ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics can be defined as the science behind heat and work. These two terms were known in ancient times. However, energy, which brings heat and works together, was recognized and studied in the 1800s. A famous ancient painting of the machine that was attributed to Hero of Alexandria as the inventor in the first century points to the beginning of thermodynamics (Chandra 77). In the picture, steam is seen rotating a vessel. However, the commercial use of heat emerged in the 17 th century after different devices were used to draw water from mines via steam pressure. In the early years of the 18 th century, Thomas Newcomen came up with an advanced pump that could raise the water using the vacuum created by condensing steam (Muller 126). However, James Watt and Mathew Boulton faulted Newcomen’s device as it used too much energy. Therefore, the two invented an improved device that could accomplish work with steam creation and condensation taking place concurrently (Weinberger 2577). By the start of the 19 th century, mechanical power produced by steam was being used extensively in manufacturing and transport industries. However, as the field of thermodynamics continued to evolve, several challenges were encountered along the way. One of the important hurdles was to understand heat and its nature. The second issue was to differentiate between heat and work and determine their relationship with energy. In the 17 th century, the concept of heat started taking shape, with scientists coming up with different explanations. However, the prominent account on energy hinged on the motion of atoms and molecules as part of the matter. In 1620, Francis Bacon argued, “…the very essence of heat, or the substantial self of heat, is motion and nothing else” (Atkins 106). In the late 18 th century, Joseph Black had started his works on calorimetry as a technique of measuring heat quantitatively. Lavoisier adopted the term caloric in 1789 and classified it as an authentic element which meant that it could not be created or destroyed. As such, heat only moved between bodies. However, this presumption was overruled after Benjamin Thomson successfully carried out the famous cannon boring experiments. In 1843, James Prescott Joule derived accurate values associated with the mechanical equivalent of heat. At the same time, Robert Mayer started hypothesizing the relationship between the heat produced and work done after human beings consumed a certain amount of food. According to Mayer, the mentioned three aspects underscored an indestructible quantity (Cengel and Boles 114). At that time, this quantity was termed as force, but it was later named energy. Later in the 19 th century, Sadi Carnot furthered the concepts of thermodynamics. By 1850, the first and second laws of thermodynamics had been established under the works of Rudolf Clausius an
Bryan Wilson in 1999 referred to Secularization as “the procedure whereby spiritual thinking, practices and foundations misplace their social meaning within a particular community as time elapses” (Berger 1999, p.13). Secularization therefore, is a procedure through which spiritual activities in any community steadily wanes with time. It can be reasonably comprehended that a person who goes to the house of worship and partakes in ritualistic proceedings such as singing hymns and reciting prayers is inspired to do so by the beliefs which are linked to religion. An effort to check the notion of rejection in religious secularization has to entail two essential opinions. It must be a proportional one. This implies that if people as a community are not fully committed to religion at present, then in the past they had not fully committed to religion. Therefore it is vital to scrutinize spiritual movement in the past and now. Secondly, because it is impossible methodologically to quantify secularization, people have to create a set of cursors. These have to be created in order for the spiritual activity to be quantified. Such cursors are likely to be things like turnout at religious services, membership of a spiritual union, ti
The world is suffering a serious crisis that is shaking its very foundation. As the recent updates from business-related sources indicate, the stocks have been on a downward spiral since Monday due to the influence of COVID-19 on the economy (Banerji, Isaac, & Chiu, 2020). As the authors explain in their recent article titled “U.S. Stocks Drop Despite Fed’s Latest Stimulus Move,” the economy of the U.S. continues to experience downfall despite the attempts at amending the situation (Banerji et al., 2020). Therefore, a series of even more drastic measures will have to be applied for the country to escape the conundrum of the economic crisis. The attempts at resuscitating the American economy using fiscal support from the government have been quite unsuccessful so far, which raises serious concerns among entrepreneurs. The specified fiscal policy was supposed to stop the threat of inflation and allow USD to become a stronger currency and stop its downward journey. However, in the grand scheme of events, the specified policy has mostly failed due to the political dysfunction and the lack of coordinated actions in the U.S. government. For example, the fact that the Senate has been seeking solutions among the range of tools that could be considered outdated by the time that the coronavirus-related crisis emerged indicated that the American government seriously lacked preparedness to and understanding of the management of the specified situation and similar concerns. Specifically, it was important to deploy the principles of managing macroeconomic concerns from the very start, which the U.S. government neglected (Banerji et al., 2020) Thus, the article points to the fact that the fiscal problems faced by the American government have been snowballing to the point where they presently represent an almost unmanageable issue. Reference List Banerji, G., Isaac, A., & Chiu, J. (2020). U.S. stocks drop despite Fed’s latest stimulus move. Wall Street Journal . Web.
