ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Many people have phobias, irrational fear of animals, events, or actions, which cause significant damage to their normal functioning. Such activities as driving and flying and such animals as dogs and insects are among the most widespread phobias. In the United States, approximately 4.4 percent of the population has one or more phobias (Moldovan & David, 2014). This condition is highly treatable compared to other psychological diseases. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most relevant ways to assist people with a phobia, which is based on working with a patient’s anxiety response. This paper will target the recent academic literature to examine the role of behavioral treatment of phobias. One of the key concepts of CBT is that the source of a patient’s problems most likely lies inside the person, not outside. The discomfort experienced because of a phobia is not delivered by situations yet by personal thoughts, assessments of conditions, and attitudes towards other people. A phobia is usually an unrealistic fear of someone or something that is characterized by anxiety, panic, and depression. As a rule, phobias are treatable with a high level of positive outcomes being achieved. In CBT, the patient researches his or her mindset along with the therapist (Triscari, Faraci, Catalisano, D’Angelo, & Urso, 2015). By asking various questions, often ridiculous or tricky, and suggesting conducting experiments, the therapist encourages the client to detect irrational logic and try to challenge it. The review of the available literature shows that most often, CBT is used in combination with other non-pharmacological methods. In their study, Triscari et al. (2015) explored the integration of CBT with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), overall desensitization, and virtual reality (VR) exposure. Aerophobia was selected as the target phobia, and the efficacy of all the interventions was proved. In particular, the randomized controlled trial revealed that pre-and post-intervention demonstrated the reduction of the fear of flying. The participation of the tested patients in flights after the treatment as well as their self-reporting showed that their anxiety levels decreased. Within a one-year follow-up, the respondents also remained more positive to flights than before the application of CBT in the combination with other therapies. Another way to address phobias is associated with virtual reality and CBT. This form of psychotherapy is based on technologically advanced applications the goal of which is to create an interactive environment and place a patient in it. Moldovan and David (2014) examined the impact of one session of CBT-VR on specific and social phobias. Based on examining 32 patients, they utilized such measurements as Flight Anxiety Modality Questionnaire (FAM), Self-Statements during Public Speaking Scale (SSPS), and other instruments. In the course of the intervention, the patients were taught to identify their irrational beliefs and replace them with logical thoughts. Together with the patients, the therapists
Community Health Initiative for Nurses Free blood pressure screening for customers is an amazing initiative that can be effective in blood pressure control. Unfortunately, many people avoid seeing the doctor until they have a serious health problem (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2016). The atmosphere in a barbershop is friendlier and less tense, as compared with that in a hospital. Thus, people may feel safe discussing their health concerns or asking some questions. I believe that some people have known about their high blood pressure only thanks to this initiative, which makes it even more important. Free blood pressure screening is a community health initiative for nurses as it engages them around improving health in the areas of safety and quality of life. Nurses are thus enabled to maximize their contribution to enhancing the community health, educating people about the importance of regularly monitoring their blood pressure, and addressing healthcare disparities (Harkness & DeMarco, 2016). This initiative not only encourages nurses to support the health sector but also recognizes their role in leading change. Nurses’ Role in Health Policy Nurses have a rich preparation in knowledge to participate in health policy decision making. One particular way they can influence health policy is by conducting research and considering the policy implications of their work (Arabi, Rafii, Cheraghi, & Ghiyasvandian, 2014). New protocols elaborated and tested by nurses, as well as evidence-based practices, may be further used as a basis for policy alternatives and modifications (World Health Organization, 2019). For example, Linda Aiken’s research on nurse staffing entailed the creation of regulations for staffing criteria (Harkness & DeMarco, 2016). Since nurses have basic vital evidence, they can make an impact on healthcare. I would consider becoming a member of a healthcare organization and getting involved in agenda-setting. I will participate in the practice problems identification and the determination of tools and methods to deal with them. I think it is a good way to take part in health policy decision making because many nursing organizations, such as ANA, help their members become a part of governing boards in each state.
