ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Competition in the electronics industry has stiffened in recent years due to technological developments that have characterized the global era. Organizations that operate in this industry are indulging in competitive wars whereby firms are striving to get as many customers as they can. One of the reasons why the level of competition has increased is due to innovation. Organizations are capable of producing mobile phone devices that have advanced features that can satisfy most of their customers’ needs (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2013). It is important to note that companies use resources to compete. A company has to be vigilant to take note of what its competitors are doing so that it can respond in a way that will enable it to remain competitive in the industry. Apple Inc., as one of the companies in the electronics industry, has been affected by competition in several ways. This article focuses on the way the business model of Apple Inc. has been affected by the company’s response to its competitors’ actions. Apple Inc. has improved its performance tremendously over the last two decades to become one of the leading organizations in its industry. The success has not come without challenges. Apple had to compete with already established companies on its way to success. Even after reaching its peak, the company still faces a lot of competition from companies such as Samsung and Nokia, among others. The business model adopted by Apple can be analyzed from two perspectives. One perspective is the pre-1996 model before the late Steve Jobs’ return in the company, and the second perspective is the post-1996 model after the return of Steve Jobs. Apple almost entirely dealt with personal computers during the pre-1996 era. Its major competitor, Samsung, had dominated the electronics market at the time. Also, Apple faced a lot of competition from companies such as HP and IBM in the computer market (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2013). Steve Jobs returned and changed the focus of Apple to the production and sale of iPads, iPods, as well as iPhones. Jobs introduced change in the Apple business model in a bid to overcome Samsung’s dominance in the electronics market (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2013). Currently, one of the main competition areas between the two companies is price wars. Each of the companies tries to produce at the lowest cost possible to sell at a low price and attract more customers. As a result, Apple has changed its business model to the virtual integration model. Under this model, the company sources most of its inputs from outside the United States. Apple goes for a source that will offer these inputs at the lowest prices possible. The model is generally aimed at reducing the level of expenditure as much as possible. Apple has been able to reduce the cost of production by outsourcing the manufacture of most hardware. Also, Apple c
Introduction Health care should be the main cementing element of the nation’s social policy in building a competitive society with a high quality of human potential. It is impossible to ensure its proper quality and high level of well-being without involving the public health protection and promotion system in the process. Public health should become part of the national economic doctrine of the state in a global market economy. In a developed society, health care and related areas are organically interconnected elements of sustainable economic development. Main body Based on these principles, it becomes obvious and undeniable that the definition of the main development goal, as well as the development and implementation of new health care reform programs, is the key task for the health sector and the medical community. It also an issue for the whole society with the real participation of state and public institutions. The involvement of the population is particularly important, taking into account its current and future needs for the protection and promotion of health in the context of global integration and competition (Bronkhorst, 2017). The key aspects of ensuring the effectiveness of health care reform today are undoubtedly organizational support, as well as scientific and methodological. Conclusion In conclusion, the problems of the scientific and methodological support of reforms are known to many – this is the imperfection of the planning and management of research work, inadequate funding, low innovative performance, poor staffing, technical, methodological potential, lack of international integration, lack of competitiveness in the domestic and foreign market of research and technology. These problems led to the acute insufficiency of modern scientifically based innovative technologies in the field of organization, management, and the health care economy, to the inability of science to fully solve the urgent problems of its reform and development. Reference Bronkhorst, B. (2017). How ‘healthy’ are healthcare organizations? Exploring employee healthcare utilization rates among Dutch healthcare organizations. Health Services Management Research, 30 (3), 156-167.
