ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Syrian civil war became a significant challenge for not only the Middle Eastern region but also for the international community. The military conflict led to the refugee crisis that cannot be overcome on domestic and international levels even after several years of the war. Even though the neighboring countries, Europe, the United States, and Canada among other states have responded to the challenge, and they continue to provide humanitarian aid to the vulnerable population in Syria and refugees, conditions in which migrants live in host countries are dreadful. 1 The purpose of this paper is to analyze different challenges and problems faced by Syrian refugees when they seek asylum with the focus on the Syrians’ access to housing, healthcare services, and education. The attention is also paid to refugees’ opportunities to become employed in neighboring, European, and other countries. Even though the right to seek asylum and find the protection in different countries is granted to Syrian refugees according to the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951), the problem is in the fact that many states cannot provide Syrians with the necessary support. As a result, Syrian refugees suffer from the lack of sanitation, housing, material resources, and health care while living in foreign countries and being unable to receive the appropriate support. Aspects of the Syrian Crisis and the Problem of Refugees The war in Syria began in 2011 when mass protests against the government regime of Bashar al-Assad led to the development of a military conflict. 2 The situation resulted in a humanitarian catastrophe and many victims. According to the report published by Amnesty International in 2014, “more than 150,000 people” died, and “10.8 million people need urgent humanitarian assistance inside Syria.” 3 The number of persons who chose to seek asylum in other countries is even higher, and according to the data provided by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), “over 3.2 million Syrian refugees had been registered” by October of 2014. 4 Still, the exact number of refugees who migrated to neighboring and other countries is even higher because they crossed borders illegally. 5 Syrian refugees have the right to seek asylum that is granted according to the principles stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (the 1951 Refugee Convention ). According to Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Refugee Convention, a refugee is a person who is “outside the country of his nationality and is unable or … is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who … is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.” 6 Refugees cannot return to their countries
Discussion Innovations in health care service are essential to ensure that health care institutions are effectively managed. A successful innovative management strategy will require a prescription of a change system that would enable health care institutions recognize the harm due to exposure to health risks such as shortage of Central Sterilizing Supply Department could cause (Stanhope, 2006). The purpose of the change in the Central Sterilization Supply Department is to avoid the potential harm that could result as due to inadequacies (Heath, 1998; American Nurses Association, 1999). The CSSD is an important means of preventing hospital cross infection (Emslie, 2008). Thus, all institutions of health care must adopt CSSD quality assurance policies and procedures to mitigate probable adverse injuries posed by shortage of CSSD risks. This paper focuses on designing a health institutional change strategy that will ensure effective operation of the CSSD to eliminate risks associated with shortages. In sum, this paper will: identify the problem and rationale for the nee
Did Martha Stewart commit the crime of insider trading when she sold her ImClone shares on December 27, 2001? The fact that Martha Stewart committed a crime by engaging in insider trading are beyond any reasonable doubt. When Samuel Waksal, co-founder of the ImClone Systems realized that the company’s stock shares would fall drastically in the coming days, both he and his daughter decided to sell all of their shares. Although client information was supposed to be treated with utmost privacy, as written in the Merrill Lynch policies, the financial management and advisory company that was managing the Waksals’ shares went ahead and informed Martha Stewart of the decision by Sam Waksal and his daughter to sell their shares. Under the Merrill Lynch policies, employees were not supposed to discuss the business affairs of any client with any other employee except when there was need to seek for additional information, this regulation means that the conversations between the two company’s employees: Douglas Faneuil and Peter Bacanovic, was against the company’s policies (Hoffman, 2007, 712). The policies further stated that the company did not release client information except upon permission by the client or when required by law to do so. However, Bacanovic went ahead and informed Martha Stewart of the decision by the Waksals to sell their shares without their authorization, besides, the move was not permitted or required by law (Engelen & Liedekerke, 2007, 501). Although Martha Stewart may not a part of the initial decision to inform her of the sell Waksals’ decision, she eventually got involved in the process when she received the message regarding the situation at ImClone and called Merrill Lynch to ask about the current share prices. She immediately instructed the firm to sell all of her 3,928 shares. She also called Sam Waksal for further information on the situation at ImClone. She sold her stocks based on information received from her stockbroker and the company, information that was not available in the public domain, which made her guilty of insider trading. Although the two (Stewart and Waksal) maintained that they did not communicate for some time, call records indicated that they had had a 5-minute call on December 31. The call most definitely focused on the situation at ImClone and of the decision of the Waksals to sell all of their shares, and helped her arrive at the decision to sell all of her shares (Koch, 2004, 36). Selling her shares based on information from both her stockbroker, who had policies against sharing client information, and the company implies that Martha Stewart was guilty of insider trading. Did the US attorneys and the Securities and Exchange Commission used good judgment in indicting Martha Stewart? Do you
