ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Utilitarianism is a part of ethics, according to which the moral value of behavior or deed is determined by its utility. The usefulness of action means the integral pleasure or happiness received by all affected parties during the duration of the consequences of the action (Portmore, 2020). Utilitarianism belongs to the consequential group of ethical theories since it judges an act not by itself, but by its results. Utilitarianism is based on hedonism or eudemonism. These are axiological teachings, according to which the highest value is pleasure or happiness. Rigorous definitions of pleasure and happiness remain a challenge for the time being. Another problematic question is whether these concepts are identical (Blackie, 2019). Modern utilitarians tend to identify them. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the value of education in utilitarianism and to answer the question of whether a utilitarian can argue that going to college is morally wrong. The value of modern education is in question, and many young people are reluctant to it. They understand that the practical skills gained during the work can be much more useful than extensive basic knowledge of various topics. As a result, they are eager to find an interesting job and get all the necessary knowledge there. In addition, the experience is much more important to many modern employers than having a diploma. The document may not reflect the student’s real skills, whereas reviews from previous employers describe them in detail. Consequently, the question of the need for study is indeed controversial. Thus, this issue becomes controversial for the utilitarian as well. On the one hand, education has been one of the key values ​​of people from high society for several centuries. It allows people to form certain views of the world, have opportunities for professional development, and just be interesting interlocutors. There is also a stereotype that the more people know, the more they can achieve. In addition, the college does not offer students exceptional knowledge and overly complex material. On the contrary, college education involves learning basic subjects that can indeed come in handy in everyday life, and these studies are available to most. People do not spend too much effort on college education, so it cannot be said that it harms them or spoils their lives. On the other hand, the quality of modern studies is not always high enough to be beneficial. Not all teachers can convince students of the importance of their subjects and convey the material clearly. Unfortunately, many people go into this profession due to a lack of choice or desire to earn money. Moreover, students themselves are often not interested in studies and go to college only under the guidance of their parents. They do not know where they want to develop professionally, and therefore cannot make an informed choice of an educational in
Public opinion refers to the expressions of attitudes that are derived from the evaluation of people who make up the public or what the public thinks about things taking place in the society. Public opinion makes us create a picture of what the environment which we live in looks like. Through the analysis of a particular group of people, we can form an accurate view of the general public opinion (Butler 25). There are various methods of gauging public opinion. To come up with the public opinion on the outcome of the federal elections of Canada, two such methods will be analyzed. These are polls and discussions in public spaces. Polls are surveys carried out on a sample of the population and the results are used to generalize the general feeling of the whole population. Various polls can yield different results (Lane 57). This is because a different sample is chosen by the different people carrying out the polls. People who have no strong political stands rely on the outcome of such polls to determine who they will vote for. Polls also provide the trend of how different political parties and political aspirants perform over time. The advantages of using polls to determine public opinion include the fact that polls can be carried out at different parts of the country thus two or more regions can be compared and contrasted against each other. Also, polls can be carried out at different intervals of time hence can give a trend for different aspirants or political parties. In addition to that, polls give a numerical figure on the public opinion and thus are a reliable method of gauging public opinion, especially where data is required in making policies and decisions. Walter Lippmann states that polls can be used to predict future events, e.g. if several consecutive polls show an increase in the popularity of a certain candidate, then the candidate is more likely to perform better in the future(112). Lastly, polls can compare the views of different groups of the society, for example, people of different religions. This gives a breakdown of the public opinion into those groups of the important society. The disadvantages of polls include the proneness of the polls to manipulation. Only a small number of people carry out the polls and thus they can be biased to favor a candidate or political party. Also, it is an expensive method of gauging public opinion as a sample should consist of people from different regions and religious backgrounds for it to be an unbiased sample. Experts are also required to make inferences from the outcome of the polls. Also, polls can be misleading. The feeling and views of the selected people are assumed to be the views of all the people who belong to that group (Heith 79). However, this is not always the case especially when a small sample is used. This can provide misleading results. A poll carried out by EKOS Research and presented to pol
