ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Psychoanalytic social work requires that one should be able to understand racial and ethnic background of one’s clients. This helps the social worker have the basis to handle his or her clients. However, this factor has been ignored and has been recompensed with the quality of services which are offered to the clients. According to the article, it is equally important to know the religion, race, and ethnic background among other factors so as to deliver effectively and efficiently to clients. Ethno-cultural transference and counter transference are also emphasized in training social workers. This includes the social worker doing away with over compliance and friendliness, denial of ethnicity, and culture. Through this, the social worker is not sided to anyone despite the place of his or her origin when delivering the services. Friendliness is eliminated from the work place making the delivery of services be in the right direction. Inter-subjectivity has been emphasized in this article as there is need to interact with the clients. This helps the worker understand clients in the context of their environment. According to the article, one is committed to work with people from all diversities including the poor, and those who come from marginalized areas. This gives an understanding of client in relation to where they live through their interaction. It helps them accept the realities of the environment in which they work. This, in its turn, ensures avoidance of alliances in therapy. Race and transference have been debated over the past few decades and should be incorporated in study of social workers. Race is a factor which, if left to prevail in working environment, will make services vary from one person to another. However, if the social workers have knowledge concerning different races, they will be in a better position to deal with clients. Today, students should be left alone to discuss among themselves which is the best way to deal with the patients leaving alone the study of different theories which they go through (Bonner, 2002). Reference Bonner, C. E. (2002). Psychoanalytic Theoryand Diverse Populations:Reflections on Old Practices and New Understandings. Psychoanalytic Social Work , 11.
Introduction Democratic education theory acknowledges that learning is better achieved when learners are equally and freely allowed to participate in the school governance. In democratic education, both the learners and the teachers are involved in decision-making concerning learning, living as well as working in the school. According to Shor (1996), democratic education is founded on the belief that ideal learning normally starts by considering the learner’s needs, goals as well as desires and can not be enhanced by the societal demands or any hypothetical body of knowledge. Democratic education focuses on the learner’s self-motivated exploration of the world around him or her (Croall, 1983). Summary According to Neill, the school learning environment should be organised to fit the child. The child should be given the freedom to play as he or she pleases as long as his or her actions do not interfere with others. Neill stresses that the child be given freedom and not license (Croall, 1983). He believed that learners should be given the freedom to choose the lessons they would want to attend. According to democratic education theory, classes should provide learners with opportunities to experience autonomy and freedom of choice in what to study, how to study it and when to study. Neill’s Summerhill School, is considered a democratic community where learners are given the opportunity to discuss and decide on matters affecting their stay in the school. This is done through formal meetings where every learner or staff is allowed to attend and each person has an equal vote. These meetings serve legislative as well as judicial functions; however, matters deemed too critical to be solved by the learners or those that are above their authority is left to the staff and the headmistress (Croall, 1983). According to Neill’s democratic education theory, some of the subjects in the curriculum taught in the other schools can be better learnt through proper socialization processes (Neill, 1960). Thus Neill’s democratic education theory puts much emphasis on freedom of choice, democratic governance and socialization. Summerhill’s Philosophy The philosophy of the school is built on democracy, equality as well as freedom. Summerhill School is founded on the belief that children tend to achieve optimum learning if given freedom from coercion. Therefore pupils should have the freedom to plan what to do with their time. This, he believed helps develop self-motivation in learners as well as self- discipline to learn. He believed that freedom enhances development of critical thinking skills as well as greater self-discipline as compared to children whose educational life is controlled. In Summerhill School, all lessons are optional and the pupils have the freedom to choose which lesson to attend. According to Neill, the child has the freedom to live his or her own life and therefore the parent or the teacher can not decide on what the child should do or learn and at what time. The c
