ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In today’s fast-paced world, high-pressure jobs, demanding households and unbalanced lifestyles can put a great deal of mental strain on the average human being. This, coupled with several other factors, can lead to various abnormal phobias, panic attacks, and other mental conditions categorized as anxiety disorders. While they are often considered trivial and are ignored, they can be seriously incapacitating and damaging to not only the victim’s life but also to others around him or her. Hence medical attention and therapy are required for those suffering from such disorders to continue leading normal lives. The symptoms of anxiety disorders are so commonly experienced and non-threatening that one is prompted to underestimate the occurrence of such disorders and therefore assume them to be just a minor stress-related anomaly. The causes of such disorders are just as varied and commonly found in our everyday lives. Theoretically, hypersensitive brain receptors react abnormally to normal stimuli. Different regions of the brain such as the amygdala, hypothalamus, and brainstem are thought to house ‘fear areas’ that suffer from aberrant electrical/metabolic activity resulting in anxiety attacks. Low levels of GABA (Gamma Amino-Butyric Acid), a neurotransmitter that is responsible for suppressing the central nervous system is one ‘internal’ cause of anxiety. Alcohol, caffeine, and drug abuse are the biggest ‘external’ contributors to such disorders. Benzodiazepines are specifically known to be responsible for causing or aggravating panic attacks. Ironically, alcohol might be taken by the victim to relieve minor stress, which ends up prolonging and worsening the existing condition. Other chemical causes include stimulant drugs and possibly prolonged exposure to organic solvents, varnishes, and paints. The term ‘anxiety disorder’ covers several different forms of mental disorders, all of which have the following in common: they all involve some form of irrational fear or anxiety. In this regard, they can be differentiated from other forms of mental disorders such as psychosis. Perhaps the most well-known form of anxiety disorder is phobias. A phobia is an unreasonable and extreme fear of a specific stimulus. Examples include fear of heights, confined spaces, blood, spiders, etc. Exposure to stimuli provokes an exaggerated anxiety response, and the patient either avoids the situation or endures it with great difficulty. One form of anxiety disorder is known as Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). Patients are said to be suffering from ASD if they have had some kind of traumatic experience (which could be witnessing someone’s death, suffering from an injury, or any kind of experience during which one’s physical integrity was threatened) following which they exhibit three or more of the following symptoms – a ‘numbing’ of the senses, emotions, and responsiveness, being in a daze or confusion regarding one’s surroundings, derealization, depersonalization and dissociative amnesia (being unable to recall an important part of the traumatic incident). The patient regularly experiences flashbacks, dreams, and other forms of mental
Gantt Chart “A Gantt chart is a graphical representation of the duration of tasks against the progression of time,” (The Global Voice of Quality, 2004). It is usually an important tool that is used in scheduling of projects and planning activities (Tague’s, 2004). The Gantt chart below has been produced by using Microsoft Office Project and shows the activities for building a cordless vacuum cleaner. The red bars show the critical tasks while the blue bars indicate the normal tasks. The time scale has two tiers; the middle tier gives time duration in months while the bottom tier gives time duration in weeks. The task names and their durations are given in the second and third columns. Duration of Project in Weeks By using the critical path from the Gantt chart above, the project duration is found to be 17 we
Measurement and its instruments are a fundamental component of researches in social science. To demonstrate it in the structure of the study, the article of Evans and Feder “Help-seeking amongst women survivors of domestic violence: a qualitative study of pathways towards formal and informal support” (2015) on the domestic violence topic was chosen as an example. One should determine the main points of the research, the advantages and weaknesses, the reliability and validity of measurement instruments, and a general discussion on using them. First, the article explains the necessity of the research conduction, which includes the relevance of the abuse problem and the drawbacks of solving and studying it. Then, what is more important, it muses about the measurement instrument, which is based on “Psychological advocacy toward healing (PATH): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial” (Brierley et al., 2013, p. 221). The main advantage of such a study, by article’s admission, is the fact that it is the first of its kind outside North America. It surely helps to widen the geographical borders of the research field. However, it also means that the range of the results would remain somewhat restricted due to focusing only on UK abuse victims. Then, the study concentrates on the women personal life according to the trial extracts, and how exactly the dynamics of their everyday life has changed after requesting help from abuse. To structure the information correctly, the authors decided to divide the results into five subsections. Those are