ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Oryx Press (1993) states that harm reduction is the number of policies designed by the public to cater for the healthy needs of its citizens. The main aim of these policies is to reduce harmful health effects arising from drug use and abuse. The principle of harm reduction is very important because not even a single country or society has managed to eradicate drug use even though attempts have always been made. The principle recognizes the importance of helping drug addicts out of the activity but also sees the importance of protecting their rights to health matters if the country is to realize economic development. In order to attain its goals, several services are involved in harm reduction principle. They include needle exchange, methadone maintenance and safe injection room. The practice of exchanging old used needles for new ones is referred to as needle exchange. The use of one needle for every individual helps in reducing transmission of diseases like HIV, Hepatitis C and other diseases transmitted through contact with infected blood among drug users. Drug users are at high risk of engaging in risky health activities like sexual activities with multiple parties due to the influence of drugs. The best way to prevent the spread of such diseases from one drug user to another is using needle for each drug user. The assumption that people consuming the same drug should be injected with the same needle should be discouraged. In addition to sharing the same drug, an individual may have such deadly diseases. Health costs associated with drug consumption are minimized through harm reduction practices. High mortality rate that leaves children without parents is minimized. The principle leads to an increase in population of a society by reducing death rates (Oryx Press, 1993). According to Inciardi and Harrison, (1999), methadone is a drug that was initially used to help- out heroin addicts. The drug contains nicotine components. Proper use of the drug helps to relieve pain. However, misuse of the drug has had negative effects on the health of its users. Failure to use it as per the doctor’s prescriptions has negative health effects. For instance, in Florida, deaths resulting from the misuse of the drug increased rapidly between 2000 and 2002. The main component of alcohol is ethanol. In many countries, production, sale and consumption of alcohol is allowed by the government. However, there are laws governing the age at which an individual is allowed to take alcohol. In most countries, the minimum age is 18 years. Like alcohol, tobacco consumption is also allowed in many countries. Tobacco is consumed mainly through smoking cigarettes. In some countries like Cuba, tobacco is a major cash crop earning the country a lot of income. The form of cocaine that can be smoked is known as crack cocaine. This type of cocaine is the most addictive. Its use affects the normal functioning of the brain by causing euphoria. The drug can be injected directly into the blood stream of the user. Other effects include increased pulse rate and high blood pressure. Its use among expectant mothers may lead to miscarriages. H
Contemporary applications to Weber Ritzer (2010) and Zelizer (2002) explore Max Weber’s perceptions of the socialist theory. The authors offer insightful analysis of the modes of production and consumption in various economies. In actual sense, they effectively and critically analyze the Marxist socialist theory by giving a straightforward explanation of how different modes of production and consumption transform the lives of people in diverse societies. On the other hand, it is relevant to note that Weber explains how various modes of production such as capitalism and communism often lead to social stratification (Ritzer, 2010). It is apparent that Weber does not support these modes of production owing to their demeaning nature. In the theory, he concentrates more on the issues regarding class and social inequality. He observes that the amount of wealth determines the degree of power held by an individual. Besides, power dictates the class and overall wellbeing of an individual in society (Ritzer, 2010). Weber admits that the aspect of social stratification is the main cause of inequality bearing in mind that the rich and powerful individuals exploit the less fortunate people in society. In other words, exploitation seems to be the worst impact of a society that has been socially stratified. This paper offers critical analyses of Ritzer’s and Zelize
Introduction In the globalized society, the issue of climate change prompts stakeholders to take part in the establishment and implementation of strategies that enhance the sustainability of the environment. Essentially, strategies geared towards fostering environmental sustainability have a positive influence on socio-economic growth and development. Currently, industrial activities contribute to the emission of hazardous greenhouse gasses, including hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). In this concern, international conventions usually agitate for the embracement of practices that reduce the depletion of the ozone layer besides other forms of environmental degradation. An international summit held in October 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda, saw almost 200 members of the Montreal Protocol agree to cut the emission of HFCs significantly to reach the lowest levels ever to be achieved. In this light, several countries, including Saudi Arabia, have invested in engineering projects aimed at tapping the alternative sources of energy to reduce environmental depletion. Notably, the development of wind power plants in strategic places such as offshores is regarded as a strategic move towards enhancing energy production, as well as curbing further degradation of