ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Bottom Billion: The Issue Focused by Collier As it is today, the world has seen so many different ages of civilization that have so far had a great impact on the world itself. Each civilization age has brought about innovations that have been used to simplify the way people live for the sole purpose of preserving humankind from extinction. Of all the ages, the 20th century has had the most significant impact on improving the welfare of humankind. At the end of the day, it has brought tremendous growth population worldwide. This growth in population has made the third-world countries record the highest numbers though bedeviled with poverty amidst the poor economic conditions thus leading to Paul Collier’s book ‘The Bottom Billion’, an issue that the author presents strategically. He uses it when referring to the countries in the world, which make up the majority of the billion population of the world that unfortunately sits at the bottom of the world in terms of poverty and development. In his description, Collier (2007), says, “most of the 5billion, about 80%, live in countries that are indeed developing, often at an amazing speed” (p.3). he bottom billion are countries, which, despite being in the 21st century, have their living standards way back in the 14th century due to problems of war, poverty, diseases, illiteracy, and the general poor economic conditions that are still falling. In his book, Collier is referring to poor countries located mostly in Asia and Africa as well as other countries located in South America. Some of the bottom billion countries in this case are countries like Somalia, Chad, Eritrea, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam amongst others. One characteristic about these countries is that they are often led by despotic leaders who are themselves filthy rich thriving on looting from the countries’ resources. Collier focuses on these countries because they are in coexistence with the 21st century countries and that he is afraid that their problems will soon be pulling the 21st century countries down. He says, “this problem matters, and not just to the billion people who are living and dying in the fourteenth century conditions…It matters to us” (p. 3). By focusing on the bottom billion as an issue, Collier is trying to send a warning message to the 21st century countries whose comfort zones will soon be taken away by the problems emanating from the bottom billion countries. Perfect examples of this case include problems like diseases, which have already been eradicated in the first world countries. With war and poor economic conditions persisting, citizens from the bottom billion countries will always seek refuge in some of these first world countries. With them, they will import the problem of diseases, crime, and economic strain to the 21st century countries. Lawlessness in countries like Somalia has led to the revival of a once old age practice of piracy in the high seas. Pirates from these lawless countries have led to businesses suffering losses to the tune of billions of dollars in ransom payments as well as deaths of sailors. They have also made transport by ships an exp
Iraq’s ancient past exhibit The gold bull amulet shown in the picture below is an ancient molding discovered in Iraq by archeologists. On the right side of the object are two suspension loops. It is believed that the object was once attached to gold a necklace. The object was found alongside Lapis Lazuli and carnelian beads. These objects are believed to have originated from a plundered tomb. The object is made up of a bitumen mold engulfed in thin sheets of gold. Its body is fully rounded, and the legs tucked up on the side of the animal. As seen on the picture, the head is turned out at right angle facing the viewer. Figure 1: Gold bull amulet found loose in the soil, Penn Museum Object B16685 With respect to the Epic of Gilgamesh, the object represents the theme of masculinity. In most ancient civilizations, the symbols of bull represented masculinity (George, 2003). Ancient Sumerians and Egyptians believed that the bull was the most masculine animal. In the ancient book, its main character is portrayed as a hero. Gilgamesh is as a tough masculine individual who is liken with the bull. He is an impressive conqueror with fine looks. In the story, the image of the bull is portrayed numerously to represent Gilgamesh’s power. As Gilgamesh and Enkidu were heading towards the Cedar Jungle, Gilgamesh had a vision. In the dream, he saw a bull like image, which broke the earth with its breath. From the vision, Enkidu deduced that the gods were going to help them win a battle against Humbaba. Ashmolean Museum exhibit Figure 2: A Chinese bronze vessel, property of Ashmolean Museum University No: EA2007.103 The object shown in figure 2 is a script believed to be more than two thousand years old. Since its discovery, the script has become very popular all over the world. It is believed that the script originated from the Shang dynasty that existed in China between 1600 and 1050 BC. The writing styles contained in the picture still appear in some modern works. This represents the theme of the impact of the past on the present. In Persepolis , the impact of the past on the present is a major theme (Satrapi, 2007). Throughout the novel, Marjane believes that the past Iranian conflicts are to be blamed for the modern challenges faced in the country. In the introductory part of the book, she categorizes herself with the renowned Iranian rulers dating back to the 1 st century (Satrapi, 2007). She envisages herself as an icon of peace and love. When the conflict between Iraq and Iran began,
