ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The purpose of this analysis is to expand our understanding of the concept of cultural competency using the Walker and Avant (1995) framework. In line with this analysis, this paper seeks to clarify the defining attributes of cultural competency, identify the antecedents that characterize the concept of cultural competency, and find out the consequences that relate to the concept. A model case demonstrates how cultural competency relates to these attributes. Lastly, this paper shows a borderline case and a contrary case to show the differences between the cultural competency concept and other similar concepts. Empirical referents show people’s perceptions of the concept today. Aims of the Concept To distinguish cultural competency from the concept of competence Uses of the Concept The main use of the cultural competency concept is to clarify intercultural relationships between nurses and their patients (Jirwe, 2008). It also strives to promote a mutual understanding among colleagues and to provide a precise operational definition that has high construct validity. Collectively, these uses would help in developing a reliable tool for improving nurse-patient relationships and diagnoses (Jirwe, Gerrish, and Emami, 2006). What are the defining Attributes? According to Walker and Avant (1995), the concept’s defining attributes are a set of cluster factors commonly associated with the concept. These sets of factors allow an analyst to gain a deeper insight into the concept. Cultural competence has three dimensions – awareness, attitudes, and behaviors. According to Jirwe et al. (2006), ability, openness, and flexibility are the defining attributes of cultural competence. The first concept of awareness refers to a person’s acknowledgment of cultural bias, thoughts, and ideas. Attitude is the second attribute of cultural competence. It refers to a person’s ability to show sensitivity towards other people’s culture. The last attribute (behavior) refers to the actions that characterize a culturally competent person (Jirwe, 2008). Model Case Similar to many nurses in her profession, Nancy started her career as a staff nurse. She worked in the medical-surgical nursing unit at her local hospital in Houston, Texas. Unlike most of her colleagues, Nancy loved her job and exercised high levels of self-discipline. Through her commitment and dedication to the practice, she earned a certification in obstetrics and gynecology. Her passion for nursing led her superiors to consider her as the best candidate for filling a flight commander position when it emerged. Two years later, she received a pr
Knowledge management (KM) is a crucial part of organizational management since, in the contemporary economic environment, it becomes a substantial competitive advantage for an organization. The quality of this knowledge and the methods that the executives use to manage it are key factors determining the success of KM. This paper aims to summarize the conference paper “Knowledge quality and quality metrics in knowledge management systems” and explain the critical concepts of KM discussed in it. Knowledge is an intangible asset and a collection of professional competencies, skills, personal reflections, and interpretation of information. In the article “Knowledge quality and quality metrics in knowledge management systems,” written by Tongchuay and Praneetpolgrang (2008), the authors describe the existing systems of determining the quality of knowledge, which are the eight dimensions by Garvin (1987), ISO 9000 standard, and IEEE 1061. Although there are many ways of acquiring and transferring knowledge in a company, in general, two main types are distinguished – tacit and explicit. One can argue that not all information shared within a company through these two channels is useful or helpful, which emphasizes the need to focus on quality to preserve time, effort, and resources used to share knowledge. In summary, the publication was written to present a new concept of a KM system that emphasizes the quality of information. Quality, from the perspective of KM, is the suitability of the information in regard to the purpose and requirements of the application. Tongchuay and Praneetpolgrang (2008) offer the following criteria for determining the quality of knowledge – “timeliness, accuracy, completeness, consistent and relevancy” (21.1). This conclusion is based on the research of other scholars’ opinions, using the Delphi method, who define the concept of quality and present a hypothesis regarding the main criteria that define it. The main items described in this publication are the KM, the quality of KM, and the criteria of information usefulness for organizations. An example of methodology implementation is the use of five metrics introduced by the authors – accuracy, competence, timelessness, relevance, and consistency when developing KM systems (Tongchuay & Praneetpolgrang, 2008). These metrics help evaluate the information that the organization possesses and include or exclude the elements that will not bring value to the business. The overall benefit of the methodology introduced in the discussed article is the ability to use the five criteria when evaluating KM systems and the types of knowledge that exist in the organization. The main idea that the authors promote is that KM is vital since the employees share their competencies through implicit or explicit methods. The
