ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary Conflicts occur in the workplace rather often, mostly due to the differences between the cultural backgrounds of employees and the absence of an appropriate management technique. Although the identified phenomenon is practically unavoidable, it has to be controlled to reduce the threat of failing in implementing organizational goals. In the case of the Abu Dhabi Sports Council, the absence of a coherent conflict management technique may cause the organization to fail in its endeavor at making the sport popular among the UAE citizens. Therefore, the organization should consider implementing the conflict management framework that will address the emotional issues faced by the employees and allow them to handle their differences in a constructive way. Thus, the essential organizational objectives will be achieved with the help of the proposed framework. Company Description The Abu Dhabi Sports Council (ADSC) has been quite successful in setting sports events and redefining the role of media in making the information about sport and changes in it accessible to general audiences. The changes that the ADSC has made to the realm of the UAE sport are quite difficult to grasp, with major alterations made to how sports events are organized, managed, and financed (Raines, 2013). However, the ADSC is yet to face an even more drastic challenge associated with making sport relatable among the UAE residents by encouraging athleticism, focusing on a healthy lifestyle, and promoting diversity. Although the specified objectives may seem attainable, the ADSC may need to revisit the current approach toward conflict management deployed within its framework. At present, the organization not only lacks the value system that will promote the relevant qualities to target audiences but also the integrity and the ability to see conflicts as the means of acquiring new knowledge about other people and cultures. The problems with the existing approach toward handling workplace confrontations currently result in the mismanagement of the organization’s creative power, innovative thinking, and huma
Introduction Communication is arguably the cornerstone on which any successful relationship, be it business or personal, is built. The importance of effective communication has been acknowledged, and as Bedell and Lennox (1997) demonstrate, a lot of research has been taken on the subject, and numerous books are written to help people hone their communication skills. One of the communication styles that has been observed to be of significant help in communication efforts is assertiveness. This style has been accredited with creating win-win situations and greatly enhancing communication. This paper argues that assertive training is hugely beneficial to the individual. It empowers one to express their opinion openly and honestly, all the while respecting the feedback received from others. The paper will begin by defining what assertive training entails and why it is important to an individual. The reasons why natural assertive behavior is difficult in people in the US shall also be discussed. Assertion Training and Its Benefits Assertiveness is one of the styles of communication that is believed to greatly enhance a person’s effectiveness in the communication process, therefore, leading to the most desirable outcomes. Bedell and Lennox (1997) articulate that assertiveness promotes interpersonal behavior that “attempts to maximize the person’s satisfaction of wants while considering the wants of other people.” Assertion emphasizes positive interpersonal relationships by providing a basis from which conflicts can be resolved constructively and respectfully. Assertiveness training techniques can trace their origin to early psychologist’s experimentations that were aimed at inhibiting anxiety (Bedell & Lennox, 1997; Wolpe & Lazarus, 1996). It is from these behavioral therapies that the teaching of assertiveness was born. Assertive training is based on the assumption that effective communication is a learned behavior. As such, people who do not naturally possess it can be equipped to develop this skill (Weiten et al. 2008). Assertive tra
First and foremost, it is necessary to consider the profile of the parties in this international sales transaction.  1. Name and location of the buyer: Indo- Nippon Automobiles, Taiwan.  2. Name and location of the seller: Dubai Plastics, L.L.C., Al Nasr, Dubai Profile of the buyer Indo-Nippon is part of the $20 Billion Nippon conglomerate, which is engaged in the manufacture and sale of internationally acclaimed automobiles and vehicles, including tractors and heavy duty vehicles. As part of its economy drive, it wishes to outsource plastics and other components used in automobiles through outsourcing from global markets at globally competitive prices. This company believes that the factor of outsourcing “seems to stay in the public focus as companies try to reduce costs and improve profits.” ( Outsourcing : Pros And Cons 2008). Profile of the seller Dubai Plastics is a member of the Al- Darwish Group in United Arab Emirates, engaged in the manufacture of plastics since 1950. From a family owned business, it has grown and diversified into a large business house, and is a premier company in this region. It has specialised machinery and equipments to deal with manufacturing of automobile accessories and has supplied to world renowned car manufacturers and their “factory covers 2000 square meters, with 200 square meters of office and 1500 square meters of transportation.” ( Companies about Specialized Vehicles 2008, p.8). Consent Dubai Plastics is well positioned to enter the Taiwanese market with their products and have expressed their willingness to outsource their products to Indo-Nippon, Taiwan, for mutual benefits and a long term business association. The preliminary negotiations between the two parties are over, and the formal agreements are being drafted by the corporate lawyers of Dubai Plastics and Indo-Nippon Automobiles, Taiwan, in consultation with their mutual legal consultants and counsello
