ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Precambrian time is divided into two parts; the older Archean Eon and the younger Proterozoic Eon. This period is marked by significant changes in the atmosphere and the oceans. The Proterozoic rocks which have been identified contain fossil traces of the primitive life-forms of blue-green algae and bacteria (Young, 2017). Additionally, there are fossils of Ediacaran fauna, the first oxygen-dependent organisms. Before life arose on earth, its atmosphere was mainly filled with carbon dioxide and nitrogen and small amounts of hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon II oxide; the oxygen levels were very little. The limited atmospheric conditions enabled organic molecules to form spontaneously in the presence of an energy source, such as sunlight. The organic molecules then polymerized impulsively under conceivable prebiotic environments to form macromolecules. Among the macromolecules, there were the nucleic acids, which could self-replicate. An example is the RNA from which the first cell is thought to have risen; it is replicated in an enclosure of a membrane made of phospholipids. These led to the formation of prokaryotes, which are unicellular organisms. The cyanobacteria were the first primitive protists to demonstrate photoreceptive. The prokaryotes were unable to satisfy their energy requirements, and they developed various mechanisms to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These mechanisms evolved in three stages, which corresponded to glycolysis, oxidative metabolism, and photosynthesis. The latter played a key role in evolution as oxygen was one of the end products, besides energy, and the process mainly occurred in cyanobacteria (Hörandl and Hadacek, 2020). The oxygen levels in the atmosphere increased significantly, and it was around this time that the first eukaryotes appeared on earth. The first eukaryotes were single-celled like prokaryotes, and a good example is a yeast. Multicellular organisms then evolved from these eukaryotes more than 1.7 billion years ago (Hörandl and Hadacek, 2020). Additionally, some of the single cells of eukaryotes, such as the green alga, formed aggregates, representing the evolutionary transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms. Such colonies of cells are presumed to be the precursors of planets. There was increased specialization of cells, which resulted in a complete transition to truly mult
Nowadays, western cultures are the most widely spread ones all over the world. However, there are numerous explanations of the European culture’s domination. These reasons include social, economic, cultural, religious, and agricultural factors. Besides, there are many theories that prove various causations for the development of states. For instance, Immanuel Wallerstein’s world-systems theory, created in the 1970s, argues that the ability of European states gain an advantage from the rise of capitalism led them to world dominance (Wallerstein 563). This hypothesis could be counter-argued by Halford Mackinder’s Heartland theory that emphasizes the importance of the geopolitical concept in the process of the formation of the states (Mackinder 310). The current paper discusses some reasons that promoted the expansion of European culture around the world after the 15th century. Additionally, it provides an outlook to the World Systems Theory and Dimond’s book “Guns, Germs, and Steel”. The spread of European culture began in the early 15th century with the commencement of the Age of Discovery. Explorations were guided by the strive to acquire political weight through the conquering of new territories, develop new trading routes, and propagate Christianity. Discoveries became possible due to the advancement in technologies of shipbuilding and the invention of the magnetic compass. Additionally, Europeans possessed superior military weapons that enabled them to subdue the residential population of newly revealed lands. However, there is no common opinion on the reasons why European civilization became more technologically developed than any other. From the perspective of world-systems theory, the shift from the feudal economic order to the capitalistic one was a driving force for further development. The transition happened because the feudal economy entered a period of depression, along with the slowdown of agricultural productivity. The profit-oriented private ownership of industry characterizes capitalism that replaced the previous economic system. The Embracement of this economic order allowed Europe to recover from the damage caused by the f
Introduction Pepsi Company serves as one of world leader producers of food and non-alcoholic beverages. The company has got branches in North America such as Frito-Lay which deals with snacks and Pepsi Quaker Foods dealing with the sale of beverages. Generally the competition within the industry is intensive with major players being Pepsi, Coca-Cola and Cadbury Schweppes. Pepsi controls around 20% of the total market share with its constituent branches also controlling major segments. Frito-Lay controls approximately 60% of the total snack-food market within the United States (Pepsi Company Overview). The industry is characterized by stiff competition with Coca-Cola and Pepsi being the dominant companies. Other players within the market include; Snapple, Cott, National heritage, Hansen natural, Red bull, Big red, Rock star and others with Coca-Cola being the leading producer and Rock star the least contributor with market coverage of less than 1% (Pepsi Company Overview). Effective and efficient management of customer requirements within the rich beverage market