ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The geographical structure in global politics has been greatly challenged by various issues such as new technology like the internet, globalization, environmental degradation, and terrorism. This paper will seek to explain how the geo politics of the USA were affected by the terrorism attack of September 11 th 2001. It will also discuss the effect of the “New map” by Barnet and how it has been used to visualize the worldview by The USA. Effects of the September 11 th attack on the geopolitics of the US The terrorist September 11 assail on the United States has distorted the geopolitical scenery in major ways. U.S. reaction to the attacks has provoked it to create new premeditated relationships and take on new military schemes that have had an effect on old alliances and associations. This shifting setting of global relations will have considerable consequences for the geopolitics of oil and other major resources in the imminent decades. Already, the terror assault and also the realization of the ensuing U.S. “War-on-Terror” has unnerved a focus on the innate risks allied with heavy dependence on oil provisions from the Middle East. At the same time, as tactical policies are evaluated, many countries, like the U.S. as well as other European, and Latin-American powers, are re-evaluating their energy safety policies (Department of Defense 2008). The budge in geopolitical relations that is mounting as the U.S. acts in response to the attacks on its people is already pressurizing oil trades and supplies relationships and also changing ways can be anticipated in the coming years. Almost suddenly, Russia publicized its willingness to lend a hand to the West in order to diversify its oil basis to comprise a growing torrent of Russian crude oil. The war in Iraq that resulted from the September 11 attacks resulted to a reconfiguration of the geopolitical landscape globally in very many ways. Some of this ways may not be noticeable for quite some years or even some long time to come. The effect has had an alteration of the relationship between the United States and other countries in the Middle East and Iraq. However, its blow goes well further than this. More than everything else, the warfare discloses that the new-fangled central turn of world antagonism is the south central region of Eurasia (Department of Defense 2008). The expression “geopolitics” seems to come on or after another epoch, from the tardy nineteenth century. By geo-politics or geo-political antagonism, this paper means the conflict between immense powers and wannabe great-powers for management over territories, resources, and also important physical positions, for instance ports and at times harbors, river systems, canals, and other causes of prosperity and authority. Looking back, you will discover that this sort of contest has been the motivating force in world and global politics and in particular world disagreement in much of the precedent few centuries. Geopolitics was very popular in the 19 th century and grew in the same trend towards the beginning of the 20 th century. It is imperative to make a note
Executive Summary Numerous outbreaks of military actions in the twenty-first century have been conducted in different contexts with a wide range of legal justifications many of which violated legal grounds outlined by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. The violations have risen from a broad scope of disagreements on the legality of the use of force, which led to dangerous developments undermining the sovereignty of some states. Among the litany of problems associated with the derogations of the extant normative framework on the use of force the most prominent are breaches of international peace and security, violations of ceasefire commitments (the US in Iraq), interferences in domestic affairs of sovereign states, and aggressions against territorial sovereignty of states. There is also a need to promptly exercise the use of force for humanitarian purposes. Therefore, the suggested revisions are:   * to introduce the doctrine of retrospective approval of the use of force by the council;   * to introduce the concept of anticipatory self-defense in the international law to deal with the problem of terrorism;   * to make provisions in the international law accounting for cyber-attacks that cause physical damage. Introduction The twenty-first century poses numerous challenges for long-standing pillars of the international legal paradigm with respect to the justifications for the use of force. The current pattern of the international regulation of military engagements has emerged in 1945 with the signing of the Charter of the United Nations or UN Charter (Miller 2016). The charter outlined a set of principles governing the international relationship, in general, and the use of force, in particular. From the charter’s entry into force onwards, there has been an unceasing effort to strengthen the international legal framework to restrict the unilateral use of force. Despite thorough attempts of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to enforce just ad Bellum principles, a number of gross violations occurred: Israel in Uganda in 1976, Russia in Georgia in 2002, NATO in Kosovo in 1999, and the US in Iraq in 2003 among others (Maogoto 2013; Petreski 2015). The current situation leads to massive casualties and human suffering. For example, the US-led invasion of Iraq results in approximately 460, 000 deaths (Maogoto 2013). Therefore, there is a pressing need to review legal justifications for the use of force in the inte
