ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
We study the internal structure of a range of four-quark states with charm quark contributions using a two-body Bethe-Salpeter equation. Thereby, we examine charmonium-like states with hidden charm and quark content $c\bar{c}q\bar{q}$, open-charm states with quark content $cc\bar{q}\bar{q}$ and all-charm states with $cc\bar{c}\bar{c}$. In particular we study the internal competition between meson-meson components and diquark-antidiquark components in the wave functions of these states. Our results indicate that the $\chi_{c1}(3872)$ and the $Z_c(3900)$ are predominantly $D\bar D^*$ states and that the recently discovered open-charm state $T_{cc}^+$ is dominated by an internal $DD^*$ component. In both cases the diquark components are negligible. For the all-charm state $X(6900)$ with as yet unknown quantum numbers we identify candidates in the excitation spectra of $0^+$ and $1^+$ states. Furthermore, our framework serves to provide predictions for further, yet undiscovered open and hidden charm four-quark states.
The paper provides computations of the first non-vanishing $\mathbb{A}^1$-homotopy sheaves of the orthogonal Stiefel varieties which are relevant for the unstable isometry classification of quadratic forms over smooth affine schemes over perfect fields of characteristic $\neq 2$. Together with the $\mathbb{A}^1$-representability for quadratic forms, this provides the first obstructions for rationally trivial quadratic forms to split off a hyperbolic plane. For even-rank quadratic forms, this first obstruction is a refinement of the Euler class of Edidin and Graham. A couple of consequences are discussed, such as improved splitting results over algebraically closed base fields as well as examples where the obstructions are nontrivial.
We investigate the non-minimally Higgs inflaton (HI) model in the context of warm inflation scenario. Warm little inflaton (WLI) model considers the little Higgs boson as inflaton. The concerns of warm inflation model can be eliminated in WLI model. There is a special case of dissipation parameter in WLI model $\Gamma=\Gamma_0 T$. Using this parameter, we study the potential of HI in Einstein frame . Finally we will constrain the parameters of our model using current Planck observational data.
A radial velocity study of the cataclysmic variable ES Dra (PG 1524+622) is presented. ES Dra is found to have an orbital period of 0.17660 \pm 0.00006 d (4.2384 \pm 0.0014 h). The mass-losing secondary star of ES Dra is detectable in the spectrum, and it has a spectral type of M2 \pm 1. From this, we estimate the absolute magnitude of ES Dra during our spectroscopic observations to have been MR = 6.5 \pm 0.5, and its distance to be 720 \pm 150 pc. The long-term light curve of ES Dra compiled by the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) shows that ES Dra is a Z Cam star, which between 1995 and 2009 spent most of its time in standstill.
The graph of neutrinoless double beta decay is applied to HERA and generalized to final states with any two charged leptons. Considered is the case in which one of the two escapes typical identification criteria and the case when a produced tau decays hadronically. Both possibilities give one isolated lepton with high transverse momentum, hadronic activity and an imbalance in transverse momentum. We examine the kinematical properties of these events and compare them with the high p_T isolated leptons reported by the H1 collaboration. Their positive charged muon events can be explained by the ``double beta'' process and we discuss possibilities for the precise determination which original final state produced the single isolated lepton. To confirm our hypothesis one should search in the data for high pseudorapidity and/or low p_T leptons or for additional separated jets.
Given an existing system learned from previous source domains, it is desirable to adapt the system to new domains without accessing and forgetting all the previous domains in some applications. This problem is known as domain expansion. Unlike traditional domain adaptation in which the target domain is the domain defined by new data, in domain expansion the target domain is formed jointly by the source domains and the new domain (hence, domain expansion) and the label function to be learned must work for the expanded domain. Specifically, this paper presents a method for unsupervised multi-source domain expansion (UMSDE) where only the pre-learned models of the source domains and unlabelled new domain data are available. We propose to use the predicted class probability of the unlabelled data in the new domain produced by different source models to jointly mitigate the biases among domains, exploit the discriminative information in the new domain, and preserve the performance in the source domains. Experimental results on the VLCS, ImageCLEF_DA and PACS datasets have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.
