ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract As the issue of searches and seizures has raised some important questions regarding privacy and citizen’s rights under the Fourth Amendment, it is crucial to review its characteristics. It was found that reasonableness of privacy expectations is the focal point that determines whether searches and seizures can be performed. Introduction The topic of searches and seizures has been one of the most debated due to the inconsistencies in the expectations of privacy. Due to such inconsistencies, it is important to study the topic in greater detail with an objective to identify in which cases searches and seizures are reasonable and in which cases they are not. The following research questions will serve as a guideline for the literature review regarding the key areas to be covered in the paper: In what cases searches and seizures are considered reasonable? Reasonableness One of the most fundamental rights American citizens possess is the ability not to have illegal searches and seizures, as laid out in the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. Under the Amendment, a citizen is secure in his or her right to property against unreasonable seizures and searches (Brady, 2016). The “unreasonable” component of the definition is the most important in this context since there may be reasonable searches and seizures (depending on whether a potential offender had a right to expect privacy) (Find Law, 2017). The expectation of privacy is not obsolete, rather, it is determined by reasonableness (Kenneally, 2016); n individual’s effort to exclude the access of others from property strongly indicates one’s expectation of privacy. However, judges usually assess the reasonableness of one’s expectation of privacy on the basis of their own experiences, which causes inconsistencies in how citizens perceive privacy versus how the law is treating them (Fogel, 2014). Findings and Discussion The primary issue regarding searches and seizures is associated with an individual’s reasonable expectations of privacy that are being determined depending on the circumstances. When it comes to the reasonableness of such expectations, an individual whose vehicle was stopped by a police officer for a traffic violation cannot reasonably expect privacy since a breach took place. If the officer has some suspicions and conducts a search, the court will deem this search and possible seizures as reasonable. On the other hand, if the police conduct an unwarranted search of an
Introduction Every organization aims at maximizing the revenue realized while minimizing costs. Marketing strategies aim at helping the firm increase its market share, its revenue and competitiveness in an industry. According to Best (2005, p. 229), B2B marketing is marketing that is related to firms marketing their products to other firms in the industry as compared to B2C marketing that markets products to consumers. Firms employ various marketing strategies that help them gain customer satisfaction and loyalty. For an organization to market its products, it must have a good brand name, reputation, high product value and proper positioning in the industry. Kent Spice Man seeks to venture into the UK market. However, the company does not have any of these strategies. Kent Spice Man is a newly established firm that lacks market knowledge and expertise. In order to successfully venture into the market, the company needs to first gain enough information about the operations of the food industry in UK. The information would be helpful in helping the company position its products. Moreover, it will help it properly price the spicy sauces from Asia. This study examines the various B2b marketing strategies that are to be employed by Kent Spice Man in the UK market. Spice Man Company Profile This newly established company is yet to begin operating in the UK food industry. The organization aims at selling Spicy sauces from Asia to the UK market. The company is basing on the changing cultural factors in favor of Asian traditional food. In spite of the existing opportunity in the UK market, the company has no strengths since it has no brand name, reputation yet it is suffering from inadequate funding. As the company ventures into the UK food industry, it faces the threat of increased competition in the industry. External Business Environment Analysis The U.K Environment: PESTLE Analysis Political and Legal Factors Kent Spice man is an organization that is seeking to establish itself as a multinational corporation operating in different countries such as Middle East and in UK. The company operates in the food industry. As the company seeks to venture into multinational markets, the need to comply with various political and legal factors in different countries is necessary. For instance, there are different legal regulations in the countries that the company operates. The country has various compliance requirements that the company products must meet for con
