ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Most countries described as third world counties practice agriculture on a wider range in the rural areas. This is preferred as the best alternative of getting money to purchase basic needs like clothing, shelter, education and medication. Post modernization in countries like Nigerian rural areas showed how several men went to the urban area to find jobs and send money back home to their wives. This encouraged urban growth, which saw many peasant families get extra cash to add to their farm incomes. The reason behind this ideology is that, unemployment has been rampant in the developing countries. In order to enhance productivity, most government states decided to encourage agricultural modernization. The need for agrarian reform was inferred by many policy makers. This was to solve the issue of poverty by increasing the peasant earnings. For example, the need to consolidate farms in order to enhance large-scale farming for exportation was suggested by the state. This idea would help most women out of poverty as the state would help them sell their products. However, this concept did not yield any result as most people decide to work on their small plots to cultivate for subsistence purposes (Handelman, 2011, p.167). Due to underdevelopment in third world countries, the state considered the need for integrated rural development to reduce poverty in rural areas. Different policies were pursued to reduce on small corn production and discourage farmers from practicing agriculture for local production. There was a need for removal of trade barriers to allow for competition. The impact of this policy is that it would encourage more agricultural products in the country and discourage local production. In addition, the imported products would compete with the local products and in the end discourage the farmers from producing corn. The removal of tariff barriers would enhance agricultural modernization. To modernize agriculture, there are elements that can be addresses. For example, using modernized farm equipment for cultivation, encouraging the use of genetically modified seeds to increase yields at the shortest time possible. The government wanted to discourage cultivating of small plots, as they were not economically efficient. However, this ideology failed because this is what the women and their families depend on for survival. Reviewing the idea behind dependency theory, it showed that most developed countries were dependent on subsidies due to poverty. These include things like fertilizer and seeds. Country A also depends on foreign aid to assist poor people to
Introduction Globalization has made the world a global village and thus any country’s economy is affected both by its internal monetary policies and those of other countries it interacts with. Depending on the way these monetary policies are made they can work toward developing the economy of one country to the detriment of the others or promote economic growth in both the country where they are enacted and to other trading countries. The United States of America has experienced economic expansion for a very long period (from 1990 to 2000) until the last half of the year 2000 when the country’s economy growth became slow and sluggish. In order to contain the slow growth and improve the economy of the country “the Federal Reserve between mid-1999 and May 2000 raised the target for the federal funds rate to 6½ % from 4¾ %”( Labonte & Makinen 7). his did not auger well as the economy growth continued to decline and thus the policies had to be loosened in order to allow more production and spending for the economy to grow. Government policies that are aimed at controlling the supply of money in the market through the Central Bank make up monetary policies. In the legislation and enacting of monetary policies several bodies coordinate together in order to achieve an acceptable money supply as not only does it affe
British educator and philosopher John Locke (1632 – 1704) is considered the founder of Western liberalism, and a theorist of constitutional monarchy and the separation of powers into legislative, executive, and federal. In a properly organized state, this separation of powers is in a state of dynamic equilibrium. As a legal theorist, Locke interpreted the natural state of society as a state of freedom and equality for people living off their labor. He believed that the primary natural right of people – the right to property – should be secured with the help of reasonable laws to exclude conflicts. For this purpose, according to Locke, political society is created through a social contract, forming a government responsible to the people. In the natural state, according to Locke, free law, the law of nature, prevails. Locke considers the willingness of people to follow reasonable natural directions to be an expression of genuine equality. Locke does not imagine that people could ever live without order and law. If the law is violated, everyone can punish the culprit. The law of nature, being an expression of the reasonableness of human nature, is the basis of peace and security for all humankind. Locke said, “…what I take to be political power; that the power of a magistrate over a subject may be distinguished from that of a father over his children, a master over his servant…” (Locke, 2005, p.4). That is, for Locke, the most fundamental right is the right of ownership. In turn, the right of ownership is expressed in the freedom of the individual. The dimension of law is the conclusion of a social contract. That is, it is an agreement between people about government rules and how they will be formalized at the legal level. According to Locke, the organization of power must guarantee rights and freedoms from arbitrariness and lawlessness. This leads to Locke’s theoretically justified concept of separating powers in the state into legislative, executive, and federal. The theorist believes that all people should be equal and have their property and freedom. There should be no rule of one person over another. Reference Locke, J. (2005). Second Treatise of Government by John Locke. Public domain in the USA.