Hinduism is among the oldest religions which adhere to wedding traditions in the world. Marriage is considered sacred, and its texts date back to 300B.C (The Knot, 2008). Many Hindu traditions have lasted for an extended period, and marriage institutes them all. The Hindu customs, practices, and rituals are crucial to couples and their family members (The Knot, 2008). Therefore, it is essential to understand different ceremonies that incorporate a Hindu union. The core value of Hinduism is the Vedas which are the spiritual rituals in the culture of Indians. Life is divided into four different stages: studentship, householder, retirement, and self-realization (The Knot, 2008). Marriage is considered a sacrament or a samskara where an individual transitions from studentship to a householder. This ceremony is the primary foundation of the remaining stages. Therefore, three-quarters of an individual’s life is dependent on marriage success. A traditional Hindu wedding occurs in three days, although some people shorten the events involved. The Knot (2008) explains that Ganesh pooja is the first occasion, and it involves the coming together of family members. The sangeet happens on the second day, similar to the mehndi ceremony, and is attended by many guests. The third day forms the occasion’s climax because it incorporates the primary wedding ceremony and the reception (The Knot, 2008). The groom’s and bride’s families are actively involved in the traditional Hindu marriage. This ceremony celebrates the two households’ unity and the sacred love shared by the two individuals. The traditions and rituals conducted in a Hindu wedding have significant meaning. Smaller ceremonies such as the mendhi occasion kick off the festivities (The Knot, 2008). The hands and feet of the bride are decorated in unique henna designs before the ceremony begins. The occasion is held in a mandap, with a fire acting as a witness, and is placed at the center. The first official occasion is the Roka ceremony and is the initial marriage step. The groom’s and bride’s parents unite and bless the couple by accepting the union (The Knot, 2008). Both households spend adequate time together and exchange different gifts and sweets as a sign of consent towards the marriage. The Haldi occasion, also referred to as pithi, happens on the wedding day morning. The family members of the bride and groom paint them with a rich yellow haldi paste. The Knot (2008) explains that this color signifies fertility, purity, and beauty and drives off evil eyes; therefore, the couple is blessed with good luck. The bride and groom stay home after this ceremony and are restricted from seeing each other until the wedding happens. Some Hindu occasions start with invocating Ganesha or Lord Ganesh, the salvation and wisdom god who is believed to have an elephant’s head. This invocation propels Ganesha to eliminate any potential wedding challenges during the Ganesh poojan event (The Knot, 2008). The groom’s party also referred to as the Vara Yatra party
In many companies, there are different employees with varying personalities and habits. Most of the habits portrayed by employees are reflective of their personal lives. Some personal habits may have impact on work performance and the general work station conduct while others may not. It becomes the concern of employers if personal habits which constitute the private life of an individual begin to impact on work performance (Repa, 2010). The policy adopted by Wayco Company is a good policy to be exercised in firms but it should not infringe on personal lives of employees. The decision Wayco took of initiating a non-smoking policy is a good decision. This is because some employees smoke at their work places exposing the non-smokers to health risks through passive smoking. However, as the human resource manager in a company, I would only introduce the policy in the work station. The policy should not go beyond the work place because this would be tantamount to infringing on the privacy of the employees when this does not in any way affect their work performance. If an employee does not smoke in the work place but smokes at home and this does not affect his work performance, he should not be discriminated and denied employment. Employers have the right to demand non smoking commitment as part of employment conditions. This may be part of the policies of a company in order to guarantee a conducive working environment for the rest of the workers (Anderson & Blandpain, 2005) However, this should not be used as a basis for discriminating against employees who smoke. The non-smoking policy should be put in place to take gradual effect with new employees joining the company. If employees were recruited in the company when such a policy was not there, it would be very unfair to terminate their employment because a policy that does not favor them has been put in place. The bottom line is that employers have no right to discriminate against employers who smoke (America Cancer Society, 2011) Ethical decisions are aimed at shedding some light on what we do by helping us evaluate our normal actions and judgments. Ethics does not only offer a description of the world but also gives a prescription of how things should be. Ethical decisions are therefore decisions that we make on the basis of the knowledge that we have of what is right or wrong. This means that actions taken from ethical decisions are beyond actions done as a result of other considerations. A legal right on the other hand is different from an ethical decision in that it is something that a citizen has the privilege or right of doing because it is not legally wrong. If something is legally right it means that it is acceptable and every citizen ca
