ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Inductivist method of science is based on inductions or suppositions that are reached using the scientific method. The use of experiments and direct observation is used when coming to a conclusion with scientific induction.  1. In theory attainment the use of scientific method is as follows: the experiment is conducted and the result is observed. The results are then used to produce and develop theories that will center on determining what will happen in most or all cases.  2. When obtaining predictions the process is analyzed, as well several possible outcomes using several variables. Predictions base themselves on theory and hypothetical results. Theory attainment is the search for the result, a definite statement that will be used to apply to many cases. It is a general “law” that can predict what will happen with a particular set of circumstances and conditions. Obtaining predictions is using the theories to come up with new possible situations. It is theoretical-hypothetical reasoning before the result is tested. As with “inductivist turkey”, theory attainment is the gathering of observation, analyzing the conditions. The turkey’s recording of the day of the week and weather conditions was the collection of evidence. The outcome—a theory that every day feeding is at 9am. And then the turkey obtained a prediction that tomorrow he will get fed at 9am also. But this did not happen since predictions are not facts. The most general definition of the principle of induction is that it is the basic assumption that whatever is seen, judging by the entity’s appearance, then it is presumed to be real, otherwise it will be found and regarded as an illusion. Prescriptive principle prescribes how the world or result should be. It defines the frames of the conditions and limits the outcomes to one that should be. Normative principle is somewhat based on prescriptive and supposes a moral value. This explains what something is—good, bad, right or wrong. The Inductivist principle supposes results based on observation. Observations are based on senses. One problem is that the amount and type of information received through senses is limited. There are many particles and entities that the senses cannot see, feel or experience. Another limitation is the perspective that can be taken in the analysis of a supposition. Every person views things differently and the perspective is unique to the viewer. The differences in the acknowledgement of one’s own senses and the ability to interpret and comprehend the senses become an individual difference in the uptake of the stimuli. Hume’s critique of induction is based on the premise that no one has the ability to assume that nature or happenings will have a “regular” character, that is, be the same and stable in the future. He argues that an observer cannot reasonably suppose that when the object stops being observed, it will not change its form or any other attribute. There is no rational o
Kimono is traditional Japanese clothing worn by men, women, and children. Generally, the Kimonos are straight-lined, T-shaped robes worn in such a way that the turn-up falls to the ankle (Dalby 93). It has attachments of long, wide sleeves and a collar. The Kimonos are put on by wrapping them around the body. The left is placed over the right part. During ceremonies like burial, the Kimonos are put on in reversed order. There is traditional footwear that completes the Kimono attire. This footwear is called Zori accompanied with special socks called the Tabi. The Kimonos were introduced in the Japanese culture during the Heian period (794-1192). Before this period, the Japanese people wore different attires like the ensembles, which had separate lower and upper garments. The lower garments consisted of skirts and trousers (Fujisawa, Sano, Woodson, and Kawakami 199-216). The Japanese also wore full garments. The Kimono technique was developed and advanced during the Heian period. These types of clothing’s became famous amongst the Japanese people because the design was very flexible. These cloths ended up becoming their identity. The Kimono was designed to fit on any body shape. This clothing was easy to put on and could be used for any weather conditions. As time went by the Japanese people accepted and embraced the Kimonos as part of their cultural attire (Fujisawa et al. 169). The Kimonos designs were advanced with inputting different colours. The Japanese people developed colour sensitivity especially colour combination. During these times is when the colour combination developed as a Japanese tradition (Gluckman and Takeda 199). The Kamakure and the Muromachi period (1192- 1573) were the times where both genders started putting on Kimonos that were brightly colored (Fujisawa et al. 320). The traditional warriors at these times wore Kimonos with colours identical to their leaders. During war, the battlefield appeared like Kimonos fashion show. At the times when the Tokugawa clan ruled over Japan, the Edo period (1603-1868), the country had domain divisions headed by the lords. The Samurais from different domains were identified using different colours of their uniforms (Fujisawa et al. 143). The Kimono makers improved in their designs due to increased usage of the Kimonos, and increased varieties demands. Eventually, the Kimono making advanced and became an art. These made the Kimonos to be very valuable and were handed down the family lane. Western influence became significant in Japan after the year 1868, commonly known as the Meiji period. The government of the time agitated for westernization, where the Japanese people were to adopt western culture including the western attire. Government officials including the military were to put on special western attire. This was a requirement by the law, which is no longer in effect