motivations for seeking help, the barriers preventing the search, the role of the outside help in the disclosure, as well as in the rehabilitation, and, finally, the changes. The structure aids in a simple understanding of the results — they are classified and proved. Nonetheless, the trial’s abstracts can be considered selective, since authors were choosing the required quotes to support the structure. The results from the five subsections emphasize the number of aspects of the abuse towards women. Firstly, women were motivated to report on their situation due to the continuous violence of their partners, which endangered both their lives and the lives of other family members. Secondly, several reasons restrained them, namely, the disapproval of the close ones, fear of life changes, and fear of the punishment from the abuser. Thirdly, the research makes evident that women frequently delayed their turn to specialists. They finally resorted to help after a significant accident, because of the advice of the professionals or someone personally close to them. Fourthly, the article makes a point that despite the low expectations, women were continuously consulting the specialists, which lead to the specialists being finally able to provide help. And, finally, the research presents the women’s impression after the rehabilitation – a majority was resolved to continue their independent life, though a minor part was disappointed with the amount of help
Introduction English language is widely used for communication purposes worldwide. For instance, English language is used as a medium of exchange in global activities as well as in many international learning institutions. English language is commonly used for communication in the international trade, computing, diplomacy, tourism and aviation (Hughes, 1989). With the increased adoption of English language worldwide, many countries have opted to teach it in their learning institutions. Every country has its own language that it mainly uses in the day-to-day communications. For example, Arabic language is the mostly used language for communications in Saudi Arabia and English language is the second commonly used language of communication in Saudi Arabia. Despite English being the second commonly used language in Saudi Arabia, many Saudis are not conversant with English language. Bersamina (2009) blames the Saudis culture as well as the poor teaching methodologies used to teach English language as the main factors that negatively affect the adoption of English language in Saudi Arabia learning institutions. The Saudis culture does not allow junior classes to be taught English language. Bersamina (2009) argue that introducing English language to Saudi Arabia elementary classes will make Saudis children not to develop proficiency in Arabic language as well being conversant with Islamic religion. Similarly, Sakui (2004) also concurs with Bersamina (2009) on the importance of teaching only Arabic language in Saudi Arabia elementary classes. Thus, the teaching of English language remains a serious problem in Saudi Arabia because majority of Saudis have not yet realised the importance of learning English language (Alamri, 2008, P. 14). Through the processes of globalisation and technological changes, many societies have responded in accordance to these transformations. The Saudis have not taken appropriate measures to learn English language. Good master of English language will help them to cope with the contemporary social, academic, linguistic, technological and scientific changes (Bersamina, 2009, p. 2). It is noted that many technical books are written using English language. Thus, in order to comprehend the information from these books, people need to have adequate skills in reading, speaking and understanding English language. Therefore, this language can indirectly affect the ability of a nation to assimilate technological inventions when they are not in a position to comprehend prevalent foreign languages such as English (Lapp & Flood, 1983). Similarly, when people travel, they have to communicate with foreign people. Since English language is commonly used in many countries worldwide, it acts as a universal language and those people who do not comprehend it often f
The Boston University (BU), its students, and its educators could benefit from a resource-focused website. Such a website would offer students membership-based access to all the materials that are required for their studying, including books, articles, and other helpful sources. Educators could also employ this website for creating bundles of course materials. Overall, this approach would facilitate learning and educating, which is why the creation of this website became the goal of a Scrum-facilitated project. As can be seen from multiple sources on Scrum, sprint planning is a crucial aspect of this framework (Ashraf, and Aftab 20; Streule et al. 270). So far, the BU website team has been taking sprint planning very seriously, but as some cooperation problems were identified, its approach to the task may benefit from a revision. For the completion of the BU website, three sprints have been planned. They include the creation of a prototype of the website, the integration of the website into BU’s student resources, and the design of a membership program and policies for it. Each of these sprints was supposed to involve the revision, improvement, and addition of website features. However, for these sprints to be successful, appropriate planning was necessary. The BU website team approached its Scrum activities very seriously. By the time of