ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The issue of women’s political representation has taken center stage in many countries all over the world which have in recent years sought ways to improve female representation. This is because the world has come to recognize that the representation of women in national legislatures is a necessary condition for women’s empowerment. Both developed and developing nations have recognized the need to increase women representation in their parliaments. In Canada, significant progress has been made over the past decade towards improving women’s representation in elected political office. The major political party in Canada, the Liberal Party of Canada, has a caucus of female parliamentarians. Following the 2006 elections, only 20.8% of the members of the Canadian House of Commons were women. The year 2011 was especially marked by great political achievement by women. In spite of these positive steps, the number of women in parliament is still significantly low which highlights the need for strategies to offset this condition. This paper will set out to identify and defend two strategies that can be used by Canada to improve the political representation of females in national legislatures. The merits of the advanced strategies will be articulated with reference to other countries where these strategies have achieved favorable results. Why Strategies are needed While women have been involved in Canadian political parties for the most part of the twentieth century, their role tended to be predominantly supportive. This trend changed in the late 1960s when female activism began to challenge the character of their involvement in party affairs and women began to call for more representation in political parties 1 . The last two decades have undoubtedly witnessed a phenomenal increase in women representation in the political sphere in Canada and also other countries all over the world. Matland articulates that while the increase in parliamentary representation of women has been the result of many factors, most of the positive change has been as a result of activists pushing for institutions that maximize women’s chances of representation 2 . However, the increase has not yet reached a level that would be desirable in an ideal democracy where equal representation is practiced. Research indicates that a number of Canadian voters are concerned about the under-representation of women in parliament and this has led to some moderate public support for strategies that will result in higher women representation in parliament. Countries which have little democratic virtues such as Cuba and Rwanda boast of greater numbers of women parliamentarians than Canada which considers itself a model democracy. It is important to note that a nation’s level of development does not promote women’s political representation and studies have shown that poor countries demonstrate better records of electing women than do rich countries. Canada should seek to emulate strategies for increasing women’s participation in parliament that have been
Introduction In this chapter, the results of qualitative data analysis are presented. The chapter includes information on the participants selected for this research as case studies to determine specific features of the sample. The analysis of findings is organized according to the research questions set for this study and the themes identified as a result of open coding. The discussion of findings also includes the interpretation of the participants’ narratives and emerging themes in the context of existing literature on the topic. Sample and Data Collection Six participants representing collective case studies selected for this research were interviewed face-to-face or via phone. Three participants who were able to provide information on the problem of the education-job mismatch were interviewed face-to-face for about an hour. Each interview session was held in a private place, and the interviewees’ answers were recorded and labeled using indicators such as Participant 1.G, Participant 2.G, and Participant 3.G to guarantee their confidentiality and anonymity. Three HR managers selected for this study were interviewed separately via phone, and each interview session lasted about an hour. The participants’ answers were recorded and labeled using the indicators Participant 1.M, Participant 2.M, and Participant 3.M. Table 1 provides the descriptive demographic data collected about the participants to determine the unique features of the case studies used as the sample in this research. The mean age of the participants in this study is 30 years, and the majority has obtained a Bachelor’s degree. Table 1: Demographic Data. Participant      Age  Gender  Education/Major  Degree      Current Job Position            Participant 1.G  26   Male    History          Bachelor’s  Marketer                        Participant 2.G  25   Female  Anthropology     Bachelor’s  Customer Service Representative Participant 3.G  28   Female  Engineering      Bachelor’s  Financial Analyst               Participant 1.M  38   Female  HR Management    Master’s    HR Manager                      Participant 2.M  30   Female  Administration   Bachelor’s  HR Manager                      Participant 3.M  35   Male    Management       Bachelor’s  HR Manager                       Discussion of Findings Thematic analysis based on open coding was selected for this research. The narrative material collected with the help of interviews was transcribed, and the transcripts were grouped to address the research questions related to college graduates and the research questions related to HR managers, respectively. Then the transcripts were coded concerning the open coding technique as implemented in NVivo 10 (Miles et al. , 2014; Saldaña, 2016). The participa
