ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction As far as there is a strong necessity to address accordingly attitudinal distinctions between refugees and those who come to live permanently in foreign countries, in order to improve the conditions of life, one can conclude that making distinctions between the two groups is rather important. It seems to be obvious that numerous contradictions concerning people’s values, beliefs, expectations, traditions, mode of life, etc. are to be resolved in a proper way. Thus, to avoid or minimize the consequences of cultural shock, social violation, and discrimination, immigrants and refugees are to be regarded separately. Moreover, one is to keep in mind that immigrants and refugees come to foreign countries on the basis of different reasons; so, this point determines the major distinction between those who are forced to leave their country, and those who come of their own accord. The thesis statement Immigrants and refugees cannot be accepted equally, as their psychology is different. There is a need to distinguish between anthropological, historical and sociological domains the psychology of immigrants and refugees is based on. The contextual factors, which determine immigrants’ and refugees’ acculturation, are also different. The body The refugee problem is considered to be of particular concern, as people seek safety in strange lands and hesitate in their choice: it is not easy to select between danger at their native land and the loss of identity. Immigrants, in their turn, have a right of choice. They can come home any time they wish. On the other hand, it should be pointed out that such psychological processes as acculturation, assimilation, social changes, and individual challenges are equally experienced by both – immigrants and refugees. In other words, the processes of socialization based on biculturalism can be applied to representatives of both groups (LaFromboise et al. 395-412). The intercultural processes are recognized to be extremely important for social adaptation of immigrants and refugees. Thus, the so-called phenomenon of psychological acculturation can be used to explain the psychology of representatives of both groups. The most important issue, which cannot be ignored, is that acculturation attitudes of immigrants and refugees are different. It was proven that mutual processes as well as mutual changes involve individual behaviors and cannot be interpreted the same way in relation to immigrants and refugees (Berry 616-618). The issue of cultural identity is also to be discussed in detail, in order to understand the way immigrants and refugees experience acculturation. It must be noted that immigrants undergo greater behavioral shifts easier in comparison with those who were forced to leave
Normative sexuality is a terminology that is often employed to mean the normal sexual orientation of an individual implying that sexual and marital relations are to be endorsed if they only take place between a female partner and a male partner. Any other relationship that goes against this relationship is considered abnormal. Various scholars and theorists observe that this form of relationships is always evident even in children below two years. This has been the main challenge among clinicians and other psychologists because it is rarely differentiated from sexual abuse (Golombok & Rust 1993, p. 809). In the recent past, practitioners have been faced with the major task of dealing with issues related to normative sexual behaviour mainly because of its close relationship with child abuse. In this regard, paediatricians have endeavoured to come up with regulations and measures that would establish whether certain behaviour in a child would be considered a normative sexual behaviour or sexual abuse (Friedrich & Luecke 1988, p. 155). Some children would portray behaviours demonstrating that they are aggressive towards other children. Research shows that children showing normative sexual behaviours during plays develop into responsible members of society in mature commitments. This means that sexual behaviours during childhood are productive in the sense that it contributes to normal functioning of various organs. Moreover, it improves the health of a child. Toddlers and infants may perhaps show some sexual behaviours, which are related to body commotion, clasping and touch. For infants boys, complex sexual behaviours such as rubbing of the genitals and erection are always experienced, which are prove of the normal functioning of the various body organs (Gordon, Schroeder & Abrams 1991, p. 34). Early school going children would also demonstrate some sexual behaviour that are of concern to various practitioners. For instance, children may start inquiring about the presence of certain body organs, as well as their functions. This form of behaviour would translate into sexual intercourse as children grow. Such behaviour would be related to affection and love towards members of opposite sex. As children approach early adolescence stage, they may start involving themselves in sexual relationships. Nevertheless, children may start engaging in clearer sexual feelings. For some children, they may perhaps start touching and rubbing their sexual organs resulting to masturbation. This may behaviour may persist to adulthood. A number of cultures interpret child sexuality differently meaning that it is a concept whose meaning differ accord
