ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Stakeholder Management One of the essential elements of project management is the necessity to establish, develop, and regulate relationships between all individuals involved in a project. In general, any project management inevitably needs the identifying of stakeholders, the analysis of their impact on the project, the examination of communication strategies, and the management of stakeholder expectations. Effective management of stakeholder expectations implies that all project requirements are determined and aligned, and all potential risks are identified and elaborated. It is evidence of the project’s sustainability and the main component of a healthy project environment. There are several significant steps to the efficient management of stakeholder requirements that inevitably determine project requirements. First of all, the identifying of stakeholders that are involved in the execution of the project is obligatory. Stakeholders may either positively or negatively affect the project in the dependence on their personalities and requirements. In addition, it is crucial to specify the stakeholders’ preferable method of communication to ensure their awareness and satisfaction. Every concerned person may have his or her own favorite way of interaction, and the wrong or non-preferred method may cause stakeholders’ frustration, distrust, and certitude that their requirements were not heard. To avoid this, stakeholders should be engaged in the process of decision-making and the project’s elaboration and execution by questioning them to receive feedback. Questions to stakeholders are a highly accurate, reliable, and meanwhile simple way to manage their expectations as well. These people should be asked how they estimate the project’s potential and prospects of success; this point is immeasurably substantial as various stakeholders have different definitions of success. Some of them regard meeting the deadline without delays as their priority while others focus on the functionality of a product or the safety of its manufacture. Determination of Requirements The identified stakeholders for the WPI Project of the Clay Oven’s implementation are a client (the sponsor of a project, Vance “Smokey” Wilson), student groups, and the administration of the WPI Campus that serves as the facility host. The sponsor expresses a high interest in the project and activel
Abstract The discovery of the potential of radionuclides in the management of medical conditions has seen an increase in the use of radionuclides in medical facilities. In addition, numerous studies are carried out to find new cures and improve the efficiency of available radioactive therapies. Consequently, there is an increase in the production of radioactive waste, which poses numerous hazards to patients, radiation workers, and the environment. The National Regulatory Commission along with federal agencies oversees the use of radionuclides and the management of the ensuing waste. As a result, policies that ensure the safety of all involved parties have been set. The effective management of radioactive waste from medical facilities involves proper education and the provision of the appropriate facilities in the medical facilities that handle radioactive waste. Introduction Radioactive waste can be defined as the spin-offs of reactions that emit radionuclides. Hospitals and clinics extensively use radioactive isotopes for investigative and restorative purposes. Consequently, these establishments spawn voluminous quantities of waste that are considered harmful bearing in mind the obvious possibility of transmission of infections. It is estimated that health facilities release approximately two kilograms of waste per bed daily (Khan et al. 40). On average, about 80% of the waste poses no threat while 10% is infectious. The remaining fraction does not cause infection although it is harmful. Increasing incidences of viral infections such as hepatitis and HIV/AIDS have led to increased concerns on the management of hospital waste. Consequently, numerous policies have been developed to ensure secure and reliable methods of waste disposal are used. The advancement in medical technology has seen the increased use of radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions. The commonly used isotopes in the medical field include Carbon-14, the three isotopes of Iodine (123, 125, and 130), Technetium-99m, Fluorine-18, and Tritium (Khan et al. 40). In addition, thousands of studies involving nuclear medicine continue to be performed all over the world. This paper discusses the types of medical radioactive waste generated in hospitals, regulations governing the management of radioactive waste, and facilities that handle radioactive waste. Types of Medical Radioactive Waste Generated in Hospitals Waste from health facilities causes two classes of hazards, which are classified as radiological and non-radiological hazards. Radiological hazards include the exposure of individuals to lethal doses of radioactive radiation. Non-radiological hazards, on the other hand, are further grouped into physical, chemical, infectious, and explosive hazards. Physical dangers include the possibility of bodily injuries such as cuts and bruises from medical equipment while chemical injuries include the possibility of undesirable chemical reactions from the mixing of incompatible wastes. Biological waste or biohazards are medica