Nowadays, the second half of the 19 th century ( de facto extended into the early 1900s) is being commonly referred as one of the most ‘intellectually productive’ periods in the history of human civilization. Such a practice appears fully justified. The reason for this is apparent – throughout the historical time-stretch in question, the socio-cultural progress in the West has attained an exponential momentum. The sheer number of scientific discoveries that took place through the late 1800s/early 1900s serves as the best proof, in this respect. There is, however, even more to it – the specified decades mark the time when many of the world’s prominent intellectuals began to realize that there are strongly defined systemic subtleties to the spatially prolonged phenomenon of the gender-based inequality and oppression. To exemplify the validity of this statement, we can refer to Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman – the individuals who succeeded in exposing the clearly societal preconditions for the social status of women in human societies to be lower than that of men. Being remembered for their authorship of the 1848 Communist Manifesto and their intellectual contribution to the development of Communist ideology, Marx and Engels used to share the belief that gender inequality/oppression originates in two of the most fundamental principles of the Capitalist (and strongly patriarchal) society’s functioning – the exploitation of man by man, and the continual legitimation of the social institution of ‘private property’. The line of Engel’s argumentation, in this respect, is concerned with his assumption that even though the male-dominated society does recognize and cherish women, on the account of their ability to act as the agents of social progress, it simultaneously commodities the representatives of the ‘weaker gender’. The latter is accomplished by the mean of referring to the women’s traditional preoccupation with the matters of procreation/child-raising, in terms of their ‘biologically predetermined’ (and therefore unpaid) social function. As Trat noted: “According to Engels, the division of labor between men and women bears no relation to the other great divisions of labor that were to emerge when herds were domesticated and production was developed… (it) is based on procreation and never questioned” (93). It is understood, of course, that this could not result in anything else but in disadvantaging women, as the seekers of social prominence. Hence, Engels’ belief that the key to making a particular society gender-egalitarian is the elimination of the social preconditions for the measure of one’s evolutionary fitness to be considered reflective of this person’s ‘monetary’ worth – something best achieved through the worldwide Communist revolution (Pelz 118). Marx’s views on the innermost causes of gender inequality/oppression are thoroughly consistent with those of the earlier mentioned theoretician of Communism. In essence, Marx used to insist that both determine the socially disadvantaged status of women in the Capita
The attachment theory is a theory of child development and a creation of the British psychiatrist by the name John Bowlby. According to this theory, children are born in a state of immaturity and have to receive care and protection from adults for many years. Infant mother behavior promotes the survival of a child and becomes a part of all humans through natural selection. Some of these behaviors include the cry of a child due to hunger or cold; the cry alerts the mother who responds to the infant’s distress. The mother’s actions of responding could include holding, feeding or consoling the infant. These actions comfort the infant and stop its crying and may lead to the baby smiling or laughing. However, if the mother chooses to respond by ignoring the infant, it is bound to continue crying. Object relations theory argues that interpersonal relations within the family, especially between the child and its mother shape the life or motivate the individual. Object relations theory relates to Bowlby and Ainworth’s attachment theory in the sense that both portray human beings as relationship seeking creatures. Both theories reveal that a child or individual seeks relationships by identifying with certain objects in order to achieve dependency and/or attachment. In addition, both demonstrate that there can either be positive or negative reinforcement. The two theories contrast because attachment theory starts from birth, when the child performs actions like suckling and crying and continues into adulthood. However, object relations theory is only applicable when a child gains knowledge. This means that it begins after the infant is a few months old and has the ability to differentiate. We use the example of a new born infant to explain the two theories. When the child is hungry, chances are high that it cries to express the hunger. The mother picks it and breastfeeds it, and it stops crying and tends to play or sleep off due to the satisfaction after feeding. In addition, if another woman who is not the baby’s mother picks it up and feeds it; the child still feels the satisfaction of being full and reacts in the similar manner that it does with the mother. However, when the child is over six months old, it has the ability to recognize its mother. Therefore, if it cries only the mother or certain close members of the family can pick it. Since the child has the ability to recognize strangers, it continues to cry if another woman tries to breastfeed or even hold it. Behaviorism operates on the basis that an individual’s reaction to stimuli shapes the person. It focuses on the observable actions, arguing that something in the environment occurs that elicits the behavior. The differences in David and Chelsea are a result of how differently their mother treats them even in the same circumstances. When she takes the children to the day care centre she hugs D