the ecosystem. Therefore, this paper provides an overview of the status regarding wind power plants before looking at the importance of such projects in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the paper will cover the background of wind power plants by addressing the technical aspects, similar projects in different parts of the globe, and the significant statistical figures for the case of Saudi Arabia. Overview of the wind power status: possible deficiencies and limitations The need for creating a society that upholds the essence of combating detrimental climate change calls for the establishment of projects that capture and distribute renewable sources of energy such as solar and wind (Shaahid 169). Further, the overdependence on fossil fuels besides oil reserves is worrying since it undermines environmental and economic sustainability to a considerable degree. Besides, for the sake of improving energy security, the establishment of wind power plants is considered a strategic move in the contemporary world (“Energy Information Administration- Official Site” par.2). Axiomatically, wind power plants produce more power that they consume compared to other ways of producing energy. Notably, wind farms can generate between 17 and 39 times of the power consumed in the production process in comparison with 11 times for coal plants and 16 times for nuclear energy plants (Baseer 39). Therefore, the generation efficiency associated with wind power plants denotes the suitability of the energy alternative. In this regard, between 2007 and 2015, countries in the different regions have shown an increase in the establishment of wind power plants to promote the generation of renewable sources of energy to combat climate change. The figure below shows the trend of the power plants
Introduction In Alice Walker’s short story “Everyday Use”, the author places two sisters side by side for an afternoon of visiting. One of these sisters, Maggie, lives with her mother in a small, poorly built shack on the edge of the country and is planning to marry a somewhat unattractive but dependable man in their small town. As a child, she was caught in a fire and still bears significant scarring on her legs and arms, a fact that makes her shy and withdrawn. The other sister, Dee, lives a beautiful life in the city with her good looks, her outgoing charm, and her refusal to be denied. Her status with the man she travels with is unknown, but her attitudes and behaviors are that of a middle-class urban black woman attempting to recapture a sense of her heritage. While both girls can be seen to honor their past and the cultural heritage from which they descended, Walker demonstrates a deeper appreciation for a person’s heritage that can only be obtained through everyday use. Main body The type of interest Dee shows in her surroundings is immediately depicted as approaching cultural awareness from a distance. The perfect image of a mother for Dee is someone other than her own, someone “a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barley pancake. My hair glistens in the hot bright lights” (Walker, 2007), indicating someone who has not worked hard outside most of her life with more important things to be concerned about than cosseting her hair. Further distancing her from this heritage, Dee was sent to the Augusta school where she learned to love the stories she read about in books and grew up wanting nice things. While she apparently loves her mother and sister, “She wrote me once that no matter where we ‘choose’ to live, she will manage to come see us. But she will never bring her friends” (Walker, 2007), it is also apparent that she takes little or no pride in her own past. This is much different from the awareness of her heritage displayed by Maggie, who lives the lifestyle alongside her mother and is more intimately aware of the stories behind each of the pieces Dee determines she will take back with her to the city. The items Dee wishes to take from the house are all strongly associated with her culture and past, but she intends to put them to alternate uses within her home, “’I can use the chute top as a centerpiece for the alcove table,’ she said, sliding a plate over the chute, ‘and I’ll think of something artistic to do with the dasher’” (Walker, 2007). In taking some of these things, she is removing useful tools regularly used for the purposes intended by Maggie and her mother. In the end, Dee can’t understand why her mother might not all
Introduction Many researchers and sociologists have studied the field of military leadership from different perspectives. Strong armies are usually associated with effective commanders who focus on the unique needs of their followers. This means that good leadership will result in military success. Unfortunately, the traditional model of leadership in the army is something that should be revisited. Military leaders should develop evidence-based managerial practices that promote transformational tendencies, effective communication, and the use of modern technologies to address various challenges affecting their respective followers. The paper concludes by describing why and how military leadership can be improved to deliver desirable results. Leadership Modern technological changes and social developments have informed new practices in business organizations and disciplined forces. Although military leaders appreciate the fact that evidence-based approaches are needed if positive goals are to be realized, very little has been done to address the unique challenges soldiers encounter ((Richter, 2016). The emergence of modern leadership styles and theories is something that will continue to transform the way different soldiers are led. The adoption of transformational and transactional leadership is an effort that has improved the performance of different military