ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Over the last decade, globalization has had numerous effects in the world of trade. Businesses have opened into new frontiers and as such, sales have increased leading to rise in profits. Internet has played a major role in ensuring that the world becomes a global village (Onkvisit and Shaw 134). In effects, international trade has increased in volume. Global economy is defined as the economy which is based on the economies of the countries of the world (Insitute of International Economics 14). It is based on the opportunities available worldwide. There are many economic activities that are carried out by various state economies in the world. These include all sources of revenue and expenditures by the different countries and includes both private and public economies. Objectives and structure of Intellectual property Intellectual property define the extent to which the owners of the property prevent others from any activity that may damage the property. This means that an intellectual property owner reserves the right to benefits derived from the property. The owner therefore, is at his/ her discretion to share to other parties the rights to enjoy the benefits of the intellectual property (Insitute of International Economics 25). When dealing with intellectual property rights on economies, it is more relevant to look at the intellectual property rights as rules that aim at regulating the competitions in static and dynamic terms rather than looking at intellectual property as legal mechanisms of creating monopolies (Keaveney 208). Patents There are several types of intellectual property. The most common intellectual property is Patent. Patent is a provision that gives the owner of the exclusive rights to make, sell, import, and use the name of the product without authorization for a period of time. It is usually the most powerful intellectual property instrument since it provides the owner with the rights to exclusive representation of the product (Swaminathan 154). This takes the form of goods, formulas, designs, and so on. The main protected subject matter of patent is the new, and non obvious industrial utility inventions. Many patents cover the manufacturing and the agricultural sectors. There are several international agreements that govern patents. These include Paris convention Patent Cooperation treaty, Budapest treaty, and Strasburg agreement. Examples of main pat
Harlem is the name of the neighborhood which consists of three Manhattan districts of New York City. The neighborhood is known as the center of the large African-American cultural community. The cultural growth of Harlem began in the early part of the 20th century when many black inhabitants of the community became known because of their literature and artworks. The period of the cultural boost in the 1920s is known as the ‘Harlem Renaissance’, but today the researchers also pay attention to the fact that Harlem develops actively, and significant changes are noticed in demographics, social and economic spheres (Maurrasse 31-32). It is possible to state that the beginning of the 21st century is significant for Harlem’s development because today the community experiences the new ‘Renaissance’ associated with the process of gentrification as a residential change characteristic for the urban territories. Thus, gentrification in Harlem during the period of 2000-2012 is characterized by changes in the community’s demographics, household income, and economy connected with the arrival of wealthier residents, increased investment, promoted economic and business activities, and changes in the factor of affordability which are supported with the relevant statistical data. Defining Gentrification and Affordability In order to analyze the processes and factors which characterize gentrification in Harlem, it is necessary to discuss it as a phenomenon typical for the urban territories. Gentrification can be defined as a specific change in the urban community which characterizes by the shift in the roles of poor and wealthy residents because wealthier residents begin to move into the community, develop businesses, influence the increase of property values, and often make the low-income families drive out (Zukin 47-48). As a result, there are obvious changes in the demographics of the community which are traditionally associated with economic growth and development. The population increases, its ethnic and social background can change, and the alternations in the economic life make the community members drive out because of the impossibility to adapt to the experienced changes. These persons cannot use the proposed services, infrastructure, and benefits of changes because of their low income and social status (Davidson 2385). The lack of affordability is a challenge associated with the gentrification process. Data Related to the Indicators of Gentrification in Harlem Harlem is divided into three parts known as West Harlem, Central Harlem, East Harlem, and these communities are correlated with Manhattan’s District 9, District 10, and District 11 accordingly. Harlem became an attractive destination for the urban resident
