ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction High demand and over exploitation of petroleum products have resulted to a decline of oil reservoirs in the last few decades. Nonetheless, various stakeholders are seeking alternative means in order to supplement such fading resources in order to ensure that sustainability is achieved. This case study seeks to establish alternative options in which oil demand can be met, while at the same time safeguarding resources for the future generations. However, it is almost impossible to meet the demand which would have been met by the natural oil production methods. These oil trends are deemed to deteriorate over the years of exploitation. As such, enhanced oil recovery oil methods helps to regenerate such resources so as to meet the energy demand across the globe. There are three major renowned EOR methods applied expansively across the globe. They include thermal, gas and chemical methods. However, there are several factors which must be put into consideration so as to ensure oil recovery in mature fields at minimal cost. Chemical and thermal oil recovery methods in sandstone formation are often used in mature oil fields across the globe. The world must meet its energy demand and ensure sustainability is achieved. This will ensure that the resources are safeguarded for future generation while at the same time meeting the world’s oil demand (Alali, Pishvaie and Jabbari 261). Thermal methods In this case, steam-flooding, cyclic steam injection as well as SAGD oil recovery techniques have been widely used in oil exploitation of heavy and extra heavy oil production in sandstone mature oil reservoirs. SAGD pilot projects have been established on various oil mature fields so as to expand its reliability. However, it is fundamental to note that this oil recovery technique best suits in sandstone formations. High pressure air injection is not an option especially when using thermal methods. In-situ projects are equally important in the oil production through thermal methods especially in heavy oil fields. Gas methods This technique is widely used for fragile, condensate and unstable oil reservoirs. However, nitrogen injection maybe induced under miscible conditions which tend to create a beneficial environment for vaporization when exposed to light. Previous studies indicate that the gas EOR is mainly based on gravity. This is an added advantage as it minimizes the overall cost of operation which would otherwise have been used to extract the oil from the reservoirs. Carbon flooding is also another fundamental technique applied in gas-based oil recovery methods especially in light sandstone oil reservoirs. The advantage of using gas-based oil recovery methods is that carbon can be drawn from both natural environment and industrial sources. However, this oil technique is not without challenges. This technique has attracted a heated debate due to the conflict of sustainability and global warming. Carbon dioxide is a major con
The participation of health care centers in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) has been beneficial in the reduction of morbidity and mortality. This has been achieved through the assessment of preoperative risk factors, postoperative occurrences, mortality reports, surgical site infections, and patient variable statistics. The authors note a significant reduction in SSIs with the compliance of medical institutions to SCIP measures. The increase in compliance was achieved through training sessions for both nurses and surgeons on proper timing and administration of antibiotics. During the study period, the authors note an increase in compliance with SCIP measures from 38% to 92% and a significant decrease in superficial SSI by 38%. As such, the authors suggest that proper administration of antibiotics, as well as proper placement of razors and clippers in the surgical theatres and emphasis on normal thermic, reduces SSIs. The incidences of venous thromboembolism (VTE), which comprises both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) events, have been on the increase in the United States, in the last few decades. The risk of VTE is higher for patients with a history of cancer, VTE, or various heart-related diseases, as well as respiratory failure, surgery, shock, increased age, and stillness. The authors also suggest that VTE rates are dependent on both the length of the postoperative period and the type of surgical procedure, such as orthopedic, abdominal, or cardiothoracic surgeries. The authors claim that cancer patients have a higher risk of VTE, though the type of treatment administered to a patient is more dependent on the type of surgical procedure performed than the risk of VTE. Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most common surgical complication with numerous implications to consumers, payers, and providers. As a result, the National Surgical Infection Prevention (SIP) project was established in 2004 to minimize SSIs, with particular emphasis on the use of prophylactic antibiotics. This body was later transformed to SCIP, which developed process measures based on evidence-based practice to support process measures proposed by the SIP project. The authors suggest that sustained efforts of health care providers enhance their compliance to multiple SCIP process measures in the effort to reduce SSIs, though the increase in compliance does not result in a significant decrease in SSI rates. The authors identify various challenges in the appropriate administration of prophylactic antibiotics before incision, redosing where necessary, and term
