ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The problem of ‘the color line’, DuBois developed and explained in the work ‘The Souls of Black Folk’. In this work, DuBois underlines that as different worldviews and lifestyles collide, the inevitable demand for change in every facet of American life will increase. Our traditional ways of doing things will no longer be adequate to deal with the diversity of the country and in the world. Racial differences and separation between races are the main problem of the 20th century, which prevents many dark nations to be equally treated by the white majority. Thesis DuBois claims that ‘the color line’ becomes the main problem for American society and the global community causing racial envy and racial inequalities. Under ‘the color line’ DuBois implies relations between races based on their colors of skin and anthropological types. “The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line-the relation of the darker to the lighter races of men in Asia and Africa, in America and the islands of the seas”[i]. The problem of modern global society is the racial difference and racial hatred existed between people. DuBois underlines that the war against racism and segregation in America can be treated as the war and struggle against white supremacy and dominance. The thesis ‘the color line’ concern all black people of African decent and justification of slavery by white community. DuBois underlines that slavery and white hegemony in the world divide the global community between oppressed and oppressors: blacks and whites. DuBois underlines that “It is usually possible to draw in nearly every Southern community a physical color-line on the map, on the one side of which whites dwell and on the other Negroes”[ii]. With the pressure to change will come clashes between competing groups as to which will have the power to make decisions that will affect how you live in this society. ‘The color line’ leaves no wiggle room for avoidance and ambiguity. It reflects a personal belief that it is impossible for any of us, those born and raised in the United States and those who have been exposed for some time to American culture, not to inherit the biases, stereotypes, and fears of our society. Both individual and institutional racism are intimately linked to culture. Euro-American culture is radicalized and enforces its cultural views by defining the reality of its citizens. The ability to define reality is perhaps the most insidious and potent form of power. DuBois states that the racial reality of White America is a biased and bigoted one, transmitted through our educational system and the informal but powerful stream of socialization practices of families, peer groups, neighborhoods, churches, mass media, and other organizations. The education system and these other entities define your group (whites) as superior and another group (people of color) as inferior and undesirable, and then they constantly reinforce this message until it becomes reality f
Introduction The effectiveness of an organization is a significant aspect in the success of a given firm since it determines the ability of the firm to meet its set goals. According to Hoque and James (2000), the approach on external resources seeks to establish the effectiveness in utilizing external resources while the approach on internal systems seeks to establish effectiveness through innovation. As discussed in this paper, the last technical approach establishes effectiveness of a firm using the skills to manufacture high quality products. Metrics for Measuring Effectiveness The effectiveness of an organization can be measured by the efficiency shown by its workers with metrics such as the external resource approach, the internal systems approach (innovation) and the technical approach being used by an organization. The external resource approach: Under this metric, the management of an organization examines its ability to manage and control the firm’s external resources. Some of the external resources include investors who are a major stakeholders. The ability of a firm to effectively manage the perceptions of investors regarding the organization is significant since it can earn the firm investors’ trust, which means continued support through financing. Other external resources are the raw materials that the firm uses in the production process. The effectiveness of managing the external environment is measured by the firm in different ways. The first is the ability of the firm to minimize all costs related to managing stakeholders as well as acquisition of quality raw materials such as employees at a low cost. Similarly, the ability of the management to exploit any opportunity presented in the environment is another success factor for effectiveness. Lastly, the firm can gain the support of other stakeholders such as the government and environmentalists among others. Innovation and Internal System Approach: According to Jones (2010), the internal system involves the ability of managers of an organization to evaluate the effectiveness of business processes of an organization. The success of an organization in its processes requires that there is a structure, culture and fast responses to issues as they occur. The culture should be applied by all employees in the organization while adaptability is the ability of the organization to adapt to changes especially with new technology. In order to be flexible, a firm needs to increase the speed with which decisions are made. Innovation is also a measure of the effectiveness of internal processes. In order to measure the ability of a firm to innovate, the management should establish the length of time that is needed to make a decision, make new pr
