ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Owing to the increasing speculation over learner assessment methods and data analysis methods in the education sector, the necessity to clear up this speculation and shed more light of the state of affairs is deemed necessary. This paper hence seeks to iron out these highly contentious issues by answering some of the questions which more often than not arouse debate among academic circles. Ideally suitable for the observation and analysis of large volumes of data, quantitative item analysis can be adequately viewed as that which majorly concern itself with the examination of the usefulness of multiple choice formats. This item analysis hence seeks to breakdown large volumes of data into easily identifiable forms of useful information. Qualitative item analysis on the other hand puts much emphasis on seeing to it that items and objectives are well matched among sets of data and ensuring that poorly written items are well edited. As opposed to the former, qualitative item analysis focuses on minimal issues while analyzing sets of data and may only point out the presence of problems among sets of data without necessarily identifying the problem itself. These two item analysis methods come in handy in the learning and assessment process since they enable the instructor to make accurate inferences on the effectiveness of certain learning methods either by analyzing student results of the tests given out. Alternatively, the identification of problems by utilizing qualitative analysis is equally important in learning and assessment. The failure to improvise these two methods of analysis may have very serious consequences especially as far as learning and assessment are concerned. This is because of the fact that instructors or rather teachers may not be able to identify the areas of difficulty experienced by the learners during the learning process. This may hence put a stumbling block towards the achievement of effective learning (Kubiszyn, 1987). Examples of imperfect test items to be analyzed by peer students may include; compare variables like classes, tests and even the curricula among students so as to find out if there exists any discrepancy? Secondly, another adequate instance would be; evaluate the effects of using new instructional techniques to evaluate the performance of students in a class of forty students. Finally, it is important that teachers employ both methods of item analysis since in the absence of this; the effectiveness of the leaning process is completely put in jeopardy. This would consequently result in the failure to achieve one’s educational goals and may ultimately lead in the half-baking of students who may hence be ill equipped to handle real life situations. The authors opine that marks only reflect academic achievements since they do not give any due consideration to the other important defining characteristics in the general growth of a student. For instance, other important areas like a student’s conduct, study skills and individual responsibility are never reflected in any student’s mark sheet. This hence poses a major setback on the realization of effective learning. Secondly, this preposition is also inform
Introduction The Coca-Cola Company is involved in manufacturing, marketing and distribution of non-alcoholic beverage syrups and concentrates. Coca-Cola Company is widely known for its product Coca-Cola which was created by John Pemberton in 1886. The company has more than 400 widely recognized brands of beverage which serves approximately 1.6 billion people a day worldwide. India is one of the countries which sells Coca-Cola beverage. Coca-Cola has been a leading soft drink brand in India until the year 1977 when there was a reduction on the company’s equity stake which governed the company’s operation. The Coca-Cola Company in India had to learn its lessons in a hard way after the collapse occurred. After having been absent in the Indian market for 16 years, the company revived back its operation of selling the soft drink brands in the year 1993. The following is a statement of an ethical issue that the Coca-Cola Company in India has to deal with in order to maintain its sells in India. It also covers some of the resolutions to the ethical issue that affect the company in India. Statement of Ethical Issue The greatest challenge Coca-Cola India is facing is the way to introduce majority of the people to start using parked beverages in a ready-to-drink form which is against the ethics of so many consumers making distribution of products hard and challenging throughout India. Analysis of the issue This issue shows that the company has to transport the beverage to various parts of India in fizzy bottles at the right price and also at the right time. However, the greatest challenge is how to reach the places and yet the future of the drink is majorly determined on the countryside where most consumers are in. This is because India is a vast hinterland and therefore it is hard to reach most of the rural areas. Coca-Cola India uses a marketing strategy of “Think Local, act local” which has grounded the company’s marketing communication and brand positioning in the insights of consumers. The company believes that those people who stay in the rural areas will one day become residents of the city and thus still promote their product in the city. Indian market is one market that has not made it easy for inventory management and distribution of goods. This is due to a wide diversity of buying and tastes power from the consumers. Having the whole rural area for marketing of the Coca-Cola product can either be of benefit to the company or a loss to it. First alternative resolution Coca-Cola India has introduced new distribution methods. The company moved from making centralized distribution to a “ hub and spoke” model of distribution. This means that the company no longer carry out direct transport of beverages from bottlers to retailers instead the beverages are first sent to the “ hub” after which they are parceled to a nearby “ spoke” centres when there is an order to refill. This approach has helped the compa
