ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The lower federal court ruled in favor of the plaintiff in the Lopez v. Seccombe petition. The court determined that people of Latin American descent were being discriminated against in the use of recreational parks and swimming pools in the city of San Bernardino. In its ruling, the court stated that the case did not only affect the plaintiffs present but 8,000 people of Mexican descent and extraction who were living in the city of San Bernardino at the time. Towards this end, it was acknowledged that the city and all its elected and nominated representatives were at fault and breached the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. The court directed that all recreational parks stop discriminating against Mexicans and allow them to enjoy the facilities. The decision was mainly attributed to the fact that the region (the State of California) was not known for racism. In the 1940s, different races were trying to develop and enhance an identity, and issues of discrimination were downplayed, especially in the American Southwest. The social and ethnic atmosphere was, therefore, tense due to the implications of the US Constitution and other legal policies that had been put in place to help lower the chances of discrimination. The court had the right to force the recreational parks to allow admittance to all races as the plaintiffs were able to prove that they were US citizens. Additionally, the plaintiffs proved that they equally contributed to the management and maintenance of the parks through proper and timely tax payments. Thus, they had the right to use these facilities just as Caucasians. Indeed, the labor atmosphere in the American Southwest in 1944 was tense. This was because more people of Mexican descent were getting work that initially was considered for Caucasians. For example, Lopez was well educated and a senior editor when he launched the complaint against Mayor Seccombe and the city of San Bernardino. Previously, Mexicans were only attached to casual jobs that Caucasians would not do. The paradigm shift necessitated by the right laws and policies led to a historic ruling that made it more difficult to discriminate against race in California. Bibliography Lopez v. Seccombe. 71 F. Supp. 769. 1, US District Court for the Southern District of California, 1944.
Introduction The recent rapid evolution in mobile technologies is creating next-generation applications of mobile commerce which are more efficient and sustainable. The development of global positioning systems and mobile data tracking provides both consumers and businesses with access to vital information and network services. Through the use of geofencing, these technologies can be employed for a wide range of location-sensitive uses such as directory, asset tracking, navigation, entertainment, and advertising. This report will define and investigate the concepts of geofencing and location-based services, its real-world applications with subsequent benefits and challenges. Evolution of Location-Based Services Location-based services (LBSs) are a software application that utilizes user location data to control or trigger features. With the rapid adoption of smartphones that have an in-built Global Positioning System (GPS) that allows for geolocation, LBSs have increased in number as well. The most common use of this technology remains maps and navigation software as well as information searches dependent on “nearby” locations. LBS consumers may also utilize the technology for gameplay (such as the popular Pokemon Go) and mobile social networking applications (Foursquare). In combination, LBSs consist of geosocial services, advertising, and geo-information services. It is estimated that at least 74 percent of smartphone users activate location tracking on their devices and actively use it for one or more of LBSs (Jang & Lee, 2018). Since LBSs are dependent on the geographical location of the smartphone, the primary objective is to determine where the user is. Location-based technologies have always been central to human navigation and communication. Starting with smoke signals and celestial navigation, gradually transitioning to magnetic compasses until reaching the satellite era, bringing in a revolution of geolocation. Satellites have a clear positioning to triangulate locations as technology became more evolved and widely adopted, from military use to automobile GPS, and now into smartphones. It is only logical that LBSs are the next step in the development of human location technology. Nevertheless, the foundational elements of the technology remain largely unchanged. For example, smoke signals were lit once something entered an area and was in the direct line of observation, parallel to LBSs which activate when an individual is in a certain location. Meanwhile, celestial navigation was conducted through triangulation based on the starts, a similar principle to the operation of GPS satellites in the modern-day. It is suggestive that location-based methods are critical to the development of human civilization and technological evolution. LBS has its roots in geographical information systems (GIS), with similar elements of collecting information in a network computing environment. A communication network, such as the mobile signals are critical for LBS as it is used t