History information of the patient Jaime Watson, a 52-year-old female patient had been diagnosed with α1-antitrypsin deficiency, which is related to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) at the age of 32 years. She has been using Salbutamol (100 mcg prn) and Ipratropium (42 mcg QID) to control asthmatic levels. The patient has never smoked and only drinks on special occasions. She had been admitted for a Day Procedure Unit (DPU) for surgery to remove four of her wisdom teeth. The operation was successful and the patient recovery progress was stable until she complained of severe pain 6/10. She was injected with Pethidine 50mg IM to manage pain which reduced the pain level to 2/10. Jaime recovery progress was within acceptable levels as her Blood Pressure (BP) measured 125/70 mmHg, respiratory rate (RR) measured 12, pulse oximentry (sp o2) measured 96%. She had received four liters of oxygen through Hudson mask and IV cannula in her left arm. Hypothesis Number One Pethidine 50mg IM could lead to respiratory depression when administered to reduce pain in after surgery. Pethidine 50mg IM drugs used during surgery may have some side-effects especially if administered to a patient suffering from CPOD. The presence of the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) complications leads the patient to use accessory muscles to support her breathing. The breathing depression could also be caused by the reduction of respiratory rate while the tidal volume remains the same (Agarwal, Aggarwal, Gupta & Jindal, 2010). The drugs had effects to the central nervous system, which affected the rate of respiration by affecting the hormones responsible for respiration, which further reduces the amount of oxygen passing through the air ways. (Sosa, Buekens & Hughes, 2006). Hypothesis Number Two General anaesthetic drugs have the ability to stimulate the vomiting centre in the brain, which explains the feeling of vomiting experienced
Executive Compensation This refers to the monetary and non-monetary benefits that senior employees get from organizations. This includes salaries, shares, benefits, bonuses and company stock. These rewards are called executive because they are not like the ordinary allowances that other employees get. Employee motivation is a key factor that determines the success of a company (Pynes 2013). Managers play significant roles in ensuring the activities of their organizations are aimed at achieving their objectives. Even though, they do not perform the actual labor intensive duties like other employees they are very important in supervising their subordinates (Martocchio 2012). Therefore, this justifies the presence of executive compensations in their organizations. They deserve executive compensations because they combine the efforts of various departments to ensure their companies achieve their goals. Thirdly, they are responsible for making major decisions regarding their organizations and this puts them at the center of the operations of different departments (Pynes 2013). This means that they subconsciously perform the roles of more than one department and this justifies the suitability of their huge compensations (Martocchio 2012). On the other hand, some critics do not support executive compensations in organizations because most managers have very few duties. Secondly, this practice promotes inequality in organizations because it favors employees in executive positions. In addition, it discourages junior employees from working hard because their efforts will be celebrated by people who never soiled their hands (Pynes 2013). Lastly, there is no mechanism for determining the achievements of senior employees in organizations; moreover, teamwork and cohesion among employees is more important than the supervisory roles played by managers. Therefore, executive compensations are unnecessary expenses if they do not benefit all employees in an organization. Contingent Workers and Core Employees Contingent workers are employees that are ready to work for other companies when there is the need to recruit workers on a short term basis. They are usually supplied by staffing companies that specialize in offering outsourcing services. Core workers are those employed by an organization through their human resource department or recruitment agents (Martocchio 2012). Companies that allow their core workers to work with contingent employees face the following problems. First, contingent workers may not understand the policies of a company and this makes them unable to articulate their skills to help an
Introduction Alfred Marshall (“Principles of Economics” 21) gave his interpretation to the classical economists as ideally early and crude supply and demand theorists, with the demand side in its earlier stages of development. It is from this interpretation that the continuity debate emerged. As Marshall indicates, the classical economics approach to the theory of value and distribution was different from that of the Marginalists. Whereas the Marginalists in their framework symmetrically treated profits and wages, the classical economists explained profits in terms of two data sets; real wage and production in progress. Profits are therefore considered as residual income. Continuity vs. Discontinuity The classical economists more specifically Ricardo and Smith were more interested in the laws that govern the capitalist system characterized by class structure: landowners, workers, and the growing class if capitalists. Under the classical, the theory of value was formulated to ascertain the dominating factors at work and assess their interaction. For them matter cannot be created by man instead it can only be changed from one form or moved. Production of goods involves destruction and the actual cost of a commodity is reflected in terms of the commodity destroyed while in the process of its production. The Neoclassical