ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Computer crime has increased in the recent past due to the high rate of technological advancement that is happening globally. The term ‘computer crime’ is used to refer to all crimes that are done using a computer. The crimes done using a network also fall under the category of computer crimes. These crimes are sometimes referred to as cybercrimes. The use of social media has increased, with many people opening accounts with various social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and Myspace. Some people even consider it a necessity because of the way it has eased communication for business people, students and any other person interested in meeting people. Most of these people are strangers to one another and this is where the danger of computer crime arises. People are devising new ways of committing cybercrimes each day and by using social networks such as Facebook, there are people who are opening numerous accounts with a fake profiles. Facebook, as one of the many social network sites, shall be addressed in this paper and after looking at the dangers that such sites pose to the contemporary world, a conclusion shall be arrived at that the world would be a safer place without such sites. On-line predators using Facebook and how they operate Computer crimes occur when a particular computer is used to commit a crime. They may also occur when a computer is targeted by people who want to commit a crime. These crimes are committed by people who are well versed with the computer and the internet systems and are thus sophisticated in nature. The crimes, therefore pose a major threat to the security of a given nation, where the crimes are being executed (Akers, 1998). There has been a public outcry concerning the increase of these crimes. The crimes are numerous and involve different activities. Some of the crimes that have been of public interest include those involving child pornography and the loss or access of confidential information by third parties who were not supposed to know the information. Concerns about possible dangers posed by the use of Facebook had been non-existent, until recently when it was discovered that these social networking sites were a major threat to the safety of the people. Facebook has lately become one of the most dangerous sites for children and young adults who expose personal information in their profiles. This is because; they have been the target for online predators. These predators target young adults and children who use social sites such as Facebook because they are naïve and hence an easy target. Exposing too much personal information by the young people and especially the teenage girls has resulted in abduction, rape, and other forms of harassment for these girls (Richards, 2007). Online predators are becoming increasingly clever and are devising new and sophisticated ways of getting their target victims. Most of the time, they pose as friendly people who cannot
Introduction Terrorism is one of the major challenges threatening the existence of societies in different parts of the world. Acts of terror have been in existence for centuries. Currently, governments are facing terrorism from domestic and transnational sources (Gaibulloev & Sandler, 2009). Various scholars have tried to define the term terrorism, thus leading to numerous definitions. Gaibulloev and Sandler (2009) define terrorism as “premeditated use or threat to use violence by individuals or sub-national groups in order to obtain a political or social objective through the intimidation of a large audience beyond that of the immediate victims” (p. 362). Gaibulloev and Sandler (2009) further opine that modern terrorism is intended to cause harm to a particular society in order to compel the targeted government to give in to their demands. Therefore, terrorists try to achieve their goal by circumventing democratic processes. Acts of terror may result in adverse economic and or human losses. For example, the al-Qaeda terror network advocates its supporters to attack critical economic centers. Gaibulloev and Sandler (2009) are of the opinion that such losses expose governments’ incapability to protect their citizens and assets. As a result, the public may lose confidence on their government. In addition to social impacts, terrorism has significant economic impacts on society. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to integrate effective mechanisms to curb this social ill. This paper focuses on the economic dimension of terrorism by describing and critically analyzing the economic concerns due to terrorism. Analysis Direct economic costs According to Johnston and Nedelescu (2005), terrorism has undergone significant changes over the past few years. Terrorists are targeting civilians and business activities leading to substantial destruction of property and loss of life. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) estimated the direct cost of the 9/11 terrorist attack to be $ 27.2 billion, which represents 25% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product. Local and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Local and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are some of the major avenues through which governments stimulate their countries’ economic growth and development. According to Alfaro (2003), both the developed and developing economies are increasingly offering incentives to foreign investors in order to attract them to invest in