In 1974, Richard Feynman presented his commencement address in which he discussed the principles of cargo cult science in relation to the idea of integrity. The researcher stated that people are often inclined to refer to science in those cases where it is impossible to follow the scientific method, and the term cargo cult science is used to speak about things that are “said to be scientific,” but they are not actually scientific in their nature (Feynman par. 9). In his speech “Cargo Cult Science,” Feynman discusses cargo cult science as a variant of pseudoscience. The Main Point, the Author, Is Making Feynman states in his commencement address that researchers should not ignore the principle of integrity in order to avoid following cargo cult science because it is important to make scientific conclusions while providing all the information on the research, including possible faults and unexpected results. According to Feynman, scientific integrity is “a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty” (Feynman par. 12). Thus, a scientist should not miss any important things while concluding his findings in order not to fool oneself and provide complete information related to scientific research. It is important to inform about all the points and results, “not just the information that leads to judgment in one particular direction or another” (Feynman par. 14). The focus on avoiding the results which cannot support the experiment is typical for cargo cult scientists who do not report on things that can contribute to eliminating the received results. That is why the main purpose of the author’s article is to persuade the researchers to follow the principles of real science supported by the idea of integrity. Some Characteristics of Poor Science Feynman determines a range of characteristics that can be used to define poor science, pseudoscience, or cargo cult science. The first characteristic mentioned by the author in the presence of the
Introduction In completing assignment 2, I, along with four other members of the group, was required to come up with an aluminum alloy that had the following composition: 0.4Mn, 0.08Cr, 4.0Mg, 0.11Si, and 0.25Fe. In addition, the aluminum alloy produced also needed to have a minimum total elongation of no less than 20%, while the minimum yield strength was expected to be 310Mpa. Our guide supervisor for the assignment was Dr. Zohreh Keshavarz. The main role of the guide supervisor was to ensure that we followed all the key processing steps of the alloy to achieve the aforementioned requirements. Before the start of the process, our team convened a group meeting whereby we planned and discussed our course of action. Group members recommended that we meet once every week during which time the various group members would be assigned tasks, in addition to getting an update on the progressive report. Group members also suggested that in case the workload was too much, an extra team meeting be organized. This way, we were able to distribute the workload throughout the trimester and finish the work in good time. All the team members worked hard to complete the tasks assigned to them. Literature Review The 5083 aluminum alloy is characterized by high strength to weight ratio. In addition, it is reasonably super-elastic and resistant to corrosion (Hecht & Kannan 1995; Kaibyshev et al. 2003). For these reasons, the 5083 aluminium alloy has found wide application in diverse sectors of the economy such as the construction industries, marine industry, and the automotive industry, among others (Black, Kohser & Degarmo 2012). Nonetheless, the alloy needs additional strength for it to be used as a structural material (Sheppard & Raghunathan 1989). The addition of magnesium helps to increase strength to the Al-Mg alloys. Over the last few decades, Al-Mg alloys have found increased use in such industrial applications as in the manufacture of computers, consumer electronic products, communication equipments, and automobiles. As a substitutional solid solution, the Al-Mg alloy has a coarse grain structure typical of class 1 super-plasticity (Carroll et al. 1999; Doherty et al. 1997). Among the alloys in the Al-Mg system, the 5083 alloy is the most common super-plastic alloy due to its good corrosion resistance, moderate strength, as well as high super-plastic formability (Lin et al. 2010; Park et al. 2003). Still, researchers continue to search for other newer Al-Mg alloys with low flow stress, low operating temperature, high elongation, high strain rate and excellent super-plasticity that can be mass produced. According to various studies on super-plastic Al alloys, one of the key requirements for the attainment of a viable super-plasticity is grain structure (Raghunathan 1989).                 Mg   Mn   Cr    Fe    Si   AL 5083 (H321)  4.5  0.7  0.25  –     –    Our Materials   4.0  0.4  0.08  0.25  0.11  Extrusion In extrusion, a work piece whose cross se
Introduction Antioch Unified School District is one of the biggest school districts in the state of California. It is comprised of elementary schools and high schools. The school district serves more than 19000 students in the city of Antioch, California (AUSD, 2011). With the high population of this school district, it is necessary to have an effective and efficient disaster management programme to ensure the safety of students while at school. To achieve this, the school district has come up with a number of programmes which ensure that all the schools in the district are well prepared in case an emergency occurs. These programmes have been working well and in the year 2010 the school district received a grant from the Department of Homeland Security to improve on its project (AUSD, 2011). Readiness and Emergence Response in the District Antioch Unified School District is one of the most successful school districts in the United States which has shown a lot of progress in emergency readiness and response. It has a number of programmes that have made the school staff, students, parents, guardians and other community members to be well prepared in case disasters strikes. These programmes include: prevention, preparedness, response and recovery (U.S Department of Education, 2010). This ensures that all students are safe while they are at school. These programmes have been effective in the control and prevention of drug and alcohol abuse, crime control and other gang related activities. They also support the well being of students, creation of safe environments in schools and promotion of programmes which teach the students to have desirable characters and be good and responsible students in future. To achieve this, the school district has collaborated with local law enforcers, social institutions, parents and guardians. They work together as a team to ensure that all these goals and objectives are achieved. This has been very effective since it ensures that students are safe whether they are in school or not. To be ready for disasters, the school district has a number of facilities and equipments. The facilities which the school dist
