ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Sleep is a very essential part of animals. Different animal species are associated with a given sleep behavior although there is no exact phylogenetic boundary used to define sleep occurrences. The different forms of sleep have also not been identified. This is due to the fact that different studies based on the sleeping behaviors of animals have established varying sleep topographies. For example, some mammals are associated with a more rapid movement of the eye compared to other mammals that show a slower eye movement (Parmeggiani, 2011). Through natural selection, dolphins are able to develop unihemispheric sleep. Therefore, dolphins are capable of maintaining high levels of consciousness due to the respiratory requirements of their surrounding (Bentley, 2009). Dolphins can rest for a relatively long period of time due to unihemispheric sleep. In addition, echolocation assists dolphins to monitor their immediate surroundings in the process of securing themselves from predators. For instance, they can easily identify the actual positions of foreign objects by making use of generated echoes. This is the best way through which they protect themselves. However, the ability of dolphins to maintain continuous vigilance is not known. According to Lymin et al. (2006), cetaceans keep on swimming mainly as a way of avoiding obstacles. During this period, they do not close their eyes as well. This is a protective measure that ensures their safety against possible predators. Lymin et al. (2006) note that dolphins’ sleep is associated with a unihemispheric pattern that helps them to keep swimming even when they are asleep. According to Manger, Ridgway and Siegel (2003), the unihemispheric waves are linked to the closure of bottlenose and contralateral eyes of the dolphins and are usually assumed to be sleeping when one of the eyes remains closed. In order to rest, dolphins do not make any movement for a considerably long period of time. They prefer to rest at the bottom or water surface. In many instances, dolphins rest by way of swimming. During this time, they usually execute an exceedingly slow motion while swimming. Lyamin et al. (2006) observe that the immobile state of dolphins either at the bottom or surface of the water is a typical sleeping behavior. Lyamin et al (2008) assert that dolphin’s respiration control occurs at the thalamocortical level and not in the respiratory centers that are usually found in the pontomedullary junction. This is an indication that dolphins lack self-sustained breathing because their respiratory process is not totally voluntary. According to Gubbins (2002), bottlenose dolphins are not capable of breathing when they are sl
Brief introduction and general overview This essay is written to demonstrate the various management success factors for the many sporting events. The current competitive business environment has created abundant challenges for event managers in ensuring success for their various sporting events. As was established, from sprinklers to corporate boxes, toilets to food outlets, media to first aid, event and facility managers have to account for the success or failure of sporting events and venues. The preceding assertion emanated from the fact that event managers are required to keep track on all activities happening before, on and after the particular events. In this study, the author made a follow-up on the above theoretical frameworks and went ahead to identify and critique key factors relevant in ensuring competitive and successful bidding as well as hosting for any sporting event. This essay therefore sought to answer the following argumentative questions: What are the justifications for the need to manage events effectively? What are some of the key factors necessary for managing sporting events? What have various authors articulated to support or oppose the specifications that need to be addressed in each of the identified factors? In choosing this current, critical and important topic, the author was motivated by the existence of the following reasons that justified the need for effective events’ management. Firstly, According to the UK Treasury Report (2007), sporting events exhibited many economic benefits to host nations. This was so simply because other than the pure sporting reasons, major sporting events provided the opportunities of showcasing emerging nations’ or cities’ intangible benefits, economic regeneration as well as positive economic impacts (p.9). To add, Damster and others (2006) did also support this view by asserting that in light of the large variety of sports played across the globe, mega sporting events have now become big business (p.15). Moreover, Getz (2007) also came to the support of this view by making a summative statement that pointed out that “economic efficiency” was useful for bidding on and creating events, to the extent that they accumulated revenues or other tangible benefits for publicly owned and subsidized facilities and parks (p.88). With reference to the above supportive articulations, Clark (2008) therefore arrived at the conclusion that proper planning was needed for any hosting country to realize both the discussed secondary and primary benefits associated with hosting events (p.24). Despite the above supporting argumentations, the author found out that Fisher and his group (1991) reserved opposing views on the need to consider only the positive impacts when justifying the relevance of effective events management. This was revealed when the group insisted that other than looking at the positive economic impacts (as Clark, UK Report and Getz did above), it was also important to perform cost benefit analysis on major events. This was important because normal free market economics often failed to take into account negative effects that were external to the specific events. Again, Getz
