ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Peculiarities of the Document The document that is taken as a basis of a research paper is a government publication called “Zimbabwe Sanctions Program,” and it describes the key aspects of the US sanctions about the country in the south of Africa (Office of Foreign Assets Control 1). The work provides information on how precisely specific constraints affect the development of the state and describes the impact of sanctions on Zimbabwe (Office of Foreign Assets Control 1). As a confirmation, some statistical information and references to other authors’ works are used. Information is submitted in a scientific form, the language of this official document is formal. The structure of the work corresponds to the standard scheme for constructing a government paper where there is an introduction, an overview of specific ideas, licenses, and references. The title of the work, stated in the title, is fully disclosed. Arguments about Specific Issues Arguments in favor of the information described in the research paper can be found in other authors’ works. For instance, Johnson and Dickinson cite similar data in their article that deals with the US influence on the development of South Africa during the Cold War (355). They confirm that Western politicians played a rather important role in shaping the economy and politics of the region described. Also, Barry and Kleinberg emphasize the US impact on the development of third-party states, including African regions, and draw attention to the general trend that characterized the period from 1966 to 2000 (881). The original document draws readers’ attention to political instruments that guided American politicians (Office of Foreign Assets Control 2). Similar data are also described in the paper by Cranmer et al.; the authors also refer to the structural determinants of the sanctions process and define the mechanisms that are involved in this network (5). All additional sources are also peer-reviewed scientific articles. Context of Writing the Articles All the additional resources used are written approximately at the same time as the primary one. Nevertheless, some articles cover different periods. For example, Barry and Kleinberg describe events from 1966 to 2000 (881). Almost the same time frame is used in the work of Lektzian and Biglaiser who consider the period from 1969 to 2000 as the time of American influence (65). A later time frame as described in the article by Neuenkirch and Neumeier; the authors take the period from 1976 to 2012 as a basis and provide detailed statistical data that describe the impact of the US on different countries’ GDP, including South African region, in the context of economic sanctions (110). Thus, additional sources have different time frames, and it affects the information presented in them. Evidence-Based Information Given in the Articles The information presented in the primary artic
Today school violence is becoming very rampant and it has continued to become a recurring problem in various educational premises. These problems are never easy to understand and neither are there simple solutions to quell these issues (Arnold 1981). That is why the question the society is asking is, what causes the occurrence of a series of events related to violence that often result to death or fatal injuries to innocent students during an occurrence like school shooting? Many psychologists would refer the roots of such violence to be from experiences of individual imbalance, poor parenting and lack of ways to uphold traditional practices and eventually having a guilty conscience which drives most of the perpetrators of this kind of violence to action. Parents are regarded as role models of their children as they grow up but today’s parents are doing very little to help nurture their children as they grow up. Most of them spend their time trying to fend for their families that they forget to give time and advice to their children. For this reason, once they get the information of an incidence that concerned violence in a school they get surprised and often wonder how the issue could have occurred. The fact is there are parents who don’t care what their children do; some don’t discipline their children so as not to appear bad before their children’s. The problem faced by many parents is they think whatever a child does will always be a less harmful action this is the perception until the story turns into a deadly result for instance, a shoot out. The other cause of violence is the incapacity of an individual to handle emotional crisis and psychological crisis. Many teenage youngsters will turn to violence as way of solving their accumulated problems both which are internal and external. One of the factors leading to emotional crisis and physiological crisis is the fact that every student to some degree level is under stress to attain good grades academically. Some of these teenagers end up having a kind of
