ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Providing an Ultra-Violet completion valid up to the Planck scale is of paramount importance to validate the composite Higgs paradigm, at par with supersymmetry. We propose the first complete and feasible framework, based on partial unification of a confining hypercolor gauge group, where couplings of the standard model fermions are mediated by both gauge and scalar bosons. We demonstrate our approach by providing an explicit model based on a Techni-Pati-Salam unification, $SU(8)_{\rm PS}\times SU(2)_L\times SU(2)_R$, able to generate masses for all fermion generations, including neutrinos, via partial compositeness. We predict an $Sp(4)$ hypercolor group, and lattice studies will be crucial to validate the model.
We consider the problem of counting the number of 3-colourings of the edges (bonds) of the 4-8 lattice and the 3-12 lattice. These lattices are Archimedean with coordination number 3, and can be regarded as decorated versions of the square and honeycomb lattice, respectively. We solve these edge-colouring problems in the infinite-lattice limit by mapping them to other models whose solution is known. The colouring problem on the 4-8 lattice is mapped to a completely packed loop model with loop fugacity n=3 on the square lattice, which in turn can be mapped to a six-vertex model. The colouring problem on the 3-12 lattice is mapped to the same problem on the honeycomb lattice. The 3-edge-colouring problems on the 4-8 and 3-12 lattices are equivalent to the 3-vertex-colouring problems (and thus to the zero-temperature 3-state antiferromagnetic Potts model) on the "square kagome" ("squagome") and "triangular kagome" lattices, respectively.
In this paper we are concerned with a homogeneous differential operator $p$ of order $m$ of which characteristic set of order $m$ is assumed to be a smooth manifold. We define the Gevrey strong hyperbolicity index as the largest number $s$ such that the Cauchy problem for $p+Q$ is well-posed in the Gevrey class of order $s$ for any differential operator $Q$ of order less than $m$. We study the case of the largest index and we discuss in which way the Gevrey strong hyperbolicity index relates with behaviors of bicharacteristics of $p$ near the characteristic manifold.
We study the curvature of the moduli space M_g of curves of genus g with the Siegel metric induced by the period map. We give an explicit formula for the holomorphic sectional curvature of M_g along a Schiffer variation at a point P on the curve X, in terms of the holomorphic sectional curvature of A_g and the second Gaussian map. Finally we extend the Kaehler form of the Siegel metric as a closed current on the Deligne-Mumford compatification of M_g and we determine its cohomology class as a multiple of the first Chern class of the Hodge bundle.
The distribution of hot interstellar medium in early-type galaxies bears the imprint of the various astrophysical processes it underwent during its evolution. The X-ray observations of these galaxies have identified various structural features related to AGN and stellar feedback and environmental effects such as merging and sloshing. In our XMM-Newton Galaxy Atlas (NGA) project, we analyze archival observations of 38 ETGs, utilizing the high sensitivity and large field of view of XMM-Newton to construct spatially resolved 2D spectral maps of the hot gas halos. To illustrate our NGA data products in conjunction with the Chandra Galaxy Atlas (Kim et al. 2019), we describe two distinct galaxies - NGC 4636 and NGC 1550, in detail. We discuss their evolutionary history with a particular focus on the asymmetric distribution of metal-enriched, low-entropy gas caused by sloshing and AGN- driven uplift. We will release the NGA data products to a dedicated website, which users can download to perform further analyses.
We theoretically discover purely electronic polarization modes in THz frequency region in dimer Mott insulators $\kappa$-(BEDT-TTF)$_2$X. The unusual low-frequency modes arise from the coupling between the oscillation of intradimer electric dipole moments and that of alternating interdimer bond orders. These collective motions play an important role in the dynamical dielectric properties of the dimer Mott insulators. Near the phase boundary of the dimer Mott transition, the ferroelectric ground state is realized by introducing electron-lattice coupling.
