ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary The article selected for this assignment is “Designing an Effective Organizational Employee Motivation System Based on ABCD Model for Hotel Establishments” by Çakır and Kozak (2017). This article provides insights into the application of motivation theories in an organization. In their work, the authors presented the course and findings of a research project that focused on the improvement of motivation for the employees of a hotel. As specified by Çakır and Kozak (2017), since in most organizations, workers have to interact with customers directly, the levels of their motivation are critical as they comprise a part of customer experience. Further, the authors move on to searching for the most appropriate and effective ways to increase employees’ motivation in the workplace. For that, they overview a number of different motivation theories such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the frameworks created by Herzberg, McClelland, Alderfer, Adams, and Lock and Latham. Having taken into account all of the aforementioned theories, the authors express the decision to use a more recent approach known as the ABCD framework that was introduced in 2002 (Çakır & Kozak, 2017). This model became the preferred alternative because of its recent and contemporary design that was found to be more appropriate as a practical framework for an organizational motivation strategy than older theories. The ABCD model includes four main elements that present the vision of motivation that underlies the framework. These elements are the drive to acquire (valuable resources and experiences), bond (form social attachments), comprehend (or make sense of one’s environment), and defend (oneself from threats) (Çakır & Kozak, 2017). That way, the vision of the factors that stimulate and motivate employees is based on the level of satisfaction of the four needs mentioned previously. For the purposes of research, a sample of employees of two large hotels in Istanbul and Antalya, Turkey was selected using the convenience sampling method. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect quantitative data. The ultimate purpose of this project was to test the applicability of the ABCD model as an instrument helping to explain the levels of motivation in the selected organizations. Moreover, with the help of this model, researchers were able to carry out a thorough evaluation of the motivation tools and strategies used by the hotels based on the employees’ responses. In addition, Çakır and Kozak (2017), could assess the usefulness and efficiency of all the identified tools and notice the strengths and weaknesses of the motivation strategies and approaches in the organizations under review. As a result, the researchers made a conclusion that the ABCD model is an effective tool that could help managers assess their motivation approaches and find which areas of organizational motivation require more attention. Review Reviewing the article summarized in the previous section, it
Introduction In the modern business world, mergers are the moats popular method of a strategic partnership which helps to remain competitive and innovate. Two companies selected for a merger are Nokia and Canon. It is supposed that mergers between these giant manufacturers will benefit both of them and allows them to compete on a global scale and sustain a strong brand image. No other industry segment is more volatile and turbulent than the industry (Angwin, 2007). Emphasis must be placed on selecting appropriate business sectors and ensuring that they are viable market segments for the firm to pursue. Historical trends, current expertise, and interest are all key elements in selecting an appropriate business sector. It is not enough to simply enter a new market because it is popular or has been in the news lately. Market studies must be made, the business sector defined, and the firm’s role within that sector established before any attempts are made to enter it. Because the field is characterized by rapid change and innovation, the firm that does not keep pace with this change is destined to fail. With short product lifecycles, difficulties in protecting products from pirating, and long development periods, the market is a difficult market to penetrate and become a leader in. Both Nokia and Canon are market leaders in their industries thus influenced by fierce competition and economic changes in global markets. Nokia is a multinational communication corporation established in 1965 in Finland. In 2007, its revenue was €51.058 million and operating income was €7.985 million ( Nokia Home Page 2008). Similar to Nokia, Canon is a Japanese multinational corporation founded in 1937. Its revenue was 4,156,759 million yens in 2006. Canon employs 127,338 people while Nokia employs 112,262 people worldwide ( Canon home Page 2008). These companies were selected for a merger because both of them have similar size and revenue, and can be equal partners in business. Both of them rely on innovative technologies and solutions, change processes, and effective performance. Description Part A merger can be considered to be a mutual agreement of sorts between two firms to join together to become one company. For instance, one merging firm does not take on huge amounts of debt either to fend off or to purchase the other. Mergers are seldom hostile in nature. Therefore, negative factors inherent in hostile takeovers are absent (Angwin, 2007). The possibility of massive sell-offs is usually not an issue. In addition, the organization’s employees are more inclined to accept and support the merger than oppose it. There are other factors common to the merger, acquisition, and alliance activities that must be considered, such as power struggles between the firms, a clash of corporate cultures, organizational and reorganizational issues, the effects of a new corporate direction, and entry into new o
