ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Let us consider a case when a glass of hot water is placed in a room. Within minutes the water cools off. The heat lost by coffee will equal the amount that will equal the amount that will be absorbed by the surrounding air. Now let’s think of a possible improbable event of hot water getting hotter with the heat getting transferred from the room to the coffee. Now while looking into the two cases we can say that processes can proceed in one direction but not in reverse. The nonfeasibility associated with the reverse process cannot be explained through the first law of thermodynamics. The inadequacy of the first law as shown above has been remedied with the second law of thermodynamics. The second law which is applicable only in macroscopic objects as suggested by Clausius that “It is impossible to devise an engine which, working in a cycle, shall produce no effect other than the transfer of heat from a colder to a hotter body.” Clausius continued and gave the concept of entropy which suggested that all processes in nature cause some permanent change and termed that change as entropy (Entropy Law, 2001). Hence the discovery of the two laws of thermodynamics is being regarded as one of the major revolutions in physics in the 19th century. As the subject is concerned with energy and its interaction with matter; the very beginning of associated concepts talks of the eternal existence of energy. While toeing the first law of thermodynamics, one can understand the fact behind the existence of the Universe and various associated entities. The first law states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed and hence the relation and interaction between heat and work can be established. Moving on to the second law of thermodynamics, the point which comes into glare is the impossibil
Introduction The Making of a Quagmire summarizes the dilemma that Vietnam masqueraded to the Americans during the early years of 1960.In this book, David Halberstam exposes the life of a journalist trapped in his own battle of suppression. Halberstam also exposes the failings of the leadership in South Vietnam and the advisors of America who grow more and more aggravated by their mission. The lessons learnt in this book are used to relate to the case of Afghanistan in the elimination of al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. Lessons learnt from the Making of a Quagmire From this book, we learn about the commitment of the United States to the political struggle in South Vietnam (Halberstam 121). The US has always been determined especially in political issues and in issues that may destroy the peace in America. The reporters were the only vessel through which the Americans could get information about the Vietnam War; they were in charge of bringing the war and the South Vietnam politics to public awareness. Another lesson learnt from this book is honesty; Halberstam is honest and refuses to publish any propaganda to defend either side. He did not compromise his opinion of the crisis regardless of the pressure on all political sides. He explains how deeply the US was involved prior to the eruption of conflict. The elimination of Osama bin Laden marked a significant milestone in the terrorism war of several countries. Osama bin Laden was involved with intentional killing of innocent lives. The killing of Osama bin Laden involved billions of dollars and many lives were affected. Osama bin Laden’s elimination should provoke to proclaim victory and maybe return part of our troops back home from Afghanistan. As evident in The Making of a Quagmire, the United States is always committed in bringing peace to its nation hence the hunt down for Osama bin Laden. His death was met with joy, laughter and satisfaction by the Americans as bin Laden was the most wanted man in the world (Yahannes 59). This commitment by the United States always ensures security to the Americans. The United States is always on the look out for the al-Qaedas of Afghanistan. This commitment is also essential because terrorism especially from Afghanistan may never be stopped, although Osama is dead. We should not pull our troops from Afghanistan. Pulling our troops from Afghanistan will leave the Americans with feelings of insecurity. Although the killing Of Osama bin Laden was met with mixed reactions, there were however reporters who were honest enough and did not celebrate Osama’s death by the Americans. They are contrary to the policy of US in Pakistan and their intrusion in Iraq and Afghanistan. Like Halberstam in The Making of a Quagmire, they do not compromise their opinion on the American attack even if a majority is in celebration of Osama bin Laden’s death. It is important to express your own view with complete honesty regardless of other people’s opinion. Conclusion Although Osama bin Laden’s killing brought much joy, it is debatable whether we should pull our t
One of the foremost aspects of how history is being taught to students in Western countries is the fact that teachers usually stress out the full objectiveness of how they evaluate the significance of a particular historical event in question. Such point of view, however, cannot be referred to as such that represents an undeniable truth-value. The reason for this is quite apparent – the teaching of history cannot be impartial, by definition, because by adopting an evaluative stance, in regards to the discursive meaning of historical events, historians necessarily act on behalf those who, due to their socially dominant status, are being in a position to define the qualitative essence of ongoing sociopolitical discourses. In his article, Zinn (1990) explores the validity of this suggestion at length. According to the author, there is always an element of perceptional biasness to how historians address their professional duties, because by analyzing the significance of historical events, they never cease remaining humans, who assess just about