Martin Ford’s book The Lights in the Tunnel can throw light on the possible development of the economy during the twenty-first century. In particular, this author examines a variety of issues that originate primarily from technological progress. On the whole, the writer presents various thought experiments that engage readers and make them think about the future of the global community. This paper is aimed at examining the arguments that Martin Ford puts forward. In the chapter called Green Light, Martin Ford examines the opportunities that can emerge due to increasing automation. In particular, he argues that technological improvements can lead to the situation when people will need to work “only part-time, or in some cases not at all” (Ford, 2009, p. 196). One of his major premises is that by achieving the state of the automated economy, the advanced countries will be able to address poverty in various regions of the world. The main issue is that the technological changes and automation of the economy enables countries to increase production that can meet the global demand for goods. In addition to that, the author examines several constraints that are related to labor, land, technologies, availability of natural resources, and environmental constraints. They can slow the transformation of the global economy. Nonetheless, the author believes that technological solutions can help people overcome these challenges. For instance, Martin Ford believes that technological advances can make economies more energy-efficient (Ford, 2009, p. 203). In his view, consumption will not be regarded as a form of privilege (Ford, 2009, p. 205). More likely, it will become a form of self-expression. These are some of the main questions that the writer explores in this chapter. Additionally, the author discusses some of the most common misconceptions regarding the automation of technologies. For instance, the writer refers to the so-called Luddite fallacy. In this case, one can speak about the assumption that technological progress eventually results in unemployment (Ford, 2009). The problem is that in the course of history, the improvement of production tools usually created new jobs. It did not adversely affect the welfare of people. Secondly, the writer argues that even the most skilled jobs can be broken down into a set of relatively simple activities that can be automated (Ford, 2009, p. 217). Therefore, one cannot assume that some social groups will not be affected by the technological process. Finally, it is often argued that businesses are not likely to become fully automated because this change requires considerable investment (Ford, 2009, p. 215). Nevertheless, one should keep in mind that they could be forced to implement this policy because of various economic pressures, especially competition. Furthermore, the author exami
When analyzing the relationship between Hamlet and his mother, one can note that even at a young age, the Oedipus complex manifests in the boy, which reflects a number of his conflicting experiences about his father. These experiences are based on an unconscious craving for mother and jealousy. According to Freud’s concept, sexuality manifests itself extremely early in children, and a mother is the closest object of adoration on the part of her son. Since boys at this age live by the principle of pleasure, ignoring reality until the stage of growing up, their desires are sometimes quite active. Hamlet is unconsciously inhibited by his internal memory of hatred for his father and lust for his mother. As a result, his tense relations with his father-killer may be interpreted from the position of unconscious love for the closest person and the desire to protect her at all costs from palace intrigues and conspiracies. More about Hamlet In Hamlet, act 1, scene 2, which dramatic convention does Shakespeare employ most? 4.5 1405 Which excerpt from Hamlet, act 1, scene 1 is a stage direction? 5 807 Do you think Hamlet is a problem play or a tragedy? Why? 4.3 3583 If Shakespeare kills the character of Hamlet, what dramatic convention would he be using? 5 868 What excerpt from act 3 of Hamlet supports the conclusion that Hamlet is critical of women? 4.3 532 How does the play-within-a-play in act 3 of Hamlet represent Elizabethan drama? 4.3 1067
The discovery of gold was made by James W. Marshall who accidentally discovered the precious metal on January 24, 1848, while building a limber mill for John Sutter (Cunningham & Randall, 2002). After testing the metal and discovering that it was indeed gold, Suter tried to hide the news to prevent a mass search for the metal and promote the area as an agricultural region. The information about the discovery of the metal later reached the San Francisco newspaper which ran reports of the discovery. The American president at the time, James K. Polk confirmed the existence of the metal when he informed Congress of the “extraordinary” amounts of the precious metal in the region. The discovery of the metal leads to the mass emigration of people to California in search of the metal so as to make a quick accumulation of wealth. Most of the people who came to California were Americans. However, Chinese, Europeans, Australian and Latin American also set camp in the area in search of metal. This person searched for the metal in the American River using crude methods such as panning. Other merchants also set up shops in the area so as to sell the gold which was discovered. In addition, the hops sold the supplies necessary for mining of the metal to the metal to the miners (Cunningham & Randall, 2002). The mass settlement of the people who had come to prospect for gold led to a rapid increase in the population. In fact, within one year since the discovery of the precious metal, the population of California increased from 1,600 in 1948 to 25,000. The discovery of the metal led to the neglect and collapse of all the other businesses as people were concentrated on the search for the metal which seemed more lucrative than what they were previously doing (Cunningham & Randall, 2002, p. 4) Most of the people who had come to California prospecting for gold stayed in the region even after the gold rush came to an end. They made California a multicultural society as they had come from different regions. The gold rush made California to be established as a place for life on the fast lane due to the vast amount of wealth that the people who were successful in their search for gold made. Due to the fact that most of the people who were prospecting for gold instantly rose from being poor to having abundant wealth, this cultivated a culture in the society in which people are willing to take great risks to make money. Sometimes even through gambling.
