ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Following Mr. B’s fall in the shower and subsequent shoulder injury, his death was an unexpected outcome. Shoulder injuries heal after relocation and rehabilitation and have no fatal outcomes. As such, it is probable that Mr. B’s death was caused by other factors that are remotely related to the fall’s injury. For this case, the main cause can be attributed to the sedation process. Main causative factor: low oxygen levels in the brain Upon reviewing Mr. B’s admission records, an issue of concern was his fall, had been caused by a black out. This led to further probing on the possible cause of his death. On the arrival of the patient, the nurse noted that his respiratory rate (R) was at 22 in comparison to normal levels of 60 – 100 BPM while heart rate (HR) while awake was 97 instead of the average 72 BPM. These are indicators that he had another problem, which caused the black out and the subsequent fall. The low R and high HR indicate that his brain cells were not getting sufficient oxygen. As such, the HR was very high since it tried to pump more oxygenated blood. This oxygen deficiency was the cause of the black out and the dying of brain cells, which indicates an internal problem. Mixing valium with Dilaudid The drug Valium was administered in combination to with Dilaudid. In total, the patient received 10 mg of Valium and 4 mg of Dilaudid. The maximum dosage is 10mg IV of Valium, which is what the patient received. However, it is considered a poor medical practice to mix with other drugs as it leads to precipitation (Shoestring graphics.com, 1997). In Mr. B’s case, this was mixed with a 4mg IV dose of Dilaudid, which could have caused the prolonged sedation given that Valium’s effect is short lived. Low oxygen intake One of the side effects of Valium is respiratory depression. Good practice requires that, upon administration of Valium, the Patient’s breathing be closely monitored for any side effects. However, this was not the case as the patient was only monitored for the blood pressure and the saturation of oxygen without monitoring the pulse rate and the breathing rhythm. Slow response to low O 2 Other than the Valium-Dilaudid combination, other factors might have contributed to Mr. B’s death. First, when Mr. B’s oxygen saturation alarm goes off indicating low saturation, the nurse in-charge resets it rather than acting on the information. At this point, the patient would have been put on supplemental oxygen, which might have prevented the need for resuscitation. Understaffing In addition, the hospital on this day was understaffed. With the nurse and the doctor attending to other incoming patients, the patient was left under the untrained care of his son who could not tell when the breathing stopped and only called for the nurse when the alarm went off again. Late intervention Though the hospital had enough equipment, the attending staff failed to use it appropriately to administer supplemental oxygen. The efforts to administer it were late which aggravated the situation. Overburdened nurse Moreov
Public speaking refers to the process of information delivery with the aim of influencing the audience in a soothing, informative or entertaining manner. In this case, it should be presented in a purposeful manner that considers the objective of the speech. Initially, a public speaker has to watch the words in the content of a speech, to deliver the right message. This implies that a public speaker has to limit the frequency of using the word ‘I’ in the course of speech delivery. One main reason for this is to demonstrate that the audience is part of his or her interest in the speech. In addition, it implies that the public speaker is discussing vital issues that do not only affect one’s life but the whole group. Through this process, a public speaker gains attention from the audience leading to effective delivery of intended information. The way to counter this challenge demands utilization of the word ‘you’ in the speech. This will reduce biasness and impartiality since the message seems to influence the lives of the listeners. In addition, it makes the whole speech captivating as the speaker draws interests of the audience to the forefront. On the other hand, the speech is viewed as a participative process with no specific individual targeted since it touches everyone. The number of extemporaneously public speeches has significantly increased in the United States. This is attributed to the sense of originality attributed to the speech because no preparation is done before it is delivered. In this case, extemporaneous speeches depict an individual’s confidence in handling new issues in front of other people. Consequently, an individual is forced to formulate a speech that would be persuasive and informative to the audience. This method is more popular to common speeches, which are delivered in a memorized manner, impromptu way or through adoption of a manuscript. In this case, the methods do not offer a chance to deliver new-fangled issues in a unique manner. In addition, the former methods do not stimulate the inner spirit of an individual to address issues in logical and realistic way in case they are non-routine issues. If use of manuscripts or memorization is used to deliver public speech, it indicates that the speaker is not well conversant with the topics being addressed. As a result, the speech would be boring, withdrawing the attention of the audience. In addition, it reflects the lack of ability to influence the audience since information is not from one’s mind. Though an impromptu speech could resemble the concept of an extemporaneous one, it varies, in that a speaker is chosen from a group with no idea of what to present. This information delivered could be affected by the level of confidence during the presentation of the speech. When presenting a public speech, it is essential to counter stage fright. In most cases, fright arises because of the lack of content to