Introduction It had never occurred to me that the bible can be so alive in my life until I went through biblical interpretation in hermeneutics. My experience in this journey can be summarized into four important achievements gained along with it namely: revelatory interaction with the Word of God, the fired-up inspiration which I got from the meditative study of the Word, the illumination in my heart that helped me see the hidden treacherous man in me thus drawing me to God in repentance. Lastly, is the ease of interpretation of the Word that I personally attribute not to my own understanding but the working of the Holy Spirit in me as a manifestation of my growing personal relationship with Him. There is no doubt that other than the book knowledge earned through the coursework, there is a lot more that has developed within me that stretches beyond coursework. The value of hermeneutics to me is the high placement that scriptural interpretation has on someone who takes time to search and understand the times and seasons just like the sons of Issachar. Preaching, evangelism, and prayer Before encountering this experience in hermeneutics, I used to passionately read the Bible but I did this as I would do to any other literary book. During all this time I took more value in memorizing scripture which I would apply in my preaching, evangelism, and even during prayer. My zeal was actually put to check when I realized that the emptiness in me was not filled by my much reading. However, an encounter with hermeneutics has transformed many things in my reading of the Bible by helping me incorporate reading, interpretation, study, and meditation of the written Word of God. To make it even better my meditation habits resulting from the study of the Word have led me to a passionate relationship with the Holy Spirit who has inspired me further through the Rhema (spoken) Word of God. Generally speaking my effectiveness in studying Scripture has been transformed from virtual memorizing to the real application of the Word. Relationship with God Indeed the new discovery in studying Scripture has impacted greatly on my relationship with God particularly so because I have learned to study the Bible not as by the way but as a fully planned activity with time and resources allocated to it. By so doing, it has become easy to let God through the Scripture illuminate my life and I respond accordingly to the inspiration and convictions I receive from the study. I have also been able to appreciate that God is infinite and His works are new every morning therefore I have learned to study while listening to His voice even if I am studying the same
Drug testing is a heated topic for both athletes and job candidates. Presently, the media and regulatory authorities focus on mandatory testing for students who love to participate in co-curricular actions. It is essential to review the drug testing policies in schools though the contemporary society focuses on the right to confidentiality. This sensitive issue needs careful examination. Additionally, drug use among student athletes and teachers remains a grave problem in schools. However, the issue of teacher testing has become normal in court cases because the majority of the educators are of the opinion that the cost and time used to exercise random tests should be utilized efficiently in class. However, some educators argue that teachers who behave poorly in class need to be tested for drugs in case their supervisors suspect any instance of substance use. Additionally, the institution has the right to conduct drug tests if the school administrator has a feeling that their subordinates abuse drugs. This is not considering the fact that the exercise may be demeaning. This investigation highlights issues concerning drug test in learning institutions and provides adequate information regarding my position towards the issue. Additionally, it explains vital aspects concerning drug test within learning institutions. My position on Drug test for teachers and student athletes I support the drug test on both teachers and student athletes in institutions because it will prevent athletes from experimenting with drugs. Additionally, it will identify individuals who use drugs to advance their performance in co curricular activities. Students engaging in athletics and music were subjected to unsystematic testing after former president bush’s government promoted a program that focused on eliminating drug use (Darling, 2005). However, some parents and teachers are labeling the exercise as an ineffective measure of discouraging drug use. This is because they believe that the exercise undermines trust and interferes with students’ privacy (DuPont & Brady, 2005). Legal perspective on Drug Test The Supreme Court ruled that schools had the capacity to exercise a drug test to students suspected of using drugs. In 2002, there was enactment of a decree requiring that all students participating in athletics undergo a drug test. After this ruling, Bush’s government spent eight million dollars to assist institutions pay for drug test procedures. Other regions have also supported the drug test because the Florida governance process recently approved a bill that necessitates steroid analysis among student athletes. This is because steroid use among student athletes has become a contentious concern over the precedent years. After the supreme ruling, more schools have incorporated the exercise of drug testing as they seek to battle the issue of drug use among student athletes. These programs consist of compulsory testing among student athletes. Consequently, schools have initiated drug testing to all co curricular students (DuPont & Brady, 2005). Drug testing in institutions grew is attributable to the
