ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Assessing the competency of a defendant to stand trial is a complicated process that involves much work on the part of the psychologist performing the evaluation. Much of the precedent in determining competency was set by the US Supreme Court case of Dusky v. United States . It was ruled in this case that a defendant must understand the nature of the court proceedings and be able to assist in their own defense (Simon and Gold, 2004). In regards to Wilson, there are several things that should be determined before a second evaluation can be performed. First of all, as the psychologist, I would want to know some of Wilson’s past history, including prior arrests. It is already known that he has had schizophrenic episodes in the past and suffered from some delusions regarding his parents. In addition, we know that Wilson has tried to harm himself before and has tried to harm his sister as well, both of which lead to mental health treatment. I would want to see the records from these previous treatment sessions and see what has been done in the past to combat his mental illness. According to Otto (2003), “medical, mental health and school records oftentimes are valuable in identifying underlying conditions that might be responsible for any competence related deficits that are observed…” (88). Knowing about Wilson’s past is essential to understanding his present condition. Along these lines, I would also want to talk to his sister, if possible and any other person that had consistent contact with Wilson over the years. Another thing I would like to know what kinds of treatments have been given to Wilson in the past. According to the information given, Wilson was not medicated at the time of the incident with his parents. The major question that comes to mind is why was he not medicated at t
Introduction People often say that beauty is something subjective. However, some people tend to forget about the complexity of the concept. What is a beauty? For some, it is a set of specific physical features, whereas it is a set of personal qualities for others. No one can tell exactly what beauty is. Nonetheless, it is clear that beauty (with all its facets) plays a very important role in people’s lives. Numerous artists have tried to find the answer to what beauty is and managed to come up with an important finding that beauty is something all people long for. A Novel One of the most significant fiction works on beauty is Picture of Dorian Gray , where Oscar Wilde explores the essence of beauty and its value. Dorian, the protagonist, chooses to preserve his physical beauty but forgets about the beauty of his soul. Notably, the author believes that people’s appearance is a mirror where their sins can be traced (Wilde 70). According to the author, a person with the face of an angel can be virtuous and cannot be sinful (Wilde 70). It may seem that Lord Henry is a promoter of sin, but he turns out to be in his search for the beauty of a person’s soul. Therefore, Oscar Wilde revealed people’s desire to reach perfection (or beauty is another word for this) of a human soul. A Film One more example of this search is the film Beastly (2011). In the film, a popular attractive and rich young man is very arrogant. He loses his attractiveness but acquires something really important, his beauty or rather beauty of his heart. In this film, the filmmakers try to find the balance between the beauty of body and heart, and the final scenes show that the balance can exist ( Beastly ). Of course, the main character has to lose his physical attractiveness to open up and understand his soul. Importantly, the film shows that beauty is not confined to appearance as people are truly beautiful when they have beautiful hearts and souls. Moreover, it is stressed that a person becomes more beautiful as beauty comes from inside. A Song Finally, singers often try to find the answer to the eternal question concerning beauty. Christina Aguilera sings about standards of beauty and concludes that true beauty is something that makes a person come to terms with him/herself as people are “the song inside the tune” (“Christina Aguilera”). The song is related to physical beauty, but it also shows that people strive for beauty. Th
Mark Twain’s 1884 classic “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” is a story about slavery and Black subject dehumanization told from the perspective of Huckleberry “Huck” Finn; a barely literate teen who escapes a drunken, abusive father by faking his death. In the process, Finn encounters Jim – who was escaping slavery – and embarks together on a ride on a raft down River Mississippi. Satirically, Twain skewers the meaning of “right and wrong” in this antebellum-south writing, noting that returning a fugitive slave – instead of helping him escape – is the right thing to do. The author utilizes the most extreme backwoods South-Western dialect, the Missouri Black vernacular, and the standard “Pike-County” parlance and its four variants in the book. He contends that the shadings have not been done haphazardly or through guesswork. Instead, Mark Twain completed them painstakingly with the support and trustworthy guidance of his familiarity with the speech forms. The novel’s setting is the 1830s and 40s Missouri when the state still permitted slavery. Through the book, the author shows that slavery was accepted by all Whites regardless of their age or gender and that slaves were mistreated because Whites deemed them as lacking personhood. Finn paints a colorful image of Jim, the slave but argues that slavery is right and acceptable. He notes that the morally acceptable thing to do when a person finds a fleeing slave is to surrender him to his owner, not to assist him to escape. Finn mentioned these words regarding his encounter with Jim, a forme