Introduction Alongside a broad range of related concepts, sustainability has been one of the most commonly discussed topics in the contemporary fields of science, economics, business, and politics. As the number of environmental effects resulting from the anthropogenic activities is growing, and the list of challenges the humanity is expected to face in the future is expanding, sustainability in the present days is becoming a very important and pressing issue. Due to the global and ubiquitous nature of environmental challenges and the adverse effects of the pollution of the atmosphere and oceans, deforestation, and the destruction of sea beds and ecosystems, the need for sustainable development and practices begins to occur almost in every sphere of people’s daily activities. Moreover, the expanding and irreversible quality of the environmental effects, as well as their wide variety, dictate the complexity of sustainability as a concept, its flexibility, and applicability to many different spheres of life. As one of the most important domains of human activity and social organization, cities require special attention in terms of sustainable planning and development. In this paper, the concept of the sustainable city will be discussed and explored using an existing urban area (West Loop Area in Chicago) as an example of sustainability or its absence in general terms, regarding the use of land, transportation solutions, possible reconfigurations, street management, and potentially use policies that could help improve the levels of sustainability in the city under analysis. Sustainable City as a Concept As specified by Beatley and Manning, there is a certain degree of ambiguity that is typical to the concept of sustainability; differently put, the authors specify that it is not always obvious when present (3). However, the authors add that sustainability is easier to grasp when viewed in application to renewable resources such as freshwater, soils, and forests (Beatley and Manning 5). In addition to being quite difficult to comprehend and describe, the concept of sustainability is also new. It is especially new when applied to city planning and development; it was powered by the rapid growth of the urban population triggered by the process of globalization and that increased communication and transportation activities. As the density of the population residing in large cities of our planet began to maximize driving the need for more and more resources, city planners started to consider the sustainability of the latter that would help support the expanding numbers of residents without damaging the areas or destroying the environment (Beatley a
Introduction Various scholars have analysed the article system used in the English language for decades. Articles are very important parts of the English language, as they cut across both the linguistic and non-linguistic fields. There are three common English articles. These are ‘the’, ‘a’, and ‘an’. Article ‘the’ has been proven to be one of the most used words in both written and spoken English (Master, Teaching the English 464). Statistically, ‘the’ is used 25.1%, while ‘a’ and ‘an’ are used a cumulative 8.5% in any conversation (Berry 14). Despite the natural way and the ease of use of articles, many English learners find it difficult to fully master when to apply an article. In turn, the learners find it difficult to communicate the simplest of instructions. Berry clarifies and observes that this is a major problem among people whose first language does not have articles (17). For instance, it is common to find people whose first language is Arabic having a hard time making the use of English articles because Arabic contains one article only. This essay gives a detailed analysis of the English articles. The first analysis will focus on the different factors that are involved when applying articles in the English language. In the same vein, an analysis of the uses of articles will be presented. Similarly, a detailed examination of the difficulties that Arabic speakers undergo when learning articles in the English language will be given. Semantic features of articles in English As mentioned, understanding the use of articles in the English language has proven a difficult task for many students learning English as a second language. The main reason why this task is difficult for L2 learners is that many of the other languages do not have articles. Secondly, the rules that are used in the application of articles are very different and can even defer from the rules the learners have instilled about other parts of speech. One must also understand the theories that are associated with the application of articles to understand the semantic features of articles. Maratosos argues that articles have no meanings, yet they are significant in giving meaning (78). For example, words that have meaning include chair, man, child, want, desire, and eat, among other words. Looking at these examples, it is clear that words that have meaning fall in the various categories of parts of speech. However, the article ‘the’ does not have such a distinct meaning. Therefore, when a speaker says ‘the’ or ‘a’, the listener will not understand what is being communicated. However, if a speaker says ‘chair’ the listener will know exactly what the speaker means. In the same breadth, articles help in giving meaning without necessarily carrying meaning. For instance, when a speaker says ‘the chair’, the listener understands that it is a particular chair that is being mentioned. However, saying ‘a chair
