ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There are many concepts in human life which help to define the importance of existence and enjoy the possibilities which are offered. Fallacy is one of such concepts. Paul and Elder (2006) help to understand the essence of fallacy as “a deceptive or misleading argument, a sophism” (p. 295). There are many types of fallacies identified, and in this paper, three logical fallacies will be evaluated. They are ignorance of relevant viewpoints, presence of vague questions and answers, and missing of key ideas. These fallacies have certain impact on critical thinking as well as decision-making process as misuse of language may lead to unpleasant results (Shibles & Maier, 2010). Each fallacy has its own characteristics, and the following evaluation will help to define their significance in regard to critical thinking as well as application to decision making process. Fallacy One: Ignorance of Relevant Viewpoints One of the first fallacies people can make is to ignore relevant viewpoints. This fallacy is defined as the one that deprives a person of critical thinking and abilities to evaluate the situation properly. Of course, people can make mistakes in order to learn on them, however, when a person fails to consider all relevant ideas, it is hard to define the presence of mistake and be cheated further. There are many different examples of how it is possible to ignore the relevant information. People live in a chaotic world that is hard to control, this is why it is important to focus on self-improvement and self-education in order not to be cheated by means of absence of relevant facts. For example, a person performs the functions of a manipulator in order to frustrate the plans of another person. To achieve the desirable purposes, it is possible to neglect some aspects of the case and introduce the situation in regard to personal interests. A group of people get a task still knows nothing about the person they are going to deal with. When the time to take serious actions in regard to a person comes, one member of the groups gets to know that it is his relative. Such relevant viewpoint as the name of the person is ignored, and the following situation is hard to control. It is also hard to think critically in this situation as it is never easy to choose between a family and a work. There are no logical grounds,
Introduction The world of literature is the source of new ideas, thoughts and inspirations. The authors make us think over our life. Undoubtedly, everyone has the right to have their own opinion and the literature encourages us being open-minded and independent in our judgments. The novel A&P by John Updike is one of the works, which has a rather simple plot but involves the important message to the public. The aim of this essay is to summarize the plot of A&P by John Updike and to discuss the main idea of the novel. The Summary of the Plot The plot of the novel unfolds at the grocery shop A&P, where a young man Sammy works. He is the main character and the narrator of the story, which happened to him in the work place. Sammy is only 19 years old and, in contrast to the most of population, he has rather rebellious views on the American consumerism. At the same time, people, whom he observes every day at the shop, are, obviously, the bright examples of the consumer society influence. Besides, Lengel, a manager of the store, plays an important role in the plot of the novel. He is the conservative and strict man, who considers any person’s behavior, which is different from the behavior of the majority, as an inadmissible. One day, three girls in bathing suits enter the shop. Sammy be
Executive Summary Access to higher education is vital for bridging the scholars’ academic ambitions towards the attainment of personal and professional growth. Today, institutions of higher learning host students from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Therefore, university admission boards have been facing challenges in balancing the different students from various backgrounds, which results in some cases of discrimination allegations. Harvard University is one of the institutions of higher education that have been probed for discriminating against Asian-American students who seek enrollment into the university. Established in 1636, Harvard University boasts of a rich culture that makes it the oldest institution of higher learning in the US. Thus, the allegations based on the admission criterion, which is perceived to discriminate against the Asian American cohort, necessitate the need for immediate proposals to solve the problem. The problem that requires to be solved revolves around the unequal admission procedures that bar minority groups like the Asian Americans from securing enrollment into the university in spite of their academic qualifications. The 2400-point scale seems to apply unevenly among the White Americans, African Americans, Hispanic, and Asian Americans. Therefore, the inequalities undermine the value of equitable education opportunities regardless of an individual’s ethnic or racial background. The development of the proposal is based on the aspect of modernity that has increased the number of minority and foreign students enrolling for courses at Harvard University. The study would contextualize the issue based on ethnic background, admission criteria, and policies governing the enrollment of University students. Therefore, the process implementation would reflect on the elements of standardized criteria for admission, affirmative action, and the observance of the admissions requirements that uphold equality. The chief goal of the proposal is to ensure that each applicant for Harvard admission gets equal chances for enrollment regardless of the ethnic or racial aspects. The proposal seeks to achieve some objectives that would foster the realization of the goal regarding Harvard University’s admissions. The objectives include the standardization of the admissions criteria, facilitating transparency in the process, and observing the laid down policies governing the admission of students at the university level. The population involved in the study would include the main stakeholders in the admission process. The population constitutes the members of the Admissions Office, the Tutors for Admissions, and the Asian American students applying for admissions at the university. Other minority groups that experienced discrimination in enrollment would also be considered. The proposed program would employ the integration of qualitative and quantitative inquiry methods to obtain comprehensive information regarding admissions at the institution of higher education. Questionnaires would be used to source interviews for the tabulation of grouped data concerning the procedures and implication
