ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction As advocates of patients, nurses experience ethical dilemmas, which require them to make ethical decisions according to their professional guidelines and code of conduct. Ethical dilemmas are usually complex and require the application of ethical frameworks in their resolution. According to Canadian Association of Nurses (2008), ethical frameworks are essential in ethical decision-making since they guide and direct nurses on how to make ethical decisions and arrive at favorable solutions, which comply with the code of ethics and nursing standards of practice. Effective resolution of ethical dilemmas is dependent on the ability of nurses to apply ethical frameworks in line with the code of ethics and standards of practice (Bach, Ploeg, & Black, 2009; Ellen, & Kulig, 2012). Essentially, nurses must make ethical decisions in a professional manner to avert unethical acts of commission and omission. Therefore, this essay examines ethical dilemmas associated with end-of-life care and applies the ethical decision making framework (EDMF) in conducting effective, informed, ethical, and professional nursing response. The Ethical Decision Making Framework Assessing and Describing the Situation The case study (appendix A) presents an ethical dilemma of end-of-life care. MacLeod, Wilson, and Malpas (2012) argue that the end-of-life care presents complex ethical dilemmas, which require systemic resolution. The dilemma requires the intervention of nurses because the interests of family members differ in the aspects of the treatment that the father requires. Oncologists and nurses had assessed the condition of Smith and found that the use of life-supporting machine was fruitless because lung cancer had reached a stage where it was a terminal illness. While his wife supports the application of the advance directive, children have consented that it is futile to use life-supporting machine to sustain the life of their father. The children told the nurses not to inform their parents about the terminal condition because it would traumatize them. Hence, the ethical values involved here are truthfulness, client choice, respect for life, client well-being, and privacy and confidentiality. According to College of Nurses Ontario (2009), patients have right to obtain the right information about their condition, but the extent of disclosure varies according to the potential harm of the information. In this case, nurses have to determine whether to inform the parents about the terminal condition and futility of life-support machine. The ethical dilemmas in the case study have nume
The rationale for Dialectical Behaviour Therapy Terri is a 39-year-old woman who is seeking assistance because of her history of self-harm behaviors and suicidal thoughts and actions, periods of depression, and anxiety. Analyzing Terri’s case, the signs to pay attention to include her lack of confidence observed since the woman’s childhood, suicidal activities, episodes of depression, and her dissatisfaction with life. Additionally, Terri demonstrates stable behaviors associated with developing her career but has thoughts about changing it. She is unable to build close relationships with people, and she also fears criticism. Thus, Terri’s personality can be characterized by switching moods, focusing on negative aspects in her life, having an inadequate self-image, impulsive and suicidal actions, unstable relationships with her family and partners, and feelings of emptiness. These signs are associated with a borderline personality disorder, and the evidence-based therapeutic intervention for this disorder is dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). The application of DBT for Terri’s case can be explained with reference to discussing the origins of her current psychological state. DBT was specifically developed as the variant of cognitive behavioral therapy to address the problems of individuals suffering from such symptoms as self-harm, suicidal behavior, and depression (May, Richardi, and Barth 2016). In the context of DBT, individuals are trained to develop their interpersonal effectiveness, mindfulness, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance skills (DeCou, Comtois, and Landes 2019). The causes of Terri’s inability to build stable relationships with other people are problems with asserting her needs based on her childhood experience of living with an abusive and critical mother. Terri lacks self-confidence, developed in a relationship with an abusive partner. Currently, she is not satisfied with her relationship, and she also lacks friends. Thus, Terri needs to develop interpersonal effectiveness skills to learn how to manage her relationships with people in the context of DBT. Terri assesses situations in her life and her roles, focusing on negative thoughts. Consequently, she tends to blame herself for not realizing her potential. The focus on mindfulness as part of the therapy will help her to become aware of all experiences in her life while accepting them without judging (McMain et al., 2017). She will learn how to feel and react to different situations without feeling guilty. Terri experiences problems with managing emotions, and she often feels depressed and dissatisfied. The development of emotion regulation skills in the context of DBT will contribute to her psychological state. Furthermore, Terri needs assistance in how to manage stress and crises in her life to avoid self-harm and suicidal activities. For these purposes, the development of distress tolerance skills is requi