Introduction Agency law regulates interrelations between the agent and the principal. An agent is a person who is authorized to act on behalf of another person or organization called “principle” in order to manage a business. There are three types of authority, including express authority, implied authority, and apparent authority. Express Authority is provided to the agent directly by the principal verbally or in writing. The implied authority provides the agent with the right to conduct actions that are reasonably necessary to achieve the company’s objectives. Apparent authority may occur when the principle induces an impression that the agent has authority, but in fact, the agent is not authorized to act on behalf of the principle. Case Analysis The process of recruiting employees is closely linked with express authority as the ability to act on behalf of a particular organization is usually provided and supported by written documentation. In Leo’s case, express authority is involved as he was hired by the company to manage employment costs and insurance. Even though Leo is authorized to conduct a variety of activities on behalf of the organization, there are some limitations. Scope of employment, which represents a range of duties the worker is reasonably expected to discharge, plays a significant role in this particular case. Although vaguely defined, Leo’s scope of employment is limited to managing employment costs and insurance. Therefore, he is not authorized to make any business deals with other parties without reconciling with the owner. Moreover, he made a deal, which may not be considered reasonable in terms of the company’s goals during off-hours. A combination of the above-mentioned factors may indicate that under these particular circumstances, Leo was not acting on behalf of the organization, and hence it is not liable to restock Dan’s store. Employment-at-Will Doctrine The Employment-at-Will doctrine states that any employee is able to leave the job regardless of reasons, and the employer can terminate a worker regardless of reasons. However, there are four major exceptions, which may prevent at-will employment. The first exception is closely linked with public policies, as there is strict legislation related to anti-discrimination and employee protection. For instance, it is strictly prohibited to terminate an employee because of race, age, or gender. The second exception is called the covenant of good faith, which implies that there must be a just cause to terminate an employee. Another exception is written or implied employment contracts that limit the employment-at-will doctrine. For example, the contract may contain concrete regulations regarding termination reasons, procedures, and compensations. The last exemption shares a similar principle as trade unions, and collective bargaining units may establish specific rules regarding the conditions under which a worker can be fired. Case Example Alleyton v. Ball case may serve as an example of employment-at-will doctrine violation and wrongful discharge. Joseph Ball worked for Alleyton as a concrete mixer truck driver. All
Introduction The Incarceration of the Japanese is one of the most significant events in the history of the United States of America. There were two internment camps located in the state of Idaho before and during World War II. The following paper will discuss the history of Idaho focusing on the incarceration of the American Japanese. Incarceration of Japanese As it is mentioned above, the incarceration of the American Japanese before and during the events of World War II is an important part of the history of Idaho, which implied the imprisonment and relocation of people against their will. Approximately 120 000 people of Japanese ethnic background (62% of them were official citizens of the United States of America) were forced to leave the Pacific Coast of the country (Burton 163). It would be proper to mention that almost 10 000 Japanese had an opportunity to move to other states, whereas the other 110 000 individuals were imprisoned in several camps in the territory of Idaho (Burton 163). These places were officially referred to as war relocation centers. However, the Japanese could address the court to free themselves from these camps. These relocations were officially sanctioned by President Franklin Roosevelt. He issued a decree that allowed the country’s military forces to determine specific “eviction zones”. The citizens who inhabited these areas could be relocated without giving their agreements to this action. As a result, all the representatives of the Asian nation were evicted from the lands of Washington, California, and Oregon to the camps mentioned in the previous part of the paper (Wegars and Ayukawa 167). In 1944, the USA governmental court stated that the deprival of a particular race’s citizenship rights did not contradict the constitution of the country if it was required by the “societal necessity”. However, all the laws about the Japanese’s restrictions were canceled in 1945 (Schwantes 78). Later, all the people who suffered in the camps of relocation in Idaho received their financial compensations for the property that they lost. Ronald Reagan signed a document that brought apologies to the representatives of the Japanese nation imprisoned during World War II. Events Leading to the Incarceration Approximately 90% of the entire Japanese Diaspora in the United States of America inhabited the state of California at the beginning of the 20th century. Unfortunately, the country’s economic system was not stable at that time. Therefore, many people competed for working places and private lands in this area (Gill 7). Hence, the Japanese became the objects of discrimination and even hate from representatives of other nations. It is essential to mention that the former governor of California signed the document that prohibited white people from marrying “Mongolians” (Gill 8). Moreover, the Japanese were deprived of their rights for education, which made it impossible for them to obtain American citizenship in the future. By the time when Pearl-Harbor was attacked, 127 000 Asians inhabited the country’s West Coast. The defeat of Pearl-Harbor was one of the most significant events of American history and World War II in
