ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The different societies that evolve around the world differ distinctively from each other. Most of these differences persist to date. Apart from the more evident cultural diversity that exist between people, such as their dressing codes, their language and even traditions, there are also marked differences in the way societies structure themselves, in their shared formation of ethics and also in the way they interact with the environment (Hughes 32). I choose to carry out my ethnography in the neighborhood of the 9 th street and especially the Italian market. This study aims at looking at the cultural diversity and the social interaction of the community that live there. From the large pharmacies, supermarkets play grounds, the community garden, the various eateries, and coffee shops, the artistic paintings, all acts together in attracting people from all occupations there. This, therefore, provides a good chance of observing the ways of life of people from different social backgrounds, and as they go about their daily businesses. The population that lives in this area indicates a liberal, creative, and an upwardly mobile community. The ambiance is literally exciting to the senses and the mind. I collected most of my data from observation, but I also interacted with a few people, who helped me in supplementing my information. Background The 9 th street at the 600 south of Philadelphia is a common street in the area because of the many opportunities it offers to the people around it. From big supermarkets like Super Fresh Supermarket, food courts, coffee shops, pharmacies and different types of recreational facilities, it acts as a one-stop shop centre for the people living in the neighborhood. The street has for long acted as the dividing line between South Philadelphia and the City centre. This region was historically, acted as an area where the freed African prisoners worked and lived and formed an all-encompassing community. It also served as a place where the Jewish business people met to conduct their businesses and for social gatherings, which is still the case today as the market is commonly composed of Asian business people. There is also one of the largest markets in the town, the Italian Market, commonly referred to as the 9 th street market. It is among the oldest markets in the country and was started in the late 1800 and it still operational to date. It is a famous place for neighborhood shopping due to its diverse ethnic eateries, and for its magnetism to visitors from different parts of the world (Ivory, 24). As the number of businesses increased, the area came to be known as the Italian market. Due to lack of refrigeration facilities in most homes, it was therefore essential for the people to buy their food suppl
Meursault’s crime in Albert Camus’s The Stranger is of murdering a man. He murdered an Arab and was arrested by the police for his crime. Nevertheless, as the story progresses it becomes apparent that Meursault’s crime of murdering a man was insignificant to his detachment and indifference to life’s moral codes. Thus, Meursault was judged for both his actions and his nonchalant disposition. Guilt or innocence of the crime was not the main concern of the magistrate in The Stranger . Contrarily, his foremost concern was Meursault’s social behavior. Meursault was not being tried as a man who had committed a crime. Instead, the magistrate showed more interest regarding the protagonist’s demeanor. Society’s judgment of the accused gains predominance in the book than his actual crime. In other words, how the society perceives the protagonist assumed precedence over his alleged crime. In The Stranger , the protagonist is remarkably detached from life even though he is involved in all its activities. He is nonchalant and indifferent to others’ affairs. He even seemed unable to grieve when his mother died. The book opened with his casualness towards his mother’s death: “Mother died today. Or, maybe, yesterday; I can’t be sure.” (Camus 4). At his mother’s funeral, Meursault remains unmoved by his mother’s death. He felt uncomfortable at the funeral when he realized that the manager and one of his mother’s friends from the old age home were judging him. Even Meursault’s romantic relations are marred with detachment. He remained dispassionate towards Marie despite the fact that he enjoyed her company. When Marie told him to marry her, he replied that he did not mind but when the former inquired if he loved her he said, “that her question meant nothing or next to nothing” (Camus 28). The magistrate’s interest in Meursault’s character was evident as he said “what really interests me is – you!” (Camus 42) When Meursault was interrogated by the magistrate, the first question that the latter asked was related to the protagonist’s character and not about the crime: “He led off by remarking that I had the reputation of being a taciturn, rather self-centered person, and he’d like to know what I had to say to that” (42). The magistrate’s interrogation oscillated between whether Meursault loved his mother to whether he believed in God as these two facts seemed more important to the jurors than the details of the crime. When Meursault told the magistrate that he was an atheist, the magistrate refused to accept it: “all men believe in God, even those who reject Him” (Camus 43). The magistrate is more intrigued with his blasé personality than the crime he had committed. Disbelieving in God was “unthinkable” for the magistrate but murder was not. Murder was a crime, but Meursault’s dispassionate, unattached way of looking at life was
