ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction According to Jaffer, the Takaful is a young insurance company which was formed in 1979. Its growth over the years has, however, been quite robust (63). These days, Takaful has extended to other Muslim populated areas across the world. Along with Takaful, there has been growing another “co-operative system of reimbursement”, Re-Takaful which started in 1985. Takaful operators now attract considerable interest and in turn, there is an awareness of the need for Re-Takaful to comply with the requirements of Sharia (Jaffer 64). These are the key elements of the strong adherence to the community’s first principles and its need for Takaful. As noted by Borscheid and Haueter, the Sharia regulates Islamic insurance market, and Takaful does not have a long history in the UAE. It has grown very quickly due to the rapid expansion of a number of companies, which were built on the assumption that the public wanted Islamic institutions. In the year 2010, the market share was 6 per cent of the total premiums written. However, between 2005 and 2008 the UAE’s Takaful market grew by 135 per cent, before shrinking in a declining local economy (Borscheid and Haueter 406). The first Takaful insurance company in the UAE, the Abu Dhabi National Takaful Company, only began its operation in 2004. By the end of then year 2010, the number of Takaful companies had grown to ten. Brief History of Takaful Takaful began in 1979 in Sudan and Saudi Arabia (Jaffer 64). The need for Islamic principles in Islamic banking transactions pioneered this phase. This was led by Bank Faycal and the Al Baraka, two groups that were interested in developing an insurance offer based on the Sharia. In 1985, Al Baraka launched the first re-Takaful operator BEST Re. In the years that followed, two other re-Takaful operators were launched. These were the Islamic Takaful & Re-Takaful Company, owned by Dar Al Mal and the Islamic Insurance & Reinsurance Company (IIRC). A dynamic impetus to growth, however, came from South East Asia. From the 1980s onwards, the Muslim world saw Takaful evolving considerably in Malaysia. The Malaysian Takaful operator, Syrikat Takaful Malaysia, illustrated the swift growth of the first Takaful portfolio in the country, all based on a model which served as
Abstract Fire management is one of the key areas in any countries security concerns, especially due to the fact that the rising global temperatures are increasing the risks associated with fire in the United Kingdom. This paper will highlight the service needs of the United Kingdom and the efforts the country is taking to ensure that its fire services are up to standards. Fire services and rescue in this country are some of the most advanced in the world but due to the very changing security needs they need to keep improving. Some of the key quality pointers include the management of the human resource in terms of training and equipment. Fire services also need to be equipped with necessary tools not only to respond well to disasters but also to expand their services to marginalised areas. There is also a need to implement a reliable quality assurance system within the Fire and Rescue Service in the country. This QA system must not just meet the necessary quality standards but also ensure that it prepares the country for future fire safety needs. As part of quality assurance, a proper audit of all services assets and situation needs will reveal the areas of urgent concern. This audit shroud be continuous and information arising should be relayed in time for a timely response. Introduction The United Kingdom is on red alert after recent revelation about the risk involving the latest climate change patters. The report indicates that due to the rising in the level of global temperatures, the country is now exposed to larger risks of fires. It has been reported that temperatures in the UK have increased by a marginal one degree centigrade but the effects are significant. Summers will be warmer and drier while winters are expected to be less wet (Department for Communities and Local Government: London 3). Reports indicate that the number of fires in the UK has raised by more than 60% from 1980’s. Other than the rise in fires warmer winters have also increased the threat of flooding, a situation that will also need the re
The issue of privatizing municipal services still brings debates over its efficiency. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of fire prevention efforts of the private sector in the United States and the reason why the fire prevention system in some countries is still controlled by the government. The main advantage that can be mentioned when speaking about the privatization of public services in general and fire prevention, in particular, is the cost reduction. “Fire protection switching to private contract firefighting saved 20% to 50%.” (Savas, 2000, p. 156). As the fire prevention services can be characterized by long periods of downtime, one of the means of cost reduction is the use of a mixed force of full-time and reservist firefighters (so that fewer full-time salaries need to be paid). The disadvantages that the privatization could bring are mostly connected to the services’ quality as the cost-reduction approach must be always in balance with the quality of such vital services. Therefore the potential disadvantages could include:   * Decrease in Service Quality   * Loss of Control   * Higher Cost of Financing Privatization   * Depreciation of Assets The reasons that some countries keep total control over the fire prevention systems could be various. One of the reasons that could be mentioned is the fear of monopoly by large private corporations, due to the absence of competitiveness in which the government could lose control over the quality of the services delivered or the prices that could be established. On contrary, another reason that could occur when the government controls the municipal services, in general, is due to the lack of local economically developed private sector and at the same time the reluctance of the government to involve foreign companies in this process. Works Cited Guardiano, J. R., Haarmeyer, D., & Poole, Jr, R. W. (1992). Fire Protection Privatization:A Cost-Effective Approach to Public Safety (Vol. 152). Savas, E. S. (2000). Privatization and Public-Private Partnerships. New York: Chatham House.
