ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Consistency in database transactions refers to the requirement that a transaction should only change data from one consistent and valid state to another. More specifically, consistency in database transaction means that any two concurrent transactions should produce identical results regardless of whether they are executed concurrently or in a serial order (Kroenke, et al., 2018). As one of the ACID (Atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) properties, it is a critical requirement in database design and operation (Microsoft, 2018). These principles were formulated to ensure that a database behaves predictably and reliably (Microsoft, 2018). This helps prevent undesired, partial, or unpredictable modifications to the data, which can disrupt the operation of any application or process that depends on the database. As such, ensuring consistency is critical, especially in large, multi-user databases where concurrent transactions are common. Consistency can be achieved in two methods: statement-level consistency and transaction-level consistency. In the first case, attempts to modify rows that are currently being processed by other statements will be disallowed; this ensures that the original statement concludes before any others (Kroenke, et al., 2018). With transaction-level consistency, all rows changed by a transaction are protected from changes for the entire duration of the transaction (Kroenke, et al., 2018). Transaction-level consistency, while generally more reliable than statement-level consistency, has certain drawbacks. Firstly, it is resource-intensive and can significantly reduce a database’s throughput (Kroenke, et al., 2018). Secondly, it can cause issues when multiple statements within a transaction affect the same rows (Kroenke, et al., 2018). As such, implementing statement-level consistency requires careful consideration of these drawbacks. Furthermore, before working with database consistency, one needs to verify which method is used in this case and how it affects the database’s use. Nonetheless, consistency in database transactions is crucial for multi-user databases as it ensures that data is changed predictably.
Introduction The topic of this report is the so-called “implicit learning” which we define, referring to the study by Endel Tulving as the state when a person possesses the knowledge and is able of practical implementation thereof even though there is no actual specific reference in the memory of the person to this very knowledge (Goldstein, 2007). To put it simply, implicit learning is observed when a person acts or thinks properly in a situation implementing some knowledge, whose origin is unknown to that very person (Goldstein, 2007). Main Body The experiment reported in this paper has been carried out in order to find out how the implicit learning works and how it manifests itself in the performance of the experiment participants over the number of trials of the activity they have been suggested to do. The class experiment included 16 participants who were interchangeably divided into the so-called Random and Pattern groups. The essence of the experiment lied in the fact that participants have been presented with the four specific keys on a keyboard and have been asked to press one of them at a time to see a red circle appearing on the computer display. The appearance of the circles for those participants that constituted the Random group was random as well, while the Pattern group participants had to find out a certain rule, i. e. the order in which the circles appear on the four locations. The rule was intended to be 3 4 2 3 1 2 1 4 3 2 4 1. Every participant has had 24 trials in the experiment in order to state that rule and find out the actual order of the circles’ appearance. It has been hypothesized that due to the work of implicit learning, the mean reaction times (RT) will decrease from trial to trial to manifest the fact that participants of the pattern group have managed to catch the rule, although they were unable to clearly formulate or write it down. In the outcome, the experiment manifested the actual work of implicit learning in its course. As for the group results, 16 participants of the Randon group and 16 of the Pattern group manifested the steady decrease of RT they needed for finding out the correct appearance sequence of circles: Graph 1. Random Group (16 participants). Graph 2. Pattern Group (16 participants). My personal results in the experiment demonstrated the same progress of implicit learning as in the group with the only difference that the scopes of my personal experiment and the group one differ substantially in the possibility to generalize them: Personal Results in the Experiment. Graph 3 demonstrates the very progress of my implicit learning showing how with every trial the time needed to react correctly to the circle appearance decreased. It shows that in the middle of the experiment I tried to find out whether there is actually a rule of circle occurrence which demanded more time for decisions. Howev