Introduction Osmosis and diffusion are physical processes that scientists in diverse fields such as physical and biological sciences have used in the elucidation molecules’ movement under various conditions. Fundamentally, osmosis is a mechanism in which solvent molecules move from a section that has a lower concentration of solutes to a section that has a higher concentration of solutes through a semi-permeable membrane (Elmoazzen, Elliot, & McGann, 2009). Comparatively, diffusion is a mechanism in which molecules move from a section that their concentration is high to a section where their concentration is low (Zhou, Nyberg, & Rowat, 2015). The aim of the mechanisms in both osmosis and diffusion is to balance the concentration of molecules in two sections so that they can have the same concentration. Therefore, the research paper aims to describe cell membrane osmosis and diffusion in relation to physics. Cell Membrane Osmosis Semi-permeability of the cell membrane and the direction of solvent molecules are two concepts that effectively describe osmosis as a physical process. The cell membrane is semi-permeable because it selectively allows water molecules to pass through it and prevents the entry of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and vitamins (Elmoazzen, Elliot, & McGann, 2009). The difference in the concentration of solutes in two sections that the membrane divides forms osmotic gradient, which determines the direction of the solvent molecules. In pharmacy, osmosis is applicable in modulating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. For instance, pharmacists employ osmotic drug delivery systems in ensuring that there are optimum absorption and distribution drugs and minimized metabolism and excretion to increase the bioavailability of drugs in the body. Mechanism of Osmosis The mechanism of osmosis relies on the concentration of solutes in various solutions. According to the formula developed by Jacobs and Stewart, osmosis is subject to the concentration of solutes and the thickness of cell membrane, which collectively determines the osmotic pressure or osmotic gradient (Elmoazzen, Elliot, & McGann, 2009). Moreover, the integrity of the membrane determines the occurrence of osmosis. Elmoazzen, Elliot, and McGann (2009) explain that the membrane should be semi-permeable for osmosis to occur, which means that it should only be permeable to solvent molecules but impermeable to solutes. The formula developed by Jacobs and Stewart to determine the concentration across cell membrane indicates that: Concentration gradient = C o – C i / l Where C o represents the concentration inside the cell, C i represents the concentration outside the cell, and l represents the thic
Introduction As far as energy is concerned, many researchers and innovations of different types of energy have emerged, with other researches still underway. Different reactions from various countries have shown concern over these forms of energy, with other countries supporting their implementation while on the other hand others totally opposing it. These differences are because of the interests or benefits that these energies have to these nations. Biodiesel is one of the energy that has stimulated different reactions among various countries like Canada, the US, and European Union among others. These countries are in support of biodiesel, over other traditional forms like carbon-emitting diesels fuels, which is currently under heavy use. As opposed to this traditional diesel fuel, biodiesel is more environmental friendly because it does not pollute air despite its low carbon components that cause slight environmental pollution and health hazards. Therefore, the proponents are of the view that this fuel will provide more positive returns once fully implemented and adapted as opposed to the fossil fuels used in manufacturing petroleum diesel. Biodiesel comes from animal fats or vegetable oils and finds its use in engines. Its production when compared to ethanol is less across the globe. Those opposed to the biodiesel implementation hold that it may lead to food shortage, as it will mean the direction of much acreage of lands towards the production of the fuel. Therefore, as a result, this issue has resulted into a debate among various groups; governments, civil societies groups, private sectors industries, environmentalists and many other interested parties on its implementation. These parties have and still are employing different strategies for them to win over their opponents in this debate as they give out reasons to support their stances. One of the parties in support of the use of biodiesel fuels is the US government. Supporters of Biodiesel Policies The US government is in support of the policies concerning the use of biodiesel fuels. This stand follows a variety of reasons. Firstly, the production of the fuel does not inconvenience the feeding of their animal. Soy oil is extracted from the soybeans, which is fed to animals hence enabling full usage of bean products (Demirba 54). It is therefore a more beneficial way of producing fuel, as one can use the waste oil and fats from restaurants for its production. Furthermore, more researches are underway to find out other plants like algae, which can produce oil. These efforts narrow down to getting a substitute to other fossil fuels. There is also an advantage of putting into use the biodiesel fuels since it will cut costs of foreign importation. The US imports a lot of fuel from producing countries hence incurring heavy costs. This alternative will be a relief to its expenditure, as biodiesel production will help it in cutting the amount t of oil that is imported. More so, the production of biodiesel in the US will also reduce the amount of carbon intoxication hence reducing
