ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A family stress theory is a social abstract that tends to explain the observations concerning family strains, which have occurred over the years. In fact, this is considered as a critical aspect of the social life (Babbie, 2004). Like most theories in nursing, family stress theory is an explanation of observations concerning family conducts that can be used to design clinical intervention strategies, predict the behavior and guide further health studies. Even though stress theories are relatively new and still evolving, it has been widely applied in the social, psychological, psychiatric and healthcare intervention strategies (Babbie, 2004). Stress theories consist of the individual and the family anxiety presumptions. However, the individual, family models, and stress management frameworks are applied and remain critical in most family strain-management interventions (Babbie, 2004). The history of the model Various studies on the strain concept have advanced overtime in the domestic arena. The evolution in the study of the family strains and the emergence of the family stress theory has led researchers to divide the family strain preposition into four distinct eras (Babbie, 2004). Even though the stages are distinct, the models are closely related and developed from one stage to the other. Both the family and individual stress theories began in the 1920s with researchers particularly concerned with the strains that affected both the individuals and families. The stress theories were developed through researchers in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, anthropology, and sociology (Babbie, 2004). However, its application span across various fields including health sciences. The first era in the development of the family stress theory started with the studies in the 1920s and ended in the development of the assumption in the mid-1940s (Babbie, 2004). The first era of the family stress theory is associated with the works of Angel in 1936, Cavan and Ranck in 1938, Koos in 1946 and Hill in 1949 (Babbie, 2004). The researchers established different stresses affecting families resulting from the economic changes (Babbie, 2004). The second era in the development of family stress theory was advanced via the works of Hill in 1958. In the study, Hill developed the ABCX model, which became the foundation of the current family stress theory. During the second era most of the researches revolved around testing the Hill’s ABCX model (Babbie, 2004). In the third era, the focus of t
Introduction In any given institution, there must be one individual who exercises his authority over his subjects. The same applies to the government. Various nations all over the world have been recognized to be having a government that comprises of the members of parliament plus the overall advisor who is the president. Presidents in different countries have nearly all of their responsibilities similar (Cooper, 15). The only thing that can differentiate them is the way of ruling. Some leaders have been noticed to be ruling democratically while others have been known to exercise their duties autocratically. This article will concentrate on the autocratic part of the ruling. Dictatorship in essence is a form of ruling in which a nation is governed by an individual who rules in tyranny. This kind of ruling is always considered by most people as an unlawful way of exercising his power. This article seeks to elucidate widely and fully on dictatorship with special emphasis on the presidency (Horn, 15). Explanations on presidential dictatorship Individuals who rule in a dictatorship are mostly referred to as dictators or rather a tyrant. These are persons who are considered to be full of cruelty, arrogant, and irrational too. He is a person who lacks esteem for other people’s rights. A single president, governing a nation has always had a mentality of forcing new rules on his subjects. They are believed to be taking advantage of nearly all of the citizens’ freedom (Bychowski, 15). Currently, dictatorship has been said to refer to a system of total ruling in which most of the citizen’s rights are not catered for in the law governing them. Dictatorship generally entails all the negative impacts imparted to the citizens as a result of a poor system of ruling by the president. Most of the information entailed in the booklet of law governing the citizens is usually in favor of the president. In a dictatorship, nearly the entire constitution, some other political as well as social factors within the state are denied access by the citizens. Former leaders’ perception Up to date, dictatorship has been practiced by the majority of the leaders all over the world. Despite several pleas from the citizens to quit the behavior, most of them still practice this weird behavior today. From the system of governments these leaders used in governing their people before they were referred to as tyrants, we can be able to emerge with the various techniques of explaini
