ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Observation Field Log 7:00 am: wake up; interact with the spouse; drink the coffee he made for me; look through the news feed, see political scandals and crime; leave comments under the two most shocking posts; charge my phone. Nuclear family, romantic relationships, marriage, social networks, civic participation, social deviance 7:45 am: do morning exercises together with the husband; wash up and brush the teeth; dress. Social norms, health, self-expression, gender roles, impression management 8:30 am: meet the friend who asked me to help two or three days ago; discuss his problem; identify the area of action; observe good owners walking their pets and sellers of street food; notice an abandoned, hypothetically homeless dog near the bus stop. Social norms, poverty, negligence, roles, interactions, impression management, socialization 9:15 am: shop for the missing food products, fill in a short questionnaire on the quality of service at the store, return home, cook and eat an omelet for breakfast. Roles, gender roles, impression management, social norms 10:00 am: begin to work; become acquainted with the tasks; search for relevant information; think; make decisions; stay in contact with the supervisor to avoid missing essential points. Institutions, social norms, roles, keeping family, information flow, brain activity, interactions 2:00 pm – 2:40 pm: have a break; have lunch; visit the Facebook community related to my hobby; look through the recent posts, save one or two to examine later; interact with the other users; have a short dialogue with my mother, who always worries and this time is willing to ensure my diet is balanced; decide not to admit it could be better. Social networks, interactions, socialization, social norms, extended family 6:00 pm: meet the spouse, who returns from work, interact with him, and have dinner together. Nuclear family, marriage, gender roles, interactions 6:45 pm: walk to maintain the level of activity in accordance with the physician’s recommendations; watch nature, listen to my favorite music, contact a friend who lives in a different city, and share the latest news. Healthy lifestyle, roles, esthetic pleasure, interactions, social norms, friendship 8:00 pm: cook simple meals for the next day; put the dishes into the dishwasher. Gender roles, domestic life 8:40 pm: read a short article in German, and note a few new words. 9:00 pm: watch a cartoon with the husband while knitting a skirt for myself; eat two apples for supper. Nuclear fami
Running the meeting In order to prepare for the second meeting, the team carried out a comprehensive analysis of the Bearing & Boodles Company’s external and internal environment within the Chinese business market. Among the elements that were included in the external and internal environment analysis are the SWOT and the PESTEL. Under the SWOT analysis, the team identified the strengths of the company as large customer base, efficiency in production, and ability to recruit a pool of technical skills. The weaknesses identified by the group include the weak labour management system besides the inability to modify the production activities to fit within the Chinese culture (Heathfield, 2011). The team note that the company has unlimited opportunities for growth and physical expansion since its products are used by nearly all companies in the engine and automobile industry. Among the threats identified by the group include the weak government business regulatory agencies that tend to favour companies of Chinese origin. However, this threat is very low in terms of risk percentile. Under the PESTLE, the team discovered that the Bearing & Boodles Company is positively skewed to benefit since the variables within the PESTLE are relatively stable (Rouse, 2014). The team achieved the intended results since they unanimously agreed to present to the Bearing & Boodles Company a polycentric approach in the consultancy process. The team agreed to concentrate on training and development, appraisals, and the 360 d
Morocco is a country located in Northern Africa. There are only three countries – including Morocco – that have access to both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines. Morocco is a romantic place with a naturally high degree of cultural diversity. Its rich history of immigration ensured that a number of immigrants from Arab, Berber, and a lot of European countries had chosen Morocco as their home. As a result, the Moroccan Style interior design provides a number of possibilities to demonstrate and highlight these nuances and peculiarities that exist in different cultures. It is important to understand that these details must agree and complement each other in order to add up to the overall style of an interior successfully. The Moroccan Style Interior is, therefore, also characterized by an immense diversity in architectural solutions which is easily noticeable in its highly detailed and intricate carvings, a high number of arched doorways, fabrics of various bright and vivid colors, and many other essential elements. As already stated, these parts have to exist in agreement. While highlighting individual details, one has to make s
