ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Literature review refers to the evaluation of previous works of various scholars, including theories and major concepts. In academic research, both theoretical and conceptual review of literature is usually undertaken to establish the views, opinions, thoughts, and believes of various scholars and theorists. Revisiting the works of previous scholars is based on the idea that knowledge is cumulative meaning that a researcher will never come up with something new, but instead he or she aspires to contribute or make suggestions regarding a certain field. Transnational organized crime is one of the issues that have generated a heated debate among scholars regarding its existence and possible solutions. The end of the Cold War presented various challenges to scholars of international relations, especially concerning the issue of security. The emergence of global organized crime is a new challenge facing many states after the end of Cold War and the threats posed by nuclear energy. Transnational organized crime is always perceived as non-traditional threat to national security, even though it has gained relevance in the study of international relations 1 . States have been forced to cooperate just because of the threats that transnational organized criminals pose 2 . In fact, some scholars observe accurately that the trend of transnational crime is worrying. Crime was previously studied in the fields of sociology, criminology, law, and psychology, but the extent at which it affects foreign relations in the international system has attracted international relations scholars. This article conducts a critical review of literature, both theoretical and conceptual, to establish the extent at which transnational organized crime affects foreign politics. The paper identifies globalization as one of the cause of transnational organized crime. The global market and the ease with which individuals could access foreign markets, have given criminals an advantage to interfere with the economies and peace of various states. Studies show that transnational criminals have developed sophisticated techniques and tools, which are used to frustrate various states and other actors in the international system. Some scholars observe that the use of sadism, terrorism, extortion, and fraud are some of the techniques that this category of criminals uses to execute its heinous acts. A further analysis of literature shows that transnational crime poses a great challenge to the nation-state. Conceptual Review of Literature Various scholars define crime differently, but some aspects are eminent in a number of definitions. It is clear that organized crime gang is made up of individuals who understand each other very well. In other words, it does not entail a group of persons created by chance for the instantaneous commission
The culture of an organization is an inherent factor in determining its success; therefore, management should understand the cultural diversity in organizations in order to develop programs that promote unifying organizational values. Most organizations do not develop diversity programs until a problem arises in the organization. Factors that drive formulation of diversity programs include the law and business ethics. An organization should eliminate cultural diversity to avoid negative publicity from legal suits arising from discrimination on cultural basis. This paper aims to develop a model that will help an organization to investigate and analyze cultural diversity. In addition, the paper will exemplify how to implement results from a cultural training diversity program. To analyze diversity within an organization, the management should begin by understanding individual employee’s cultures. An individual’s culture comprises internal, external, and organizational dimensions. The internal dimension depends on the individual’s age, race, gender, ethnicity, physical ability, and sexual orientation. The internal dimensions of an individual exemplify through his or her personality. On the other hand, external dimensions comprise of marital status, parental status, geographic location, personal habits, recreational habits, work experience, religion, educational background, and income. Socialization process and social groups that a person associates with, drive the external dimensions. Organizational dimensions are subject to the position and roles of an individual an organization. The organizational dimension entails management status, functional level, work content, division or department within the organization that an individual belongs, work location, seniority and union affiliation. Therefore, to understand the cultural diversity, an organization should classify individuals in groups with similar internal, external, and organization dimension. The dimensions help organizations to identify the values that each group values; therefore, the management can reconcile the values by developing an organization culture that caters for all cultural diversities. When implementing diversity programs by developing a common vision that takes into account all the cultural groups in organizations, the management should begin in such a way that every employee feels like he or she is part of the organization. Diversity programs are all-inclusive programs that should begin with top management downwards. Cultural diversity audit is pertinent to the process of implementing cultural divers