Introduction Medicare is a universal healthcare insurance federal program that provides healthcare services to elderly people above the age of 65 years and those with disabilities in America. Medicare in 1970 Introduced in 1965 by the Social Security Act of 1965 and was put under the responsibility of the Social Security Administration (SSA) which was then under the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The program was then transferred to the Health Care Financing Administration for effective coordination in 1977 (Paton 96). This program was first proposed by President Harry Truman in 1945 to the Congress to provide a comprehensive, prepaid medical insurance plan for all citizens in the country. The plan President Truman had in mind and which he dubbed the ‘National Health Insurance’ was to cover citizens irrespective of their backgrounds for doctor, hospitals, nursing, laboratory and dental services. In this program that was to be part of the communal Security system, the needy people coverage was to be financed from the Federal reserve’s (Paton 101). In its inception, a survey had found out that only 56% of those aged over 65 years had any form of health insurance. During its first year, the program had 19 million beneficiaries who were been the social security system. In 1972, an amendment of the social security act included in the Medicare program high risk groups disabled persons and those suffering from end-stage renal disease. During the 1970 period, the program had two parts known as Medicare Part A and B. Part covered hospital insurance while part B covered supplementary medical insurance. Part A was automatically provided for those who were 65 years and above, or had been disabled for 24 months and those were entitled to social security or rail road retirement benefits. Part B was optional and covered persons who were 65 years and above whether natives or aliens even if they were not in Part A and disabled persons entitled to Part A. However, a monthly premium was paid by all (Finkelstein and McKnight 35). Medicare in 2010 Medicare is today administered by the Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), a federal government agency that replaced Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and is under the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). CMS has other responsibilities such as administration of Medicaid, a sister program to Medicare and State Children’s Health Insurance Program administration among others (Finkelstein and McKnight 41). In 2010 Medicare covers around 45 million persons. In 2010, Medicare cover provides four parts of coverage to its clients with two being added to the original covers. Part A which is Hospital Insurance provides cover to meet inpatient care in hospital and skilled nursing care facilities that are not long-term care givers or custodial, hospice care cover and some aspects of home health care. This program also includes cover to critical access hospitals for it beneficiaries. Premiums are not charged for most beneficiaries in this cover since the
Introduction Nowadays, in the repeatedly changing world, hardly anything stays as it is without any alteration. According to Gao, Kaas, Mohr, and Wee (2016), this constant modernization is “triggered by development in emerging markets, the accelerated rise of new technologies, sustainability policies, and changing consumer preferences around ownership” (p. 3). A vast majority of industries are influenced by a remarkable technological process. It is impossible to deny that technology, such as domestic appliances, smartphones, the Internet, and so on, made an essential breakthrough during the last decade. Because of that, other sectors have to catch up and adapt novelties, simultaneously facing a necessity to create and develop contemporary, achievement-oriented, and competitive ideas. Researchers agree that a vehicle of the future will probably be “electrified, autonomous, shared, connected and yearly updated” (Kuhnert, Sturmer, & Koste, 2018, p. 6). To contribute to these demands, auto companies must be on the alert, react promptly to any move of the market, study the situation thoroughly, and, undoubtedly, pay attention to various market segments. This paper will focus on observing market segments that may be potential in terms of a traditional auto company’s development and modernization. Market Segments Disabled People One should note that one of the most promising section is disabled people. First and foremost, the future looks especially promising for this segment since technological progress means more abilities and their growing diversity. It is assumed that an auto company that this paper represents is large and traditional. Besides, it seems possible to conceive that its product is being sold in New York, USA. Therefore, as for geographic characteristics, this city may be taken as the target location. According to Erickson and Schrader (2016), the overall percentage of disabled individuals in New York was 11.3% (2,222,100 people); 9.0% (1,055,800) of New Yorkers aged 21-64 and 22.7% (372,600) aged around 70 had a disability. Among these people, the median annual salary can be estimated at $42,100 (Erickson & Schrader, 2016). As a result, it is possible to note that, in terms of demographic and geographic characteristics, disabled people can be treated as a potential target segment. In addition, a majority of disabled people need specialized transportation provided with some necessary equipment, which can also contribute to the disabled people’s being a potential market segment in terms of psychological and behavioral characteristics. As for targeting evaluation, the amount of disabled people is noticeable, and, in the future, it is unlikely to decline or grow, according to statistics. The size of the segment can be defined as 2,222,100 people, which is unlikely to grow. The situation with the competition is as follows: some companies produce vehicles and equipment for disabled people, although no late
