ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In Chapter 25 “Who Desegregated Major League Baseball: Jackie Robinson or Adam Smith”, Branch Rickey of Brooklyn signed Jackie Robinson, an African American, to play Baseball ignoring the tradition of not hiring blacks (Schug and Wood 240). The hiring could be linked to Adam Smith’s arguments on invisible hand, profit-orientation and people response to positive and negative incentives (Murrin et al. 70). Due to competition, the market value began determining what people produced while profits and gains established voluntary exchange and economic interactions (Wittkopf, Jones and Kegley 13). The hiring set the stage for racial and gender equality struggle. This new innovations in Baseball league business influenced monophony and limitation of powers yielded by business cartel. Economics is noted to have illuminated American history contributing to limited productive resources and people had to choose substitute goods and services to satisfy their needs. During pre and Post independent America, government’s role in the nation’s economy and markets increased with focus on benefits and minimizing costs. As America’s economy diversified and faced dynamism in its markets, government policies changed over different periods of its history (Knox par. 3). Special interest groups in the economy have influenced government policies as they pursued economic efficiency and other social goals. The increased market interactions and incentives led to the American Revolution where they fought for independence in 1765 (Breen 47). British North American citizens in 1776 found themselves fighting one another despite being politically free people (Schug and Wood 18). After their victory, the Independent America had the opportunity to establish their system of governance and a road map to economic prosperity (Maddison 26). The revolution was based on set ideas and interests that forged a revolutionary movement leading to historic victory and the emergence of a new nation spanning from 1754 to 1820s. Government practices and institutions established after the revolution and independence form the foundation of the American political system entrenched in the U.S Constitution and the Bill of Rights (Wohl Publishing par. 1). Unit Three America experienced increased economic expansion and reforms from 1801 to 1861 characterized by industrial revolution and massive immigration. Immigration and slavery issues created different ideologies that led to regional tensions. As market economies evolved and several interest groups emerged, the reforms influenced prices and overall market interactions (Maddison 55). The regional tensions led to the American Civil War in 1860s and after the war was over, the reconstruction had significant impact on the American society. During this period people responded predictably to both negative and positive incentives as a resul
Why Ford might have decided to continue with the production of the Explorer SUV despite its own studies showing that the vehicle was unstable? The decision made by Ford to carry on with the production of the ‘Ford-Explorer’ also known as a Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) was grounded on the returns generated for the firm through the sale of SUVs. The firm’s market demand for SUV had increased across the globe. Thus, considering the improved market demand for the new SUV, Ford wanted a faster and cheaper way to produce the commodity. However, such decisions to continue with the production of the SUV despite being unstable were mainly based on the aspect of time saving as well as meeting the targeted production capacities to satiate the market demand. Ford knew that delayed production of the SUV would give leeway for market competition (Brooks & Dun, 2009). The trial of the Explorer in service delivery indicated that it did not have solidity, and the only better way of improving it included extending the wheel base and reducing the Center of Gravity (COG). The changes would have practically consumed more time while hindering the anticipated duration within which the production of the vehicle would have been finished and released for sale. The market demand target was met, but with negative impacts including rollovers and tire letdown protests. Such incidents showed that the new SUV was unstable though the firm had its own interests and goals to be achieved within a given period (Boatright, 2013). Cost reduction was also a major factor considered when Ford opted to continue with the production of SUVs. As a basis of its foundation, Ford Motor Company officials asserted that the low-price manufacturing strategy should be maintained during the production of all vehicles including the new SUV. The firm wanted to incur fewer expenses in the whole production process despite any imminent danger. The budget for extending the wheelbase and reducing the COG of the vehicle was high when making the ‘Explorer’ (Brooks & Dun, 2009). How Firestone might have learned from the Ford/Goodyear schism of four years previously? Ford and Goodyear corporations were long time production partners. The breakup between these two renowned corporations that took place four years prior to Firestone signing a a binding contract with Ford should have sent warning signals to any other corporation. However, obtaining crucial business information is deemed difficult given that most businesses fear market competition. Despite this fact, Firestone should have requested for the details and trading information with the previous tire supplier. Investigating the annual