The chosen case study deals with the problem of celibate for married couples. For this part of the discussion, the parties and the moral issues posed by a religious belief should be identified. The parties involved in the given case include a married couple of a man and a woman. The moral issue is whether celibate is ethically justifiable for a married person without one’s spouse consent. According to divine command theory, whatever God wills is regarded as good (Burnor and Raley 268). Thus, God is a superior being who is perfect and cannot wish something bad. Some researchers state that “we need an account in which God can love us for being who we are, beyond mere subjects of a divine promulgator of authoritative decrees” (Wilkinson 398). Moreover, it is stated that God created a man and made a wife for him providing them with a blessing to multiply the human race. Thus, celibate is not obligatory for the married couples by God’s will. It is also significant for many couples to include some sacred qualities to their marriage. Still, it is stated that “one’s spiritual cognitions, particularly as they relate to marriage, are associated with the quality of the intimate relationship” (Sabey et al. 594). Thus, it is not appropriate to practice celibate without one’s spouse consent. It may lead to dissonance in marriage and cause divorce, especially if the spouse is still young or in their middle ages. Moreover, the theologians share the opinion that contemporary sexual ethics face many complexities and some researchers state that celibacy is impossible. (Brittain 145). Therefore, the case study discussed the problem of celibacy for married couples. It was identified that it is not appropriate to practice celibacy without one’s spouse consent. 2. Euthyphro Dilemma deals with the issue of whether
Elie Wiesel’s “Night” is a novel that condenses fragments of events, thoughts, and Wiesel’s analysis of the indifference the Jewish populations were subjected to. The book mainly follows Eliezer, an Orthodox Jewish teenager, and Moshe the Beadle, a caretaker of the house of prayer that Eliezer often has conversations with. The story describes the horrific events experienced on the way to the concentration camp as well as in it. The theme of disregard is especially prevalent in the interaction of the Jews on their way to the camps and those that remain in Wiesel’s native Sighet. When the cattle cars are taking the imprisoned Jews to the camps, Mrs. Schächter screams about visible fire and is sure that they are going to die. However, she is beaten into a quietness that is described as her being “mute again, indifferent, absent” (Wiesel 28). This first experience with the unsettling apathy expresses the hopelessness and uncertainty of God that grows more noticeable further into the story. The impassivity of those working at the camp and the officers is expressed through orders which are “words spoken quietly, indifferently, without emotion” (Wiesel 29). Similar to his other works, “Night” provides evidence for Wiesel’s primary thesis on such negligent attitudes. He firmly believes that it isn’t hatred that leads to tragedy but apathy that allows it. There is also detachment found in the Jews that remained in their hometown when Moshe approaches them about the horrors he witnessed in the camps. They simply reply with dismissive statements such as Behind me, someone said, sighing, “What do you expect? That’s war” (Wiesel 4). Wiesel depicts a cycle of apathy expressed by the non-affected populace and the hopelessness of those that have lost everything to their attackers. He frequently cites that while insouciance may be easier to bear, it only paves the way for the abuser and never for the victim. Work Cited Wiesel, Elie. Night . Bantam Books, 1982.
Origin of Marijuana Marijuana is a drug obtained from a plant called cannabis sativa. Another name for cannabis sativa is hemp. The plant was grown in the United States of America for agricultural purposes during the colonial period up to the beginning of the 20 th century. The plant was used in the manufacture of birdseed, clothes, lacquer, and ropes. Marijuana is the most commonly abused drug among the youths and adults in the United States and other countries in the world. As noted by Iversen (2001), the drug originated from China. History of Marijuana Marijuana has been used for medicinal and recreational purposes for long. Its use dates back in 3727 BC and it originated from China. Marijuana was considered to be a poisonous drug but it was used in the treatment of rheumatism, absent-mindedness, and malaria among other diseases that were widely spread. From China, the drug made its way to India where it was used for recreational purposes. In addition, marijuana was widely used by Muslims as a recreational drug because the Koran condemns alcohol consumption. The use of marijuana later spread to other continents gradually. From India, the use of marijuana spread to North Africa and Europe. Finally, Spain introduced Marijuana in the United States in 1545. The drug became the most widely used in the United States and by 1611; it was planted as a staple crop (Joy, Watson & Benson, 1999). Negative effects of marijuana use According to Iversen (2001), the use of marijuana is a health hazard. Once smoked, marijuana is absorbed in the blood stream where it lowers the pressure of the blood and at the same time increases the rate at which the heart beats. Pulse rate may go up to 20 to 50 times beyond the normal rate or even more if it is used in combination with other drugs. Researchers have found that low blood pressure and high pulse rate puts marijuana users at a greater risk of heart attack, which is likely to take place within the first hour of smoking than normal people. There are high chances of conducting chest illnesses like heavy coughing and lung infections. Its users may develop a stinking mouth. Studies have also shown that tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) compound contained in the drug lowers the immune system of the body making the body weak to resist diseases. This makes its users vulnerable to other diseases. For pregnant mothers who indulge in the use of the drug, chances of giving birth to abnormal children are high. Miscarriages and premature births are also common. Mental disorders like insanity are associated with marijuana use (Joy, Watson & Benson, 1999). According to Joy, Watson and Benson (1999), marijuana is associated with risky sexual behaviors that put an individual at the risk of conducting sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea and HIV aids. Drug users fall as victims of rape where the