This paper focuses its analysis on the finance sector, specifical banks in England. The shares of these companies are traded at the London Stock Exchange. All the five London-based companies that are considered here include; Commerz Bank Ag, Diamond Trust Bank, BCB Holdings Limited, Commercial Intl Bank (Egypt) S.A.E, and Federal Bank. The financial sector has been chosen as the records indicate that operations in these companies have shown a very good performance. The paper has made a myriad of considerations to reach a decision to invest in these shares. Most of the stocks have a lot of value since the sector attracts a large number of investors and clients globally. The volume of the stocks is also high therefore so many shares can be traded. There is common knowledge that low volume stocks indicate low liquidity and therefore these shares were picked. The price-earnings ratio is also taken into consideration as it gives information on whether the stock is over or under-valued. Earnings per share/ cash flow per share are applied in breaking down the capital of the company whilea market cap will be considered to make it easy in the classification of the company as nano, micro, or mega caps. Stock volatility is always a vital concept to a serious investor and therefore could not be ignored. The dividends paid by these companies made it easier to know the liquidity of the companies. The financial goal of the investment was to get the companies with very good liquidity and high turnover. This paper has chosen a moderate kind of investment since it does not consider too risky stocks or stocks that are easily predicted. So, the investor is weighed between the two. (White 34) The Number of shares bought and their prices. Institution                         Price of the share- Euros  Total No. of Shares  Total cost                                                                                     Euros      COMMERZ Bank AG                     1.19                       4,002                4762.38    Diamond Trust Bank                  2.65                       1,000                2650       BCB Holdings Limited                18.50                      150                  2775       Commercial Intl Bank (Egypt) S.A.E  4.62                       1000                 4620       Federal Bank                        7.81                       191                  1491.71     20,000.00 USD = 16,299.77 EUR. (Stock Exchange 2012) Justification The major reason for investing is to focus on those investments with a very high liquidity. I also stated that the financial sector has had a fair trend which makes it a better choice for an investor with limited resources. Commerz Bank which tops the list trades at 1.19 meaning that the investor can buy a number of these shares. The shares of this kind can give quick returns in the short run given scarce resources. Diamond trust bank is similar to Commerz that has a very high turnover. The investor should spend an amount which can buy an almost a similar number
O Pioneers, by Willa Cather, is set about a decade to the 19 th century – 1880-1900. O Pioneers depicts the lives of the Bergsons – Joe and his wife, their daughter, Alexandra, and their sons, Lou, Oscar, and Emil, as they explore their lives and the vast Nebraskan land over a couple of decade s. The settlers into Nebraska, for instance, the Bergsons, mainly originated from European countries such as Sweden and Norway. The immigrants were farmers and ranchers whose aim was to obtain food for themselves and their families, as well as to rear animals in the farms for economic purposes. John Bergson’s struggle for survival as he endeavors to raise his family captures the life story of most of the early immigrants. He strives to establish himself economically in a tough and unforgiving environment: “In eleven years, John Bergson had made but little impression upon the land he had come to tame” (Cather 6). The early immigrants, as illustrated by the Bergson’s case, were in an invariant struggle for survival. Therefore, the immigrant experience was one of struggle and hardship in an effort to tame the wild Nebraskan land for their farming and habitation. The weather patterns were also a contributing factor in making the immigrants’ early experiences tough. John Bergson loses his entire flock in one winter as he tries to settle in Nebraska (Cather 6). Even after his death, his children have to contend with famines that make the life for the early immigrants almost unbearable. Sixteen years after John Bergson’s death, “…Came the hard times that brought everyone on the divide to the Brink of despair; three years of drought and failure…” (Cather 28). Therefore, the early immigrants were in a constant battle for survival against the vagaries of a harsh climate that usually dealt a heavy blow on their best-laid plans and actions. The experiences of the characters in the novel portray the endeavors of the early immigrants’ pursuit of the American dream. Primarily, the immigrants left their native countries to seek a better life (Veracini 110). The instinct to forgo the comforts, which a home country offers by default and then sail across the oceans to a then wild and untamed America, was indicative of the immigrants’ spirit of adventure and the search for a better life. At the time when O Pioneers is set (1890-1900), many immigrants from Europe were still moving to America in numbers. The Bergson family is originally from Sweden, and The Divide – the location in Nebraska where the novel is set, has many other Swedes, Norwegians, Russians, and natives from other European countries. At the very core, these immigrants sought a better life for themselves and their families. The very act of moving such vast distances in search of a better life sign
