ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Democracy is what many individuals yearn for and it has created more conflict between those who ask for it and those who with their own reasons deny others this opportunity. It can be defined as a government that is run by the people who live under it. Abraham Lincoln defined it as a government of the people, for the people and by the people. It is said that he also defined democracy as the capability of the people to govern themselves. It involves engaging the people in the decision-making process of the nation. Of course, not the whole population of a state or nation can be included in the decision-making process. The populous therefore elects or appoints people who will represent them and address their views and issues at a national level (Archibunghu; 132). Democracy involves several features; universal suffrage is one of them. Every individual is entitled to his/her vote as long as the person is eligible to vote. Regular elections are another feature. A state should conduct elections periodically to ensure that the people get to elect the people they desire. Free and fair elections are another key element of democracy. The elections conducted regularly should be in a free and fair manner without impartiality. In a democratic state, there is general freedom of expression and observation of other human rights. Having defined what democracy is and looked at its elements briefly, it is important to look at case studies and examples of democracies in the world. This paper seeks to address this issue. The paper will look at two critical nations and compare them as far as democracy is concerned. Mali and the United States of America will be the main points of discussion. The paper will compare and contrast the similarities and differences in democracy in America and Mali. This will be done by first looking at democracy in Mali and later in America. Later, the comparison will be done in the conclusion where an unbiased opinion will be given on which country is more democratic having looked at the features of democracy. Democracy in Mali The concepts of legal status, democracy, good governance, human rights as well as human safety have been the key issues of strategic development and policies for fifteen good years. Mali has witnessed a tough and long route in achieving the democracy it has today. It has experienced many years of war and ethnic violence. The conflict between the nomadic Tuaregs and the Malian army was just but one of them. For a long time, the people of Mali have lived under the fear of attacks from neighboring communities and the lack of a stable government to address this predicament. This was Mali almost a decade ago. Today, Mali boasts of one of the most democratic states in Africa. The embracing of democracy in Mali was one of the ways of achieving a fifteen-year development strategic plan. Since 1992, Mali has been an independent, sovereign, indivisible, democratic, secular and social republic (Anderson; 342). The most important word on the list is “democratic”. One factor ha
Introduction Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is an anxiety disorder that is represented by uncontrollable, repetitive and unwanted thoughts. It is also characterized by ritualized behaviors that one feels compelled to execute (Sahley, 2006). Assistance is available as there are numerous treatments and self-help strategies that can be applied in order to reduce the symptoms of the disorder. Causes   * Compulsions are rituals or behaviors that one feels driven to perform again and again (Connelly, 2008).   * Inherited- May run in the family.   * Involuntary impulses.   * Change in lifestyle. Sufferers can be categorized into:   * washers;   * Doubters;   * Sinners;   * checkers. Symptoms Thoughts   * The fear of being contaminated by germs or contaminating others.   * Violent thoughts and images or disturbing sexual explicit images.   * They are afraid of causing harm to others and themselves.   * Extreme focus on religious and moral aspects and ideas.   * Dread of not having things they might need or losing them.   * Symmetry and arrangement where they feel that everything must be just right.   * Extreme attention to things that are considered lucky or unlucky which results in superstition. Behaviors   * Engaging in rituals triggered by religious dread or excessively praying.   * Double-checking of things thought to be potential causes of harm such as switches and appliances excessively.   * Arranging things in a particular style.   * Spending many hours doing laundry, dishes and grooming themselves.   * Repetitive checking on those people they love to make sure they are safe.   * Repeating certain phrases or words, counting or doing other irrational things to decrease anxiety.   * Mount up things they do not have to use such as old newspapers or magazines. Therapy   * Most research support the treatment of the disorder through cognitive-behavioral therapy as they say it is more effective (Harvard Women’s Health Watch, 2006).   * Exposure and response prevention (Smith, 2010).   * Cognitive therapy (De Silva & Rachman, 2004). Re-label – The person should recognize that the intrusive urges and obsessive thoughts are a result of obsessive compulsive disorder. Reattribute – The person should realize that the strength and intrusiveness of the urge or thought is caused by obsessive compulsive disorder. It is most likely connected to a biochemical inequity in the brain. Refocus – The person should focus his attention on something else for some time or do another behavior. Revalue – The person should not take the obsessive compulsive disorder notion at face value as it is not of importance in itself. Medication Antidepressants can be used in combination with therapy in order to treat the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (Braverman, 2004). Group Therapy Interactions with other obsessive compulsive disorder suff
