ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Green house effect is the condition where thermal radiation emanating from the sun passes via the atmosphere. The earth absorbs a portion of the rays and reflects another amount back to the atmosphere (Karoly 546). The presence of green house gases, for example, carbon dioxide plus methane cause trapping of heat in the earth. This is possible because the infrared radiations emitted from the surface cannot pass the green house gases without absorption. When green houses gases absorb the radiations they send the heat energy to the surface, and at the lower atmosphere causing the normal temperatures of the earth to elevate. Increases of green house gases to undesired levels cause conditions in the globe unbearable. Increases of green house gases result from pollution due to human acts, for example, burning of fossil fuels (Karoly 546). In addition, industrial activities release significant amounts of the gases hence increasing their volume in the atmosphere. Large volumes of green houses in the atmosphere mean that the earth will continue to warm substantially because of the heat trapped by those gases. As the volume of gases increase, trapping increases leading to rise of surface and atmospheric temperatures. The action of green house effect on earth is different to actual green houses because there is a flow of air in the atmosphere. This flow can lead to drops or rises of temperature due to loss of heat to the flowing air (Károly 547). What are the main greenhouse gases? The main green houses include carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor, methane chlorofluorocarbons, Ozone and nitrous oxide (Silverstein, Virginia & Laura 20). Water vapor is the most significant green house gas. It occurs naturally and in large volumes in the atmosphere. Water vapor causes the greatest percentage of green house effect (60-70%) and does not remain in the atmosphere because of losses through rain (Silverstein et al. 21). Carbon dioxide gas makes about 55 percent of global warming and results from human activities common in the world today. Release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is due to combustion of fossil fuels and pollution from industries. Human acts such as felling of trees and clearing of plant cover results to rises in the levels of carbon dioxide. This occurs because plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen for human use. Methane causes about 25 percent of global warming. It traps more heat than carbon dioxide despite its low amounts in the atmosphere. The gas occurs due to fossil fuel combustion especially in industries (Silverstein et al. 23). Nitrous oxide and CFCs contribute to global warming with nitrous oxide occurring naturally and CFCs artificially. What is the present level of atmospheric carbon dioxide? What are the reasons for the increase? The present levels of carbon dioxide are 360 parts per million, a 30 percent increase from 1860s. After the industrial revolution in 1850s, there was a rapid increase in the use of fuels like coal, oil and natur
The time travel issue is one of the most controversial questions in the field of philosophy because it is based on the discussion of different types of the time, causes and consequences of actions, casual loops, and on analysing the past, the present, and the future as providing a range of possibilities or a range of facts. It is important to pay attention to the fact that the possibility of the time travel is discussed with references to the consequences of such a journey. In his paper, William Grey is inclined to present a list of the time travel’s consequences which are characterised as intolerable because of their connection with the time travel paradoxes. Thus, the time travel can lead to the intolerable and even threatening consequences because of influencing the principle of the cause and effect in relation to the past and future, and as a result, the most threatening is the effects of the reverse causation and casual loops associated with the fact of the time travel. The time travel is possible only with references to the Parmenidean view of reality according to which the past, the present, and the future can exist not only eternally but also during the same time period. From this point, the past, the present, and the future exist at the same moment, and any changes as the result of the time travel are impossible, but the possibility of that fact provokes the discussion of intolerable consequences. According to Grey, the intolerable consequences of the time travel if it is admitted by the philosopher are th
The term ‘the Middle East’ was coined in the very beginning of the twentieth century. It was quite suitable at that time as there was no such close cooperation between different regions in the world. There were rather relations between empires and their colonies (Davison, 1960). Relations between western countries and countries of the so-called Middle East and Asia changed several times during the twentieth century. At present, the relations are quite different as they are said to be based on principles of cooperation (Adib-Moghaddam, 2006). In the twenty-first century, states and regions need particular boundaries as about one, or another region influences political strategies employed by other countries (Stewart, 2005). Therefore, such a vague term as ‘the Middle East’ cannot be suitable anymore as it adds ambiguity to the geopolitical situation in the world and there is a certain need in introducing a new specific term that could help identify boundaries of the region. Firstly, the existence