ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Reviewing the book “Ethics for International Business: Decision Making in a Global Political Economy” by Dr. John M. Kline, the Professor of International Business Diplomacy at Georgetown University’s Walsh School of Foreign Service, one should notice the remarkable feature of this book: it is drawn on the extensive experience of the author, deep analysis of the case and the address to the reader. John Kline uses certain business structure knowledge for dealing with the various ethical issues that appear within the framework of multinational management, concerning the international business itself. After introducing his basic vision of the text, the author asks the common reader to test the above-mentioned structure on several actual situations that the reader may face during his or her business or ordinary life experience. According to Lee A. Tavis, the Professor of Business Administration of the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, the approach used by Kline in his book is efficient for the multicultural political economy and business of today’s wide national enterprise. Such an evaluation of the book identifies its key idea and determines its content fully and precisely. In his book, the author appeals and pays great attention to business ethics, which are used as a base for the discussion of the various business cases. One might also point out that business elites and governmental organizations support the assumption that ethics play an important role in international economic and business affairs. One can not deny, that discussing, evaluating, analyzing, and applying ethics in the framework of international business, with the respect to academic theory, is a laborious and hard task. Concerning this, Karl Sauvant, the Director of the Investment Division of the UNCTAD department of the United Nations Organization, claimed that Dr. John M. Kline’s book remarkably fulfills the above-mentioned task, by mixing an appreciation for both: the academic theory and principles based on various international business, policy strategies and applications. Being ingenious in his writing approach, Dr. Kline explains the role and the importance of ethics in international business. In his book, the author successfully contradicts the myths of the issue of moral relativism and another issue, adjacent to the former one, amoral business. Referring to Thomas Donaldson, the Professor at the Wharton School of the Pennsylvania University, one may also underline that after managing with the above-mentioned myths, Kline analyzes complicated and intricate dilemmas with the help of his resolute key “W” questions. The significance of such an approach lays in the acknowledgment and the demystification of the various confusing issues that previously caused a lot of trouble in international business. The book represents helpful information to the reader and explains that business affairs take place in a socially and economically globalized environment. The literary scient
Overview An organization’s workforce is a vital resource needed for an organization’s success. An organization that has progressed or has a vision for a brighter future can be determined by an analysis of how it takes care or manages its human resources. The current business age calls for comprehensive strategies from business organizations aiming to remain in the market. With globalization as the target mark for many companies, every business organization will strive to achieve it. However, the only route for the achievement of the same lays in the careful planning and implementations of an all inclusive market related plans termed as corporate strategies. The formulation and implementations of corporate strategies has been seen as a decisive tool in the growth of a company only if a proper correlation between the same and the human capital has been made. Organization’s workforce experiences various problems that may affect the objectives of the company. There are several problems whose solutions are tasked to the human resource department. The Current Problem faced by HRM Among the major problems facing human resources today is the management of employees’ behavior. The way employees behave determines the attitude to which they will approach work and duties assigned to them. The behavior of employees influences the culture of the organization. An organization is defined by the culture and attitude of working displayed by its employees (Schuler & Jackson, 1987). In order to achieve a designed strategy, the organization has to manage employees’ behavior. How Employees’ Behaviors Influences Performance Improvement and Organizational Strategic Objectives Market related plans aimed at improving a given organization and steer it to the desired direction constitute the strategic objectives for that organization. Normally, business strategies are aimed at improving the performance of the organization. On th
Introduction The Lord of the Rings and Star Wars are both popular epic series. The Lord of the Rings is a book trilogy written by Tolkien in the 1930s-1950s, whereas Star Wars is a science fiction film franchise that started in 1977 with the first episode , later retitled Episode IV – A New Hope . There are several major similarities between the two works, mainly in terms of the characters and themes explored. Characters Aragorn and Han Solo To me, one of the most striking features connecting the works was the resemblance between Aragorn in The Lord of the Rings and Han Solo in A New Hope . For instance, both characters appear as a major helping force for the protagonist and have a certain set of skills that is useful to the team. Thus, both Han Solo and Aragorn are skilled fighters and good strategists: in A New Hope , Han Solo initiates a surprise attack on the stormtroopers to obtain a disguise needed to infiltrate the station, whereas Aragorn helps the Hobbits to escape from the Nazgul by leading them out of the Prancing Pony Inn secretly while also making their beds