Software piracy passes as any act resulting in stealing legally protected software. The act’s impact on the individual and society increases productivity risks through security holes that cause users to experience glitches and bugs. The outcome of the experience is frustrations, lost times, and lost work (Parson, n.d.). Two, the absence of warranties with the pirated software means they are exposed to increased security risks with the software containing viruses and associated malware that affect computers (Parson, n.d.). Third, the individual or society is exposed to legal risks associated with pirated software when caught using it. Piracy results in economic risks that take away legitimate software sales to the software company. Law-abiding companies are forced to illegally share their work with others (Parson, n.d.). Further, with other companies outside the software industry willing to pirate and save money, software companies run losses amounting to billions of dollars annually. In the U.S., consumers searching for illegal content have a choice of proliferated platforms enabling them to stream pirated material. As posted on Viaccess.orca, Stout (2021) shows that 23 million from 9 million American households used a pirated IPTV subscription in 2021. Further, pirated video services value from accessed non-Pay-TV and Pay-TV consumers was projected to be more than $67 billion by the end of 2023 (Stout, 2021). To counter this form of piracy, among the most effective ways is removing incentives for users to look for pirated content. The other anti-piracy solutions are PR and education, where piracy is highlighted as a crime, and legal and enforcement, where countermeasures are implemented to remove and interrupt pirated content (Stout, 2021). By mention, the other anti-piracy measures are cooperation, technology and operations, and barrier to entry.
Introduction Distinguishing between male and female skeleton is the one aspect of study that anthropologists, biological scientists and archeologist have incessantly researched and debated on (Delson, Tattersall & Van, 73-92). Anthropologists in particular have been faced with myriads of challenges in trying to determine the sexes of the human skeletons. Whether the skeleton in question belongs to a female or a male character has therefore been a matter of debates and speculations. As Francis Gurney substantiates on this claim, a one hundred percent (100%) method of determining skeleton sexes is yet to be found. Gurney also contends that many research findings that persist on the possible existence of clear distinctiveness between the skeleton sexes are all but assumptions and speculations (Gurney, 56-78). Such critical arguments indicate how controversial the methodologies applied to determine the gender of the skeletons may be. Also contributing significantly towards the debates and arguments on how to determine the sex of a skeleton are the theoretical and mythical aspects of it. For instance, the biblical myth which posits that naturally, a man has seven ribs, one of which he gives to a woman after marriage. Far from the biblical myth is the artists’ proportional theory which bases its findings on observations. Delson, Tattersall and Van Couvering note that it is not yet clear to what extent this biblical myth is true. They emphasize if it is, then separating between male and female skeletons would not have been difficult as such (Delson, Tattersal & Van, 73-92).In the long run, there are still no patent models and strategies particularly employed to distinguish between female and male skeletons. A variety of methods have been suggested across the anthropological divide, but all are prone to disapprovals and imprecision. Aim and Objective The aim of this paper is to discuss at length the anthropological perspectives on determining skeleton sexes. The paper seeks to address conflicting ideologies surrounding the skeleton anatomy based on gender. Its objective is to give a succinct distinction between what anthropologists hold to be right in determining skeleton sex and what other researchers in different fields of studies have put forward as the possible reality concerning this matter. It investigates the previous research find
Qualifications of the Author The article was co-authored by three teachers and experts in the field of grammar. Constance Weaver is one of the leading authors in the field of grammar teaching. Carol McNally has extensive experience in school teaching and also runs an educational channel on the YouTube platform. Sharon Moerman is a seventh-grade teacher. Main Purpose of the Text In the center of the article is the question of the need to teach grammar in schools and academies, but at the same time, the controversial autonomy of this discipline is discussed. Relation to Other Works The article draws heavily on the work of Harry Noden in his book Image Grammar , which offers a more creative approach to language and grammar learning. The novelty of the article is the experience of practical application and the author’s processing of many theories proposed by Noden, which through the article confirm their ability to modify and practical effectiveness (Weaver et al., 2001). The article contains reports on the experience of teaching grammar by the authors of the article and their original approaches. The standpoint of the Author According to the authors, teaching grammar should be included in the broader context of other activities. The authors state that more than a set of rules, students need to know how to use options in order to really excel at writing (Weaver et al., 2001). The authors of the article argue that by offering unconventional, creative strategies for learning grammar in context, they have significantly expanded the language capabilities of students (Weaver et al., 2001). By learning grammar not as rules but as opportunities, students were able to better capture images and details in their written narratives. Audience This article can be perceived as a practical guide for language teachers who need strategies to improve their practice. The difficulty level of the article can be described as moderate since it combines the theoretical calculations of linguists with the practical experience of a language teacher. Summary The article offers original approaches to teaching but is also interesting from a theoretical point of view, offering an original perspective on the multidisciplinary perception of science. Reference Weaver, C., McNally, C., & Moerman, S. (2001). To grammar or not to grammar: That is not the question! Voices From the Middle, 8 (3), 17-34.