Reflecting on Patient Information In the given case, a 30-year-old woman complains about headaches that were characteristic to her, yet they strengthened recently. The review of the patient history shows that she suffered from headaches from the very teenage, and her health condition is chronic. Consistent with Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar Bailey, and Sandberg-Cook (2017), one may state that this is a primary headache that results from pathophysiologic mechanisms. The fact that the patient is light sensitive seems to be informative as the reduced headache in terms of the darkened room allows determining a proper diagnosis. More to the point, the additional symptoms such as nausea and vomiting also point to the primary diagnosis of migraine. The patient’s gender and age are considered among risk factors for developing the mentioned health condition (Vetvik & MacGregor, 2017). The physical examination reveals that vital signs are within limits, which eliminates meningitis and tumors. Identifying Differential Diagnosis  1. Migraine without aura. This chronic relapsing disease is characterized by sudden-onset attacks of intense pain in the head that are, more often, of a pulsating nature (Vetvik & MacGregor, 2017). During a migraine attack, patients have a high sensitivity to bright light, noise, and smells, and they experience nausea and vomiting. Since all of the above symptoms are present in the patient, it is possible to confidently state that the primary diagnosis is migraine.  2. Cluster headache. This disease is marked by short attacks of severe unilateral headache that composes the area around the eye. This pain occurs for no apparent reason, once or several times a day, and at about the same time of the day or night (Buttaro et al., 2017). Cluster headache is so excruciating that the majority of patients has vivid motor excitation. A typical sign of the disease is the vegetative support of attacks expressed in lachrymation, reddening of the sclera, and nasal congestion.  3. Tension-type headache. It is a two-sided diffuse headache with a compressive nature of a mild or moderate intensity (Freitag, 2013). In most cases, it is not accompanied by concomitant symptoms, but some patients may not tolerate bright light. The presence of other symptoms that were discussed above eliminates this diagnosis.  4. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This condition is caused by cerebral bleeding, in which blood accumulates in the subarachnoid space of the cerebral membranes (Verma et al., 2013). It is associated with intense and severe headache, short-term loss of consciousness and its confusion in combination with hyperthermia and meningeal symptoms. Determining Treatment Options The first-line treatment of patients suffering from migraine without aura can consist of addressing migraine attacks and preventing their future onset. Medication aimed at stopping headache (analgesics, antiemetics, triptans, or ergotamine-containing drugs) and their prevention (b-blockers or anticonvulsants)
Introduction Native Americans were the original inhabitants of Virginia. They settled in a geographic area known as Commonwealth Virginia. However, European settlement started in 1607 when they settled and established Jamestown. This was the beginning of European colonization in the area. With the emergence of tobacco export, there was massive importation of Africans who provided cheap labor for the profitable venture. This made Virginia to be the most populated and wealthiest British colony in northern America. Native Americans The present Virginia was in the past inhabited by native indigenous communities which date back thousands of years ago. The population was composed of many tribes, the Algonquian forming the largest group. They had a population of around ten thousand individuals living in the coastal area up to the fall line. Other groups included Iroquoian and Siouan who lived in the interior parts of the region. The Algonquian controlled most of Virginia before the arrival of the Europeans. They had formed an alliance with almost all the tribes called Powhatan Confederacy. This whole empire was under one chief called Wahunsunancock during the late sixteenth and early seventieth century. Although they were peaceful, issues relating to land and ownership of other important resources created mistrust and indifference creating conflicts among the natives. The colonialist The Europeans arrived in Virginia in May 1607 under the Virginia Company of London and settled at Jamestown. During the first few years, Captain John Smith kept the colony alive by making peace with the natives and getting food. Virginia usually had a period of drought after every three years. However, due to the good relation between the Europeans and natives the natives usually supplied them with food during these hard times. The colony was not as productive as they thought until the arrival of Governor Thomas West in 1610. He saved the colony from collapsing after the failure of setting up industries such as glassmaking, ship building and production of naval stores. The Europeans started to plant tobacco from 1612 which was a profitable venture. They also imported slaves from Africa to provide cheap labor in the farms. In 1624 the British government revoked the charter of Virginia Company of London and made it its first royal colony in northern America. In the years that followed the colony expanded to the north and to the west. There was also political maturity producing strong leaders in the lower house of assembly who wanted independence. Resistance from the natives Tobacco growing leads to exhaustion of soil thus the settles needed more land for replacement. This lead to the clearance of the surrounding forests which the natives had used for hunting. The increasing number of Europeans coupled with clearance of their hunting grounds made the natives to defy the encroachment by the settlers. The Indian massacre of 1622 and the war of 1644 were as a result o
