ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The quality and success of projects depend on a management strategy that enables project selection to be prioritized and project development phases remain focused and aligned with project goals (Brown n.d p.1). To achieve that, the performance of each project development phase, tasks, and sub-tasks are continuously evaluated against established standards and benchmarks. If the project development team adheres to a set of proven project selection and implementation criteria, it is possible to develop a project which is aligned to an organization’s corporate strategy. Based on that, the project remains focused on value and managers ensure a balance between risks and project value. The project is always compliant to different standards and regulations, is always focused to achieve its priorities, and achieves the required goals. It is important for project managers to ensure the project remains aligned to strategy, properly planned, executed according to project requirements, and provides measurable results to enable project teams to assess project compliance. It is important to integrate the core operating processes to be able to achieve optimal utilization of resources and to make valuable contributions. Valuable contributions to projects are based on specific and well-defined project goals which operate on project portfolio management best practices (Brown n.d p.1). PPM goals It is important to clearly define project goals to ensure that the project under consideration benefits from effective planning. It is important to note that PPM managers use project goals to aligned projects to organizational strategy, create effective communication practices, balance risk across all projects, provide a disciplined approach to project selection, resource allocation, effective project governance, and prioritize project proposals. To achieve that, project goals should be well defined to provide an effective project development guideline (Brown n.d p.1). The goals help PPM managers to allocate organizational resources efficiently and to ensure that projects with low value to the organization are removed from the list of prioritized projects
Drugs constituting psychopharmacological classes are of various types. Although their therapeutic potential has contributed to the treatment of mental illnesses, there is a risk of side effects. As such, their usage may need to be monitored. In certain instances, these drugs are subjected to misuse by many individuals who fall victims to the practice of addiction. This would lead to serious consequences for the users and society as a whole. So, the present description is concerned with highlighting a psychoactive drug known as 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MMDA) in a similar context. This drug is a synthetic amphetamine analog and was believed to be recreationally used to obtain a psychological effect of increased affiliative emotional response on the name of ‘Ecstasy’ (El-Mallakh & Abraham, 2007). This drug is reported to possess a complicated mechanism of action. It mainly exerts its effect by facilitating the release of serotonin from neuron terminals where it increases the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) (www.neurotransmitter.net). This protein kinase activity enables the efflux of serotonin from serotonin transporters at plasma membranes, decreases the influx of inward transport, and internalizes the cell-surface serotonin transporters. In higher doses, MDMA prevents the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine by binding directly to the transporters (www.neurotransmitter.net). MDMA-enabled serotonin increase was reported to result from presynaptic PKC activation and serotonin transporter inhibition. This serotonin increase may contribute to postsynaptic PKC activation via serotonin 5-HT2 type receptors (www.neurotransmitter.net). The activated PKC may play a mediator role in increasing extracellular dopamine and norepinephrine levels and could support the release of monoamines through mechanisms not involving monoaminergic transporters. Serotonin increased at postsynaptic serotonergic receptors may contribute to the release of other neurotransmitters. The monoamine efflux induced by MMDA is due to its vesicle-depleting effect. Neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin get redistributed by the MDMA inhibitory effect on vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) that prevents monoamine uptake into vesicles and reduces the amine uptake concerned transmembrane pH difference. MDMA was also reported to exert its agonistic effect at TA1 considered as a trace amine receptor. Therefore, MDMA executes its vital function through these pathways. The next aspect to focus on is its application. MDMA’s clinical usefulness in psychotherapy relies on its ability to treat PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) and terminally ill cancer patients. It may induce increased feelings of empathy and acceptance, depersonalization-pleasurable loosening of ego boundaries, and decreases aggressiveness and defensiveness. As these feelings are commonly encountered in individuals with cognitive impairments, it can be assumed that MDMA may become a useful drug for correcting Psychological defects. MDMA was grouped under the class of stimulatory hallucinogenics and was reported t