European Court of justice decisions on movement of companies within the European Union appears to be inclined towards the incorporation theory over the real seat doctrine. Nonetheless, failure to acknowledge this formally and controversies over particular case laws may still leave the matter open to debate. In essence, the EU fosters creation of a common market through the movement of people, goods and companies. However, companies are particularly difficult to deal with because of their inherent characteristics. First, they can be prevalent in several member states at a time. Furthermore, some may be incorporated in one country but be administered in another (McEleavy, 2003, 525). Questions on legal recognition and choice of laws to apply from member states come into play. Additionally some companies may wish to move to different member states and similar decisions must be made on laws to be applied (Corburn & Chertok, 2005, 870). The major themes arising out of ECJ case laws can either fall within the real seat doctrine or the incorporation theory. In the latter, a company has the right to select the law that will be applied to its respective case because it is a legal entity. The country where it was incorporated will be the one that will dictate the laws to be applied. Conversely, the real seat theory holds that companies should be governed only by the laws of the countries where shareholders, directors, promoters and office holders are found; in other words, where their central administration is located (Elbert, 2003, p 51). Case laws indicate that there appears to be a controversy between Article 48 and 49 of the EC Treaty and the real seat doctrine. In the former article, it is stated that companies will be subjected to the same treatment as real persons if they have been registered and administered in that member state. This means that even if a business was formed and registered in country A
By means of introduction, let us give some information about Erik Erikson that may be useful for us in this work. It must be mentioned that Erikson’s theory of eight stages of human development is considered to be one of the most important impacts on psychoanalysis and psychology on the whole. Erikson is known as Neo-Freudian, but in contrast to Freud, he believes that though the character of a person is formed in his childhood, it is not forever, because the characteristic feature of the character is its ability to change considerably during every next stage. It should be mentioned that Erikson did not deny the essence of psychoanalysis, he used its main postulates building new levels on their basis. Speaking about Erikson’s work, the eight stages of life that he defines should be mentioned. These stages of psychological development are formed on the basis of three key factors: psychological crisis, significant social relationship, and favorable outcome (McAdams, 2006). Thus, each stage involves a psychological crisis inside a person’s psyche and this crisis is the leading force in the development of a man’s personality: trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus diffusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation and integrity versus despair (Weiten et al. 2008, 341). The last but one conflict is especially interesting for me because I think that I belong to the seventh stage of Erikson’s classification at the present moment. What is more, I have just entered this stage, because it includes people of 40 to 65 years old. However, I clearly understand that I have successfully completed the previous stage, and this may be proved by the fact that I have chosen my soul mate already and I am a married person. Besides, I have managed to establish a friendly relationship with many people, so, isolation is not a threat for me. The main question that is posed at the seventh stage may be defined in the following way: Am I satisfied with my present accomplishments? Have I done everything I could for the next generation? Have I done anything useful for society? The word “generativity” in this case refers, first of all, to the next generation. The primary goal of a person at this stage is to give birth to children and
Available historical scholarship demonstrates that the community and family were central pillars in the life of African Americans struggling to build an identity and socioeconomic base immediately after slavery. Arguments have been propagated on how the adverse effects of slavery generated the propensity for a weak and fatherless African American family that could not progress during slavery and emancipation (Tolman 6). However, this paper assumes a different approach by presenting evidence to demonstrate that the family and community were at the core of fulfilling a multiplicity of political, social and cultural roles that enabled African Americans to develop their identity and chart their own future. It is important to mention that, during slavery and emancipation, African Americans viewed families in the context of kin networks that were largely responsible for forming the social basis of their own communities (Tolman 6). Consequently, as acknowledged by this author, African American slaves who were violently cut off from their immediate or extended families adapted to the intricate circumstances by creating family units with other slaves based on locality and work-related factors. The capacity to confer the status of kin on non-blood relations provided the African Americans