Introduction Telemedicine system is an application of improved telecommunication systems to exchange health information and offer medical services throughout cultural, social, time, and geographic walls by medical practitioners during their daily activities. Developments in Information Technology (IT) overwhelm the way of life, with the health care field influenced just like all other fields. The increasing demands of our health care system, particularly regarding availability of care and supply of health care workforce, demand the reconsideration and reorganization of the health care system. Likewise, the integration of advanced Information Technology as a way of managing the significant challenges experienced by the health care system appears expected and telemedicine is very important to solve these challenges (Bellazzi, 2008). Telemedicine systems should first be included in health care providers’ daily activities, acting as devices to improve the provider-patient relation. The way telemedicine is growing is undesired since it is growing at a somewhat slow and measured rate. The implementation of telemedicine systems will likely transform people’s way of operation, not just at the personal level, but also at the health care providers and organizational levels in general. Previous to its wide implementation, every telemedicine system should be authorized so that people may be alert to requirements, essential contributors, possible services provided, technologies needed, and the impact on care and services. Additionally, when applying telemedicine applications, it is very vital to be alert to the provisions needed for implementation concerning the users, health care providers and organizations in general. The issues engaged in the implementation are technological, organizational, and professional concerns, as well as issues concerning privacy and protection of data transfer. Advanced technology helps the doctors and nurses to achieve a successful operation in remote environment or inside the hospital. Some devices and application such as ISO model, satellites, PDAs, mobile phones, RTB2400 wireless router, IP Phone 323, internet application, among other usable applications are very important in maintaining reliable and trustworthy healthcare services. This paper discusses some important elements in implementati
Executive Summary The production of electronic waste is a significant challenge for Horizon Company because it increases its environmental impact. The same analogy is true for its high-energy demand because Horizon’s use of fossil fuel and electricity to power its organisational processes contribute to the depletion of the earth’s resources. This report suggests that Horizon should adopt three new technologies (active disassembly, closed-loop product lifecycle management and the circular economy) to reduce the company’s waste and increase its production efficiencies. Recommendations are also made to recycle its waste to reduce its reliance on developing countries for raw materials. The recommendations published in this report stem from the need to explore innovative techniques to reduce Horizon’s energy demand and environmental impact from six key perspectives – circular systems, examples, energy, developing countries, materials and technology. Introduction This report investigates the energy consumption and waste management practices of Horizon, which is an electronics company. Its goal is to recommend ways that the company could minimise its environmental impact by reducing its energy consumption and minimising its waste volumes. The report is written from six perspectives – using circular systems to promote workplace efficiencies, reducing reliance on developing countries for raw materials, reduction in energy demand, the role of technology in reducing energy consumption and the need for illustrations to demonstrate how to improve organisational efficiencies. Circular Systems Horizon’s business model is currently hinged on three processes – taking, making and disposing of. This operating model accounts for its high-energy demand and huge volumes of waste. However, it could become more efficient by adopting a circular production system. According t
Definition of Script Kiddies and the threat they pose Script kiddies is a term mostly used when describing someone who uses software or programs that have been created by others to break into computer systems. These “kiddies” are mostly young people who do not have anything to do but try to gain credit from their friends as being intelligent. The script kiddies are able to access malicious software that can be found easily from the internet thus they can even hack on the highly developed systems and networks. Their work is just to access programs that are readily available in order to use them in hacking and they do not bother to learn how these programs work. Hackers do not like the work of kiddies as they do not do anything to improve the “skill” of hacking. The script kiddies are very patient because though security threats are found, they get repaired easily and also many systems resist these attacks. When a script kiddie is targeting a single system one needs to try many scripts to attack the system before landing on one that will work. (Kayne 2003) The script kiddies get into administration databases and are able to cause destruction on the websites which is commonly referred to as “web cracking”. They use hacking tools to gain access to the remote computer systems. This is done by use of programmed software that can scan a computer that is connected to the internet, while trying to locate a potential target. When a vulnerable object is located, other tools are used to break into the identified target. In the case where the target is computer that exists in a private system, then the whole system is under threat. These script kiddies also set up what is commonly refereed to as root kits on the system they intend to attack so that they can access the computers without the owners being aware. Once they have gained access into the system, they will do anything they want in the computers. In this way, they can damage the computers, take personal data such as credit card numbers or even passwords, delete the hard disks information or even analyze the information they find. (Kremen n.d) The script kiddies then go ahead and apply Trojans and backdoors when they get into a system. The backdoors help the script kiddies to enter into the system without any problems and at any particular time they choose. The Trojans help the script kiddies not to be detected at all thus he will not appear in any records of the system. The script kiddie manages to be safe and comfortable to perform all the tasks that he wants to do in the system. In most cases, the system administrators search the records for any entries in the late hours of the night thinking that is when they will probably attack the system. The script kiddies do not strike at any particular time or day