This forum was aimed at addressing the issue of drugs trafficking in the United States and how this trend has been evolving over the years. The speaker Paul Gootenburg is a lecturer in the State University of New York and a former Rhode’s scholar. He is a specialist in Latin American history and sociology ad in addition to this, he is also recognized globally for his contribution in the development of the Peruvian history especially in relation to drugs. In his speech, he addressed the relationship between U.S and the republic of Andean. He classified the historical drug expansion eras into three arcs which include; “the transition period from coca to cocaine (1860 – 1910), the retreat in cocaine period (1910 – 1940) and the transition from global prohibition to Illicit cocaine (1940 – 1970)” (Gootenburg 13). In the first age which saw the transformation of coca into cocaine, this plant was being grow in the Andean highlands as a herbal plant valued for its medicinal properties. Over this period however, many other countries discovered this crop and started to grow it, as it was considered to be one of the most profitable cash crops of that time. Cocaine is a product of the crystallization of the coca leaves. This product was primarily used as an alkaloid, and the United States was the largest consumer in the 1900’s. People who used to do a lot of brain work were always encouraged to use coca as it had been scientifically proven to reduce pressure in the brain. This product was even used in the production of coca cola, a soft drink that gained popularity all over the world. Cocaine was also highly valued by surgeons as an anesthesia, and it was mainly used in the “delicate and painful operations such as the eye surgery” (Gootenburg 16). This product was however misused, and its transformation from the useful drug to illicit drug began between 1910 and 1920. In the second era, a great storm came up which involved a debate on the useful and recreational uses of
Introduction Lu Hsun is a Chinese writer who had a great influence on the development of culture and socio-political thought in his native country and was the founder of modern Chinese literature. Despite the small volume of his works, the author was able to masterfully reveal the most pressing issues of his time. Lu Hsun discussed the complex inner world of a simple Chinese and showed how deep the feelings of an ordinary and unremarkable person could be. The beginning of the 20th century was a challenging period for the author’s country, and he was one of the first to declare the importance of reformation changes in his stories. As objects of analysis, such Hsun’s works will be considered as “A Madman’s Diary” and “Kung I-chi.” Through his stories, Lu Hsun educates the reader, urges everyone to introspect, and emphasizes the nuances of the injustice of not only authorities to people but also ordinary citizens to one another. “ A Madman’s Diary:” Reflection The story of “A Madman’s Diary” is a collection of human notes and includes 13 short fragments. The unique feature of this work lies not only in its writing format but also in the subtexts that the author conveys. The insight of a person who supposedly lived in ignorance for 30 years may be compared with real events taking place in China at that time. When writing this story, Hsun was over 30, and, given his reformist views and revolutionary ideas, the insight that descended on the character from the moon is an analogy to the events of that era. Imagery is the main literary device that the author uses in this story. For instance, Hsun presents his character as a person who sees non-existent words in the book – “eat people” (13). Subsequent events, when all family members find themselves involved in this apparent craziness, emphasize the antisocial nature of Chinese politics and people’s unwillingness to compromise. One of the most vivid sayings is as follows: “members of the same group can still eat each other” (Hsun 18). This approach reflects the author’s dissatisfaction with existing orders and social norms. Realism utilized by the author as an additional symbolic tool is a significant stimulus that aims to influence the reader. The symptoms of a person who is gradually losing his mind, in particular, visual hallucinations, are presented in detail and believable. The fear, despair, and other negative feelings that the character experiences are described in the following words: “I don’t know whether it is day or night” (Hsun 15). However, when taking into account the subtext of the narrative, these images may be perceived as satirical observations and a mocking look at the real structure of society. At the same time, there is no evidence that the author believes in the bright future of his country. The final sentence conveys Hsun’s pessimism: “save the children” (21). All the author’s work reveals the ideas of struggle and the importance of followi
