ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Peace-building is an important activity that has to be considered by any corporation, organization, or person to achieve a better future. Nowadays, there are many conflicts based on different environmental problems. Some organizations build peace by means of environmental cooperation. Still, these organizations have to remember that environmental cooperation is a concept with a lack of analysis. It may “forestall violence, mitigate conflicts, or otherwise enhance the chances for peace” (Conca & Dabelko, 2002, p.3) or create more new problems within a short period of time. The current report aims at working out the effective ways to build peace through environmental cooperation, promote peaceful relations between the parties in conflict, and help people view the environment in the form of dialogues. All means of building peace through environmental cooperation may be divided into three main categories: the effective ways to prevent environmental conflicts like pressure on the resources people depend on, and attention to the dialogues between the conflicting parties in case other political or economic ideas have already failed, and the creation of a solid basis for peace, for example, water management (Carius, 2007, p. 9). The peculiar feature of environmental cooperation is the possibility to enhance trust, create identities, and elaborate rights and freedoms for different parties. It seems to be so easy to build peace and follow the rules set. Unfortunately, not all companies are ready to consider the ways of peace-building chosen by the other participants of the conflicts, and it is important to consider the interests and wishes of all parties, define a number of common concepts, and introduce the most appropriate ways of environmental cooperation. One of the possible ways to build peace through environmental cooperation is to prevent any kind of violence and conflicts between the parties and minimize the
In the twentieth century, Europe became the scene of some fierce episodes of collective violence in human history. At the same time, many evident improvements in all aspects of the life of humans were achieved: human life has greatly extended, standards of living have improved dramatically; total literacy has been achieved; the rights of women and ethnic minorities are better protected. During the First World War, the Eurocentric world came to an end. The opposition of barbarism and civilization is rather old. Good and evil have always fought, but still, none of them wins. Walter Benjamin’s fate was tragic; from his own experience, he knew what the life of a Jew in anti-Semitic Germany was like. He was one of the Marxist thinkers who managed to see the threats that scientific and industrial progress could bring. But even he failed to foresee the tragic consequences of the development of these institutions 1 . “There is no document of civilization which is not also a document of barbarism”. This phrase can be applied to many aspects of the life of the “civilized” 20 th century. Maybe it means that every document has two sides. When a document reveals civilization it merely reveals barbarism, when it reveals barbarism it hides civilization. When “civilized” Europeans came to Africa to laugh at her savagery, it just meant that they were blind and failed to notice the peculiar features of African civilization and were unable to see their own savagery. This idea provides good food for thought; one comes to understand that the good and the bad are interrelated 2 and interdependent. This idea allows us to try to preserve that which is considered barbaric. We may also see that the difference between the falsely civilized and the truly savage rather is vague. The trip of Spanish soldier Lope de Aguirre in the film The Wrath of God is rather symbolic. He was searching for legendary El Dorado, the city of gold. The film presents a vision of despair and madness. Death and destruction follow the travelers wherever they go. Eventually, the men that used to be brave and strong hallucinate and starve. The crazed Aguirre, the hero, proclaims himself the Wrath of God . The audience is then offered to think about humans’ spiritual blindness and obsessions which may descend into madness. In our civilized world, there are some cases when children are being brought up in the wild. The Wild Child is a film directed by Francois Truffaut. A small boy was found in the forest and then taken to the new unknown civilized world. The margins between the brutal laws of wild nature and the civilized aspects of Parisian life seem to be narrow. Eventually, Victor learns to have social relations but loses the ability to exist as a savage. Doctor Itard’s diary of his communication with Victor is the most documented case of wild children in human history. Though the film is black and white, the audience is offered a whole palette of emotions. 3 The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser is the true story about a foundling who had always been kept apart from other people. Eventually, he was left in Nurnberg city square with a prayer book and a letter in his hands
