ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Throughout the world’s history, conflicts have emerged on how to unite state and federal powers within one system of governance. To date, several controversies indicate how these conflicts continue. This paper examines the current federal issue of the same-sex marriage, its pros and cons, and my own opinion regarding the best power division. Same-sex marriage was once a concern for individual states, but currently it is emerging as a federal issue. This has triggered the debate to shift from the state courts and legislatures to the federal courts with the interest groups looking for the best platform to present their case. Earlier, the federal government was prohibited to legalize same-sex marriage by the Defense of Marriage Act. In addition, state governments were also included. However, as from 2004, states began legalizing it. Relative to the advantages, federal involvement on same-sex marriage can promote individualism. This will help with accommodation of interests of the bigger majority like culture, style, or language (Bond & Smith, p. 76). However, state government is better placed to enhance policy positions that are specific to its area and needs of its constituents. On the other hand, federal government formulates policies that cater for the majority in order to create a balance between the states. Next, it will allow for experimentation of various laws and policies across different states. In regard to the disadvantages, federal government involvement in the same-sex marriage has contributed to various challenges. First and foremost, conflicts have erupted between states due to different policies pertaining same-sex marriage (Bond & Smith, p. 86). Different states develop their own individual customs and culture pertaining to same-sex marriage. Every time one crosses a state boundary he or she is bound by different laws and policies. Therefore, it is challenging for the federal government to come up with a strong policy as the states are often divided on the issue. Secondly, this has an adverse effect on the economy. The central government is responsible for handling the overall economy although each state has its unique economy. Same-sex marriage faces huge economic disparities, as opposed to heterosexual marriages. Same-sex couples are not legitimately recognized as married couples. In this case, they are not entitled to some of the states’ or federal government benefits such as exemption from taxes like the heterosexual couples. For instance, a heterosexual spouse is not subjected to taxation in inheritance cases from his or her deceased partner whereas a same-sex couple is subjected taxation. Furthermore, federalism has led to the growth of inequality mostly among the minority groups. This leads to mental problems such as stress due to stigmatization. Studies from various states prohibiting same-sex marriages have revealed that the majority of same-sex couples exhibited mental heath problems. This was attributed to minority stress resulting from stigmatization of the minority groups and psychological di
Introduction Social media is the most common technological trend of today. Its usage has been overwhelming across different sectors of the economy. This platform has gained entry in sectors like education, health, security, and business (Lepi, 2014). There exist varied social media platforms through which people can interact. Some of the common sites include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Instagram, Flickr, and Pinterest. Different firms use social media to make their services and products known to the public. The marketing department is at the forefront of utilizing social media in attracting customers and retaining the ones it has already acquired. The Business Perspective From a business perspective, social media platforms are good environments for businesses to meet new partners in the process of advertising their products and services. This has been possible with the high rate at which businesses have been taking their services and products online in order to expand their market presence. In addition, the platform has reduced the cost of acquiring information about products that most businesses deal in given the comparably low cost of accessing the internet to making physical visits, as well as the possibility of accessing the sites from any location (Lepi, 2014). Twitter as a social network platform has been useful in keeping people updated on incidences that occur. Clearly, social media help one to know the existence of products and services from organizations at a cheaper cost than actual visits to corporate premises. Educational Point of View Markedly, before getting into classrooms, students have to go through the admission process. Social media, therefore, has been a significant tool in the educational system of the 21st century. Facebook as another example has three key categories of accounts: profiles, groups, and pages. At the same time, social media has helped educational institutions to communicate effectively to students. An example is evident in Professor Michael Menchaca of the University of Hawaii. He instructs his learners to create 15-seconds videos on the popular site Instagram to ease familiarisation among themselves (Friedman, 2014). Besides, Professor Menchaca encourages the use of Google Hangouts and Twitter for sharing of classroom materials and discussing classroom projects. From this case example, it is clear that social media has brought numerous progress in the online learning system. Students are able to connect easily with their parents and the community, as well as develop professionally as elaborated in this case. Social Media at Cape Breton University, Canada Learning institutions like Cape Breton University (CBU) can use the site to promote significant events, announce it’s opening and closure dates, and provide vital information in order to
