ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction People decide either to cope with culture or create their rules to determine their destiny. Culture occupies a significant part of everybody’s life. The comparison between making up one’s mind and flowing with the system is critical to understanding culture. Common Themes from Early Researchers Many researchers have tried to describe the role of tradition in individual and societal settings. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck began by stating that there are “limited problems that are similar across all groups with limited solutions” (Nardon & Steers, 2006, p. 5). They developed five value orientations. Different cultures are distinct because of their values (Reisinger & Crotts, 2009). Some cultures place a high value on ambiguity while others value certainty. Hall emphasized the need for interpersonal communication in his study. He also considered people’s personal space and time (Nardon & Steers, 2006). The seven dimensions of relationships can be divided into two. The subjective view of relationships is of great importance here. There is a motivation that helps people make decisions either collectively or individually. Individual and cultural decisions are independent of each other in concept. The GLOBE study focused on the regional approach to culture. Common Themes in Comparison Relationship with the Environment Some models concentrate on the way individuals control circumstances in their lives while others teach that one can still succeed in the environment without having to change it. In the process, the theme helps to understand the societal goal. It explains the reason for determining the way society works. First, the concern of the study is to find how humans interact with nature. There are various cultural types in the study. The ‘mastery’ culture gives individuals the power to decide what they want and how they want it in their lives (Reisinger & Crotts, 2009). Subjugation cultures give nature the power over people’s lives. The harmony culture makes people work in tandem with nature to bring peace. The second dimension gives people the freedom to strive for their goals. In this category, there are ‘being’ cultures that help to express the natural human personality traits. ‘Becoming’ culture seeks to develop the individual as a whole. ‘Doing’ cultures make people work within the scope of the environment to produce accomplishments (Nardon & Steers, 2006). Social Organizations Some cultures are centered around their success on group participation while others see success in individual efforts (Nardon & Steers, 2006). The description of these organizations is based on two terms; individualisti
Abstract Roy’s translation of “Plum in the Golden Vase” shows that, in the 16 th century China, wealth, social exploits, and social relations gained a man social power. Social power was not the making of a man, but a social resource attained through monetary wealth, large household and higher lifestyle. This Ximen Qing exemplifies this through his increase of wealth through his businesses, social relations he acquires as he climbs the social ladder, large household with numerous wives, concubines, servants, relatives, and sexual exploits from the local whom-house to the imperial court. Ximen Qing’s Sex, Wealth, and Power In Jin Ping Mei , the reader is introduced to money, power, and sex in the 16 th century China’s society. “ The Plum in the Golden Vase ” is a Chinese narrative masterpiece, which depicts an immoral Chinese society that is very different from the Confucian Chinese society. The story runs for 100 chapters in David T. Roy’s translation. The story is a rich construct of poems, songs, and drama, which portray Chinese history and culture. The author uses the fate of one man, Ximen Qing and his household to describe the society in the 16 th century (Horner, 1994). The reader is introduced to the rich Chinese “material medica” merchant, with social and capital connections, and with an establishment of several wives and concubines, numerous servants and relatives (Horner, 1994). Ximen Qing’s voracious sexual appetites described in a realm of sexual activities, exemplify sex in this society. This essay extracts examples from the novel to support the premise that Jin Ping Mei sells sex to the reader. Power and social progress in the 16 th century China are exemplified by Ximen Qing’s acquisition of monetary wealth, large household, and higher lifestyle. Lifestyle in this case is depicted by the rich Chinese festivals Ximen Qing attends, architecture of his house, clothing, furnishing, and sex aids (Chan and Owen, 2010). The growth of his social power through the Chinese society is seen not only in wealth acquisition, but also in his ability to enjoy the sexual thrills of the 16 th century China. Ximen Qing’s power increases as he progresses from enjoying sex aids from the local whom-house to enjoying sexual exploits of the imperial court (Horner, 1994). Ximen Qing gains social power, which in the 16 th century China is depicted in his ability to gain acquaintances, family, and build a social circle from top to bottom. Ximen Qing’s powerful social circle entails high officials, wealthy merchants, menservants, shopkeepers, doctors, educators, entertainers, women from all social stations and stages of life. Ximen Qing gains power by climbing the social class using wealth and his title as a prosperous businessperson (Cahn and Owen, 2010). Power is gained through the different s