With the increasing number of obese children and adolescents, concerns have risen concerning the nutritional value of these meals. The main determinants of nutritional inadequacies will include the rising rate of undernourished children, childhood obesity and its related diseases, the level of satisfaction with the meals; the length the program has been in place and the standard nutritional requirements. The costs of inadequate meals include significant waste of federal revenue, shorter life spans, uneven growth and a serious threat to the future generation. To improve on the quality of these meals there is need to increase food inspection and putting in place more safety measures like regulating ‘competitive foods’ and ensuring that all participating schools adhere to nutritional rules. A precise policy should be constituted to encourage delivery of nutritionally balanced meals. This may involve introducing better, healthier meals and snacks in school canteens. Description of policy or problem to be analyzed The National School Food program is a federal meal program started in 1946 to provide low cost or uncharged meals to qualified students at subsidized prices to the schools. Over 100000 public schools, childca
Introduction The world today is comprised of many religions, some of which began in ancient times to the most recent ones. Among the many religions that exist today are those that have been accepted by society, while others have been disregarded yet are still being practiced. One such religion is Wahhabism, which is one of the many forms of the Islam religion. “Wahhabism, by definition, is a puritanical form of Sunni Islam that is commonly practiced in Saudi Arabia and Qatar” (Blanchard 1). Most of the Wahhabis are, however, found in Saudi Arabia more than they are in Qatar. It has also been noted that Wahhabism is spreading to other regions of the world; hence, Wahhabis can also be found in the rest of the world. Despite the fact that the Wahhabi is a form of Islam, Wahhabism criticizes the other forms of Islam, such as Shia and Sunni, as well as the other religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Hinduism. This paper will, therefore, be an exploration of the Wahhabism religion to find out its history, present state, and its future. Later in the paper, an annotated bibliography of the sources used in this research will also be given. The History of Wahhabism The origin of Wahhabism can be traced back from 1703 to 1792, during which the founder, known as Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab established the movement. “Muhammad al-Wahhab was one of the first modern Islamic fundamentalists and extremists” (Cline 1). On founding the movement, Muhammad Wahhab disregarded the other forms of Islam as well as their doctrines and beliefs. He termed them as idolatrous and went ahead to advocate for his movement, which he said had the essential fundamentals to Isla
Imagine yourself living in a foreign country, miles away from home. A country where you neither speak nor understand their language. Therefore, each time you try to communicate you get lost. This is exactly what the deaf experience being around hearing people who do not sign. Deaf people should be given their equal rights as hearing people because it is not fair for them to live in a world where they are not granted full access to public services, education and employment just because they live with a disability. However, the twenty-first century reveals the discrimination of people with disabilities. Edward Berkowitz, the George Washington University historian, said that there is no disability policy in the US, “It maintains a set of disparate programs, many of them emanating from policies designed for other groups, that work at cross-purposes” (Switzer, 2003, p. 3). Despite the creation of a “presidential commission on the employment of the disabled,” American policy “toward persons with disabilities (PWDs) remains fragmented” (Switzer, 2003, p. 4). A lot of money were spent on social programs including the ones concerning disabled people, including deaf ones. However, such measures have done not much to improve their lives. The activist Justin W. Dart, Jr. said that society still assumes that “people with disabilities are less than fully human and therefore are not entitled to the respect, the opportunities, and the services and support systems” (Switzer, 2003, p. 4). There are no particular laws, which imply only people with hearing disabilities. However, there are several laws that concern disability related to deafness. The key laws related to employment, accommodation and education of persons with hearing disability are the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), the Television Decoder Circuitry Act and the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), and the Rehabilitation Act (Section 504 and Section 508). Still, hearing impaired people often becomes involved in court cases, for example those considering employment and imprisonment. The History of Deaf rights began with Americans With Disabilities Act. The Ada story itself began long before 1990. Disabled people and the deaf ones in particular were fighting against the injustice and exclusion for a long time, but they felt the result of their struggle only with the introduction the first ADA in Congress in 1988. Eventually, the signing ceremony took place at the White House. On July 26, 1990, the Americans With Disabilities Act was approved by the government (Stalcup, 1997). The ADA owes its birthright to the Disabled in Action (DIA), the disability rights group. The first significant change in disability policy happened in 1973 with the admittance of Section 504 of the 19