look like they are sleeping in them so as not to raise the suspicion too early. Moreover, the characters’ backgrounds are also quite similar. At first, Aragorn is referred to as the Strider; not much is known about his past, as he keeps his true identity secret. Han Solo, on the other hand, is an experienced smuggler; he is also used to living in the shadows and does not elaborate on his past life. Gandalf and Obi-Wan Kenobi The other two characters that play a somewhat similar role in the works are Gandalf and Obi-Wan. Both characters are old and possess extensive knowledge about the world and the war that the protagonists are fighting, yet choose not to spare too many details, leaving the protagonists to follow their path. Moreover, both characters sacrifice themselves to let the protagonists continue their journey: Obi-Wan sacrifices himself in a fight with Darth Vader, whereas Gandalf falls victim to The Balrog, a demon living in the caves of Moria. Themes Good and Evil One of the most important similarities, perhaps, is that both works are based on the conflict between the ultimate good and the ultimate evil. The two sides are represented by a single protagonist, surrounded by a team of helper characters, and a villain, supported by extensive antagonistic forces. For instance, in The Lord of the Rings , Sauron, or the Dark Lord of Mordor, is leading a huge army of orcs, whereas Darth Vader is supported by the Empire’s forces, particularly the stormtroopers. Hero’s Path Another important theme that is evident both in The Lord of the Rings and in Star Wars is the hero’s path, which follows the same pattern in both works. The protagonist is not famous or well-trained, yet he is chosen to fight the greater evil along with a team of helper characters. With their aid, he manages to develop his skills and power of will to be able to defeat the great evil that is threatening not just the main c
Introduction Over the past decades, women’s activity in the labor market has raised significantly, and their economic opportunities have increased ‑ I see this by my own example. I have grown up in a world where women have always had equal working rights and I did not see any discrimination regarding women’ labor rights. I saw a lot of successful women, who achieved not only absolute financial independence but became recognized experts in the fields that previously were considered as predominantly men’ ones. I was born in 1998 in the small town of Kingston, NY, with a population of only 23,000, causing s kind of “antique” feeling due to its architecture and traditions. The Kingston Jazz Festival plunges into the atmosphere of Harlem of 20’s-30’s of the last century, but the social situation is completely different than in those days, including with regard to the rights and status of women. In addition to artistic freedom, I see social freedom – I am sure that not only the position, but also the worldview of modern Kingston women is strikingly different from that which was characteristic of the first half of the 20th century. Ever since school, I was lucky enough to communicate with purposeful girls planning their studies and careers in the STEM field, including in IT. In the process of studying at the University, I became even more convinced of the presence of both unlimited possibilities and unlimited potential of women in the modern labor market. In particular, my older friend – a girl of 25 ‑ works as a project manager in an IT company, successfully implementing innovative startups. I am doing my best to take advantage of the opportunities for professional and personal development. However, I was interested in taking a historical excursion into the evolution of the position of women in the labor market and understanding how women of the last century felt in the labor market and how they eventually managed to achieve labor equality. Women of the First World: feminism ‘grandmothers’ The United States of America is known for its feminist traditions, and this is no coincidence. In no country in the world women’s studies occupy such an important place. An important role was played by the first wave of feminism, which began in the 1840s and ended in 1920 with the victory of the suffrage movement (Boris 18-23). The first wave of feminism and the struggle of women, in particular for labor rights, is considered to be the suffragist movement, which swept the United States and European countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The purpose o
Introduction Divorce is negatively regarded in American society as it is believed to lead to numerous detrimental social, economic, and other effects. It has been acknowledged that divorces are specifically harmful to children, whose psychological, emotional, and academic well-being deteriorates when their parents separate (Hill and Tisdall 224). Nevertheless, the divorce rate is alarmingly high in the United States. Although it has decreased since its peak in the 1970s–1980s, it has remained dramatically higher than the divorce rate in the 1950s (Walsh 24). For instance, almost 10% of the US population was divorced in 2009, compared to only slightly more than 2% in 1950 (Chowdhury 257). It is possible to outline the major effects of the dissolution of marriages on US society, the economy, families, and children in evaluating the risks associated with divorce. Families and Children One of the most researched aspects of divorces is associated with their impact on families and children. It has been found that children living in single-parent families have psychological and emotional issues, often lag behind in school, and become less successful as adults (Anderson 378). First, children do not understand the changes that occur, and they may have various psychological and emotional issues. Many children think that they are the reason for their parents’ separation, or they can even develop a level of distrust or contempt toward the opposite sex. In addition, divorce is associated with considerable financial losses for the family, which means that there