An analysis of thermal transients from non-equilibrium ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations can be used to calculate the thermal conductivity of materials with a short phonon mean-free path. We adapt the approach-to-equilibrium methodology to the three-dimensional case of a simulation that consists of a cubic core region at higher temperature approaching thermal equilibrium with a thermostatted boundary. This leads to estimates of the lattice thermal conductivity for the glassy state of the phase-change memory material, Ge$_2$Sb$_2$Te$_5$, which are close to previously reported experimental measurements. Self-atom irradiation of the material, modelled using thermal spikes and stochastic-boundary conditions, results in glassy models with a significant reduction of the lattice thermal conductivity compared to the pristine glassy structure. This approach may prove to be useful in technological applications, e.g. for the suppression of thermal cross-talk in phase-change memory and data-storage devices.
The Pauli exclusion principle is advocated for constructing the proton and neutron deep inelastic structure functions in terms of Fermi-Dirac distributions that we parametrize with very few parameters. It allows a fair description of the recent NMC data on $F^p_2(x,Q^2)$ and $F^n_2(x,Q^2)$ at $Q^2=4 GeV^2$, as well as the CCFR neutrino data at $Q^2=3$ and $5 GeV^2$. We also make some reasonable and simple assumptions to relate unpolarized and polarized quark parton distributions and we obtain, with no additional free parameters, the spin dependent structure functions $xg^p_1(x,Q^2)$ and $xg^n_1(x,Q^2)$. Using the correct $Q^2$ evolution, we have checked that they are in excellent agreement with the very recent SMC proton data at $Q^2=10 GeV^2$ and the SLAC neutron data at $Q^2=2 GeV^2$.
Let $D={\mathbb H} \setminus \cup_{k=1}^N C_k$ be a standard slit domain, where ${\mathbb H}$ is the upper half plane and $C_k$, $1\leq k\leq N$, are mutually disjoint horizontal line segments in $H$. Given a Jordan arc $\gamma\subset D$ starting at $\partial H$, let $g_t$ be the unique conformal map from $D\setminus\gamma[0,t]$ onto a standard slit domain $D_t={\mathbb H} \setminus \cup_{k=1}^N C_k(t)$ satisfying the hydrodynamic normalization at infinity. It has been established recently that $g_t$ satisfies an ODE called a Komatu-Loewner equation in terms of the complex Poisson kernel of the Brownian motion with darning (BMD) for $D_t$.   We randomize the Jordan arc $\gamma$ according to a system of probability measures on the family of equivalence classes of Jordan arcs that enjoy a domain Markov property and a certain conformal invariance property. We show that the induced process $(\xi(t), {\bf s}(t))$ satisfies a Markov type stochastic differential equation, where $\xi(t)$ is a motion on $\partial {\mathbb H}$ and ${\bf} s(t)$ represents the motion of the endpoints of the slits $\{C_k(t),\; 1\le k\le N \}.$   Conversely, given such functions $\alpha$ and $b$ with local Lipschitz continuity, the corresponding SDE admits a unique solution $(\xi(t), {\bf s}(t))$. The latter produces random conformal maps $g_t(z)$ via the Komatu-Loewner equation. The resulting family of random growing hulls $\{F_t\}$ from the conformal mappings is called ${\rm SKLE}_{\alpha,b}.$ We show that it enjoys a certain scaling property and a domain Markov property. Among other things, we further prove that ${\rm SKLE}_{\alpha,-b_{\rm BMD}}$ for a constant $\alpha >0$ has a locality property if and only if $\alpha = \sqrt{6}$, where $b_{\rm BMD}$ is a BMD-domain constant that describes the discrepancy of a standard slit domain from ${\mathbb H}$ relative to BMD.
The symmetry algebra of a QFT in the presence of an external EM background (named "residual symmetry") is investigated within a Lie-algebraic, model independent scheme. Some results previously encountered in the literature are here extended. In particular we compute the symmetry algebra for a constant EM background in D=3 and D=4 dimensions. In D= 3 dimensions the residual symmetry algebra is isomorphic to $u(1)\oplus {\cal P}_c(2)$, with ${\cal P}_c(2)$ the centrally extended 2-dimensional Poincar\'e algebra. In D=4 dimension the generic residual symmetry algebra is given by a seven-dimensional solvable Lie algebra which is explicitly computed. Residual symmetry algebras are also computed for specific non-constant EM backgrounds.
