ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is an increasing interest in the international sector on the imputation of human rights on Multinational Corporations (MNCs). This issue is perpetrated by the flagrant influence MNCs have in the major sectors in the economy, especially the energy, information technology (IT), textile and finance industries. This paper highlights the importance of imputing human rights obligations on MNCs. Human rights obligations which come into question in the operations of MNCs include: child labor, safe and healthy working conditions, employee discrimination, and employee trade unions. It raises an argument whether home countries of MNCs are responsible for ensuring these corporations adhere to upholding human rights, or if it’s upon the individual corporations themselves. International instruments however, address various states and thus it falls upon the state to engineer mechanisms to address violation of human rights orchestrated by these corporations. The law in addition, punishes natural persons rather than legal entities, thus maintaining the legal rights of the company, as opposed to bringing justice to the violation of certain rights (Muchlinski, 2000). Host states are also responsible for regulating the activities of MNCs within their boundaries. However, host states may have their hands tied when imposing heavy restrictions on these corporations, lest they lose the services offered by the corporation. The inclusion of conditions in international ag
Racial profiling has a long history in the United States. It remains a deeply concerning national problem, despite many claims that the country is now free from racial prejudice. Racial profiling is a crime that occurs on a daily basis, with many people not even realizing it. Every day, law enforcement agencies target people of color for interrogations, detain and remove them from the street, and conduct invasive searches based on nothing aside from personal perceptions on race and religion. Racial profiling is both invasive, illegal, and notoriously ineffective. More often than not, the people falling under it are innocent, which alienates them from the police and undermines their trust in the local government and law enforcement agencies ( Racial profiling, 2016). This paper is dedicated to studying the phenomenon of racial profiling, giving definitions for key terms associated with the problem, and assessing the impact of cultural diversity on law enforcement practices. Part 1 – Caution against Ranking The FBI is involved in almost all law enforcement activities. It conducts annual surveys and studies regarding crime rates in various cities. At the beginning of every report, however, there is an interesting note. The FBI addresses the readers, who are “cautioned against comparing statistical data of individual reporting units from cities, metropolitan areas, states, or colleges or universities solely on the basis of their population coverage or student enrollment” ( Caution against ranking, 2010). While the reports are available to the public and the mass media, few people actually bother reading beyond the initial surveys, only paying attention to tables and graphs. News articles covering the issue are rarely thorough, only using the very basic and preliminary information to construct tourist ratings, “top 10s”, and other lists of cities based on criminal activity, racial nature of the crime, and other issues. The problem with this is that the basis upon which these lists are compiled is too broad and misleading. As the FBI stated in its explanation, there are many variables that affect crime rates within certain areas, which includes population density, effective numbers of legal agencies, proximity to prison facilities, and many other factors ( Caution against ranking, 2010). Misinterpreting or completely ignoring these facts and underlying issues would not only confuse the readers, but also contribute to painting entire neighborhoods, cities, and regions as criminal. In addition, misinterpretation of information plays a big role in furthering racial and criminal profiling. For example, the stereotype of black people being more prone to crime stems solely from the fact that more than half of convicts are African American. However, these graphs often do not show the nature of the crimes committed. Many people end up in prisons for minor offenses, like using and possessing drugs – a result of the War on Drugs campaign that did very little to stop the actual drug flow. The warning at the beginning of the report is there to prevent jou
The campus events are an integral part of the university activity aimed at engaging students in professional development. Career events are one of the most important tools for spreading information about potential employers. Besides, the representatives of the companies can invite you to the interview or professional testing. On October 2, I attended the Career & Internship Expo at the Field House. I spent several hours there. My primary purpose of going there was to obtain additional information about potential employers. I think that students should start thinking about their careers as earlier as possible. Nowadays, I have my own vision of my professional path, and I need more information about the spheres where I can apply my theoretical knowledge in practice. Career & Internship Expo provided me with a better understanding of the current situation in the labor market. I talked to the representatives of the different companies and asked them about the selection process of the candidates. In addition, I spoke to other students, and we exchanged pieces of information about individual companies. I consider this information rather valuable because it makes me aware of the peculiarities of employment in specific industries, approximate salaries, work hours, and social benefits. Moreover, it was interesting to know about the corporate culture of individual companies. My participation in the event allowed me to try myself in professional testing, which is one of the stages of the selection process. Frankly speaking, I found it difficult enough. Nevertheless, I obtained an understanding of the kind of tasks you are required to complete. When I apply for a job, I will be ready to meet them. Now I have knowledge of what I am supposed to do, and I will practice. Moreover, college studies can help me a lot to obtain the required skills. Attendance of the event allowed me to become more conscious of the choice of my future profession. I think it is a tough choice for everyone. A lot of my friends try themselves in different occupations. This helps them to know which one is more interesting for them. As for me, the attendance of the career event enabled me to find the spheres most attractive to me. I have made my choice, and I will do my best to realize myself in this sphere. That is why I applied for the intern position in the firm. This is a four-monthly internship that can help me to gain professional experience and to use my theoretical knowledge in practice. I firmly believe that self-realization is very important for everyone. In order to get the position, I should pass two tests and an interview with the manager. I hope I will pass them on successfully. In order to summarize all the above mentioned, it should be said that my attendance of the Career & Internship at the Field House helped me to know more about different companies and the