Introduction Health economics is a branch of economics that deals with matters concerning the effectiveness, delivery, consumption, and cost of health and health care services. In the article “From Volume to value: Better ways to pay for health care” Dr. Harold D. Miller expounds on the health care payment systems. The payment systems determine the quality and the cost of health care services that the providers offer to patients. A good payment system is one that ensures quality service delivery at the appropriate cost. The traditional payment system sought to provide services to the public without checking on the quality of services. The new payment systems encourage the provision of high-quality services to the patients at acceptable costs. Factors that influence the per capita health costs include; the likelihood of occurrence of health conditions, the number of episodes of care that patients require per condition, the nature of the treatment, and the cost of acquiring drugs and devices that are used in the treatment process. Analysis There are various health care payment systems. These include; fee-for-service, episode-of-care payment, traditional capitation, and comprehensive care payment. Fee-for-service is the most common payment system. Under this payment system, a fixed amount is paid for any service that the provider delivers. The fee-for-service arrangement does not give providers the required responsibility as concern for the quality of services that they offer. The provider, therefore, gets the necessary payment irrespective of the quality of the services that they provide. In the episode-of-care payment system, payment is made once for all the health care services that a patient receives during the whole period of health care. Therefore, the provider takes care of all cases that are associated with a given condition under a single payment. However, the amount patients pay depends on the severity of the health condition. The traditional capitation payment system restricts the number of episodes of care. Under traditional capitation, provision is made for recurrent health conditions. This system provides for a single payment of health conditions under a single episode. Comprehensive care payment is a hybrid of the episode-of-care payment and the traditional capitation. A single payment is made to the providers to cover all the services that their patients need for a given period. However, the payment remains adjustable depending on the nature of treatment and the health of the patient. This payment system ensures that the patients receive health care services at the right cost. All the methods above have different flaws. There is an increased effort to establish more new health care payment methods that will serve the patients well. Equally, there are challenges associated with these new methods. It is difficult to set an amount that would not only suffice the provider but also prevent extortion of the patients by the providers. Also, it is difficult to guarantee high-quality services to patients. There have been cases of reoccurren
Introduction Chocolate is prepared from cocoa beans. In Aztec language xocolatl refers to bitter water. The natives drank it as a drink mixing it with, chilli vanilla and achiote. Europeans discarded the chilli and added to it milk and sugar. In due course a process was developed that created chocolate bars from this. Cocoa was a native of South America but today West Africa meets two thirds of the world’s requirement for cocoa. One of the finest businesses in chocolate is the Hershey Company, who has excelled in the trade with ethical approach and guidelines that are helpful for the employees in providing better service and thus a better product and consumer satisfaction in the long-run. Company background The biggest chocolate manufacturing unit in North America is The Hershey Company – known as Hershey Foods Corporation till 2004 April. As a company with more than 100 years of history, it ranks among the oldest chocolate firms in USA and has acquired an iconic status. The main building of the Hershey Foods Corporation is currently situated in the state of Pennsylvania. The place that holds the head office is called Dauphin County’s Derry Township. It also hosts Hershey’s Chocolate World. In 1894, the entrepreneur, Milton S. Hershey became the chief architect of the company and named the company Hershey Chocolate World. It was founded as an auxiliary local off
Technology has been applied in all sectors of the economy with an aim of improving overall productivity. One such move is through genetic engineering. Any product that has undergone such alteration is termed a genetically modified Organism or simply, GMO. This is the manipulation of natural genetic components of biological substances, a process is sometimes known as biotechnology, to come up with new products (Raju xiii). A lot of controversies is apparent over the concept of genetic engineering being applied either on plants or animals. Among some of the issues raised come from religious, social, cultural and moral perspectives. A section of scientists are opposed to the idea with claims that it brings about irreversible damage to biodiversity by changing the natural setting of the environment (Parekh. 4). Genetic engineering involves alteration of the cell which is the basic component of life. Specific interest focuses on deoxyribonucleic acid, otherwise known as DNA which is a component of the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. This is the classical identification marker for all organisms, a characteristic feature possessed by all biological forms (Steinbrecher, 1). Its application forms the basis for forensic procedures giving compounding proof of attachment for classified evidence. DNA contains genes expressed in codes and it is through this basis that genetic modification experiments are conducted. From these proceedings, results are geared towards producing Genetically Modified (GM) crops which are beneficial to man. All living forms, plants and animals are made up of DNA as the genetic information carrier (Steinbrecher, 1). Production of transgenic organisms through genetic modification involves the transfer of DNA segments from one organism to the next. The procedure brings about the perpetuation of foreign DNA characteristics onto the host as a recipient. Specific sections of desired DNA are cut and transplanted into a host by the help of a promoter and vector component (Steinbrecher, 1). A vector provides the means of transportation of genes to a compatible host. Viruses are able to colonize almost all forms of cells, a feature allowing for their exploitation in making conveyance carriage means as vectors. This is because of the compatible nature of viral components. Plasmids, which are components of bacteria, are used together with other promoter segments for the successful manipulation of genes. This assists in the completion of Plant regeneration processes through artificial methods. Getting desired features from GM crops relies on the professionalism of the biotechnologist and proper use of genetic engineering concepts (Steinbrecher, 1). Different ingredients are needed for successful genetic engine