The success of organizations in different economic sectors is extensively determined by the leadership style adopted. Findings from studies conducted to determine the relationship between leadership and personality reveal that there is a strong connection between an individual’s leadership effectiveness and his or her personality (Ewen, 2003, p. 300). Individuals’ personalities determine their behavior. An individual’s personality is a strong predictor of his or her performance across different occupational levels and jobs. Different frameworks have been developed in an effort to establish the relationship between leadership style and personality. One of the dimensions used is the Big Five traits, which include agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, introversion-extraversion, and conscientiousness (Ewen, 2003, p.302). The agreeableness trait refers to the degree to which an individual is trusting and helpful as opposed to being uncooperative. On the other hand, neuroticism entails an individual’s emotional stability while introversion-extroversion deals with an individual’s socializing characteristics. The openness trait refers to an individual’s ability to welcome new ideas and opinions. Finally, conscientiousness evaluates an individual’s personality based on his or her reliability and hard work (Ewen, 2003, p. 302). To understand how an individual’s personality is related to his or her leadership traits, the paper uses the observations made on a 31-year-old black female supervisor with an experience of 6 months. The paper aims at evaluating how the results of the Big Five Traits compare or contrast with the observations made. From the observation made, the supervisor portrays a number of personality traits that have made her successful. For example, in the course of executing her duties, she illustrates a high degree of agreeableness. Agreeableness entails the degree to which an individual is helpful, cooperative, understanding, trusting, and able to relate with others effectively (Ewen, 2003, p. 302). This has arisen from the fact that most employees have developed trust in her decision-making capability as evidenced by their agreement to her supervisory judgment. Her agreeableness has enabled her to offer help to subordinate staff. Additionally, the supervisor’s enthusiasm has enabled her to connect with the employees thus establishing an effective learning opportunity for employees (Biech, 2007, p.52). As one of the dimensions of the Big Five traits, the conscientiousness trait asserts that a leader should be reliable and hardworking (Ewen, 2003, p. 302). Analysis of the supervisor’s personality reveals that she is very conscientious. Considering that the supervisor works for a service company that specializes in providing care to individuals with mental challen
Introduction War has been plaguing the world since the start of our time. And among the various kinds of war, politics-related war was the most dominant one. Good examples of this kind of war were World War 1, World War II, and even the various wars which Iraq has been into. One of the most unforgettable wars we can trace in our history was the battle between Iraq and Iran which lasted for 8 long years (from 1980-1988). Many thought that the cause of such war could have been easily solved but because the two leaders of both countries did not want to be dominated or did not even consider peaceful talks at first, a war took off. The impact of such a war was a tremendous loss for both countries. Hundreds of people (both civilians and soldiers) died fighting for both countries. Billions of dollars of properties were lost also because of the war. Proposed Research Questions, Aims, and Objectives of the Study Many thought that after the Iran-Iraq war, Saddam Hussein, the then leader of Iraq, would feel the loss and thus prevent his country from going into another war. But they were wronged. The Iran-Iraq war only resulted in more and further wars between Iraq and the other nation. This prompted a big question to most, what has Saddam Hussein been thinking then? Has he had so much support that Iraq could continue its war against other countries? Specifically, this paper aims to answer the following questions:  1. What were the primary sources of income of Iraq during the time of the Iran-Iraq war?  2. What was the political scenario in Iraq during Saddam Hussein’s time? What kind of leader was he?  3. What was the line of thinking of Hussein during his time? Why is he so adamant about conquering and/or invading other nations, such as Iran? What was his agenda?  4. Who were Hussein’s or Iraq’s allies? What kind of support were these countries would be willing to give to Iraq amidst war and economical crises? This paper is then aimed at analyzing the political, economical, and physical structure of Iraq and its leader, Saddam Hussein, and his possible sources of support to continue with the war against Iran. This paper’s primary objective is to:  1. Identify the various factors leading to Saddam Hussein’s initiation of war against Iran  2. Classify the sources of support that Iraq is getting while the country was fighting against Iran  3. Categorize the said support and analyze whether or not these have become Hussein’s reasons for getting into more war, even to the war against the US. Dissertation Positioning Much research has been done in analyzing various types of political leadership being practiced in different countries. There is also enough studies conducted correlating specific type of leadership to the political and economical outcome of the country. In the same manner, there are also hundreds of articles, books, and journals available analyzing the kinds of wars those different countries have been involved with, particularly Saddam Hussein and the whole of Iraq. As there is a number of possible resources available, it is then important to assess the common denominator between these resources, hence this study. The suggested theoretical fr