Introduction Background of the study Vyvanse is the brand name for Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate which is a single daily dose drug that has been approved by the Food and Drug Association (FDA) for the treatment of the symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD) in adults and children aged 6-12 years old (Handelman par.1). Additionally, Vyvanse is a neurostimulant that affects the central nervous system directly through the neurotransmitters and the nerves involved in controlling impulse and hyperactivity (Handelman par.1). It is produced by Shire and New River Pharmaceuticals in its inactive form (pro-drug) which has to undergo digestion in the stomach and through the first-pass metabolic effect in the liver into L-lysine, an amino acid and dextroamphetamine, which is the active form of the drug that treats ADHD (Rosack, p. 1). Besides, the drug is available in all pharmacies across the United States in order to reach out to about 4.4 million children aged 4-17 years old who are suffering from ADHD. Statistics provided by CDC indicate that the number of children reported to have been diagnosed with ADHD during their life-time represents about 7.8% of all school-going children in the United States. ADHD is a neuropsychological disorder that is common among children and adolescents and it manifests itself in a series of attention problems, hyperactivity in children and impulsivity that can be severe than in normal cases. Diagnosis of the disorder involves observation of the symptoms related to hyperactivity/impulsivity which normally occur before age 7 years in many children. Research also documents that there is no cure for the disorder except for the numerous medications which are usually combined with educational and psychological interventions in modifying the symptoms of the disorder (Wilens, pp. 2-6). This paper seeks to analyze the appeals, claims, supports and warrants that have been raised in order to justify the application of Vyvanse as a possible remedy in the treatment of ADHD/ADD in adults and children. Additionally, the paper creates a persuasive discourse that utilizes the modes of appeal, supports, claims and warrants. In this case, the paper will be based on the analysis of the arguments documented in order to support this case. Vyvanse – The ADD/ ADHD Medicine Approval of Vyvanse by FDA Vyvanse was approved after clinical studies through reports of mothers with children suffering from ADHD indicated that the drug could achieve control over the ADHD symptoms consistently for more than 12 hours. In these studies, about 121 mothers were assigned the responsibility of submitting their reports 3 times a day; at 10 a.m., at 2 p.m. and at 6 p.m. The results from these studies indicated that about 40% of the subjects reported
Introduction Everyday Use by Alice Walker is a story about the concept of heritage and different perspectives individuals may have about it. In particular, Everyday Use revolves around the dynamics of one family whose members experience a powerful cultural gap that sets the elder daughter, Dee, apart from her mother and sister Maggie. While both perspectives can be seen as valuable is certain ways, the author makes a clear emphasis on the view of heritage as a direct relation with family and respect for its members and history. Mother of the Story and Her Reliability The mother character in Everyday Use is described in detail. She is “a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands”; she is very hard working, physically strong and enduring, and capable of performing harsh manual labor. She has two daughters both of whom she loves, but feels close with only one of them. Also, she seems very aware strengths and weaknesses of both young girls. As a result, she can be considered a reliable narrator as she describes both of her daughters honestly and without skipping over any of the unpleasant bit of their backgrounds such as the fire that Dee set as a child because she hated the house in which they lived and how this fire crippled Maggie for the rest of her life. Assumptions about Daughters and Dee’s Perspective Reflecting on her daughters, the mother describes Dee as determined, persistent, brave, educated knowledgeable about style, wanting “nice things”, and having trouble making friends or building relationships (Walker 381). As for Maggie, the mother compares her to “a dog run over by some careless person” and mentions that she walks like a lame animal – “chin on chest, eyes of ground, feet in shuffle” Walker 380). Maggie was not as bright as her sister, had little education, and was ashamed of her burn marks and scars she had from the fire set my Dee. However, from the perspective of Dee, the story would sound differently. Dee would not describe herself as careless and selfish; instead, she would introduce herself as the only smart and educated person in the family, who has tried to educate her simple-minded relatives but never succeeded and so had to move away and continue her growth. Personal Development Ideas and Mama’s Decision The mother’s idea of self-development was different from Dee’s. She believed that Dee forced the knowledge on her family members that they “didn’t necessarily need to know” (Walker 381). She saw that the person into whom Dee had turned –Wangero – was a shallow admirer of history and African-American background who valued things such as the house, hand-made bench, churn, and quilts over people to whom they belonged and who had worked hard to craft these objects. The most obvious indicator of her ignorance towards her own family