Introduction Kuwait turned out to be the British colony through the Kuwaitis application in the year 1889. While sketching the boundaries, Kuwait acted under Iraq until the year 1923. It connected to the Arab League following the pulling out of British protection. However, there emerged a protest by Iraq that Kuwait was under its countryside. This saw Iraq giving up its state to Kuwait with the Iraqi authoritarian, Hussein Saddam, joining the land reclamation by force to recuperate the territorial land of Kuwait. This led to the warfare after the Iraqis proclaimed assault reached Washington DC. The first gulf war involving the American armed forces had a secret structure entitled the Desert Storm, and it proved to be successful. This took place between early August and late February of the fiscal years 1990 and 1991 respectively. Despite having thirty-five national states, inhabitants used to refer the Desert Storm as united. All these nations used diverse code words to refer to the war. On the other hand, people were referring this conflict as the Gulf or Persian Gulf War (Bennis and Michel 35). To make a distinction between the American piloted Iraq War and this conflict, an addition of the first war took place in the year 2003. The Desert Storm The original itinerary of the Desert Storm was the 1990 attack of Kuwait by the Iraqi. The United Nation set up trade and industry sanctions in the rejoinder to this invasion. Consequently, George Bush, the head of the United States made stronger the Desert Shield operation through installing troops in Saudi Arabia. The prerequisite for the martial strength that could generate stability in that region was the most important objective of the Desert Shield. This was by repugnance of troops from Kuwait or perhaps the incursion of Iraq by the American defense forces. Moreover, in order to drive out the Iraqi forces from Kuwait, the United States got hold of the United Nations sustenance for a martial disagreement and congregated a federation force. Similarly, the endorsement for using force in the Persian Gulf by the United States Congress came in place (Johnson 14). The special chapter of the Desert Storm commenced on 17 th ,
Introduction China has amazed the whole world at large because of the tremendous growth in its economy (Chow 45 ). Although China has a very large population, the Chinese people have proved to the entire world that they can be very hard working. Recent research shows that it comes second after the super powers United States of America in terms of the economy defeating countries like Japan, Russia, India and other developed countries. In the past 30 years, that is from the year 1979 China’s growth has been averaged to a rate of ten percent per annum, which shows a very great improvement. China is also the largest exporter in the world exporting a wide variety of commodities such as agricultural commodities like rice , machinery, electronics, nuclear weapons and textiles just to mention but a few. Other than just exporting it is the second largest importer of goods majorly from Japan, Taiwan and South Korea. China’s major imports include; oil, minerals, plastics, other machinery it lacks and many others. This therefore is enough evidence that China is good at trading with many trading partners all over the world. India on the other hand is following suit so as to better their economy. It is ranked fifth in the world in terms of economy (Chow 78). Despite the fact it is lower than china, it beats other developed nations like Germany. In the year 2006, the economy of India stood at 8.5%. This paper will therefore discuss the key factors that contributed to the rapid economic growth of China and India. Use of Foreign investment by China to improve the economy China has invested greatly in technology leading to production of high quality products. In a bid to achieve this, it imported advanced machinery, plant and production facilities from trading with other countries (Arora 98). The investment in these facilities advances the technology of the country hence improving the quality and quantity of products produced. China’s commodities are among the top most sophisticated products in the world hence attracting investors from other countries. It is because of this that the total factor in productivity of China has grown by 4 percent per annum. The government also made investments in the education system such that it involved technological training sessions (Dana 90). It emphasized on teaching of industrial method in schools. This was advantageous as it made the schools produce graduates who were endowed with technological knowledge. The resulting graduates therefore worked in the manufacturing sectors of the economy and thus led to the improvement of the quantity and quality of outputs (Hertel 204). Due to this the country was able to increase its exports and as a result improving the state’s economy. Other approaches used by China to improve the economy Reforms in the agricultural sector Agriculture is among the top most sec
Two women, living consecutively, each chronicled their most precious views, senses, and perceptions utilizing an art form unappreciated in today’s world: poetry. They lived and they died, suffering through a world that did not meet their fastidious expectations, and that neither would forgive for its shortcomings. These two women each share a type of uniqueness that lends itself to poetic verse, and, unfortunately, also lives of deep despair and sadness. Each suffered because neither would conform to their times’ standards for women—standards that set expectations of passivity and servitude. In this way, they were stuck. Each was inserted, in part by volition and in part by context, between a rock and a very, very hard place. They chose to determine the course in which they would feel their pain, exercising the courage it takes to be different and substantial. Sylvia Plath and Emily Dickinson did not allow the pressures of the world to confine their minds in the manner most women of the age endured. Yet, neither