ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Cold War was a political conflict characterized by military tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and its political allies that occurred between 1946 and 1991. The conflict did not involve direct military confrontations; nevertheless, propaganda, espionage, and nuclear threats were common. During the Cold War, the U.S. was engaged in public diplomacy by promoting its ideals and national interests. The U.S. promoted the ideals of democratic governance and respect of basic human rights through its public diplomacy strategy. President Jimmy Carter (1977-1981), at the height of the Cold War, following the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, declared that the U.S. would use public diplomacy and if need be, military force to protect the oil rich Persian Gulf. This doctrine was appropriate and calmed tensions in international relations between the US and the Soviet Union. The U.S. Foreign Policy The hallmark of President Carter’s rule was his human rights public diplomacy in all nations. Upon taking office, Jimmy Carter undertook to streamline domestic policy by pardoning an estimated 10,000 draft men who refused to fight in the Vietnam War of 1959-1975 (Ross, 2003, p.21). This move, although opposed by war veterans, aimed at unifying gesture as far as the U.S. foreign policy was concerned since the war was over. Additionally, this move implied the unwillingness to pursue the Cold War rivalry with the Soviet Union. Among the situations that called for America’s diplomacy during the Cold War include the deliberate efforts to improve relations with the Soviet Union and ease the hostilities between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The easing of tensions between the two nations, termed détente, began in 1969 to 1972, and needed America’s diplomatic efforts. The public diplomacy efforts during the Cold War were led by the United States Information Agency (USIA), which had the primary role of preventing the spread of communism and combating propaganda from the Soviet Union (Wilson, 2004, p.147). However, Carter’s approach was more of an activist and involved the assessment of foreign opinion before policy formulation. The Hostage Crisis in Iran President Jimmy Carter’s doctrine was occasioned by the hostage crisis in Iran. At the time, the U.S. had little intelligence information on events taking place in Iran. Carter attempted to develop cordial relations with Iran’s military government to secure the release of 52 U.S hostages held in Iran. However in 1979, the relations between the two countries worsened following the admission of Shah, who was suffering from cancer, into the U.S. for treatment. This action caused a diplomatic row as the Tehran military government sought Shah to stand trial for criminal charges. It sparked violent protests and an angry mob raided the U.S. embassy in Tehran to push the U.S. to return Shah to Iran. Following these events, the public diplomacy collapsed, and the U.S. hostages remained captive in Iran. President Carter invested great personal efforts in resolving the crisis. He
This essay has two main parts that features the work of three leading scholars within the field of International Relations theory, Goldman, Bay and Sylvester respectively. These three, are analysed in relation to the views they forward either in book chapters, or in articles published in academic journals. In this first part however, a discussion about what each of these thinkers believes are the shortcomings of the several competing theories that today feature within the broad field Int
Change and transformation in the world today are becoming inevitable. Consequently, for organizations to succeed in this environment, they have to adapt to these changes (Olson, 2001). Adapting to change involves aligning the structures and management of human capital among other things. This paper will explore the organizational behavior concepts related to standard managerial practices aimed at achieving effective and efficient operations within the criminal justice settings. It is imperative to understand the organizational behavior patterns, as well as the management practices to adequately analyze this concept. Different organizations have different managerial practices. However, the most common concept of efficient management results is remarkable productivity and profit returns due to better performance. The criminal justice system setup is aimed at achieving low crime rate, upholding justice, rehabilitating law breakers and making them good citizens of the community. The key concepts involved in the organizational behavior are channeled towards attaining efficiency in management practices. In the criminal justice setup, the managers are to possess both technical and interpersonal skills, because the managers are responsible for managing the organization’s finances, resources, information and personnel. To empower the employees, they need resources such as support programs, trainings, adequate provisions and equipment. Organizational behavior inspects on the impact that structures, individuals and groups have on how the personnel in an organization behave. The employees of an organization are normally diverse and this