Introduction Just like all the body parts are connected, so is the family unit and society. When one part of the body is ill or suffering, so is the rest of the body. Drug abuse is not a one man show per se, because it affects all the members of a family more so the community at large whether directly or indirectly. Drug abuse involves the use of a drug for a non-therapeutic/ non-medical effect or for personal pleasure. Most of the common drugs abused are: alcohol, cocaine, opioids, benzodiazepines, methaqualone among others. The causes of drug abuse could range from the addiction of drugs meant for treatment to individual unhappiness to unemployment. Focusing on the family seems to be by far, the most known and effective way of finding a solution with regards to the “war on drugs” since it more promising to end the vicious cycle of drug abuse. The approach taken in this paper addresses the scenario where it could be the parents or the children or just peers who are addicted to drugs and how it affects the other parties who are not abusing the drugs. Effects of Drug Abuse on Families In the cases of families where the parental figures are involved in drug abuse, there are many factors which could influence how the children are affected, for instance “age of the child and their personality, severity of involvement of the parent, whether or not it is a single parent family, parent’s ability to fulfill parental role satisfactorily and social isolation” (CASA, 2005, p. 2). Despite this, there are undisputed ways in which subsequent family members are affected: financial constraints, physical abuse, health issues (for instance headaches and insomnia), psychological and emotional stresses, behavioral disorders, educational/academic challenges and in most cases the children will themselves be introduced to drug abuse (CASA, 2005). The other category mainly falls on youth/adolescents/teen abusing drugs and this also has tremendous effects especially to the society. This group is more likely to get into drug abuse as a result of peer influence. Peer influence, however, depends on race; a concept stated by Broman, Li & Reckase (2008) “black adolescents as compared to white and Latino/Latina adolescents have a lower need for peer groups” (p. 1628). The consequences of youth involvement in drugs are: car accidents, unprotected sexual activity, depression, crime involvement, school dropouts and to the extreme suicide (Langfield et al., n.d.). Other effects of drug abuse on a general level include high unemployment rates, marital problems, increased cases of divorce, shifting family roles (where the grandparents are forced to raise the children due to absentee parents), violence, child neglect, stigmatization (especially by friends and society)
Impact of cultural variation within the global business industry In no other industry is cultural variation as important as in the global business industry. Multinational corporations from across the world are expanding and building branches in diverse places around the world so cultural variations will always affect them. Cultural variation has a tremendous impact on global business because formal aspects of businesses are defined by one’s cultural background and they are sometimes done differently. For instance, customer preferences may be defined by culture as some may prefer certain segments over others. Terms of payment may be different depending on the kind of region or country one is transacting with. Some cultures are comfortable with credit transactions while others prefer cash only payments. Alternatively, some may use invoices while others may not. If packages have to be exchanged between the intercultural teams then they may possess different rules about the colors or sizes of the parcels. If there is no synergy between cross cultural teams’ understanding of formal aspects then this can lead to stalled transactions and failed deals (Holtgraves, 1997). On the other hand, cultural variations affect the global business industry on an informal basis as well. Human behavior is governed by a series of informal rules which are determined by one’s cultural background. In the global business context, actions carried out by business partners from different cultures may be interpreted in divergent ways. For instance, one’s body language may send out different signals in varied cultures. It should be noted that these informal rules do not always have to be a problem; they will only become so when a rule has been violated. For instance, some cultures do not like it when a business partner calls them by their first name or is too friendly. Such preferences are common in Asian cultures since such societies are extremely hierarchical and they have a deep respect for authority. Consequently, colleagues or partners from western cultures tend to be offensive when they get too familiar with their cross cultural counterparts from the East. Cultural variations in this regard can either mess up business or they can strengthen it depending on how people choose to approach it. If business partners keep comparing their actions, behaviors and expectations with that of another group then they are likely to be disappointed within that business environment. However, if they comprehend the social, historical and political backgrounds of their counter cultural counterparts then cultural variations need not be an impediment. How personal dignity is impacted in the intercul
