ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Business internationalization has become an integral part of international trade that also spurs the globalization process (Rozkwitalska, 2010). Although trade and international business have effectively enabled the development of partnerships among countries to stabilize economically and strengthen their trade relations, organizational and national cultures existing between two nations influence trade activities. Despite some recorded success, national and organizational differences in culture greatly influence joint ventures (Rozkwitalska, 2010). The United States and Poland is a perfect example of countries that have been trading partners through joint venture systems. In this viewpoint, this essay seeks to analyze the existing organizational and national cultures in the Polish-US joint venture. Cultural Differences, Risks, and difficulties in Poland Compared to US Business analysts perceive Poland as a nation that has survived through an old communist system with communist ideologies that have frequently discouraged quality performance, risk-taking, and completions among organizations (Rozkwitalska, 2010). Most of the Polish organizations have a culture of institutional ethnocentrism to maintain their communist ideologies, have a tendency of discouraging human resource practices, strategic orientation focused to the central offices, and acquisitive culture of maintaining old traditions in succeeding offices (Rozkwitalska, 2010). Polish organizations have insufficient knowledge of selecting and utilizing of expatriates, and insufficient formal communication techniques. Nationally, individuals believe in communist ideologies of social collectivism rather than individualism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance or hierarchical order and gender egalitarianism. Hofstede and the 7d Dimension Models Hofstede discovered four major cultural dimensions associated with cultural differences in power distance, individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, and the masculinity and femininity aspects. Power dimension refers to the degree to which few powerful individuals influence institutional members and organizations to accept and practice hierarchical order (Hofstede, 20
Introduction Cancer is a disease that has many forms and can have a number of causes which include genetic factors, lifestyle factors, as well as diet and physical activities (Trafton). Some types of cancer are seen in some families linked by genetic makeup although most of the known types of cancer are not genetically associated. This research will, however, seek to explain and identify the types of proteins that are known to cause three types of cancers. These types of cancer include lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and female breast cancer. Chemotherapy for any type of cancer targets a specific protein. This research will describe the kinds of proteins targeted in the above-mentioned types of cancer, the effectiveness of the drugs used, and the possibility of one drug being effective when treating multiple cancers. Lung cancer Lung cancer is one of the very common types of cancer. Its prevalence is actually on the rise in the recent past causing a lot of concerns among medical professionals. Lung cancer therapy targets a specific protein which has been identified as Brachyury Protein (Trafton). This protein has been identified in recent research as the one playing the biggest role in causing the growth and the spread of cancer in the lungs. The CCR’s Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology has been conducting numerous researches to investigate this protein and its expression in the human lung tumor tissues as well as carcinoma cell lines (Perez). Researchers have described the Brachyury protein as a factor in epithelial-mesenchymal transition ‘EMT’ (Trafton). During the study, 39 lung cancer patients were involved and 41% of the patients had the Brachyury protein expresser in their tissues. The expression of Brachyury protein in patients who do not have cancer is significantly less compared to individuals suffering from cancer. The scientists say their results maintain a supplementary study into the expansion of new Brachyury-targeted therapies that would avert metastasis and drug resistance (Trafton). A clinical trial is now continuing at the NIH Clinical Center and it utilizes a recombinant vaccine aimed in opposition to Brachyury. In the United States, lung cancer is the prime cause of cancer-related bereavements. The overall five-year endurance rate is less than 16 percent, and just about 50 percent of patients experience reappearance of cancer within five years of diagnosis (Trafton). Breast cancer The protein that accelerates the growth and the spread of breast cancer in the body tissues has also been identified. Scientists have identified that breast cancer can be fueled by two proteins according to research done in medical labs. The pair of proteins considered as the main agents in the proliferation of breast cancer are NEETs – NAF-1 and mitoNEET (Yang). The new study was prompted by the team’s acknowledgment of a correlation between NEETs and compa
