ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Political Reforms The world has gone through numerous eras and ages to get to its current state. Some of these periods have been forgotten, but others shall remain etched in the memory of humanity for as long as it exists. A good example of a period that will be remembered in this manner is the Victorian era. It will not only be remembered by the British, but also by the rest of the world as a period when major transformations that continue to shape the world today took place. Although the transformations took place across all spheres of life, this brief discourse explores the political reforms that occurred during the era and their outcomes. Before examining the political reforms of the Victorian era, it is important to understand what it means and why it was given this name. Victoria was the Queen of the British Empire between 1837 and 1901 (Bronstein and Harris 45). The Victorian era was named after her. Thus, the Victorian era refers to the period during which Queen Vitoria reigned over the British Empire. Many changes took place during this era, but of interest to this essay are the changes that occurred in the political realm. Queen Victoria’s ascension to power came at a time when political reform was beginning to take shape within the British Empire (Bronstein and Harris 31). The main political groupings that existed at the time, the Tories and the Whigs, had already passed the first Reforms Act in 1832 (Bronstein and Harris 31). The Act granted middle-class citizens voting rights in addition to changing the mode of representation in parliament to cover the interests of more segments of the population. Before the Act, only the upper class t
Kate Chopin manages to persuade readers to understand the nature of the emotional struggles of a woman who chooses not to get married in her short story, ‘‘Regret’’ (Wan 169). One of the ways through which the author achieves her objectives is by employing a number of literary styles and stylistic devices (Gale 9). Seemingly, the author succeeds in capturing readers’ minds and emotions. She achieves this by structuring the plot of the story around Mamxelle Aurelie as the basis of the narrative. By writing logically, Chopin expresses her feminine reflections based upon the many different language styles in the text (Beer 13). Specifically, the author chooses to use various in-depth phrases and words to reflect the protagonist’s inner beauty and ‘‘humane’’ world views. In fact, all the styles employed by Chopin are drawn and expressed within the relevant contexts just as the reasons for using them seem justified (Bloom 10). In the end, the literary styles used are not just enumerations but bold expressions of what the text aims to achieve. Various styles are employed by Kate Chopin to realize a sustained interest of her readers in the story. To begin with, the author employs a very captivating and revealing title (Wan 170). In a sense, the title, Regret, is woven with irony to sum up the main theme of the story. The beginning sections of the story depict a woman who seems to be indifferent to the concept of marriage and family life (Chopin 1). At a young age, she turns down a marriage request from a man (Simpson 4). Unsurprisingly, she seems to care little about that decision even at the age of fifty. At this point, she has not yet regretted the decision she took (Wan 172). However, at the end of the narrative, Chopin depicts the main character’s sense of regret that comes after living with the four children left under her care by Odile (Beer 14). In retrospect, the author uses irony-filled prose and a revealing title to give the reader a hint on Mamxelle Aurelie’s sense of thinking emanating from her not taking the ‘‘route’’ of getting married (Wan 171). At the end of the story, her maternal sensitivity makes her cry ‘‘hard.’’ To be sure, Aurelie seems to be upset at the unexpected return of Odile, the mother of the four children left under her care. Revealingly, an immense thought of regret about being unmarried consumes her (Simpson 5). Clearly, the author interweaves the title with irony to show a strong-independent woman who is undoubtedly soft-hearted and ‘‘lost’’ at the end (Wan 171). Related to this is the irony stressed by Chopin that Odile’s children belong to someone who is ‘‘not such’’ a near neighbor (Bloom 10). This analogy shows that Mamzelle is the only neighbor that Odile can leave her children with. In a way, this revelation foreshadows Mamzelle as a soft-hearted woman who is able to take care of children despite her indifferent attitude to marriage (Simpson 4). More illuminating is the author’s use of lexical expressions to disclose the story’s setting and tone. Metaphorical expressions such as ‘‘sunlight we
One of the primary reasons why the twentieth century became significant was an active use of molding plywood in the furniture industry. When the advantages of this material were discovered, designers began to compete in the divergences of forms and shapes. However, the best piece of furniture looked simple enough at the first blush and still broke all records. An Object Description Eames Lounge Chair Wood, or the Low Chair Wood (LCW) as it is also widely known, is a famous piece of furniture designed by a married couple, Charles and Ray Eames. The chair was made of molding plywood, the material, which gained an enviable popularity during the twentieth century. Firstly, there was a nationwide design competition called Organic Design in Home Furnishings , which was held in 1940 (“Organic Armchair” par. 1). The term “organic” in that context has been defined as the design where “within the object as a whole, there is a harmonious relationship between the individual elements as regards structure, material, and purpose” (“Organic Armchair” par. 1). Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen, who introduced the results of their attempts to realize “the threedimensional molding of plywood”, won the competition (“Organic Armchair” par. 1). The seat of the chair they presented and its backrest were performed as one piece of plywood curved into various planes and directions. Although the armchair indeed looked good and was comfortable since followed the contours of the human body, it still had several drawbacks. The most significant one was that plywood if sharply curved usually cracked and partly lost its attractiveness. That is why designers had to cover the armchair with upholstery in order to hide the imperfections. In the photo below, you can see the Organic Armchair. Despite the fact that Eames and Saarinen won the competition, Eames wanted to achieve the perfectiveness, which is why he started working on a new model, engaging his wife to the case. By trial and error, they finally came up with a new solution. The Eameses decided to make a seat and a backrest as two separate pieces and then put them together with the help of a spine, supported by four legs (“Lounge Chair Wood” par. 1). All of those elements were made of plywood and connected with rubber washers. Plywood was still curved into different planes and directions but not so sharply as before. That is how Charles and Ray Eames avoided the need to cover the chair with upholstery, and all materials remained visible. Such kind of design became very famous and loved by the public due to its simplicity, naturalness, sleekness, and convenience. The armchair followed the contours of the human body no worse than the previous model. Besides, it did not contain any expensive materials and was affordable, which was a priceless advantage at those times. In the photo below, the final result can be seen. At the end of 1945, Molded Plywood Division produced “a number of chairs and armchairs from a wide variety of woods, with fabric, imitation leather, leather, or hide coverings for the seat and backrest” (“L
Introduction Social and economic welfare is closely connected with the welfare of families. The changes that occurred to the family structures, therefore, significantly affect behavioral patterns that most people tend to apply to. In the United Kingdom, there is a growing tendency to cohabitate because fewer people wish to be engaged in marriage obligations. As a result, more and more children are likely to live in unmarried or incomplete families with single parents. Children, therefore, often face theories psychological, emotional, and social problems while acting in various social and cultural contexts. Because adults are reluctant to take responsibility for their lives and children, there are growing patterns of remaining single or being engaged in a civil marriage. All these shifts have a potent impact on the social policies, as well as outlooks on living arrangement standards, sexual morality, and family relations. While tracing historical and cultural contexts of family structure changing patterns, as well as analyzing family types transitions, it is possible to define which competing needs individuals have within the newly presented families, as well as highlight the most successful intervention strategies that could assist in eliminating anti-social behavioral patterns and neglected attitude to complete family morale. Historical and Social Contexts of Family Structures in Relation to Social Policy The current trends in family changes are not promising. The social and historical background of changing patterns sufficiently explains the reasons for the contemporary family crisis in the United Kingdom. Specific emphasis should be placed on greater patterns of single mothers working and taking care of their child, no-children parents with two incomes, and two unmarried couples having a child. These are the most widespread family structures that have appeared because of social changes. According to Irwin (2000), “…changes in general patterns of ‘standard’ living arrangements are themselves part of the substance of changing familial and friendship based relations” (p. 1). Despite the changing patterns of family structures over time, the popularity of the nuclear family remains. With regard to family and children’s perception, it is possible to define external social factors that affect families, as well as define specific demographic information in relation to family changes. The concept of ‘family’ i
Introduction The work under consideration is a well-known philosophy treatise Epiphenomenal Qualia by Frank Jackson in which the author first presented the Knowledge Argument in 1982. The main idea of the work is that the author firmly opposes physicalism. The general argument Jackson adheres to is that physicalism blunders in terms of denying the existence of the subjective experience. To be more exact, Jackson states that knowing all physical processes is not enough to present knowledge of mental experience. There have been many debates for the past several years over this issue. However, it is not proved entirely if Jackson is right in his attempts to refute all forms of physicalism. Therefore, his knowledge argument objects to the identity thesis because not all actions and states are of physical nature. Statement of the Identity Thesis According to Carruthers, all states and procedures initiated by brain can refer to the outcomes of some physical events and processes. The scientist states that “…a strong version of materialism…all mental states and events are in fact physical states and events” (Carrythers 148). Therefore, the identity thesis can be considered a variant of phyisicalism which implies that the things and object in the world refer to words and terms created by people. Clear Statement of the Jackson’s Argument The main concept of Jackson’s argument . According to Jackson, information provided by such sciences as chemistry, biology, and physics cannot purely reflect all processes, states and objects because there some ‘qualias’ that describes some perceptual experiences that do not have connection to any type of physical information. This includes, “…the hurtfulness of pains, the itchiness of itches, pangs of jealousy, or about the characteristic experience of tasting a lemon” (Jackson 127). Jackson’s position also rejects the fact that physical information is an unquestionable intuition. There
