ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Supreme Court is a very important organ of the judiciary in the United States and other countries around the world. The Supreme Court plays a critical role in the interpretation of state laws and serves as the final court where appeals are determined. Apart from interpreting all the congressional enactments, the Supreme Court plays a significant role in the policy making process. The Supreme Court ensures that all policies and state statutes are formulated in accordance to the constitution. All federal statutes must be interpreted and expounded by the Supreme Court to ensure that they do not violate the constitution. The rulings and decisions made by the Supreme Court are final and this demonstrates the high power that the court wields. The legislature and the executive arms of government are normally put in check by the Supreme Court by ensuring that they conform to the United States constitution. The Congress and the president of the United States play a critical role in governance and policy making and can end up violating the constitution voluntarily or through misinterpretation. The Supreme Court has the power to dismiss the decisions made by other courts as long as it remains within its mandate. The policy making process is a very elaborate process that requires checks and balances. All policies should conform to the U.S constitution and anything contrary to that is a violation of the constitution. The Supreme Court has the power to oversee policy formulation and implementation to ensure compliance with the constitution. Policy making is normally associated with political disputes and the Supreme Court comes in to solve the disputes through constitutional interpretation. The Supreme Court adopts other powers to ensure that it does not interfere with other arms of government. The Congress formulates policies which are supposed to be enforced by the president. The Supreme Court only comes in when polices conflict with the constitution. The Supreme Court can request the Congress to make some amendments to a policy to ensure that it complies with constitutional requirements. The Supreme Court therefore plays an oversight role in the policy making process. Constitutional interpretation is the fundamental role of the Supreme Court even if other stakeholders may have reservations. The Supreme Court applies the law in the resolution of various disputes and this is what determines national policies. The fact that the Supreme Court decisions and constitutional interpretations are final means there is no way the country can end up having unconstitutional policies. Judicial review can only be conducted by the Supreme Court depending on the cases brought before it. All the laws and policies formulated by federal governments must be reviewed by the Supreme Court. Policy disputes between states are very common in the U.S and the Supreme Court
Introduction In 2006 Jean-Pierre Gauthier, a talented Canadian artist who won numerous prestigious art awards, created one of the most significant artworks of the beginning of the 21 st century (Jean-Pierre Gauthier 2008). He also won one of the most significant art awards, Sobey Art Award (Juliusson 2004). He called his work Battements et Papillons ( Beats and Butterflies ). This installation is a great illustration of digital art since it is created with the help of technology and at the same time bears prominent artistic value. It inspires and evokes ideas about some personal things. Every viewer perceives this work of art in his/her own way (Jean-Pierre Art Gallery of Nova Scotia 2009). Beats and Butterflies is not just another installation which includes some musical instrument creating some sort of noise. Gauthier’s art work represents a divine device which creates beautiful melody with no human interference. In one of his interviews the artist stated: “The motion, the sound, all the dimensions and the references too – I try to bring them to another level” (Landry 2009). He manages to do so. His unique to reveal new facets of motion and sound make his installation Beats and Butterflies one of the most explicit manifestations of liberation aesthetics. The artists does not resort to conventional rules of form, he rather tries to reveal his own emotions, what he feels “from the work” (Landry 2009). Gauthier’s installation Beats and Butterflies is liberated from any conventions and laws. There is only one person to dictate his will in his art work – Jean-Pierre Gauthier himself. The installation also illustrates the four principles of the art of Enlightenment which make the work that important and valuable. The principle of autonomy is explicitly revealed in the work The artwork, Beats and Butterflies , is unique representative of kinetic art. Gauthier is regarded as not only an artist, but as “inventor and musician” as well (Jean-Pierre Gauthier: Machines at Play 2009). He does not follow some fashionable trends or conventional rules. Gauthier’s installation Beats and Butterflies differs from the rest of artworks. The artist is absolutely autonomous. The installation reveals individuality of the talented kinetic artist who controls motion and sound. It is also important to point out that the artist utilizes “everyday instruments” and ordinary objects “creating a hazy environment from easy pieces” (Orlov 2003, 103). This is one of his peculiarities which made some people call him a “virtuoso of everyday reality, an artisan of contemporary art, an entomologist of sound” (Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal 2007). Gauthier’s uniqueness lies in his absolutely inexplicab