Media and culture are interrelated concepts that frequently overlap. Another concept related to these two is design. All of them coexist and have a significant impact on society. Thus, culture is a link between individuals and their society that provides this society with shared values. In its turn, or rather mass media, media provide instruments for circulation and spread of these values. This paper aims to analyze the concepts of media, culture, and design and the meaning of aesthetics for them. The Concept of Media and Culture The concept of culture has many definitions, but the most general one is as follows. Culture is a combination of expressed and shared values, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of a social group, organization, or institution. Still, it is a complex issue that is treated differently by people. From the sociological point of view, culture is referred to as “a shared system of beliefs and knowledge, more commonly called a system of meaning and symbols; a set of values, beliefs, and practices, and shared forms of communication” (Klinberg, 2017, p. 120). Culture has the power to shape the collective identity. Culture is both the product of society and its moving power. On the whole, culture comprises aesthetics and morals, activities and products, communication and mass media, and symbols and their meaning. Consequently, culture is a complex concept covering every sphere of life. Also, culture exists at different levels. The broadest one is the national level that comprises the culture of the whole nation. The regional level includes cultural peculiarities of ethnic, linguistic, or religious groups within a nation. Other levels of culture are gender, generation, social class, and corporate ones, with their peculiarities typical of the layer they correspond. Therefore, culture can be level-specific, and its representations will correspond to each layer. Media also has some controversial definitions. As a broad concept, media comprises such subdivisions as mass media and mass communication. While mass media is usually explained as the method of information dissemination, mass communication is the act of information dissemination to the public. Baran (2014) provides a simple definition of communication and clai
Introduction Isidore Sharp is a Canadian Businessman and is the founder and the current Chairman of the Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. He graduated from college in 1952, and eight years later, started the Four Seasons Hotel in 1960. Sharp opened the first hotel in 1961, in Jarvis street in Toronto. In addition, he teamed up with Terry Fox to establish the Terry Fox Run and is its current director. The hotel has been so successful that Bill Gates offered him US$ 3.4 billion under the agreement that Isidore would remain as the Chairman and chief executive officer and would be paid back his proceeds from a 1989 plan totaling to about $288 million. In 2009, Sharp penned down his experience in the hotel industry by releasing a personally authored book titled “Four Seasons: The Story of a Business Philosophy. “ Impact on the hotel industry Sharp successfully established the five-star Four Seasons Hotel from scratch to what it s today, a leader in the luxury hotel sector. He started as a small businessman and ended up as a five-star hotel manager and mogul. The four seasons established and cultivated a brand name that was built on delivering high quality services to the customers. They achieved this by establishing a culture that enabled them achieve this while developing a very strong and unique brand at the same time. Their business operates on the principle of the golden rule: doing unto others and treating them as one would love done unto them and treated. As such, the company values their employees highly with the knowledge that they were responsible for taking care of their clients. The company gave its employees the authority to make and execute any decision that directly affected their clients instead of always turning to the authority for solutions. The principles that drive his business include quality, service, culture and brand. As an astute Businessman, Sharp keenly evaluated other successful companies and identified products and services that he could introduce in his hotels. He went as far as looking into successful companies in other countries of the world and paid great attention to details. He borrowed the concierge concept from a European company and introduced it into his company. Initially, he tested the service in Washington, DC as a means of testing its effectiveness. The concept was so successful that he introduced it to his other hotels. It success saw his competitors copy this concept and introduce it into their hotels. The concept led to the establishment of a very strong brand in the hotel industry. In 1968, after visiting a spa, Sharp’s wife, noticed that the food served at the spa was very tasty and palatable and told his husband. Owing to his wife’s comment, sharp investigated the culinary trends of guests and what special amenities other companies were offering to clients. In addition, after a vacation with his wife, Sha