During raising a child, breastfeeding is one of the most crucial processes that mothers remember for years because it unites them with their children, probably, more than anything else. Moreover, mothers who breastfeed have some long- and short-term health beneﬁts. For example, “such mothers have decreased postpartum blood loss and more rapid involution of the uterus” (“Breastfeeding”, p. 831). Their chances of the development of postpartum depression, child abuse and neglect, and rheumatoid arthritis reduce significantly, and such mothers return to their pre-pregnancy weight easier and faster than those who do not breastfeed. According to researches, breastfeeding duration is “associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus; for each year of breastfeeding, there was a decreased risk of 4% to 12%” (“Breastfeeding”, p. 831). Women who have a cumulative lactation history of twelve to twenty-three months have a signiﬁcant reduction in diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Cumulative lactation experience influences the decrease of both ovarian and breast cancer. Thereby, each year of breastfeeding reduces the risk levels of breast cancer by 4.3%. Daily energy needs of well-nourished mothers who breastfeed increase by about 500 kcal per day. This need may be met by a small increase in a normal balanced diet. During lactation, a number of clinicians recommend continuing to use prenatal vitamin supplements. The main recommendation for breastfeeding mothers is to “include an average daily intake of 200 to 300 mg of the polyunsaturated fatty acids to guarantee a sufﬁcient concentration of preformed DHA in the milk” (“Breastfeeding”, p. 833). Per week, consumption of one or two portions of ﬁsh can meet this need. However, the intake of predatory ﬁsh like swordﬁsh, mackerel, marlin, and pike fish should be avoided. For poorly nourished mothers or those who are on a selective vegan diet may require multivitamins and a supplement of DHA. Despite the advantages of breastfeeding, there is a limited number of medical contraindications that every mother who is going to breastfeed has to keep in mind. They may be divided into three groups: categorical contraindications, not absolute ones, and only expressed milk allowance. The first group includes situations when a mother is positive for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I or II or untreated brucellosis as they may be dangerous for the i
Introduction   * IRT is a crucial division of an organization. The team has the responsibility of identifying and handling incidents in a systematic way to precisely investigate, lessen and report it to the concerned individuals in an organization.   * Large and well established organizations should take it upon themselves to formally establish Incident Response Teams.   * Small organizations should have an informal IRT (Kruse and Heiser, 2007). Roles of IRT   * The board of directors should be available for all the emergency meetings.   * The Incident commander manages the overall responsibility.   * The administrator oversees the investigation and notifies the insurance company and other administrators.   * The security information officer examines the extent of the incident.   * The information security officer prepares the summary of the incident and actions taken to correct the incident.   * The information privacy officer checks on the personal information that may have been breached.   * The network architecture analyzes the network traffic.   * The operation system architecture examines all the system logs.   * An auditor checks the systems to ensure that they comply with the security policies.   * Human resource personnel provide the list of persons and the emergency contact information for. Incident Response Processes   * Prepare the organization and the IRT before the incident occur.   * Identify the incident and initialize the investigation and record the details.   * The response strategy is formed and the approval is obtained from the management.   * The facts collected are reviewed.   * The outcome of the investigation is then reported to the management/decision makers.   * The security procedures are then taken in order to provide a long term solution. Response Policies   * Statement of commitment of the management.   * Objectives and purpose of the policy.   * The extent of the policy.   * Definition of the incident and their effect within the context of the organization.   * Prioritization of incidents.   * Reporting and contact forms. Conclusion   * The staff should continually be given training concerning incidence response (Lucas and Moeller, 2004).   * Documents and evidence are the key items that should be protected in the event of an incidence (Fadia, 2007).