Among themselves, the three great thinkers of ancient Greece espoused different ideas about forms of government, as well as the relative importance of empiricism versus epistemology. In this cradle of democracy, it comes as something of a surprise that the three philosophers espoused every form of government but the pluralistic republican type Americans are so enamored of. It appears that Socrates believed in an intellectual aristocracy, where those who had more education and had proven themselves in sophistry – the “Socratic method” of exchange and analysis of ideas – as a path to all knowledge were elevated to the elite. The presumption, of course, is that only one’s intellectual betters know what is good for society at large. As a pupil of Socrates, Plato logically enough believed that an intellectual aristocracy with absolute political power was ideal. In addition, however, he argued for achieving harmony by assigning citizens into two classes inferior to the aristocracy. He valued a middle class of soldiers for their discipline, martial spirit and will. To the bottom rung he assigned all others who needed their ethics and baser appetites controlled: farmers, craftsmen, merchants, etc. For his part, Aristotle argued for a “polity” where power resided in a robust middle class better able to consider the welfare of the citizenry than a monarchy, oligarchy or mass-based democracy could. Since the Athenian middle class of the time was too puny to be influential, Aristotle developed the companion idea of government lending assistance to the economically disadvantaged so they could be self-sufficient and the middle class would grow in size and influence. Works Cited Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain . New York: Pantheon, 1998. McDaniel, Carl Jr., and Roger Gates, Marketing Research with SPSS . (8th Ed.) Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Welsch, Roger L., and Linda K. Welsch. Cather’s Kitchens . Lincoln: U of Nebraska P. 1987. NOTE : If a reference has more than three authors, give the first author’s name and “et al.” Example: Jones, Bob, et al. Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. “Exploding Myths.” New Republic, 1998: 17-19. Craner, Paul M. “New Tool for an Ancient Art.” Computers and the Humanities 25 (1991): 303-13. “Document Title.” If applicable, information about print source that the document comes from, following the format for that specific source type (see above examples). Site Title . Editor’s name. Version or edition number. Date of electronic publication or last update. Name of sponsoring organization. Day Month Year (of access) .
“Crash” is the Oscar-winning movie directed by Paul Haggis which was released in 2004. The movie includes several short stories which are connected by the interrelated characters with the help of depicting some automobile accidents and crimes in Los Angeles, California. The main idea of the movie is the representation of racial issues developed in the society with references to the tensions between characters as the example of discrimination which is based on the development of their stereotypes and prejudice. The inner conflict of the characters, their conflicts with each other and society are presented on the base of their cultural differences. Thus, African-Americans, Caucasians, Hispanics, and Asians are opposed to each other about their racist views; there are no victims and offenders because all of them have the negative visions of each other, but these people can change and find their redemption in spite of their deep conflict. The problems of racial prejudice and discrimination are discussed in “Crash” (2004). Paul Haggis concentrates on the complex representation of all the aspects of racism in the American society which is based on the developed stereotypes about the people of the other race or ethnicity. The population of Los Angeles consists of people who have different cultural backgrounds, and they have to interact with each other regularly. In spite of the fact this situation is typical for American society, the problem is in increasing social tensions based on race and gender stereotypes and, as a result, prejudice. The complicated relationship between race and class is explored in the movie with references to presenting the opposition between the representatives of different races. The movie characters are not ready to understand different cultural backgrounds as the usual reality, those characters who are inclined to discriminate the others according to the color of skin are not ready to consider these people as the representatives of the same class. Moreover, ethnical differences are not focused on; they are discussed only with references to bias and discrimination. Thus, the character of Marina Sirtis accentuates this problem, “They think we’re Arab. When did Persian become Arab?” ( Crash , 2004). The aspect of the race is predominantly discussed with references to stereotypes influenced by the media and developed in society. For instance, the character of Brendan Fraser, Rick, discusses as a dark-skinned man as a black when he is Iraqi, and Rick’s stereotypical vision is revealed in his phrase about the man, “Saddam? His name’s Saddam? Oh, that’s really good, Bruce. Yeah, I’m gonna pin a medal on an Iraqi named Saddam.