every type of impersonal information through the lenses of their personal worldviews, “Everyone is biased, whether they know it or not, in possessing fundamental goals, purposes, and ends” (p. 51). To illustrate the full legitimacy of his line of argumentation, in this respect, Zinn refers to the 1914 Ludlow Massacre, when National Guards killed 25 coal miners, who were holding a peaceful demonstration, while demanding a raise in their salaries. Despite the fact that Ludlow Massacre is being considered the most striking example of how, throughout the course of the 20th century, the representatives of the American ruling elite used to defend their corporate interests, at the expense of denying workers an opportunity to advance in life, this event is being rarely mentioned in American history books. Instead, these books contain lengthy elaborations on how one of American richest capitalists John D. Rockefeller (the owner of Colorado Fuel & Iron Company, which refused to consider coal miners’ plea), contributed to the well-being of America. According to Zinn, this alone serves as a perfect example of how history can be deliberately distorted by historians, who act on behalf of rich in powerful. Therefore, in order for the teaching of history to be more or less objective, it should cease being concerned with glorifying historical figures, which in their real lives were known to act in a morally dubious manner. Instead, the teaching of history should be concerned with encouraging students to think how the mistakes of the past could be avoided in the future, “We do need to learn history, the kind that… inspires a new generation to resist the madness of governments trying to carve the world and our minds into their spheres of infl
The given article, titled “A Cognitive-Affective Analysis of Cancer Behavior in the Elderly: Are You as Healthy as You Feel?” is the third chapter in Springer’s publication, titled “Effective Health Behavior in Older Adults.” The authors of this article are Suzanne M. Miller, James C. Knowles, Robert A. Schnoll, and Joanne S. Buzaglo. The article analyzes the psychological effect of the general perception about health in instances where a person is diagnosed with cancer. After brief demography of the elderly population in the United States, the authors also discuss the elderly cancer patients (while comparing the occurrence of cancer in male and female elderly people). The authors believe that in spite of the fact that it is impossible to thwart the occurrence of breast cancer, there is a possibility of minimizing the mortality rate (due to breast cancer). Such an endeavor can be successful by following a systematic screening schedule so that it would be possible to detect breast cancer at an early stage. But, at the same time, it is quite possible that once a female is diagnosed with breast cancer, she might experience depressing psychological effects. The authors claim that the younger breast cancer patients have more negative psychological effects than the elderly patients. Such psychological effects persist even after the treatment has been stopped. As time passes, the patients get more worried because they think that the disease might recur, and they might have to face social and sexual obscurity. The younger patients are more susceptible to such problems than the elderly ones. The authors are of the opinion that the future psychological condition of cancer patients depends on the way they perceive the situation. It is the tendency of patients to have a pessimistic view about their disease and its impact on their lives. Such an interpretation alters the significance and implications of the disease and its effects. Even people who are not affected by breast cancer have the tendency to misjudge their probability of being affected by breast cancer. But one good thing in such cases is that such people tend to follow the cancer guidelines conscientiously. The authors, referring to survey results, claim that younger women have the tendency to overestimate their probability of being affected by breast cancer. The authors further suggest that people having anxiety and depression are prone to high levels of negative psychological conditions that may desist them from following standard health schedules. The comparison between the perceptions of young and elderly people about cancer and its implications is very informative. Considering the fact that diagnosis and treatment (wherever possible) of cancer has gained momentum during the past couple of years, most of the elderly people are not aware of any efforts being made by the health department to control and minimize the mortalit
Introduction Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) are graphical representations of the flow of data through an information system. They are related to document and system flowcharts and can incorporate them, but differ from them in lacking loops and decision points. Essence Together, these tools offer utility to various specialists working with data. Some examples include:   * A systems analyst may use flowcharts to identify shortcomings in existing information systems and communicate proposed changes to other specialists.   * A systems designer can use them to document his or her design, create instructions on its implementation, and communicate with other specialists.   * Computer programmers can use diagrams while working on a software solution to chart its internal structure and coordinate with their co-workers.   * An auditor uses flowcharts to visualize complex data, find possible issues, and identify their source.   * A data security expert can assess data flows represented in a diagram form to identify vulnerable links in the system and describe processes aimed at fixing those vulnerabilities. Designing clear and informative flowcharts requires adherence to certain principles, which can be applied to DFDs, document and system flowcharts. These principles include using appropriate and consistent symbols, following a consistent naming scheme with unique names and numbering across diagrams, ensuring consistent flow direction, and branch direction. For presentation, consistent element size, spacing, and a limited color scheme that reduces visual noise, are crucial. Ideally, a chart should be organized to fit on a single page, linking to other diagrams if necessary. Finally, including a legend section and footnotes can help avoid ambiguity. DFDs typically consist of four symbols, whose visual representation varies across notations, but they represent the same concepts:   * Data storage , such as a computer file or a physical cabinet.   * Process , which describes data being changed between an input and an output.   * External entity that can receive or output data, but the designer has no control over them (Rajaraman, 2018).   * Data flow between the other three elements. Conclusion DFDs are designed in a hierarchical structure for cla
Introduction The battle of Bosworth was a battle fought in the year 1485 during the month of august in England. According to Knight (206), the battle of Bosworth was fought at the market of Bosworth, a large flat plain field between the towns of Shenton, Sutton Dadlington, and Stoke. King Henry Tudor marched forward with his fighting force from the Haven of Milford in the region of Wales where he sought to fight the battle with two thousand soldiers. The Battle of Bosworth rose to become one of the major Battles in the history of England, which marked the beginning of the reign of Henry VII after the downfall of the reign of Richard III. Indeed, the reign of Henry VII marked the reign the most famous monarchs that lasted for significantly a long time in England. Bosworth Battle History The beginning of the battle was stimulated by Henry Tudor’s use of money he received from Charles III from France to launch his battle against Richard III. Funding from Charles VIII was as a result of his hope that an English battle would come in handy in distracting focus from his plans to capture Brittany. Henry Tudor sailed to Milford Haven from Harfleur at a period when he had approximately five hundred followers, who were loyal to his rule with an addition of approximately one thousand five hundred soldiers from France. Henry’s next destination was the Cambrian Mountains through the Cardigan coast, a journey that was meant to position his battalion, ready for the battle. During this period, Henry Tudor gained a lot of support from the Rhys Thomas, the most influential landowner from the South Wales. Henry also sought more support from England by turning to Sir William Stanley, his brother, and Lord Stanley, his step father who supported him financially, although secretly. Moreover, he received a reinforcement of five hundred men from Gilbert Thomas (Hutton 10-90). When Henry was gathering support, Richard III did not make any preparations prior to the battle, since he made assumptions that the battle would not materialize. Richard III had assumed that the landowners in England would not allow such invasions though he later realized that the battle was coming up and sought to march his forces towards the battlefield at Leicester. The two troops matched towards each other and locked horns at Bosworth market field in Leicestershire. By the time the two sides met at Bosworth market, Henry had managed to gather a fighting force of approximately five thousand men, while Richard III had approximately twelve thousand men, though some were unreliable. The unreliable part of Richard’s army significantly weakened his power to fight, and thus gave Henry high expectations towards the battle, considering that Henry had gathered enough and able soldiers in his native Wales. Despite this, Richard fought courageously and with vigor; however, he not only lost the battle, but also his life (Myers 34). The battle began even though the principle subjects of Richard who doubted his victory over the battle did not support him through the fight. The unreliable forces were those of Lord Stanley, who stayed away from the battle and left
Research ethics are principles that guide the research process. These principles are means of making sure that vulnerable persons acquire protection from exploitation and other types of harm. In Canada, research ethics are contained in Articles 3.1 – 3.5 of Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS). Historical and philosophical concept behind Articles 3.1 – 3.5 of TCPS The history of informed consent goes back to the 1930’s when American courts upheld the significance of knowledgeable assent in research. This was a result of the outrage at the brutality of Nazi experiments with human beings (Schuklenk, 2005). Later, in 1966, Henry Beecher a chief philosopher in the area of research ethics published an article in which he quoted 22 incidences of unethical actions in research. Among the incidences was a study whereby a doctor in Brooklyn inserted live cancer cells into dementia patients devoid of their consent. Beecher, through his work, tried to show that conducting research without participants consent is abusive. Nevertheless, abuse continued and 6 years later, the Tuskegee syphilis experiment came into exposure (Schuklenk, 2005). This experiment used human beings suffering from syphilis in a study, whereby the patients remained under observation rather than being treated. Eventually, many of them died and others transmitted the disease to their families. This led to creation of research ethics that would enhance respect for human beings and justice. Article 3.1 This article guarantees consideration of willingness to take part in a research before recruitment. Article 3.1 is ethical because it recognizes a person’s right to make choices depending on personal beliefs and values. As such, the article protects the rights of a person to take part in a research process willingly and prevents a person from taking part in a research unwillingly. Thus, this article instills authority to research