ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Babyshop is one of the leading retailers of children items in the GCC countries. Founded in 1973 in Bahrain, the company retails a wide range of baby items and children, up to 16 years. Items range from baby clothes, toys, baby’s accessories such as car seats, bathing accessories (for example, towels, baths suits, baby feeding tools and equipment), and school equipments such as desks, among others. Babyshop has experienced tremendous growth in its distribution network and now boasts of 133 stores in 11 countries world wide. The company also plans to add more than 77 retail stores in new market by 2015. According to the company’s CEO, Mr. Vinod Talreja, the company’s global market expansion strategy is in line with the company’s efforts to maintain its 20% annual growth rate (Rizvi para. 4). Choice of Overseas Market The company has embarked on an ambitious plan to expand to new markets. This will cost the company an estimated Dh1 billion for the next five years. This strategy will see the company roll out retail stores outside the GCC countries. The company’s immediate expansion plans targets countries in North Africa, with Libya, Kenya and Sudan as the primary targets. The reason for targeting these countries is due to the accessibility via major sea routes, especially along the Indian Ocean, as well as via air transport. Strategically, the company aims to use Kenya’s sea port as the main entry point for its goods from Dubai. Coupled with the regions inland connectivity through roads, transporting its merchandise to Sudan and Libya will be easier. The three countries are among the fastest growing economies in the region. Coupled with the fact that there are no major competitors from recognized international brands, venturing into these markets is a worthy investment. The company also plans to venture into Asia with countries such as Pakistan, India and Bangladesh on its radar (Rizvi para. 5).It is imperative to state that some of these markets are unexplored by major brands which deal with children items. As such, the rationale for the company expansion strategy seems to be aligned to exploiting untested markets. Market analysis Market analysis reveals a peculiar trend. All the targeted countries have experienced political turmoil in the re
Introduction This research paper explores the socio-economic history of China, covering a wide range of ideas that have significantly influenced the country’s economy. Importantly, the period from 1949 to present will be the epicenter of the analysis in understanding China’s economic history. Chinese economy since 1949 The period after 1949 was characterized by a wide range of changes that demonstrated a contrast of the previous period that the country had gone through [1] . Under the political leadership of a communist government, People’s Republic of China, the country experienced a new outlook as the government geared towards taking full control of the country. As a result, a chain of economic restructurings were undertaken including, land reform and gradual control of major Chinese economic sectors like heavy industry, energy, financial sector, railways, agricultural processing and communication among others [2] . Additionally, the government took control of the country’s international trade and regulation of tariffs in order to manage import and export trade. As a way of rehabilitating its addicted citizens, opium production was eradicated, with several programs being established to oversee the elimination opium addiction. A host of other social problems like corruption, diseases and homelessness that had rocked the country were contained by the new government. How was this achieved? To realize its success, the Chinese government ad
Concept Map The conceptualization of the learning principles and the four-cueing model are critical for the understanding of the required components and the interdependence between them during the teaching process. In this instance, Figure 1 depicts the correlation between the systems while proposing a sequence of steps, which have a beneficial impact on reading and writing instruction in the class. Figure 1. Conceptualization of four cueing systems. In this case, Figure 1 represents the elements of the cueing systems while depicting some of the critical components, which form their structure. For instance, cultural aspects and self-reflection signify the pragmatic system, and these levels are emphasized by orange due to its importance. Meanwhile, the next levels portray the potential activities, which can encourage the development of this aspect. It is apparent that some of the matters are not enclosed due to the interdependency of the selected features and the possibility to cover them in one activity simultaneously. For example, the usage of discussions and listening centers could have a beneficial impact on phoneme and semantics as the students will be able to discover new words and determine whether the story or event is applicable in the selected context. Importance of Learning Theories The role of the learning theories cannot be underestimated, as they have a tendency to portray the learning process from dissimilar perspectives. Nowadays, the most common tactics are represented by behaviorism, cognitive, humanistic, and social approaches (Leonard, 2002). In this case, the humanistic theory highlights the significance of emotional