sprint planning, the iterative process of product backlog updating had already been launched, which is a requirement for the rest of Scrum actions (Ashraf, and Aftab 17, 20). Furthermore, all the team members were aware of Scrum, its features, and the aim of sprint planning. The primary shared objective was understood as the development of sprint backlogs (that were supposed to be based on the product one). Furthermore, the objectives included a review of available resources, an estimation of the planned workload, and a detailed negotiation of timelines and task specifics. All these objectives and activities were chosen with the help of Scrum literature, and they reflect the elements of regular sprint planning (Streule et al. 271). As a result, it can be claimed that the team was ready for its sprint planning. The activity was very well-structured, and all the participants generally cooperated. The meeting started with a recounting of the objectives of the sprint planning, proceeded to ensure their
Not long time ago, such words as ‘a mother’ and ‘a war’ were too far from each other. Males have to go to combats and defend our land, and females have nothing to do but stay at home, bring up children, and wait their men. With time, everything is changed. To see a woman at combats or running helicopters – all this s not that surprising. Women have already proved that they can do lots of things and be rather useful for their motherlands. Brining up children and cooking are not their only duties; they are able to do the things that men cannot even think about. Anne Applebaum (2008), in her article “When Women Go to War”, says that the idea of women in combats is over after certain events, which happen to two female sailors, however, the idea concerning women in the military will be always open. Women have the right to serve their countries, but, at the same time, they have a kind of obligation to give birth to children and bring them up properly; this is why single mothers should not be sent into combats in order to provide our generation with bright and respectable future. Anne Applebaum (2008) confirms that lots of women are eager to be a part of the military and participate into combats. She says that nowadays, the American military suggest numerous choices for women and men concerning their education and training. If a woman decided to spend a certain period of time serving her country, such points as possible pregnancy should not bother her. If a woman does not have children and wants to be useful, it is quite possible to participate in different kinds of combats in men’s company. However, if a woman has a child, especially a little child, who needs care, love, and support, sending mothers into combats sounds ridiculous and unfair. One the one hand, some people may dispute that mother just hide behind their children in order to be in safe. However, a real mother will never hide in such a way. Mother’s feelings are always frank and kind. Mothers should protect their children, and it is impossible, if they are apart. On the other hand, women have the same rights as men have, and participation into combats is something they can try any time. Sorry to say, but lots of mother are eager to leave their children in order to serve their country and be in equal rights to men. In fact, it is very difficult to analyze why some women are eager to stay at home and spend lots of time with their families or at work, and why other women just cannot wait to serve their country. To my mind, women is combat is something not necessary. In fact, combats are unnecessary as well, but unfortunately, the absence of conflicts and combats is impossible for our world. It looks like people just have to have some quarrels and misunderstandings in order to have purpose for
The focus of healthcare provision is shifting towards the health of collective communities. A community health nurse therefore must be able to assess the healthcare needs of people from a particular community by carrying out a study, which will uncover information about their communal well being. Population Economic Status Assessment Racial /Ethnic Group  Percentage of poor African American      34.8               Hispanic              3.6                Native Hawaiian       10%                White                 7.5                Other                 10.5                The population of the surveyed area is fairly multi ethnic and multiracial. Therefore, the health needs of this community are diverse because of the differences in economic status and health indicators. Even a small difference in income has a direct influence on the accessibility of healthcare services within the community. The African American racial group is likely to experience high incidents of community health problems because of the barriers that exist within it, which are related to their inability to afford healthcare. Maternal health and limited access to medical insurance are some of the common issues that affect the African American population. The white racial group also experiences severe health conditions because a large number of Whites are among the aged. Neighborhood Community Safety Inventory Neighborhood or community assessed Safety Hazards in the Natural Environment The safety hazards within the community were found to be diverse and spread out. There were low levels of air pollution but the level of water pollution was found to be significant. The extent of natural radiation was estimated to be less than 5% and the most common forms of pollutants consisted of discharged waste from homes. The hot weather conditions were found to cause skin problems even though wild animals did not pose a big risk as disease carriers. Sun burn is a real danger to the people especially those that have most of their
