ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Given the fact that, while addressing life’s challenges, people are expected to observe certain ethical principles, it does not make much of a surprise that there have traditionally been a number of objective preconditions for the philosophers to make qualitative inquires into the very essence of morality, as a driving force behind one’s behavior. Nevertheless, as philosophers went about landing their views on morality and its implications, it was becoming increasingly clear that morality cannot be discussed outside of what happened to be the particulars of its affiliates’ existential mode. The reason for this is simple – the number of morality’s qualitatively different definitions correlate with the number of philosophers, who argued in favor of specifically their view on the discussed subject matter. In its turn, this implies that, contrary to the claims of moral realists, morality is an essential relativist notion. In this paper, I will aim to explore the legitimacy of an above statement at length, while arguing that the actual measure of particular moral convention’s objectivity is being reflected by the extent of this convention’s practical usefulness. The philosophical tradition, concerned with discussing morality The philosophical tradition, concerned with discussing morality, can be traced back to the times of Greco-Roman antiquity. For example, Plato used to refer to the notion of morality as being synonymous to the notion of justice: “True’ city and the corrupted city are put forward for us (by Plato) as models of human nature in association which display both justice and injustice, to be contrasted with the ideally just city, which displays only justice” (Annas 78). According to Plato, the objectivity/subjectivity of moral predicaments is reflective of these predicaments’ ability to serve some higher good. If, for example, a particular individual decides in favor of ending another person’s life, as the ultimate mean of saving the lives of many others, such his or her decision should be deemed moral. In its turn, this allows us to refer to Plato’s moral conceptualizations as ‘social’ or ‘external’, as they are only being concerned with exposing solely rationale-driven motivations, behind people’s moral or immoral behavior. Such Plato’s view on what should be used as criteria for defining the extent of a particular conscious act’s moral appropriateness/inappropriateness corresponds to Kant and Hegel’s views on the subject matter. Nevertheless; whereas, Kant’s moral imperative (treat others in a manner as you yourself would like to be treated) appears rather utilitarian/subjective, Hegel’s moral imperative implies the de facto existence of metaphysical objectivity: “Act as if the maxim of thine action could be laid down as a universal principle” (Mitias 83). Thus, it would not be much of an exag
August Wilson’s Fences raises several essential questions regarding both the lives of African American people living in the United States in the 20 th century and the family life in general. The topics elucidated in the play include racial inequality and striving to overcome it, substance abuse, conjugal infidelity, war traumatism, generation gap, disappointment, and mortality. Although each of these issues is highly significant, it is possible to single out two most pronounced reasons for Wilson’s phenomenal success in Fences . The first one is the genuine portrayal of African Americans’ position in US society in the 20 th century. The second aspect that makes the play remarkable is the allegory of the fence, which, as it turns out, the main character is trying to build both physically and indirectly. The depiction of African Americans’ position in the 20 th -century USA is rather candid and straightforward. The two characters that are first presented to the audience – Troy and Bono – are Negro men working hard to earn their living. Both of them are married, and their spouses are housewives. Each of the family strives to make ends meet, and even Troy’s younger son, Cory, has to work to help his family survive. The first indication of the main character’s straightforwardness, which is the main factor of the play’s success, is Troy’s argument with the company boss concerning the division of labor. The two friends are employed as trash collectors, and Troy has asked the manager, “Why you got the white mens driving and the colored lifting?” (Wilson 1.1.5). The man continues with his own conclusion, “You think only white fellows got sense enough to drive a truck” (Wilson 1.1.5). The question expressed by Troy is so much more than merely an inquiry about the company rules. This question embodies many other issues related to the division of society into “black” and “white.” The author prompts the audience to think why some jobs or positions are fit for White Americans, and others are given to African Americans only. Despite the abolition of slavery and seemingly equal rights granted to every citizen, America had long been the place of prejudiced treatment toward racial minorities. The same skeptical tone can be felt in Troy’s opinion about his son’s chances to succeed in football. Having had a sad experience in the baseball league, Troy is utterly disappointed with the system that leaves no prospects to Negro boys. He says that a “colored guy got to be twice as good” as a White one to be able to get on the team (Wilson 1.3.37). Troy seems to be generally disappointed with the division of society into Whites and non-Whites. Such discouragement is revealed in the man’s opinion on a person’s ability to provide for his family, to participate in recreational or professional sports activities, and even to fulfill any of the dreams one has. If a person is African American, according to the main character, he or she can only sustain a living but not be happy. The illumination of the problems of African Americans is t
