ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the study titled “Tobacco Use Moderates the Association Between Major Depression and Obesity”, the researchers attempt to draw a relationship between tobacco consumption and its effects on obesity. In the process, they apply credible research methods and arguments in support of their hypothesis in a process that largely passes the test of scrutiny. The key words used in the journal are major depression (MD), tobacco use, smoking, obesity and body mass index (BMI). The authors consistently use these terms to anchor their study and explain their findings. Except for the term, body mass index and obesity (defined as weight divided by height and a BMI above 30 respectively), the authors expect the reader to understand the other terms in relation to their common English meanings. As a result, they do not provide the definitions. As far as evidence is concerned, the journal’s contents support the researchers’ points. These points stem from the study through a correlation analysis of the characteristics observed in the test subjects using the key terms provided above. The research team subjected its hypothesis to rigorous examination criteria in a bid to prove their point. Consequently, the correlation analysis produces evidence that is convincing because it clearly links human behavior (the habit of smoking) to health effects (reactions in the bodies and minds of people suffering depression). This approach opens new channels of speculation and possibly greater knowledge by choosing to examine a very unlikely relationship in an area of medical health rarely examined by qualified minds due to its awkward requirement to venture into the benefits of a habit condemned as harmful. In the process, the researchers challenge a number of assumptions concerning the smoking habits of MD sufferers. One of the key assumptions comes from a study that says gender moderates the relationship between MD and obesity (Carpenter et al., 2000) as well as the link between smoking and MD with stronger associations among women. The researchers used supplemental analyses that showed the moderating influence of MD on obesity did not significantly differ by gender and found that the extent to which tobacco use offset MD-obesity relationships was similar for both genders. On their part, the researchers build their argument on a number of assumptions. Among them, we find the assumption that concurrent tobacco use at any level of severity could diminish the MD-obesity association. Basing their argument on the maladaptive coping explanation, the researchers’ findings prove that MD and obesity are associated because depressed individuals engage in unhealthy habits to cope with their depression, which could lead to increased obesity risk. However, MD sufferers who consume tobacco due to the moderating effects that it has on them show a lower prevalence rate. A second assumption applied by the researchers is because obesity is ass
The House on Mango Street was written by Sandra Cisneros in 1984. The book is a collection of short stories that have no beginning and no end. It is as if a door is opened for the reader for a brief moment, one or two pages are given a glimpse of the life of a particular character. Then the window to the plot is abruptly closed, and they learn nothing more about the characters with their joys and sorrows. The story is told on behalf of Esperanza, who is ashamed of her neighborhood, where they live with their large family. In the book, the theme of gender inequality and the unwillingness to live like the women of the neighborhood-under the control of men, is expressed through the thoughts and narrative of the main character, the girl Esperanza. Esperanza and her family live in a poor neighborhood for immigrants. They live in an old crooked house, surrounded by bad neighbors, and impenetrable poverty. “Bricks are crumbling in places, and the front door is so swollen you have to push hard to get in” (Cisneros 1984, p. 4). Esperanza wants to get out of this poverty, from the musty neighborhood and the mentality that her father imposes on her, believing that marriage is better for a girl than any education. Esperanza grew up in a family where “we” is more important than “I”, and separating herself from her family and society seemed to her a very important, right step. Not out of dislike, but in order not to repeat the fate of my mother, who sang beautifully and always dreamed of more. For example, to get married, give birth, go to another, not too friendly country, but the dream is broken about everyday life. Like her other neighbors who are locked up by abusive husbands, beaten, depressed, and turned into elderly women before their time. “A new house, house made of the heart” (Cisneros 1984, p. 64). Her own home symbolizes freedom for Esperanza, a symbol of an independent life in which no one dares to interfere. “A house all my own. With my porch and my pillow, my pretty purple petunias… A space for myself to go” (Cisneros 1984, p. 108). The book’s ending may seem somewhat upbeat after describing the life of Mango Street. It looks pretty in line with the “American dream”: everything will be fine, but it is needed to work hard and remember the roots. The problem that concerns the writer is the disenfranchisement of women who lived, as the book’s main character, in this impoverished area, accustomed from childhood to physical, menta
