ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The article Gun Violence and Media Effects: Challenges for Science and Public Policy by Malte Elson and Christopher J. Ferguson is intended to challenge the view on media as the strong factor causing violence. The article provides an impressive argument based on accurate information. The authors are researchers in psychology. The article is a response to the claims of the US government that media triggers gun violence. Summary The authors start their work with giving an extensive context that allows readers to understand what the argument is about. Next, they analyze the present state of research in media and violence. The scholars demonstrate that psychological studies have not identified the presence of a strong link between media and violence. The authors then reflect on the reasons that make people believe that the portrayal of aggression in media makes people violent. Elson and Ferguson state that the real reasons for violence are social factors, such as poverty, but these reasons are intangible, which makes media “the boogeyman.” Finally, the authors propose solutions for this problem, such as closing the gap between researchers and policymakers and studying the media preferences of criminals (Elson and Ferguson 322-324). Evaluation In the article, the authors present accurate information; their claims are properly referenced. Elson and Ferguson use credible psychological studies, as well as the official information provided by the American government, as the source of evidence. The scholars have written their work in such a way as to make it clear and understandable even for non-professionals, excluding professional terms from the work and keeping their language professional but relatively simple. The article is based on the assumption that media is mistakenly identified as the factor causing violence. The work is logically organized. It is divided into sections devoted to the background, different aspects of the problem, and possible solutions, which makes it easier to read and understand. The links between sections are maintained properly, and the flow is perfect. The authors managed to avoid such fallacies as name-calling, oversimplification, unnecessary generalization, emotional language, and “black and white” assumptions. They talk about the biases that exist in the American society in a calm, p
Introduction The military code of honor refers back to the old Warrior’s Code, which is a concept that predates Christianity. The Warrior’s Code was developed through the centuries of prehistory when survival of the clan meant strong adherence to a certain code of expected behaviors that could be relied upon in times of emergency or attack (French, 2001). These behaviors included loyalty to your men above loyalty to the family as it was with the men that the society would be defended, adherence to the laws of their society (not necessarily the laws of the society one is invading), a fundamental trust of fellow soldiers and a do-or-die approach to life. The higher a person’s rank, the more he is expected to honor the code and the harder it is for him to conceive of someone else breaking it. When it is the leader who breaks the code, disastrous events occur. Shakespeare’s play Othello illustrates these elements of military honor as the high-ranking warrior, in keeping with his do-or-die conception of life, fails to recognize the honesty in Cassio as a result of Cassio’s perceived public disorder and the dishonesty in Iago that remains hidden. In making this mistake, Othello continues to follow the military code by placing all of his trust in the wrong fellow soldier and, in remaining loyal to this individual rather than his wife, brings about the doom of his house. Discussion Cassio is clearly Othello’s preferred fellow soldier at the opening of the play. This is brought out clearly as Iago complains that Cassio was promoted above him. However, when Othello finds Cassio brawling in the streets with gentlemen and drunk, he immediately demotes him by saying “Cassio, I love thee; But never more be officer of mine” (II, ii, 239-240). This demonstrates the type of do-or-die approach to life that characterizes the soldier. Decisions must be made quickly and without reservation. Othello can no longer respect Cassio because Cassio has broken the military code by brawling in the streets. He has sacrificed his nobility for a momentary flash of drunken idiocy which is beyond Othello’s abilities to justify within the strict confines of his own moral character. Because of Cassio’s breach, Othello begins to doubt his own ability to make good judgments of character and begins to seek out a new confidante who still remains within the old code. Iago uses Othello’s doubt and suspicion, as well as Othello’s own love for others, to Othello’s destruction. Once Othello decides to love and trust Iago, he finds it impossible to doubt him. This is the case even when Iago himself tells Othello to go verify the information Iago is giving him. As it is Iago who has provided him with useful services lately and Iago who first exposed the low nature of Cassio, Othello, in his self-doubt, defers to the military honor code as a means of determining who he should listen to. Although Desdemona continues to try to reason with him, the events of the play force Othello to conclude that only Iago has known him long enough and repaid h