Employment Discriminatory Practice Employment discrimination is a burning problem in current society even though people truly believe they have already deprived themselves of racial, gender, age, or other prejudices (Cohn, 2009). The story of one woman is proof of how gender discrimination in the workplace remains to be a problem. She is a successful lawyer with a Master’s degree and a several-year experience. Because of personal reasons, she had to change her place of living and work. Within a short period, she got an attractive proposition and signed a contract with a small company. She studied each point of the contract. There was no point about gender discrimination; she could not even think that such a factor would matter. During the first deal, the woman was the only female representative of the company. The director controlled all processes. She was constantly interrupted by the director and substituted by other male representatives. Her ideas were rejected, though some of them were interesting even according to the other participants’ opinions. The next several meetings were the same. When the woman decided to clear up the situation, she got an answer that her female views were not appropriate for the cases, and she was hired to show that the company got both, female and male, representatives. In a month, she changed the work as she did not want to look for official evidence of employment discrimination and did not find it necessary to continue discussions with such prejudiced male directors. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) as a Strategic Resource Nowadays, when a person needs to find some evidence or explanation of something, he/she addresses the Internet and surf the web. Within a short period, several interesting suggestions are found. A professional in the human service field can go to website and use the information offered by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission team. The structure of the site is not complicated. It is easy to get access to different categories and read the information available. The content of the site may become a powerful strategic resource due to a variety of facts about employment discrimination. Legal examples and explanations are offered. Laws and regulations that can be used in practice are described. Current news and changes are menti
The rule of law has always been as core of the Australian legal system. It is used as” a primary means of subjecting governmental power to control” (92). In Australia, the judicial process is characterized by the application of universal and abstract criteria based on the principle that all citizens are equal before the law. Even though a juridical interpretation of the law admits a range of possible resolutions, the criteria which characterize judicial proceedings limit the space in which actors in conflict may negotiate and exchange political costs and benefits. The rule of law was introduced by a colonial Chief Justice and than asserted by V. Dicey. In some cases, the institutional limitations may in fact tie the hands of a democratic government seeking to redress past wrongs, but they do so only within the rule of law. In Australia, the rule of laws is enforced by courts. The Constitution also assumes the rule of law in the case Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (Wade and Bradley 62). Since due process and fair-trial guarantees should be an absolute condition of legitimacy in any accountability scheme, it makes no legal, moral, or political sense to insist on prosecution in the presence of amnesties that have obtained legal effect despite their immorality. Accepting such reasoning would violate the cardinal rule of nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege (no crime no punishment without a previous penal law), in the sense that defendants always have the right to the most benevolent law that can be applied to them after the commission of a crime. This does not mean that the effects of these proceedings are neutral, for a law generates differential costs among diverse social groups. Still, laws reorganize the form of conflict resolution, redefining the cost/benefit matrix determining the probability that each of the diverse social groups involved will realize their interests. In Australia, “statutes are sometimes retrospective and this is not necessarily wrong or unjust- Statutes are sometimes passed to deal with invalidity and uncertainty in the law. Such statutes are retrospective in operation but not necessarily objectionable” (Wade and Bradley 73). Even though a law does not have a particular or concrete beneficiary — that is, even though it does not constitute a selective threat-it can establish the magnitud
Introduction In epistemology, we study the theory of knowledge, and this branch of philosophy is important. This branch of philosophy addresses the following: firstly it defines knowledge as ‘acceptable belief and is used as a working model most of the time’. Secondly it tries to explain where knowledge is coming from and this is divided further into two parts i.e. empiricism which says, we get knowledge as results of experiences in our lives and rationalism which defines the same as knowledge is based on reasoning, lastly in what way do we justified our beliefs. How do we see our world because much of our knowledge does not come as results of our senses but through perception of things that around us in this physical world and. “The experience in this world can be determined by two things firstly the world itself and secondly part is determined by us” (Audi 20).i.e. the way we see our world varies differently from person to person therefore the way one person can define his physical world is different from another person. Human beings don’t get information through senses alone but most of the time we get a as results of experiences which we get from the object around us in the physical world. There is a tradition in philosophies that say “we do not know anything “and this argument has been refuted by human beings