ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introductory Statements Communication is a crucial factor in human interaction and socialization. It determines how people socialize and relate with their age mates, seniors, colleagues and their employers (Staton, 1990). The relationships that exist between people is defined and determined by the rules that they have put in place during communication. The rules can be either implicit or explicit. Implicit rules are the rules that are suggested rather than stated directly. For example, well-organized seats suggest that people should sit down. This is an implicit rule. On the other hand, explicit rules are stated directly. (Murphy & Kraidy, 2003). In most cases, the explicit rules are put in writing making them abiding. For example, event organizers can write on the notice board ordering the attendants to take their seats. However, successful events must incorporate the two rules (Adams, 1970). Purpose This study focuses on the use of implicit and explicit rules among people during events. It aims evaluating how people perceive, follow, or break implicit and explicit rules. In addition, it aims at scrutinizing the integration of the two rules to meet the desired level of effectiveness. In this light, it needs the learner to attend an event and make accurate observations of people conduct and organization in line with the rule that have been put in place. As a result, the learner will make relevant conclusions regarding the behavior and activities carried out during the event. Moreover, it aims at determining how the two rules are enforced during the event. Consequently, the study helps in comparing the effectiveness and efficiency of the two sets of rules. Event Description This study will consider the event that was organized by the Blueprint Events. The event is referred to as The Season Event 2013. This event happened during the Easter Long Holiday in Vancouver at the PNE. The event started on Thursday the 28th of March to 31st of March. It started from 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. This event is the third one since the launch of a similar event in the year 2010. In this light, the event takes place annually and accepts participants from all ages. In this case, it includes refreshments for all ages and beer for those participants who are past the age of 19. The events had various celebrities including Nicky Romero, Burns, Michael Woods and Calvin Harris. Method of Observation The method of observation that is used in this event is referred to as covert participant observation. This method incorporates two crucial concepts of observation. These include covert and participation concepts (Brown, 1988). The participant observation requires the observer to take part in the activities of the event and have an experience concerning the behavior and conduct of the attendants. On the other hand, covert observation asserts that the status of the observer should be concealed and hidden to the other participants during the event (Klein, 1993). The covert participant observation does not require pre-requisite knowledge about the group. This makes it possible to analyze any eve
Introduction Despite the fact that a number of people consider that racism is no longer experienced in the 20 th and 21 st century America, some people claim that the racial segregation still takes place in the United States, which is a reason for concern (Omi). Such statement is, however, contrary to the views of renowned comparative ethnic studies professor, Michael Omi. Omi emphasizes that against all odds, racism is pervasive in the lives of Americans. According to Omi, people usually judge other individuals’ capabilities based on their racial orientations. Basing his survey on American music, film and television programs, Omi reveals how deeply racism is rooted in the American society. This essay uses Omi’s findings as the critical framework to evaluate Americans’ perception of racial identity and relations as portrayed in Malcolm X screenplay. Considering the points at which Omi’s work crosses the plot of the movie and marking the differences between the two, one can track the slightest implementations of racism in the modern American society, which is extremely essential for the well-being of the people and the entire state. Plot of the screenplay Malcolm X Description Malcolm X screenplay heavily borrows from the book ‘The Autobiography of Malcolm’ written by Alex Haley. The screenplay commences with burning American flag which eventually becomes an ‘X’. It is important to mark that, unlike the previous movies involving Black actors, as Omi claims, the given film introduces a non-clichéd character with complex personality and shows the stages of his development. As the screenplay begins, Malcolm reacts angrily that they are only experiencing American nightmares instead of the promised American dreams. The screenplay progresses with Malcolm and his friend Shorty taking to criminal activities to earn money. Later, Malcolm gets involved in criminal activities with another gangster called Archie. Af
