ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Physical activity and cognitive health are two inseparable concepts. The interdependence is so great that any change in either one will result in immediate effect on the other. Since ancient times it has been known that physical activity alleviates the symptoms of sadness, grief and more even depression. In a book titled “Fit and Well”, the authors present a close connection between fitness and well being of the mind and body. Not only is physical activity a great way to reduce stress and cure depression, it changes the lifestyle and allows for a better quality of life. In a book titled “How to Stop Worrying and Start Living”, Dale Carnegie talks about techniques of stopping stress, and what it is a person needs to live a healthy life. The author starts off with reiterating that it is important to live in the present and let go of the past. It is equally critical to not live in the future and think that the current state or life is simply a transition into something better. A person creates their own living conditions; all it takes is the will to act. People face stress in almost every aspect of existence. Work, public life and personal encounters all come with some degree of stress and that is why the ability to control and deal with stress is a necessity, which is very valuable in any situation. It is a physical, as well as mental manifestation of emotions that reflect, most of times, negatively on the person (Carnegie, 2010). Dale Carnegie notes that stress becomes a physical manifestation of emotional problems. Some symptoms include loss of weight or the opposite, gain of weight due to stressful overeating, headaches and the feeling of tiredness and general nervousness, irritability and angry outbursts. Most of the time stress is depressing and people look for ways to get rid of it. When considering “unwanted” stress, it relates to personal feelings and thoughts. It upsets the balance of the body and the restoration of it requires the calming down of the chemical reaction in the body, as well as the change in a person’s thinking. As such, stress is a reaction of the central nervous system to the conditions that happen outside of the organism and as such, physical and mental suppression is required. The environmental factors increase the internal frustration, which leads to the body’s chemical response Dale Carnegie writes that self confidence and respect are among the most important ways to think of the self (Carnegie, 2010). Coping with stress is a skill that everyone must develop. “How to Stop Worrying and Start Living” takes an in-depth look at the causes and results of stress, recommending techniques on how to resolve prolonged stress exposure. The first sign of stress is the headaches that it causes. The key to success is to find a coping technique. But, on the other hand, there is positive stress. It is called “eustress” and it happens when a person must react quickly and without hesitation because their immediate health or sometimes life, depend on it.
Indeed, excess of homeless and a shortage of affordable housing became burning issues for Mendocino County, Northern California. People who cannot find a place to live have to be content with public shelters or to spend their lives in the streets. It seems that the reasons for the rising homelessness and the lack of housing are economic, such as low income and high housing prices. Many residents in Northern California became victims of the current economic situation. According to Bachega (2018), booming demand in an area with limited housing offers provoked the increasing cost of living, so those who were financially on the limit lost the ability to afford a place. Therefore, anyone with a tight budget is at risk of being deprived of their home because as their solvency decreases, the prices grow. That is why it is a mistake to consider homelessness a danger only for a specific category of people with psychological problems. Cowan and Dougherty (2020) claim that although mental health issues are factors to consider, most people who become homeless could be easily housed if there were accommodations that they could afford on their income. Thus, homelessness is driven by economic forces because people simply do not have an alternative place to live. As for a shortage of affordable housing, it results from growing prices, especially in areas where the offer is restricted. Homelessness and a lack of available accommodation options are among the significant challenges Northern California is facing now. More and more people are compelled to leave their homes, but it is not a sign of a dysfunctional life situation in the majority of cases. In fact, the problem is closely connected to such phenomena of the modern world as low income and high housing prices. Reference Bachega, H. (2018). Homeless in US: A deepening crisis on the streets of America . BBC. Web. Cowan, J., & Dougherty, C. (2020). What would it take to end homelessness? The New York Times. Web.