Crime has been a global concern for most countries all over the world. In their influential article titled Freackonomics, Levitt and Dubner give a vivid account of the prevalence of crime in the United States. They stated that crime had been growing persistently in all U.S. cities over recent years and appeared to be a precursor to the demise of the world we knew. Murder, drug peddling, rape and robbery had become widespread in all cities and extensively covered by the media in the United States (3). Majority of experts in criminology predicted that crime rate would rise steadily to astonishing figures. For instance, in mid 1990s, James Fox, an expert in criminology, predicted the impending rise in murders by youngsters. He suggested an optimistic and pessimistic state of affairs. On the former stance; Fox predicted that the rate of crime committed by teenagers would increase by 14.9% in the next ten years. His pessimistic outlook suggested that the crime rate would rise to more than 30% by 2005. The same pattern of prediction was upheld by several experts in criminology and political scientist. Bill Clinton, the former U.S. president pointed out this gloomy picture when he stated that juvenile delinquency would be among the top priorities to be addressed by future administrations (Levitt & Dubner 4). However, against all odds, the crime rate started to drop. The demise was astonishing in a number of aspects. All states recorded significant drop in crime rates. The slump in crime rate was constant and decreased at an increasing rate in successive years. Yet, the drop was totally unexpected, more so by the same specialists who had forecasted the opposite. The degree of the turnaround was shocking. The teen murder rate declined by over 49.9% in less than six years, in contrary to what Fox had predicted- a 14.9% rise in crime rate. By the turn of the new millennium, the aggregate murder rate in the U.S. had decreased to its lowest figures in 35 years. A similar pattern was also observed in other forms of crime, such as car burglary and assault (Levitt & Dubner 4). The sudden drop in crime rate prompted several criminologists to propose theories to explain the phenomenon. Some claimed that the booming economy in 1990s contributed to the abrupt turnaround in crime rates. Others claimed that the introduction of numerous gun control regulations reduced the number of guns in the market. The introduction of effective policing programs in New York City that reduced incidences of murder from 2444 in 1900s to a low of 595 in 2002 was also cited as a probable reason. These reasons sounded rational because they credited the drop in crime levels to human intervention strategies. For example, the introduction of laws on gun control was identified as one of the reason for the decline in crime rate (Levitt & Dubner 5). However, these theories were not necessarily accurate. In chapter four, Levitt a
Europe is among the 7 traditional continents of our world and it comprises Eurasia’s westernmost peninsula. It is surrounded by Asia, the Arctic Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea. A European is an inhabitant or a native of the continent of Europe. In addition, an individual who is of European descent or is related to either Europe or its cultures, people, and languages is also called European. One of European history’s greatest periods was the Renaissance which was the time roughly from the 14 th century to the 17 th century. It started in the continent of Europe by the prosperous Italian cities of Venice, Ferrara, Florence, and Milan. It gave rise to the modern world and created a new awakening among the people of Europe by increasing education, literacy, and exploration in Europe. A vernacular language is used by the common people, i.e. it is the native language of a country. During Renaissance, Giovanni Boccaccio, Dante Alighieri, and Daniel Defoe wrote in the vernacular languages. The Holy Roman Empire refers to the combination of regions in Central Europe formed in 962 and was dissolved in 1806 by Napoleon. The Roman Empire was established as the post-Republican stage of Roman civilization in 27 BC under Augustus. In 395 AD it was divided into the Western Roman Empire, which lasted only till 476 AD, and the Eastern Roman Empire or the Byzantine Empire, which had its capital at Constantinople and was ruled by the direct successors of the Roman Empire. The Fourteenth Century plagues hit Italy first and then France, Spain, Croatia, Sicily, and Germany, among others, were badly hit. These cities were more affected due to their large population and unhealthy living conditions while Lithuania and Poland were not, since they were more isolated. The port cities were also badly affected since the disease was brought into the cities by the incoming ships. Among the social effects of the plague was that cost of labor inflated and debauchery and violence began to increase. The rigid feudal society came to an end. Among the political effects, as Feudalism ended, the power of the Nobles also became limited. The kings no longer listened to the nobles who became weak. The middle class became more prestigious and wealthy. Anti-Semitism came into being as people began to blame the Jews for the plagues. The Church also lost its authority and influence on society. As the population decreased due to the plague so did the taxes which in turn affected the economy. A decrease in population caused a shortage of labor which affected the business enterprises as they charged high prices. The households were also affected since there was a huge shortage of food items and the available ones were very costly. The rural areas were also badly affected due to the Great Famine and as a result, the food production in the rural areas was reduced. Though the rural areas were more isolated than the cities which were filthy and densely populated, it was unable to escape the consequences. The plague affected the economy of Europe badly. The survivors unable to raise their children considered them unimportan