Different levels of understanding of market information necessitate varying approaches to sales forecasting, as an analyst depends on concrete numbers to procure reliable results. Access to historical sales and promotional response data allows identifying the applicable methods and utilizing them to the best of their extent. This process permits appraising and adopting an effective forecasting mechanism for various marketing mix allocation scenarios considering the outlined case. Differences Between Forecasting Methods There are various approaches to marketing forecasting, each possibly yielding different results. The average method, reliant on mean historical data, and the naive one, which considers only the last observation, should not produce similar numbers (Hyndman & Athanasopoulos, 2018). The seasonal naive method allows utilizing the previous time of the year’s numbers, and the drift method relies on “the average change seen in the historical data” (Hyndman & Athanasopoulos, 2018, p. 49). Thus, four of the most commonly used forecasting processes depend on earlier achieved results. Evaluation Concerning the Outlined Scenario Evaluating these methods becomes possible when relying on the outlined scenario, affected by the availability of historical sales and, more decisively, promotional response data. According to the research by Trapero, Kourentzes, and Fildes (2015), this factor necessitates manipulating the data achieved by either method and making expert modifications. Assuming that the previous marketing period also utilized promotions, the seasonal naive method and the drift method may allow achieving the most accurate pre-adjustment results. Conversely, the average and naive approach may output numbers that are too broad or too narrow correspondingly. Choosing a Forecasting Method Deciding between the seasonal naive and drift method requires further analyzing the differences in their applicability. The latter method could be more relevant, as Hyndman and Athanasopoulos (2018) state it allows a more flexible time-based approach. Thus, since the only implemented assumption is the company’s previous use of promotional materials, research indicates that the drift method may be more useful to estimate the level of sales. Conclusion Since the drift method allows considering both the past and present observations to formulate future results, this rationale may make it most useful in different marketing mix allocation scenarios. For example, the results may be used when creating a case within which the company’s promotional activity is increased, forecasting the effect this may have based on appropriately identified previous time brackets. From trade promotions to pricing strategies, the drift method allows accounting for all previously achieved results to decide these tactics’ planned effectivity.
Introduction Background Of all Swedish kings, Gustavus Adolphus is, perhaps, the most famous one. A straightforward thinker and an innovator, he redesigned the very foundation of the military tradition accepted at the time. The changes that he made to the army, including consistent training, change of values, technological and economic innovations, etc. created premises for the development of a strong army and led to the further acceptance of a new Western way of war as later explained by Parker (2008). Thesis Statement Despite failing to develop the “punctuated equilibrium” (Parker, 2008, p. 6) model due to the obtrusive politics of the royal power enhancement, Gustavus Adolphus managed to not only win numerous armed conflicts with his opponents but also alter the very concept of warfare by reinforcing the significance of technological advancement and consistent training of the soldiers. Military Tradition and Faith: A Winning Combination One could also argue that the emphasis on the importance of religious beliefs, particularly, the promotion of the traditional Protestant values among the soldiers. Fueling people’s emotions my supporting their battle spirit with the idea of fighting for a noble cause was promoted by Gustavus Adolphus actively and quite successfully as a military tradition, which the Thirty Year War is a graphic example of (Knox & Murray, 2001). Thirty Year War The existing historical evidence shows that the Thirty Year War was started as a religious conflict, and it was not up until the 1630s that the problem escalated to a political struggle (Parker, 2008). It could be argued that Gustavus Adolphus could predict the political inconsistencies that would later on emerge and develop into a separate issue; however, the fact that he emphasized the religious issues underlying the conflict shows that he was using faith as the tool for building an elaborate military tradition and appealing to the soldiers’ ethical and spiritual values. Catholic Church and the Protestants The fact that the next step to be taken by Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty Year War was arranging the collaboration with the Catholic Church also points to the tendency to use religious ideas as the tools for attaining success in the warfare department. What might seem impossible because of the power that church authorities had over people at the time became an opportunity with the incorporation of flexibility into the military tradition. Desirability of Decisive Victory: Setting Clear Objectives Another essential component of the warfare philosophy promoted by Gustavus Adolphus, the re
