ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss is a remarkable novel depicting the lives of Maggie and Tom Tulliver, a brother and sister who live at Dorlcote Mill on the River Floss. Eliot portrays in detail the siblings’ transition from childhood to adulthood along with their complex relationship, which can be considered one of the central threads running through the story. However, in exploring Maggie Tulliver’s character and peculiar experiences, Eliot attempts to convey her ideas about the place of a woman in society, giving the character a critical role to play in the novel. According to Ishioka, The Mill on the Floss is Eliot’s spiritual autobiography (111). Although the novel does not depict actual events from the author’s life, in the growth of Maggie Tulliver from a girl into a woman and her relationship with the world, readers may trace the path of George Eliot’s personal development. Through Maggie’s inner experiences, it is possible to discern “the sublimation of private agony that Eliot herself experienced” living in a patriarchal world (Ishioka 111). In this light, the present essay will analyze the character of Maggie in the social context of the 19th century, examining her life in parallel with the lives of the women who lived during that period. It may be argued that Maggie’s unconventional mentality and appearance make her stand out from the rest, cause her to suffer ridicule, and lead her to struggle to gain acceptance or find a way to express herself freely. The character’s nonconformity is at the core of her inner and interpersonal conflicts as the author describes them in the novel. Eliot emphasizes the unconventional nature of Maggie Tulliver by endowing her with unusual psychological traits and appearance in sharp contrast to all that Victorian society valued and considered normal. For example, she has hair that does not curl and “a brown skin” that makes her look like “a mulatter,” greatly saddening her mother who shares the common ideas of her time regarding female beauty (Eliot 10). For instance, when Mrs. Tulliver complains about her daughter’s unruly hair, and Mr. Tulliver suggests that she cut Maggie’s hair short, she says: She’s too big a gell, gone nine, and tall of her age, to have her hair cut short; an’ there’s her cousin Lucy’s got a row of curls around her head, an’ not a hair out of place. It seems hard as my sister Deane should have that pretty child (Eliot 10). Mrs. Tulliver’s attitude demonstrates the importance for a woman in the 19th century to look pretty and ladylike. In fact, in Victorian times, elegance and aesthetic taste were seen as signs of high social status (Tsoumas 22). Moreover, some physical traits, such as fair skin, were closely associated with aristocracy and therefore were desirable. Considering that the social roles of a Victorian woman were almost entirely limited to those of a mother and a wife, it was particularly important for her to dress and look well. Thus, by embodying the ideals o
Introduction The paper discusses the role of women in micro-finance emphasising on the importance of education as well as effects of gender gaps in accessibility of microcredit. In addition, the paper examines various challenges women face in accessing microcredit. About 70% of poor women globally are accessible to microcredit. Essentially, women play a critical role in the upbringing and sustenance of families as well as improving the social welfare of the society. As such, enhancing the economic status of women will translate into improving the social and economic welfare of both the family and society. Education and other factors influencing microcredit Saiz-Álvarez and Gutiérrez 2012 argued that microcredit opens new economic frontiers when properly utilised by women particularly in rural poor and isolated regions. However, the impact of microcredit is not the same in all regions. In other words, many factors influence how microcredit affects women. Factors such as marital status, education, government policies, societal values, availability and accessibility of micro-finance institutions as well as information communication technologies have greater influence on how microcredit affects the women livelihood. Further, Saiz-Álvarez and Gutiérrez 2012 noted that access to microcredit increases the bargaining power of women particularly where the capital is invested in profitable ventures as well as inexistence of cultural influences. Education is one of the major factors that determine the success of microcredit in improving economic status of women. Education increases the capability of managing risks. In addition, education enhances the understanding of market transactions while increasing productivity. As such, educational programs need to be established in order to enable women exploit the available opportunities. Saiz-Álvarez and Gutiérrez 2012 noted that education and Information Communication Technology (ICT) have a direct link to reduced poverty levels through accessibility to micro-finance. In order to be successful, women borrowers must attain minimum education level. Minimum education level is critical in understanding the contractual terms and accessibility to transparent information for appropriate decisions. From the perspective of micro-financiers, the development of ICT has boosted access as well as possibility of offering loans to the poor women all over the globe. In fact, the development of ICT has enabled lenders to offer credit to people at extremely low-cost. However, women’s access to internet continue to decrease globally particularly in developing countries. As such, effective educational policies, technology use, economic resilience and change of social norm remain critical for the success of microcredit in poverty reduction and enhancement of women’s economic status (Saiz-Álvarez & Gutiérrez, 2012). Women and microcredit As indicated, the reason why microcredit targets women is derived from the females’ roles in family support and sustenance as well as overall contribution to the economy (Saiz-Álvarez & Gutiérrez, 2012). Besides, women are found to be more responsible and have
