ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The necessity of expanding market share of a business drives innovations. In this light, innovations ensure that a company develops new products that maintain their customer’s preference to the company. In addition, innovations enable the company to produce unique goods that please their clients. Therefore, the company becomes competitive than their competitors. Moreover, companies that are innovative ensure that they curb and eliminate the problems of poor quality. For example, the field of technology uses innovations as a way of solving the technological problems for their products. In this case, they seek to discover new technology that is more efficient than the previous one. However, the companies must protect their innovations against infringement. The companies should ensure that they own their innovations and deter other companies from using them. In this light, they seek to remain unique and outstanding. This paper will focus on the BlackBerry Company has protected its innovations. The paper seeks to determine how the BlackBerry Company has used the theory of protecting innovations in its organizations. Particularly, it will consider the use of trademarks, patents and trade secrets. Also, it will focus on the enforcement of laws against companies that infringe their innovations. Trademarks The trademarks are registered through the legal channels of government. Once they are registered, they guard and secure the international rights of ownership. The BlackBerry Company has used the trademarks widely. The company’s trademarks are registered with the US government. In this case, it has registered about forty one trademarks within its organization. They range from software trademarks, storefront, devices, smartphones trademarks and others. Some of these trademarks include BBM, BlackBerry, Data Flow, BlackBerry Bold, and Data Smart among others. The trademark must indicate that it is registered on legal terms of the government system. In this light, the company has given some guidelines that direct the use of their trademarks. The guidelines apply for all marks that appear in the trademarks list. They restrict the use of BlackBerry trademarks by any individual or company without a formal authorization from BlackBerry. In addition, they provide that a company should not use a mark that is similar to the company’s trademarks. In this light, they seek to prevent product dilution. Product dilution is the use of a mark that is similar to the original one. As a result, the use of a similar trademark sets the company at an advantage of using the popularity of the original company. In addition, the customers who can
Introduction Today, technology constitutes a great part of our everyday lives. It is difficult to imagine a world without modern appliances, means of transportation, personal computers, and mobile devices, or the Internet. Technology changed every aspect of human life to the point people stop noticing it. Analysis One example of this is the way people do not regard home appliances as technology anymore. In his article, What Else is New?, Steven Shapin argues that old technologies are so intertwined with our everyday lives, they are not regarded as technological innovations anymore. Shapin describes numerous technological innovations that surround him in his kitchen, including various tableware, “a cordless phone, a microwave oven, and a high-end refrigerator, and [a] a laptop” (Shapin, 2007, par. 1). In a third paragraph, the author argues that such things are not regarded as technological innovations now, and the term “technology” is limited to the description of new electronic devices and digital services which have an immediate impact on people’s lives. To support his argument, he describes the position of a well-known British historian David Edgerton, who believed that our understanding of technology is distorted because we associate technology solely with the invention, rather than something that affects our lives through everyday use. For instance, although airplanes are hardly considered a technological novelty nowadays, their technological significance is unprecedented due to the fact that they allow fast transportation of goods from one place to another. The introduction of airplanes into the logistics industry allowed people to enjoy goods and products from all over the world. Ultimately, the significance of any technological innovation is exposed when the novelty of this innovation wears off, and it infiltrates our lives. The rapid expansion of the web led to the creation of numerous tools and services that made people’s life easier. The Internet also made knowledge much more accessible, to the point where the web is considered the universal source of information. In his opinion piece, Danny Heitman wonders if Henry David Thoreau, one of the most well-known skeptics of technology, would connect his desolate cabin near Walden Pond to the internet. Although being skeptical of the importance of technology, Thoreau had to get to the libraries at Harvard, Cambridge, and Boston by train in order to get access to the knowledge in books. Heitman (2012) makes a valid point that the interconnected nature of the modern world meant that today Thoreau would not have to do that to get access to knowledge, and could access a near-infinite pool of knowledge from his laptop instead (par. 16). In my opinion, these two facts prove that technology influences the lives of all people, no matter what opinion on the technology they may hold. Complete denial of technology means going back to the time before people started creating the most primitive tools for cooking and hunting – the first artifacts of a technology. The point made by H
