ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Communication refers to the different ways that information is passed from one point to another. On the other hand, group communication refers to the different ways that information is passed within a group. In dealing with this topic it is good to understand that there are two main types of communication in groups; structured communication and unstructured communication. Structured communication is the situation in which there are laid down methods of passing information while unstructured communication is a situation where the no methods that are laid out clearly. Structured communication Protocol In most organizations, there are two main directions of communication. Upwards and down ward flow of information. In this kind of scenario, the downward flow of information is from the top management down to the staff at the lowest level. This is usually made up of commands and directions. The key decisions in an organization are made by the cream management; this information is passed down the line until all the persons who are affected by the decisions are reached by it. Each senior manager makes sure that all the concerned staff under his or her supervision is reached by the information (Wood, 91). The upward flow of communication is the opposite of downward flow whereby the staff pass their massages using the same channels used in the downward communication to pass their messages. The messages that are common in upward flow are staff grievances the feedback from the external parties and also recommendations. Where the junior members of an organization are delegated some responsibility, the upward flow of communication may involve the report on the duties assigned to them. The main limitation in downward and upward flow of this information is sabotage at the middle of the information flow and also time consumption depending on the number of intermediaries between the source and the target (Cronin, 56). Formal documents Still in structured communication, there are formal documents and channels that the group may use to pass its information to the members. This in most cases refers to the internal memos. Internal memos are prominent in companies where the information has to be passed form one department to other department or officer in the group. The memos are usually made in triplicate; one copy is hanged on the notice board, another is kept at the source and the other is delivered to the department or officers to the information are intended. The main challenge in this mode is maintenance of secrets. The mode cannot be used to pass confidential information. The other formal method is by use of websites where the members of a group can be able to view all the data that is provide at the internet. The method also suffers from lack of privacy and secrecy (Wood, 91). Unstructured communication Unstructured commun
The French Revolution (1789-1799) became the period of significant changes within the French society and in the political life of France. It began with the meeting of the Estates-General in May, 1789, and finished with Napoleon Bonaparte’s coming to power in November, 1799 (Duiker and Spielvogel 394). Like any substantial change in the political life of any country, the French Revolution consisted of several stages of the dramatic transformation of the state system, political and social life in France. In this paper, we will discuss the period from the Thermidorian Reaction to the last years of Napoleon’s government. We will discuss the reasons and the course of change of leadership in France during this period. The Thermidorian Reaction, 27 July 1794, was the response on the violent policies of Reign of Terror and actually put an end to it. Being inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution, the people of France continued their struggle for their rights and for effective state system. The power in the country was taken by the Executive Directory (1795-1799). The new body of executive power that consisted of five elected Directors started functioning within the country and at the same time took intense military actions abroad. The inner policies of the Directory were not successful with people and gradually led to the loss of its authority. Particularly, the inability to implement successful taxation and financial policies, “flourishing” corruption and faction between the directors (ibid.) were step by step undermining the influence of the Directory. The French people expected the opportunity to forget about the events of the last years; however, the governance of the Directory did not meet their expectations, as the country did not approach to the desired stability. On the other hand, the military successes of France did not contribute to the authority of the Directory, but backwards, actually gave birth to Napoleon’s bright political start. In 1799, the Directory finished its existence. Failures in the inner and foreign policies gave a good opportunity for Napoleon who came to France after the military operations to overthrow the Directory and seize power. Napoleon’s success at the first stages of his governance can be explained by the effective balance between “liberation” and strengthening of his own power. He understood that the processes emerged during the first years of the Revolution could not disappear: they were more likely to be a starting point for the further changes. Thus, it is possible to say that since the beginning of Napoleon’s era, the political life in France took its course between two poles, which are Napoleon’s personal motives of keeping and maintaining his power, and the inert