Impact of Cognitive Biases on Research Process Cognitive bias refers to in-built mistakes in persons’ thinking processes committed while processing data (Pereyra, 2000). Such mistakes make humans unable to form the correct view of reality despite the availability of all the data necessary to form such a view and all human thoughts are subject to systematic faults (Mineka, 1992). Theories of Cognitive Biases There have been formulated various theories which attempt to explain human cognitive biases. The Fundamental Attribution Error Theory According to this theory, cognitive biases result from human over reliance on inherent characteristics of a person to explain his/her behavior while failing to consider the situation in which the behavior took place (Mellers, Hertwig and Kahneman, 2001). On the flip side, cognitive biases may also arise from placing too much reliance on the event situation in explaining behavior and failing to consider behavior associated characteristics of the person. Therefore, according to the theory of fundamental attribution, cognitive errors can be avoided by considering both personality characteristics and the environment when explaining certain behavior. In the case of research, fundamental attribution error may be seen where a researcher attributes certain behavior of subjects to the environmental situation without considering their personality characteristics, and vice versa. Cognitive Dissonance Theory The theory was advanced by Leon Festinger in 1957 and it relates to the association between the sets of knowledge in a person’s mind. According to this theory, people always strive to avoid cognitive dissonance, which is a conflict between cognitions held in mind (Nesse and Williams, 1998). Thus, a person will try to avoid any piece of information from the environment which is inconsistent with his existing set of knowledge in order to reduce cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance has a great influence on research as researchers tend to select only that information that is consistent with their background knowledge. Heuristics Theory This theory is based on the notion of judgmental probability. In making decisions or judgments, people apply judgmental probability most of the time, failing to consider all the available pieces of data. Application of judgmental probability in decision making may be attributed to the shortcomings of the mind’s information processing ability as well as the time limitations that individuals face (Nisbett and Ross, 1980). In research, a researcher may also apply judgmental probabili
Introduction The National Steering Committee is a committee that deals with the issues concerning health care. The committee gives guidelines and recommendations to be adopted by all the healthcare providers to facilitate their processes in the field. The body also ensures that patients, in all communities have adequate access to health care services at all times. The National Steering Committee recommendations The National Steering Committee in 2006 gave seven recommendations that can be adopted by hospitals in order to improve public health and recreate the public health infrastructure. These were or them to eliminate disparities, coordinate care, promote primary prevention, optimize access to care for all, advocate payment for prevention, build the community’s capacity to stay healthy, and finally to support recreating the public health infrastructure and expanding capacity (Schwartz, & Tumblin, 2002). There is however a gap between what the committee recommends and the reality of the current state. On the coordination of care, the ideal state should be where the health care system faultlessly offers all forms of health and social services to patients who have complicated conditions. These include a patient-based approach in the care plan in which every patient gets well-coordinated care despite the patients’ point of entry into the system. The system should be having a structure that will connect the hospitals, doctors, nursing homes, and other caregivers for purposes of sharing information on clinical, financial, and administrative issues. The current system is however divided into self-reliant care provider sectors rendering it challenged in addressing the chronic conditions of the patients (The Health Research and Educational Trust, 2006). On the recommendation of Optimizing access to care for all, the committee gives an example of the United States where every person has access to health care of their highest potential. They all have access to the care they require in terms of prevention, acute, and rehabilitation services. But in the current state, there is no access to care for families, members of society, and the community at large. There are barriers to proper health care which include the availability and the location of the health facility, lack of transport, and lack of community awareness on the available facilities. On t
This article appears on the Public Broadcasting Website (PBS) website. The article talks about the history of the pill in the United States and makes references to the 2011 movie “The Pill”. According to the article, the pill has had a long history that is dominated by scientific and medical debates. The article also outlines some subtopics in the debate on the pill including “contraception, eugenics, social engineering, population trends, government involvement in legislating social behavior, conflicts between religious values, feminist activism of the 1960s, and twentieth century women’s movements” 1 . The article also touches on the roles women play in the society and the changing relationship between medical professionals and the public. PBS published this article as part of the organization’s informative repertoire. Most of the information that is provided by the article relates to the 2011 film “The Pill”. Recently, the debate on the pill has heightened around the country. The debate is particularly focused on the issue of sexuality among teenagers. There