Sample checklist for the product Feature               Remarks bodywork                      dimensions & weights          aerodynamics                  engine                        performance                   fuel consumption              chassis                       general                       Abbreviations                  The Theory of Constraints The Theory of Constraints refers to a philosophy of management that was invented by Dr. Goldratt. According to the author, the potency of any process, chain or system relies on the system’s weakest link. TOC is usually systemic and endeavors to spot the things that prevent the system from being successful. It attempts to produce the necessary changes to eliminate the limitations or problems that may cause it to be successful. Theory of constraints has separate yet linked processes as well as interrelated concepts that entail “logistics, performance measures, five focusing steps and logical thinking processes” (Cox and Michael, 1998). Goldratt states that there are three major measurements of the performance to assess. They include inventory, throughput, as well as operating expense. Additionally, TOC stresses out the usage of these global measures of operation instead of the usage of local measures like utilization and efficiency. Goldratt also points out enhancement of throughput. The rate of generation of money by the system through sales is referred to as throughput. Goods may not be considered assets until the time they are sold (Dettmer, 1997). The money that is invested in the products intended to be sold by the firm or the materials that are supposed to be converted into items that can be sold are all inventories. Operating expense entails the money that the organization spends in the conversion of inventory to throughput. The firm will, therefore, be aiming at increasing throughput and decreasing inventory as well as the operating expenses so as to enhance cash flow, returns on investment as well as the overall profit (Dugdale, and Colwyn, 1997). When the throughput is increased and inventory is as well as operating expenses are minimized, the firm will most likely achieve its objectives of making money, both in the present as well as in the future. All the things that will be preventing the organization from attaining this given goal should be described as a constraint. They may feature in form of material, capacity, logistics, behavior, or the policy of management (Gardiner, John and Lorraine, 1994). In order to deal with constraints, a tool called five focusing steps is developed. These steps make sure that the efforts of improvement are still on track. These are collectively believed to be the most significant TO aspects. The five focusing steps include: Step 1: Identification of constraint(s) that may take place within the system. Step 2: Decision on how to make sure that the constraint(s) of the system are exploited. Step 3: Subordinating all things to the decisions that are made within Step 2. Step 4: Elevating the constraint(s) of the sys
OD Initiative The case study of West Bravenhurst NHS Trust explores an intervention that involved the organizations’ nurses and their performance. It can be argued that this project represents an Organisation Development (OD) initiative. First, it is necessary to understand what OD is, including its primary expressions and processes. Scholars offer many definitions of the term ‘OD’; however, they all focus on a number of its characteristics. According to Sharp (2018a), OD is a practice of adapting where OD specialists focus on improving the internal processes of an organization in order to support its advancement and growth. Roper (2018) provides another definition, stating that the concept of OD is complex and describing it as an investigation into the parts of an organization and their interconnectedness in order to create specific conditions for organic growth. One can see that the main aim of OD is to help a business entity outside of the individual ideas of human resources or technological innovation. The approach of OD is systematic- addressing the connection between various organizational departments and their impacts on each other. The focus of OD interventions depends on the type of organization they target. For instance, manufacturing plants that want to implement more automated processes need to understand which organizational resources that require and how these materials or service have to be distributed (Sharp 2018a). Here, the maximization of value that can be extracted from each source is put under investigation. Apart from that, OD also contributes to the development of a firm’s purpose, goals, and strategy (Sharp 2018a). This part of the process is linked to organization design that reviews the needs and wishes of a company and creates a model in which all objectives can be achieved in the most efficient way (Sharp 2018b). If a company fails to incorporate its goals or purpose into its innovation, it may lose focus and encounter other problems. In cases where OD is utilized in organizations operating with people rather than machines, this approach applies human resource knowledge that relates to behavioral sciences. Aside from pay, benefits, and duties, people require non-financial incentives, motivation, and teamwork to feel accomplished and satisfied (Casey et al., 2015). Here, OD works to improve a business’s processes on the basis of people’s behavioral patterns and group dynamics. Finally, it is important to note another characteristic of OD – continuous improvement (Sharp 2018a). The aim of an OD initiative is not to introduce changes that produce a temporary solution to a company’s issues. In contrast, OD hopes to implement systematic change that will encourage further initiatives and allow organizations to enjoy gradual growth with new projects. Using the presented definition of OD, one can apply it to see whether the intervention at West Bravenhurst NHS Trust can be considered an OD initiative. First of all, the main aim of the trust’s program was to enact change. It is stated that nurses met to work together and identify problems in the current processes with the intention of introducing change.