of a specific term that clearly describes the region will positively affect the geopolitical situation in the world as the states will shape their policies accordingly. Thus, Davison (1960) states that many countries will be able to develop proper relations with the region if the boundaries are cut. The USA government will be able to identify specific “countries to which the Eisenhower Doctrine would apply” (Davison, 1960, p. 675). Furthermore, understanding which states refer to the region which is now called the Middle East, other countries will also be able to shape their policies as they will take into account peculiarities of the countries in the region. Secondly, irrespective of changes associated with globalization, regional peculiarities play a very important role in political study and analysis, which makes clear terms crucial for defining the overall geopolitical situation in the world. According to Adib-Moghaddam (2006, p. 69), “the ideational structure of the region is ontologically superior to the global level” and, as such, analysts need to focus on environments in different regions rather than on the global environment. This approach will provide a complete picture of the development of societies. Admittedly, focus on regions brings to the fore the necessity to identify the regions perfectly well. Vague terms and unclear boundaries prevent analysts from tracing important trends. Finally, the introduction of a specific term for the region will help ordinary people participate in the political life of their countries more actively, which can prevent a variety of international conflicts based on specific interests of particular groups. Thus, the 9/11 attack changed the American society greatly and made Americans hostile to everything ass
The life of every person is unique indeed: every one of us chooses his/her own way and tries to follow the chosen way taking into consideration personal desires and the standpoints of people around. Sometimes, our personal desires do not make any harm, but sometimes the desire to follow own dreams may change many lives. Literature is one of the most effective ways, which help to demonstrate what personal desires both reasonable and unreasonable may lead to. Literature can help to analyze the relations between people, find out its problems, and even solve them from time to time. With the help of numerous literature masterpieces, people get opportunities to learn more about human nature, comprehend the sense of life, and even improve it. A Conversation with My Father, a short story by Grace Paley, and The Swimmer, a short story of John Cheever are good examples of literature works, which provide the reader with an opportunity to see the essence of life and comprehend the truth of life tragedies. Not every reader may find common ideas in these two works at once. One of them is more about the complicated relations between a father and a daughter. Another tells a story about the unbelievable journey of one young man from a party to his own home. However, one of the themes that may unite the works of these two different authors is the idea of facing tragedy at the end of the story. Each character faces his/her own tragedy: for one of them, it is misunderstandings with the father, for another, it is the loss of the family and the sense of life. A Conversation with My Father is not a simple imagery fiction. This work explains the author’s personal aims and describes how difficult the process of writing is. It is not that easy to be interesting to any reader. Her primary purpose was to make her own father be proud of what she was doing. It is quite possible that this story is a kind of talk to Paley’s own father and attempt to explain such a choice. A peculiar feature of A Conversation with My Father and The Swimmer is the combination of realism with practice and constant experiments. How can a person know for sure about something if he/she does not test it? A Conversation with My Father is a story about story telling. The narrator, a storyteller, discusses her style of writing with her bedridden father and tries to get an approval to create her stories in the ways she prefer. The father always criticizes her works and underlines her disability to make tragic endings, which make a basis for this life. In spite of his health problems, his mind is rather alert, and he can easily pro
The closure of BBC’s Arabic T.V station paved the way for the birth of Aljazeera Satellite Channel, which became operational in November 1996. BBC’s Arabic station ceased its operations in Saudi Arabia due to unfavorable political economy. The Saudi Arabia government was keen on suppressing information on the numerous cases of human rights abuse including the execution of dissidents. Aljazeera functioned as an Arabic news channels and a current affairs satellite T.V in its early years. The T.V network has expanded to become a media entity with various outlets including web-based news and special television channels in different languages and countries. Aljazeera’s mission is to deliver content, which will inform, inspire and entertain the world through creative and spirited people and provide expansive and comprehensive platforms for interaction. The organization seeks to balance global media coverage to incorporate human diversity, expose and broadcast the plights of the voiceless and achieve outstanding results in its coverage. Aljazeera has remained faithful to its mission statement to date. For example, the decision to broadcast a live coverage of the war in Afghanistan put the T.V network in the global limelight. Aljazeera was the only media