Background Robert Blackburn, an African American, was given the name Robert Hamilton Blackburn at birth. His parents were Jamaican. He was born on 10 th December, 1920 in New Jersey, spent his childhood years in Harlem, and died on 21 st April, 2003. He is acknowledged as an exceptional printmaker, educator, and artist. Robert attended P. S. 139 and, later, DeWitt Clinton Secondary School. At high school, he involved himself with The Magpie, where he was an artist and writer. Robert learnt lithography from Harlem Community Art Centre (1935- 1939), in addition to other processes involved in printmaking. He often went to Uptown Community Workshop, where black writers and artists frequented most of the times. He also attended several other schools (Glueck Article 1). In his career, Robert worked in several institutions, where he was a founder, teacher, and master printer. A writer, Dulcie Leimbach, praised Robert in the New York Times, saying that there was no printmaking work that was as attractive as his. He had acquired immense benefits from WPA (Work Projects Administration) workshops, which motivated him to come up with a place, where artists could prosper. Robert became an extremely effective teacher and lithographer. It is worth pointing out that his biggest achievement was his great life duration, and the Printmaking Workshop community he established. At the workshop, all kinds of artists came to practice and learn about printmaking arts. At the age of thirteen years, Robert participated in an official art class, which allowed black artists to work. This is because the Great Depression was on-going (Berstein Article 2). Riva Helfond introduced Robert to lithography, where drawings were made on stone. Robert acquired the various skills involved in the process from Riva. Riva was a great encouragement to Robert, where she helped him build confidence and self- consciousness. Robert contributed immensely through his aesthetic and technical assistances, in regard to lithography. This was a great encouragement and inspiration to many artists. Robert received many awards because of his exceptional work. The artist’s work cannot be said to be ground breaking. However, he was still regarded as a vital artist, who took part in many exhibitions. Some of his widely exhibited prints include “Blue Thing”, “Boy with Green Head”, and “Space Shape”. Robert always carried out different chores at the workshop whenever he was not teaching. Various kinds of artists attended the workshop to see demonstrations, for classes, share knowledge and ideas, and encourage each other. Robert used majority of his awards to uplift the workshop. Until today, Robert is a renowned national treasure, who sacrificed his work to assist others. Printmaking Work Girl in Red, 1950 This is conside
Company background One of the key mission statements of South-west Airlines is provision of a mutual understanding and rewarding system among employees, as a strategy of enhancing clientele growth. The firm also guarantees workers’ safety measures through proper installation of operations and this is equally a vital aspect of ensuring employees motivation. The other mission of South-west Airlines entails conducting all the corporate activities to the highest professional and ethical standards, by making sure that all customer-based services are of the best quality, which calls for open employees’ participation. This means that the other motivational technique entails member of staffs’ involvement in decision-making procedures (South-west Airlines, 2010). The decentralized form of decision-making is a strategy that ensures employees even participation and contribution, based on their departments or working environment. Employees are thus motivated or have the courage to meet standards and goals they set for themselves. This means that the employees are empowered to share a sense of urgency during customer services. Assessment of Current Customer Care Jobs of the Airlines South-west Airlines is able to combine various motivational techniques such as assuring innovations and embracing technological dynamics as important elements and long-term strategies for providing customers with updated products as well as advice. According to the company’s prospectors (2010)
Introduction Commercial airline transport remains to be the safest mode of transportation around the world (Federal Aviation Administration [FAA], 1). Statistics reveal that in 1998, out of the eighteen million flights made by travelers only ten cases were reported to be fatal accidents. This is a very small number compared to those recorded by other modes of transportation. Airline accidents do not result from a single cause but from a chain of events that lead to each other. The risk of commercial airline fatalities has been reducing drastically with the increase of flights in recent years (Gellman Research Association (GRA), 1997). The decline has been largely contributed by more proactive measures adopted by aviation regulation authorities like FAA to enforce high aviation standards (Bowen & Lu 4). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of commercial airline safety on the rate of accidents and their relationship to security standards. Accident rates According to the National Transport Safety Board (2005), there were 170 commercial airline aviation accidents reported in 2005 resulting from 1688 air crafts. This was 3% higher than that recorded in 2004. Out of these reported accidents only 321 were fatal accidents leading to 563 fatalities. There were 271 serious injuries and 462 minor injuries reported during the same period according to the statistics. Despite the slight rise in 2005, the prevalence of airline accidents has been declining consistently between the years 1996 to 2005. Accidents in the period of review decreased from 1908 in 1996 to1670 in 2005 while the fatal accidents declined from 361 to 321. From a high of 636 in 1996, fatalities decreased to 563 in 2005 further signaling