Buddhism is a religion which preaches way of life. It is not a structure of doctrine or temples. It is not obtained by mystical or provisional experience, and is not only a religion of qualified people. Although it is natural experience evident in everyday life, and is for every human being in spite of ideology, personality, or status. This clarifies that Buddhist has an immense impact on the Japanese people in various phases of life. Mahayana Buddhism covers extensive sorts of philosophical schools, meditative regulations and metaphysical convictions. Buddhism has subsisted along with Shintoism for around 1,400 years in Japan. Initially, Buddhism was a belief that was connected with the upper classes, whereas a combination of Shinto and Buddhist convictions were followed by ordinary people of Japan. Buddhism ascribed with Shintoism created purity, and cleared all internal and external issues. When Buddhism entered the borders of Japan, then the people started using the term Shinto to differentiate the indigenous beliefs of Japanese people. Japanese were fortunate people, as they got the Mahayana form of Buddhism. It is a highly tolerant religion, and is capable of accepting new thoughts and creates bonds with other beliefs and religions. To accommodate with Shintoism the Japanese Buddhism made slight additions (Hays). Shinto was enlightened as a kind of local evidence of complete truth and kami were incorporated as a common form of Buddhist divinities. Shintoism made Buddha a kami that was created from Chinese Buddhism and made kamis subject to the similar sequences such as death or rebirth that was a belief of Buddhists. Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples were also constructed near each other, so there should be no arguments between the religious beliefs. Kamis had to listen to Buddhist sutras and later they were considered as embodiments of Bodhisattvas. With the help of these conceptions, the Japanese Buddhist initiated many of the new ideas in the Shintoism and Confucianism, and is now considered as corresponding versions of the similar basic truth. It has achieved a wide acceptance among the Japanese (Hays). Today in Japan, there are approximately 119 million followers of Shinto, and any person who performs any approach of Shinto rituals is counted as well. A wide range of Japanese people who are taking part in everyday Shinto and Confucian rituals and beliefs are also following Buddhist forerunner worship. Buddhism, Confucianism and Shintoism do not require practicing faith to be a practitioner or an advocate. In addition, it is also difficult to question for exact terms comprised on self identification of faith within Japan. Due to the mixed beliefs of Buddhism and Shinto, majority of “life” occasions are carried according to Shinto principles whe
At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States was one of the world’s leading and economically advanced countries. The US pace of growth was among the fastest as the volumes of production were large in the country. During the early 1920’s, the country’s position strengthened even more along with the development of the industrial output, the expansion of the fixed capital, and the increase in exports (Government Publishing Office). For this reason, the given historical period is named “the age of prosperity.” However, in 1929, the world economic crisis broke out and served as the beginning of an intense and protracted financial crisis throughout the capitalist world. The United States suffered the adverse consequences of the crisis most. The Great Depression of the 1930’s is the most significant economic crises in the history of the modern world and the United States, in particular. As stated by Keynes, during those years, the world was “in the middle of the greatest economic catastrophe” (Crafts and Fearon 285). Keynes also correctly foresaw that the given economic downturn would be regarded by future economists as a mark of “one of the major turning points” (Crafts and Fearon 285). If the beginning time of the Great Depression is known precisely, its ending is rather blurry. It is believed that the crisis ended in 1933, and the remaining years until the end of that decade were a way out of it. Therefore, many people consider the whole period during the 30’s as the time of the Great Depression. The victory over the crisis became possible due to a system of reforms implemented by the US government under Franklin D. Roosevelt, who came to power in the spring of 1933. The New Deal comprising a series of programs aimed to respond to the crisis is an excellent example of a successful exit from the deepest global financial turmoil. To understand why it was effective, it is essential to review the major causes of the Great Depression. Causes of the Great Depression Until now, economists have not come to a consensus on the origins of the Great Depression. Nowadays, a large number of theories on this subject exist. It is possible to say that the severe economic crisis emerged as a result of the combination of factors. They will be briefly discussed in the given paragraph. Trying to identify causes of the crisis, many scholars make an emphasis on such a factor as the insufficiency of the money supply. During that period, the volume of printed money was correlated with the
Three major central lessons in preparing and strengthening a leader’s judgment The first central lesson is that a leader should understand the enemy. In McNamara’s chronicles, it becomes clear that it is important for a leader, when preparing and strengthening his/her judgment particularly in the area of crisis and conflict, to empathize with the enemy. For instance, McNamara notes that the Soviet Union expressed its willingness to withdraw its missiles from Cuba if the US promised not to invade (Holden 48). However, the Soviet Union immediately indicated that it would respond forcefully to any US attacks, thus placing President Kennedy in a conundrum. However, Tommy Thompson, the then American ambassador to Russia, persuaded President Kennedy not to attack, as failure to attack would prompt Krushev to withdraw missiles from Cuba, and thus boast of saving Cuba from American attack. Such a move amounts to empathizing with one’s enemies by reading their motives and minds. The second key lesson is to maximize efficiency. During a crisis, a leader should focus on his/her strengths to reap maximum returns on any decision made. For instance, McNamara was solely responsible for the massive bombings of Japan during his command at the 58 th Bomb Wing flying planes. The US had the opportunity of crippling Japan using aerial bombings