The issue of honor killings practiced in many different countries of the world and by many different cultures has been a worrying theme for Western society for decades. These days this problem has started to penetrate literature, the victims and witnesses of honor killings tell their stories, share horrifying experiences and describe the rules and laws in the societies they come from. This paper is designed to view the case described in the book “Burned Alive” written by Souad, a woman, who survived an attempt of honor killing. The paper explores Souad’s situation from the point of view of victimization theories, in order to find out how the woman might have provoked the crime against herself. In modern society crimes and crime, theories are no longer examined in only one dimension. The investigations of murder cases and crimes of other types are being conducted concerning multiple layers of the crime, the relationships and interactions between victims and criminals, the possibility that the victim suffered self-inflicted consequences of their own behavior. The role of the victim is extremely important for the understanding of the crime and its motives. It is a very complicated subject and every case of victimization study or research is surrounded by multiple arguments and opposing opinions. This paper will be exploring the victimization theories in the book called “Burned Alive” written by Souad. The book tells a tragic story of a Muslim woman, who originally comes from a small Islamic village, the name and location of the village are being omitted as the author is afraid to be uncovered. The subject this book raises, the honor killings, is the subject that has been bothering the world’s society for the last several decades. The story of Souad is sad and horrifying for people of Western countries. The issue of honor killings has been described in another very popular book, called “Forbidden Love”, but that story was proved to be fake and continues to be attacked by critics, especially the ones, who originally belong to Islamic cultures. “Burned Alive” is also accused of having multiple errors, yet this fact does not make the issue of honor killing less real. The concept of honor killing is unacceptable for Western societies, which have lived in gender equality for a long time and where the justice and law consider an intended planned murder an unforgivable crime. Many feminists create movements against honor killings, trying to protect the rights of women in the Middle East; Western people do not understand the tradition of honor killing in Islam and judge every case of the practice of this tradition known to the world. Despite the world’s protests against this pra
Introduction There are different afflictions which affect millions of individuals throughout the country. Many of these afflictions are debilitating and cause problems not only for the patients but also for the significant persons near him or her. However, of these many conditions, some pose not only serious mental conditions but also grave physical problems as well. One of these is anorexia nervosa. With regard to this, I have confronted with the question of what exactly is anorexia and how does it affect an individual, who should know about it. Moreover, what are the causes of anorexia and how it can be prevented from developing? In response to this, the writer wishes to state that the purpose of this paper is to present a brief outline of anorexia and its causes to the millions of Americans out there without knowledge about it. Discussion To understand the cause of anorexia, the reader must understand what anorexia is. Anorexia is a eating disorder characterized by severely low body weight and distortion of body image. Despite the fact that their appearances may be severely malnourished and skeletal, anorexic clients tend to believe that they are still fat. Moreover, anorexic patients are extremely afraid of gaining weight. To avoid this, they engage themselves upon weight-losing activities such as exercise, going insofar as to purge, vomit, drink slimming pills and diuretics, and self-starve which can lead to death. It primarily affects women though ten percent are known to be men. It is very complex as to involve psychological, sociological, physiological, and neurobiological aspects of living (Lask & Bryant-Waugh, 2000). There is no single cause of anorexia and more commonly, it is the result of numerous factors in life. One of the presumed causes is on genetics. According to recent studies, genetics play a significant role in the inheritance of genes which may contribute to the development of eating disorders among individuals (Klump et al, 2001 p. 218). In addition to this, nutritional factors are also blamed for anorexia. According to nutritionists, a deficiency in Zinc may lead to the loss of appetite in people which eventually develops into anorexia nervosa. However, despite the findings involving genetics and nutrition, psychosocial factors are still considered as the most contributing factor to the progress of anorexia in a client. Findings suggest that people with anorexia tend to have low self-esteems and believe that they are not attractive. Moreover, the society’s notion that fat people are not beautiful is also regarded as a contributing factor to the rise in number of anorexic clients. Anorexics are commonly high-achieving people and characterizes by perfectionism and an ability to resist temptation. As stated, societal notions of the ideal body for a woman also affect anorexics. Since researchers believe th