Public schools can be categorized into primary, secondary schools as well as post secondary institutions authorized for or open by the government to all children. Supervision is a vital activity that public schools management ought to practice in order to ensure smooth running in the school (Christian 1987) . In the public schools, supervision is a normally an administration’s action where the directors are believed to possess managing role in the institute. Occasionally, in the public schools, the employees are endorsed to the duty of supervisor depending on their sturdy technical expertise. However, in a public school where supervision is poor, there are huge effects as well as the cost for the association and employees in the organization. In the education sector, supervision can be termed as the stipulation of direction and advice on issues of individual, educational progress as well as on the professional issues. The educational supervision encompasses of the teaching of explicit capabilities and skills aiding the learner to build up self- sufficiency in the attainment of comprehension and skills (Christian & Kitto 1987). At times, supervision might need the stipulation of pastoral concern for the trainees. The concerned supervisors in the public schools to raised any concerns in advance to ensure proper performance of the management. In public schools, an institution would come up with measures regarding supervision and eventually endow with administrators from the association. Due to increased need for improved educational standards in the public schools, there has been enhanced need for supervision (Christian & Kitto 1987). This has consequently resulted to increased courses on supervision program hence the courses gaining fame thus being incorporated in the schools. In public schools, there are crucial areas that are normally put into consideration in the supervision process. The course work in an administration that is instructive as well as supervision agenda ranges from process to communication, managerial structure as well as the moral matters. Fundamental knowledge on supervision is crucial as it helps one to gain skills in issues relating to schools, supervision, as well as working with committees. The supervisors concerned with the public schools management ought to have gained sufficie
Overview Western water is an Australian water utility company that is part of the Victorian corporation covering the areas of Lancefield, Bacchus Marsh, Melton, and Sunbury which hosts the Western water headquarters and Melbourne. Western Region Water Corporation also known as Western Water is among Australia’s thirteen urban water corporations . Western water serves a population of 140,000 covering 55,000 properties providing drinking water, recycled water and sewage services. Western water was founded in 1989 under the water act. Western water has employed 135 people as at June 2009 of which 45% are women. The company generated a net profit as at 2009 of $6.5 million and developer revenue of $ 14.2 million. Western water carries out a number of functions the main one being water supply. Western water is making present and future water supply projections for the next 50 years. The focus of this activity is currently on Western water’s five main supply sources which supply up to 15 towns. “To effectively address and tackle this issue Western water has strategies on water supply demand and regional catchments management allowing them to cater for the increase in water demand” (Annual Report 2009 6). Western water also carry out recycling water processes to supply class A recycled water with the ultimate goal of achieving 100% recycling of all water produced from the recycled water plants (RWPs). Approximately 88% of the total water supplied in 2008/9 was recycled. In the same year and by the company’s recycling efforts approxima
Nurses constantly experience ethical dilemmas and legal issues during the course of their profession. These experiences are very challenging as they compel nurses to make immediate ethical and legal choices based on the interest of patients, relatives or physicians. Under certain circumstances, nurses find themselves in great dilemma in trying to balance legal and ethical issues regarding certain medical procedures. Though there are codes of ethics and legal responsibilities that nurses must adhere to, the needs of patients are very complex in that, they may result into ethical and legal conflicts. “In decision-making, the nurses’ choices and actions should reflect best clinical practice, be the right things to do morally, and be within the legal scope of policies, procedures, and practice acts” (Guido, 2009, p. 12). Hence, ethical and legal issues bind nurses in their profession. This essay analyses ethical and legal aspects of two case studies in nursing. The first case study is an ethical issue, which falls under dilemma of autonomy. According to Smith, “…dilemma of autonomy occurs when individuals other than the patient must determine, or attempt to determine, what’s best for the patient” (2005, p. 75). Nursing ethics demands that the patient act autonomously in making informed