ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Each state has the mandate of enacting statutes that govern the day-to-day activities of the state. Time and again laws are enacted which in one way or the other seem to hinder the normal operations of business among states. Though the federal government is expected to regulate how states conduct their affairs, situations have been reported where a less popular statute among residents and other stake holders has been enacted. The state of confusion’s statute that requires all trucks using its highways to have a specific type of truck hitch (Cheeseman, 2010), which apparently is manufactured by only firm, is one such example. This law affects interstate commerce which is against the constitution. However, only specific courts have jurisdiction over matters like this. Moreover, the Constitution must be applied in determining whether the state is legal or not, and if the complainant can win the case. Furthermore, being a civil matter, the case will to go through specific stages. Each state is allowed by the tenth amendment of the constitution to fully regulate commerce within its boundaries. However, the Congress is supposed to oversee all activities associated with interstate commerce as well as foreign trade (Hayek, 2011). The statute enacted by Confusion affects business processes not only in confusion but among other states too. Therefore, this is a federal matter that can only be tackled by the federal courts, because it involves a suit regarding the application of the Constitution (Neubauer & Meinhold, 2009). As a result, jurisdiction of such matters lies with the federal district courts. It should be noted that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution limits any state from implementing or enacting laws that would affect interstate commerce. Failure of the federal government to enact laws that contain certain issues does not expressly give states the powers to enact the needed laws (Neubauer & Meinhold, 2009). Whether statutes enacted by any state are non-discriminatory or not, provided they in any way burden free flow of trade among states they are considered unconstitutional. In the case of Pacific Co. v Arizona, 325 U. S. 761 (1945), the court held that the statute forbidding trains with more than 70 freight cars from crossing the state was unconstitutional (Neubauer & Meinhold, 2009). Despite the fact that the statute was applied homogeneously, it was found to hinder free flow of trains through the state. The State of Confusion has regulated that all trucks must be fixed with B-type hitches to access their highways. The statute limits free movement of trucks through Confusion, thus hindering free flow of trade (Cheeseman, 2010). Therefore, the statute is unconstitutional and as a result the State of Confusion is not legally correct to enact the statute. In addressing this matter there are various provisions of the Constitution that can be applied. To begin with, the Commerce Clause that prohibits states from enacting statutes which interfere with interstate commerce will have to be applied. This is found in Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3, of the Constituti
Similarities and Differences The use of the multiple regression model and the structural equation model as approaches to path analysis have some similarities and differences. The first similarity is that both models apply linear statistical models such as regression, correlation, and analysis of variance to path analysis for they provide path coefficients (Field, 2013). The second similarity is that these models are valid if data meet the assumptions of independence of observation, the linearity of relationship, multivariate normality, and homoscedasticity (Harlow, 2014). The third similarity is that these models allow post hoc analysis to cross-validate outcomes and enhance their accuracy. Nevertheless, a major difference between these models is that the structural equation model offers comprehensive path analysis because it does not limit the number of relationships, while multiple regression analysis relies on default settings that restrict path analysis to a stepwise process (Harlow, 2014). Another difference between these models is that the structural equation model can assess the relationships between latent variables, whereas multiple regression analysis can assess the relationship between measured variables. Assumptions of Path Analysis For one to undertake path analysis and obtain valid outcomes, variables should meet some assumptions. Path analysis assumes that variables should have linear and causal relationships, errors of endogenous variables should not correlate, a one-way causal relationship must exist between variables, the scale of variables should be an interval, and errors ought to be absent in measured variables (Meyers, Gamst, & Guarino, 2013). The values of variables are included in the model if they meet these assumptions but are excluded from the model if they do not meet them. Included variables can be exogenous or endogenous depending on their contribution to the model. Exogenous variables are independent variables because they are not under the influence of variables within the model but outside the model, while endogenous variables are dependent variables because they are under the influence of exogenous variables within the model. Thus, assumptions and contributions of variables determine their inclusion in path analysis. Evolution of Path Structure Path analysis evolved from multiple regression analyses for they both predict the influence of independent variables on a dependent variable. The need to determine the nature of multiple relationships and make multiple predictions led to the emergence of path analysis (Field, 2013). A simple path structure that illustrates the direct and indirect effects of variables comprises two endogenous and two exogenous variables. As an independent variable that is subject to extraneous variables, an exogenous variable can influence endogenous variables directly or indirectly via another endog
