ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The variety of criminal offenses may be rather large. As a result, to address different outlaw behaviors the justice system implements a number of various policies and programs. One of them is called intensive supervision. This paper focuses on the exploration of intensive supervision, its definition, main aspects, and components, the groups of individuals it targets, and the measures it includes. Individual supervision carries many benefits, yet at the same time, it has several limitations. Definition of Intensive Supervision Intensive supervision is the kind of sentence that is designed to enforce a criminal’s rehabilitation, and to enable their reintegration into the society. The main objective of intensive supervision is to prevent the possible re-offence and re-engagement of a sentenced individual in the previous or new criminal activities. The court judges are the ones who enable intensive supervision in the cases where such solution is deemed to be a successful way to address the potential dangerous behaviors in the future. Intensive supervision is implemented in order to support an offenders need for rehabilitation and help them start living a new safer life, as well as to ensure the security of the communities around and the society in general by means of reducing the number of individuals apt to commit crimes (Department of Corrections, n. d.). Terms and Conditions Intensive supervision is applicable to both adult and juvenile offenders. The sentence can last for a term of six months to two years. The conditions of the supervision program for each particular offender vary depending on the decision of the judge. The court shapes each intensive supervision sentence based on a set of standard and special elements that a judge selects due to the recognized needs of the offender and their individual situations. Among the most common requirements and conditions of intensive supervision programs there are an obligation to be in contact with the supervisors often and regularly report or meet with them, restrictions concerning the work and accommodation (for, example, one may be required to change their address, or on the contrary, to stay in a particular place without permission to move). The individuals under intensive supervision programs may be required to do a number of hours of community service works. Moreover, intensive supervision is in place in order to provide careful monitoring of the actions and behavioral tendencies of the convicts to correct the most dangerous patterns and protect the society. In case if the convicts breach rules of the supervision programs, the judge may replace their sentences with more restrictive ones, or concern imprisonment. The offenders targeted by the intensive supervision programs may be those who have committed violence, drug, and sex crimes and are suspected to be inclined to repeat their activities, as well as those who are proved to be members of criminal gangs or those who are at risk of being taken over by gangs (County of San Mateo, n. d.; Nevada Department of Public Safety, n. d.). Analysis of the Goals and Obje
Introduction Many different psychological disorders that have been discovered in the medical world tend to afflict human beings thus affecting their day-to-day activities. Psychological disorders come in different ways. At the same time, they are tackled in different ways that can be described as the best in the present-day world of medicine. Some psychological disorders can be described as acquired while some can be described as genetic depending on their manifestation in the human beings. The treatment and management of these disorders also vary, with some of the disorders being treatable and eliminated completely while some can only be controlled but not eliminated. Different approaches are employed when dealing with psychological disorders. In fact, although different people can be diagnosed with the same disorder, they will show different signs individually and hence the conclusion that psychological disorders show different indicators that make up a certain disorder when put together. As the study reveals, one such disorder that can be described as complex is schizophrenia because of the different ways it manifests in human being as well as the different forms it afflicts its victims. What is Schizophrenia Schizophrenia as a disease or mental disorder has been in existence for a very long time, as long as humans have existed. Previously, the classification of mental illnesses was so poor that almost all mental illnesses were lumped together without trying to sort them out (Sullivan, 2003, p. 1187). Way back in the year 1911, a Swiss doctor called Eugene Blair coined the name schizophrenia from two Greek words, ‘schizo’, meaning split, and the word ‘phrene’, meaning mind, and hence the term schizophrenia that means a disconnected mind. The disease comes in different forms by exhibiting different characteristics specific to an individual case. In most cases, an individual would exhibit one or more of the following characteristics, which are pointers to the disease. They include delusions, which are strange and unrealistic beliefs that go on in an individual’s mind in that they tend to see things that other people are not seeing (Lilienfeld et al. 2010). The signs also include hearing of sounds other people cannot hear, and some strange beliefs that something is going to happen to the victims. The mind of the individual makes them have abnormal a feeling about their surrounding environment. They also have hallucinations, which will make them have a reaction of the presence of things that are actually
