ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Eurocentrism is the belief that the culture in the European countries is superior to other cultures. People judge the cultural practices and beliefs of others by the standards of their own culture and conclude that their culture is better than the others. Societies have different cultures based on different factors that make people come together and adopt a certain custom that evolves into a tradition, which is passed down from one generation to the next. When people from different societies come together, they face traditions they are not used to and the most common reaction is to judge the other person’s culture based on the one they are used to. This is how Eurocentrism rises when the people in the European countries view the cultures of other societies as inferior. It arises not only in culture, but also in products that may be believed to be of superior quality based on their origin; a European product may be viewed as superior simply because it is from a European country. In the 1880s, the Canadians had a practice performed by the North-West Coast Natives, where they celebrated the hereditary name of the host, as well as presented gifts of possession (Robbins and Dewar 2011: 4). This ceremony was called the Potlatch ceremony and its aim was to, “maintain the strength and social unity of the group” (Steckley and Letts 2011: 83). The rank of the party hosting the ceremony was established based on the quantity of the gifts they gave away; the more the gifts the host gave, the higher his rank in the Native Canadian society was deemed to be. The ceremony was, however, banned in 1884 by the Canadian government. This ban was declared after numerous protests by the church and a spread of rumors that the natives were becoming hostile. It all began when the Canadians started using the European products and the natives started competing for hierarchy (Aikenhead and Michell, 2011: 34). The competition led some of the natives to destroy their property in the belief that their wealth was so much that they had no need for some of it. The church was against what they considered to be pagan practices and it strongly objected the practice that encouraged pagan traditions. The church viewed the indigenous practices as inferior because they were alien to the Christians; the native people used instruments such as drums and masks, among others and had unique dances (Steckley and Letts 2011: 86). This difference unnerved the Christians, who reacted by protesting against the practice and claimed it was not right. The protests contributed greatly to the banning of the ceremony in 1884. Decades after the practice, a g
Introduction Galaxy formation and evolution is mainly entails the physical processes that resulted to the establishment of a non-uniform universe from a homogeneous start. How the first galaxies were formed and the way that they have evolved and the physical processes that have resulted to diverse structures in the adjacent galaxies form the basis of the theories that attempt to explain how the galaxies were formed and their subsequent evolution (Alvio & Ralf 2005). Structure formation theories attempt to bring forth how the galaxies were formed, with galaxy formation being attributed to numerous quantum fluctuations after the onset of the Big Bang. This model of galaxy formation implies that clustering and merging explain how the various galaxies increase their mass, and also plays a significant role in determining the shape and the structure of the galaxy (Chaisson 2007). From the early studies regarding galaxies, astronomers have attempted to develop diverse models in order explain the formation and evolution of the galaxies. The technological advancement has facilitated the process of further research to have an understanding of the galaxies during their early developmental stages and their subsequent evolution. In the last 10 years, the deployment of technological equipments like the Hubble Space Telescope has enabled the research of galaxies that were present when the entire universe was approximately 10 percent of its present age (Choi 2007). This research has resulted to some evidence that can be applied in the quest for explaining the galaxy formation and evolution. The two principal theories relating to galaxy formation and evolution were suggested during the 1960s. Over time, observational evidence resulted to notable constraints of the proposed models for explaining the formation and subsequent evolution of galaxies. The significant challenge is that the theories are not in concurrence with the collected evidence from the galaxies. This paper explores the competing theories of how the galaxies evolved and whether galaxies can be formed with super-massive black hole. The competing models of how galaxies formed and evolved over the years According to the classical model, as depicted in the figure 1 below, galaxies are formed and evolved in the form of comparatively isolated bodies. In this approach, the evolution of galaxies takes place in a pre-determined manner that depends on the earlier conditions and very minimal impact on the state of the adjacent environment (Djorgovski 2001). The hierarchical model on the other hand suggests that the formation and subsequent evolution of galaxies take place in terms of successive mergers comprised of smaller bodies, and