Introduction The interaction of nurses with their colleagues, patients, and other healthcare professionals improves when they have excellent communication skills. Every nurse is a leader with significant influence on the relations and productivity of healthcare facilities’ staff. Their tasks, including delivering services to patients, negotiating, and exchanging information with other healthcare workers, involve communication. The latter is a fundamental aspect of high-quality nursing care since it facilitates achieving their goals, sharing patients’ experiences and concerns, and upholding healthcare values. Assertiveness in nurse professionals’ communication improves quality of care due to effective relationships with patients, families, and healthcare providers. Definition and Background Information of Assertive Communication Assertiveness in communication is an important aspect necessary to all leaders, irrespective of their industries. According to Weiss and Tappen (2014), assertive communication refers to individuals’ ability to express their ideas, both positive and negative, and feelings about something or a situation in an honest, open, and direct way. Being assertive in communication allows people to recognize their rights while still respecting those of other individuals (Mansour et al., 2020). Assertive communication skills allow people to be responsible for themselves and their actions without blaming or judging others. The application of assertiveness has been increasing significantly over the decades. According to Omura et al. (2018), American psychologists Salter and Wolpe introduced assertiveness training in the 1950s as a form of behavioral therapy. It was then promoted as a means of protecting individuals and human rights from the 1970s by the civil rights movements. Since then, more fields, including healthcare, have adopted assertiveness training in communication. Assertive communication skills in healthcare professionals benefit them and play a significant role in patients’ well-being. Initially, training of healthcare providers in assertiveness focused on their self-esteem, job satisfaction, well-being, and workplace relations. However, healthcare institutions recognize assertive communication training as an integral strategy for addressing increasing concerns regarding a high number of errors in treatments (Omura et al., 2018). Therefore, assertiveness communication training improves nurses and doctors’ communication skills as well as patients’ safety and treatment outcomes. Assertive communication accentuates three important aspects, including confidence, clarity, and control. The first aspect, confidence, requires healthcare professionals to believe in their ability to handle situations. The second one, clarity, emphasizes communicating a non-contradictory message, easier for everyone to understand. Finally, the last aspect requires that individuals communicate their thoughts and ideas in a calm and controlled way (Omura et al., 2018). These feature
Over the years Hollywood has experienced significant social changes especially in the perception and depiction of women in the film industry. Most American films including the Wild West films presented women as sexual objects to be used by men. During the 1960s when Hollywood films became extremely violent women were always depicted as weak victims (Horton, 2009). Consequently, films with a strong depiction of feminism began to emerge as a way to ensure that women actors were represented fairly. In addition, there was the need to reach out to the female audience especially after developments in the film industry that allowed private viewing (Newton, p. 271). Girlfriends manage to bring about social change not through outright demand of equal rights, but by reaching out to women audiences and by emphasizing the need to be sensitive and mindful of women characters (Lahiji, 2012). Alison Butler observes Claudia Weill’s movie Girlfriends as one of the small groups of films that “revisit the women’s picture from the perspective of 1970s feminism” (p.36). Claudia Weill alongside such Jewish women filmmakers as Susan Seidelman, Jill Godmilow, Mirra Bank and Donna Deitch is the pioneer in women’s realistic portrayal in filmmaking (Hyman and Moore, p.446). Patricia Erens takes into account the achievements of Jewish women in the film industry. The struggle of Jewish women for recognition is one of the burning issues nowadays. It should be noted that the screen script for Girlfriends was written by the Jewish writer Polan. Claudia Weill was one of the most famous Jewish women directors who has made a great contribution to the realistic depiction of women in modern movies (Erens, 2012). Girlfriends are considered to be both “woman-directed and an overtly feminist film” (“New Women’s Cinema and the Buddy Movie”). The success of this film is obliged to the realistic technique of Claudia Weill on the one hand and the good performance of Melanie Mayron on the other hand (Anderson, 2012). There are a lot of other films which are called by Haskell as “trickle of feminist-inspired movies”: A Woman Under the Influence (John Cassavetes, 1974), Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore (Martin Scorcese, 1975), The Turning Point (Herbert Ross, 1977), An Unmarried Woman (Paul Mazursky, 1978) and others (Nash, p.17). Claudia Weill’s Girlfriends may be the subject for the separate research as far as this is one of the first films touched upon a feminist problem and depicts women from a realistic point of view. Weill covers three burning issues in her realistic movie: the problems of relationships with men, the importance of friendships between women and the difficulties of combining these things with holding down a job (Butler, p. 37). The sincere display of all sides of the relationships, both good and bad allows the female audience to relate with the movie’s characters. On the other hand, the movie also evokes sympathy from the male audience. The realism in this sense allows the female to identify with the characters in th