Introduction Like any sphere, the beauty industry also needs a particular supply to consumers and advertising. Some people believe that attracting black women to advertising is a kind of racism. The situation is contributed with stereotypes toward models of color, putting emphasis on the status of society associated with skin tone. The variety of preconceptions such as the hypersexuality of black women and the perception of their beauty as an unideal version of whites’ one also indicates racism. Simultaneously, business owners focused on gaining profit from multicultural models that can reshape the current beauty standards, neglect the features of models while forcing them to promote products they are not willing to advertise. Moreover, services provided by brands intended for white females, which make African-looking ones adhere to the requirements or make beauty procedures on their own. Although cosmetics are necessary so that women can fully demonstrate their femininity, some people still associate them with the subject of racial discrimination. Advertising Cosmetics on Black Women Use of Black Models to Advertise Beauty Products by Manufacturers Stereotypes about Black Models and Its Usage by Same-Race Businessmen Some companies engaged in manufacturing and selling cosmetics use black women as models to advertise beauty products. It enables fashion businesses to create an appearance of a multicultural mix in their campaigns, which is especially popular among luxury brands. Despite the general tendency of people to protect individuals that belong to the same culture, with respect to the outlined problem, there is evidence that indicates the opposite. Thus, Phipps and Prieto (2018) state that black people in business use representatives of their race to benefit from brands. The authors reveal that there are stereotypes raised because of such bra
The consumer attitude to the Pink brand has proven to be higher than positive, and it is necessary to track the peculiarities of its formation in order to make some feasible conclusions about the secret of Pink’s success in the market, both as a part of the Victoria’s Secret brand, and separately, as a cute, young, and bright brand. 1. Buyer Decision Process of Pink consumers. The typical customer’s decision-making process concerning the purchase of the product under the Pink brand may identified the following way, depending on whether it is a customer new to the Victoria’s Secret brand or not. In case the customer has never bought the Victoria’s Secret items before, she is likely to perceive the increased accessibility of the aspired brand, and buy the products that she used to want to buy, but could not afford due to the higher than average prices of the VS’s exclusive products. However, some customers (who are indeed of younger age) may really want to buy an item from the Pink series because it suits their hip and fashionable style more than the luxurious items of the mainstream Victoria’s secret brand that may look not old-fashioned, but too adult for some young women who want to seem younger. Those who are not new to the brand, and used to buy Victoria’s Secret items, may be attracted to the Pink series for two reasons: first of all, because they are loyal to the brand and they are sure in its quality, so they want to diversify the set of their lingerie by some more hip, bright, and cute items of the same brand. Every woman is versatile, and at times she wants to look serious and mature, but at times she wants to have fun with peers and friends, so wearing cute and bright lingerie may contribute to the playful mood of a woman belonging to any age group. The second reason is trust to the trend; women know that Victoria’s Secret is a highly fashionable brand that speaks for itself. Hence, issuing a collection of bright, even childish loungewear may indicate the coming fashion for bright colors and playful designs, which makes it strategically important to have such an item in every woman’s wardrobe. 2. Concept of Aspirational Groups; Limits for Its Application. The concept of aspirational groups also has a very serious impact on the buying decisions in the present case. There are two aspirational groups that produce the influence on buyers of Pink items; first of all, it is the group of upper class. As it has been mentioned above, the Pink series is much more accessible in price than standard Victoria’s Secret offers, hence the middle class women who have dreamt of having a VS bra will finally have it, no matter that it will belong to the Pink sub-brand; the main idea is that it is the sub-brand of Victoria’s Secret . However, there is one more aspirational group producing impact on the buyers; according to Kotler and Armstrong (2010), aspirational groups are those “to which the individual wishes to belong”; hence, here not only issues of class but issues of age as well as concerned. As the case study says, the Pink series has attracted attention of much younger categories such as teens and ‘tweens’, who a
Introduction Vincent Monnikendam’s film ‘Mother Dao’ is a wonderful piece of art that consists of footages that were shot in Dutch’s colony of Indonesia between 1912 and 1932 (Pollock and Silverman 78). The original film footage was shot in 1995, and the original audiences of the original footage were the Dutch back in the Netherland who were proud of having colonies around the world. The filmmaker, Vincent Monnikendam, was a Dutch who was interested in the historical events which took place in Indonesia during the Dutch rule. The nationality of the filmmaker matters a lot because it influences his views about the themes brought out in the film. It also makes it easy to explain the possible causes of biasness in the film. In this paper, the researcher will analyze the colonial film representation of Indonesia as presented in this film. Analysis of the Film The title ‘Mother Dao’ is very significant because of the poetry that was introduced in the film. The poetry is about a mythical mother Dao who was the creator of all human beings. Its significance is that we are all brothers and sisters from one ancestor, but sometimes we forget this fact and start inflicting pain on one another. It