ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Greenway’s hotels are budget hotels that provide comfortable accommodations for customers. They are situated in downtown locations that allow them to be more accessible to potential clients. There are more than sixty branches of the company in the United Kingdom. The company plans to own 300 hotels across the Europe, but the management needs to decide what cultural differences should be taken into account and how they will correspond with their HR practices. Cultural Differences As the company plans to use their staff from the UK to manage the business in Germany, where they plan to open new hotels, it is necessary for the company to understand the cultural differences between these countries. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory is useful for evaluating the differences between Germany and the UK; the theory includes such dimensions as uncertainty avoidance index, long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation, individualism vs. collectivism, and others (Hofstede, 2011). Thus, citizens of the UK are prone to emphasize the achievement of the individual, while citizens of Germany put an emphasis on group achievements. Moreover, Germans also tend to prefer the deductive approach to the inductive one, both in thinking and planning. As to indulgence, UK citizens like to enjoy life and have a concentrated balance of work and entertainment in their life. German citizens, however, often tend to experience stress during work; their culture could be labeled as restrained in its nature. It should be noted, however, that overgeneralization and stereotypic approaches should be avoided, and one should be aware that exceptions to the norms exist (Brewster, Sparrow, Vernon, & Houldsworth, 2011). As to work goals, opportunity to learn is more expected by German workers, while job security is slightly more significant for the UK citizens. Germans also find working conditions important; interpersonal relationships are important for both countries, although not as much as other goals. HR Practices The problems that Greenway’s hotels might face when establishing new hotels in Germany are the language barrier, high turnover, escalating operating costs, global uncertainty about safety issues, and others. Thus, certain HR practices need to be implemented to ensure that the functioning of hotels will be successful. It is advisable to develop a risk management plan (i.e., to perform a risk analysis to understand what risky activities are to be avoided and what activities are able to bring benefits) (Gle
The Role of Maturation in Learning Maturation involves physical body changes and is thus a form of development that involves learning. Physical changes trigger human behaviors due to experience that enables children to accept and understand development. The experience causes the learner to gain some long-term skills, thoughts, and comprehension, termed as knowledge. Therefore, maturation plays a big role in children’s development since they need a certain level of growth to learn practical skills. Maturation is progressive; therefore, a child gains the skills cumulatively through interaction with cognitive, corporal, social, and expressive aspects of life. Life experiences are either favorable or harsh, and learners respond in accordance with the experience. The way a child responds to a given situation directly relates to his/her stage of development. In line with Broadhead et al. (2010), learning is an ability to develop a task at one stage to boost the chances of progressing through future stages successfully. If a child fails to learn a task at a certain stage, the chances of progress are diminished due to difficulties. The Response to the Statement “Teaching is about learning skills and acquiring content/knowledge. Paying attention to what you think is go
Introduction Over the past few decades, the process of national reconciliation has played a pivotal role in the recovery, and healing of those affected by civil wars and human rights violations within many countries. As such, countries ran by military/authoritarian governments have developed truth, justice, and reconciliation commissions to investigate and prosecute those responsible for the atrocities and sufferings endured by the masses. Between 1973 and 1990, Chileans suffered greatly under their military government. This paper shall highlight the human rights violations experienced during that period, as well as the actions taken by Chile in response to those violations. Similarly, the major tensions underlying Chile’s reconciliation efforts, and whether those efforts have been successful in balancing the need for justice and peace shall also be discussed. The Human Right Violations Experienced in Chile between 1973 and 1990 According to Loveman and Lira, the 1973 military coup was the worst political unrest experienced in Chile in the twentieth century (60). After the death of the president, the military took office and a state of civil unrest engulfed the country (Loveman & Lira 61). To maintain control, the military occupied national territories and declared a state of siege referred to as “The State of War”, which subjected civilians to military Tribunals. Similarly, during this period of military rule, thousands of people were detained, subjected to torture and an unknown number of people disappeared (Loveman & Lira 66). As such, torture, detention, unfair prosecutions, and disappearances were the most heinous human rights violations experienced by Chileans between 1973 and 1990. Actions Taken by Chile in Response to the Human Right Violations After years of suffering under a dictatorial rule, Chile got a civil government in 1990. Since then, the government has been actively involved