In most scenarios, conditional image generation can be thought of as an inversion of the image understanding process. Since generic image understanding involves solving multiple tasks, it is natural to aim at generating images via multi-conditioning. However, multi-conditional image generation is a very challenging problem due to the heterogeneity and the sparsity of the (in practice) available conditioning labels. In this work, we propose a novel neural architecture to address the problem of heterogeneity and sparsity of the spatially multi-conditional labels. Our choice of spatial conditioning, such as by semantics and depth, is driven by the promise it holds for better control of the image generation process. The proposed method uses a transformer-like architecture operating pixel-wise, which receives the available labels as input tokens to merge them in a learned homogeneous space of labels. The merged labels are then used for image generation via conditional generative adversarial training. In this process, the sparsity of the labels is handled by simply dropping the input tokens corresponding to the missing labels at the desired locations, thanks to the proposed pixel-wise operating architecture. Our experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate the clear superiority of our method over the state-of-the-art and compared baselines. The source code will be made publicly available.
We investigate the August 9, 2011 solar flare of X-ray class X6.9, the "hottest" flare from 2000 to 2012, with a peak plasma temperature according to GOES data of 32.5 MK. Our goal is to determine the cause of such an anomalously high plasma temperature and to investigate the energy balance in the flare region with allowance made for the presence of a super-hot plasma (>30 MK). We analyze the RHESSI, GOES, AIA/SDO, and EVE/SDO data and discuss the spatial structure of the flare region and the results of our spectral analysis of its X-ray emission. Our analysis of the RHESSI X-ray spectra is performed in the one-temperature and two-temperature approximations by taking into account the emission of hot (20 MK) and super-hot (45 MK) plasmas. The hard X-ray spectrum in both models is fitted by power laws. The observed peculiarities of the flare are shown to be better explained in terms of the two-temperature model, in which the super-hot plasma is located at the flare loop tops (or in the magnetic cusp region). The formation of the super-hot plasma can be associated with its heating through primary energy release and with the suppression of thermal conduction. The anomalously high temperature (32.5 MK according to GOES) is most likely to be an artefact of the method for calculating the temperature based on two-channel GOES measurements in the one-temperature approximation applied to the emission of a multi-temperature flare plasma with a minor contribution from the low-temperature part of the differential emission measure.
The electronic structures and topological properties of the orthorhombic and monoclinic phases of the quasi-one-dimensional excitonic insulator Ta2NiSe5 are investigated based on density functional theory. In contrast to a single parity or band inversion across the Fermi level in many topological insulators studied previously, there are multiple parity and band inversions with or without spin-orbit coupling in both phases of Ta2NiSe5, resulting in more complex and topologically nontrivial electronic structures. The Dirac cone type surface states of the low-temperature monoclinic phase are also obtained. In this paper, we demonstrate that Ta2NiSe5 is a promising candidate as a three-dimensional topological excitonic insulator.
Since the discovery of quasars in papers often appeared and appear the assertions that the redshift quasar distribution includes a periodic component with the period $\Delta z = 0.063$ or 0.11. A statement of such kind, if it is correct, may manifest the existence of a far order in quasar distribution in cosmological time, that might lead to a fundamental revision all the cosmological paradigm. In the present time there is a unique opportunity to check this statement with a high precision, using the rich statictics of 2dF and SDSS catalogues (about 85000 quasars). Our analysis indicates that the periodic component in distribution of quasar redshifts is absent at high confidence level.
We show that the unboundedness of the ranks of the quadratic twists of an elliptic curve is equivalent to the divergence of certain infinite series.
The interaction between an open quantum system and its environment induces generally memory effects generated by the fact that the response of the system to the environment is not instantaneous. Different physical reasons can be at the origin of an absence of time retardation. We present here a study of systems for which instantaneouness is realized although they do not necessarily follow established Markovian criteria.
