ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Although employee resistance and managerial control are core processes at the workplace, their operation tends to be by and large concealed and as such, it is quite hard to observe (Prasad & Prasad 2000, p. 1). When the two core processes are run smoothly, this results in enhanced production efficiencies. On the other hand, contends that “awkward, inefficient, or ill-directed movements of men” (Taylor 1911, p. 1) can be a cause of the non-effective production process. Nonetheless, the above statement is a general way of demonising resistance and it does not even consider that resistance can be potentially constructive. The simple way in which resistance has been treated by conventional management theories has received criticism from modern management theories. In this case, these modern theories indicate that through proper harnessing, resistance can in fact benefit an organisation. In an attempt to examine the issue of employee resistance in the workplace, the essay shall first examine why resistance exists, and the various techniques of resistance experienced in the workplace (Waddell & Sohal 1998). In addition, the essay shall also attempt to explore the positive and negative impacts of resistance (Rudge, 1990). Finally, the essay shall discuss a number of managerial practices as they impact on resistance in the workplace (Mydans 2009). Through an in-depth analysis of the aforementioned sections, the essay shall in fact attempt to show that to a certain extent, management may be responsible for resistance in the workplace. With proper harnessing however, resistance need not be destructive for an organisation because by properly harnessing it, management can be able to do away with dissent. Reasons for employees’ resistance The very act of employee resistance appears to contradict the unitarism theory of management which holds that organisations should remain fully unchallenged. On the other hand, it symbolises the problem of urgency whereby an employer provides minimal wages but still expect the greatest labour. This results in a huge gap between the expectations of the management and those of the employees. In a bid to bridge this gap, the management might deem it necessary to institute certain management techniques in a bid to pressurise employees to yield to their demands. In this case, the goal is to enhance employees’ productivity at no extra cost (Pullen 2006). In addition, there is also the institutionalisation of corporate ethics and culture. Consequently, these pressures, in combination or in isolation, stimulate resistance. Resistance is indicative of the employees’ concerns and the health of the management (Prasad & Prasad 2000, p. 388). Milgram (1974) argues that we need to review the elements of resistance, deconstruct them, and make room for obedience. On the other hand, Weddell & Sohal (1998) have endeavoured to study resistance from a prospective point of view. Whereas management resistance endevour
As human beings grow up, they are bound to develop various behaviors that they carry on with, even in their adulthood. The behaviors could be of any type ranging from deviance to anti-social dispositions. Parents become worried when they realize that their children have any of these abnormalities. To some parents, they may realize the behavior early enough for treatment while to others; they take too long to decipher the strange behaviors with their children. Although intervention is still viable in the latter case, full development is highly unlikely. While there are many causes that can be associated to these anomalies of child development, or even peculiar adult conducts, one of the key contributors to these is autism spectrum disorder. This research paper provides an insight into the principal aspects of autism spectrum disorder including its causes, symptoms, treatment, and myths surrounding it. Living with autism spectrum disorder is challenging to the patient and their surroundings that can differ widely from person to person. In many cases, normal development is more or less hindered in all spheres of life. Autism is, therefore, a permanent disability that affects societal and communication skills. Autistics fail to comprehend the operation of their surroundings (Boutot & Tincani, 2009). They also find it difficult to interact. In particular, such people have difficulties in learning, grasping accepted rules of social intermingling that normal people take for granted. What exactly is this autism spectrum disorder? The term ‘autism’ was first coined by Eugene Bleuler in 1912. It originates from the Greek word ‘autos’ meaning self. Bleuler used it to describe the schizophrenic’s apparent difficulty in interacting with other people. Although the term was used to describe people showing the autistic tendency to detach from personal contact, the disorder was not fully defined until
Introduction The analysis of qualitative studies has several goals and outcomes. It is not only an opportunity to observe how other people develop their projects, but also a chance to understand how to take the first independent steps. The purpose of writing this paper is to analyze a qualitative study, focusing on its methods, findings, and ethical issues. Farmer, Mackinnon, and Cowie (2017) are the authors of the article “Perfectionism and Life Narratives: A Qualitative Study”. The study has two research questions, including the necessity of defining perfectionism from the point of people high in maladaptive and adaptive perfectionism and learning the themes in autobiographical narratives shared by perfectionists. The authors used peer-reviewed studies as background information, including the investigation by Sherry, Mackinnon, and Gautreau (2016) about perfectionism and social disconnection. The authors investigate various forms of perfectionism and its impact on human behaviors but fail to pay much attention to perfectionists’ life narratives. Although there is no apparent bias in the studies, the use of a qualitative perspective limits research. This qualitative study shows the benefits of properly chosen methods and ethical issues in discussing perfectionism in human behaviors. Summary of Methods A qualitative research design on the basis of thematic analysis was applied to this study to promote a better understanding of how perfectionists define perfectionism. Twenty students of Dalhousie University were selected to participate in the study via online advertisements and locally distributed flyers. The selection criterion included the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R) cutoff scores for adaptive and maladaptive perfectionists (Farmer et al., 2017). The APS-R scale measured perfectionism facets (42 and higher on the Standards and Discrepancy subscales for maladaptive perfectionists, and 42 and higher on the Standards and lower than 42 on the Discrepancy for adaptive perfectionists). The researchers used perfectionism interview questions and life narrative interviews to gather information from the participants. They mentioned reflexivity as a contribution to epistemological constructivism in their study (reflect real lived experiences) and used adaptive/maladaptive labels as a value judgment to bracket unnecessary assumptions in thematic analysis. The qualitative analysis strategy includes the evaluation of interview questions through the prism of thematic analysis (transcription and code generation). Holistic themes were chosen for the offered codes until the data is thoroughly summarized (Farmer et al., 2017). The method of inductive thematic analysis helped to describe data via five additional themes discovered in life narrative interviews. To reduce biases and ensure trustworthiness, the authors did not give any predictions but focus on the description of the details. No feedback from participants was taken into account during interviews’ transcription.
