ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Avant-garde is a movement in jazz music that is used to describe something innovative, this is especially about politics, art, and culture. This movement represented musicians who did not follow the norms that society expected. Other terms that are used to refer to this movement include Free jazz, the new thing, and energetic music. Avant-garde or Free jazz is associated with the works of Ornette Coleman, John Coltrane, and Cecil Taylor. Other personalities who contributed to the development of free jazz include Albert Ayler, Eric Dolphy, Sun Ra, and Bill Dixon. The release of Ornette Colemans album, Free jazz: A Collective Improvision, in the mid-1950s gave the movement the name free jazz, and the name has been used since then. Free jazz was associated with other forms of jazz which included hard bop, modal jazz, and bebop. This was the common feature that united the pioneers of free jazz. Free jazz musicians were often unconventional, that is, they broke down the recognized conventions of jazz, by changing the fixed chords or increasing the tempo of the song. (Barry, 1999). Avant-garde or free jazz had a lot of impact on contemporary jazz then and even now. These impacts are great but remain somewhat controversial, for instance, individual creativity is difficult to judge since free jazz is associated with the musician giving the innovation his/her unique touch. Avant-garde is seen as a movement that is highly influenced by the politics, race, religion, and culture of the musician. Free jazz gave the musicians the freedom to create something unique; this has resulted in different forms of jazz that are enjoyed by the listeners. Contemporary jazz is therefore unique since the avant-garde gave jazz music some freedom by not conforming to the set norms. This move allowed jazz musicians to be innovative in their music. (Barry, 1999). Social and cultural factors motivated the jazz musicians to form the movement; this is because socially the musicians were alienated. This movement, therefore, gave them a chance to be socially active, whereby they were able to relieve the tension caused by this alienation and also talk about the social issues in their societies. This movement gave the musicians some form of social interaction. (Gade, 2000). During this time there were a lot of different cultures in the society, this movement, therefore, enabled the musicians to have a unifying factor i.e. Music that incorporated all the cultures in the society by creating a bilingual, international and cross-cultural encounter. For instance, the Africans in the diaspora needed to maintain their identity; this was made possible by the development of this movement. This is because each culture was identified and recognized as unique and important to the individual. (Gade, 2000). Free jazz is seen as a rejection of the formal structures that were previously set; this is then seen as a threat to the ideologies of the society. Free jazz gave
Introduction The book “Economics in One Lesson” aims to discuss economics from a different perspective than that which is widely accepted by economists. The goal of the author is to discuss and analyze various economic fallacies that have been present for so long that they are now part of many governments’ economic policies. The fallacies have not been accepted as economic principles because they are self contradictory and as such contain numerous flaws. Their application to real life situations causes more harm than good. The author notes that the fallacies are so widespread that they influence the policies of all governments in the world to certain degrees. The author aims to introduce readers to economics by identifying economic fallacies and showing their weaknesses as well as applications by governments. He is only concerned with the fallacies that governments use to create and implement policies. The author desists from attacking economic thinkers and their theories. Instead, he focuses on presenting fallacies and showing how they influence economic policies around the globe. Economic fallacies emanate from the self-interests of a specific group that tries to fight rival groups by implementing policies that favour their economic operations. This results in implementation of policies that only benefit a minority and neglect the majority. The few who benefit support the policies by making their explication highly complex or hire intelligent people to convince the public of the policies’ benefits. Another source of economic fallacies is the propensity to focus on the short-term effects of policies while neglecting the long-term effects. In addition, the problem originates from focusing on a policy’s effects on a selected group of individuals with selfish interests. Secondary consequences are ignored in favor of primary consequences. The presence of fallacies divides economists into two groups that include good and bad economists. Good economists focus on the long-term, direct, and indirect effects of a specific policy while bad economists focus on the short-term and direct effects only. The most common fallacy is that of concentrating on the short-term effects of policies and ignoring their long-term effects on all people. Bad economists triumph because they present half-truths that show the short-term effects of policies on a specific group that are usually positive. Their arguments are augmented by the people’s unwillingness to go through long and arduous chains of reasoning needed to reveal the fallacies. Summary of chapter 4 and 5 In chapter 4, the author discusses the issue of taxation and government spending. Government spending is widely regarded as the best solution to economic problems that plague countries. For instance, unemployment and stagnation in the private sector are handled by increasing government spending to revamp these sectors. However, this creates more problems because governments get their mo
