ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In social psychology, the term gratitude has been identified as moral emotion that supports pro-social behavior both for the individuals giving and the ones receiving thanks (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007). Comparing this term to generosity, it should be stressed that both acts contribute to harmonious relationship and are primarily based on individual’s motivation (Seligman et al., 2005). Both types of behavior express the act of thanking and believing that good psychological state is the result of performed act of gratitude or generosity. In this regard, a self-motivated person is the one who is able to act out generosity not for his/her personal advantage. What is more, the act of gratitude and generosity is the consequences of motives. Just like other emotional affects, it plays an important role in enhancing a pro-social behavior, providing more perspectives for research the locus of generosity (Fincham and Barling, 1978). Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the relations of acts of generosity and gratitude to psychological states of individuals. Generosity Consequences Researchers have reported that individuals who engage in generous acts can benefit from generosity physiologically (Brown et al., 2003; Field et al., 1998, Rosmond, Dallman, and Bjormtorp, 1998), psychologically (Seligman et al., 2005), and socially (Wilson and Musick, 1997). In this regard, the physiological benefits include: inc
Introduction Ruth Ozeki is known as a production designer of horror films and shows for Japanese television. Her movies were awarded at special festivals and brought her recognition. The experience and interest of the Japanese audience inspired her to write the novel “My Year of Meat”. The novel “My Year of Meats” by Ruth Ozeki is a satirical story combining fiction together with fact and seems to present the view of the meat industry in the USA. The title of the book does not coincide with the total plot of the story. The book combines such points as culture peculiarities and femininity rather than meat industry development. The author contrasted two main questions in her book: the problem of race discrimination and the dangerous character of modern meat products. Main body The intercultural problem makes people more sharply feel racial inequality. This claim is supported by the author throughout the whole story. With the introduction of the paper protagonist Jane Takagi-Little, whose parents were of different nationalities: American father and mother of Japanese origin, one starts feeling a slight sign of racial interactions. It is not by chance that the writer stresses the fact of the race differences of her parents. Race is considered to be a symbol of international social conflicts presenting the fact of different colors or features of one’s body. The whole story abounds in small and insignificant details which open a way to the vision of the national problem. The interaction of Americans and Japanese disclose the real attitude of one nation to another. Jane, as a semi-American woman, is a confident and persisting personality who has to be involved in a constant struggle for her job and life in general. The author seemed to embody the peculiarities of the whole nation in the protagonist, though she contained some characteristics of Japanese. When her activities were directed to the production of a very popular television show called “My American Wife”, she faced the question of intercultural friendship, as she had to connect her career with the Illustration of an American housewife to the Japanese women. Ruth Ozeki directs her flow of th
“ So long as the European Commission believes that freedom of contract is the preferred solution, it should do what all sound regulators do to achieve that goal; step out of the limelight as quickly as possible ”. This essay focuses on the above statement with reference to the CJEU’s recent developments on consumer contracts. The principle of freedom of contract gives traders and consumers opportunities to set terms and conditions for their business relationships. However, consumers need protection from this principle. The Principle of the European Contract Law notes that freedom of contract depends on “requirements of good faith, fair dealing and mandatory rules established under these principles” (Storme, 2005). Therefore, national laws must guide consumers and traders so that they can know terms, which can favour their relationships. This guarantees that there is no inequality in their bargaining power and ensures maximum protection for the consumer who, in most cases, lacks expertise in the field or ignore such terms. There are restraints to the freedom of contract among the European Union states. Restriction results from the need to protect interests of the society, capital markets, and the environment. Therefore, issues emerge between the need for freedom of contract and its restriction. The European Union member countries derive their consumer laws from different sources. For instance, the UK consumer law comes from different forms of Acts and other regulations. This results into complex and confusing consumer laws in the UK. Consequently, there is a need to clarify and strengthen such laws. The complexity that exists in the domestic consumer law