Economics (NEC) gained its prominence between 1880 and 1890. From this period onwards it remained largely static. Major writings of Alfred Marshall, Richard T. Ely and E.R.A Seligman were rewritten over a period of four decades with very few changes. Neoclassical economics in practice has evolved into a dismal science of choice with most of its choices bad. Under the neoclassical economics if you want something good, then you must give up something good in exchange. The major theme underlying the neoclassical approach is trade off, in order to achieve efficiency, equity must be sacrificed, to attract business then the government must lower its tax rate, and to prevent inflation a considerable majority of the population must remain unemployed. To a large extent neoclassical economics represents a continuity of the classical ideas. There is a close relationship between modern capitalism and the notion of free markets, private tenure and common land rights and demand and supply of goods and services. Productivity is a necessity in the modern world as goods and services are exchanged at a price in the market. The price used for the exchange of goods and services is determined by various factors. As explained by Scissor ……….., the prices that producers are willing to receive in exchange of the goods and services it determined by the cost of producing the goods and services and they may include all resources used such as exertions of different kinds of labor and waiting on the capital used in production. The goods are exchanged in a market in which it
Stakeholders continue to spend considerable amount of time and resources to understand the sexual behaviours exhibited by a wide range of living organisms. Wallen & Zehr (2004) set out to understand the evolution and development of sexual behaviours in primates by studying female rhesus monkeys. In their article, the notion that sexual behaviour is fundamentally required for reproduction to take place is clearly outlined. In many non-primate species, reproduction poses considerable social and physical threats. As such, the females in a variety of non-primate species have developed physical and behavioural mechanisms that are used to confine sexual appetite to when females are fertile. According to the researchers, these behavioural mechanisms are controlled by hormones. In sharp contrast, hormones do not control the capacity and ability to engage in sex or the physical capacity to mate in both male and female anthropoid primates (Wallen & Zehr, 2004). The article reveals that sexual motivation is the fundamental coordinator linking sexual behaviour and fertility in female primates. According to the study results, the dependence upon psychological mechanisms to synchronize physiology with sexual behaviour is probably exclusive to primates, including humans. The synchronization is critically impor
Introduction The education history of England and Wales involves a situation where the learning services were provided by churches, and only church schools existed. The principals and the teachers were supposed to be holy people, and the state met a high resistance in trying to providing education. However, various constitutional and societal changes led to the role of providing education being adopted by the state and the establishment of public schools. Later a well-structured education system was established through the 1988 education reform act that introduced the national curriculum and its consequent examinations, financing of schools, among other reforms to improve the quality of education. The education system in England and Wales The education system in England is mainly under the supervision of the department of kids, family units, and schools in conjunction with the departments of innovation, training, and higher education. It’s the duty of the local authorities to execute policies on community education and national schools locally. There are also been a number of independent schools that operate in the country since the establishment of the education system. The framework of Wales is almost similar to that of England except that England emphasizes studying few subjects with in-depth analysis. On the other hand, Wales emphasizes an education system where students study many subjects with a shallow understanding of the main concepts. The England education framework comprises compulsory education for all the kids between 5 to 16 years old; the education is provided by the public, private, and home schools. The compulsory education usually closes on the very last Friday of June when the academic time ends, and the students become 16 years old. Compulsory schooling consists of primary and secondary education. The primary learning is usually offered in baby class and junior or a combination of the two and consists of four main stages, i.e., foundation, full-time foundation, key stage 1, and key stage 2. On the other hand, secondary schooling consists of two chief stages, i.e., key stage 3 and key stage 4. The examination system is made of four main “key stage national curriculum” assessments where students get tested at various levels in the learning process. These tests include key stage 1 taken the second year after joining the school, key stage 2 undertaken at the last part of the sixth year. In addition, the key stage 3 is undertaken by students at the last part of the ninth year, while the key stage 4 is administered through the tenth and the eleventh, which is integrated as the GCSE is a compulsory exam for all students. Then the students can join a further college schooling which is the sixth form of learning mandatory in some schools where they attain an Advanced Level GCE. The A-Level is made of six units in each subject where in the first year the students undertake three subjects, and after passing, they can choose to continue with the other three subjects to attain the A-Level. At the age of 18, students can join universities or institutions of higher ed