will be less money available for the child’s needs; this has a direct effect on educational outcomes, as well (Baghestani and Malcolm 531). Split families often become the reason for the destruction of various social ties, which has a negative effect on the development of the community. Economy and Divorce Furthermore, it is important to note that economic losses are not only an outcome for families; divorces negatively affect the economy of the entire country. Separation is associated with the division of the couple’s property, which often leads to additional expenses such as legal bills (Lamanna et al. 369). Single parents (especially single mothers) often have to work part-time or from home, which can result in lower salaries. It has also been found that single parents tend to face unemployment issues (Chowdhury, 260). They have to both manage their job responsibilities and address their child’s or children’s needs, a difficult endeavor. Moreover, divorce is also tied to an increase in the poverty rate (Chowdhury, 260). Society and Divorce Finally, research on the impact of divorces shows that each couple’s separation has detrimental effects on society. As mentioned earlier, social links are destroyed or severely damaged (Baghestani and Malcolm 531). People grow alienated fro
When it comes to forgiveness, the followers of any religion know to repent and ask God for remission. They are aware Lord is very forgiving, and for that reason, believers are told to have that same burden on others as well. It is challenging to define what forgiveness, both in narrow and wide meanings, is. In general, it is an action of pardoning someone for his/her wrongdoings. Regarding religion, it could be defined as a pious act to excuse the person who wronged someone by his/her deeds (Liles). The scriptures provide valuable insights on the concept of forgiveness, tell how followers should exercise it, and reveal the reasons behind it. Forgiveness remains a cornerstone of relationship with God and everyday life reducing tension between people. To begin with, the original concept of forgiveness can be found in the Christian doctrine. God presented a model of forgiveness that all believers are expected to follow and strive for. He sacrificed his Son, Jesus Christ, whose death was on behalf of Christian sinners, lifting the sentence of their condemnation. As the sole judge of men, God was punished for the quilt of people, but the guilty received forgiveness. The scripture teaches, “Be kind to one another, tender-hearted, forgiving each other, just as God in Christ also has forgiven you” (Ephes. 4.32). A similar verse can be found in Colossians 3.13 that instructs to “bear with each other and forgive whatever grievances you may have against one another. Forgive as the Lord forgave you.” Nevertheless, it is not possible to forgive in the same manner as the Lord did. He is the only one who can erase the record of human sins and remove the following penalties. Only God can judge and pardon deeds that violate standards set by him. For instance, Luke writes, “The scribes and the Pharisees began to reason, saying, “Who is this man who speaks blasphemies? Who can forgive sins, but God alone?” (Luk. 5.21). This verse reasserts God’s prerogative to change someone’s destiny. Contrary, Bible teaches victims to release a violation or sin committed against them by offenders. In Ephesians 4.31, Paul writes, “Let all bitterness and wrath and anger and clamor and slander be put away from you, along with all malice.” It suggests how Christians should forgive others and which attitude they should have. They must not be angry or seek revenge; God rather expects them to be kind-hearted enough to excuse culprits. The case of the wrongdoer also provides some valuable insights for the study. In Paul’s letter 2 Corinthians 2.5-11, he notes, “But if anyone has caused pain, he has caused it not to me, but to some extent-not to exaggerate it-to all of you.” Paul explains that the pain caused by the wrongdoer to him was not as hurtful to only him but to everyone in the church. In the following couple lines, he continues, “This punishment by the majority is enough for such a person; so now instead you should forgive and console him, so that he may not be overwhelmed by excessive sorrow.” The apostle calls upon the church’s people to stop the punishm
Introduction Human mentality is a subtle and complex phenomenon, and mental health depends on the multiple social and cultural factors as well as the personal and physical ones. The gender differences are great in the present-day societies of the distinct cultures. Social perceptions of gender influence the individuals’ behavior to a great extent, and since women face many more challenges and discrimination in the modern world, they are comparatively more prone to mental health disorders emergence. The physiological issues in combination with the social constraints negatively influence the female mentality. It proves that the gender distinctions play a significant role in the mental disorder experiences making it clear that it is required to take into consideration the gender differences at both social and physical levels for the appropriate treatment elaboration. Female Mental Health in Social, Cultural, and Economic Conditions For a long time, the western psychiatry regarded the morbid mental states as culturally neutral and approached them without considering the ethnicity of the patient. However, recent research demonstrates that “there are profound cultural variations in the diagnosis and manifestation of mental illness” (Burr & Chapman, 1998, p. 431). The distinctions in the mental disorders in the various societies have a connection with the cultural differences, the social environment, the material and financial conditions, and inequality. The women’s roles differ in dependence on the cultural traditions and customs. In the west, women are now freer in her actions and behaviors since the social prejudices and constraints started to lose their grip in the social worldview. However, in