and McNamara seized this opportunity, maximized on its efficiency, and bombed Japan, which ultimately placed the US at an advantage in the war. Thirdly, the last central lesson is that one cannot change human nature. Conventionally, the Fog of War exposes the view that human nature is complex and this aspect complicates the nature of the crisis. McNamara notes that wars will continue to occur courtesy of the complicated nature of human beings and thus leaders preparing and strengthening their judgment during a crisis should appreciate this aspect. McNamara’s strengths and weaknesses as a leader One of McNamara’s strengths is that he was a strategic leader. For instance, he commended Tommy Thompson’s efforts to convince President Kennedy not to invade Cuba. Being a strategic leader, McNamara knew that an invasion would not move the country towards the right direction of restoring peace in Cuba (Shapley 249). In addition, McNamara’s strong education background and experience amount to leadership strength. Being an assistant professor at the prestigious Harvard University was a plus to his strengths as a leader. Finally, the last outstanding McNamara’s leadership strength is the ability to think critically through a crisis. For instance, concerning the Gulf of Tonkin incident, amongst the many generals, McNamara is the only person who b
Unions are regarded as associations that bargains with other companies, enterprises and other relations on behalf of their members. They range from those trade unions that negotiate for the workers that perform certain work, to industrial unions that negotiates for workers who belong to a certain industry (Waterwal in Work para. 3). Although Labor unions play an important role in ensuring employees security and higher pays in their jobs, they have proved to negatively affect the overall economy. This is because they aggravate unemployment, reduced industrial expansion and promote large racial inequality in income. Unions affect the labor environment in two ways which include controlling the labor supply and increasing its demand. Some of the mechanisms used by labor unions to ensure that the salaries and wages of their members are increased include: push for an increase for the minimum wages. This translates to an increased cost on the labor for those companies that hire low-skilled work force. This minimizes the disparity between the wages that is paid on the lowly-skilled with that is paid to the highly skilled (. Radlciff para 2) As a result of this, the highly skilled workforces often forced to join labor unions so that they can negotiate on their behalf for an increase of their wages. Similarly, they can achieve the same by augmenting the marginal productivity of its members through training so that to have base for negotiating for an increment of their wages. With the advancement in globalization and existence of a very effective e business that is enabling people to purchase different products and services online globally and at a lower cost, many people and companies are opting for the e commerce. This has been boosted by the highly fluctuated prices of locally produced commodities as a result of the increased cost of production due to the high wages paid on workers. To discourage this trend many unions are restricting such behavior by imposing quotas and tariffs to control importations. This then increases demand of local products that consequently increases the demand of domestic demand. They control labor also by lobbying for tight immigration rules. This makes it difficult for foreigners to migrate into these countries. These mostly affect the low skilled work force. Through these mechanisms labor unions are able to achieve their objective of controlling labor supply so that to ensure that they hike wages. This has resulted to the labor unions affecting the economy negatively through the following way: Labor unions have been noted to increase the unemployment rate. This is because labor unions are known to decrease the labor supply in the market. They do so through the restrictions they put on various sectors on the kind of pe
Abstract This paper will find out if the collaboration of Media Specialist, Teachers and Administration affects student achievement. It will survey a focus group of 10 students and 2 of their teachers to find out if the use of multi-media in classroom as well as consultation with the media specialist affects student achievement in senior high school. Other supporting data shall be included that will outline the relevance of the use of multi-media not only in the teaching but also in the learning process. Introduction Over the years, the role of a librarian has evolved so that the arrival of new materials and various forms of medium aside from the most traditional of them all which is books, has allowed the changes inside the campus library as well as the responsibilities of a librarian. The need for closer understanding and expertise of the library content has become so enormous it could be daunting and overwhelming. Previously, it was the librarian who was also was the media specialist, handling and cataloging of available resources delivered in the campus library. The librarian also assists the students and teachers in their query about which information or materials are available. But the advent of audio and visual materials has added bulk to the previously printed ones — books, then magazines, newsletters, and many other printed materials. The use of equipment as well as where and how to get materials which are considered valuable forms of teaching and learning resources became important, not only to the students but also to the teachers. In this scenario, it was inevitable that the media specialist’s role evolves, no longer limited as librarian but as media specialist who should know how to operate equipment and present data and information well to guide teachers, but also inspires learners or students. The role, however, did not end there. The media specialist has to know other details of the resourcing of information: how and where to get materials, which materials suits best the needs of teachers and students, as well as the emergence of new resource materials that is in keeping with trends in campuses and even workplaces, the better of which is to keep the learning populace competitive professionals in the nearest future possible. After years of working closely with students, teachers, and even the school administration, the media specialist has become a core figure in the campus: he or she has began to become a consultant to everyone, at t