Introduction The chaplaincy’s historical centuries-old experience in military events demonstrates that it has unique opportunities for the development of the spiritual and moral potential of soldiers, actualization and strengthening of spiritual support, and the need to protect the motherland. By chaplaincy’s example and activities in military units, it is possible to say that they reduce the fear and tension of service members both before a battle and during it. Military chaplaincy also helps soldiers in the process of seeking the meaning of military duty, increase responsibility, and strengthen faith in justice and the victory of good over evil. At the present stage of development of the U.S. military, chaplains’ professional activity is necessary for solving the problems of moral and psychological support and the psychological coincidence of personnel. At the same time, military chaplaincy requires scientific justification 1 . This is important for improving the psychological training of chaplains for work in military units, as well as supporting and strengthening their competence, which is a predictor of effective mission fulfillment in the army. For a more substantiated understanding of military chaplaincy from a scientific point of view, this part analyzes this activity from the standpoint of SWOT analysis, considering its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths The United States is a country with a fairly strong religious tradition. The country has continuously paid and is paying great attention to the religious sphere of military personnel 2 . The institute of chaplains plays a huge role in the life of the army and navy, being one of the oldest services in the American military 3 . The stringent demands of military duties, separation from friends and family, training in remote locations, combat, and the possibility of violent death have entrusted them with the support of those who serve and who could potentially give their lives for their country. The initial involvement of chaplains as a volunteer, non-combatant religious leaders within the American military responded to commanders and soldiers pressing needs. The chaplains’ main task is to support and instruct the military, regardless of whether the chaplain himself or his church believes in the moral correctness of war. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits the issuance of a law making any religion mandatory or prohibiting the free practice of it. Nevertheless, Congress considers the institution of chaplaincy essential as a balance between the free practice of religion and the rejection of any laws that make it mandatory. Thus, by recruiting clergy of various faiths into the army, t
The Lord of the Flies is a fiction novel by William Golding which takes place during a chaotic war. A group of schoolboys crash land on a deserted island and develop a faulty hierarchy in the strive to survive. The characters, including leader Ralph, antagonist Jack, the kind Piggy, and innocent Simon go through varying journeys of the human spirit in which they contend with and ultimately fall prey to the effects of chaos and violence. The book shows us what an environment of savagery and survival instincts does to the character, and how we all have the ability to exceed the boundaries of both righteousness and destructiveness. Ultimately, we conclude that the latent human character is neutral and that a person’s behavior is a reaction to the environment she or he is surrounded by. Though William Golding does not profess the idea that man is born evil, the concept of man’s innate potential for evil is central to the novel. From The Lord of the Flies, we can devise Golding’s belief that man is born neutral. The idea is that we are born with both the capacity of good and the capacity of evil and that the way we are raised, or the environment in which we live determines how we act. This shows the power of outside sources and the pliability of our own character. Literature constantly explores the potential in man to commit the greatest evils and the greatest good. Lord of the Flies puts this discourse in an even more riveting context by testing the characters of a group of proper English children who carry the stereotype and literary reputation Through the devolving of his characters, Golding shows that the capacity for evil lies in all beings and appears when nurtured by the environment. Ralph, Jack, Simon, and all the boys on the island come from a proper English background. They were raised in a world of boundaries, customs, and propriety. As the story continues and the environment becomes more and more brutal, the change in the boys becomes evident. Golding uses antagonist Jack to symbolize this transition from structured human behavior to the more instinctual savagery that the majority of the boys end up exhibiting. At one point, Golding describes the frenzy of killing a sow through the perspective of Jack: “His mind was crowded with memories; memories of the knowledge that had come to them when they closed in on the struggling pig, the knowledge that they had outwitted a living thing, imposed their will upon it, taken away its life like a long satisfying drink” (Golding 92). In contrast to the other boys, Jack has become violent, enraged with bloodlust, and savage. The others in the group chide him for letting the rescue fire go out, ” ‘You and your blood, Jack Merridew! You and your hunting! We might have gone home…” (Golding 93). This shows the contrast between environments. Even though they
