ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
John Rockefeller Sr. was one of the wealthiest men in contemporary history and a famous philanthropist. He lived in a time of “lasting change” that laid the Western foundation for the future concepts of philanthropy in general, and specifically for American philanthropy (National Philanthropic Trust, 2016). However, his way to charity gradually developed throughout his life, starting from early childhood. Rockefeller grew up in a big low-income family in New York and Ohio. Despite being raised in not the best conditions, the boy had always been diligent and hardworking (Chernow, 2007). He attended Cleveland’s Central High School, the first high school in Cleveland, and afterward studied business and bookkeeping in college. His first job as a clerk, which he got at 16, already served as the beginning of his philanthropic activities as he gave six percent of his earnings to charity, mainly church-related. The religiosity of his family was a crucial factor in the formation of philanthropic inclinations as Baptism assumed hard work and wealth as God’s gift. In 1859 he started his own commission business in partnership with Maurice Clark, profitable even in the first years. He gave money to the Union Cause during the Civil War, though he did not directly participate in it. As Abraham Lincoln came to power, the government started subsidizing the oil industry, and Rockefeller shifted his focus to oil production, building his oil refinery in 1863. Within several years he expanded his business so intensely that he became the owner of the largest oil refinery in the world. In 1870 Rockefeller abolished the partnership of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler and founded Standard Oil, which by the early 1880s controlled some 90 percent of US refineries and pipelines. (Chernow, 2007). The strategy was to absorb the weak companies and improve their efficiency, thus, eliminating the competitors and expanding his company both horizontally and vertically at the same time (Segall, 2001). Such a development also benefitted the customers, and kerosene became available for the working class for the first time in history. However, in 1882 The Standard Oil Trust was founded, and the firm began to be criticized by numerous politicians due to its monopolistic nature. As Rockefeller’s business and wealth were expanding, the amount of money he gave to charity was also increasing. He donated to education, public health causes, science, and the arts, being advised by Frederick Taylor Gates – a Baptist clergyman (Coon, 1990). In his own words, he was also greatly impacted by Swami Vivekananda and became engaged in philanthropy even more after he met with him in 1893 (Rockefeller, 1984). He gave money to Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary in Atlanta for African-American women, inspired by his wife, who supported women’s equality (Laughlin, 2001). The University of Chicago – now one of the top universities in the world – is also his credit, before being just a small Baptist college. As per Gates ‘ advice, a particular focus of the philanthropi
Schools of Thought People always wanted to know what has happened in the past. Still, unlike the general public, historians are expected to take this subject seriously, try to avoid biases and be intellectually honest. I totally support such idea as I believe that only well-grounded conclusions that are based on evidence can be used as a source of authoritative information about some period of time. Clusters of historical interpretations can be clearly visible when studying the works of various historians. They are known as schools of thought that represent particular ideas about history. Professionals can belong to one or several schools depending on their ideas. Cyclical Theory Representatives of the cyclical school of thought believe that there is no progress in history. In this way, ancient philosophers and Mesoamerican civilizations believed that it repeats over time. Some historians of the Renaissance and modern times also have such views (Petrarch and Toynbee, for example). Linear Theory Another idea was presented by the linear school (St. Augustine, Voltaire, Karl Marx). They claimed that the world changes, and it can become better. In this framework, idealism is discussed, as it focuses on improvement. Liberalism can be also referred to because it is based on the concept of progress. Great Man & Everyman Theories Some historians believe that powerful individuals can determine history as they make important events occur. They represent the great man theory, opposition to which is the everyman theory. According to it, the actions of many ordinary people influence the course of history. Mainly, anthropologists, sociologists, and psychologists support such idea. Great Ideas – Philosophic History There are also professionals who believe that history is moving forward as it is pushed by changing ideas (Hegel and Marks). Determinists state that such progress is targeted at a particular goal (to Communism, for example). Geographic – Geopolitical Theory Kant and Mackinder were among historians who saw geographical location as the main trigger of history. They believed that the landscape and environment make individuals need particular things and do something to reach them. Ecological History & Ecofeminism Ecological determination and feminism ideas are considered mostly by historians of the 21 st century including Jones and Eisler. They are willing to alter people’s minds and their way of thinking. Postmodernism Representatives of this school agree with Nietzsche’s ideas and are often treated with hostile attitude by other historians. They claim