environment calls for shortening of product life cycles through virtual operation of respective supply chains (Cachon and Fisher, 2000). Integrated supply chain should have the ability to seamlessly respond to changing demand and customer requirements with minimal disruptions and costs. Both theory and practice suggest that a truly integrated supply chain has the potential of assisting firms in achieving significant cost savings, while at the same time creating value for supply chain members and their respective stakeholders. Reaching the goal of an integrated supply chain is difficult, due to the fact that there are multiple lines of definitions describing this concept. Much of the previous research has primarily addressed either the supplier domain or the customer domain portion of the supply chain. Research problem Supply Chain Management approach involves integration and coordination across organizations and throughout the supply chain. It means that supply chain management requires internal and external integration. This makes it clear that the role of supplier and supply management practices is relevant in this context. However, the integration of supplier in supply chain is always different depending on the nature of industry in question. Recent development in SCM offers the opportunity to reduce costs and ultimately increase profit margin. The remaining challenge is to link the novel approaches together for the purposes of gaining competitive advantage of continuous flow
It is very imperative to bring a change in the organization and only successful leaders can bring this change in their organization and their team. Effective leaders have always a positive impact on their organization’s business and culture through their efficient leading style to bring prominent changes. An effective leader is well aware of leadership concepts and practices. An effective leader honors his employee, give them credit on their hard work, learns from mistakes and try to change and overcome, never teases or criticizes his employee and try to develop a positive environment in which all work in a collaborative manner. The high destiny of the individual is to serve rather than to rule————–Albert Einstein. Leadership is not the same as management Achieving a top is not an easy task or to rule someone is also difficult. Successful people always follow some rules to achieve the top. These rules make them different from others. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (Powerful Lessons in Personal Change) By Stephen R.Covey book was first published in 1989. It is a self-help book and it gives a complete guide to those who want to be a successful professionals. Some rules must have to be followed in the path to success. This book divides principals into four sections: Paradigms and Principles, Private Victory, Public Victory, Renewal. Its chapters are dedicated to each habit. According to this book, seven habits for being a successful man are as follows”   * Be Proactive: the only activity which makes humans different from animals is self-awareness and this part of R.Covey deals with these characteristics. Gandhi said, “They can’t take away our self-respect if we do not give it to them.”   * Begin with the End in Mind: Developing the target/mission in mind is one of the best habits of leaders.   * Put First Things First: Spend time on observing a proper balance between productions and producing production ability.   * Think Win/Win: Always be focus on the deal and try to win. If not then apply the “no-deal” formula.   * Seek First to Understand, Then to be understood: R.Covey described as the most important habit in building interpersonal skills.   * Synergize: try to solve the problem with mutual understanding.   * Sharpen the saw: Take time in solving issues, try to maintain a balance between physical, mental, social/emotional, and spiritual dimensions. The above seven habits develop effectual changes in human personality. These seven habits are inside-out approaches to effectiveness. This book’s approach integrates personals and the paradigm shift from the personnel ethic towards character ethic. Every person’s character is a build-up of his habits. Habits make the person be judged. Most habits depend on three factors: dependence, interdependence, and independence. These habits build one’s personal productivity. Ability, attention, and participation are the most important characteristics of authentic and successful leaders Effective leadership always depends on the approaches, a leader carries in the path of success. People can be succeeded if they follow proper rules and possess some extraordinary qualities. The abov
Introduction Music can be described as both traditional and modern where traditional music is seen as old and longstanding, while modern music is contemporary and present. Arguably, traditional music has influenced what is today referred to as “modern” music in various ways. Critically, many aspects of the music produced today can be traced back to indigenous groups all over the world. Culture is extremely intertwined with music such that slaves from Africa carried their tunes and influenced music in other parts of the world (Griots 00:00:10-00:07:13). For example, what is today known as “riddims”, originating from Jamaica, has the same concepts as the country’s traditional tunes. In the given example, one musical tune is used to produce various types of songs similar to how Jamaicans used the banjo to make a majority of their music. This presentation looks into the world’s music, taking samples from several countries and cultures. Music of Africa Traditional music from Africa was mainly played during special occasions, giving