ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Discussion Institutionalized racism was powerful in the history of the US for many reasons. This concept was a norm in the US society. Norms are widely agreed practices, procedures or customs. Institutionalised racism is not a pattern that is viewed unusual. Racial stratification continues to be maintained in the US. American society is arranged into classes. The country uses race as one of the means uses race ideology to stratify. This paper provides a historical account of institutionalized racism in the United States from the 1850s through the civil war up to the repeal of Jim Crow laws (Loewen 18). It discusses: Institutionalized racism through to Jim Crow; institutionalized racism through White Supremacy enforced by government; and racial segregation and Civil rights Movement. Institutionalized Racism through Jim Crow Laws In 1850s, treaties were established to annex Native Americans lands for settlement of white Americans. White Americans from the East were encouraged by government to settle in these lands. As a result, great influx of settlers and migrant workers in these lands was witnessed. At the start of this period, slavery was institutionally legal. However, the end of Civil War in 1865 was followed by emancipation of slaves proclamation same period. New state governments were quickly established in the South after Civil War. These governments moved fast in 1865-66 to enact “black codes” legislation which ensured that whites continued to enjoy special preferences and accommodation (Loewen 16). These laws were however negated by the passing of the 14 th Amendment in 1868 and the 15 th Amendment in 1870. The 14 th Amendment accorded slaves with citizenship, whereas 15 th Amendment outlawed discrimination in terms of race (Better 20). The Southern states managed to enact Jim Crow laws in 1877 to segregate and disenfranchise the blacks. These laws denied African Americans voting rights, a situation that went on until 1965 when Voting Rights Act was enacted. Jim Crow laws entrenched segregation of blacks. Governments in the South used violence and terror to enforce segregation in the early part of the century. The period 1890 and 1920 saw lynching of many black Americans in the South. Institutionalized Racism through White Supremacy Enforced by government (1900-1944) All white Americans assumed and universally acknowledged white supremacy over black people during 1900-1944 periods. The scientific perspectives of the 19 th and 20 th advocated for the supremacy of white race (Loewen 98). American leadership at this period absorbed white supremacy into laws and institutions. They also incorporated this supremacy in daily interactions of white and black people. Eve
Written by Albert Camus, The Guest is an irrational intriguing short story found in the novel Exile and Kingdom . The captivating masterwork is a reflection of the kind of politics that Algeria exercised during the colonial times. Camus uses Daru as the main character solely to bring out different themes like alienation, absurd, freedom and solitude among others. He speculates and examines the negative impacts of one failing to back up any party during political upheaval in Algeria. In addition, the story also explores his political stand during his stay in France. In 1914, Albert Camus was born to Algerian parents. Unluckily, his father passed on during the World War II leaving him in the care of his mother and grandmother. As a journalist and co-founder of theatrical group, he was part of the intellect community in Algeria. He was a member of the communist party but two years later, he quitted due to differences in the Algerian nationalism. He moved to Paris where the French actively opposed him, a scenario that fuelled his publishing of a number of novels among them The Stranger, The Plague, and The Guest besides working in a publishing company. In 1952, he fell out with his friend Jean-Paul Sartre due to differences in the communism. Due to his political stand and refusal to back up neither Algerians nor the French, he constantly received criticisms. In January 1960, his life ended prematurely due to a car accident in Villeblevin. The setting of the Novel is in Algeria during the colonial times of the republic of France. Ethnic conflicts and fight for decolonization or freedom by the Arabs are among the problems Algeria was experiencing at the time. Daru, the schoolteacher is the main character in the story. He lives in school quarters but due to drought, pupils are not attending school. However, the school administration confers him the role of distributing relief food to pupils. In addition, he plays the role of handing over a rebellious Arab to the authority, which he breaks by letting the Arab go free. The second character is Balducci, who brings the Arab prisoner to Daru to hand him over to the authority for conviction. The Arab prisoner is the third and final character who is a rebellious, rude and murderer and one who is supposed to face the law. There are different themes like absurd, morality, alienation, solitude, and freedom among others that the author vividly highlights. The theme of absurd is one of the major themes. The author describes the earth surface as inhabitable and cruel for human survival. Due to extreme drought, the land is less productive. Despite the human suffering, they strive to survive through relief food. Camus brings out the theme of absurd when he
