ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Transport is important for the economies of all countries across the world. One of the key features of transport systems is airports, which are essential landing and taking off with regard to airplanes that transporting cargo and passengers. In fact, the use of airports is important in the process of improving foreign trade and policies because airports act as the key entry points to all countries. This paper has established that security is important at airports so that they could effectively play their roles. In the last few decades, the transport industry has witnessed a number of changes, some of which have resulted in increased levels of airport commercialization and privatisation. As a result, there has been an increase in cargo and passengers that airports can support. However, there has also been an increase in the level of threats in airports. In order to reduce the levels of threats, it is important to implement strict measures that regulate the operations of airports. For example, the UK and the US were targeted due to their increased levels of airport commericialisation. Introduction Airports are principal avenues to air transport and play a primary role in facilitating the running of the transport system. It is a key player in the economic development of any country considering that airports are the entry points for both domestic and international travels (Ashford, 2000). It is within the airport that passengers, their luggage and other types of cargo pass, in addition to allowing aircraft to take off and land to and from any part of the world. Principally, apt infrastructure such as runaways, aprons, taxiways, as well as a terminal for departures and arrivals, including terminals for ground and stowage interchange is requisite and mandatory for smooth running of operations within the airport (Roper, 1999). In addition, facilities and amenities such as passenger lounges, food stores, and shops are mandatory necessities. This article provides an analysis elucidating the impact of airline commercialisation. An exploration of the threats posed by airline commercialisation is provided with the United States attack on September 11, 2001, and the UK terrorist threats as the primary examples of such threats. Security Implications of Airport Commercialisation The safety and security of passengers and their cargo is pertinent to flawless operations within the airport. In this regard, facilities and technologies commanding air traffic controls and monitoring of incoming and outgoing aircrafts as well as landing and taking off with regard to planes are required (Ashford, 2000). Maintenance of personal security and the personnel to carry out lug
Neo-colonialism refers to contemporary manifestations of the older colonial system which saw powerful nation states in control of the affairs of less powerful, less technologically and economically advanced nations in order to exploit the resources of the less powerful nation and improve the position of the colonial power. Under neo-colonialism, former colonial powers use international laws, property rights and economic supremacy to retain economic and political influence over former dependent territories. This involves a reliance upon Western manufactured goods and services which thwarts indigenous development efforts, a deteriorisation of the terms trade for new independent countries, and a continuation of cultural Westernisation guaranteeing markets for the West elsewhere in the world. The power relationship between coloniser and colonised involved the assumption of cultural and moral superiority by the colonising power. The colonised people are generally viewed as ‘other’ by the coloniser and therefore superior. Ponting, McDonald and Wearing (2005) suggest that contemporary surfing tourism represents a form of neo-colonialism. Do you agree? If so, what are the neo colonial features of the relationship? If not, why not? When examining the case of the Mentawai archipelago and the development of the local tourism industry through the promotion of the area as a surfing venue, it can be seen that instead of developing its own tourism industry by encouraging local entrepreneurship the local government in effect gave away the capacity for local resorts to flourish in order to encourage foreign investment. This was done through legislation aimed at encouraging foreign investment through the privatization of capacity control which would see charter numbers limited, up market resorts favored with capacity linked exclusion zones, and small-scale local operations deemed unlawful (Ponting, McDonald, And Wearing 2005, p. 12). This limited capacity for local entry is similar to the case of the core and periphery system which is a predominant feature of neo-colonialism wherein the ability of former colonies to compete in the international market is hampered through their relegation into being resource suppliers instead of being end product manufacturers like their colonial power counterparts. While neo-colonialism does this through international laws, property rights and economic supremacy, in the case of the Mentawi archipelago this accomplished through local laws and legislation which was ironically pushed forth by the local government itself. Furthermore, the “dependence factor” seen in the case of neo-colonialism where former colonies are dependent on the manufactured goods of the colonial powers can similarly be seen wherein the local tourism industry is dependent on foreign companies and their chartered boat fleets, tour packages, and international promotional activities to bring tourists to the island albeit to foreign controlled resorts and establishments. How does the term ‘tragedy of the commons’ relate to surfing t