This series of articles discusses the sociological difficulties confronting Syrian citizens and refugees compelled to flee the nation. As Muhammad, a war survivor, Syria has several sociological problems that the ongoing conflict has exacerbated. The significant destruction of health care infrastructure has increased neonatal mortality, infectious infections, and the loss of chronic disease treatment. The destruction of residential structures and food delivery infrastructure jeopardizes basic human requirements for shelter and sustenance. Exposure to war-related cruelty is a significant risk factor for devastating psychiatric illnesses, the effects of which typically last much beyond the duration of the conflict (“Humans of New York – refugee stories,” 2019). Armed wars also devastate families and communities, displacing civilians and severely eroding social capital. Younger age, female status, conflict exposure, and a lack of social support all serve as additional risk factors for decreased well-being. Social status is a sociological concept that has a significant role in determining one’s health, particularly in Syria. The majority of families in the nation have a low socioeconomic standing, which means they face various health problems and cannot get healthcare, which is frequently of poor quality (Daniel et al., 2018). As the victim pointed out, a lack of health treatment also adds to mental health pressures, such as being sad and developing suicidal thoughts. Ethnicity is another sociological topic that plays a role in resolving sociological problems. The victim’s family members are Kurds, one of several ethnic minorities who have remained neutral in the Syrian crisis. Their family was beheaded as a result of ethnic tensions. In Syria, radicalization and violent extremism are forms of deviance, a sociological notion. The conflict has resulted in a lack of social control and integration, which results in people deviating from socially accepted standards. ISIS accuses the victim’s brother of being a non-Muslim because he is of Kurdish ethnicity. The ongoing fight for control and scarce resources between the Syrian government and anti-government factions exemplifies conflict theory. In Syria, cultural violence shaped by ideology and religion has aided the region’s continuation of terrorism. The deprivation of the most fundamental and non-negotiable requirements, which jeopardized residents’ ability to survive, was the primary catalyst for the emergence of aggressiveness (Barkan, 2017). Thus, the society may trace the circumstances contributing to the Syrian crisis back to years of repression, poverty, and a lack of representative institutions, which revealed themselves via protests. The situation resulted in a significant food deficiency and an increase in the cost of living, resulting in a growth in patronage
Even after centuries of identification and marginalization, there is ignorance surrounding the Roma, their origins, and their unique culture. Now distributed around the globe, but concentrated in Central Europe 1 and in the countries of the former USSR 2 , they often maintain a strong sense of their own identity, even though they are living within many different nations. However, they have not, in most cases, benefited from what these nations have to offer, a situation that Plainer describes as, “exclusion and limited access to resources” 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 . They are perhaps the largest ethnic group in such poverty 7 . Their odd circumstances of visible poverty and disconnection from services and opportunities have led them to be termed an, “European nation without its own state” 8 . Their plight is reminiscent of Native Americans/First Nations peoples, Australian Aborigines, the Kurds, and even the mentally ill homeless, and requires as complex a response. There is strong agreement between many sources that the original source of the Roma population group, now numbering roughly 4 million strong, is India. Linguistic evidence from as early as the 18 th century pinpoints their origins in Malabar, in southwest coastal Kerala, home of a Dravidian language unrelated to Indo-European roots 9 . More recent research points to an ancestral in-migration to India at roughly 2000 BCE. There was an out-migration from India in the 9 th and 10 th centuries CE in reaction to (hostile) Muslim incursions into that area. They were once again on the move in the 14 th and 15 th centuries as a response to Turkish expansion into the Balkans, arriving in Hungary at that point 10 , 11 . They were given help in the form of food donations and safe passage, as a result of carrying a purported letter of safe-conduct from Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund (also King of Hungary and Bohemia). This letter may have been fraudulent 12 , a circumstance possibly contributing to the Roma’s persistent reputation for double-dealing. The names by which the Roma have been known have varied as they moved. In Greek, they were associated with heretical religious practice, and termed “atsinganos”, transmuted into the Latin “cingarus”, the German, “Ziganeru”, and the Hungarian “cigany”. The commonly known term “gypsy” was a corruption of “Egypt”, because of a mistaken impression that these people were Egyptian pilgrims 13 . The Roma’s appellations for themselves may be derived from their ancestors’ caste denominations back in India. They are usually called something else, usually derogatory, by their neighbours. A current example is the term “pikey”, which is short for “turnpike travell