The Yellow Wallpaper written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a short story, which is related to American feminist literature. The author draws her readers’ attention to the woman’s diary and gives them an opportunity to trace back the stages of a woman’s mental breakdown. Despite the fact that the story seems to be rather ambiguous, one is to keep in mind the protagonist’s detailed descriptions, but not symbolical meaning of “the female mind, which is supposed to be housed” (Kevanyu par. 5). So, a version written below is represented by the protagonist’s husband – John, who is a physician and explains the events his wife experiences from his point of view. Thus, let me draw your attention to John’s diary. It seems that my wife’s mental health has become worse. She is perfectly sure that her hysterical character and panic attacks can be regarded as pathology and I cannot prove the contrary of her statements. I tried to explain her that she got tired with her own thoughts and her melancholic mood is not a disease, but one of the peculiarities of her temperament and worldview. I am sure that she is just bored and must distract her mind from her cares; although I do not know how to arouse her interest in some things: she wants nothing. Physically she is fine and there are no reasons to worry about; however, her mental state makes me anxious. She yields to no persuasions, and does not want to communicate with people around. If she continues to assure herself that she is seriously ill, she will probably undergo a course of medical treatment for a severe depression. Some days have passed and the situation is still the same. To be honest, I am alarmed by my wife’s irrational thoughts and ideas. I do my best to show her my love and respect, but her reaction to my friendly attitude scares me. My wife’s brother is also a physician and he tells her the same. He tries to assure her that she is fine, but she does not believe any of us. The most frightening thing, however, I do not want to believe in, is that I take notice of some strange symptoms concerning my wife’s behavior. For instance, she is deeply concerned about the house we live in. I remember the times, when we bought the house. She was so happy! She liked our beautiful garden and spent there all the time. She compared the house with many separate little houses, which are placed on the territory of England and we talked about strange people…I do not know what happened, but now my wife is afraid of the rooms. She assures me that so
Brief Biography Jean Metzinger is regarded as one of the founders of such art from as Cubism. He was born in 1883 to a wealthy family, and he obtained a good education (Apollinaire et al. 181). He graduated from Académie des Beaux-Arts and started his career as a painter in 1903. He displayed his works at numerous salons and exhibitions. It is necessary to note that he became interested in modern art while he was still at the academy. He focused on Neo-Impressionist art in the 1910s. He became soon associated with the group of artists called Fauves. His works are characterized by bright colors and picturesque settings. Some of his most famous works of that period are Portrait of Guillaume Apollinaire (1910), Two Nudes in an Exotic Landscape (1905-1906), his self-portrait Portrait de M. Jean Metzinger (1906). Metzinger and Cubism In 1907, he became acquainted with the works by Paul Cezanne and got inspired by the new idea which later transformed into the art form called Cubism. Metzinger was fascinated by the idea of different dimensions and different retrospectives and regarded objects as multidimensional ways to convey the meaning (Apollinaire et al. 181). Notably, Metzinger created Cubist works which are considered to be the dawn of the art from. ome of his famous Cubist works are T ea Time (1911), Dancer in a Café (1912) and The Blue Bird (1912-13). Importantly, the artists contributed to the development of the theory of Cubism as well. He wrote several theoretical essays where he outlined major principles of Cubism. It is necessary to note that Jean Metzinger’s works have inspired loads of painters as they are full of color, shape, and meaning. The artist managed to convey his ideas by using simple shapes combined in a complex painting. He made such shapes as triangles, squares, circles, and lines form a complex image and idea. Metzinger’s Impact Metzinger also had an impact on me. I am inspired by his use of color and shape. His landscape is quite laconic but bright and is full of shape which conveys the idea of the beauty and perfection of nature (Fig.1.). The landscape reveals the idea of wonders of nature. I tried to convey this idea in my work. I speculated on the idea of wonders of nature and depicted a mermaid in a miraculous setting (Fig.2). Fig. 1. Metzinger’s Landscape In the first place, the artist uses rich colors, and he manages to stress the necessary points by using contrasting tinges (red and green, blue and yellow or orange). I also used bright colors, i.e., blue, orange, red, and yellow. Most importantly, Metzinger uses different shapes, i.e., triangular, rectangular, and circle shapes. The artist uses sharp lines without implied lines, which is a characteristic feature of abstract art (Getlein 80). These perfect geometrical forms help convey the idea of perfection. I also used such perfect shapes. However, in my work, circles prevail as I depicted the ocean. I also used a lot of lines which stand for waves. Notably, as far as Metzinger’s work is concerned, it is difficult to define the perspective used as i