channel broadcasting a live coverage of the war in Afghanistan. The Emir of Qatar, Sheik Hamada bin Kalifa, funded the creation of Aljazeera with a loan of about 137 million dollars. The loan helped to sustain Aljazeera’s operations in its infant phase. The ruling family in Qatar remains the chief source of funding for Aljazeera although there are other private investors in the Aljazeera media Network (Walt, 2013). The huge funding available for Aljazeera has allowed the T.V network to rival the BBC, CNN and MSNBC in terms of established bureaus, correspondents and access to American households. Aljazeera is dependent on government subsidies considering that the T.V network has been unable to attract advertisements to generate enough revenue to sustain its operations. Despite the evidence on the funding of Aljazeera by the ruling family of Qatar, the focus on broadcasting uncensored news demonstrates the extent of the T.V network’s editorial independence. Aljazeera’s approach in broadcasting has discredited the notion that the Qatar government influences the content the organization publishes or broadcasts. Aljazeera has often been on the frontline in criticizing poor leadership in the Persian Gulf nations, which is unexpected of a state-controlled media outlet (Ghosh, 2014). The influence of the Middle East political economy on the independence and transparency of Aljazeera is minimal considering that the media entity has demonstrated its willingness to broadcast politically unpopular views on numerous occ
When one views and analyzes some of the specific art work of noted modern artist, A. A. Bronson, it is easy to see that his art is indeed a microcosm of an integral, unique, and discrete part of the Canadian artistic identity. The particular piece chosen here for consideration is his installation entitled, Through the Looking Glass. This selection consists of twelve pieces, each one being a representation of the dozen chapters of the 1871 Lewis Carroll’s sequel to Alice in Wonderland . Initially, this work of art was a web project, primarily rendered for the October 2000 Vienna Secession exhibition. In 2009, the artist accompanied his work with a book, a new volume, called AA through the Looking Glass. This itself, is a collection of twelve silver-coated frames with various Carroll quotes, published by Michele Didier. (Bronson 2009). Thus, his work Through the Looking Glass is the one of the best works that reflect the author’s vision of reality and the one that reflects the author’s sense of Canadian identity. Most noteworthy is the first one, a very striking photograph of Bronson’s previous partner Felix, soon after his demise. In Faking Death: Canadian Art Photography and the Canadian Imagination b y Penny Cousineau-Levine, this art critic spoke of the selection as well, on page 63. She stated that “Animating the Canadian photograph, of every conceivable situation or thing, is the constant parsing as what is seen into two dimensions, here and there- and very often, life and death” (Cousineau-Levine 2003, 63). Surely, it is no simple feat to categorize A. A Bronson’s artistic accomplishments of more than 30 years, nor is it so simple to readily and easily delineate his significant Canadian artistic contributions. Diana Nemiroff describes this on the website for the Canada Council of the Arts, in her piece, AA Bronson: Reflections on the Person. She observes that his art has evolved in many directions, and that his identity as a Canadian artist has actually shifted, over time. This, she says, is mostly because he was expressly challenging various modes of thinking and performing, as he lived his life and published his art. (Canada Council for the Arts – The Governor General’s Awards in Visual and Media, n. d.). This tendency of Bronson to consistently decry and
Introduction: Presenting Problems The client, Dante Williams, is a 56-year-old African American heroin addict diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Dante works as a mail carrier for the U. S. postal services. Although he has a son, he does not maintain any relationship with him, and his son does not try to communicate with Dante. The client’s father was a drug addict and died from an overdose fifteen years ago, while Dante’s siblings have substance abuse disorders. Dante’s elder brother and younger sister do not use drugs but consume strong alcohol. Among other relatives, the client has the closest relationships with his mother, and they communicate every week. Dante has received care for hypothyroidism and also has high blood pressure. The client’s bipolar disorder is manifested through major depressive episodes that may last for several weeks and even months. The client had hypomanic episodes that lasted up to a week, but these episodes have not occurred lately. The client underwent detoxication procedures and received pharmacological treatment to address his addiction. He was recommended to undergo addiction psychotherapy to ensure his full recovery. Dante displayed readiness and willingness to participate in the counseling program, and he acknowledged the problem he had. During counseling sessions, it was identified that the client was concerned about his current health conditions, which contributed to his depression. Dante’s relationships with his parents caused distress and psychological discomfort as well. His communication with his mother had mixed effects as it could cause certain emotional discomfort. First, the client did not address this aspect and was unwilling to talk about his son. Later, he acknowledged that his relationship with his son made him feel uncomfortable and contributed to the development of depressive symptoms. The client also reported vocational problems related to his psychological state. Dante reported strong cravings for heroin twice during the therapy. Once, he failed to effectively address his cravings and used alcohol. He was proud he did not use heroin but consumed strong alcohol instead. The other time, he effectively avoided using any substance. Short- and Long-Term Treatment Goals Short-Term Treatment Goals   * dispose of drug-related items;   * identify the exact issues related to addiction;   * identify the particular triggers (events, ideas, emotions, and thoughts) leading to cravings for drugs;   * try new things;   * self-control strategies development