Abstract Globalization can be defined as the reduction of trade barriers so that to enable trade amongst countries. Other enabling factors like technological advancement especially in the IT sector and implementation of certain policies so that a ready market is available are some of the requirements that have to be fulfilled. Globalization aims to create one huge global village where both commodities and the world citizens can move freely with minimal border restrictions. Whether this is a good thing for everyone has been a subject of debate because it seems like it is the multi-national companies especially in the 1 st World countries that have benefited the most with globalization. Even the virgin industries in these countries are complaining that the playing field is not level. These huge conglomerates can afford to lower the prices of their commodities to almost critical levels hence forcing out their competition. (Kennet, 2008, 125) In the developing and 3 rd World countries, human rights activists complain that their markets are dumping grounds for commodities from the west. Despite these strong opinions, globalization has been beneficial in some parts of the world. Cheap labor in some countries like India and China has led to the outsourcing of jobs to these countries where employment has been created. The emerging industrial countries like China, India and Brazil have been able to sustain their record growth because there is a ready market for their goods in the global economy. Even though multi-national countries have been rightly criticized for shipping jobs overseas from their home countries due to the increasing labor costs, the cost cutting measures plus increased profit margins has resulted in higher tax returns going back to the government. Whether the increase in tax revenue justifies rendering thousands of workers jobless is a moral dilemma every government grapples with. (Kennet 2008) Causes of Globalization Today’s world is commonly referred to as being in the digital age. The technological advancements have revolutionized the way we communicate and conduct business. The internet enables one to connect to almost every foreign market in the world. It has solved a communication barrier that used to exist in the world market 40 to 50 years ago. While the telephone and fax lines could fill this void, the advent of the internet enabled files and data to be moved more swiftly. Businessmen in Hong Kong or Tokyo can now connect to their database in New York just by using their cell phones. The internet drastically reduced the amount of time taken to conduct a transaction which enabled the various companies to expand their branches to almost every corner of the world without worrying about breakdown in management due to lack of communication The World Trade Organization is a body that was formed to encourage trading amongst its members by freeing up access to markets. The consensus was and has always been if a country could be allowed to trade its commodities in anothe
According to Mawoli and Babandako (2011), motivation is an intrinsic quality that increases workers’ momentum to perform well. Motivation is, therefore, a psychological aspect that directly affects the persistence of behavior and its direction. Empowerment, on the other hand, involves allowing workers to make independent decisions at the workplace. Such freedom prevents time wastage since it may take a prolonged time for managers in a bureaucratic setting to finalize an issue. Empowerment is one of the motivating factors for workers. Since it is in the interests of every manager for operations to run smoothly and efficiently, it would be fundamental for top management at Hillcrest to adopt strategies that empower and, thereby, motivate their workforce. High staff turnover is the main concern for any organization seeking to succeed in a competitive market. Although the costs are not directly visible, staff turnover causes an employer to incur substantial overheads in training new employees. In addition, poor perception and understanding of the cause of high turnover usually lead the employer to raise the wages of other employees. Such a response increases the labor costs. Reducing staff turnover helps retain a stable workforce. The operations of the organization run without interruptions, thus increasing efficiency (Devadass &Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2011). The main cause of staff turnover at Hillcrest Memorial Hospital is job autonomy dissatisfaction. The best approach to counteract the problem is training employees on multiple skills. With multiple skills, employees can be rotated in shifts to different areas of operation, thereby, acquiring experience at different environmental setups within the hospital. Similarly, additional training on areas of specialization boosts a worker’s confidence when making decisions. At the same time, managers should receive specialized training to dislodge their mentalities from traditional management. The training should be focused on enlightening the managers on benefits emerging from cordial relations with their juniors. Successful implementation of an empowerment and motivation program will principally depend on attitudinal change by the managers (Devadass &Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2011). A committee investigates a matter to propose mitigation measures. However, implementation is only possible upon endorsement of recommendations by the top management. Participation by the upper management is paramount in order to encourage the lower-ranking managers to accept change. The committee would require devising a strategy to manage the expected change. This would allow it to take care of resistance likely to be faced when extricating managers from their comfort zones. The committee could also trigger success by extensively analyzing the costs the hospital incurs as a result of employee exit, and demonstrating how the program would reduce them. The committee could further enlighten the management on empowerment and mot