with the needed impetus to stick together after slavery and to fight for their political and civic rights, including the right to vote (Grossman 68). It can therefore be argued that the status of kin and community built on non-blood relations acted as a rallying call for African Americans to continue fighting for their political and democratic rights in a White-dominated society. In discussing the social roles, it is important to note that most African Americans relied on kin and community networks to help them raise their children in the eventuality that they were held captive, or to assume the role of “aunt” or “uncle” to children of other African Americans held in captivity (Tolman 6). It is indicated in the literature that many African Americans relied on the family and the community to not only petition the Bureau to gain the release of black children from apprenticeship, but also to assist the freedwomen in providing care for young siblings (Kelley 270). It is also evident how African Americans relied on their families and community when they were sick and in need of spiritual guidance, and how such reliance on kinship reinforced their own community and provided men and women with an opportunity to gain status in their own groups. In cultural roles, the community and family not only became the reference point of the way of life of African Americans, but also served to safeguard the cultural bonds that fueled the people’s desire to overcome the many challenges put before them by a White-dominated society. Owing to the community and family setup, African Americans “named and nurtured their children, expected loyalty from them, and tutored them in how to survive in slavery” (Tolman 6). Indeed, t
Introduction In the recent past there have been calls to legalise Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS). There are several arguments given to justify this course of action. In this paper I will outline why it is morally wrong to advocate for the legalization of PAS. I will then analyse the arguments given by the proponents of PAS. Finally I will show why the arguments supporting PAS are not sufficient to warrant such acts. PAS and moral, ethical and religious considerations There are three types of PAS. In voluntary PAS, the patient explicitly asks the doctor to end their life. There is also involuntary PAS, where the patient does not want to die and the doctor performs the act without their knowledge. There is also non-voluntary PAS where the patient’s wishes are unknown due to the person’s unconscious state so the family decides what is best for the patient. PAS is only legal in the State of Oregon. It has not been legalized in other States in the country despite the great arguments advanced by different scholars. For a doctor to participate in PAS, it will require him to break the Hippocrates oath taken when they start medical school. As per the oath, the individual is required to be a healer. He or she is expected to prescribe medical solutions that will prolong life and provide relief to the patient. Legalizing PAS will create issues of trust between the doctors and patients. The patients may become fearful in situations where the expenses of the hospital are high. They may feel that the doctors may take the lives of patients as a cost cutting measure. Legalizing the procedure will also cause the family and friends of the patient to have great moral and ethical dilemmas. What will the caretakers do when the doctor is not around and the patient requests for assisted suicide? If the legal dose is administered and death does not come quickly, the caregiver may resort to more aggressive means like putting a paper bag over the person’s head and suffocating them. Such individuals will suffer great guilt and remorse and will take longer even to grieve the death of their loved one (Emmanuel, Fairclough and Emmanuel, 2462). From a religious point of view, life is viewed as a gift of God. It is considered to be a sacred gift. No individual should take the place of God to decide the point at which life should end. Individuals should only be given a choice when it comes to accepting medication or surgery which is unlikely to provide a cure and in addition will cause a great financial burden to the family or the community. Caring for the sick should be seen as a great o
Introduction Water Names by Lan Samantha Chang is the story about a grandmother, Waipuo, telling her three granddaughters about a young woman, captivated by the idea of the river. The girl fell in love with the prince living under the water and disappeared after a flood; the grandmother’s story does not have an ending. This paper addresses the thematic concept in Water Names and explains how it is incorporated into the narrative. Thematic Concept in Water Names It is possible to say that the tale can be interpreted in several ways because there is an open ending. Waipuo’s narrative finishes with the words that the girls’ family tried to find her for a long time but never did. Like the narrator, a reader may think that the story presents a happy ending, as the young woman “went to join the kingdom of her beloved” (119). Notably, it seems like her granddaughters do not understand how adverse the consequences of a desire may be, as they view it as a positive or a neutral issue. Waipuo does not say that this interpretation is wrong, but she offers an alternative perspective to her granddaughters, saying that the girl was probably seduced