Aims To define and assess the benefits of screening mammography through the prism of significant and recent research, including important surveys, arguing that the conclusion of the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) – regarding the disproportion in benefits and harm of the mentioned screening – is puzzling. Main findings RCTs tend to underestimate the essential advantages that the implementation of mammographic screening provides. These RCTs evaluate the reduction in mortality rates among females who were randomized to the groups of the invited ones to conduct mammographic screening but not those who took part in this screening indeed. It should be emphasized that invited women who had never had mammograms and died due to breast cancer are perceived as the ones who had been screened. Hence, the approved statistics by the USPSTF within the scope of the issue are irrelevant to an exact extent. The authors state that there have been two observational studies that involved females who have undergone screening mammography. These studies report a 30 to 40% reduction in breast cancer mortality rates. Nevertheless, the findings of the mentioned two studies were not taken into account by the USPSTF while stating its official position regarding mammographic screening, which narrowed its focus to RCTs. Moreover, despite there being an exact degree of harm in mammographic screening, a survey has shown that the majority of females consider the positive effects of the procedure as a reasonable tradeoff. Conclusions Mammographic screening is the only test today that provides the opportunity to reduce mortality rates caused by breast cancer. Screening mammography that is undertaken once a year is proper for females who have reached the age of 40, given the fact that women assess benefits from the procedure as more significant than the harm.
The Harry Potter series has entered the public consciousness and became an instant classic. It captured both children and adults due to its complex themes and nuanced characters. The author is not afraid to write about dark subjects, such as death, torture, madness, and abuse. The themes of hope, trauma, and maturation are expressed throughout the series. The main characters have to contend with the loss of loved ones and find a path forward to help each other. Today, Harry Potter and his friends are as commonly known and beloved as Cinderella, Hansel and Gretel, or Dorothy. Their struggles against the dark forces come at a hefty price that some have to pay from the very beginning. The inciting incident of the series is a giant man breaking down the door and telling Harry about his horrible legacy (Rowling 35). Lily and James Potter were murdered in cold blood by an immortal dark wizard who laughed as he killed them. Harry, being an infant at the time, remembers very little of it, and cannot fully grasp the situation. The trauma that Harry feels is not a single instance of negative emotion. Pedersen writes, “the traumatic symptoms which manifest themselves in the present are not the re-experiencing of the past because the past event was not actually experienced to begin with” (42). That statement fits the Harry Potter series perfectly, as Harry does not merely experience the death of his parents with a delay. He recontextualizes it constantly, and it informs his present emotional reactions, such as seeing them in the Erised mirror or learning about Ron’s family life. After the loss of his parents, he came to depend on his aunt and uncle, who treated him terribly. Only later would he find out that his aunt Petunia herself suffered from neglect because her sister was magical, and she was not. She unloaded this resentment on Harry because she could not deal with the trauma in her own childhood. She took control of her trauma by overcorrecting, where the wizard got neglected and abused, while her “normal” son was pampered and spoiled. Hogwarts represents an integral part of Harry’s coming of age. He learns the magical arts, finds his first friends and parental figures, and develops as a person. Hogwarts is by no means a safe space: in the first days of studying, people get injured, endangered, and harassed. That school is not meant to create an ideal environment for helpless children. Instead, it helps them grow stronger and more equipped to deal with the dangerous world. Zacarian writes that humans can overcome the odds stacked against them (17). This ability to overcome is essential, as it gives people hope and faith in themselves and their allies. Through facilitating growth and friendship, Hogwarts becomes a home for Harry that the Dursleys’ house never was. The author creates an example of an improper way to deal with trauma in Petunia Dursley, which is rejection, avoidance, and, to some extent, the demonization of the source of her unhappiness. Becoming s