Introduction The film “Stand by me” by Rob Reiner is an adventurous drama. Since the target audience of the film includes youth and teenagers, its script is written in a light-hearted manner. The story is told in the first person singular, which points to the narrative mode of discourse. In addition, there are implications of descriptive writing in the script. Concerning the structure of the plot, the author uses a flashback, returning to the events in the past. The syntactic structure of the script suggests using mostly short simple sentences, exclamations, addressing, etc. Language use The most impressive feature of the script to the film is its specific word choice. The words of author (who is an older person) are expressed with normative language, which is done with the purpose of creating a respective image for the author. On the contrary, the diction of characters’ language is informal; it expresses different emotions, which in this case are mostly negative. The informal style tools include numerous contractions, such as: I’ve, what’ve, gonna, gimme, drinkin’, won’t, ya. The unofficial style is also realized through the constant use of informal language, e.g.: bucks, shut up, kid, tits, ass, okay. In addition, the author uses a lot of swear words, namely: shit, fuckin’, asshole, bung-wipe, goddamn, pussy, bullshit, etc. There are also various exclamations, such as oh gee, yeah, oh, aw, nah, aha, hmmm heyyyy, umm, uh-uh, etc. All these devices make the script informal and comprehensive for young people. While talking about the language use of the script, it is worth mentioning that there is not much figurative language used. This can be explained by the realistic and partially naturalistic approach to the narration, which implies the description of events and settings in details, and avoids lyrical tone. However, there are some examples of use of metaphor, specifically: before my mom puts me on the Ten Most Wanted list; fall back man; pile of shit (regarding a person). Among the other devices of th
Introduction Our modern society can be considered a result of a long evolution that started with the emergence of the first civilized communities. In the course of development, they faced multiple problems and challenges that shaped their mentalities, formed culture, and resulted in the appearance of particular ways of living. Every period of history left a unique heritage that contributed to critical changes in our ways of thinking and promoted different cultural phenomena. The ancient world gave rise to classic philosophy represented by such famous thinkers as Socrates, Aristotle, Plato; Roman Empire altered the whole civilized world by cultivating its culture and law (it is still used in the majority of European countries), while Eastern states fostered the growth of sciences. However, not only this period is characterized by significant shifts in mentalities. The Middle Ages should also be considered a critical stage in societys development. For this reason, the given paper is devoted to the comprehensive investigation of the Late Middle Ages as the era characterized by multiple meaningful events. General Characteristics The Late Medieval period is the term used to determine the period from 1300 to 1500 AD in European history. There are several reasons for such periodization and the introduction of a separate term for these years. The fact is that the era of continuous growths and development peculiar to medieval Europe had ended by 1300 AD 1 . The people of this region faced a wave of plagues including the sadly remembered Black Death that significantly reduced population and preconditioned the emergence of irreversible changes in culture, industry, and economy 2 . Devastation, hunger, and weakening of power resulted in a chain of peasant uprisings in England, France, and other developed regions 3 . Finally, the unity of the Catholic church was significantly damaged by the Western Schism that forced its split and emergence of serious religious debates about the nature of faith, rituals, and the role of the church in t
Introduction eBay is one of the most successful companies in the online retail industry. The company provides a platform that enables individuals and businesses to sell and purchase efficiently. The company owes its success to excellent marketing strategies that have enabled it to identify and to satisfy the needs of online buyers and sellers. This paper will provide a detailed analysis of eBay’s case study. It will begin with a SWOT analysis of the company. This will be followed by analysis of the company’s success and fee structure. Based on these analyses, recommendations will be made to enable the company to expand its operations. SWOT Analysis Strengths First, eBay has different pricing options that suit the needs of each buyer and seller. The buyers can choose between negotiating and paying the prices offered by the sellers. The pricing system improves customer satisfaction by enabling buyers to get the best deal, whereas sellers benefit from high profit margins. Second, eBay has a huge customer base. This will enable it to increase its profits in future. Third, the company has put in place measures to ensure trust between buyers and sellers. The resulting improvement in customers’ confidence enables the company to attract and retain new clients. Finally, the company has invested in related businesses such as PayPal and Skype. These businesses generate more revenue for the company and enable customers to use its services easily. Weaknesses First, the company depends on transaction fees as its main source of revenue. This exposes it to the risk of making losses if competition results into a reduction in transaction fees. Second, eBay has no control over the products on its site. Thus, it cannot use its marketing initiatives to increase sales on its website in order to improve its revenue. Opportunities Rapid economic growth in emerging markets such as China is an opportunity to the company to expand its operations. In addition, technological advancements such as video conferencing, social media, and increased use of smartphones provide growth opportunities to eBay. The company can use these technologies to reach more customers, thereby increasing its market share. Threats eBay faces the following threats in the industry. To begin with, the company is facing increased competition from large and well funded companies such as Google. eBay is likely to lose its customers to its competitors if it cannot improve its competitiveness. In addition, high competition is likely to reduce revenues, which in turn will reduce the company’s profits. Declining economic growth is another major threat that the company is facing. A recession in major markets such as the US and Europe will have a negative impact on the company’s earnings. eBay’s Success The factors that explain the success of eBay include the following. First, the company has an effective marketing strategy. eBay collaborates with customers who advise it on the markets to serve and how to improve its services. The collaborative approach to