Introduction The references that researchers choose help shape not only the process but also the results of the conducted study. As such, it is essential not only to find relevant and supportive evidence but also to rely on a wide variety of reference to strengthen continuity and logical ties with previous studies (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019). As such, taking into consideration a comparative perspective and looking for sources that support different viewpoints while simultaneously drawing upon an extensive body of reviewed literature may help create a well-rounded assertion. This approach could be especially relevant in questions that assess a statement by juxtaposing it. Thus, the matter of comparing cannabidiol (CBD) against opioid treatment in chemotherapy requires using research that deals with both aspects of the question quantitatively and comprehensively. Types of Research Including and referencing different types of research allows exploring all aspects of the chosen problem. Doing so is crucial because it helps secure a further level of credibility for the conducted research (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019). A primarily quantitative approach helps efficiently delineate the study process, using secure numbers and statistics to support conclusions (Duffy, 2005). However, addressing a PICOT question requires recognizing all types of “existing knowledge in the respective area” (Riva et al., 2012, p. 170). Thus, using a variety of supplementary sources may benefit evidence-based practice as it allows for the consideration of an issue from different healthcare perspectives. Doing so minimizes the possibility of drawing faulty conclusions, even when the researcher accurately conducts the study process in all other aspects. The chosen PICOT question assesses the query of how CBD influences patients’ pain during chemotherapy treatment when compared to the more traditional opioid prescriptions. As such, this question requires primary reliance on quantitative studies, which allow for the comparison of the two treatment types through an easy to apperceive method of data analysis (Duffy, 2005). Thus, the integration of a quantitative systematic review paper, for example, the article by Tafelski, Hauser, and Schafer (2016), may help apperceive a wide variety of information with a significant decrease in bias. Therefore, including this type of study in the reference page permits relying on statistical data that is both refined and reliable. Another type of source that could be beneficial to the chosen PICOT question is a descriptive systematic review paper. Using this type of paper permits going beyond the immediat
Introduction Many analysts contend the health and safety of products from China due to their ineffective regulatory pathway. The consumer protection laws are weak and poorly executed; in addition, there are inadequate inspections of imported items and punishment due to violation of policies (Che et al., 2020). The rapid and large-scale import from China makes it difficult for U.S. agencies to conduct quality checks for all imported goods (Mirosa et al., 2020). Furthermore, China is the largest source of U.S. consumer products and accounts for a disproportionately large share of safety recalls. Therefore, if the policy for holding U.S. agency companies liable for the tort of injuries to consumers goes through, business in the USA would be negatively affected. The policy would compel them to incur extra costs to monitor and regulate the imports. This would reduce the quantity and rate of product supply to the retailers and would consequently be unavailable to the consumers over time. Strategy to Minimize Liability Exposure and Its Effect on Businesses To minimize liability exposure, the U.S. agencies for imports should diligently test for all the products imported. The items imported to be used in manufacturing should be analyzed, and it is needed to ensure they are safe to be incorporated into the system. Most importantly, the manufacturers should attach a warning on the product to caution consumers about their usage of the product. However, this strategy would slow down businesses; products imported would go through a long process before reaching the consumer affecting the chain of supply (Mirosa et al., 2020). Finances would also be incurred during cross-checking the goods, thus reducing the profit margin. Moreover, this would shun some consumers from buying such goods to question their safety and durability, thus reducing the income rates.