Introduction The essay on the problem of evil has been a focus of argument since the sixteenth and the eighteenth century. The argument about the theodicy problem in the early modern philosophy was as a result of the new scientist’s dream. The dream was about a perfect science that could explain everything on the surface of the earth. Philosophers have treated theodicy philosophically by use of ideas to explain the challenge of sin in the present world and theologically to identify, understand and justify sin. These intriguing questions about God are: Is God able to prevent sin? Is He willing to prevent sin? Is God powerful and good? If God is not able to prevent or unwilling to prevent sin, then He is impotent and malevolent, thus consistent with the existence of sin. If God is all powerful and benevolent, then there should not be a problem with sin (Kremer, 17). In this paper, the focus will be on Hick’s idea that God is responsible for the continuation of sin. The attributes of God as good and powerful may not be fully understood by human beings. In addition, atheists argue that God’s attributes should be defined based on genuine theodicy showing the consistency in relating God with evil, and not just hypothetical (Kremer, 21). Francisco Suarez: God
Abstract Romance is one of the greatest subjects that make meaning in humanity. Without it, we do not know exactly where we would be. Its origin is not very clear although numerous writers have versed in their various titled books at least to explain its history. Some people have written various poems and novels on romance love while our movie theaters starting from Hollywood to Hollywood to Hollywood all dominate with romance movies. The history of romantic love began in ancient Greece when the Greeks identified different ways of expressing love. Consequently, two words evolved, that is, “eros” that depicted carnal love and “agape” describing the spiritual love. Characterized by romantic customs, tokens of love, and dating rituals eros and agape describes the romantic heritage of the Greeks. In the past, that is, the period before twelfth century, most Europeans never considered love as heroic. Instead, they believed that love between a man and a woman was a precursor of weakness. However, as from the twelfth century, this perception changed greatly. Today, western countries consider people in love as heroic. The paper examines the history of love starting from the ancient times then to the medieval chivalry and finally the contemporary period. Introduction There is no single definition of romantic love. However, in traditional usage, we can define romantic love as the union between love and the all-purpose idea of romance. This is because in ancient times, people never considered “romance” as an idea that expressed love relationships. Instead, romance was just an artistic idiom of an individual’s innermost desires, which at times included love, at times not. Undoubtedly, this is the reason why romantic love appeared the way it was during the ancient times. For instance, in the ancient times, men would capture women by force (not choice) and take them as their wives. In a situation where there was a dearth of nubile women, men will then go to another village to look for wives to marry. Here they will capture and stole them. Nevertheless, the tribe from where the men raided will come looking the bridegroom. In order to avoid the recapturing of the raided wife, the bride and groom will go hiding at least for a while waiting for the dust to settle. The whole concept of romantic love seems to have emanated from France. For example, according to the old French convention, the newly married couples drank a brew substance made from honey,
Introduction The Privately owned CrossFit Company has attracted attention due to its rapid growth over the last 7 years. The CrossFit training programs yield desirable results and many members have praised the effectiveness of the company’s fitness programs. Kreinin reveals that other sports clubs in New York have even launched a program similar to CrossFit (22). This paper will set out to highlight the various benefits of the CrossFit program. It will demonstrate that the CrossFit training is a programmed geared for all body type, physically and mentally. Benefits of CrossFit The CrossFit program achieves fitness for individuals with any body type. The program does not promote any specific type of body. Instead, it aims to develop full body fitness for all people. The exercises done by gym members do not try to promote a certain body type. Stoddard reveals that CrossFit facilities do not have machines to isolate muscles or stationary bikes (130). Instead, the gym consists mostly of open space with a rubber floor, high ceiling, and equipment such as kettle-bells, jump ropes, and barbells. Through exercises such as skipping, pull-ups, pushups, and weightlifting, full body fitness is enhanced in the individual. In addition to the physical fitness, CrossFit training enhances mental health. Fischbach reveals that unlike most traditional commercial clubs where people workout in solitude, CrossFit encourages a sense of community among its members (10). Everyone is encouraged to work out together and people often cheer each other on and provide useful advice. The sense of camaraderie is not restricted to the work out sessions. Kreinin reveals that most of the CrossFit gyms even throw parties for members after hours thereby increasing the sense of community (22). The program also gives members access to competent trainers who can help them