North Carolina is a state situated in the Eastern part of the United States of America. According to the 2008 census data, North Carolina was recognized as the third-fastest growing state in United States as well as the state of the Mississippi River. In accordance to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the total gross state product was about $400.2 billion. Thus, North Carolina is acknowledged to occupy the ninth position in wealthiest states rating based on terms of gross domestic product. Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina. It is also belongs to the list of nine municipalities which population of more than 100,000. Due to its quality of life, Raleigh was outstandingly featured in “Top 10 Lists”, including researches and public opinion poll of Forbes, Money Magazine and MSNBC. Asheville is estimated to be the largest city in western North Carolina, which still continues to grow. In 2007 this city was named as one of the seven places most pleasant for living. It occupied a position in top 12 must-see area sights as well. Other nominations such as “Best Place to Reinvent Your Life”, “Happiest City for Women”, “New Age Mecca” etc. only arouse people’s interest in this city. In order to see all sights and curious places of the cities mentioned above, one has to get to those places by means of transportation. It should be mentioned that the transport system of North Carolina is presented by international and regional airports, railroads and mass transit systems that satisfy common and personal needs. It is quite evident that the development of transport system was directly connected with the economical and social development after its transition from a colony into state. Most farmers of North Carolina of the XIXth century were limited in production as all extra food could not be delivered to the nearest town. Few navigable rive
Introduction The North and the South had been growing apart for quite some time before the Civil War broke out. The most important reason for the split was slavery. The Northern states did not permit slavery and opposed it in other states. Their view of slavery had been strongly influenced by the Abolitionist Movement, led by Quakers and other religious groups all of whom regarded slavery as unChristian, and by Harriet Beecher Stowe’s 1852 best-selling novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin , which described the horrors of slavery. Many Northerners were outraged by the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision of 1857, which held that slaves were private property and could therefore not become citizens of the United States. Since Republican presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln was regarded as representing the North, his election in November, 1860 caused seven Southern states to secede from the Union. These were joined by four more when the Civil War broke out in April, 1861, joining to
Countries faced a major stumbling block occasioned by conflict of different laws due to the intensive growth of international trade in the early 20th century. It was at this period that letters of credit were adopted as a main mode of steering a uniform way of carrying out international trade in different countries. The 1933 International Chamber of Commerce conference was held to give the letter a valid legal position. The member state meeting had various objectives (Hinkelman and Karla 26). The main aim of their meeting was to come up with a ‘Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits’ (Dabydeen 41). These rules were later narrowed down to rules that are used to govern letters of credit. The rules have been revised to capture the new developments due to growth in international trade and the banking sector. Letters of credit have had effective application due to the existence of uniform regulations among major countries. The set framework has made international trade easy. Banks and traders have conducted business without fear of being defrauded. Assurance of security has been the main impetus towards a better playing ground for all concerned parties. The popularity of credit letters has been growing throughout the years and more people are picking consistent interest in their use. The operation of letters of credit is not basically based on one type of a document. The letters are in numerous occasions in two types (Dabydeen 41). This paper will critically analyze the effectiveness of letters of credit in facilitating international trade. A letter of credit is a document that shows an importer’s commitment to make payment to an exporter once goods are received. The precondition of payment is that the exporter must present all the necessary documents and conditions set out in the letter of credit. The conditions of payment stipulated in the document must be strictly followed. It is possible to have a letter of credit that can be repealed and one that cannot be revoked. The distinction is based on the fact that the revocable letter may be revoked without first seeking the consent of the exporter (Bertrams 46). The foregoing literary means that the documents may be cancelled or challenged before the other documents are presented to the exporter. The letter is rarely used, considering its limited protection to the exporter. On the contrary, an irrevocable letter of credit is not revocable without issuance of consent by all parties in the transaction. The general rule on the letters of credit is to the effect that all letters are irrevocable, unless there is a document stating otherwise within the knowledge of the parties. The rationale behind making letters of credit to be irrevocable is to guarantee protection to all parties in the transaction. W distinction that is based on the payment terms is made on understanding their operation. A ‘sight letter of credit’ is evident when the importer is allowed to see the documents before effecting payment. On the hand, if the payment is