Description of the Company British Airways is a giant player in the global airlines industry connecting 20 million passengers through London, the world’s largest premium travel market; however, because of the hardest times of the history due to the global financial crisis, this business had to turn round its business in order to re-establish its position in the industry. In 2008, tremendously raising of oil price and the shock of global credit crush has seriously injured the national flag carrier of Great Britain and now British Airways has shown success to overcome from the crisis; this has reflected in the basic chart of the company below which shows that it has started to recover from January 2011: Figure 1: Basic Chart of British Airways from 2007 to 2011 The Strategies of British Airways According to the annual report 2010 of British Airways, the company has recently undertaken a range of strategies to overcome from the impact of global financial crisis and is hoping to perform better in good economic times through designing its long-term strategy to be the market leader as it has faced extremely harsh business environment during recession. In addition, it has prepared its 3 years business plan and mentioned that its key goals were to develop Terminal 5’s strengths to improve the client experience, carry on to formulate the business more cost effectively, expand its businesses, and make CSR a important component of its business; however, it had to revise its plan considering
Introduction Natural gas is said to be cleaner than other natural source of energy such as coal and oil. However, the gas fields present unique hazardous challenges. Gas fields operators need to understand that each gas field has its own unique hazards, apart from the common hazards. The awareness of the worker about the safety and health hazards is paramount such that it will help the gas field works to actively participate in the enhancement of health and safety standards at gas field locations. Such hazards include damage to the physical environment as well as health and safety hazards. Dangerous gases emitted in the gas fields may be inhaled by workers and as such poses health risks to these workers. Accidents such as slipping or tripping in the gas fields pose are the safety hazards that workers are exposed to (Energy Justice Network 2011). Because of the high level of hazards posed by the entire process, there is a need to have efficient safety measures and solutions to cab this menace. The process a number of processes and stages. Each of these stages needs its own safety methods. The drilling process involves methods such as BOP while the refining process involves the absorption column to remove co2 from natural gas. The drilling and processing of natural gas involves complicate equipment that may be prone to accidents. Other safety hazards include faulty equipments as well as poor storage of these equipments (Aird 2008). Gas has to be transported and this is another area that is prone to hazards connected to pipeline transportation systems. There are risks involved in each of the hazard control methods and engineers always do have counter measures. Importantly, engineers do ensure that hazards are managed efficiently as the significance of any accidents occurring would be too severe. Thus different methods will be explained on how to manage gas filed hazards. Gas well control Gas well control is a well managed process that controls the hazard that may result from unexpected high pressures occurring in the process of drilling natural gas. In any natural gas site there is usually need to have effective and efficient measure to control such hazards. If such measures are not put into place there may be gas well blowout that causes serious ecological hazards, damage to the natural environment, injuries and death. One of the methods used in gas well control is the Blow Out Prevention, commonly known as BOP (Lyons and Plisga 2005). This method uses very large valve that automatically closes and prevent an upsurge of gases in case the pipeline experiences high pressures. Blow Out Preventers are installed after casing and cementing of the has been done in a rig (Aird 2008)There are two of such types of valves that can be used in the process. The ram-type BOP completely seals the