Bill Myers used a supportive and democratic leadership style to manage people at his organization and to deal with the staff workers’ grievances. By accepting to attend the meeting organized by Lauren and to listen to the workers’ complaints, Bill Myers demonstrates himself as an outgoing and friendly man who maintains the ethics and standards of his profession. The male and female employees worked together towards ensuring full client satisfaction. This reveals a cooperative and harmonized workplace culture (Reeves, 2010). The treatment given to male and female workers is not related to their various roles, concerning customer satisfaction. According to Bill Myers, male bartenders are more knowledgeable and have more skills as compared to women, a reason they receive higher pay than that of women. This demonstrates unfairness in terms of compensation as the duties of the wait staff are quite difficult as compared to those of bartenders; hence, the wait staffs deserve higher pay. However, both bartenders and the wait staffs possess the required skills and knowledge as credentials for the job. Thus they deserve fair payments and treatments (Reeves, 2010). Even though both the male and female employees in Bill’s organization share the same opportunities as outlined within the organizational structure, this is not practiced in real life. Wait staff positions, which are mainly for women, require certain skills such as experience, both past and current, energy, joint effort, and ability to serve and satisfy clients. The male bartenders’ jobs require accuracy, knowledge in handling all products, speed, and coordination with other co-workers to enhance the smooth running of the job. Regardless of the requirement of the various equally important skills, the employees are paid differently. In this case, the response of bill Myers in handling the case of Lauren and her co-workers shows his democratic style of management and his likeness of communication between the two groups in the workplace (Reeves, 2010). The female bartenders have equal opportunities with their male counterparts to aspire for the various positions, as they possess the required credentials. They should be treated equally with the males and concerning their roles and responsibilities as these involve the same energy and strength and all aim at accomplishing the organizational goals. On the other hand, the culture of the organization supports the males, for example. In contrast, both males and females produce the same effort while attending to their assigned roles. Only the wait staffs are expected to split their wages with the bartenders and busboys. This demonstrates unequal treatment between male bartenders and female bartenders, yet they both qualify and are assigned to the same roles (Dodd & E
Introduction Education plays a key role in carbon emissions. Use of papers, electricity, wood, private transport and computers are the key ways in which educational institutions contribute to increased carbon emissions. Different approaches can be employed so as to reduce carbon emissions from institutions of earning. Such approaches may include use of solar energy as a substitute for electricity, green computing and use of public transport. Whereas these approaches may be effective, they could also have some disadvantages such as reduced face-face interaction and delays in transport. In this study, we also focused on government initiatives for controlling carbon emissions in Australia and Saudi Arabia. Carbon pollution in Australia is growing swiftly. It is projected that it will augment by 22% between the years 2000 and 2020. Conversely, Saudi Arabia is the world’s prime oil maker and ranks at position 14, among countries with the highest rates of carbon emissions. Utilization of petroleum goods represents the mass of the nation’s fossil-fuel CO2 productions. A remarkable aspect of the time cycle for Saudi Arabia is the emissions ensuing from flaring gas. During 1974, gas flickering was liable for 76% of Saudi Arabia’s fossil-fuel discharges (Australian Government Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, n. d.). Saudi Arabia was a chief protester at the international climate meeting in Copenhagen, where councils from over 190 nations we re trying to concur, on a new global initiative, to fight climate change. A number of environmental societies say that the oil-producing monster has long played an opposing role in climate change conferences. Saudi bureaucrats fear that decreasing g emissions will lessen oil exports and be disastrous for their nation. Government Initiatives in Saudi Arabia and Australia Both Australia and Saudi Arabia have vast emissions- rigorous economy, with far elevated emissions per capita as compared to most nations. Both countries agreed to sign the Kyoto Protocol on reducing carbon emissions. The Kyoto Protocol was an accord negotiated by several states in 1997. The objectives of Kyoto were to see members jointly lessening the rates of carbon emissions by 5.2 percent before 2012. Again, at the 2010 forum in Cancun, and at the United Nations 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference, both nations concurred to limit carbon effluence so that the standard worldwide temperature rise could be maintained lower than two degrees Celsius. Despite the mutual commitment to the objectives of these agreements, Australia has achieved a larger share than Saudi Arabia. Australia persists to be vigorously involved in reducing carbon effluence and has constructed an inclusive plan to progress to a Clean Energy Future. This Clean Energy Future plan