enjoyed the kind of happiness one imagines for the best and the brightest of us all. Sylvia Plath and Emily Dickinson were both born in Massachusetts. Dickinson was born in Amherst in 1830 and Plath in Boston in 1932 (Wider 2; Anonymous 3). Though each shouldered tragedy, their lives contain distinct differences from each other, not least of which culminated in Plath’s suicide in 1963. For the sake of chronology, however, a look here at the events in Dickinson’s life will now begin. As recorded by Sarah Ann Wider, Emily Dickinson was born to Edward Dickinson and Emily Norcross Dickinson, the former a lawyer and the latter a homemaker. The concept of the latter is something that appears and reappears in Dickinson’s poetry and letters as a foreboding and life-nullifying role to be feared and avoided. She grew in a time focused on science, and attended a “one-room primary school” in Amherst before moving on to Amherst Academy where she had access to lectures in astronomy, botany, chemistry, geology, mathematics, natural history, natural philosophy, and zoology (3). After her time at Amherst Academy, she attended for one year the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary before dropping out mysteriously—some suspecting at her father’s behest. She was labeled as one “without hope” in terms of her perspective toward the possibility of a Christian Lord while she was in seminary school, a label she continued to wear throughout her life, even as she watched those closest to her in her family become active members of local churches. The next phase of her life really never ends. She becomes an entertainer of guests for her father and brother, a sort of tool to sustain their standing in society. However, over time she became more and more reclusive, and eventually did not serve this purpose. She demanded of her brother in her letters to him an intellectual honesty and standard that he was unable to attain to her satisfaction (he was a senator) (Wider 6). Eventually, her main sour
Introduction The US and Britain have enjoyed a unique relationship characterized by cooperation and mutual support. The special relationship between the US and England was first articulated by Britain’s Wartime Prime Minister Winston Churchill and it has continued to define the association between the two countries for decades (Sharp, 2009). The special relationship has seen Britain follow America’s lead in many international issues. The UK has also avoided deep integration with the rest of Europe due to this unique connection with the US. This relationship offers the means through which Britain can enhance its status in Europe and in international affairs. However, the special relationship has at times prevented both nations from pursuing their national interests and weakened the position of Britain. This paper will argue that while the special relationship between the UK and the US has been beneficial to both countries in the past, both nations need to downgrade this relationship and pursue relationships with other partners in order to better meet their respective national interests. Why the Special Relationship should be Downgraded The last two decades have witnessed significant shifts in geopolitical power around the globe. China has emerged as a significant power and the power of the European Union has increased. On the other hand, the power of the US and the UK has reduced significantly. Cohen (2013) confirms that the special relationship was advanced to help the UK regain some power even as global leadership went to the US. These two powers do not exert as much influence on the international community as they did in the past. The special relationship has led to Britain being isolated from the influential European Union as the UK seeks to maintain consistency with the US (Wilkinson, 2009). With these considerations, it would be beneficial for both the US and the UK to abandon their special relationship and seek closer ties with other nations. The special relationship has led to some negative political repercussions especially for British politicians. This was evident during Blair’s term in office where the US adopted a foreign policy that supported foreign invasions (Wallace, 2009). Due to the special relationship between the two countries, Blair supported the aggressive foreign policies embraced by the US after 9/11 and he was vocal in his support of the controversial invasion of Iraq (Wither, 2003). Blair did this in spite of the widespread opposition to US policy by members of his Labour Party Prime Minister Blair supported US foreign policies that led to the invasion of Iraq. This action led to negative public opinion against Blair and caused his premature departure from office on June 2007 (Wallace, 2009). The value of the special relationship as a way of containing or preventing some undesirable foreign policies has reduced. Due to the special relationship, each party is supposed to offer unanimous public support for the other in return for private influence on policy (Hastings, 2008). In the post 9/11 yea