Introduction The issue of “manufactured” beauty is widely discussed nowadays due to broader access to plastic surgery and nonsurgical procedures the results of which are widely presented on the Internet, in general, and social networks, in particular. A couple of decades ago, plastic surgery was more typical of celebrities who wanted to be more beautiful and stay young. At present, manufactured beauty is not only a concept related to high society. It is also discovered in terms of social psychology as related to the social self of a person, his or her self-concept, self-esteem, and self-presentation. Social psychologists believe that people’s beliefs about themselves are meaningful, and these beliefs are partially influenced by a person’s ideas of his or her attractive or not attractive looks (Myers & Twenge, 2016). Appearance can have an impact on viewing oneself as superior or inferior and thus influence emotions and actions. The current paper reviews the case of Cindy Jackson, a woman who is an expert in cosmetic procedures and believes that she managed to break three rules of cosmetic surgery (“My surgery,” n.d.). This paper analyzes the issue of manufactured beauty on the example of Cindy Jackson with the focus on the social self, stereotyping of physical attractiveness, and the role of media in Cindy’s presentation of herself. Cindy Jackson’s Presentation of Her Social Self Cindy Jackson, a 58-year-old British woman, is considered to be a “pioneer in the field of aesthetic surgery and anti-aging” (“Cindy Jackson,” n.d.). Having more than 30 years of personal experience in her aesthetic makeover, Cindy is an expert who provides individual treatment plans to her clients who want to be beautiful without obvious traces of surgery. Cindy’s website appeals to women who are not satisfied with their appearance and need change to feel attractive. It looks as if she has a purpose to help thus revealing her social self. Having achieved her goal to “look convincingly younger and natural, never plastic or “done,” she is eager to share her findings that were revealed “despite the astounding amount of contradictory, confusing and misleading information” she had encountered (“My surgery,” n.d., para. 4). Social psychologists claim that many people consider that a “healthy self-concept” can contribute to the achievement of the established goals (Myers & Twenge, 2016). Judging by Cindy Jackson’s way to success, her boosting of the self-image resulted in boosting her life achievements. Self-esteem, which is traced in every piece of advice Cindy gives, creates an impression of a successful woman. Even when she believed she had a plain appearance, Cindy knew what she needed for improvement. She has been always convinced that investing in oneself pays more dividends than shares or property. This issue can be related to the concept of values analyzed by Myers and Twenge (2016). The authors state that values define the idea of the good lif
Current research represents a comprehensive analysis of the academic article devoted to the issue of globalization impact on Taipei’s infrastructure, restructuring and general economic development. Our research is subdivided into two interconnected parts. The first provides a thorough examination of the article’s main theoretical underpinnings, assumptions and final findings. The second section of analysis is devoted to the critiques of the abovementioned article which is to reveal its biases, factual inaccuracies, stylist deficiencies, false interpretations and conclusions. The article under analysis addresses the social consequences and Taiwan’s response to the Asian economic crisis which was very destructive to its economy. The crisis is analyzed mainly as being produced by financial institutions and real estate speculation which caused badly damage for economic activity and extensive inflation. The Taiwan economic crisis stimulated active movement of urban community and civil society representatives which sought to redress the situation. In authors’ opinion the main lesson of the Taiwan economic crisis is inability of the state to play a role of mediator between national economy/civil society and global capitalism which becomes increasingly postindustrial and financial. From the start it may be claimed that the notions that are used in this article are not properly motivated. The terms global informational capitalism should be regarded as an evident overestimation of the role informational technology plays in modern capitalist system. There is no denying the importance of the fact that the development of so-called post-industrial society in the West was made at the cost of outsourcing traditional industrial production to the developing countries. Moreover, to understand the nature of new capitalist mode of accumulation it is more appropriate to analyze this stage paying more attention to such phenomena as financialization which refer to the predominance of financial speculative capital in the structure of accumulation. Besides this it seems doubtful to describe the economic policy realized by Taiwan state in terms of developmentatlist paradigm as the authors do. In fact Taiwan is a model neoliberal state providing favorable climate for the foreign investments and companies and financial capital which includes low taxation, liberalization of capital flows etc. Besides this Taiwan’s social policy can be described as neoliberal too. Job market and social guarantees are liberalized; the regulation of economy is reduced to monetarist policy and the control over inflationary forces. Hence it may be claimed that the basic assumptions and theoretical underpinnings of the paper are not properly developed. What concerns empirical analysis presented in the paper which mainly refers to the analysis of overall Asian crisis and the particular Taiwan’s response to it, it seems to us that it is quite relevant and properly grounded. Firstly, the general frame of Asian crisis analysis is introduced with the focus on its social and economic consequences