Introduction Managerial enterprises received the priority and governmental focus in the modern economic strategy that led to the fast and impressive growth of the economies of developed countries. Numerous countries have chosen the model designed by Alfred Chandler as the primary tool for changing the perspectives and visions to transform and grow to become powerful national economic enterprises (Gamble et al. 2013). The model is based on the economic logic (Besanko 2013). The decisions made by managers based on this approach had a momentous impact on the path of economic advancement of Germany making this country one of the most influential players in the global arena, increasing production level in the United States, and helped Japan reach its leading position in the world. Adherence to the economic logic became the engine for the economic improvement. However, weak implementation of the Chandler’s model consequently led the United States to the decline in the competitiveness in machinery and electronics sector of industry. The major purpose of the paper is to evaluate the role of the model of large-scale ‘managerial enterprise’ discussed by Chandler in the economies of the powerful and leading countries, namely the United States, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, and China. The assessment will be based on comparing and contrasting the economies in such areas of as effectiveness of management in guaranteeing high level of return on investment and organisational structure of an establishment. The Fundamentals of the New Approach According to the opinion of Alfred Chandler, American expert in the field of economics, enterprises should invest impressive sums of money to improve production and distribution and thus boost the industrial development and reach economic success and prosperity (Lazonick & Teece 2012). Decisions regarding production, financing, and distribution should be made on all levels of management based on hierarchy of organisational functions to contribute to progress and improvement. This model was implemented by the leaders of religious and gover
All living things are bound to reproduce at certain stages of their life in order to ensure sustainability or increase in their numbers. Different organisms have different ways of reproduction ranging from the very simple one of binary fusion to the more complicated ones as those experienced in human beings and other mammals. In fact, reproduction in living things is classified as asexual or sexual depending on the nature of the reproduction. In asexual reproduction, the involved mates do not have any contact to reproduce as depicted in birds and reptiles. On the other hand, sexual reproduction involves the two mates being in contact in order to reproduce. This is the case depicted in most mammals including human beings. In order to reproduce, living things require a reproductive system. A reproductive system is, therefore, a system consisting of organs, fluids, and hormones that work coherently to serve the purpose of reproduction. The reproductive systems differ from one type of living thing to another but the main difference is evidenced in the sexes. This means that the male reproductive system is different from the female reproductive system with regard to hormones, fluids, and organs. Similarities are only noticed on rare occasions. In each reproductive system, there are organs outside the body of the living thing referred to as the external genitalia, while others are inside the body. Both of these work together to ensure reproduction takes place. Concisely, reproduction is an important stage for all living things as it ensures procreation thus sustainability or increase in population. Cell division is one of the several processes that take place in reproduction. Cell division is essentially the process that occur in the cell, which lead to division or duplication of the cell. This process occurs through binary fission whereby a mature cell undergoes a process of duplication or division to form new cells. The new cells now grow up while getting nutrients from the mature organism making the new cell become a mature cell as well. The process goes on until more cells that are new are formed. The cell division process is also responsible for the renewal of certain internal organs and tissues such as blood cells, skin, and hair just to mention a few. Given the latter functions carried out through cell division, it is clear that it is important to all living things. Genetics is yet another important aspect of the biology of reproduction. It entails the issues of heredity and variation in all living organisms ranging from bacteria, viruses, animals, and plants. All living organisms have different genes that bring about variations of having different species, classes, and families. Through genetics, genes are able to behave in a certain manner to create patterns of heredity and variation. Living things, therefore, inherit certain traits from their biological parents, according to Gregor Mendel who is the father of genetics. As a result, different living organisms will have different genetic makeup. Actually, gen