creates the need to reinforce freedom of contract among the EU member states. According to the European Commission (EC), the solutions to such complex systems are in the freedom of contract. This is because most rules in various countries limit freedom of contract. Thus, harmonisation is effective in overcoming such barriers. We can begin by looking at functions of freedom of contract. Freedom of contract may restrict activities and autonomy of parties to impose certain actions. At the same time, it creates opportunities for parties to adopt certain forms of behaviours, which promote trade between parties (Rutgers, 2009). In other words, it creates opportunities for contract to take place. Contract helps in protecting interests of both parties. Freedom of contract creates conditions for the market to function effectively. Freedom of contract provides opportunities for fair competitions in the market. In this case, there should also be some forms of competition laws
Opiates Opiates are alkaloid compounds producing a psychoactive effect. They can be obtained from the opium poppy, which contains morphine, codeine, and thebaine. The unripe poppy seeds release the milky fluid and after the seedpod has been incised, this fluid is scraped off and dried inboxes. When opium is ready, it is rolled into balls and can be sold. Nowadays, the growing and sale of opium is legal for the medical application in India, Australia, and Turkey. People started using it for medical purposes in ancient Greece and Rome, and when it came to China. It came back to Europe with the Crusaders, who took it from the Arabs. It was used as a cure for every possible illness as an ingredient of all kinds of medications. Gradually, it started creating addiction (Davenport-Hines, 2012). In the middle of the 19 th century, two wars broke out between Europe and China because of opium. The first Opium War (1839-1842) was between China and Britain whereas the second also engaged France. In both wars, European countries won the victory, and non-medical usage of opiates was outlawed in China. In the 20 th century there began attempts to prohibit opiates. The Harrison Act required from people who had drug businesses to pay an annual tax. They also had to obtain an order that allowed selling drugs. The Uniform Drug Act introduced common drug regulations for all the states (Davenport-Hines, 2012). There are a lot of reasons the policy did not change until 1914. First and foremost, morphine and heroin were the components of quite some medicines. That is why opiates were not connected with anything criminal in the eyes of the general public. Besides, heroin was promoted as a sa
The history of Islam in China mostly dates back to the period of Mohammad (Pbuh). During this era, China was regarded as the most developed nation worldwide. It is believed that the existence of Islam in China can even be traced earlier than this, during the period of Uthman ibn Affan which is taken as the third Calihp. The introduction of Islam in China occurred after the Islam triumphed over Byzantine, Persian and Romans. Then Uthman ibn Affan commissioned a delegation to China in 29 AH (650 C.E) which was eighteen years later after the death of Phuh. Some people link the initiation of Islam in China to the Arab merchants. The Arabs traders, who had visited China on their Silk Route, had taken this opportunity to spread Islam to the Chinese who they interacted with as they traded. The rate of spread of Islam in China by then was very minimal, since the spread of Islam did not have any organized effort. Despite lack of considerable documentation about the history of Arab history, the brief Chinese history depicted above and the evidence contained in the Ancient Record of Tang Dynasty described this event as the birth of Islam in China. In appreciation of the Islamic religion in China, the Chinese emperor referred as Yung Wei ordered the building the of first China’s mosque formerly known as Magnificent Canton mosque, which is currently named the Memorial Mosque. This mosque still stands even to date after having existed for fourteen centuries (Ban par.2-5). The presence of this mosque facilitated the establishment of the first Muslim settlement in this port city. The settlement was greatly boosted when Umayyads and Abbasids sent six delegations to China that was greatly appreciated by the Chinese. Since the Muslims and in particular the Arabs were very civilized both technologically and economically through trade, those Muslims who migrated to China greatly boosted the economic growth of China. They were renowned to dominate the imports/exports trades during the period of the Sung Dynasty which occurred between 960 to 1279 CE. This was also boosted intensively by the presence of a Muslim as the director General of shipping. It was under the Ming Dynasty which existed in 1368 to 1644 CE that M
