ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Transport and communication remain a key driver to most of the human activities carried out in today’s society. The two sectors of the economy are interdependent. However, in spite of this relationship, certain aspects of institutional streamlining are essential. The strengths and weaknesses of these two elements, as well as their impacts on the economy, should be reviewed. The transport industry is made of many sub-sectors. They include, among others, rail, road, water, and air transport. All of them have unique characteristics and contribute differently to economic growth. In this essay, the focus is made on the civil aviation wing of the transport industry. Two agencies operating in this industry are reviewed. To this end, the author of the paper examines the historical backgrounds of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). In subsequent sections of this paper, examples of negative and positive connotations of the two agencies are illustrated. The intention is to highlight the efforts made by the authorities in improving the international aviation industry. The International Civil Aviation Organisation: Historical Background The agency draws its authority from the United Nations (UN). According to information obtained from its website, ICAO is one of the many specialized agencies formed under the auspices of the United Nations (International Civil Aviation Organisation [ICAO], n.d.). The organization is tasked with the responsibility of formulating key techniques and strategies to promote the efficacy and safety of operations in the international aviation industry. It has its headquarters in Montreal, Canada. At the turn of the 20th century, the global airline industry was beginning to take shape. As such, there was a need to introduce some streamlining measures into the industry. The aim was to regulate the activities of the operators in this sector. The International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN) acted as the regulatory body at the time. However, membership of the regulatory body was not very attractive. For example, in 1903 (when ICAN had its first convention in Berlin), the organization had only eight members. Key policy measures were first realized when another convention was held in London in 1912. The convention came up with radio call signs, which were expected to be used by aircraft. The ICAO came to replace the ICAN on a permanent basis in 1947. The former had been disbanded in 1945. To make sure that there was no vacuum left after the disbandment of ICAN, a caretaker organization was formed. The transient agency was referred to as the Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization (PICAO). The caretaker entity operated for two years, giving way to the eventual creation of the ICAO in 1947. The organization (ICAO) credits its formation to the famous Chicago Convention of 1944. Its formation was seen as a way of stabilizing air transport in the aftermath of World War II. The growth of the aviation sector in the world has seen a corresponding rise in the number of members who have joined the convention. Inf
Courts as well as the entire legal system are aimed at dealing with crime and preventing people from committing a crime. Juvenile and adult courts have a lot in common but differ in the central spheres. For instance, both types of courts have quite similar procedures, secure the rights of the offender and pose some punishment. However, the very attitudes towards offenders, the way people consider the offender’s actions and the nature of punishment is different. These differences make the abolition of juvenile courts quite impossible, but if this happens it is possible to think of some societal implications. Though, to consider possible implications it is necessary to take a closer look at the two courts. As has been mentioned above, juvenile and adult courts are similar in a number of ways. The offender is first detained and then is brought to court if the offense is serious enough (Siegel, 2009). In both courts, the offender’s rights are quite secured. Thus, the presumption of innocence is the basic concept in both courts. The offenders are not found guilty until their guilt is totally proven, or until there are no reasonable doubts. In both courts, some punishment is imposed if the offender is found guilty. In both cases, the severity of punishment depends on the seriousness of the offense. As far as differences are concerned, it is necessary to note that they are quite numerous. For instance, people consider the cases rather differently, as the attitude towards the offender varies. Thus, when the case of a teenager is considered, the background, the environment and other socioeconomic factors are taken into account (Siegel, 2009). People tend to see adolescents as victims of the environment. On the contrary, adults are treated differently as no one pays significant attention to their backgrounds. It is assumed that adults can make decisions without being affected by the environment. Furthermore, the nature of punishment is quite different in juvenile courts. If found guilty, offenders can be sent to special schools or other places where the offenders are taught like any other adolescents, though the schools are closed. At the same time, adult offenders are sent to prison or can even be sentenced to capital punishment. With this in mind, it is quite difficult to assume that juvenile courts can be abolished as in this case adolescents may also be sent to jails or sentenced to capital punishment. However, it is possible to think of some societal implications if this happens. In the first place, juvenile crime can decrease as adolescents will be scared of adult punishment. According to some surveys, adolescents stop being involved in crime when they grow older (17 or 18) as they do not want to be sent to adult courts (Ash, 2006). Thus, the abolition of juvenile courts may discourage adolescents from committing crimes. At the same time, it might lead to a change in the way offenders may be treated. For instance, thinking of a crime committed by an adult may involve taking into account socioeconomic factors that might influence the offender. To sum up, it is possible to note that juvenile and adult cou