Abstract The U.S. dairy industry is one of the largest by size and production in the world. Historically, U.S. dairy policy has been heavily interventionist offering support, payouts, subsidies, and coverage to domestic producers. The purpose of this study is to determine if U.S. dairy policy has upkept with modern trajectories of the dairy industry and whether the policies are advantageous or harmful to national milk producers and dairy processors. It was determined that the policies are outdated and have become detrimental to the healthy growth and innovation of the industry. It is proposed that the dairy industry is allowed to enter the free market with minimum subsidies but regulatory support for both domestic and international markets. This will lead to the stabilization of the industry and milk production as well as foster innovation and healthy growth based on consumer demand. Introduction The U.S. dairy policy is one of the more complex elements of agricultural politics and has historically involved significant government support. The first primary legislation, the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, identified milk and dairy products as basic commodities. Marketing agreements were put into place which designated fluid milk areas and sought to monitor volumes and timing of milk sales to raise producer prices. Prices for milk, butter, cheese, and nonfat dry milk were upkept by government purchases. Established with the Agricultural Marketing Agreement of 1937, the government placed Federal Milk Marketing Orders (FMMOs), modified through the years, to establish competitive and stable market conditions for both dairy farmers and consumers. (Zulauf, Schnitkey, Swanson, and Paulson, 2021). This policy exists to the current day. In the midst of a financial crisis in 1999, the Market Loss Assistance Payments were authorized as commodity prices dropped. By 2002, monthly deficiency payments were established if the milk price was below a certain threshold. The 2014 farm bill replaced this with the Daily Margin Protection Program, which made payments if the margin difference between U.S. average milk prices and the cost of feed were less than then a specific value. Finally, in 2018, the program was renamed Dairy Margin Coverage (DMC), with a similar f
Abstract The paper outlines the expansion strategies that can be undertaken by Cancer Care Hospital Australia that offers high standards facilities necessary for cancer treatment. The research shows the global industry analysis, with USA, India and Germany being among the top cancer care providers. A critical analysis indicates that there is a potential market in developing countries, where there is a sharp increase of cancer related problems. The paper concludes by analyzing three potential markets that is Kenya, Singapore and Britain, with Kenya presenting the best market with a very high growth potential. International Expansion Strategy A Report of Cancer Care Hospital, Australia Cancer care hospital is a service provider industry based in Australia. The hospital specializes in treatment of all types of cancers such lung cancer, neck cancer, gynecological cancer, melanoma and head cancer. The hospital is also a leading research institute of cancer related disorders. With the recent increase in the number of people suffering from cancer, the hospital aims at providing high quality services to their clients at an affordable cost. The main business of Cancer care hospital Australia is to provide health care related services to the growing demand in the world. Cancer care hospital, Australia has been facing stiff competition in this country. This is because of the increased number of cancer related service providers in the country. The hospital has continued to face challenges from foreign hospitals as well as local competitors, hence necessitating the need for expansion. Due to the high quality facilities in the hospital, the Australian market has proved not to be substantial; hence the need to expand and target other markets in the world so as to accomplish their goal of becoming a world class cancer treatment centre. Global Industry Analysis Cancer has become a major concern in the world today (Gates 2007). It is the primary cause of death in both developed and developing countries. A report indicates that cancer related problems might increase to more than 50% by the year 2020 (World Health Organization 2008). This disease is very expensive to treat and only patients from developed countries can afford treatment. A report indicates that cancer related problems