Introduction Misogyny is the prejudice, aversion to, and hatred against women. Gender-based and patriarchal cultures determine the relationship between women and men, men and men, and women and women that promote inequality and social status. Gender-based abuse has been highly generated by violence. Various cultural, political, and economic factors promote gender-based violence. The paper aims to analyze the relationship between gender-based violence and mass murder, along with masculinity and gender roles in society. Misogyny An integral part of gender violence is misogyny – an extreme degree of negative attitude towards women, a means of justifying discriminatory practices affecting women. It is “hostility and aggression directed toward women at least partly, although not necessarily purely, because of their gender” (Manne 2017, 49). For instance, while feminist writer Lindy West interviewed a man, he said, “when you talked about being proud of who you are and where you are and where you’re going, that kind of stoked that anger that I had” (Oliver 2016, 51). One of the reasons for forming a negative attitude towards females can be their objectification, when a person is perceived as an item. It arises from their negative labeling due to the functioning of the binary principle. One of the options of the consumer attitude towards a woman may be her depreciation. In this case, the value of a female as a used or worthless object decreases sharply. Mass Murder An extreme form of gender-based violence is femicide, meaning killing females because of their gender. An example is “at the University of Mary Washington, Grace Rebecca Mann was harassed via social media, and eventually murdered for speaking out against fraternities that encouraged rape” (Oliver 2016, 88). Therefore, examples of gender-related homicide could be rape-murders, crimes resulting from intimate partner violence, so-called honor killings, and deaths caused by destructive practices and neglect. As a rule, gender-related killings are not isolated cases that occur suddenly and unexpectedly. Such kinds of crime are considered manifestations of a combination of gender discrimination and violence. While these demonstrations vary, they all involve the deprivation of socio-political and economic opportunities for women and the systematic disregard for female’s equal right to enjoy human rights. Masculinity Sexist and patriarchal views promote violence by ensuring superiority and men’s dominance in society. Moreover, prejudice, masculinity, gender stereotypes, and socialization of gender are other cultural factors that promote gender violence. It is caused by “a culture that encourages men to feel entitled to women’s bodies, where masculinity is tied to dominating women” (Oliver 2016, 70). Such an attitude results in the situation when unconscious, vulnerable women can become victims of serial rapists. As a real-life example, “the same is true of the Steubenville (Ohio) case where high school football players ass
Advantages and disadvantages of debt financing A new business venture requires finance throughout its operation. A firm usually raises money for working capital requirements and also for making capital expenditures. It usually achieves this by selling debentures, bonds, bills, or promissory notes. Sometimes they seek financial assistance from outside companies or other organizations for raising additional capital. They could also decide to approach the public through IPO’s (Initial Public Offerings). Financing decisions need to be made by the company according to the characteristics of their financial needs and repayment capabilities. The organization should choose the right financing strategy according to their company’s rules, policies, and regulatory norms. They can either go for debt financing or they can seek equity finance. Or they could seek a judicious blend between the two. First of all, it is necessary to discuss what debt and equity financing are, and how they could impinge upon the company’s financial structure and professed objectives. Debt financing Fundamentally, debt financing means borrowing money from outside sources under the condition that it will be repaid at a fixed period of time in the future usually for a definite rate of interest. The term debt means money that is owed to somebody else. There are many advantages as far as debt financing is considered. The biggest advantage is that the lending person will not get any ownership of the loanee business so that maximum control can be retained over the business by present owners. The commitment to the lending party would be in terms of having to repay the debt on schedule in time with fixed interest. Another advantage of debt financing is that it is tax-deductible. Debt financing has got many disadvantages also. The main disadvantage is that the business could not use its entire cash to run the business and also from the interesting point of view which might be higher in most of the cases. The firm may even sometimes lose future flexibility due to enforcement of equity ownership and resultant dilution of share ownership. Debt financing Debt financing can be broadly divided into two broad categories according to the type of debt that is being searched for. It includes long-term or short-term financing. The long term finance