The Black Walnut Tree by Mary Oliver is a symbol of family roots and success that bestows the warmth of good times even during hard times. The walnut tree, which is the center of discussion, symbolizes the merry fruitfulness of a time when the family was affluent. The poem opens with the discussion of an argument between mother and daughter over cutting the walnut tree to pay off the house mortgage and the mother’s reluctance to do so. The poem ends with the daughter realizing that the walnut tree is a remembrance of her father, who migrated from Bohemia and prospered in Ohio. A generation of farmers found their prosperity in nature. The daughter realizes the significance of the walnut tree in their lives, for it embodies her father: a monument that represents sunshine and provides shade in the scorching heat of summers. The poem symbolizes the walnut tree as a remembrance of the father. The poet symbolizes nature (in the form of the walnut tree) as a mausoleum for remembering good times. A mausoleum or remembrance is an object that helps in remembering a person, time, or incidence. The walnut tree was probably sown by the narrator’s father, and now, when her father is no more, the tree stands as a remembrance of the departed soul. The narrator and her mother face a severe emotional dilemma when hard financial times bear the proposition of cutting the tree to save them from further poverty. The poet says: “ What my mother and I both know is that we’d crawl with shame in the emptiness we’d made in our own and our father’s backyard.” (Oliver, 1978) But due to the emotional attachment present with the tree prevents either of them from cutting it. The narrator believes that there is an element of her ancestors in them that stops them from cutting the tree. Their ancestors, who were farmers, bore new life on the land, and the tradition runs through the family. She says even though money was a pressing need, there was a greater force shaping their decisions, and that was their desire to “dig and sow.” Thus, they were essentially a family which bore life to the world and so could not cut the tree. The poem instills the tree as a remembrance of good times. The tree symbolizes life, and the ancestors of the narrator’s family were the life-givers. The narrator and her mother continue to do so by sacrificing their own happiness. The poem written in free verse is a short poem of thirty-five lines. The title immediately draws the reader’s attention toward the natural world and the center of emotional conflict in the poem. Like the large branches of an ancient walnut tree, Oliver’s poem is shrouded in the shadow of her family tree. The walnut tree assumes eclectic importance in the lives of the narrator and her mother. Even though hardship and financial crisis demand them to utilize all the available means to recover from this servitude, their inner self prevents them from cutting a tree that stands as a reme
Nowadays, it became a commonplace practice among many people to refer to the play The Tempest (by William Shakespeare), the essay Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville (by Denis Didrot) and the novel Gulliver’s Travels (by Jonathan Swift), as such that represent a particularly high literary value. The main reason for this is that, in the discursive sense of this word, the mentioned literary masterpieces were much ahead of their time – something that can be illustrated, in regards to the fact that all three literary pieces promote the idea of intellectual enlightenment/progress, as something that has the value of a ‘thing in itself’. What is also similar between the literary works in question, is that they do it in the thoroughly entertaining manner – namely, by the mean exposing readers to the humorous twists of the affiliated plots. In this respect, it can also be noted that in their works, Shakespeare, Diderot and Swift did succeed in revealing the sheer erroneousness of the assumption that White people had the ‘natural right’ to exploit indigenous populations in different parts of the world, while justifying this practice by the references to the presumed ‘inferiority’ of the latter. Thus, it will be thoroughly appropriate to suggest that the mentioned authors did contribute rather substantially towards undermining the conceptual legitimacy of the discourse of colonialism, as we know it. This simply could not be otherwise. While utilizing humor and satire, as the instruments of making a point, Shakespeare, Diderot and Swift were able to expose the inconsistency of the euro-centric idea of the so-called ‘White man’s burden’, concerned with the assumption that the world’s indigenous peoples are essentially sub-human, and that there is nothing wrong about subjecting them to exploitation. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, while expounding on the specifics of how the authors’ humorous/satirical treatment of the euro-centr