“Islamophobia” is one of the varieties of xenophobia, which is expressed in fear of Islam as a phenomenon incomprehensible and alien, as well as everything that is connected, including Muslims. At the same time, being guided only by the fear of Islam, there is hatred for both Muslims and religion in general. The term “Islamophobia” also means any actions or expressions that the representatives of Islam can regard as an act of aggression against their religious views. In the modern non-Muslim world, where the information component plays a decisive role in many respects, this term was filled with the following meaning: Islamophobia is the fear and intolerance towards Islam, which are inherent in virtually all media and, consequently, in all layers of society. Christianity and Islam are among the most widespread beliefs on earth. Christians like Muslims believe in one God. God is all-perfect and unlimited in Christianity; his nature is uncreated. In Islam, the concept of spirituality, which is only an attribute of the created human soul, is not applicable to Allah. Christians have one God in three Persons of the Holy Trinity. Muslims do not reveal the nature of God. Jesus Christ in Christians is the Son of God, among Muslims He is only a prophet. The Prophet Muhammad is followed by Islam. The Holy book of Christians is Bible, of Muslims, is Koran. Muslims partially accept the Bible, Christians reject the Koran. Angela Merkel denies the presence in Germany of Islamophobia, anti-Semitism or any form of xenophobia or racism. However, Islamophobia embraces Germany in connection with the influx of Muslim refugees into Germany and the negative attitude towards Muslims and, in particular, Islam, which appeared in a certain part of society (Barker, 2017). In America, Islamophobia takes on the image of a well-funded organization called “Stop Islamization of America,” which claims that Islam is primitive and aggressive in its essence. It is manifested in women wearing hijabs, speaking Arabic, etc. Criticism of Islam or Muslims seems acceptable because it is not regarded as classical racism.
Entrepreneurs engage in high risking ventures and intrinsic motives drive them towards realizing success in all these schemes. According to entrepreneurs, necessity is the mother of invention; they always work towards achieving a goal in their activities (Toren & Toren, 2011). This category of business people always develops winning attitudes in all actions that they pursue and possesses extroversion and a proclivity for risk-taking. Entrepreneurs may lack finances, but will commit the little they have to ensure that they eventually meet their targets. Moreover, entrepreneurs are creative individuals who are ready to learn for the sake of developing new ideas to make their ideas successful. If one fails to realize his/her entrepreneurial skills and other people help him/her see his/her potentials, it does not make such an individual an accidental entrepreneur. In connection to this, Jeff Bowling, therefore, is not an accidental entrepreneur. To top it off, when some of his players’ parents informed him of going beyond his career as a baseball coach, he took the initiative of researching on other career options independently. Evidently, the parents only notified Jeff of his hidden potential in recruiting. His determination to try another career yielded fruits within two weeks of search as he landed on Merritt Hawkins and Associates (MHA) advert for healthcare recruitment. Jeff’s illusion at his life as a baseball coach opened a new path into the healthcare industry. Notably, the baseball coach identified a leading healthcare firm in the country to help him learn great activities during his employment period. In addition, when a local businessperson, David Wood, offered him space in his office to start a personal shop, he quickly accepted it and went ahead to resign from the leading healthcare firm. Jeff’s decision of opting for a personal enterprise to an employment job reveals that he is an un-accidental entrepreneur. Starting a personal shop at Wood’s office assured Bowling of getting time for his all-life baseball team. Even though Dave funded entire business activities, Dave relied on Bowling’s active recruitment skills in starting and running Delta Medical Consulting. Interestingly, Bowling did not wait to receive instructions from Dave on managerial duties even though he lacked these skills. A real entrepreneur does not stay idle in management, but acts to learn the skills in the process (Stephenson, 2007). This is the direction that Bowling took and learnt through the mistakes that he made thus becoming a competent manager in another field. Although Jeff was quick to deny his entrepreneurial capabilities, his persuasive skills brought out his desire and need for successful business enterprises; this is what entrepreneurship is all about. An entrepreneur never gives up even when left alone. This is evident when Bowling opted to continue with the brilliant business idea that he had nurtured when Dave decided to withdr
