ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Concorde Concorde was built in 1969, 2nd March by the British French Aviation Company at a program cost of £1.3 billion; in the same year, Concorde models made the maiden flight (Gao & Do 2015). After several modifications, the aircraft’s fuselage assumed a unique shape depicting a fighter jet, specifically the F15s, with a larger capacity of 350 passengers (Glancey, 2015). Concord had a takeoff speed of 220 knots and a faster cruising speed of 1350 miles per hour (Faugier, 2017). However, due to its adverse effects on the environment and human beings, coupled with the takeoff crash in the year 2000, the aircraft ceased its operation in 2003, 4th October. Despite solving critical problems such as speed, cargo volume, and low numbers of passengers, the Concorde aircraft came to a standstill and eventual grounding to date. An investigation into the cause of the 2000 Concorde crash was crucial not only to the aviation industry but also to the assurance of the safety of future users of the aircraft. With the rapid development in the field of Aeronautics & Electronics, new enhanced ways of traveling are in discussion all over the world (Faugier, 2017). Therefore, it is inevitable that the topic of the famous supersonic aircraft ‘Concorde’ will be a part of those (Fahey et al., 1995). It is important to focus in detail on the disaster that involved this plane so as to get a clear view of the incident that occurred. This will be purposeful in future engineering’s solutions to such problems. The Lifespan of the Airplane Flight Operations Concorde came into the Aviation Industry in 1969 as a supersonic aircraft that would transverse the globe at high altitudes which were considered safe and at slightly above the speed of Mac 2 (Glancey, 2015). The flight operations were managed by the company known as The Aerospatiale/BAC Concorde , which is British-French-based. The aircraft was operated until the year 2003 when a decision was reached to ground them out of severe concerns for the health risk it posed to human beings and the environment during its flight. The Technological Aspects & Exclusive Feats of This Marvel After World War II many countries developed an interest to strengthen their aircraft technologies, both in computerized and mechanical aspects. England, France, and Germany were the leading countries in technological advancement in aviation. On the other hand, America had established the Boeing Company to put the countries in Europe under control in aviation technology ( Faugier, 2017). Countries such as England and France had been acknowledged for their efforts to become the leading countries in the aviat
Abstract The given paper revolves around information technologies and the role they play in the modern world. It delves into the advantages and disadvantages of the mass usage of different technologies and states whether their usage could bring real benefits or not. Additionally, to support the basic assumptions with an understandable explanation of the significance of technologies, some real-life examples are provided. The work also gives ground for discussions related to the nature of technologies and their implementation in the majority of modern activities to increase their efficiency. At the end of the paper, the conclusion is made. Role of Information Technology The last several decades could be characterized by the rapid evolution of technologies and their increased importance for the functioning of modern society. At the moment, there is hardly a sphere that does not explore technologies or some devices that are needed to improve its efficiency. Therefore, it is believed that technologies could make our life better and deprive us of the necessity to perform some complicated tasks. For instance, the rise of information technologies (IT) preconditions the appearance of a new model following which all modern organizations function. IT helped to store, distribute, process, and share data more efficiently and became a synonym to computers and other technologies of this sort. However, there are still opponents of the wide usage of IT technologies who state that they are not needed and might even be dangerous. Besides, Carr (2003) assumes that the unique growth of ITs power and ubiquity resulted in the significant diminishment of its importance in the functioning of modern organizations. He is sure that at the first stages of the evolution of this tool, the implementation of this approach serves as the guarantee of the acquisition of a certain competitive advantage needed to compete with rivals and remain profitable. However, the further exploration of this remedy resulted in the widespread and gradual decrease of its importance. For this reason, Carr (2003) is sure that IT does not matter anymore as the age of its dominance has already passed, and there is a great need for new approaches that might help a company to become efficient. However, there are also other perspectives on the given