Introduction and Environmental Analysis Summary The Upper Big Branch Mine disaster happened on April 5, 2010, in Raleigh County, West Virginia at Massey Energy’s Upper Big Branch coal mine, owing to the explosion, which occurred 1000 feet underground and led to substantial life losses (29 miners were killed and 2 were injured). The accident was caused by methane ignition while cutting sandstone with a shearer. Although the pocket of gas was small, the flame reached a larger accumulation of methane. The ignition created a wave of powerful explosions, aggravated by coal dust. Since the disaster was one of the most severe accidents since 1970, an independent investigation was funded by the state to find out if safety violations tool place. The MSHA concluded that these violations were numerous and the CEO of the company, Donald Blankership, was aware of them, which made him guilty of a willful violation of safety standards. Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder                                 Interests                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Sources of Power                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Donald Blankership, the CEO of the company  His interest was to increase the company’s revenue and coal reserve at minimal costs.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       His source of power was that he gave a lot of jobs to the region, suffering from poverty and unemployment. Furthermore, Messey’s activities were beneficial to the nation since it provided fuel, which lessened the reliance on imported oil and thereby saved costs. All the miners working on the site          Their interest was to keep their positions (since there was a threat of losing jobs if they reported safety concerns) and work in safe conditions at the same time. Their salary interests are not well articulated in the case since the company p
About fiscal policies Fiscal policies are tools used by the state to stimulate the economy. The government can implement fiscal policies that can lead to growth or shrinkage of the economy. Contractionary fiscal policies are often instituted by the government when the amount of spending is greater than the amount of tax revenue earned by the government. In such instances, the government used fiscal policies to reduce the amount of public debt. On the other hand, the government uses expansionary fiscal policies to stimulate the level of economic activity in the country. Such measures are often taken by the government after periods of severe economic conditions such as the recession that occurred from 2009. Expansionary fiscal policies often create inflationary pressure in the economy (Mankiw 2011). Government spending and taxation are the main fiscal policy tools (Mankiw 2011). The state can stimulate the economy by increasing the amount of the spending allocation per annum. It results in the creation of job opportunities thus increasing consumer spending. Also, the government can reduce taxes. Increasing government spending is more effective than reduction of taxes. Besides, the effectiveness of fiscal policy is achieved when the economy is operating below full capacity of the economy. Fiscal policies in Australia The government of Australia came up with fiscal policies that comprised of reduction of taxes and increase in the amount of government spending to stimulate the economy after the recession. The government came up with a number of stimulus plans. For instance, the government came up with a stimulus plan that focused on implementing a number of fiscal policies. The goal of the stimulus plan was to enhance economic growth and job creation. The plan also focused on protecting the existing jobs so that more people do no lose their jobs and also create jobs. Job creation leads to an increase in the amount of disposal income and increase consumption expenditure. The government also increased spending on major investments such as infrastructure within the country. This initiative was put in place so as to replace lost jobs during the period of recession. Further, the government increased spending in learning institutions. The government improved infrastructure in higher learning institutions with an ai
Introduction Culture in the United States has been characterized with tension from the European ideals and the domestic originality. The overall culture of America include beliefs, arts, traditions, values, customs, innovations and ideals drawn from the locals and from foreigners across the boarders. American culture in a mixture of ideas and ideals from varied quarters, factors like democracy, civil liberty, Christianity, traditions, moral elements and entertainment have all been intertwined into a single unit feature appearing as the American culture. Due to the several parameters that constitute it, America culture is so dynamic and has kept on changing with the variation in demographic composition. “American culture is divided into about 49 subcategories which are soaked up into a single distinct culture called “the American Culture” (Bogle, p.56). This paper will deal the issues that make up the American culture and what various writers have to say about those issues. American Culture To be an American, demands that citizens have to be devoted in upholding the rule of law, liberty, equity and justice to all. Being an American means that one has the advantage of being under a government that oversees the welfare and interest of everyone within and outside its boarders. The American society does not only look at the comfort of everyone in need, and not only regardless of its border boundary. The culture promotes freedom of choice and association…therefore in this context, being an American means living in a cohesive society of mixed values owing to its diversity. A critical analysis of American cultures spills over to several miles from the boarders due to their great influence worldwide, the same applies to what constitutes American Culture which is a combination