ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction “Terrorism means the use or threat of force or violence against people or property”. Bioterrorism means the use of biological substances for terrorist activities in order to bring harm to other people by causing illness or death; it is a combination of both terrorism and biological warfare. The biological agents which are used in the technology are typically found in nature, but their effects can be multiplied by increasing their ability to the product or disseminate disease, or to resist medical treatment. People have borne natural diseases ever since their existence and have also devised means to deal with many of them. Our bodies have a natural defense mechanism to protect us from illness and over time we have become immune to many diseases. Modes of Spreading Three elements are essential for a biological attack to take place: a susceptible target, a person or group with the capability to carry out the attack, and intent to implement such an attack. Bioterrorism can employ a number of various agents as its weapon and the threat comes from the spread of diseases through the air or through contamination of drinking water or food, in few cases, the spread may also take place from person to person. It is important for a lethal biological weapon to be severe and have a short incubation time in order to spread by air. It is also necessary that it be able to cause the disease by inhalation. It is also impractical to use a viral disease as a weapon, since it can only reproduce inside a body or a cell, besides it is also expensive, technically hard, and tiresome to produce it. On the other hand, it is easier to produce bacteria and therefore they are most dreaded but only specific bacteria have the ability to cause diseases after inhalation. Some of the most deadly diseases that have the potential to be used in bioterrorism include Anthrax and Plague. To spread disease through drinking water or food, it is vital to have an organism or a toxic compound that creates danger once it has been swallowed but the effects must be again severe and fast. An example of one such toxic substance is Boutolin. 1 When people are exposed to bioterrorism, a normal life may come to a stop as there is great uncertainty about the origin of the attack, and the number of deaths is estimated to be high, thus, a community has to go through enormous shock. Thus, bio-weapons bring only threats for thousands of casualties but also additional disastrous long-term consequences. Production and Dissemination of Bio-weapons The bacteria of a disease can be obtained easily and grown in a fermentor- it is also easy to build and operate one. With some difficulty, techniques may also be devised to manipulate these bacteria so as to make
The development of such a social class as bourgeoisie becomes the characteristic feature of the second part of the nineteenth century. In his work The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 , Eric Hobsbawm concentrates on depicting the particular features of the period, accentuating such important details as the bourgeois lifestyle and the progress of feminine liberation. According to Hobsbawm, the bourgeoisie can be discussed in relation to such notions as privacy, property, education, and sport as the determining components of the specific lifestyle, and the role of women in the society can be explored with references to their new role in the family and with paying attention to the development of female movements. The bourgeoisie as a social class includes the representatives of the upper middle class who gained their positions with increasing their properties. However, Hobsbawm states that not only the level of property but also the person’s education can be considered as a significant factor to discuss the person as bourgeois (Hobsbawm 172). From this point, basing on two factors, these “legally free and equal individuals” created the special bourgeois lifestyle which helped determine them as higher than workers, but put the line between the bourgeoisie and aristocracy (Hobsbawm 24). The representatives of the bourgeoisie were successful property owners who developed the principles of capitalism. The amount of wealth influenced the bourgeoisie’s everyday life and their interests. Thus, orienting to the economic success and the business’s development, some persons were also interested in art or philosophical thinking, the other ones paid attention to sport or science. Nevertheless, in spite of the property levels, the upper middle class representatives focused on their education and the education of their children as the necessary factor of the personal development. If the workers were provided with the opportunities to get the elementary education, the property owners tried to give their children the standard university education as the first step to the upper classes (Hobsbawm 149). Thus, representatives of the bourgeoisie are traditionally educated rich persons with the developed analytical abilities and such qualities as responsibility, competence, and reliability. The turn of the centuries is also characterized by the intensive development of the feminine liberation and associated movements. Hobsbawm accentuates the emergence of a new woman who is active and rather independent in her visions. The author discusses the figures of Rosa Luxemburg and Madame Curie as examples (Hobsbawm 192). The causes of feminine liberation are in the general emancipation developed in the society under the impact of increasing the role of education, changes in the economic sphere, and the freedom of move