the countries where the social transformations happen slower, and society is grounded in the traditional heritage, women face greater inequality when attempting to apply for a job and achieve the financial independence. The cultural determination of the individual self-perception, the behavioral norms and deviations and its influence on the social interrelations should be regarded in the mental morbidity diagnostic processes. “The diagnostic terms such as depression should not be regarded as the universal concepts but are associated with cultures that ‘psychologize’ experience in line with a particular world view” (Burr & Chapman, 1998, p. 434). The psychological distress a woman experience in the different cultural communities thus is influenced by the cultural circumstances and the personal self-image inspired by those circumstances. The biological males’ and females’ differences were proved by many researchers. It is cons
Quote “Then if I fall, I leave behind me a name that endures; men will say of me, “Gilgamesh has fallen in fight with ferocious Humbaba.” Context & Explanation This quote comes from the section of the text titled “The Forest Journey.” Having befriended Enkidu, Gilgamesh is left wondering about where he should direct his unrivaled energy next. Enkidu is also longing for action, saying that the idleness of the city life oppresses him, and his mighty body loses its strength due to the want of a real challenge. Because of that, Gilgamesh decides to build a marvelous monument to the gods. This is the task worthy of a hero because, in order to acquire the previous cedar logs for the monument, the characters would have to travel to the faraway forest guarded by the dreaded giant Humbaba. Enkidu is not ecstatic about the prospect of meeting such a creature and relays to Gilgamesh what he had heard about Humbaba from his animal friends before becoming civilized. According to him, the giant is not only mighty but also has supernaturally keen senses, and no sane person would willingly risk an encounter with such a terrible foe. This is the point when Gilgamesh says the line quoted at the beginning of the paper. The particular passage provided above means that Gilgamesh is willing to take risks and face dangers, even as dreadful as the ferocious giant from a faraway land, if it means living a lasting legacy. While he is not oblivious to the possibility of being killed in his intended fight against Humbaba, it does not undermine his decision to embark on the journey in the slightest. Death is certainly undesirable but ultimately inescapable because only gods can live forever. As far as Gilgamesh is concerned, the real question is not whether but how one dies, and dying without being remembered is the fate he would do anything to avoid. Whatever happens, the proud warrior-king of Uruk wants his name to live forever in the annals of history, and his travel to the ceda
Introduction Cognitive Psychology has studied imagery since the mid-nineteenth century. Since that time there are over 45,000 documented studies concerning images and imagery in the psychological genre alone. (Roeckelein, 2004, p. ix) Still, there is no definitive proof that images, that is visual representation, actually exist in the brain at all. Block (1981) found far too many problems with definitions to answer this one. “One side, the pictorialist side…agrees that we don’t literally have pictures in our brains, but…nevertheless that our mental images represent in roughly the way that pictures represent. On the other side, the descriptionalist side…thinks of mental images as represented in the manner of some non-imagistic representations—namely, in the manner of language rather than pictures.” (Block 1981) Nor is there any definitive proof that explains exactly how what we see, perceive or think is represented in the brain. In fact, nobody really knows how anything is either represented in the brain or stored in memory. Considering the immense number of people who are blind from birth or those who have little or no visual memory, it seems a bit illogical to assume that mental imagery is of prime importance, especially considering that there are many brilliant people among those who have no sight or visual memory. Definitions Roeckelein’s book (2004) was invaluable as a reference for this project. He included several astute definitions of images and imagery:   * When it comes to so-called mental images, the relevance of the word image is distinctly controversial and although it would be perverse to deny the existence of visual “imaginings” there are those who insist that it is misleading to describe what is “seen” as a visual image. — J. Miller, 1990   * Researchers have conceptualized mental imagery in different ways: as a phenomenal experience, as an internal representation, as a stimulus attribute, and as a cognitive strategy. — J.T.E. Richardson, 1999 Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1993) defines the term image as a noun (Middle English from Old French, short for imagene, from Latin imagin-, imago; akin to Latin imitari to imitate) as “a reproduction of a person or thing…a thing actually or seemingly reproducing another…exact likeness…a tangible or visible representation…a mental picture”; and as a verb as “to describe or portray in language especially in an effective or vivid manner…to call up a mental picture of…reflect, mirror…to create a representation of.” (Roeckelein, 2004, p. 2) Discussion So it seems that we are woefully lacking in a universal definition for image or imagery. It would seem then impossible to prove that images or imagery have anything at all to do with mental representation. However, there is a light at the end of the tunnel or rather in the interior of the brain. See the particular area of study called “diagnostic imaging” or “images of the brain in action” in Gregory (1987, pp. 347-53); this technological field includes concepts and devices such as X-ray computer tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or magnetic resonance imaging (M