Introduction The mandate of any criminal justice system is to aid in the enforcement of moral and ethical demeanor in society. The justice system is mandated to bring order in the society by establishing correctional measures to the offenders and to sanction punishments to those involved in felonious acts. The employees of the criminal justice system are assigned a delicate duty of inspiring the society to observe a proper ethical rubric as mandated by the constitution (Kania & Davis, 2011). Society and the conduct of the justice system employees The society has absolute rights to expect high standards of conduct from the employees of the criminal justice system. The logic in this expectation is understandable in both legal and moral sense (Pollock, 2009). If the justice system employees are engaged in initiating moral, ethical templates in the society, then it is only fair that they too adhere to these standards. The need to be a reflection of whatever they “advocate” for is indeed, very imperative (Kang, Kim & Lee, 2009). Why should society have high expectations of the employees of the justice system? Members of the justice system are equal members of the community, just like the non-employees of the justice system. They, too, have an inherent responsibility to hold high, the ethical standards as enshrined in the canons of the land. The society does not expect these employees to be above the law; these employees must fully adhere to the societal conventions, the normative responsibilities, and the constitutional regulations in the community (Pollock, 2009). Sexual conduct and use of alcohol are very salient ethical issues that the employees of the justice system must safeguard themselves. These employees must elevate themselves against such amatory acts that defile their integrity and dignity. The employees of the justice system must gravely watch against these moral and ethical issues relating to gender and sexual probity issues (Pollock, 2009). Significance of oversight boards for criminal justice The establishment of community oversight boards is an affirmation of the interests of the community in the issues of the justice system. The institution of this oversight board has helped in linking the employees to the other members of society. The oversight board has helped to demystify the misconception that the employees of the criminal justice system are to be treated with much reverence. The board has provided the missing link between the other members of the society and the criminal justice system (Kania & Davis, 2011). The criminal justice system engages in correctional measures of the offenders who are later integrated into the society at the end of their punishment; in this regard, the oversight board has a well-defined role, they are engaged in the advisory role of supervising the integration of such individuals into the society (Kania & Davis, 2011). The board manages the whole process of supervising the inclusion of those who are incarcerated. The boards provide independent supervision
On Saturday, April 27, 2013, I have been to Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto at Pasadena Symphony. The Spanish brilliant musician Jose Luis Gomez conducted this concert. He was born in Venezuela. Gomez started his music career as a violinist. At the age of 11 years old he became Concertmaster of the Youth Orchestra of Zulia State – part of El Sistema de Orquestas Juveniles de Venezuela. Lu Jia, Muhai Tang and John Nelson taught him. After only six months of study, he participated in Georg Solti competition and won it. Critics say that he knows how to emphasize the sounds of orchestra with the help of rhythmic oscillations and illuminating pauses. He offers listener an interpretation of his own using his experience of an orchestral violinist. Many listeners describe him as musically vibrant conductor. Chee-Yun was a main violin. She is the winner of the 1989 Young Concert Artists International Auditions and the 1990 Avery Fisher Career Grant. She regularly performs with the world’s most famous orchestras. Among them are Philadelphia Orchestra, the London Philharmonic, and the Toronto, Houston, Seattle, Pittsburgh and National symphony orchestras. Chee-Yun has a flawless, utterly secure and wonderful technique and extraordinary talent. She is a born performer, self-confident, deeply passionate and brilliantly artistic instrumentalist. Chee-Yun has a smooth, rich and dazzling tone. She toured with the Haifa Symphony, the Hong Kong Philharmonic, Germany’s Braunschweig Orchestra and the MDR Radio Leipzig. Her releases in the Denon label include Mendelssohn’s E Minor Violin Concerto, Vieuxtemps’ Violin Concerto No. 5, Lalo’s Symphonie Espagnole, and Saint-Saëns’ Violin Concerto No. 3, with the London Philharmonic, etc. The composer-in-residence and conductor was Peter Boyer. He is among the most frequently performing composers in the US. He has over 300 public performances. Conductor Keith Lockhart chose Boyer for the Boston Pops 125th anniversary commission. It was arranged to honor the legacy of John, Robert and Ted Kennedy. Robert De Niro, Morgan Freeman, Ed Harris, and Cherry Jones narrated the premiere of Boyer’s The Dream Lives On: A Portrait of the Kennedy Brothers . He created a centerpiece for the An American Salute: The Boston Pops at 125. It won a Boston/New England Emmy Award. Boyer was appointed as comp