Homelessness is a major social, economic, and, most importantly, healthcare issue. There are currently hundreds of thousands of homeless people in the United States. If homeless people have already suffered greatly from a number of diseases before the pandemic, such as tuberculosis, HIV, drug addiction, and alcoholism, today COVID-19 is most prevalent among them (Canoso, 2021). The current American healthcare system is difficult to navigate under, even with the best of circumstances. For homeless people, the only medical care is being provided by hospital emergency departments. Emergency departments are costly and, since most homeless people do not have insurance, the money spent caring for these people can reach millions of dollars (Jain, 2021). However, even this amount of money does not solve the issue of homelessness; it only provides a temporary solution for people on the streets suffering. The current system of providing healthcare to the homeless is exceedingly expensive (Jain, 2021). In addition, it yields little to no actual result in caring for these people. This system requires a drastic change of the approach of solving the issue of homelessness to ensure people’s safety and sustainability of the economy. The complexity of caring for homeless people and the issues that led them to this state requires a highly coordinated partnership of major healthcare organizations. According to Tsai et al. (2017), homeless people, provided with improved housing outcomes and primary care services, move to a stable, healthy state relatively fast. As such, relocating the money to provide shelter and improve housing for homeless people would ensure a positive result of spending the budget to care for the homeless. However, this solution is unobtainable in the nearest future, and until the majority of homeless people can be housed, the rate of homelessness will continue to grow. In this case of unavailability of sheltering or housing, mobile street medical teams could bring healthcare to the people in need. This would require the cooperation of major healthcare organizations to design and develop such teams. Such a measure would ensure the efficiency of spending the budget to provide healthcare. Funding the teams of physicians to provide the availability of medical assistance to homeless people would require the budget that is already being spent; however, it would yield actual results. The change that can both provide effective care for homeless people and relocate the budget, making the most use of the money spent should be aimed at the long-term result. Most problems of the people living on the streets cannot be solved in an emergency setting. Compared to non-homeless, fewer homeless people keep appointments and take medications (Canoso, 2021). The c
The article Is Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality by Robert Hunter Wade explores the phenomenon of globalization and its influence on the poverty and inequality ratios all over the world. The author discusses the data provided by the neoliberal economies on the decreasing poverty ratios of the past two decades. The globalization-related evidence confirms the neoliberal theory on the fact that the more liberal economies are more prosperous and develop faster than those who do not share the liberal values. However, despite the fact that poverty ratios have been decreasing during the past two decades, it is yet impossible to say whether its scale is decreased as well. It happens so due to the ratio’s previous growth that lasted for a long time. Hence, though the numbers have decreased, the issue still remains relevant as the poverty-related figures and statistics are rather unstable and may change unpredictably. In addition, the poverty numbers provided by the World’s Bank may be imprecise, so it is hard to establish the real state of things when it comes to the poverty ratio. As for the income inequality ratio, it is hard to say whether it increased or decreased because it is highly influenced by the Indian and Chinese ratios on income inequality. If these numbers are taken out from the formula, the numbers for the rest of the world change drastically. At the same time, income gaps in particular countries continue to grow as well, so it is hard to find out the real numbers of the income inequality for the world in general. The article How to Judge Globalism by Amartya Sen explains the phenomenon of globalization and its role not only in the modern world but in the past as well. It is stressed in the writing that globalization is often regarded as global Westernization or Western dominance. Globalization is often referred to as Western imperialism due to the fact that history, in many cases, concerns only the events that happened in Europe or North America, such as the Age of Enlightenment, the Renaissance, or the Industrial Revolution. It is usually those who tend to look at the world’s history from only one angle consider globalization a Westernized process that happened and happens while the rest of the world remains unaffected. However, this point of view should be regarded as wrong and imprecise. Globalization is a phenomenon that has existed throughout the whole course of humankind’s history. It became