Introduction Admittedly, conflict resolution theory and practice have become topical issues at present. It is important to develop effective strategies and methods to implement research on conflict resolutions initiatives (CRIs). In the first place, it is essential to point out peculiarities of the on-going research (what strategies and methods are being used, how effective they are). It is also important to note major difficulties in implementing research. Of course, theoretical data should be supported with certain real life examples. A framework for considering research Deutsch and Goldman (2006) outline several types of research. They also comment upon the most appropriate instances of using this or that type of research. Interestingly, the researchers analyse types of audience. For instance, Deutsch and Goldman (2006) consider such research users as funding agencies, administrators, CR practitioners and researchers. Notably, each group of users have certain objectives which often differ greatly. For instance, funding agencies are more concerned with the effectiveness of the programs whereas practitioners are more interested in the methods used. Deutsch and Goldman (2006) outline some research strategies and difficulties that researchers can face. They focus on the following strategies: experimental research, casual modelling, survey research, experience surveys, learning by analogy. The researchers comment upon advantages and shortcomings of each strategy. Deutsch and Goldman (2006) support the theoretical data with particular examples which are very illustrative. For instance, they depict particular research based on the process evaluation approach. The work of CRIs was evaluated. Difficulties and challenges existing in the field Notably, Pruitt (2006) focuses on difficulties in the study of conflict resolution. The researcher stresses that it is difficult to cover all difficulties within a single chapter, so he considers the most widespread difficulties pro
Introduction Education is an important tool in the modern world. “Education has long served as the key to equal opportunity for American citizens” (State of Board of Education 1985, P.10).The state of North Carolina understands this and in a bid to improve the quality of education, has come up with various performance standards for the public schools. These documents target the students, teachers, schools and the nation in general. This essay discusses some of these documents briefly. Analyses of the documents North Carolina Professional Teaching Standards This is a document containing the teaching standards that every teacher is required to adhere to, by taking leadership. “Teachers demonstrate leadership by taking responsibility for all students” (State of Board of Education 2006). It provides an instrument through which teachers are prepared, evaluated and developed in their careers. It is short and precise stating out rightly the general roles for teaches inside and outside the classroom. It is clear to follow and easy to understand. The standards are also viewed as objectives that every teacher should seek to achieve and are organized in terms of content area. The North Carolina Standard Course of Study This is a very long document outlining the curriculum for North Carolina public schools. It’s a detailed document prescribing what students should be taught as they move from one level to the next. Reading it will take a lot of time and a teacher who is in a hurry may just go through only those areas relevant to his teaching, say certain subjects or the Grade he is involved with. The objectives are clearly outlined according to Grades and require that a student should be well versed with each and every standard of a particular level before qualifying to join the next. They are also very specific and straight to the point. NC Basic Skills Technical Assistance Report Performance Standards This is a document that the state uses to assess the performance of colleges in North Carolina for purposes of funding schools. “The State of North Carolina requires all colleges to meet a Basic Skills performance standard of a 75% retention rate” (North Carolina Community College 2010, P.20).It is a relatively short document and its standards are very specific- they are not objectives to be aimed at but are mandatory- and based on Educational Functioning Levels (EFLs). It is easy to read through and understand. North Carolina Reading Comprehension Tests This is a document that stipulates the accountability of schools on the performance of students. “Schools are made accountable for the performance of students” (Bazemore, 2004). It is the schools obligation to ensure that students pass. It is a relatively long document but clear and easy to go through. The standards are well outli
Humanism is a philosophical stream that is based on a belief that the life of human beings and their development can be and should be improved through gaining empirical knowledge and learning. Basically, humanism is about exploring and moving forward. Humanists deny the fact that some established set of rules can remain unchanged through the generations of people. Humanism is a progressive movement that sees a human as a part of the universe around. The affirmation I have selected for this work is the one that says: “Humans are an integral part of nature, the result of unguided evolutionary change” (Humanist Manifesto III, 2014). The first suggestions that some of the animals could derive from other animals started to appear in ancient Greece. This idea has travelled though centuries without gaining any significant recognition, it finally started to attract attention in the eighteenth century and in the nineteenth century it became an officially accepted theory of the development of human beings as organisms. These days this theory has been supported by multiple archeological findings, yet the religious views remain unchanged. The church strictly denies the idea of unguided evolutionary development of any living beings, humans included. The Renaissance started in the fourteenth century in Europe. That was the era of higher interest towards education and knowledge. The