Purpose The BBC Constructions is determined to ensure that it provides quality services in the real estate market. Its urge to construct houses is motivated by the high demand in the building and construction industry. BBC Construction has noticed that most constructing firms in the industry fail to provide quality services and products in the real estate market (Porter 1980, p. 104). Coupled with the high demand in various classes of markets such as high-end, middle and lower-end market, BBC Construction Company is determined to make substantial profits through provision of quality services and products to various clients. It will be involved in construction of both commercial and residential buildings. However, due to lack of enough funds that would be required to start developing executive properties in urban areas, BCC Construction would kick start its operations in rural regions (Kanniainen & Keuschnigg 2005, p. 68). Nevertheless, it would be expected to extent its operations in urban regions once it has attained enough capital in the near future. Market analysis and strategy BBC Construction understands that an extensive analysis is to be undertaken in order to come up with the best strategies that would enable the company excel in the building and construction industry (Ghemawat 1999, p. 93). This industry has five main competitors that have various weaknesses and strengths. An in-depth analysis had to be done regarding competition in the industry, which enabled BBC Construction to set its own procedures intended to earn it a large market share. Clear view Constructions is well established in the market. However, it is alleged that it has disputes with VCAT regarding its poor quality work. Maniatis and Company limited on the hand is proud of having an adequate experience in the industry considering that it was established in the year 1987. The long-term experience in the construction industry has enabled Maniatis and company to acquire adequate contacts at the local level (Wittner 2003, p. 43). Conversely, a number of analysts claim that the company lacks sufficient knowledge regarding the modern construction methods and management requirements (McGahan 2007, p. 36). With its establishment in the year 1987, Comdain Homes currently claims 40% of the market share. The company has also established extensive testimonials of satisfied clients, as well as adequate capital for display homes. However, the company only deals with highly priced houses. Most investors in both residential and commercial buildings prefer less executive houses due to limited capital. Although A & C Quality Constructions is the oldest company in the construction and building industry, the company only owns 10% of the share market. Analysts claim that even though the company has developed adequate local contacts, the firm still faces the problem of limited marketing exposure and testimonials (Hollingsworth 2000, p. 599). Amberstone Constructions is a novel company in this industry. The company claims 10% of the market share and has engineering background
The theory of behaviorism tries to explain how human behaviors are molded and the effects that the inborn and social environments have on once behavior; behavior can be defined as a systematic and observable manner of doing things without much of internal mental state consideration, a person’s behavior becomes his habit (Staddon & Cerutti, 2003). According to the theory; there are two main conditioning of human life depending with the situation the person is under, they are:   * Classical conditioning Under this condition it involves molding of human behavior through naturally occurring stimulus that Is pared to a certain response: with time the neutral stimulus is able to command some response. For example a person who has lived in a place that has war, may have experienced some attacks made by war planes; after the war is over, by hearing the sound of a passing plane, the persons mind has been conditioned to attach the sound with some attacks, he then becomes frightened.   * Operant conditioning Operant conditioning is a term used to refer to behavior modification that is attained trough a response-reward system. The major assumption (which happens to be true) is that human beings behavior can be conditioned through a reward system. The reward may be positive, which reinforces a positive behavior, may be negative which discourages a certain negative behavior. The underlying philosophy of the theory is that animals, human beings included, respond to stimuli. Thus if they can associate a specific stimulate with a certain behavior, and then they are likely to avoid or repeat the behavior in future. Rationale of why the topic was selected In social and political theory the trends and systems of human behavior is an important element that cannot be ignored, the way human being behave and what motivates them behave the way they do are important areas of intervention for social scientists. The topic of behaviorism becomes important as the policy makers seek to learn societal dynamics as well as how people behave and how the behavior can be molded for the benefit of the parties involved. In social movements, people’s behavior can be conditioned to give a certain impression or express their views in a particular manner; other than on public level, the topic is important to understand the behavior of others as well as behavior changes (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Why this topic is important in the study of psychology of criminal behavior Some psychologists have argued that criminology is a behavior learnt, reinforced and developed like any other behavior; with the study of behaviorism, policy makers and criminologists are able to understand why there exists a certain trend in the community, it is an important topic to understand crime and how it is developed as a behavior in people’s life. The idea of behaviorism is the approach taken by crime fighters and punishers of offenders; it assists them know the right intervention and the best punishments that can be given to offenders to deter them from committing crime. The thought of the suffering that is likely to come give result to a certain behavior that is mo
