ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Religious perspective on psychology has presented a lot of confusion when it comes to defining normal or abnormal behaviors. For example, different religions have different set standards of what is considered normal or abnormal, or rather moral or immoral in their own set of ethical judgments. In this case, should we brand immoral conduct as ‘normal’? If so, then we should be able to call moral behavior normal as well. But whose judgment will we use to separate the two contrasting elements of the psychology of normal and abnormal behaviors? This paper focuses on the relationship between religion and the definition of normal and abnormal psychology. Religious Beliefs vs. normal and abnormal behavior In our day-to-day operations, it is easy to make judgments of what other people do, thanks to religion that has instilled a sense of ‘righteousness’ within our psychological setup. The world has several religions, which are dictated by various cultural beliefs. Among these beliefs are the different practices that go hand in hand with what every section of society believes in. Because these practices are different and most often conflict, one may find it easy to make a judgment of what is good or wrong. Simply put: it’s easy to use individual belief to make a universal judgment, although such judgment may be biased (Masterpasqua, 2009). This kind of conflict makes it hard to develop a clear boundary between what is right or wrong within the religious context. Some religious beliefs permit the use of alcohol and it’s considered normal, yet others find it abnormal as alcohol is considered immoral. A Muslim faithful will consider taking alcoholic beverages completely immoral as far as Koran teachings are concerned. The same alcohol is considered normal among some Christian believers. Muslim faithful will find it normal to marry many wives as provided in the Koran, something completely abnormal for staunch Christians. Still some religious cultures consider eating beef immoral or unacceptable as cows are regarded as sacred. So what version of normalcy will we apply when giving definition of normal and abnormal behaviors? Usual or Unusual Behavior As stated earlier, usual behavior to one person may not pass with the same judgment to another person, especially if the two judges belong to different religious inclinations. So it’s possible to question that if one behavior is considered unusual, to who is it unusual? For instance, some people with certain religious or cultural inclination will consider tattoos or body piercing very unusual, while some will see it as an important aspect of religious experience. While some religions belief that one can actual
Introduction Reliance on the internet and mobile devices to do business leads to the so-called E-commerce. The term is hardly old, based on its adoption in the 2000s after the internet revolution. E-commerce is a real force in the present and future business world due to several facets. For example, the invention’s capacity to eliminate reliance on the costly brick-and-mortar system of doing business makes it favorable to many investors. Equally, e-commerce’s unique traits, such as reduced entry barriers and readily available large stocks of online customers, make the aspect highly cherished. The invention comes at the right time when the world’s population leads a busy life, while its needs often beat local producers’ ability. The world’s rapid adoption of e-commerce justifies the invention’s match to people’s unique needs. Citizens worldwide never have to walk or travel to buy commodities or struggle to search for unavailable stuff inside sparingly located stores like before during the e-commerce age. Such unmatchable benefits make e-commerce a real force cherished by many. Nothing reveals the essence of e-commerce more than the COVID-19 pandemic state. Reported first in the mid of 2019, the epidemic causes significant pressure on humans by changing virtually every past way of living. The closure of businesses to protect people from contracting the deadly contagious virus changed working conditions significantly (Saeed, Bader, Al-Naffouri, and Alouini, 2020). Organizations seeking to survive the global plague thus resulted in working online, using the internet and e-commerce strategies to beat the challenging situation. Moreover, the worldwide population relied substantially on technology to acquire life’s necessities due to the enacted quarantines. Such benefits make many people blindly accept the invention without caring about its effects on other fundamental aspects, such as the environment. Like any other facet, e-commerce exhibits both beneficial and harmful effects on the environment, thus requiring moderation. Positive Impacts of E-Commerce on the Environment Other than making people’s lives easier and fairer, e-commerce poses several beneficial effects on the environment. The following discussion reveals some of the invention’s paybacks about the surroundings. Transport Emissions The e-commerce business model operates differently from the traditional brick-and-mortar structure that requires vast parcels of land and a large workforce traveling to the offices every morning. Relying on the internet means that businesses selling items online requires a lesser number of stores or smaller size machine-intensive production units that can produce on-demand items (Gaffer, 2016). Therefore, the reduced need for land parcels implies a decrease in the natural ecosystem’s destruction, thus saving the environment. According to Collins (2021), transportation is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gases that harm the environment substantially. Therefore, having people work from home makes the e-commerce model beneficial to the environment by reducing harmful transportation
Marie Antoinette is a heroine typical for Sofia Coppola, living as an outcast in her carefree universe. The familiar motif and Kristen Dunst in the title role allowed to abandon historical authenticity. It focuses on the inner world of the heroine, who could afford the luxury of eternal childhood. In fact, she is much better at spending huge amounts of money, playing with a huge gingerbread house with an area of 550 thousand square kilometers than at politics and palace intrigues. Coppola echoes this childish atmosphere, leaving Converse sneakers in the frame and choosing the music of The Cure and Bow Wow Wow as the soundtrack (Marie Antoinette, 2006). This is the way this movie connects the distant past of the Palace of Versailles and the present everyday life. And this link is exactly what gives this work its value, setting it apart from other movies which focus on historical authenticity. Reference Coppola, S. (2006). Marie Antoinette [Film]. Columbia Pictures.
