ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The three occupations discussed here are architects, general building contractors, and civil engineers. These spheres are critically important for contemporary society, and a specialist who wants to create a successful career in these fields should have specific skills and knowledge. For instance, architects should possess mathematical and computer talents to be able to translate the needs of clients into structures. They are responsible for the visualization of projects by using three-dimensional models, which also presupposes special competencies. For this reason, requirements for education are severe as four years of college, and graduate/professional school are demanded (“Architecture”). Modern architects spend the bigger part of their time in offices and earn about $140,376 per year in California (“Architecture”). Main body A general building contractor is another occupation presupposing multiple responsibilities, such as cooperation with companies to build houses or industrial buildings. It demands special qualifications in communicating with people, decision-making, math. Educational requirements for building contractors are the same as for the previous occupation because they are closely related. This sort of specialist can earn about $11,795 per month, and there are perspectives for career growth (“General Building Contractors”). Finally, civil engineers, work both indoors and outdoors. These specialists are responsible for the supervision of the construction process of multiple buildings and projects. That is why they should possess many professional skills such as improved decision-making, understanding of scientific principles and mathematics, teamwork. It also demands a 4-year degree and presupposes an average salary of about $11,880 per month (“Civil Engineer”). In the furtherance of this discussion, one should realize that to be successful in any of these fields, a person should possess qualities that can help him/her to evolve. As for me, my MBTI type is ISTP, which means that there are several ways how these occupations match my unique characteristics. For instance, introverted persons like reflecting and might have some issues with socialization. I think it is a good trait for architects, general building contractors, and civil engineers as they can spend much time in offices, thinking about various projects, their details, and creating plans on how to achieve the current goals or visualize a certain project. Sensing means that I take information by using all my five senses, which is fundamental for an architecture that presupposes creativity. Employing this feature, I can work in quiet spaces and design constructions or projects effectively. I am sure that for civil engineers, this aspect is also important as they have an opportunity to visit various places and acquire a unique experience. Concerning two remaining features, which are thinking and perceiving, they can also be helpful regarding these occupations as they presuppose thinking, communication, and processing of information. For this reason, I believe that these jobs match my personality and current characte
The social sciences have adopted the scientific principles of natural or physical sciences such as mathematics for a long time. Social science perspectives rely on the scientific methods of natural sciences such as sampling, observation and other means in data analysis, data interpretation and chiefly, data collection. Social scientists use a social scientific perspective and social theories to hypothesize about the world around them and how it has an impact on society at large (Jones, 2003). It is therefore in the light of this that the topic of gender and mass media must be examined in detail to determine that it is of social importance to individuals, communities and society. The question therefore is how does the mass media influence gender perceptions? How has the mass media influenced gender perceptions? The question above has been a sociological issue for a long time. TV, newspapers and mostly the internet have various depictions of different genders and their social roles (gender stereotyping). The mass media also portray the female gender as sexual objects or as the weaker sex in general because it has become widely believed that it is so. From music videos to epic movies, women have been portrayed as the helpless weaklings who can only serve the purpose of catering to the whims of their male counterparts to the dancers who dance half-naked and in erotic manners as the men look on in bewildered amusement. For example, the Video Phone music video by Lady Gaga and Beyonce’ This is fast changing in this dynamic world where feminism, rights for women and emancipation of women is a common aspect of most of the modern world ( that is the First World Countries and the some developing countries).’ According to a research paper by McConnell (2008), the media also has a significant role in stereotyping along the lines of gender. She postulates that the media is a tool for perpetuating gender stereotypes that mostly target females. These ideas become so prevalent that they go without question and even force some people to adopt these characteristics that they believe are the required norm. Movie characters, celebrities and sports personality have become the models of what the physical appearance of most women should be. It has even been extended to what they wear and how they wear it. Their works out regimes and diets have been splashed all over tabloids and reality shows as the “holy book” in weight loss programs or “having the perfect body. This can have such a negative impact on the feeble and malleable minds of most teens such that they begin to doubt themselves and essentially starve themselves so that they can look like Angelina Jolie. This may have the disastrous effects of eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia and in the worst-case scenario, death. Men are not spared either. The ideal man should have the ideal body that is tan, tall, muscular or athletic and possess the ‘non-balding gene’. If a man does not achieve these requirements then he feels he may be doomed to loneliness as no one finds him attractive. The statistics of men having eating disorders and going for plastic
Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant focuses on a short story of a police officer who was forced to kill the animal. The story is a metaphorical representation of British Imperialism that limited people’s freedom and rights. From the perspective of Kolb’s four-stage model, which defines four types of learning – thinking (Abstract Conceptualization), doing (Active Experimentation), feeling (Concrete Experience), and watching (Reflective Observation), the story focuses on the feeling (Concrete Experience), along with other less-represented learning styles that take place in the story. At the very beginning of the story, the protagonist refers to reflective observation to describe the contextual background and explain historic context. Hence, while talking about the British government and people, the author notes, “There were several thousands of them in the town and none of them seemed to have anything to do except stand on street corners and jeer at Europeans” (Orwell, 2003, p. 31). Further deliberations are more reminiscent of the abstract conceptualization stage, during which the author makes generalized statements about Imperial power and criticizes the government in general. The stage of abstract conceptualization is strictly intertwined with reflective observation, which contributes to the assimilating style of cognizing the worlds. The style is particularly relevant because it accurately reflects the protagonists’ greater attention to concepts and logical exposition of ideas. Although the story focuses on enumeration and depiction of subsequent events, almost no references are made to the stage of active experimentation. However, the climax of the story is reached as soon as the police officer sees the dead man that was smashed by the elephant. As soon as he sees it, the man “sent an orderly to a friend’s house nearby to borrow an elephant rifle” (Orwell, 2003, p. 34). As soon as the main hero resorts to action, the learning model forms a combination of active experimentation and concrete experience that guides the officer to the end of the story, with slight reference to the abstract conceptualization. In such a manner, the author transforms the hero’s learning style to the accommodation stage, according to which the police officer cognizes the events by means of intuition rather than by means of logic. Hence, taking practical actions with no logical assumptions refer to the significant influence imposed on the hero by the British imperial power. This type of behavior model exposes the hero’s strong preference for a specific learning style. At the same time, by adjusting all stages to different situations, the author expects the audience to understand the story from various perspectives. Additionally, experimenting with different learning styles, the author also seeks to employ different approaches to achieve the objective. In conclusion, Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant represents a sophisticated synergy of learning styles from a combination of concrete experience and abstract conceptualization and ending with active experimentation and reflective observations. Interestingly, the learning styles also provide a sufficie
Nowadays, Native Americans constitute an ethnic minority group, which for a long time was marginalized and struggled to integrate into the dominant American culture. Throughout the history of the USA, the members of sovereign indigenous tribes were exposed to continual oppression. Nevertheless, they managed to preserve their unique cultural heritage and identities, which stretch back in millennia despite multiple great challenges. The first indigenous tribes appeared in North American nearly twenty-six thousand years ago and were “descendants of the original inhabitants of the American continent who crossed into North America via the Bering Straits of Alaska from north-eastern Asia” (“The Native American Peoples of the United States”). Since there likely was no mass migration, and Natives continually migrated in small numbers, several independent tribes with their own customs, languages, ways of dressing, and housing developed. For instance, the Nanticoke tribe used to wear animal furs and leather moccasins which they started to exchange for Europeans’ cotton fabrics afterward (Toman). They harvested crops including beans, corn, sunflowers, and so on, while many other indigenous communities, such as the Spokane tribe, were primarily hunters and gatherers (Toman). Additionally, semi-nomadic Plains Natives were mainly warriors, and some of them (i.e., the Sioux, Commanche, and Blackfeet tribes) “evolved a complex system of honors, rewards, and rituals which were visually expressed by pipes, feathered bonnets, horse-hair war-shirts, and medicine hoops, all decorated with signs and emblems” (“The Native American Peoples of the United States”). In general, before the colonial era, Native Americans governed their communities in accordance with their unique values and views, which were substantially rooted in the ideas of living in harmony with nature. Additionally, the traditional Native