Introduction There exist various definitions of the term “aesthetics”. Most commonly aesthetics is equated with either the philosophy of art or the philosophy of beauty; “it has even been equated, on the grounds that philosophy deals only with second-order questions and consists of discourse about discourse, with the philosophy of criticism” (Beardsley 1958, p.13). Others use this term for “any kind of general inquiry into the arts, whether philosophical or scientific” or they suggest that “aesthetics should become a science” (Munro 1949, p. 85). The current paper is concerned with aesthetics as a part of philosophy that deals with the problem of the existence of beautiful things and men’s response to their beauty; the problem of artistic and intellectual activities and men’s responses to them and various circumstances that surround these problems. Main body The notions and values that aesthetics operates by are expressed in various forms: Music, Art, and Drama, Symbols, Dance, Colors, Fashion, Agronomics, Design, etc. The fields where aesthetics finds its application are rather diverse: film, television, video, digital art, cartography, music, literature, gastronomy, etc. This paper focuses on marketing as a sphere where aesthetics influences much and which is dependent on the aesthetic values of this or that society. Marketing as a societal process that is needed to discern consumers’ wants is closely interconnected with aesthetics. The use of aesthetics in marketing is revealed through the branding of a product, its commercial representation, and the reputation of its producer. Marketers’ actions are aimed at tackling the consumers’ aesthetic appreciation of such elements of product consumption as sophistication, color harmony, stylishness, slogans, authenticity. The marketers’ concern is to satisfy customers’ curiosity, self-gain, or mental adjustment. These concepts are the driving force of marketing development. Marketers should take into account the consumers’ senses, their appreciation of the artistic nature of the products, including their smell, taste, or ambiance. They intend to deal with the products that customers believe to be beautiful, that have a fashionable design. The adverts should be delivered in a good taste to attract the customers’ attention. The branding should be aesthetically pleasing and customers’ experience should evoke only pleasant feelings and emotions. All stated above is characteristic for UK marketing. The firms there investigate public opinion and make use of this knowledge. Various public opinion polls are held to learn what the British mean by the beauty and what they consider
The emergence of Recovery Movement is strongly associated with a treatment approach to substance addicted patients. The main scope of the recovery movement is to prove the individual’s potential for recovery and resistance to the addiction. Initially, the concept evolved from the Alcoholics Anonymous, which first recognized the preference of dependency of people (Ankerberg, 2011). The movement also refers to training individuals skills, advancing social skills, and developing inner potential (Davidson et al., 2011). In this respect, the Recovery Movement incorporates various fields, including sociology, psychology, philosophy, social welfare, civil rights, and political economic theory. Therefore, the concept of recovery acquires a much broader meaning and embraces various psychological, cultural, and social elements (Myers & Salt, 2007). Unlike other known models of treatment, the recovery approach recognizes individual motivation as the key to modifying behavior of substance addicted patients. Therefore, the main task of the addictions counselors is to promote movement of patients through change stages. Individuals who have managed to surpass the dependency stage and recover from substance addiction can become viable addictions counselors. Both the recovered and patients striving to get rid of the dependency can establish mutually beneficial relations. Hence, the counselor encountering addiction can share valuable experience with individuals who have to confront the serious challenges. They can also provide useful information concerning problems and hardships that a person can face while struggling with substance dependence. At the same time, the patients will have much confidence and faith in an addictions counselor who has managed to cope with the disease. Moreover, he/she will serve as a real-to-life example of how the addiction can be overcome. Establishing strong and trustful relations, therefore, can shape a strong foundation for further cooperation. With regard to the above-presented analysis of the Recovery Movement, Minnesota Model of Treatment derives from the basic philosophical foundation of the recovery approach. The model particularly relates to considering substance abuse as mental, spiritual, and physical illness and relies on the Twelve Steps outlining spiritual solutions and developing the concept of fellowship within which the recovery appro
