ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Chicano movement is a 1960s campaign extending from the Mexican-American civil liberties movement. This movement seeks to empower the Mexican American based on their rights. It addresses issues like political and voting rights, the rights of farmworkers, reinstallation of land grants, education, as well as discrimination, especiathe lly in private and public organizations. ‘Aztlan’, as employed by this movement denotes some Mexican lands usurped by the U.S following the Mexican-American conflicts. To attain its objectives, the movement has devised plans; the El Plan de Aztlan and to El Plan de Santa Barbara, both of which address the key strategies and ideologies. They also take into account how history and society were then interpreted and how this led to the movement. This paper checks into details the former plan, El Plan de Aztlan, showing how it tackles the issues above to hit its target of nationalism, which surpasses all religious, economic, as well as political cliques. The ‘strategy’ of the Chicano movement is no more than a technical plan employed by the Chicano people to help them boost unity and economy among its people, strengthen their culture, improve the quality of institutional service, just to mention a few. The El Plan de Aztlan, acquired in 1969, addressed for the first time the issue of the Chicano people, showing how their autonomist awareness was rising. It showed how they ought to manage their society owing to the impression of their land, Aztlan, grabbed by the U.S people. Also, the plan highlighted the concept of self determination as to the only way to recover this land and that this goal required a political party based on nationalism as the only means that could bring down oppression, racism, and exploitation. With nationalism, the Chicano people can realize their goals; unity, education, economy, self-defense, among others. The El Plan de Aztlan represents the key strategies towards these goals, publication of the plan being one of them. To declare a movement, the ‘El Plan Espiritual de Aztlan’ seeks to create people consciousness of the establishment of the plan as well as the reason behind the plan about the Chicano society. This strategy is in such a way that once the people are aware of it, they can join their hands into restoring what has been there for them, but which has got lost in the hands of foreigners. For instance, Aztlan, the land of their forefathers, their riches, as well as their culture, are good illustrations of what has gone through foreign exploitation. To make this effective, the plan is distributed to as many people as possible. It is made available to schools, churches, institutions, meetings, among other places where people are available, only to make them realize that Aztlan is no more than a nation, free of any kind of foreign oppression. As a way of improving its significance, the plan constitutes a sensitization walk by all the Chicano people, come Mexico
Today, the Internet crimes can be discussed as the significant part of the users’ everyday reality because the improvement of technologies is closely associated with the development of new crimes in the cyberspace. In his book The dotCrime Manifesto: How to Stop Internet Crime, Phillip Hallam-Baker discusses the controversial question of the Internet crimes with references to the ways proposed to overcome the problem and create the secure Internet environment. Statement of the Book’s Purpose While discussing the evolution of the cyberspace and providing the techniques to protect users from the Internet crimes, Hallam-Baker focuses his attention on the idea that the Internet should be strengthened with references to the notions of security, accountability, and privacy; and this approach is presented as more effective in comparison with the possible reconstruction of all the Internet security principles. Thus, Hallam-Baker discusses the development of the Internet security principles and mechanisms, provides the background for understanding the current tendencies associated with the Internet crime, and presents the comprehensive action plan on improving the Internet infrastructure (Hallam-Baker xxii). As a result, the book aims to provide methods to improve the Internet security with the focus on the existing principles and measures. Overview of the Book’s Content Hallam-Baker’s book can be discussed as the collection of the detailed guidelines on how to cope with the problem of Internet crimes while providing the guidelines with the strong background related to the Internet crimes’ development (Kessler 71). The book is divided into 19 chapters which are organized into four sections according to the subjects discussed in the chapters. The first section titled “People Not Bits” combines five chapters on the subjects of the crimes’ motives and the idea of accountability. Hallam-Baker introduces many basic ideas associated with the Internet crimes in this section and states that the main motive for crimes is money. Discussing such basic notions as architecture, strategy, and design, the author states that to overcome crimes, it is necessary to reintroduce the idea of accountability in the cyberspace (Hallam-Baker 117). The second section “Stopping the Cycle” includes four chapters which are oriented to discussing the measures to stop such crimes as phishing, botnets, and spam. Hallam-Baker is rather consistent in relation to presenting the techniques which can help users cope with phishing, botnets, and spam because these crimes are the most popular in the cyberspace (Hallam-Baker 198). The third section “Tools of the Trade” includes two chapters on cryptography and ways to establish trust. In these chapters, Hallam-Baker accentuates the necessity of using cryptography to resolve the problem of the Internet crimes and pays attention to the notion of trust in the context of the cyberspace with references to the ideas of identity and digital certificates (Hallam-Baker 226). The fourth section of the book is titl