The aim of the potato slice experiment was to demonstrate the different behaviors of a plant cell in different environments and the extent of the effect on a particular environment. The importance of this experiment was to find out these properties and behaviors and put them into consideration when planting, handling or storing plants products. The process of osmosis was also to be demonstrated and observed during the experiment. Introduction Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane caused by a difference in concentration (Haynie, 2001). A semi-permeable membrane only allows the molecules of the solvent to pass through. In this case, the molecules allowed to pass are the water molecules moving from a low concentration solution to that of higher concentration. The process does not require any energy to be input but instead releases energy as witnessed when a root splits a stone or forces its way through small stones as it grows. Osmosis therefore only occurs when a permeable cell separates two solutions of different concentrations. This can be demonstrated using an animal cell or a plant cell placed in a solution of either higher or lower concentration than of its own cell components. The cell behaves differently depending on the nature of the solution; it can lose, maintain or gain weight. A cell placed in a hypertonic solution (high solute concentration) will lose its wate
Question 1: What is the difference between policy and standards? The primary difference between policy and standard is the different intentions about particular actions while referring to steps to be taken. In this case, the initial goal of the policy is to determine the existence of a certain issue and its coverage (Eastton & Taylor, 2011). It assures the compliance of the individuals with the established legal system. Meanwhile, the standards in their nature are related to the particular level of quality while introducing the control measures (Eastton & Taylor, 2011). Question 2: Why are guidelines and recommendations optional while policies and standards are mandatory? It could be said that the guidelines and recommendations have an optional nature, as they have a tendency to propose one of the ways of the actions, which the organization or an individual could follow in a particular situation (Whitman & Mattord, 2011). Meanwhile, the policies and standards could be considered of a higher power, as they identify the issue and determine the necessity to comply with the law regarding the particular issues. Question 3: Why are policies developed at a high level in the organization? It remains apparent that policies are developed at a high level of organization for several reasons. One of them is the fact that the management is able to understand the necessity of the policy introduction by comparing it with the company’s needs, vision, values, and mission (Bolles & Hubbard, 2007). Meanwhile, a high level of organization has significant authority and power for the development and establishment of new policies. Question 4: Why is consistent enforcement critical for cyber policies, standards, and procedures? In turn, the continuous enforcement of the policies, standards, and procedures is critical to the context of cyber law. This sphere is relatively novel, and its current standards do not cover all of the issues and questions (Kubota, 2007). Meanwhile, technology tends to develop on a regular basis, and this matter determines the necessity to establish new policies and redesign old ones on a regular basis (Kubota, 2007). Question 5: What is business continuity management? Business continuity management is a business strategy, which implies the continuous assessment of risks while evaluating the organizational responses to these threats (Hiles, 2010). Meanwhile, it aims at the development of stability of the firm and its resilience to ensure the relevant return of investment for the stakeholders. Question 6: What is the impact of incomplete or missing information on a security policy? It could be said the lack of information in the security policy has an adverse impact on the functioning of the organization and its safety. In this case, this matter determines that the absence of coverage of the precise issues might be a cause of the wrongful decision-making and misunderstandi
Abstract Food fraud is a pervasive malpractice in the food industry. Isotopic composition analysis is used to identify cases of food fraud by quantifying the stable isotopic ratio of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and sulphur in food. This experiment aimed at finding differences in isotopic percentages of 15 nitrogen, 13 carbon and 2 hydrogen in six pre-prepared cheese types using isotope ratio mass spectroscopy (IRMS). The analysis was conducted using IRMS coupled with an elemental analyser. The lowest δ 15 N (‰) of 4.74 was recorded in Italian cheese, whereas cheese from Ireland and England had the highest δ 15 N (‰) values of 7.2. Cheese from goat and cow milk had different isotopic compositions even though they originated from the same place. The δ 13 C was between -22 and -28 whereas δ 2 H ranged from -76 to -120 for all the samples. Post-analysis chemometrics was not done, which limited the ability to group the cheese samples into various geographical regions, geological settings and agricultural systems. Introduction Food fraud involves the deliberate altering, substitution or contamination of food products within the production, processing and marketing chain. Presenting wrong information regarding the actual contents of food on its label also constitutes food fraud. Additionally, claiming that a commodity comes from a specific geographical region that is renowned for producing high quality items can be considered food fraud. Financial gain is the main motivation for food scams where unscrupulous businessmen engage in the practice to lower the production costs or increase the apparent value of food (Camin et al. 2017). Passing off substandard food commodities as high quality has moral and ethical implications. However, interfering with the composition of food may pose additional health risks to consumers. This