The article under analysis is concerned with the resilience experiences of people with disabilities who pertain to gender or sexual minority groups. The authors identified resilience maximizers and minimizers based on the participants’ accounts. Hunter, Dispenza, Huffstead, Suttles, and Bradley (2020) defined resilience as individuals’ positive adaptation to negative conditions. It is often accepted in academia that resilience is innate, but Hunter et al. (2020) stressed that it could be built under certain circumstances. The following research question guided the study under consideration: “How do SGMPWDs define, understand, experience, and describe their lives?” (Hunter et al., 2020, p. 2). The researchers implemented a qualitative phenomenological study based on semi-structured interviews. The focus of the study was on the participants’ lived experiences, as well as their attitudes towards certain aspects, so the use of interviews as a data collection method is justified. The participants identified such resilience maximizers as advocacy, self-acceptance, the recognition of humanity, and social support. The following resilience minimizers were identified: punishment, fragmentation, and identity concealment. One of the unexpected findings was the fact that the plea for recognition was a significant resilience maximizer. The authors noted that the major implication of their study was the description of major stressors and resilience builders for the target population that could be utilized by counselors and social workers. The authors also emphasized that counselors had to adopt a multicultural approach, meaning that they could not focu
Employment laws have been used for a long time to safeguard the interests of employees and employers at the workplace. Mobile executives encounter mixed employment laws depending on the locations they are posted. However, the market forces of demand and supply tend to override the existing employment laws. The latter explains why civil rights groups often take the place of litigation measures in order to address job discrimination at the workplace. According to Schwartz and Lucas (2012), there has been a sudden upsurge of multinational corporations. As a result, most modern company executives travel a lot and some of them even work overseas in order to propel the objectives of their respective organizations. The article explores workplace implications and the associated employment laws for company executives who relocate and work in remote locations. The authors begin by exploring the United States employment law. Second, the effect of the existing employment laws on the local and overseas executives has been discussed. It is interesting to mention that the US employment laws tend to vary for the two categories of executives. There is a need to amend such laws bearing in mind that all company executives do not experience similar working conditions. For instance, some workplace locations can be considered to be hardship zones. Therefore, allowances and other fringe benefits should vary accordingly. On the other hand, Curran and Quinn (2012) discuss various attitudes that employees and employers have towards employment laws. The authors have discussed this subject matter in relation to Irish employment law. Moreover, a comparative approach has been used to deliver the objectives of the paper. Two different forms of employment laws have been used to gauge the impact of information availed to employees and race equality. From the article, it is evident that employment law in Ireland is not uniform across the board. For example, factors such as race, gender, and information available to employees play critical roles in shaping the nature of employment laws that are adopted by most organizations. The authors have also used semi-structured interviews to obtain the most valid and first-hand data from the individual experiences of employees and employers. The empirical findings also indicate that legislation does not play the basic role of initiating change that is required in the existing employment laws. Moreover, the labor market is generally the key factor that determines the employment wellbeing of the entire workforce. In other words, market-prompted voluntarism overrides the power of existing legislation when it comes to employment law. It is necessary for all employment relations practices to be firmly embedded in the legally enacted rules and regulations. The hi
Hand Out An instructional strategy is basically the way employed in the learning process to make sure that the series, approach and conveyance of instructions are all contributing to assist the students in gaining knowledge and learn. There are many methods used in instructional strategies, one of which is Four Corners Strategy. This strategy and its learning style are elucidated and described in detail further in the handout. Four Corners Strategy The four corners strategy is a kind of cooperative learning where students group together and strive for common objective. Their activities and progress depend on each other and so they need to collaborate with the other students in order to gain cooperative learning. This not only nourishes the students collaborating skills but also harvests their debating skills. Four corners is a movement strategy, where students are assigned to a corner of the room corresponding to the instructor’s preset alternative, or else they are bound to favor a choice and work out a validation for it. The Learning Style Categorize the corners The corners of the room are labeled as:   * Strongly Agree   * Agree   * Disagree   * Strongly