ADA Act: Equal Opportunities to the Employees Individuals with disabilities should not be discriminated against with regards to application, job training, career advancement, and discharge (Jones, 2003).   * Neither the entities of public level, nor those of state level have the right to discriminate against the individuals with disabilities.   * Public accommodations should be equally accessible for all the individuals.   * Telecommunications services should be equivalent for all the consumers, including those with hearing disabilities. *The provisions of the act spread to the organizations with 15 or more employees (Mathis & Jackson, 2007). The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed in 1990 . It is regarded as a civil rights law aimed at protection of the rights of disabled people at work and in everyday activities (Miller & Holness, 1998). This act defines disability as “a physical and mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of a person’s major life activities” (Youngberg, 1998, p. 454). Since 1990, the Act has been modified and amended several times to ensure broader protections for the employees with disabilities. Considering the case study of Mary Ann, it may be stated that the ADA Acts proves to be quite effective. Mary Ann, a social worker, was denied in promotion because of her cancer history (a number of employees associate such history with absenteeism and other work-related problems: “For many cancer survivors, job discrimination is often worse than fighting the disease. It is estimated that 25 percent of survivors of cancer experience some form of job discrimination” (Yuen, Skibinsky, & Pardeck, 2003, p. 165). Mary Ann, one of such survivors, was denied in promotion to a supervisory position once the administrator learned about her cancer history. Mary Ann filed a discrimination complaint with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and, under the ADA Act, the commission concluded that discrimination did take place (Yuen et al., 2003). Discrimination in the Workplace: The Effects on Employees’ Motivation and Performance   * The level of stress which the employees are exposed to increases;   * Employees often start searching for new positions;   * Employees have less satisfaction with their jobs;   * Employees have decreased job commitment;   * Negative attitude towards job is developed;   * Individuals with disabilities develop psychological problems (Regmi, Naidoo, & Regmi, 2009). Discrimination in the workplace has a direct effect on the employees’ performance and, in the first place, motivation. The individuals that have poor motivation are unable to perform well. In the organizations where the employees with disabilities are not discriminated against, “employee self-esteem and motivation increase, and optimum performance levels benefit the employees and the company” (Spechler, 1996, p. 238). In the opposite case, lack of motivation and low self-esteem result in poor performance and dissatisfaction of the employee with the job. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow re
Introduction Globally, significant effort has been put to create vaccines against COVID-19. By February 2021, numerous vaccines had been authorized and implemented in several countries; some are undergoing clinical trials while others are in the pre-clinical stage (Shrotri et al. 590). Prioritization of healthcare personnel is a recurring aspect in COVID-19 vaccine distribution plans to date. Health care workers, including doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians, and others, should be prioritized in vaccine allocation since they are at a greater risk of contracting the virus. Immunization rates, on the other hand, have been low among health care personnel. The disparity between desired and actual vaccination rates raises the question of whether voluntary vaccination should be phased out, favouring mandatory immunization. As a result, this paper deliberates the importance of mandating the COVID-19 vaccine to health care works. Discussion The pandemic crisis has increased hospital staffing and resource constraints, highlighting the need to protect health care workers. Health care personnel are more likely than the general public to become infected with infectious illnesses. Immunization against the virus would safeguard health care works, act as a barrier to the spread of diseases, and keep healthcare services running during the pandemic (Emanuel and Skorton 1308). Due to this, healthcare facilities must have infection control measures, and many of them mandate the COVID-19 immunization for healthcare personnel. These institutions are legally and ethically obligated to provide a safe environment for their employees and patients. In addition, the widespread use of vaccines in health care facilities may minimize the scarcity of workers because they prevent hospitalizations. However, the pressure of working during the crisis could make COVID -19 vaccine obligations ineffective even among health personnel. Providing non-medical exemptions to mandates could help alleviate worries among health care workers. The health care professional societies must guide their members on the proper conduct and virtues of the therapeutic professions and satisfy the public’s anticipations. If health care workers appear to recommend vaccines for others while avoiding them for themselves, public confidence will be eroded. Furthermore, medical profess