Well Made in America: Lessons from Harley-Davidson on Being the Best, gives an excellent case view of Davidson-Harley (HD), the motorcycle company which at one point was in the verge of collapse due to outdated bureaucracies and business practices. Reid gives a good analogy of what befell the company plus the steps that were taken to salvage it. The book gives a detailed account by using examples of how the 13 managers formerly of the Harley part of the business acted swiftly to restore the company back to its level of performance and market dominance. From the $83 debt to a star in the current global business platform, taking a notable leading role under stiff competition. This is the kind competition that the managers had to overcome during the period of trouble. A perfect example for managers facing the same situation to draw from, the book contains valuable, real life lessons not only for managers but everyone in general life and career as well. The firm was founded in 1903 and was owned by a family firm before selling it in 1969 to AMF, a conglomerate that no longer exists in business at present. By 1981, things were so bad for the motorcycle company and it is then that 13 managers of Harley-Davidson acquired it fully from AMF. By this time, several companies mainly Japanese were gaining ground of the domestic market. Some of these companies included Kawasaki, Honda and other foreign competitors whose products were comparatively better off for the market compared to those of the then dominating Harley-Davidson. The market share dropped sharply with as many as half of the bikes getting out of the production lines having many parts missing thus making it hard for dealers who were forced to have the parts fixed by themselves before being sold out. Definitely this transcended down to customers in one way or another considering that fixation of parts by dealers and not the manufacturing company would have compromised standards quite easily. The Japanese were gradually gaining growth and it became hard to match them under these circumstances. Nevertheless, the fans of Harley-Davidson continued to maintain their royalty but most consumers did not care much and all they wanted was quality which after all was already being offered by the Japanese manufacturers. It certainly became clear that if the company had to maintain its business and continue to get hold of the market, then it had to improve the quality of its products, match that of the competitors or surpass it at best. There being no many alternatives to explore other than drastic changes, the company finally acted in 1975 by putting Vaughn Beals in charge of the company. He had an enormous task of transforming the company in order to get it back to its feet (Reid, 1991). Working closely with the chief engineer Bluestein, Beals moved quickly to have things corrected by implementing several strategies. He executed a program specifically for quality control and inspection. Though at a huge cost, these
Problem Definition and Research Objectives Red Bull is one of the top beverage companies of the world. In 2006, it was the top company in terms of sales with 3 billion cans. It has a market in about 130 countries and its head office is located in Austria. (EnergyFiend, 2007) The problem is that Red Bull has launched a new product Red Bull Cola or ‘Simply Cola’ on March 24, 2008. This product was targeted to take on the existing cola beverage market. This was available in 355ml version and 250ml cans. (MarketingWeek, 2007) It was reported that the new product is comprised of natural ingredients and the marketing was implemented as the launch of a natural product. (GenDigital, 2007) Experts placed greater emphasis on trade liberalization, globalization of markets, advances in communication, thus allowing consumers to be exposed to a wider range of imported goods and a sure success of the new brand. However, the product failed to create wave in the market as expected and it is believed that the main cause of the failure was lack of proper leadership. Research has shown the perceptions of product quality and the variety the product influences the market. Some of the brand drinks have a good established market in worldwide and the present status of the new drink to be launched has to pass in different phases. The scope of the study is:   * To study the effective measures of leadership within the company while launching a new product and the lack of leadership structure while launching this new cola product;   * To study each of the major customer segments viz., institutions such as schools, colleges and educational institutions etc. and retail outlets, the brand awareness and brand preference of the different segments, the purchase pattern for cola in terms of identification of manufacturers from whom the product is purchased, price paid, credit facilities enjoyed by the institutions and retailers and the delivery schedules. It should be noted that under the parameters of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, started in 1981, leadership was defined and categorized under definite qualities. These qualities were of a leader examined “how senior executives guide the organization and how the organization addresses its responsibilities to the public and practices good citizenship”. (Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, 2007) Similarly, Bolman and Deal in their renowned Four Framework Approach declared that leaders all over the world tend to exhibit behaviour that fits in with one (of the 4) leadership models (or frameworks) suggested by them. These four models they christened as Structural, Political, Symbolic and Human Resource. Bolman and Deal suggest that of these models might prove either a success or a failure depending on the specific situation in