Introduction Holly Farm is a business that is jointly owned by Charles and Gillian Giles. In the year 2003, the Holly Farm extended its operations and was opened to the paying public due to the reduction in the revenues from milk and cereal activities. Charles and Gillian invested the whole of their savings to construct a 40 space car park and an area that can accommodate six 40-seater buses. They also created a safe area where the public can use to view the milking parlor. Moreover, they also constructed special trailers for passengers to be transported within the farm on guided tours, a permanent exhibition of equipment, a rare breed paddock, a children’s adventure playground, a picnic area, a maize maze and a farm shop. They also built a small factory to manufacture real dairy ice cream, pasteurized ice cream and eggs, sugar, flavorings, and other products purchased but not purposed for the public viewing. The actual situation in the operation of the Holly Farm Gillian took charge of the new developments while Charles operates the commercial farming business. The number of the public who visited the farm increased steadily due to the advertisements and public lectures they provided. Advertisements are very crucial in ensuring that clients get attracted to the business. In 2006, the promotional activities declined because Gillian was committed in her business. This made the number of visitors to the farm to level out to approximately 15,000 per year. The farm was open to the public at 11:00 am and closed at 7:00 pm after milking practices were over. Approximately 90% of visitors in cars or coaches would arrive later than 12:30 pm, those who attend the picnic would arrive until around 2:0 pm, and they tour the farm until around 4:00 pm after which approximately 20% would have visited the farm shop and departed, but those remaining would wait to view the milking process, then visit the shop to buy ice cream and other products after which they depart. Gillian opened the farm each year from April to October inclusive, a period when the demand is very low and the condition very unfavorable for the tractor rides and most of the animals had to be kept inside. Earlier experience indicated that the demands were too low during mid week, but on Mondays and Fridays the business was very viable, with almost exactly twice of the visitors on Saturdays and Sundays as on Fridays and Mondays. In 2008, Gillian decided to increase the number of visitors in the farm by 50% so as to improve the return on the farm tours and to help the farm shop to meet its targets. The extra sales from the ice cream assisted to keep the factory at full output. The challenge was whether to make sales to coach firms or to intensify local advertising to attract more families in cars. The other option was to collaborate with schools for educational visits. However, the farm guide workers were not to be used on extr
Introduction GPS is a Global Positioning System built on satellite knowledge. The U.S. Department of Defence was the initiator of this technology in 1970s. Originally, GPS was functional in the military department; however, later it served both the public and the military. GPS gives nonstop location and timing details, any place in the globe under any climatic conditions. Many people all over the world use GPS, therefore it has to be a passive system for safety purposes. Specifically, the users can only get the satellite information (El-Rabbany, 2002). The basic function of GPS is to calculate the area of effective operation between the receiver and users’ satellites. The locations of the satellites are calculated and transmitted together with the GPS signal to the user. Through many identified locations of the satellites and the calculated distances between the receiver and the satellites, the location of the receiver is determinable. The location change, which is also determinable, is the velocity of the receiver. The most significant uses of GPS are locating and navigating (Xu, 2007). Basic Concepts of GPS The concept behind GPS is rather straightforward. If the space from a GPS receiver to three GPS satellites is determinable along with the satellite positions, then the idea of resection can determine the location of a point. Each GPS satellite broadcast a microwave radio signal that has two transmitters, two codes, and navigation information. The GPS receives data from the GPS data through the antenna; it then computes it through receiver software. The result of this computation consists of the lengths to the GPS satellites through the numerical codes and the satellite locations through the navigation information. Hypothetically, only three lengths to three concurrently traced satellites are required. The position of the receiver is between the intersections of three spheres. Practically, however, a fourth satellite is required for the receiver clock balance (El-Rabbany, 2002). The GPS assemblage comprise of twenty-four satellites in six orbital surfaces, each surface holding four satellites. The space between the nodes of the orbital surface is symmetrical and differs by 60 degrees. The orbital surfaces slant at 55 degrees. Each GPS satellite is in a spherical trajectory with a minor axis of 26578 km in a day. The satellites adjust themselves regularly so that their solar panels face the sun, and their antennas face the earth. Every satellite contains four atomic timers, proportional to the size of a car. The purpose of the timers is to give the L-band frequency (Xu, 2007). Moreover, there are base stations that supervise the GPS satellites. These stations have cesium timers and receivers to establish the transmission ephemerides and to adjust the satellite timers. The satellites receive these adjustments and ephemerides and transmit them to GPS receivers (Tsui, 2005). The paths of GPS are accessible by transmission or the International Geodetic Service (IGS). IGS trajectories are defined ephemerides after the operation. All GPS receivers possess an almanac set in their system, which gives the location of each s