The state regulation that is under focus in this case study is the regulation number 1443.5 which deals with standards of competent performance for nurses (Board of Registered Nursing 2010, p.1). This regulation has a range of guidelines that show what a professionally competent nurse should do in a case such as the one under review. The issues made clear in this regulation include the position of the individual nurse in determining what is best for the client through the evaluation of both his or her mental and physical condition. The regulation also makes it clear that the nurse must take actions that are in the interests and wishes of the patient (Benjamin 1992, pp.16-19). The above code of ethics for the nurses forms the basis for all the actions that the nurse undertakes as a professional. For example in the case at hand, the nurse is required to do all that is geared towards the improvement of the health of Mr. This is supposed to be done with a careful diagnosis of the mental and physical condition of the patient; who in this case is Mr. All the positions taken by Mr. such as the refusal of a ventilator are supposed to be considered by the nurse as the advocate to the wellbeing of the patient. However, the nurse is also required to not only make an independent assessment of the patient’s health and come up with the appropriate decision regarding the best course of action but also listen to other health professionals such as thee concerned physician such as Dr. G. who in this case is of the opinion that Mr. is better off on a ventilator. Besides the above, the case study in question provides a dilemma regarding the decision of putting Mr. on a ventilator. It is very clear that the patient himself is of the opinion that he should not be on a ventilator under any circumstances. Naturally, we are supposed to arrive at the conclusion that the wishes of the patient be met. But we are also informed that Mr. suffers from mild mental problems. This means that he is not in a position to make sound judgments regarding his health. The decision by the doctor to call on the other person who is closely connected to the patient so as to seek his opinion is sound. It is also important to point out that anything that is done for the betterment of the life of the patient is supposed to be supported and this is part and parcel of the nursing code of ethics as pointed out in the starting part of this essay. Therefore, putting Mr.E on a ventilator is an ethically sound decision. On the ethical standing of the brother’s decision to authorize a ventilator, the position is that the brother has been asked to give an opinion on what is to be done regarding the position and this can be construed to mean that his opinion matters. As the person closest to the patient, he has the grounds for the decision and given that it favors the life of the patient, it is not ethically questionable. Leaving the above aside, the regulations from the nursing board allow for autonomy of nurses to the extent tha
Mastering any language presupposes the formation of students’ listening, speaking, reading, and writing competencies. The competencies require the development of specific skills and abilities from the students. Acquiring some competence appears to be less difficult for the learner, acquiring another competence is much more complicated. The current paper is concerned with the exploration of the specific character of the process of acquiring phonology which distinguishes it from other branches of linguistics. Celce-Murcia once suggested that “acquiring phonology is qualitatively different from acquiring syntax and lexicon.” (Celce-Murcia, 1996 25) We are inclined to think that this statement of hers is rather justified and we are going to prove its validity below. Phonology is defined as a “study of the sound systems of languages” (Phonology 12346). The distinguished Czech scholar and teacher Johann Amos Comenius stressed the main principles in teaching phonology:   * Use imitation instead of rules;   * Have your students repeat after you (Celce-Murcia, 2001 4). These principles if followed appropriately by the teacher make the process of teaching and acquiring phonology different from the ones of syntax and lexicon. Though imitation is applicable for teaching each of the competencies mentioned above, acquiring phonology does not seem possible without it. Different imitation techniques that the teacher uses to teach the students the phonological system of the foreign language cannot be used in the teaching peculiarities of syntax and lexicon of the foreign language. In the case of the latter branches of linguistic science imitation is useful in the primary stages of learning the language, whereas in phonology, imitation does not lose its significance throughout the whole course of study. Repetition also becomes a useful tool in acquiring phonological knowledge. The teacher’s task is to provide the students with samples of foreign speech that they are expected to repeat according to the phonological norms of the language studied, which is not the case with teaching syntax and lexicon. Phonology acquisition also differs from acquiring syntax and lexicon because this sphere is most of all subjected to the influence of the native language of the learners. Though students are apt to transfer their knowledge from the native language to all levels of the newly acquired one, the phonological layer is at the highest risk to be understood through the perspective of the native language. Thus, the teacher’s task is to