choices about medication or other health related issues. In this situation, the patient had the right to deny further chemotherapy; may be because the medications were not effective or the patient had lost hope of recovering. At least, these were indications of the patient’s dissatisfaction with chemotherapy and it was ethically right for the boy to decline any further chemotherapy administration. In contrast to the patient’s interest, the physician, the nurse and the parents acted in beneficence. In this case, dilemma of beneficence ensued as the physician, patient and family differed on the issue of medication. “Dilemmas of beneficence occur when health care providers, the patient, and/or family members disagree about what course of action is in the patient’s best interest” (Leddy & Pepper, 1993, p. 54). The action of beneficence is an ethical aspect that requires nurses to act in the interest of the patient. Prescription of new medication by the physician with the consent of parents and compliance of the nurse to administer medication, though done against the interests of the patient, highlighted an ethical act of beneficence. The second case study has both ethical and legal aspects regarding nursing profession. In this case, the nurse failed to act in ‘nonmaleficence’ in order to protect the patient against harm by injecting antidepressants to every new resident, but instead follow physician’s instructions blindly. The nurse also acted contrary to the ethical concept of veracity by lying to the patients on the kind of medication prescribed to them. The ethical principle of veracity “requires the health care provider to tell the
Introduction In the present competitive business world, it has become necessary for organizations to position themselves strategically so as to remain relevant to the needs of consumers and also to be better placed to fight the ever increasing competition form rivals in the same field. As a result, most business organizations are forced to turn to the use of software development tools that would help them to increase productivity. The biggest question, however, is whether or not the level of output will go up when an organization employs the use of software development tools. It is never easy to answer this question given that the future of most software projects is never certain. According to James, great developments in hardware as well as the increased use of computer systems in various sectors of the economy has led to the popularity of software development tools (James 4). It is therefore very common to come across organizations all over the world making every effort to move towards the use of software systems. Impact of Software Development tools on Productivity According to Smit and Salvendy, the use of software development tools has both positive as well negative effects on the general quality of production. With the application of the right tools, staff in the organization may be presented with challenges such as opportunities to learn new things. They may also get chances to change careers so as to fit into the new structure of the organization. All these may build an inspired workforce team and eventually, the productivity level of the organization could increase. The organization on the other hand also gets prepared to deal with fierce rivalry from the competitors (Smit & Salvendy 12). Smit and Salvendy further argue that better use of development tools will have the effect of improving the way things are done at the work place, raise the level of output and foster creativity among employees. They also pointed out that the use of applications such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and available Product Data Management tools will certainly lead to increased productivity and a high level of effectiveness (12). For individuals in an organization, software development applications are tools that will kill monotony by reducing the amount of routine tasks that have to be done from time to time, help in accomplishing set work goals and boost the level of production (Smit & Salvendy 13). The use of software development tools may also break down the effect of hiera
Introduction Fiction works are characterized by the presence of a teller and a tale. Moreover, within a tale is a message that aims to influence an audience in a certain way. “The Mill on the Floss” contains the message that comes from the teller, which is a reality of the teller. There is also the fictional message resting on the fictional tale. This essay examines deeper the portrayal of children in the “Mill of the Floss.” Children in the context of power In reviewing the Mill on the Floss, it is important also to bring out the element of symbolism in the text’s narrative and the author’s life situation. The author was reworking a fractured relationship with her brother at the time of writing the text. Mary Ann Evans, going by the pen name George Eliot, was seeking to regrow her relationship with her brother after breaking off three years earlier due to her action of cohabiting with a married person. Just like in the text, where Tom and Maggie did not meet again, so did the author and her brother. In this case, the text can be seen as a reference to minor details in people’s relationships and how they act in the context of major details, such as the relationship between people. The few times that Eliot and her brother enjoyed their time together as children were not sufficient to rekindle their relationship once they were adults. One main reason for this is that with adulthood comes the power to decline and judge, which is missing in childhood. This is a clear message emerging from the text about how past observations and the actions of the children subject changes as the novel progresses. In The Mill of the Floss,