The First World War, as well as the Second World War, are regarded as the most devastating military conflicts in the history of humanity. The First World Ward is also known as the Great War. It was the first global conflict between Central Powers and Allied Powers. Austro-Hungarian Empire, Germany, and Ottoman Empire comprised Central Powers. Russia, France, Italy, and Great Britain were the primary forces of Allied Powers. World War I commenced in 1914 and ended in 1918. More than nine million people were killed during four years of war (“World War I” par. 1). More countries took part in World War II than in WWI, and its destructive outcomes were worse too. The primary aggressors of WWII were Germany, Italy, and Japan. France, Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States became Allies. WWI started in 1939 and lasted until 1945. The approximate number of deaths comprised more than fifty million (“World War II” par. 2). Numerous scientists have investigated the causes of both wars. In the following paper, Kenneth Waltz’s levels of analysis will be used for the comparison and contrast of causes of WWI and WWII. Kenneth Waltz was a founder of structural realism or neorealism who suggested three levels of analysis for the evaluation of causes of war in his book “Man, the State, the War”. The first level of analysis concerns particular individuals. Thus, wars can be caused by the specific intentions and behaviors of leaders. The second level deals with the examination of domestic factors that may cause war. The situation within the country, the existence and activities of pressure groups
The City of the Century: Chicago is a documentary which evaluates the transformation of Chicago city. It is about the development of the city from a swampy unoccupied town to a modern urban center. The film tells a story of its history and how it came to be transformed into one of the most developed cities not only in the United States but across the world. One of the key highlights of the movie is the economic changes which Chicago underwent during the period that it was transformed at. Besides, it also features the social, cultural, and political changes which resulted from the city’s development. It takes a viewer through the impacts of the developments on the lives of people who lived in Chicago and the Midwest region after the city’s overhaul (Youngquist, 2020a). This paper reviews part one, two, and three of the film noting down the key instances of change explored by the filmmaker. In part 1 of the film, the filmmaker focuses on the history of the city of Chicago. He explores the economic activities which used to take place in the urban center. In the earliest days of Chicago, it was just a mere undeveloped
Introduction As a philosophical issue, dealing with the Problem of Evil is fundamentally a matter of refining definitions. It means that the apparent contradiction between the existence of Go3d and the presence of Evil should be dissolves. It is important to consider those natures differently, do not try to create opposition between them. God is a rational being who acts in accordance with reason. Peter van Inwagen’s defense left ‘evil’ without attention and focused instead on modifying the God terms. This helps consider the world from the point of view of its creation by God as not a spiritual being, but as rational being who acts in accord with reason. God exists and he possesses the unique characteristics of omniscience, omnipotence, and omnibenevolence and to understand why evil exists. Problem of Evil The problem of evil is depicted in the following statement: If Go3d exists then how is it possible for evil to be present in the world. Being omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent, Go3d has the capacity to eliminate all cases of evil and provide happiness and goodness for all. It is possible to state that the existence of evil in the world helps us understand what happiness and goodness truly are. This influence human reasoning and is based on the opposition of these notions. Only having cognized what evil is, people are able to distinguish goodness. God’s characteristic features are aimed at helping people who have experienced evil to know what good. Only God’s omniscience, omnipotence, and omnibenevolence help him do what he has done, namely create this world. Omnipotence of God God is omnip
“Planet B-Girl: Community Building and Feminism in Hip-Hop” is the article written by Himanee Gupta-Carlson for New Political Science in 2010. The author aims at uniting hip-hop ideas with such issues as gender differences, political commitment, and the identification of personal ideals. It is necessary to comprehend that hip-hop is not just an ordinary music genre that unites people. Hip-hop is “an artistic form of protest” (Gupta-Carlson, 2010, p.515) with the help of which many b-boys and b-girls can demonstrate their attitudes, share their stories, and prove their life beliefs. However, even if hip-hop can be defined as a free movement of people (disenfranchised African Americans in particular), there are still a number of contradictions and concerns about the idea of gendering hip-hop spaces. The main idea of the article under analysis is the intentions of female hip-hop artists to prove their choices and demonstrate their abilities by using the same rights male hip-hop artists have already got. There is no need to underline the supremacy of women or identify their differences with men. There is only one big hope to use hip-hop as a chance to share personal stories, express and challenge personal ideals, and get access to a normal life that is so cherished by many women of Seattle. Gupta-Carlson (2010) underlines that hip-hop gives women a voice. At the same time, hip-hop itself is defined as a voice for those people, who might feel that they do not have a voice but want to be heard and create their own calls for action. The author’s position is powerful indeed as it provides people, both, men and women, with the belief that hip-hop is a good portion of motivation for people, who lose their sense of life, who want to find meaning, and who want to belong to a community sharing similar ideals and approaches. Using personal observations, interviews with Seattle citizens, and the stories told by different women, Gupta-Carlson admits that it is not enough for women to have jobs, earn m