We have used the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) to follow-up a sample of WISE-selected, hyperluminous galaxies, so called W1W2-dropout galaxies. This is a rare (~ 1000 all-sky) population of galaxies at high redshift (peaks at z=2-3), that are faint or undetected by WISE at 3.4 and 4.6 um, yet are clearly detected at 12 and 22 um. The optical spectra of most of these galaxies show significant AGN activity. We observed 14 high-redshift (z > 1.7) W1W2-dropout galaxies with SHARC-II at 350 to 850 um, with 9 detections; and observed 18 with Bolocam at 1.1 mm, with five detections. Warm Spitzer follow-up of 25 targets at 3.6 and 4.5 um, as well as optical spectra of 12 targets are also presented in the paper. Combining WISE data with observations from warm Spitzer and CSO, we constructed their mid-IR to millimeter spectral energy distributions (SEDs). These SEDs have a consistent shape, showing significantly higher mid-IR to submm ratios than other galaxy templates, suggesting a hotter dust temperature. We estimate their dust temperatures to be 60-120 K using a single-temperature model. Their infrared luminosities are well over 10^{13} Lsun. These SEDs are not well fitted with existing galaxy templates, suggesting they are a new population with very high luminosity and hot dust. They are likely among the most luminous galaxies in the Universe. We argue that they are extreme cases of luminous, hot dust-obscured galaxies (DOGs), possibly representing a short evolutionary phase during galaxy merging and evolution. A better understanding of their long-wavelength properties needs ALMA as well as Herschel data.
We study a continuum model of the interface of graphene and vacuum in the quantum hall regime via sign-problem-free quantum Monte Carlo, allowing us to investigate the interplay of topology and strong interactions in a graphene quantum Hall edge for large system sizes. We focus on the topological phase transition from the spin polarized state with symmetry protected gapless helical edges to the fully charge gapped canted-antiferromagnet state with spontaneous symmetry breaking, driven by the Zeeman energy. Our large system size simulations allow us to detail the behaviour of various quantities across this transition that are amenable to be probed experimentally, such as the spatially and energy-resolved local density of states and the local compressibility. We find peculiar kinks in the branches of the edge dispersion, and also an unexpected large charge susceptibility in the bulk of the canted-antiferromagnet associated with its Goldstone mode.
We re-formulate the 3+1 GRMHD equations for the Schwarzschild black hole in a Veselago medium. Linear perturbation in rotating (non-magnetized and magnetized) plasma is introduced and their Fourier analysis is considered. We discuss wave properties with the help of wave vector, refractive index and change in refractive index in the form of graphs. It is concluded that some waves move away from the event horizon in this unusual medium. We conclude that for the rotating non-magnetized plasma, our results confirm the presence of Veselago medium while the rotating magnetized plasma does not provide any evidence for this medium.
Nuclear Stellar Disks (NSDs), of a few tens to hundreds of parsec across, are a common and yet poorly studied feature of early-type galaxies. Still, such small disks represent a powerful tool to constrain the assembling history of galaxies, since they can be used to trace to the epoch when galaxies experienced their last major merger event. By studying the fraction and stellar age of NSDs it is thus possible to test the predictions for the assembly history of early-type galaxies according the current hierarchical paradigm for galaxy formation. In this paper we have produced the most comprehensive census of NSDs in nearby early-type galaxies by searching for such disks in objects within 100 Mpc and by using archival images from the Hubble Space Telescope. We found that NSDs are present in approximately 20% of early-type galaxies, and that the fraction of galaxies with NSDs does not depend on their Hubble type nor on their galactic environment, whereas the incidence of NSDs appears to decline in the most massive systems. Furthermore, we have separated the light contribution of twelve such disks from that of their surrounding stellar bulge in order to extract their physical properties. This doubles the number of decomposed NSDs and although the derived values for their central surface brightness and scale-length are consistent with previous studies they also give a hint of possible different characteristics due to different formation scenario between nuclear disks and other kinds of large galactic disks.
We prove that amongst all real quadratic fields and all spaces of Hilbert modular forms of full level and of weight $2$ or greater, the product of two Hecke eigenforms is not a Hecke eigenform except for finitely many real quadratic fields and finitely many weights. We show that for $\mathbb Q(\sqrt 5)$ there are exactly two such identities.