units. This is true since the targeted followers become empowered, guided, and inspired. Unfortunately, a unidirectional approach has been observed whenever different commanders are communicating with their soldiers (Flynn, 2014). A uniform leadership model is also evident in many units and squadrons. This has been the situation despite the fact that all people tend to have different emotions, expectations, weaknesses, and strengths. Consequently, many leaders have found it hard to achieve most of their goals. My personal experiences in the military reveal that the existing leadership approaches are ineffective. I strongly believe that emerging technological, economic, and social changes should be studied carefully if appropriate leadership models are to be embraced in this field. For instance, many soldiers are currently unable to present most of the grievances and complaints to their respective commanders (Richter, 2016). The situational leadership styles embraced by such leaders require different followers to adjust their actions depending on the targeted objective. According to Segal (2016), military leaders mainly focus on the intended results instead of fulfilling the changing needs of every soldier. This means that most of the promoted styles of leadership are usually insensitive to the success of every individual. Modern technological breakthroughs have become powerful tools for influencing or improving leadership practices. In corporations such as Google, employees use a wide range of resources to deliver meaningful results while at the same time pursuing their personal goals. In the milita
Introduction Cells contain subcellular structures, organelles, which are suspended in the cytoplasmic fluid and play various critical roles. Animal cell organelles include nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticular, cell membrane, Golgi complex, ribosomes, microtubules, microbodies, etc. These are usually separated and purified for further analysis using biochemical techniques such as differential and density gradient centrifugation. Organelles may lead to a disease state in various ways. Firstly, the organelle itself may malfunction because of possessing defective building blocks, which impair its role or may be damaged due to exposure to harmful agents such as heavy metals, radiations, or reactive oxygen radicals (Fitzpatrick and Jonathan 48). Secondly, the ordinary activities of an organelle can aggravate destruction occurring elsewhere in the body. In this paper, the author discusses various cell organelles, their functions, and some of the health abnormalities associated with their dysfunction. The Nucleus In many animal cells, the nucleus is often centrally located in the cytoplasm. It is enclosed by a double lipid bilayer, the nuclear envelope, which has pores that allow the passage of molecules of different sizes (Mclennan et al. 5). The eukaryotic nucleus carries the hereditary information of the cell contained in chromosomal structures. DNA replication and RNA transcription take place in this organelle. Also, it contains the nucleolus where rRNA is processed, and ribosomes are partially assembled (Mclennan et al. 5). The processed RNA passes into the cytosol, where protein synthesis occurs. Thus, the nucleus is the cell’s control room. Nearly all genetic disorders are caused by mutations that occur in genes housed by it. For instance, several diseases caused by flaws in the nuclear membrane occur in genes that code for emerin and lamin. Emerin is an inner membrane protein, while lamin forms the cytoskeleton portion of the nuclear lamina (Fitzpatrick and Jonathan 50). These defects in the membrane components result in cellular abnormalities such as a fragile nuclear envelope, non-coordinated gene replication and transcription, and reduced tolerance to physical stress (Fitzpatrick and Jonathan 50). Progeria, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, and some brain and bone defects are notable diseases in this category (Fitzpatrick and Jonathan 50). Mitochondria These are sausage-shaped organelles, 1-2 µm in diameter, that maybe 1
Introduction “Leaders create vision, the meaning within which others work and live. Managers, by contrast, act completely within a vision”- says Adler Nancy J in her book “International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior”. This is absolutely true when one examines the case of Steve Jobs. A leader with a vision is one who has the ability to see the present as it is and formulate a future that grows out of and improves upon the present (Snyder and Graves 1). In other words, “a leader with vision is able to see into the future without being far-sighted and remain rooted in the present without being near-sighted”. A leader with a vision has to keep moving forward despite various forces such as fear of failure, emotional hardships or practical difficulties or problems in the industry (Snyder and Graves 1). Steve Jobs was a man who faced all of these forces and overcame them with confidence and character. Steve Jobs Steve Jobs is best known to the world as the CEO of Apple, which he co-founded in 1976 (APPLE 1). He is also the co-founder of Pixar Animation Studios. Apple is one of the topmost technological companies in the world with its award-winning Macintosh computers, OS X operating system, and consumer and professional applications software. Apple also leads the digital music revolution, having sold over 110 million iPods and over three billion songs from its iTunes online store (APPLE 1)). Apple has recently entered the mobile phone market with its revolutionary iPhone. The Pixar Animation Studios has