Introduction Domestic violence is a concerning issue within the U.S. wherein statistics show that 1 in every 4 women will encounter some form of domestic violence within their lifetime (Get the Facts, 2014). On average, there are nearly 4 million cases of assault related to this issue yet only a small percentage of such cases truly get prosecuted (Domestic Violence: Statistics & Facts, 2014). Through the analysis of Breiding, Smith, Basile, Walters, Jieru & Merrick (2014), it was noted that immediate intervention is needed in such cases due to the long term psychological and physical damage that can occur over continued exposure to violent altercations at home. Psychological Issues Related to Intimate Partner Violence Victimhood One of the more common attributes of victims of domestic violence are instances where they feel that they deserve the abuse that they are receiving. Hatcher, Colvin, Ndlovu & Dworkin (2014) explain that this often comes about through a lack of self-esteem due to repeated psychological and physical abuse. The end result is that victims start to think that being abused is “normal” and that they merely have to put up with it. Such a state of affairs is further compounded by the social stigma surrounding domestic abuse victims which often results in them refusing to even acknowledge that they are victims. It is due to this that it is recommended that victims undergo some form of psychological counseling in order to help them deal with their lack of self-esteem and their belief that they deserve the punishment that they are getting. By addressing the emotional turmoil that they are going through, this helps to prevent future cases of depression, anxiety and stress which tends to manifest overtime the longer the abuse occurs. Physical Issues Related to Intimate Partner Violence Aside from psychological problems that arise from intimate physical partner violence, it is important to note that the most obvious signs often manifest via external injures. Such injuries often come in the form of trauma to the head (from an object being thrown at the victim), bruising around the face and wrists as well as injuries to knees or ribs as a result of being pushed into objects or downstairs. While the treatment of these external injuries is actually pretty straightforward, it is important to note that victims of domestic abuse are often reluctant to actually say that they are victims at all. As such, it is often hard for on call nurses to distinguish between simple accidents or people who are actually victims. One of the best ways of doing so though is by identifying people who keep on coming in to the hospital with repeated injuries yet are not in careers or professions that would warrant such cases (ex: construction worker, boxer, etc.) In cases where a potential victim has been identified, it is important to note t
The Most Appealing Ideas In Active Literacy Across the Curriculum , Heidi Hayes-Jacobs focuses specifically on the ways in which language is taught in modern American schools. Literacy is a vital aspect in education; as a result, the appropriate and effective teaching of the English language could boost a variety of skills and abilities required for the students’ further success in academic performance and life. In that way, one of the ideas that I find the most appealing is the author’s vision that every educator needs to become an active language teacher. Hayes-Jacobs believes that teaching literacy required a collective effort of all the educational personnel. In other words, educators of all specializations could participate in language teaching. However, in order to achieve this kind of immersive literacy provision, educators would have to reevaluate and reshape their own professional roles and adjust their performance, strategies, and techniques in order to add the aspects of literacy teaching as some of the active practices. Another idea that I found particularly interesting in this book is the author’s perspective on notetaking. Hayes-Jacobs views notetaking as an important and highly useful tool for learning. As a result, the author is convinced that notetaking needs to become a separate focus of educators among the skills and abilities they aim to develop in their students. I fully agree with the author in this regard because notetaking strategies and habits of an individual usually signify his or her ways of reception and processing of new information, as well as the acquisition and retention of knowledge. In that way, the development of the skills of notetaking that are connected to the ability to isolate the most important pieces of information and build a flexible system of techniques helping to write them down and memorize is highly important. These skills could be used not only for the quick documentation of new information but also as the training for active listening and analytical thinking. The Implications of the Ideas in the Book for Me as an Educator The book by Hayes-Jacobs was written specifically for educators and
Introduction Stress is a feeling that is created when human beings react to certain events (Thomas and Eileen 90). Normally, stress is an automatic body response to unusual situations (tough) and it makes individuals feel pressured to perform certain functions/duties. Whenever we are overloaded with issues that are too much to handle, we as human beings become stressed up (Thomas and Eileen 90). This paper will look at some work-related stress based on survey/feedback from two employees working in different work settings. The two employees are Steve who is a waiter and Ruth a marketing executive. Interview question1: What stressors do you experience at the workplace? As a waiter, Steve encounters the following stressors. He encounters a noisy and busy work environment as a result of dealing with multiple clients. Secondly, at a time when clients are many especially during peak hours, Steve is forced to work for long hours. He also says that his work demands a lot of concentration, especially when picking customers’ orders and this comes with a lot of pressure. Attending to multiple customers is even more “stressing” according to Steve. Generally, Steve admits that sometimes he finds it difficult to listen, talk and have all the orders taken and delivered to various customers. On the other hand, Miss Ruth, a marketing executive