stability and personal traits in learning (Bates, 2015). Meanwhile, it could be said that the cognitive theory depicts the learning process from a dissimilar perspective while referring it to the neurological impulses (Gould, 2012). Furthermore, the social strategy reflects it from the side of human interactions due to the critical role of the human in the society (Jordan, Carlile, & Stack, 2008). In turn, the theories could be actively utilized in the classroom to enhance the learning processes while increasing the effectiveness of the learning activities. Meanwhile, these practices could be actively used in the assessment of the students by using observations and checklists. In this case, the observations have a reflection of the behaviorism theory, as the primary emphasis is the changes in the behavior of the learners. Lastly, various activities could be introduced, which require actions and discussions to determine how children act. Balanced Approach In turn, the balanced approach is often applied in the classroom settings, and the primary goal of this section is to portray its audial, visual, and kinesthetic experience among the students. Firstly, the balanced approach implies a combination of writing and reading techniques to cultivate the understanding of the particular words and letters in the context while paying equal attention to each component simultaneously
Introduction California is one of the most populous states in the United States and due to this fact it plays a very critical role in major elections especially presidential bids. The state had the most number of representatives in the year 2000 with 52 of them and also in 2004 when it had 54 members. Currently, there are seven official political parties recognized by the electoral commission in that state. These political parties include the following; democratic, Green, Peace and Freedom, American Independents, Libertarian, Republican, and Natural law parties. The behavior of Political Parties at State Level California joined the United States union in the year 1851, the time when Democrats also structured the state Democratic Party. This party did not last for long and soon split into two factions; the pro-North and pro-south wings. William Gwin who was also a senator by the time led the southern faction while Broderick David from San Francisco headed the Northern wing. Broderick won the senator seat in 1857, only to be killed two years later (Baldassare 22). This unexpected and vicious factionalism resulted in to shift of voters to the new Republican Party in 1860. Abraham benefitted from this incidence by scooping the four electoral votes from the state. Gwin soon fled the country to take cover in Mexico. Republican Party was inspired by a belief that managing the states was a public concern or was to be a “people’s issue”. Basically, the republic idea of having elected leaders with qualified credentials govern the qualified voters was a way of tackling democrats who held a belief in the majority rules. However, it’s pertinent to note that these two are not opposites. Due to the idea of having few elite individuals rule the people, the republic has been termed the conservative ruler by the affluent and powerful. On the other hand, the Democratic Party has been closely associated with democracy philosophy (Wright and Schaffner 39). Democrats care about the social welfare, rights of the minority groups, the underprivileged and the suppressed. Due to the rivalry of trying to create a decisive meaning and ideal governance, democrats and republicans have grown to become the most principal parties in the US Polity. This hence depicts the rest a
Deep financial centres exhibit high liquidity of capital. All types of currencies are usually available in such markets. The variety of currencies enables investors to obtain capital easily. Financial centres such as New York have a widely used currency, which is the American dollar. Other currencies, however, are also available. On the other hand, emerging financial centres may have plenty of one currency, but other types of currency may be scarce. Movement of capital may be impaired by this scarcity leading to low rate of investment. Deep financial centres are characterised by utilisation of modern technology. Thus, in these centres there is a high level of education among workers such that skilled labour is always available. Constant demand for skilled labour has led to the development of a pool of skilled workers ready for hire. In emerging financial centres, skilled labour may be scarce. There may be an imbalance because one type of skilled labour is available while another type of labour is scarce. This may prevent investors who require the scarce type of skilled labour from operating in the financial centre. Since broad financial centres host investors from many countries, they develop a regulatory system that creates a good legal environment for all investors to operate. Legal barriers are usually minimal due to years of compromise for the sake of the increased business activity. The nature of the tax system in the financial centre is also highly flexible to allow the greatest number of investors. In the emerging financial centres, the tax system may effectively bar some investors from investing in the financial centre. It takes some time for a financial centre to modify laws and tax regimes to create a favourable environment for investment.