Abstract American soldiers of Company assaulted the hamlet of My Lai part of the village of Son My in Quang Ngai province of South Vietnam on 16 March 1968. The complete Son My area was a throttlehold of the Viet Cong and Americans taken recurring casualties with land mines, snipers, and booby traps, without any significant get in touch with the enemy. During a meeting prior to the assault, the US commander Capt. Ernest L. Medina had ordered his men to burn and tear down the hamlet of My Lai. Contrary to prospect there was no enemy armed forces were encountered during the assault on My Lai. But Charlie Company sweeps throughout the hamlet and methodically killed all the inhabitants including women, children and old men. There were myriad rape killings and so many gang rapes. The number of Vietnamese civilians killed could not be determined over but assumed around 500. The stories of a massacre brought the incident to the notice of the secretary of defense and other government officials. A commission of inquiry was appointed and suggested Criminal charges were preferred against sixteen of army officers. Court martial, but only one individual tried five, 1st Lt. William L. Calley was found guilty. In a court martial of over four months, Calley was convicted and was sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labor on 29, March 1971. He was acquitted reasoning of the military judge’s defective orders on the issue of command responsibility. Altogether, the legal penalty of the My Lai incident left behind to desire. Some of the officials predicted it as a horrible thing, and find only one man finally convicted who set free after doing a relatively small part of his sentence. Introduction It is not just troops who get killed. It is within that perception where the force of Bourke’s argument lies; one of the primary themes of her book is the My Lai Massacre. By passing the orientation and political ideology of the Vietnam War, Americans would like to show one of the most major violations of officer impunity in American military history. American Army unit, led by Lieutenant William Calley killed over 500 unarmed civilians on March, 1968.They were “old men, women, children, and babies” (160) and this macabre killing occurred in a village in northeast Vietnam. For his involvement in gruesome massacre, Calley was convicted and suffered three and half years in imprisonment before being paroled in 1975 Richard Nixon awarded that. An outrageous perception of the My Lai scandal was the vast support for Calley on the American home front after his conviction: William Calley is now a notorious figure. He is not a household name (on a par with Custer or Sherman) speaks less about American culture’s ignorance of history and more about its resistance to certain historical strategies. 1 Katherine Kinney’s Friendly Fire drew conclusion that the story of Vietnam War narrative is “friendly fire,” Americans killing Americans. Friendly fire, “the revealed secret at the heart of war” (112), it is both a literal and met
Abstract Companies are legal entities. They are separated from the owners and management. Being legal entities, companies can own properties, employ people, enter into contracts and sue in courts. This explains why large businesses are organized as corporations. Corporations have several advantages over other forms of businesses. First, there is a separation of ownership and the business. Second, companies have more credibility in the market place than other forms of businesses. In business operation, ethical, economical, legal, and political considerations are important in determining the sensitivity of the geographical location. Thus, this treatise attempts to explicitly carry out a comparative analysis of the political, economical, ethical, and legal processes under which Nokia and Sainsbury’s Companies operate. Nokia Company is located in the United States while Sainsbury’s Company is located in the United Kingdom. The business laws in these countries are similar. Besides, the economies of these countries are open with little restrictions to free trade. It is important to review the aspects of geographical location in business to establish their sustainability and uniqueness in operations. Introduction Indisputably one of the top retail food stores, Sainsbury’s Company has been operational since 1869. The company has chains of stores and offers financial services. The group currently runs 350 supermarkets besides 300 shops. The customer base stands at 14 million per week in these stores. In order to affirm presence in the market, the company sold shareholding for its bank and currently owns half of it. Generally, the company is considered among the top five best performing grocery store in the world. Sainsbury’s has survived the competitive momentum in the UK market. Nokia Corporation is a global communications corporation incorporated in Finland. The corporation is divided into three segments. Nokia Corporation has market all over the world with the major markets being China, India, Germany, Russia, USA, Brazil, UK, Spain, Italy and Indonesia. Political Envirinoment The essential political requirements of the Nokia and Sainsbury’s Companies towards the operational planning and development phases are those that impact directly on the stability of the culture of the countries of operation. The Finland democracy faces no cultural and religious opposition from the majority who are the bulwark of the Nokia phone users. This has been a factor that has encouraged the engagement of Nokia Company in the economic focusing and operation within the expansive Finland market (Turner 2005, p. 78). The overall development levels exhibited by the Finland government are relatively stable and high, thus, encouraging prospective investors such as the Nokia Company. Reflectively, this can be seen to include the potential of the region for business ventures such as telecommunication services provided by the Nokia Company. The rate at which the democracy of the United Kingdom is gr