It is shown that well-known Vlasov equation can be derived by adding "hidden" degrees of freedom and subsequent quantization. The Shrodinger equation obtained in this manner coincides (in x-representation) with the kinetic equation for the original dynamical system
We consider quadruples of positive integers $(a,b,m,n)$ with $a\leq b$ and $m\leq n$ such that any proper edge-coloring of the complete bipartite graph $K_{m,n}$ contains a rainbow $K_{a,b}$ subgraph. We show that any such quadruple with $a\leq m$ and $n>(a^2-a+1)(b-1)$ satisfies this property. We also show that the quadruple $(2,3,3,6)$ satisfies this property. We end with a conjecture.
We formulate the problem of counting 1/16 BPS states of N = 4 Yang Mills theory as the enumeration of the local cohomology of an operator acting on holomorphic fields on C^2. We study aspects of the enumeration of this cohomology at finite N, especially for operators constructed only out of products of covariant derivatives of scalar fields, and compare our results to the states obtained from the quantization of giant gravitons and dual giants. We physically interpret the holomorphic fields that enter our conditions for supersymmetry semi-classically by deriving a set of Bogomolnyi equations for 1/16-BPS bosonic field configurations in N = 4 Yang Mills theory on R^4 with reality properties and boundary conditions appropriate to radial quantization. An arbitrary solution to these equations in the free theory is parameterized by holomorphic data on C^2 and lifts to a nearby solution of the interacting Bogomolnyi equations only when the constraints equivalent to Q cohomology are obeyed.
The instanton equations on vector bundles over Calabi-Yau and hyper-K\"ahler cones can be reduced to matrix equations resembling Nahm's equations. We complement the discussion of Hermitian Yang-Mills (HYM) equations on Calabi-Yau cones, based on regular semi-simple elements, by a new set of (singular) boundary conditions which have a known instanton solution in one direction. This approach extends the classic results of Kronheimer by probing a relation between generalised Nahm's equations and nilpotent pairs/tuples. Moreover, we consider quaternionic instantons on hyper-K\"ahler cones over generic 3-Sasakian manifolds and study the HYM moduli spaces arising in this set-up, using the fact that their analysis can be traced back to the intersection of three Hermitian Yang-Mills conditions.
Background and Objective: The condition of vessel of the human eye is an important factor for the diagnosis of ophthalmological diseases. Vessel segmentation in fundus images is a challenging task due to complex vessel structure, the presence of similar structures such as microaneurysms and hemorrhages, micro-vessel with only one to several pixels wide, and requirements for finer results. Methods:In this paper, we present a multi-scale deeply supervised network with short connections (BTS-DSN) for vessel segmentation. We used short connections to transfer semantic information between side-output layers. Bottom-top short connections pass low level semantic information to high level for refining results in high-level side-outputs, and top-bottom short connection passes much structural information to low level for reducing noises in low-level side-outputs. In addition, we employ cross-training to show that our model is suitable for real world fundus images. Results: The proposed BTS-DSN has been verified on DRIVE, STARE and CHASE_DB1 datasets, and showed competitive performance over other state-of-the-art methods. Specially, with patch level input, the network achieved 0.7891/0.8212 sensitivity, 0.9804/0.9843 specificity, 0.9806/0.9859 AUC, and 0.8249/0.8421 F1-score on DRIVE and STARE, respectively. Moreover, our model behaves better than other methods in cross-training experiments. Conclusions: BTS-DSN achieves competitive performance in vessel segmentation task on three public datasets. It is suitable for vessel segmentation. The source code of our method is available at https://github.com/guomugong/BTS-DSN.
For an integer $k\geq 2$, let $\{F^{(k)}_{n}\}_{n\geqslant 2-k}$ be the $ k$--generalized Fibonacci sequence which starts with $0, \ldots, 0,1$ (a total of $k$ terms) and for which each term afterwards is the sum of the $k$ preceding terms. In this paper, for an integer $d\geq 2$ which is square free, we show that there is at most one value of the positive integer $x$ participating in the Pell equation $x^{2}-dy^{2} =\pm 1$ which is a $k$--generalized Fibonacci number, with a couple of parametric exceptions which we completely characterise. This paper extends previous work from [17] for the case $k=2$ and [16] for the case $k=3$.
