ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Today, integrating cyber-physical systems into utilities’ management becomes a common practice for various businesses. These novelties reveal the need to address the risks of devices and utilities being connected and run by vulnerable networks and programs. Indeed, Rehman and Gruhn (2018) claim that “security requirements frameworks fail to accommodate security concerns outside of software boundaries” (p. 65). This paper aims to explore threats, attacks, and vulnerabilities affecting cyber-physical systems’ functioning in building and utility management. Cyber-physical systems are based on the software embed into a device that allows a computer to operate the latter; thus, each issue with the central administrator significantly affects all dependants. For instance, in 2016, the Mirai Botnet’s massive denial of service attack disrupted the internet functioning at the U.S. east coast (Fruhlinger, 2018). Hackers earned money from the interruption of game servers by setting the malware bots and infecting various controllable devices. The 2016 attack forced the FBI investigation, which revealed that the growing implementation of the IoT was beneficial for cybercrime due to the unsecured data storing and dependence on an external computer or system (Fruhlinger, 2018). Consequently, program developers worldwide were urged to identify vulnerabilities and work on them to prevent significant cybercrime from repeating. Analysis The IoT devices are used in buildings and utilities for security, lightning or ventilation automation, emergency safety measures, and other management applications. Although implementing these cyber-physical systems is economically beneficial, several risks of malware attacks or functioning disruption exist. The primary threat is the vulnerability of the devices’ software due to external administration. The issue must be addressed from both ends of the cyber-physical systems as an operator can be unsecured, and a device might have no software to recognize a threat and protect itself (Rehman & Gruhn, 2018). Furthermore, the Mirai cybercriminals initiated massive attacks because interrupting one general computer led to the malware botnets creation based on all dependant physical items. Data collection and privacy protection is another vulnerability that affects cyber-physical systems’ functioning in the management of buildings and utilities. The process data gathered by the automated doors, CCTV in access points, and other IoT conveniences are being sent to the main operating unit to provide feedback and submit functioning. The algorithms of retrieving information keep improving, however, there is no clear policy related to the records allowed to store, neither a regulation about further utilization (Bakakeu et al., 2017). The data shared from the building management devices threatens citizens’ privacy and security as a significant volume of information about them is being digitalized might be accessed by hackers. Moreover, the networks that provide a connection between the cyber-physical system’s items are vulnerable. Walker-Roberts et al. (2020) stat
Introduction Available literature demonstrates that the discovery of genetic principles in the 20 th century, along with the discovery of methodologies that could be used to extract and characterize ancient DNA specimens, provided the needed impetus for the field of physical anthropology to undergo a major shift in its approach and practice (O’Rourke et al 217; The International History Project para. 15). After almost three decades of research in human genetic information, the broad consensus among physical anthropologists is that DNA research have indeed changed and broadened our understanding on various biological aspects that are unique to human beings, particularly in the interpretation of physical differences among races, determining the place of mankind in nature, and in undertaking comparative analysis of human beings with other primates (Broida 12). This paper purposes to critically evaluate how discoveries in DNA research continue to influence the field of physical anthropology. DNA: A Brief History Research into the double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic code, and which is commonly referred to as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), demonstrates that this molecule is not only fundamental to all cellular activities, but it is fundamental to life itself (Jurmain et al 53). Indeed, DNA is the very basis of life by virtue of the fact that it directs and controls all cellular activities, including how cells divide to sustain growth in both primates and non-primates. This implies that DNA is a fundamentally important concept in the process of understanding how traits are inherited – one of the major interest areas of physical anthropology. However, current literature demonstrates that “…the exact physical and chemical properties of DNA were unknown until 1953, when, at the University of Cambridge in England, an American researcher named James Watson and [other] three British scientists…developed a structural and functional model of DNA” (Jurmain et al 53). It is impractical to exaggerate the significance of this particular discovery because it not only entirely revolutionalized the fields of biology and medicine, but it forever changed our understanding of biological and evolutionary perspectives, which are of critical importance to the field of physical anthropology. Despite the above and other subsequent achievements in DNA research, the major contact point between DNA and physical anthropology came in 1984 when a research study conducted by Higuchi and colleagues was able to extract and characterize DNA in ancient specimens of non-human nature (O’Rourke et al 217). This and other discoveries in DNA research will be discussed in detail in subsequent sections of this paper. Of great importance, however, is the realization that DNA has been instrumental in the process of cell division – a particularly important process in the field of physical anthropology since it enables anthropologists to evaluate how organisms grow (Jurmain et al 55). Another important component of this discussion, particularly in the light of a