The parable of the cave by Plato was an attempt to highlight the importance of education to the achievement of wisdom. Plato compared the parable to the processes that a person goes through as a philosopher. He argues that once a person has been enlightened to the level of a philosopher, he should go back to the mundane world (the cave) and try to educate his fellow men. The cave or ordinary world is characterized by greed, self-interest, and struggle for political power. The parable is a criticism of people who are enslaved by their senses. A key theme of the parable is how people are shackled to warped perceptions, unaware of the reality. It is composed of five components namely; the shadow, the ordinary man, the fire, the ascending and the descending men. The shadow is perhaps the most complex concept to understand in this allegory. It relates to the concept of ‘‘forms’’ one of Plato’s many concepts which have withstood the test of time. He believed that most concepts formed by people through the five common senses do not represent real objects but they are only images or shadows created from distorted perceptions. The same case applies to the ethics of decision-making and acting in real life, as well as our ideas regarding the truth. What people believe to be right or wrong or true in life is based on limited knowledge and experiences as opposed to complete knowledge. The ordinary man symbolizes all persons before they have attained complete education. This man perceives nothing apart from the images on the cave’s wall. The images stand for all the things that we have observed in our lives. As the shadows form the set of all the things we have ever observed, they represent the reality to us. Attaining education entails gaining the capacity to discern everything both in and outside the cave. The purpose of the third component, the fire, is to shine light on the real objects, casting off shadows on the cave’s wall. In this way, the fire contributes to the creation of the realities as perceived by the ordinary man. Yet another component is that of the ascending man. This is a person who is lucky enough to be liberated from the fetters of the cave in which the ordinary man resides. After his escape, the ascending man ultimately gains a grasp of the real objects and he attains complete knowledge or education. He realizes that the shadows were only a glimpse of the reality but not the reality itself. The fire gives us a blurred notion of what the real forms look like but, until you emerge from the cave, the only notion that you will have is an ‘‘im
Abstract Apple Incorporation has a very successful supply chain management. The company purchases materials and components from a series of suppliers spread across the globe. These raw materials are shipped to a centralized assembly facility in China. The finished products are then transported directly to customers through FedEx and UPS. Apple Incorporation uses its direct and indirect distribution channels to retail other products and services via its primary supply chain partners. When the product life cycle ends, customers are encouraged to return the units to dedicated recycling plants or the nearest Apple store. Despite the successful supply chain management strategy, the company is faced with challenges such as sourcing bottlenecks and decentralized demand planning. Apple Incorporation could eliminate these setbacks through centralized planning for forecasted demand and engaging reliable or flexible suppliers. Introduction Apple Incorporation was founded in 1976 by three friends called Steve Wozniak, Ronald Wayne, and Steve Jobs. Over the years, the company has grown into a global brand that has more than 396 retail stores in the US market alone. At present, Apple Incorporation has operations across the globe. This paper explores the supply chain of Apple Incorporation in terms of suppliers, facilities, customers, and supply chain partners. The report also reviews the schematic of Apple Incorporation’s supply chain with the associated flow of goods, capital, and information. In addition, the paper examines supply chain costs, modes of transportation, warehousing, metrics for quantifying costs, service levels, and inventory turnover. The report concludes by recommending improvements in supply chain management for the company. Supply Chain Management Components The AMR research report has named Apple Incorporation as a company with the best supply chain practices across the globe for the last three concurrent years, that is, from 2015 to 2017. The high ranking could be attributed to the company’s ability to effectively merge digital and physical supply chain sides. Supply Chain Planning at Apple Incorporation The supply chain planning at Apple Incorporation is segmented