are those people who feel that the use of pills among teenage girls is unacceptable. The opponents of this notion feel that the pill provides girls with freedom from several burdens. In addition, this group feels that the era of sexual repression is over. The history of the pill dates back several centuries ago. However, the modern debate on the pill began in the 1960s when the pill was enshrined in the country’s legislation. During this period, all prior disagreements concerning the pill were put to rest. The increase in the rate of teenage pregnancies acts as proof of the need to institute the pill into the lives of the American teenagers. Several organizations and television shows have tried to address this issue by trying to depict the effects of unplanned pregnancies. This article offers an informed account of the history and uses of the pill to its readers. The document in the PBS website provides a rich account of the pill’s revolution. The film account includes the testimony of some of the very first users of the pill. Most of the women who appear in “The Pill” concur that the pill was a revolutionary tool when it came to the women’s freedom. Some of the women claim that the pill opened new horizons for them during the tumultuous period around the 1950s and 1960s. The idea of women amounting to anything else other than mothers and homemakers was alien in the 1950s. The women who chose to pursue careers ended up foregoing having families. The pill was the game changer for many women who were provided with an effective means of birth control. There were major controversies concerning the invention of the pill. The heroes behind its invention sacrificed a lot of their resources to make sure women were provided with a birth control method. This sacrifice passes as one of the most significant sacrifices in the American history. The pill’s invention was initially vie
After a pricing objective has been solidified, what else must a firm look at prior to finalizing pricing decisions? Defining the pricing strategy to be adopted in a particular market, a company must be able to solidify the essential objectives. However, transferring from the given stage to the process of finalizing pricing decisions would be wrong. In addition to the first step, one should also consider the pricing strategies that can be adopted in the target business environment (Stevens, Liudon, and Nukkei 232). Additionally, one might consider the issues that the entrepreneurship is likely to face in the context of the target environment when carrying out the financial strategy of its choice. There is no need to stress that the economic, financial, and legal factors that a company will be exposed to in an alien environment are strikingly different from the ones of the home market. Herein lies the importance of carrying out the two steps suggested above before implementing the strategy (James 25). Define price discrimination and explain its legality The phenomenon of pricing discrimination is typically referred to as the strategy that sets different prices for the same goods or commodities, therefore, compelling different customers to pay different amounts of money for the product in question. In other words, the approach allows the retailer to set the highest price possible that a specific customer is ready to pay for the goods offered to them. One might argue that the concept of price discrimination is illegal in its nature as it implies stratification of the target audience based on a specific characteristic feature thereof. However, the principles that lie at the core of the differentiation are what makes a difference and, therefore, may turn pricing discrimination either legal or illegal. The approach is perfectly fine when it neither violates any price-fixing laws, nor implies racial, ethnic, or religious profiling of the customers (Mahanty 302). In any other scenario, the concept of pricing discrimination must be viewed as illegal and, therefore, terminated immediately as a pricing strategy. How did Walmart utilize a maximizing profit strategy? When designing the approach that would propel it to the top of the global market, Walmart leaders viewed the idea of maximizing profits as the primary notion that would gear the entrepreneurship toward stellar success. The v
Introduction Cholera is a fatal human disease that affects the intestines of humans. Depending on the nature of the disease, it can occur as an epidemic, and cost lives of many individuals from a given habitat. A number of scientists, especially in the field of medicine have toiled relentlessly, in an effort curb this menace. However, despite all these interventions, cholera has remained a significant challenge to human health. In Haiti, after the cataclysmic earthquake that cost the lives of over 300, 000 residents’ cholera has become another calamity. Haiti, being a developing country that is recovering from effects of the quake, lacks sufficient water and effective sanitation systems. This, as a result, has culminated into the derailment of this predicament. In addition, a number of approaches adopted to address this challenge seem to have loopholes. As such, acquainting the population with the relevant information concerning the disease, and especially the children is a crucial step towards alleviating the cholera menace. Therefore, this document will look into education as a way to alleviate the cholera menace. Its causes and effects Sources have revealed cholera as a killer disease from the earlier