Organized crime is one of the forms of offenses that groups of people conduct. It involves wrongdoings as bribery, theft, violence, kidnapping, fraud, and murder. Organized crime groups have their hierarchy, and it is essential to have a leader within the group. This leader acts as a headliner and guides the group on crimes they must jointly commit (Lampe, 2016). People who obey the leader should report all the organization’s actions. Moreover, ethnicity is an essential factor that plays a significant role in shaping organized crime groups. People of similar nationality and race are more likely to trust someone from the same ethnicity and mistrust others (Lampe, 2016). It is also essential to denote differences in organized crimes. Transnational organized crime is another type of offense where illegal groups act irrespective of geographical location. Compared to domestic crime organizations, transnational crimes are not limited to the boundaries of a single country (Lampe, 2016). In addition, the character of crimes also differs; transnational offenders are interested in economic gains and commit crimes connected with monetary benefits. Still, there are leaders and subordinates in international crimes, and it is similar to all organized crime groupings. Mr. Big’s activity is related to organized crime due to several factors. He has an organized group that includes Mr. Muscle, Mr. Accountant, and Mrs. Mayor, who are aware of illegal actions and facilitate the continuation of offenses. The hierarchy, where Mr. Big is a headliner, is seen in the interaction of this group. Moreover, Mr. Big commits financial machinations and has illegal incomes through robbing governmental money reserves. Therefore, the activity of Mr. Big and his group is offensive and unlawful. Facts When union members refuse to make cash payments or pay exorbitant dues, Mr. Muscle or one of his associates pays them a home call. They are complemented and told of the tragedy that would ensue “if anything happened to them.” In the absence of money, arson and violence will erupt. When dissatisfied union members contact law enforcement with information about the crimes, the organization is immediately alerted, and Mr. Muscle’s squad is summoned. The difficulties, as well as the witnesses, vanish. This action answers the challenges at hand and acts as a deterrence to similar unsatisfied members in the future. Rival sanitation and transportation unions have attempted to force elections on occasion to gain a footing in the representation of various groups of municipal employees. Mysterious “accidents” have often befallen the union leaders of these organizations. Additionally, Mr. Accountant established a financial investment business to manage the funds embezzled from the union Pension and Welfare fund. Mr. Accountant generates fictitious account statements in the corporation’s name, falsely indicating that the funds used to fuel criminal activities are actively invested in stocks and bonds. Mrs. Mayor is responsible for establishing local labor and union
The research study was carried out with the aim of determining the popularity of two new products. There are two prototype candies that Ferrara pan Candy Company has developed. One of the products is Cinnamon, and the other is the fruit-flavored chew. Unless market research is carried out, it may not be possible to know how the new products will perform. The main objective of the research study is to determine how new products compare with immediate competitors. The research study also aims at investigating the impact of potential retail purchase, packaging, sensory dimensions, and taste of the new products. The data collected met the objectives of the research study. To begin with, the empirical study managed to gather relevant data from tees and pre-teens regarding their overall taste and preferences of the new candy products in the market. Second, the research findings underscored the relative preference of the two new products against immediate competitors. It is prudent to mention that it was not just necessary to assess how the two products would compare themselves. It was equally prudent to understand how the new products would perform against other competitors. For example, 50 % of the participants indicated that they were ready to buy Lemonheads and Friends. Another vital data obtained from the research study indicated that the packaging style of Lemonheads and Friends impressed most of the respondents. 44 % of the participants liked the packaging of Lemonheads and Friends, while the packaging of the competing brands (Ike and Mike) was liked by only 13 percent of the participants. On the same note, Atomic Fireballs was liked by 59 % of the participants who demonstrated the intention to purchase the product. The packaging style of Atomic Fireballs was liked by 75 percent of the participants. From the above information, it is clear that the data collected met the objectives of the quantitative research study. The research study has been generally designed well. For instance, a screener has been used to filter the most appropriate participants in the research study. This part of the research sets the best ground for interviewing only the targeted individuals — the study aimed at obtaining the views of pre-teens and teens. Therefore, individuals less than 12 years or more than 19 years could not take part in the research study. Second, both quantitative and experimental research designs have been employed in the study with the aim of obtaining the most valid data from the market. Face-to-face interviews, coupled with screening tests, add a lot of value to the entire research. Hence, proper screening questions have been employed in the study. However, empirical research could have an integrated correlational research study section in order to compare and contrast the validity of the data obtained. The objectives of the study were partially met by the quantitative approach. Quantitative knowledge is vital in this type of survey (Payne & Wansink, 2011). Although most of the findings could offer the required information from the market, the adopted approach failed to offer adequate raw data that could