Innovation and design Strengths The company offers unique products that are not available for the competition. In the luxury industry, having unique product ensures that customers are able to associate with the brand. Thus, based on the anti-laws of marketing, unique products help to dominate the client. It is a good thing for Harry Winston to communicate to those that it is not targeting. A unique brand or design shows that the brand is not fearful or exploring unconventional ways. This drives its meaning to resemble more of an art than a consumer product and is a good thing for overall brand value. Branding Strengths Harry Winston is a strong brand name that evokes a luxury association because of the effective years of marketing the brand and appropriate production strategies in its management. The brand has not focused on group synergies. It has not sought to have consensus in the luxury industry. Being able to stand alone is a bold branding statement for the company. It aids in reputation building. Weakness The showcased products on the website not presented alongside a message to highlight their glamor and exclusivity that would be expected of a luxury brand that is supposed to appeal to hedonistic interests of buyers (Serdari, 2012). The brand appeal is mostly for people who are getting the ability to purchase luxury brands for the first time and do not know the choices available to them. However, for veteran consumers of luxury, Harry Winston fails to create sufficient yearning. Opportunity New owners of the company can work on differentiating its two businesses such that the extraction segment does not dilute the luxury brand. Luxury brands face different demand dynamics than conventional goods. The increase in their price leads mainly to an increase in their demand. However, the diamond extraction division of the company deals with a conventional industrial good whose price increase leads to relative slowdown in demand. Therefore, dissociation of the two is important to help the luxury segment of the business grow. Threats The approach to marketing is leading to the loss of brand personality for Harry Winston. Most of the luxury market in the developed world is mature, and any bad strategy leads to catastrophic results for a brand. A brand does not communicate by its price when its luxury, but in the manner that it interacts with values and feelings of customers. Corporate strategy Weakness It is difficult to tell a core product of the company, whether they are timepieces or necklaces and rings and so on. Everything is presented with the Harry Winston brand name, without actual differentiation with generic brand names. There is no major item currently attached to the Harry Winston brand. Opportunity
Employment: Australia is experiencing an influx of tourism from other nations, which is boosting its economy year after year though at a lower. As a result employment opportunities have been created for the locals in the hotels, on beaches and as tour guides. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2009), the period between 1997 and 98, tourism was at its highest peak whereby it created the highest number of job opportunities totaling to 551,000 and earned the country high levels of revenue. However, it has just decreased recently between the financial years 2009-2010 due to the volcanic eruptions that adversely affected parts of Europe. The inbound tourism travel is estimated to grow at an average rate of 1.9% per year compared to the 4.0% outbound what translates to more tourists preferring to visit other nations although creation of employment is experienced but it is at a lower rate what means most people are left unemployed (World Travel and Tourism Council 2010). This is a result of lack of some of the unique tourist attraction sites readily available in the country that leads even to the locals to travel abroad to enjoy leisure whereby it has been noted that the number of locals traveling outweigh that of foreign tourists visiting their country and this impacts negatively the local economy (Coalter 2001, Dwyer, Forsyth and Spurr, 2007). Inflation: With the decreased travels it directly reflects that the income is hampered with, and this was experienced by the depreciation of the dollar by US$0.86 by the year 2010 (Kulendran and Dwyer 2009). In a bid to regain the lost revenues, the air travel agencies in line with the government sought ways of increasing aircraft passenger seats in order to double the number of visitors flying in the country thus impacting positively on the economy. Also it lowered air flight fares to attract more people as much as little will be gained on the part of traveling more will be earned on tourist consumption and therefore curb the deficit incurred. The government will gain more revenue and in so doing stabilize its economy. (Dwyer & Forsyth 1996, Bureau of Tourism Research 1995). Inflation occurs in a number of ways common one being increased circulation of currency on the financial market and these affects both the supply and demand. To deal with this kind of inflation the central; bank is forced to increase the interest rates on loans so as to reduce the number of lenders and stabilize the financial market (Tribe, 2005, Van et al. 2007). Exchange Currency: Exchange rate varies with the demand and supply dynamics of the market so with decreased number of tourists it means the exchange of currency will be higher thus affecting the economy negatively. With the increased outbound of tourists the government can encourage more spending on leisure, and to aid the low currency exchange rates will see more of the leisure commodities being exported to foreign countries where the tourists are visiting thereby increasing the national gross domestic product. When the number of foreign tourists