Introduction Today, innovative technologies penetrate every sector of the global community’s life, whether it is private life, finances, businesses, health or personal information. In modern society, everything can be encrypted in the form of code, so tangible assets are transformed into numbers in the computer software for convenience, carrying the same value. Johnson (2016) uses a metaphor and suggests that the global community “puts all of it physical eggs in one virtual basket and its dependence on cyber technology is now absolute” (p. 2). With the development of various programmes that significantly simplify the daily activities of the organisations and individuals, the issues of privacy and security became more spread. People around the world have faced cybercrime, which imposes severe threats on businesses and individuals on the international level. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the issue of cybercrime and discuss how legal and practical provisions can manage the emerging problem and eliminate those criminal activities. Investigating Cybercrimes Within the last decades, cybercrime has gained various names and associations, including e-crime, digital crime and hi-tech crime. First, it is crucial to understand the definition of cybercrime and its implications. Cybercrime is “a diverse range of illegal and illicit activities that share in common a unique electronic environment (“cyberspace”) in which they take place” (Yar & Steinmetz, 2019, p. 6). Consequently, one can say that the actions of a criminal nature that violate federal and public laws and regulations and occur within the Internet space are referred to as cybercrime. Cybercrime implicates numerous challenges for the global community and its sectors, including jurisdiction. The scholars suggest five critical characteristics of electronic crimes, which include accessibility, anonymity, scale, portability and transferability and global reach (Gillespie, 2019). Those features imply that the Internet is available in different corners of the world, which means its availability, but, at the same time, increases the target audience of victims. Besides, keeping anonymous status is possible in cyberspace, which imposes additional challenges for the authorities to fight those types of crimes. Easy access to the information storage and its portability, as well as the ability of cybercrime to transcend borders, demonstrate the difficulties that the e-crime can cause (Gillespie, 2019). Therefore, the cybercrime characteristics emphasise the necessity of firm regulations and practices that will reduce the number of attacks via the Internet significantly and will provide useful ways of the electronic data and assets protection. Growing Problem It is possible to say that the scope of cybercrime is continuously growing. The Office of National Statistics, based in the UK, stated that, in 2016, there were almost six million cases of e-crime (Epps, 2017). Breaches in information can have drastic effects on the organisations, including financial losses an
Introduction Religion has changed millions of lives; it has given them a hideout from their fears, promised materials and peace to the poor and encouraged the weak, among others. The world has many forms of religion, for instance, United States’ varied culture is credited to the different forms of religion. These include Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hindu, Sikhs, Buddhists and atheists, among others. This paper will explore the role of religion in America and that of smaller groups in forming policies. Role of religion in America and its impacts Although statistics show that the American public is increasingly drawing away from religion, it still has the majority and plays a big role in their lifestyles. American population is till keen on spiritual life, given the high number of religious tapes and books sold. Religion plays a big role in people’s lives; it controls their emotions, gives hope for the future and bestows brotherhood as well as peace among the people. Although religion seems diverse, more often the majority of American population always remains united especially in times of war. Certainty American people are sometimes lonely due to an uncertain future after death. People therefore fear death, and do not know what to rely on. They seem disillusioned by the vague explanations as to their origin and virtually every naturally occurring thing on earth. They also feel scared of the moral chaos that faces their surroundings, among others. These problems make their lives uncertain, and the only refuge becomes religion as it assures them of life after death, materials, as well as promises that makes life meaningful and certain. Unity/communal role Most religions profess unity and communal work. Americans are encouraged to work together for a common purpose, this helps in imparting a sense of belonging and care to individuals. It has also helps encourage Americans to assist the needy as well as donate for such purposes in poor nations across the globe. Conflict Even though religion has brought peace and unity to its members, situations have risen where different religious sectors conflict. For instance Islam and Christianity has always conflicted, these have led to racism, terror threats and several unimaginable issues between these groups. Generally, religion has brought people together by promoting peace and aiding the needy. This has helped establish a strong relationship between American society and the international community at large. Roles of smaller groups in forming public policies Smaller groups have found it increasin
Three major drawbacks of managed care Managed care in the United States is the leading form of healthcare insurance whose popularity gained momentum in the last decade. It was initiated to propose solutions to the expensive health care in the 1920s and 1940s. Although managed care was adopted to save money paid by employees (or employers for employees) to healthcare providers, it has three major criticisms. The managed care is characterized by rigidity in the options of healthcare providers. Employees have to choose healthcare providers from the participating facilities. This denies policyholders the freedom to choose their doctors outside the network. Employees might be forced to be attended by specialists who are not familiar with their illness history. For example, an employee might have changed an employer and, therefore, is forced to adapt another network of healthcare providers. This rigidity denies employees the flexibility to visit the healthcare providers they wish (Simonet, 2005). The managed care is very strict on procedures to be followed before receiving treatment (Simonet, 2005). Health insurance representatives