ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Over the second half of the 20th century, there have been great scientific breakthroughs and inventions in the medical field. These breakthroughs have resulted in the creation of sophisticated medical equipment and advanced diagnostic procedures. One of the more novel advances has been in the form of genetic testing which is the ability to determine the presence of a genetic marker for a specific disease or condition. This testing is especially significant in light of research findings which estimate that 1 in every 20 newborns in America are born with a severe disorder that is presumed to be genetic in origin (Pillitteri, 2009). Genetic diagnosis therefore gives people the means with which to forecast the presence of or susceptibility to some diseases. This knowledge of a genetic mishap in advance gives a person the opportunity to take up preventive measures to counter the disease if it is possible. However, genetic diagnosis has an inescapable effect on the individual and in some cases his family as well. This paper will set out to detail the impact that genetic diagnosis can have on the individual. The paper will highlight the positive as well as negative effects that genetic testing may result in. The implications that this impacts can have on genetic counseling shall also be considered so as to highlight the significance of counseling in genetic diagnosis. Genetic testing The World Health Organization (2005) defines Genetic Testing as “DNA analysis to determine the carrier status of an individual; to diagnose a present disease in the individual; or to determine the individual’s genetic predisposition to developing a particular condition in the future.” The use of genetic testing for diagnosis purpose is increasing at a high rate as a result of the novel possibilities that genetic testing holds for clinical care. Lerman and Shields (2004, p.225) advance that it is anticipated that genetic testing can eventually allow health care providers to positively identify individuals who will develop certain types of sicknesses and therefore allow them to tailor preventive care based on a person’s genotype. In addition to this, the number of inherited disorders and risk factors that can be detected through genetic testing increases rapidly as more research on the subject is carried out. The impacts of genetic testing are therefore likely to be felt by an even larger section of the population. Individual impact of genetic diagnosis Positive Impacts Genetic testing may result in reduced anxiety for the individual and provides information necessary to make sound decisions. Decisions such as n
Moral convictions of terrorists refer to the beliefs that terrorist’s acts are pure and holy. According to terrorists, all actions taken against others are justified. Terrorists always believe that their actions are for the better of the society (Martin, 2009). As such, this paper will discuss the moral convictions that terrorists use in undertaking terrorist acts. There are two major moral convictions of terrorists. The first moral conviction is based on long history of injustice against certain people (Ravinder, 2005). Acts of violence, oppression, and betrayal that was done to people in the past can trigger acts of violence (Martin, 2009). When a certain group has been oppressed in way or the other, it is more likely that the offended group will engage in terrorist activities against the other group to ease emotional pain. Acts of terrorism can occur against another country if there is a history of violence or oppression. Most developing countries associate their state of underdevelopment to have emerged because of colonization. Past cases of slavery, capitalism, and violence can make developing countries to rise against the developed countries in order to gain justice for what was done against them many years ago(Martin, 2009). In some countries, “revolutionists” may resort to acts of terrorism with an aim of making the government to stop oppressing its population. In such a case, the state is perceived as the enemy of the people. Terrorists use this as a moral conviction to justify that violence and death is legitimate (Martin, 2009). The second moral conviction is based on religious beliefs and moral standards. This happens when a certain group of people feels that they have high moral standards than others. It may be a clan, ethnic group, or a religious group. In this case, the moral conviction is about purity and moral values (Martin, 2009). Violence against other groups based on religious or moral difference is termed as holy war aimed at gaining favor from God (Martin, 2010). The war is aimed at fighting the evil. Terrorists who use religion as moral conviction to engage in violence believe that by fighting evil, they will be awarded in paradise (Martin, 2010). Religious terrorism is perceived as righteous and pure. There has been a number of terrorism attacks by Muslim groups. Mostly, the Muslim groups fight people of different religious belief. They believe that any act of violence against an individual of a different religion earns them favor from God. This has resulted in emergence of different terrorist groups causing fear and deaths (Ravinder, 2005). A good example is Somalia, which is now a terrorist destination. Somalia terrorists have used religion as a moral conviction in justifying their acts. Terrorists have managed to expand their network by passing their ideologies to other people of Islamic origin. In addition to this, there has been long histor