them either an upbeat for celebrations or slow tunes for sad events. In Zimbabwe, the mbira dza vadzimu , which resembles a child’s music box lays foundation to all its tunes (Miller and Shahriari 380). Professionals would pluck the individual strips at different speeds to make music. The mbira dza vadzimu can be linked to the culture of the people as the tool is used for ritual purposes and only special people are allowed to play it. Indeed, whereas a significant number of modern music from Zimbabwe are based on western music, the underlying tones are borrowed from the mbira . The up and down nature of the music box also pays tribute to the terrain in Zimbabwe, which has high plateaus and mountains. Additionally, the design of the tool has been associated to the Victoria Falls, which the country shares with Zambia. This can be compared to Uganda where music has a much faster tempo. Their traditional instrument is referred to as the akadinda , a large xylophone (Miller and Shahriari 358). This instrument can play 600 beats pe
Introduction It has been shown that people involved in acts of atrocity, such as lynching, shared common characteristics. This is true in case of America when it is estimated that more than 3,500 were lynched between 1865 and 1920. These happened during the time of black disfranchisement, enactment and implementation of Jim Crow laws. In fact, the reality brought about by its barbaric and grisly activity was so awful that such an event should never be forgotten. This is mainly because of the fear of knowing its conditions, causes and consequences. The places involved in lynching included mid-Atlantic region, Pennsylvania and Delaware. However, the most notorious areas were the south, particularly the cotton growing states. The most important factors that led to increase in lynching across the region included the belief that collective action was rational, and Whites had the right to practice lynching in order to preserve their dominion and guard the community against the unwanted intrusions (Miller, 276). In addition, it represented a marrow of community identity as seen in labor strikes, American Revolution and Civil war, among others. It can thus be said that the most important factors that led to increased lynching were communal identity, communal rights/interests, rational view of collective action, economic changes and laws applied at that period. The most important factors that led to an increase in lynching across the United States between 1890 and 1930 Lynching was done for a number of reasons during these periods. However, the most important factor involved was caused by the desire to protect communal identity with its rights. This allowed the upstanding members of white community to call such an atrocity as a means of protecting their rightful places in society as well as strengthening their communal identity. This was quite popular in the southern region where lynching was a common practice. Another cause of lynching is because it defended communal interest in the region (Miller, 277). In essence, these people would stop at nothing to protect their interests and communal identity. Evidences of lynching were collected throughout America and presented in photograp
Introduction MSS Yen Railway of China provides the population of the country with the opportunity to travel to different locations with high-speed rail and transport various goods. The organization is willing to extend abroad and is currently targeted at Jamaica. In order to prove that such a step will be beneficial, railway feasibility and the safety record of the existing company should be considered. Then, the economic viability of the service can be discussed. Analysis MSS Yen Railway of China allows the citizens to get to the place they need extremely quickly and with no delays, which is highly valued by the clients. However, when discussing the technical side of the industry, it is critical to mention that the national railway operator found out that a lot of manufacturers produce train components of poor quality. According to the research, about 70% of all parts did not pass safety tests while 30% were of the sample were in compliance with the standards (Cheung, 2015). Mainly, the part used for stopping the train turned out to be insufficient. Taking into consideration the fact that Chinese trains are known for their speed, such a tendency may be extremely dangerous. The braking distance of the locomotive is critical, as many people may be injured in case of an accident in the busiest railway (Barney, Haley, & Nicandros, 2001). Thus, if the MSS Yen Railway of China is willing to reach Jamaica and gain benefits, it should reconsider the way train parts are tested and maybe cooperate with new suppliers. Of course, a well-expanded railway network requires much investment (Barrow, 2016). In China, all expenditures are covered very quickly due to everyday operations. Still, in Jamaica rail transport is constantly facing challenges. Today some raw materials are carried across the country due to the involvement and assistance of other countries, such as Canada, India. However, passenger services are not provided for four years already ( The history of railroads/ways in Jamaica , 2011). If the MSS Yen Railway of China develops a strategy, which proves that it is better than its competitors and renews passenger transportation, it will be likely to turn into the leader in the market with the largest amount of shares. It is critical to underline the fact that MSS Yen Railway focused all its operations on China. Differences between the countries will affect the success of the extension that is why the organization should pay attention to them. Divergence in legal systems may be critical, but they do not impact the project much so MSS Yen Railway can easily adapt to them. The company should reconsider the approach utilized by the Jamaica Railway Corporation but remember that its passenger