disagree Controversial statement is presented The teacher must then present a debatable topic before the students. For example if a chapter has just ended, a query, problem or contentious statement could be imparted to the class. Individual reflection of opinions When the topic is before the whole class, ask all the students to reflect their point of view on a piece of paper corresponding to the corner that fully represents their viewpoint. This must be taken care of that students perform this particular activity on their own without any consultation with friends or neighbors. Designating the corners Students are now moved to the corners that correspond to their views correctly. They can join up with individuals having same opinion as them to talk over their views on the issue. They can also combine with another having contradicting views to them so they might discuss it better with their partners. Hence all individuals sharing one perspective join together to work, pile up evidence, and develop an argument to support their point of view. Assigning roles Prior or after the above-mentioned step the teacher can allocate roles to individual student, that may include positions like, note taker, leader, timekeeper, spokesperson, etc. Students could also be give
This presentation was effective because President Kennedy was able to communicate his feelings and ideas to the public openly. His opening tone was warm and this endeared him to the audience. His voice, body expressions and reassuring smile made Americans have confidence in his ability as their new leader. This made it easy for him to strike a strong rapport with all dignitaries who had attended the ceremony. The President was humble in victory and this showed that he was ready to work with all people in his quest to build a united nation. He showed that his Presidency was going to set high standards of leadership because he was ready to be judged more by his performance in office rather than mere rhetoric (Kennedy). The speech revealed the strong charisma which President Kennedy was famous for, which was just one of his many admirable traits. He was passionate about human rights, justice, equality for all and freedom; ideals which are traditionally associated with the US as a nation. The inauguration speech was a testimony to the fact that President Kennedy’s administration was willing to practice these ideals to make America strong and united. He showed his willingness to make America more progressive economically, socially and culturally (Kennedy). This inaugural address showed his traits as a statesman who was willing to transcend racial, ideological, cultural and religious barriers to reach out to leaders of other states. He revealed his own selfless virtues as a leader who was willing to accommodate dissenting views in his own country. His words offered encouragement to people from all different backgrounds to work hard to improve their own welfare in society. President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration address came at a critical point in the history of the U.S as a nation.This speech showed that he had a lot of enthusiasm in his role as the country’s new leader which made America proud as a nation. He was an inspiring leader who was in touch with feelings and aspirations of what fellow citizens in his country wanted. President Kennedy came to office at the height of the Cold War between U.S.A and the then, U.S.S.R. The two super powers were engaged in a battle to dominate global affairs through their capitalist and communist political ideologies, respectively (Kennedy). When he assumed office, President Kennedy faced many challenges as a leader which seemed insurmountable at the time. Through his words, he managed to uplift the morale and pride of his fellow Americans, who were going through tough political times. Historically, President Kennedy is r
Promotional mix The promotional mix used by the Adidas during their spring-summer 2008 “originals” campaign is that of sales promotions, advertising and publicity. In fact, advertising and publicity were the composing parts of the sale promotion campaign. From an academic point of view, “a promotion is a form of corporate communication that uses various methods to reach a targeted audience with a certain message in order to achieve specific organizational objectives” (Paul, 3). Companies use promotions in order to “inform” and present to the general audience, the consuming public, the products they offer. Promotional campaigns are designed also to attract consumer attention to products they did not concern themselves before (Paul 6). In a certain way, promotional campaigns are used to inform the interested ones and to “create” some interest toward the product for uninterested ones. Uninterested until the moment the campaign kicks off. As part of this promotional campaign we have advertising. “Advertising is a non-personal form of promotion that is delivered through selected media outlets that, under most circumstances, require the marketer to pay for message placement. Advertising has long been viewed as a method of mass promotion in that a single message can reach a large number of people.” (Paul, 1). Promotion analysis The campaign we are speaking comprised a