Chinua Achebe, a great African novelist, gave a detailed review of the work done by Joseph Conrad titled ‘Heart of Darkness’. This book gave an encounter of Conrad in Africa, especially parts of Congo and other regions of West Africa. The book gives an account of how Africa, as a continent and Africans, as the inhabitants of this continent, are yet to come to the civilization reality. This book, just as the title suggests, portrays Africa in a very bad taste. It paints Africa as the heart of darkness. Just as their skins are, so are their deeds and their culture in general (Conrad 31). The book, well written with a good sense of humor and a deep understanding of stylistic devices, brings out Africans as people who are not only dark in their skin but also from their heart, as is reflected in their acts and their culture in general. Achebe says, “I am talking about a book, which parades in the most vulgar fashion prejudices, and insults from which a section of humankind has suffered untold agonies and atrocities in the past and continues to do so in many ways and many places today” (Achebe 4). Achebe appreciates the fact that when Conrad visited Africa, Africans were not as advanced in technology as was the western world. Africa was considered uncultured according to western standards, and whites had low opinion about them. He notes in this review, “ It was certainly not his fault that he lived his life at a time when the reputation of the black man was at a particularly low level ” (Achebe 5). He appreciates the fact that writings of Conrad might have been overshadowed by the then view of whites towards blacks. When they went to Africa, the whites found Africans a little too awkward in culture and the fact that they managed to manipulate them in their own continent was a proof enough that their way of life was far below that of whites. This is what is reflected in this book, ‘The Heart of Darkness’. Achebe laments that the image painted by this novelist is still held by many people in the western countries, especially in the United States of America. This review was done this same time. Racism was real and Africans were treated as second-class citizens in this land. He recalls a discussion he had with a certain white man, a mature student in the college he was teaching. “What did I teach? Now that was funny, he said” (Achebe 1). Why would it be funny to teach African literature? This was something that troubled Achebe so much. At the same institution, there were lecturers teaching American literature, Asian literature, literature of Greeks, and many other cultures across the world. However, it was funny teaching African literature because it was literature of the darks, dark from the heart, darkness that was so dark. Actually, it was the dark culture of the dark Africans. This student developed interest to pursue this unit taught by Achebe not because he thought it would affect his life po
The main purpose of this work is to analyze public law 91-190 and understand its main sense. Purpose and Impact of the Law Taking into account the main purpose of the law, it is possible to say that it should be able to guaranty its power. That is why, the government should involve as many agents as it is possible and assure that they will act in accordance with the main points of the law. Under these conditions, it is possible to say that the national, state and local governments, private and non profit organizations and some other agencies will cooperate in order to promote the welfare and harmony. It means that the law will have a great impact on all these organizations because being named as partners, they should organize their actions it the way which will make no harm to environment and will be able to protect existing harmony. That is why, the law can be taken as rather influential and powerful. The Council on Environmental Quality It should be said that to control this law enforcement the special Council of Environmental Quality which will be located in the Executive office of the President is created. The Council will consist of three members, who shall be appointed by the President of the USA. Each of the members of this Council should be able to analyze existing environmental trends. Moreover, they should be able to formulate certain national policies which take into account the interests of the nation and promote improvement of environment. Additionally, these people should be experienced enough. Besides, one of the members of this Council should serve as the Chairman for him/her to regulate functioning of the whole council. In order to be able to work the CEQ is able to employ different officers and consultants and fix compensation for these specialists. However, total spending of the given council should not exceed $300000 for fiscal year 1970, $700000 for the next fiscal year and then no more than $1000000 every year. Presidential Duties and Resources It should be said that the President will also have several new duties. First of all, every year he should give the Congress an Environmental Quality Report which should show the Council the state of environment in the country, outline the main trends in utilization of environment and how these trends could be used. Additionally, the state of available natural sources should also be described. Finally, existing environmental programs and activities should be analyzed and some possible changes outlined. Thus, the President should be supported by the CEQ in his activity connected with the environment. The Council should gather the latest information for him, to review different programs connected with the environment, to recommend different policies, created by the CEQ for the President, to conduct different investigations connected with the state of environment, to create reports for the President in which the state of environment is outlined and the latest changes are documented.. Relationships between the CEQ and other organizations To be more efficient, the CEQ will have to work with representatives of other organizations and agenci