Introduction Women’s breasts may not seem a rather essential part of their bodies. However, they indeed are because they let mothers feed their infants, and for many of them, these moments are unique and most valuable. Unfortunately, just like for any other body’s tissue, there are some dangerous conditions for breasts when special treatment and severe measures are required. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the anatomy of breasts and some common pathologies that may arise when a doctor is performing a mammogram. Breast Anatomy The breast is the special tissue that covers the pectoral (chest) muscles. It is made of fatty tissue and another particular tissue (glandular) that has the purpose of producing milk (“Picture of the breasts,” n.d.). Their size depends on the amount of fat, that is why if a woman loses weight, her breasts typically also become smaller. There are lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and blood vessels in the breast (“Picture of the breasts,” n.d.). Its milk-producing part is organized in about twenty sections – lobes, and each of them has lobules – smaller structures where milk is produced. In addition, there is a network of ducts that are tiny tubes through which milk travels. Breast Pathologies Arising while Performing a Mammogram Screening mammography is a unique tool used to look for unsuspected breast diseases when there are no evident symptoms. There are some malignant breast pathologies a mammogram can reveal, and most of them are at an early and potentially curable stage (“Picture of the breasts,” n.d.). Thus, screening mammography can see a breast lump before the client can feel it; micro-calcifications (tiny clusters of calcium); and specks or lumps caused by cysts, fatty cells, or cancer. In general, breast pathologies include:   * mastalgia – painful breasts   * breast lumps   * fibroadenomas – fibrous lump   * breast cysts   * benign fibrocystic disease   * nipple discharge   * mastitis – inflammation of the breast   * breast and nipple itchiness Some types of breast cancer include:   * Metastatic Breast Cancer   * Phyllodes Tumors of the Breast   * Paget’s Disease of the Nipple   * Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer   * Male Breast Cancer   * Lobular Carcinoma in Situ   * Inflammatory Breast Cancer   * Invasive Lobular Carcinoma   * IDC Type: Papillary Carcinoma of the Breast   * Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (“Types of breast cancer,” 2018).
Introduction Leadership involves organizing a group of people with a mission to achieve a common organizational goal. The leader shares a vision with the followers and strives to attain a better reality much to the expectations of his or her followers. A leader inspires and motivates followers towards achieving a shared dream; therefore, leadership is important in organizations in decision-making and implementation of organizational goals. Leadership styles involve traits of intelligence and personality, situational interaction between the leader and the need and the charisma to connect with the followers effectively. Many of the leadership models do not involve the leader collaborating and empowering the subjects. Servant leadership style takes into account the needs of the followers and collaborates with them to achieve the organizational goals. The servant leader serves first, followed by the aspiration to lead. A servant leader allows two-way communication with the followers, practices empathy, stewardship, and self-awareness. In addition to all these skills of effective leadership, good knowledge of the many cultures will foster improved relationships and promote development. Other new concepts like emotional and social intelligence are also vital in leadership as they promote social interactions between the leader and other people. Servant-Leadership According to Greenleaf, a servant leader serves first before becoming a leader. According to Montana and Charnov, “the skills and capacities of a servant leader are different from a leader-servant leadership where serving is not the priority but comes after establishment of leadership” (43). The servant leader listens to other people’s opinions and excogitates upon them before responding to any problem. By first listening to other people’s opinion, the leader servant makes appropriate decisions that are not biased. Effective servant leaders listen to other people and pay attention to their own inner voice. Servant leaders practice empathy to develop trust with others. By empathizing with others, a servant leader is able to understand and solve problems affecting his/her followers. The servant leader understands and accepts the other person and by that, he/she motivates them. A Servant leader persuades the followers to agree with his or her actions or beliefs while taking into account the well-being of others or the organization. Consensus building is another quality of a servant leader. The servant leader seeks the support of the followers in decision making through group discussions. The servant leader first listens to the different opinions that pertain to an issue before seeking a mutual agreement and then makes an acceptable decision on the issue. Foresight is a fundamental skill for an effective servant-leadership as it allows the leader to make judgment at appropriate time to avoid