ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction L’Oreal Company was founded in 1907 by a visionary chemist who set the foundation that has enabled the company to explore successfully the international market . The company has been led by very few visionary leaders who were determined to achieve nothing less than to make the company a global leader. L’Oreal has been under the leadership of only four CEOs namely Eugene Schueller, Lindsay Owen-Jones, Charles Zviak and Francois Dalle for almost a century. The company has consistently upheld the culture of innovation, visionary leadership, organization, research and development over the years. There are both internal and external influences to L’Oreal. The internal influences include research and development, organization, strategy as well as culture. L’Oreal’s external influences include marketing and competition . In addition, globalization of L’Oreal business influences to a great extent decision-making and policies of the company. History of L’Oreal Company L’Oreal Company was founded in 1907 by a chemist known as Eugene Schueller. He named the company after its very first product known as L’Aureole, which is the first artificial hair-color product in the whole world (Jones, Kiron, Dessain & Sjoman, 2006). Jones, Kiron, Dessain and Sjoman (2006) assert that the hallmark of L’Oreal Company then was a firm combination of production, marketing and sales. According to Fayole, Basso and Legrain (2008), by 2005 L’Oreal had spread to 58 countries with a workforce of 52 000. In the same year, the company had a turnover of about 14.5 billion Euros. However, by 1912, the products of the company could be found in several countries such as Italy, Australia and Netherlands. The company has exhibited a culture of innovation in the past years aimed at constantly refining and modernizing different ranges of its cosmetic products especially its world-famous brands (Haig, 2007). L’Oreal’s world – famous brands include Maybelline, L’Oreal Paris, Vichy, Helena Rubinstein, Garner, Ralph Lauren, among others. Eugene Schueller invented Dop (soapless Shampoo) in 1934. When L’Oreal entered the market of the United States after the Second World War, it was faced with several challenges. It acquired Cosmair in 1953 to distribute its products to beauty salons in the United States. The challenges L’Oreal faced in the United States included the fact that hair salons and their clientele were not familiar with the company’s brands as well as their quality. The other challenge was use of intermediaries
Introduction There has been significant evolution in the advertising industry from traditional advertising methods such as newspapers, print media, and television to digital advertising based on the internet. Therefore, advertising research has moved from considering consumers as passive to interact-ability, where consumers are active. This has been caused by a shift in the consumption habits of consumers. There has been a massive advertisement transfer from offline to online sources in the last few decades. With the new advancements in the advertising industry, innovations are occurring each year. It has created a large pool of advertising strategies leaving marketers with many challenges, including choosing the most effective method to reach their target audience. This study aims to highlight the problems of advertising by identifying the causes, finding solutions, and evaluating the effectiveness of the solutions. The Main Problems of Advertising Budget Limits One of the advertising problems is the budget limits of various companies and businesses. Unless for multinationals and other high-revenue businesses that have big budgets, smaller-entities have limited advertising budgets restricting their advertisements. Most businesses ensure they give the most amounts possible, hoping their consumers will notice their efforts (Moorman, Soli, and Cardoso, 2022). However, to achieve this effectively, one must find the correct audience, strategies, and platform in order to make the most of your limited resources. (Reinartz and Saffert, 2013). When businesses begin with a too-limited budget, they ris
Wal-Mart is the single largest private employer in the world. It is a retail business with numerous outlets inside the US as well as in other developed and developing countries where it operates in different names. Its global nature necessitates the development of compensation strategies which take into consideration the company’s policies as well as the local factors applicable in the country of operation. Ensuring efficiency for a workforce transcending cultural and national borders is a critical determinant of success for global companies such as Wal-Mart. This paper discusses the compensation befitting a Store Manager at Wal-Mart and considerations for both the local and global factors in compensating. The store manager at Wal-Mart is considered a professional employee working at the managerial level. He/she is the top company representative at the branch where posted. He/she is a critical employee in ensuring continued availability of supplies at the shelves and timely replenishing of stock outs. He develops the terms of engagement with suppliers and follows them up in cases of defaults and eventualities. He/she is also involved in the audit of inventories. He handles employees at the branch level. He is charged with the responsibility of ensuring compliance to local requirement in the areas of operation. He/ she coordinate the entire processes in the store. These processes range from supplies, repackaging, store operations which include cash management liaising with banks and other financial institutions operating locally to enable the use of credit and debit cards in the stores. Also, the store