Scott McNealy is the Chairman of a computer technology organization named, Sun Microsystems. The company was co-founded by him in the year 1982 along with four other people, Bill Joy, Vinod Khosla, and Andy Bechtolsheim (Wikipedia, 1). Scott was born on November 13, 1954, in Indiana, the U.S.A in the city of Columbus. As far as his education is concerned, he did his BA in Economics from Harvard University in 1976, and MBA from Stanford University in the year 1980 (Robot, 1). Scott McNealy met Joy, Khosla, and Bechtolsheim during his MBA at Stanford University; where these people worked under the computer project named, Stanford University Network. The name of the company ‘SUN’ is derived from that network. Going back to the year 1984, Scott McNealy started to serve as the Chief Operating Officer (CEO) of Sun Microsystems, where he worked with heart and soul and guided the company towards the constant modernization in open, network computing. His motivation for letting the company achieve continuous motivation was the need to build Sun Microsystems as a strong competitor. Although he was from a business bac
The giant garter snake ( Thamnophis gigas ) is one of the endangered animals in California. There are several reasons for their decline, making them an endangered species. According to the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW, n.d.), adult bullfrogs and northern water snakes predate their young ones on and if this happens at a higher rate, it becomes difficult to recover their population. The snakes also feed on fish with high mercury levels, hence they become poisoned. Moreover, there has been the destruction of the wetlands, their natural habitats, making it difficult for them to colonize new habitats. Organism                    Dependent upon              Interdependent with             Rank 1-5 Lichen                                                  Yeast, algae, fungi             1        Persimmon tree              Sun, soil, bees             Bees                            3        Blueberry bush (Vaccinium)  Trees, soil, sun, bees      Bees                            4        Honey bees                  Flowering plants and trees  Persimmon tree, blueberry bush  2        Humans                      Bees, persimmon trees                                       5         In a dependent relationship, an organism depends on another as a source of nutrients vital for its survival. Humans are the most dependent organisms since they cannot synthesize their own food. They mainly depend on plants to utilize sunlight and soil to make food. In the above table, humans rely on bees to facilitate pollination among food crops and use their honey as food. The least dependent organism is the lichen; it produces acids, which break down rocks to form nutrient-rich soils. Interdependency relationship entails organisms, which mutually benefit from each other. For instance, persimmon trees and blueberry bush depend on bees for pollination, while the latter obtain food in the form of nectar. Moreover, in the symbiotic relationship between yeast, fungi, algae, and lichens, the algae synthesize energy, while the fungi provide it with moisture minerals. Concurrently, lichens break down rocks to provide nutrient-rich soil in the relationship. Reference California Department of Fish and Wildlife. (n.d.). Threatened and endangered species .
With the onset of rapid development the world appears to have become a much smaller place and the standards of people throughout the world are improving. The super powers continue to surge ahead in multiplying their wealth and in increasing their influence and domination over other countries. However the underdeveloped nations continue to suffer in poverty and some developing countries find it difficult to cope with the competition and hurdles created by the developed countries in pursuing with their developmental objectives. It is in this context that the mass media, in view of the immense potential that it has, can greatly influence in changing opinion within the given country. With the rapid development of communication technology and its easy availability throughout the world, media now plays a crucial role in providing information about the world. The media can portray the excesses and spread awareness on different issues in helping people realize where they stand in the global context. The politics in some developing countries is of an exploitative nature whereby vote bank politics is used. Gullible people, who comprise the majority population in such countries, are given false promises to get their votes during election times, and once they are elected, the given promises are forgotten. This in essence is indicative of a superficial democracy and the media can play a very important role in these countries to make people aware of the facts and about their rights in taking decisions about the right political party which can further their cause in the true sense. The media can highlight the issues pertaining to corruption and inefficiency by politicians so that people get to know of where such political parties stand in terms of running an efficient government. Matters pertaining to education, environment, technology and entertainment can be telecast by the media in keeping with the social environment and objectives of the country. The world today is entirely knowledge based and a person with no knowledge can be compared to a boat without a paddle, and in this context the media plays a very important role in the spreading of knowledge especially on pertinent issues such as impact of pollution, patterns of power consumption and about improving self through self development and spiritual programs. In this context, the BBC has played a pioneering role in starting an ‘action network” which helps agencies and people in starting campaigns to highlight different programs which are of public interest, ultimately leading to enhancement in their welfare. The mass media can help the government in getting public opinion and feedback about its activities. It should also help the law makers by bringing out facts of how criminals escape unscathed and unnoticed through the holes in the law. This is possible only if the media takes upon itself the task of airing the true facts of t