Introduction Since medieval times, human beings have been faced with the dilemma of the relation between the mind and the body. The first response to the mind-body question was proposed by Descartes. Descartes argued that minds are entirely separate from bodies and from material objects of any kind. This view that suggests that the mind (thinking thing) is distinct from the body (unthinking thing) is referred to as the Cartesian Dualism. It holds that the mind has neither a size nor a location, and is purely spiritual. As such, an individual is a duality that comprises a body that is paired to a mind. Descartes also argues that the body cannot exist without a mind; however, the mind can endure the annihilation of the body to which it is paired. Cartesian dualism holds that minds and bodies interact casually despite their radical distinctiveness (Larmer 279). This is seen in the bodily interactions that result in sensation, experiences and thoughts in mind, as well as mental action that sparks speech, action and movement. This paper seeks to find the truth behind the concept of dualism by evaluating Descartes’ main arguments and criticisms. The paper also argues against Cartesian dualism by examining the concepts put forward by other philosophers regarding the relationship between mind and body. Descartes’ main arguments Cartesian dualism uses three primary arguments based on doubt, simplicity, and clear perception. Descartes’ argument from doubt holds that an individual can doubt the existence of the body, but not of the mind. According to this argument, the mind is separate from the body since its properties vary from those of the brain. Descartes used this argument in order to create a notion of himself as a separate entity from his body. In doing this, he realized that he could not disregard the possibility that there is an element of materiality to the soul (Larmer 280). Descartes argument from simplicity claims that the body is extended while the mind is not. According to Descartes, everything that can be extended is divisible into different parts, which implies that the body is divisible, but the mind is not. In addition, being extended implies that the body has a location in space that it occupies. As such, the mind is separate from the body since it does not occupy space. Descartes believed that the mind could not be divided into parts, even though various body functions were under the control of different cognitive processes. His arguments were based on the belief that these parts were driven by the same force. Since the mind was the driving force, it could not be extended. As such, he concluded that the mind must be separate and distinct (Larmer 281). Descartes argument from a clear and distinct perception claims that individuals are not physical things but thinking things. He further argues that the mind can live without the body since it is separate from the body. Descartes’ line of thought was supported by the notion that two things that could exist apart from one another must be distinct and separate. In addition, Descartes claimed that the body and the mind had separate properties, such that thought is a property of
Introduction Some marketers purport that a consumer cannot be truly satisfied until they own their product. Kia Soul and Chanel No. 5 are products that have utilized this approach frequently. These firms rely on the emotional appeal of prominence to get their message across. When tapping into people’s insecurities, it is often necessary for organizations to create images of individuals who seem so successful that others will want to be like them. Appeals Advertising appeals refer to emotional strategies that marketers use in order to get their message across. Human beings are exposed to too many advertisements per day. They have learnt to develop a mental filter in order to sieve out all this extra information. Fowles states that “to be among the few messages that do manage to gain access to minds, advertisers must be strategic.” (17). Marketers employ emotional appeals because they assume that humans have unfulfilled and hidden vulnerabilities, urges and desires. Advertisers seek to supersede the rational layer and tap into people’s raw sub rational thoughts. The advertising appeal under analysis is the need for prominence. Fowles (23) affirms that people have the need to have high social status. They value prestige and respect from others in their lives. It is for this reason that advertisements will contain images synonymous with the trappings of wealth. Fowles adds that the question “Do you know who I am?” is often reflected in commercials (23). Individuals soon learn that their prominence may be put into question if they do not possess the advertised product. These companies seek to redefine the usual accompaniments to affluence. While some commercials will consist of elaborate antiques, cars, furniture, they will also insist upon the relevance of their product in this wealth equation. Product 1: Chanel No. 5 Chanel No. 5 perfume has been in existence since the 1920s. This fragrance had completed 83 years in the market during the advertising campaign under analysis. The campaign was called ‘The film’ and featured prominent actress Nicole Kidman, who also doubled as the brand’s spokesperson. Chanel No. 5 is a women’s fragrance that has dominated this industry for a long time. The organization is one of the most predominant and boasts of a 3.2% market share. This company has managed to stay at the top regardless of the level of fragmentation in the global market. Therefore, the popularity of the product is not in dispute. However, certain challenges still pervade its sale. Since the fragrance has been in existence for so long, it more relevant to an older audience. Chanel No. 5 needed to show younger audiences that they too could use the product. The Nicole Kidman campaign was thus an attempt to reach out to a new market segment. The celebrity is popular for her roles in several modern films and would thus strike a chord in the minds of the targeted