in the politics of reconciliation. This political process seeks to establish the truth, develop reparation policies, offer justice, and resistance to impunity (Loveman & Lira 63). Regarding the establishment of the truth, the Rettig Commission (1990-91) was formed to shed some light on the violations, status of the victims, compensation procedures, and to propose preventive measures against future human rights violations (Loveman & Lira 61). On the same note, the Valech Commissions (2003-2005, and Valech Commission II, 2010-2011) were also created to investigate and offer viable solutions to the violations (Loveman & Lira 66). Similarly, constitutional accusations, investigative journalism reports, and activities from human rights organizations carried out over the years indicate Chile’s resistance to impunity (Loveman & Lira 68). These are among the actions taken to address the human rights violations incurred by Chileans. Major Tensions Underlying Chile’s Reconciliation Efforts Currently, there is a lot of anger and frustration among Chileans due to the number o
Ancient Times. Plato: The Golden Section Though it could seem rather weird, the greatest mathematic discoveries have always been interconnected with nature. It seems that mathematics is the only reasonable explanation of all the processes which are going on in the world. Among the most important discoveries of the world, the golden section takes one of the first places. After all, people noticed the mathematical wisdom of nature long ago, and now they find the proofs for that with each step they make. Thus, it is a well-known fact that nature uses only whole numbers; DNA is 34 long by 21 wide; the design of a propeller was based on the golden section found in a seashell, and so on… The discovery of the golden section was equal to a scientific breakthrough. It is also peculiar that Plato chose a line, not numbers, to demonstrate the genial idea. Perhaps, because of the complicacy of the ratio of the long and the shorter, it could be demonstrated with the line best. Indeed, the greatest ideas never die. The Middle Ages. Ramon Lull: The Stories of Knighthood One of the first people to introduce to mankind who a knight is and what his duties and pride is, Ramon Lull created more than merely a list of postulates – he created the chronicles of the history of knighthood. Emphasizing that the chief goal of a knight is to serve his lord, Lull draws a clear line between the nobility and the knighthood. However, it seems that Lull also implies that the nobility is something that cannot be inherited with a title. Creating the image of a perfect, chivalrous, and courageous man who will do everything that he is due to, Lull comes very close to the idea of creating a missionary order which would encompass the knighthood and the monasticism. The Middle Ages. Thomas Aquinas: What Makes Heresy and Vice Heresy is associated with something that is considered blasphemous by the church and belonging to condemnation. However, it has not always been that way. Due to the change which happened to the church as the time passed, the word which initially meant choosing was finally transformed into lies and sacrilege worth punishing for. Revealing this secret to the entire mankind, Thomas Aquinas made quite a stir in the then society. Claiming that heresy was a specimen of unbelief, Aquinas drew the conclusion that a heretic is worth sympathy rather than condemnation, and claimed that the church should be merciful to those sinful and try to bring back the stray ship to the fold, and there is no need to be as strict as Beza, Calvin or Luther. Another striking example
Introduction In their article towards social exclusion in business, Bakan and Kobayashi have addressed the issues related to employment equity. The argument in the article is focused on Canadian experience in the area of employment equity and the evolution of political thought regarding minorities’ rights. The facts presented in the article help understand the peculiarities of employment legislation in Canada and their impact on business. The focus of the author’s attention is the problem of avoiding backlash during the policy-making process and how the fear of backlash causes the lawmakers’ slow-down when debates in society become heated. The purpose of this discussion paper is to summarize and analyze the class reading and make conclusions regarding the significance of its contents for understanding the theme of the week “Program of Action on Diversity and Inclusive Business” and understanding social exclusion in business. Class Reading Summary and Analysis The authors’ main thesis regarding employment equity in the Canadian context refers to the problem of backlash. It amounts to stating that the fear of a backlash similar to the one that took place in the U.S. continues to affect the country’s policy in the area of employment. This fear affects the points of view of both the proponents and opponents of equity (Bakan & Kobayashi, 2007). The outcome of backlash apprehension was the creation of the unique concept of ’employment equity’ by the prominent theorist, human rights activist, and outstanding jurist, Rosalie Abella. The concept appeared a unique finding and was widely appreciated by nations throughout the world as the path-breaking legislative innovation. In this reading, the authors have explained that the backlash phenomenon eventually has had quite a modest impact on the employment legislation-making process in Canada despite the concerns expressed by the prominent figures in the policy-making. However, the presence of backlash fears affected the dynamics of the Canadian human rights legislation development by slowing it down to a certain degree. Bakan and Kobayashi (2007) comment on this situation and the relative lack of legislative advancement by stating that “the politics of concession to backlash were elemental and, despite the advocates’ intentions, fed rather than forestalled backlash arguments” (p. 162). The authors have also explained that the other factors having a signi