To improve the response time to customer request and speed up times transactions. The company is adapting to internet shopping and has set up a separate subsidiary to handle the internet purchases. This is in addition to the company policy of having more than one register open at a counter so that payments by customers are handled faster. Reduced transaction time is targeted at increasing the efficiency of the company business operations as indicated in its vision of achieving excellent operational efficiency. The company will rely on the customers’ value for efficient service that will drive them to the Wal-Mart store rather than individual online supply stores. The company has to ensure that its inventory management and shipment of goods purchased online are synced and backed up to provide a robust system that builds customer’s trust. To this end, the company is includes an order tracking feature and a gift return option ( [email protected] , 2000). To enhance its internal control department to be able to control the company’s growth imperative so that they company suffers less from problem associated with its big size. The company can measure its success in controlling the company growth through an audit on its return on investment. Investments that make business sense and increase Wal-Mart’s overall aim of operational efficiency impact positively on the internal business processes of the company. These investments are impact on the organizational aspect of the business eliminating losses of time or equipment. For example, technological investments leverage on the overall business strategy of being just in time, like the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags to track inventory from suppliers to consumers that eliminated any blockages along the supply-chain management system. The placement of RFID tags on inventory also reduces the tendency of employees to steal from the company because the technology improves and speeds up tracking (Malhotra, 2005). Abolish all excesses, through reduction, recycling and reuse of all supplies that moves into the company’s stores, by 2025. To achieve this objective Wal-Mart intends to reduce the level of packaging within its store supply chain by five per cent by 2013. The company is developing sustainable packaging solutions in conjunction with its suppliers. In addition, the company has implemented a strategy that persuades customers to buy reusable bags for shopping. The objective has targets customer satisfaction in a green conscious environment and aims at increasing the overall efficiency of the companies operation,
Without doubts, good decision-making at all levels is important for any organization that wants to achieve its mission as it is captured in its mission statement. It is therefore also important that the organization, when faced with a decision to adopt one of the various decision-making techniques available and implement it fully and successfully. Decision-making techniques are approaches that guide an organization, individual, or other entity in making decisions that are in line with its goals, objectives, or mission. Examples of decision-making techniques include T-chart, Edward de Bono’s PMI technique, Buridan’s ass, measured criteria, decision matrix (weighted decision table), etc. Naturally and considering short and long-term significance to an organization, some decisions are more important than others. If necessary, more important decisions override those of relatively little importance, and as such, decision levels have been developed to aid in identifying the importance of a decision to an organization. Strategic decision making is considered to be of the highest level (Harris, 1998). Decisions made at this level are what give an organization, individual or other entity its general direction and long term goals. They, again, also define the organization’s or individual’s philosophy and values. Inherently, strategic decisions are unstructured, very imaginative, and potentially risky, owing to the uncertain nature of their outcome. The second-highest decision-making level is the tactical decision-making level (Harris 1998). Decisions made at this level support those made at the strategic level. Tactical decisions are at the medium range, and their significance, as well as consequences, are moderate as well (Harris 1998). The final and third-highest decision-making level is the operational decision-making level. Operational decisions are made on a daily basis and support tactical decisions. Kava, an island country in the South Pacific, is where Nik’s company wants to establish a greater presence. From the business scenario, one of Kava’s strengths is its quality and inexpensive labor. An outstanding weakness, as deduced from the business scenario, is that the country lacks systems and mechanisms to protect itself from the various disasters it is prone to. Additionally, there