Living with Chernobyl-the future of nuclear power as its name suggests is a documentary exploring the effects of the April 26 th 1986 Chernobyl power plant disaster. An explosion in number four reactor at the plant resulted in the greatest nuclear accident killing many instantly coupled with many others that died later with time. In the same year predictions on the effects of the radioactive fallout (radioactive particles that settle to the ground after a nuclear explosion) were made. The predictions underscored the health effects to those exposed to the radiation emitted after the explosion. In the documentary, journalist Cliff Orloff and Olga Shalygin made the journey to the affected zone with the aim of establishing the truth of the predictions made. They take the audience through the interviews and personal accounts of people who were affected by the accident. Further, in an effort to unravel the myths and misconceptions and state the facts, they go through a report compiled by the Chernobyl forum (experts assembled by the United Nation) that incorporates 20 years of historical records. There is a mention of the high rate of thyroid cancer in the population though the documentary does not go to the extent of giving figures on the fatalities. Apart from focusing on the accident itself and the consequences of the radioactive fallout, this documentary also explores the advantages of nuclear power as a green source of energy. It also explores the effects that the Chernobyl disaster had on the nuclear policy in the United States. It examines the effects in the light of modern day concerted efforts made to ensure government policies enable countries to cut down on carbon emission to reduce global warming. Global warming has led to the weakening of the environmental movement against nuclear energy. This is illustrated by the exodus of environmental leaders who are turning from rejecting nuclear power to firmly endorsing it. Nuclear energy is a large-scale source of energy, which is carbon free, a big advantage of nuclear power that has not escaped the minds of the makers of this documentary. The documentary therefore advocates for nuclear energy as a way of dealing with global warming. I think that the documentary does not really focus on the effects of nuclear power especially from the Chernobyl accident. By leaving out solid figures like how many people were infected with thyroid cancer, it plays down the long term effects of the disaster. It fails to give enough information on the accident and dwells on the advantages that nuclear power has over conventional means, which greatly contribute to global warming. I do give credit to those who prepared the film for presenting the issue of nuclear power use, which is a touchy subject. However, I do not agree with the view that nuclear energy should be embraced as a source of energy. Its dangers are obvious and the effect of such disasters cover vast areas and last for a long period. Given the nu
Introduction The Egyptian Dental Journal published a research titled “Cleft LipandPalate Nutritional Assessment And Feeding Challenges”. This study was published in October, 2019 by the author whose name is Hatitham Attia. The author introduced Cleft Lip and/or Palate (CLP) as most occurring craniofacial anomalies and it might be syndromic or non-syndromic, or associated with various systems affection as cardiovascular, pulmonary, and auditory. He explained that after birth, feeding comes first with difficulties of sucking and swallowing because of lack of intraoral negative pressure and nipple seal. He added that parents of infants suffering from CLP have questions and doubts regarding feeding challenges such as how they can manage the feeding and if they need support and help from a professional caregiver. He mentioned some ways that parents and caregiver use to provide infants with nutrition for proper development, which are breast feeding and spoon feeding. The author highlighted very important piece of information to support the importance of his study by stating that “there is a lack of data regarding studies focusing on feeding problems and approaches to be developed to compensate for such difficulty with (CLP) infants”. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the care practices associated with infants with CLP in multicentre, highlight the feeding challenges of these infants that parents and caregivers experience and analysis the alternative feeding interventions they perform in the preoperative period based on their experiences. Also, to compare the rate of alternative feeding interventions and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions among different cleft types. Finally, to compare patients who had used obturators and the ones who had not used them in relation to feeding difficulties to detect the role of the obturators.To conduct this study, the author sent a questionnaire to 100 parents of infants with CLP who were born in Egypt and Saudi Arabia and had surgical correction between July 1st, 2017 and August 15th, 2018. Cleft lip surgeries were performed approximately at 45 days of age, and cleft palate closure around 9 months of age. Hence, Syndromic CLP cases were not included in this study. Before distributing the questionnaire among parents, an assessment was administered to evaluate doubts that parents might have in their responses. This assessment was through completing questionnaire by 10 parents who are not contributing in this study. Each parent signed a consent form to ensure an agreement to involve them in the research. Additionally, this study was approved by ethic committee in each