We study uniqueness properties of solutions of Schr\"odinger equations. The aim is to obtain sufficient conditions on the decay behavior of the difference of two solution $u_1-u_2$ of the equation at two different times   $t_0=0$ and $t_1=1$ which guarantee the uniqueness of the solution, i.e. that $u_1\equiv u_2$.
The long-time behavior of the velocity autocorrelation function in a classical two-dimensional electric conduction system is studied by the molecular dynamics simulation. In equilibrium, the effect of coexistence of many-body interactions and a random potential is investigated. A crossover from a positive tail proportional to $t^{-1}$, to a negative tail proportional to $-t^{-2}$ is observed as the strength of the random potential increases. In nonequilibrium, the positive tail is enhanced whereas the negative tail appears at earlier times as an electric field increases.
The slow-coloring game is played by Lister and Painter on a graph $G$. On each round, Lister marks a nonempty subset $M$ of the remaining vertices, scoring $|M|$ points. Painter then gives a color to a subset of $M$ that is independent in $G$. The game ends when all vertices are colored. Painter's goal is to minimize the total score; Lister seeks to maximize it. The score that each player can guarantee doing no worse than is the sum-color cost of $G$, written $\mathring{\rm s}(G)$. We develop a linear-time algorithm to compute $\mathring{\rm s}(G)$ when $G$ is a tree, enabling us to characterize the $n$-vertex trees with the largest and smallest values. Our algorithm also computes on trees the interactive sum choice number, a parameter recently introduced by Bonamy and Meeks.
We extend a recently discovered, non-singular 6 dimensional brane, solution to D=4+n dimensions. As with the previous 6D solution the present solution provides a gravitational trapping mechanism for fields of spin 0, 1/2, 1 and 2. There is an important distinction between 2 extra dimensions and $n$ extra dimensions that makes this more than a trivial extension. In contrast to gravity in n >2 dimensions, gravity in n=2 dimensions is conformally flat. The stress-energy tensor required by this solution has reasonable physically properties, and for n=2 and n=3 can be made to asymptotically go to zero as one moves away from the brane.
We prove an asymptotic formula for the second moment of automorphic L-functions of even weight and prime power level. The error term is estimated uniformly in all parameters: level, weight, shift and twist.
A theorem of Esnault, Srinivas and Viehweg asserts that if the Chow group of 0-cycles of a smooth complete complex variety decomposes, then the top-degree coherent cohomology group decomposes similarly. In this note, we prove that (a weak version of) the converse holds for varieties of dimension at most 5 that have finite-dimensional motive and satisfy the Lefschetz standard conjecture. The proof is based on Vial's construction of a refined Chow-Kunneth decomposition for these varieties.
We show from first-principles that barrel-shaped structures within the Fermi surface of the centrosymmetric intermetallic compounds GdRu$_2$Si$_2$ and Gd$_2$PdSi$_3$ give rise to Fermi surface nesting, which determines the strength and sign of quasi-two-dimensional Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida pairwise exchange interactions between the Gd moments. This is the principal mechanism leading to their helical single-$q$ spin-spiral ground states, providing transition temperatures and magnetic periods in good agreement with experiment. Using atomistic spin-dynamic simulations, we draw a direct line between the subtleties of the three-dimensional Fermi surface topology and the stabilization of a square skyrmion lattice in GdRu$_2$Si$_2$ at applied magnetic fields as observed in experiment.
LBNE (Longbaseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiments) provide a powerful experimental setup to study sensitivities and exlcusion limits in neutrino oscillation parameter space. A longbaseline experiment is being planned, at USA, from FNAL (Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory) to an underground laboratory at Homestake in South Dakota, at an angle of 5.84 degrees from FNAL (at a distance of 1289 km). The prospect of a new beamline towards this location from FNAL, and a 300 Kiloton water Cerenkov detector at the site is in planning stage, for the studies of the neutrino physics program. The long baseline provides sufficient matter effects for neutrino travel, and a large detrecor will help towards better statistics. In this work, we present, upto what extent, the parameter degeneracies, present in oscillation parameter space, can be resolved, using this FNAL-LBNE setup.