Introduction The history of America is full of intrigues and unique tales of the country’s path to progress. The argument of American history is a paper on the various events that took place in the United States and the world in general. Both the events will be analyzed according to the manner in which the country was involved in shaping them. The paper takes a comprehensive approach at the whole political and social history of the state. As a result the paper has been divided into three parts all of which are based on books about the country. The paper therefore gives special reference to the works of several authors in the construction of the history of the state and its activities. The paper is thus divided so as to give each of the three aspects attention and priority in its own rights. A look at the whole paper will bring out one conspicuous connotation. The analyses are based of the domestic aspect of the event on one hand and the international aspects of the same. The first book for instance takes a look at the role of the United States in the change of regimes around the world. The book takes into consideration the writings of Kinzer in his book, Overthrow: United States against the World. The second part takes a comprehensive look at the emancipation of various sections of society in the united states,. Special reference is given to American People’s Voice of Resistance , a book by Howard Zinn. The last part of the paper is kind of comparative and looks at the works of two
Introduction Gender issues in the church have been a great concern. This is normally the case when it comes to the role and position of women in running church. The women have not been fully integrated into the functions of the church system (Keener par. 2). Today, a first-timer attendee of any church will observe two striking things. One, the majority of the congregation will be women, and second, the leaders will be men. These scenarios are not specific to any denomination but cut across the entire church. In fact, in modern society, it appears that gender equality is a preserve of the workplace where there have been more opportunities for women. However, such attempts in the church are met with resistance and even use of the Bible verses to disapprove of women’s role in the leadership. Was it by biblical design that women were marginalized, or was it make of patriarchal society? This paper will explore this question based on two examples from the New Testament and relate the findings to the current scenario where women are not included in the mainstream leadership of the church. Women in the Early Ministry Today’s church is a continuity of the early ministry as constituted by the apostles who experienced firsthand teachings of Jesus Christ. It is thus critical to examine the women’s role in the early ministry and draw parallels with the modern scenario. This should be based on understanding the doctrine of salvation and how Christ intended the whole church to serve Him. In the New Testament, there are many texts where women are shown as partakers in the work of Christ. Apostle Paul affirmed the ministry of women in the early church. A case example of a woman being involved in the ministry related to Priscilla when she assumed the role of pastor to teach Apollos of Alexandria about Christ. “… He began to speak boldly in the synagogue. When Priscilla and Aquila heard him, they invited him to their home and explained to him the way of God more adequately (New International Version, Acts 18:26). This shows that women were active and understood the word of God in the early church. Paul introduced Priscilla first against the culture of Jews, where men were mentioned before their wives. Such a scenario portrays the higher status she had in the leadership of the church. Jewish culture had gender prejudices, many domains of the church were mainly male-dominated. Besides, the scripture is presented in the human language and has cultural connotations that sideline women from the core operations of the church. For instance, the scriptures and the theology express the various issues that define Christianity aspects such as salvation in images and language that enhances patriarchal and sexist society. Despite the culture, Paul remained very progressive in showing the active roles of women; also, it is important to note that Apollos’ acceptance of being taught by Priscilla was a great indication of gender equality in the church as evidenced in this scripture, “Meanwhile a Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, came to Ephesus. He was a learned man, with a thorough knowledge of the Scriptures” (New Internation
Introduction China has developed to become one of the most favorite destinations for many American companies. The cheap labor and large market size have been cited as the main reasons that are encouraging investors to conduct their business in China. This report identifies the information required to conduct business in China. It specifically outlines the socio-cultural, economical, legal- political, and managerial differences between the US and China. Economic analysis The business environment in China is awesome, there is a large market with a robust economy that was grew by 9.7% in 2009, a year in which most countries were affected by the recession. The country has the world’s largest market with over 200 million citizens having a per capita income of more than USD 8000 ( US Commercial service, 2010). China has the second highest Foreign Direct Investment after the US. However, China is still a developing country with major economic divisions between the urban and rural populations ( US Commercial service, 2010). The business environment is hard to predict due to lack of consistent laws and regulations. Additionally, the government does not effectively protect intellectual property rights and this adversely affects foreign companies. Political and legal differences There are significance differences between the political systems in China and the US. The US utilizes a federalist system in which power is shared between the federal government and the state governments that enjoy their own authorities ( US Commercial service, 2010). Additionally, local governments can have their own laws governing certain aspects such as land use. On the other hand, the political system in China is centralized with a vertical