Introduction   * It is one of the leading rail transport companies in US.   * It deals with freight intermodal shipments, transportation of minerals such as coal, Iron Ore and Coke.   * It also deals with transportation of cars, car parts, and lumbers.   * The company has transportation services for commuters both long distance and short distance.   * NS Corp has 4 different types of railways:       + Norfolk and Western Railway;       + Southern Railway;       + Conrail and Pocahontas Land Corporation.   * It has a vision to efficiently and effectively transport Cargo while expanding to different areas of the world.   * It maintains its competitive advantage through good management and Innovation.       + An example is the newly developed Green Machine which aimed at sustainable development which had three innovative objectives           o To improve the economy;           o To consider the people;           o To reduction of carbon emissions.   * The company contributes to the economy and the people through the following:       + The Economy           o Through improving the rail transport system, the company improves on its revenues;           o This improves the economy.       + The people           o Norfolk has a consumer oriented strategy;           o Customers get what they want at the right time in the right place and at agreed terms and conditions;           o The company also ensures environmental safety by reduction of carbon emissions. History   * It was started in 1838 by William Mahone.   * Initially it was South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Co in 1833.   * Was bought is1881 by E.W Clark and CO then expanded to West Virginia, Columbus, Cincinnati, Durham and Winston-Salem.   * Formed the Southern Railway through a merger between East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia and Richmond & Danville system Railroads in 1884.   * In 1901, NW Railway Company acquired Pocahontas Coal and Coke Company.   * 1939 it became Pocahontas Land Corporation.   * Merged into NW in 1959.   * Expanded further under the leadership of Samuel Spencer.   * Central Georgia became part of it in 1963.   * In 1968 it became Penn Central after merging with their largest competitor, New York Central.   * Filed bankruptcy in 1970.   * Joined by Norfolk Southern railway in 1974. Marketing Strategy   * The company developed a consumer focused marketing strategy.   * This strategy focuses on consumer preferences, needs and ensures satisfaction.   * It has different business groups that operate under different management to achieve its goals.   * Each group has to develop the consumer focused strategy.   * This strategy is dependent on the business group.   * In this paper, the coal group is given as an example.   * Norfolk Southern Corporation’s Coal Group       + Is divided in three functional areas:           o Coal transportation services account management,           o Marketing, sales and other commercial matters,           o Planning and management of Coal resource development
The biggest problem prevalent at my workplace is “Group-think”. This term was coined by Janis who articulated that groupthink occurs when the group acts as a cohesive whole and attempts to make consensus among the group by ignoring a rational decision (Edman, 2014). My work team seems to be suffering with this social phenomenon since I usually notice them ignore practical alternatives just because they want to agree with each other. This is a serious problem at my workplace because it works against the organisation’s well-being and dehumanizes other groups working on the same project. I believe that my group suffers from this problem because most of the members hail from the similar academic background, they tend to insulate themselves from the opinions of the other groups and I have also noticed that the lack of clear-decision making rules usually leaves my group directionless. Being the group-lead, it is my duty to address this problem which I would like to explore further in the upcoming units. The biggest challenges that I must deal with while addressing this problem would be illusion of unanimity of the group members, the need for self-censorship and the groups desire to self-appoint mind-guards. According to Sunstein and Hastie (2015), illusion of unanimity occurs when the judgment of minority is considered unanimous. Self-censorship, on the other hand, takes place when the group members are reluctant to share deviations and doubts from the group. The members appoint self-guards when they deem to protect the leader or the group from the problematic set of information (Sustein & Hastie, 2015). In my organisation’s context, it would be a challenging task to convince my group that expressing a deviant opinion is beneficial for the organisation. A valuable critic must be accepted and rewarded and a moderator from outside the group may help to elicit varying opinion from the group members. While writing this persuasive essay to target the menace of groupthink, I figured out that the social scientists were divided on the methods to deal with this problem. The data was contradictory and complex and therefore it was challenging to seek solution for this problem from the academic sources. Therefore, based on my experience in the area of team-building and choosing the most adaptable solutions to this problem, the solutions stated above have been chosen.