The purposeful correlation of modern day Olympic sport with ancient Olympic Games provides a solid foundation for the hypothesis of continuity with an era of moral ethics. Ancient sport practice was immaculate and less blemished by the current association with actions for profit, loss of amateur concepts and change-over to professionalism, aggression and anabolic drugs misuse. Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games, looked at the ancient Olympic Games as the provider of an insightful and a great resource of motivation. Homer, in the living works The Iliad and The Odyssey , described Olympic Games as providing an imminent look onto the interlinking of the athletic achievements and commemoration of sport. Homer also clarified the extent to which sports reflected a cultural ideal based on harmonizing the physical and intellectual excellence (McIntosh, p. 20-23). As McIntosh (20-23) remarked, sports in the Homeric days was noble, he also approached the gradual control of commercial ideas and the shadow of political objectives on the games. If the ambition to ideal ethics and principles is a part of the explanation for the unique characteristic position of sport in modern society, then the association between amateurism and sporting excellence should make an equally influential input. In most European and North American countries, the growing commercial ideas of the game intimidates the commitment to amateurism dominated Olympic Games during the first half of the 20 th Century. Amateurism highlighted the authenticity of sport’s allegation to higher ethical standards by protecting Olympic sport, and sports in general, from the distortion brought to by professional and commercial ideas (Brohm, p. 112). The Olympic Games started in Peloponnesus, in Greece. No one can tell exactly the date when it started, however most authorities give the date of 776 BC, as the earliest archaeological documentation points out. The sport contests took place at Olympia; from here the name, Olympic Games came. The ancient Olympic Games took place every four years. Th
Introduction The case under considerations discloses ethical issues and compliance challenges undergone by the importing companies who abuse human rights of the workers from the developing countries. To eliminate this problem, the companies sourcing goods from Bangladesh, Honduras, Cambodia, Korea and other less-developed countries from Asia, Africa, and Latin America have been subject to strict conduct audits to better expertise of working conditions. Case analysis While assessing the case, the author sheds light on workplace conditions as well as employees’ safety standards practiced in the supplier factories and exemplifies particular cases of ethical and legal misconduct in China, and other poor countries. Though the companies sourcing good from foreign manufactures are been heavily monitored, there were still frequent cases of mistreating the employees despite the growing awareness of social and cultural diversities as well as discrimination policies bans established in the globalized community. In response of negligence and misconduct, the enhancement of ethical conduct and compliance monitoring is indispensible to improve the situation and provide new schemes of development. Beside the newly established measures, some international companies, such as Nike, Wall Mart, and General Motors have introduced their specific programs encouraging the control of quality and safety standards at the working place. Specifically, the monitoring system suggested by Nike consists in SHAPE inspections, M-Audits, and compliance rating systems. The company has also worked out a specific code of conduct at the workplace outlining the major standards of rules and principles established within the organization. In addition, the punishment systems have also been introduced to impose more responsibilities on the employers. Similarly to Nike, Wall Mart has also presented its compliance strategies to meet the ethical standards and upgrade the employed environment. While representing different systems and measures taken by the world known organizations, the author attempts to disclose the contemporary problems, challenges, and threats existing at the workplace. More importantly, the author has successfully managed to highlight concrete cases and situations when ethical and quality standards were severely violated, particularly in the case with less developed countries. Particular attention has been paid to the Chinese companies where employees’ mistreatment has reached the highest level. The case presents a number of tables, charts, and schemes that provide a clearer picture of the present situation in the sphere of organizational and human resources management. These tables also contribute to better understanding of the most challenging issues that still need to be solved. Strength of the case study lies in author’s prompt analysis of how the gl
The article “Endangered Wild Equids,” written by Patricia D. Moehlman, focuses on the plight of equids, wild animal species related to the horse, who are quickly disappearing from the face of the planet. According to the article, although these species were among the most plentiful herbivores on three continents when our ancestors were still painting on cave walls, today there are only seven species still alive, all of which are on the endangered species list. These species include three species of zebra, three species of ass and one species of horse. The article is focused primarily on what can be done to try to save these species for the future and presents a plan that has been adopted by the IUCN – The World Conservation Union. The IUCN has been studying the life patterns of these animals and determined that they are basically organized between two general yet distinct social organization patterns. These patterns are structured based upon the availability of food and water. When these necessities are abundant, females herd together and form stable groups watched over by a single male, who gains mating rights to all females in the group. This system is referred to as a harem or family group. Where food and water is not so plentiful, each adult is left to fend for him or herself. Males generally adopt a specific territory with access to food and water