by a water ghost and “lost her mind to desiring” (119). The woman wants the girls to find the answer to the question themselves and understand the morale of her story. These words allow the reader to identify the possible thematic concept in the tale, which is the dangers of a lure. The story says that being encaptivated by the image of something may be dangerous and lead to adverse consequences. Waipuo starts her narrative to help the girls to help them practice their Chinese, which shows that for her, it is significant that her granddaughters remember are connected to their cultural background. The old woman reminds her American-Chinese granddaughters about their ancestors, who “ran together, like raindrops” and had “the spirit of river” in them (116). Waipuo paints a picture of great women and men who lived together, and nothing could break them apart. She wants her granddaughters to understand the significance of being consolidated in the face of hurdles. By explaining how the girl from the tale dreamed about farew
Every area of human activity is divided into certain periods with regard to the technological development, changes in social behavior, shifts in political regimes, and distribution of power. Photography is a branch of contemporary arts that is influenced by a great number of internal and external factors. Different types of films and filters were used for many years to produce the image visible for human eyes but impossible to reproduce in photographs. All difficulties and obstacles advanced technological innovations and enabled photographers to take pictures without necessity to wait for printed pictures to come in a week. However, outstanding photographers of their time took the challenges and invented their own methods to make the invisible visible and vice versa. Thus, it is necessary to analyze some works made by Irving Penn and Jan Groover who managed to benefit from use of black and white in their still life photographs and while shooting models and objects for fashion magazines. Irving Penn And Jan Groover Both these photographers are known for their talent and attention to details. Arrangement of the objects for a photograph is very important and this importance can be understood while looking at pictures taken by Irving Penn and Jan Groover. Use of color images is contrasted to black and white though both authors used different patterns while taking pictures of models for fashion magazines and still life pictures, some aspects of their work are different while others are similar. Images of nude people and kitchen utensils were depicted in the most unexpected ways using specific arrangement of objects, certain color choice, light and shadow techniques and other special approaches that enabled a photographer to convey his/her message and show the things and people in the way he/she saw those. Every decade brought something new to the world in terms of technological advancement; photography was not an exception. New techniques and brighter colors shifted the priority though did not change the talent and approach used by Irving Penn and Jan Groover. Involvement . The involvement in terms of photography presupposes that an author is involved into a certain area, genre, or a single technique. This aspect is very important for contemporary authors as it enables us to trace the changes in the involvement of these two great photographers. Irving Penn is known for several large involvements each being a theme of n exhibition as well as Jan Groover who had also established her style; certain themes and genres prevailed in the photographs of both authors depending on the period of their development. The involvement can be seen in the series of still life and nudes made with the help of certain techniques. Thus, Irving Penn used silver and platinum prints while creating a series of photographs “Earthly Bodies” in 1949-1950. This technique enabled the author to present human bodies in the most unexpected angles and poses. In this respect, the pictures seem to reflect the real meaning imposed by the author concerning the beauty of bodies regardless of their imperfe
A seventy-nine-year-old lady, Stella Liebeck, purchased coffee at a McDonald’s drive-through and happened to spill it on herself, thus suffering burns. Consequently, she filed a suit against McDonald’s and hired a clever attorney in order to successfully convince the jury that Mcdonald’s was at serious fault for not making sufficient available warning that hot coffee is without a doubt hot and can burn you severely. The seventy-nine-year-old walked away with a multi-million dollar reward. The case has illuminated the severely inadequate justice system with everything wrong prevalent in it, ranging from ‘frivolous lawsuits,’ immoral lawyers, untrustworthy judges, to insatiable petitioners who conveniently put their own blame on others and are aided by clever judges to support the entire foul practice. Even after a gap of nearly ten years, civil justice and jury critics still ridicule the ‘Stella Lieback and McDonald’s case of coffee by terming it as ridiculous and frivolous! What is very surprising, though, is the fact that the testimony and actions of McDonald’s’ very own staff proved instrumental in leading the jury to rule against it and subsequently in favor of the opponent. One cannot, however, ignore the third-degree burns that Stella had incurred across her groin, inner thighs, and even her buttocks. Stella Liebeck, a resid