achieve their physical fitness goals. Kreinin explains that every trainer in the CrossFit program has to be certified by the CrossFit organization (22). The trainers are required to attend an annual CrossFit training program and on successful completion, they are awarded a certificate. This ensures that all trainers employed by CrossFit affiliates are competent. They are therefore able to effectively help the gym members with their exercises and ensure the best results are achieved. Finally, CrossFit leads to the attainment of physical fitness within a few months of beginning the program. Through functional training, the fitness programs implemented by CrossFit are highly effective. Most of the fitness regimes used by the program are very intense. Kreinin reveals that some of the rigorous training techniques employed by CrossFit are adopted from the military and law enforcement agency programs (22). Because of the intense routines, CrossFit program members are able to attain physical fitness in a short while. Members also develop endurance and they can successfully compete in marathons. Due to its effectiveness, most members regard CrossFit as a fast way to get fit. Conclusion This paper set out to highlight the benefits of CrossFit program. It began by noting that this program has gained a hu
Introduction I interviewed two middle-level managers of our company about the meetings they normally attend; mainly their opinions on whether what is to be discussed on the meeting is sent before the meeting, how organized are the meetings, whether these meetings go as far as accomplishing the intended goals, whether they receive information after the meetings, and finally what recommendation they would give for any future improvements. The findings revealed several aspects of changes needed to have what would be referred to as successful meetings. Interview with Sales Manager The first interviewee was our sales manager. In the meetings normally chaired by the sales director, she acknowledged that she gets information before the meetings as scheduled. As the sales manager, she is expected to give feedback on some field activities and give details on how she prepares sales staff to achieve sales goals. He says that although the goal of sales team meetings is to discuss how sales can be enhanced, the meetings often end up becoming boring lecture sessions with non of the regional sales managers willing to offer insights into what is required of them. “They would rather listen to endless lectures from me and that of the director than make any meaningful contribution”, he quipped. Apparently, it has come to her realization that these meetings are held with several agendas in place, with some repetitively discussed with no concrete agreement on the way forward. This trend of overloading the sales team with a lot of information does not help in developing new creative ideas to help boost goal orientation (Heathfield, 2010). Recommendations According to the sales manager’s recommendation, the sales team (regional sales managers included) is supposed to be given time within the meeting schedule to discuss their real-life experience in the fields. She says that information should be shared within the regional sales teams, which can help develop new insights and ideas. By doing this, the conveners of the meeting will be able to recognize sales teams’ efforts, thus boosting their morale (Heathfield, 2010). Interview with Business Information Manager The second interviewee was the business information manager. In his insight,
The American dogma proposes that all its citizens are entitled to equivalent opportunities notwithstanding racial pressures (Patterson & Susser, 2001). There are several citizens without any cultural issues or influences mainly due to the presence of a populace which is primarily not based on ethnic connections. There are several regions where human exchanges may be racialized mainly due to the occurrence of a diverse population which may entail black Americans, Latinos or West Indians. In my community, mainly comprising of African Americans and West Indians, unfairness and stereotypes affect all features of our social associations including political standings and other opportunities in the locality, groups, academic and job centers and community environments. Do members of your community look like you? In what ways do they look the same or different? I am an African American residing in St. Albans where the community is mainly working class and the populace is generally encompasses African Americans and West Indians. My region is encompassed by a suburban community which is in an averagely middle-class society (Perna & Henderson, 2010). Members of my community look like me, as the neighborhood is greatly encompasses middle-class African Americans. There is amplification in the development of houses in the region, hence escalating the strains of residing in high density localities. The populace is more clustered, hence greater diffusion of cultures. African Americans have some characteristic features pertaining to, for example, coping with difficult situations and the relationships with the general family structure and extended relations. West Indians on the other hand have their own diversified culture owing to the several nationalities it encompasses (Patterson & Susser, 2001). They speak English, but in different vernaculars which initially was pidgin. They regul