American philosophy emphasized the “continuity and the continuous renewal” (“The Native American Peoples of the United States”). On the one hand, indigenous people were very pragmatic in a way that they tried to consume resources in reasonable amounts, avoided overexploitation of natural resources, and understood the importance of keeping the environment pure and clean. At the same time, their perspectives had spiritual elements − they regarded some geographical objects as sacred; composed myths about natural forces, animals, and seasons. The given idea drastically differs indigenous cultural worldview from the western one that stresses the causality of events. After sovereign tribes were resettled by the US government and the reservations’ boundaries became ultimately fixed, Native Americans were exposed to the influence of the western culture. Nowadays, “there are 566 federally recognized American Indi
Nowadays, Stanford Prison Experiment is being commonly referred to as such that provides validity to the application of a situational approach, within the context of defining the extent of people’s capacity for evil. According to Philip Zimbardo, who conducted this experiment in 1971, it is not the particulars of people’s psycho-biological constitution, which characterize their ability/inability to indulge in behavior that is being usually perceived as ‘evil’, but solely the environment: “Systems are the engines that run situations that create behavioral contexts that influence the human action of those under their control” (2007, p. 179). Nevertheless, despite the fact that in his book The Lucifer Effect: Understanding how good people turn evil, Zimbardo strived to undermine the soundness of a dispositional outlook on the subject matter, while providing readers with the details of the Stanford Prison Experiment, this experiment’s conclusions subtly support the idea that the specifics of human behavior are being biologically predetermined rather than socially constructed. In the paper, I will aim to explore this thesis further. As of today, the majority of critics share Zimbardo’s understanding of the Stanford Prison Experiment’s implications as such point out the fact that people’s behavior is essentially contextual. For example, in her critical review of Zimbardo’s book, Kelly Smith states: “The Lucifer Effect is ultimately an extended argument for the situational outlook on human behavior, especially when used to explain why people do things that seem truly evil and immoral” (2008, p. 288). Nevertheless, only a few critics (and Zimbardo himself) do realize a simple fact that, during the course of the Stanford Prison Experiment, its participants were given a chance to get in touch with their true biological essence as descendants of primates. For those who observed social realities within the pack of gorillas, for example, it is absolutely clear that these realities are defined by alpha males being continuously preoccupied with trying to ensure their dominance over females and over male-rivals by subjecting them to physical and sexual abuse on a full-time basis. Given the fact that the species of Homo Sapiens had descended from primates, it makes perfectly logical sense why many seemingly adequate people get to derive sadistic pleasure out of perpetrating evil acts when they know that they would be able to get away with it, without being punished – people’s layer of civility is only a skin-deep and underneath this layer resides a monkey. By being placed under the set of extreme circumstances that imply the absence of any legal restrictions whatsoever, people get to act in a way that is natural to all primates – they instantly divide themselves into dominant and submissive sub-groups. Therefore, I cannot agree with the author of The Lucifer Effect promoting the idea that people’s tendency to act
Primordially, the pencil was mainly used for writing on utensils. Pencils existed during the times when rocks with a chalky texture and sticks that are charred were used to write on surfaces, animal hides and also walls that built caves. Individuals from different countries employed different techniques in the manufacture pencils to suit their needs. The Romans and Greeks made use of the flat pieces of lead to make some fine drawings on their papyrus products. The present-day pencils were developed in 1400. The quality of pencils was developed progressively since the number of people who needed the pencils had also increased. Individuals prefer certain brands of pencils to the others depending on the materials used to manufacture them. This paper aims to examine the entire aspects of a pencil and how they relate to every chapter from the manufacturing aspect to the purchasing of the final product by the ultimate consumer. Presently, the rigidness of a pencil is usually designated by the numerals or letters it produces. Majority of the manufacturers in different countries use numbers one to four. Basically, number one stands for the softest pencil that ultimately makes the darkest mark. The model number two of pencils is usually acknowledged as the medium soft. This pencil is a relevant option for making normal writings. Some manufacturers are used to grading their models of pencils by letters. In most cases, the 6B model of pencils is used to refer to the softest while the 9H model is used to refer to the hardest. The softness and hardness of a pencil has a great influence on its purchase. Some people prefer the soft one to the hard one. The notion of attaching a rubber to a pencil has also influenced the choice of most people whenever they are purchasing pencils. The initial step of most people while manufacturing pencils is the use of a graphite core. This activity is usually done through extrusion. Petroski attested that “the activity involves forcing the mixture of graphite through a die opening of the appropriate size” (15). In most cases, graphite produces the best results when writing. Additional to conventional pencils, most people prefer other types of pencils. Some people prefer pencils that do not require sharpening while others prefer the automatic pencils. The propelling pencils are usually made with either a metal or plastic case that is