Introduction Every period in history throws up its own sons and daughters of idiosyncratic thought; what is intriguing is that there is very often a common thread that binds these people, one that crosses all borders of gender, religion and ethnic origin. If there is one thing that has been a constant is change and upheaval that takes place after major events like war or natural calamities. As has been observed all through the ages, there is always an action, or maybe reaction to these major events. These actions find expression in the works of art, literature and of course political thought; this in turn leads to either mass awakenings among people with varying after effects. The black response The Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s and early 1930s was probably one of the most well-documented literary movements in recent times. Apart from being an outpouring of thoughts and ideas by dramatists, poets, artists and writers, this movement was a major step forward in the affirmation of Afro-Americans as a separate racial identity. There evolved a certain pride in this community, a pride to be black; a thought that was swept under the carpet hitherto. Along with writers like W.E.B. Du Bois, Jean Toomer & Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, one of the brightest stars in the Renaissance firmament have made an invaluable contribution with his poems and other literary works. His poem, I too, sings America is a defiant message to all those people who think being white is good just as much as being black is bad. The last few lines of this poem are affirmations of what was at the heart of Black people – racial equality and opportunity in all fields. Langston Hughes has brought out the collective angst of a race that was suppressed for far too long. What came out of this struggle for acceptance was pride in their own ethnic origin, a fact that was best demonstrated by the music and literature of Hughes and other writers of the Renaissance. Through their literary magazine, Crisis they were also able to tell the white world that they would not back off in fear of reprisal of any kind. This was therefore an answer to the problem of racial discrimination at the time. In support of feminism Virginia Woolf who lived in the 1920s was known for her exceedingly stark and strong views on the gender discrimination issue. She found it difficult and virtually impossible to understand why a woman was treated in a particular way, just by virtue of being a woman. Her work entitled, A room of one’s own, is indicative of her assertiveness as a female writer in a man’s world. She wonders how a woman is not even entitled to the pleasures of having her own private space – a concept that might sound ludicrous now in today’s world of increased equality among the sexes. The rising of the masses An answer to the social inequalities of his time was provided by Karl Marx in his ideology that sought the uplift of the working class. His words, ‘religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world and the soul of the soulless condi
Abstract The paper reports on the history and current development of one of the prominent renewable energy technologies. One of them is a wave energy generator called CETO developed in 1999 by Carnegie Wave Energy. CETO technology captures the swell of the ocean waves using 11-meter buoys located 20-25 meters below the ocean’s surface. The current version of the technology CETO 5 is capable of producing 5 percent of Garden Island’s electricity. Another application of this technology is creating freshwater from ocean water. The process that is known as osmosis utilizes water pressure generated by CETO pumps and through a membrane separates salt ions from clean water. Carnegie center also plans on establishing new, more powerful wave energy farms that are capable of producing 25 Mw of power at the cost of 30-40 cents, and, consequently, lower the price to 12-15 cents (Looks Swell, 2015). Keywords: wave energy, renewable energy, technology, osmosis. Discussion Small countries that lack a large pool of natural resources nowadays have to import fuel from their neighbors at a higher price. For small European nations such as Denmark, Sweden, Britain, and other countries, it is paramount to achieve economic stability through energy independence. A relatively new technology that keeps developing could become a solution for some of them. The above-mentioned countries have access to the sea, which provides them with an opportunity to yield benefits from wave energy. However, according to López, Andreu, Ceballos, de Alegría, and Kortabarria (2013), the resource of wave energy is also distributed unevenly. Thus, the highest activity level is reported to be within the 40 and 60 latitudes. In the Northern Atlantic, the potential for wave energy is humble, as the wave activity is low (see appendix 1, table 1). The Italian research also confirmed that data (Liberti, Carillo, & Sannino, 2013). Apart from CETO technology, there are other solutions. Chen et al. (2015), suggest a nano-technological way. As such, a network of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) with four units sized 5-10 cm spread across 1 square kilometer of the water surface is capable of producing 1 Mw of power. Above that, many other solutions are present such as water-flux, pressure differential, floating structure such as TENG, overtopping, and surge impact (López et al., 2013). As for the construction decision and the way of harnessing the wave power, a variety of solutions has been proposed. An attenuator, for instance, is composed of cylindrical sections connected together into a snake-like construction that follows the wave and rotates the generators inside. Point absorbers are smaller and significantly less costly. They utilize the movement of the wave from all directions. Other types include terminators, oscillators, OWC, etc. The most widely spread and developed type is point absorber (see appendix 1, fig. 1). As for desalinization, the technology seems to be in high demand. According to Po
