ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The link between music and protest has always been a close one, and there are songs reflecting social and political struggles and issues that can be found in every generation of artists. Nevertheless, as noted in the book Playing for Change: Music and Musicians in the Service of Social Movements, there is no way to correctly determine whether music has any effect on social movements (Rosenthal and Flacks 26). Essentially, it is impossible to state that a certain song became the primary trigger for a certain protest or affected it to a considerable extent. At the same time, I believe that music solely does not possess the capacity to instigate social movements, but it can unify protestors and activists. In the history of music, many highly influential bands and musicians wrote commercially successful politically-charged songs that failed to stimulate people to start social movements. One of the main examples of a song that contained a social message and was extremely popular is John Lennon’s “Working Class Hero,” which did not contribute to the creation of any major social movement. Moreover, the song continues to attract controversy to this day since John Lennon was not a member of the working class himself, and, from this perspective, the song can be viewed as rather hypocritical (Trzcinski). Additionally, there are bands such as Range Against the Machine, whose sole discography mainly consists of protest songs, which despite being sold millions of copies, did not stimulate any movements. At the same time, artists have the ability to write music that, instead of creating social movements, can contribute to their unity and encourage more people to join them. A proper example of a song that became an actual chant of a social movement in recent years is Kendrick Lamar’s “Alright.” The song was used extensively by the Black Lives Matter movement activists and protestors during demonstrations allowing people to sing the chorus together and thus enhance their sense of unity (Mckinney). In other words, “Alright” strengthened the bonds among the people participating in the protest and encouraged them to be more active. While there is a link between music and protest, songs alone, despite being political and commercially successful, cannot start a social movement but can contribute to it and inspire people. Songs such as “Working Class Hero” and bands such as Range Against the Machine, which mainly writes protest music, have demonstrated that the creations of artists cannot become the foundation of protest. Yet, at the same time, music can be used as a tool by the existing social movements to strengthen the unity of protestors, exemplified by songs such as Kendrick Lamar’s “Alright.” Works Cited Mckinney, Jessica. “The History of Kendrick Lamar’s “Alright” as a Protest Song.” Complex , 202
Case 1: Perre & Ors v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) Facts of the case Apand was a nationwide producer of crisp potato chips and distributed trial potato seeds to Sparnon within the Berri area of South Australia. Sparnon, with his potato farmers neighbours (Perre and other Plaintiffs), boasted of a profitable business of trading potatoes to Western Australia. This was because the price of potatoes in Western Australia was superior to the price in South Australia. The seeds supplied to Sparnon had been infected with bacterial wilt, therefore, making his potatoes to be infected. As a result, laws in Western Australia banned the importation of infected potatoes as well as the importation of potatoes from farms within a 20-kilometre radius adjoining an infected ranch. Sparnon, alongside other potato growers, were therefore forbidden from selling potatoes to Western Australia for five years (Doyles, 2007). Perre, with the other potato growers, litigated Apand for the “economic loss” they had borne owing to the loss of the right of entry to the Western Australian market. Actually, Apand had knowledge of the Western Australian law barring the importation of infected potatoes and the circumstances therein (Doyles, 2007). Legal Issues The legal question was if Apand owed a “duty of care” to Perre along with other potato farmers to evade damage-causing monetary loss to the farmers, despite the fact that there was no related physical damage to property or an individual. Findings of the case According to the high court decision, it was established that it was true that Apand owed a duty of care to Perre as well as other potato farmers. The Judges had inconsistent rationale in deciding how a duty of care was enforced on Apand. Nevertheless, everyone settled that Apand ought to have anticipated that bringing infected seeds to a potato cultivator in South Australia would influence the capacity of neighbouring potato farmers to vend potatoes. This would therefore lead to cases of economic loss due to the reduction in sales (Doyles 2007). Case 2: Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge “Willemstad” Facts of the case In this case, the defendant (The Dredge) owned a barge, which was being operated in Botany Bay. Because of its negligent steering, it cut off an oil pipeline. The pipelined in question belonged to AOR Company and served to provide oil for a refinery belonging to Caltex Oil Ltd, which is the plaintiff in this case. It should, however, be noted that the pipeline did not belong to Caltex (Gillies 2004). Owing to the severing of the pipeline, Caltex suffered additional costs in transporting the petroleum products to the refinery using other means. This case was concerned with the imposition of the economic loss upon the claimant by a negligent physical act even though the plaintiff did not suffer any damage to hit property (Gillies 2004). Legal issues The issue of concern was whether negligent acts and unlike negligent statements could limit the persons or a class of persons to whom a duty of care is due with regard