Glaciers are very fascinating and a delight to see, the beauty of a glacier is one of its kinds. It is very different from ice, the physical aspect of a glacier is very interesting, and the height of a glacier is another extraordinary factor that makes it very interesting. The color of the snow on a glacier is exotic and a delight to witness. Ice has many startling properties. The most important component that makes up a glacier is ice and the way it gets accumulated is a very interesting process. Understanding the distinct properties of ice is and its accumulation is really interesting. Ice has plastic as well as brittle properties, these properties become evident when ice is subjected to pressure. The stress on ice bends the ice and it bends primarily because of its brittleness and pressure. The brittleness of ice is thrown light upon in this specific case. When the plastic properties of ice are demonstrated, it becomes very difficult to demonstrate them on a smaller scale. When subjected to pressure, the ice melts much quicker and faster. It melts almost completely when the pressure is roughly about subzero. This is exactly how glaciers flow and become a real treat to watch. The color of the ice on the glaciers is another treat factor that catches the immediate attention of the people who have interest in nature and even those who don’t have real interest in nature are often captivated by the beauty of glaciers.. All these factors make glaciers extremely interesting and a delight to watch. The way ice melts is another fascinating factor and to conclude, it is very fair to say that glaciers are a very big mystery and there are numerous other facts that are hidden which might be unraveled as years pass by. The formation of glaciers takes place at a place where there are large deposits of ice and even larger ice melts. The ice slowly gets accumulated and forms glaciers. The snow and ice becomes thick and starts getting drifted away and finally join together to form glaciers. This is an extremely interesting process and the more we go in-depth, the more pleasure we can derive out of this wonderful process. The layers of ice and snow create a great pressure and this turns into granular ice and then slowly turns into glacier ice. This ice has certain distinct properties, like it is very thick when compared to the normal ice and it is much more brittle than normal ice and this is exactly why it helps in the formation of glaciers. “The distinctive blue tint of glacial ice is very often wrongly believed to contribute towards Rayleigh scattering due to bubbles in the ice.” (Glaciers, 29 April 2009). “The blue color is created for the very same reason because water is blue, that is, it slightly absorbs red light due to an overtone of the infrared OH stretching mode of the water molecule.” (Glaciers, 29 April 2009). All these factors make glaciers extremely interesting and a delight to watch. All these factors make glaciers very interesting to watch and the way they are formed is even more interesting
Gothic romance is concerned with various desolate settings, grotesque and mysterious events, and themes of death, solitude, and alienation. In Faulkner’s short story “A Rose for Emily,” the author builds upon the use of such elements as terror and suspense to a culmination in which it is revealed that the main character, Emily, poisoned her loved one and has been sleeping and cuddling with his corpse for more than forty years. The desire of the protagonist to physically remain with the man is referred to as necrophilia, which is an erotic attraction to dead bodies. Necrophilia, therefore, is a component of the gothic genre, which implies combining two seemingly different literary aspects, such as horror and romance. The necrophilic relationship between Emily Grierson and the long-deceased Homer Barron that the author implies offers more than a sensational ending to a disturbing story written in the gothic genre. It allows readers to go deeper into the understanding of sexuality and the ways in which it can warp under the conditions that seem unfavorable to an individual. As stated by Freud, there is a sharp distinction and opposition between
Human beings want the same things in life. Every person wants a prospect for success, healthy kids, and a condition in which no one is suffering. The disagreement is how to realize the objectives. Conservatives and liberals in the United States differ on how to raise a happy family, among other crucial topics. While conservatives oppose attempts to legalize marriage equality, the other class of thought supports it. Advocates of marriage equality contend that everyone has a right to choose whom to marry irrespective of gender. According to Corvino (2013), as illustrated in his book ‘ What’s wrong with homosexuality,’ same sex marriage is becoming popular despite the intensive opposition it faces. He thinks that the impassioned marriage debate will continue as long as conservatives still hold to their opinion. Americans should reflect on conservatives’ views on morality and values, traditions, holiness, and respect for the marriage institution to make better decisions concerning the topic of marriage equality. Foremost, conservatives consider that legalizing marriage equality would weaken the meaning and honor of the institution of marriage. People from different cultural, social, and political backgrounds define marriage differently. While in some contexts, marriage is a love covenant; in others, it is a legal set up enabling two or more parties to live together (Corvino 2013). Conservatives do not agree on the latter definition. They hold that marriage is an honorable institution, and that factors such as the soaring rate of divorce has weakened its meaning and respect. They say allowing same sex marriage would enable more people to engage in non-serious relationships, refer to them as marriages, and continue weakening the marriage institution (Knight 2013). Therefore, according to Knight, the society should not consider same sex couples as a family, as they cannot perform essential family roles such as procreation. Additionally, conservatives disagree with liberals indicating that marriage equality cannot preserve family values and traditions. They are of the opinion that legalizing homosexuality would weaken society values that are critical to the community’s existence because the basic units of a society are the traditional man, woman, and children living together as a family (Blechner 2009). The group is of the opinion that the likelihood of friends and lovers living together separating is high than a family comprising biologically related individuals. This shows that the loss of meaning of the family is the core rationale for the deteriorating society’s traditions and values. If conservatives are accurate, allowing gay family relationships will make the situation worse. Apart from cultures and values, most conservatives are concerned that marriage is a sacred institution and allowing marriage equality is a sin (Sitman 2013). The religious community, in particular, holds that homosexuality is irreligious However, since almost all regions consider same sex marriage out of place, they think the whole society may support the opinion. The argument is that since almost all Am
Green consumers are hard to define because each has his or her own individual characteristics. However, they can be defined by their common characteristics. Citing the Institute for sustainable development, Ryan observes that some of the characteristic common in all green consumers include: their commitment to leading green lifestyles; the critical approach to environmental issues; their tendency to overstate the green behaviour; their yearn for easier way to protect the environment; and their tendencies to distrust companies which claim to uphold green practices (1). The demographic characteristics of the green consumer are identified as: young adults, who are mainly women. They are also financially stable. The most likely group of consumers to adopt green practices are those aged 60 or more years (Ryan 1). Laroche et al. However defines green consumers are the group of people who demand to purchase products, which have a higher potential of improving not only their individual health, but also has little or no risk of harming the environment (503). Accordingly, their demand for products is based on four principles namely: (I) Environmental thrift; (ii) Regionality; (iii) Joint Utilisation; and (IV) Durability. In regard to environmental thrift, the green consumers shop for products that use nature sparingly. Regionality on the other hand refers to products made locally, thus meaning that the consumers consider the distance covered by the distribution channels. This is intended to reduce the use of fuels used in product distribution. The consumers also use this principle in order to reduce their own length of travel. The joint utilisation feature seeks to reduce the impact that human activities have on the environment, while durability means that the consumer seeks to purchase products that wont wear off easily thus preventing repurchase of the same kind of product and hence increased production of the same by the manufacturers. Overall, Laroche et al. states that the aim of the green consumer is to buy products which “do not cost the earth” (505). The consumers therefore seek purchasing avenues where they can buy products which can improve environmental, community, family and personal health. Such products would have to be natural and made of biodegradable materials and to add on, “the said goods also need to be made of recycled of recyclable materials, while their packages need to be made of less environment-polluting materials. Preferable the production and packaging system not need be energy-intensive” (Laroche et al. 506) Green Marketing As stated by Polonsky (25), “Environment friendly, Ozone friendly, Phosphate free, refillable, and recyclable are some of the common terms used by markets to push their products to the consumer as green”. According to Polonsky however, no individual terms as currently used by marketers can fully capture the essence of green marketing (1). This is because the concept of green marketing is far broader and covers services, industrial and consumer goods. “The concept incorporates activities such as modifications, changes in the production processes, modified advertising as well as different methods
Germany’s culture relies on nonverbal symbols considerably less than some others, usually preferring words to gestures except for handshakes. However, the country still has a set of subtler behaviors you are expected to follow, such as maintaining a specific standard of personal space or observing table manners. Learning German customs and properly following them is vital to securing the respect of business partners of that nationality. Greetings and Personal Space Germans are highly punctual and value the quality in other people, so it is optimal to arrive several minutes before the scheduled meeting time. When greeting a German or saying your goodbyes, you want to firmly shake their hand while maintaining direct eye contact to make a good impression. The firmness demonstrates you are not a weak person, while the eye contact indicates honesty and reliability. Holding your other hand in your pocket during a handshake is considered to show disrespect and should be avoided. German people tend to maintain an interpersonal distance of about an arm’s length. The rule applies when standing and sitting, and invading that space may cause the person to feel uncomfortable. Germans tend not to overtly declare their boundaries the way people from other cultures may, so it is critical to watch their reactions when near them. Germans also dislike physi