Introduction Resource Based View is a modern day management tool that is used in crafting company’s strategy using the available resources and distinctive capabilities. One of the ways of achieving this is the use of Economic Values Added (EVA) or the Economic Rent (Connely, 2010). The EVA is gotten by subtracting the firm’s Net Operating Profit After tax (NOPAT) from the multiplication of the firm’s cost of capital by the firm’s capital i.e. NOPAT – (CAPITAL * COST OF CAPITAL). A firm’s competitive advantage is therefore determined by its ability to use the available resources and utilize the core competencies to achieve targeted objectives (Barney, 1991). This paper discusses the various resources and competencies that an organizational can use to achieve competitive advantage over other firms. Sources Ensuing is source that offer information about these resources and competencies that provide a foundation for the formulation of a firm’s strategy. Examples these internal factors are resources such as human capital, patents, skills, goodwill and physical resources such as equipment and buildings. The disadvantage of this source is that the firm only uses internal environment to formulate the strategy ignoring the external environment which presents conditions that a business operates in. In his book, Henry presents the resource based view as a management tool for strategy formulation. Distinctive capabilities are useful in a firm’s competitiveness since the competitors are unable to duplicate them. The limitations of this source are that it looks at the firm which is established and has heavily invested in research and developments thus have acquired competencies in the specific operation area. Small firms are therefore not able to use these types of resources. Resources Resources are the inputs that a company uses in all the functional areas of its operations to produce the desired output and thus achieve the set target (Comeford & Callaghan, 2011). Financial resources ensure that a firm has adequate amount of liquid cash to carry out the operations as well as finance the expected investments. This keeps the firm’s value high since its equity is not composed of large amounts of debt. Human resources are other important organizations physical resources that ensure that the firm’s operations are of high quality. A workforce that is highly competent will make sure that the firm’s products are of high quality and also the firm employs efficient production methods resulting in low production costs. Technical resources are intangible resources which enhance a firm’s products quality. Advanced technical knowledge in the production process ensures that the firm’s products are preferred over the competitors since they are of superior quality (Barney, 1991). This therefore acts as an important reso
Executive Summary Different countries have different managerial styles. These differences mainly spill over to the managerial styles adopted by different groups of managers in cross-cultural management. This report outlines the differences between the cross-cultural management practices between Brazilian and American managers by exploring how both groups of managers compare through power distance/hierarchy, uncertainty avoidance, employee perception and collectivism vs. individualism management attributes Introduction Today, many multinational enterprises parade the flags of different countries to symbolize their globalized nature. This domination of global enterprises in today’s society is symbolic of the global village, which is taking over the world’s corporate space. However, with the growth of the global village, millions of consumers and employees from different cultures, histories, and religions interact. However, this dynamic inevitable creates an opportunity for cultural conflict, ethnocentrism, and the misinterpretation of different cultural dynamics (Chich-Jen, 2009). Because of the complexity of this conflict, many businesses and managers have failed in cross-cultural management. For example, Chich-Jen (2009) reports a high failure rate, of about 40%, in global joint ventures because of poor managerial skills in cross-cultural management. The failures in cross-cultural management mainly arise from the weaknesses of managers
Finding oneself in the field of healthcare means bearing responsibility for becoming a better professional every single day for the sake of providing proper patient care. Thus, when working as a nurse, it becomes evident that enrolling in a BSN program is one of the best ways to enhance knowledge and competence in the future work patterns. Among diverse reasons contributing to my decision to complete my BSN, the following ones may be considered as the most significant:   * The ambition to enhance my area of responsibility. Although being a RN provides nurses with the opportunity to help people and work with patients in the way BSN nurses do, the competence scope between these degrees varies greatly. Hence, completing a BSN course will help me obtain more knowledge applicable to daily cooperation with patients and practitioners.   * Greater career opportunities. When enrolling in my first nursing degree program, I had the desire to help people in need. Over the years, this feeling has escalated to such an extent where I see help beyond the cooperation with a patient. With this being said, my decision to go for a BSN degree was driven by the goal to become a leader and a nursing mentor in the future. When speaking of the challenges that may be encountered during acquiring the degree, there are a few matters that sometimes make me feel rather uncertain about my capabilities to achieve a desired result. To begin with, becoming a BSN nurse implies paying much attention to the learning process while focusing on other aspects of life such as work and personal life. According to the