Isolation and capital punishments are both social evils. Isolating people deprives them the right to stay with their families, and limits their freedom of movement (Samaha 418). Besides, isolated persons seem to acquire brain disorders in the end and they become obliterated socially. On the other hand, capital punishments such as deaths deprives of people the freedom of life and goes against God’s command which disallows intentional killings of persons, or murder. Human beings need interaction with other people due to their social nature. Harlow used monkeys to study impacts of social isolation by raising these monkeys in a nursery. He concluded that neglected and orphaned children experience psychological damage, similar to monkeys. Therefore, he showed that children need nurturing for proper functioning of their brains (Gawande par. 9). Experiments on human adults also show similar results. Long distance sailors, who only communicate through videos report high levels of loneliness that destroy their souls. Anderson, a chief Middle East correspondent, missed people terribly during his confinement. He dozed off and yearned for any form of activity during the day. Later, he began trembling and he feared to lose his mind. Eventually, Anderson lost his mind and he began beating his forehead against the wall. Proponents of long-term isolation in prisons argue that it prevents violence and offers discipline (Gawande par. 13). When prisoners disobey rules by engaging in drugs and attacking correction staff, wardens have no choice but to offer penalty in efforts to contain the behavior (Gawande par. 13). Therefore, proponents label isolation as unavoidable and term all those that fail to support this idea as naïve. In America, the number of prisoners in isolation is quite high. America believes that confining prisoners together increases violence due to overcrowding. Besides, some criminals are just too dangerous for common housing. Britain tried solitary confinement of prisoners, but it failed as violence in the cells increased. Alternatively, Britain adopted a system of preventing violence in prison instead of offering more punishments. They presented violent prisoners with more control by offering them opportunities for work, education as well as special programming (Gawande par. 72). Britain found out that prisoners who were extremely violent in one area behaved perfectly well in other areas. In the same way, Felton, a psychosis who faced confinement at some point, argues against solitary confinement. Capital punishment, similar to isolation, is also evil. Death penalty is certainly wrong, since every human being has a right to life. Besides, governments attai
Important Facts Surrounding the Case The case of the residential aged care industry in Australia revealed that management is increasingly becoming a major issue in most organizations, especially the non-profit entities. Many organizations are yet to learn how to recruit people into managerial position. They still base the decision on the experience and level of academic qualification. Although these are still very important factors to consider when identifying people to be hired into management positions, Burnes (2009) says that there are more factors that should also be put into consideration. The personality of individuals should be considered because it defines how such a person will relate with others once put into position of leadership. It is also clear, from the case, that middle managers are receiving little support from those in higher positions, making their job frustrating and less motivating. In most of the cases, they are expected to implement changes developed by those in top leadership and rarely are they given guidance on how to approach such challenging tasks. Such scenarios have made it difficult for those leaders managing residential aged care industry in Australia to have an enabling environment to achieve the best outcome in their jobs. They are constantly faced with instances where their authorities are compromised and their suggestions ignored. Some despair and take their work less seriously because of the kind of stress they get trying to make things work as per their expectations. They find themselves conforming to a system that is poorly designed and unable to achieve the strategic goals as would be desired by the relevant stakeholders. Key Issues A critical analysis of the case clearly shows that there are two main issues of concern that may need to be addressed in order to improve the effectiveness of residential aged care industry in Australia. The first issue is leadership. As Burnes (2009) states, leadership goes beyond developing strategies and telling people to implement them. It also entails having effectively interpersonal skills that can enable one to relate well with the junior employees. From the case, it has been noted that most of these aged care homes lack proper leadership because of poor structures. In fact, it is revealed from the case study that most managers in these homes prefer early retirement or working in other industries that are less stressful. For the junior employees in non-managerial positions, they prefer staying away from any managerial position because they are keen to avoid the frustrations they see their leaders go through. Under normal circumstances, everyone would prefer a promotion (Beech & MacIntosh, 2012). Career growth entails finding yourself into a management position at one point in life. In cases where people avoid such managerial position, it shows that they are not keen on their career growth. That alone is a strong indication that there is a problem with the existing leadership structures. These issues must be addressed to create an environment where leaders can work with