By definition, photosynthesis is a process whereby light energy (of blue and red wavelength) is converted to chemical energy in the presence of CO 2 and water. This process occurs in plants and green algae which eventuate in sugar formation. Basically, the site of photosynthesis in plants is at the chloroplast which contains chlorophyll (apparently green pigment) vital in absorbing light energy. Primarily, the chemical reaction that happens in the chlorophyll is typified by the equation: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 . However, this process is more multifaceted than what meets the eye for it involves two processes: the light and dark reactions. The light reaction “happens at the thylakoid membrane, and it serves to convert light into chemical energy” (Audesirk & Byers, 2008). This energy is then passed onto central chlorophyll where photosynthesis happens to store the energy as ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The dark reaction, which happens devoid of light in the stroma, utilizes CO 2 and ATP to form sugars (glucose) in what is referred to as the Calvin Cycle (Fig. 1). Fig 1: Calvin Cycle. To utilize the sugars processed by plants, animals and plants alike initiate respiration processes which can either be aerobic or anaerobic as manifested in most microorganisms. However, the scope of this paper limits itself to aerobic respiration; a process whereby glucose/organic substrate is broken down in presence of oxygen to release energy, and molecules of water and CO 2 . The energy is stored chemically as ATP and hence, can be used by other cells within an animal/plant. Basically, in a simplified equation the below reaction occurs: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy Akin to photosynthesis, respiration is a complex phenomenon that involves two processes: glycolysis which eventuates in the formation of pyruvic acid from glucose, and a process of oxidizing the product to CO 2 , NADH, and H 2 O (Fig. 2). Nevertheless, it is the NADH molecules that are utilized in an Electron Transport Chain, and chemiosmosis process to yield ATP molecules. Of note, this process occurs in the mitochondrion of a cell. Fig. 2: Citric cycle. As typified by the two processes, each cycle is dependent on the other. As such, the plants and animals are symbiotic thus they accomplish what is known as the Carbon Cycle. To this end, the CO 2 is recycled in the system. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration are different in that the former occurs in the absence of oxygen. Chiefly, this process is analogous to fermentati
Killing animals for food The fact that there is a long tradition involving the slaughter of animals for food does not justify the killing of animals. In a similar manner, one would argue that the fact that Africans had been held in slavery as a tradition did not stop their liberation. A utilitarian argument justifies the removal of pain in the process of killing the animals. A nonconsequentialist will propose the abolition of slaughtering animals for food. The analysis examines the consequence of abolition and the removal of pain as an alternative. The utilitarian argues that man has the alternative of eliminating pain in the slaughtering process. However, there is the challenge of removing pain without creating the potential to harm man’s physiological processes. Mankind would need some chemicals to eliminate pain during the slaughtering of animals. There is no better method because in hospitals chemicals are used in anesthesia. The question that most people would consider is whether man would be willing to consume meat knowing that chemicals have been used to reduce pain. In hospitals, it is done once. Meat is consumed frequently in a person’s lifetime. The impact of the chemicals on the human body can be unpleasant and unwanted. Better alternatives to reducing pain in this manner are rare. The best human beings can do is to make the process to last only a few minutes and to use the sharpest blades that cause the least resistance. The nonconsequentialist proposal for a complete ban on killing animals would be difficult to enforce in its entirety. What comes into mind is that lions kill other animals for food. If they are denied their kill, they may starve to death. Killing other animals is cruelty. In contrast, cruelty can be described in relative terms when there is a valid need for survival. Stopping human beings to feed on other animals and allowing lions to hunt may not prevent the suffering of animals. It also shows that the suffering of animals cannot be considered in absolute terms. The consequences of a complete ban on slaughtering animals for food will be extensive. One consequence is that animals that are kept only for meat may become an endangered species. People will stop rearing animals because most of them are kept for economic benefits. Those that produce milk may still be reared until denying the calf part of the milk is considered animal abuse. The end result may be a situation where it is better not to have them at all than to have them with the intention of killing them. The impact on animals kept for profit is unknown wh