It is hard to disagree that healthcare is one of the most essential and necessary spheres of life. However, there are certain disadvantages in this system, and a number of severe problems are not entirely addressed or eliminated. Determinants of health, which are rather important conditions, include the range of environmental, economic, social, and personal factors influencing health status (“Determinants of health,” 2020). Among other things, determinants of health explore the ways of creating a society in which all people have a chance to live a long, happy, and healthy life despite their social statuses. Hence, one of the objectives is to eliminate disparities and barriers to receiving proper and effective treatment. With the help of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), access to mental health care among people with low income and from ethnic and racial minorities was improved significantly. However, there are still certain barriers related to health insurance and the mental health population (Novak et al., 2018). Specific disparities may contribute to the problem of increasing mental diseases and the inability of some people to receive proper care. It should be mentioned that in the U. S. uninsured people with a mental health condition are at a great risk and need to be protected. These individuals are those with low income, of ages from 18-64 years old, and different nationalities. Patients with mental health diseases tend to lack support and help, as well as have fewer persons who can improve their condition by simply being nearby. Together with this factor, limited access to proper treatment may significantly worsen the mental health population’s problems (Novak et al., 2018). That is why it is of vital importance to make this issue a priority and develop special healthcare programs for all those persons who have troubles with paying for an effective treatment or getting extended insurance (Novak et al., 2018). Population with mental illnesses should not find high-cost barriers to accessing care, and unique health insurance plans covering all or almost all necessary expenses should be created for people with low income. Otherwise, if this problem remains unsolved, the number of patients with mental health diseases of various degrees who have no resources to help themselves will continue growing.
Analyzing the functioning of the firm, it is vital to draw attention to several very important points. First of all, the commission-based approach to compensating should be discussed. It is obvious, that the main advantage of the given approach is the stimulation of the competitive element. People, working at the company, know that their payment depends on the level of sales and it is up for them to increase it. That is why, they are highly motivated and try to do their best in order to sell a certain good to a potential customer. Moreover, there is another advantage of the given model. The fact is that the approach is widely used nowadays by all firms that work in the sphere of sales. Trying to stimulate their workers and achieve better results, companies organize their functioning in accordance with the given pattern. That is why, employees know the main peculiarities of the functioning of the majority of companies and could try to work in many firms. Besides, one should also keep in mind the great importance of the professional development of a worker. It is obvious that trying to sell a certain good, a specialist should present various information connected with it, outlining advantages and disadvantages of a product and use different techniques to make a customer buy it. Under these conditions, it becomes obvious that a worker should work hard to master his/her skills of a salesman and obtain new information about the goods provided by a company. That is why, it is possible to say that the given approach also stimulates the professional development of workers, outlining the necessity of the constant growth (“Piece rates & commission payments” para. 3). However, it is also possible to underline several disadvantages of this pay approach. First of all, the greatest disadvantage of the given model is its controversial influence on the organizational culture and the working environment. According to the given pattern of distribution of rewards, not all workers get the same sums of money. On the one hand, employees who work more obtain bigger sums, however, on the other not always this pattern turns out to be fair. This fact leads to the appearance of disagreements within the collective or even unfair competition, when workers could use any remedy to get the client and sell something. In consequence of these actions, the working environment and organizational culture might suffer as people will not feel comfortable and protected. The idea that only workers who perform and have a great number of sales are appreciated by the officials could also appear. The combination of all these facts could introduce some tension to the relations within the collective and have the negative impact on the final result. Additionally, trying to sell a certain good by all means, a salesman coul