Charles Dodgson, better known under his pen-name Lewis Carroll, created one of the most amazing and incredible stories and called it Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. On the one hand, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland introduces the world of puzzles and mysteries, which seem to be unclear and unreasonable for everyone except the inhabitants of Wonderland. On the other hand, it feels like each piece of the work has its purpose and peculiarity. The point is that puzzles and nonsense should not confuse but inspire people. It is wrong to accept something unclear or unusual as something bad or inappropriate, and this is one of the messages of the story. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, all puzzles and cases of nonsense created by the society Alice has to live in turn out to be crucial lessons that may enrich a human soul, improve a human body, and change a human life according to the expectations soaring in the air. From the very first lines of the story of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland , the meeting with a White Rabbit, who was in a hurry and constantly taking his watch out of his waistcoat-pocket, proves that a number of interesting and strange things are waiting for the reader. It is the first puzzle to be gathered, the first answer to be given, and the first challenge to be overcome. What should it mean for Alice to meet a talking dressed rabbit? Is it a kind of new knowledge that should be grasped or a new task that should be complete? Lane offers to accept all cases all nonsense as “a vital solution to the deep contradiction between an acceptance of madness and the exercise of reason” (1030). The introduction of a nonsensical puzzle is an ability to find out the truth in a unique way. The rabbit is the sign that Alice’s normal life has to come to its end, and ordinary things may be changed and improved by certain complications. One of the first tasks for Alice is to comprehend who she is and her place in this world. “Who in the world am I? Ah, that’s the great puzzle” (Carroll 72). She is bothered by this question, and to answer it, she has to face a new puzzle. Carroll’s obsession with puzzles is observed during all his life. He believes that “puzzles provide a useful way for thinking about the two sides” (Reynolds para.5). In the story, the main character has to change her size constantly, talk to strange people, answer stupid questions, and be ready to respond to personal madness. “How puzzling all these changes are! I’m never sure what I’m going to be, from one minute to another” (Carroll 100). All these actions seem to be irrational. With time, everything gets its sense. The outcomes of what has been done cannot be neglected. A person should be ready to take responsibility for a
Profiling is Racism I was headed to Jeddah via DCA when a TSA guy told his friend who was his coworker that my passport indicated that I was of Saudi origin, so I was supposed to be taken to a secondary location and be searched. I could hear their conversation but there was nothing I could do since any action would have worsened the situation. The scenario was really painful and I wondered why they had to treat me the way they did. Being too personal on screening and profiling is not the right procedure because it violates privacy and can be racist. Racism is the act of treating people differently based on their race or ethnicity. Individuals who exhibit racism discriminate against people of certain races and offer preferential treatment for people from their race. For example, the act of exposing individuals to different screening at airports because they belong to certain races. This act of exposing people to different screening based on race is profiling. It has the qualities of racism hence it is a racist act. Although officials who conduct screening at airports attempt to defend profiling by explaining that it is a normal security measure, the truth is that profiling is racist (Siggins 1). Racists believe that particular races are more important and probably superior to others. As a result, individuals from different races are treated based on their race. For example, Arabs may be treated as terrorists even when they are not. Racists believe that people from certain races lack the competence and expertise to perform certain tasks. This belief lacks justification and is purely racist (Abdulmutallab 2). Some white people believe that Africans cannot achieve success. Africans have proved this wrong by succeeding in different areas such as education and leadership. Profiling is the act of individuals to discriminate against others and treating them as suspects of criminal activities. Those who discriminate base their suspicions on ethnicity, religion, race, or national origin. Profiling is a disastrous act since it exposes certain individuals to victimization when they are innocent. It lowers their self-esteem and makes them feel as if they are lesser human beings. Instead of enhancing security and peace, profiling leads to conflicts among nations and does not increase security. Profiling is a racist act in that it discriminates against certain people based on their race. As a result, the victims are treated unfairly after they are associated with negative attributes they do not possess. For example, some Arabs are treated as terrorists when they are not. Other individuals are branded drug traffickers when they are innocent. On the contrary, other individuals do not look at profiling as a racist activity. They argue that identifying individuals by their race does not necessarily depict those who identify them as racists (Lowey 3). Indivi
