ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Historical and religious boundaries have been put in place among faiths which create challenges for interreligious relations. Vishanoff argues that the inherent aspect of interreligious encounters implies that there is a barrier or boundary across which this interaction takes place. Religion has developed throughout Western civilization as something that they believed to be holy and true while not willing to recognize any other belief systems, even if they had large followings such as Islam. In fact, for centuries, faiths from all sides portrayed each other as corrupt and false, erecting boundaries, both physical and metaphorical. Eventually, with European colonialism, the Western perspectives were opened to other faiths, which were often construed as less developed versions of religion, constructing a thought of homogenous and parallel religions due to insecurities regarding Christianity. Therefore, in a global world, with religions forced together by travel and trade, they are defined under “encounters” rather than simple interactions. Religious boundaries are realistic existing concepts, outside of academic theory, and can be constructed out of “empirically observable differences” (Vishanoff, 2013: 345). Religious encounters have taken on various forms such as polemic and military conflict to more gradual variants of appropriation, assimilation, and on rare occasions, dialogue and collaboration. It must be considered that encounters occur on numerous levels, beginning with social and personal identities and traditions, and ending with large doctrines, religious texts, and cultural institutions. Even historically, religions often interacted in a positive manner, borrowing practices, traditions, and even beliefs that could benefit or complement individual faiths (Vishanoff, 2013: 351). While boundaries, as erected by history, cannot be reversed, they can be gradually undone which is the purpose of religious studies and the anthropological concept of religious encounters. Through education, tolerance, and institutional collaboration the boundaries can be blurred to promote inclusivity and reconciliation, particularly among faiths that have historically demonstrated hatred for each other. However, any collaboration and understanding among faiths can only come as a result of interreligious dialogue, which in the context of history is an amazing phenomenon. Dialogue presents a breakthrough from the homogenous and monological era that is characterized by violent conflicts. While those still exist, there is inherent recognition and widespread sentiment that benevolent contacts and respectful attitudes are necessary among different religions. Interreligious dialogue is a relatively recent occurrence but remains a complex aspect that can be explored from various perspectives as there are aspects of openness, identity, tension, and philosophical factors to be considered (Moyaert, 2013: 193). Dialogue must
Introduction Recruitment practices follow that individuals are chosen “on the basis of job requirements and candidate’s qualifications” (Mathis & Jackson, 2012 p. 25). Working in a supermarket that sells common household goods requires different levels of qualifications. In such country as the United States, discrimination based on other characteristics rather than training is prohibited. These characteristics include factors such as race, gender, disability and religion among others (Mathis & Jackson, 2012). Diversity at the workplace The supermarket’s management tries all its best to include racial diversity. This is a way of trying to capture customers from the multi-racial population. Business necessity would require only qualifications to be considered for a job position. Electronics sales representatives are preferably male. This is because they are considered to have a convincing power superior to that of female attendants. Female attendants could be chosen for their physical beauty. This is because attractiveness has some impact in marketing. The organization faces the challenge of having a few male employees. The male employees do not stay for long. This is because of the level of payment. The management used to confidentially gives higher wage rates to keep male attendants. However, it is illegal to pay different rates for similar duties. The management has to use tactics such as labeling differences in seniority, and performance to justify the higher payment (Mathis & Jackson, 2012). It is necessary “to make sure people know how the pay practices work” (Mathis & Jackson, 2012). However, this together with auditing cannot stop the management from implementing their strategy. They are able to escape charges of disparate treatment because of the burden of proof. There is no need of affirmative action because most groups are represented as a workforce such as those aged over 40. Tolerance, flexibility and openness are obtained because there is a diverse workforce. The management can lower qualification standards to reach out to male attendants. The organization is prepared for a diverse workforce. Incentives for performance Commitment is necessary for high performance. This requires that organizations form a vision “that resonates within employees” (Price 2011, p. 239). Long-term job relationships which promise employees career growth. There is a need to create an organization which