Education can be discussed as an effectively organized process of social adaptation during which young people learn the rules of the social life and develop skills necessary to add value to social progress. As a result, a teacher in this context is a mentor who can show the right way in life and explain all the necessary social rules and professional aspects. A teacher is also a person who demonstrates how to develop skills and improve knowledge to manipulate and resolve a variety of personal and professional issues. Therefore, discussing the teaching philosophy, it is possible to state that a teacher is a person who assists in developing the personal potential of an individual, and teaching is a process of adopting an individual to the world full of problems to solve and decisions to make. The modern society can be considered as a set of different markets with their specific laws. Also, modern society develops with references to the globalization idea. These tendencies should be known to students, and a teacher’s task is to explain the aspects and details of modern life to young people to educate successful members of society. At this stage, a teacher should explain students the role of critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making skills. Moreover, a real mentor should teach students to think creatively, form their opinions, and support their ideas with arguments. To teach students to analyze the phenomena, events, situations, and process of the world, draw conclusions, and make effective decisions, it is necessary to use appropriate means provided in the sphere of education. Teachers can assist their students in problem-solving and resolving the life and professional questions when they propose case studies, focus on the project work, support the advantages of the team work, and stimulate the effective communication. To understand the world diversity, students need to see this diversity in assignments. To learn how to form and support opinions, students need to participate in discussions. To learn the laws of markets, students need to imitate the work within markets while working at projects. Education as the basis for the social adaptation of young people is extremely important to provide students with all tools that are necessary to achieve success in the personal and professional life. The modern life is actively changing, and young people should also learn how to be active and achieve their goals, referring to certain ideas and visions. In this context, the task of a teacher is to assist young people in finding their place in the world where creative ideas rule the world of mar
Fuel management problem as a linear program The fuel management problem can be solved using the linear programming model. The issues of consideration in this exercise are consumption, weight and fuel cost. Linear programming is one of management science techniques that can be used to solve a problem. Generally, a management science model allows a number of steps to be carried out in finding the best solution to a problem. These steps include the following:  1. Formulating the problem where its definition is derived, the objectives are specified and the area of study located.  2. Observation of the system where parameters affecting the problem are determined. Alternatively, data representing the estimate values are collected at this stage.  3. Formulating a mathematically representative model of the problem under consideration.  4. This representation is then verified and the resulting model is used to make predictions.  5. Constituting a number of alternative to include in the model from which the best solution can be chosen. The models used are either descriptive or prescriptive. Prescriptive models seek to optimize finding the best values of given decision variables (Balakrishnan, Render and Stair 2006). The linear programming approach is used to solve optimization problems Typically, a linear programming model includes: Problems that seek to maximize or minimize some quantity usually cost or profit. This is the objective function of the prescriptive model. For this fuel management assignment, the objective is to minimize the cost of fuel consumed during the flight trips between Birmingham and Athens. The linear programming model also has a number of restrictions or constraints which provide boundaries on the objective function. For this problem the two most important constraints relate to the fuel weights at take off and landing. These determine how much should be added at each of the stops and this can be calculated in terms of the cost of fuel at each of the stops based on the rates charged at each of the stops. Based on various outcomes from the linear programming model, different courses of action can be recommended and implemented. The objective function and constraints in a linear programming model can then be expressed in terms of linear equation