Introduction Soccer is one of the most popular sports in the world. Over the years, FIFA has developed high standards of qualifications for referees in soccer matches. The essence of enhancing the quality of the referees is to ensure the required level of profession in judging different matches is applied, especially on the matter of making the appropriate decisions on violations committed during the games. It is apparent that the use of technology in refereeing in soccer matches has gained popularity because it enhances the efficiency of the referees. However, there is still a major challenge facing the training process of referees because much of the training is conducted theoretically. Referees need to experience the practical nature of the profession during the training process, and the VR technology will eliminate the underlying challenges to the development of experience in the profession. Underlying Issues One of the underlying issues in referee training processes is the lack of practical platforms to train the referees. It is apparent that most referees depend on the experience gained during actual soccer matches, and this implies that there are many mistakes that a trainee might make during an actual match. Every once in a while, a referee will make a critically wrong call in a match, and this implies that the training process of the professional referees should face a paradigm shift to provide a holistic approach to the training process. For instance, most referees make mistakes when awarding extra time in games and this may result in critical issues as seen in 1978, when referee Clive Thomas awarded a corner in the last seconds of the match (Fitch, 2013). He blew the whistle immediately the ball was hit by the corner kick taker, but the ball was later headed for a goal. However, since the referee had already blown the whistle, the goal was not counted. Such mistakes are common in the contemporary soccer world, and they can be eliminated through better practical training platforms for referees. VR Technology In the current times, referees are guided by assistants and technological devices to make the right call in soccer matches, but the ultimate decision depends on the competence of the professional referees in translating the rules of the game. It is apparent that despite the numerous measures and aid applied by FIFA on the field for the referees to make the right calls in matches, there are still many instances where the wrong calls prevail. This calls for the development of a better training system to enhance the competence of the referees through the acquaintance with the relevant knowledge and sufficient skills in applying the knowledge. Since the referees cannot wait for different teams to play a match to gain the practical knowledge and skills in making the right calls, t
Introduction Rhetoric during the pre-Socratic time was seen as the art of discourse aimed at broadening speaker’s and writer’s horizons and developing their good communication skills. During that period, rhetoric provided heuristics for understanding, discovering and developing arguments as a way of winning audiences’ appeal. For example, sophists created five laws to guide the study of rhetoric. These laws include invention, argument, delivery, memory and style. They were designed to persuade the audience and motivate them to listen to the speaker or to read the work of a given philosopher. Rhetoric in Pre-Socratic period Pre-Socratic period was marked with Hellenic rhetoric that shaped the view of philosophers in relation to the connection of the thought and expression. For instance, the communication skills used by Plato and the Socratic movement formed rhetoric as a discipline. The ancient Greeks aimed at including common sense and truth in their conversations. In this case, rhetoric as a discipline concentrated on discovering the limitations of being either subjective or objective during conversations. During pre-Socratic period, the aim of rhetoric was to set a framework for analyzing communications. Here, rhetoric did not produce critical theories. Speakers and writers were useful for creating civic engagements in the society due to their convincing public speaking and writing. Rhetoric emphasized the importance of eloquence and wisdom during conversations. The main personalities associated with rhetoric include Plato, Aristotle, Quintilian, Cicero, Socrates, etc. Particularly, Plato questioned the teaching practice of that time and challenged the knowledge of the teachers. For Plato, rhetoric was not an art. Aristotle, on the other hand, expanded on the ideas of Plato, his teacher, before qualifying rhetoric as an art. Remarkably, Aristotle sought to develop a scientific approach to arguments. Cicero, who was a Roman lawyer, used the arguments developed by both Plato and Socrates before classifying rhetoric as a liberal art. Quintilian is widely known for his emphasis on teaching rhetoric to the youth in schools. However, when the ancient period ended, there were considerable changes in the attitude towards rhetoric and the way of its teaching. St. Augustine is associated with rhetoric of the medieval age. His main contribution to its field was the fusion of classical “pagan” rhetoric with the aims of the Catholic Church when he worked on the art of preaching. Rhetoric during the Renaissance Among the personalities associated with rhetoric during the age of reformation, it is necessary to note Erasmus. In his book, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, he treated rhetoric as the least comprehensive work of antiquity and added to it a traditional treatment of matter and form. For Erasmus, the subject matter of rhetoric was to discover variety in discourse. For him, rhetoric was concerned with the quality of either a speech or a writte