Introduction The researchers of the accounting standards today obtain more and more evidence that it became a part of the common practice for the executives to be involved in the earnings management activities. Two major aspects need specification in terms of the mechanisms of earnings management. Firstly, income management can take place on different levels. It can be represented either by the real financial manipulations with the money or by the financial actions that only take place in the reports. The latter include discretionary actions and misrepresentation of financial information. Another important aspect is to recognize the motivation behind earnings management, the particular incentives that are typical for a certain type of management, both involving the real activities manipulation and introducing discretionary information. The performance of the managers is partially evaluated based on the positive profit of the company. Therefore, out of the consideration for the job security and personal benefits, the managers discrete some information in the financial reports presented to the external audience. Also, executives often have incentives to manipulate real financial activities. In that case, the manipulation would involve the operations with the cash flows and some particular accruals, depending on the managers’ benefits and the purpose of the earnings management (Roychowdhury 336). The aim of the real manipulation is always to avoid the earnings decrease. However, there might be some objective restrictions and constraints to such manipulations, including the financial agents, such as the investors and shareholders, and the governmental regulations (Kothari and Sloan 150). Earnings management, real activities manipulation, and existing literature Avoiding losses is the main cross-sectional incentive of the real activities manipulation in earnings management. The most problematic issue with such type of income manipulation is the fact that real activities manipulation can only show sustainable results in achieving the short-run goals of the company. However, with the long-run objectives, such type of earnings management can substantially distort the understanding of the real financial performance of the company (Graham, Harvey, and Rajgopal 19). There are some differences in the definition of the notion of real activities manipulation. Given the fact that the earnings management occurs when the financial judgment of the manager is involved in the reporting (Schipper 96), it is important to underline that the objective of the earnings management is to create a certain impression amongst the investors or other audience (Healy 98). However, the problem is to define which precise methods of financial reporting that include judgment to consider the earnings management practice (Healy and Wahlen 369). According to Roychowdhury (2006), the real activities manipulat
Introduction A rise in direct-to-consumer advertising has been observed in the recent past. This increased favorable and adverse effects on patients who make their own healthcare decisions (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2013). It is this adverse effect of direct-to-consumer advertising that the essay is based upon, with the aim of digging deep into finding out why the ethics governing the industry has continuously been ignored. Additionally, the paper explores the cause of the ineffectiveness of the agency charged with maintaining quality standards, ethics, and good practice. Critics point out that the rules are too relaxed, though a number of arguments that oppose or favor direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertisement (DTCPA) are fairly balanced (Iizuka and Jin, 2005). Industry Arguments Though proponents of DTCPA argue that they provide health information to patients, there are several risks associated with DTCPA. This has caused several patient deaths in the United States (Donohue et al, 2007). On average, viewers watch nine drug advertisements every day, summing up to sixteen hours a year, which exceeds the amount of time they spend with physicians. Interestingly, the conveyed information has never been conclusive, hence the patients’ inability to understand the risks. Many of these advertisements are on television, which most of the time has a mismatch between verbal message and visual imagery when presenting risky information, for example, a person is seen chatting happily while they narrate side effects. This has brought confusion to the consumers hence reducing their ability to understand risks (Donohue and Berndt, 2004). Economists argue that, direct-to-consumer advertisement has contributed to the growth of both pharmaceutical and media industries, for example from the year 1980 to the year 1997, the amount spent on DTCPA had increased from 12 million dollars to 1.2 billion dollars, which represents over 3000 percent increase in revenue to the media industry (Parekh et al, 2011). An increase has also been witnessed in internet marketing which is lucrative with a 5:1 return on investment. This has led to massive employment opportunities in the industry. However, an examination of the available data shows that from 1996 to 2008, the percentage of money used to promote new drugs directly to medical professionals versus total sales had been greatly reduced while those spent on direct-to-consumer advertisements have increased immensely (Parekh et al, 2011). This disturbing trend obviously indicates that there is a higher return on DTC advertised drugs and suggests why there is laxity in the industry. Although the increase may be of help to the economic development, its adverse effect to consumers is equally great. It has encouraged drug overutilization in medicating natural condi