Executive Summary In August 2006, 68 million Internet users have mistaken the company’s official website for YouTube, a popular online video site. This has caused severe interruptions in the workings of the company’s official website, causing an eventual shutdown. Adding a new server did not help. The company had to add more capacity. Another side of the problem, which might eventually prove to be a windfall, is that Google plans to buy YouTube for $1.65 billion. Introduction The purpose of this report is to provide the most sound solutions to given problem, taking into account the latest e-commerce management issues as those are related to given problem. One assumption made in this report, is that the company, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment Corporation, has a large network of business contacts. Advice to CEO This problem presents an opportunity for company’s diversification. This is explored in more detail in the section of this report entitled “Advantages Stemming Out of the Given Problem.” But diversification is a long-term goal, meaning that it should be considered only after more basic steps have been taken. The first of them would be to email customers. Those emails would tell customers the nature of the problem and also express our company’s deep concern. They might also contain the name of the new domain, the name of which is suggested in the paragraph below. Considering the facts that “eighty percent of business conducted on the Net today takes place between firms… rather than with individual consumers” (DuBrin, 2009, p.493), and that Universal Tube “sells used machines that make tubes” (DuBrin, 2009, p.508), it becomes evident that the company’s large network of business contacts means that the most important of its partners and customers can be reached via the official emails of their companies. Thus, the current situation does not pose any serious risks, because the very fact that it has been identified implies many ways of correcting it; not to mention an even brighter side of this issue, which lies in the fact that the established companies usually eschew “the medium of a large buyer exchange” (DuBrin, 2009, p.495). In our case, it means that the company might need to establish a temporary website which would provide services to the selected customers. This website might even take a form of “members only” platform, in which only the customers with previously issued usernames and passwords would be allowed. This would help create a feeling of closeness and would promote customer loyalty. Another way of alleviating the difficulties of given case and promoting customer loyalty would be to hire additional call center personnel and work with company’s most loyal customers through the phone. This is especially important considering the fact that “despite conducting business over the Internet, many customers want to follow up with telephone calls” (DuBrin, 2009, p.495). Our case has illustrated this tendency, as at the clim
Introduction Multiple diseases and health-related issues impact a high number of people in the modern world. The science of epidemiology exists to analyze these issues, identify their causes, and determine how they affect individuals. Furthermore, this science can show how and whether the health care industry can protect the population from these widespread issues. Descriptive epidemiology occupies a peculiar role regarding this science and deserves specific attention. Thus, the paper will present the theoretical understanding of descriptive epidemiology, show how this concept is used in public health nursing, and demonstrate the application of descriptive epidemiology to understand the issue of breast cancer. Explaining the Concept of Descriptive Epidemiology To begin with, one should explain the meaning of a broader term. Lesko et al. (2020) indicate that epidemiology is “the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states and events in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states” (p. 514). This science aims to establish the main factors of health problems to make the population’s health better (Biology LibreTexts, 2020). When scientists need to identify why and how a condition spreads, they use analytic epidemiology to study its determinants (Lesko et al., 2020). In turn, descriptive epidemiology is its part that only characterizes the distribution of health issues, injuries, and other events (Dicker, 2019). The information below will present a detailed insight into the descriptive epidemiology principles. It is worth mentioning that descriptive epidemiology analyzes health conditions to identify their patterns. Dicker (2019) admits that this scientific branch uses specific epidemiologic variables, including time, place, and person. Firstly, time refers to disease rates changes over time, and particular graphs represent these data. Some diseases are predictable, and influenza shows an increasing pattern when cold weather comes. Other health conditions can show higher prevalence by months or even days of the week. Secondly, the place variable reveals some geographical patterns of disease. One should admit that descriptive epidemiology does not always focus on the occurrence of a problem in various countries. Dicker (2019) argues that it is also reasonable to draw attention to “place of residence, birthplace, place of employment, school district, hospital unit,” and others (p. 21). This information reveals whether a specific environment leads to the spread of disease. Thirdly, descriptive epidemiology uses various factors to collect and analyze the data according to the person variable. They include age, race, sex, marital status, occupation, socioeconomic status, and others (Dicker, 2019). This information demonstrates a peculiar population that is at risk of experiencing a health condition.