Introduction Congress adopts laws, makes declarations of war and acts as an overseer of the executive and judicial branch but its most significant annual duty is to craft the federal budget which determines how federal revenues will be allocated. Nearly $3 trillion, generated primarily from tax income, is portioned out to everything the federal government funds. A small list includes the national defense, space exploration, health care, farm subsidies, veterans’ affairs, FBI, CIA, HUD, FDA, EPA, on and on. If Congress spends more than is collected, the country incurs a debt and must borrow money from foreign countries, mainly China, to remain operational. At present, the national debt is $8.8 trillion and is increasing at nearly $2 billion per day (Hall, 2007). If Congress does not control its overspending through measures such as passing a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution and adhering to it, the country’s economic future is in deep peril. This discussion will provide an overview of the federal budget process and outline the disastrous consequences of continuing to be a debtor nation. Main body The President submits a proposed budget to Congress in early February for the coming fiscal year that runs from October 1 to September 30. The President’s budget request to Congress accomplishes two main objectives. First, it relays the President’s opinion of how much should be taken in via taxation and how much should be spent. Second, it prioritizes the President’s present and future federal funding desires. “The budget typically sketches out fiscal policy and budget priorities not only for the coming year but for the next five years or more” (Coven & Kogan, 2006). When Congress receives the President’s budget, it usually conducts hearings to discuss many of the requests before developing a budget resolution. This is the budgetary parameters that Congress will work within when making their determinations regarding taxes and spending. The budget resolution, drafted by both Senate and House Budget Committees includes both mandatory and discretionary spending goals. Following committee approval, the resolution is submitted for a vote and possible amendments by the entire membership of the Senate and House. Afterwards, a joint House-Senate committee is convened to resolve any disparities in the resolution of the two versions passed by each house of congress. The resulting joint report is sent back to both houses for a vote. Congress can choose to employ a procedure known as ‘reconciliation’ as described by the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. It was designed as a method of requiring congressional committees to cut spending or raise taxes so as to balance the federal budget. “While the reconciliation process was intended as a deficit-reduction mechanism, it has been used several times during the Bush Administration (in 2001, 2003, and 2006) to pass costly tax-cutting legislation as well” (Coven & Kogan, 2006). Although Congress, much the same as businesses and individuals, should be obliged to balance the federal books, the national debt continues to rise. If this tren
Introduction: Issue Ms. Julia Cumlaude sent a note to one of her professors, Prof. Minnie Wage, on the 10th of April. The note stated her willingness to work for this professor for the period of the 10th of June – the 15th of August. Ms. Cumlaude specified that she would like to be paid $20 per hour and asked Prof. Wage to reply by the 16th of April. In three days, on the 13th of April, Prof. Wage replied with a note that stated the professor’s dissatisfaction with the required wage and proposed $15 instead of $20. Julia received the note on the 14th of April. On the 16th of April, Prof. Wage gets to know from her colleague, Prof. Max E. Loudmouth, that he had outbid and hired Julia Cumlaude for $18 per hour. Mr. Loudmouth highlighted Ms. Cumlaude’s outstanding working skills. Prof. Wage, in her turn, decided to catch Ms. Cumlaude and offered her $20 per hour with a note stating that she would be away at a conference until the 12th of June. Prof. Wage proposed Ms. Cumlaude a job which could start after the 13th of June. The note was sent the same day, and the next day, on the 17th of April, Ms. Cumlaude received it. The issue here is whether Julia Cumlaude and Prof. Minnie Wage could and would have a contract. Rule National Labor Relations Act (1935) includes the worker’s right to choose a workplace. NLRA ensures that Julia Cumlaude did not have to opt for Prof. Minnie Wage’s first job offer. Analyzing There are two types of reasons for the contract between Julia Cumlaude and Prof. Minnie Wage not to happen: subjective and objective. Subjective reasons involve the fact that Prof. Minnie Wage offered Julia a job which would start after the 13th of June, and Ms. Cumlaude specifically stated that she would want to start working from the 10th of June. The matter was being discussed during April; thus, Prof. Minnie Wage could have figured how to provide the job for the required period. Second, Julia Cumlaude asked the professor to reply by the 16th of April, and she got the offer from Minnie Wage only on the 17th of April. Not having received the note from Prof. Wage by the 16th of April would mean to Julia that the discussion was closed. However, the main reason for the contract not to happen is the fact that Prof. Max E. Loudmouth had already hired Julia by the 16th of April. There are three elements of a contract: offer, consideration, and acceptance. Ms. Cumlaude specified the period during which the consideration phase was active. The final date was the 16th of April. By that day, she had been offered two jobs: at Prof. Minnie Wage with $15 per hour and Prof. Loudmouth with $18 per hour. Given the financial advantage of the latter, Julia opts for the Loudmouth’s job. Thus, job acceptance happened on the 16th of April, the last day of the consideration period. Being hired pr