Introduction Various social problems that periodically arise in the society, as a rule, are reflected in state laws as the government usually takes appropriate measures to solve a particular issue. However, when it is about the problems of ethics and, in particular, the medical field, the situation is complicated by the fact that not legal but solely moral concepts play a key role. Certainly, many public issues related to the field of medicine are solved at the state level and are discussed during politicians’ meetings. Nevertheless, some topics are still controversial and quite often cause a wide public response. One of these themes is terminating the pregnancy, which is usually called an abortion. This issue is frequently raised in the society, and the subjects of discussion are both the initiators of this procedure and medical representatives who provide such services. One of the reasons why women of different ages decide to terminate their pregnancy is any genetic disease of the fetus and the risk of having an unhealthy child. Therefore, it is essential to describe possible results and consequences of such a procedure for women themselves and mention what ethical issues it affects. Case Description The case under analysis occurred in 2011. Suzanne and her husband were looking forward to the birth of a second child. They assumed that it would be a boy and even called him Oscar. However, their dreams did not come true; on the fifteenth week, the child was diagnosed with Down’s syndrome, and the woman was immediately informed about it. According to Suzanne, the step to terminate her pregnancy was very difficult for them, but they considered this decision to be the only correct one since they saved both their future child and themselves from suffering (Treussard, 2014). This incident received some resonance as it became public. Nevertheless, it is rather difficult to try to condemn the woman and her husband in the fact that they committed murder and abandoned the fetus for some unclear reasons. The procedure of terminating the pregnancy was legal, the doctors performed the operation as quickly and qualitatively as possible, and the woman was not injured. Perhaps, many opponents of abortions were against this method and condemned Suzanne and her husband. However, if it is a question of such an intimate problem, it is significant for a family to endure such a test and take the decision that it considers necessary. In the case of Suzanne and her husband, no laws were violated. The abortion was carried out on the fifteenth week, which does not contradict any ethical standards. The case described is a very vivid example of how a genetic disorder can affect the choice of future parents. Today, quite a few people decide to ke
Introduction The procurement process involves the acquisitions of services and goods from an external source via the incorporation of a tendering process. Efficient supply must satisfy the desires of the buyer regarding timely delivery, quality, quantity, and location specifications. Similar to other industries, the aviation sector is characterized by outsourcing and purchasing in the sections of repair and maintenance and airline operations among others. The procurement department has to be keen during the identification and eventual provisioning of the goods or services to ensure that the management makes strategic decisions. This report assesses the methods of negotiating a performance-based contract when procuring goods and services in the aviation industry. Performance-based contract The performance-based contract entails a result-oriented method of contracting that lays focus on the quality, outcomes, and outputs that relate to at least a portion of the buyer’s payment, contract renewals, or extensions (Kleemann & Essig 2013). The process leads to the attainment of particular measurable performance requirements and standards. The contracts may comprise incentives and disincentives that are both monetary and non-monetary. The performance-based logistics approach establishes metrics for weighing both performance and contacting payment (Olmos- Sanchez, Bocquet, & Forman 2016). The parameters used in the contracting process include reliability, maintainability, the cost of ownership, and availability. The performance work statement describes the required outcomes rather than the procedure or number of hours needed to accomplish the work. Advantages of performance-based contracts Such contracts allow the procurement department to acquire goods and services that coincide with the objectives of the company. The contractors attain the autonomy when formulating strategic decisions on how to accomplish their goals, which engages them in innovative approaches (Kleemann & Essig 2013). In this regard, companies in the aviation industry acquire the best value for services and products, thus fulfilling the customers’ demands. The adoption of performance-based contract especially in the airline industry brings potential benefits through aligning incentives between the customers and the suppliers. The selection of the right supplier allows open and equal competition coupled with transparency because the potential bidders are chosen based on their qualifications and due diligence (Kleemann & Essig 2013).