Introduction Getting engaged in a gang is an important, potentially life-changing event. The reasons that make any single person join a gang are personal and multifaceted. Currently, there has been an increase in the rate of female arrest and female gangs both in violent offenses and in breaking of law willingly. This paper will examine the girls in gangs. Personal reactions to 8 Ball Chicks book The book that is entitled 8 Ball Chicks: a year in the violent world of girl gangs illustrates how girl gang individuals are mostly as dangerous and emotionally closed off as their counterparts male gang members. The members of the girl gang are said to carry guns within their clothing and sharp equipment like razor blades within their bodies like in the mouth to defend themselves. In addition, these girls gangs are involved in carjacking, shootings, stomping outsiders who might attempt to get into the neighborhood, violently retaliate against other forms of gangs and fiercely protect their home territory (Sikes 1-4). This book is an exception since it does not only illustrate the issues concerning girl gangs but rather it draws the differences which differentiate girl gangs from their counterpart’s male gangs. These differences include; teen motherhood, abortion, endless beatings, teen pregnancy and the sexual abuse where the individuals are forced into sexual activities with several male gangbangers especially during initiation. As a result, they end up bringing up children in a house with guns and drugs. Moreover, the teen mother has a part-time husband or boyfriend who belongs to the male gangbangers. Therefore, from the 8 Ball Chicks book, one realizes the dread and anxious desire to be respected and the situations which make most of the girls get involved in gangs. Thus, this is a book that helps one to understand the reasons that make most of the girls get involved in the gangs. Hence, one is in a position to comprehend the ways that can be implemented in order to assist such ladies leave such gangs. Girls and gangs in American society Since the year 1980 Americans have experienced an increase in the rate of girls who are involved in gangs. Currently, girls are getting involved in violent crimes compared with the past. In the past girls used their counterpart males in order to get into crimes but this no longer exists. Most of the girls who g
Western civilization owes a lot to the Hellenistic culture, which has been a source of inspiration for artists for millennia. The archaistic caryatid from the museum in Istanbul is a typical example of a Roman sculpture that follows Greek tradition. While it is an exquisite piece of art, a caryatid also serves as a column – an essential element of the classic architecture, which has aesthetic and functional value. Information About the Sculpture The caryatid dates back to the 1st century A.D., the Augustan Era. It was a part of the proscenium in the theatre in Tralles, an ancient Roman city on the territory of modern Turkey (Aristodimou 2). The sculpture currently belongs to the Museum of Archaeology in Istanbul (Topkapi Palace). There is no information available on the author or the name of the caryatid. Dionysian Response At first glance, the sculpture seems quite ugly and intimidating. If it were placed at the entrance of a building, it would probably make me feel unwelcome there. The pose of the caryatid is entirely static to the point it looks unnatural, and her facial expression lacks emotion, although one could probably discern a sarcastic grin on her face. In fact, it makes the sculpture
Introduction Nowadays cartoons are an important part of our reality. Several generations have already grown up with the animated movies by Disney and its counterparts, and, given the popularity of this kind of entertainment, the childhood of future generations is also likely to be marked by them. Children love cartoons and spend significant amounts of time glued to the TV screens, captured by the plots and mesmerized by the characters. In the meantime, their parents cannot help but wonder what kind of lessons these animations teach the young viewers and what kind of impact on the process of their upbringing the cartoons may have. Numerous studies devoted to the issue have produced the results that are more than a little disturbing. Despite the pleasure they provide for young viewers or the educational potential, cartoons can apparently have adverse effects on children’s behavior and development (Peters and Blumberg 144; Hapkiewicz 33) The problem has been proved, illustrated, acknowledged, and addressed on governmental levels, for example, with the creation of specific bodies that are supposed to monitor the content of cartoons and define whether they are appropriate for a particular age group or not. At the same time, it appears logical for parents to take care of their children’s safety themselves. Indeed, given the importance of cartoons for the young generation, the possible adverse effects, and the ineffectiveness of regulating bodies, it seems, no one but parents is capable of preserving their children from the animation-caused problems. Background . In the article “Cartoon Violence and Aggression in Youth,” Steven Kirsh points out that the first cartoon star was the 1920s “icon”, Felix the Cat, which means that children “have been entertained by animated films and television shows for over 80 years” (548). It is very obvious that the situation has not changed much; if anything, cartoons have become even more popular, admired by children and, occasionally, even by their parents. Throughout these years, the cartoons have been used to create millions of dollars for Disney Brothers’ or Hanna–Barbera, being “box office juggernauts” (Kirsh 548). The unbelievable level of profitability of the business is not only the additional testimony to its popularity; it also shows that it is not likely to be given up soon, and cartoons are a part of our reality that would be expected to exist for centuries to come. Given the extreme popularity and “vitality” of cartoons, the issue of their im