Defining Leadership Leadership has been defined in many ways by political leaders, business executives, social scientists and educationalists in their own way. Though there are differences in opinions all consensuses at one point that leadership is important in all spheres of life. A simple definition of leadership is that leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. Put even more simply, the leader is the inspiration and director of the action. He or she is the person in the group that possesses the combination of personality and skills that makes others want to follow his or her direction. While there are people who seem to be naturally endowed with more leadership abilities than others, there are people who can learn to become leaders by concentrating on improving particular leadership skills. Styles of Leadership Participative Leader A Participative Leader seeks to involve other people in the process, possibly including subordinates, peers, superiors and other stakeholders. Often, however, as it is within the managers’ whim to give or deny control to his or her subordinates, most participative activity is within the immediate team. Government organisations follow similar style. Free rein In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decision. However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. This is not a style to use so that you can blame others when things go wrong, rather this is a style to be used when you have the full trust and confidence in the people below you. This is usually adopted in scientific research centers. Autocratic Leader This form of leadership is one of the least desirable when it comes to building trusting relationships and making friends. In a system of autocratic leadership, one person has control over all of the workers or followers. The leader is in complete control and no one is permitted to make any suggestions or offer any opinions, no matter how it may benefit the group. But there is a time when autocratic traits can prove beneficial. This form of leadership is effective when absolute control is needed over a group. Benefits of Autocratic Leadership Though not accepted much in puritan management circles, autocratic leadership is extremely useful when it comes to group tasks. It is also useful when quick decisions are required. This is a style that has uplifted underdeveloped countries to the main stream of development. For instance, the countries like China and Singapore progressed under this style of control. However, the political system in China is much different from Singapore. China being a communist country, autocratic style can be practiced with ease whereas the latter is a democratic count
The processes of industrialization and urbanization have a significant impact on the environment. Unfortunately, some animal and plant species turn extinct, and many become endangered. Governments have recently started to develop and implement regulations aimed at the preservation of natural resources. The case of Fish Friendly Farming explains how the principles of this environmental initiative allow protecting the farming lands successfully. The Fish Friendly Farming (FFF) initiative was launched by Laurel Marcus to restore endangered fish species with the help of effective land management in Northern California. At the end of the twentieth century, “some of the creeks and rivers were already polluted by heavy sedimentation which smothers fish eggs” (Gundling 119). This happened because of the uncontrolled waste disposal and soil erosion on the farming lands. Thus, Marcus attempted to protect the environment and assist landowners by adopting the land management practices with a long-term beneficial effect. As farmers wanted to keep their lands fertile and uncontaminated, they became interested in FFF and its potential advantages. Marcus aimed to develop this initiative in collaboration with both farmers and regulators, making a list of recommendations practical rather than bureaucratic. Based on these practices, the sustainability of agricultural lands was enhancing, which was favorable both for the landowners and investors. As modern equipment can identify the most productive tracts of farmlands, agricultural operations will show more transparency and facilitate the investment process further (Sykuta 65). Thus, FFF guidelines helped farmers to prevent soil erosion and reduce pollution. When it concerned road repair and creek corridor restoration, farmers were provided with assistance and enough time to implement the project holistically. Furthermore, FFF makes the work of regulators much easier because it helped farmers to implement projects that correspond to the certification requirements. Launching the program was challenging for FFF, but Marcus utilized her experience to realize this idea into practice. First of all, it was necessary to determine some common standards that would assure improvement of the conditions of endangered fish, trout, and salmon in particular. Another issue concerned the innovative nature of the reports about water pollution and fish quality provided by farmers as previously they were dealing with pesticides only. As Marcus wanted to expand the implementation of this initiative to other areas, some other challenges were addressed. While Napa, Sonoma, and Mendocino had similar geographic conditions and landscapes, Farm Conservation Plan Workbook was applicable for them. In other areas, the examination process and collaboration with local farmers was necessary to create another book with best practices applicable to those lands. C