Introduction Humanity cannot live without art, just as art is impossible without humans. Frank et al. note that “the desire to draw is as natural as desire to talk” (99). It is safe to say that humankind’s technological development and social processes are inevitably reflected in all forms and works of art. A striking example of this is the emergence of photography as a category of art after the invention of the camera. As a phenomenon of the Art Nouveau era, it met with fierce criticism from traditional artists but was eventually accepted as an art form. Nowadays, photography is one of the most thriving and lively arts, which digital technologies and editing software have dramatically advanced. The purpose of this paper is to explain that photography is not its conceptual adversary but a continuation of traditional drawing and that the former shares a common genesis with the latter, namely the artists’ motivation. Photography Pioneers’ Motivation Photography was an innovative and rapidly developing technology in the late 1800s and the first half of the 20th century. It was perceived by the public and representatives of the traditional arts as just a mechanism. However, public prejudice has not stopped enthusiastic artists from using new devices to create prints. One of the functions of fine art before the Industrial Revolution was the most accurate and authentic depiction of reality. According to Frank et al., “in the Western world especially, drawing has often been a key medium for recording events and improving skills” (97). Photography allowed artists not only to capture moments of reality without developing the skill of printmaking but also to change and supplement it in the process of photographing through lighting, posing, and exposure. The pioneers of photography, such as Alfred Stieglitz, were excited by photo cameras and saw a new meaning beyond the mechanism. Costello notes that “Stieglitz clearly believed that enlightened opinion had moved beyond this caricature by the end of the nineteen century” (6). It is what attracted photography enthusiasts at the time. Alfred Stieglitz’s Equivalent Alfred Stieglitz was the flagship of photographic art. The things that have always inspired him were clouds (Stanley 185). One of his best-known prints on the subject of clouds is Equivalent (Stieglitz). Through this print, he tries to convey the emotions of the moment he experienced in all its details (Stieglitz). He skillfully uses light and shadow to embellish details and the magnitude of the texture. Another technique he applies is chiaroscuro; he also manipulates value. Through them, the artist conveys the movement of the clouds and catches the beholders’ eyes or, simply put, focuses their attention. Although his work and contribution to art now have a generally recognized status, his contemporaries criticized him back then. According to Oden, “even some of the original members of the Photo-Secession group turned against Stieglitz.” One of the reasons why the pioneers of ph
Purposes of Stock Exchange Introducing stock exchange in the economic system opened up a series of possibilities, which are mirrored in the functions that stock exchange has in the world of finance. These functions are numerous but the most important ones are:  1. The possibility for an established or developing business to accumulate large amounts of money in short time by selling shares to the public. This can be achieved by going public, establishing corporate partnership, venture capital, etc.  2. A particularly important function of stock exchange is its ability to mobilize savings, and incite people to invest. It is well-known that having large sums of money extracted from the flows of capital in the form of savings is very bad for the economy; therefore, stock exchange opens up the possibility for people to invest their savings with the hope that their investment will pay off.  3. Once a business raises enough money, it becomes much easier to develop its assets. So, another important function of the stock exchange is that it boosts the growth of companies.  4. The fourth purpose of the stock exchange is profit sharing. This purpose is mirrored in the fact that people who are ready to invest can hope for big profits from their investments if the business starts to develop. On the other hand, they also take the risk of experiencing a loss in case the company bankrupts.  5. The fact that the stock exchange enables many people to have their share in the company forces management to take their ideas into account. Therefore, management is constantly open to new ideas, which is very beneficial for the business.  6. Finally, the prices of stocks are reliable signs of the state in which the economy of a country is.  7. In addition, the government can issue bonds, which are a type of shares, in order to allocate funds for big projects of national importance – roads, sewage systems, etc. (Diamond, 1967) Companies selling different types of securities Firstly, an example of a company that offers ordinary shares is Bluglass, whose ASX code is BLG (BLUGLASS LIMITED). With its headquarters in Sydney, this company does research and development in the field of semiconducting materials. Semiconducting materials are used for the production of light-emitting diodes, also known as LEDs, and solar cells. These devices are essential parts of almost every modern digital gadget. Bluglass is a company famous for its devotion to the green industry and environmental protection. They take special care to produce less technological waste, and when compared to their competitors, they use much lower temperatures in their production process. In addition, they achieve all this, while at the same time succeeding to maintain low producti