The ongoing developments in the domain of information and communication technology (ICT) and other forms of convergent media continue to impact the society in general and individuals in particular. Upon realising that a research gap existed on how these advances in technology have socially impacted the community, Vera (2013) undertook a study aimed at unearthing how ICT has impacted the quality of interpersonal communication in social contexts. The author was concerned that the rapid technological and communication advances have acted to change the patterns of communication among people, as they no longer employ the face-to-face experience that holds interpersonal communication together. Vera (2013) singled out the Internet as one of the digitalised communication mediums that have completely shifted the way people interact across time and space. In the review of literature, Vera (2013) explained that effective interpersonal communication must depend on several components, which include “openness, empathy, supportiveness, positiveness, and equality” (p. 566). From the onset, the author assumed that interpersonal communication using digitalised forms of media could not achieve the same quality as face-to-face communication because it is increasingly difficult to guarantee these components. In research methodology, it is important to note that the study used a qualitative research approach and a descriptive design to collect data from a sample of university students, lecturers, and parents in Jakarta. Data collection was through in-depth interviews and review of related literature, while data analysis was through content and thematic analysis (Vera, 2013). However, although the researcher recruited a sample of 10 respondents into the study (three lecturers, three parents, and four students), there is no information on how the sample was recruited into the research study. The results of the study were interesting and informative, particularly in terms of revealing how the digital era has continued to impact the quality of interpersonal communication in contemporary times. In the content of the communication, it was found that individuals have different opinions about the content of the messages communicated as well as the respondents of these messages, implying that the choice of communication style (personal or digital) is determined by message content and nature of respondent. The reasons were given by respondents for using digitalised media to communicate include latitude to talk about anything, busy sc
Abstract The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the life and experience of the social justice leader and a nonviolent protest organizer Bayard Rustin and demonstrate how the pivotal moments of his life can illuminate the challenges in addressing social justice issues. The essay then discusses the connections between those moments and the many challenges culturally diverse students experience in the schooling context. Bayard Rustin was a civil rights activist and organizer in the United States who was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom (Houtman, Naegle, & Long, 2014). He was born on March 17, 1912, in West Chester, Pennsylvania (Houtman et al., 2014). Rustin concerned himself with a multitude of civil issues; he fought against segregation, advocated nonviolence, promoted gay rights, and organized multiple protests including the famous March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963 (Houtman et al., 2014). He was also a spiritual teacher and an advisor to Martin Luther King who inspired him to fight against racial discrimination (Rustin, Carbado, & Weise, 2015). Rustin was one of the greatest leaders of the social justice movement in the United States and experienced many hardships being both African American and gay. Even though Bayard Rustin was a very prominent figure in history and an exceptional man, not many people know his name and biography, thereby depriving him of honor that he rightfully deserves. Biographical Events One of the pivotal moments in Rustin’s life was the 7-week conference in India, which he attended in 1948 to study nonviolence from Gandhi’s principles. The notion of nonviolence was familiar to Rustin from his Quaker upbringing, but at the conference, he learned how it could be used for a political protest. The activist passed on the principles he learned to Martin Luther King, who was a well-known leader of the African-American Civil Rights Movement (Hirschfelder, 2014). Arrest for the involvement in homo
Introduction Cold Stone Creamery is the company which performs its business activity on the basis of the Franchise relations. Originally, franchising is the business activity, which requires a multi-angle approach towards the development of the business activity in general and the issues of management in particular. The aim of this paper is to define and research the software packages, networks, hardware, email and instant messaging programs, web site, and disaster recovery plan. Originally, there are the factors that are required by the parent organization, and therefore would be used for the successful running of the business. All the aspects of this business activity will be represented from the point of view of the successful business strategy and all the required details for the marketing activity. Software Packages Software packages, which are required for the Cold Stone Creamery Franchise business activity do not differ from the packages of any business organization. One of the most important software for any organization is financial accounting software. Originally, there were a number of variants of such software nevertheless, there was no necessity to purchase expensive licensed software for the first time. Free software is reliable enough and will help not only in accounting but also is saving money for the improvements of business activity. Thus, GnuCash is personal and small-business financial-accounting software, freely licensed under the GNU GPL. Another software tool which will be required is the office pack. MS office is widely known for its universality, nevertheless, there are also free equivalents exist. Thus, OpenOffice may be used by management, as all the necessary functions for text editing and creation of presentations are provided with this pack. Taking into consideration the fact that the purchase of the licensed software may cost up to $2000 in total, there is strong necessity to mention that free software should not be treated