Introduction : The organization selected for this case study is Primark which is a well-established bargain clothing retailer in the UK. It is the most successful discount clothing chain in the UK. Its value for money business concept provides tremendous growth of business in the industry with market leadership. Quality products are supplied by it at a cheap rate by applying effective cost control measures in production and marketing. An effective combination of low prices and high fashion to the products increases the sales turnover of the firm. “ABF’s retail division, basically Penneys/Primark, recorded operating profits of stg£185m (€274m) on a turnover of stg£1.3bn (€1.92bn). The ABF interims revealed that Penneys/Primark had grown its half-year operating profits by 28pc to stg£91m (€135m)” (Ryan 2007). Impact of Globalization on the Business of Primark The current international business environment is characterized by globalization and international business operations. Primark has decided to adopt a new branding strategy for strengthening its international business operations. Single brand promotion the existing for this purpose and the existing subsidiary products are renamed. The existing 12 divisions of Primark are restructured by reducing to 3 divisional units for implementing the new branding strategy. The acquisition strategy is adopted by the company for expanding the business on a global basis. Primark is used as the brand name of the product produced by the member companies in the group. Earlier the 12 subsidiary business units had their brand names and marketing awareness. As a globalization strategy, Primark carries out its operation in 61 countries. It occupies 80 offices in 21 countries. The group adopts unification of its operations under a single master brand of ‘Primark’ to strengthen the product line in global markets. It helps to promote the brand value of the products and components supplied by it through promoting the brand name (Barbara Quint, 1999). Following are some of the factors which have enhanced the pace of internationalization: Political Drivers The political parties of most countries have started thinking of globalization and from an international perspective. They have accepted the fact that their countries can sustain in a globally competitiv
In many cases, microbes exist in concord with their hosts. Such is the case for several tropical viruses and the insects, or other animals in which they have existed and replicated. Because the microbes and their hosts have co-evolved, the hosts progressively become challenging to the microorganisms. Sometimes, a microbe jumps from a long-time animal host to a human being; it ceases to be a harmless parasite and becomes a pathogen. When this comes to pass, a pathogen that had been restrained to an isolated habitat appears in a new or wider region or a microbe that had infected only animals all of a sudden commence to cause human diseases. Diseases are of major concern in the human race.This is because they do affect all living thing i.e. both plants and animals. Diseases are mostly caused by pathogenic microbes which are categorized as either extrinsic or intrinsic microbes. Infectious diseases are also called contagious or communicable diseases due to their potentiality of spread from one person to another. Infectious disease is a clinically apparent disease resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents such as viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and other multi-cellular parasites. The transmission of these diseases occur through one or more diverse pathway that includes physical contact with infected individuals, contaminated foodstuff, objects, airborne inhalation and vectors. Measles is one example of infectious disease. (Kenneth and Ray, 2004) Measles remains a primary cause of death among young children $adults, both men and women, despite the availability of a secure and valuable vaccine for the past four decades. It is estimated that 345 000 people, majority of them being children, died from measles in 2005. Measles is one of the most communicable diseases well-known. Almost all vulnerable children contract measles if exposed to the virus. Measles is an acute viral ill health caused by viruses called paramyxovirus family. It is a respiratory disease which normally grows in the cells that line the back of the throat and in the cells that line the lungs. It is a human ailment with no known animal pool. Internationally, 20 million cases occur annually to people traveling outside the United States. The disease is quite regular in many countries throughout the world. It was ranked fifth in the year 1993 after the top four HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and diarrhea diseases. It remains particularly deadly disease in countries experiencing and recovering from war or strife or any other natural disaster. Other factors that lead to increased infection rates are those involving damage of infrastructure, health services interruption and overcrowding in residential areas like refugee camps of displaced people. (Kenneth and Ray, 2004) This highly contagious virus is spread through airborne droplets resulting from coughing and sneezing.it is also spread by close personal contact and direct contact with nasal or throat secretion of infected persons.