In the history of the world, the most oppressed person has largely been the black. From the ages of slavery to the modern times, the black person has continually received indifferent treatment extending to exploitation, as well as oppression. In her work, Toni Morrison draws on this complex relationship set between the black person and the rest of the world which apparently is the white person. This relationship has left the black people on the losing end from the political to the economic aspects. As a result, the black culture has faced serious challenges from the societal point of view in terms of socialization due to the economic factor. Toni Morrison in The Bluest Eye traces the history of the black people in the most prolific and unique manner that traces their position and lives in the society. As a black writer, she makes a revealing statement that observes that the black people subjective consciousness is a product of the crumbling nature of the white culture. As the story begins, Morrison powerfully draws the reader to the historical oppression of the black people’s lives. In their living, the Breedloves are depicted to have the most deplorable life conditions which are a contrast to white’s. The black people lost their own position in the social in order to be the first. The Breedlove’s live in an “old, cold and green house” where at “night a kerosene lamp lights one large room” while the “others are braced in darkness, peopled by roaches and mice” (Morrison, 10). The dominant white social reality has pushed the black’s living to the margins of society. The economic and the political oppression have for a long time kept the black person in dark silence. This is well captured in the line, “evening we go to the railroad tracks where we fill burlap sacks with tiny pieces of coal lying about” (Morrison, 10). Morrison’s line is like a commentary that the black culture is crumbled into small pieces by the apparent dominant white culture. This is represented by the coal and the railroad respectively. This means that the black abandoned their culture and values under the impact of the white culture. In effect, the black people have accepte
Introduction ‘Pagoda,’ a book by Patricia Powell talks about a big secret. Lowe, a Chinese immigrant who runs a shop in Jamaica, is trapped between black and white villagers and faces threats from both groups. After living together with Miss Sylvie for convenience for thirty five years, their marriage changes to be a marriage of love as they come into reality with revelations of their past. Separation from her daughter for more than twelve years makes Lowe to write a letter with details of the origin of their family. Prior to the completion of the letter, the shop was reduced down to ashes together with Cecil, the person who fetched her to Jamaica, mistreated her sexually and who assisted her in putting up the shop. As a result of this incident, Lowe began a new life as a result of the freedom from debts of Cecil. She decides to build a Pagoda, school and a social place where all Chinese citizens could meet. As she engaged in these activities, she struggled to come out of the fact that she had lost his livelihood as well as drifting from Chinese culture and the prevailing secret of her family. Faking identity Lowe had escaped her marriage more than thirty five years ago by going away on a ship to Jamaica, and being unaware that the ship had more than five hundred Chinese men who had been forcefully taken from China and were bound for forced labor. Due to the fact that Chinese women are never allowed to immigrate to foreign countries, Lowe camouflages herself as a man and maintains the same identity for more than thirty years. The author tries to bring out implications which destiny and freedom can have on an individuals’ life regarding gender and family relationships. Kidnapping of Chinese men to provide cheap labor in the sugar plantations in Jamaica is also documented. Living conditions in China in the late 1800s wa
Management development is usually applied so that the corporation can inspire the staff so that the recital of the employees improved. Moreover, it is applied to advance the performance of the commerce so that their share price amplifies and the company could attract more investors and the sales increased, this will also mean that the shareholders will give paid good bonuses. According to Purple, as it is shown in Nickels (Tiina Gallén, 2006) Due to that occurrence the investors will be revealing more interest in the commerce, which denotes that they will be able to hire staff simpler so that they will have a wider choice of applicants to choose from so the company can hire a wider spectrum of highly experienced staff. Nowadays, in difference with the approaches which existed decades ago, there is little explicit resistance in any large association, private, nonprofit, or public, in developed or developing states, to the common belief that management development is inevitable. There is little overt resistance, and there is often enthusiasm, among managers for participating in such plans. It is true as the nature of e