as not true. But “the most problem in “theory of knowledge” i.e. epistemology, is not what knowledge is, but where can we find knowledge and can we prove that knowledge exists” (Audi 22). Knowledge can exist in various forms in this physical world and human beings have to be very attentive to get knowledge, as I said earlier human beings see their physical world differently. “There are two broad ways in which philosophers are approaching knowledge and this ways are rationalism and empiricism” (Audi 35).Rationalist approach of epistemology defines knowledge as being based on certain principles and those principles are not learned through experience but they are implicit in reasoning Itself. Senses alone cannot provide any conclusion that what we know is right. “Just like in mathematics we must rely on reason as a basis to determine whether our basis is true, that is what we call knowledge” (Audi 45). Argument for An example of rationalist is Rene Descartes, before we begin to study reality in our nature, he imposed a question, and what does it help a person to know about the meaning of reality? Reality cannot be touched or be seen with our naked eyes but if we know our belief are acceptable first then can believe in them. “Then such a belief will provide a strong foundation to base our future arguments and he will be in a postion to claim that all his argument is true” (Hursthouse 30). For identification of truth so that all other belief can be based upon. René Descartes came up with a method that is able to suspends the confidence of a person in what he believe in, what his senses tell him or her to do and what he or she thinks is obvious. In order to tell if there is anything that we claim to know, René Descartes tells us to first doubt the things we know no matter how well we know them. “What Rene Descartes is saying is that
Students should develop their writing and research skills in order to increase the level of their academic performance. The development of the specific skills of a reader, critical thinker, and writer is necessary for students who want not only to study and discuss the courses’ material effectively but also to express their own opinion, argue the controversial issues, and support their viewpoint. The quality of the students’ writing depends on the constant improvement of the research and writing skills. The process of examining the necessary material and writing efficient papers can be discussed as challenging because there are a lot of specific standards and requirements for developing academic papers. However, when all the particular features of academic writing are learned, a student receives the opportunity to write papers with an effective thesis, convincing argumentation, and credible evidence. During the course, I concentrated on developing and improving my writing skills. There were a lot of challenges for me as a critical thinker, but they were overcome with references to the knowledge acquired. Today, I can state that working with the specialized literature and writing academic papers, I developed not only research and writing skills but also critical thinking and the ability to evaluate the material in relation to its credibility and main idea. It was important to improve my skills in an effective literature search, basing on the proper study and analysis of the information presented. It was rather easy to determine the author’s main idea or argument while reading t
Decision-making encompasses all aspects of human life. However, the problem is how to ascertain whether one has the required skills and knowledge to make optimal decisions. This led to the emergence of Applied Management Science as an important field in various sectors of learning. Applied refers to making practical application of something that is not theoretical. Management on the other hand refers to the control of activities within the set guidelines and policies for the achievement of specific objectives. Science is the identification, observation, investigation, and explanation of theoretical phenomena. Applied Management Science therefore refers to the science of solving business problems. It assists business managers in making optimal, informed, and satisfactory decisions. Business managers face complex and dynamic challenges that not only demand forethought, but also call for optimal and informed decisions making to provide solutions to business challenges on daily basis. This calls for developing complex scientific models capable of analyzing the situations and providing indicators that assist managers in decision-making. Applied Management Science therefore ensures that decisions made by business managers are products of strategic thinking processes and are aimed at improving operations. In other words, it offers practical information in decision making that is an indicator to success in business. The process of mainstream decision-making has not received mainstream attention because of the dynamic and evolving nature of business challenges. The development of a universally accepted decision making model becomes a big challenge because business decisions change and remain unique within the each business set-up and culture. Despite the fact that business, education, and psychology communities embrace decision aides, the public may not adopt the application of these aides. This is because most decisions made by the public are personal and may not demand complex processes to determine their levels of accuracy. Indecisiveness has been a major problem to psychologists because it does not translate to anything good in life. The inability to make a decision and pursue a course presents unwanted challenges within career and family. Human beings must have a determination in life and to move ahead with ambitions, there must be the component of decision-making on what and where one is moving. Indecision in career, family, and general life translates to failure, confusion, unfulfilled ambitions, and frustrations. To entrench the character of courage and instill ambition on an individual, it is imperative that decision-making skills be taught in high schools. This is because of its implications on an individual and in society. Skills in decision-making