Introduction The report was about a tourism promotion campaign that involved the reopening of the Africa Lion Safari performed by the Greater Western Sydney (GWS) tourism in Warragamba, Sydney in Australia achieved between 2008 and 2012. The GWS consisted of 14 local government areas (LGA) that comprised of Auburn council, Wallondilly Share, Camden Council, City of Pernith, City of Campbell town, City of Parramatta, City of Bankslown, City of Liverpool, City of Blue mountains, City of Holroyd, City of Fairfield and City of Hawkesbury. The GWS was estimated to have a population of1.9 million according to the 2006 census. The population covered a locality of over 9000km squared including residential, rural and industrial zones. As the marketing manager of the GWS tourism promotion team, I sent the campaign report to the management team for its consent on the campaign ideas and expenditure. The marketing strategy comprised of the following subunits; brief discussion of the DMO campaign in terms of size, turnover, visitation, number and occupancy rates and data information, promotion in campaign strategy, target marked profile, competition and channels of distribution (Haney & Perry,2004). Objectives   * To reopen the African Lion Safari in Warragamba.   * To promote domestic tourism in Sydney.   * To increase tourism by 10% annually.   * To increase the GDP of Sydney by boosting tourism and hospitality. The DMO campaign The tourism promotion campaign was carried out in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia with the target population of 1.9 million individuals. The population comprised mostly of the working class. The employment concentration was in industrial and trade networks like the Parramatta Town Hall, Appian Way in Bankslown and the showground hall at Sydney Olympic Park. The chief tourist attraction items involved the Sydney Olympic Park, the Blue Mountains and the Western Sydney Parklands that contained sites like the Westfield Penrith, Westfield Parramatta, Eastern Creek Raceway and the Black Town Olympic Park. The campaign targeted a fraction of about 30% of the Australian $85 billion in GDP per annum con
The commercial advertising lingerie by the Hope designer company sparked controversy when they showed an advertisement on TV. The advertisement featured Brazilian super model Gisele Bundchen. In the advertisement, the supermodel is shown trying to break bad news to her husband. She tries breaking the news fully dressed then undresses down to her lingerie. The message in the advertisement simply showed that women are able to control men by using their bodies in a certain way. The advertisement was thought to be offensive and sexist because it degraded women to be perceived as mere sex objects (Porthilo-Shrimpton, September 30 th 2011). In another advertisement, for the Toyota Yaris online promotion sparked yet another controversy in their forms of advertising. They used online advertising to promote a car that was to be sold mainly to women. They came up with a competition where there would be an award winning short film that promoted this particular car. The winning film titled, “clean getaways”, contained phrases such as: “I’m coming”, “She can take a good pounding in any direction”, and “I’m ready to blow”. The advertisement is based on a conversation between a young man and a father talking about a date with the young daughter (Too Rude? Toyota Yaris ad). Notions of gender Stereotypical notions of gender have been presented in advertisements, magazines and other forms of media. Stereotypes, especially gender stereotypes, generally change to suit the society’s cultural values at a given time. The traditional stereotype of women being secretaries, housewives, has over time been replaced by the aggressive career woman who is independent and focused. Similarly, a more sensitive, male stereotype has replaced the traditionally macho, dominant stereotype of the past. Gender here has been clearly stereotyped in the advertisements. Women have been regarded to only serve as objects of sexual desire where they use their bodies to manipulate men. The lingerie advertisement shows that a fully dressed woman cannot talk to her husband without getting him angry over something wrong that she did. This advertisement sends the message that women can get
Crime and punishment has always been a debated issue in our society. One of the issues is how should prisons treat people who had committed crime. Social standards concerning the nature of punishment and justice have been intensely discussed and studied as to which is more appropriate and which is more just. In 1968, Herbert Packer characterized correctional policy and legal sanctions in civilized societies as a continuous compromise between society’s need for social order and the value of social justice. Packer called these two competing philosophies “crime control” and “due process.” Haney (1997) maintained that the get-tough movement and our evolving standards of punishment over the years has “virtually suspended the debate” on alternatives to incarceration. “The public not only has been kept ignorant of the harm that prisons can do, but they have been convinced that cruel treatment is a carefully considered, effective, and perhaps even the only viable strategy to be followed in achieving meaningful crime control” (Haney, 1997, p. 505). However, in 1971, Philip Zimbardo, a professor at Stanford University, conducted a prison experiment controversially represented prison life to the extreme. Zimbardo (1972) solicited and paid student volunteers to act as either prison guards or prisoners. A “prison” was constructed in several rooms in the basement of a building on the Stanford University campus. Some students were designated as “guards,” while others were designated as “prisoners.” The experiment was designed to last 2 weeks. Prisoners were issued inmate jump suits, while guards were issued guard uniforms, nightsticks, and other guard-related equipment. Prisoners were fed regularly, and they had bathroom facilities and cots. Zimbardo wanted to study the interaction patterns of prison guards and inmates through this simulation. After the student volunteers were chosen, either as prisoners or guards, they began to play out their roles. Guards became increasingly abusive, both physically and verbally. Prisoners were dehumanized and began to act both passive and hostile toward their keepers. Peace-loving young men were behaving sadistically in their role as guards, inflicting humiliation and pain and suffering on other young men who had the inferior status of prisoner. Some “guards” even reported enjoying doing so. Many of the intelligent, healthy college students who were occupying the role of prisoner showed signs of “emotional breakdown” (i. e., stress disorders) so extreme that five of them had to be removed from the experiment within that first week. The prisoners who adapted better to the situation were those who mindlessly followed orders and who allowed the guards to dehumanize and degrade them ever more with each passing day and night (Miller 2004, p. 40). Because of the unexpected outcome, the experiment was short-lived when the emotional strain became too