Experts from human rights organizations note widespread violence against women in Mexico and frequent cases of gender discrimination. Although the country has adopted a federal law aimed at strengthening women’s rights, the situation remains challenging. Although inequality has tended to decrease throughout history, it continues to persist in many forms, including inequalities in women’s political representation and participation and gender gaps in many aspects of life. Jean Franco, in his book, raises the issue of gender prejudice against women in Latin America. The book under study is a re-evaluation of Mexican culture, which asserts gender as an integral part of Latin American literary studies. Jean Franco is a British academic, and literary critic known for her pioneering work in Latin American literature. The critic is currently a Professor Emeritus at Columbia University (Rogers, 2001). Jean Franco’s research and works are extensive and well thought through. She was among the first English-speaking Latinos to write seriously about Latin American literature. She has focused on writing about women and their rights and is a pioneer of Latin American cultural studies. Jean Franco explores the struggle of Mexican women to gain power in relation to aspects of life such as religion, nation, and society. The author also examines the works of women whose works had the opportunity to appear before readers only through famous male writers’ names. In the book, Jean Franco uses a large number of feminisms found in clearly harsh and unpleasant situations. This book provides the basis for a new view of the theory of feminism, as more comprehensive and less ethnocentric. The book “Plotting Women” is a detailed and, at the same time, fasci
I. I. “I know of no better method of introducing so large a subject, than that of comparing a single thing with a single; an eye, for example, with a telescope. As far as the examination of the instrument goes, there is precisely the same proof that the eye was made for vision, as there is that the telescope was made for assisting it.” (William Paley). Paley argues that an eye and a telescope are so much specialized in their function that they cannot be the product of an accident. They must have been designed. Even if we have never seen the designer, we should not claim that there is none. Paley (1) started his argument by the perception that someone has when he randomly meets stone and a watch. The person who meets a stone will conclude that the stone could have been there all along or been there purposelessly. However, the watch must have been made by someone because there is no way different parts can come together by themselves to perform a single function. The strength of Paley’s argument is that a good product is rarely the outcome of chance or an accident. An eye and a telescope are almost similar in the parts that they assemble to provide vision, particularly in the use of lenses and the formation of the image behind the lenses. If the parts of the telescope must be assembled by a designer, it follows that the parts of an eye must have been assembled as well (Paley 2). Paley’s argument creates the impression that living things have parts that are so much specialized that they must have an author. In a human being, there are sets of organs that perform specialized functions. The organs operate more efficiently to conserve energy. According to Darwin, the parts evolved from simple forms to more complicated and specialized forms. Whewell (194), in response to Lyell’s Principles, declared that there should be evidence of the cause of the change from one form to another. Darwin (8) argued that the cause of change is the struggle for existence. It allows indivi
Most people hold the false belief that they are unable to live without money; therefore, they condition their lives from early childhood to gain wealth by whatever means possible. This conning into the love of money has resulted in various forms of evils such as stealing, kidnapping, and illegal use of drugs, which have destroyed many lives and families. Among these, illegal use of drugs is one of the most discouraged habits in the Western society because of its widespread effects. In order to gain wealth, most people have propagated the use of drugs. The abuse of drugs is a dangerous problem in this century. Drugs have become a component of the lives of most people who depend on them for such things as pleasure, depression, and medical relief. Currently, there is much controversy regarding the use of drugs. A drug is defined as “any substance that modifies biological, psychological, or social behavior (Gaines and Miller, 527). Nevertheless, in popular terminology the term drug denotes a more specific connotation. When individuals talk of the “drug” problem or the war on “drugs,” or “drug” abuse, they are in particular referring to illicit drugs. More specifically, they are referring to illicit psychoactive drugs that influence the normal brain functions and change consciousness or perception. It is important to note that nearly every drug that relates to the criminal justice system is considered psychoactive. The use of drugs is a controversial topic because at times the line between licit and illicit drugs is difficult to draw. Hanson, Venturelli, and Fleckenstein note that the society’s attitude regarding the use of drugs, as established by culture and tradition, affect our initial perception and use of a particular drug (55). Some cultures around the world use drugs to improve their cognitive abilities, which include memory, concentration, thought, and several other things. Such drugs are usually referred to as nootropics. Several religions incorporate the use of drugs in their ceremonies, which obviously conflict with the regulations against the use of drugs. The most commonly used drugs in the ceremonies are the psychedelics, deliriants, stimulants, and sedatives. These drugs are referred to as entheogens. Most of the indigenous religions employ the use of drugs during their religious ceremonies. Shamanistic religions of the Americas, Asia, and other continents widely use drugs such as cannabis, the “fly agaric,” peyote, and opium. On the other hand, some religions such as Christianity prohibit the use of socially and legally acceptable drugs. Since some religions are entirely founded on the use of certain drugs, this has sparked controversies on whether to prevent such usage or allow it as a religious exception. The use of drugs has been highly politicized. The business of selling drugs is considered as the second most profitable industry in the globe. It follows the dangerous trade in weapons but precedes oil trade. Therefore, many people around the world have used the drug industry to gain political power.