We study the properties of the broad line region in blazars by comparing the virial estimate of black hole masses with that derived from the mass of the host galaxies. The former is sensitive to the width of broad lines, i.e., to the projection of the velocity of line-emitting clouds along the line of sight; the latter is not. This comparison allows us to constrain the deprojection factor f, thus revealing general properties of the geometry of the broad line region. We show that blazars tend to have 1) higher f values than the quasars of our reference sample: <f_{BLLacs}>=6.9 +/- 2.3, <f_{blazars}>=5.6 +/- 1.3 and <f_{quasars}>=2.0 +/- 0.3; 2) relatively narrow broad emission lines; 3) modest equivalent widths, as expected because of the occurrence of jet emission at very low inclination angles. In a disc-like sketch of the broad line region, these results indicate a pole-on view of a flat geometry in blazars. This consistently extends the orientation--dependent unified model of active nuclei to the geometry of the broad line region.
The SU($\nu$) generalized Haldane-Shastry spin chain with $1/r^2$ interaction is studied with twisted boundary conditions. The exact wavefunctions of Jastrow type are obtained for every rational value of the twist angle in unit of $2\pi$. The spectral flow of the ground state is then discussed as a function of the twist angle. By resorting to the motif picture in the Bethe ansatz method, we show that the period of the spectral flow is $\nu$, which is determined by the statistical interaction in exclusion statistics.
We address the effect of stochastic resetting on diffusion and subdiffusion process. For diffusion we find that MSD relaxes to a constant only when the distribution of reset times possess finite mean and variance. In this case, the leading order contribution to the PDF of a Gaussian propagator under resetting exhibits a cusp independent of the specific details of the reset time distribution. For subdiffusion we derive the PDF in Laplace space for arbitrary resetting protocol. Resetting at constant rate allows evaluation of the PDF in terms of H-function. We analyze the steady state and derive the rate function governing the relaxation behavior. For a subdiffusive process the steady state could exist even if the distribution of reset times possesses only finite mean.
We use vertically-resolved numerical hydrodynamic simulations to study star formation and the interstellar medium (ISM) in galactic disks. We focus on outer disk regions where diffuse HI dominates, with gas surface densities Sigma_SFR=3-20 Msun/kpc^2/yr and star-plus-dark matter volume densities rho_sd=0.003-0.5 Msun/pc^3. Star formation occurs in very dense, cold, self-gravitating clouds. Turbulence, driven by momentum feedback from supernova events, destroys bound clouds and puffs up the disk vertically. Time-dependent radiative heating (FUV) offsets gas cooling. We use our simulations to test a new theory for self-regulated star formation. Consistent with this theory, the disks evolve to a state of vertical dynamical equilibrium and thermal equilibrium with both warm and cold phases. The range of star formation surface densities and midplane thermal pressures is Sigma_SFR ~ 0.0001 - 0.01 Msun/kpc^2/yr and P_th/k_B ~ 100 -10000 cm^-3 K. In agreement with observations, turbulent velocity dispersions are ~7 km/s and the ratio of the total (effective) to thermal pressure is P_tot/P_th~4-5, across this whole range. We show that Sigma_SFR is not well correlated with Sigma alone, but rather with Sigma*(rho_sd)^1/2, because the vertical gravity from stars and dark matter dominates in outer disks. We also find that Sigma_SFR has a strong, nearly linear correlation with P_tot, which itself is within ~13% of the dynamical-equilibrium estimate P_tot,DE. The quantitative relationships we find between Sigma_SFR and the turbulent and thermal pressures show that star formation is highly efficient for energy and momentum production, in contrast to the low efficiency of mass consumption. Star formation rates adjust until the ISM's energy and momentum losses are replenished by feedback within a dynamical time.
In the present work we calculate the allowed $\beta^-$-decay half-lives of nuclei with $Z = 20 -30$ and N $\leq$ 50 systematically under the framework of the nuclear shell model. A recent study shows that some nuclei in this region belong to the island of inversion. We perform calculation for $fp$ shell nuclei using KB3G effective interaction. In the case of Ni, Cu, and Zn, we used JUN45 effective interaction. Theoretical results of $Q$ values, half-lives, excitation energies, log$ft$ values, and branching fractions are discussed and compared with the experimental data. In the Ni region, we also compared our calculated results with recent experimental data [Z. Y. Xu {\it et al.}, \emph{Phys. Rev. Lett.} \textbf{113}, 032505, 2014]. Present results agree with the experimental data of half-lives in comparison to QRPA.