structure of government agencies that runs from the central government to the provincial administration and finally to the local governments. This implies that lower level authorities are subordinate to the higher level and are bound by the same laws. However, the interpretation of rules is often localized and varies from one location to another due to the large size of the country. The legal systems between China and the U.S are completely different. Unlike the US, China only began training lawyers in the 1980s. To date, there are about 100,000 lawyers, a very insignificant size for its population. The country has promulgated most laws in the last five years and many of them have not been applied, interpreted or enforced ( US Commercial service, 2010). The judicial system lags behind the economic gains of the country. It’s a tricky affair to rely on the legal system to protect one’s business. The laws formulated seem to protect the local firms from foreign products while encouraging exports. Socio-cultural and managerial differences Cultural Differences have usually played a significant role in the way people conduct heir businesses. In China, the schools of philosophy have been around for many centuries and are still very much in use today for moral gui
Introduction In linguistics, vowel length can be defined as the length of time a vowel is sounded. Japanese makes great use of vowel length in its phonetics. One’s native language has an impact on learning and mastery of a non native language. This is evident in the various dialects in English among communities in which English is a foreign language. According to Maye, Weiss, & Aslin (2008), adult non native language learners exhibit significant differences with their native counterparts in their ability to grasp and articulate the phonetic aspects of the language. This paper seeks to establish the effect of one’s native language on their phonetic mastery of vowel length in contrast to a non native language; in this case, Japanese and Arabic Article Summary Tsukada and Hirata (2009), acknowledge that the first language is significant in the process of learning and mastering a second non native language. A question arises as to whether speakers of native languages which use vowel length which contrasts conspicuously, like the Japanese, are able to use this capability in discriminating vowel lengths in other languages, like Arabic, better than speakers of native languages that are insensitive to vowel lengths, like the Australian dialect of English. In a study of the Australian English listeners’ discrimination of Thai stops, the inability to discriminate between the stops is attributed to their limited experience with Thai. The Australian English listeners, however low their discrimination of the Thai stops was, were better and more accurate compared to the Japanese, whose native language has less final stops. This concluded that for native speakers to accurately discriminate phonetic contrasts, they need experience as well as exposure to native phonetic contrasts. Some phonological features are shared across languages, and in Japanese and Arabic, there are such features. Vowels like /e/ or /o/ appear in Japanese, but do not have any phonemic meaning in Arabic. The following vowels; /i/, /a/ or /u/, however, are shared between the two languages. We would therefore ask ourselves whether these shared features would pose an equal difficulty in discriminating their vowel length contrast as the non shared
Introduction As America basks in the euphoria of breaking a glass ceiling that nobody ever thought would be broken, we are faced with the realization that racism as we know it is over. The blacks have fought long and hard for their right to be elected to the highest office in the land and having the white man entrust that most important position in the free world to President – elect Barack Obama shows that a new, higher level of maturity, understanding, and trust has come of age in the land of the free. Discussion The truth is though that racism will still continue to exist so long as America remains to be a boiling pot of word wide cultures and traditions. Ending racism is actually a never ending quest because each person, regardless of race or ethnicity in the country must earn the right to the respect and trust of his fellow man. In other words, racism will exist in a new form. That form will take shape over the coming decades but, will also be torn down over time as the country becomes more open to allowing ot
Before I proceed with describing my plan as to how this world can be made a better place to live, I will need to outline objective preconditions that account for particularities of my worldview:  1. Given the fact that I was born in Iceland, it automatically means that I am a White person (Icelandic government does allow immigrants from Third World to “celebrate diversity” in Iceland at the expense of the country’s taxpayers, which is why Iceland is only the Western country that remains racially homogenous).  