Ethical Issues Raised by GlaxoSmithKline’s Decisions The main ethical issues that the decision by GlaxoSmithKline to promote and market drugs unapproved for some uses include the following. First, the decision exposed the consumers of the drugs to unknown risks. The use of any drug by humans requires prior tests to verify the efficacy and safety of the drug. Secondly, the action took advantage of people who deserved empathy. The company made profits from patients without due regard to the long-term well being of the patients. The question of whether such practices are morally permissible or unethical depends on the specific conditions surrounding the practice. For instance, if the drugs provided relief for patients who would otherwise suffer pain because of their ailments, then the practices would be morally defensible. This also depends on whether there were approved alternatives to the drugs. If there were proper alternatives within reach of the patient and the only factor that guided their buying decision was the marketing efforts of GlaxoSmithKline, then the practices are not morally defensible. Ethical Acceptability of GlaxoSmithKline’s Decision to Retain Data on Diabetes Drugs There are requirements in law that a drug manufacturing company should release research data to support the safety of the drugs it seeks to sell (BBC). Failure to provide the data and making unverified claims about the safety of the drugs is illegal. The first ethical question that arises is whether it is acceptable for a company dealing with drugs to flout laws. The reason why drug laws exist is to protect the lives of people who take drugs. This makes obeying the law a moral imperative. Therefore, the failure of the company to release the data for whatever reason brings to question the commitment of the company to the safety of the people who consume their drugs. In this sense, it is not morally acceptable to refuse to release data that regulators can use to verify the safety of drugs. It can lead to harm. Moral Difference between Hiding Information and Making Active False Claims The moral difference between failure to provide information and making false claims depends on the reasons for failing to provide the information (Rogers and Braunack-Mayer 14). If the failure is for a good reason such as the need to protect a business secret, or because of internal doubts regarding the accuracy o
As a friend of Lindsey’s, I want to persuade her to choose the courses of personal finance instead of one more advanced class in sociology. Originally, there is a strong necessity to mention that personal finance will be more interesting to her due to several reasons. This sphere of finance deals with money and taking decisions concerning the financial situation in a family. The major point is that Lindsey is going to get married soon, in a year or so, and a proper awareness of how to make the financial status of her family better and stronger may be rather useful. Moreover, the knowledge on the matters of financial planning will help her in arranging her wedding. During the classes of personal finance, students learn how to obtain, save, and develop the monetary sources of their families during a long period. Many people do not want or just do not have a chance to learn this simple but, at the same time, crucially important discipline. Sociology course is really helpful for communication with people, still, this experience may be attained in everyday communication, while dealing with financial resources requires really strong and systematized skills and knowledge. The second reason deals with geographical location. It is Redding, California. This is one of the largest cities in Sacramento and develops day by day. This is why it is not that easy to control own budget: certain changes within the city may cause certain changes within each family. Personal finance helps her to be ready for challenges in her family, caused by the fast development of the city. In fact, there are so many mistakes, which people make while managing their personal finance. Some of them are rather serious and may considerably influence people’s future. Sometimes, these mistakes are not that significant and may just disturb families for a while. However, it is better to be ready for difficulties and be aware of the mistakes within personal finance. Of course, the best way to solve the problems is to discuss the financial situation of the family together, if the whole family is engaged in the problem of managing the finances. Still, the best way of managing personal finances is to plan all the expenses. Originally, it is the most serious mistake – lack or absence of planning. This generally causes uncontrolled expenses and serious gaps in the personal budget. Another mistake, is the absence of extra money, a kind of emergency fund. Originally, it is linked with the issues of planning, as some particular sum should be saved for an unexpected occasion. When a family starts its development, it is crucially important to take each step carefully and think about the consequences and future. It is not reasonable to spend all money in one or two days in order to enjoy married life during such a short period of time. Personal finance is a good way to learn how to create properly this emergency fund and use it. If my friend is going to married soon