Introduction Violence and terror in the world dates back to pre-historic era. Though much of the pre-historic violence erupted basically out of competition for scarce food resources, modern day violence has its roots in diverse causes. Various challenges continue to affect mankind, presenting avenues for violent behaviour. Tribes have been rising up against tribes and countries against countries. The Gulf war, which brought many fatalities, is still fresh in our minds. Most recently, the Russians were squaring it out with their Georgian neighbours, a war that brought many fatalities on both sides. Violence, which is a key ingredient in all the atrocities and wars, is both a source of existential threat as well as a form of political communication. Victims’ of contemporary warfare are often left horrified and traumatised. The perpetrators of these wars either derive shame, respect or authority from them (Durque, Klevens, and Ramirez, 2003). There exist very many situations in the world today where violence continues to be meted on innocent people. The Darfur situation in Africa is a classical example of how violence can be used as a source of existential threat and also for political communication. The September eleventh bombing of the World Trade Centre in US, the Congo, Somali as well as Israel-Palestine conflicts are other examples. In trying to understand the causes of violence in the world and how it continue to impact on victims as well as witnesses, various theories, concepts and topics have been advanced by Sociologists and Anthropologists. Below I attempt to discuss a few in relation to violence victims. Politics of Atrocity Individuals, tribes, and countries continue to rub each other the wrong way while competing for scarce resources. Goals are set and often achieved without much regard to innocent people. In Politics of Atrocity and Reconciliation , Michael Humphrey (2002) argue that, violence is mostly used in contemporary states to unmake the social world and its product, which is suffering, is used to try and remake the social world. In Iraq for example, deposed former president Saddam Hussein unmade the world for his subjects through deadly public executions, torture, ethnic cleansing, and conventional warfare. Torture and intimidation was used by Saddam Hussein as a form of political communication that, he was the supreme ruler over Iraq and no one could ever challenge the decisions he made – either good or bad. Violence was used as a strategy of intervention in the relationship between state and citizens between feeling and meaning through the infliction of pain (Scarry, 1995). The victims are subdued to act in line with the nation through a continued and sustained effort of subjecting them to direct pain, torture and maiming, and also to painful situations such as wars and genocide. When sources of pain are removed, people will be afraid to question the status quo because they fear to be subjected to the painful situations again. They are then available for politicisation and symbolisation (Scarry, 1995). The argument here is that suffering is the interface betwee
Problem Description There are many documented examples of leadership challenges in the business world. Enron leadership crisis stands out as a major failure in leadership. In an article relayed by the New York Times, Labaton (2002) asserts that Enron bankruptcy came about due to lapses in leadership. Before its bankruptcy, the company had enjoyed unparalleled success until the end of 20 th century. Indeed, the company had emerged as one of the largest company not only in the United States but also in the world. However, leadership at Enron did not match this success. At the outset, the leadership overlooked the importance of adhering to set out accounting standards and procedures. The company’s leadership led by Kenneth Lay seemed to have been oblivious of the misdeeds that were going on within the accounting department. Failure to disclose huge amounts of debts that the company was facing led to increased investors’ confidence. As the investors continued to buy shares in the firm, the company collapsed due to the misdeeds. Many people would absolve the leadership of Kenneth Lay but in 2006, the court found him guilty of conspiracy and fraud. This shows the level of leadership lapses that had engulfed the company whereby the CEO was aware of malpractices but failed to act on them in order to salvage the organization. Instead, the CEO conspired with the ‘quack’ auditors for selfish gains. It is imperative to note that the role of leadership ought to influence the entire team to achieve the organization’s objectives. Leadership Failures Enron’s collapse qualifies to be one of the greatest business failures of 21 st century. Apparently, leadership of the company played a significant role in the demise of the company. First, the leadership lacked objectives. The CEO of the company seemed to have enjoyed immense success in the years preceding its collapse and as such, failed to come up with objectives of the company. This led to ‘goal shifting’ where managers in different departments procured and made decisions that were not necessarily in line with the best interests of the company. Particularly, the leadership in the accounting department was not accountable and transparent in order to achieve ethical leadership. Second, the leader of Enron was not honest. For an organization to thrive, it is important for the leader to be honest with the entire team and be held accountable. In fact, Labaton (2002) says that majority of the employees in various department were unaware of the sad fact of a possible collapse. The collapse led to job losses and many employees lost their livelihoods. Third, the leader of the organization exhibited lack of effective communication with the members of staff. As aforementioned, the collapse of Enron caught the internal stakeholders with a surprise. Effective communication is an important aspect of leadership that not only motivates the members of the staff but also leads to increased productivity. To that end, Enron’s leadership allowed the accounting department to contract auditors without understanding their professional