Samantha Holland’s article addresses the ‘cyborg’ element in modern contemporary films and the philosophy surrounding cyborgs. Holland’s article focuses on Rene Descartes’ philosophy when analyzing the use of ‘half human-half machine’ characters in films. Samantha Holland addresses various angles of the mind-body philosophy in this article including personal identity, dualism of beings, gender, and technology. Throughout the article, the use of cyborgs in films is used as a tool of analysis by the author. This paper provides a précis of Holland’s “Descartes Goes to Hollywood: Mind Body and Gender in Contemporary Cyborg Cinema”. The article begins by providing examples of how materialism and dualism are manifested in cyborg cinema. The movie “Robocop” is used to show both the materialistic OCP and the dual existence of Robocop (Holland 158). Holland presents readers with an example of how the mind-body philosophy is the central theme in most cyborg films. According to the article, there are a lot of conflicting philosophies that are contained in most cyborg films. In most cases, the film will be seeking to perpetuate a certain viewpoint but it ends up bringing up a contradiction. The conflict of the body and the mind is also the main theme in most cyborg films according to Holland. The author cites “The Terminator” and “Robocop” as examples of films with their main characters suffering from mind-body conflict. The article addresses the gender element in cyborg cinema. According to the author, although cyborg creators insist on the authenticity of the cyborg’s body, they also enhance the cyborg’s gender-look. The article cites the muscled Terminator and the feminine Cherry as examples of the emphasized gender-look in cyborgs. The article points out that the reason for gender emphasis in cyborg cinema is to maintain the body-essence and exploit gender roles. In addition, the article faults the notion that cyborgs are meant to go beyond gender boundaries and that they do not emphasize the common gender stereotypes. The author points out how the titles of cyborg films such as “Robocop”, “Cherry”, and “Eve of Destruction” are gender specific (Holland 165). The article continues by covering the feminist myth in most cyborg films. According to the author, most producers only try to portray strong female characters but they do not succeed. The portrayal of Sarah Connor in “Terminator” is used as an example of how feminism is usually misused in cyborg cinema. It is argued that feminism is portrayed in both narrative and visual levels in cyborg films. The masculine male body possessed by most cyborgs is an example of the visual portrayal of the ‘strong male-g
Global versus local Although operations strategy experience constant metamorphosis as a result of short term, midterm, and long term goal planning, no company can operate efficiently without quality system functioning. Quality operations strategy functioning encompasses “strong and systematic planning and actualization which functions simultaneously to cut down costs in operation modeling” (Powell 23). Thus, quality will quantify optimal functionality within a competitive advantage parameter. In order to achieve this, the existing forms of system monitoring are periodically upgraded to introduce multiple operating system models such as ratio analysis. The Tag Heuer Boutique business has to deal with the imbalance between the global demands for quality products against the high taxation in the luxury watches sector in UAE. Specifically, the global demand for the Tag Heuer luxury watches cannot meet the supply. Despite a global demand of about 100,000 pieces, the company is operating below this capacity and is only able to produce about 80,000 pieces due to the high taxes and general cost of production. This imbalance has created a deficit in the market for the Tag Heuer watches (Ahmed Sediqqi and Sons, par. 4). Center versus business unit The business unit of the Tag Heuer Company is managed by a family. Despite having professionals in the production and other important department, the final decision on production strategies and improvements are based on the ideas of the family unit who acts as the directors. In summary, this aspect is a bottleneck for some of the decisions will be based on feelings and past experience rather than a quantifiable process of quality assurances and system sustainability (Powell 21). Standard operations strategy system acts as the engine that supports implementers of business strategy in order to comprehensively verify rationale for supporting current, predicted, and actual results for every step upon introduction of a functionality (Powell 25). Therefore, the probability of success is far much better than that of failure when the system is properly designed. Success variables are achievable through value delivery, value addition, and creativity. Reflectively, these essential techniques and tools are managed by the family members of the Tag Heuer owner. Function versus function Since the Tag Heuer Company relies on raw materials that are shipped from outside the UAE, there are instances where the coordination between the production department and the supply chain has been compromised. In most cases, the company has to contend with the reschedules in shipment of the raw materials which increases the cost of production. Due to the pressure to produce more for the global market, the Tag Heuer has often resorted to do costing allocation on the need basis rather than the systematic total quality management within the short and long term plans. Though these actions are justif
Introduction Intellectual property law is a law that was designed with the aim of protecting ideas that have been invented by individuals from being reused by others. It is a measure that was undertaken considering the fact that ideas move faster than any other tangible good. The law recognizes that conceiving an idea takes a great deal of effort for an individual who not only invests their time but also other resources to develop it (Torremans). The time that is usually taken to develop an idea is mostly longer than the time that the idea can spread and consequently be used by other people. It was discovered that an intellectual idea can easily be stolen by another individual without notice; the law however recognizes the efforts that have been employed by an individual to come up with a certain idea and therefore promises to protect it from being used by another individual without permission. It is to be noted that the law also prohibits any development from the idea without prior consultation from the person that first invented it. Considering the case of marina and Leona, we find that they had come up with an idea during their academic years in college. They had acquired some knowledge that enabled them to reason and come up with an idea that would guide people about