Fitness in most professional jobs is an individual duty to assess his or her well-being in undertaking such professions. It is a legal requirement to undergo thorough medical checkups before qualifying for professions like aviation and other related jobs. Most of the accidents caused by aircrafts are related to human factors of physical and psychological fitness. With the advancement in technology, aircrafts have become more reliable and efficient, thus reducing the number of accidents that occur due to mechanical breakdown. The greater percentage of aircraft accidents is thus caused by human factors and account to more than eighty percent of the total accidents caused by the aircrafts (Lowry, 1999, p. 102). The success of a flight is dependent on human fitness to execute a safe flight. This term paper discusses the factors that affect fitness and performance in aviation such as physical exercise, health, stress, workloads, shift work, pressure to meet deadlines and use of drugs. The physical fitness and vigorous health of aviation workers are critical aspects in their performance, in aviation, because of the nature of some of their jobs that may be physically demanding. Besides, aviation activities are carried out in a wide range of physical environments that involve substantial change in temperatures, air composition, humidity and other weather related factors. The ability of the aviation workers to carry some of their tasks may be hindered by poor eyesight, poor hearing, physical injuries, and other physical related factors (Stolzer, Harlford, & Goglia, 2008, p. 58). It is a duty for the individual workers to assess their physical and health fitness in carrying out the aviation duties. Secondly, physical fitness of an individual affects the sensory system of orientation. Good eyesight is critical in making judgments on safe flight. The human eye is adapted to see during the day light using rods in the eyes and at night using the cones. The rods take time to adjust to bright light during the night when it is introduced shortly. Physical fitness through exercising the body and eating a well balanced diet that is rich in vitamins is vital in maintaining proper eyesight. Vitamin A specifically is used to prevent night blindness disease that is caused by lack of enough vitamin A in the diet. Night blindness causes blurred vision that affects the performance in aviation because of accidents that result from poor judgment of the eyesight. Deprivation of oxygen caused by flights at high altitudes leads to poor eyesight and poor performance in aviation thus alternative source for oxygen should be provided. Age is another factor that leads to reduced performance due to blurred vision and other age related disorders (Bibel, 2007, p. 42). In addition, poor health habits that lead to unfitness such as smoking and taking alcohol affect the power of vision thus leading to poor performance in aviation. The sense of hearing is also vital in for superior performance in aviation. The inner ear helps to maintain motion hearing that creates the vestibular orientation during a flight.
To evaluate how different organizations develop good business senses, three organizations of the same industry are chosen: McDonalds, Taco Bell, and Wendy’s. These three fast-food restaurants have different characteristics, however, all of them have the same business principles, almost the same products, and professional purposes. Operating systems of the chosen companies are properly developed so that their customers are able to get necessary help, services, and production in time. Among the variety of proofs that may be chosen to define the quality of services provided, customers’ desire to visit these restaurants and their hope to get the best services and food turn out to be the most powerful. The work of employees are organized in almost the same way, however, OMM costs and operations differ considerably. In this paper, OMM costs of McDonalds, Taco Bell, and Wendy’s will be evaluated to define what kind of method is the most powerful and what the reasons of their competitive power are. McDonalds is one of the most popular and largest organizations in the whole world; its main purpose is to provide its customers with proper quality services and fast food. The chosen philosophy to make good and provide responsible business make this company recognizable and supported by many other organizations ( McDonalds , 2010). Employees have to present clean food under clean conditions for people who want to get such services. Taco Bell is the second organization under analysis that aims at distribution of such food like burritos, nachos, and tacos. The representatives of this o