a decline in the number of commercial airline accidents globally. In US, the trend in different states reflected the state’s population density, the local terrain, weather patterns in the state, and types of flight operations. To illustrate this, California which is highly populated had a higher number of accidents in comparison to other states while Florida and Texas were favorite travel destinations. The three states are also known to have the greatest number of active aircraft and pilots. Alaska in particular presents unique challenges to airlines due to its hazardous terrain, weather, and infrastructure hence ranking 4 th among the states with the highest number of accidents. Single-engine piston airplanes were noted to cause most of the accidents reported accounted for 74% of all accidents and 73% of the fatalities. According to the board, 42% of the accidents occur at the airport while 47% occurred away from the
The story ‘Tripp Lake’ is about a ten year old girl, from a family where the parents do not agree with each other. The girl is named Lauren, and her character can be plainly put as docile and non competitive. In this story, Lauren is persuaded by her unhappy mother to attend summer camp in Poland, Maine, in an effort to help her daughter to enjoy her childhood and nurture her into a competitive person, an opportunity that she had missed, since she had many responsibilities when growing up, as the first born child in her family. Lauren finds it necessary to begin her story with her departure for the summer camp, in order to build on her attitude throughout the summer camp. She states that she experienced a “shudder of intense grief” with regard to the fragile and emotional expressions portrayed by her mother, who wanted more from life, but felt unable to achieve it. Lauren is observed to be sympathetic, since she wished she could trade places with her mother, in order for her to achieve some more, since she felt that her mother was imposing the life that she had wanted for herself, on her. This is observed when Lauren called her home and asked to go home, but her mother responded by telling her to not be a quitter. It is at his point that we get to understand why Lauren is fearful. Lauren lacked the will to be competitive, since the glory that came with victory was something that her mother did not have, and she felt that her mother had to be happy for her to feel joy as well, as seen in the words, “I felt much too guilty to take them for myself.” The author is extremely fearful and sympathetic, to an extent where she cannot participate effectively in sports. In addition to this, we see the turmoil that Lauren is faced with, when living her life. She tries to have some fun but feels guilty for it, since she observes her happiness as betrayal to her mother, when she states that part of her fiercely wants her to win the games, while there was a part of her that wanted to hide, and in many cases, she hid herself, to avoid competing. Lauren tells us of how she was able to overcome her fear, by finding a sport where she did not have to hide. This sport, horse riding, was introduced to her, when the counsellors noticed her problem, after she was one of the last two players in a game of bombardment, and she willingly lost to her opponent, stating that she “let the ball hit me” and justified her acts by stating that “that was the only outcome that I could tolerate.” Horse riding was a sport allowed to the senior student only, those aged over 14 years. In addition to that, it was not part of the camp curriculum, but the counsellors, who had noticed her peculiar behaviour, allowed her to train under Coach Kim, since they thought that it would make her happy. Horse riding made her
Introduction The United States’ policy of containment was introduced in 1947 by Harry S. Truman and implied economic, financial, and military aid to non-communist regimes. George Kennan, a Foreign Service Officer and a specialist regarding Russian affairs, played an important role in the formation of this policy, outlining the major principles of containment. In Kennan’s view, the American government should react to every step taken by the Soviet Union in that country’s attempts to expand the sphere of its influence (United States Department of State par. 1). To counter the penetration of communism in other countries, Kennan suggested that the Western states strive for the establishment of a safe community, and he believed that the policy of containment could become an effective method for war prevention. Based on his ideas, American policy in relation to the USSR took a new direction – the new and primary political aim was limiting dissemination of communist ideology. Premises After the end of World War II, the government of the Soviet Union actively sought to strengthen its influence in the international arena. It made every effort to promote the communist parties in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe and endow them with greater political authority. In Greece, the communist-led guerrilla movement took a proactive position and was continually fueled by supplies from Albania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria, where the communists were already in power ( Greek Civil War par. 12). The struggles between the political movements ultimately resulted in the outbreak of a civil war that lasted from 1945 to 1947 and caused significant damage to the country. The Soviet Union did not limit its endeavors by the creation of political alliances but implemented a policy of geographical expansion as well. For instance, it presented territorial claims to Turkey and demanded a change in the status of the Black Sea straits, including the right of the USSR to establish a naval base in the Dardanelles (Schoon par. 4). In addition, the USSR demanded the right to a protectorate over Libya in order to secure its presence in the Mediterranean (Ginor and Remez 17). The Soviet Union aimed to use a system of collective security that would have allowed that country to consolidate and prolife