In the present day, the preservation of Confederate statues provokes multiple discussions. According to the official political agenda supported by former President Donald Trump, these monuments are the historical symbols of the United States that should be protected. However, more and more evidence supports the public opinion that Confederate statues should be removed as they aim to demonstrate racial disparities and the supremacy of Whites. The main argument of this claim is supported by the fact that the majority of monuments were erected not directly after the Civil War but in the 1900-the 1920s (Best, 2020). During this period, several discriminatory laws against Black people’s social rights were enacted. The construction of Confederate monuments was sponsored by the United Daughters of the Confederacy. In the present day, it was regarded as a part of the union’s long-lasting strategy that aimed to strengthen White supremacy and social inequities based on race. The connection of statues with structured racism is obvious as the second wave of Confederate monuments’ erection was in the 1920-1940s, along with “Black Americans’ fighting for civil rights and pushing back against widespread lynchings in the South” (Best, 2020, para. 4). Thus, Confederate monuments placed across Southern states, especially on courthouse grounds, aimed to demonstrate the protection of Whites by the law. The undeniable racial context of monuments’ construction has finally led to their removal or relocation during the last several years in response to discrimination against Black citizens. From a personal perspective, it is impossible to deny that Confederate statues were directly connected with efforts to strengthen White supremacy. That is why a considerable number of them may be removed – however, not all. In general, human history includes both positive and negative events. Although a considerable number of people prefer to destroy all attributes of tragic times, they should be remembered as well. In other words, mistakes of the past should be remembered for their avoidance in the future. Reference Best, R. (2020). Confederate statues were never really about preserving history . FiveThirtyEight. Web.
Impressionism in art and music mostly focuses on atmosphere and mood. Impressionism art can be recognized easily: the play of light, obscured edges, thin brush strokes. Impressionism in music, in its turn, is harder to describe. However, below you will learn the essentials about this style. Keep reading! Introduction Impressionist art is an artistic style that focuses on the viewer’s impression of the painting rather than the image itself. The impressionist movement planned by French painters in 1874 was meant to promote the freedom by artists to focus on other unique aspects of painting apart from realistic representation. Invention of Impressionism The pictures in impressionist art are painted with bright and bold colors to bring out an actual representation of the object in the picture (Herbert 14). The main aim of impressionism is to show the artist’s perception of the situation at hand. The pictures painted using the impressionist style do not have many details but the colors are expertly used to bring out the subject matter. Modern impressionism entails the use of color physics in coming up with the exact impression the color and tone of the picture (Herbert 27). The effects of light and color are very important in the exact representation of an object. This paper will discuss the general characteristics of impressionism as applied in music and art. Impressionism was invented with an objective of changing the traditional painting styles used to focus on the object and not the viewer. Impressionist art considers the kind of impression the painting leaves the viewer with. Impressionist art is considered an emotional style because it emphasizes on the impression the image creates rather than focusing on producing a replica of the object being painted. Since impressionism does not pay attention to the intricate details of the picture, artists use bright colors that are painted with short strokes. The Role of Light in Impressionism Light is very important in impressionist art because it helps in capturing the viewer’s impression on the object. Light is used by impressionist artists to show the different impressions of the subject matter (Clancy 12). Impressionist art entails the use of visible strokes to create different physical and visual texture using a variety of colors. The short and thick strokes are very important in showing the exact mood of the subject matter. An impressionist painting always portrays different moods at different times of the day because of the changes in the lighting pattern (Clancy 12). A single object can appear as if it is a series of paintings. A perfect example of pictures dedicated to lighting is the haystacks painting by Monet. The early afternoon light that is always bright makes painting look as it is has yellow and gold streaks and the same haystacks appear to have black and blue streaks in the evening light. Impressionism advocates for blurry and subtle lines with breaks between shadows being optional. This gives the painting a foggy effect that is a true characteristic of impressionist art. Impressionist art