Introduction The upper class at the end of the 19th century was usually well-schooled and good-mannered. This was often a result of the influence of hired teachers and books that contained stories of noble knights and honored people. Raised on these ideals and taught to be gentlemen, male gentry, as portrayed by Stevenson, often exhibited noble traits and overall served as a role model for the young generation. Nonetheless, if such people are placed in a dangerous environment and surrounded by treacherous and low people, the price of all the chivalry can quickly plummet. In the hunt for treasure the practical use of idealism, good manners, and adherence to codes appears to be dangerous and can lead to death. Squire Trelawney One of the main positive characters in the book is Squire Trelawney who funds the adventure and finds the team of pirates to join them in the search for treasure. He is not as highborn as a baron but still belongs to the wealthier class. He is a typical well-mannered aristocrat with a kind heart and generous nature. Sadly, though, he is far too naive. Being a gentleman himself, he seems to believe that everyone around him will give him the same treatment. This vulnerability would often put him and other positive characters in grave danger. At the very beginning of the adventure, Trelawney hires an old brothel-keeper, who claims he lost his leg sailing under the banner of Admiral Hawke, a famous British navy officer, and has no pension. That alone could raise some suspicion, but Trelawney genuinely believes him and takes him aboard with his companions. He even pities John Silver for having no pension exclaiming, “Imagine the abominable age we live in!” regardless of the fact that the pirate holds a public house (Stevenson 55). This excessive faith causes a whole range of misfortunes to rain down upon the people who trusted him with their lives. However, this blind confidence in people does not provoke a reader to regard him as a fool with a negative connotation. The reason for this is that he realizes his mistakes and does not have all that lordliness, which allows him to repent even before his servant. That devotion to his ideals of righteousness and justice seems to rehabilitate Trelawney. Doctor Livesey The fact that Livesey, apart from being a medic, is also a judge in his hometown can indicate that he is of higher social standing. Even though he was not born into high society, he can certainly be deemed a noble person by the way he honors his duty as a doctor. Near the end of the book, Livesey offers his medical skills to the three pirates left on the island, should there be a need for them. He wishes to follow his code of a doctor even at risk to his “own carcass” (Stevenson 262). That devotion puts him and all his companions in danger because there may have been a time when Jim, captain or Trelawney were in need of his assistance. Pirates could have used that and lured the doctor into a trap. Capitan Smollett There is no information about Smollett’s origin but the fact that he achieved the rank of a captain could speak to the fact that he has some ties to the nobility. If it is not true, then his qualities
Introduction The United States of America prides itself on being the most racially diverse country in the world. Citizens of this country come from diverse backgrounds and there are laws in place to ensure that all people are treated equally. Racial equality is particularly emphasized and Chaires et al. (2009) state that few, if any, public agents would declare that they support any kind of discrimination based on race. Despite this, there have risen allegations of racial profiling by the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office (MCSO). The office has been accused by civil liberty organizations, most notably of which are the American Civil Liberties Union, of engaging in widespread and illegal racial profiling. MCSO continues to deny these allegations and maintains that it treats all races equally. This paper will argue that the Maricopa County Sherriff’s Office in Phoenix Arizona does indeed engage in racial profiling. Scholarly articles, as well as media sources documenting racial profiling by sheriffs from this office, will be used to buttress this assertion. MCSO Engaging in Racial Profiling While many states have some isolated incidents of racial profiling, Arizona has been earmarked as the State with a significant amount of racial profiling cases. Most of these incidents involving the MCSO have been under the guise of enforcing immigration policies which were enacted under Arizona’s Senate Bill 1070. MCSO deputies regularly conduct raids on worksites that are suspected of harboring illegal immigrants. ACLU (2009) notes that many of the raided worksites employ Hispanics and other minority groups. The deputies, who are heavily armed, demand registration documents and i