Basque people is one of the most mysterious nations in the world. The country of Basques is situated in Europe (between Spain and France) and Basques are regarded as one of the most ancient nations who managed to preserve their state independence. The language of Basques is the oldest in Europe and researchers think that it is the closest one to a language spoken in pre-historic times (Dinnerstein & Reimers 82). Basque people were among the first travelers to the New World but they did not settle there until the middle of the eighteenth century when there was significant political and social turmoil in Europe, especially in Spain (Dinnerstein & Reimers 59). Notably, Basques mainly settled in South America and only during the Gold Rush, they came to the USA both from Europe and Latin America. The next wave of immigration was in the first half of the twentieth century when Spain was under the rule of Franco (Miller 219). Basques settled in Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Oregon and California (Olson and Olson Beal 129). These people have been hardworking. Remarkably, herding presupposed being away for a long time and men used to leave their wives to run the household. Women completed all the chores and it is possible to state that they worked equally hard. Some women also started running business, which was mainly running a boarding house. It is necessary to note that Basques were not involved in gold diggers for a long time and they were mainly involved in herding and “dominated the western sheep industry from the end of the nineteenth century” (Dinnerstein & Reimers 66). As far as Basque culture and ethnic background are concerned, Basques are very conscious of their identity and preserve their traditions. Notably, men of the first generation married Basque women only but later Basque people became more open and marriage patterns cha
Introduction The modeling and role-modeling (MRM) theory provides a broad theoretical perspective on nursing care and suggests that nurses should employ individual approaches to patients by recognizing their needs and addressing those needs effectively (“Modeling and role-modeling theory,” 2015). Also, the theory addresses the concepts of leadership and suggests that successful nurse leaders should build trust in their followers and comply with a number of principles that promote the professional development of the followers. A unit supervisor in Facility A has been chosen to address the issues of leadership, modeling, and role-modeling. To analyze her leadership characteristics, it is necessary to describe the facility, assess strong and deficient leadership features, examine the change she has brought to the facility, explore the ways in which she contributes to the professional development of her followers, and evaluate her from the perspective of MRM concepts and applications. Clinical Setting and Role of the Nurse Leader Setting Description The clinical setting that will be addressed is Facility A, an in-patient and transitional facility that provides health care services to people with mental illness. The facility’s location is characterized by favorable climatic conditions. The hospital is divided into seven units for different patients; normally, approximately one hundred people can be accepted, and services are provided round-the-clock. A major division of patients is into two groups: those incapable of functioning in the society safely due to their mental health problems and those who were prosecuted but claimed not guilty due to mental illness; the care that the latter group receives qualifies as preparation for competency. Health care services are designed as an individual treatment aimed at attaining and maintaining mental stability in patients and developing skills in them that are necessary to function properly in a group home setting. The medical components are present in most treatment cases; however, interactions with patients are recognized as the most important part of care delivery, and some types of interactions are part of nursing work. Additional services include assistance with activities of daily living (ADL), lab coordination, and medication administration. The working hours are divided into three shifts: early, late, and overnight. The number and qualifications of employees present in the workplace during different shifts are different. During the early shift, there are the hospital administrator, the nursing administrator, a medical provider, a psychiatric provider, the unit supervisor, a pharmacist, a social worker, a psychologist, dental clinic staff, a phlebotomist, RN/LPN,HST/CNA, the maintenance crew, a nutritionist, house-keeping staff, rehab staff, and security officers. During the late shift, units in the facility are overseen by the administrative officer of
Introduction Tourism is an essential element of economic growth and development of any given country in the contemporary world. A majority of developing countries rely heavily on tourism for government’s revenue. Tourism sector ranks as the leading sector in the creation of jobs, source of foreign exchange, and cultural development in many developing countries. There are three major types of tourism, which include leisure, exploration, and educational tourism ( Sustaining Tourism 2013). Leisure tourism is the most common type of tourism where tourists visit attractive places for holiday and relaxation purposes. Exploration tourism is a type of tourism that is often undertaken by researchers and scientists for exploration purposes in different parts of the world (Balaguer & Cantavell-Jorda 2002). Exploration tourism is often associated with discovery tours whereby a tourist is more after discovering new things rather than having pleasure. Finally, educational tourism is the most common type of tourism that is undertaken by young people in different types of the world. Its main aim lies in educational purposes in a