Cognitive theories are theories which aim to provide insight into how we process information, that is, how we learn. Anderson ( 1976, 1983) proposed two kinds of memory: declarative memory containing domain knowledge and production memory containing procedural knowledge. Most of the major theories concerning cognition agree that there are three areas of memory involved:   * Primary, which is where we initially perceive objects and ideas   * Short term memory, often called the rehearsal buffer or working memory, which is where the processing of information is done “Working Memory. As a consequence of task requirements, or sometimes simply long-term strategies or habits, the individual sets criteria for the types of items that are selected for passage from primary memory into the limitedcapacity system termed the rehearsal buffer” (Atkinson (1989, p. 4)   * Long term memory, where the new information is finally stored after it is related to something already there: “Long-Term Memory. The long-term system …..provides the basis for learned skills and knowledge. ….. Procedural memory…..is the assemblage of stored action routines that constitute skills and habits. The storage of procedural information (effectively, stimulus-response associations, or condition-action pairs) evidently need not involve working memory, and the stored procedural information is not necessarily accessible to awareness or verbal report ( Anderson, 1983; Tulving, 1983). The episodic system comprises memories of events in their temporal and situational contexts, whereas the semantic (alternatively termed categorical or declarative) system includes memory representations that are generally independent of context, for example, meanings, facts, and rules” ( Tulving, 1968, 1983). (1989, p. 5) The major advance made in cognitive theory over the past decades is the idea that each person has a limited capacity in working memory which is somewhere between 5 and 9 items. Most people have at least enough room and retention ability to store 5 items in working memory and few can store more than 9. (This is why telephone numbers were grouped as they are.) Since this is so, we have discovered that grouping things to be learned helps retention. We also find non-boring ways to rehearse and ways to make connections. This is where discussion becomes important. Another area of cognitive theory which has a strong impact on teaching and learning today is the idea that there are different learning styles. This probably depends upon the primary processing mode of the learner. The various theories dealing with learning styles: “There are three broad classes of cognitive skills. In the first class are the basic operations of memory, including association, recognition, and recall. The second class consists of skills that
Many debates in modern philosophy can be compared to a kind of protracted war. One of these issues is the presence or absence of a free will. The opinions of scientists about what free will is, and even about the reality of its existence, are very contradictory. However, a person can be considered free and recognize its existence by observing the manifestations of free will in practical life. One of the primary conditions of freedom in the theory of free will, according to Campbell, is the availability of alternative opportunities, or the ability “to do otherwise” (506). The free-action agent must have a choice between alternatives and in such a way that which of them will be preferred. Since each of the options is not determined until the very moment of choice, it can become a reality. The need for alternative possibilities is the main reason for postulating another basis of Campbell’s theory of freedom, namely “indeterminism in the physical universe” (509). Applying to the problem of free will, this means that each agent’s choice is necessarily conditioned by the events that precede the selection, and they, in turn, are also necessarily prepared. Also, free action, according to Campbell, is analyzed by the same apparatus that is used to describe the phenomena of nature. Physical theories are actively used as “the basis for studying the heart of the subject” and its place in the world (511). Thus, such proofs as the mathematical justification of free will appeared. Free will undoubtedly exist as a psychological, social phenomenon. Describing the place of the concept of free will in the system of general psychology, it can be assumed that every act of human activity generates free will. The main proofs of the theory of free will are alternative possibilities, indeterminism in the physical universe, and exact scientific justifications – all of these allow philosophers to assert the existence of free will. Work Cited Campbell, Arthur. In Defence of Free Will . Allen & Unwin, 1967.