Introduction There has been a lot of controversy about the possibility of a positive relationship between vaccination, especially the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. The two points which are oft-quoted to support this possible association are that  1. at the same time that infant immunization and vaccination coverage has increased, so have incidences of autism; and  2. in some incidences of autism, there appears to be a temporal association in which traits which point towards autism start showing at any time between a few weeks to a few months post-vaccination. Research however has shown that neither of these arguments is particularly compelling. While it is true that incidences of autism and similar disorders have increased in recent times, this could be an actual increase but could also be an increase as a result of increased awareness, recognition and changes in certain diagnostic criteria. Also, the appearance of autistic characteristics close to vaccination could also be a coincidence: the MMR vaccine is given when a child is two years old which is also when autism is generally first suspected or diagnosed (DeStefano & Chen, 2001). In this paper, we attempt to critically discuss the literature available on the possible link between vaccines and autism, and come to a decisive conclusion regarding the causal relationship between the two. The MMR vaccine will be discussed primarily because it is the focal point in this controversy. Vaccines (MMR) and Autism As Taylor (2006) put it, the “main celebrity” in the MMR/Autism controversy is Andrew Wakefield. This is so because he wrote the paper titled “Ileal-lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children” which was published in February 1998 in The Lancet. In this paper, he reported the cases of 12 children, who were autistic and had bowel symptoms, and in eight of these twelve children, behavioral symptoms had appeared after a mean interval of 6.3 days following MMR vaccination. Wakefield and his colleagues hypothesized that the bowel dysfunction (enterocolitis) and the consequent neurodevelopmental disorders had been caused by the MMR vaccine. This paper grabbed media attention as well as sparked controversy and created such chaos that the UK saw a drastic decrease in MMR vaccination uptake: from 90% in all of UK in 1995 down to 70% in some parts in 2001. As a result, mumps, measles and congenital rubella returned and so did the possibility of these conditions turning into epidemics. The interest and attention invoked by this paper were largely due to the fact that it appeared to provide a biological means through which MMR vaccine resulted in autism. There is negligible empirical data to provide evidence of a similar decline in Canada as witnessed in the UK to provide evidence of lower rates of MMR vaccination uptake as a result of this study. As Mary Appleton, the senior manager for the Canadian Coali
Abstract This paper deals with the effect of the Gettysburg Address on the United States of the present days. Despite the fact that the era in which the Gettysburg Address was written is gone, as well as the American people whom the speech was intended for, its legacy still lives on. While Lincoln obviously intended the speech for the soldiers and their families, i.e., the people who had witnessed the Civil War, the ideas that the Gettysburg Address incorporates are still topical for the modern American citizens. However, some of the ideas conveyed by Lincoln in the Address can be interpreted in a different way nowadays. Introduction: Embarking onto a Time Machine Being future-oriented is important, but sometimes it is necessary to take a retrospective on some of the historical events to make sure that valuable lessons from previous experiences are learned and none of the past mistakes are repeated. Since even today, in the realm of democracy of the United States, certain political and social remain unresolved, one of the greatest and the most memorable speeches of all times, the Gettysburg Address, deserves taking a closer look at. Understanding what the latter means for the modern society will help solve some of the issues on the United States’ agenda. What Gettysburg Address Meant back in 1863 Before going any further, it is essential to evaluate the meaning of the Gettysburg Address on the people of 1863. Despite the fact that not a single word of the Gettysburg Address has been changed, for the modern people, it means something other than for those whom this speech was intended first for. Taking a look back in time will allow to see what Lincoln tried to convey in his message to the American people. First and foremost, the Gettysburg Address touched upon the key principles of democracy and “a new birth of freedom” (Elmore, 2009, 40). In addition, the speech addressed the idea of nation’s identity and integrity: “The metaphor of birth and rebirth is the unifying metaphor of the Gettysburg Address” (Elmore, 2009, 40). The last and the most important segment of the Gettysburg Address concerned the grief of those whom the war had taken their family members or beloved ones from, reassuring that “… a nation torn by civil war could restore itself” (Elmore, 2009, 42). Expressing his concern and empathy, Lincoln managed to make the Gettysburg Address the most powerful and inspiring speech in the history of the United States. The Significance of the Gettysburg Address Today Of course, for modern people, the Gettysburg Speech means not exactly what it did for the XIX century America. Now that the threat for the nation to be torn apart is no longer in existence, the Gettysburg Address has turned into a guide into the