manger takes overall responsibility in all occurrences pertaining to the stores. He is the chief correspondence with the headquarters. Compensation is an important aspect in motivating workers and differentiating organizations. Properly developed compensation programs ensure internal consistencies between countries. Considerations of the level of development for the countries should be made in developing a compensation program (B-Net, 2009, Par 5). This report borrows on the research conducted by WorldatWork and Watson Wyatt Worldwide. Surveys were sent electronically to a random sample of WorldatWork members and Watson Wyatt clients. A total of 360 responses were received during a two-week period. Sixty-five percent of responding organizations (n=230) reported having operations outside of the U.S. and thus were able to complete the survey. The study brought out one fundamental fact about compensation. Companies were torn between centralized and decentralized approach to compensation. The trend is however in favor of greater centralization There should be both global and local factors considered in developing the compensation program for Wal-Mart Inc. Some global factors determining compensation include the need to deal with differing costs as well as standards of living in the different economies of operation. Under this, Wal0mart has to consider the disparities between the US and other western countries and the emerging economies such as India and China. The cost of living for
Introduction Media concentration of conglomeration can be defined as the progressive takeover of the media by a small clique of investors. This is a global phenomenon; however, it is most rampant in Canada and the highest among the most industrialized countries. The question that has been on the minds of media stakeholders in Canada is when media concentration in the industry will come to an end. No doubt that concentration in Canada is higher than in other western countries; a matter that continues to bother journalists, media commentators, and politicians alike (Lawrence). As competition tightened in the media industry in the 1950s and 1960s, persistent mergers and apparent media monopoly were witnessed in Canada. During the same period, there was an increasing concentration of print media ownership which dealt a blow on competition in the market. What was observed was the decline of the number of newspapers through mergers and closures from 143 in 1911to just a handful at the present (Jackson). This trend elicited inquiry into media ownership concentration in Canada twice through both the 1970 Davey Report and the 1981 Kent Commission. This paper will discuss the trend towards media conglomeration in Canada and discuss the implications it has for the media’s public service role. The Davey Report – 1970 and the Kent Commission – 1981 Concerned with the worrying media conglomeration trends in Canada, Keith Davey received the backing of the senate to conduct an inquiry into the role of media ownership in the Canadian media industry. At that time, the industry was not regulated by the government and so many feared that allowing the media owners to continue controlling the industry through conglomeration was not healthy for the public interests. The report focused on the entire media industry and found that the level of concentration was not acceptable. Among the key recommendations of the Davey Report were that the country should not tolerate the situation where a matter of grave national importance as the media depends on the greed or goodwill of a few privileged businessmen. Through the establishment of a Press Ownership Review Board, the government would regulate mergers and acquisitions of print media (Jackson). The findings of the Davey Report were neither heeded nor implemented by the government. This led to yet another commission to investigate specifically the effects of a conglomeration of the print media in Canada. The Kent Commission was tasked with looking into the print media ownership issue and their findings were as shocking as those reported ten years earlier by the Davey Report. The Kent commission carried out a comprehensive inquiry into mergers and acquisitions of newspapers in Canada following the merger of Winnipeg and Ottawa in 1980. They reported that the concentration of ow
Introduction Ischaemic heart disease is characterized by in adequate blood supply to the heart. The disease does not have a single dominant cause but has strong relations to several aspects of lifestyle, and a significant link to genetic inheritance (Fox, 1987). Types of diet and drug use or abuse are some of the causative agents of heart disorder. Ischaemic heart disease targets people in developed countries according to some studies. A high mortality rate is associated with the disease making it one of the leading causes of death in modernized countries. This makes it a subject of interest for many medical researchers (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). The causes of ischaemic heart disease indicate that there is a significant influence of the social-cultural factors in the starting and the course of development of the disease in those people who are already affected. In the following interview, I sought to examine the influence of lifestyle and social-cultural factors on the health of people suffering from ischaemic heart disease. An in-depth interview can be conducted to facilitate qualitative research of the facts and theories regarding the disease. Through this kind of research, one can make an objective conclusion on the situation regarding the disease (Schiffrin, 2001). Use of In-depth Interview In the following account of research on ischaemic heart disease, the researcher conducts qualitative research and qualitative