Introduction Encyclopedia Britannica defines bureaucracy as a “specific form of organization defined by complexity, division of labor, permanence, professional management, hierarchical coordination and control, strict chain of command, and legal authority” (EB, 2007). Bureaucracy is the subject of much praise, and much criticism, in the social sciences. Weber argued that bureaucracy was both a technique for ensuring that decisions are made based on knowledge and an “iron cage of reason” (Weber, 1953). Generally speaking, bureaucracy is based on rules rather than on interpersonal relationships or charismatic authority and can be seen both among private and public organizations. Max Weber, German sociologist (1864-1920) was the first person to put forth the theory of bureaucracy, describing the characteristics of bureaucratic institutions, and explaining their historical emergence (Stark, 2003). He outlined the key characteristics of a bureaucracy: specification of jobs with detailed rights, obligations, responsibilities, the scope of authority system of supervision and subordination, unity of command, extensive use of written documents, training in job requirements and skills, application of consistent and complete rules, assign work and hires personnel based on competence and experience (Stark, 2003). Initially, bureaucracies were thought to be better than traditional organization forms such as family businesses and adhocracies. They also impacted the social structure of nations powerfully by introducing new concepts of fairness and equality of opportunity (Aluko and Adesopo, 2004). The limitations of bureaucratic organizations Weber saw the “precision” and “speed” of bureaucracy as a strong advantage. Additionally, he saw “continuity,” “strict subordination,” and “reduction of friction” as contributing to the superiority of bureaucratic forms. Weber believed that both the “precision” and “continuity” advantages of bureaucracy were due to formalized specialization of labor. The advantages of specialization of labor had their subtle disadvantages. Weber worried that the rational organization of society by itself could become an “iron cage” in which people would be caught. Merton (1957) suggested that bureaucracies are usually characterized by red tape formalism and rigid rules whereas Laski (1931) claimed that in public bureaucracies, the concentration of power in the hands of bureaucrats can jeopardize the liberties of individual citizens. Studies show that bureaucratic organizations have the following limitations (Derlien, 1992; Adler and Borys, 1996):   * Due to the high degree of specialization and underdeveloped communication between the organization and its environment, it is not possible to recognize new external threats.   * There can be conflicts between the organization’s overall goal and the goals of the departments.   * The tendency towards creating more and more rules favors rigidity, inflexibility, and program and process conserva
Introduction Creating a compelling and interesting character is a complicated task. Perhaps, one of the greatest challenges regarding the process of character development is to allow the audience relating to the character. While it is very easy to create a perfectly flawless and bland character with a personality of a hairspray can, which every single viewer can easily associate him- or herself with, a truly engaging character can enthrall the audience into paying attention. Creating such a character is possible only when there is a solid back story to the latter, and when the needs and wants of this character are explained either in a straightforward narration or through a series of scenes in which this character takes part. Such strong character development can be observed in such movies as Citizen Kane by Orson Welles, him playing the lead, and The Verdict with Paul Newman playing the leading part of Frank Galvin, even though the needs and wants of the two characters are diametrically opposite, Kane living in the memories of his past, and Galvin being deeply rooted in the present. Thesis statement Despite the fact that the characters of Kane and Galvin share a number of similarities in their character, the way in which they are portrayed in the movie, and even the way in which their lives change, as the story reveals more details about the specifics of the characters’ life, the choices that they make and the regrets that they have, it becomes obvious that Kane and Galvin are diametrically opposite in terms of what they want, seeing how the former clearly wishes that he could return to his past, where he had little to no concerns, whereas Galvin prefers to handle the challenges of life and even finds a certain pleasure in acquiring necessary, though often painful, experience. Choices One of the greatest achievements of both movies concerns the way in which the characters are portrayed. Neither Lumet, nor Wells were willing to make their main heroes flawless knights without a fear or blemish; instead, both Kane and Galvin are shown as real people, who make wrong choices and have their weaknesses. It is remarkable that Kane is shown as a very respectable person from the very start, and an extraordinarily strong-willed one at that. Judging by the choices that he makes, his only needs are to establish himself in the society as a man of great power and influence; even though the given impression is rather deceptive, Kane is so passionate about his image of a man of power that he lures himself into thinking that he craves for power and nothing else. Galvin, in his turn, might seem considerably less compelling than Kane. On a surface, he could be seen as another lone fighter for justice, the character that has been exploited by the detective genre since the dawn of time. Indeed, at first, it might seem that he does not have that much character after all, outside his fixation on the need to restore justice. The very first few scenes with Galvin show clearly that Lumet wants