I think that from the very beginning associates would believe Sullivan & Cromwell’s pay structure to be fair and very attractive because it seems that the payment depends on one’s knowledge. Still, it is not clearly stated how they will assess a professional. The employees are expected to like the pay structure, but it is too high in the market’s perspective. As the competitors downsize and cut payments, the workers are likely to be attracted by the opportunity to earn millions. It would be better to reduce high bonuses, but it may indicate that the company is experiencing a downturn, which may influence the size of the market adversely. The company should motivate the workers to receive one-fourth of their payment from consultancy or clients. As a result, the organization will experience less pressure and create internal competitiveness. The distribution of payment at Sullivan & Cromwell is not equal. The base salary was increased once, but then it was not maintained. The increase levels alter each year. In this way, professionals who started to work 4 years ago also faced the situation when the payment was not increased, which was likely to demotivate them. The 3rd to 4th-year professionals face the highest increase, and then the bonuses reduce, which influences the environment adversely, making it biased (Milkovich, Newman, & Gerhart, 2014). It would be better if the pay level was controlled by senior managers. The payment may be increased by 3% during the first 4 years and then by 5%. In this way, the base salary will be increased bit by bit so that the professionals will earn more in the 8th year even without the bonuses. Still, new associates should have an opportunity to make more, as their base salary is much lower than the 7th or 8th-year associates have. In his article published in the Wall Street Journal, Stracher (2006) described Sullivan & Cromwell as a pyramid because of the way the wages are paid. It was underlined that new associates have low income but suffer much stress and work long hours. Still, the author did not discuss the differences in the work and its value. Just like in Merrill Lynch, the partners of Sullivan & Cromwell receive more appreciation as they have a wide range of duties and need to deal with more vital and complicated tasks (Zaleski, 2011). If the company reduces the bonuses, current, and possible future employees maybe not willing to work and be focused on the firm’s goal (Zinn, 2009). New associates would agree to stay if the targets were simplified so that they have enough time for private lives (Moore, 2007). Except for that, the employees may consider that the company faces financial problems and is not generating decent revenue. In this way, Sullivan & Cromwell are likely to face problems with recruitment and retention if the organization reduces the bonuses or removes this system at all. Sullivan & Cromwell and Dewey & LeBoeuf seem to have si
Many difficult life situations occur day by day. Some people become lose their loved ones, some become bankrupt, but all of them are embraced by one similar factor: they can start building their new life. Eventually, those who succeed become happy, and those who failed — fall into depression and completely ruin their lives. However, the main essence of nursing is to give people a detailed self-portrait and fix their life position in the past, at present, and build a plan for future recovery. To begin with, when a doctor starts interacting with a client, it is important to create a client’s physical and mental profile. Following this, patients will see their macro world picture. Eventually, this will help to make the right diagnosis and prescription. In the beginning, I disclosed these details to make the woman’s physical portrait. “She averages one meal per day”: The woman has a great risk of problems with gastritis due to the lack of vitamins and other factors that give us energy for the day. “She smokes up to 2 packages of cigarettes daily”: an increased potential of heart attack, low blood pressure, and decreased motivation during the day (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2015). “She rummages through the trash”: a great number of germs begin living right on her palms and arms and, therefore, takes to the organism through the mouth when touching it by hands. “She takes drugs”: she has unstable brain activity periods and decreased level of appetite. Consequently, during the interview, I made a list to question myself. Firstly, what is the reason for eating only once a day unless the client is not homeless and affords herself to buy 40 cigarettes a day? Secondly, what is the life-purposes of this person because it is hard to pass the whole day by rummaging in the trash in pursuit of food instead of finding a job? Thirdly, what is the reason for lack of energy and a bad temper for weeks? To answer these questions, let us make a psychological portrait of the client. The woman is 21 years old, so that she is not studying at the university. She is single and does not possess a close person who will take care of her without any questions. The woman is in a strong depression as she does not have an appetite, and she is ready to receive a strange substance from a stranger just because she thinks it is a drug. Based on the nursing practice, I will sum up recovery strategies in the complex form that affects both her physical and psychological life. Eventually, I made up my mind and answered these questions. In the beginning, she has a lack of eating due to the absence of appetite. Hence, as the absence of hunger is the consequence of eating drugs and being in a strong depression, she must resolve these two problems by entering a free club of drug and smoke addicts. This will normalize her pressure, give the appetite back and, possibly, take her out of depression (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2015). Secondly, the client should avoid rummaging in the rubbish with the help of subscribing to the local u