure run and managed by the FIFA congress which is in charge of forming rules and regulations governing world football and the operations of FIFA. These members have their meetings annually but they may also have some emergency sessions when need arises (Tumlin 2006). It has a wide international organizational structure that consists of other sections that are supervised by the supreme organ. In addition, FIFA has six components that oversee the progress of football activities in all continents and act as a link between FIFA and other nations of the world. Therefore, FIFA