Project Introduction Background information The Data Collection & Analysis Company is an organization that has been operating for less than two (2) years. The company expects to grow by 60% over the next eighteen (18) months. It currently collects data using Web Analytics and combines it with operational systems data. Web analytics is an increasingly important part of most business marketing plans. Concurrently, it is looking for ways to leverage the collected data but wants to ensure that the installed IT infrastructure will support the expected growth that the corporation is anticipating. The company is mandated to design, build, and manage diverse information provisions. It has recorded tremendous growth since its inception. The company started its active operations 2 years ago due to the increasing need for effective data management services by institutions. In its operations plan, the company collects data using web analytics integral in enhancing marketing plans in institutions. Ideally, the company has been able to leverage its performance due to excellent management and timely delivery of services to the customers. According to the CEO, the company seeks to expand its operations to meet the demands of its growing customers effectively. This has seen the management make viable modalities of software integration and acquisition of two additional floors to enable its expansion plans. Its outstanding performance has been propelled with its dedicated workforce. The workers who are 24 in number including 4 IT specialists are working diligently to facilitate the realization of the institution’s objectives. The company’s current estimation in terms of assets and other valuables stands at $ 25 million. This shows how the company would advance its performance in the future. Current outsourcing and off-shoring activities The company is in the data management business where it offers reliable and credible data administration services to institutions. In particular, the company designs, builds and administers standardized data systems. This aids data capturing, storage and formatting for individual use especially in the targeted interventions and bilateral policy decisions (Bainey, 2004). It also seeks to foster the coordination of web activities and data transfer systems. For example, E-mail campaigns, forums, web conferences, and submission incentives are all inclusive. The company majorly outsources IT professionals and operating equipments through leasing to help in meeting the needs of its growing customers. This is due to resource constrains that the company faces that impede its ability to finance all the support activities. It off-shores data solutions, email marketing, aid web services, and enterprise data administration. The off-shore services are to build the company’s image and to leverage its performance levels in the market. Information systems personnel in position, responsibilities and types of data that the company collects Major personnel categories in the company include the overall system administrator, data encoder, processing officer, and software developer. In pa
The problem of pollution of the environment that has arisen due to human civilization development has attracted more and more public attention. The current ecological situation is a consequence of society’s industrialization and capitalization, in which Bill McKibben and Derrick Jensen agree. However, the two authors have different views on who is responsible for the current situation and who should take action to change it. McKibben’s article “Waste Not, Want Not,” and Jensen’s “Forget Shorter Showers,” are devoted to the problem of waste reduction and resource use caused by the consumer society. However, McKibben (2009) focuses mainly on the significance of each individual’s personal consumption habits, arguing that “wasteful habits wouldn’t matter much if there were just a few of us.” He provides examples of waste generated by individuals daily, which ultimately sum to huge numbers. On the contrary, Jensen (2009) says that the individual consumption of an ordinary citizen is negligible compared to industrial waste, which needs to be regulated. He argues that all measures are aimed at personal consumption, but “had nothing to do with shifting power away from corporations, or stopping the growth economy that is destroying the planet” (Jensen, 2009). He provides examples of how small a share of resources are consumed by ordinary people compared to economic structures, and how little waste they generate. The problem of global warming is undoubtedly the result of the general neglect of waste control. Thus, the two authors agree that the current economic trends impose excessive consumption on people. However, McKibben encourages everyone to be conscious of ecology and to reduce individual consumption and waste, while Jensen focuses on corporations, which divert attention from the problem, shifting the blame onto ordinary citizens. Works Cited Jensen, Derrick. Forget Shorter Showers . Orion Magazine, 2009, Web. McKibben, Bill. Waste Not, Want Not . Mother Jones, 2009, Web.