helps to emphasize the fact that the Dutch had no moral grounds to exploit the local Indonesians during the colonial period. The film portrays the local people as desperate individuals who lacked a clear vision of what the future had for them. Their disillusionment can be seen in their desperate faces as shown in the figure below. Figure 1: Local Indonesians Listening to their Dutch Master. The photo above shows a close comparison between a Dutchman and the local Indonesians. The Dutchman seems confident and sure about life. However, next to him are poor colonial slaves (Indonesians) who seem not sure what the future holds for them. They are looking for answers from the Dutchman. The dress code also tells a lot about how the Dutch compared with the local Indonesians. The Dutch are properly dressed in Western culture, but the Indonesians next to him have no proper clothes. The figure below may help in further understanding how the local people are portrayed in the film. Figure 2: A Local Indonesian Man. As shown in the figure above, desperation and poverty are shown in the old man’s face and clothing. It shows the life of hardship that they were forced to lead under the colonial powers of the Dutch. The film also portrays these locals as uncivilized. The two scenes from which the above two images were taken give the image of people who are deeply rooted in traditional culture and very unwilling to adopt the Western way of life. The two images which are shown above help in demonstrating a lack of civilization among these locals in their dressing style. The primary subjects of this film are the local Indonesians who were living in slavery under the Dutch colonial masters. The film shows how they interacted amongst themselves and with their masters. The insertion of the poetry into the film was important in giving it a local Indonesian context. Initially, the photos were meant for the Dutch audience. However, t
News Release Review The LINE FRIENDS (2017) news draws attention to the first official store in the U.S. that will open in Times Square in New York. The release was intended to serve the following marketing public relations (MPR) functions: promoting the organization, informing, and raising awareness. The company announced a new store aiming to inform its American consumers about it, obtain publicity and dramatize the company products (Belch & Belch, 2004). The target audience of the release seems to be the young users of the LINE messenger and children who love the LINE toys. The news is likely to be used by websites promoting children’s events and news. For example, Yelp’s Kids & Family category appears to be a perfect place to run the news. Lack of control over timing or publicity can be a disadvantage. There are almost five months between the release and the actual store opening. The public interest may fade if the articles appear too early. Advertising Review The Human Energy commercial by Chevron Company is an example of image advertising (Kindindeknel, 2009). This commercial is devoted to promoting Chevron’s overall image rather than its major activity. Due to a significant extent of criticism that the corporation had faced, the goal of the commercial was to create a positive image and share Chevron’s attitude to social, environmental issues, thus building a good reputation in the eyes of the community (Belch & Belch, 2004). Considering that Chevron is still one of the biggest energy corporations in the world, I believe that the commercial was successful. However, running the commercial might have caused certain problems because it could have been regarded as if the company was in a bad situation. (BB p 595). In other words, such commercials can draw public attention to some troubles that the company is currently going through, rather than to its positive image and intentions.
Motivation is a very broad topic in psychology and integral to behavioral studies. Researchers approach motivation from two distinct points of view: academical and clinical. Both approaches aim to identify the determinants of human behavior. Motivational theories are based on a number of assumptions explaining human nature and factors that prompt their actions. The major motivational theories include drive, arousal, brain state, and incentive theories. Historically, first motivational theories were based on the postulate that behavioral reasons can be reduced to an ultimate number of physiological needs or drives that fulfill them. According to the drive theory, people act to relieve the internal tension caused by an unsatisfied need (Deci & Ryan, 2014). The studies of Freud and Hull identified the primary and secondary drives that make people take action. Primary drives are sex, aggression, avoidance of pain, thirst, and hunger, secondary drives (money and power) are learned by conditioning (Deci & Ryan, 2014). Examples of drive-motivated behavior can include the search for food or water to satisfy hunger or thirst, or the desire to take a nap to fulfill the need for sleep. The second motivational theory explains people’s actions from the position of keeping the necessary level of physiological arousal. The theory suggests that people take actions to have the arousal level dropped when overstimulated or seek out energizing activities when the arousal level is down. The typical examples of such behavior include exercising, dancing, or sports to fuel the energy along with sleep or reading to reduce the level of arousal. Some researchers suggest that people behave in a certain way to achieve the necessary state of the brain. The theory argues that such actions fulfill the need for pleasure and freedom from pain (Kim, 2013). Typical behaviors falling under this pattern may include sleeping to avoid th