that he defends, and he gains mating rights to any females that enter this territory. This obviously has an effect on the social behaviors of the animals as well as their ability to survive and bring foals into full adulthood. Both territorial and harem groups tend to begin having foals only after they have reached their fourth or fifth year, and then only about one foal every other year is born to a single female until the end of her life at about age 16. While this strategy worked well in the past, current conditions have severely limited the replacement potential. These include avid hunters, loss of habitat and reduced access to precious resources. To illustrate the difficulty of life for these animals as well as the problems of trying to study them, the author provides an in-depth discussion of her own study of the African wild ass in the Danakil desert. One of the things the article does not go into is the reason why these animals should be saved from extinction. One of the major threats to these species is a loss of habitat and resources as humans and domesticated animals move into their territory and begin hoarding the available natural resources. It would seem that the best solution, and perhaps most kind, would be to simply allow them to die out. However, I believe
Introduction The Epoch of Renaissance emerged on the territory of Italy, becoming the true Rebirth of the national cultural life of the people throughout the whole world. The development of Art in the Renaissance period is considered to take a significant place in the world of Art through well-known representatives such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian, Raphael, and many others. The analysis of the art place within the Renaissance culture gives an opportunity to evaluate the level of the epoch influence on the culture. Art in the Renaissance is considered to cover a broad sphere in the development of architecture, painting, literature, and many others aspects of social-cultural life. The Nature of the Renaissance Art The purpose of the Renaissance Art emergence appeared to be the desire to disclose life pleasures and human nature within the culture. It should be noted that this period can be characterized by liveliness and human harmony. The representatives of the Renaissance epoch concentrated their attention on the perspective, learning the differences of the things in their appearance being close or far from each other. Such analysis of the things was thoroughly reflected in the paintings, which differed by the manner of colors usage and style of drawing. The artists tried to do various experiments with paints based on oil predominance and used to mix powdered oil pigments. Great attention was paid to the light usage and perspective in painting and accuracy in backgrounds for architectural projects. The principal subject matter of Art in the period of Renaissance development was considered to be the biblical theme. The illustration of the mythological characters is related to the Roman and Greek legends and myths. This period can be characterized by the importance of Madonna’s image in Art. Artists of the Renaissan
Three Most Important Aspects of the Course To become a good leader and run a financially successful organization, one must learn how both for-profit and nonprofit companies function. By understanding their economic objectives and functions, as well as how they manage financial concerns, one can develop a general idea of challenges and essential characteristics of the global economic environment. Therefore, the opportunity to explore the wide range of factors that affect nonprofit and for-profit organizations in the global market is one of the essential aspects of the course. Also, it was crucial to learn about the differences in the functioning of for-profit and nonprofit companies. The obtained information helped analyze the two types of organizations respectively, paying close attention to economic, financial, social, legal, and technological factors that affected them (Vlachvei, ‎Notta, ‎Karantininis, & Tsounis, 2016). Finally, the third and the most important insight into the nature of for-profit and nonprofit organizations concerned a detailed analysis of the types of leadership and management styles that could be used when running the specified types of entities. Nonprofit Organizations and Local Governments: Relationships Nonprofit organizations (NOs) are linked directly to local authorities since there is a strong need to create a support system in which NOs can function. For instance, local authorities can be very helpful in providing NOs with a chance to build a strong presence within a particular community. Furthermore, local authorities can provide NOs with the leeway for handling political issues that may arise within the chosen setting. For instance, NOs can manage a wide range of bureaucratic hindrances with the assistance of local authorities. As a result, corporate processes will occur at a faster pace, and NO will start its operations faster. Finally, local governmental authorities can provide NOs with access to a vast number of resources, including the ones that are linked to philanthropy (Shick, 2015). Thus, cooperation with local authorities is essential to NOs’ functioning and success in the selected community. It should be noted, however, that the specified opportunities raise a range of ethical questions regarding the allocation of state financial resources. My Thinking and Learning Process and Implications for Future Learning Obtaining new information and knowledge about NOs, their specifics, differences between NOs and for-profit companies, and other important data, played a crucial part in shaping my understanding of contemporary business and economic concerns. When considering the advantages of the course, I must mention that it encouraged me to think critically and creatively at the same time. Moreover, I finally managed to introduce orderliness into my thinking process by starting it with the i