Introduction All hospitals are concerned with the quality of the services they offer to their clients due to the implications on patient satisfaction. The topic of concern in this paper is food waste and how it affects one or more elements of patient satisfaction, including the overall food experience within the hospitals. Food waste is a major problem for all countries in the world. Regarding the targeted population, food waste is an important issue since it can be an indicator of food and foodservice quality, which then translates into the overall patient experience. Hospitals seemingly lack proper policies to regulate food preparation and service. Additionally, most of the policy issues seem to revolve around nutrition without paying much attention to the expectations and perceptions of patients on hospital food. The argument presented in this paper is that hospitals need to develop better food management policies to help improve the patient experience. Summary of Literature There is an emerging body of literature on food waste in hospitals and its effects on patient and health outcomes. Some of the scholars have undertaken to illustrate why food waste in hospitals is a major problem. For example, a case study of three hospitals in Southern Italy showed that the total amount of food wasted was about 41.6% (Schiavone et al., 2019, p. 1). Additionally, the study also showed which types of food were more likely to be wasted where side plates comprising vegetables and potatoes recorded 55% wastage (Schiavone et al., 2019, p. 1). Even though this case study is conducted in Europe, many hospitals across the world exhibit similar trends with most of the food served remaining uneaten and disposed. Therefore, the implications on these trends are twofold: first, the quality of food is undesirable to patients and, second, the quantity served is excessive. Either way, the immediate impacts include operational costs of the food produced and served, in addition to the overall impacts on the environment. Other studies focus on examining the relationship between food waste and patient outcomes in hospitals. According to Schiavone et al. (2020), patient satisfaction indicates the quality of healthcare, and expectation is a critical determinant of patient satisfaction. Additionally, the food wasted by hospitalized patients can be used as an indicator of healthcare quality. This interrelationship between food waste, patient expectation, and perceived quality of healthcare means that hospitals face a significant challenge. The study by Schiavone et al. (2020) was undertaken in gynecology and obstetrics wards. However, the findings can be generalized across all care settings where patients are hospitalized and where part of the services involve food. Even in other settings where food is served, consume
Being the son of Ithaca tsar, Odysseus, and Penelope, Telemachus has encountered a significant number of hardships while growing up. His childhood and adolescence were joyless, as the mother’s love and care and the custody of a wise educator Mentor could not substitute his father, who had gone to war with Troy. The poor son knew nothing about Odysseus for twenty years, as during this period, the Trojan War and Odysseus’s journey to the motherland took place. All the ordeals he had to overcome made him a mature and well-rounded hero. Still needing the care of his father, young Telemachus had to protect Penelope from persistent suitors. This mission was not feasible for him at that moment, but he undertook this responsibility without hesitation. For example, when the character tried to control the suitors, they were amazed by his bold and grown up voice. The author describes “so Telemachus declared. And they all bit their lips, amazed the prince could speak with so much daring”. This factor contributed to turning from an unsure boy to a mature and strong man. Another display of the character’s courage is his decision to start the journey searching for his father despite all the multiple stories of his death. In Sparta, the brave juvenile managed to reveal some information about his father and assure that he was still alive, so the efforts were not senseless. Moreover, the goddess Athene, seeing the attempts of Telemachus, suppled him with her help. Athene tells Telemachus: “I do not think you could have been born and reared without the gods’ will”. She warned the character of the ambushment organized by Penelope’s suitors and contributed to the meeting with Odysseus by advising to head for Eamaeus. This way, the bravery, loyalty, and nobility of the juvenile are worthy of being highlighted. The journey, the childhood without father and the necessity to protect his mother at young age appeared to be an ordeal for his identity, which he managed to overcome it with dignity and strengthen his character. His insistence, moral principles, and virtuous intentions were noted by the goddess Athene, who offered her help. For these reasons, Telemachus has become a hero, who is made an example for young people even after thousands of years after the happening.