Introduction A critical analysis of international legal instruments reveals that the laws do make reference to ‘minorities’. However, there is lack of a universally acceptable, legally binding definition of the term ‘minority’. The reason for this is that there are numerous minority groups that possibly exist and no proposed definition can accommodate all of them (Forsythe 2012). Moreover, many states provide a restrictive definition to prevent large swathes of their population from falling within the boundaries of the group. The innumerable and diverse groups claiming to be minorities also make it difficult to formulate a universally acceptable definition. Consequently, there are no firm guidelines informing the definition of the concept ‘minority’ in international law. However, considerable efforts have been made through different forums by international lawyers to provide guidelines as to factors to consider in defining the concept (Allen & Xanathaki 2011). One of the factors to consider in the definition of the minority concept is numerical inferiority. The numerical inferiority factor is determined in reference to the overall size of the states’ population. In addition, ‘non-dominant’ positions of the group are taken into consideration. Politically speaking, a minority situation is brought about by such a group. Another factor to consider is the nationality of the group. To qualify as member of a minority group, one has to be a citizen of the state they live in. As a result, the definition of the concept excludes refugees, foreigners, and immigrant workers (Hatvany 2006). A group may be considered as minority if it is distinguished from the rest of the population in the state they live in with regard to ethnicity, religion, or language. Collective will has also emerged as a factor to consider in the definition of minority. The will comes into play when a group maintains a sense of solidarity and has distinctive characteristics that emerge over a long period of time (Preece 2009). Minorities and International Law: Historical Overview Provisions of international law try to protect the rights and freedoms of persons. The same applies to the case of minorities as a group in the society. The Minority Treaties of the League of Nations Protection of minorities was a major concern d
Human security is an essential component in relation to understanding global vulnerabilities. It is a citizen-based outlook of security issues, which is extremely important for the stability of a country and the world at large. For two decades, arms of all sizes and capacities have caused human atrocities and abuse. On 2 nd April 2013, the United Nations agreed to adopt a global arms trade treaty to stop illegal arms trade across the globe (Williams & Viotti, 2012, p. 45). Human security is no longer a personal issue because of its recent complexities. Therefore, the state is responsible for conventional arms control and safeguarding human rights. Since 2004, Canadians have participated in federal elections thrice. Throughout this period, the minority system of the government has prevailed, but failed to address pertinent issues, prompting the desire for the former majority government system (Reveron & Mahoney-Norris, 2011, p. 75). This is partly the reason why many Canadians are reluctant to participate in federal elections leading to the current decline in voter turnout. Comparing the 1997 and 2008 elections, the voter turnout in the former was at 67%, while the latter was only 58%. Democracy dictates that citizens of a sovereign country, such as Canada, should participate in making important decisions that outline the rules and regulations of their country. Therefore, the decline in the voter turnout in federal elections in Canada has raised a red flag over the state of human security in the country. Both natural and legislative laws ascertain that human security is essential for the stability of a society. Various armaments are employed in carrying out murders, tormenting others, aggravating warfare, and committing human rights violations. There seems to be an endless supply of weapons to cause unlawful violence in Canada and across the world (Garcia, 2011, p. 87). Civil war is a common phenomenon throughout the history of civilization. Legalizing arms for personal use is a complex issue that continues to elicit mixed reactions among security policy-makers. Africa and the Middle East are home to millions of people who have been injured, raped, and forced to flee to refugee camps. The UNHCR barely manages to meet the basic needs of refugees spread across the globe (MacFarlane & Khong, 2006, p. 198). From the 1990s to date, countries have been urged by Amnesty International to stop the circulation of legal arms, which have the potential of causing human rights violations. Novel technology in weaponry, which is intended for the army and the law enforcement, has also significantly contributed to such violations. Although the global arms trade treaty was enacted, numerous nations are yet to enforce it. The main reason lies in the conflict of concerns between industry profits, national security, and human security. The majority of the parties involved in controlling the