The article “A catalog of biases in questionnaires” by Choi and Pak presents an argument on the importance of avoiding bias while designing questionnaires for the patients which appears to be very important for the results of medical examinations. The article discusses the results of investigations conducted within different medical establishments with the purpose of identifying all the possible forms of bias in questionnaires including bias in the way of designing questions, in the way of designing the questionnaire itself, and the way of administrating the questionnaire. The specialists conducting researches found 48 types of bias in questionnaires. In their article, Choi and Pak resort to the use of the reviewing study design. The findings of the article are based on reviewing medical literature on this issue. In general, twenty nine different sources by different specialists on medicine are reviewed in this article in order to develop simple and convenient strategy on excluding all the forms of bias from medical questionnaires. These sources belong to different periods of time beginning form the first part of the twentieth century and ending with the first part of the twenty-first century which presents a considerable basis for conclusions in the area of questionnaire bias. The authors of the article applied a number of research methods including literature reviews, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. They checked different types of medical questionnaires applied in practice including personal interviews, mailed questionnaires, telephone interviews, routine data and registries, surveys on the Internet, focus groups, and surveillance systems. Such considerable area of research enabled the authors of the article to understand the main peculiarities of any kind of questionnaires which is important for avoiding bias indicative for particular type of questionnaire. The results of the researches described in the article can be interpreted as highly convincing. Avoiding typical bias in medical questionnaires is very important for collecting consistent data needed in improving the health care system of the country which is also supported by the findings of the other authors (Mcglynn, Damberg, Ker & Brook, 1998). Among the most significant problems found by the researches in medical questionnaires are ambiguous questions, complex and lengthy questions, questions that are made up of two or more questions, sensitive questions, technical jargon, uncommon and difficult words, and vague words (Choi & Pak, 2005). The other significant problems are connected to the design of the questionnaire itself and the administrating techniques for its use. For example, some difficulties may be presented by the format such as horizontal format which makes it difficult to see the whole concept of the questionnaire. The other problem is too long questionnaires which make it very difficult for the respond
Company Background Founded in 1981 by Ron Shaich and Louis Kane, the famous Panera Bread Company started operating under the brand name Au Bon Pain Co. Inc. It first grew along the United States’ east coast before it was internationalized between early 1980’s to 1990’s. This immense growth had the implication of making the company a dominant business operator in the category of bakery-cafe. In 1993, Au Bon Pain Co. Inc. bought St.Louis Bread Company. At the time of this acquiring, St.Louis Bread Company had 20 bakery cafes. In 1993 to 1997, the company recorded an increment of 75 percent in its mean unit volumes. This prompted the alteration of the brand name from Au Bon Pain Co. Inc. to Panera Bread Company. In 1997, the Panera Bread Company recognized its capacity for growth to become a leading bread maker in the United States. However, to achieve this noble potential, heavy investment of monetary resources was required. Indeed, in 1999, the company completed a transaction involving a sale of the business units of Au Bon Pain Co., Inc. only remaining with those of the Panera Bread Company. With regard to Panera Bread, after the completion of this transaction, “the company’s stock has grown thirteen-fold, and over $1 billion shareholder value has been created” (Para. 5). The company acquired the title of the best performer under the category of restaurants with 1, 5, and 10-year shareholders’ returns. Later, in 2007, Panera Bread Company also purchased paradise bakery and cafe. As Panera Bread points out, “in March 2012, the company announced that Bill Moreton and Ron Shaich would both assume the roles of chief executive officers” (Para. 2). Currently, Shaich acts as the co-CEO and the chairperson of the board of directors. On the other hand, Bill Moreton is the co-CEO and the president of Panera Bread Company. As at September 2012, the company had established business presence in 44 states where it operated 1,625 bakeries. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis involves strategic planning approaches engineered to evaluate strengths, limitations, and opportunities without negating threats that businesses face in their operation environment. Strengths are the traits that make it possible for an organization to have an advantage in comparison to other organizations. For the case of Panera Bread Company, the strengths include appealing and attractive food menus that comprise a variety of products from which customers can choose. According to Panera Bread Company Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, these products include “fresh baked goods, made-to-order sandwiches on freshly baked breads, soups, salads, custom roasted coffees, and other complementary products” (10). Due to the company’s strong financial position, it has managed to invest in cozy cafes, which create a smoothing environment for the customers. This has the impact of making the company build a strong customers’ experience. The strength is implied in the company’s statement of goals, missions, and aims in which it