The roman empire was considered one of the most known and influencial empires of the ancient world.They are also behind many of todays most modern technologies and civilisations. In ancient world, the role of women in every society was well defined though very controversial in many societies.In ancient Rome,Noble women were considered a lot freer than their Greek counterparts.They were accorded citizenship and enjoyed a lot of freedom outside politics. On the contrary however, these women were not allowed to contest for political office or take part in elections (Bauman, 1998). Despite this disadvantage however, women enjoyed alternative freedom economically and could even air their opinions on politics. It is difficult to curve out the general role of women in ancient Rome for the reason that their statuses were widely varied; there were women of little influence like poor fish mongers to wealthy daughters of politicians who were more likely to leav a legacy during their time. The wealthy women had slaves do all their household chores including daily routines like washing their female master’s hands and face.The slaves would also bathe their masters and spend hours fixing their nails, hair and eyes. The wealthy women on the other hand spent most of their time relaxing, commanding slaves and planning amusement parties for their husbands and themselves. In regular households, the women were taksed with bringing up the children and house keeping. It is also worth noting that since there was no means of family planning, the women bore many children and were pregnant most of their adult lives. Men worked in the fields until about noon and spent the afternoons relaxing with fellow men at entertainment spots. It was believed among the Romans that women be under a man as their guradian owing to their weakness in physique. A womans guradian would thus be her father during her early life before she got married and later her husband in marriage. In the event that the father died before the woman was old enough to get married, then a relative would be assigned to be her guardian by her father in wi
Traditional Use of Digital Portfolios in Educational Institutions Chaudhuri (2017) describes digital portfolios as an evolution of the long-existing portfolio method, which is enhanced through the use of modern technologies, and the author suggests that the popularity of e-portfolios is an extension of the popularity of e-learning. Some of the modern trends in digital portfolios include their integration into an increasing number of education fields (portfolios are exiting the niche of language and art subjects) and their steadily growing popularity (Brown, 2015; Chaudhuri, 2017). For instance, Chui and Dias (2017) review the use of Weebly for foreign language studies while Avila, Sostmann, Breckwoldt, and Peters (2016) and Willmarth-Stec and Beery (2015) discuss the employment of WordPress and Evernote for medical and nursing education. Other trends include the integration of various multimedia features, the employment of advanced and more modern technologies (like cloud e-portfolios), and the continuous attempts to make the interface more simple, attractive, and user-friendly (Brown, 2015; Chaudhuri, 2017). Pegrum and Oakley (2017) report the considerations of two educators from a pre-service education program that is used for teachers in Australian higher education institutions. Since 2011, this program has been adopting digital portfolios, and according to the educators, the outcomes of their integration are positive. The educators report that the initiative progressed towards providing its students with increased customization and autonomy in their portfolios, which is a positive development. Also, the educators focus on the organizational issues that were encountered and demonstrate that the engagement of the key stakeholders (students and educators) has ensured the effective and near-universal use of portfolios in the program. Integration of Digital Portfolios Certain costs are likely to be involved in the integration of digital portfolios, including the expenses related to the platform, equipment (if absent), and, possibly, training. Avila et al. (2016) point out that certain platforms can be costly, but they examine a free open source software (WordPress) and demonstrate that it can be used for the development of a very effective portfolio system. Also, Chaudhuri (2017) reports that the required technology (computers and mobile phones) is becoming increasingly ubiquitous in the modern world. As a result, Avila et al. (2016) and Chaudhuri (2017) report that digital portfolios can be less costly and resource-consuming than traditional ones. Some of the key benefits of e-portfolios are related to the use of the portfolio method (digital or not). In particular, portfolios promote reflection and collaborative learning in students and teachers and student-based approach in institutions while providing a flexible framework for progress teaching and assessment for teachers (Anderson & Staub, 2015; Chui, Au-Yeung, & Cheng, 2015; Kilbane & Milman, 2017). However, some of the outcomes are also e-portfolio specific: they include some training in information tech