ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The issue of freedom and the right of a human being to it has been actual for centuries. There was the belief that some people were born to be free while the rest of the world should serve them, being just slaves, deprived of any rights and is doomed to spend the rest of their life in the chains of slavery. This approach was popular for the major part of the history of humanity. However, with the development of society, human thought and tolerance new ideas started to obtain popularity. More and more people began to think about the disgusting nature of slavery and the right of any person to be free and choose his own destiny. The mass movement for the abolishment of slavery stared at the end of the 18th century. Society had changed enough to understand the need for this process. However, not everyone was for it. That is why there were many lively discussions in society. Progressive layers of it tried to prove the necessity of change. Throughout history being the voice of people, poets also joined this discussion. The topic of the abolition of slavery had become one of the main issues for the poets and their works at the end of the 18th century. That is why it is possible to say that a great number of different poems had the same motif of their works. it is possible to compare and analyze literature of that time on the basis of such works as William Blake’s The Little Black Boy, William Cowper’s The Negro’s Lament, Robert Burn’s The Slave’s Lament and Phyllis Wheatley’s On Being Brought From Africa to America and To the Right Honorable William, Earl of Dartmouth. At first gaze, it becomes obvious that the main issue of this works is the same. They all are devoted to the topic of slavery. All poets speak against this institution, devoting their works to it. However, these poems have some other common traits. Blake describes the story of a young black boy, underlining his identity “I am black, but O! my soul is white” (Blake 2). The same do Cowper, Burns, and Whitley in their works. It becomes clear, that all these authors want to show the society at that time that black people are the same as a white, there is no difference between them and that all people have equal rights. It was the first important step to do in their attempt to abolish slavery. There is also one more common motif. It is the topic of home. All heroes of the poems grieve about their Motherland, underlining that they were taken by force. “Forced from home and all its pleasures / Afric’s coast I left forlorn” (1-2) says the heroin Cowpers The Negro Complaint. The main character of the Slaves Lament revoices ” It was in sweet Senegal that my foes did me enthrall” (Burns
Introduction On 17 February 2020, Mr. and Mrs. Illman submitted a proposal. They suggested a building plan of 4 affordable homes with one local needs home on land east of Beck stones and North of Thornthwaite, Keswick (‘‘The Keswick Reminder,’’ 2021). According to the plan, the homes consisted of four double-story buildings, and one bungalow within a paddock, all sharing a common parking area. The homes will enjoy the serene view and location on the feet of the historic hill. Summary of Local People’s Thoughts The affordable housing plan experienced massive rejections by local people in the proposed area. The local people had their reasons based on the valuable historical view of the national park, such as the lack of need for houses in such a lonely place with high natural vista value (Zhongming et al., 2020). Among other reasons for rejections was the insufficiency of the parking lounge, chances of flooding, and the likelihood of properties surrounding the area losing value (‘‘The Keswick Reminder,’’ 2021). There were 12 different objections to the idea submitted to the district planners following the proposals, with some opposing the plan and others siding with it. Some of the submissions included reasons for implementing affordable housing in the selected location. Some submissions indicated that it was apparent affordable housing had been chosen, as the plans were more likely to gain a sympathetic ear from planning officers, being the current highest area of need. The overriding consideration of the local plan was to give greater weight to conserving and enhancing natural beauty, wildlife, and cultural heritage. Any acceptance of the plans would mean that, as the planning authority, they have not fulfilled their duty (Mackinlay, 2022). Other claims raised to the authorities included the serene location of the site, the project’s influence on the neighbors of the homes, and the possible threat the development would impose on protected species and ecology. In addition, some claimed the matter of the appearance the proposed homes would portray (‘‘The Keswick Reminder,’’ 2020). Consequently, eight letters were submitted to the authorities to support the proposed plan. One of the supporters said the plan would meet the drastically increasing need for affordable houses. A second supporter said that the local area would keep suffering, as there are no young generations in the villages. A third one said it was a massive surprise for the planning committee to object to the development plan, yet they were aware of the increasing need for affordable houses. Generally, the entire project faced various objections with significant issues rotating about the land’s serenity. Something that required maximal environmental conservation and the ever-rising need for affordable homes. The objections and support of the project by different parties lead to the authorization of a vague one. Every issue raised had some significant weight on the decision to be made. The Extent to which the Development Accords the Development Plan and the National Planning Policy Framework