Introduction Health professionals use different indicators to understand the problems affecting different communities and implement appropriate care delivery programs. Infant mortality is one of these tools used to understand the health status of a given nation. The information gained from surveillance processes is used to inform various programs for preventing diseases. This paper discusses the rate of infant mortality in the United States and Western New York (WNY). The discussion goes further to explore how infant mortality presents a unique form of health disparity in Western New York. Analysis of the Health Disparity Lewis, Cogburn, and Williams (2015) define “infant mortality” as the number of deaths occurring in babies before attaining the age of one year. This number is usually recorded in every one thousand live births. The US government has been committed to mitigating risk factors for increased infant mortality rates. In order to achieve these goals, the state has managed to improve the health of women during and after pregnancy. This is supported by using improved prenatal care and the implementation of powerful surveillance research. The coordination of health services in the state and across the country has led to improved outcomes. It is agreeable that the rate of infant mortality in the United States is quite low. Unfortunately, some racial groups continue to record high infant mortality rates (Guerra-Reyes & Hamilton, 2017). This disparity has been attributed to a number of factors, such as lack of appropriate health systems in rural areas. In WNY, many rural regions do not have adequate neonatal health services. Surveillance and research programs have only been taken seriously in urban regions. Additionally, some minority groups, such as Latinos and African Americans in WNY have recorded increased infant mortality rates. The nature and occurrence of this disparity explain why evidence-based approaches would be needed to support all citizens equally. Literature Review The United States is one of the developed nations with broad disparities in infant outcomes and maternal care (Ruiz et al., 2015). Such disparities exist along racial lines. Minority communities and groups such as Latinos and African Americans do not have access to adequate maternal services (Lewis et al., 2015). This fact explains why race is a powerful indicator of the nature and quality of health services available to every citizen (Kothari et al., 2016). Similarly, studies have indicated clearly that many minority groups do not get adequate maternal, postnatal, and prenatal services in Western New York. Haider (2014) goes further to indicate that the rates of infant mortality and preterm births in the country continue to expose the nature of disparities affecting the healthcare sector. Unfortunately, past studies have failed to analyze how the disparity affects
The issue of water is a global affair because of the alarming rate at which limited fresh water reservoirs is depleted. Water is important for the sustenance of human life and most people treasure it. Due to its limited supply and the reduction of fresh water sources, it has become a sought after natural resource the same as oil. The documentary ” Blue Gold: World Water Wars” talked about the disturbing rates at which individuals use water commercially and domestically to a point of altering nature including the wetlands and excessive mining of underground water. A large number of corporate companies have control over water resources, including the distribution systems, in view of the fact that third world governments have relinquished their responsibilities in terms of protecting water supply as well as water conservation (Barlow & Clarke 4). The corporate companies in charge of managing fresh water resources are taking advantage of the increasing population. Presently, world’s population is growing at an alarming rate and the population becomes concentrated in urban areas (Barlow & Clarke 6). These urban areas lack proper sanitation services and fresh water for consumption, therefore the global water consumption rises (Barlow & Clarke 7) and the corporate companies obtain extreme financial benefits. The documentary illustrated that another way the corporate companies benefit from privatization of the fresh water resources is through exportation to other countries at a very high price. Human activities are the leading cause of fresh water depletion. This natural resource becomes polluted by human activities such as dumping of solid and industrial wastes, development purposes and also for human consumption (Barlow & Clarke 5). The depletion of fresh water supply as a result of human activities especially industrial use contributes to global warming. Since rainfall is an important aspect of the hydrological and the percentage of finite supply of fresh water that evaporates into the atmosphere is negligible, then the amount of rain pour expected becomes minimal and in the end, the arable lands becomes arid and dry (Barlow & Clarke 5). According to the interviewee, the sustainability and availability of fresh water as a natural resource becomes inevitable since the ecosystem becomes destroyed. The issue of water is serious and should be addressed before it becomes worse. Globally, the amount of fresh water is dropping and it is believed that fresh water is a finite resource (Barlow and Clarke 5). Fresh water supply accounts for l