ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Types of Processes The management of Apple focuses on various processes in order to improve its operations. First of all, one can speak about the equipment design because in this way, this company tries to minimize the running costs. Secondly, they attach importance to the design of products because this process is important for the sales rates of this corporation and its cost-effectiveness. Apart from that, value chain coordination is also critical for this corporation because it helps to increase the perceived value of Apple’s products. Value chain integration and outsourcing The company exercises almost complete control over its supply chain. In particular, it monitors the performance and quality control methods of its suppliers. This approach ensures that each provider of the component parts effectively increases the value of a product. Apart from that, this organization focuses on the distribution and marketing of their products. For example, they operate 423 stores in various parts of the world (O’Grady, 2009, p. 14). So, they can easily differentiate their products among others. These are the main aspects that should be taken into consideration. Technology Apple uses technologies that are critical for quality of its products and overall efficiency of its facilities. For example, this corporation invests capital into new process technologies that can decrease the manufacturing costs in the long term. Additionally, this company relies on laser technologies which are needed to manufacture high-quality products requiring. Capacity and facilities This company lays stress on the need to use renewable energy in its manufacturing facilities. In this way, they reduce environmental impacts of its activities; moreover, this strategy enables them to reduce operational costs (Apple, 2014). One should mention that the factories of Apple can be easily adjusted to the level of demand. Currently, many of them are located in China. This choice helps the company to get access to skilled workforce as quickly as possible. Secondly, their products can be quickly distributed to various regions of the world. Moreover, these factories can work at least 60 hours per week. This approach helps the company to meet the demand for its products. Inventory and service capacity The managers of this company use various demand forecasting techniques in order to reduce the levels of inventory which is often viewed as the underlying cause of additional costs (O’Grady, 2009, p. 14). This requirement is the central part of their operations strategy. Furthermore, they focus on the minimization of storage co
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a skin infection, which denotes the commonest kind of leishmaniasis that affects mankind. It is caused by sandflies; twenty species of protozoan parasites (spread through the bites of sandflies) are known to cause the disease (Faber, Hay, & Naafs, 2012). Cutaneous leishmaniasis is typified by painless skin ulcers normally on uncovered parts like the face. After three to six months lesions mend but leave depigmented retracted cicatrices. Skin lesions could turn chronic and may be disabling when many lesions arise. Leishmaniasis is the 6 th greatest problem affecting children in Sub-Saharan Africa. It affected more than 291,000 male children and 292,000 female children. The greatest problem lies with children from five to fourteen years of age. In the greatly endemic regions, children younger than ten years of age are affected (Paz, Doumbia, Keita, & Sethi, 2011). In Sub-Saharan Africa, Ethiopia is the greatest hit by cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a greatly neglected disease that has zoonotic cycles. The prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in most of the endemic Sub-Saharan African regions ranges from 0.1 percent to 1 percent. Because the cure that succeeds for a given form of leishmanias might fail to succeed for a different one, I think it would be beneficial to seek the guidance of a regional medicine expert. Nearly every existing treatment alternative is noxious with considerable side effects. Though localized cutaneous leishmaniasis responds suitably to treatment, diffuse and mucosal cutaneous leishmaniasis forms are hard to treat (Paz et al., 2011). Tuberculosis About two decades ago, the challenge of tuberculosis in Africa drew slight consideration. I think this could partly be attributed to the fact that tuberculosis prevalence was low and decreasing in the majority of the regions. However, with HIV/AIDS increase in the Sub-Saharan African region, it wreaked havoc. I believe that HIV/AIDS revitalized diseases like tuberculosis, which had not posed a considerable danger to humans’ health for a long period. The prevalence of tuberculosis and HIV across the globe is greatest in Sub-Saharan Africa (Barter, Agboola, Murray, & Bärnighausen, 2012). I believe tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa is propagated by poverty, warfare, and HIV; consequently, children in this area face a great impact of tuberculosis infection. The diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in children present significant difficulties in the epoch of the HIV epidemic. Some of the symptoms of tuberculosis encompass coughing, weakening, weight loss, chest pains, and poor appetite (Zetola et al., 2014). In 2013, 80,000 children lost their lives from tuberculosis and 29% were fro