Introduction As of today, it remains a commonplace practice in many world’s countries to allow Church being exempted from taxation – despite the fact that the constitutions of these countries do not contain any provisions, as to Church’s ‘specialness’, in this respect. What is also rather peculiar, in this respect, is that many people consider the mentioned state of affairs thoroughly natural – just if the religious believers are indeed superior to their secular-minded counterparts, and therefore deserve to be treated much better than everybody else. Nevertheless, once the practice of allowing Churches not to pay taxes is being subjected to a logical/analytical inquiry, there will be indeed be only a few remaining doubts in the aftermath, as to this practice’s utter inappropriateness. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, while promoting the idea that it is not only that Churches should be forced to pay taxes, but that the ‘Church tax’ should be particularly high. Main One of the main arguments, deployed by those who argue that Churches should continue remaining exempted from taxation, is that they provide people with the opportunity to exercise their constitutionally guaranteed right of freedom of religion (Kelley, 1977). Therefore, taxing Churches would prove unconstitutional. Another argument, which is being commonly brought forward by the advocates of the current status quo , concerned with Churches continuing to enjoy their ‘no-taxed’ status, is that the matters of religion are not ‘taxable’, by definition. This argument is partially based upon the naïve assumption that just about any Church is ultimately concerned with shining the ‘light of God’ upon people and providing them with the answers to all questions. Nevertheless, one does not have to be particularly bright to be able to realize that the mentioned assumption does not hold much water. The reason for this is that, as practice indicates, the activities of just about any Church are being ultimately concerned with making it possible for the affiliated clergymen to ensure the never-ending flow of monetary donations from the ‘members of the flock’ – this is the actual purpose of every of the world’s organized religions. One can easily test the validity of this suggestion by the mean of attending the religious service at a particular (preferably Protestant) Church and trying to donate its ‘eternal non-monetary blessings’, during the ceremony when monetary donations are being collected. Apparently, many people prefer to live in the state of perceptual arrogance
Contracts Contracts under seal were applied traditionally, and involved the agreement between different parties being signified by a binding seal on the contract document. This ensured that every party in the contract assumed legal responsibility and liability without having to offer any legal detriment. The importance of contracts under seal has diminished over the years with the acceptance of some of the informal contracts by law (Hearn, 2011). An implied contract may be established where there is a mutual agreement to assume responsibility even in the absence of words (Kulakowski & Chronister, 2008). This should not always mean that a contract, which is implied by law, must be an implied contract. An express contract is characterized by a statement of terms by all the parties during its formation. These terms have to go through the normal process of offer and acceptance where all parties must have consent over the terms of the contract while being of sound mind (Schinasi, 2006). An executed contract identifies a particular act that the parties involved are not obligated to perform. This means that in the case of completion of the underlying act as per the contract agreement, the contract ceases to apply and is assumed to be null and void. Bilateral and unilateral contracts involve the exchange of mutual promises over a particular act. Where all the parties make reciprocal promises, it is considered a bilateral contract, but where only one party is bound by his or her promise it is called a unilateral contract (Kulakowski & Chronister, 2008). Unconscionable contracts are identified to be in favor of a superior party and unjust to the other parties. These involve provisions that no mentally competent individual may be in a position to accept, which means most of the victims of such contracts are those who do not have an understanding of the subject matter (Hearn, 2011). The applicability of such a contract is identified differently by different courts in the remedy of injured parties who have been exploited under the contract. Adhesion contracts are presented by a superior party to another party and require adherence to the terms of the contract the choice in this case is usually acceptance or rejection of the terms with no room for negotiation whatsoever (Schinasi, 2006). An aleatory contract is an agreement between parties that remains inadmissible until a particular event occurs. An example is an insurance contract bound by the occurrence of a particular loss. The perfect contact The development of government contracts has to be in line with the set government transaction laws such as procurement laws and labor laws (Hearn, 2011). This ensures that there is a basis for public accountability unlike in the case of contracts between two private entities. This is also identified under the statutes of frauds as they are outlined in the public accountability regulations. The following is an example of a perfect contract between a government officer and a contracto
Constant movements of people from rural homes to urban centers have been due to several reasons, such as the search for employment and better social services. With the unceasing movema ents of humans to cities, the unrelenting demand for services has pushed up the prices of social amenities and other basic services. For example, purchasing rental houses in large urban areas like Portland, Boulder, and San Francisco is more expensive than in places like Atlanta, Los Angeles, and Phoenix. Ironically, costly areas like Portland and Santa Barbara have active plans for managing growth, thus maintaining their high status. On the other hand, expansive and less dense regions experience low entry of new occupants. When people can avoid focusing on somea specific cities by ensuring that they live in them, the cost of living in such areas will go down out-rightly. The present generation should be able to meet their needs without compromising on the abilities of the future