have to approve treatment before it is given to a patient. Also, a patient has to wait for long to have an appointment with a specialist from the network. This means that the condition or disease will have worsened, and by the time the patient receives treatment he or she might be critically ill. The managed care providers have been accused of offering unnecessary treatment in an effort to spend less money on a patient (Simonet, 2005). This is common in healthcare facilities whose physicians prescribe drugs for patients to buy from the chemist instead of doing thorough laboratory diagnosis and providing medication based on the results. Due to these observations, patients prefer out-of-network facilities where they are provided with better diagnosis and treatment at a higher cost than within the network. The major features of a consumer-driven healthcare plan (CDHP) In a consumer-driven healthcare plan (CDHP), an employer contributes an amount of money that goes into an employee’s Health Reimbursement Account (HRA). This amount ranges from 1,000 USD to 2,000 USD per year. An employee accesses the funds in HRA at the end of the year to pay for the healthcare provided (Robinson & Ginsburg, 2009). If the funds are not sufficient, then the employee has to pay the extra money from his or her pockets. On the other hand, extra funds for the year are carried over to the following year (Robinson & Ginsburg, 2009). This feature of the healthcare plan offers the policyholders the power to control their own accounts. The CDHP is an improvement from the traditional healthcare insurance which could not accommodate any complex medical procedures. The CDHP gives more attention to personalized treatment and well being of the patient than th
Introduction Overtime, western countries have intervened in a number of issues that affect various countries inhabited by the Arabian people, who profess the Islamic religion. Some of the countries targeted by the western countries in their intervention include Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Egypt, Libya, and Mali. Although some of the intentions associated with the western involvement are positive and have goodwill, their outcomes are often counterproductive and negative. The negative or counterproductive outcomes arise from misrepresentation and wrong imagery that the Muslim world has on the western world. Moreover, in their quest to intervene, fight terrorism, and address various conflicts in these countries, western countries violate a range of human rights and at times kill innocent civilians. Therefore, the article uses forms of western intervention, expected results, and the actual results to discuss the counter productive and unsuccessful outcomes of western intervention in countries like Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Mali. Western Intervention Although western countries employ different methods of intervention in Islamic countries such as Mali and Libya, majority of them engage in direct combat sending numerous troops to the subject countries. These troops work together with native forces to keep peace and order in the countries. Bombing, shooting, and killing of suspected terrorists are some of the methods that the forces employ to fight terrorism and manage conflicts. Essentially, employment of these methods aggravates the resentment that the native populations develop towards the forces and leads to increased radicalism and terrorists groups in the particular countries. The presence of French troops in Mali and invasion of the United States in Iraq and Afghanistan are examples that clarify western intervention and involvement in direct combat. Instead of using other forms that can yield productive results, western countries use force and manage problems using war other than preventing them using diplomacy. Expected Results The focus driving western countries to intervene in Mali and Afghanistan include war on terror and assistance in curbing civil unrest or conflicts. For instance, when Afghanistan suffered the effects of poor governance and war from terrorists, the United States sent its troops to restore peace and order and fight terrorism. In addition, when rebel forces overthrew the Mali government, French troops went into the country with the primary goal of restoring peace and tranquillity. In the perspective of western countries, their objectives include curbing terrorism and minimising conflicts or civil unrest in these countries. War on terrorism is one of the primary objectives that western countries have when they intervene in various issues affecting countries in the Arab world. It is fundamental to hi
Introduction The cardiovascular system, also known as circulatory system, is a composite system that involves various organs and tissues all aimed at circulating blood throughout the body. The organs and tissues of this system consist of a pump, and interlinking venous network. These parts are joined together throughout the body to form an enclosed system in which the blood flows. Blood is a tissue with cellular and liquid components that together carry gases, nutrients, cellular products and waste products from various organs and deliver them to their destinations. Oxygen is carried from the lungs to various organs by red cells in the blood. After use, carbon dioxide is picked from the organs and delivered to the lungs and exhaled. The cellular products such as hormones and immune system components are also carried from their organ of synthesis to the target organ to serve its purpose. Nutrients which include glucose, amino acids, vitamins and minerals are also transported from the digestive tract to the organs for metabolism. The byproducts of metabolism are in turn sent to organs such as liver and kidneys to be cleared out of the body. Each of the components of the cardiovascular system plays important physiological role to maintain timely and adequate movement of substances from one organ to another. The heart pumps blood at a preset rate and exacts an absolute pressure. At rest, 5 liters per