Cellular units in a living organism are in constant metabolism of substances and energy, realized through signals. In general, signal transduction can be referred to the biochemical process of perception of a chemical signal, which initiates intracellular reactions. The key criterion for transduction is the presence of receptors in the cell — may be on the membrane surface or in the cytoplasm — to which an external initiator molecule attaches. An important mission of signal transduction is to control and regulate gene expression in the body. Consequently, depending on the nature of the incoming signal, the cell can either suppress or initiate protein biosynthesis, and disruption of such regulation can have serious consequences in the context of proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis. Damage to the signal induction mechanism in proto-oncogenes has the potential to lead to the development of cancer cells in tissues. One of the most important signal transduction pathways in the body is the Wnt pathway, which regulates cell differentiation during human embryonic development. Disruption of this pathway guarantees the development of cancers even in adults. Figure. Signaling Wnt pathway (Ng et al., 2019). The Figure represents the canonical signal transduction for the repressed (left) and activated (right) states. Regardless of the phase, Wnt targets the β-catenin protein involved in the regulation of gene transcription. When Wnt does not interact with the LRP6 receptor, there is little β-catenin in the cytoplasm: this is due to a degradation complex. This complex includes casein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase, and APC proteins located around the Axin envelope. This molecular complex initiates phosphorylation of β-catenin followed by β-TrCP ubiquitination, leading to degradation by the proteasome. Upon “turning on,” the initiator Wnt ligand actively attaches to the membrane LRP6, resulting in activation of Dishevelled protein. In turn, this process inhibits the activity of the degradation complex and β-TrCP. Consequently, β-catenin in excess freely penetrates the nucleus and activates transcription of “Wnt target genes” via TCF/LEF factors. Mutation in APC proteins is most important in developing colorectal cancer (Flanagan et al., 2019). In addition, it should be remembered that the activated state of the Wnt pathway can be both beneficial for embryonic development and detrimental in the case of cancer cell proliferation. Thus, Resveratrol, a natural flavonoid, can be used to inhibit cancer cell growth (Cilibrasi et al., 2017). Under its action, the binding of β-catenin to TCF is disrupted, and hence the transcription of growth factors is suppressed.
Abstract Scholars have not yet been able to come into an agreement on a simple definition of the term culture. According to Hofstede (1994) and other prominent psychologists, culture is a system of values and norms common within a society and define the form of living of such a group. However, it is worthwhile noting that norms and culture do not come up as fully formed. They evolve from other factors including the existing political and economic philosophies. As such, it is widely accepted that culture can influence international business because countries are different. This paper explores how differences and similarities in culture between Brazil and the United States of America can affect international business between these two countries taking into account the costs of doing business in Brazil, the likely future economic development of Brazil and its business practices. However, it should be noted that the information presented within this paper is not only vital for education purposes, but can help investors to know about the culture of Brazil and enhance the performance of their business. Background Information Only few countries in the world are larger than Brazil due to its vast size. “The climate of Brazil is mostly tropical, but temperate within the south with mostly flat to rolling lowland terrain in north” (Brazil Geology, 1997). In connection, there are some plains, hills, mountains, as well as narrow coastal belt (Brazil Geology, 1997). As per the August 2000 census Brazil reported a population of 169,872,855. However, it is estimated that this population will hit 205,716,890 in July 2012 with a population growth rate of 1.102%. Population is distributed among ethnic groups and major cities with white being 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black being 6.2%, other (including Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9% and unspecified 0.7% (2000 census) As at 2009, population by major cities were provided as: Sao Paulo 19.96 million; Rio de Janeiro 11.836 million; Belo Horizonte 5.736 million; Porto Alegre 4.034 million and BRASILIA, the capital city, 3.789 million (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). The Federative Republic of Brazil is divided into administrative divisions comprising of 26 states and one federal district. The head of government and the chief of state is President Dilma ROUSSEFF and the Vice President is Michel TEMER (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). Economically, Brazil has large and well-developed agricultural, manufacturing, mining as well as service sectors. The econ