Introduction In the recent decade, the necessity for improvement in the functioning of governments has created the need for a reliable systemic approach. Currently, the approach universally accepted by governments is the creation of projects targeting specific issues and implementing recommended solutions. Understandably, the success of the described projects depends on the skills and expertise of staff members responsible for the implementation. In the public sector, the likelihood of success is further decreased by budgetary constraints and lack of consistent control. Finally, the increased demand for transparency and accountability characteristic for the sector requires the integration of respective practices, further complicating the matters. To address the host of complications caused by these factors, various project management practices have been applied to the projects. Such a move allowed the project managers to utilize numerous readily available methodologies, instruments, and tools and incorporate measurement systems accepted as industry standards in the private sector. However, it has been pointed out by critics that the effectiveness of practices designed for for-profit organizations may not provide the expected improvement. The purpose of this literature review is to provide information on the principles of project management in the public sector, highlight important factors responsible for their success, define the roles of effectiveness and efficiency in the assessment process, outline approaches to risk management, and describe relevant processes. Public Projects in Dubai Since its emergence as a global economic entity, the United Arab Emirates has become a center of innovation. To keep up with the pace of change, the government allocates considerable resources for modernizing the public segment by stakeholder expectations (Ibrahim 2015). Currently, several such projects have already been successfully launched. The brightest examples include the software solutions in transportation, safety and security, and social activity domains (Buhumaid, Constantin & Schubert 2016). Also, several initiatives exist in Dubai intended to further promote and streamline the development and implementation of projects in the public sector (UAE Government n.d.). Thus, it is necessary to establish a framework for the assessment of the efficiency of projects in the public sector. Project Phases and Common Constraints The growing public dissatisfaction with the performance of the public se
Whether the Court can exercise jurisdiction in the case The ICJ can exercise jurisdiction in this case. The Court has a double jurisdiction. The Court acts on disputes that various States submit to it (contested cases) and cases that the UN authorised bodies and agencies may refer for legal opinions. The Court shall consider the case under Article 38 of the Statute “in accordance with international law” and apply sources of law based on the international convention, international customs, the general principles of law as civilised nations recognise them, and provisions under Article 59. 1 Territorial claim between Neganda and Kantara falls within these four areas. The States may accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ. The ICJ has dealt with a number of territorial jurisprudence. However, the nature of these cases varies. Therefore, it is almost impossible to prioritise and categorise what factors the Court uses to provide decisions. This tendency makes the ICJ unattractive place for territorial cases. Taylor Sumner examined territorial disputes at the ICJ and concluded that there were nine areas relevant to adjudicating territorial claims: “treaty law, geography, economy, culture, effective control, history, uti possidetis juris (“to whom possesses by law”), “elitism”, and ideology”. 2 In addition, Sumner established that the ICJ mainly bases its decisions on “treaty law, uti possidetis , and effective control” (Sumner 2004). The ICJ statute provisions also note that the Court “shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide in cases ex aequo et bono (based on equity and welfare), if the parties agree thereto”. 3 However, the Court shall act on this case because the decision on a legal ground is not possible and concentrate on equities. However, the ICJ has not based all cases on equitable principles. We must note that the ICJ may consider equitable principles infra legem (under law). This shall enable the Court’s interpretation and application of the law to consider both facts and conditions surrounding Kantara and Neganda case. The principles of law that will be applicable to the substance of the territorial dispute between Kantara and Neganda Treaty law Treaties bind parties under international law, irrespective of their formal designation. Treaties are only relevant in cases where bodies with a treaty-making capacity participate. This is the case of Kantara and Neganda. These states have a treaty-making capacity. These states are also parties to the Central African Treaty of Friendship and Non-Alignment . This treaty means that states can formulate obligations and rights which international law can enforce. The Vienna Convention 1969 recognises written treaties. However, the absence of