We report a magnetic force microscopy study of the magnetic domain evolution in the layered manganite La$_{2-2x}$Sr$_{1+2x}$Mn$_2$O$_7$ (with $x=0.32$). This strongly correlated electron compound is known to exhibit a wide range of magnetic phases, including a recently uncovered biskyrmion phase. We observe a continuous transition from dendritic to stripe-like domains, followed by the formation of magnetic bubbles due to a field- and temperature dependent competition between in-plane and out-of-plane spin alignments. The magnetic bubble phase appears at comparable field- and temperature ranges as the biskyrmion phase, suggesting a close relation between both phases. Based on our real-space images we construct a temperature-field phase diagram for this composition.
We study a family of surfaces of general type with $p_g=q=2$ and $K^2=7$, originally constructed by Cancian and Frapporti by using the Computer Algebra System MAGMA. We provide an alternative, computer-free construction of these surfaces, that allows us to describe their Albanese map and their moduli space.
We analytically calculate the work distribution of a quantum harmonic oscillator with arbitrary time-dependent angular frequency. We provide detailed expressions for the work probability density for adiabatic and nonadiabatic processes, in the limit of low and high temperature. We further verify the validity of the quantum Jarzynski equality
We present a formalism for the resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) cross section. The resulting compact expression in terms of polarizability matrix elements, particularly lends itself to the implementation in an all-electron many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) framework, which is realized in the full-potential package exciting. With the carbon K edge RIXS of diamond and the oxygen K edge RIXS of $\beta-\mathrm{Ga_2 O_3}$, respectively, we demonstrate the importance of electron-hole correlation and atomic coherence in the RIXS spectra.
We call a positive definite Hermitian lattice regular if it represents all integers which can be represented locally by the lattice. We investigate binary regular Hermitian lattices over imaginary quadratic fields $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-m})$ and provide a complete list of the (normal) Hermitian lattices.
We present the full next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) corrections to the coefficient function for the polarized cross section $d \Delta\sigma/d Q$ of the Drell-Yan process. We study the effect of these corrections on the process $p+p\to l^+l^-+`X'$ at an C.M. energy $\sqrt{S}=200 GeV$. All QCD partonic subprocesses have been included provided the lepton pair is created by a virtual photon, which is a valid approximation for a lepton pair invariant mass $Q<50 GeV$. For this reaction the dominant subprocess is given by $q+\bar q\to \gamma^*+`X'$ and its higher order corrections so that it provides us with an excellent tool to measure the polarized sea-quark densities.
Charge transport is crucial to the performance of hybrid halide perovskite solar cells. A theoretical model based on large polarons is proposed to elucidate charge transport properties in the perovskites. Critical new physical insights are incorporated into the model, including the recognitions that acoustic phonons as opposed to optical phonons are responsible for the scattering of the polarons; these acoustic phonons are fully excited due to the "softness" of the perovskites, and the temperature-dependent dielectric function underlies the temperature dependence of charge carrier mobility. This work resolves key controversies in literature and forms a starting point for more rigorous first-principles predictions of charge transport.
The presented study is an eye tracking experiment for high-resolution satellite (HRS) images. The reported experiment explores the Area Of Interest (AOI) based analysis of eye fixation data for complex HRS images. The study reflects the requisite of reference data for bottom-up saliency-based segmentation and the struggle of eye tracking data analysis for complex satellite images. The intended fixation data analysis aims towards the reference data creation for bottom-up saliency-based segmentation of high-resolution satellite images. The analytical outcome of this experimental study provides a solution for AOI-based analysis for fixation data in the complex environment of satellite images and recommendations for reference data construction which is already an ongoing effort.
Let $a,b,c$ be fixed coprime positive integers with $\min\{a,b,c\}>1$. In this paper, combining the Gel'fond-Baker method with an elementary approach, we prove that if $\max\{a,b,c\}>5\times 10^{27}$, then the equation $a^x+b^y=c^z$ has at most three positive integer solutions $(x,y,z)$.