Killer Joe is a play by Tracy Lett, and it was released in 1993 in New York. The story revolves around the trouble and despair in the family of Chris Smith, who lived in Texas. The family had a strained relationship with Joe Cooper, the main character in the play. Chris Smith was a drug smuggler and he owed money to other criminals, instilling fear in his life. Therefore, he conspired to kill his mother, Adele, because he did not want his younger sibling, Dottie, to inherit the insurance funds for which the mother had planned (Matheou par.2-5). They agreed with other family members and hired Joe Cooper to kill his mother. The criminal is a corrupt, violent, and menacing police officer who commits murder on a contract basis. The group that conspired for the mother’s suicide is afraid when Chris does not pay the killer some money. Thus, Joe takes Dottie instead to act as a bond in their contract. Later on, Joe kills Adele and they discovered that Dottie was not the actual insurance beneficiary but Rex, their mother’s boyfriend. Rex also duped Chris to plan the murder and he was later unable to resolve the consequence. This essay presents a critical analysis of the play, Killer Joe , covering characterization, themes, and literary devices. Tracy Letts presents the theme of murder and brutality through the character of Killer Joe. He identifies himself as a commercial murderer, and Chris Smith knows his services as he looks for money to pay drug traffickers. Chris says, “You ever hear of Joe Killer Cooper? He is a cop, a detective, actually. He is a killer. He kills people (Letts 15).” The father replies, “Look, after you pay this person, you are only talking about clearing. …she gets a cut. We are talking about my ex-wife; I am the one who found her (Letts 16-17).” Moreover, Joe later notes that Chris under the influence of Rex killed his mother. Chris’s father and sister conspired together to hire Joe to commit murder for the collection of the insurance policy (Billington, par. 4). Chris said, “We never meet the intended person but she will obviously not be missed (Letts 12-18).” Upon hearing this message, Dottie comments that it is a good idea. Therefore, these characters present the theme of betrayal by conspiring to kill a member of their family to pay for drugs. The author presents the theme of violence and immorality through various characters. Almost all characters face violent treatment in the play. For example, Chris suffers more than once in the hands of drug dealers while his mother loses her life for the same course. The movie also shows many broken body parts, including swollen cheekbones, bloody faces, and broken noses. Adele suffers the acts of his ex-husband and his son. Moreover, it presents too much nudity and sex, Dottie is the youngest actor but she is being used in the eerie power of men to fulfill sexual desires. The characters also perform fellatio on chicken drumsticks. In act one, Chris knocks on the door consistently and Sharla, her stepmother, opens it before dressing up. She stands only in a t-shirt, exposing he
Survivorship in oncology is the focus of the well-being of an oncology patient from the time they are diagnosed with cancer until the end of life. This life includes the social, emotional, psychological, and financial effects that start at the beginning of diagnosis and commences up to the final stage of the disease (Nekhlyudov et al., 2019). The survivorship also encompasses issues related to cancer care and follow-up treatments. Family members are also considered to be a part of the process. The number of cancer survivors has drastically increased in the United States from 3 million to 13.7 million, and the numbers are expected to rise to approximately 18 million in 2022 (Shapiro,2018). The increase in the cancer rate is a worrying case that needs urgent intervention by the relevant authorities. The main contributors of the striking number are the increased cancer incidence among the aging population, earlier detection, and enhanced treatment of various cancers. Of the cancer survivor, 45% are people aged 70 years and older as one in 5 of individuals older than 65 years is a cancer survivor. Around 5% of the survivors are below 40 years, and less than 1% are children (Shapiro, 2018). The most common cancer includes prostate, breast, melanoma, colorectal cancers, and 60% of the cancer survivors. 64% of the survivors were diagnosed approximately five years ago or older, 15% were diagnosed over 20 years ago, and 5% were diagnosed over 30 or more years ago (Shapiro,2018). The paper will highlight the psychosocial stages and the aspects of survivorship. Acute Stage The acute stage is also known as the immediate stage. It begins at the time of diagnosis, workups and continues through the initial phase of treatment. The survivor is usually referred to as the patient, and the primary focus is always on physical survival. Without any prior training, the clients must make complicated decisions full of fear, anxiety, and pressure. Most of the ailing individuals rely on the findings of the healthcare providers, while others may ask for explanations to make informed decisions (Nekhlyudov et al., 2019). Most supportive services are usually available, such as family support systems, patient networks, libraries, hotlines, medical teams, and counselors. Once the treatment ends, the picture changes dramatically. Chronic Stage When the disease responds to the initial treatment, the survivor moves to the chronic stage, which requires watchful waiting as the survivor monitor and observes their bodies for signs of recurrence. Uncertainty about the future arises, and medical-based support is no longer available. The recovery constitutes dealing with the emotional and physical effects of the treatment. The person may not feel completely healthy, and it’s usually tricky to term one as a survivor (Nekhlyudov et al., 2019). The individuals think happy for completing