The criminal process begins when an individual breaks a law and proceeds through the stages of arrest, indictment, trial, and appeal (IIP, 2004). Arrest: The arrest is the initial contact between the state and the accused. According to the U.S. legal system, there can be two basic types of arrests – those with a warrant and those without. It is interesting to note that 95% of all arrests are made without a warrant, in which officers independently make the decision to arrest (McInnis, 2001). However, in such cases, due process requires that the standard for arrest must be ‘probable cause’ that the accused did commit the crime. Appearance before a magistrate: After a suspect is arrested for a crime, he or she is booked at the police station; that is, the facts surrounding the arrest are recorded and the accused may be fingerprinted and photographed. Next, the accused appears before a lower-level judicial official whose title may be judge, magistrate, or commissioner. Such an appearance is supposed to occur “without unnecessary delay”. According to a Supreme court ruling in 1991 initial appearance should take place within 48 hours of arrest (McInnis, 2001). It is important the accused is well informed of the charges against him, his constitutional rights, and guarantees. During the initial appearance, the magistrate determines whether or not the accused can be released on bail and what amount the bail is to be. Bail may be totally denied in some cases. An alternative to bail is to release the defendant on recognizance which is basically a pledge by the defendant to return to court on the appointed date for trial. The magistrate decides whether the accused requires a preliminary hearing and if yes, the matter is adjourned by the prosecution (IIP, 2001). The Grand Jury or The Preliminary Hearing: Every accused person is guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to have his or her case considered by a grand jury. Some states employ a preliminary hearing or an examining trial. Whatever the method, the main objective at this stage is to determine whether there is probable cause f
Introduction Organizational activity in various business structures, as a rule, requires a responsible approach from the management and control of all operations, including work with the staff. However, in some cases, stagnation occurs, which affects the outcomes of work negatively. On the example of the staff’s activities at the Junction Hotel reception area, it is possible to consider the relevance of making appropriate organizational decisions. Here, despite the order and courtesy of the personnel, challenges arise with the distribution of duties and the lack of time. As a key principle applied to changes in working patterns, rationalization will be used and analyzed from the standpoint of its effectiveness in specific conditions. Rational work design may be an effective practice if implemented reasonably, and as the subject, the Junction Hotel reception area will be considered, its peculiarities and the ways of achieving high productivity. The current principles of ensuring working conditions for employees of the organization are not based on rationalism. Moreover, as the capabilities of the considered brand increase, there is a need for a clear control. Therefore, it is essential to concentrate on how to help the management of the Junction Hotel and, in particular, its staff at the reception area. As a rational organization design, bureaucracy will be introduced, which, according to Ang (2017), is the Weberian model of optimal public administration. The specific design will be considered from the standpoint of such types of control as Taylorism and Fordism, and as Previtali and Fagiani (2015) remark, these concepts have formed a serious background as respected management principles. Different perspectives exist in addition to rationalism, but this method may contribute to adjusting the performance of the Junction Hotel reception area due to its well-balanced control system and the separation of duties policy. Main Features of Early Rational Work Design Managing a large-scale organization with an expanded staff is a responsible task, and the search for an optimal control strategy is the aspect of leadership practice that has been considered by different scholars and sociologists for years. An essential role in the development of the modern principles of a rational approach to the organization of labor was played by the strategies that have been used since the Industrial Revolution. Among these practices, Fordism, Taylorism, and Gilbreths deserve the greatest attention. Each concept has its unique features of rational work design. The early prerequisites of bureaucracy as one of the best management practices in a larg
Introduction The case study analysis focuses on culture change issues associated with the Laser Electric Inc Company. Laser Electric Inc (LEI) Company is an upcoming yet very competitive company that specializes in construction activities in the electricity industry and also offers energy solutions. Corporate or company culture has a lot of impact on the performance of a business organization. The bottom line of the corporate culture is evidenced in the overall outlook of business processes. Company culture forms the core of a business process. Corporate culture highly determines the quality and cost effectiveness of a business enterprise. With reference to the agricultural sector, the planting process can serve to explain the manner in which corporate culture promotes the success of a business organization ( Schmidt & Jackson, 2010). Corporate culture Brandon Berumen and Lenee Koch, the founders of LEI Company which is an electrical construction company in the city of Denver outline the significance of corporate cu