Introduction Biogas can be described as the gas produced through the breakdown of organic matter. This breakdown of organic matter is normally done in the absence of oxygen. According to Deublein et al, (2011), biogas is a gaseous fuel which is obtained from the breakdown of various organic matters, which includes, but not limited to, the following; dead animal and plant materials, kitchen wastes, and animal feaces. Biogas can be used as a cooking gas, and also used in heating applications. It is to power generators that are used to produce electricity. It can also be compressed like any other natural gases in order to power motor vehicles (Nijaguna, 2006). This essay is going to evaluate the industry analysis of biogas as a renewable energy source. Industry analysis Our business idea of biogas falls under the energy industry sector. The energy sector is considered one of the most important economic sectors. It constitutes a 50% contribution to the development of the world economy. The energy sector is also considered one of the most expensive sectors to invest in. This is attributed to the limited sources of energy in the industry. Currently, the most widely used forms of energy include hydroelectric power, nuclear power and the solar power (Junginger, 2010). Recent developments and researches indicate that there is an alarming increase in the energy demand. The demand for energy is projected to increase by 40% in the next six years. With such an alarming increase, there is need to have some sustainable, and cheap sources of energy (Junginger, 2010). Also, according to some researchers the most widely sources of energy like fossils fuels are being depleted, and if less is done to cub this situation, then, the world is going to be plunged into an energy crisis. Biogas represents a cheaper and a viable alternative solution to solving the energy crisis that is imminent (Junginger, 2010). Cost analysis Variable costs are those changing costs that are incurred by a business while fixed costs are those costs incurred by a business w
Anurudran, A., Yared, L., Comrie, C., Harrison, K., & Burke, T. (2020). Domestic violence amid COVID‐19. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 150(2), 255-256. Web. Anurudran et al. (2020) argue that the new measures taken to fight COVID-19 infections heightened the risk of domestic abuse. The authors state that ‘stay-at-home” restrictions not only increased the risk of multiple victimization but also limit their access to relevant social support and networks. Unemployment, financial insecurity, and mental health problems such as substance abuse and depression elevate the risk of domestic violence. Boserup, B., McKenney, M., & Elkbuli, A. (2020). Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 38(12), 2753-2755. Web. This journal article presents the severe social, psychological, and financial consequences of COVID-19 containment policies on society. Boserup et al. (2020) assert that although these sweeping measures have helped in reducing the spread of the novel disease, they have made people more vulnerable because of limited access to established social support systems. Particularly, mobility restrictions have led to a spike in cases of shooting and domestic abuse. Bradbury‐Jones, C., & Isham, L. (2020). The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID‐19 on domestic violence. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(13-14), 2047-2049. Web. This article reports on the unintended, negative consequences of coronavirus containment measures in the UK. Bradbury‐Jones and Isham (2020) point that COVID-19 related outcomes such as job losses, closure of social institutions including businesses and school, and isolation have made children and women more vulnerable to abuse. The authors suggest that governments should take urgent steps to protect and support domestic violence victims and survivors, and individuals who are vulnerable in society. Kofman, Y. B., & Garfin, D. R. (2020). Home is not always a haven: The domestic violence crisis amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 199-201. Web. Kofman and Garfin (2020) present a comprehensive literature review on recent epidemics that have spiked abuse in the home in the US and internationally. The authors outline several unique difficulties, conundrums, and dangers that people who have been victimized and survived domestic violence face during such epidemics. They argue that containment measures increased the risk of abuse call for more resources to fight abuse during this crisis and use existing domestic violence guidelines to prepare, respond, and recover from the pandemic. Leslie, E., & Wilson, R. (2020). Sheltering in place and domestic violence: Evidence from calls for servi
Topic The topic of the project is related to the purpose of war and values of people that take active part in military conflicts. Why do governments influence people and make them fight against enemies that do not exist? The purpose The project is aimed at explaining people that wars are not interesting to anyone except those people that want to gain more money fighting against enemies that do not exist. It happens that people are afraid of something so much that they start believing in those ‘monsters’. However, our fears can be overcome while wars are not results of people’s fears. They are real. Governments of superpowers attempt to make money on killing people with the hands of military men. At the same time, soldiers of the US army might not know about the genuine goals of the military operations while they strongly believe that they fight against terrorism and spread peace by controlling the situation in countries whose culture differ greatly from the American one. The work itself and how it relates to the topic People join the colors of the US army because they believe in certain values understandable for them only. At the same time, soldiers obtain duties to protect their country from invasions and internal