Introduction A handshake is a traditional symbol that has been used to signify different things. There are different kinds of handshakes that are used in different situations and for different age groups. Mostly a handshake is used to show the kind of relationship that one has towards the other and the desire for them to participate in communication or a deal that is being made. A handshake is also a term that is used to refer to a reward that one is granted for work well done. It may be in form of monetary value or simply a token. A handshake may also be used to signify the desire for a relationship as it brings two parties together (Akers, 24). There are different angles that the palm or the wrist is supposed to be directed to show the person who is greater than the other either by authority or age. A handshake is usually accompanied by an eye contact to signify how sincere the party is. There are however different meanings that are attached to the handshake basing on different communities. Western culture In western culture, a handshake is mostly used when making business deals. It is however applied when an agreement has been made towards a deal and acts as a sign that the parties involved will work together. For instance, when different leaders come together to make certain agreements, they will first discuss them and there after required to sign the agreements (Jennings, 80). After both signatures have been received, they are required to shake hands to signify that they are of one mind. This is also done for business people that have agreed on certain contracts. A handshake may also be used in western culture to welcome a stranger. This is usually done to make them feel comfortable and as a form of assurance that they will be treated well. African culture In the African culture, a handshake is used as a form of respect to the elders. The younger people are usually expected to shake the hands of their elders while touching their elbow to show how much they respect them. As they extend the handshake, they are not required to maintain an eye contact with them as it signifies lack of humility. If the authority being referred to is very high, the handshake is supposed to be accompanied by a bended knee. It is the younger or junior person that is required to extend the handshake first (Akers, 18). The handshake may be accepted or denied depending on how it has been extended or the attitude that the elder has towards the junior party. People of the same age group and status will use a normal handshake or that which they prefer. Asian culture In Asia, a handshake is usually used as a form of religious worship. There are words that may be said by the person extending the handshake to signify their authority. The elder people or those that are in spiritual position will use it to bless other people. They will handshake them as they chan
Art is one of the human activities that distinguish people from the other species of animals on the Earth. Moreover, art has numerous branches and types that people develop to reflect the various aspects of the objective reality. Painting, sculpture, architecture, cinematography, etc. are all the spheres of art through which human beings try to describe their real-life experiences. However, the art of opera stands apart from those because it combines the features of theatre, singing, painting, etc. in it being a comprehensive art form reflecting all the dimensions of the human life. Accordingly, the analysis of the opera performance is a challenging task on which the current paper will focus. Thus, the piece of opera chosen for the analysis is the famous work by Giuseppe Verdi titled Rigoletto. The Italian libretto for this opera piece was written by Francesco Maria Piave, and the complete opera first hit the stage on March 11, 1851 in Venice, Italy. Originally intended to be a historical account based on Victor Hugo’s play, the opera itself turned out to be an artistic transformation of the history of France because of the considerations of censorship (Rigoletto, 2009). The court jester Rigoletto lives his life mocking other people whose wives are seduced by his master, Duke of Mantua, but later, cursed by one of the Duke’s victims, Rigoletto experiences the same misfortune in his life. His daughter Gilda falls in love with the Duke and dies trying to defend him (Opera, 2009). The genre of opera is not incidentally chosen by Giuseppe Verdi and his co-author Francesco Maria Piave for this piece of work. Giuseppe Verdi was a globally known Italian composer whose pieces of art impressed both the nobilities and the ordinary people of numerous countries and cities outside of Italy. The composition of the opera with the skillful libretto compiled by Piave turns the piece of art under analysis into a masterpiece of the world’s opera (Rigoletto, 2009). The style of the piece is rather pompous but, typically for the late 19 th century, human oriented. In other words, instead of being a fussy entertainment work, Rigoletto is a deeply philosophical opera that depicts the hardships of human life (Opera, 2009). Moreover, the historical background adds to the style and topic of the opera. Rigoletto was originally based on the historical data and Victor Hugo’s portrayals of Francis I of France as an immoral and women-loving person who used his status for his own advantage (Rigoletto, 2009). However,