One of the major problems facing major cities and towns in the world is pollution; wastes from firms and households are the major causes of pollution. The United States in general is undergoing fast industrialization; the resultant is a country with high rates of pollution. Air and water pollution are the major pollution that occur in the United States cities and towns (Calhoun 68). This paper discusses air and water pollution in Los Angeles, the United Stated second largest city. Los Angeles Los Angeles is United States of America second largest city; it was discovered by the Chinese in 1781, but upgraded to city status in 1850. It is the home of a number of ethnicity, with the white Americans being the majority at 46.9%. African American follows with 11.2%, Asians at 10.5% other small tribes that include Native American . The diversity of different tribes in the county has created a metropolitan city: the city covers an area of 3,041.3/km 2. Population census conducted in 2009n recorded that the city population was four, 094,047 up from 3,694,820 in 2000(The city of Los Angeles Official Web Site). Air and water pollution in Los Angeles California Air Resources Board has gauged Los Angeles as one of the most polluted environments in the United States. Air is a natural occurring resource that surround human beings; pure clean air is odourless, colourless and particle free; air pollution is any activity of man or nature, which contaminates the air; contamination mean any element what so ever that is added to the atmosphere and reduces the sanity of air. Air pollutants may be visible or invisible; the result is that there is pollution of the atmosphere. Breathing air should be pure and “holy”, but the activities of man hinder it to hold these characteristics; Los Angeles is considered as the most air polluted country in the region. Water pollution on the other hand, involves any activities that affect the degre
In the healthcare setting, research shows that 44% of the nurses have been bullied. It is common for nurses to accept bullying from their a nursing as a part of their job (Al-Ghabeesh & Qattom, 2019). It is especially so among new nurses being preyed on by the others, which resulted in the phrase “nurses eat their young” (Al-Ghabeesh & Qattom, 2019). The consequences of bullying are severe and not only affect the healthcare provider but the whole system too. In a clinic I was working for, a nurse manager kept picking on a junior nurse who had just joined the team. Nancy was big and the manager used that to tease her every opportunity she got. She sent her everywhere even when there were others assigned those roles. She said things like, “empty those dust bins fatty, and you have to stay active to lose that fat. Let fatty finish arranging those files, she doesn’t need lunch today!” By the end of the day, Nancy was too tired to perform her duties accordingly. She was found sleeping on her desk countless times, she was eventually dismissed for poor performance. The situation would have been different if the management had created a safe system and culture for the staff to report such cases. Previous cases reported had mostly favored the bully because they were in senior positions. No action was taken against the manager after Nancy reported, only the bullying got worse. It was important to confront the bully and support the victim. Nancy’s fatigue due to being overworked was hazardous to the patients’ safety. It increased the risk of medication errors, accidents, and injuries (Giddens, 2015). When asleep, it reduced her reaction times and even motivation to attend to the patients.
The issue of estimating the executive compensation has remained a very thorny issue and corporate concern to the Boards of Directors of major U.S. companies to date. This is because most Boards of Directors spend a lot more of their time making decisions on how to compensate the top executives at the expense of valuing the shareholder and upholding the integrity of the company’s financial strength and reporting system. “ How executives compensate themselves has become a controversial topic and indeed, 73 percent of respondents in a Business Week/Harris poll indicated they believe that top officers of large U.S. companies receive too much compensation, while only 21 percent think executive compensation is just about the right amount” (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2009). Furthermore, Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell (2009) buttresses this point further that demonstrates the issue of executive compensation as an employee and corporate concern by demonstrating that many people harbor the belief that no executive is worth millions of dollars in annual salary and stock options even if they are solely behind the huge financial returns to the investors. Implementing a stakeholder perspective in regard to executive compensation must involve an
Executive Summary A passport is an individual identification and travel card for interior use issued by a supreme state, usually to its individual residents, and foreigners as well. Most common are the passports that are issued by countries depending on a person’s nationality. Though they may seem to be very official, they may be unauthorized. Passports sold or given out by profit-making sellers are usually illegal and, thus, worthless. Many regimes delegate attorneys to operate as their official representatives on second nationality matters. Also, there are particular travel credentials such as diplomatic passports, which are given out by certain countries or worldwide institutes. Diplomatic passports are usually legal if given out by the worldwide institute the person stands for or property authorities of the state , and only in situations whereby the passport owner is properly qualified as an envoy in the receiving country. Raising habitation necessities to qualify as residents is one alternative for tackling problems brought about by the passport package. Canada’s three year occupant condition for citizenship after being given permanent habitation status is very short, comparing with other countries. For instance, the United States and Britain normally necessitates five years while Germany necessitates eight. Whereas some may see raising ci