Introduction Human society in present days has seen rapid growth in the marketing sector where consumer-added benefits or innovations have been created at various levels of marketing to enhance sales. The innovative aspect of marketing is further made necessary by the need to be in tune real-time with consumers’ or customers’ consistently dynamic demands and desires. In order to make available what the consumer needs, the marketer has to, as a responsibility, define clearly the things that are influencing customers to makes purchases of a certain product/services. Marketing researches/surveys have therefore been carried out by companies’ marketing units to access the behaviour or the tendency of consumers to trend with a product within a limited time frame. In the year 2007, the effect of collapse in economy indicated that marketing could also be affected by the incapability of consumers to spend when they lack a more secured source of income in a defined economy. This paper seeks to identify some of the most concrete behavioural issues that influence consumption by product/service end-users. The Dynamism of Consumer Behaviours; Possible Causes Studies have been conducted at various levels of marketing to ascertain the identity of the consumer in our present society where symbolism appears to have very strong impacts on the choices made by consumers. 1 Belk conducted a study to identify the certainty of consumers’ behaviour definition in terms of individualism and confirmed that quite a number of the day-to-day activities of the consumer are carried out as a routine/mundane work which is limited to the individual’s preferences. 2 These individual preferences in a collective form constitute the relationship between a commodity or a product and its marketability, and form the basic marketing power of the marketers. Some of the qualities/issues identified to have influenced consumption based on consumers’ behaviours are highlight thus: Incentives Incentives are considered to be effective tools that drive consumers around in the marketing world as they influence the desire of individuals to make purchases of a certain commodity. It has been found that nearly all consumers would always prefer to have value added to the products or services they make payment for- and the value addition could come in the form of discounts or offers. 3 Quality Presently, a majority of consumers want to pay for a product or service that they are sure of the form of delivery, the packaging, and the quality. But even much more than this, the consumer would always want to be sure of the durability of a product purchased and will be more comfortable with such a product that offers reliability and can be depended upon. By suggestion, t
Days of Heaven: Narrative The narration introduced by a little but mature girl Linda is a powerful aspect of Days of Heaven . Though she uses scanty vocabulary, her ideas do not seem limited due to her wide imagination. Linda makes strong judgments about people, saying that “there was never a perfect person around” with “half-angel and half-devil in you” ( Days of Heaven ). She endows the sun with interesting quality to look “ghostly when there’s a mist on a river and everything’s quiet” and reveals people’s intentions “calling for help or something, or … trying to bury somebody or something” ( Days of Heaven ). Linda can hardly be characterized as an innocent or poorly developed kid. She tells the story about the relationships between people and describes how to become a woman or earn a living. As a narrator, she learns the experiences of her family and friends to be ready to begin her story. Days of Heaven: Cinematography A massive archway that welcomes workers and guests of the farm is one of my favorite shots in Days of Heaven . This establishing short introduces the setting and the connection between the characters and the environment (Gocsik et al. 212). It captures the image of an arch that symbolizes a new stage of life. The characters enter a new full of opportunities world. It seems that all past sins and problems disappear as soon as the arch is crossed, provoking a number of emotions like fear, joy, and excitement. For Linda, it is a chance to continue living and staying together with a family. This arch becomes a ticket to change something. “I’ve been thinking what to do with my future. I could be a mud doctor. Checking out the earth. Underneath” ( Days of Heaven ). The arch proves itself as a remarkable setting for the characters that change their lives. Works Cited Days of Heaven. Directed by Terrence Malick, performances by Richard Gere, Brooke Adams Sam Shepard, and Linda Manz, Paramount Pictures, 1978. Gocsik, Karen M., et al. Writing about Movies . 4th ed., W. W. Norton & Company, 2016.