Introduction The focal point of the paper is to understand and evaluate the issue in Canadian nursing relating to cultural competence or Issues facing ethnic and minority students in the nursing programs and how they affect the health care system. The major issues confronting the health care system today are nursing shortage and the increase of culturally diverse patient population. Clients today are speaking limited English or no English at all. Racial and ethnic groups are very poorly underrepresented, among registered nurses, yet nursing profession represents the dominant majority (Coffman, 1999). This issue is pinned back to the success of the nursing programs. There are many controversial issues facing ethnic and minority nursing students in today’s nursing programs. These issues gravely affect students as they merge into the heath care system. Background When we talk about culture, we mean the values, customs, rituals, behaviours and belief which we share with others in order to create a relation being as a group. On the other hand organisational culture deals with shared values though there also we find assumptions, beliefs and customs but here it creates a relation with the organisational members. Hayward, (1997) while quoting Hofstede (1980) mentioned that culture is the collective programming of the human mind which makes one group different from the other. Hofstede (1980) identified four cultural dimensions. First, Power Distance refers to social inequality and the amount of authority one person has over others. From a behavioural perspective, a strong Power Distance is observed which manifests in the form of reluctance to challenge the choices and activities of leaders regardless of their appropriateness. Second, Uncertainty Avoidance relates to how a culture deals with conflict, especially the creation of beliefs and institutions to deal with disagreements and aggression. Those cultures which score high in the dimension of Uncertainty Avoidance (Rules and Order) strongly believe that all rules and regulations must at any cost be abided, even in cases when it may be conflicting with a company’s interests or security circumstances. They also hold that well documented procedures should be in place for all circumstances and in addition, stringent time constraints must be applied to all activities. Low Uncertainty Avoidance score indicate that those cultures are more likely to transgress Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs). However, this may be advantageous when dealing with unprecedented circumstances by means of adopting new and innovative means to tackle the same. Third, concept of Individualism & Collectivism denotes a bipolar construct wherein cultures tend to be towards the individualistic or collectivistic. Cultures which tend to be more individualistic in nature are formed by individuals who are more concerned only about themselves or their closely related associates. On the other hand, in cultures which are more collectivistic, it is observed that people t
Introduction The mass shooting threat has become an unfortunate reality of the 21 st century worldwide, and law enforcement must react accordingly. Today’s police training emphasizes the importance of effective and coordinated response to active shooter situations. Timely actions allow for avoiding additional casualties and eliminating the threat, which is why such training is a matter of paramount importance. Mass shootings have occurred in many places worldwide, but the problem has become especially topical in the United States. The active-shooter situation in Orlando, Florida, has had one of the largest death tolls. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Orlando shooting in terms of response scape and law enforcement tactics. Orlando Shooting Timeline The incident in question occurred on June 12, 2016, at a nightclub in Orlando, Florida. Around two o’clock in the morning, as the club was about to close, a gunman opened fire, killing dozens of visitors and taking the rest of them hostage (ABC News, 2016). Subsequently, panic ensued, as people were looking for a way to escape the area or hide in a safe place. Shots were heard by citizens and police officers around the scene, but the situation required a massive response due to the presence of an active shooter in a confined space with hundreds of hostages. Around ten minutes into the shooting, the police began to receive a message from some of the clubgoers trapped in the bathroom. As the situation progressed, the perpetrator dialed nine-one-one to inform the government of his affiliation with the ISIS terrorist organization. When the police managed to collect enough information and evaluate the situation, they launched an operation aimed at eliminating the terrorist. As there was an immediate threat to the hostages’ lives, a decision was made not to engage until an opportunity is created. At two-thirty in the morning, hostage negotiators arrived at the scene and attempted to communicate with the shooter. Simultaneously, the Orlando Police Department S.W.A.T. team prepared to enter the nightclub through one of the walls. Around 5 a.m., the police partially detonated the wall using a controlled explosion, but it was not sufficient. As a result, law enforcement used an armored vehicle to breach the nightclub wall and enter the building. At that tim
Abstract As a student and mindful member of the community, I am concerned with the local unemployment rate. While far from alarming and even often reported as improving, the rate of employment is still lower than might be considered safe. It is worth noting that a growing body of research points to a direct association between opportunities for employment and the well-being of the community on a large scale, not to mention indirect effects such as a decline in mental health, disruption of education, and lack of economic sustainability that result. At the same time, it appears that at least some ways exist to improve the situation by utilizing an existing resource that is hard to ignore—globalization, more specifically, its positive net effect on employment. This project aims at initiating a sustained set of practices allowing improvement in the situation without the involvement of significant resources. The chosen approach also introduces the opportunity to create an environment resilient to the gradually growing presence of globalization and, by extension, mitigate its consequences. Finally, it will facilitate social involvement on the part of the participants and encourage future initiatives, thereby strengthening the community. Unfortunately, despite being largely built
Memorandum The CompCare marketing concern is associated with intellectual property theft that was committed by a global US pharmaceutical corporation PharmaCARE. A former company’s researcher, John, points out that the management of the PharmaCARE group violated the major principles of marketing law by creating a subsidiary selling body, so that to advertise an unlicensed product and to avoid the attacks of the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Moreover, the client claims that PharmaCARE manipulated his idea of using the AD23 drug as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Within its six-month existence, the new company sold a vast amount of the medication directly to consumers, which inflicted tragic consequences: 200 cardiac deaths were identified to be the outcomes of AD23 consummation. Consequently, there is a need to regard the case as an intellectual property theft and to take some consistent measures to inflict a legal responsibility for the committed act on the PharmaCARE administration. Ethical Marketing: Core Violations of Selling and Advertising Regulations Ethical marketing is a dimension of truthful selling. Thus, sales organizations are responsible for saying and printing t