Vision Statement The goal of our project is to work differently and approach challenges in a way that you probably viewed impossible at first. Despite the limits in time and the desired cost-effectiveness that can seem like a crucial problem, it is your responsibility to understand how the goal can be achieved. The word “you” applies not to an individual but the whole team; teamwork is essential in the JASSM Program, as well as your autonomy and the ability to make choices and meet decisions independently. As you are a team of professionals experienced in working together, I was a project leader who trusts your ability to meet all the goals we have at the right time. Share feedback, ask for help, discuss, prove your point, check and recheck data, do everything you can (or you thought you could not), and see how the project begins to take its shape. Key Actions Terry Little took several actions that fostered higher levels of performance. His attention to the recruitment of professionals in the team and the realization that sharp analytics were not going to make the work on the project more efficient resulted in a team that relied on members’ actions rather than calculations. Since Terry increased the degree of independence in the project, he managed to create a new organizational culture that valued autonomy, the ability to experiment, and innovation (Laufer, 2012). His decision not to punish or control the team more severely after the failure during the first launch helped the team understand that he trusted them, thus increasing their motivation and self-belief. At last, his focus on results and desire to challenge the team to do the impossible was the factors that encouraged the team to complete the project before the set deadline. A new course of action that I would suggest would provide the team with the understanding that failure is not punishable and even supported, especially if it is caused by an experiment necessary for the project completion. I would also emphasize the importance of the common goal, which would help me increase intrinsic motivation “to indicate the group’s collective belief that the whole group works for the group task rather than the extrinsic rewards” (Yidong & Xinxin, 2013, p. 442). Furthermore, I would also explicitly state that accountability for one’s decisions is an important aspect of the project that is highly valued by me and will be implemented to see whether team members are capable of defending their opinion and decisions. I would establish several scheduled meetings that would be only dedicated to the decisions made by the team, and the meetings would align with specific project m
Infant mortality rate refers to the deaths of children below the age of one year divided by 1000 live births in a given place in one year (Dufour 2012). These statistics are used to determine the health of a population at any given time. This makes mortality rate statistics important to the government. High infant mortality rates suggest that a community is unhealthy. If high mortality rates are recorded in particular parts of the country, the government should conduct research to establish the cause of the high mortality rates. If the causes of the high mortality rates are health related, the government should take measures to address the issue. Findings might reveal that the high mortality rates are caused by poor reproductive health. This will put pressure on the government to create more awareness on reproductive health. The government should always ensure that proper measures have been put in place to make sure the mortality rates remain low. Asthma, common cold and diarrhea are the three common health problems facing children (Dufour 2012). These conditions are dangerous and could easily put the life of a child in danger. Common cold is caused by a virus that can be transmitted easily from one person to another. The family of the child should make sure they don’t expose the child to things like cigarette smoke. This has made the society more responsible. The community should make sure that the health of their young ones is not affected by some of their practices. The community has been forced to maintain a clean environment. Diarrhea is mainly caused by consuming things that are contaminated. Families should make sure they disinfect the toys of their children. The community has been forced to maintain high levels of hygiene (Dufour 2012). Adolescents have been known to engage in behavior that may end up affecting their health. Some of them have multiple sexual partners. This exposes them to sexually transmitted diseases. Adolescents are also known to eat fatty foods (Davis & Carpenter 2010). This exposes them to heart related conditions, obesity and arthritis. Young adults also engage in risky behavior that exposes them to various injuries. The community is obliged to take good care of their young men and women and make sure they don’t engage in any risky behavior that might expose them to severe health conditions. The community should, therefore, make sure they educate and take corrective measures when young people engage in risky behavior (Davis & Carpenter 2010). The role of the community health nurse is to advice the child’s parents on measures that they should take to ensure their child is not exposed to any health related problem. A good example is when a parent takes a child to a health facility for check up. The nurse will take the weight and height of the child and use this informa