Research and Development Research and development are the first two steps critical to launching a new product or service. Research and development seek to pinpoint potential customers’ needs and preferences (Holweg & Helo, 2014). Possible contenders are also taken into consideration as the company endeavors to figure out what could be its competitive advantages. At this stage, drawing, processing, and analyzing reliable information as well as outlining core values and principles add value to the company’s processes. The latter ensures that the new business project is in line with the company’s vision and mission. This may be the most important stage because if the company is to make mistakes at the beginning, it will be making decisions operating on a wrong premise. During the research and development stage, the company may decide to tap into a new market, namely, start selling athletic footwear in a country that it has no previous ties with. Graph 1 provides an example of Indonesia where the athletic footwear market revenue has been steadily growing for the last nine years. Graph 1. Footwear market revenue in Indonesia (Statista, 2019). Product and Service Process Design The second stage entails designing a new product in alignment with the company’s findings during research and development. This function has the capacity to add value only if the company takes its time and pays attention to each of the steps essential for launching a new product. Between the blueprint and the end result, there are many other phases such as confirming, changing, testing, readjusting. Product and service process design can give the company a competitive advantage if the end product fits with the current trends and has characteristics that distinguish it from what contenders have to offer. The most critical decision that the company’s managing board can make is whether to launch a new product officially or not. At that, managers can use accounting information such as product validation to guide the process. A product or a service is only validated if customers buy it during the pitching, or testing, phase. Otherwise, the prognosis for future sales may be far from optimistic. Prod
Introduction Going back in time, the victory of the 13-years old Rebecca Sealfon in the contest Scripps National Spelling Bee in 1997, brought the attention of the country to the phenomenon that is called homeschooling. In an interview when asked about the advantages of homeschooling, Rebecca said, “the main benefits of homeschooling are that it offers more flexibility and freedom to pursue my own interests.” (“Rebecca Sealfon Knows How To Spell ‘Success’,” 1997). In that regard, the main area of concern for such practice was constantly raised about the social aspect, where the main stereotype of kids being isolated studying, combined with researches of “Professional educators, who don’t fully understand the many styles of homeschooling”(Shaw), put the shadow on homeschooling, stating that “school is the only place children learn socialization skills.” (Shaw). In that regard, this paper provides an overview of the practice of homeschooling, stating that this practice does not affect social development in children and in contrary provides many benefits and advantages compared to traditional schools. Overview For the majority of parents children’s education can be considered the most important aspect of their lives for which they are willing to put all their efforts. Accordingly, this aspect implies that parents are constantly seeking the most efficient ways children’s education can be achieved. In that regard, homeschooling as an educational practice is achieving a wide popularity. According to the US department of education, in 1984 there were only 50 thousand children studying at home. In 1992 the number of homeschooled children increased to 300 thousand. The numbers continued to rapidly increase to an estimated between 500-750 thousand in 1995, and 850 thousand in 1999. (Basham, Merrifield, & Hepburn, 2007). The most recent numbers show that “About 1.1 million students (1,096,000) were being homeschooled in the United States in the spring of 2003.” (“1.1 Million Homeschooled Students in the United States in 2003,” 2004). Additionally, according to Home School Legal Defense Association the numbers might be closer to 2 million (Basham, et al., 2007), possibly due to the fact that not all states require an official notice that the children are being homeschooled. Thus, it can be seen that as a phenomenon homeschooling is currently on the rise in terms of its general acceptance with the public and specifically with the parents. The Benefits The first and possibly the main benefit of homeschooling consist in a good mastering of the learning material. The structure of the school lesson is mainly oriented on the average student and vastly differs from individual lessons. In home conditions the level of material understanding raises because there is no need to follow a particular program, pace or structure, where parents have the ability to “customize or individualize the curriculum and learning enviro