The Late Victorian Era is a very special period in the history of Britain on a boundary of the beginning of the XX century. That is why it has brought such productive results to the work of numerous cultural figures including the masters of the literature genre. In the following paper, I have my goal to observe the Late-Victorian Age and its main tendencies based on Stoker’s novel “Dracula” and Stevenson’s novel “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Edward Hyde”. I will primarily try to notice the way the main tendencies during the Late Victorian Era including “reverse colonization”, “The Woman Question” and a crisis of religious faith due to new sciences such as evolution theory and industrial progress are considered in the literary works of that period. Speaking about the concerns of the British during the late-Victorian era including “reverse colonization”, “The Woman Question” and a crisis of religious faith due to new science such as evolution theory, it should be stated that those important issues were raised in British society of those days due to the historical peculiarities of those times. First of all, women managed to receive access to more and more rights and freedoms. The so-called movement of feminism established its new and very productive era of development. Women kept on fighting for their rights and freedoms and managed to achieve considerable results. This finds a very significant response in the literary works of those days. Writers address gender-related matters in their literature works more and more actively. The other significant feature of that period in the history of British society is the unprecedented development of scientific thought that pushed religious faith far aside showing it as old-fashioned and narrow-minded; which also found its response in the literary works of that period. In particular, the authors begin to reject the faith in the existence of God being inspired by the gaining momentum evolution theory by Darwin. In addition, Britain’s prosperity does not stay unnoticed by the happiness-seekers from the other countries. People want to have their share in the well-being of Britain of those days. This process receives the title of “reverse colonization” and also finds its reflection in the literature pieces of those days. Stoker’s Dracula can be interpreted in the light of these questions. In the novel, we read about Count’s Dracula desperate efforts to relocate from Transylvania to England which suggests the topic of “reverse colonization”. Dracula resorts to the use of numerous lawful and unlawful practices to achieve his goal, however, he fails to do so. In addition, Dracula by Stoker largely touches on the role of women in the Victorian Era. In the novel along with the men, women strive to overtake Count Dracula showing great courage and bravery; they tend to avoid their mild and cowardly nature showing their desire to have equivalent rights and abilities along with the men. In addition, the religious faith is shown in its crisis in the novel. In particular, the characters are depicted as
Introduction Nuclear safety culture is becoming an important issue in the current society as many countries try to develop nuclear power plants as alternative source of power. According to Redmill and Anderson (2007), nuclear accidents are always considered dangerous not only because of the immediate death they cause but also their prolonged impact on people and the environment. Serious nuclear accidents may render a given area uninhabitable for over 150 years. Such serious impacts have forced stakeholders to come up with measures that can enhance nuclear safety for the countries that are trying to harness nuclear power. This research will focus on nuclear safety issues by looking at some of the major nuclear accidents and incidents around the world and what can be done to counter such accidents. This research will focus on understanding nuclear safety culture. It seeks to create knowledge on what the stakeholders can do to deal with cases of nuclear accidents in order to protect the humanity from its devastating effects. The following are some of the specific objectives in this study.   * To identify some of the major nuclear accidents and incidents in various countries around the world.   * To determine the immediate and long-term impact of nuclear accident on people and the environment.   * To determine measures that can be used to eliminate nuclear accidents and incidents in nuclear power plants.   * To determine ways through which experts can respond to cases of nuclear accidents or incidents. Discussion According to Rogers (2013), nuclear safety culture is an important aspect of the lifestyle of people and organizational culture of institutions which are directly involved in the operation of nuclear power plants. Individuals who are employed in nuclear power reactors must know what is needed to prevent cases of nuclear accidents in the country. They must also have the knowledge of how they can respond to emergencies within the plants either to prevent accidents from taking place, or arrest the accident before it can cause casualties. The organizations should have the relevant equipment that may enable them to respond effectively to nuclear incidents and accidents. These organizations must use state-of-the-art technologies to run their operations, and regular maintenance must be done to eliminate or reduce possible cases of breakdown. It is also the responsibility of the organizations to ensure that they only hire experts, and that all the employees are aware of what is expected of them to remain safe when they are within the plants. Unskilled workforce should be restricted to specific areas in order to eliminate cases where an employee makes fundamental mistake because of his or her ignor