with skepticism. Originally, purchase of the license does not mean that the software will be working properly, nevertheless, one can always rely on the technical support service. Free software, in its turn, often works quicker and are more reliable and technically advanced by various plug-ins. (Dicke, 2004). Networks Networking system of the franchise company is not less essential than for any other business company. The internet is the tool of the working communication among the workers and management team. Network is the necessary instrument for the automation of the business performance as well as the constant update of the software all over the organization. The best variant of business network is the mixed variant of wireless and wired network, as some of the devices, like electronic bar-code reader or the system of recognizing electronic passes may be portable, and wired connection is not suitable for such devices. As for the internet connection, I should be provided for the chief management only, for the communication with the central office of the Cold Stone Creamery Corporation. Hardware In light of the fact
Introduction Desiree’s Baby, authored by Kate Chopin, is a bittersweet short story with an ironic ending. The plot centers on Armand, a wealthy landowner in Louisiana falls for and marries Desiree, a woman of unknown heritage. Later, the couple bears a son with a black skin color, which, according to Armand, comes from Desiree. However, in a twist turn of events, Armand learns that he has a French ancestry, which may have contributed to the child’s mixed heritage. In this story, the author examines the theme of race and identity by hiding Desiree’s identity. Throughout the story, Desiree’s real identity is a mystery to both Armand and Valmonde who raised her. By disclosing Armand’s mixed heritage, which led to some form of identity crisis towards the end of the narrative, Chopin shows that knowing one’s cultural background is important in identity development. This research essay explores the theme of identity and the role it played in plot development in Chopin’s short story. Culture and Identity In the story, it is evident that knowing one’s identity and origin helps a person connect with the society. The lack of knowledge about a person’s origin affects one relates with others in the society, especially race relations. After Monsieur Valmonde adopts her, rumors emerge about her unknown identity. Before her marriage, Valmonde tells Armand that “the girl’s obscure origin” could affect his social relations and standing leading to a hasty wedding (Chopin 3). In addition, after the baby is born, his black traits heighten the mystery of Desiree’s heritage. On the other hand, Armand’s aristocratic lineage and “dark, handsome face” do not raise suspicion that he could be from “the race cursed with the brand of slavery” (Chopin 5). Critics argue that the story’s focus on “the quaint and picturesque life among the Creole and Acadian folk of the Louisiana bayous” (Rankin 124) is an indication mixed heritage can affect identity formation. In addition, the story contains “Southern elements and regional dialects” (Bloom 85), which indicates that Chopin is using a local interpretation to illustrate social relations in Louisiana. Thus, in the story, Desiree’s unknown identity prevents her from fully integrating into her new home and marriage. Culture and identity also help one to develop a deep sense of the self. A person develops a sense of self-awareness through experience and culture. Initially, Desiree is depicted as white when adorning “soft white muslin and laces” (Chopin 4), but later Armand doubts her whiteness. She defends herself by claiming, “It is a lie; it is not true, I am white! Look at my hair, it is brown; and my eyes are gray” (Chopin 4). Her se
Organized education is to be seen not precisely in the service of scholarship nor primarily to serve the state or the economy but primarily to serve the task of nurturing, nourishing, and sustaining the quest to meet highest aspirations most profound commitments. The standards of a society and its culture involve concerns for the degree of freedom, equality, justice, and fulfillment enjoyed by its members. Educators have the opportunity and responsibility to engage in the ongoing process of reconceptualizing education. Professional educators, both present and future, must be able to think intelligently about the large questions which underlie educational methods and goals. Teachers, counselors, administrators and curriculum specialists should be familiar with the issues regarding the nature of reality and the purpose of life. When students of educational philosophy have found their way through these basic issues, then they are in a position to select intelligently the aims of education and choose effectively the pedagogical methods which promote them. teacher’s worldview has a great impact on education and values of children transmitted through communication and information interchange. From a Christian perspective, the philosophy of education is extremely important. Contemporary Christians rightly feel obliged to respond to a multitude of current educational issues, such as the creation-evolution debate in American schools or the apparent lack of sound moral training in public education. Many Christians wrestle with the decision of whether to attend, or to encourage their children to attend, a Christian or other private school rather than a state school. Yet they need more than a convenient set of answers to immediate problems. They need a whole way of thinking about education–a philosophy which relates their religious commitment to educational concerns (Bauckham, 1996). The main point of contact between educational philosophy and Christianity is that they both address the same basic questions: the meaning of life, the nature of morality, the worth of knowledge and so on. There is a variety of answers to these questions. Each group of answers forms a distinct point of view, which, in turn, generates implications for education (Banks, 1997). The fact that God has made persons to be creatures who form beliefs and seek knowledge ushers e