The key issues that Bisciglia wants to accomplish for the company are competent recruitment, advance training, and expansion of the company to a new world of business. In order to enable Bisciglia realize this, the management should deploy situational approach of leadership. This approach holds that there is no single best form of leadership. According to Hofstede, the best leadership is task-relevant and based on maturity (1977, p.109). It is apparent that what Bisciglia wishes to achieve requires flexible leadership with full participation of both the recruits/employees and the management. Since a decision in situational leadership depends on the nature of the job, the management at Google will support Bisciglia in terms of both finance and morale, hence encouraging him to stay within the company. In order to train students and/or recruits about the cloud computing within the shortest time possible, the management should indeed provide the necessary resources to Bisciglia. This is achievable only if the management breaks away from traditional acts of bureaucracy, which are inflexible. Records reveal that Bisciglia is no longer a Googler. These records further state that he might have left to pursue other interests. What does this case have to do with contingency and situational leadership? From the case study, contingency and situational leadership are vivid in Bisciglia’s relationship with his CEO, Schmidt. The CEO listens to Bisciglia’s ideas about the expansion of the business and freely allows him to go on without any delay. Schmidt is indeed a situational leader. In fact, he employs Bisciglia fresh from university while most of the Google employees are PhD holders. This is an indication that Schmidt bases his decision on the nature of the job required. According to Hersey & Blanchard (1972), contingency and situational leadership theory states that “there is no best way for managers to lead; different situations create different leadership style requirements for managers” (p.24). The major issue is to expand the Google-style computing such that it powerfully benefits researchers and other users. To achieve this, the management should make task-based decisions, as Schmidt does. In addition, in order to ensure recruits “learn to work on large scale”, the relationship between the employees (recruits) and management should enhance two-way communication. Through this way, the management will realize the goal of advance training, which Bisciglia is trying to pursue. To enhance training of the recruits, as situational leadership states, the leader has to spell out the responsibilities of the employees, as Bisciglia does for the recruits (Dubrin, 2010, p. 87). The relationship behavior should be two-way; the management freely listens to Basciglia’s views about the cloud project. To what extent do you think the a
One of the themes that can be emphasized in the literature is related to the importance of naming. For instance, names may serve as a link between an individual and their identity, be it a national, cultural, family, or another type of identity. This can be illustrated by using Chinua Achebe’s and Leopold Sedar Senghor’s literary works. For example, in Achebe’s Chike’s School Days , one can discover that the main character had three names: John, Chike, and Obiajulu, the last name meaning “the mind, at last, is at rest” (Achebe, 1960, p. 827). Thus, the first name, John, denotes the relation of the family to the European tradition; the second name, Chike, identifies him as an African person; and the third name, Obiajulu, shows his position in the family, namely, that he is either the only son or the only child (Achebe, 1960). In Senghor’s poem Prayer to Masks , on the other hand, no names are given. However, it might be possible to state that the metaphor of masks is used to refer to identities that are changing due to cultural merging: “The Africa of the empires is dying, see the agony of a pitiful princess / And Europe too where we are joined by the navel” (Sells, 2013, para. 3). Thus, “masks” are used, denoting the changes in identity, rather than names, which would refer to particular identities. This theme can be used to teach the topic of identity to high school students by elaborating that names often have origins that are deeply rooted in a particular culture and that a name can often be used to identify one’s origins (Gallagher & Chen, 2008). To engage the students in this theme, it is possible to use such elements of popular culture as e.g. some elements of rap music of the 1970s, in which African Americans often strongly identified themselves with their Black community. On the whole, it should be stressed that one’s name plays a critical role in their lives, and may often establish a strong lin
Pedagogy is the art of teaching, whereby a teacher passes academic or theoretical information to learners. This process involves daily lives of teachers, which incorporate more than just teaching, as it involves other aspects such as making informed decision, possession of skills and practice among others (Kagnan & Bowman, 1997). This essay paper will be focusing on the analysis of pedagogical leadership and relationships, involved by a teacher with children, parents, and fellow teachers. Families and other attachments that a child gets involved in his or her early childhood are the primary influence on that child’s learning and development. Professionals are also engaged in advancing the level of learning and development of a child. For the professionals to work effectively, they engage in family-centered practice through respecting the responsibilities of families as far as the life of a child is concerned (MacNaughton & Williams, 2004). To come up with an effective pedagogy, the professionals make use of families` understanding of their off springs to be able to make informed decision concerning a child’s learning and development. In most of the learning institutions, an environment is created whereby all families are given some opportunity to participate and contribute towards learning and development of their children (MacNaughton & Williams, 2004). Through this, families get a chance to assis