Introduction The philosophy of nursing suggests that nurses have the obligation to use their knowledge for the well-being of patients. This paper seeks to show the effect of relativism, obscurantism and nihilism on this philosophy. Moreover, it will focus on the benefits of prejudices to personal philosophy. Relativism The concept of relativism suggests that the opinions of people do not have absolute validity (Critchley, 2001). It asserts that the views vary according to individual perception and beliefs. In addition, it directs that life does not have absolute truths or morals. The concept of relativism has a direct impact to the philosophy of nursing. In this light, it suggests that humility and patience are relative. Therefore, the philosophy of nursing cannot define the two values in an absolute manner. As a result, various nurses will define and understand them differently. For example, a nurse might be unable to distinguish between humility for a child and a mature patient. Therefore, the concept of relativism poses a crucial challenge to the entire philosophy. In reference to the concept of relativism, philosophy becomes virtual and relative. Obscurantism Obscurantism is a concept that prevents the revelation of knowledge to people. It purports the retention of full details about something or somebody. The philosophy of nursing is impacted by obscurantism significantly. In this light, it hinders the operation of nurses that require a nurse to teach the patients about what is happening in their bodies (Dahnke & Dreher, 2011). Therefore, it asserts that nurses should retain some information in exceptional circumstances as opposed to the philosophy. For example, a nurse who reveals that a patient has an incurable disease might induce psychological illness. Therefore, obscurantism requires the nurse to hide some information about the disease and disclose later. In this light, obscurantism aims at improving the effectiveness of the philosophy. Nihilism Nihilism is a concept that negates the existence of values in life. It argues that life does not have values, morals or purpose. Therefore, it implies that life does not have the standard and absolute way of doing things. The concept subjects the component of life to change and improvement according to individuals. On the other hand, the philosophy attempts to lay down the standards and guidelines of nursing (Klemke, Hollinger, & Kline, 1998). Therefore, the two doct
Abstract Amnesia is the total or partial loss or impairment of memory as a result of disease, injury or severe emotional trauma. The individual suffering from amnesia is unable to recall events that happened in the preceding few minutes, months or years. Amnesia is of two types:   * Anterograde amnesia   * Retrograde amnesia In aterograde amnesia, the person is unable to recall recent events such as something that happened a few hours ago. In retrograde amnesia, the person cannot recall remote memories. Amnesia has several causes such as depression, poor concentration, age and physical illness with the Korsakoff’s syndrome being one of the illnesses that can cause amnesia. Amnesia in Korsakoff’s syndrome The Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by a lack of vitamin B1 which is also referred to as thiamine. This vitamin is involved in a number of reactions which provide energy to the neurons in the brain. Lack of thiamine results in lack of these reactions and consequently lack of the end products produced by the reactions. Unavailability of this end products leads to sub-normal functioning of the body leading to symptoms that are characteristic of the syndrome. Vitamin B1 deficiency is common in people who are alcoholic, who undergo dialysis, pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum and patients who are on a long term vitamin-free diet after surgery. This syndrome can occur together with wernicke’s syndrome which is characterized by ataxia, confusion and paralysis of the eye muscles that are responsible for eye movement. When these two occur together they are referred to as wernicke’s – korsakoff’s syndrome. This condition is characterized by an impaired temporal order recall, anterograde amnesia that is the inability to recall relevant events, confabulation where the patient makes up stories to fill in the missing gaps created by the memory loss. The patient is usually unaware of any memory defect and this is one of the hallmarks of the disease. The mamilliary bodies and the thalamus in the diencephalons are the parts responsible for the amnesia. To be precise, the amnesia is caused by atrophy of the nuclei in the midline of the thalamus. The diagnosis of anterograde amnesia in Korsakoff’s syndrome is done by examining the mental state of the individual so as to recognize confabulation and assess the ability to absorb new information. This syndrome is treated by the intra-venous administration of thiamine. Improvement takes months of treatment and even then, the person does not make a full recovery as the memory loss is irreversible. Unlike the anterograde amnesia that is seen in the Korsakoff’s syndrome, the amnesia associated with bilateral medial-temporal lobectomy is retrograde. This means that the patient who has undergone a bilateral media-temporal lobectomy is unable to recall events that happened before the onset of amnesia. Retrograde amnesia following this lobectomy shows that structures and pathways in the anterior temporal lobes play a very important role in memory for past events. There has been unres
This paper summarizes a video in which a primary school teacher, David Kitts, provides an example of his own lesson given to a grade of bilingual Native American children. The teacher’s main aims are to introduce the concepts of the passage of time and historical change to the class and to teach the children to identify similarities and differences between things. Other aims include showing children both their uniqueness and similarity to other people, accustoming them to diversity, and developing their knowledge of the English language. To facilitate the introduction of the concept of the passage of time to his students, Kitts employs visual aids (the board with the timeline). He familiarizes the children with the concept by talking about events of the recent past that the students are acquainted with (e.g. a recently burned trading post, birthdays of children and their ancestors) and showing what is common between these and other analogous events in farther past (e.g. construction of the trading post, birthdays of the children’s parents and ancestors). Kitts, employing children’s literature about two farmers (one of the farmers is from the present, the other – fro