part of the 19 th century. However, due to economic advancements, most of the developed countries have virtually wiped out the disease. Besides, the growing countries are still struggling with this challenge. Cholera was not a serious threat to the Haitian prior to the onset of the disastrous earthquake, for over half a decade (Farmer, 2011). Its onset in Artibonite shook the people of Haiti. However, in case the Haitian government had adequately prepared for cholera, and other disease outbreaks, their rippling effects could have been less severe. Vibrio cholerae is the bacteria responsible for this fatal disease. This bacterium infests the small intestines, making the victim to diarrhea profusely. Later, the patient becomes rigorously desiccated, and the condition may be fatal, where there is no urgent intervention. The spread of the disease arises because of poor sewerage sanitation systems. The disease spread also aggravates because of the ingestion of contaminated food, as well as water (Herlinger & Jeffrey, 2011). In Haiti, the adverse effects of the deadly quake have exacerbated the scourge. Besides, it is not clear about the initial origin of the bacteria, but speculations are that some UN Nepalese army was the first to introduce the disease after the quake. However, concerned parties ought to alleviate the causes of the disease, some being to educating the Haitian mass, and children in particular. The Haitian authorities had also done little within the health segment. Additionally, studies h
Introduction The government institution has a tendency of using anything that is in its disposal to ensure that it is in control through hook and crook. This includes to some extent cases whereby the government uses technology to manipulate its subjects and ensure a severe handling of any disloyalty issues. The books ‘1984’ by George Orwell, ‘Brave New World’ by Aldous Huxley and ‘A clockwork orange’ by Antony Burgess portray a common way in the manner in which governments use technology and other resources to manipulate its citizens both physically and psychologically. The paper analyzes successfully the manner in which the three playwrights develop the theme of government manipulation in the three texts with an effort of portraying the common results attained. Manipulation in George Orwell’s ‘1984’ Having been set in 1949, the novel ‘1984’ was a prediction of what could happen to a country where totalitarianism became deeply rooted (Hillegas 43). The novel portrays the cruelties and oppression of citizens who were subjects of a totalitarian government of Oceania. The novel is mostly concerned about the manner in which technology has been employed to oppress citizens by regimes as well as establish control over every aspect of their lives therefore making them remain like slaves (Aubrey 50). In the portrayal of what people can call the perfect totalitarian government, the novel examines the different techniques that the party uses to control its citizens. These include psychological manipulation of the citizens, exercising physical control on the people, and using technology to control information, history and the citizens for the benefit of the party. The party exercises psychological control over its people by replacing individual thought with distorted psychological stimuli. The use of propaganda ensures a constant feeding of the people with lies that in turn shape their thinking (Aubrey 23). The use of ‘Telescreens’ to enhance the propaganda is effective in that the citizens are kept aware that the authorities are scrutinizing them. “You had to live — did live, from habit that became instinct — in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and, except in darkness, every movement scrutinized” (Orwell 5). This ensures that every move to be disloyal even by simply having a disloyal thought is completely dealt with and can be viewed as a crime against the party. The citizens seem turned against each other using pro
Abstract Communicable diseases include diseases, such as AIDS that are spread by either parasites or viruses. The AIDS epidemic is one of the diseases that are associated with many people’s deaths around the world. Its mode of spread has a close relationship with high poverty rates, overcrowding, illiteracy, and abuse of drugs. However, AIDS can be controlled through observance or some amicable measures. This paper aims at providing detailed information on the strategies that opt for being implemented in controlling AIDS. Governments should consider AIDS as a health priority, among the strategies to control the spread of disease are ensuring that public and private sectors are sharing AIDS’ responsibility, provision of enough resources to research on AIDS, and involvement of nations in strengthening and encouraging public health initiatives. Additionally, the paper will detail how reducing prison overcrowding, as well as the number of school dropouts, will contribute to controlling AIDS. Introduction Communicable diseases are contagious infections caused by parasites and viruses. They are also transferred by fungi and bacteria. These organisms have the potential of being transmitted from an infected individual to a healthy one either through tactile contact. Communicable disease control involves coming up with methods that will curtail the spread of infectious agents among populations. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a communicable disease that needs to be controlled. This paper aims at providing detailed inf