Introduction HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) destroys fundamental cells in the human immune system, particularly the CD 4 using lowering their levels thus cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity is compromised. Consequently, the human body is prone to any opportunistic infection. Therefore, this paper seeks to present some of the common misconceptions about HIV, a brief history of HIV, as well as a recommendation on essential information about HIV/ AIDS. Main Text Since the first documented case of HIV in 1981 in America, a myriad of myths has been created to define it. A few examples of these myths are: HIV is Witchcraft, HIV is a curse, the belief that mosquito causes HIV. Some religious people, who form a considerable number of our society, strongly believe HIV enigma is a punishment from God due to sexual perverseness on earth. This belief should be discouraged because scientifically HIV occurs when body fluids that carry the virus come into contact not necessarily by sexual contact. For instance, Nurses have contracted the virus while helping the HIV-infected patients absolutely without any act of sexual contact. Since the things which cannot be understood by people tend to be associated with well-known things, it is not a wonder that a lot of cultures have perceived HIV/AIDS as a curse. Some argue that if this virus is transmitted through blood, therefore, mosquitoes can spread it as well. This is erroneous because HIV-infected blood cannot by any means be chemically transmitted by the proboscis of a mosquito (Dyk, 2008). The first HIV encounter was reported in America in 1981, whereby five young gay men were diagnosed with what was then thought to be unusual pneumonia (Cook, 2009). The infected revealed that they had unprotected sexual contact with different partners. This case provoked many scientists to keenly scrutinize the origin of the virus, but not until 1985 when Abbott developed the first blood screening for HIV which was used to screen blood for transfusion. It is in the year 1986 that the killer virus was found a name of (human immunodeficiency virus, HIV) (Grundy-Bowers, & Davies, 2006). Upon realizing that this epidemic had the guts to obliterate the whole human race, in the year 1989 many agencies and governments began to mobilize community-based organizations to care for the people with HIV. 1990 is a very significant year in the history of HIV because the first-ever drug was discovered, namely antiretroviral (ARV). Although the ARVs did not eradicate the virus, they greatly prolonged the lives of the HIV-infected (Kapoor, 2011). In 1991 a step was made to sensitize people about HIV by introducing a red ribbon as the global symbol of AIDS awareness. As if to answer the call of the HIV awareness campaign, a great conference took place in South Africa in 2002. This was the first of its kind on African soil. Its objective was to intensify the HIV epidemic campaign. The years that followed were immensely hit by the Virus reaching an approximation of about 42 million infected people globally. This was expected to rise in the successive years.
The role of trade unions in the United States has changed significantly in the course of the last three decades. It is believed that the social and political influence of these organizations has declined significantly (Baldwin, 2003, p. 7). For instance, in 2009 only 9 percent of American forces were unionized (Cihon, 2013, p. 352). Nevertheless, workers can organize labor unions as a response to the practices of employers. This paper is aimed at discussing the efforts of employees of such a company as Jeld-Wen which is a manufacturer of windows, wood products, and doors (Pidgeon, 2013). This firm is based in Klamath Falls, Oregon (Pidgeon, 2013). This case shows that labor unions can still play a vital role in promoting the rights of employees. This is the main issue that should be examined more closely. It should be taken into account that the union organizing drive was motivated by some efforts of the management. In particular, they were willing to eliminate unemployment and welfare benefits (Pidgeon, 2013). Furthermore, the management of the company has long adopted an anti-union policy (Pidgeon, 2013). It should be taken into consideration that a great number of companies can sometimes deprive workers of many privileges when no organization can represent their rights (Holley, Jennings, & Wolters, 2011, p. 164). The workers of Jeld-Wen also faced this difficulty. To a great extent, the effort to unionize workers could motivate the management to raise the wages of employees (Pidgeon, 2013). These are some of the main details that should be considered. The management of Jeld-Wen attempted to respond to the union organizing drive by trying to convince the workers that there was no need for them to join a labor organization (Pidgeon, 2013). Such practices are also widespread among modern companies; yet, this strategy can be successful if the management strives to bring tangible improvements into their HR policies (Milkman & Voss, 2003). It should be also mentioned that some of the employees, who were supporting unionization, were either terminated or transferred to different branches of Jeld-Wen (Pidgeon, 2013). These are some of the main challenges that employees faced when they attempted to improve their working conditions. So, one can say that the management did not readily accept the initiatives of employees. It should be kept in mind, the corporate executives of Jeld-Wen support anti-union legislation. For instance, they usually favor those politicians who try to limit the responsibilities of employers (Pidgeon, 2013). At present, the outcomes of this campaign are not clear because both sides want to negotiate an