Introduction Disruptive innovation is a theoretical concept commonly used to describe any startup that aims to revolutionize or change the existing competitive patterns in an industry. This conception is based on the postulation that an invention becomes distractive when it changes consumer demands or the enterprise’s status quo; it was popularized by Christensen’s theory regarding disruptive technologies (Kumaraswamy et al., 2018). The theory typically highlights how micro-entrants with minimal resources could successfully challenge or displace established incumbent organizations by creating products/services that appeal to niche consumers and are ignored by these businesses (Kumaraswamy et al., 2018). However, Christensen’s theory has been rejected by some scholars on theoretical and practicability grounds (King & Baatartogtokh, 2015). The speculation is characterized by cognitive failures and gaps in its constructs, which can be misleading to the general population. Despite its vacuity, inanity, and invalidity, the concept has been widely accepted in the business world. Many organizations and startups have adopted the notion that to be successful, they need to innovate in radical ways and pursue upheaval (Kim & Mauborgne, 2019). Unfortunately, this mindset is linked to exigent consequences, which cause more harm than good (Kim & Mauborgne, 2019). Disruptive technological advancements can destroy inherent products, existing markets and companies, and employment patterns, which negatively impacts a society’s economic growth. Self-Driving Vehicle Technology Automated vehicles are an example of disruptive innovations projected to be the future of transportation. Automatic automobiles are capable of driving themselves by sensing environmental impacts using built-in features such as motion sensors, blind-spot detectors, and enhanced cruise control. Findings of a survey by Bagloee et al. (2016) reveals these cars’ efficacy in reducing road congestion, traffic jams, air emissions, and improving safety and fuel efficiency. Furthermore, various states have already passed legislation and jurisdictions to allow these vehicles to operate on roads (Litman, 2017). With the enactment of these regulations, it is extrapolated that by the 2040s to 2060s, these automobiles will have significantly replaced human-driven cars on roads. While automated vehicles’ benefits are clear, it is uncertain how these cars will impact the future. There are competing claims on the prospective implications of self-driving automobiles, with proponents citing the benefits mentioned above and opponents adducing the adverse economic and societal effects such as unemployment and reduct
Executive summary Strategic Plan analysis of Volkswagen headquartered in Germany, a leading global car manufacturer. The analysis clearly reveals key factors that have gone on to determine the success of the company. From a small start-up to a multinational giant of today unfolds the saga of visionary leadership that brought transformation in the company profile. The strategy has ensured profitability for the company as well as consistently satisfied investors year after year. However, the company needs to focus on a strategy against competitors that are equally getting stronger due to consolidation in the industry. They might slice away the company’s market share and reduce profitability. Several other issues have been analyzed in this strategic plan analysis and conclude that the company is poised for greater growth and expansion (Grant, R. M. 1991). Introduction This is the analytical evaluation of the strategies of Volkswagen. The main purpose of this study is to highlight the company’s arrears of strengths and weaknesses as well opportunities and serious threats for the company. This paper has mainly focused on the related years of the case study. At first, the past strategies of the company have been indicated with special reference to the company’s motives and objectives. Then, the new strategies in response to the change in the environment of the auto industry, have been selected for the company to aid in achieving goals and objectives. Then QSPM (Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix) has been developed to indicate the SWOT matrix after the evaluation of EFE and IEF matrices, which has been discussed to indicate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the company’s strategies. In addition to indication and selection, all of these strategies have been given specific value to attract the attention of the company to the core and sensitive issues to convince the company for modifying strategies in their areas of weakness. Similarly, the functional, corporate, and competitive strategies have also been indicated in this part of the paper in which SWOT analysis has been drawn for the company to enhance the company for further growth. The basic purpose of this part of the paper is the strategic evaluation of the company in terms of the competitive advantages of the company in the context of SWOT analysis. In part 3 of this paper, the changes in the company and the whole industry have been defined to understand the profile of both. Then, a conclusion has been drawn at the end of the paper in which the comparison of all the strategies of the company has been made based on internal and external analysis. Past strategic choices of Volkswagen Group The company’s past strategic choices made include; Developing new state-of-the-art products, increased innovation, enhanced the R & D department, increased partnership, and acquisitions, improved marketing efficiency, and aggressiveness, and expanded to the international market. Volkswagen Group has implemented these strategies to help the company overcome the issues th
Introduction The importance of ideas of a leader is drawn from his personal life and his process of maturity. Ideas assume greater importance in case of politics. All societies possess a “political culture” that helps in shaping the attitude, beliefs, and values of an individual which construct their ideas regarding “political life or objects” that one possesses (Johnston, p. 11). Ideology refers to the political culture that is developed by different intellectual influences over an individual. Ideology is defined by Johnston as: An ideology is a more or less consistent set of beliefs about the nature of the society in which individuals live, and about the proper role of the state in establishing or maintaining that society (Johnston, p. 14). Given this definition, we see that there were many different ideologies that influenced Mao Tse-tung. Moreover, Chinese Renaissance, a movement similar to the Western concept of intellectual stimulus took place during the May fourth Movement of 1919 (Bianco and