form of deception holds back market growth by damaging consumers’ trust in food commodities. The prevalence of food fraud has prompted regulatory bodies to conduct certain tests to ascertain farmers’ and manufacturers’ claims about food commodities. Methods used to fight food fraud fall into various categories such as chromatographic, DNA-based, spectroscopy and isotope fingerprints. Chromatographic techniques include gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, whereas spectroscopic methods encompass Raman infrared, vibrational, Fourier-transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (Hong et al. 2017). Some of the techniques that use DNA include, DNA hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), DNA barcoding, Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) techniques and many others. Chemometric procedures are often conducted to increase the robustness of these analytical techniques and facilitate the grouping of different samples based on predefined parameters. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a commonly used isotope and elemental procedure in f
Abstract The main purpose of the lab report was to investigate the concept of genetic cross among Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies). The experiment was aimed at understanding how the Mendelian genetic principles are manifested in the breeding patterns of Drosophila. The laboratory experiment involved the reciprocation of a monohybrid cross in consideration of the flies’ sex-links. The flies were sexed, crossbred, and finally, their resulting phenotypes were analyzed. The parent generation (F1) was of unknown genotype. However, all the F1 generation belonged to the wild phenotype. The hypothesis of the experiment was that the second generation of flies (F2) could be used to determine the phenotypes of both groups depending on the results of the experiment. The results of the experiment backed up the initial hypothesis partially but the specimen did not completely align with the Mendelian principles. Introduction The study of Drosophila genetic crosses can be applied in various biological fields including the study of various organisms’ genetics and the resulting inheritance of traits. The fly is favored in experiments mostly because it is easy to obtain and handle. Furthermore, the fly can be easily and inexpensively cultured in laboratory environments. The fly’s relevance to human biology has adequately been noted through the 1995 Nobel Prize in medicine (Clark & Pollard, 2010). The reliance on the flies for genetic-related experiments can also be attributed to the fact that they have a short life cycle. Consequently, experiments that would take several years on humans and other vertebrates only take a few weeks on Drosophila species. There are two prominent principles that apply to this research. The first one is the principle of natural selection as outlined by Charles Darwin and the other one is Mendelian genetics. According to Darwin, the fittest organisms within any population have the greatest chances of surviving and reproducing. On the other hand, Mendelian laws outline mo
Introduction Medical and physical treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) cannot fully stand alone in restoration of a patient’s health in many cases. An additional program based on cognitive behaviour is also required for mental and emotional stability. Both programs, however, are only aimed at restoring the patient into their maximum achievable potential rather than taking the patients to their original capability. The programs involve a holistic approach that conclusively is based on family, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, teachers and nurses’ participation. From the case study, a life care plan can be drawn for improvement of her health. Neuropsychiatric Examination The patient should be scheduled regularly to neurologist and psychiatrist evaluation for health follow up. The frequency of these appointments will be different based on the patient’s conditions. Evaluations are necessary for suggestions on appropriate intervention measures following the patient’s new heath conditions (Thurman, Alverson, & Dunn, 1999). Holistic Approach The therapy program should be conclusive and not divided into segments. From the case study, the patient faces problems in general of situations hence the process of her rehabilitation needs a complete individual approach. All therapies i.e. speech therapy should be conducted in all settings and not only in one area, for instance, when the patient is seated. The therapies should be focused on mastery development and recognitions. However, cognitive therapies should be carried out in a home setting or familiar places to enable the patient to easily conceptualize with the aid of her environment. Her lessons need to be scheduled at least twice a week (Thurman et al., 2005) Administration of Group Therapy The patient needs to identify herself with others. This is vital for individualistic development. This can be conducted twice a week. Interaction should involve discussions and plays. This also acts as her learning ground on what is going around. The goal of socialization programs is to alleviate emotions such as anger and depression. Group therapy needs to involve a population of survivors of traumatic brain injury. This will enable the patient to develop a positive attitude towards her ambitions and goals (Thurman et al., 2005). Structured Life Pattern Neuropsychological individuals need tough schedules in their lives. Follow up of schedules like; waking up, taking breakfast, shopping and learning terms should be tightly structured. This ensures that the brain is put in auto pilot hence it gets accustomed to such schedules and enhances creativity, novelty in diverse areas and memory development. Scheduling will control her sleeping habit such as reducing daytime sleeping. Additionally, she will be able to control her eating habit as well. Schedules also reduce forgetfulness among the patients. Additionally, tight structures reduce constant decision making processes thus injured individual’s capabilities increases (Thur