Social Organization According to Jones, Singapore has not had a proper structure of a welfare services since gaining autonomy in late 1950s (2002, p.57). The ruling party-People Action Party (PAP) – that ruled Singapore from 1959 has steadily resisted efforts to set up welfare services for its people. Consequently, the typical elements that characterize a welfare society such as unemployment benefits, state pension, disability pension, child benefits and allowances have largely been nonexistence in Singapore. Individuals who cannot sustain themselves economically usually rely on public support. However, the rates imposed on public assistance are devised to provide essential support only. Moreover, the state not the sole contributor of welfare services for instance: care for the aged persons; family counseling; support for the disabled; treatment of drug addicts; and child protection. As a result, the government’s expenditure on welfare services has remained a tiny proportion of the aggregate government budget. For example, according to the Ministry of Finance, Singapore government spent 0.9 % of its gross domestic product on social services in 2002 fiscal year (Jones, 2002, p.58). Welfare needs are vital to the comfort of the people. Most of social needs have emerged as a result of the state’s social and economic reforms that have created a prosperous and wealthy society in Singapore. According to the government, charitable groups have a duty to provide welfare service in Singapore while the state acts as a supervisor and resource donor (Jones, 2002, p.58). The voluntary welfare organizations (VWO)-including community groups, religious organizations, charitable groups and self-help groups- have played a vital role in the dispensation of social and welfare services in Singapore. The religious organizations are involved in provision of care for the old and disabled, providing guidance to individuals and families under pressure and offering financial support for the poor. The VWO are also provides services such as nursery education for small children who lack parental care due to work engagements. The day centers set up by VWO provide conducive environment for the disabled and the elderly to interrelate socially and participate in recreational activities. The student care institutions supervise homework and recreational activities for children whose parents are employed. The VWO also have set up centers to help drug addicts, poor persons and abused children. These programs are usually carried out in all regions of Singapore. They are also established in specific community to provide service for the local residence (Jones, 2002, p.64). Singapore has recorded rapid economic growth in the last two decades. Consequently, unemployment rate has been less than three percent while living standards have been exceptionally high. Some of the benefits of rapid economic growth in Singapore include: superior standard of public and private housing, large disposable income, low levels of crime, efficient healthcare structures, well-organized public services and a generally
Introduction In the contemporary business circles, cloud computing has rapidly turned into a buzzword as experienced over the last decade. The importance of cloud computing model to the organizations has received significant acceptance. In fact, the acceptance in business application as a tool occurred due to the availability of computing capability, software, and supportive infrastructure. Recent study indicated that the revenue realized from cloud computing will surpass the $14 billion (Gartner, 2009). The rush to cloud computing is evident in highly synchronized industries including the financial sector. In the information technology sector, cloud computing is the fastest developing concept as organizations seek to provide service to the rapidly rising clientele. The technology has numerous advantages but the issue of information security and privacy has raised concerns among the end users of the technology. Many organizations are faced with the challenge of whether or not to embrace the technology. The move to cloud computing means that the management need to move the organizational and clients data to a cloud computing module to keep and manage the information and data (Gold, 2012). It has been observed that organizations embrace cloud computing concepts due to the savings that such organizations realize from making the decision to move the available data and information. The client organization circumvents the costs of buying computers, software, as well as the cost of installing and maintaining the system (Gray & Patterson, 2013). However, considering that the host organization has a complete control of information, the client company risks from the fact that information may be revealed and stolen by the unauthorized users or hackers. Like any online venture, cloud computing entails a wide range of risks and advantages that are important for the organizations to consider before making the decision to move information to the host. (Rizwana & Sasikumar, 2012). Despite the benefits associated with traditional ERP, clouding the system helps the organization to enjoy additional benefits. Irrespective of the challenges encountered when implementing ERP through clouding, the associated benefits of cloud computing are likely to impact on the future of enterprise resource planning. The relation between traditional ERP and cloud computing In the previous years, commercial institutions have embraced enterprise resource planning systems. In fact, the corporations use ERP systems in management and control of various commercial operations and processes including the production and management of HRM activities. As a result, the relationship between the traditional ERP and cloud computing is made apparent. For instance, the traditional enterprise resource planning systems are anchored on the in-house servers where various information t