Executive Summary The current paper aims at analyzing the chapter “Where Have All the Criminals Gone?” from the book Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything, written by Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner in 2005. The chapter tells about the reasons for American crime drop in the 1990s and describes the essence of the abortion-crime link. The evaluation of Levitt and Dubner’s thinking process is based on the Wolcott’s “Steps for Better Thinking” model that consists of the four main stages: framing a problem, using relevant information, evaluating alternatives, and drawing conclusions. Each stage has its own peculiarities and answers a number of questions that help to comprehend the worth of the chapter. Framing the Problem “Where Have All the Criminals Gone?” begins with a description of the story that comes from Romania of the 1960s. Its dictator, Nicolae Ceauşescu, proclaimed abortion as an illegal action and defined a fetus as a social property that could not be killed and destroyed (Levitt and Dubner 117). In several pages, the authors start talking about the reasons why the level of American crime has been decreased considerably in the 1990s. They introduce a list of factors that may influence the crime rates and inform about the possible connection between abortion and crime. In fact, the authors succeed in identifying a problem in the title of the chapter. They want to know how it happens that the level of crimes has been decreased within a short period of time and whether this kind of decline may last for a long period. At first, the authors identify the problem of the crime decline in a larger context mentioning that all predictions about possible crime increase were wrong. In the middle of the chapter, the authors frame the crime decline problem in certain terms of abortion legalization and a number of other factors that define the quality of crime, its prevention, and possible punishment. According to the authors, American crime decline may be considered as an open-ended problem as it assumes many correct explanations at the same time. The reader comprehends that the crime decline may be explained by a number of innovative policing strategies or an increased number of police, the introduction of tougher gun control laws or the changes in drug markets, increased reliance on prisons or capital punishment, strong economy or aging of the population (Levitt and Dubner 120). However, it is evident that the reader wants to know more about the idea of how abortion legalization may influence the decline of crime. Using Relevant Information Levitt and Dubner develop a powerful chapter discussing the peculiarities of the crime decline in the United States of America in the 1990s. They use a number of specifics like the story of the Romanian dictator, Nicolae Ceauşescu, and his practice of abortion illegalization or the experience of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and Commissioner William Bratton to in
Introduction Private property and property rights provide individuals with access to land or resources, which is the basis of modern economic and legal systems. Both Marx and Rousseau are well-known for their philosophic views on society and the development of human history. By examining Marx’s Manuscript and Communist Manifesto preface and Rousseau’s Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, one may explore the question of private ownership from the perspective of historical materialism and amour propre. Marx In his view of private property, Marx relies on historical materialism as an approach that can explain the development of humanity. The material aspect is the center of attention in this theory because Marx believes that material conditions determine the essential element of life both for individuals and for society as a whole. In the preface to Manuscript and Communist Manifesto , Marx critically examines Hegelian’s law philosophy, stating that “either legal relations nor political forms could be comprehended whether by themselves or on the basis of a so-called general development of the human mind, but that on the contrary they originate in the material conditions of life” (12). Thus stating that the origins of modern laws should be studied in accordance with developments that people create. The view of historical materialism summarizes Marx’s opinion on private property. The philosophic term offers a different perspective on the origins of society because Marx argues that an individual’s consciousness does not define his or her decisions. He refers to “social existence,” a person’s economic status, stating that it determines the consciousness of an individual (Marx 15). Rather, the aspect depends on materialistic components and economic conditions of the general society. It is because people have to engage in actions such as studying or working, regardless of their wishes. According to Marx, “men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will” (12). History develops in accordance with these relations; thus, people’s beliefs regarding society or economics are determined by forces that individuals have no control over. Therefore, according to Marx the source of private property is connected to the nature of society’s evolution. It is due to the fact that an author’s opinion technology and production capacity together with social determinants of manufacturing determine the structure of society and the course of its development. Human collectively develops and produce products that are necessary for survival. In the current society and its political course, property rights provide certain individuals with legal power over a particular land, product, or manufacturing facilit