A hypothesis can be said to be a form of research where information in terms of data is gathered by taking a preliminary or hypothetical investigation to come up with a tentative explanation of how the final result will reflect (White, 2002). A hypothesis can also be said to be the ability of a researcher to attempt to pose questions on a particular topic and also give forth plausible explanations as what constitutes as being the final result in a yet to a proven fact through a rigorously testing method. Hypothesis explains how a value of one variable is affected or changes in comparison with another variable either positively or negatively. Some researchers say that the prediction of the outcome may be based on a kind of educated guess and at times through a formal theory (Kasi, 2009). These postulations by a researcher try to predict what he or she may consider to be the outcome of an investigation. A hypothesis indicates the outcome of a research based on certain variables. On the other hand, research questions deal only with a specific ideal. Some researchers say that these variables in business and management may include factors that may directly or indirectly affect the outcome of either production or service. The major difference between a research question and a hypothesis may be the fact that in a hypothesis, the results are postulated and the questions are usually framed towards getting a similar outcome or something near the postulated outcome and therefore, biased (Hiraoka, 2008). However, in research questions, there is basically no predictable or estimated outcome that may be said to guide the researcher (Buddenbaum & Novak, 2001). In a research question, the problem or the variable is generally formulated in question form. One of the best demonstrations given to show the difference between a hypothesis and a research question was advanced by Hiraoka, (2008), who held the view that stating research question in form of hypothesis, was advantageous as it leads to a better understanding of what each variable stands for and what each question seek to address. In addition to this, it enables a researcher to ascertain whether or not there is a relationship between the variables. A research hypothesis may take various forms, but generally, it takes a declarative form meaning that it states an expected relationship or the difference between the stated variables. Hypotheses are normally used to state the relationship that exists between two or more variable, where else the research question usually focuses on a single idea. Hypothesis tries to come out with a comparison of various ideals related to the study in order to give a comprehensive conclusion about the study. Conclusion It is evident that there exist fundamental differences between a research hypothesis and a research question. It is clear that the researcher should have adequate knowledge on the research topic. The main aim of a research pro
This shift from paper based on electronic record keeping is very well informed. Adopting wireless and mobile technology will improve the doctors and nurses’ efficiency and lessen their workload. However, this technology comes with a number of challenges and risks (Kim, 2010). Some of these risks affect the patients’ wellbeing. This makes mitigation of these risks a priority. Here is a detailed report on the risks involved in this shift and recommendations on how to mitigate them. Wireless networks in this case can be used with such handheld devices like PDA phones, PDAs, handheld PCs, laptops, and tablets. The first risk that is specific to wireless technology is infiltration of an access point. If the access point of a wireless network is left unsecured, unauthorized people can gain access to the network’s resources. This can in turn pose a risk to the integrity and confidentiality of patients’ information. Wireless devices that are not secured increase the chances of a hacking. If a hacker accesses a wireless device, it makes it easy for him/her to gain entry into the network’s resources using an unsecured interface. In addition, unsecured devices are susceptible to MAC flooding attacks (Alexander, 2009). These kinds of attacks affect the network’s performance. Wireless networks also come with the risk of jamming. This occurs when there are other wireless networks operating within the same area. Overlapping frequencies are the main cause of jamming wireless networks. Hand held devices come with the risk of man in the middle attacks. This happens when an attacker forces another device between an end device and the access point. This attacker can then be able to access the network resources. This is because the attacker records every transaction done by the end device through the network. Wireless networks use authentication methods that can be compromised. The WEP keys that are used by most wireless networks can be compromised through monitoring or sniffing attacks. When this happens, the encrypted data sent through the network can be decrypted. Each of the above problems can be mitigated using several measures. The first measure involves putting in place an efficient user authentication method. Several internet security standards recommend different authentication methods. Any of these methods can be used depending on the required security level. Another way of minimizing security risks is using higher-level protocols to secure network resources. An example of such is the virtual private network protocol. Avoiding unnecessary coverage of a wireless network minimizes the risk of intrusion. Wireless networks that can be detected away from their intended range can easily fall prey to attackers. All ‘hardware devices should be properly secured limiting their accessibility only to a network administrator. The office in this case consists of three doctors and two nurses. Its location is in the midst of other offices. Therefore, it is recommended that an extensive site survey be conducted before deploying the wireless network. This will make sure all sources of inter