Abstract The concept of mediation in relation to the Saudi Arabian law system remains an understudied issue. While the Islamic framework of conflict resolution implies that mediating a dispute between quarrelling parties is a communal good, actual mediation in the Arab world is limited to small cases and to family disputes. Thus, there remains a gap regarding professionally trained mediators in Saudi Arabia that can offer legal services in different aspects of different relationships. Furthermore, mediation is a beneficial aspect of any law system of any country since it can significantly reduce the typical costs and time dedicated to dispute resolution in the court system. This paper outlines the benefits of mediation practice over other methods of conflict resolution and provides information on the history, culture, system, and satisfaction related to mediation in the United States and Saudi Arabia, making clear parallels and divergence. This paper is also dedicated to addressing the need for mediation in Saudi Arabia and provides advice on how the Western techniques and approach to conflict resolution can be applied in countries like Saudi Arabia. The cultural aspect of conflict resolution is also examined, namely, via a profound explanation of the cultural notion of Sulha. This study is beneficial for identifying the differences between Eastern and Western approaches toward conflict resolution. While the Eastern approach is focused on providing good for an entire community, the Western approach is individual-oriented; therefore, a complete replication of Western frameworks related to mediation would never work in Saudi Arabia due to historical and cultural background differences. Some aspects of the U.S. experience with mediation can, however, prove efficient when put into the context of Eastern conflict resolution practices. What Is Mediation? According to Bercovitch, mediation is a “process of conflict management related to but distinct from the parties’ own negotiations, where those in conflict seek the assistance of or accept an offer of help from, an outsider to change their behavior or perceptions.” 1 It is crucial to note that changes in perception and behavior are to be accomplished without physical force and without resorting to any higher authority. Within the limits of such a broad definition, then, mediators of a conflict or a misunderstanding between parties can adopt various approaches and take on a variety of roles. The overall mediation rates on a global scale are estimated to be as high as sixty percent; however, recent surveys provide evidence that in reality, the ranges tend to extend between forty-five and eighty-two percent with significant levels of success. 2 Thus, as stated by Bercovitch, mediation is close to being the only effective method for managing conflicts in the twenty-first century. 3 When it comes to studies that investigate methods of conflict mediation, four unique approaches are outlined. While
Macronutrients Macronutrients are nutrients needed by body in large quantities. They include proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (Berdanier et al, 2000). Their principle role is to provide energy, which is necessary for execution of body functions. Proteins provide energy and promote growth especially in young people and pregnant women. Other functions of proteins include tissue repair, production of hormones and enzymes, and maintenance of muscles and body mass. In addition, proteins are concerned with proper functioning of immune system (Berdanier et al, 2000). Carbohydrates play two major roles. First, they are the primary sources of energy for the body. Second, they provide calories needed for regulation of body weight (Berdanier et al, 2000). As such, consumption of carbohydrates in right amounts prevents accumulation of fat in the body, which is important for body weight regulation. In addition, carbohydrates play a major role in controlling biological processes such as determination of blood group and development of body organs (Berdanier et al, 2000). Fats have two principal functions in the body. They provide energy and protect the body against harm. Other minor functions of fats include body growth and development, and absorption of vitamins (Berdanier et al, 2000). In addition, they preserve cell membranes. In the past week, my diet included several major sources of macronutrients. Proteins included milk, cheese, eggs, and yoghurt. Carbohydrates included honey, oranges, bananas, peas, rice, and pasta. Fats include peanuts, avocados, olives, cakes, biscuits, and cashew nuts. The macronutrients were consumed in different quantities and at different times. Role of government in determining people’s nutrition The government should play a supportive role in influencing people’s dietary decisions. It should not play a central role because people should have freedom to make decisions based on their nutritional needs. The government should have limited involvement in people’s nutritional decisions. Its role should include educating people on good nutritional habits and implementing laws that encourage healthy lifestyles (Wheelock, 2005). For example, the government should be fully involved in educating people on ways to avoid conditions such as obesity, and ways to maintain healthy lifestyles. In addition, it should teach people about health benefits of physical exercise. The government should act as a source of information especially for young people who are prone to poor nutritional decisions (Wheelock, 2005). Moreover, it should ensure that people do not overindulge in activities such as excessive consumption of alcohol and smoking, which are detrimental to health. Many people like junk food that contains high-fat content. The government should enact policies that regulate amount of unhealthy foods that people consume because poor health increases costs of health care and reduces productivity (Wheelock, 2005). In addition, it reduces life expectancy. However, the government should give people fr