Introduction The fourth amendment in the United States of America Constitution is the section of the Bill of Rights that protects all US citizens against unfair searches, confiscations, and arrests. It states that all search and arrest warrants must be authorized sensibly, on justifiable grounds. It came up as a reaction to the misuse of the injunction of assistance which is a wide-ranging search order (Costello 1281). The amendment was made in order to restrict searches and arrests in accordance with the specific instructions offered by the concerned law enforcement authority. Origin of the amendment This amendment traces its roots in the English law, and it applies to orders by government authorities as opposed to such exercises being enforced by citizens and entities, not under the instruction of the government. A search is said to take place when the individual affected, and the general public feels that privacy is deserved in the thing or place searched (Costello 1281). One of the Landmark Supreme Court cases in the US involving the fourth amendment was in the year 2002 and it was between the Board of Education of Independent School District 92 of Pottawatomie County and the Earls. Over the years, the campaign against drugs and other substance abuse in learning institutions has been upped. Steps taken are mainly arbitrary searches of lockers and other personal effects, including body tests. The Supreme Court maintained that arbitrary searches of student sportsmen and women do not go against the fourth amendment’s stature in opposing unfair searches and arrests, upholding an early ruling it had made in the year 1995 in Vernonia (Costello 1282). Most schools then began mandatory tests for all participants in extracurricular activities. Current event in the US that pertains to the fourth amendment Arguments over the fourth amendment get heated by the day, literally. This is because various entities drawn from the fields of environment, commerce, labor, and the civil societies seem to have colluded against it, in a bid to gain more proponents of the amendment. The main argument by these groups is that amendment four is an expensive job killer and time waster. One argument is that
The article covers a study conducted to determine the effectiveness of using laboratory and clinical data in the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). According to the authors, HIT is a serious complication that can be caused by the use of products that contain a polysaccharide referred to as heparin. The most serious type of HIT is immune-mediate HIT that results from a negative immune response that leads to formation of antibodies against the presence of heparin in the blood. The prevalence of thrombocytopenia is enhanced by risk factors that include type of clinical settings, exposure to heparin, and decline in the number of platelets in the body. The article states that early management and diagnosis is important in order to lower the risk to thrombotic events. Currently, HIT is diagnosed through analysis of data collected in clinic and laboratory environments. In clinical settings, examples of tests used t generate data include anti-PF4 assay and the serotonin release assay (SRA). The 4T’s pretest probability score is atoll used in clinical settings to determine the likelihood of a patient developing HIT based on three critical risk factors. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of using 4T’s scores and anti-PF4 OD values obtained from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test to enhance the diagnosis of HIT. The study involved a thorough evaluation of 156 clinical cases involving patients with high HIT diagnosis scores. The results of the study revealed that 4T’s score was a more effective tool for early diagnosis of HIT than the atnti-PF4 assay test. The combination of both anti-PF4 OD values and $T’s scores were effective in enhancing the diagnosis of HIT. In that regard, combination of both tools eradicates the need to use SRA in diagnosis of HIT especially among patients with low scores obtained from both diagnostic tools. Type of article The article is a quantitative research study that involved evaluation of data collected from different patients. Data analysis was done using STATA. The article was relatively difficult to read because of extensive use of complex medical terminologies. Other than that, the authors use simple language to discuss the rationale of the study as well as the methodology and results. Certain parts of the article were easy to read because of the inclusion of a summary that presents the purpose of the study, methodology, results obtained, and the conclusion. The article’s target audience is medical practitioners and people at risk of HIT as well as people suffering from HIT. The information it contains can be useful in the diagnosis and management of HITs. Things learned from the article I have learned several things from reading the article. First, there are two types of HIT and the most severe type is the one caused by the production of antigens by the immune system in response to the [presence of heparin in the body. Second, I have learned that diagnosis of