Introduction It is common to see students joining up for informal gatherings or discussions. This is always the right moment for discussion of topics such as sports, celebrities, teachers, politics and jokes, among others. However, it is also quite important to note that students usually have intellectual learning in such gatherings. For instance, students discuss problems that they face in classrooms, issues with solving mathematic problems, discussions on goals and missions, among others. In essence, cooperative learning is very instrumental in intellectual growth, personal and social development. This paper will explore cooperative learning as well as its importance in intellectual, personal and social growth (Sedl.org 1). Summary of what is leant Informal learning is quite prevalent in schools. This is mainly because it gives students ample time to open up and discuss issues of concern to their lives. Moreover, it is a moment of information sharing, which is crucial to their intellectual, personal and social growth. Cooperative learning is therefore very important in students’ capacity development. I have learnt a lot on this topic given the level of freedom it gives to students for discussions of their personal problems. Cooperative learning gives time to each participating member to air his/her views on any topic of discussion. In fact, members of such informal meetings are usually appreciative of one another. The website has given credible information concerning cooperative learning. This is mainly because it was well researched. In addition, professionals who prepared it have a deep understanding of the topic. I have therefore learnt that before one writes about something, he/she must conduct a thorough research in order to provide credible information from credible sources (Sedl.org 1). For instance, the website provides information in a user friendly manner with visual back up, which makes it attractive to readers. Moreover, it talks about informal discussion forums, which are welcoming to learners. Its method of promoting cooperative learning is quite relevant as it starts by giving the advantages of cooperative learning. It is also important in that it emphasizes the need to share information with friends. It also fosters the need to solve each other’s problems irrespective of source. This forum is therefore very instrumental in solving issues of great concern to students. It should therefore be encouraged at all cost in education facilities. However, it is quite necessary for information that flows in these informal discussions to be monitored to control rebellious deliberations and acts of mischievous nature. This is mainly because, apart from being centers of learning and capacity development, it can also be a center for hatching vices and mis
Utilitarianism In order to fully comprehend the effects of the United States president on the Bill of Rights denial, it is imperative to understand the provisions of the utilitarianism and the significance of Bill of Rights to the people of the United States. The concept of utilitarianism was fostered by two people in the early 18 th century; these people were John Mill and Jeremy Bentham. In essence, the significance of utilitarianism aimed at defining the consequences of actions and their general impact on the people, whether bad or good. This clearly indicates that despite the values of a person, his or her actions will be judged based on the impact or the consequences of their actions to the people. The theory of utilitarianism is thus a more consequential oriented concept proposed by Mill and Jeremy, its consequences in our society cannot be over-emphasized. The underlying philosophy of utilitarianism is indispensible in the modern world because it sums up the aims of ethical consideration. Ethics are mainly aimed at mitigating propagation or escalation of any bad act or unprofessional actions that are potentially harmful to the public (Mill 35). The Bill or Rights provides some restrictions that the executive arm of the government should not exceed. This means that there are fundamental rights that the every citizen of the United States should enjoy. Such rights includes; speech freedom, the right to move around the country and even the right to life (Mill 55). With consideration of this case study, the president of the United States suspended the provisions of the Bill of Rights with an excuse of terrorist threats that was evident. According to the president, suspension of the Bill of Rights is temporary until the terrorism threat is handled. Wh
The proposal for a new Ogden playground project is a very convincing one. It starts with the description of the current state of the playground belonging to the Ogden Junior Public School in Toronto, Canada. Specifically, the authors focus on the school grounds not being safe and lacking equipment and fencing. The proposed solution is to put fences with access points around the grounds, remove dangerous objects such as boulders and tree debris, and install a soft playing field and a variety of playground equipment (Bullock et al., 2019). The primary purpose of the proposal is to convince people to endorse the project and donate money. Safety concerns raised in the proposal are the strongest pieces of evidence utilized by the authors. The proposal lists the concerns expressed both by the parents and faculty, including lack of fencing and heavy traffic near the school (Bullock et al., 2019). The absence of fencing that can separate the school grounds from the street and the traffic on them is particularly worrying due to the high risk of students running out into the traffic. The possibility of child abduction and dangerous individuals coming onto the school grounds should also be considered. Furthermore, the authors raise the concern of physical injuries while on the Ogden playground due to the presence of large boulders embedded in the ground, deteriorating tree planters, and uneven asphalt grounds and paths (Bullock et al., 2019). Thus, during play, children can sustain minor injuries such as cuts, bruises, and scrapes. However, there is a possibility of more severe injuries, including fractures. Overall, the authors managed to employ safety concerns as the most substantial evidence to support their proposal. Reference Bullock, R., Goggin, M. D., & Weinberg, F. (2019). The Norton Field guide to writing: With readings and handbook (5th ed.). W. W. Norton.