There is a common social belief that generally women are better parents than men and the previous experiences show that this has led to certain consequences. Of course, it would be brutal and unreasonable to state that there are no males, who can raise the children better than females, therefore I will not say that in all cases women are better parents than men, as ideally, the child should get the equal attention from both parents in order to get the proper upbringing, but in the majority of cases it is possible to say so. In the given paper I will prove the established before the statement that in most cases women are better parents than men. In order to be reasonable and just it is necessary to regard the weak and the strong sides of both parties concerning this dispute, and how those weaknesses and advantages may affect the child. The fathers are traditionally imagined to be the money earners, who spend all their time working in order to provide their family with the necessary costs for living. Therefore, one can suggest that they do not have enough spare time for the upbringing of their kids, thus the latter ones may psychologically feel themselves short of fathers’ participation in their affairs, attention, love, and care. But nowadays, certain social changes appeared in society, and women can be seen earning money from the early morning till the late night as well as men. So, it might be suggested that the above-described situation, when the child is left without care and attention, can also happen with the female parent. Nevertheless, looking around, one may firmly assert that still, the majority of the working parents are males; therefore, they can not spend enough time communicating with their children. Because of historical and social reasons, women are likely to be regarded as much more forgiving and caring than men. Of course, it would be wrong to state that males are incapable of having such inner qualities, as everything depends on the personality of the parent. In some cases, women’s parents can act with their children even worth than strangers. But, nevertheless, the various polls and public opinions proved that females are likely to forgiving and caring. One may assert that those qualities are necessary, especially when dealing with the
Introduction Traditional Chinese cultural values have changed because of new economic relations and cultural transformations. Only parts of those traditional values are persisting in today’s Chinese society. In general, the consumption process is a learning experience that affects and is affected by perception. Perception influences the selection and interpretation of marketing information, symbols, and products. Because it affects the expectations of potential results from various customer choices, it is a significant factor in individual and group reaction. In essence, perception determines how marketing reality is interpreted and thereby influences the consumer. Modern Cultural Values Consumptions process The main traditional Chinese cultural values affecting mod
AIDS has become the fourth-ranking cause οf death for black men under age 65, equaling the number οf deaths from cancer (“More casualties οf AIDS, “1993). Hispanic men have similar risks οf HIV infection and mortality. Peterson and Marin (1988) reported that black and Hispanic men have AIDS rates two to three times higher than those οf other gay and bisexual men. There is evidence that these statistics are partly due to differences in sexual behavior among nonwhite gay men. According to Peterson and Marin, a greater proportion οf blacks than whites indicated preferences for high-risk sexual acts, and such choices may be attributable to “cultural differences, prejudice, and racism [which] isolate many ethnic and minority men from the usual sources οf information available to white gay men”. Lukes and Land (1990), reviewing theories οf cultural identity and biculturality as they relate to homosexuality, pointed to the pervasive influence οf cultural norms and ethnic values on individuals’ views οf self and others, especially with respect to gender roles and sexual orientation. The ways in which different cultures have variously viewed homosexuality as a sin, sickness, or acceptable lifestyle (Conrad & Schneider, 1985) have had an enormous impact on gay men and their self-esteem, self-realization, and self-disclosure. The wider American culture and the gay subculture offer multiple sources οf identity for gay men. Members οf specific cultural groups differ, though, in the ways in which they have integrated multicultural identity. According to Locke (1992), some could be characterized as bicultural, able to function effectively in both majority and minority cultures; some as traditional, rejecting much οf majority culture; some as marginal, reflecting few traits and values οf either culture; and others as predominantly acculturated, having assumed the traits οf the mainstream culture. Cultural identity includes “a self-conceptualization that the individual assumes or others assign” (Lukes & Land, 1990, p. 155), involving norms and values associated with gender roles and sexual behavior. Thus, in completing the tasks οf coming out and attaining an integrated identity, cultural forces combine to influence one’s sense οf self and relationships. Since socialization experiences are absent for most gay men early on in their development (Isay, 1989), “positive role models which could counter stigmatization and isolation are not readily available to gay adolescents. As adults, the tasks οf coming out are often complicated by identity diffusion, fear οf exposure, rejection by significant others, and stigma” (Paradis, 1991, p. 263). And further complicated now by the stigma associated with AIDS (Herek & Glunt, 1988). Gay youth and men coming out in the 1990s face very different developmental tasks than those οf the 1960s and ’70s. The contemporary gay rights movement, which emerged from the Stonewall riots οf 1969, provided a means by which gay men and lesbians could actively confront discrimination and oppression. It opened