Introduction Addiction is one of the most difficult phenomena to investigate: first, it deals with a number of psychological substances which are not easy to define and comprehend, and second, human dependency is regarded as the main factor of addiction that is hard to control. The researchers find it necessary to use several theories or models in order to explain the etiology of addiction and realize how significant the question of addiction can be for people (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2008). In this paper, the two models, genetic and biological, will be compared. The peculiar feature of these theories is that they support the medical model and make such groups of people like nurses, physicians, or surgeons responsible for the required treatment of addiction. Genetic and biological models aim at disclosing the essence of addiction as something natural and irreversible and the methods which are supported by neurobiology and physiology and become more appropriate for using and controlling human dependence, still, their main difference is that the genetic model deals with the environmental factors which define the role of genetics in addiction. Body Ross et al. (2010) admit that addiction is the phenomenon that shows a kind of strong heritability, this is why the role of genetic and biological models is important. In fact, Capuzzi & Stauffer (2008) combine the two models into one group as both of them are based on the fact that addiction is something natural; it is a kind of dependence that has to be treated thoroughly and constantly during the whole life. These models are similar as they explain addiction as inheritance, some predisposition that is not always easy to define on the early stages of human development. People may be addicte
Major Facts Ripley Engine Company in Bermingham, Alabama has been in operation for approximately forty years with its core business being building of propulsion systems for aircraft, compressed, and highly powerful gas turbines for systems to generate power, as well as enormous, rougher turbine systems for industrial applications requiring more accuracy. The reputation of Ripley as a market leader in the miniature gas turbines market was attributable to dedication to innovation coupled with R&D. In approximately forty years of Ripley’s existence, the company had manufactured in upwards of 45,000 turbine engines with their application in various areas. In the 90s, Ripley established undertakings to reduce the size of fabricated metallic parts of particular engines with the aim of cutting down their weight and bulkiness. In early 1995, the supply manager in charge of R & D, Tom Kemp and a team of three professionals were tasked with recommending a list of potential suppliers that they thought qualified to be issued with a request for proposal (RFP) to supply a vital component to be used in manufacture miniature turbine aircraft engines. The four potential suppliers included a company previously disqualified called Aerolog, Inc. that causes Tom’s dilemma on whether to slot in the shortlist for the RFP or leave out the company. In the case of high net worth projects, a mandatory vetting procedure was applied to seek the best-placed suppliers.   * Step 1: Identifying probable suppliers to be issued with RFP.   * Step 2: Evaluation and analysis of proposals received from the suppliers. Major Problem The board members were dealt a rude awakening to the fact that the fabricated metal parts industry was rather small, and entailed a total of just four firms. Furthermore, their ground-breaking research unearthed that among the four firms, one firm namely Aerolog, Inc., faced delivery mishaps and quality challenges that had led to the firms nullification as Ripley’s supplier two years ago and a legal suit against Aerolog had been lodged against Aerolog. Ripley’s team members were in a dilemma given:  1. On the basis of the set down criteria for plant capacity, technological development, financial ability, utilization rate, and managerial capabilities, Aerolog met all the qualifications as a bidder, and so did Crum Aerospace and Reck Aerospace.  2. The Board was skeptical about Northeast Machine Works’ utility rates and the capacity of their machinery to handle large contracts even though it seemed to have better managerial capabilities.  3. Every department in Ripley was under pressure from the senior managers, R&D, marketing, engineers, quality control were all strongly against the team considering Aerolog for any business undertakings. The main question at hand is: Whether Ripley’s RFP list of firms should include Aerolog? What are the Pros and Cons of including Aerolog in the list? Arguments supporting Aerolog’s inclusion to the list  1. Looking at other performance indicators of a firm such as the current ratio which represents the ratio of current assets to current liabilitie
The citric acid series otherwise referred to as the tricarboxylic acid series performs aerobic metabolism in the mitochondria part of both plant and animal cells. When needed to produce energy, several processes such as oxidation are undertaken by organisms that thrive in oxygen on substances such as proteins and carbohydrates. The purpose of the citric acid cycle is to break down 2-carbon units of acetyl into carbon dioxide while at the same instance transforming the energy from the acetyl group into GTP, which will be equivalent to ATP (Murray et al., 2011, p. 5). During this process, CoA from pyruvate that was produced at the time of glycolysis is completely oxidized into carbon dioxide, thus leading to the reduction of NAD and FAD to NADH and FADH2 in that order. The main purpose that the citric acid cycle serves is to supply hydrogen atoms to the mitochondria. However, the cycle serves other different purposes. One of them is amphibolic, which means that the cycle serves both anabolism and catabolism. Acetyl groups are derived when food is first broken down before it can enter the cycle. Both plants and animals have this process happening in the mitochondria of their cells. It is usually a part of the cell respiration process. Reference Murray, R. et al. (2011). Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill.