Introduction It is imperative to note that videos published online have gained popularity as one of the primary marketing tools. An understanding of techniques and unique aspects of the market is crucial, and an analysis of available data should help to ensure that activities related to marketing are beneficial to the company and expenses are justified. A relatively small firm will be selected, and a promotional campaign will be developed to demonstrate the knowledge of crucial concepts. Company Magenta Skateboards is an independent business focused on the development of equipment and accessories for the fans of the sport. Maplewood boards are viewed as its primary products. The quality is one of the most important aspects that should be highlighted. A unique technique is utilized during the process of manufacturing, and it helps to ensure that the equipment may resist enormous pressure, and is long-lasting. Also, unique design and the image of the firm are critical factors that affect the behavior of customers in this market. These products are preferred by individuals that are tired of other trendy brands, and would like to try innovative products. Content The series will be focused on skateboarding tricks, and a professional in this area would explain how to perform them. The style is going to be rather serious to ensure that it fits the brand and overall theme. This approach is expected to be quite efficient because the videos will be aimed primarily at the target market, and should interest nearly all the visitors of the website. It would be reasonable to collaborate with famous professional skaters to increase the reach of the video. Such strategy is expected to be incredibly successful because users that are not aware of the existence of the firm will be able to find the series via a search engine. Moreover, individuals trying to learn h
Introduction Personality traits are viewed as the determinants of the differences that distinguish one individual from another. These traits include intellectual ability, physical attributes as well as personality. They dictate how moral or immoral a person is in regard to their dispositions which are referred to as character or qualities. A person’s true nature is thus regarded as his or her personality out of how consistent their character is over time (Whiteman et al 2003, p.3). On the other hand, leadership is portrayed as the ability to influence other people’s behaviour that results in making them believe or act through motivation. According to Lehman (2005, p.1), leadership abilities include vision, the ability to motivate others, emotional intelligence, ability to empower others, trustworthy, risk-taking, humour, focus and follow through. However, some personality traits favour leadership abilities whereas some do not. This paper critically analyses the extent at which personality traits can predict a person’s leadership abilities. Personality traits and leadership Various studies have clearly shown that there is a very close link between leadership abilities and personality traits. Many discussions about what makes an effective leader have also surfaced and the results all bend towards personalities. Each individual has distinct characteristics which are either strong or weak. This is the reason why some leaders are more effective than others whereas a number of people cannot lead at all. These studies have birthed the Big Five Personality Dimensions which are used to describe highly effective leaders (Langone, 2002, p.1). These dimensions include emotional stability, agreeableness, extroversion, openness to experience and conscientiousness. Emotional stability is a personality dimension that focuses on a person’s ability to handle criticism and stress. In addition, how secure and calm a person acts also determines their ability to control their emotions which is an essential component of leadership abilities. On the contrary, people who are unable to handle their emotions make weak leaders due to the fact that they their behaviour becomes inconsistent thus damaging relationships (Bryman, 1986, p. 34-35). Agreeableness is a dimension that refers to a per
Introduction Behavioral patterns of humans, as well as other species, are not accidental. Cognition is dependent on various aspects, including one’s genetic material and the surrounding environment. For example, some behaviors and actions are so deeply rooted in one’s primal instincts that they are hard to alter in any way. The concept of the “time lag” explains this. According to Dawkins, bodies can be viewed as survival machines where genes, while slowly changing one’s habits, do not affect behavior very quickly (68). Thus, the disruption of an individuals’ cognition and the surrounding environment occurs. Humans still have behaviors that contributed to their survival many centuries ago. According to Nairne and Pandeirada, one’s memory has some “‘footprints of ancestral selection pressures,” which reflect the information that was the most relevant for survival before (239). This information remained in people’s systems because it was needed over a long period of time. However, the speed of progress is constantly increasing, while the process of evolutionary change remains slow. The assessment of genes, with the intention to distinguish bad genes from good ones, not only
Introduction This essay discusses how multinational companies can help host countries achieve industrial and trade competitiveness. Multinational companies are enterprises that operate in more than one country. The foreign markets in which the multinationals operate are known as host countries. Most multinational companies have their headquarters in their country of origin, which is referred to as home country. In often cases, multinationals have operational offices, branches, or plants that complete different aspects of the manufacturing process in many different countries. Ford and Sony are an example of multinational companies. Other examples include car manufacturers like Toyota, Honda and Volkswagen, oil companies like Shell and BP, then Dell and Microsoft, which are technology companies. Coca Cola, which is a soft drink company, is also a good example of a multinational company while McDolalds is the best example in the food industry. Contribution to Industry Development by Multinational Companies Multinationals have a great impact on ma