Contemporary system of education and requires precise and adequate methods of assessing the scores of the interviewee. Appropriate norm group is a necessity when it comes to assessing respondents’ scores on tests. This is a psychometrics method that presupposes an attempt to measure psychological and mental processes and capacities. Not only the norm tables are the one to rely on, some rely on the similar answers of the respondents taking same people’s answers as a passing score. Hence, the individuals whose scores are compared and used to get the score meaning are called the appropriate norm group. Significantly, the local situation is what makes for an appropriate norm group. The tests are commonly taken by people connected geographically or by a common goal (job, studies, etc). Basically, the standardized tests should reflect the population’s study level they were initially designed for. And the groups’ ultimate performance is the only criteria for assuming the norms. Meaning, once the group has passed the test – carefully thought through in advance – the results will be taken as a core method of choosing the norm group further on. The type of norm group for applying for Auto Mechanic School would be majorly males of 19 – 21 age group; those are high school graduates with possible experience of high school basic shop and mechanics courses. Most frequently, the boys interested in mechanics will have a practical experience by the time of applying for mechanics school. Frequently, the boys are already keen on cars’ repairing procedures and automobile mechanisms in particular. Therefore, the norm group would be local high school graduates with a middle range of preparation for mechanics program. There are different types of tests to assign to the respondents. There are true/false, multiple choices, and essay tests items. Every each of it has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, multiple choice tests can be easily used disregarding the level of knowledge, so it can be applied whenever the respondents’ group is unknown or you do not know their level of knowldge (Haladyna, 2004). However, the multiple choices test is what makes students get stuck because the variety of choice may arouse suspects; students mistakenly think the tests are tricky when their level of learning is not enough. As per the true/false test items, the pros are that the test does not take too long to answer and it is easy to grade it, as a rule (Taylor, 1998). Nevertheless, the students are therefore unable to demonstrate deeper knowledge of material. Besides, the true/false statements usually prevent 50% chance of being correct. The essay test items, however, may perfectly unveil a student’s ability to show complex learning skills. One can showcase a skill to integrate ideas, analyze, and synthesize those. The writing skills can be checked, as well as grammar and spelling. Essay has always been a very efficient way to test knowledge at its different facets. A respondent will be able to co
Abstract Oceans cover extensive portion of the planet. Moreover, numerous human activities take place in the oceans. Hence, they are prone to pollution. Harmful waste matters from industries are channeled into the oceans. Besides, people dump plastic wastes into the oceans. The wastes have severe impacts on marine community and human health. Plastic wastes, particularly microplastics alter eating habits of marine animals and lead to starvation. Besides, they expose human to breast and prostate cancers. Plastics are made from polycarbonates that contain a harmful compound known as bisphenol. Therefore, dumping of plastic materials in oceans contaminates water with bisphenol. Bisphenol alters the reproduction pattern of marine community and exposes human to disease like obesity. Besides, bisphenol has severe economic impacts on countries. It affects the fishing industry, and countries spend a lot of money to treat diseases that are related to bisphenol. Introduction Oceans cover the biggest part of the planet. However, many people do not appreciate the importance of oceans to human and marine life. Moreover, a majority of people do not understand the relationship between the earth’s system and oceans. Costanza (1999) alleges that oceans and coastal environment have fiscal value. Costanza (1999) argues that ocean and coastline biomes cater for the biggest share of the ecosystem’s services. Marine biomes such as coral reefs, coastal systems, and open oceans help to protract economic and human activities. Nevertheless, many people do not understand this reality. Costanza (1999) argues that both the government and public do not appreciate the economic value of coastal and Ocean environments. One reason ocean and coastline biomes are prone to pollution is because they transcend national borders. Marine pollution includes agricultural runoff, industrial effluence, wind-blown rubbles and dirt, nutrient effluence and plastic wastes. Today, it is estimated that hundreds of metric tons of plastic wastes are channeled to the oceans on a daily basis. Indeed, at least 40% of the global ocean surfaces are covered with plastic wastes. This paper will discuss the effects of plastic wastes on marine and human life. Overview of Plastic Many people regard plastic bags as items designed to make their life comfortable. They use plastic bags to carry items as well as to preserve perishable foodstuffs. If not well discarded, the bags pose a significant threat to marine life. Ahn, Hong, Neelamani, Philip and Shanmugam (2006) argue that