Introduction According to Doolittle and Elton (114), dances played a significant role in the lives of the Native Americans. The Plains Indians had a spectacular culture characterized by ceremonies and rituals. According to the Native Americans, the gods and spirits taught them different dances that they could use to express their feelings and thoughts (Doolittle & Elton 114). After very many years, the people combined different dancing styles thus developing new ones. One of the first styles was the Grass Dance. Historians believe that the Grass Dance emerged during the early years of The Reservation Period among the warrior societies. Soon, the dance spread to other tribes through songs and regalia. The Grass Dance eventually developed to become the powwow dance. This paper, therefore, uses Deidre Sklar’s premises to discuss the cultural importance of the Grass Dance. The Cultural Importance of the Grass Dance In the article “Five Premises for a Culturally Sensitive Approach to Dance,” Sklar presents five unique premises essential for placing dance in its proper cultural context (Sklar 30). Such premises can help ethnographers conceptualize and look at dance from different perspectives thus placing it in its proper cultural context. The premises are relevant because they help scholars describe the cultural importance of different movements and dances. The first premise offered by Sklar is that “movement knowledge is necessarily a kind of cultural knowledge (Sklar 30)”. According to the article, people move in a similar manner. This is comparable to the way they speak or walk. That being the case, dance is not complex but “a way of knowing”. The movements exhibited by people in different congregations tend to portray their cultural realities and religious opinions. Body postures always present a sense of cultural awareness and knowledge. It thus becomes clear that, the way people move is something more than science or art. Therefore, the Grass Dance was originally an embodiment of knowledge and cultural awareness among the Plains Indians. According to Sklar (30), what used to be the warrior dance eventually evolved to become the Grass Dance among the natives. The movement remained an essential part of the native’s culture. It was practiced during celebrations and rituals. The dance was also common during times of happiness. The warrior dance was unique because it brought all the warriors together. The dance helped them exchange their regalia and music, something that described their cultural ideas and foundations. The Grass Dance presents unique movements that are cultural sensitive. This movements, music, and attire are critical in the study of the American native culture. That being the case, the study of the Grass Dance using this pre
Introduction The Maori culture began after Polynesian settlers traveled to New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages. These voyages happened around 1250 and resulted in several centuries of isolation. During this time, the Maori cultural identity formed, with unique customs, distinct language, developed mythology, as well as arts and crafts. The traditional Maori culture can be described as a warrior culture. However, the Maori people were always interested in trade and developed various business concepts that are distinct from traditional western ideas of business. After the arrival of Europeans to New Zealand in the 1800s, many aspects of western culture were adopted by the Maori people. The signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 led the country to become a British colony. Although the Maori people were less persecuted than the indigenous people of Australia, many have died during the next 200 years, which became a growing threat to the Maori culture. However, since the 1960s the culture saw a restoration, with many reprisal programs being put in place through the efforts of interest groups and protesters. This paper will cover the cultural differences between Maori and Western cultures, as well as the intercultural issues that exist in the region. Indigenous Approach and the Traditional Approach to Business Modern Maori businesses have a variety of unique traits due to the indigenous approach to business they have carried over from their culture. Not all businesses incorporate all the concepts at once, but it is not uncommon for a Maori business to use at least one in their business practice. All the fundamentals of Maori business are combined in “te kaupapa pakihi,” meaning “the foundations of business.” These foundations consist of fine major concepts that apply to business. The first concept is called “uptake,” which means the origin or reason for being. On the surface, this concept is not different from the western reasons for opening a business. Many businesses in both Maori and western communities seek to make a profit by providing goods and services to the community. However, in Maori culture, a lot of businesses and ventures deal with collectively-owned resources or tribal groupings. This situation is reflective of the history of Maori, especially after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. During the signing of the treaty, many chiefs were co