Abstract Marketing has experienced a dramatic shift from what it used to be in the past years when production was the center of concern to many firms. The service industry has experienced growth in the United Kingdom and currently there are several firms offering various services, from entertainment banking services, hospitality, transport, healthcare, to education, legal and communication services. There are a host of firms offering services in this country. Each line of service has numerous of players offering either the same product or very close substitute. This makes market competition very stiff. A firm that is not able to adapt to the market demands will find itself edged out of the market. This calls for the firms to develop marketing strategies that are responsive to market demands and which are able to withstand the pressures of the market. Innovation and creativity in marketing offers the best strategy for firms to get competitive advantage over the competitors. This paper focuses on creativity and innovation in the service firms, with a bias on banking and entertainment sectors. The researcher will apply the use of direct observation (i.e. by participating in some of the activities to get first hand information), interviews and questionnaires in the process of collecting data. From the literature review, it is evident that innovation is a tool that any serious firm cannot afford to assume if it is to succeed in the current competitive marketplace. Introduction Technology has completely changed the way business units approach the marketing issues. There has been an increasing concern of environment conservation that marketers have to observe when positioning their product in the market. The stakeholders’ demands that the firm must explain the amount of carbon that is released into the environment before the product can be released into the market. The customers are also becoming more aware of their needs and alternative units where they can access the products. The constantly fluctuating economy makes the market very unpredictable and the cost of production is always changing with sporadic oil prices. The marketer must go against all these odds, and deliver to the market, quality service that is affordable, and can comfortable produce profit to the business. This puts the marketing department at a very precarious position as it has to balance the profitability and the need to retain customers in the market through competitive market prices. Innovation and creativity offers the best way through which a firm can navigate the highly competitive market. Through creative marketing design that incorporates the market demands, a firm is able to attract a good number of customers in the market, hence increase its market share. Marketing innovation and creativity in the service firm is very important because unlike goods, a service may not be tested through seeing or touching. The marketer must therefore be in a position to make the customer appreciate the value that the service offers without having to see it physically. Research Aims With unpredictable market, increasing number of firms
Economics of Organized Crime What distinguishes “organized crime” (e.g., the mafia) from a group of individuals who organize to commit some criminal activity (e.g., bank robbers)? Organized crime refers to a group of individuals working together to commit crimes, usually of an economic nature. Most of these crimes include extortion, protection, gambling, and union control. These groups tend to control small neighborhoods consisting mostly of low-class citizens. Organized crime is mostly associated with Italians, Russians, Mexicans, and Chinese. Petty crime, on the other hand, is committed by an individual or groups of individuals, which are less organized and engage in such ‘street criminal activities as snatch theft and similar activities on a part-time basis. Unlike organized crime whereby the criminal activity is perpetrated for the benefit of the group, petty crimes are committed either for self-benefit or the benefit of a friend. Why organized crime (or the mafia) develosp such as the abdication of power, excessive bureaucratic power, existing illegal markets Three major conditions associated with the development and origins of mafias include the abdication of legitimate government power, excessive bureaucratic power, and the financial potential of illegal markets (Anderson, par. 16). Abdication of power refers to a ‘ruling’ family, which calls the shots in a certain area; this power is usually passed down from father to son. In The Godfather’, Michael and Santino are expected to take over the family business after Don Vito’s death hence creating a kind of a kingdom, which passes legislative laws (Puzo, p. 20). And the local authority, in most cases, does nothing to stop this. These kingpins usually have the backing of the local administration and police, making them immune to arrests, even though they carry out illegal activities. In The Godfather’, Don’s rival, Sollozzo had an Irish police captain on his payroll (Puzo, p. 38). In terms of business, the mafia directly controls manufactured goods and peasant products traded in the market through their market custodians. As a market controller, the mafia acts as the mediator between landowners, peasants, and the state as well as the mediator between local and international markets. In return, the mafia develops too much bureaucratic power hence giving way to all sorts of corruption. Mafia’s bureaucratic corruption is characterized by violence or threats of violence as a way of eliminating potential competitors thus monopolizing the market for their selfish gain. Illegal markets develop as a result of the prohibition of certain goods by the government. How organized crime establishes and enforces contracts The gangs work together with corrupt bureaucrats in government offices to award exaggerated contracts. Gangs generate a lot of income from these activities; money that is used to bribe and invest