The White House is the formal home and workplace of the President of U.S. The building rests on the 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, in Washington, D.C. (Hess, 2004). Every presidential family has implemented some transformations to the White House, since Kennedy’s renovation. Structure The North front, which is the main facade of the White House, has eleven bays and three floors (Hess, 2004). The facade seems to have two floors because ground floor can not be seen. The roofline of the building can, as well, not be seen because of a blocking wall. The Southern facade of the building has three floors that can be seen. The facade has a bow with three projecting bays, at the center. The bow gets bordered by 5 bays. The most recent third floor gets concealed, by a barrier wall and has no function in the structure of the facade. Balance The design of the building is superbly symmetric on the wings. The well ventilated windows in every wing make the building appear lighter than when there were no windows. Devoid of these elements, the house would appear top heavy. Space The building has a floor space of 5,100 M² (Yanuck, 2006). Besides, the East Wing contains extra office space. The Central air conditioning and two other subbasements became added
Language in America English is an important language in America because it makes it possible for many people to communicate easily. English brings people together and encourages them to share ideas and resources to improve their lives. The American society is multi cultural and all residents need to speak a common language to help them communicate effectively. This makes it easy to unify people from different ethnic and racial backgrounds. Language has a large impact on culture because it helps one understand values and ideas that are cherished by people in the society he lives. People need to be encouraged to learn their native languages to make them appreciate their cultures more (Barrientos). This will encourage all people to be more conscious about their roots which will strengthen multi cultural relations between people living in different societies. Many people speak their native languages at home when they are interacting with their friends and family. This gives them a sense of belonging and comfort because they are able to share a lot of personal experiences that are very important to them. They are able to discuss various topics of interest freely because they are at ease and enjoy spending quality time together. Tan reveals “…a person’s developing language skills are more influenced by peers” (2). People work hard to conform to expectations of their peers to ensure they communicate in a language everyone understands. Many employers prefer their employees to speak in a common language to ensure workplace functions are performed effectively. Influences on Language Some people are heavily influenced by the media in the way they speak. For instance, people pick up new slang terms and accents from famous musicians, actors and other notable public personalities. The media is the main avenue through which people learn various aspects of popular culture such as language, fashion and other trends. This gives them an idea on how they need to speak to conform to people’s expectations in a particular area. Both school and home environments have a big influence on the way people acquire various language skills. A school environment exposes learners to languages which are widely spoken, which are different from their vernaculars. They get to interact with their school mates and this helps them learn popular slang terms that help them relate with their peers easily. Many parents teach their children their native vernaculars at home to make them appreciate their cultural heritage (Silko 2). The American society presumes that for one to be recognized as a resident, one needs to learn how to speak English more fluently. However, this presumption may not necessarily apply to everyone that lives in the country. Silko reveals “At Laguna Pueblo, for exampl
“The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe describes human’s feelings caused by a loss of someone beloved. Through the use of imagery and symbolism, Poe enables the reader to visualize the situation. The raven that is commonly associated with an evil omen stands for ‘the Death’ in the name of the poem. The action takes place in one of the rooms in the narrator’s house. To put it more exactly, it is concentrated in the man’s bedroom. The reader can suggest that it is combined with a library as the character is reading a book when he hears a knock on the door (line 10). According to Poe’s description, the setting is just a perfect place for people to mutter and brood to themselves. The room is said to have “silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain” (line 13) and the “velvet violet lining with the lamplight gloating o’er” (line 77). The time of the narration is at the end of the year when the weather is normally nasty. This fact can be proved by the words “it was in the bleak December” (line 7) and “a midnight dreary” (line 1). The very title of the poem “The Raven” is an example of Poe’s skillful use of imagery. The word immediately provokes an image of a black bird and, therefore, the death. Sounds coming from this bird are always assumed to be a curse. Due to this stylistic device, the reader is full of unpleasant misgivings from the first lines of the poem. Poe begins his poem with “Once upon a midnight dreary”. The line immediately brings up the coinciding image of a dark and late night in the readers’ minds. Poe encourages them to dip into the mysterious atmosphere of his imaginary world. He hypnotizes their readers with the following lines: “While I nodded, nearly napping” (line 3). Poe wants to enable everyone to experience the strange impressions that arise from the unexpected knocks, ” someone gently