Abstract Among the numerous independence struggles that were witnessed during the colonial period, Algeria’s was predominantly brutal. Many Algerians and French settlers lost their lives. A number of factors led to Algeria gaining independence. One of the factors was terrorism. The National Liberation Front (FLN) used terrorism to frustrate the French regime. Other factors were pressure from the international community and lack of support in France. Back in France, people felt that their activities in Algeria tainted the country’s international reputation. Besides, the United States was reluctant to support French activities in Algeria. In France, fascists joined hands with European settlers to reproach De Gaulle’s actions in Algeria. What’s more, some army officers defected and joined Algerians in their fight for independence. Nationalism made it hard for the French government to get collaborators. Algerians, who did not join the combatant group, worked around the clock to sell the group’s agenda. Introduction Horne posits, “Among the numerous independence struggles convulsing the colonial world after the Second World War, Algeria’s was particularly savage” (Horne, 1978: 34). The war lasted for about eight years, and at least one million Algerians lost their life. For decades, western powers were unable to occupy Algeria due to Napoleonic wars. However, after the wars ended, the desire by western powers to conquer Algeria increased, leading to French occupation. The French government sought to establish its rule by frustrating the local Algerian economies. It dismantled all the home schools and altruistic organizations. In addition, Algerian Muslims were required to abandon their religion to get French citizenship (Horne, 1978: 39). These evils and many others meted on the Algerian Muslims triggered the rebellion. Algerian nationalism and call for the establishment of an autonomous Islamic state began taking root in the country. The French government failed to honor the demands issued by the Algerians leading to the eruption of the Algerian War of Independence. A number of factors resulted in the country gaining independence. The factors ranged from increased terrorism to the use of propaganda, among others. This paper will discuss some of the factors that led to Algerian gaining independence. Factors that led to independence The Algerians established the National Liberation Front (FLN); a military group to steer ahead of their fight for freedom (Maran, 1989: 75). The military group knew that it had to enjoy full support from all the Algerians to overcome the French government. Hence, it came up with terrorism as one of its strategies. The strategy did not only help the National Libera
Introduction Solitary confinement can be conceptualized as the segregation of prisoners, especially in maximum-security facilities. The segregation can be carried out as an effort by the prison administrations to control the prisoner. The prisoner is denied interaction with the other inmates, and only the prison’s staff is in contact with them. The duration of the segregation varies, depending on the aims and intentions of the administration in carrying out the procedure. It has been noted that the bottom-line objective of solitary confinement is to achieve control over the prisoner. As such, the victim can go for days on end without interaction with the outside world. Even the prison staff will tend to avoid them. It is a fact beyond doubt that this practice has been in existence ever since the incarceration of prisoners started. However, controversies have surrounded the practice ever since. Human rights activists have questioned the long-term effects of this practice on the prisoner. It is argued that solitary confinement has more negative effects on the prisoner than benefits. In this case, the prison administration will argue that the intention of the process was not to benefit the prisoner. This notwithstanding, the negative effects of this practice on the prisoner make it a case of institutionalized abuse of human rights. This is given the fact that the prisoners are still human beings, their status in society notwithstanding. As such, they are not alienated from their basic human rights. Solitary confinement of prisoners for whatever reasons have, as earlier noted, a number of adverse effects. These are psychological, emotional, physical and social among
The Message “Domino Theory” by La Londe (2002) is set in Smalltown, USA and deals with multiple themes in the aftermath of the Vietnam War. Five times in a hundred years, from 1898 onward, America sent its soldiers abroad and saw them return dead, wounded or whole but covered in glory. Vietnam was the significant exception because Americans beat a hasty retreat just before the combined Vietcong and North Vietnam land forces took the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon and erased the name from the map forever. The longest USA commitment abroad commenced with military advisors and trainers in 1950, escalated to the increasing commitment of land, air, and sea forces, and ended badly in 1973. In this 6-page short story, La Londe succinctly portrays three points of view about Vietnam. The first-person narrative is Jake’s viewpoint. He represents the restless youth of that time, neither especially talented for college work nor blessed by family wealth. As was the fashion of the day, he travels from Juneau to San Francisco to immerse himself in the hippie counterculture of Haight-Ashbury. In the process, he discovers marijuana and drifts around the fringes of those marching to protest the U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Out of respect for his family’s legacy of military service (but also because he needs to be fed and housed), he signs up, is trained to be a field medic, and is lucky enough to be in the minority of medics that escape assignment to Vietnam. In West Germany, Jake appears to have done what he was trained for handling the odd medical emergency well enough. The rest of the time, he makes known his sympathies with the protest movements of the era by being sloppy about military dress and grooming regulations. About Vietnam, he is convinced that going there was not a patriotic duty but serving “financial interests”, then known by the term “military-industrial complex.” On returning to civilian life, Jake muddles through and therefore symbolizes the author’s viewpoint about the wastefulness of military life and how dispirited veterans became. He tries working in a Veterans Administration hospital but, lacking a college degree, can only fill the job of orderly. Finding this demeaning, he eventually winds up operating a sidewalk espresso stall. But the earnings are not enough to pay off the mortgage he took out and so, his house was foreclosed. The second viewpoint that La Londe finds sympathetic is that of David Francis, a schizophrenic who Jake feels is a victim of government neglect and therefore represents those Vietnam veterans mentally or physically crippled by the experience. He is not, however, a Vietnam veteran. Finally, there is the antagonist, Tom. He made a lifelong career out of serving in the military. Being in the Criminal Investigation Division, he has no patience with protestors or slackers like Jake. And he is a firm believer in the “Domino Theory”, that the U.S.A. was