The adversarial criminal justice system is one where the law is applied equally to all segments of the society. It is a system that presumes that one is innocent that shifts the burden of proof to the prosecution to prove beyond any shadow of a doubt. The advantage lies on the side of the defendant if there is any doubt. The accused is granted the right to silence and cannot be forced to respond to accusation levelled against them. This system poses some ethical problems because most of its procedural safeguards are always in favour of the accused. The favours that are granted to the accused include the right of appeal, the right to remain silent, the right to have an attorney, and the right to be free from unauthorized searches and arrests. The rights granted to the defendant are always a disadvantage to the prosecution which has to prove its case against the accused. This position is biased against the prosecution and makes its work even more difficult. The system encourages a scenario where both entities to a case contest with each other to win a case. This scenario makes it easier vulnerable to acts of deception and legal tactics that are questionable instead of using facts to settle cases. It is a potential ethical problem that can be solved by allowing both parties to present facts before any judgment is made to avoid injustices. If a black man is found committing a similar offence like a white woman, he is five times more likely to be arrested. It is a tendency that has been brought about by racism in the American judicial system and racial inequality in policing. Moreover, the black man is more likely to be convicted than a white woman who has committed a similar crime. According to a report by the United States Sentencing Commission, a black man who is found the same crime as the white man have a potential of receiving nearly 20% longer prison term (Ingraham, 2017). These disparities are due to cases of racism and
Introduction Salmonella is a common cause of foodborne gastrointestinal tract inflammation in humans. Salmonella infections have caused a significant economic burden because of the related high medical care costs and labor losses (Gomez 1). Chicken commodities constitute a substantial part of the human diet, although, poultry meat and eggs have been the sources of foodborne salmonellosis in people. Science and technology have helped to develop processes of food production, transportation, and storage. Further, advancement in methods of microbial sampling, testing, and control had a significant impact on levels of Salmonella contamination in poultry. Similarly, the society’s level of knowledge about foodborne poisoning and subsequent public demand for the need for safe and quality foods have influenced the rights, obligations, powers, and restrictions on the production and selling of hen eggs and meat. This paper presents a critical evidence-based perspective on how science, technology, and society have impacted the legal status of salmonella in chicken and the associated food adulteration. Sources of Contamination Commercial farms rear chickens on a large scale, and the quality of their product depends on the hygiene standards maintained during the production, harvesting, and post-harvesting processes (Gomez 2). In the case of Salmonella contamination, the Enterobacteriaceae counts are used as a pointer to evaluate the pure quality of food, and the presence of these bacteria in chicken meat and eggs predisposes consumers to health risk (Hammack 9). From the meat or eggs, the bacteria find their way into human bodies when people consume raw, undercooked, or unpasteurized poultry products. Science, Technology, and Society
Introduction Many European countries played central roles in creating animosities between nations that culminated into the emergence of World War II. The war was initiated by Hitler’s attack on Poland in 1939. However, apart from this attack, there were other dominant issues such as social and economic differences that made nations across the globe engage in the war. This short paper traces the trajectory of World War II citing issues of collaboration and resistance in the European countries as well as the Grand Alliance’s planning for a postwar order. It also digs into the economic issue that initially defined postwar Europe by discussing postwar experiences in the European countries. WWII Trajectory The Second World War can be traced from the Napoleonic era of absolute war. This concept was crucial in the Second World War in Europe as there was a “large-scale mobilization of state resources for war to anticipate the modern concept of total war that was typically associated with World War II” (Merriman 122). In the context of Europe, collaborations and resistances characterized World War II. A good example of resistance was the case of Poland. The nation had a home-based army that was composed of 300,000 people (Merriman 124). However, the army was crushed when the Warsaw uprising emerged. As a result, 12, 000 deaths were recorded (Merriman 357). Many other people found themselves in concentration camps by 1943. In France, resistance to war was also experienced. The French resistors were termed as masquisards. They were able to “hide behind brush called maquis” (Merriman 359). While resistance in France seemed to bear fruits, the situation was harder in Belgium. Often, the resisting people were killed. In this context, Merriman argues, “there is hardly a hill that is more than a hump in Denmark…the Danes in Copenhagen saved the Jews who got them out with the help of a German officer” (367). Apart from France, Belgium, and Poland, resistance occurred in almost every country. The main forms of resistance entangled recapturing of territories, non-cooperation, and disinformation. Many Europeans decided to resist Italian and German occupiers. The main mechanism of resistance was hiding for the Jews, sabotage, and bureaucratic obstructions among other ways. Amid the discussion of the resistances in many nations in Europe against Second World War, it is fallacious to assume that collaboration was not experienced. For instance, even if France had a resistant force, it also colla