analysis of the data obtained to determine the cause of the disease. An interview with an expert gives a brief but deep insight into the risk factors affecting the health of people suffering from ischaemic heart disease (Kvale & Brinkmann, 2009). As a researcher, I chose to interview an experienced cardiologist to obtain an objective opinion pertaining to ischaemic heart disease. The responses from the cardiologist constituted the data for my interview transcript (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005). In my research, the cardiologist first mentioned that the disease is one of the leading causes of death in western countries. In this case, most western countries are developed countries. The disease is one of the many cardiac ailments that result in fatal cardiac action complications. About sixty percent of males who succumb from cardiac ailments suffer from ischaemic heart disease. The expert further explains that the occurrence of death due to this disease in the female population is slightly lesser but still high at forty eight percent. He says that according to this high rate of mortality, there is a reason to consider risk factors that people suffering from the disease face (Anderson, 1973). The Use of Qualitative Research Qualitative research examines what certain practice or behavior results to. The qualitative approach gives the researchers a deep understanding of what is likely to happen is a certain procedure or practice is embraced by an individual or a group of individuals. When conducting a qualitative research, data is obtained from a specific preferred source particularly due to the suita
Throughout the world, research has reliably demonstrated that organized criminal groups operate and act within the context of the social institution, implying that they have specific basic attributes such as objectives, interaction, social structure and management (Yarmysh, 2001). In line with the social institution tradition, the goals and objectives of organized criminal groups are usually set by leaders and customized according to the requirements and interests of group members (Mallory, 2007). This paper not only discusses the term ‘social institution’ as it relates to organized crime, but also illuminates which theories are most applicable to this perspective. The term ‘social institution’ can be understood within the context of the community, which has been defined by Warren (1973) as “that combination of social units and systems which perform the major social functions having locality relevance” (Lyman & Potter, 2007p. 74). Owing to the fact that a community is recognized by its organization of social activities and its conceptualizations of locality relevance dimensions in terms of access points to the social activities and functions necessary for daily living, Warren (1973) identified five major community functions namely  1. production-distribution-consumption,  2. socialization,  3. social control,  4. social participation,  5. mutual support (Lyman & Potter, 2007). The relationship between the social institution and organized crime comes into light when these community functions fail to function properly. For example, the failure of the production-distribution-consumption function provides an opening for organized crime to become entrenched in the society as criminal elements seek to take advantage of the legitimate market’s failure to serve consumer populations. Within the social institution, organized criminal groups may seek profitable and safe investments through utilizing other locality relevance functions such as socialization, social control and social participation (Yarmysh, 2001). Legitimate businesses, according to Lyman and Potter (2007), serve a variety of functions for organized criminal groups including providing concealment opportunities for illegal activities, availing money-laundering opportunities for illegal profits, and facilitating the existence of high degrees of integration with members of the business community. Equally, organized criminal groups provide lucrative services to some business practitioners within the social context, though this assertion should not be taken to mean that all business practitioners’ deal with organized criminal groups
Manzanita Brewery Company has been at the forefront in implementing its strategic objectives in order to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors in the beverage industry. As a way of attracting and retaining its customers, the San Diego Company has set-up key strategic objectives and a clear-cut path on how to implement the objectives. With its large customer base, Manzanita Brewery has opened its outlets in seven other branches, developed an organizational mission, values statement, and vision statement that incorporates the needs and tastes of the larger population. With the outlined background and mission statements, the strategic plan will build on the moves and values, which the firm has developed in the past by using the past shortcomings to design the future prospects. Manzanita Brewery’s production of quality products and promotion of responsible relationship with its key stakeholders, as well as reliance on innovation and creativity have been the main development strategy. The company operates on a no long-term debt strategy to enable the management focus on internal aspects of the firm, as the move limits instances of operations on deficits. Moreover, the company’s strategic plan touches on projections or forecasting what the firm intends to achieve, as well as how it plans to navigate the dynamic and global market. A well-conducted internal and external analysis will bring out the nature of the operational environment that the company is targeting. An analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the