Introduction A comprehensive understanding of the budget coordination is imperative, not just to develop expense projections but to ensure that policymakers get the best advice on the feasibility of a given budget suggestion from outlooks of both macroeconomic and microeconomic factors of a country. The public sector is highly complex and therefore coordinating a budget could be difficult for fiscal planners. Nevertheless, it icheckserative to understand the relevance of budget principles, particularly in the public sector where misappropriation of public coffers is rampant. By relying on an objective evaluation of macroeconomic factors and available financial resources, theoretically, the budget contents should be inclusive, transparent, practical, policy-based approach with a clear accountability system to support its execution (Gruber, 2005). These elements entail a benchmark by which the accuracy of a budget can be evaluated. In most cases, however, public sector organisations may lack these fundamental concepts in budget coordination. The purpose of this essay is to discuss critically the most significant challenges of budget coordination in a public sector organisation. The most significant challenges of budget coordination in a public sector organisation In most cases, a public sector organisation presents both the current budget and capital budget. These two budgets, however, are often prepared in a parallel way with different procedures. It is difficult to note this when the budget is presented to the legislature because it appears unified. When budgets are prepared with different procedures, it is difficult to coordinate them fully. In addition, such a budget cannot adequately account for all macro objectives and economic assumptions for a given fiscal year. This situation is often common in emerging economies, for instance. They may combine both capital and current budgets for a given fiscal year. A lack of coordination during the budget preparation often leads to poor utilisation of funds. For instance, a single item may appear in a current programme as well as in a capital budget. In some instances, however, a project may be included in a capital budget, but w
This doll is one of the most famous toys in any country; her beautiful appearance and mobile parts of body attract the attention of so many children and even grow ups. Almost each girl on this planet is eager to have at least one of these beautiful dolls, which are known as Barbie dolls. However, not every one knows how long the history of Barbie is. Ruth Handler was the person, who presented Barbie to the world in far 1959. Barbie turns out to be a really significant part in the history and development of toy fashion. To my mind, it is quite captivating to investigate the creation of Barbie dolls, specify the impact of Handler’s daughter, and clear up why this very doll turns out to be so interesting for lots of people during such a long period of time. In 1945, Ruth Handler’s husband, Elliot and his friend Harold Mattson decided to create their own company that would be soon known as the most successful doll’s creation company. So, that was the way of how the most powerful company within doll’s industry, Mattel, appeared (MATT – for Mattson, EL – for Elliot). It is necessary to admit that Ruth and Elliot’s daughter, Barbara, and son, Ken, played a significant role in the development of the toy. Barbara liked to spend much time with her best friends, paper dolls, chose some adult cloth for them, and imagined numerous careers. When Ruth and Elliot visited Switzerland, they came across another popular doll from Germany, Lilli. Telling the truth, this Lilli served as the major prototype of Barbie with its 11 ½ “or 7” in heights. However, from the very beginning, Ruth’s husband did not really believe that such dolls with adult bodies and intentions to work and develop may be interesting to young ladies. Fortunately, Ruth found out enough powers and imagination to prove her position and start the creation of first Barbie dolls in 1959. “The Barbie doll’s full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts… She is from Willows, Wisconsin, and she is a graduate of Willows High School.” (Lind & Brzuzy 2008) So, this doll has her own story, has her birthday, March 9, 1959, and turns out to be quite multinational. Toy Fair in New York City was the first place, where Barbie was really officially introduced to a wide public. More than 20 outfits were presented with this doll, and this collection could not but impress so may people. However, the received reception was a bit weak, because lots of toy buyers regarded this toy as a bit risky investment – her fresh style and not that young age were not quite typical for those times. But still, within only 10 years, more than $500 million were spent on Barbie dolls. It was mentioned that “two Barbie dolls are sold every second of every day in any one of the 150 nations the doll in marketed.” (Lind & Brzuzy 2008) So, no one can even doubt that Barbie should be considered as the #1 doll in the whole world. The development of Barbie’s industry causes numerous misunderstandings among lots of thinkers and philosophers. Some of them even tried to disavow this toy and