In the early 1900s, the prohibition movement used a modified Four Mile law to gradually ban the sale of alcohol in Tennessee. By 1907, alcohol in Tennessee was only available in underground bars. Political life in Tennessee has been characterized by a confrontation between the crumbling Bourbon Democrats and Prohibition Democrats. A notable figure of this time was Edward W. Carmack, member of the House of Representatives and senator from Tennessee in 1901-1907. While being a Bourbon Democrat, Carmack participated in the 1907 governor elections as a prohibitionist and eventually lost to Malcolm R. Patterson. Having returned to journalism, Carmack criticized Patterson and his supporters, one of whom killed Carmack in a duel. In 1909, as a result of a prohibitionist public campaign, a statewide prohibition act was adopted. Thus, Patterson lost credibility, and Republican Ben Hooper, who promoted liquor laws, became the next governor. Despite this, cities such as Nashville and Memphis were opposed to prohibition measures – their mayors, Hilary Howse and Edward Crump, openly stood against Hooper. Howse and Crump patronized saloons and brothels and gained popularity among their townspeople for voicing their views against prohibition. In 1913 and 1915, measures were taken to introduce stricter Prohibition. The new governor Thomas C. Rye adopted the “Ouster Law”, according to which officials could be removed from office in case of refusal to impose a dry law. Howse and Crump were fired – however, the latter remained in politics for many years. The next step towards tightening Prohibition was the adoption of new laws in 1917, followed by the closure of all saloons. Finally, with the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919, the Tennessee prohibitionists diminished in activity but did not disappear altogether. In general, Prohibition was initially unable to eliminate the production and use of alcohol in the state. Prohibition greatly influenced the structural integrity of the Democratic Party, gave way to new political figures, and allowed bootlegging, moonshining, and underground bars to develop. It is hard to classify this debate in the ranks of the Democratic party as only morality-driven. It can be seen that some of the politicians who prepared the ground for the Prohibition originally were against it, as was Edward W. Cormack. In other words, supporting the prohibition on the federal level was a popular idea among many people, and it helped to score political points. The is
Use details to fuel mission or purpose of the essay can never be overemphasized. Writers use details to communicate effectively with readers. This helps writers creatively use language and adopt other skills of writing like use of similes to compare concepts to effectively communicate with readers. Use of details also makes essays appealing to the reader and is a way of motivating the reader to continue reading the essay. Anastasia Toufexis, in her essay, “Love: The Right Chemistry” page 136 of the study book used in class, adopts diagrams to elaborate her subject. This is an instance where details have been used to communicate with the reader. The diagram backs up the details in the essay about how people develop a feeling of love. The main point in the essay is that a feeling of love originates from hormones produced by various parts of the brain to ensure that couples can stay together to conceive and keep their young ones. The historical detail in the same essay where anthropologists studied feeling of love in African plains informs the reader that she wrote the essay after doing a comprehensive research on the subject. Through out the essay, Anastasia gives the reader both a biological and social perspective to her subject. This gives the topic a broader view making her essay acceptable by people from all backgrounds. In organizations, non profit institutions like orphanages would seek to keep as many homeless children in the home as possible and they could achieve this by seeking for donations and aid. The organization leadership should therefore give details to fuel inspiration among employees so that employees’ engagements within the organization are in line with the mission or purpose of the organization. Use of details to fuel mission or purpose is not limited to organizations but also to personal statements. By using details in personal statements, individuals demonstrate understanding of their vision and how much they are willing to go to achieve their vision. Personal mission statements are different from mission statements because they relate to an individual and not an organization. Personal statements are also as many as there are different people. The differences originate in different personalities and aims different people have in life. Specific features of a personal statement could include career objectives, interests in education, and expectations in life, dreams and visions. Normally, personal statements are simple and clear and demonstrate an individual’s aim in life. However, when they are put on an application letter, curriculum vitae or resume, they should show relevance with the organization or college they are being sent to. This makes drafters of personal statements to put the reader in mind while writing them. For example, a student with a mission statement like “Learning in an institution which will sharpen my ski