life and people started to be studied from the perspective of science, not from the religious point of view. Exploration and learning attracted more minds than the established norms of unchangeable religion. The age of the Renaissance started the chain reaction that lasted for centuries. Humanist views on the world and knowledge started to affect all spheres of human life and social ideas. The growing influence became so strong that it started to impact the church in Western Europe. This led to the Age of Reformation. The doubt of traditional thought started by the philosophers and scientists of the Renaissance resulted in multiple questions of religious traditions of Christianity and Roman Catholic Church. The practice of selling indulgences was one of the religious norms of that time that had to be cancelled. The strength of progressive humanist thought has proved that even conservative and old-fashioned norms of medieval Christianity could be reformed. The age of Enlightenment was the era of massive metamorphoses in the field of educational theory. This was the period when the meaning and power of critical thinking started to be appreciated. Humanist views on cognition started to be used widely. This age began in the eighteenth century and became the age of application of reason. The society started to believe that by application of critical thinking they could significantly improve their lives and themselves. Finally, this was the time when theory of evolution gained its popularity and power, and the humans started to be officially named as a part of natur
Introduction In the recent years, President George Bush of America once had a freedom agenda for the non-democratic nations. The President’s vow was to stand on the same ground with non-democratic countries like Afghanistan, Iraq, Ukraine, Syria, and Pakistan in search of freedom and democracy. Nonetheless, it is true that social equality and free will emanates in a number of ways. In this perspective, Afghanistan as a nation ought to get support in order to relish equal experiences enjoyed by democratic states. This paper therefore takes a look at the democracy and freedom required in Afghanistan. Besides, it highlights personal outlook on whether the merited democracy is appropriate for the Afghan government. Main Body The Islamic republic of Afghanistan has continually experienced repeated violence and hatred over the past decades. However, there is still hope of peace and benedictions of freedom and democracy in the country. In the same way the American President gave hope to the countries similar to Afghanistan. In fact, there are several aspects of freedom that could make any country to enjoy its democracy. Initially, Afghanistan deserves the rights to ballot, freedom of elections, sovereignty of assembly and communication, as well as admittance to the rule of law and fairness. Moreover, the country deserves imprisonment, custodial, and death penalty reforms, equal rights for women, and civilians’ fortification (Barry and Greene 5). The republic deserves liberty of religious conviction, human rights watch, marginalized and children’s rights, along with protection from conflict. All these aspects freedom encourages democracy and enable Afghanistan to enjoy the experiences being enjoyed by the democratic federations. The government of Afghanistan deserves to promote and encourage the minorities’ rights as provided for in the constitution. The freedom encourages democracy and maintains the universal human rights requirements. Correspondingly, the government should safeguard the infants from armed skirmishes. Through the support from non-governmental organizations, Afghanistan has to initiate programs to protect and promote the rights of toddlers besides addressing the ferocity against ladies. The government deserves to deliver elementary healthcare and heavily spend on the kids’ education through the funding from ARTF (Afghan Reconstruction Trust Fund). The self-rule is in consequence appropriate for ensuring that the country has brighter democracy that could last for generations to come in the future (Barry and Greene 25). Afghanistan on the other hand deserves freedom of religious conviction. In monitoring the religious faith, Afghanistan must closely engage the intercontinental associates. The democracy increases once every administration stands by the accountability of commitment and respects both international and national bodies in reverence to the liberty of worship (Barfield 21). As preserved in the Afgh
Introduction The movie Far and Away is a rather interesting movie given its very first setting which is in Western Ireland where there are tenant farmers. These farmers live in abject poverty and leave behind little or nothing for their families to depend on. In most cases, they owe most or even everything they own to these landlords to whom all the wealth go to. The element of storytelling has been brought out in a rather old fashioned way. For instance there is part where Joseph has to run away with the rich landlord’s daughter Shannon. To be on the safe side they have to masquerade as sister and brother which they consequently end up living together. On their journey to Oklahoma, there are very few surprises if any this is because the journey there was rather smooth. It is at this stage that the movie turns into a rather exciting western atmosphere which is during its Oklahoma scenes. The movie has a very ambitious scope but the imaginations at work in these areas are very minimal. Both Shannon and Joseph have to struggle to make a living in this new country considering that the only valuables they had, had been robbed. There are activities and jobs they take part in such as selling chicken for Shannon and later, Joseph has to take part in a horse race. After a whole, they fall in love and much later, Shannon gets sick and has to therefore be taken home to her