This case was instituted by Mr. Quam, who is the plaintiff suing the Nelson Ryan Flight Service for damages arising from the destruction of personal property at the hands of the defendant. This case came about due to an agreement between the plaintiff and the defendant to provide parking space for the plaintiff in exchange for payment. As such the central issues that the Court needs to arbitrate on, in this case, are two; one to determine if the defendant breached the terms of contract which destroyed the plaintiff property and by extension determine if there was a contract that existed between the parties. And two, determine whether the nature of the rope, which is central in the case was faulty as a result of the defendant’s negligence. Determination of these factors will enable the court to decide “Who is responsible for severe storm damage to an aircraft parked on the Bailee’s property?” h is the question that the jury needed to answer, Rule An applicable legal principle in this case is Pacta Sunt Servada, which is the principle that governs the law of contracts. An equally important application of another rule in this case is found in tort law which encompasses the duty of care laws. Like most other states in the United States, Minnesota laws provide for damages that are as a result of negligence by a defendant and allow for Assumption of Risk to be used as a defense during the hearing of the case. Finally the principle of res ipsa loquitur which governs the laws of negligence will also be used. Application When a contract has been broken a breach is said to have occurred, breach of contract in legal terms is used to describe actions that has been undertaken by one of the parties in contravention to the binding agreement as originally agreed between the parties. It is also used to describe cases where the terms of an agreement as entered between various parties is not honored according to the article of the agreement. In contract law all agreements that are of commercial nature are regarded as legally binding, this is in contrast to domestic contracts that are presumed not to be legally binding. In this case the nature of contract entered between the defendant and the plaintiff is certainly commercial and it is therefore assumed that the defendant was supposed to pr
In every society, resources are scarce; there are people who own more than others do. However, a society that is socially just considers the distribution of resources among its members to ensure there are equity, equality, and well distribution of available resources. This paper evaluates the proposition that society has an obligation to redistributes its wealth periodically in order to alleviate the conditions of the poor. Socialists are of the opinion that resources should be used for the common good of the society; they follow norm theory perception, which means conducting distributing resources in a way that the greatest majority would accept, benefit and find normal. They believe that resources are scarce though enough. Capitalists on the other hand are of the view that markets forces should determine allocation of resources. Societies are the owners of resources, they develop the resources then periodically the government comes up with measures aimed at redistributing such resources to the larger society. Some community-based organisations undertake the role of distributing resources. When considering a re-distribution using a distributive Justice, more so in modern capitalist economy, it can only be done at the expense of one group. The group that suffers is the one that had accumulated resources or the one that handmade better use of the available resources. The beneficiaries of a distributive Justice system are the misfortunate in the society and the needy (Donaldson $ Werhane, 2008). To adopt a distributive Justice system, the government considers utilitarian standards like standard of living, wealth disparity among others; those areas that are regarded as lagging behind are focused. The major concerns that communities have is whether when focus has been shifted to the poor, what will happen to those areas that were developing and probably have higher potential than areas of focus. From an economic point of view, it seems, as one group, the haves, will have to be pended for development as focus moves to the poor. This approach will then move like a cycle. From a social perspective, distributive justice system creates a need in a particular group and enforces disparity and class differences. A certain form of competition is created in the society. With inequality in resource distribution, a society is generally divided among the haves and have not’s. Nature has the resources and the role of resources management is placed on the society in general. Interpolating the perceived need of the society to have resources distributed periodically to the poor will mean that the world is likely to go back to days of communism and socialism. Shortcomings of such systems are likely to affect society’s social economic welfare negatively. The most viable method of accommodating the poor in the race of scarce resources is empowering them to compete in the race. They should not be given the resources but should be shown the means. Competitiveness created by capitalist economy is working for the good of the world; resources are utilized better, thoug