Project ‘Cyborg’ is perhaps one of the most interesting projects in the science and technology of robotics. However, experiments involved in the project equally attract some ethical concerns due to its use of human beings as laboratory animals. Pioneered by Ken Warwick, a renowned British professor of robotics at the University of Reading, project Cyborg aims at developing robots that can mimic humans through a connection between the control center of the robot and human nervous system (Warwick, 2004a). Moreover, it aims at controlling robots from a remote location. In addition, it aims at connecting the nervous systems of two people in order to observe the possible control a person can have over a robot. Although the experiment has been developed in the modern world, there is a lot to be compared between Project Cyborg and project ‘New Electrical Apparatus’ by Nicholson and Carlisle in late 18 th century. Specifically, it is arguable that the two experiments raise relatively similar and equal concerns over the use of human nervous system in self-experimentation. This is especially because the two experiments involve interfering with the physiological integrity of the nerves and flow of stimuli by introducing an external electric current. The purpose of this discussion is to address the question ‘ethically speaking, is the self-experimentation done by Nicholson and Carlisle significantly different from the self-experimentation Ken Warwick is doing on himself for Project Cyborg?’ In this project, which started in 1998, a number of arrays were developed into an electrode and implanted as a chip into the median fibers of Professor Warwick’s left arm (Warwick, 2004a). The array was passed through a surgical incision below the professor’s elbow joint, which allowed the surgeons to insert a microelectrode array into the body and enabling it fire some electric stimulus into the professor’s nerve fibers. The neural interface developed between the microarray chip and the nerve endings of the professor’s arm successfully enabled the human subject (Professor Warwick) to control an intelligent (artificial) hand as well as an electric wheelchair. This proved that humans could control robots using a neural interface, which makes the robots ‘think’ and act as humans (Warwick, 2004a). Secondly, the project went ahead to assume a remote functionality, where a connection between the microchip in the professor’s hand (then Columbia University, USA) and a robotic arm in the university of Reading through the internet. In this way, Professor Warwick was able to control the remote arm through this online connection, adding to the proof that robots can mimic humans in remote locations. Finally, the project assumed a bidirectional functioning, where another chip implanted in the left arm of Warwick’s wife allowed a purely electronic communication between the nervous systems of the two subjects (Warwick, 2004b). Ethically and scientifically speaking, the experiments in project Cyborg have a number of similarities with the ‘self-experiments’ by William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle in late 18 th century. Firs
Nowadays, Europe has a significant influence on decision-making and regulates international trade. However, the region experienced difficulties, as it was not in control of the global changes. The development of New German Kingdoms, rise of the Orthodox Church, and a sophisticated leadership and establishment of Charlemagne’s empire could be regarded as the primary contributors to the rapid and strong emergence of Europe, as a combination of these factors ensured the development of the region from different spheres and angles while making it one of the most powerful political entities in the world. Firstly, the enlargement of New Germanic Kingdoms could be regarded as a potential reason for Europe’s growth. These fluctuations led to the development of Frankish Kingdoms introduced by Clovis (Duiker and Spielvogel 303). The leader presented “a powerful new Frankish kingdom,” which occupied a significant share of the mainland (Duiker and Spielvogel 303). Based on the historical information provided above, it remains apparent that Clovis introduced a new political entity with a well-established culture. Consequently, the development of Germanic tribes could be regarded as one of the potential contributors to the rise of Europe while having a positive impact on the geographical location and economic and cultural strengths. Meanwhile, the role of religion and the power of the Christian Church cannot be underestimated, as it had a well-developed persuading mechanism to improve the cultural heritage and unite people together. In his case, the Church tended to have “a system of government” and used “monastic movement” to deliver the message to the believers (Duiker and Spielvogel 303). Rapidly, the Christian Church dominated Europe and changed the decision-making patterns in European society. Consequently, the contribution of the Christian Church cannot be disregarded, as this religious entity united the European nations and increased the strength of the region. Lastly, the leadership of Charlemagne changed the overall structure of Europe, and the leader stated that Charlemagne is “the kingdom of Europe” (Duiker and Spielvogel 305). Charlemagne united the representatives of different nations under one goal while developing a rapidly growing and powerful e
Introduction George Orwell is one of the most prominent figures in world literature of the twentieth century. Two personal qualities helped him achieve this status. The first one is his innate writing talent, and the second one is his unwavering commitment to his ideals of equality and justice. He himself and his works are a reflection of his era. He has witnessed two World Wars, several bloody and destructive revolutions and civil wars, and the most authoritarian regimes in history. That is why his works are more than stories; they are a message to each new generation. It is safe to say that one reading Orwell’s work will inevitably begin to reflect on topics such as totalitarianism, society, civilization, equality, and the future. This work will explore similar issues or, to be more precise, what values the new generation lacks that the previous one had. Respect for the Opinion of an Ideological Opponent One of the things that the new generation lacks and that the old one had is respect for the opinion of an ideological opponent. Over the past few years, public discourse has become significantly politicized, and adolescents and high schoolers are no exception. One of the negative aspects of it is that people stopped discussing topics and statements that contradict their worldviews. Nowadays, people with different views are being canceled or even doxed by the prevailing crowd forcing them to leave social media. This behavior is similar to the methods of suppression of dissent by the Thought Police from 1984 . According to Orwe