Apple, one of the most successful companies in the market offering computing and mobile phone devices has managed to create a fanatical brand loyalty following with its customers. Typically, that had been partly due to the able leadership of Steve Jobs who managed to steer the company from a loss making company to position it in the market to compete with big companies like Microsoft, a dominant player in the computer software market. Apple products that compete with Microsoft products include NeEXSTEP-based Mac OS X, which are deemed to incorporate more security features than windows applications, and Apple servers, which have also given Microsoft a challenge in the market. In addition to that, the innovation and competitive spirit characterizing Apple enabled the company to bring into the market iPhone and iTunes with the view of attracting new customer loyalties and a whole new generation of customers. However, after Steve Jobs passed on, a completely new scene has set in with the challenges of ensuring the company maintains its position in the market and continuous to create new customers and new customer loyalties while mainlining old customer loyalties. Typically, therefore, the action plan to remain in the market and maintain its position is discussed with its variants as follows. Product Line with Value Driven Strategy One of the marketing strategies that Apple recognizes as giving it an edge to its fierce competitors is a market driven value creation strategy in its products line. Typically, the company projects to integrate the value creation strategy focusing on its wide range of products (Chazin, 1). Although the value driven strategy is not a new marketing strategy in the product marketing mix, yet the new approach is to factor superior quality products, add value to the successful brand image of its products, and innovatively make its products unique to give it an edge against its competitors, a strategy to incorporate into the Apple’s SWOT analysis. Among the approaches, that Apple focuses on is uniquely differentiating its wide range of products that includes the iPod. Uniqueness ensures that ever-dynamic customer perceptions and behavior, demographic trends, and other factors that influence customer behavior are factored. Typical examples include the design and technology that dynamically drives product innovation to meet ever-changing consumer behavior. In addition to that, the company projects to use target marketing as a strategy to focus on demographic trends while innovating to meet the market segments with their uniqueness (Schultz, 3). Thus, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) are among the factors incorporated into decision-making and positioning Apple products when making entries into specific market segments. Thus, a number of products identified with different market segments include Peripheral products such as printers, Wi-fi Based Stations such as Airport Extreme, iPhone such as the
Background of the Murder Trial The O.J. Simpson’s murder trial is known as “the most publicized criminal trial in American history and the longest jury trial in California history” (Hunt, 1999, p.2). The trial concerned the murder of Simpson’s ex-wife, Nicole Brown, and her friend, Ronald Goldman on the night of June 12, 1994. The two victims were found outside Nicole’s home with brutal knife wounds at around 11:05 p.m. on that fateful night. Five days after the murders Simpson turned himself in to the law enforcement authorities and his trial began although he pleaded not guilty to both offenses (Hunt, 1999). Collection and testing of DNA evidence during the murder trial Testing of Blood Samples at the Crime Scene The police officers who arrived at the crime scene found bloody footprints that originated from the crime scene and from the back gate of Nicole’s condominium. Samples of this blood were collected and tested for DNA matches using the polymerase chain reaction technique and the restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. The testing of the blood evidence was done at three different laboratories so as to minimize potential errors. The tests revealed that the blood samples taken from the crime scene, the victims’ blood and the blood at the gate matched Simpson’s blood. The results from the DNA testing therefore placed Simpson at the crime scene at the time of the murder and should have been enough evidence to incriminate and convict Simpson of the murder charges. However, this did not happen due to mistakes made by the police officers and police scientists who collected the blood samples for DNA testing. The DNA results were challenged on several grounds. The police scientist who collected the blood samples from Simpson for comparison with the blood samples at the crime scene was a trainee whose competence was questioned at the trial. Instead of taking the blood sample immediately to the laboratory for testing, the police scientist moved around with it for almost a whole day. This action on the part of the police scientist not only raised the possibility of planting false evidence on Simpson but also questioned the credibility of quality control of the DNA testing (Okeke-Ibezim, 1997). Testing of blood samples from gloves, Simpson’s Bronco and Simpson’s socks Besides the blood samples collected from the victims, the crime scene, and the back gate of the condominium, samples of blood were also found on two gloves that resembled Simpson’s gloves. One of the gloves was found at the crime scene while the other glove was found within Simpson’s neighborhood. Both gloves had traces of blood while the glove found near Simpson’s home also contained a strand of hair that matched Nicole’s hair. The DNA testing of the blood samples from the gloves matched Nicole’s, Goldman’s and Simpson’s blood. Despite the strong positive evidence, the evidence was rejected on the grounds of racism. The defense attorneys argued that the police officer who found the glove near Simpson’s home was racist and therefore there was the possibility that the glove could have been planted as evidence by the officer. In addit