In a society as complex as the United States, there is a need for organizations whose sole purpose is to gather information, which is required for the provision of security. As there are many American embassies all over the world the work of intelligence organizations does not limit itself to domestic matters but functions worldwide, observing, recording and then acting according to the information collected. The unfortunate fact is that there are instances when the information is very sensitive and private, which raises questions of personal freedom and human rights. But also there are processes of gathering information that is very unconstitutional and unethical, which lead to a violation of a person’s constitutional rights. “Covert action” is a term used to describe the way an organization acts about carrying out its activities. Its means are hidden, away from the public eye, private and secret in most instances. Since the people or general public are unaware that some action is taking place, they cannot voice their frustrated opinion and cannot complain. This gives the organization much more freedom of action. Of course, sometimes there are cases where a quick response is needed and it is simply impractical and unsafe to look for a solution, which is less intrusive but will require more time to produce. Usually, violations of privacy and human rights come as a need and unavoidable action in the matter of nati
Introduction Over the years, Human Resource practitioners have devised ways of improving workers’ experiences. They have come up with different methods to enhance the work experience for employees. Some of these methods include job enlargement, job rotation, job enrichment, and job specialization. This paper deeply looks into these methods, compares, and contrasts them. Additionally, the paper will look into the unique aspects of each method as well as a few benefits and disadvantages of each. Finally, the paper will study real life examples of the use of these methods. Job Specialization Job Specialization is a HR strategy that involves ensuring that a worker focuses on one specific job and perfects the skill associated with that job. The worker’s scope is limited and they become experts in this area which produces high efficiency, cost and time saving as well. HR uses Job Specialization mostly in production facilities where line workers specialize in one part of the production line. Such workers cannot operate any other part of the line apart from their specialized area, which is the major downfall of this method. Over time, there is no challenge in the current jobs, workers master their jobs and end up getting bored at work. Job Rotation Job Rotation is a HR strategy that involves moving a worker from one job to several others systematically for
History Behind the Theory Gestalt Theory is usually associated with Austro-Hungarian psychologist Max Wertheimer who started this movement in 1912 while investigating the phi-phenomenon (Hamlyn, 2017). While observing the flashing lights at a railroad crossing, Wertheimer noticed that what he saw as “a single light moving around the marquee” was actually a set of stationary bulbs constantly turning on and off (Bradley, 2017, para. 2). This observation made him think about how people actually see and, more importantly, perceive certain objects of reality. For example, when we watch a video, we see the whole picture and not the tiny flashing bulbs (pixels) that compose it. This idea stands behind the Gestalt concept. Gestalt Theory Gestalt is a German word that “encompasses several concepts, including wholeness, configuration, and pattern” (Corcoran & Roberts, 2015, p. 42). The key idea behind the theory is perfectly explained in a quote by Kurt Koffka who is also one of the Gestalt Theory founders. The quote says: “The whole is other than the sum of the parts” (Bradley, 2017, para. 6). It means that if perceived individually, the parts of the whole have different characteristics in relation to the whole. To understand the idea, one can imagine a house. Its parts can include bricks, windows, roof, doors, and so on. When we look at the house, we are not aware of its parts; we just see it as an overall object, which is the house. Gestalt Principles The Figure-Ground principle deals with the relationship between the object (a figure) and its surrounding (ground). The idea is that people subconsciously separate a figure from its background basing on the size, color, contrast and so on. The aim is to determine which is a figure, and which is a background, accordingly (Adorama Learning Center, 2017). A closure is a tendency to close and finish a figure. The idea is to see the finished “whole.” It means if the figures are presented as unfinished objects, our mind will try to add some details to create the whole object. Continuance, or continuation, principle implies that objects arranged in one line tend to be perceived more related, rather than those that are not arranged in a line even if they are of the same color or shape. Proximity is the principle assuming that closely located objects seem more related than those that are set apart. If these objects are of the same color, size, or shape, but are divided into two or three groups, they will be perceived as two or three wholes accordingly (Bradley, 2017). The similarity is based on the idea that objects sharing similar features (color, size, shape, and so on) will be perceived related even if they are not located side by side. For example, white flowers will be perceived more related if set in water along with red, yellow and purple flowers. Common fate is the principle based on common direction or destination. No matter what features the elements share, they will be treated as “having common fate” if moving in the same direction (Bradley, 2017, para. 42).