Where I live In my locality, the number of elementary kids who are enrolled in private schools amounts to 29 students only. However, the population here consists of highly educated individuals with 48% grandaunts of Bachelor Degrees and 20% Master Degrees. The living standards in my area are also average, with a typical median household income of about 29.180$. Households earning under $30,000 per annum are almost half the entire population. The demographical structure in my area can be split into a racial and ethnic composition where the whites are the majority accounting for 41% of the entire population. The black people come in second place, followed by Asians, who account for 28% and 20% simultaneously. The Hispanics and other ethnic groups account for 5% and 6% percent, respectively. Analyzing the Armstrong School’s data, almost two-thirds of the entire school’s population is on free lunch. In addition, the school’s ratio of students to teachers stands at 38:3 teachers. Only 8% of the students have enrolled for advanced math. However, 9 AP courses are offered in the school, even with inexperienced teachers accounting for 13% of the total teachers’ population. From the data, we can conclude that in this area, the majority of the population is educated. The area also seems to have the majority of its populace as middle-class earners, and they are mostly whites. Census tract 8106 in nearby Petersburg, Virginia In this area, there are no elementary kids attending or enrolled in private schools. The population is also not composed of highly educated individuals as the percentage of the total number of grandaunts stands at 2%. The median household income is approximately $20while the households earning under $30,000 amount to 68% of the total households. The community composition is also divided into racial and ethnic groups. The majority of the population here are black people, who account for 96% of the total population. The whites come in second place at 2%, while other ethnic groups account for the remaining percent. There are no Asians or Hispania living in this area. More than half of the students in Armstrong High school are on free lunch, while the student-to-teacher ratio is 214: 19. Only 2% of the total student population has enrolled for advanced math. The school does not offer AP courses, and only 12% of the teachers here are inexperienced. This area seems to compose of poor individuals judging from the fact that no kids are enrolled in any private school. The level of education in the entire population is also negligible. We can assume that the area’s quality of education is very dismal based on the students to teachers ratio. Census tract 2107 in Dublin, Virginia In this area, 8% of the kids in elementary classes are enrolled in private schools, while the general population has 14% of university degrees’ grandaunts. The median household income here is about $37,667, while the households that earn under $30,00
General Considerations Student satisfaction is one of the primary concern among higher education institutions worldwide since it supports the stable performance of educational institutions. Increased customer satisfaction and positive feedback from student and graduates help to keep the classrooms full. Even though the primary goal of any public school is to provide quality education, it is also crucial to remain financially sustainable. Therefore, research is needed to figure out if increasing the cost of courses significantly affects student satisfaction. The present paper proposes a research design to assess the correlation between the average cost of education and the satisfaction of undergraduate students. The sample of the current research will include psychology students attending four-year bachelor programs in the schools of Georgia, US. Psychology students are more likely to appreciate the purpose of the study and adhere to the rules of the procedure. The hypothesis is that there is a significant correlation between the cost of education and students’ satisfaction. Data Acquisition Readily Available Data The present research uses data provided by the U.S. Department of Education, which is publically available online on the official website. As the purpose of the present research is to find out if average annual cost affects student satisfaction using the sample of public schools in Georgia, the website was accessed and information about the average cost in universities retrieved. The search for public schools that have 4-year bachelor programs in psychology yielded 22 results (U.S. Department of Education, n.d.). The data was most likely acquired through accessing school databases since billing information is generally stored by organizations for a long time. Since the data is reported by the US government, which is a reliable source, the information is to be considered trustworthy. It is also valid for the present project, as it offers a decent sample of data relevant to the research subject. Additional Information While the average annual cost by school is provided by the official website of the U.S. Department of Education, there is no data about student satisfaction. Therefore, the present research should include a survey of students in the 22 schools in Georgia to determine the satisfaction level of the graduates. The questionnaire will consist of eight items, and the responses will be based on the 5-point Likert scale. The questions are based on the UK National Student Survey (“National Student Survey,” n.d.):   * Question 1: “How effectively is your university course taught?” This item helps to identify students’ satisfaction with the program.   * Question 2: “How well do the classrooms at this university meet the learning needs of students?” This matter provides insights into the graduates’ assessment of the furnishing of classrooms.   * Question 3: “How helpful is your academic advisor?” This inquiry is vital for understanding how students evaluate the proficiency level of the acad