Bell). With his interest to read on varied subjects especially political philosophies, ideologies and history, Mao admitted of being influenced by many like Chung Kuang-yin, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao, Kang Yu-wei, Ch’en Tu-hsiu, Karl Marx, et al. (Snow). Even though he discarded many of the philosophies as his own political view became stronger, he still admits to have been influenced by the above mentioned intellectuals in developing his ideologies. Thus, we see that well known intellectuals shaped the Chinese leadership in order to form the Chinese politics and statehood as we see today. With strong Western influence and the intellectual influence the Chinese politics and society rejected the symbol of Chinese culture and history i.e. Confucianism, which reached a climax on May Fourth. In this paper, we discuss a few of the intellectual influences on Mao which shaped the political culture of China. For this purpose, we discuss Chung Kuang-yin, Ch’en Tu-hsiu, and Karl Marx. Chung Kuang-yin As a child in primary school, Mao enjoyed reading works other than the Chinese Classics (Snow). He read Sheng-shih Weiyen [Word of Warning] written by Chung Kuang-ying when in primary school. Chung promoted many ideologies related to democratic reforms of the imperialist monarchy in China, including parliamentary government and modern methods of education and communications. Snow accounts Chung’s “book had a wide influence when published in 1898, the year of the ill-fated Hundred Days Reform” (Snow, pp. 134-135). Chung was a comprador merchant from Canton. He was knowledgeable about the West and advocated in his book that the parliament was responsible for consolidating the relationship between the monarch and the common people and the decisions should be taken in a democratic manner with consent of many people: Accordingly, he [Chung] suggested that members of the lower house, the organ
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is claimed to be the greatest retail enterprise with enormous income and an extreme number of stakeholders. However, the company receives numerous complaints instead of being appreciated. It is believed to be involved in unethical behavior connected with “local laws on voluntary labor, working hours, employment practices, wages, freedom of association and collective bargaining, health and safety, dormitories and canteens, environment, conflict of interest, and bribery and corruption” (Sethi para. 12). It proves that it does not have a high level of corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility presupposes that a corporation is not only in the charge of making money but also of ethical interaction with the society, in which it exists, and its community. It is a complex notion that is claimed to be connected with:   * The economic responsibility (make a profit): the company has a total revenue of almost $422 billion in 2011, which is a great number. Still, low-wage manufacturing can be found in some branches.   * The legal responsibility (follow particular rules and regulations). According to the national labor laws, Wal-Mart is obliged to pay its employees on time. Still, there were more than five issues related to unpaid work. The penalties under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act are likely to be provided soon in order to improve the situation.   * The ethical responsibility (conduct right actions even though they are not required by the regulations stated by the law; it is connected to the corporate culture). Unethical actions such as bribery and refusal to support the workers’ initiatives are conducted. Except for that, when a fire raged at Wal-Mart, the managers blocked some of the staircases not to allow the workers to exit. The interest of workers tends to be ignored in order to fulfill the company’s needs. The company had an opportunity to provide financial help in order to improve safety but refused, as it would be costly.   * The philanthropic responsibility (make a contribution to the community without a particular necessity to do so but just because it will be appreciated by society). Officials are paid instead of helping society. The company undertakes these responsibilities in the order in which they are mentioned in this list because they are tightly connected to each other. It can be explained by the fact that there is no sense to consider legal issues for the organization that is not in charge of economic operations. The key areas that should also be discussed in this perspective include:   * Economic sustainability. The company should maintain financial solidity and create business plans that give an opportunity to perform stably. Still, it
Philosophy is an ancient study, for centuries it has involved the most powerful minds of humanity in the discussions of the most fundamental aspects and problems of human life such as existence, the meaning of life, nature of knowledge, morals and values, the relationship between good and evil, the appearance of ideas. Philosophy is a broad study and it is divided into several different areas, are metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, besides there are such fields as philosophy of religion, political philosophy and non-western philosophy. All of these branches are interconnected, the areas they explore are related to one another, the concepts they study are not isolated and not individual for each branch, they are present in many different areas. Metaphysics is considered to be the most fundamental of all of these branches. Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the questions of morals, values, proper or improper decisions and actions, right and wrong deeds. This study explores the nature of values people have and their origin, how humans came up with a system of values and why certain things are considered good or bad. The questions ethics raises are connected to the philosophy of religion, as religions are sets of beliefs and rules of moral behavior. Ethics explores whether these rules were brought to humans together with the appearance of religions or having morals has al