of mixed practices like sports, music, art and fashions to mention a few. Issues related to race, class, ethnicity, sexuality, gender and censorship are the ones that shape the culture. “Every individual that proclaims to be an American is taught to uphold American cultural values like positive attitude, leadership skills, entrepreneurship and craftsmanship among others” (Gaspar de Alba, p.124). American culture is structured by their system of governance, laws and regulations and how people relate with each other owing to their original disparity. From face value, it can be said that America has no culture; Gaspar refers to individuals who hold such opinion to hear fish denying the existence of water (p.125). It is only that the American culture is shared by a vast majority which makes a culture of its own, unique in every aspect. Americans believe that they can compete in literally everything and enjoy equal opportunity with every other player worldwide. The strong desire of Americans to be democratic and free from oppression of all kinds, has characterized the activities in America, events that are so extraordinary that only Americans themselves can understand and explain. These are however just general views on what the American culture really is, the next section of this paper will go to the specifics, and zero in into the following
A colloquialism is a form of language that is not formal and differs in various places. Additionally, it is primarily used in daily conversations but not in official texts. The use of colloquialism has also become common in modern society due to immigration and globalization, which have led to people interacting and learning various phrases (Fajardo, 2019). This report will focus on examples of colloquialism, how it hinders effective communication, and how it can be restated to form effective communication. One of the colloquialisms used by many individuals is “the buzz,” which means go away. The phrase is common among young people, whereby it is used in communities and learning institutions. In a customer service setting, one can paraphrase by saying leave. Another example is “being a chicken,” which is used by both young and older people. Typically, a chicken is known by many people for its fears. Hence, being a chicken shows that one is being afraid and scared. This saying can be restated in a customer service setting by saying that one is nervous. “Taking a rain check” is also a colloquialism commonly used in various regions. The saying means canceling plans due to various reasons. One can restate this colloquialism in a customer service setting by saying withdraw plans. Thus, these examples of colloquialisms are common in some communities, but they can be difficult for some people to understand their meanings. Communicating with someone who does not understands various phrases can be difficult. In this case, the message being conveyed can be misunderstood, and the instructions may not be followed due to misinterpretation (Flores & Rinke, 2020). Similarly, interacting with someone who is not fluent in English using colloquialism can lead to confusion. In this case, the audience may mistake or misunderstand the phrases used in the conversation. In essence, colloquialism is a form of language used by individuals in many regions in their daily activities but is not acceptable in formal writing.
Introduction This case study revolves around John Parker, who has previously been working as a manager in Digimat, the United States-based corporation with subsidiaries in parts of Asia and Europe. John has had a successful career while at Digimat, whereby he has been posted to be in charge of subsidiaries in Australia, China and Singapore following his assignment as the Asia Pacific Sales Director. With his new assignment and his excellent academic credentials, John has been transferred to China as his career required him to spend most of his time in China. In China, he is warmly received by his subordinates. He views this as the converse of what he had earlier thought of the Chinese staff (Geert 2001). John assumes that the way, his management style worked in America and other Asian countries where Digimat has subsidiaries, would be the same in China. John is autocratic; he notices that the Chinese teams are somehow sceptical to his leadership style and experiences too. The business environment requires close consideration of the cultures of different market segments; this is the key to success for any business (Geert 2001). John realizes that the working relationship between him and the Chinese sales teams is poor; he assumes all this and fails to put the Chinese culture into context. He uses his autocratic nature to deny the Chinese team platform for airing their views; he also fails to incorporate the Chinese culture in his leadership style. Subsequently, this leads to a demoralized working team among Chinese employees. John believes that motivating a diversified workforce means using tangible rewards. He fails to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. According to Herzberg, “the opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction” (Gummesson 2000). John doesn’t put into perspective that the Chinese teams are resisting changes? So he fails to incorporate Chinese culture into the change management process and solely relies on his experience and working success outside China. At some point, he assumes that the knowledge transfer process will not have drawbacks in China since Digimat has launched a global ERP system. He fails to understand that the ERP system was not standardized to fit in the Chinese working environment as he was informed by one of the subordinates. John faces numerous challenges while leading the Chinese employees working in Digimat sub