selected destination country and visas expire after the ending of the educational course being undertaken. Various economic factors affect tourism either directly or indirectly, but they depend largely on the nature of tourism as shown in this paper. Economic Factors That Affect Tourism A tour operator should consider various economic factors in the selection of a tourist destination for holidays, education, and exploration. However, some factors are directly related to the economic growth and development of the country of destination, but these factors have an indirect influence in the relationship between economic factors and tourism. The first economic factor that needs to be considered is the political environment of the destination country (World Bank 2005). Politics play a major role in the growth and development of any country in the world. Nature of politics determines the behaviours of stock and foreign exchange markets in the sense that stable political environment attract foreign investors, while unstable political arena forces foreign investors to pull out of the economy. The case is the same for tourism whereby stable political environment is conducive for tourism activities, whereas unstable politics pose insecurity threats to the tourism sector (Todaro 2005). Hence, a prudent tourist operator cannot recommend such a destination due to low demand of international and domestic tourism. Developing nations are worst hit by political crises and especially during the electioneering periods. During such periods, the political environments are unstable and unpredictable, and in most cases, such an environment creates anxiety in economic activities (Lokman & Hatemi 2005). In such situations, countries with bad historical politics are worst hit by economic downturns as foreign investors and other locals suspend their economic activities for fear of adverse effects of bad politics
Introduction The term green liberalism has been used to embrace those who have integrated green politics in their ideologies. These people value the earth highly and are committed to ecological and environmental sustainability (Jamison 2001). Green liberals acknowledge the dynamic aspects of the global systems but emphasize on the minimal damage of the environment and helps in the restoration of the damaged areas. Green politics has been a very dominant topic in the present political and moral debates. Green politics has led to heated debates among the scholars and the environmentalists on its definition and its political repercussions (Terrence & Dagger 2003). Even though the origin of green politics can be traced back to the 19 th century’s growth of industrialization and urbanization, the contemporary green debate began in 1962. These debates emphasized on the link between environmental degradation and industrialization (Anil et al . 2001). Richard Carson in 1962 disclosed the presence of natural restrictions to economic growth and development, an idea that violated one of the major principles of the contemporary leading liberal ideology (Jamison 2001). Since then, the question of whether environmental subjects should be incorporated in political ideologies has been a major topic of debate. Some political experts view the green liberal solution
Being yourself presupposes of the complicated mechanisms of self-concepts that play essential role in human lives. In everyday life, a person expresses different self-concepts in communication with people, certain actions, etc. Self concepts have various dimensions: physical concept, personality concept, social self, the concept of character traits, and the concept that covers skills and abilities. Physical concepts reveal the way a person describes himself to others with respect to how he perceives himself in physical dimension. Physically, each person has sex, body constitution, and physical characteristics. For example, a girl may describes herself as a healthy young woman with a well figure, good stamina, tall stature and slim body. Personality concepts describe people’s personality from psychological point of view. Each person has a certain biological characteristics that reveal the nature of her/his individual temper, intellectual abilities, and other things that help her to distinguish from others. A middle-aged man can perceive himself as a sanguine-charismatic, smart person, with optimistic mood, who leads active life. The same person may have numerous social selves as he/she interacts with during people and performs the corresponding social functions. Owing to this, a human life resembles a network, where all people continuously interact and bound with each other. For example, a young woman may describe herself as a teacher in school, a daughter for her parents, a mother in her own family, an assistant for her children, a friend for some other people, etc. A person has certain character traits that make him a unique social creature. During people’s lives they can change or preserve more or less unchangeable. In this context, the self-concept of a schoolboy may be the following: he is talkative, self-confident, kind and outgoing person, with certain positive and negative personal sides. The self-concept of skills and abilities of a person reveal the personal opportunities and talents in certain spheres of the life. For example, a child may be good in drawing, but bad in writing. An old man can be considered as Jack-of-all trades, because he can do practically everything in a good way. An artist may be extremely creative, but impractical man. Nevertheless, all people have their advantages and disadvantages. Every day of their life people demonstrate their five major self-concepts. Owing to salience of self-concept, each person considers a certain self-concept as the most essential one; hence, he/she dedicates extra time and effort to it. For example, a woman may consider her social self as a mother to be the most important in her life.