Introduction First of all it is necessary to mention that the development of the genetic engineering has originated the appearing of genetically modified foods and organisms. Originally, the genetically modified foods are derived from the organisms. The fact is that, genetic modification is the changing of the DNA code by the means of the genetic engineering, thus, the genes of the organisms are deviating from the normal genes of similar organisms, consequently, these organisms may be regarded as mutants. It is stated that the genetically modified foods first appeared on the market in 1990s. These products were soybeans, corn, canola, and cotton seed oil, but animal products have been developed. Thus, Stewart (2004, 56) sates the following: “ in 2006 a pig engineered to produce omega-3 fatty acids through the expression of a roundworm gene was controversially produced. Researchers have also developed a genetically-modified breed of pigs that are able to absorb plant phosphorus more efficiently, and as a consequence the phosphorus content of their manure is reduced by as much as 60%. ” It is stated that while the technological and scientific progress and development in the sphere of biology and molecular researches promises an essential potential for the benefits of the humanity in the sphere of deeper understanding of nature and its laws, the humanity imposes essential risks on the health of peoples and ecological safety of thee environment. The existing biological diversity is the largest treasure of the planet, and, there is strong necessity to save it intact: without removing or adding anything. Discussion For Genetic Modification Originally, the discussion on the matters of the GMO is rather broad and burning. It should be stated that the benefits of the genetic modification are discussed and stated much rarer than the harms. Consequently, it is necessary to discuss the benefits first. The fact is that, the benefits are rather promising and sound excitingly. These are the foods which grow faster, they are not subjected to insect attacks. There may be several harvests in a season: the genetic modification is aimed to struggle with hunger and poverty in the driest regions and regions where locust or other plant pests make serious obstacles for gathering sufficient harvests. Here, all the potential benefits are exhausted, and the severe truth begins. It is necessary to mention that the impact of the genetically modified foods on the human organism has not been studied properly. The consequences of artificial genetic diversity are not known for the ecosystem of our planet. The ecologic safety has not been approved, as there were no tests for it. Against Genetic modification Still, the facts, which are the most stubborn thing in this world, approve the danger of genetic modification, as it is the direct violation of the laws of the natu
History has seen many fighters for human rights and the will of other people. There are many African-American women who took their part in the common goal and expressed themselves freely in their poems, plays, essays, and other literary works. Gwendolyn Brooks is one of the selected writers because she takes a personal and friendly approach in her wishes and attitude towards those who shared the suffering with her. It makes people realize that she has deeply felt the pain and this gives her an understanding of others, and that reflects in her writing. “The Song in the Front Yard” shows an attitude of a rebel and a person who does not conform to norms. This can be understood when a person is being treated. Differently, stress and pressure build up inside and demand justice. The tone of her poem “Mother” is very graphic and shows how harsh and cruel people are when they choose to decide the fates of others and specifically, babies. But at the same time, there is an acknowledgment that all were loved and the circumstances were such that life otherwise would not be possible (Bloom 18). June Jordan is another unique poet who expressed herself very precisely and the use of language is very elegant and intelligent. When her works are read, it is possible to imagine the setting and her ideas, as they are explained very exactly and vividly. The fact that she uses language and imagination in such a way adds to the atmosphere of genius and means that she was unique in her expression and transference of information. “The poem about my rights” talks about how everything that a person did is already preconceived as “wrong.” The fact that one is born with certain characteristics is already wrong, even while the person is unreasonably made guilty of it ( June Jordan ). This shows the harsh truth that people judge others on the slightest sign of difference. The author expresses her discontent with human stereotypes and unequal treatment while they are not without faults. The poem that she has written in memory of Martin Luther King Jr. shows how devoted she was in her beliefs and fight for human rights. Her anger is very evident when she talks about the murder and the qualities that people who commit acts of discrimination and crimes possess. Lucie Clifton was original in the way she made everyone around her feel. She could create a very relaxing and friendly atmosphere where people felt it was a safe environment to discuss any issue and even those that are usually not talked about. She was a kind-hearted person, and this transferred to others and made people feel a little better than they were before meeting her. Her poems are graphics and especially when she talks about bombs and babies. She describes how the killing machines are indifferent to who is on the ground, and it is possible to see that she has given a lot of thought to these concepts. This subject is very significant at any time and in any country or nation. People carelessly hurt others and treat fellow human beings with inhumane qualities and so, this