conflicts. However, they also become obliged to fulfill the orders of people that sit in the warm rooms and argue about the educational reforms and the ways to save the balance of powers in the world. These people are politicians that represent the government of the country where nothing happens except for loud parties and scandals around celebrities. As such, it can be considered as a desire of people to arrange something that would distract citizens from the situation in the country’s economy or education. Nevertheless, no one ever asked soldiers whether they want to fight for the country that uses them in such a filthy manner. On the other hand, army is the place where people are not treated as individuals that have their opinion or values that might differ from those strongly offered by the government. Some individuals believe that it is an honor to die for the country you love and where your family lives. Though, we can see that war has never been a matter of honor; we can find evidence to this in the lines of the poem by Wilfred Owen: “The old Lie: dulce et decorum est pro patria mori” (55). This poem is dedicated to the events of the First World War and death of people that did not even know what they fought for. The same happens nowadays when hundreds of thousands of US soldiers are sent to Afghanistan and Iraq to fight a phantasmal threat. In this respect, people c
Introduction It is surprising but there is something in common between two seemingly opposite geographical objects: the Himalaya and the Marianas Trench. The thing that connects the high mountain and the deepest trench in the world is their common origin: both of them are formed as the outcome of the same geologic process – the collision of the lithospheric plates (Plate Tectonics undated, p.90). The lithospheric plates can be characterized by the state of constant motion that influences the state of the Earth’s surface alternating our world constantly. Thus, the present paper is devoted to plates, plate margins and the process typical of them, mainly earthquakes that occur primarily along the margins of plates. The movement of lithospheric plates In the first place, it is necessary to determine the movement of the Earth, the plates’ movement in particular, when it quakes and shakes. The movement of the lithospheric plates is one of the key processes that determine the existence of the planet as we have an opportunity to witness it. There is a widely spread hypothesis that states that there existed a “single supercontinent, named Pangea” “around 250 million years ago” (Continents of the Past undated). The movement of lithospheric plates explains its split and appearance of the present continents. Scientists define several possible ways of motion of plates in their relation to each other. The plates can be characterized by lateral motion, which is called translation, as it is stated in “Born of Fire”. The other ways of plates’ movement are as follows: subduction, which occurs when one lithospheric plate “descends into the mantle beneath another plate” (Plate Tectonics undated, p.104) and spreading (Born of Fire undated). In fact, the type of plate margins and the activity of faults determine the plates’ movement. The causes of plates’ movement In the second place, it is necessary to determine the causes of plate movement that are the driving forces of earthquakes. They are directly connected with the type of plate margins that are present on the territory where an earthquake occurs. An earthquake can occur if there is sufficient amount of elastic strain energy that is produced by the movement of the lithospheric plates. Due to this huge energy, a fracture that is called a fault is created. When the fault is locked, energy is building up more and it causes “rocks adjacent to the jammed section to bend and buckle” (Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior undated, p.118). The energy is released in the form of seismic waves that caus
Introduction The women’s movement for their rights is common in the modern world as many feminists want to achieve equal opportunities for all sexes. However, in the first decades of the last century, most women did not even have the right to vote, and the opportunity to work equally with men was only a dream for them. The suffrage movement, which began its active development at the end of the nineteenth century, was a start of the struggle for gender equality, and society has to know about it to understand the current situation. Sarah Gavron created the film Suffragette to show the origin of the movement and the reasons that forced women to fight for their rights by presenting her emotional understanding of the events of that time. Main body The movie focuses on several strong female characters and situations that happen to them in the struggle for their rights. The main character of Suffragette is Maud Watts, an ordinary working woman who is forced to work hard all her life and endure the indulgent attitude of men. After her suffragist friend, Violet Miller, was severely beaten by her husband and could not testify in court about sexual abuse against laundry workers, Maud replaces her ( Suffragette ). The women lose the case, which causes the main character want to fight and release her anger. Maud participates in suffragist rallies, is arrested, and spends a week in prison. After her release, her neighbors condemn her, husband forbids her to join demonstrations, and after the police again catch Maud, he throws her out of the house and keeps her son away from her ( Suffragette ). In the movie, the viewer also sees some historical characters, such as Emmeline Pankhurst and Emily Davison, who, in real life, were the inspiration of the suffrage movement. In addition, the film shows many cruel and gloomy scenes, such as the imprisonment of women and the scene of force-feeding as a measure to stop a hunger