Theoretical analysis Case Selection Drug addiction is a critical topic of discussion in the prevailing society where young people under peer pressure are being subjected to their abuse. Most people who experience health problems that restrict them to enjoy life not only harbor depression, but also fail to attain the freedom of choosing the path to follow. These drugs cause the problems at home, work, and school where personal relationships are affected severely. In this regard, the drug abuse and addiction offer a short-term solution to the health issues that an individual possesses. Essentially, this case study will allow the evaluation of the prevailing cases of drug abuse among the youth. It will review the repercussions of drug abuse and enlighten people about their negative effects. The selected case was on Jessica’s marijuana addiction and Roberto’s drug abuse.k Compulsive and Addictive Behavior Drug abuse can result to depression and suicide as depicted in Jessica’s case where she loses self-control. The use of marijuana can affect the intellectual capacity and working capabilities of an individual. This is evident when the addicted person loses the vigor to work and becomes careless. The victims of drug abuse lose the effective ability to remember where most show such behavioral features as restlessness, craving to smoke, insomnia, and loss of appetite (Gutkin, 2012). Moreover, this contributes to a feeling of depression, anxiety, and reduced self-esteem termed as personality disorders. The people who consume marijuana heavily are usually absent minded, prone to accidents, depict tardiness, and seem lazy. According to research, those who test positive for Marijuana usage checkups have 55% chances of being involved in industrial accidents, 85% in injuries, and 75% increase in absenteeism as compared to the non-smokers (Lyman, 2011). The compulsive behaviors involving the use of painkillers as seen in Roberto’s case are attributes that need counseling and treatment interventions. In this regard, the pain and peer pleasure cannot be persevered to allow an explicit cure of the injuries. Treatment The suicide case demands counseling intervention from qualified personnel such as doctors, psychologists, or religious leaders. The patients’ problems should be understood to elevate the pressure of the healthcare practitioner in order to take the additional actions. In cases where the person persists on committing suicide, he or
Introduction ACHIEVE model is an abbreviation that stands for ability, clarity, help, incentive, evaluation, validity, and environment. This method is used by managers of different companies to analyze how various factors influence their auxiliaries’ performance and productivity when completing different tasks. The following paper is intended to demonstrate the implementation of the ACHIEVE model to describe how it works in practice and what benefits does it provide. Discussion As it is mentioned above, this paper will overview the problem that has to be solved with the help of the model called ACHIEVE. Therefore, the hypothetical scenario implies the disability of an IT company’s employee to write an appropriate code for one of the ordered programs. The first level (ability) includes such components as knowledge or specific skills necessary to complete specific tasks (Bolman & Deal, 2017). If the computer engineer does not have suitable experience or information to apply to the given problem, his or her manager must provide the appropriate education (coding course) to one’s colleague to address the emerged issue. The next level is clarity, which means that the software developer mentioned above should understand and analyze every step required to develop a high-quality program. For instance, the models and templates that should be used in a certain case ought to be defined and operated well (Northouse, 2016). According to the next stage, the manager is obliged to help the employee in case of some questions or uncertainties. Organizational support is one of the most essential things in the ACHIEVE model as superiors must share their experience to help their colleagues gain expected results that satisfy clients or corporative customers. Evaluation is the name of the next problem-solving level. This phase of the ACHIEVE model is used to identify particular limitations caused by difficult educational material or the complexity of actions that should be remembered and structured by the computer engineer properly (Northouse, 2016). This stage is based on the worker’s feedback, which determines the points that need improvement in the future. The step of validity must define whether the practices used by the manager contradict the local law or not. Superiors are prohibited from using illegal methods to teach their colleagues. Even if their actions do not seem to be criminal or abusive, there are many cases when managers violate particular standards of their professional regulations. On the other hand, all the actions of the programmer must be controlled as well as this worker might not be aware of different laws and rules (Rock, 2014). In conclusion, it would be proper to say that the environmental fit should imply the factors that give the software developer a desire to reach new goals and show better results. This can be achieved by c
Historically, community has difficulties with accepting not only peculiarities of the others but even their own nature. The acceptance of the phenomenon of transgender status in contrast to widely spread stereotypes on it is one of the central themes and moral messages of the 1992 movie The Crying Game and the 1993 movie M. Butetrfly . The filmmakers’ decision to hide the transgender status of their characters can be explained with not only their intention to complicate the plot lines and intensify the viewers’ impression from the clarification of the situation at the climax moments of the films, but also conveying certain moral messages. This technique allows the authors to demonstrate the impact of knowledge on the individual’s transsexual status upon the overall perception of a person. Thus, after one of the central scenes in the films in which Dil’s and Pei-Pu’s true gender is revealed, the attitude of the audience to these characters changes. However, the fact that the main male characters of the movies remain with their beloved disregarding their status is intended to affect the viewers’ opinion of this phenomenon in general. Raising the problem of the perception of the person’s transgender status