Introduction Law is a critical element in the establishment of a stable society. 1 There are numerous laws in existence to establish normalcy within a society. These laws fall into two main classes, which include civil and criminal laws. Through the various laws formulated, individuals can co-exist while businesses can thrive. The success of the business environment hinges on the numerous contracts that exist amongst different business entities. The law of contract plays a central role in ensuring that the involved parties execute contracts effectively. A number of elements have to be functional for the law of contract to become enforceable. Some of these elements include an agreement, consideration, intention, mutuality, and legal purpose. 2 In the course of their operation, businesses have adopted the Internet as one of the mediums of market communication. In a bid to be effective, the adverts posted on the Internet should be comprehensive.The objective is to identify whether the element of agreement exists in the case study and whether the online advertising undertaken by Fred complies with the law. Issue – Agreement to sell There are various categories of contracts. Contracts fall in different categories based on their enforceability, formation, and performance. Additionally, valid contracts can fall into three main classes, which include enforceable, voidable, and unenforceable contracts. Voidable contracts entail contracts whereby one of the parties has the option of avoiding the requirements of the contract. Some good examples of such contracts entail those that are formed by minors. Unenforceable contracts include contracts that are not legally enforceable due to the existence of certain legal issues. On the other hand, void contracts entail agreements that did not amount to the establishment of any contract. Rule An example of contract based on enforceability relates to contract of sale, which refers to an undertaking between two parties whereby one party (seller) is required to supply certain goods or services to another(buyer) at an agreed amount of money either on cash or credit terms. A contract of sale exists if one of the parties (seller) agrees to transfer the product in question to the purchaser at a certain price. Contract of sale constitutes two generic terms, which include “agreement to sell” and a “sale”. For a contract to be established, a number of elements should be incorporated. One of these elements relates to agreement. 2 For an agreement to exist, a number of issues are critical. Firstly, there must be the offeror and the offeree. The offeror entails “the party making the offer while the offeree refers to the party to whom the offer has been made and a serious and objective intention on the part of the offeror must be evident”. 3 Despite the element of intention and consideration being evident in the case of Francis and Alex, one can assert that a bidding agreement between the two individuals did not exist. This assertion hinges on the fact that the element of offer and an acceptance, w
Introduction This marketing plan presents the proposal by the Lighthouse Roasters to supply the roasted gourmet coffee to the Peter’s Doughnuts restaurant. The alternatives for the supplies The Lighthouse Roasters have three alternatives that we may use to supply the roasted gourmet coffee to the Peter’s Doughnuts restaurant. The supplies may be done on Mondays, Wednesdays or Saturdays of every week. However, depending on the demand and special occasions, we are flexible to supply the roasted gourmet coffee at anytime requested. Time and duration of delivery Delivery of the roasted gourmet coffee will be done in the mornings unless special occasions demand otherwise. However, we are flexible to your suggestions. We propose a renewable contract of six months. This contract is meant to protect your interests from the market dynamics such as changes in prices of the roasted gourmet coffee. We guarantee to supply our roasted gourmet coffee for the entire period of the contract without changing the terms of engagement. Positioning strategy Our roasted gourmet coffee is the best in the market in terms of quality and price. In fact, we use the latest technology in processing this coffee. We are in a position to supply up to 500 pounds of the roasted gourmet coffee per month. This is a guarantee of reliability on our side. We promise free delivery to all your restaurant branches. In order to diversify market for the roasted gourmet coffee, we intend to create multiple products from the same product with different coloration, scent and packaging. This will create an environment of own competition and block other competitors from encroaching into the company’s market. In the overcrowded market for roasted gourmet coffee, product position is directly linked to the success in the short and long term. We intend to position this product as the first of its kind in the market since we will add special aromas. Once this is achieved, the delivery channel will revolve on quality maintenance to support the leading marketer status. In the process, a permanent and positive image of the company will be glued in the minds of our client. In order to cut a unique niche, the right audience will be captivated by the smaller portions available, vitamin A additive, and ‘easy to prepare’ and energy saving benefits. Demographic strategy In order to achieve this aim, demographic differentiation will be based on income supported by strategic packaging and series of relevant marketing campaigns. Since Lighthouse Roasters has established itself in the market, this would the best approach towards commanding a price premium. In addition, the company intends to recruit distribution agencies and well trained marketers for the coffee product.