Background Information As it is known, appearances can be deceiving, and the example of serial killer Theodore (Ted) Bundy, often described by the public press as a man of Hollywood looks, is a prime example of this. Ted Bundy was, at first glance, an ordinary law student who, as a jury eventually confirmed, was guilty of murdering several dozen young women in the United States (Terranova, 2020). After all the details of his biography were no longer a mystery, Bundy was classified not only as a serial maniac but also as a cannibal and necrophiliac. Bundy’s key murders took place in 1970s America, with the man confessing to 36 crimes committed between 1974 and 1976; however, the exact number of victims is still unknown. In exploring the motives for the crimes committed and the reasons for Bundy’s decision to become a serial killer, authors often turn to the psychological side of criminal activity. Psychoanalysis traditionally allows us to trace causal patterns, identify driving forces, and then promptly respond to them at the level of laws. In the case of Bundy, the use of psychoanalysis becomes particularly interesting because unlike other serial killers — whether Chikatilo, Manson, Ramirez or Gacy — Ted Bundy did not look like a “typical killer” and did not exhibit psychopath behavior even during court hearings. Nevertheless, it is his personality that has traditionally been associated, especially in American society, with a shared history of the most inhumane serial murders. Murder Scenarios It is believed that Bundy has traditionally used only young women as victims of his crimes, but until his list of victims is complete, it is not reasonable to generalize with complete certainty. Ted Bundy introduced himself to young girls on the streets and in public places by pretending to be ill or physically incapable — the man asked women for domestic help and took advantage of the moment to brutally murder them (Terranova, 2020). Authors who have studied the killer’s life report that Bundy was known to his victims as a sadist because he was guided by inhumane morals in his murder scenarios. In particular, he not only killed and raped women but also dismembered them, cut off their heads, and used their body parts as mementos for himself. From the outside, Bundy often looked like a social
Introduction These days, a balanced diet appears to be an integral part of a healthy lifestyle. Food is a crucial resource of energy, and for this reason, this issue should be approached correctly. Consumption of junk food seriously affects organisms and is highly likely to lead to numerous diseases, from obesity to gastritis. It has a considerable influence on the lifestyle of a person, as he or she may become less vivacious, stress-reliant, and energetic. An unconscious attitude to a diet may also result in a lack of vitamins and minerals. Considering all this information, the necessity to control eating habits becomes evident. For this reason, the following project on this topic was conducted, which implied monitoring my actual food intake and comparing it to personal recommendations in this respect. This way, the purpose of this paper is to present the comprehensive analysis of my diet, including revelation vitamin and mineral limits and consideration of energy expenditure, and propose some improvements on its base. Vitamins and Minerals First of all, it is essential to supply some basic information on my body. My age is 22 years old, and my height amounts to 155 lb, while the weight is 5 fits 9 inches. Consequently, my body mass index is 22.9, which is normal and depicts that there are no problems with the body built and weight. However, this index includes only height and weight measurements, and for this reason, it cannot be reliable in many cases, as there are multiple factors, which should be considered too. Nuttall states that it is “a rather poor indicator of percent of body fat”, as it “does not capture information on the mass of fat in different body sites” (2015, para. 1). In addition, this ratio may be imprecise, as it does not regard the specialties of body built. For instance, bony frame and, consequently, bone mass affects this ratio to a large extent, so the result may not match reality. Therefore, the necessity to conduct further analysis of my eating habits is apparent. The report of my diet during three days depicted that it could be partly unbalanced in the context of vitamin and mineral consumption. The report revealed that my food lacked a sufficient amount of vitamin A. The actual intake was significantly lower than the recommended one, namely, I have eaten almost 75 micrograms, while 300 micrograms are required. This component plays a crucial role in the process of developing skin cells and the creation of bone tissue. It is also necessary to maintain sight insufficient condition, so when vitamin A is limited, people suffer from poor sight (World Health Organization, 2019; Tanumihardjo et al., 2019)‎. Moreover, it prevents collagen formation and leads to scorbutus (Blake, 2020). Apart from the lack of vitamin A, the amount of vitamins D and E is extremely low, too (Tanumihardjo et al., 2019). If it happens regularly, there is a likelihood of weakening of bones and appearing of tiredness. The report demonstrated the overconsumption of vitamin C, which, similarly to vitamin A deficiency, can result in scorbutus. The intake
Introduction In the early 1920s, American people were struggling to come into terms with various gender, cultural, and social norms that hindered success of some of members of the society. For instance, during this time, American women were fighting for their own sovereignty from male domineering. The climax for this fight was reached in 1926 when women were eventually accorded suffrage rights. Later, absorption of women in formal employment tremendously increased so that, by the end of the Second World War, an incredibly large number of American women population could access formal employment functioning in the jobs competitively as their male counterparts. The achievement means that early 1920s marked the beginning of the era in which women ceased to be predominantly accustomed to domestic chores as dictated by societal norms defining gender roles in earlier years. Literature works function to reflect changes in society by challenging and ridiculing certain societal norms, which the author of such works feels that they impair the collective development of the society. This paper scrutinises Virginia Woolfe’s literary work To the Lighthouse and Apparatus and Hand by Salvador Dali in the effort to dig out common themes that are reflective of the 1927 contemporary societal approache