Introduction The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker (NEAR) was launched in 1996. It was designed at Johns Hopkins University. The spacecraft was named in respect of the great planetary scientist known as Eugene Shoemaker. It was a computerized space explorer aimed at helping to conduct a study of asteroid Eros from a close distance. After the robot orbited around Eros from a close distance for some time, it finally landed on the asteroid in 2001 (Stathopoulos para. 1). The spacecraft explorer was aimed at reporting back on the features of the Eros. These included the magnetic field properties of the asteroid, the kind of minerals available and the composition of the asteroid. Other objectives of the project included understanding the regolith features, the state of its spin, effects of solar wind on the asteroid and probable current activity. This could have made it possible for National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to understand the asteroid well plus know its relationship to comets and other heavenly bodies (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Centre para. 1-3). The NEAR Shoemaker. The journey to asteroid Eros After its launch, the spacecraft entered its first cruise stage. This stage had limited activity and only took a few days before it traversed across asteroid 253 Mathilde which is 61km in diameter. While flying at about 1200km from Mathilde, NEAR was able to record and send back about 500 images that it could capture on the surface of Mathilde. The spacecraft also sent back information about the gravitational data making it possible for the mission controllers to calculate the diameter and mass of asteroid Mathilde (Stathopoulos para. 2). Failure of the first attempt The spacecraft was expected to undergo four rendezvous burns. To ensure that this worked as planned, the spacecraft underwent a test in December 20, 1998. The first burn cycle was launched but abandoned immediately. Subsequently, the spacecraft got into safe mode and started going up. During this glitch, the spacecraft’s thrusters were fired many times stretching the spacecraft’s propellant by 29kgs. The spacecraft’s battery got drained as well as its solar orientation interrupted. The error almost led to total loss of the spacecraft. It took 24 hours before the mission control team could spot the spacecraft (Williams para. 2). During this period, no communication was possible between NEAR and the control team. Till now, it has never been established the root cause of this glitch. However, there are those who blame the error to software malfunction while others blame the mission control team (Williams para. 4). It was expected that after the four burns were completed, orbit insertion burn would follow. However, failure of the first burn and subsequent loss of communication between the mission control team and the spacecraft rendered the procedure unfeasible. A new procedure had to be put in place immediately to ensure that the project continued without further interruptions. This made it possible for NEAR to draw closer to Eros and fly by it at a d
The article Coastal Erosion and the Threat to Kivalina, Alaska highlights in great detail the dangers of coastal erosion in Kivalina, Alaska. The erosion of the coastal land poses a great danger to the inhabitants and their livelihoods. The island of Kivalina has reduced significantly because of erosion, and people live in fear. The natives live in uncertainty as they see the imminent danger posed by the loss of coastal land as a result of climate change. The community is at risk, and there is a need to relocate the village to safer grounds. Similarly, in the article Voices: How coastal erosion contributes to poverty: Time for a new federal approach by Courtney Howell and Diane Huhn the coast of Louisiana faces risks because of erosion of its lands. The erosion of the coastal land has led to a rise in poverty for the people. Fishing is a major economic activity in Louisiana, and fishermen are not able to support their families because the number of fish has gone down with the destruction of marsh that acts as a source of food for the marine life. Moreover, the community suffers economically as they have to keep rebuilding their houses after storms that leave destruction. Insurance is expensive, and most cannot afford to pay high premiums. The most affected people are those who are in the low-income brackets, and yet they live in areas that have no protection against the storms because the natural protection was destroyed by human activities and climate changes (Howell and Huhn 1). Likewise, in Kivalina, the erosion of the coastal lands has led to fear and uncertainty among the people as the environment they depend on for their livelihood changes before their own eyes and the changes are negative. The seasons for harvesting have changed, and anyone not keen to note the changes may miss the harvesting season. The village depends on fishing and hunting. Hence, relocating them would affect them adversely economically (“Coastal erosion” 1). Moreover, moving the communities from both areas to a safer place is very costly, and there are inadequate funds available to undertake that kind of a task. Consequently, both communities have to come up with ways to protect their coastal lands from further destruction and mitigate the damage already done. They require the help of the government and the corps to take measures that will protect the coastal lands as opposed to temporally ones that work only for a while as the damage continues. Unfortunately, the government does not finance the relocation project because of the high costs involved. On the other hand, the impact of the erosion of coastal lands developing world and third world countries is greater than in the developed world, yet those governments lack funds and proper policies to protect their coastal lands. The gains achieved in fights against poverty in developing and third world countries risks being reversed by coastal erosion as livelihoods of many people are destroyed. Likewise, many people living in coastal lands in Louisiana and Kivalina will be pu