Waste management is one of the most significant issues facing urban communities all over the world. There are various sources of waste in the world today. The EPA notes that the major sources of waste include household garbage, sewage, sludge, construction debris, discarded vehicles, and scrap metal (par. 3). Traditionally, waste has been managed primarily by being disposed into landfills or incinerated. However, recent approaches to waste management favor making use of waste to create energy. According to the EPA, waste to energy (WTE) transformation is the “conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into useable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion and gasification” (par. 1). Cheremisinoff notes that the concept of treating waste products to obtain cheap energy has been around for several decades (83). However, this concept has become more prevalent over the last few years as municipal authorities seek to maintain control over waste products and minimize the environmental impacts of the waste disposal process. Waste-to-energy conversion efforts have a number of significant impacts on the economy, society, and environment. Converting waste to energy presents a way for cities to profit from waste disposal activities. Without implementing WTE processes, waste is disposed of in a way that does not produce any useful product. By converting waste to energy, authorities are able to sell electricity generated from waste. OECD reports that by using modern WTE plants, profits can be realized from waste management efforts (256). WTE acts as a source of alternative energy that reduces the demand for conventionally produced energy. By making use of waste as the input product for energy production plants, the usage of conventional fuels such as coal and fossil fuels is significantly reduced. This increases energy independence of the country since fossil fuels are mostly imported from the oil-producing countries. WTE significantly reduces the environmental impact of traditional waste disposal methods such as landfill. Once waste has been used to create energy, its volume is significantly reduced. The EPA documents that once waste has been converted into energy through incineration, only 10% of the initial waste volume is recovered as ash to be disposed in the landfills. Creating energy from waste also mitigates the environmental impact of waste by preventing greenhouse gases such as methane from being released into the atmosphere. In spite of these benefits, there are some notable limitations of this approach. The first significant limitation is that WTE requires significant capital investments. The OECD acknowledges that constructing state-of-the-art WTE plant
Major crimes that have been reported to be the top committed by women include drug trafficking, fraud, and murder. Despite many women getting increasingly involved in crime, the number of male offenders is still higher. More women are now being convicted for violent crimes; despite their numbers being small, the surge is higher than that of male convicts. Several reasons can be given for the crimes that women now commit. The most common reasons for the top crimes committed by women are the convergence of gender roles, the increase in financial pressures for women in households, and the leniency of the criminal justice system towards women related crimes. Women now face the same financial pressures that men have been subjected to for a long time by society. In 40% of the households in America, women are the breadwinners, and if the bills of these houses cannot be paid, there is no other way but to resort to crime (Chun, 2020). Fraud, therefore, offers the perfect opportunity to bridge the financial deficit existing in women-dependent households. Another reason why women commit the stated crimes is that the social roles of men and women have converged to the point that women feel like equals to men in society. Men have for a long time made society patriarchal in nature where they are the deemed as the heads of the households with defined gender roles. The convergence of roles creates behavioral changes in women due to the near equality with men (Estrada et al., 2019). Women are therefore motivated to commit crimes that men are accustomed to, such as murder. A good example is the Bad Barbies, a gang purely composed of women who have committed several murders as revenge (Chun, 2020). Women have also increasingly committed the stated crimes because women who commit crimes are given milder treatment than their male counterparts (Estrada et al., 2019). A female convict guilty of robbery with violence is more likely to be given a lighter sentence than a man with the same crime which acts as a motivational factor rather than being a deterrence.