Introduction Black Brazilians endured slavery conditions while working in the agricultural plantations of the Whites during the 19 th century. When their slavery conditions became worse with time, they decided to fight for their rights by embarking on massive demonstrations against the police and the whites, paralyzing public order all over the country. This slavery crisis caused a lot of tension countrywide as slaves went on strike and armed themselves with guns, threatening the lives of the whites and the survival of the large agricultural plantations owned by the whites. The crisis resulted into the abolishment of the slavery in Brazil in 1888. The collapse of slavery had huge economic impact because the agricultural plantations became unproductive forcing the whites into hiring paid workers based on racial affiliations. The abolishment of the slavery in Brazil heralded the emergence of racism where the blacks received unfair treatment in terms of employment and denied access to other privileges that the whites enjoyed. This essay explores the slavery and racism experiences of the black Brazilians relative to the black Americans. Slavery Conditions In Brazil, there were many slaves than masters, so every master could own more than twenty slaves in sugar plantations. The relationship of the slaves and their masters depended on the working environment of the slaves. According to Cooney “slaves on small farms had more freedom than plantation slaves; slaves in urban areas had fewer restrictions in many cases than slaves in rural areas” (12). Masters owning small farms in some instances loaned out their slaves to other masters with large sugar plantations for the benefit of both the masters and the slaves. On contrary, the slaves who worked on large sugar plantation overworked the whole day under strict supervision with no income and freedom to rest. “Slaves received beatings or other physical punishment for refusing to work, attempting to run away, or participating in plots or rebellions against their owners” (Cooney 18). The masters were very harsh to the slaves in that, if the slaves defied any orders from their masters, they would be tortured or executed without mercy. Although relationship between masters and slaves appeared to be harsh and degrading the slaves, their masters still had some considerations concerning their welfare. “In Latin America the long and active tradition of slavery in Portugal and Spain provided an elaborated legal and moral tradition which qualified and softened th
Abstract The present paper contains a study on the topic of the intersectional bias towards female persons with mental illnesses (PMI) and its relation to police treatment of these persons. In modern research, there is some contradicting evidence on many of the issues related to the topic, which is why the current research is carried out. It examines the police officers’ attitudes and views to determine if they bear the signs of the PMI-related bias and sexism and examine the way the two intersect and affect the officers’ behavior. The literature review allows hypothesizing that police officers can be found to exhibit sexist and biased attitudes towards female PMI, which result from the sexism and the stigmatization of PMI that exist in modern society. Still, the effects, which the two issues can have on officers’ behavior, may vary. The findings of the interview-based study predominantly confirm these predictions. In particular, it is found that sexism and PMI-related bias can be detected in the officers’ responses. Still, there is some mixed evidence to them affecting the officers’ attitudes and decisions. Also, the findings contain some examples of the interaction between the two phenomena. Finally, the findings indicate that police rules, guidelines, and educational interventions can alleviate the effects of bias and sexism, resulting in improved police service and enhanced safety of female PMI. In the end, the paper contains suggestions for future research. Introduction Even nowadays, the issues of discrimination and stigmatization in everyday settings are rather acute. One of the groups that suffer from intersectional discrimination is that of female people with mental illnesses (PMI) (Landqvist, 2015; Morabito & Socia, 2015). The present study seeks to answer the following question: how do the attitudes and views, which seem to be affected by the stigmatization of PMI and sexist attitudes toward women, interact with each other and affect officers’ behaviors when dealing with female PMI? The study suggests that sexism and PMI-related bias are a significant issue that can negatively impact the access of female PMI to police services, and the paper seeks to investigate the specifics of the issue and possible solutions. As a result, the hypotheses of the study include the following ones:   * H1. The effects of both sexism and PMI-related bias can be found in the answers of the respondents.   * H2. Sexism and PMI-related bias can affect the officers’ attitudes and behaviors when dealing with female PMI.   * H3. Sexism and PMI-related bias interact in a rather complex way, so the outcomes of these attitudes include positive and negative attitudes and treatment of female PMI. Literature Review Policing and Mental Illness Overview: police
Self-reliance is a phenomenon where we can have personal decisions without external inference (Williams 26). It is the freedom to sustain ourselves and make personal actions without being forced to do so. In our lives, we do not usually have a free choice to rely on ourselves: We have laws to control us. Society gives traditions upon which our lives should be controlled. Our minds are usually subjected to the rules of society and thus we never follow our own instincts (Bloom Para.3). However, we need to realize the significance of self-reliance in order to realize our personal abilities. Believing in my own thoughts is what I came to note as very important to determine my intelligence. Speaking out my covert opinion may one day be accepted by the people as a virtue. I have realized I don’t have to buy the ideas of previous humans; I can give my own idea. Ralph Emerson gives an example of Plato, Moses, and Milton whose ideas have been accepted the world over. Yet they were just humans like me. He writes, “We ascribe to Moses, Plato and Milton is that they set at naught books