Integrity is a virtue as explored by different scholars in different disciplines. When applied in ethics the term implies honesty and accuracy that is sometimes called truthfulness. Integrity represents consistency in one’s conscience. Issues that may be consistent include personal actions, attributes, principles, values, and patterns of behavior. In these issues, accountability becomes the benchmark of measuring integrity when discrepancy occurs. A person acting in a consistent way with regard to the above actions will most likely exhibit quality in his or her character and will therefore be said to have integrity. Objects can also be associated with integrity. The meaning derived when integrity is viewed in this perspective is purity and how intact a thing is. Examples of such objects include a computerized database. This is said to be pure if an error or a virus has not corrupted it. An undeveloped land can be said to have integrity if it has not been development. Musical work that flows rhythmically with all instruments well – organized, rhyming well with the lyrics is said to be pure and hence holds integrity. Other disciplines that also evaluate the concept of integrity include politics, philosophy; that covers medicine and action, the mind that covers consciousness and cognition among others. These areas of study can be broadly regarded as artistic, professional, and intellectual forms of integrity. Among these forms, philosophy deals with the general characters. Philosophers seek to explore this by checking broad characteristics of ones life. In such analysis, the integrity of a person is viewed in two perspectives. The first perspective relates to how one relates with oneself. The other one deals with how a person relates to the world around him. Philosophers state that relating with oneself directly affects how one relates with the world. Evaluations of such values as commitment to a person’s principles are very important when we want to separate concepts in integrity. This culminates in the analysis of etiquette. Integrity is the bond that holds norms of integrity and unity together. Conflicts can arise from among the several types of integrity. The conflicts are always related to the interchangeable application of skills and virtues of integrity. This means that the skills of development in one type of integrity can easily be applied in the other type. A good example is that the skills that keep up integrity among intellectuals can be applied in conflict resolution. Integrity can be tested. This is done either subjectively or objectively. In the former method, internal consistency and accountability of human behavior is used as a benchmark. The later is a scientific method. The method applied will depend on how people will trust the result. In subjective testing, integrity relies on the social constructs. They are all human subject to man’s cause and effect. The scientific system only serves to reinforce the subjective system that of course is usually value based. This method involves among others, preparation of hypothesis, and assumption of particular behavior reacting to a partic
Many companies claim that their employees are their major asset. This is really so as employees are the ones who generate ideas and bring them to life. HR management is seen as one of the most important aspects as HR policies enable the company to have efficient teams of high-profile employees who set and manage to achieve goals. Thus, HR policies can affect individuals in many ways. These strategies make people acquire new skills and knowledge, share the organisation’s values, self-develop and so on (Torrington et al. 2014). By and large, it is possible to note that HR policies make each individual fit the goals of the company. At the same time, each individual has a certain influence on the organisation. Of course, leaders often have a major impact as they often create teams, choose the most effective employees, and even shape some individuals’ behaviours and characters (Burkus, 2011). Using the strengths of employees, many leaders increase their teams’ and/or company’s performance. These activities have a significant effect on the company’s performance. At the same time, it is possible to note that each employee can and often does influence the development of the organisation and its performance. Gorenak and Košir (2012) state that people working for an organisation develop its values. The researchers note that in many cases the company’s values can be regarded as the total of its employees’ values. Even companies with well-established values are subjected to changes as new employees often bring changes and shape (to a certain extent) the organisation’s culture and values. In conclusion, it is possible to note that individuals affect the development of the organisation and vice versa. HR policies should be used to control this process and make it beneficial for the organisation as well as each employee working for it. Reference List Burkus, D 2011, ‘Building the strong organisation: exploring the role of organisational design in strengths-based leadership’, Journal of Strategic Leadership , vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 54-66. Gorenak, M & Košir, S 2012, ‘The importance of organizational values for organization’ , Management, Knowledge and Learning , pp. 563-569, Web. Torrington, D, Hall, L, Taylor, S & Atkinson, C 2014, Human resource management , Pearson Education Limited, Harlow.