The role and image of women in modern society have changed compared to how they were perceived in the 1950s. Traditionalists believe that women are sex symbols and caregivers; therefore, they should be submissive, obedient, loyal, and never challenge the position of men in society. The media continues to portray women in a bad light, especially when it comes to their roles in supporting other characters in movies. Nobody has ever raised the concern over the mistreatment of women by the media and arts. Women have struggled to untangle themselves from the oppressive media and arts that think they are sex objects. This essay examines how female sexuality was portrayed in different perspectives in the 1950s. Marilyn Monroe is a perfect illustration of the position of women in the arts during the post-war times in America. She suffered a bitter past and experienced serious challenges that almost discouraged her from investing time and energy in acting. However, her resilience and perseverance motivated Marilyn to overlook the unfair treatment she received from colleagues. She was always given a ‘dark’ role that centered on portraying the sexuality of women as sex objects. Moreover, her position as a dumb blonde enabled the audience to explore the accepted predicaments of women in American society. Most actresses of the 1950s were given roles that portrayed them as abstract sex symbols. The media did little to alleviate their problems and instead fuelled them by providing cheap publicity and unwarranted coverage of their private lives. It is surprising that Monroe disdained these roles, but none of her directors bothered to listen to her pleas. However, she focused on achieving greater objectives, and this encouraged her to overlook the existing challenges. Most Americans were not ready to accept that women are to be respected, just like their male counterparts. The few supportive roles that were offered in acting portrayed them as desperate people who were willing to accept any offer thrown to them. Widespread racial discrimination became a common practice in all film companies as Native Americans get preference while their counterparts suffered. The sexualization of women and beauty pageants in America started after the Second World War. Most women were assigned the roles of cleaning, cooking, and taking care of veteran soldiers returning from wars. These soldiers spend most of their tie admiring their servants, and this became the origin of beauty pageants. The beauty of a woman was assessed on her image and sexualism. Women who looked sexy and beautiful were considered heroes in the beauty pageant. Intelligence and other personality traits of women were seldom used as criteria for selecting winners. Miss America became a title for the sexiest woman, and nobody questioned the intellectual or personality traits of the winner. However, significant changes took place from the 1960s onwards as civil societies and women rais
Information security has three basic attributes viz., Availability, Confidentiality, and Integrity, and the effectiveness of computer security policies depend on the efficacy of the methods by which these three attributes are sought to be implemented and/or strengthened. Cybersecurity policies require the formulation and implementation of security access control models like the Bell-LaPadula (Bell, D.E. and LaPadula, L.J, 1973) and the Biba, (Biba, K.J.,1977) to successfully ensure availability, integrity, and confidentiality of information flows via network access. In addition, modeling for computer security is based upon some fundamental principles like the Principle of Defense in Depth. This brief paper outlines the fundamental principles governing the Bell-LaPadula and Biba Security Access Control Models as also examines the defense in depth principle Computer Security Attributes and Computer Security Models Computer security access control modeling takes into consideration basic information security attributes of availability, confidentiality, and integrity. In other words, the purpose of a computer security access model is to help prevent unauthorized alteration (Integrity), disclosure (Confidentiality) and to a lesser extent, loss of access to computer resources and data (Availability). Depending on requirements by the government and public corporations doing business, a variety of models have been developed over the years. Some well-known ones are the Bell-LaPadula (1973) and the Biba (1977). Others are Clark-Wilson, Brewer and Nash, Graham-Denning, etc. All these have been developed to address specific issues like ensuring information availability, confidentiality, and/or integrity. Based on how the models define relationships amongst subjects, objects, permissions, and operations access control models may be classified as Discretionary Access Model, DAC, Mandatory Access Model, MAC or Role-Based Access Control Model, RBAC (Ferraiolo, D.F., Kuhn, R., and Chandramouli, R., 2003). The Bell-LaPadula Computer Access Control Model is a Static Machine Model developed in 1973 for analyzing MLS operating systems. In this model, the ordering of information is based on various security levels and a security matrix through which permissions are defined and the flow of information from a higher level is governed by the Discretionary Security, the Simple Security, and the Star Properties. Clearances are given to users and objects are classified as per given rules. The advantage is that system security can be easily checked by using BLP Model and its stat