Introduction The practice of foot binding in China can be traced back to the Sung Dynasty that prevailed between 960-1280 AD, supposedly as an imitation of an imperial concubine who was required to perform a dance for the emperor with her feet bound, an act, which the emperor regarded as beautiful. Later, the practice was already widespread in China. In some communities and social groups, it was made mandatory for young girls at the age of 3 years to have their feet bound. It was not until the 20 th century during the end imperialism and the increasing western influence that the culture ceased to be practiced (Cummings, Ling, & Stone, 1997). It was banned. Besides the painful ordeal that the girls had to go through, the practice left most women in their later stages of life partially and completely disabled (Wilson, 2013). In the past century, China has made remarkable progress in eradicating the practice of foot binding through persistent collaboration between the government and activist groups such as Anti- Foot Binding Society to promote women civil liberty so that the rights of women can be recognized an upheld. Literature Review The History of Foot Binding in China and how the Process was carried out Foot binding is believed to have obtained inspiration from an imperial dancer named Yao Niang who the emperor ordered to bind her feet while dancing for him. The custom would later find its way to other parts of China and later enforced as a mandatory practice for all young girls upon reaching the age of three. This process was painful for the young girls. Most of them found it difficult to dance and even walk normally. A small foot in ancient China was viewed under the same spectra of a tiny waist in the Victorian England. It was perceived as a height of the female gender’s refinement. The practice extended to the marriage sphere where it was used as a determinant of the marriageability of daughters. In this respect, the value of a bride was measured in terms of her feet size. According to Amanda (2015), a bride who possessed a three-inch foot was deemed the most sought-after and thus referred as a ‘golden lotus’. If a woman had four-inch feet, she was also deemed reputable and thus labeled a ‘silver lotus’. However, if she had five inches or longer, she was dismissed under terms such as ‘iron lotus’ (Amanda, 2015). To begin this process, the girls’ feet were plunged into a pool of hot water where their nails were clipped short. This process was followed by massaging of the feet with oil before breaking all the toes except for the big toe. The toes were then bound flat against the sole to create a triangular shape. Subsequently, the girl’s arch was strongly restrained to bend her foot. Finally, the toes were bound in place using a strip of silk that measured about ten feet in length and almost two inches thickness. The wrappings were then briefly removed for two days to prevent any infe
Abstract Currently, the amount of literature that is still being researched concerning the cognitive functioning-aging relationship is increasing at such a fast pace that it is gradually becoming difficult not only to assimilate all the new findings but to also to tell the difference on whether or not progress is being made in the process of shading more light on the fundamental issues concerning cognitive aging. Given that research on issues of cognitive aging is rapidly increasing in different directions, cognitive research is now made up of numerous topics that contain a wide range of subtopics one of which entails the study of the relationship between the human brain’s functional plasticity and cognitive aging. The brain of an adult human being has the capability of undergoing plastic changes and this research paper will examine different works of literature that cover the relationship between functional plasticity and cognitive aging. Introduction When talking about an aging mind, the common mental dimensions that come to mind are a range declining human cognitive abilities including attention, processing speed, learning, memory, and reaction time, just to mention but a few. The aforementioned deterioration in the functioning of the brain has led to a perspective that is commonly referred to as the “wear and tear” hypothesis of cognitive decline due to aging (Aldwin and Gilmer, 2004). According to this perspective, the brain’s activities simply wear down as an individual advance age-wise. The observed anatomical and consequent functional changes occur naturally in any biological organism or mechanical machine that has been in operation for a lengthy time and therefore, the natural conclusion of the tear and wear hypothesis is that it not only normal but also irreversible and inevitable to decline in cognitive activities. While it is rather obvious that the brain’s physical aging plays a vital role in age-related cognitive decline, it is increasingly becoming lucid that the inevitable physical deterioration associated with an aging brain cannot completely account for the numerous changes in brain functioning that is observed in adults especially the aged ones (Friedan, 1993). The common association of the aging mind with widespread and cognitive decline is slowly sidelined owing to the recognition that some aging individuals maintain their mental acuity well into very advanced ages. Recent findings by scientific researchers are providing a growing number of reasons that tend to suggest that there are ways through which older individuals can be assisted to maintain more of their cognitive functions into later years. Research has revealed that the adult human brain has, in fact, a much higher capacity for plasticity that had been believed before given that it still grows new dendrites and maybe, even new neurons. Moreover, an adult brain is known