The Abnormal Psychology Field Abnormal psychology is the field of knowledge where the focus is put on causes, features, and consequences of behaviors that are discussed as unusual ones (Hansell & Damour, 2008, p. 4-7). Referring to this statement, it is possible to note that abnormal psychology is based on a lot of controversies because it is rather difficult to define the usual and unusual behaviors, to determine the criteria which are important for defining the notions, and to overcome biases associated with different proposed criteria and definitions. That is why, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the origins of abnormal psychology, to focus on challenges in classifying and defining abnormal and normal behaviors, to concentrate on the evolution of abnormal psychology into the scientific discipline, and to examine the related theoretical models. Thus, principles of abnormal psychology are still studied in order to overcome controversies and to develop a strict scientific base for psychological practice. Origins of Abnormal Psychology and Challenges Related to Definitions The origins of abnormal psychology are in the progress of primitive societies because people have tried to explain and describe unusual behaviors since the pre-historic period. Different spiritual theories and the focus on animism can be discussed as examples of first abnormal visions. Observing unusual behaviors, people were inclined to explain them with the help of traditional concepts such as, for instance
The selected article is “Future Harms of Reproductive Technologies Are Worth Opposing Now,” written by Sujatha Jesudason, who is a scholar, organizer, and activist with a specialization in social justice movements regarding violence against women. It is important to know the author of the writing to understand the main message and the underlying idea of the essay. The given rhetorical analysis will primarily focus on the author’s claim, supporting evidence, and the reason for writing the essay. The essay by Sujatha Jesudason was written in 2007, which is almost 14 years ago. The date of publication is critical to consider since the majority of the information provided in the paper, especially examples, is outdated because the current technological advancements in biotechnology and reproductive science progressed even more. In other words, the author’s claims may be more relevant today than it was in the past since many such technologies became more advanced. Moreover, the central claim of the author is that advancements in reproductive technologies, such as MicroSort, are potential
Introduction The five human senses of sight, touch, smell, taste and hearing play a critical role in the way people perceive the world. At least once in lifetime, people’s brains may perceive to have seen something that never happened in the actual sense (Jacobs, 2001). However, people should always believe in the accuracy or inaccuracy of the sensory organs. Reasons for believing on the sensory information  1. The five human senses provide the only way for people to function in the world. If, for example, one touches something hot, the sense of feeling will relay information to the brain to instruct it to remove the hand from the burning surface. One cannot doubt the sensory organ of feeling because sensation does not lie.  2. The five human senses work together to bring the sense of every happening. Although each sensory organ has a way to receive and respond to sensations, the five human senses must collaborate to relay the right information to the body, which responds by taking the right action. Every response by the body is because of the duly organized and interpreted information from the five human senses. A message relayed from five collaborative human senses is hard to disbelieve.  3. There is no way that one can invalidate what the human senses construes. The five human senses have the role of relaying information to the body in order to take action. If, for example, the sense of smell depicts that there is smoke, the body becomes cautious of some danger ahead. A person will walk cautiously and try to see if the smoke or fire is actually there to verify the truth of the sense of smell. There is absolutely no reason to disbelieve the sensory organs as they relay first hand and accurate information. Accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory data Sensory data may be accurate or not, but this depends on various factors as explained b