Introduction A number system is the set of symbols used to express quantities as the basis for counting, comparing amounts, determining order, performing calculations, representing value and performing calculations. It is the set of characters and mathematical rules used to represent a number. Examples include the Arabic, Babylonian, Chinese, and Egyptian, Greek, Mayan, and Roman number systems. The ISBN and Dewey Decimal System are examples of number systems used in libraries. Even Social Security has a number system. (Cajori, 1993) Roman Numerical System Originally the Roman numbers were independent and used original symbols but currently they use Roman alphabet letters, a good example is Etruscans that used I Λ X ⋔ 8 ⊕ for I V X L C M. The letters I and X are letters in their alphabet. From these symbols, folk etymology say that the V usually represents a hand and the X is a combination of V’s One inverted. The Etrusco Roman numericals were derived from notches on tally sticks. For example I was the letter I scored across a stick. The fifth notch was double cut (V) and the tenth was cross cut (X). This then if one wants to get seven the symbol was IIIIVII and it was abbreviated as VII. The seventeen letter was then written as XVII. Zero didn’t have any symbol but they used the word nulla. The tenth V or X along the stick received an extra stroke. 50 were written as N, И, K, Ψ, ⋔. But at the time of Augustus it had a ⊥ sign and later it was transformed to L. For 100 there were also various shapes like Ж, ⋉, ⋈, H, but the Ж took more wait. It then later changed to >I< or ƆIC but C finally took more weight because it was a letter and also it stood for centum which meant “hundred” in Latin. 500 was written as Ɔ superposed on a ⋌ or ⊢ — and by the time of Augustus it became D and finally it was written as D. 1000 was encircled or boxed X: Ⓧ, ⊗, ⊕, and by the time of Augustus it was a phi. This was a reason for 500 been half D to phi. Romans used decimal system for whole numbers, and a duodecimal for fractions, for example, the divisibility of twelve was easier to handle than those based on tens. They used notations to indicate the twelfths and halves. For example, a dot indicated a twelfth. Dots then were used for fractions up the fifth. S was used to abbreviate a six twelfths and dots were then added for values of seven to eleven twelfth just like tallies in I to V. (Menninger, 1992) Whole numbers in Roman Numerical System. Symbol  Value  Name                     I       1      (One) unus               V       5      (five) quinque           X       10     (ten) decem              L       50     (fifty) quinquaginta     C       100    (hundred) centum         D       500    (five hundred) quinge
Introduction Jesus of Nazareth also revered as Jesus Christ is the main pillar of Christianity. Jesus was Christ, the messiah or savior. His coming was predicted in the Old Testament. Islam and the Jews think that he is one of the many prophets. Scholars are of the opinion that he was born at sometime around 7 to 2 BC and died around 26-36 AD. The main source of the life history of Jesus is from the four Gospels of Matthew Luke Mark and John. Background In the first century the scribes and the Pharisees were two groups –often intermingling. Scribes were conversant with the law and drafted legal documents. Pharisees belonged to a socio-religious group that followed legal traditions of their forefathers. They were also legal experts. The rich and powerful Jews teamed up with the occupiers of the land – the Romans so as to guard their possessions and interests. They bribed the Romans to ge
The article provides information on why many people living in the United States and Canada have no access to healthy fresh food regularly. It presents that the core problem is not poverty or physical distance of shops, but unaffordable grocery stores that are expensive for many people. By using the case of Deborah Gilfillan, the article explains that food mirage, which is a term describing a place that is surrounded by expensive and fancy stores or restaurants but without cheap but healthy food products. It shows that non-profit grocery stores and the Department of Agriculture could not solve the problem. The article demonstrates the study that mapped 73 supermarkets in Winnipeg, finding that almost 120 000 people live in “unsupportive” food places or food deserts. It highlights the importance of solving this socioeconomic issue, showing the worst food desert neighborhoods. It explains the difference between food desert and food marriage. A food desert is having no access to affordable and healthy food options, while a food mirage is having enough places of healthy food nearby but they are not affordable. The study examines food mirage by looking at the coverage of grocery stores in Portland. It suggests producing stands as a pedestrian-scale approach to mitigate gaps in grocery store accessibility for those without transportation. It analyzes food access, food security, health, and gentrification in the urban center of Kitchener, Ontario, Canada by using semi-structured interviews with 20 low-income, longtime residents and five informants. The study provides insights on how diverse priorities of individuals influence food access under gentrification. It examines the food shopping behavior of different residents by applying survey data and probability sampling in the Alberta neighborhood in Portland, Oregon (USA). The findings demonstrate that college-educated (62%) and white residents (60%) are prone to shop there weekly, regardless of any racial, social, or physical conditions.