It is a known fact that ice is a frozen phase of water being an important element of global climate. It also plays a significant role in sustaining a water cycle in nature. Due to the fact that water has a tangible impact on living organisms both at ecological and cellular levels, there are a great variety of animals and plants that adjust to these specific conditions. Particularly, the main aspects of terrestrial organisms’ survival under low temperature involve hardness, density, and depth. For aquatic animals and plants, ice acts serves as a cover for aquatic ecosystem reducing the amount of energy, nutrients, and oxygen in the world of low temperatures. Therefore, inhabitants of northern regions have a rich vocabulary revealing all the peculiarities of ice that has an enormous ecological importance. In response, different forms of ice crystals adapt to various environments and objects. Snow and ice undergo various processes in the course of time after formation. In general, there are different densities and hardness of snow with regard to the time of formation. At earlier stages, snow is fluffy and light; it is low in density and hardness. However, it becomes denser and harder as ice crystals combine to turn into a solid mass. Depending on the origins of metamorphism, there are different forms of ice crystal in relation to density, temperature, and hardness. Flora and fauna of both terrestrial and aquatic spaces has also adjusted to specific qualities of ice. Due to the fact that temperatures may very in a snowpack, many terrestrial organisms benefit from insulating quality of ice by bedding by burrowing. However, the depth of snow can be also a drawback for various animals. Similarly, temperatures and density also influence ice crystal formation and transitions. For example, the hardness of snowpack reflects the measure of strength and ability to sustain weight. Another valuable quality of ice is absorbing and retaining more amounts of oxygen in comparison with warm water. Such property is especially significant for aquatic organisms that can survive under such conditions. In particular, aquatic insects and fish use their gills to get oxygen from almost frozen water. Aquatic organisms rely on other abilities and factors created by low temperatures. Within aquatic environment, ice acts like a protection sheet for animals and plants from lower temperatures. At the same time, this setting is distinguished by extremely stable temperature degrees due to the limits of energy and oxygen. Such climate conditions are especially suitable for ectothermic animals whose body temperature is sustained on the account of the external heat. As a result, these organisms largely depend on temperature fluctuations that should not vary much. Ice helps to retain the temperature appropriate for low metabolism rates and small consumption of oxygen. There are also organisms that compensate for heat loss that water absorbs through heat shunting mechanisms
Introduction The development of the new power generation projects in New England is driven by the competitive wholesale and state policy-based incentives. State energy policies in New England have supported the development of solar and wind power plants. However, this intermittent generation cannot provide the given area with sufficient energy all year round, and the grid is increasingly dependent on natural gas and oil-fired plants to provide flexible and reliable capacity. Against the background of climate change concerns, these gas and oil burning facilities increase CO2 emissions. Furthermore, many existing solar and wind power plants are expected to reach the end of their life by the 2030s. This may support a shift back to nuclear power to provide clean, economical energy. At present, the New England states, excluding New Hampshire, require voter and legislative approvals to allow a nuclear power plant to be built. Ideally, such facilities will not harm the environment, but the public does not welcome them because of implied danger. Consequently, the decline of public support for nuclear power has resulted in the decommissioning of the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant, although Connecticut has provided financial support for the Millstone Nuclear Plant. Thus, it is necessary to examine different examples of nuclear technology to determine its possible economic advantages. This paper examines the economies of repowering the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant with an advanced light water reactor (LWR) and a NuScale Small Modular Reactor (SMR), which is a smaller and simpler technology. The economics of these two cases are then analyzed to compare them to those of gas and oil as well as wind and solar power plants. Given that energy policy is driven by climate concerns, the cost per ton of CO2 avoided is becoming an important metric. Findings and Recommendations The results of this review demonstrate that the NuScale project offers significant benefits. Firstly, technology features one of the lowest costs per ton of CO2 avoided, which makes it the most financially advantageous source of power to use based on carbon reduction policy targets. Secondly, the timing of a new SMR plant may match up with the need for repowering much renewal capacity now in operation when it appears that nuclear plants are more cost-effective in displacing fossil fuels. This situation is useful since it means that the New England power grid may turn to more cost-effective power technologies. Thirdly, the NuScale technology offers more adaptive dispatch options, which denotes that this plant is flexible in operation. Finally, the SMR reactor implies a lower implementation risk because it is smaller and with less risky construction. Thus, the general public needs to reconsider its attitude towards the future use of nuclear power. As for the public perception and legislation attitude toward the given issue, it should be accompanied by informed decisions. The advantages mentioned above can be achieved if significant policy obstacles are overcome. I