A credit card is issued by financial institutions to allow the holder to borrow money or pay for goods and services. A credit card is issued on the condition that cardholders will repay the borrowed amount of money along with interest charged. Over and above using credit cards to pay for goods and services, the issuer may provide a line of credit to enable cardholders to get a cash advance (Elliehausen & Hannon, 2018). The most significant features in choosing a credit card for a business are fees, acceptance, perks (added benefits), and credit limit. Credit card fees encompass interest rates (referred to as the Annual Percentage Rate (APR)), annual fees, and the penalty for late payment. Card issuers set borrowing limits that have an impact on cardholders’ credit rating. The features of a business credit card include accounting (it may merge business expenditures into a single monthly payment and make it easy to verify expenses) and cash flow (if a business is continually managing immediate expenditures and uncertain payments, credit cards may bridge it over). Another feature of a business credit card is the existence of rewards: the payment of an organization’s expenditures using credit cards offers a company significant benefits that are particularly handy for organizational travel. Business credit cards have numerous disadvantages. For instance, they charge high rates of interest when compared to personal credit cards, even though they are tax-deductible. Credit card rewards characteristically entail annual charges, which makes their holders prefer to use the benefits acquired to cater for the fees charged (Quan & Nam, 2017). Another disadvantage is that the credit ratings of a business may be damaged if the organization fails to pay off the borrowed amount in time or exceeds the limit.
Introduction The modernization of society requires the development of all its infrastructures. This principle can be observed in the legal system of the United States, which has evolved alongside other aspects of life. However, as it is rather complex, the system has developed unevenly, which has led to rather paradoxical results. For instance, despite being aimed at protecting the rights of people, the law in its development has been known to neglect the rights of the victims of crime. Despite being in decline up to the middle of the twentieth century, the victims’ rights movement have developed significantly since then thanks to several factors, including the emergence of the field of victimology, the change in social consciousness, and the multitude of movements that sought support and advocacy for the victims of crimes. Analysis Prior to the period of the active development of the victims’ rights movement, the situation was generally unfavorable for them. The American legal system has viewed crime as an offense of the state, which represented people. However, little attention was paid to the impact on the actual individuals when compared with the symbolic act of defying the authority of government. The situation was further aggravated with the introduction of plea negotiation as a substitute for trial in resolving criminal cases (Karmen, 2016). This process effectively eliminated the victim as an influential force in the trial. In other words, victims did not have the possibility of participating in the trial, offering testimonies, or even, in some cases, being informed of the court’s decision. Additionally, the modernization of society has resulted in the increase in welfare, which, paradoxically, has also contributed to the negligence of the victim’s rights, although it became apparent much later, in the seventies, with the establishment of the first victim compensation programs, aimed initially only on those in need instead of being applied justly. In the sixties, the change in public perception has reversed the process in several directions. While there are multiple reasons for this, three important milestones can be regarded as the most influential. First, the research by Frank Cannavale has revealed the flaws of the prosecution system: the victims who were feeling neglected and unimportant were less likely to help the justice system, whic
Abstract Inattentional blindness comes up as a result of an individual’s mindfulness or mental depletion. Mindfulness and mental depletion are affected by the changes that happen in the scene. Mindfulness and mental depletion also affect inattentional blindness in the cases of repetition of the scene and the perceptions held by the individual. Moreover, memory makes an individual become more attentive as opposed to being inattentive when they remember scenes they have seen before. Human beings are also limited to a certain measure of mindfulness where they can only take note of a limited number of events at a particular time. Mindfulness is the interaction between the internal and external environment of an individual. Introduction People visualize many things and what they see is dependent on the attention they give it. In some instances, people have failed to recognize an event or an object in a scene yet it is obviously visible. The situation has been given the name Inattentional blindness. Inattentional blindness is defined as a situation where an individual is unable to visualize some of the features in a visual scene because they have not paid attention to them (Simons & Chabris1999, p. 1070). Chiesa et al (2011, p. 449) states that, mindfulness is a state of mind where an individual is aware of the immediate environment both inside and outside. This report explains how mindfulness and mental depletion influence inattentional blindness. Methodology The research