Introduction Detox (detoxification) entails processes of therapeutic or psychotherapeutic treatment, for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and such drugs as cocaine, heroin, or amphetamines (Brizer & Castaneda 2010). Its intention and main aim are to enable the patient to completely stop the toxic substance abuse, in order to avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and physical consequences that can be caused, especially by extreme abuse (Ries, 2009). Basically, the main goal is to make the patient realize the bad influence of such habits and to help one to cope with this or that form of abuse. There are two treatment options for drug or alcohol detox: inpatient and outpatient. These two programs can provide an essential level of care to achieve long-term recovery which is really important from the perspective of healthcare. These two sets of treatments have been noted to have in them several variances which make them more or less suitable for a patient’s needs, depending on their level and length of dependence on it (Ries, 2009). They aim at reducing psychosomatic dependency by trying to engage the addict in new ways and means of getting along and adopting in a drug-free environment. It is recommended that the patient learns and fully understands their most appropriate program and is ready to accept it at all costs (Maremmani 2007). They urged to learn all these with the help of a qualified professional group, qualified people, who know the best approaches and the ways of getting to the roots of the problem with the possible solutions and corresponding help. The following is a well-outlined account of both the inpatient and outpatient treatment. Inpatient detox This treatment can also be referred to as domiciliary or a residential cure program where patients are put in a facility that is isolated and drug-free and the patient’s daily activities are monitored (Pettinati, 2008). During the inpatient detoxification program, patients are medically managed 24-hours per day and participate in a daily program designed to increase their understanding of their addiction and continuing care needs (Blanco 2007). At this stage, it is necessary to make the patient realize the seriousness of the addiction and the consequences it may lead to. Management of co-occurring disorders can be initiated as indicated (Claus, 2007). Inpatient detox involves a safe, supportive, and medically-managed detoxification environment, removed from alcohol and other drugs. Inpatient care centers provide respectful, individualized, confidential treatment medical history review, physical screening and bio-behavioral valuation interaction with important others, (employer, and other treating professionals), the assessment and management of co-occurring disorders, and also professional assistance in recognizing the physical, social and psychological consequences of alcohol/drug use (Ctrang, 2011). Outpatient detox This form of cure or treat
Introduction Nurses have the primary responsibility of ensuring that their patients are well attended to while they are admitted in hospitals. However, sometimes the patients may feel that they have not been attended to as per their expectations (Lighter, 2011). This may be because of the negligence of some of the hospital employees, over the expectations of the patients, or any other reason that tend to make them feel that they deserve more than what is offered to them (Means & Rankin, 2010). The best way of determining whether or not a patient is satisfied is to create a Patient Complaint Lodge System that allows the patients to communicate with relevant authorities to express their dissatisfaction. In order for the system to work effectively, there should be a flow of activities, from the time the patient lodges the complaint, to the time his or her problem is addressed by the relevant authority (Sharma & Sharma, 2007). In this study, the focus is to create a flowchart that describes the patient complaint lodge system. The Patient Complaint Lodge System Flowchart As the name suggests, this flowchart seeks to describe the specific activities involved when a patient makes a complaint. According to Siegler, Mirafzali and Foust (2003), sometimes the complaints made by the patients fail to reach the relevant authorities because of poor communication systems. In such cases, the problem of the patient may not be addressed because the officers who should be addressing them do not receive the information (Sower, Duffy & Kohers, 2008). This is what the researcher seeks to address by developing this flowchart of specific activities involved in this process. The diagram below shows a simple flowchart that should be followed by the officer responsible for this department whenever a patient lodges any complaint. The Activities Involved at the Above Processes Initiation of the process The first process in this system is the initiation of the communication which starts off the process. This first step is done by the patient who may not be satisfied with the services offered. The relevant technological equipment may be a phone or a messaging system (Andersen & Galloway, 2008). There are no strict policies on how complaints should be made. The organization should allow the patients to make complaints any time they feel dissatisfied. To execute the step, the patient must have a valid complaint. Receiving the communication The process of receiving the complaints is specifically meant for the nurse in charge. She will need a messaging system and a phone to make the direct communication with the patients. The policy guiding this process is that it is only the nurse in charge who is on duty that is allowed to execute the process (Kavaler, Alexander & Kavaler, 2014). In order to execute this process, the nurse in charge must ensure that the message comes through a recognized channel. Determining the identity of the patient and reason