While choosing an occupation field one typically considers a series of the most critical points that determine the appropriateness of the relevant job. I believe that logistics sphere offers a favorable environment and beneficial prospects in the current context of the job market. I am sincerely convinced that logistics specialists carry out a work that is of high importance for the society. Both large concerns and small companies need logistics managers capable of efficient planning and distributing the necessary resources. Moreover, there are some other aspects which make a government job in logistics highly attractive. First of all, logistics segment is developing rapidly due to the globalisation process that is gaining pace. Consequently, one might presume that in the next five-ten years, the demand for logistics specialists will increase contrary to other professions that are apt to become no longer required. Secondly, it is the multifaceted character of this occupation that makes logistics so appealing. Hence, a logistics specialist is supposed to be responsible for tasks of different level of difficulty and varied nature. Furthermore, logistics job seems to be highly perspective from the standpoint of potential advancement. The plentiful of the levels in the relevant industry contribute to one’s confidence of receiving a promotion in case of a successful performance. Besides, the field is closely connected with the world of international business, which means one is likely to gain some extra experience and skills in the adjacent sphere. Finally, I suppose that a government career in logistics is an excellent opportunity to serve the society as well as develop professionally. I firmly believe that the relevant field offers an appropriate environment where the skills and experience I have will be required, and the potential collaboration will be mutually beneficial. While considering potential job prospects, one is to, first and foremost, make a choice between a public and a government sector. I believe that having a government job has a series of implicit advantages such a transparent wages structure, fixed working hours and certain social guarantees that private employees often fail to provide. I am particularly interested in getting occupied in the electronics sphere as it seems to be one of the most advanced and developed fields of the modern age. First off, due to the socially useful and beneficial character of the job, there seems to be a consistent demand for the professionals in this field. As a result, I might assume that receiving a government job in electronics serves to be a guarantee of being constantly employed. Moreover, becoming a professional in the relevant field requires receiving a proper education and qualification. This fact is of high significance today when there are a lot of occupational fields where special qualifications are not essential. It means that such a specialist can be easily replaced by another employee. Contrasts to this, being a professional in electronics means becoming a subject matter expert that possesses a profound knowledge of the environment within which
Literature Review Using IWBs in Teaching According to Abuhmaid (2014), the Interactive Whiteboard (IWBs) is an expanded touch-sensitive unit that can display information once connected to a computer and a digital data projector. The functioning of IWBs involves computer screening, interactive board, and as a mouse tool. Any user may change the monitor or directly use it concurrently. In the primary classroom teaching environment, the user may use a specialised electronic pen, fingers, stylus, or a pointer in operating or controlling different icons. Ahmed and Parsons (2013) noted that all teacher activities done on the IWB could be automatically saved and revisited in case there is a need for a recap. Interestingly, this tool has the capability of storing even an instructor’s handwriting. Introduced in 1991, the IWB has experienced a wider acceptance across the globe in many primary school environments (Teck, 2013). At present, there are two main categories of IWBs, which are the Front Projection Board and the Rear Projection Board (Yang & Teng, 2014). The former functions with a pre-existing computer or data projector and is always fixed in a wall within the classroom with an overhead projector. Significance of IWBs in Teaching The literature review on the development of the IWBs within the educational setting reveals that these tools have several benefits in learning, teaching, and motivation. The impacts of IWB on teaching at the primary school level include improvement in the efficiency and proactive instructor-learner engagement. According to Sweeney (2013), a study carried out by the British Educational Communication and Technology Agency in 2003 indicated that the interactive whiteboard has a series of positive impacts on the teaching process. For instance, as a presentation tool, the findings noted that it assists teachers in increasing their instructional delivery time by enabling them to deliver more than a single item or resource at any given time (Sung, Chang, & Liu, 2015). Besides, it improves on the efficiency in lesson delivery since the use of face-to-face call and instructions at the same time is an effective method of teaching. The other benefit attributed to using IWBs is enabling the instructors to proactive use web-based teaching resources in whole-class setup. It has the potential of expanding the education coverage beyond the classroom walls (Pamuk, Cakir, Ergun, Yilmaz, & Ayas, 2013). Moreover, IWBs enables an instructor to link different objects, which is a prerequisite for excellence in lesson delivery i