experiences several stressors in her work environment. First, Ruth’s office is just next to the highway and therefore she has to tolerate loud noise from hooting cars. In addition, some of her clients are nagging and she must sacrifice a lot to make them familiar with new products. This makes her lose self-control. Moreover, as a sales executive, one is expected to meet a certain target. As such, Ruth faces role strain as she is under pressure to meet a certain target every week. Interview question 2: How do you manage stress in the workplace? As a waiter, Steve tries to manage his attitude by being friendly to clients. Additionally, he tries to keep communication open and friendly with all coworkers. This helps in building teamwork and good relationship, which are necessary tools in such a busy work environment (Primm 453). Ruth says that managing time enables her to do things moderately without any pressure. In addition, she tries to improve her communication skills so that she can efficiently communicate with clients. To avoid noise-related stress, Ruth handles her job with a positive attitude and this makes it easy to enjoy work. Interview question 3: How does the manager/organizer help manage stress in your occupation? Work-related stress does not only affect employees but also affects a company’s productivity. To ensure productivity, employers should help employees manage all work-related stress (Primm 452). Steve’s boss encourages social activities on weekends, does not tolerate harassment, and always values his employees by listening to complaints and responding appropriately. For Ruth, her employer offers rewards and incentives to motivate employees. He also provides a realistic dead
Introduction Doctors and medical practitioners usually involve themselves in unprofessional practices that affect the welfare of their customers and clients. Over the past few years, there have been serious cases of professional misconduct that have been heard by the general medical council and some of the doctors have appeared before courts to answer criminal charges of unprofessionalism and negligence. The civil complaint process The general public is ignorant about the wider issues surrounding the standards of medical practice and how to get legal redress in case of medical unprofessionalism. There are formal civil procedures that a customer or a client can follow while reporting cases of professional incompetence and conduct among the health professionals (Reeg & Bebout, 1993). The process of registering the complaints is formal and a complaint form obtained from the civil authorities is recommended. These complaint forms are available from the civil authorities, legal authorities and even the provincial administration. All the investigations departments also have these forms. In case a complaint is filed without a form, it can be filed if they are clearly handwritten or typed (Hayward, 2001). However, the complaints cannot be submitted by email because the complaints must bear the signature of the complainant. There are several important things that must be contained in a good complaint about professional malpractice in the medical field
Introduction All companies use different tools and combinations to stay competitive and raise their profits. One of the ways to achieve this is by using price discrimination. It seems to be more important for businesses that offer similar products and services regionally rather than monopolies. Offering coupons and rebates is one of the strategies that fall under the concept of price discrimination. While the possibility of purchasing goods for a lower price may seem attractive to many potential customers, the extent of actual usage depends on the amount of time and effort required for such a deal. This paper includes the theoretical background, as well as provides a personal experience, and opinion of whether this practice is fair. Third-Degree Price Discrimination Coupons and rebates are some of the examples of the practice known as price discrimination. The literature suggests that it is the scheme that makes various customers pay different amounts of money for the same product or service offered by a single company (Wallmark, Greenberg, & Engels, 2018). There are three degrees of price discrimination, the latter of which is based on dividing the market into different groups. Companies offer varying deals depending on the type of potential customers that may be represented by students, parents, senior citizens, and others. The practice is often used by companies to maximize their profit as they try to reach consumers with different levels of elastic demand. At first glance, third-degree price discrimination may suit people with relatively low income, as it becomes possible for them to purchase items that they typically would not buy. Besides, companies benefit as they make their products and services visible to a broader audience. There is a chance that customers will come back and pay the regular price if they like goods. In this way, third-degree price discrimination can be an effective marketing tool. Personal Experience I have once attended a large furniture store on the outskirts of the city where I lived. After paying for items, I got a receipt and a coupon for a five-percent discount on a collection of home textile which was active until the end of the month. At that moment, I moved into a new apartment and was setting it up for a long-term living. Textile such as towels and curtains was on my list of required items, so I was seriously thinking about using the coupon. However, since I did not tend to make spontaneous purchases, I chose to decide at home. There were only four days left until the end of the deal, and the store was situated too far away from my house to spend time going there for just a few products. Unfortunately, the price I had to pay for the delivery was even higher than my potential saving. These factors made me choose not to use the coupon a