Introduction The story of Jesuit missionaries in Japan had its ups and downs which mainly depended on the sociopolitical situation in the country. The first Jesuit missionaries who came to preach the Christian faith in Japan were brought on Portuguese ships during the Warring States period in Japan. The beginning of the Christian mission at that time was marked by errors and trials as Jesuits preached in a foreign language and did not adapt their mission to Japanese culture. Main body The fact that the mission was supported by Yamaguchi and Omura clan in the early stage might be explained by the economic prospects of Christianity. Soon after that Jesuits gained access to the capital which marked the beginning of an important development period in the history of Christianity in Japan. According to Po-Chia Hsia, during that period “several hundred were converted to Christianity” (310). Such success might be explained by adapting the mission to the Japanese realities, restructuring the Jesuit community, establishing schools to educate Japanese youth about Christianity, and introducing non-Western classics to Jesuits college. However, at the beginning of the 17th century, the shoguns began to view Christianity as a threat to their power and ordered all Jesuits to leave Japan. Since then Jesuits had to move their residences in order not to be detected. The politically unstable situation, as well as the poverty of Christians, slowed down Jesuits’ missions. In 1614, the fight against Christianity began which included censorship of Christian books and pressuring Christians to apostatize. Since 1637, Christianity had been banned in Japan for about 250 years. Most Christians were executed or converted to Buddhism by force. Still, there were “underground Christians” who continued their mission even though it was prohibited. Conclusion New impetus to the development of Catholicism in China was associated with the missions of the Jesuits. In 1579, the famous Jesuit Alessandro Valignano founded the Jesuit mission in China. The Jesuits introduced the Chinese to the achievements of European civilization. Their authority allowed other Catholic missionaries to work freely throughout China for a century. The success of the Christian mission might be explained by the fact that “the Christian communities exhibited a strong sense of cohesion” (Po-chia Hsia 362). But the activity of European preachers began to cause discontent both in the government and among the masses. In 1784, Jesuit activity in China was banned, but they continued to work on a semi-legal basis. At the end of the 18th century, the persecution of Catho
Introduction In the story, into the wild by Krakauer , like any other narration, the author uses different viewpoints he consider to be of great benefit to bring out certain messages to the reader of the story. The approach used by Krakauer is unique according to him. Krakauer’s style requires that the reader makes a personal discretion in coming up with a conclusion of what might consequently happen to the character in the narrative. Unlike other writers who adopt an open narration system in where it is evident in the narrative what befalls the characters therein and how they react in the end, Krakauer’s style is secretive. Krakauer’s style in this story is that of confidentiality and suspense and the reader requires a sixth sense to understand the themes as they read the story. Narratives should be written in a manner that gives the reader sufficient information or clues to enable him embed the narrative in an actual or realistic contest. In the narrative, for example, the author starts the story with a character that is on a journey to the wild. The exact home the character hails from is not clearly defined and the reason why he is going away is also not clarified. The author however uses another character Gallien to enable the reader to understand the exact state of the character Alex as he is picked along the way by Gallien. It can be understood that the author used this approach in narration to attract the attention of the reader and raise curiosity within him/her. The story makes the reader to be fixed on his chair as he seeks to understand how the character Alex found himself in the position he is in and how he will end up in his journey to the wilderness. In fact the author has successfully captured the curiosity of the reader with this approach since one anticipates getting an explanation as to why Alex was leaving for the journey into the wilderness. As one jumps from one paragraph to the next he/she is convinced that he/she might get the explanation of what transpired before the current context that is captured in the narrative. Despite the fact that the author has used suspense as one of the techniques at his disposal to narrate the life of Alex in the story it still would have been helpful if he had included some specific information about the reasons why Alex left his home or what exactly he was targeting to achieve. The whole story is full of secrecy for it is evident that one of the characters in the narrative, Gallien, is in a similar position as the reader for he cannot possibly understand why Alex is going to the wilderness. Gallien, as a character who understands the environment in which Alex is going into, keeps on wondering if Alex is sane enough to understand the risk he is getting into. In fact he is placed in a more complex position when Alex himself seems composed enou