In what specific ways does Cultural Studies play a part in deconstructing (critical analyzing) the world as it is? Theodor Adorno Cultural studies allow an individual to integrate old and new cultural perspectives, resulting in a new approach to a social factor. Cultural studies are important in the development of the consciousness of its consumers. It structures people’s perspective on a certain social practice thereby changing their approach to it. The media sometimes presents cultural practices that enlighten people on advice and stress-reducing patterns of behavior. Cultural studies help people distinguish the truth about something as opposed to the deception that is common in the media sector. Adorno notes that people are more attracted to deception as a means for achieving gratification mostly through entertainment (5). Cultural studies provide people with more or fewer standards for orientation necessary in the current chaotic world (Adorno 5). The author observes that a film destroys good old culture/traditions by killing its ideal image (Adorno 6). A homeland cannot survive after its processing by a film, because it transforms the unique character on which it thrives into an altered sameness. As a result, filmmakers need to take further consideration when filming an element about personal lives. Cultural studies enable people to get the reality about the life of different people, unlike the way it is presented in the media. The author argues that culture cannot signify things that just exist or the predictable and no longer binding categories of order which the culture industry hides concerning the perception of the good life contrasting the existing reality and that those categories were its true indicators. Culture studies enlighten people against the false feeling of well-being that the media suggests. Media informs the mass that the world is not precisely in the order the culture industry presents. Cultural studies save the mass from deceit by the media industry, which provides alternate gratification to the mass thereby cheating them of true happiness (Adorno 8). Roland Barthes Barthes argues that cultural studies bring out the difference between people, thereby emphasizing exoticism (1). This realization often may lead people to despise fellow humans because of their cultural differences, which may breed hatred in different communities resulting in stereotypes. On the other hand, cultural studies have facilitated unity among people across the world. Cultural studies help to reveal that humans share the same innate cultural practices including birth, work, and death. Although there may be some ethnic peculiarity, an underlying identical nature indicates that diversity is merely formal and does not abolish the existent of a common make. This practice highlights an important perspective of a certain community of people to the world so that well-off communities can help to solve or reduce the problem and this is the rationale behind Barthes’s argument that cultural exhibiti
One of the sensitive topics of the current social agenda is the health and well-being of indigenous peoples. Advances in economic industry, massive industrialization accompanied by globalization, and the widespread use of cheap labor are significant predictors of indigenous communities’ cultural and physical destruction. Governments of major powers and America is no exception, have throughout history sought to suppress and control native populations: for example, native Indians experienced not only genocide by European colonizers but even attempts by authorities to regulate indigenous politics. The latter especially included the Blood Quantum Act, which was drafted by the federal authorities of the thirteen colonies to limit the ability of Native Indians to obtain citizenship (Vowel, 2016). With such an instrument, authorities sought — and still seek — to trace and qualify Native Indian populations from different tribes in the context of their race. Similar tools included the use of residential schools with severe living conditions for students, tribally divided membership codes, and alternative assimil
Summary Erick Edmonds looks at the current definitions of child labor with references to politicians and economists. Politicians refer to child labor as works that weaken the welfare of children. On the other hand, economists see child labor as economic activities where children participate. He also notes that child labor is a world phenomenon with the majority employers of these children being their parents. Erick also looks at the reasons why children work. He observes impoverished situations in developing countries force children to engage in paying labor to supplement the meager family income. However, in some cases, child labor may not end even if the living standards improve because parents want to see their children earn. In developing countries, parents would want to see their children go to school. These studies across countries reveal that child labor develops out of poverty. The author notes that globalization and child labor interact in two ways. Globalization is most likely to increase child labor in developing countries due to increase in demand for labor. On the other hand, improved household earnings can also reduce child labor if the main cause is poverty within the family. Rich nations may also use their trade policies to curtail child labor by influencing the export of products from nations known to engage in child labor for productions. Erick demonstrates by study in Vietnam where increased earnings from rise led to reduction in child labor. Erick’s study shows that parents in developing nations use extra incomes to move their children out of the labor market. He further highlights that restricting exports from the developing nations to curtail child labor may not create the desired results. The best way to control child labor is through supplementing supports for household incomes, and probably to offer incentives for children to stay in school. In short, the challenge for countries concerned about child labor is not to fight globalization and international trade, but rather to ensure that gains from the trade reach to the poor households. Evidences show that child labor can almost disappear if the living standards in poor households improve. Worst forms of child labor People concerned with the child labor have long recognized it as a general practice in developing nations. However, in the recent past, it has attracted the attention of economists. In this regard, the economists’ view of child labor is generally new. There are several abominable exploitations of children. These are what constitute worst forms of child labor: child prostitution, bonded labor, child soldering or works with extremely hazardous, unhealthy or personally dehumanizing. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), these are the worst forms of child labor (Wiener, 2009). Economists are disassociating themselves with the worst forms of child labor. They do not try