Compare and contrast of organizational climate with organizational culture In comparing and contrasting organizational climate with organization culture, I have learned from studying the Army Field Manual on Army Leadership and from other readings that organizational climate is shaped by organizational culture. The organizational command climate of a unit is reflected in the behavior of the members. Even if organizational culture is invisible to the naked eye, its power to shape an organization is visibly manifested in the behavior of the unit. The behavior of the unit is influenced by how the members interpret the culture that exists within a particular organization. The unit’s behavior is therefore rooted in the group’s shared beliefs and values. When confronted with a situation, a particular member need not consult the manuals, he/she simply reacts based on the type of organizational culture instilled within him. At the same time, his behavior is conformed to the behavior of the group. In the Army, there are two things that stand out when it comes to organizational culture and these are leadership and team work. When a group of individuals are immersed in this particular culture, it will not take long before they experience the transforming power of shared beliefs. When this organizational culture is a part of the unit’s daily life, then, it is the framework used to accomplish the task at hand. Contrast After reading FM-622, I realized that there is a big difference between organizational climate and organizational culture (Field Manual 6-22, 8-4). An organizational culture requires a great length of time to form. On the other hand, an organizational climate requires very little time to manifest because it is an automatic reaction based on how an individual, leader, and group reacts to a particular situation or task at hand. It is, therefore, important to inculcate the positive influence of organizational culture as quickly as possible. Organizational culture provides a clear directive and at the same time compels members of the group to behave in an acceptable manner. Compare and Contrast situational awareness with situational understanding The common denominator between situational awareness and situational understanding is information. Both are based on effective use of information and knowledge management. Information and knowledge management is the byproduct of surveillance and other forms of data acquisition that enable leaders to make informed and timely decisions regardless of the challenges imposed by different circumstances. An effective use of knowledge and information management enables commanders to have a clear vision of the tactical requirements involved in a mission. At the same time it provides clear directives to subordinates. The absence of situational awareness and situational understanding forces the leader to make hasty decisions that can endanger the lives of his subordinates. It is, therefore, important for commanders to have access to quality information. At the same time, th
Comparison between China and USA Business in China and America Countries operate around different political regimes with unique policy formulation, implementation, and review that affects business environment. These policies are aligned by policy makers towards self interest protection and profit optimisation. At micro and macro levels, these protectionist policies have merits and demerits in short and long-term business engagements. Notably, business related policy formulations in specific market environment have weaknesses capable of attracting conflict of interest especially when the same policy functions in the international trade market scenario. Since the beginning of the new millennium, China has become an economic powerhouse in terms of aggregate investment portfolio and economic growth. The systematic and consistent rise is attributed to political and economic policies which also double as source of tension between America and itself. Located in the heart of the Asian continent, the Democratic Republic of China is founded on the principles of Communism and ruled by a single party government. Despite capitalism dominating business environment across the globe, China has managed to hold firm on the Marxist-communist foundation and has struck a balance between the science of politics and communist business system. Characteristic of a communist system, the government of China is active in monitoring and directly intervening in major sectors of the economy. Due to deep rooted culture of concentrated power in the hands of the politically established government, who have liberalised its market and facilitated internal investment by foreign investors, China offers attractive investment incentives and waivers on taxes to potential investors. Comparatively, then ne-liberalist system controlling business environment in the states of America is equally developed. Reflectively, this system is based on the ideology of totalitarian democracy in which decisions on business and other matters of public interest are made by a democratic republican or democrat government elected by the majority. Despite consisting of three political parties, that is republican, democratic, and independent, the first two are dominant in the economic, social, and political spheres of America. Aiming to start a medium shoe making business with relatively sketchy market network, the fir