Introduction The art of acting, as it is known, has been developing for a long time, and, despite the already well-established approaches to learning this skill, some new techniques periodically appear and bring new shades to the process of acting. In order to analyze various practices regarding the training and performance of actors, three well-known theorists in this field will be considered – Stanislavski, Chekhov, and Meisner. These representatives of art are known to the whole creative world as the individuals who initiated new and revolutionary approaches in organizing the entire process of actors training and acting techniques. As the basis for analysis, excerpts from rehearsals, as well as oral lectures by tutors, will be used. It is assumed that the approaches of the three directors to the process of organizing the training of actors and their performance have had a significant impact on theatrical art in general and on the formation of new creative trends in particular. Stanislavski’s Classical Technique of Acting Stanislavski’s system is a scientifically grounded theory of theatrical art, the method of acting technique. In contrast to the pre-existing systems, it is built not on the study of the final results of creativity but on clarifying the causes that generate this or that result (Cole 404). The actor should not represent the image but become it, making the character’s experiences, feelings, and thoughts his or her own. Opening the main motive of work independently or with the help of the director, the performer sets an ideological and creative goal that Stanislavski calls a supertask (Cole 408). The director defines the desire to achieve this aim as the actor’s deep immersion in the role. The doctrine of supertask and end-to-end action is the basis of the master’s system. Stanislavsky defines ways and means to create a truthful, full, and living character. The image is born when the actor completely merges with the role, accurately understanding the overall design of the work. The task of the director is to help with it. Stanislavski’s teaching on directing as the art of creating products is based on the creativity of actors themselves united by a common ideological concept. The aim of the director’s work is to help the actor to reincarnate into the person depicted. Thus, for instance, O’Brien claims that “the imaginations are muscle you need to train” (00:00:40-00:00:42). It means that daily work is a significant component of success, and actors should be able to fully reflect certain emotions, regularly honing their skills. The system includes a number of techniques of stage creativity. One of them is that the actor puts himself or herself in the proposed circumstances of the role. In order to do it, imagination is needed, which will be an effective tool in reflecting this or that reaction (O’Brien 00:00:49-00:00:52). There is also the principle of a typical approach which is widespread in modern theater. This technique came from cinematography and i
Introduction The patient- and family-centered care (PFCC) is an innovative delivery model for realigning different components of the healthcare system for optimal clinical outcomes. Fundamental to the prioritization of provider resources is a comprehensive strategic plan for promoting a hospital’s focus on quality improvement, financing options, and reimbursement, among others. This paper analyzes various aspects of PFCC in a healthcare setting, including business practices, self-assessment, an area of improvement and strategy, financial implications, and functions of the multidisciplinary team, among others. Business Practices Besides their primary role as caregivers, providers must learn to manage care delivery as an enterprise to succeed in the complex healthcare environment. In the era of PFCC, a patient is viewed as a consumer. As such, each step of the “patient-provider interaction” must be aligned with the “revenue cycle” to avoid revenue loss (Gill, Leslie, & Marshall, 2016, p. 308). Business practices adopted by healthcare organizations in the areas of pre-service management (patient registration), the process of care, integrity practices, billing services, and administrative functions are geared towards minimizing risks, improving quality, and increasing patient satisfaction, which are core metrics of PFCC. Additionally, providing medical care in a home-like environment and patient/family involvement in the care process are common practices adopted by providers to attract more clients. Regulatory requirements by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) center on inpatient admissions. Claims denials and penalties tied to the length of stay and readmission rates have led to a more accountable, patient-centered care in facilities. In this changing environment, hospitals have adopted models – call centers and telemedicine – that promote patient access and care continuity in community settings to improve outcomes (Roussel, Harris, & Thomas, 2016). The need to improve reimbursement has also impacted PFCC. In this regard, hospitals have made improvements in financial (collection rates), technical (applications), and operational (staff-patient ratio) components across practices (Roussel et al., 2016). Inpatient experience is linked to reimbursement. Hospitals are under pressure from value-based care to enhance efficiency, increase patient satisfaction, and lower medical costs (Gill et al., 2016). Quality and performance measures have created a patient-centric culture. The Affordable Care Act has removed barriers to greater coverage through tax subsidies (Gill et al., 2016). Additionally, the bundled payment model has encouraged health insurance firms and hospitals to collaborate to maintain high patient satisfaction scores and coordinate care transition to benefit from federal reimbursement. Self-Assessment Tool The completed PFCC is provided as a separate document. Setting Description The healthcare settin