The article under investigation is written by Anders Wivel, and it is called Explaining why state X made a certain move last Tuesday: the promise and limitations of realist foreign policy analysis. The author delves into the peculiarities of foreign policies and the challenges that appear in the course of its analysis. Wivel (2005) states that any attempt to explain foreign policy faces two fundamental problems which are the complexity of combining structural factors with other variables and the outstanding difficulty of connecting the realist emphasis on the importance of materialist factors with the observation that these factors are not objective. In this regard, the primary research question of the paper is how the above-mentioned challenges could be answered in terms of contemporary realism. To support his assumptions, the author uses numerous strong arguments like real-life examples, relevant experiences, and previous researches. Altogether, there are numerous references to other credible sources and investigators to make the argument more powerful. The author manages to incorporate the review of the relevant literature with his own ideas to provide credible information about the difficulties that appear when talking about modern foreign policy. Moreover, Wivel (2005) also refers to the realism theory and its different subgroups like neoclassical, postclassical, etc. He uses these basic ideas as the background for his research, supporting the most important thoughts with a detailed explanation in terms of the above-mentioned theoretical framework. The given approach perfectly fits the subject of the investigation which also has numerous dimensions and should be analysed from different perspectives to improve its comprehending as well as guarantee that readers will understand the authors main assumptions. At the very beginning of the paper, the author introduces the basic concepts that will be further used. These are foreign policy analysis, neoclassical realism, postclassical realism, and structural realism (Wivel 2005). These notions are central to his research, and Wivel tries to provide a clear explanation for each of them. However, he does not only give definitions, but he uses them in a specific context to attain the improved comprehending of their main sense, importance, and the role they play in the suggested framework. Besides, considering the main research question of the given paper and the object for the investigation, we could say that the author obviously suggests empirical evidence to his suggestions. He offers his own observations related to the peculiarities of the foreign policy and tends to investigate them using different perspectives. This sort of evidence contributes to the improved comprehending of the basic ideas that could be found in the paper and obviously impact the final results. Altogether, the paper could be considered a good example of the academic article that incorporates numerous approaches to the investigation of a certain issue. The usage of different concepts and perspectives t
Introduction The article reviewed in the scope of this paper was written by Morris Mott and published in the Perspectives on Sports and Urban Studies journal in 1983. The article concerns itself with the development of urban sports infrastructure in Winnipeg between 1900 and 1914. As it is known, Winnipeg is a city in Canada with some of the most long-standing traditions of individual and team sports. The article analyzes the social, religious, and intellectual connotations of the development of the so-called “Winnipeg credo” in connection to what is called “Manly sports.” According to Mott (57), the desire to reduce the detrimental physical and moral influence of the urban environment inspired the community leaders of Manitoba’s capital to promote and develop “manly sports” as a means of strengthening both body and spirit. Their actions between 1900 and 1914 have left a lasting impression on the city’s views of sports and contributed to the creation of a long-standing tradition of physical and spiritual wellness. In addition, the article states that these tendencies had a direct impact on the existing sports infrastructure, as the community felt that sports practices by young men and women should be organized properly. Main Points and Arguments The author presents numerous arguments that seek to explain the sudden and spontaneous development in Winnipeg during these years. Among the most prominent factors, he includes the influence of the community, the economically stable situation in the western hemisphere, and the influence of the Protestant Church. However, there was a multitude of supplemental factors that also played a part in the equation. Mott (58) names the influence of the Church as a primary catalyst for the development of “manly sports,” such as hockey, cricket, boxing, soccer, football, baseball, and various others in Winnipeg and Canada in general. According to the researcher, the majority of these sports either did not exist or did not see much popularity in Canada until the early 20s, where the Protestant Church spread through Manitoba. The Church was concerned with the degradation of body and spirit in urban congestive environments. They have vigorously promoted sports as a means of remedying that. Another reason was to regain a measure of influence and control over the populace (Mott 62). The second biggest factor that contributed to the evolution of the urban sports environment is the drastic increase in population. Between 1900 and 1915, the population of Winnipeg increased from 40,000 to over 150,000 (Mott 59). This dramatic increase meant not only the congestion of existing urban environments but also the overload of existing sporting systems. As a result, sports were