2. The fact that I have received an inheritance of 12,500,000€ means that I have very rich relatives. In its turn, this means that, even before I got hold of this money, I could well afford obtaining a good education. And, as an educated White person, I was predestined to adopt a racially-biological outlook on surrounding socio-political reality, which had put me in disfavor with the hawks of political-correctness worldwide (this explains why I could not obtain U.S. visa). As it appears from particularities of a situation, described in the assignment, the first thing I would have to take care of is finding a new country to move into. Given the fact that I used to live in White country with a virtual absence of crime, due to the absence of “multiculturalism”, it would only be logical on my part to look for the similar kind of country as the place of residence, so that I would not have to bother adjusting my lifestyle. Therefore, after having contemplated the possibility of settling in one of the major EU countries, I rejected it due to the fact that these countries: Britain, France and Germany, have long ago been turned into “Northern Pakistan”, “Northern Algeria” and “Northern Turkey”, respectively. Besides, I would not feel comfortable living in countries where people can be easily sentenced to 5-7 years in jail for openly expressing their political opinions (the “crime of hate speech”). Also, I could not consider going to Canada or Australia, because of the lack of criminal record, and the wrong color of hair (too blond), on my part. Thus, I was only left with the option of immigrating to Ukraine – the only European White country beyond the reach of EU’s “thought crime” legislations, where political-correctness simply does not exist. It is namely in Ukraine, where I can start with my political activities from “ground zero”, without risking the change of automatic imprisonment, due to the intended nature of these activities. After having arrived in Ukraine, it only took me two months and 30.000€ to acquire full Ukrainian citizenship. Given my IQ of 150, I did not have any problems learning Russian (everybody speaks Russian in Ukraine). The following is the plan of how I will go about attaining political prominence in Ukraine, Europe, and eventually – the whole world.   * By the end of 2009, I will spend 1.000.000€ on registering the “Intellectual-Socialist Party of Europe” and setting up the party’s operational branches across Ukraine. Party foremost objectives will be declared: a) Prevention of White race’s biological ex
Introduction A lot has been said about open economies but the fact is that their existence is only in theory. It is common knowledge that all countries in the world have some entry restrictions in their markets. With this in mind, open economies are described as those countries whose policies allow production and pricing to be determined by the forces of supply and demand. The aforementioned restrictions are, therefore, in the form of policies that countries develop in a bid to accelerate economic growth. One of such policies is price control in which a government gives price floors and/or ceilings for products, rent, wages, etc. This paper is an in-depth investigation of the effect of price controls like rent control and minimum wage on the efficiency of an economy. Importance of price controls Price controls are a very important part of any market. They play very important roles in protection of consumers against exploitation by producers and retailers. Therefore, despite the shortcomings of setting price ceilings and price floors, they play an important role in markets (Sobel 41). For instance, in a case where investors habitually exploit consumers of rental services by continually increasing rent, the government may decide to set maximum rent figures in order to protect its citizenry from exploitation by the investors. Another example is a case where employers give considerably low wages to their employees. In such a case, the government may intervene and set minimum wages for employees in order to give its citizens purchasing power and reduce the level of employee exploitation undertaken by employers. These types of price control are, in a way, a catalyst of market efficiency. This is because if the government sets the minimum wage for employees, the employees will be given more purchasing power whereas the cost of production incurred by producers increases (Wells 83). This prompts producers to increase their scale of production in order to maximize their profits through an increase in sales volume. This makes goods to be sufficiently available in the market and it also makes consumers to demand the goods more. This can be viewed to be an increase in the efficiency of the market since the market is able to sustain itself and both producers and consumers can rely on the market. On the other hand, in a market where rents are very high, there will be cases of houses going unoccupied since investors will be attracted by the high returns of the rent to invest in rental buildings (Thompson 1). Therefore there will be a case of low demand and oversupply. If the government intervenes and sets maximum rent rates, investors will shy away from investing in rental buildings and thus the situation will be gradually reversed. This will actually increase the efficiency of the market for rental buildings since the
Some areas of knowledge are discovered and others are invented. In order to explain this we must first set definitions for our terms. Knowledge is data in human usable form. For example, the contents of a telephone book is knowledge. However, it we mix the contents so the names, addresses and phone numbers do not match, it becomes only data, and useless data at that. Discovery is the uncovering of something that is true and was true before the discovery. Since we are dealing with knowledge, we must qualify this and say that discovered knowledge was true when the first discovery was made by the first human who discovered it. Invented knowledge is that which some intelligence, in this case a human, created. It did not exist its creation. These terms are a bit slippery, so we set them within these boundaries, so that our argument does not become an argument of English word meanings. In order to clarify this we will give examples of each and discuss them. Discovered Knowledge Descartes, precisely because of his unhistorical temper, was the first to succeed in the historic act of liberation. For he never merely took over conclusions but re-embodied in himself the original power of philosophical thinking.” (Cassirer 13) I