Introduction Nursing is a profession in the health care department responsible for taking care of patients and ensuring their comfort while in the hospital vicinity. Nurses perform duties such as feeding the patients, administering drugs, and ensuring they have a conducive environment for recuperation. Their greatest responsibility is with the inpatients, but they also work with the outpatients in cases where they are required to measure their blood pressure levels, body temperature, and other such elements. One of the issues affecting the nursing environment in the health care system is the nurse-patient ratio. This refers to the number of patients allocated to one nurse, about the type of diagnoses. Body An effective nursing environment requires that the nurse should have enough time with the patient so that he/ she can attend to all their needs. This however is not the case, owing to the increasing number of patients in hospitals today. The lifestyles most people have adopted promote poor health habits hence increasing cases of diseases. A good example is the rising cases of different kinds of cancers. In the earlier years, this condition was unheard of and the few cases were mostly found in the elderly. This has however changed since cancer is the condition that most people are living with now. This means that chemotherapy has become famous and requires that more nurses be deployed in these areas, which is not the case. Therefore, the few who are there are being overworked hence being less productive. Patients suffering from such conditions which in most cases are considered terminal require special attention since most of them suffer from stigmatization. They need counseling and this can only be possible if the nurse-patient ratio allows the nurse sufficient time. Besides these cases, many other traumatized patients in the hospital need special attention. These include patients who have gone through domestic violence, fatal accidents, an
Introduction The movie offers a dramatic scene in a court setting providing the audiences with legal thrills concerning an endless quantity of fictional and realistic evidence concerning a murder case (Abramson 1). However, few scenes concentrate on the events outside the courtroom presenting the themes of transparency and accountability within the police department. This brings the concepts of the good and the bad cops within the police units. These perfectly rhyme with the intelligent investigators, and forensic groups who get involved with similar experiences. The lawyers present high ambitions as substantiated by the proceedings of the court, as well as, events outside the courtroom. In addition, the jurors show expressionless faces given their roles concerning the presented cases. They have become diminished into intermittent and mandatory response groups by the court systems (Abramson 1). Summary of the movie ‘Twelve Angry Men’ pursues the judgment procedure that the jury undertakes in solving a murder case while still following ongoing adjustments of eleven jury members (Rose 2). The setting is a courtroom on a hot afternoon summer day. The scene starts with the raising of the courtroom curtains after which the judge proclaims that the dependant gets charged with first-degree slaughter. The judge continues to state that such an offense leads to the compulsory death penalty. Additionally, the judge addresses the jury concerning the case by offering them the mandate to exonerate the dependant in case of a logical query (Del 30). The jurors are entire of the male gender and sit around a big conference table. In this setting, no air conditioning is presenting hot conditions that contrast with the ensuing court environment (Rose 3). It seems like the jury has already made up thoughts concerning the judgment of the dependant. It can be substantiated by the scorns that the dependant obtains from some constituents of the jury. The story presented is that the young adult purchases a knife although it soon gets lost the night his father gets stabbed. However, from the look of things, the young man seems guilty since the story about the loss of the knife seems unambiguous. Other jurors condemn the young man although one juror understands that one is never guilty until proven so. The juror feels obliged to ensure that justice transpires in the presented case. He feels that sentencing the young man without substantial evidence would be a failure of the court and the whole justice system. Soon after, the jury discusses the presented case by laying down the facts (Rose 3). Therefore, a review of what the jurors know is undertaken. According to the witnesses, the old man existed, below the area in which the murder took place. By the presented witness, he heard the son warn his father that he would exterminate him. The witness further explains the events concerning that dreadful night. He said
A member of the “27 Club,” Amy Winehouse is as famous for her exceptional musical talent as she is for her drug use. The meteoric nature of Amy’s rise to fame emphasizes what a brilliant genius she was. Hence, her tragic death due to alcohol poisoning in 2011 is even more heart-wrenching. Frank , the singer’s debut album, came out in 2003 when she was just 20 years old (Zakarin, 2020). In the aftermath of its success, Amy’s struggles with liquor and illegal substances spun out of control. Winehouse began to roam the clubs and pubs as she tried to cope with the sudden success and her growing discomfort on stage due to the anxiety she experienced performing in front of large audiences (Zakarin, 2020). After the split from a heroin-addicted Blake Fielder-Civil, Amy released her second album, Back to Black , which earned her five Grammy awards and turned her into a global superstar (Zakarin, 2020). In the years that followed, Winehouse had to deal with a short-lasting marriage to Blake, constant scrutiny from the media, and a perpetual