participants through allowing them to accept or decline an offer to participate in research. Therefore, Article 3.1 conforms to the principle of autonomy. Article 3.2 This article requires researchers to give potential respondents research information as specified by Research Board of Ethics (RBE). The information given should guide the potential participant in deciding whether to consent, or decline to participate. Article 3.2 is ethical because it recognizes a person’s right to take actions depending on personal beliefs and values. As such, this article gives participants power to make autonomous decisions upon getting substantial understanding of the research activities. The article also prevents research respondents from participating in actions that do not correspond to their values and beliefs. However, the autonomy of the respondent may lack consideration in some situations. For instance, in the health-care setting, a nurse can progress without consent if there is enough evidence to show that disclosure will make a patient incompetent to reject, or consent to treatment. Such an action corresponds to the principle beneficence, as the nurse wi
Introduction The only happy ending is the absence of it. In her short story, Canadian writer Margaret Atwood rebuts the idea of happy endings in fiction and life, since the author argues that every story always has the same end, which is death (Atwood 326). Thus, in her story, Atwood employs a vast range of repetitions of words and sentence structures, so that to demonstrate a recurrent character of any fictional plot, which focuses upon the ending. Main text The story presents a brilliant example of metafiction. Therefore, it describes how, due to the author, the plot of any story should be revealed. Besides, Margaret Atwood emphasizes the questions, which should be answered by any author. These questions are “How?” and “Why?”, instead of the commonplace “What?” that is always the same. Under the coverage of a short story, Margaret Atwood disguises the essay about story-telling. The author focuses upon the universal ending of a story. She describes it in the Aversion and refers to it in every other part of the story. Thus, Atwood centers her idea around the fact that it is a common mistake to write the story for the sake of its ending. Any author needs to focus his/her attention upon the development of the story. Through her metafiction story, Margaret Atwood brings up the idea of true-to-life writing. This concept has a long scholarly history and was regarded by many scientists in their research works. For instance, Keith Oatley, in her study on fiction, explored how fictional plots can become facts for the readers. Due to the scientist, fiction is a simulation of life, which resembles computer simulations. Therefore, Oatley argues that any fictional plot possesses huge psychological pow
Executive Summary The Saudi healthcare sector has experienced strong growth fueled by government and private investment. The ministry of health’s (MOH) vision and mission are aligned with the country’s desire to provide integrated quality care to all citizens. In this report, the PESTEL tool shows a favorable macro-environment and SWOT analysis of the MOH reveal specific strengths – high budget, strong growth, and skilled workforce – and weaknesses – inadequate local professionals and overdependence on medical imports. Opportunities exist in long-term care (LTC) and pilgrimage health, while private competitors and staff turnover are threats. Using various matrices such as internal environment evaluation, specific objectives and strategies are recommended to drive organizational growth. The Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) oversees priority public health matters in the country, including comprehensive healthcare, disease control, and dental care services. As a result, it is well funded by the government. The modern MOH was created in 1950 through a royal decree to replace the Public Health Council founded in the 1940s to supervise all hospitals and healthcare personnel in KSA. The important milestones achieved in its history include the decentralization of healthcare to 20 districts and the establishment of the national insurance agency in 2018. It dominates the healthcare market, although private providers’ share of spending – through private-public partnerships (PPPs) – is rising. The key features of this industry include a high number of accredited private hospitals, a shift to digital health, and reliance on imported medical supplies. This report provides an analysis of Saudi’s MOH and recommends strategic choices for achieving organizational objectives. Vision and Mission Statement The MOH has the mandate of providing healthcare to all citizens. Its strategic vision is to deliver “best quality integrated and comprehensive healthcare services” through its programs and policies (Ministry of Health, 2020, para. 2). This declaration captures MOH’s priorities but does not indicate the target population. A good vision statement should be simple and specific, reflecting what an organization wants to become (David, 2011). Therefore, an alternative vision would be to provide unparalleled integrated and cost-effective healthcare for all citizens and communities. Its mission statement reads: “the provision of healthcare at all levels, promotion of general health and prevention of diseases, in addition to developing laws and regulations” for the sector (Ministry of Health, 2020, para. 4). It identifies the scope of MOH’s operations and priorities but does not include its values. A suggested mission statement is to arouse hope and promote wellbeing by delivering quality preventive and clinical care to all citizens and regulating healthcare services in KSA. PESTEL and SWOT Analysis Table 1: PESTEL Analysis                – The political environment in KSA is open and stable                                       Political      – Political instability in its Middle East neighbors –