Introduction In an organization, the Human Resource Department serves the purpose of helping it in accomplishing its goals as well as meeting the needs of its workforce. The HR Department is the hub of an organization since it acts as a liaison between all the different parties concerned with improving the performance of the organization. With the current diversity in the workforce, the functions of the HR Department are increasingly becoming of essence in the success of a company. Therefore, a central focus of the department’s interventions is an effort to uphold equal employment opportunity (EEO) and anti-discriminatory practices (Ivancevich, 27). This means that the department makes sure that the place of work is free from all forms of unlawful discrimination and harassment as well as providing programs to help the employees overcome past and present disadvantages. Fair practices and behaviour In an organization, promoting fair practices and behaviour cuts across the activities of the HR Department. In this regard, the Emirates Telecommunication Corporation – Etisalat Human Resource Department ensures that the organization act in accordance with the law, avoids fines, and establishes a discrimination-free place of work (“About us,” para.2). It achieves this in several ways. To begin with, the Etisalat HR Department promotes recruitment, selection and promotion practices that are open, competitive and based on the merit of the applicant (“What is EEO?”, 2). The department avoids discrimination during the recruitment process so as to avoid breaching the law and give the organization it is representing the best opportunity of getting the right individual suited for the position. If this is not followed, the job applicants can sue the company for unfair treatment during the recruitment process. When drafting the job description and person specification, the company’s HR professionals are obliged to state plainly the duties the recruit will be expected to perform and the vital skills that are necessary in accomplishing the duties. It is important to note that the specification does not include any obligations that are not directly associated to the job, for example, for the work of a forklift truck driver, the job specification does not include a good command in the English language since this may not be very necessary. On the other hand, for an editorial or an administrative position within the company, specification of this is of essence. In writing a job advertisement, the HR professionals are obliged not to state that the vacant position in the organization must be of a specific gender, race, sex, religion, or nationality. However, giving such specific requirements is lawful if it is an occupational requirement. It is not allowed by the law of the U.A. E. for the HR professionals to advertise for positions indicating that the applicant’s success relies on him or her not having any disability that may reduce his or her performance. In some instances, the Etisalat HR department endeavors to treat disabled individuals more favourably by announcing that the position is only
Introduction Artworks differ significantly across different fields and periods. Some artworks have originated from the minds of individuals or social and ethnic influences while others have been influenced by the designs and features of earlier art periods. Renaissance is a historical art period during which art was revitalized in the western world. The shift from the classical period to the Renaissance period took place during the 4th century BC. The social condition, which contributed to the advent of the renaissance style, is the increase in territorial tussle taking place across Europe. With the exclusion of the Catholic Church, the people had to dedicate themselves to the comfort of art. They, therefore, outrightly discarded classical art with an emphasis on religious convictions and this led to the rise of renaissance art (Boyle, 2001). This paper will compare and contrast two Renaissance works of art, one appearing on a website and the other appearing in a textbook. Discussion The Sistine chapel The Sistine Chapel is an example of a Renaissance artwork in the book “Preble’ Artforms: An Introduction to the Visual Arts” by Preble & Frank, 2005. The chapel is located in the Vatican and is one of the most illustrious artworks in the western world. It is named after Pope Sixtus IV, who commissioned its construction in 1475. The chapel is rectangular shaped is three dimensional and is made out of marble and bronze. Its dimensions are similar to those of the Temple of Solomon as shown in the Old Testament. The piece of artwork is surrounded by wall frescoes with the left wall symbolizing events in the Old Testament and the right wall portraying those in the New Testament. Portraits of God’s followers such as Peter are evident in the chapel and these symbolize God’s given authority. The chapel’s ceiling is divided into nine parts which symbolize the nine stories in the book of Genesis, from creation to Noah’s Drunkenness (Preble & Frank, 2005). On the altar wall of the chapel, there is a portrait of Jesus known as “The Last Judgment”. The portrait is a good indicator of the fact that Christ is the Judge and has the power to compel sinners to hell, and his followers to heaven. The sun and other planets surround the portrait (Preble & Frank, 2005). The entrance to the chapel is marked by two frescoes which symbolize the last episodes of the works of Moses and Christ, that is, the revivification of Jesus Christ and the conversation on the body of Moses. The Sistine chapel is thus a symbolic statement of Christianity especially the catholic denomination (Preble & Frank, 2005). The modern Sistine chapel has undergone a lot of cle