people. Eventually, the main characters Shannon and Joseph reunite (Kelly, 1992). Acting The writer of the script seems to have thought through his characters. The choice he made of Nicole Kidman and Tom Cruise was a perfect one given that these two characters have experience and more so have scooped a couple of awards before. Therefore, the actors in this film can easily be identified and differentiated by the audience. This helped create a general interest and understanding of what was going on in the film. This particular film has very good actors who have in a couple of scenes been required to be flexible enough to take risks. For instance where Joseph (Tom Cruise) has to take a ride on a horse that continuously bucks wildly but he does not seem scared as such given that it is not wise to ride on wild or even angry horses at any given time. In another instance, the real horse that was wild is sedated by the veterinarian so that it lies still for the scene to take place as planned. What if the sedation does not last for as long as it should? Joseph however being the good actor manages to play his role admirably (Bordwell 2002, p 17). In this epic movie in reference to Honthaner (2010), there are various famous actors that have brought out the theme in different ways (p.68). For instance, Nicole Kidman who acts as the wealthy landlord’s daughter shaman refines
Any development project usually brings along economic advantages and helps in poverty alleviation. The project would contribute to social development, which will foster interactions between locals and outsiders. This would undoubtedly affect the neighborhood in both harmful and constructive ways, depending on how they utilize the opportunity. Gambling projects have transformed the landscapes of individual countries from poverty to near-economic dependence (Gallagher, 2006). Gallagher also explains that per capita income in Mexico was among the lowest in American states, as the country experienced exceptionally high unemployment levels. Tribal casinos generate enormous sums of money, which are being invested in school and water systems and the local residents are getting new homes. The popularity of gambling has increased due to its benefits to other sectors, tourism for example, in spite of flak from holy and common groups. The advancement of legal betting centers, instead of the traditional methods which are usually outlawed, would reduce the need of policing. This saves distribution revenue needed for outlawing illegal activities. The continuation of such a plan would lead to other developments like hotels, and other leisure facilities. Attracting customers from around the planet would eventually lead to increased foreign earnings and thus stimulate economic growth. The advance of this social establishment is a valuable means of enhancing public investments in the course of the engrossing tourists. There are projects which have changed the practices of community economies, with both positive and adverse effects depending on their reaction. Increasing service levels and personal income for the locals impacts the economy. The infrastructure of Native American communities is usually poor, characterized by lands which are not particularly economically useful and lengthy distances from other prosperous members of the society. A casino would attract more visitors, who will bring in revenue necessary to realize true fiscal impacts. Unfortunately, any negative effects experienced would be exclusively felt in the communities. Local administrators who pass verdicts are held liable for the local needs and conditions, and the cultural influences that accompany such projects. Building a casino may attract undesirable activities, increase crime and generally bring immorality to the community. Increase in criminal activity will increase the burden of tax payers as more officers would be deployed to reduce its detrimental effect (Corcoran, 2007). These stereotypes have hindered the construction of several casinos Bankruptcy and legal pro
Conducting a critical literary analysis is an essential component of academic instruction. It allows one to become more familiar with the work of the poet under study and to apply theoretical skills to practice in order to identify the rhetorical techniques used. This essay involves a literary analysis of the poem “Dover Beach” by the Victorian-era classic Matthew Arnold. The purpose of this essay is to summarize the research details found and discuss this poetic work. Of primary importance is an examination of the semantic structures that were invested by Arnold in the creation of this work. In brief, the poem recounts the lyrical protagonist’s disillusionment with the decline of Christian faith in the rise of scientific thought in society. Under the pressure of Darwin’s evolutionary biology, the general rise of the exact sciences, and more rational consideration of biblical texts, Christianity fails to withstand the pressure and promptly disappears. Thus, according to Victorianism, a world that has embarked on the path of technology and industrialization is doomed to violence and brutality because these philosophies cannot correlate with Christian charity, which is characteristic of the current of Formalism. Thus, the work’s central message should be seen as a melancholy statement about the rapid pace of humanity, which the individual cannot keep up with. Arnold does, however, leave us with the hope that love can save the lost faith. In fact, the love to which the protagonist (or author) turns could be an effective solution to restore the confidence and strength that humanity has been given by faith in God. Thus, love in this context can act as a tool that can partially replace the function of religion or, more specifically, reconnect separated, self-centered people. It is noteworthy that to express his meanings more correctly, Arnold used several lit