rapping, and rapping at my chamber door” (line 4). These words evoke some mixed feelings of anxiety and concern. The reader is not capable of predicting what the unexpected disturbance means. The action develops climatically in the second part of the poem, making the readers experience all kinds of conflicting emotions. At first, one is overwhelmed by the narrator’s excitement, when the latter expects to see his wife Lenore at the door. However, the reality is prompt to kill the hopes – there is nobody at the door. The readers sympathize with the poor man; they readily share his despair and disappointment. Reality confrontation awakes the mournful thoughts about the irreversibility of events. The raven becomes a symbol of melancholy, even though the man does not know about its presence. The poem is a perfect example of the power of symbolism. Due the artful usage of this device Edgar Poe manages to tell a long and complicated story in few words. Within several lines, he reveals the important questio
Summary The Big Squeeze by Steven Greenhouse focuses on how American workers have earned less income despite their hard work (Greenhouse, 2008). In the book, the author illustrates how employers in the last three years have benefited at the expense of their workers. Equally, the author analyses several case studies to demonstrate how inappropriate tax policies and overseas competition have worsened the situation. In chapter 15, the author illustrates several challenges faced by individuals at their retirement age (Greenhouse, 2008). According to the author, in the past three decades, many American workers have continued to work past their retirement age to solve the problem of their insufficient retirement incomes. The author asserts that in the past several companies have gone bankrupt because of pension burdens. With this, the author argues that several companies are now reviewing their pension schemes to ensure that they do not undermine their operating budgets. Through these plans, workers’ pension has been cut forcing them to work past their retirement age. In chapter 16, the author focuses on what the current government and relevant stakeholders should do to ensure that low-income, middle-income, and wealthy Americans enjoy equal income growth rates. The author argues that when President John F. Kennedy was in power, income rates in America increased at an equal rate regardless of the social classes of the time. According to the author, the current wealthy Americans’ incomes and profits have increased tremendously while the middle-income and low-income earnings have stagnated. Throughout the chapter, Greenhouse provides several options that should be adopted to end the situation. These options are fighting wage situation, cracking down on wage theft, safeguarding the safety net, curing an unhealthy health care system, and increasing retirement security. What is 401k plan and how does it work? 401k is an American pension plan passed into law in the year 1978. American employers sponsor the plan. In chapter 15, Greenhouse argues that 401k plan is an individual investment account that allows companies to provide matches for employee contributions in the form of company stocks (Greenhouse, 2008). Through this plan, workers are able to invest and save part of their incomes before being taxed. To illustrate how these plans function, the author provides a simple math used by companies. The author illustrates that big corporation reimburses an average of 8% of their workers’ wages into conventional retirement fund programs. On the other hand, the author asserts that these companies can equally allocate 3% of their workers’ salary into the 401k plan. Through this illustration, the author argues that companies would save substantial funds by switching from traditional pension schemes to 401k plans. In the USA, several corporations have adopted 401k plans. During the early 1980s, the numbers of employer-sponsored plans were estimated
A Christian is a person who believes in God, His Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit. The name Christian was first referred to the disciples of Jesus Christ in Antioch when they seemed to behave and do things like Christ- actually the name means Christ like. Thus Christian character therefore, is the moral behavior of those who have a godly relationship thus doing what Christ did through commitment. Christian characteristics are therefore viewed worldly as the best traits to be portrayed by an ethical person. It is necessary for a Christian to be ready in being identified with Christ no matter the cost as the reward is great – eternal life. The following is a discussion of the Christian characteristics in relation to my belief (Zigarell, 2002). An ethical person should be honest. This character is shown when one becomes open to others while taking on the right things, thus earning their trust by being truthful. Humility character is also important where one does things without pride. This promotes submissiveness in that one becomes teachable. Through it, it is then possible to confess our sins and mistake and ask for the forgiveness from God and among ourselves, at the same time arrogance is minimized. Since no man is perfect every person should portray this character where people should forgive each other. From Christian perspective everybody was born a sinner but one receives forgiveness from God and just as God forgives, then we should forgive one another. Forgiving helps to ignore the wrong things while embracing what is good and enhancing a good relationship (Zigarell, 2002). Self control character helps one to restrain himself from doing the wrong things which would in turn hurt others. Through