Introduction It has been argued that the United States is one of the leading violators of Human Rights in the world; to what extent this is true is a question of discussion. Many a times it has also been argued that the United States has failed to observe the spirit of the United Nation Convention on Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is notable to mention that one of the major functions of the United Nations is to see to it that Human Rights of each person in the world are respected (UN.org, 2011). The United State has not shown any serious concern when it comes to the implementation of the UN Declaration of Human Rights especially with regards to citizens from countries such as US and other developed countries. The question then becomes to what extent has the US upheld the Human Rights as outlined in the UN Universal Declaration on Human Rights? In the universal Declaration of the Human Rights the United Nation has clearly outlined the individual rights of every person in the world (Morsink, 1999). These rights should be enjoyed by citizens of all States and any government that violates them is held responsible. To what extent has the US upheld Human Rights? Universally the leaders of the United States of America tend to present themselves as being the most concerned people about human rights, ironically they have often advocated for their own interest when it comes to Human right issues. The US for instance has not ratified a number of treaties that address human rights and where they have ratified they had done so selectively (Shah, 2002). Despite the US having participated in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it is sad to note that USA has always been unwilling to enforce this convention (Shah, 2002). It is clear that the US has continuously violated Article 3 of the Universal Declaration on Human Life; according to this specific article every person has a right to life but the US has on the contrary continuously imposed death sentence on its citizens which is a punishment that is not meted by many countries currently (Shah, 2002). It is for this reason that Amnesty International has continuously agitated US to show respect for human rights and advocated for removal of death sentence in many other countries besides US (Shah, 2002). Hence this death penalty is an inhuman treatment which is directed to human beings. Another pertinent law in our discussion is; Article 5 which protects every person against tortures of all kinds. Not surprisingly, the US intelligence arms are renowned for their torture escapades especially of foreign suspects involved in terrorist activities and in recent times such cases of blatant disregard to this laws have increasingly been coming into the limelight. A recent report released by Human Rights Watch dogs has accused the US government for torture crimes and for failing to tackle this problem (Shah, 2002) In addition, Article 13 guarantees every person freedom of movement and Association (UN.org, 2011); on the
Diplomatic ties between the USA and Cuba have a long and unfortunate history. For many decades the US government has led the politics of embargo against Cuba. Despite the numerous attempts of the world organizations to influence the position of the US, nothing changed until Obama decided to mitigate the sanctions a few years ago. This decision led to long-desired voting results at the UN General Assembly on October, 26. For the first time in twenty-four years, the US abstained instead of voting against the “UN resolution calling for an end” to the US “economic embargo against Cuba” (“US Abstains from UN Vote” par. 1). America’s resolution was met very warmly by the political leaders of many nations. Although it does not bear any actual power, this vote is “important symbolically” (“US Abstains from UN Vote” par. 10). Representatives of many nations expressed their hopes for the resolution of the conflict between the two countries. The Dominican Republic delegate welcomed the improvement in the Cuba-US relationship and remarked that the US “blockade” is “anachronistic” (“Overwhelming Majority” par. 3). He advised the American government to take into consideration an almost unanimous opinion of the UNO members and stop its one-sided violent policy (“Overwhelming Majority” par. 3). The Mexican representative emphasized that notwithstanding the US attitude, Cuba is very successful in the realization of the “UN General Assembly’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” (“Overwhelming Majority” par. 6). He remarked that the government of Cuba is doing everything possible to enhance the people’s welfare even in harsh conditions. He concluded that such attitude deserves appraisal and better treatment on behalf of the US (“Overwhelming Majority” par. 6). The delegate from Venezuela agreed that Cuba is worthy of being accepted by the whole world due to its willingness to help other peoples. He said that the Cubans are “a symbol of genuine friendship and solidarity,” and expressed his opinion that such features should predominate between the nations despite any political and economic disagreements (“Overwhelming Majority” par. 5). What concerns the Cuban government, it considers the US refraining as a “victory” (“US Abstains from UN Vote” par. 9). Bruno Rodriguez, Cuba’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, showed his gratitude for the attempts made by the American Consul Samantha Power. He also expressed his hope that the decision made by the US representative will be “reflected in reality” (“US Abstains from UN Vote” par. 16-17). Rodriguez noted that the US embargo had impacted the lives of the Cuban people destructively. They do not have access to proper medical supplies. Also, the Cuban agriculturists are not able to use the current techniques (“US Abstains f