Research Question The research question of this study is what motivates me in the fashion design field? In addition, the study seeks to establish the positive relationship between my motivation and my future career. Introduction Motivation refers to the urge or a driving force that inspires someone to continue doing something with more energy and determination (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2013). Motivation is classified into two categories, viz. intrinsic or extrinsic, depending on the source of such motivating force (Wlodkowski, 2011). Intrinsic motivation denotes power and energy instilled into a person from within. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation denotes power brought about by external factors. Motivation is essential in the workplace since it ensures that duties are performed efficiently and effectively (Weiner, 2012). In addition, motivation increases the chances of achieving the set goals. Motivation comes from the interaction between conscious and unconscious factors that give power to someone to continue working on certain objectives (Schunk, Meece & Pintrich, 2012). I am a fashion design student and some factors keep me motivated while pursuing my course with my major goal being to become a reputable fashion designer in the future. The field of motivation has received unparalleled attention from scholars who have given varying definitions of the constituents of the term. Various literature reviews have tried to create some universal theories explaining the aspect of motivation and its importance in different industries. This paper will explore motivation as a key component of success in the fashion design industry by giving my own account regarding the key factors that energize and keep me motivated as a fashion design student. Literature Review The fashion design business is one of the fastest growing areas in the world as new trends continue to evolve. In a bid to be successful in the industry, one needs to be flexible enough to cope with the changing nature of fashions in the market. As a student set to join the industry in the future, my dream is to be the best designer and prioritize the needs of my customers. I am insightful regarding fashion and perhaps this aspect has been the greatest force inspiring me to pursue the course. I shop from the leading fashion designers and I still feel my tastes and preferences are not fully met by the current designs in the market. Therefore, my motive is to remain innovative in my future career in order to fill the gaps that currently exist in the market. I have an innovative mind and the industry is evolving quickly since the need to be
Student A agrees with Russell G. Townsend’s claim that what the federal government did to the southeastern Native Americans in the 1830s was ethnic cleansing, and I agree, too. Similar to my reasoning for this claim, Student A recognizes several elements of the government’s actions that qualify as ethnic cleansing: not only were the Indians forced to leave their land, but they also had been previously forced to refuse their culture and adopt the white Americans’ lifestyle. I think that Student A successfully reflected on the evidence from the documentary to support this point. Concerning Discussion Question 2, I think that Student A managed to deliver the voices and perspectives of Charles Sumner and George Fitzhugh very convincingly. It is especially difficult to speak on behalf of a proslavery activist because this position is condemned and seems barbaric today, but I think Student A did a very good job providing the view of a slavery proponent. In Student A’s work, while Sumner praises John Brown’s intentions, which would be expected from an abolitionist, Fitzhugh claims that Brown did not understand what he was doing, and I agree that this must be exactly how a proslavery activist would think. Finally, I found Student A’s reflection on the inevitability of war particularly insightful. In this reflection, the student demonstrated a profound knowledge of history and a deep understanding of how certain historical processes lead to others. I agree with Student A that the war was inevitable, and we both refuted a popular argument that the war could have been avoided if the federal government had allowed some states to preserve slavery; as Student A and I agree, the United States could not have functioned as one nation in this way. While I reflected on the signs of the inevitability of war in my work, Student A focused on exploring the causes of war, and the reflection on the role of the Tenth Amendment and the differences between the North’s and South’s economies was particularly convincing. Student B passionately supports Townsend’s claim about ethnic cleansing and stresses two supporting points: the Indian Removal Act and the “be like us or get out” rhetoric. I think Student B delivered a very strong argument in claiming that the federal government wanted the Indians to fight back to have a reason to persecute them even further. I do not agree with Student B that what is happening to immigrants in the United States today is close to ethnic cleansing, but I do support the position that everyone should have the opportunity to practice his or her culture. Concerning Discussion Question 2, I liked that Student B not only presented the perspectives of Charles Sumner and Richard Archer but also did it in the form of a dialogue in which Archer replies to Sumner as if they are talking to each other in the same room. However, what I noticed is that neither Sumner no