The problem of science and its meaning is addressed by J. Revatz. The article explains different perspectives of science, its role, and its functions in modern society. The author singles out different notions and approaches to science and its management practices for both researchers and the community. The three images of science selected for analysis are science as techniques, the pursuit of truth, and science as dirty work. Revatz claims that science is about the explanation of facts and the environment, and since researchers are human beings, the scientific project is a human one. For people, it is crucial to interpret the readings of instruments to themselves and other human beings. Revatz explains that it is thus important to distinguish between what happens inside a process and the interpretation of these happenings or experiences. The human experience does not depend on active intellect, whereas explanation certainly does. In other words, knowledge is the result of a scientist-independent reality, whereas theory is a product of the human mind. The insights into the nature of matter and living organisms that scientific questions have given researchers also tell them what is not possible. The article “When All You Have Left Is Your Pride” by Carey describes everyday interaction between people and communication patterns. Despite its simplicity and plainness, this article uses science as “dirty work” to explain and defend social interaction mechanisms. All this is to say that though there may be no limit to the number of exciting new facts and theories that will come from social science, this plethora of wonders should not lead the readers to the false assumption that anything is possible. What technology does do, is bring people ever closer to the inherent limits of materials. For instance, all social human beings are composed of identical and similar habits and traditions. It’s because of this modularity, and the mathematics of complexity, that the world is predictable, and it’s because science has the keys to this knowledge that society values science and science instruction. Using science as “dirty work”, the author tries to explain social preferences and causes of social behavior. “To the extent that it sustains good habits and reflects personal pride, they say, this kind of play-acting can be an extremely effective social strategy, especially in uncertain times” (Carey 2009). Even a correctly controlled experiment that used sticks of equal diameter and uneven length would not advance a scientist’s understanding of stability, because such understanding requires a theoretical structure well beyond second graders and second-grade teachers. The article “Wheat genome project to underpin food security” sees science as the pursuit of truth The author gives a detailed analysis of cells composed of identical and similar protein molecules which have an impact on crops and genetic modifications. “The wheat genome is five times larger than the human genome and is composed of three essentially separate yet closely related genomes. It therefore represents a major challenge in genome sequencing and analysis” (Wheat ge
Introduction The increased participation by medical anthropologists in medical research and public health in the recent past has seen medical anthropology become an important area of study among anthropologists. It is therefore not surprising that the increasing number of medical research projects and public health interventions that involve medical anthropologists or that are closely related to social science disciplines. This has also given rise to a powerful cooperation that now exists between anthropologists and health professionals. Despite their different ideologies, these two groups of people have been working hand in hand to lessen the effects of poverty (Pool & Geissler, 2005). As a social science, medical anthropology addresses specific health issues and also seeks to build a broad, theoretical based understanding of what health is, how it interacts with culture, the role of social relations in shaping disease, the importance of the health environment interface, and a range of other issues (Singer & Baer, 2011). In spite of this, true relationship between the social sciences and medicine remains a challenge for a number of reasons. First, anthropology and biomedicine are based on different assumptions about fundamental issues such as the nature of social reality and how it should be studied. Second, medical research and public health are dominated by biomedicine and biomedical professionals often have a poor understanding of what anthropology is and what it has to offer. Third, anthropologists have always failed to communicate effectively with medical professionals and as a result, they have been unable to make a convincing case for what anthropology has to offer. Consequently, there is often a need to mediate between these two groups of people with different disciplinary perspectives working towards the same goal. This paper provides a discussion on the different theoretical perspectives in medical anthropology, namely, ecological, inter