In my opinion, abortion should be legal. Overall, this position is based on three important premises. In particular, women should be able to exercise control over their bodies, while abortion can be viewed as a form of such control. Additionally, a child should not be brought into the world, if he/she is unwonted by the mother. Such a child may not feel the love of his/her parents. Finally, abortion is critical for the economic self-sufficiency of women, especially their ability to find and secure employment. These are the main premises that can be distinguished. Certainly, one can select other arguments to support this position. In turn, the claims that have been chosen reflect the views and interests of women who are victimized by the existing gender norms. Certainly, this position can be disputed in different ways. In particular, it is possible to assume that abortion undermines the family as the most important building block of the society. This claim is often used by the opponents of abortion. Therefore, one can ask what kind of effects abortion can produce on the community, especially in the long term. Additionally, it is also possible to wonder how abortion can affect the relations between partners. Nevertheless, it is possible to say that family should not be based on coercion. To a great extent, these responses are based on the premises that have been identified at the beginning. In particular, by denying the right to abortion, women are coerced into something that they do not want. Secondly, a child may not strengthen a family if he/she is not wanted by one of the parents ( Should Abortion Be Legal?, 2014). Finally, family is more likely to weaken if a wife is economically dependent on her husband. Thus, the emphasis on family values cannot be used to prohibit abortion. Secondly, it is possible to assume that some of my assumptions may not be correct. For example, one can argue that autonomy and independence may not be critical for women. Furthermore, a critic of my position may state that employment may not be crucial for all women. Admittedly, one cannot argue that every female values empowerment and self-sufficiency. To a great extent, these objections imply that many of them can be quite satisfied with traditional gender norms. Therefore, it is quite possible to ask why my initial premises should be used to defend the legality of abortion. Probably, such claims cannot be generalized, and they should not be taken for granted. Nevertheless, a person should not be deprived of his/her right to choice. It seems that this right is essential for every person, regardless of his age, gender, religious affiliation or race. Overall, this hypothetical objection shows that the initial premises should not be viewed as something indisputable. Thus, this form of criticism can highlight the limitations of my position. This is one of the details that should not be overlooked. Certainly, I could be affected by some important biases that made me overlook some of the evidence or arguments that did not coi
The development of businesses and corporations worldwide has created a market that is property and rights oriented. There is a lot of scheming and fraud that governments and private companies have to develop protection for, in a form of copyrights and patents. Not only are there ownership rights for products and physical property but also, for ideas and potential goals, plans and strategies. An idea is worth much more than the finished product because it is the basis for all production. One of the regulations that protects inventions and inventors, consumers and businesses is the TRIPS Agreement- which is Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. It takes control over trading and selling privileges in the market, regulating and enforcing guidelines for fairness and honesty. The purpose of this paper is to take a detailed look at the regulations and the process that govern transfer, sale and the general movement of products. An important aspect related to rights for these products and issues that could come up will be closely examined, which will clarify the problems that presently exist in the market and trading industry. The power of laws will be examined, through the example of TRIP, as it is a global agreement, which covers the whole market and is equally applicable to all people and organizations. Since profits and potential future success are one of the key points in trade and businesses, the reasons for agreement such as TRIP will be analyzed. The difference between countries globally, is very noticeable. The developed countries have an established order and control of goods and intellectual property, while developing countries might have some setbacks or limitations that can be used by others to their advantage. The agreements are also made for a purpose to treat all members equally, to the point that if a certain favor or a special condition is offered to one participating side, everyone must receive the same treatment without exceptions. Previously, the world trade was not as regulated as it is today, which led to a number of unfair and unbalanced transactions. The transport and use of certain products might be regulated as well. For example, some products or technologies or even concepts, will not be allowed to be used in some parts of the world. This might be due to cultural differences or specificity of a product. Some businesses would not wa