battle with substance abuse. Biopsychosocial Perspective Addiction has a lasting effect on people’s physical well-being, mental health, as well as their ability to maintain healthy relationships with others, and Amy Winehouse is no exception. After the mega-success of Back to Black , pictures of the singer wandering the streets of London barely clothed and clearly out of her mind filled the tabloids, while the videos of her smoking crack and snorting cocaine on stage posted on YouTube got hundreds of thousands of views. Amy’s first manager, Nick Godwyn, revealed that she changed overnight after she started dating Blake and abusing hard drugs. He noted that “she just sounded completely different” and “her personality became more distant” (as cited in Zakarin, 2020, para. 5). Thus, the singer cut ties with a lot of her close friends and family members, which is often the case for those struggling with addiction. It is important to note the impact drug and alcohol abuse had on Amy’s psyche, and vice versa. Lara Salahi (2011) from ABC News mentions that Winehouse “struggled from manic depression – a disorder characterized by extreme – and in some cases violent – mood swings” (para. 6). Amy shared in a number of interviews that drinking was symptomatic of her depression, which, in turn, occasionally led to self-injury (Salahi, 2011). The Director of the Addiction Institute of New York, Dr. Petros Levounis, argued that “people who struggle with other psych disorders like depression and anxiety also have an increased risk of the severe form of addiction” (as cited in Salahi, 2011, para. 30). As a result of her mental health deteriorating, Amy developed an eati
Description and Reason The product purchased was an iPhone 8 created and distributed by Apple Inc. It is part of the company’s popular line-up of smartphone devices. The smartphone is a highly technological product, maintaining many functions and features. Beyond its basic phone calling and text messaging capabilities, it has access to the Internet, various mobile applications, and an integrated camera. The device has premium quality, in its build, ergonomics, modern internal components, and a software ecosystem that has been developed with a primary aim of consumer satisfaction (Victor). The primary reason that I have purchased this product is that I required an upgrade from my previously outdated and partially damaged phone. The selected device had the necessary features that I require from a smartphone for daily use. Several aspects influenced this purchase, including the fact that I had previously used Apple products and had been satisfied with the quality. Furthermore, many of my family and friends who have upgraded to this smartphone in recent months have demonstrated significant comfort and delight with the product. Finally, general reviews for this specific iPhone were favorable, praising its speed and quality. In combination, these factors led me to consider the purchase from the perspective cost-to-value ratio, quality, and ability to remain within the same technological ecosystem as my friends and family which allows for more connectivity options (i.e., Facetime video calls). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a theory which seeks to describe the psychology behind human motivation, and in turn, behavior (McLeod). Purchasing an iPhone can be arguably fulfilling several needs in the hierarchy. Safety needs are met since the iPhone can be used directly as an efficient method of communication to call emergency services. Modern devices also protect the health, by monitoring heart rate and tracking other indicators. Finally, the device is useful in protecting a vital concept in modern life, privacy, and information, with iPhones maintaining top of the line cybersecurity. The most important aspects that the iPhone fulfills are psychological needs. Belonging is greatly promoted by establishing a sense of connection through the provision of various methods of communication with friends and family, contributing gre
The article “What Theory is Not, Theorizing is” by Weick dwells on the topic of producing theories and theorizing. Basically, the author refers to some of the theories produced in various researches as a result of insufficient determination and effort put into a study. The author brings up five components that may form both proper and “half-baked” studies: references, data, lists, diagrams, and hypotheses. The author then notes that – based solely on the presence of these components – it is impossible to determine whether a theory is developed enough or produced in a rash and incompetent manner. The author also briefly notices that there is a difference between theory and theorizing that every author should understand. The author then proceeds to state that most researches that derive a particular theory are, in fact, only providing an approximation of what a theory should be. However, it is noticed that these may result in further studies to broaden the theoretical base and result in various improvements. The main point that the author provides is that the five mentioned components of an article must not be viewed as excessive or insufficient. It is stated that these elements are a means to an end and must serve to provide a milestone for some theory’s development. However, these components are often viewed as something unneeded, and they are often equated to a theorizing process itself. This results in misunderstandings and misinterpretation of the information provided by some publications. If the approach to evaluating these elements is altered, the scientific literature base may be improved. The scientific community, in turn, may change its approach to understanding the theorizing process as well as provide a more precise evaluation of various publications.