Emerging Trends The development of healthcare and other fields in such a country as the United Arab Emirates (UAE) should not be neglected, including the growth of this country from other perspectives within the global arena. In this paper, the main goal is to discuss the emerging innovation trends that can be applied to patient portfolios in all UAE hospitals. The exchange of patient information between hospitals is under governmental control and defined by the Federal Law # 7 of 1975 and the Ministry of Health Code of Conduct 1988, according to which patient information has to be confidential, and all medical records can be revealed only with a patient’s prior informed consent (O’Connell). However, the rise of medical technologies, such as electronic health records, patient portals, and telemedicine, continues to challenge healthcare workers and patients by introducing new ideas for care improvement (Bajwa 649). Therefore, additional research and implementation requirements have to be developed as well. The UAE depend and, at the same time, benefit considerably from government funding. Simon Stirzaker developed a possible scenario for UAE hospitals within the next ten years, including the possibility of being able to serve more patients, detect and control more chronic diseases, exchange more knowledge, and to integrate better data collection methods. A report of the U.S-U.A.E Business Council shows that the healthcare sector in the UAE has witnessed considerable expansion during the last two decades (2). The Information Technology (IT) market has improved through efficient mobile applications to engage patients, analyze data, and digitalize medical records (U.S-U.A.E Business Council 29). The number of patients has constantly increased, and some people are eager to compare different hospitals to evaluate their options and ascertain possible care alternatives. The exchange of information between hospitals has become an emerging trend for the UAE region. Approaches to Address Current Problems Regarding the impossibility of avoiding the emerging need for innovations in the UAE healthcare sector, it is important to identify current problems and find effective solutions. The exchange of patient information is a serious topic for discussion. It is recommended to analyze the idea of the im
The purpose of this essay is to critically analyze an article by James Vlahos, “How Scientists are Bringing AI Assistants to Life.” The author claims artificial intelligence assistants are being brought to life by scientists. The author’s targeted audience includes both developers and users of AIs. The author offers advice to users on how to best interact with virtual assistants. In the same fashion, the author highlights how researchers and developers explore new ways to enhance the efficiency and personable interactions of AIs. Creating an AI with tastes and preferences in art and can share its background story is almost like breathing life into an object. In the development of virtual assistants, the next big challenge is enabling them to communicate and familiarize themselves better with humans, possess more accuracy in predicting human needs, and enhance their performance of complex tasks (Pieraccini 6). Microsoft went big on personality in the development of AI assistants because of how consumers personify technology. AIs are built with character traits that are likable by humans. This characteristic makes users engage more with virtual assistants, enabling the AI to learn more about human interactions. The author posts a strong argument to support his claim that scientists breathe life into an object. Developing an intelligence with a personality the same as a human is an astounding achievement. Creating lifelike personas that make one seamlessly communicate with an AI as a human and the advancement of technology from response generation to speech synthesis is evidence enough to support the author’s opinion. The ability to create lifelike personas for AIs highlights just how close to reality the AIs are. As
Introduction The case of Officer Jaired Dozier, who was fired after driving under the influence, can be viewed from different perspectives. First, the actions of this employee led to physical damage to property, which contradicts the general provisions of the profession (“The Code of Ethics,” n.d.). Second, the image of the organization he was working for was harmed by this event, and the consequent discipline was necessary to restore it (Schmelzer, 2020). Therefore, the officer’s actions could not be judged in any other way, and the fact of being off-duty does not justify the violation of the Code of Ethics of his department. The Officer’s Actions: Off-Duty From the perspective of the consequences of illegitimate actions, the officer’s conduct can be characterized as non-compliance with both written and implied regulations of his workplace. The first aspect is connected to the Code of Ethics alongside other documents providing for the appropriate behavior of police employees (Schmelzer, 2020; “The Code of Ethics,” n.d.). In turn, the second part means respect for colleagues, whose reputation might be harmed due to the violation of the former’s provisions. Moreover, the fact that the officer was off-duty does not affect the outcome of his improper behavior since these rules apply to both “personal and official life” (“The Code of Ethics,” n.d.). Therefore, Dozier’s actions were unacceptable to the above considerations,