Introduction Johannes Gutenberg is often regarded as the inventor of modern printing technology. However, a closer look reveals that many centuries before Gutenberg printing was created, the Chinese had been engaged in printing technology. They would use woodblocks to cast important information that could then be stored for future reference. The printing culture underwent several centuries of transformation to become what people observe today. The print culture in China dates back to 5,000 years ago. It was a key aspect of Chinese civilization. Block printing was first used in China during the Tang Dynasty. Block printing involved writing a text on a piece of paper then sticking the paper on a woodblock. An imprint would then be formed on the woodblock. As time progressed, the Chinese print technology advanced. The movable type printing was invented during the Song dynasty to replace woodblock publishing. According to Reed, the latter print technology had various advantages over woodblock printing, including the ability to be reused. 1 The print culture can be understood to refer to a set of intellectual and sociological processes that have an impact on people who produce and consume printed information. The print culture had far-reaching impacts on Chinese civilization. People could now store information for future reference. Printing also promoted learning and consequently literacy. Economically, print technology enabled the Chinese to make and use paper money as the medium for business transactions hence boosting commerce. This paper will discuss the impacts stated above among others to show how printing culture has transformed Chinese society and literature over the centuries. Areas of discussion will be literacy, the economy, and religion. Printing Culture and Literacy For learning to be effective, there must be efficient media for passing information from the coach to the instructed party. Printing in China made it easy for information to be passed from one person to another, a situation that facilitated learning. According to Brokaw, the printing culture boosted intellectualism and literacy in China because more people could access information that was now being stored as print. 2 This new class of learned individuals came to be known as Shidafu . Reading materials such as the Shuowenjiezi dictionaries became available, thus encouraging more Chinese people to take up a culture of reading. There was also a growing pressure for scholars to read many texts, which in turn meant that more written materials needed to be printed. 3 Written texts also came to be more valued compared to oral “hearsay.” This situation encouraged more people to learn how to read. Book culture promoted the spread of i
After the ordeal, Morton’s wife realizes surprising things about how she felt about her family that is husband and son. On their way home, Mrs. Morton comes in touch with her feelings, “she feels something heavy and inescapable, more than failure and more than the aftermath of a terrible ordeal” (Line83-89). The book narrates that she knew whatever she was going through was “something to do with her and Morton, something personal, familiar and essential”, (Line.87). Morton’s wife makes three significant discoveries, first, changes in how she feels and perceives her husband, secondly her change and attitude towards their son Larry and an altered view of the bully. At the beginning of the story, Morton’s wife is happy with her family. In the first ten lines of the story, the author narrates how she, her husband, and son were happily enjoying the Sunday afternoon sun, “It was a warm afternoon, and Morton was reading the times with one arm flung around his wife’s shoulder”. The casual pose in the couple reflects a loving and happy relationship. Mrs. Morton likes the scenario so much that she longs for them to do it again, she acknowledges “it feels so worthy”, (Line.9) and “they must go out in the sun more often”, (Line.10). The smile on Mrs. Morton’s face is a sure sign of a happy family. At the beginning of the story, Mrs. Morton is comfortable and pleased with her life, marriage, and child. In the third l