Stock valuation refers to the processes involving the determination of the current monetary worth of a given company based on its projected future cash flow. This is done by comparing cash flow patterns associated with the company, by analyzing its book value, Market value and intrinsic value otherwise referred to as economic value. In Stock valuation, there are two categories of valuation models; absolute valuation model which reflects the intrinsic value of the stock and the relative valuation model which compares the company to other comparable companies. The comparison variations among the market value, intrinsic value and the book value enable one to determine whether the stock is overvalued or undervalued. Only after this can one decide on whether to purchase the stock or not. In this case, we seek to conduct a fundamental analysis of the Nissan Company with a focus on the possibility to purchase its stock (Johnson, 86). Nissan Motor Company was established in the year 1933 as the pioneer in automobiles with its headquarter is in Yokohama, Japan (Fahri and Johnson, 32). It was then called Jidosha Seizo Company Limited. It changed its name to Nissan a year later after the completion of the Yokohama Plant and thereafter transformed into an integrated factory for automobile manufacture, the first of its kind in Japan. The company has spread its subsidiaries worldwide over the past seven decades. Currently, it is the world’s second automobile producer after Toyota Company. It makes an annual production output of approximately 4.9 percent of the global automobile output. Fahri and Johnson explain “As an automotive firm, it deals with the design and manufacturing and of course sales of automotive products as well as related accessories, services and parts. With the global recession and the fall in Dollar value against the Japanese Yen in the 1990s, Nissan Company began to realize financial depression since their sales in the American Market drastically dropped (102). Nissan Motor Company Limited registered its stock in the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 1951; nonetheless, its stock has not been consistent in growth due to fluctuation in levels of profitability since its registration. The fall prompted the discontinuation of vehicle production in some of its subsidiaries such as the Zama and Murayama Plant. Investors’ confidence was reduced due to the fluctuation of its share prices. This study undertakes to determine its current Market position by comparing its value investment and growth investment perspectives, and the rationale of buying its stock. Different categories and styles are used do distinguish between the mode of investment of a particular stock. It is however, misleading to imagine that classification of any stock can be accurate and consistent. Miller and Larry defines Value investor as an investor who lays more emphasis on the price of a stock and gets attracted to the lower prices to establish the preferred stock. In essence, these investors are speculators, who rely
Introduction The issues in commercial aviation are unique to the industry, as the aircraft travels through the air and outside of the direct control of on-the-ground specialists. The current state of the industry, however, has a system of navigating the airspace and ensuring that every planes’ route is safe and efficient. Two of the response teams in this process are air traffic control (ATC) and airline operations. The former group of professionals manages the airspace and monitors the aircraft in a designated area, and the latter plans and solves problems during each flight. Together, ATC and airline operations teams are the key to people’s safety and operations control, and their communication is vital for delivering timely information. At the same time, any problems within this collaboration worsen performance and even endanger aircraft workers and passengers. Safe Operation of Flights As the number of flights has been continually increasing in the last two decades, the risk of accidents has also increased. According to the United Kingdom Government report, the UK did not have any fatal accidents in large and small commercial and business airplanes between 2013 and 2017 (HM Government, 2018). This compares well against the nine accidents in Europe and 20 accidents in the United States (HM Government, 2018, p. 133). Nevertheless, out of the problems that occur, about 70% of them are related to human error (HM Government, 2018). This prevalence raises the question of how the flights’ safety can be improved by changing the ways in which people responsible for the operations work. The safety of flights depends on a variety of departments. The proper state of the aircraft is the first aspect, although it does not directly relate to flight operation. Here, risks may include cabin safety, flight controls, and runway condition (Graham, 2018). Next, the airline and airport are responsible for planning that acknowledges the current environment, weather, chosen plane, destination, and other factors (Wensveen, 2016). This data is needed to create a route for each aircraft that minimizes the risk of accidents or breakages. Similar information is also gathered by ATC, which uses it to see the best courses for each aircraft in relation to the airspace and other planes in the same space (Budd and Ison, 2020). Thus, the flights’ operation starts hours before each aircraft takes off. Moreover, the collaboration between the mentioned above entities is vital for ensuring the safety of each. Air Traffic Control First introduced in London in 1920, ATC is a service that monitors the airspace to prevent accidents (collisions), share vital information with pilots and organize the airflow for all aircraft in the designated area. It is crucial to no