A 50-year old male visited a nurse with a purpose of smoking cessation. While this process is considered complicated due to the smoking habit being a psychological trait, there are steps that should be followed for a successful outcome. Educating patients about smoking risks is an essential part of the cessation process, as well as medication and psychological support. This paper provides a plan for a mentioned individual that he should follow remain healthy. Calculating Pack-Years Pack-years are the concept that is used to determine the health risks of a smoking patient (Petro, 2012). It is calculated by multiplying the average number of cigarette packs a day by the amount of years devoted to this habit. Thus, a man from the case has been smoking one pack a day for the last ten years. It means that he has ten pack-years behind him. Determining this value is important for a nurse due to the necessity of treatment planning. The number of screening procedures depends on pack-year, as they are associated with the risk of lung cancer and heart disease (Fucito, Czabafy, Hendricks, Kosten, Richardson, & Toll, 2016). Education Plan Evidence demonstrates that even a brief notice about the necessity of smoking cessation given by nurses in primary care is able to reduce the number of patients with this habit (Raw, McNeill, & West, 1999). Thus, promoting healthy lifestyle should become the basis for an educational plan for this individual. A nurse must address several lifestyle factors that are potentially important to the patient. Firstly, economic reasons should be described. People who smoke tend to spend more money on health care since they tend to fall ill more often (Krueger, Turner, Krueger, & Ready, 2014). Secondly, if the man will keep smoking, there is a high chance he will receive a serious disease that would prevent him from enjoying his future retirement. Management Plan The most important step in the management plan is to determine a date when the man should quit smoking (Scholz, Stadler, Ochsner, Rakow, Hornung, & Knoll, 2016). It would act as a psychological milestone, after crossing which a patient should not go back to his former habit. A series of screening tests should be organized to detect any health issues associated with smoking. A nurse should also consult the man regarding his way of life and any specific conditions that could contribute to his habit. In a case if it appears that there are such conditions, a nurse should offer alternative ways to manage the problem. Treatment A nu
Introduction British involvement in the Atlantic slave trade came as a result of three distinct factors: the expansion of the British Empire into new territories, the need for man power in order to operate newly established colonies and the economics of free labor that came with owning a slave. Basically, the Atlantic slave trade was merely the result of economics at work wherein the demand for labor was supplied with slaves captured from Africa. If the rapid expansion of the British empire as well as various other continental powers had not occurred during the 16th to the 19th century it is highly plausible to assume that the Atlantic slave trade would not have occurred at all or if it did it would not have reached any considerable size due to lack of demand. What must be understood is that at this particular point in history colonialism and the demand for sugar, tobacco and other agriculturally based products was growing both within the U.K. and the European mainland. This demand facilitated the need for creating a means of supplying consumers with their desired products at an affordable price. Unfortunately, the only method of feasibly doing so was the expansion of the work force of agriculturally based colonies which could supply the needed agricultural products. In order to resolve this dilemma the British, French and Dutch resorted to utilizing African slave labor in their colonies as an effective means of growing crops without the need for supplying wages. The end result was a cheap and effective means of growing crops which greatly benefitted both European businesses and their consumers. It must be noted though that as of late there has been a growing assumption that the Atlantic Slave Trade and the various agriculturally based products it provided to Britain and other countries within Europe was one of the primary reasons behind a greatly enriched Britain during the 16th to 19 th century (Richardson, 1977). It is assumed that due to cheaper prices and the amount of economic wealth brought into the country that that slave trade itself was one of the primary catalysts of the industrial revolution since it provided not only cheaper agricultural goods but substantial wealth as well (Richardson, 1977). This paper posits that while the slave trade and the agricultural production it provided did help enrich Britain during the 16 th to 19 th century it was not the primary reason behind the start of the British Industrial Revolution but rather was nothing more than a minor part of a greater British economy. Understanding the Moral Justification behind the Slave Trade While today the concept of slavery is considered to be distinctly immoral the fact remains that many individuals who specifically dealt in the slave trade namely those who captured Africans, shipped them to buying centers, sold them and those who eventually bought them did so under the concept of humanocentric speciesism and as such they saw little moral ambiguity to enslaving another human being for their own purposes. Humanocentric species