The Development of Imperialism in East Asia In the 18 th -Century, Britain used its power to subdue India and use it in establishing mercantile ties with China. They sold Indian opium and Cotton to China and got Chinese tea in return. However, the Chinese government realized that its citizens were developing addiction to the opium and destroyed lots of it in 1839. 1 Britain felt offended and went to war with China. The war ended in 1842 as a result of the Nanking Treaty, which gave the Britons unconditional rights to trade with China. By the end of the century, China had entered into war with Russia, France, Germany and Japan. The wars allowed these countries control over different spheres of influence in China. However, the US opposed the idea of spheres of influence in 1899 and advocated the open market system, where every Western power had the right to the Chinese market. The dominance of European powers in china led to a state of lawlessness because the Europeans did not observe any of the Chinese laws. 2 This state in turn led to the Boxer Revolution in 1900. The boxers killed many Europeans and took over Beijing from them. However, an international force countered them and threw out the imperial Chinese from Beijing. The imperial forces used China as a stepping stone into other countries. 3 For example, the British easily crossed over to Hong Kong in 1842, Kowloon in 1898 and Burma in 1886 while France conquered Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. The Republican Revolution in 1911 helped end the Qing Dynasty and introduced nationalism, which started after the formation of the Nationalist Party and the Communist party. The Nationalist party staged a revolution in 1926, which helped them capture and control the Nanking region until Japan overthrew them in a fierce battle in 1937. In the same period, the Communist Party organized the Long March, between 1934 and 1935 and settled in the rural part of China to reorganize their forces. 4 During this period, the European forces were unable to control the Japanese military. Consequently, Japan also decided to conquer other parts of East Asia. They conquered Manchuria from 1931 to 1945, when America defeated them in the WW II. In Korea, Japan ruled them from 1910 to 1945. They were always very prompt at crushing any signs of dissent. In 1919, the natives organized a national protest, which softened the Japanese. In 1937, the Japanese reintroduced harsh measures in their rule: they made the Koreans work in their industries and fight for them in the war. They also drafted Korean women as Comfort women. Western and Japanese Powers in the Asia Pacific Many western countries established their powers in Asia Pacific because of trade and the search for raw materials. For example, the British government went into China with the purpose of selling wool, Cotton and opium to the locals. In return, they wanted tea from the Chinese. Western forces isolated Japan in their conquest of the Asian Pacific. 5 Therefore, Japan also had to colonize some parts of the region. The Extent of the Empires The Japanese Empire included Korea, the Nanking and Manchuria regions
Executive Summary This report analyses in detail the overall environment in which Woolworth supermarket operates with a view of identifying particular areas where the management needs to put in measures that can enhance growth and performance. Woolworth is a retail chain established in both Australia and New Zealand and which mainly deals in foodstuffs. The chain has further diversified its operations, venturing into other business areas like dealing in the petroleum industry and food restaurants within its premises. The chain has successfully established itself as a market leader in the retail industry, establishing stores in major cities in both Australia and the New Zealand. Woolworth’s market leadership was mainly achieved through provision of quality service to its clientele and listening to customer pleas and demands and implementing them appropriately. This report evaluates the strong economic and political environments within which Woolworth operates. Other factors that contribute immensely to the growth and performance of the supermarket chains include its internal factors and capabilities such as its strong appeal to keep, attract and maintain customers, the market barriers controlled by the chains which keep new entrants at bay as well as the business diversification that ensures profit maximisation for the company. Introduction Woolworths Limited is a retail company based in Australia and whose operations spread across the borders to the neighbouring New Zealand. The retailer chain deals in a multiple of goods and services including food, liquor, hotel services, among many others. Since its formation in 1924, Woolworths has been a success story in the retail industry, expanding very fast to establish subsidiaries and acquiring other retail brands on its growth path. Today, the chain has a huge workforce of over 191,000 and boasts of A$2.14 billion in profits as per the latest figures recorded by close of business in 2011. (Chang, S & Singh, H 2011,p.740). This paper analyses the company’s business strategy, investigating its macro environment as well as checking its competitive environment and analysing its competencies as far as resources are concerned. Background information Woolworths Ltd is a public owned company with its shareholders base exceeding 420,000 people, 40,000 of whom are directly employed by the company (Woolworths Supermarkets 2011). The first Woolworths store was opened in downtown Sydney on December 5 th , 1924 with a nominal capital of just £25,000. The company’s initial 11,707 shares were held by 29 people, five of whom were the founders. Woolworths pioneered the conduction of transactions using cash registers; every purchase was accompanied by a receipted printed via the cash register. The stores opened up the first international branch in New Zealand in 1929 which dealt in general merchand