In Stephen Crane’s book, “The Open Boat”, the author paints a picture of a stormy night at sea. A small boat is in distress at sea with several sailors (Crane, 1995). The mood in the story is melancholic, partly due to the predicament of the boat and its occupants (Bassan, 1967). Crane points out that the captain is ailing due to an injury. This creates a picture of the impairment of the leader’s capabilities. According to the description of the boat in the book, there is little space for the sailors to move. The fact that the oarsman has to put his legs under other sailors to row the boat properly is enough evidence. In addition, the story is in a modern setting, but the accessories in the boat seem to be old. For example, the sailors use a thin oar to row the boat (Crane, 1995). Oars are archaic means of propelling a boat in deep seas. The issue of masculinity is evident in the story as references to man are regularly made. For example, the book magnifies the difference between a man and a woman when a reference to a certain poem is made. The mentioned poem illustrates the fate of a wounded soldier of the legion army in Algiers. While the soldier seems to be at peace with impending death, the author notes that there is absence of a crying woman. Generally, the story does not seek to isolate or amplify any positive aspect in the relationship between man and nature. While technology changes with time, Crane’s story puts man in his traditional position. The attitude of the men towards life seems to be archaic. In the beginning of the story, the men exchange addresses so that survivors can inform their families of their demise in case of a fatal shipwreck. Addresses are common modern phenomena. One’s address ties a person to his or her home. While traditionally sailors had a little connection to their families, these modern sailors are eager to get home though odds are against them. Throughout the story, the sailors are indifferent to the fact that they are in danger. They laugh and discuss the possibility that they are going to die at sea. The captain expresses pessimism about any hopes of getting to the shore alive. He faces the stark reality that the boat might capsize any moment when it is hit by the frequent high waves. The sailors have an unusual connection with the rest of the world on dry land. This contrasts with the traditional picture of a sa
The introduction: Marxism vs. Neoliberalism The political regime I want to begin my work with is Marxism. Generally, Marxism is considered to be the official ideology of China. However, any visitor who came to China can furnish evidence of “the burgeoning materialism and capitalism of the city’s inhabitants” (Liao & Sohmen, 2001, p. 30). Most Chinese entrepreneurs prefer to rely on short-term strategies to succeed; as Liao & Sohmen (2001) state, “There is no long-term strategic planning because you don’t know what’s going to happen from one day to the next” (p. 30). Although the country moves towards technological modernization, there are political developments, which define the further success of large-scale projects. For this reason, I doubt my decision to manufacture cars in China. Another point I keep in mind is that the type of business I am interested in is at variance with an ideologically Marxist state. As far as China became one of the members of the World Trade Organization, foreign competitors constantly come to its market. Contemporary Chinese Marxist philosophy is explained by Prof. Kang Ouyang (Ollman, 1999, p. 1). I would like to list the disadvantages of Marxist philosophy, which influenced my decision to renounce doing business in China. “Distorted investment priorities, as wealth gets directed into what will earn the largest profit and not into what most people really need, growing social and economic inequality, worsening ecological degradation and periodic economic crises” (Ollman, p. 1) are the major disadvantages of Marxism in Chine. On the other hand, “worsening exploitation of workers, since the harder, faster, and longer people work—just as the less they get paid—the more profit is ea