the traffic situation in their busy city. Even though they were together as they reasoned out on how the idea can be helpful to them even as they catch buses to and from their college premise, they later on discovered that the idea could be used to manufacture devices that can be used by the entire city. During their time in college, they had probably not thought of developing the idea later in life and probably parted ways without talking much about it. It is after some months after they were through with their college that they thought that they can develop the idea by starting a company. Marina started off eighteen months after she left college and established a company that would deal in the production of devices that would monitor traffic on the road. Nine moths later, Leona started a similar company but targeting the underground transport system. Even though they had different trademarks for their products, they used similar technology considering that it was a joint idea. Marina could not sue Leona for using her idea because it was a joint invention. However the two have faced a risk of their idea being developed by other people who are also marketing it. Leorna and marina may have invested a lot o
Dakota County Sheriff’s Department report to the Minnesota Legislature was completed as part of the Minnesota statewide racial profiling study. The report covered an analysis of the traffic stop statistics gathered in Dakota county. The results demonstrated that the local Police stopped certain minority groups at a rate which was higher than expected. For instance, Latino and Black citizens were stopped at a substantially higher rate compared to the predicted number of stops (Dakota County, 2003). Moreover, these two groups were more likely to be arrested than other drivers stopped by the Police. Similarly, American Indians also were overrepresented in the statistics since, initially, they were forecast to be stopped less often. At the same time, people belonging to other ethnic groups were stopped rarer than the County Sheriff’s Department expected. The main example is the White drivers who were stopped at a significantly lower rate, as well as the members of the Asian population of the county (Dakota County, 2003). When analyzing searches, the department discovered that the officers were more likely to search Black and Latino drivers, despite that the White drivers had contraband more often. The main ethical issue arising from the practice of racial profiling is a biased view of people based on the color of their skin. Essentially, when Police officers target individuals not by relying on some data that they committed a crime such as witnesses’ testaments, but by their race, they engage in discrimination. Another ethical issue inherent to racial profiling is that by profiling a certain ethnic group, the Police automatically allows other ones to get the privilege of not being falsely identified as criminals. Racial profiling also can cause potential legal issues when viewed from the perspective of the 14th Amendment, which guarantees equal protection of the law to all citizens (Gans, 2019). In Colorado, racial profiling is prohibited according to the recently passed law HB16-1263 (“Racial profiling,” 2016). I would further improve Colorado’s law by creating a special committee tasked with reviewing all of the complaints of people who believe they were racially profiled.
Few features of OPSM’s approach to learning and developing should be noted. It is important that the company has started with a foundation that was later used to implement other programs. It is quite necessary because there were no previous processes. Also, development gaps were and addressed with a use of a particular feedback tool. It is crucial that managers have had a previous experience with it. A leadership program is also an interesting decision because the success was not guaranteed. However, the risks have paid off. Overall, the importance of career development cannot be disregarded because it motivates employees. Currently, many barriers prevent the implementation of such programs in companies. It is very hard to get the support of stakeholders because they often request the detailed data about the expenses and how fast investments will pay off. Also, it is hard to make a correct prognosis for such program. Another significant problem is that a board of directors and a leadership team in most companies are very conservative most of the time and prefer to use traditional methods. However, they should be informed about the potential of such programs. Also, it must be said that resources of some organizations are limited, and they cannot afford to implement initiatives like this. Mentoring is a particular process in which two individuals are involved, and one helps another to reach career goals. Such relationship is especially important in the environment of the university. It is beneficial for both pa
In business circles, it is always prudent to look at a problem from the perspective of how it is going to affect not only you, but also those in the vicinity (Nelson and Trevino, 2010, p.17). Even though productivity and morale are two essential aspects needed in the work place as Charles Renfold puts it, they are supposed to be inculcated in an environment that is free for every employee to operate in. Although employees are expected to know what morally they are supposed to undertake at their work place (acquired either from their upbringing or learned during their professional training), it is the responsibility of the management and generally the Redwood’s hiring authority to give direction to its employees on how to go about moral-related aspects at the place of work.Failing to do this is an epitome of poor management (Nelson and Trevino, 2010). Ethical issues are defined as principles, traditions or values that dictate the conduct of either an individual or a team of people (Nelson and Trevino, 2010, p.17). Therefore employers have the mandate of establishing directions for conduct related to the work place. This includes bot