company will reveal the exact position or capabilities that the company can adopt. A clear strategic plan for Manzanita Brewery will use the SWOT analysis, as well as the internal and external analysis to propose several recommendations the company intends to achieve within a fixed period. Armed with great expertise, the company will be in the best position to employ product differentiation and cost-cutting strategies in order to remain relevant in the competitive California market. The management will use the company’s weaknesses to devise new plans on how to minimize them by greatly exploiting the available opportunities to their advantage. The implementation plan targets to have a defined timeline with detailed, clear, measurable, and time-bound objectives on how to ensure that the brands are available in all regions in the US in order to increase profit levels, expand internationally, and minimize expenses on deliveries. The production hub in San Diego will have to coordinate the supplies and stock levels at all store liquors across the 12 key states in the US. In order to remain relevant in the beverage industry, Manzanita Brewery will have to adjust its cultures and op
Introduction According to Sir Underhill, “A trust is an equitable obligation, binding a person (who is called a trustee) to deal with property over which he has control (which is called the trust property), for the benefit of persons (who are called the beneficiaries or cestuis que trust ), of whom he may himself be one, and any one of whom may enforce the obligation.” 1 This definition informs us the scope of the relationship between the trustee and the beneficiary. While it might give us a glimpse of the nature of the relationship, it does not however state the extent to which the trustee is liable to the beneficiary. The unstated nature of the liability of trustees for breach of trust coupled with the need for standardization led to the development of ‘standard form’ trust instruments. These instruments purported to insert common form clauses in trusts excluding or restricting the trustee’s liability. These clauses are known as exemption clauses and they inform the discussion in this paper. Traditionally, courts strictly construed exemption clauses against trustees. However, much has changed in the modern setting due to the emergent uses of trusts, novel nature of trust assets, expanded powers of trustees and the need to keep off an increasing number of litigious beneficiaries. Trustee exemption clauses are now wider in scope and it is common for these modern clauses to expressly exclude or restrict trustees’ liability even for acts and omissions that would otherwise have fallen under the ambit of breach of trust. The length and breadth of these exemption clauses in the modern setting can be attributed the increased powers of trustees in statute. Another contributing factor is the restrictive approach that modern day courts have taken in their construction of these clauses. The protection that the law previously granted to beneficiaries is relatively weaker. This has come up mainly due to the need for courts and legislators to mould the law in a manner that makes business sense. Discussion The leading case in trust law today is Armitage v Nurse 2 . First, it is prudent to analyze the body of case law culminating in the law of trusts that we have today especi
Introduction In this world, most people do not believe that violence and cruelty can bring about change for the better. However, history is full of examples of how humans chose war and uprisings to improve their lives. Starting to feel strong and domineering, people are not afraid to hurt others. One such event was the Homestead Strike that is also known as the Homestead riot. The purpose of this paper is to discuss why the Homestead Strike turned violent. About the Riot Homestead Strike happened on July 6, 1892, in Homestead, Pennsylvania. It was a rather violent and cruel labor dispute between the management and a number of workers of the Carnegie Steel Company. The reason for the strike was the expired union contract and the wage decrease (Reed 2019). The employees were exhausted; they needed and asked for money since they worked really hard for almost nothing. Tired of waiting, they started a strike that was not meant to become violent. Management’s Response To replace the strikers, the company planned to bring in new workers instead of increasing wages for the previous ones. They refused to meet the striker’s demands and did not care to end the riot peacefully. Moreover, the management hired armed guards who were brought to protect the new people and the factory from the strikers (Reed 2019). Soon after the strike started, a gun battle happened between the hired guards and the striking people. Both strikers and guards were injured, and ten of them were killed. Why the Strike Became Violent It is possible to suggest that the strikers did not intend to make their riot violent and hurt anyone. They tried to get the money they deserved, and the only way they saw was by starting a strike (Reed 2019). However, the hired guards were armed, and this fact might have made the event violent: the workers realized the seriousness of the situation or probably got attacked by the guards and had to protect themselves. Conclusion To draw a conclusion, one may say that there are situations that may seem to require people to start fighting for their rights or wellbeing. However, the fight does not always have to be fierce, and there are other ways to get justice. It can be assumed that the workers did not want to harm other people but considered the strike their only chance to defend their rights. Reference Reed, Patrick. 2019. “ The Homestead Strike .” YouTube video, 05:36. 2020. Web.