To do everyday activities such as driving, listening to music, preparing a meal, and unwinding in a warm bath require the use of energy. Energy is like a ‘water well’. People keep on taking water out of the well to fulfill their needs without thinking about the ‘wellness’ of the ‘well’. If people continuously keep on taking water without proper precautions the well will either dry up or become contaminated. Therefore, people should invest in energy-efficient equipment and strategies which will help conserve energy. Unfortunately, there is a paradox in sources to minimize energy use since the sources of minimizing sometimes end up using more energy than its goal of preventing energy use. Henceforth, energy efficiency should be sought out but with regards to minimizing energy and not only making it efficient and easier to consume. According to statistics, the consumption of fuels is the main source of energy consumption; henceforth a proper sustainability plan for efficient fuel use for cars has to be developed. “Energy is essential for social development and economic growth. It provides basic services, such as heating, cooling, cooking, lighting, and transportation, and is a critical production factor in virtually all sectors of industry.” (Unander, 2005, p. 377) To do anything we need energy, it’s what moms always tell their kids, and it’s embedded in the laws of physics. But the production and use of energy cause environmental degradation at all levels – local, regional and global. Combustion of fossil fuels and fuelwood leads to indoor and outdoor air pollution by particulates and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen; hydropower can cause environmental damage due to the submergence of large areas of land, and climate change caused by the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has become a worldwide concern. Depletion of natural resources, accumulation of wastes, deforestation, water pollution. and land disturbance is further examples of energy-related environmental issues. (Unander, 2005, p. 377) If people continue to use energy excessively and unnecessarily the environment will be affected greatly and future generations will suffer. Anyone would assume that a simple and common proposal for energy conservation is using energy efficiently. According to Williams Stanley Jevons, efficient use of energy will double the use of energy instead of decreasing it. “Jevons paradox is the observation that greater energy efficiency, while in the short-run producing energy savings, may in the long-run result in higher energy use.” (Herring & York, 2006) In 1865, in his book The Coal Question he observed that “it is a confusion of ideas to suppose that the economical use of fuel is equivalent to diminished consumption. The very contrary is the truth.” (cited in Herring & York, 2006) In other words, when technological energy-efficient machines are developed they make it easier for people to use energy because it beco
Executive Summary CQUniversity has developed various policies to facilitate its corporate governance and transparency. This report focuses on two policies of CQUniversity in order to review its corporate governance and ethical practices. Disability policy shows that the University does not allow any form of unlawful discrimination against members of the staff, students, or relatives friends, and other relations of people with disability. It strives to improve participation and increase accessibility to such people. CQUniversity also protects people from workplace harassment, bullying, sexual harassment, and unlawful discrimination. The University strives to create a safe workplace and an all-inclusive institution. CQUniversity has effective corporate governance and transparency systems. In addition, the institution has ensured that every policy has a board or responsible body for accountability purposes. Introduction For some decades now, institutions have addressed issues of ethics in many ways. Some have introduced policies and other compliance programs for all stakeholders, boards to address ethics issues, codes of conduct, created value statements, and used laws of the country to enforce some policies. However, events in some organizations have demonstrated that such efforts have not achieved the desired results as some stakeholders continue to engage in unethical behaviors that lead to scandals and lawsuits. Consequently, organizations face increasing pressure to formulate policies, which enhance corporate governance and ethics (Brink, 2011). These shall enable such organizations to be responsible for stakeholders and society. Corporate governance entails policies and processes that direct and control institutions (Barrett, 2002). It must reflect the use of resources and accountability for actions. Corporate governance and ethics are complex. The concept increases in complexity as various organizations adopt different approaches to handle their affairs and accountability. This report looks at corporate governance and ethics at CQUniversity with reference to its discrimination policies based on harassment (bullying), sexual harassment and unlawful discrimination and disability policies. Stakeholders affected by Disability and Workplace harassment (bullying), sexual harassment and unlawful discrimination Policies The disability policy at CQUniversity affects many stakeholders. The document applies to all students and staff. It requires all stakeholders to create an inclusive environment where their people treat one another with dignity and benefit from employment and education opportunities (CQUniversity, 2009). In totality, the policy applies to “all CQUniversity students, staff, committees, and the University Council” (CQUniversity, 2009). The aim of the disability policy is to “eliminate barriers, provide appropriate resources, and