strike. The story ends with the funeral of one of the activists, Emily, who dies under the horse’s hooves during the protest. In the finale, the viewer can read that these funerals were covered by press globally and also that in 1918, some women got the right to vote, and in 1925 equality of suffrage became nationwide in Britain and the USA ( Suffragette ). Such a finale makes it clear that the primary goal of the director was to show the very struggle of women and the routine reasons for their fighting. Also worth mentioning the performance of actresses and the details of their characters. Maud Watts, at the beginning of the story, is a humble woman who respects and serves her husband and endures injustice happening around. Her eyes are fireless; she tries to be ordinary and quiet. However, after testifying in the court, rallies and meeting with active suffragists, her life starts to make sense, and her eyes sparkle. All these changes are displayed in the performance of Carey Mulligan, her facial expressions, and gestures. Her character is very carefully described, and the viewer can see her development throughout the film. Helena Bonham Carter also plays the role of an educated and intelligent woman, a chemist; although her ch
In the amazing world of literature, there are so many works which help to evaluate this life, person’s role in this world, and the principles that are so important for self-improvement. Among the variety of literary works, it is very difficult to define the one that perfectly depicts people’s hopes, dreams, and thoughts which are inherent to every day life with its own rules and demands. In this paper, I want to underline two works: one is written by Philip Hallie Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed: The Story of the Village of the Le Chambon and How Goodness Happened There and another is represented by Hannah Arendt Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil . These authors paid certain attention to the Nazi community and their ideas of how to conquer the world and make the roles of other people less important and less dominant. These two works represent a beautiful and at the same time the most terrible picture of how people may suffer because of violence as they have already chosen non-violent resistance to brutality introduced by the Nazis. In fact, each person is a kind of cog in a certain machine; and I would like to believe that the machine that influences my personal life and depicts my role in it is all about my family and people around. Hallie and Arendt represented an idea according to which people became cogs under a certain pressure from the outside and suffered because of injustice, violence, and power that was a part of the machine in their world. I truly believe that each person makes an attempt to analyze his/her personal life and the results of actions that have been done on purpose or accidentally at least once in his/her life. This is why to achieve better understanding of this life, it is possible to read books that touch upon numerous philosophical and vital issues and make use of information from such books. When I was questioned whether I realized that I was a cog in a certain machine, I could not really comprehend what kind of answer had to be given. I d
Visa Tap to Phone Program After trials over the last year, the tool is now live in several countries in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific, and Latin America. Brazil, Italy, United Arab Emirates, and the UK will follow shortly. Visa says that with the world increasingly turning to digital payments amidst Covid-19, Tap to Phone can help millions of small and micro businesses quickly access the digital economy, prevent lost sales, and improve cash flow (“Visa Tap to Phone contactless payments program goes global”, 2020). To help support safe transactions, Visa has introduced a Ready for Tap to Phone program, enabling technology companies to become Visa Ready certified, ensuring security standards. Sellers download an app, supported by their acquirer, and after registering and selecting their participating bank, can start accepting contactless payments in minutes. The technology builds on top of the security of an EMV chip transaction, in which each transaction contains a dynamic cryptogram that cannot be reused. Therefore, the program offers a unique approach that assures consumers of the safety and security of their payment details. Contactless Payment It is powered by Near field communication technology over a specific radio frequency. It facilitates the communication between the smartphone or the credit card with the payment reader when they are close together, around 0.1 meters. RFID has been used for decades, for example, for scanning items in g
In the market of healthcare services, gaining a competitive advantage is vital for any clinic. For the purpose of growing and attracting new clients, managers are involved in creating different strategies and solving problems (Johnson et al., 2017). Furthermore, scholars believe that organizations are now forced to “the new processes of innovativeness in both private and public sector” (Çınar and Eren 2015, 253). In this particular case, the hospital applied a methodology to improve patient flow (NHS, 2017). There is no doubt that this implementation is valuable for service development because reducing the length of patient stay is one of the essential challenges that many medical facilities face. As researchers state, the lack of resources or renovations to make it possible is concerns many of the staff (Ginter, Duncan, and Swayne 2018). Therefore, this issue could not be considered a rare one. Nevertheless, it would be difficult to overestimate its worth since a change in this area can also positively influence other systems in the hospital. It is evident that this initiative has a number of advantages, which have been d