Basic Descriptions For this project, I observed two groups of individuals recovering from fractures and other injuries in the traumatology department. This department is responsible for providing immediate medical aid as well as short and long-term rehabilitation. The groups observed in the scope of this paper were split based on their age. The first group consisted of five elder adults aged 60 and above. The second group consisted of three adolescents aged between 14 and 17. The groups were placed in separate wards, thus eliminating any chances of inter-group interactions. Members of either group mostly interacted with one another. Some of the interactions included socialization and basic activities pertaining to their treatment schedule. Physical, Cognitive, and Socio-Emotional Issues The two groups are predisposed towards different physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional issues. Elder adults are typically frail in body and have weaker health due to aging, which makes them more prone to injuries and traumas received from falls. According to the NCOA (2018), fall-related injuries constitute the majority of deaths in elder Americans. In adolescents, falls and traumas are typically associated with accidents and as a result of physical activity. One of the boys observed in the scope of this study broke his leg while riding a bike, another was hit by a car while crossing the road, and the third one was recovering from injuries sustained in a school fight. Other issues that this population group is exposed to includes malnutrition, obesity, and seasonal illnesses. Elderly patients have significantly more cognitive issues when compared to adolescents. Due to old age, many of older patients experience problems with seeing, hearing, and keeping balance, which often serves as a predictor of various falls and injuries. In adolescents, on the other hand, cognitive issues are much less widespread (Kagitcibasi & Ataca, 2015). Poor eyesight is becoming increasingly common, however, due to the widespread use of television, computers, and smartphones. Hearing damage is also likely because of listening to loud music using headphones. In some cases, cognitive issues are caused by trauma, which both groups are exposed to in equal measure (Kagitcibasi & Ataca, 2015). Socio-emotional issues in elder adults stem from various challenges and disabilities as well as from the effects of social isolation that follow. This is especially true for low-mobility adults that stay at home most of the time. Unable to connect with their peers and healthcare workers, elderly patients tend to neglect personal care as well as their treatments (Kagitcibasi & Ataca, 2015). Depression is likely to develop as well. In adolescents, socio-emotional issues are heavily connected with the situation at home and in school. The desire for appreciation, success, and a stable home environment are the primary driving factors. Inabilities to acquire any of these are likely to cause adolescents to develop bad habits, depression, or engage in anti-social and dangerous behavior (Kagitcibasi & Ataca, 2015). Observations of Group Behavior Due to the nature of the traumatology ward, both group
In many cases, cultural products have many profound problems when they are analyzed through a social lens since they tend to describe specific aspects of people’s life in the society and, thus, their communication methods. The typical on the first sight series, The Neighborhood effectively represented the specific type of diversity concerning today’s realities and intercultural communication. Many scenes described in the comedy manner that social self-determination plays a pivotal role in the efficiency of human relations, even if people possess the same financial opportunities. Consequently, the social lens enables an understanding of Calvin Butler’s aggressive and critical attitude to Dave Johnson, who aimed to demonstrate the ideal type of neighbor. While some people realize that the remote environment should have negatively impacted their ability to socialize, other community representatives do not feel the necessity to integrate into real-world communication. From a scientific perspective, Wall and Williams, in their article “Policing diversity in the digital age: Maintaining order in virtual communities,” depict the actual situation in the remote-working society. Even though the work mainly concentrates on jurisprudential detailing, it might also serve as a fundamental base for analyzing the issue through a social lens. More specifically, Wall and Williams state: “That virtual relationships within online communities contain neither the full panoply of social relationships nor the cohesive or organic expectations of traditional gemeinschaft community relationships speaks for itself because the complex social stimuli which create them are largely absent” (2007). In this statement, the authors enforced the notion of decreasing communication owing to the development of digital products. The social lens provided an alternative regarding genuine hospitality and clearness in interpersonal communication. In addition, this consideration might directly influence other lens of perception in different measures, notably historical and human ones. Reference Wall, D. S., & Williams, M. (2007). Policing diversity in the digital age. Criminology & Criminal Justice , 7 (4), 391–415. Web.