In this paper we prove local well-posedness of a space-time fractional generalization of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation with a power-type nonlinearity. The linear equation coincides with a model proposed by Naber, and displays a nonlocal behavior both in space and time which accounts for long-range interactions and a so-called memory effect. Because of a loss of derivatives produced by the latter and the lack of semigroup structure of the solution operator, we employ a strategy of proof based on exploiting some smoothing effect similar to that used by Kenig, Ponce and Vega for the KdV equation. Finally, we prove analytic ill-posedness of the data-to-solution map in the supercritical case.
In this Letter, we analyse the distributions of stellar ages in Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs) in spiral arms, inter-arm spurs, and at large galactic radii, where the spiral arms are relatively weak. We use the results of numerical simulations of galaxies, which follow the evolution of GMCs and include star particles where star formation events occur. We find that GMCs in spiral arms tend to have predominantly young (< 10 Myr) stars. By contrast, clouds which are the remainders of spiral arm GMAs that have been sheared into inter-arm GMCs, contain fewer young (< 10 Myr) stars, and more ~20 Myr stars. We also show that clouds which form in the absence of spiral arms, due to local gravitational and thermal instabilities, contain preferentially young stars. We propose the age distributions of stars in GMCs will be a useful diagnostic to test different cloud evolution scenarios, the origin of spiral arms, and the success of numerical models of galactic star formation. We discuss the implications of our results in the context of Galactic and extragalactic molecular clouds.
We study the classical geodesic motions of nonzero rest mass test particles and photons in (3+1+n)- dimensional warped product spaces. An important feature of these spaces is that they allow a natural decoupling between the motions in the (3+1)-dimensional spacetime and those in the extra n dimensions. Using this decoupling and employing phase space analysis we investigate the conditions for confinement of particles and photons to the (3+1)- spacetime submanifold. In addition to providing information regarding the motion of photons, we also show that these motions are not constrained by the value of the extrinsic curvature. We obtain the general conditions for the confinement of geodesics in the case of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds as well as establishing the conditions for the stability of such confinement. These results also generalise a recent result of the authors concerning the embeddings of hypersurfaces with codimension one.
We investigate the co-evolution of black-hole-accretion-rate (BHAR) and star-formation-rate (SFR) in $1.5<z<2.5$ galaxies displaying a greater diversity of star-forming properties compared to previous studies. We combine X-ray stacking and far-IR photometry of stellar mass-limited samples of normal star-forming, starburst and quiescent/quenched galaxies in the COSMOS field. We corroborate the existence of a strong correlation between BHAR (i.e. the X-ray luminosity, L_X), and stellar mass (M*) for normal star-forming galaxies, although find a steeper relation than previously reported. We find that starbursts show a factor of 3 enhancement in BHAR compared to normal SF galaxies (against a factor of 6 excess in SFR), while quiescents show a deficit of a factor 5.5 at a given mass. One possible interpretation of this is that the starburst phase does not coincide with cosmologically relevant BH growth, or that starburst-inducing mergers are more efficient at boosting SFR than BHAR. Contrary to studies based on smaller samples, we find the BHAR/SFR ratio of main sequence (MS) galaxies is not mass invariant, but scales weakly as M*^(0.43\pm0.09}, implying faster BH growth in more massive galaxies at $z\sim2$. Furthermore, BHAR/SFR during the starburst is a factor of 2 lower than in MS galaxies, at odds with the predictions of hydrodynamical simulations of merger galaxies that foresee a sudden enhancement of L_X/SFR during the merger. Finally, we estimate that the bulk of the accretion density of the Universe at $z\sim2$ is associated with normal star-forming systems, with only 6(+/-1)% and 11(+/-1)% associated with starburst and quiescent galaxies, respectively.