Currency devaluation and appreciation has been a debatable issue in macroeconomics. Currency devaluation means a reduction in currency value and currency valuation is the increase in the value of a currency (Zelkó 1980, p. 110). There are many factors that determine a country’s currency value. The most influential determinant is the economic performance of a country (Mathur 2009, p. 1). However, certain macroeconomic parameters such as inflation, interest rates and trade deficit balances also determine a currency’s strength. Close to these currency determinants are the social and political environments of a country because a stable social or political environment amounts to a stable currency. High inflation and poor economic performances are characteristic of a devalued currency. In situations where there is high inflation, currency instability is likely to be realized as well. For instance, in America, interest rates and crude oil prices significantly determine the value of the US dollar (Mathur 2009, p. 1). If the value of crude oil prices falls, there is bound to be a resultant valuation of the dollar because crude oil is valued in American dollars. Moreover, America is known to rely on a lot of crude oil imports to sustain its economy. Similarly, if the interest rates rise, the value of the dollar increases. Budget deficits also impact the value of a country’s currency because a growing budget deficit results in the weakening of a currency’s value. Similarly, if a government’s policies and societal beliefs are viewed negatively by international investors, a slide in currency value is likely to be witnessed (Mathur 2009, p. 1). Equally, fluctuations in exchange rates also affect a country’s balance of payment. A balance of payment normally refers to the volume of monetary transactions that occur between one country and another (import and export balances). A favorable balance of payment is witnessed when a country’s export exceeds its imports and an unfavorable balance of payment is witnessed when imports exceed exports. Currency valuation/ devaluation have a profound impact on a country’s import and exports because it determines a country’s purchasing power (Zelkó 1980, p. 110). If a country’s currency strengthens, its purchasing power equally strengthens because more goods can be demanded from the international market. Conversely, the strengthening of a currency’s value improves a country’s import because more goods and services can be bought from the international market. In such a situation, a country is likely to increas
It is rather interesting to note that the origin of the sheer amount of plastics in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch actually comes from land based (accounting for 80% of the trash) and ship based (accounting for 20% of the trash) sources. How such plastics got there remains a mystery however it is theorized that wind and water sources especially during tropical storms played a large part in sending plastics from landfills, streets, sidewalks and various other areas into the water. As these plastics interact with various winds, tides and currents they eventually make their way to the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. This area is noted for its slow moving currents which flow in a clockwise spiral motion resulting in the creation of a large area of water within the center of the slow moving currents where waste can accumulate. This “ocean desert” is characterized by having very little weather and current disturbance which allows the various plastics in the surrounding waters to accumulate undisturbed for months or even years. How long has the Plastic Been There? There are actually no precise indicators as to when exactly plastics started accumulating in the Gyre however it is assumed that the accumulation began at the onset of the creation of petroleum based products for disposable plastic items and as such it is estimated that the trash within the Pacific Garbage Patch started accumulating during the mid 1990s. It must also be noted that it takes roughly 6 years for trash from the U.S. to make its way to the Gyre and as such trash present there today could be trash that someone threw out 6 or 7 years ago. Environmental Impact One of the inherent problems with the Great Pacific Garbage Patch isn’t just that various plastics have accumulated into one area but rather it is due to the fact that they undergo a process called photo-degradation wherein individual plastic pieces continuously break up and disintegrate into smaller and smaller pieces while still remaining plastic polymers. The result is that as these pieces become smaller they become readily ingested by various aquatic organisms resulting in the introduction of a man-made artificial substance into the food chain. As animals that have ingested plastic polymers are themselves ingested by larger species this creates a chain of toxicity. Various reports and studies show that deteriorating plastic polymers released harmful toxic chemicals and such should be a cause for concern for consumers of marine based products. Of particular concern is the potential for such chemicals to travel up the food chain and eventually harm humans as well. While it may be true that in small concentrations such chemicals pose little risk to humans or aquatic life the fact remains that so long as tiny plastic polymers are included in the food chain this may lead to long term c