Protestant reforms brought about turmoil in the 16 th century that accelerated changes in Europe. These changes paved way for modern movements, values and institutions that emerged from capitalism that introduced new attitudes towards profit and money in the society. The new perspectives provided Europe a new place in the world as an age of exploration and innovation arose in the society. Innovations that changed the social order of European society were like the printing press, improved sailing ships, gunpowder and navigation techniques, which enabled people to travel further and explore more (Butler 1). The changes in social order seen in Western Europe will be discussed in terms of the expectations of the nobles and peasants. After Martin Luther and protestant reformers denounced and broke away from the wealth and corruption of the Catholic Church, Western Europe awoke to a new social order. Nobles, who had enjoyed privileges of their high social class, saw a decline in position. Nobles like the king’s knights who enjoyed supremacy due to their armor and skills faced challenges from the rise of peasant pikemen, who were armed with gunpowder, longbows and cannon fire (Butler 1). Cannons and gunpowder was accessible to the lower classes from China, as they were able to explore distant lands with the use of improved navigational charts and better sailing ships. Social changes also occurred in terms of a total decline in the Nobles’ status and power. This is because, reformers brought about the need for the abandonment of wealth and corruption (Geoffrey 10). This meant that reformers sought social, economic and religious freedom for peasants away from the dictatorship and corruption of the nobles. This implied that peasants were able to buy their freedom and own land like their Nobles did. Nobles’ economic and social status declined in the process, since peasants began paying for fixed rents of land rather than labor. This meant a decline of income for nobles as the fixed rents were lower in value than labor. Additionally, Europe saw increased economic power of the lower social classes, as they received increased income from the produce obtained from working on their land, rather than working for landlords (Butler 1). As nobles declined in economic power, they lost the ability to manage their lands. In the process, many Nobles lost property to wealthier lower class citizens who arose to become the new influential middle classes. Protestant reformations also introduced
Introduction The comprehensive model for diagnosing organization systems is a mechanism intended for addressing problems that may exist in different environments. The model is intended for “uncovering the causes of specific problems by focusing on understanding effective processes before assessing the overall functions of the organization or department” (Salem & Yusof, 2013, p. 620). In this assignment, the model will be used for assessing three levels of an organization: individual, group, and organizational in the context of discussing the previous occupation. These three levels will allow understanding which aspects of a previous job were positive and which brought more challenges than expected. Main body The previous occupation to be subjected to the analysis is a job in the retail industry as a sales associate. At the organization level, the design components include the following: strategy, technology, culture, human resource systems, and measurement systems. The following is the breakdown of the degrees of satisfaction with each design components:   * Strategy: 5;   * Technology: 4;   * Culture: 4;   * Human resource systems: 2;   * Measurement systems: 2. The results presented above suggest that the work of a sales associate heavily relies on the strategy, about which the employees are instructed in the beginning. Following a strict corporate culture and using technologies to enhance everyday tasks was especially beneficial. However, employees were not managed fairly nor did their accomplishments were measured and rewarded appropriately. At the group level, the design components include task structure, group composition, group norms, team functioning, and goal clarity. The breakdown for the satisfaction levels for each of the mentioned components is the following:   * Task structure: 4;   * Group composition: 2;   * Group norms: 2;   * Team functioning: 2;   * Goal clarity: 2. The competition between employees in the retail setting was very high, that is why the levels of satisfaction with the design components at the group level are low. The task structure was the most appreciated component because it was clear what to do: help customers and make a set number of sales per week. However, the group composition was poor along with the other three components: each worker was only concerned with his or her success and was not interested in collaboration and working as a team. At the individual level, design components include skill variety, task identity, autonomy, task significance, and feedback about results. The breakdown of satisfaction levels for the mentioned components is below:   * Skill variety: 5;   * Task identity: 3;   * Autonomy: 5;   * Task significance: 3;   * Feedback about results: 2. The skills necessary to be an effective sales assistant varied significantly: it was required to be proficient in technologies, communicate with clients, and convince them to buy a product. In this work, autonomy was highly valued