generation from meeting their own necessities. In achieving this choice in the United States, for instance, the Federal and State governments should allocate resources according to the development index of the cities in the continent. Cities with low development index should get more funding. The move will ensure that a city like Los Angeles develops its infrastructure and services just like Portland city in Oregon. With lucrative services and available job opportunities, Los Angeles will be able to tap some populace from the highly expensive cities. In addition, as a way of creating employment for the citizens, the US government should offer subsidies and tax holidays to investors who intend to set up companies in the diverse cities. Such policies will attract many investors to these locations, and in the process pull out large population from the densely populated areas. In addition to terms of tax holidays for companies, the government can levy low tax rates for a specified period on employees who accept to work in such areas. Notably, the incentives will encourage both investors and citizens to move to these inexpensive locations. One of the reasons for the expensive services in San Francisco is due to the availability of well-paying jobs and numerous opportunities for self-development. Such moves by the government can result in equal development of regions, hence attracting high population. When people move out of cities like Portland and San Barbara, most of the resources will lack demand, and with the law of demand and supply in economics, the move will push down the cost of houses and other necessities (Chivot and Weterings par. 7). Promoting sustainability and livability require pooling of knowledge and resources in
Introduction An unconscionably large number of admissions die in hospitals. The first attempt to quantify this occurred in 1999 when, at the instigation of a presidential task force, the Institute of Medicine extrapolated findings from three states to estimate that from 44,000 to 98,000 people are killed each year by medical errors while confined. A study by Zhan and Miller that examined 7.5 million patient records covering 28 states and spanning a year gave credence to these estimates. In 2004, the HealthGrades health quality institute suggested after investigating three years of Medicare data representing about half of confined patients from everywhere in the nation (excluding obstetric admissions) that: a) either the two earlier studies had grossly underestimated the preventable death rate; or, b) the death rate from medical errors has risen rapidly and abruptly. The new HealthGrades estimate: an average of 195,000 avoidable deaths each year from 2000 to 2002. The company wryly noted this was worse than any epidemic, being equivalent to 390 747 airliners packed full of passengers (American Iatrogenic Association, 2009). In turn, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention went on record that 2 million people are infected while hospitalized and 90,000 of these patients die. The principal culprit: antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus bacteria borne by unwashed hands of healthcare staff, improperly sterilized equipment and rooms. The Research in Question Yet another class of preventable deaths consists of trauma victims usually first seen in hospital emergency rooms. In an ideal world, a Consultant-level trauma team would constantly be on standby in the Emergency Room prepared to deal instantly with trauma victims as they are carried through the door. But such expert physicians are also needed elsewhere for rounds, to administer critical treatment or do surgery. The other concern, a team of physicians at the USC Department of Medicine in Los Angeles and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center in Colton (CA) realized, was the sheer diversity of criteria used to determine whether the gravity of the trauma victim’s condition necessitated trauma team intervention without generating too many false positives. Traditionally, the warning tools had included an assessment of the injury type (blunt versus penetrating), anatomical location, patient physiological markers, a “Revised Trauma Score” checklist formulated by the Committee on Trauma of the American College of Surgeons, the Glasgow Coma Scale, and the extent of damage suffered by the vehicles (if a car accident or crash was involved). Obviously, Emergency Room staff receiving a radioed alert needed a screening criterion simple enough for ambulance paramedics to undertake and reliable enough to reduce the incidents of patient mortality due to delayed arrival or neglect by the trauma team. Statistical Analysis in Use The USC-Arrowhead team investigate
The analyzed article looks at various ways of billing for NPs and physician assistants (PAs), also discussing self-pay options for patients. Olivierez (2017) looks at three reimbursement types provided by Medicare – direct pay, “incident to,” and split or share expenses. There are many reasons why patients would choose or have to pay themselves. However, the majority of such situations occur in emergencies when patients do not have insurance due to financial limitations (Olivierez, 2017). For nurses, the option of self-pay is also abundant with problems, as pricing for self-paying and insured patients often differs (Olivierez, 2017). As such, the advice for NPs is to keep the rate of self-paying patients in one’s practice under half of all visits (Olivierez, 2017). In contrast to the research by Bellot et al. (2017), this article does not advocate for NP’s evolvement as primary care providers. In fact, the main distinction between the two sources is the view of non-physician providers in a medical organization. Olivierez (2017) agrees that NPs and PAs are vital to medical practice. However, he argues that their re