Document falsification is a crime that is present in various fields and employed by numerous perpetrators. The crime is often described as a white color crime as the modification of documents is primarily used for illegal monetary benefits and deception of others (Lippman, 2021). Document falsification can be divided into two sections: forgery, which involves modification of documents with legal significance for fraudulent activities; utterance, the application of falsified documents (Lippman, 2021). Depending on the severity of the crimes, the act could be punishable by up to 10 years of prison time but also treated as a misdemeanor (Lippman, 2021). Consequently, the reoccurrence of such actions could be interpreted as a sign of lax legislative measures. However, the necessity for enforcement of rigorous punitive measures is not necessary. According to the data from FBI arrests, it is evident that forgery and counterfeit crimes are experiencing a decline. In 2008, over 90,000 arrests were conducted for the act of forgery and counterfeiting, while by 2014, 56,800 arrests were made (EZAUCR, 2017). The data could be speculated in various ways: positively — fewer people are involved in document and money falsification, and negatively — forged documents are becoming much more challenging to identify. The likelihood of the first causation is more potent as the development of technology led to more intricate designs of detection mechanisms that allow immediate apprehension of falsified documents. Therefore, it might be necessary to enhance the preventive measures employed by institutions where such fraudulent activity is detected more often rather than focusing on the punishment. The current response to falsified documents is sufficient and can only be enhanced in the size of the penalty fees. Some justice systems consider only a 1000$ fine that could be combined with prison time (Wirth Law Office, n.d.). In my opinion, it might be necessary to review this bill and let it be redefined with the inclusion of compensation for the victim’s damages. In addition, it might be beneficial for society to introduce early-age guidance as a preventive measure against document falsification and other crimes as an approach to changing generational perceptions of crime.
Case Mrs. Lopez is an 87-year-old resident at the Sunrise Assisted Living and Continuing Care facility. She moved there four years ago with her husband who was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. They have one daughter who is single with no children. Mrs. Lopez’s husband passed away last year. After his death, Mrs. Lopez’s daughter began to notice a change in her mother’s agility and personality. Mrs. Lopez is no longer interested in participating in daily recreational activities; she refuses to take her medicine; and, she only talks about “seeing her husband again.” Mrs. Lopez’s daughter is concerned that her mother is suffering from depression and may have suicidal ideation. She is in need of a mental status assessment and treatment plan. Solutions I would start my conversation with Mrs. Lopez by asking “How has your mood been lately?” The most probable reply to the question would be “I have been feeling depressed lately. Nothing seems to be interesting to me. Talking to people around me including my daughter and participating in every-day activities seems meaningless to me.” Second, I would inquire “What do you think is the reason for your depressive mood?” I assume that Mrs. Lopez would reply “After my husband passed away, it is hard for me to find a reason to exist. It is not that I loved his so much I cannot live without him. It just all my life revolved around taking care of him and now I am too old to find another meaning for my life. Finally, I would ask “What do you think your husband would want you to do?” She would most likely reply “He always wanted me to be happy. He would probably say that he wanted me to go on with my life and take care of my daughter. But how can I take care of my daughter when I am old and locked in this place?” After asking the open-ended questions, it is beneficial to make a summary for the client for several reasons. Summarizing can help to make links between present past material, serve as a transition to move to another topic, and help the client understand that the service provider has been listening attentively (Miller & Rollnick, 2013). The summary for this conversation could sounds like the following. “So, I have been feeling depressed lately mainly because you do not really have a meaning in life. Previously, all you needed was to take care of your husband, but now, as he passed away, you do not feel you want to find another reason to live. You also believe that your husband would want you to take care of your daughter; however, you do not feel that it is possible.” Reference Miller, W., & Rollnick, S. (2013). Motivational interviewing (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.