ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Summary The article under consideration presents a discovery made by a multinational team in Abydos, Egypt. The archeologists from the US combined their efforts with local specialists to uncover the world’s oldest brewery, which held cultural significance (“World’s Oldest Industrial-Scale Brewery”). The site was previously excavated by the UK in the 20th century, but the finding’s importance was underestimated (“World’s Oldest Industrial-Scale Brewery”). The current project began in 2018, and the results were reported in 2021 (“World’s Oldest Industrial-Scale Brewery”). The brewery was approximately dated to 3000 BCE, and its production scale is believed to be unrivaled (“World’s Oldest Industrial-Scale Brewery”). The building’s proximity to the royal necropolis implies that beer had a ritualistic significance, which is supported by the jars found in the accompanying enclosures (“World’s Oldest Industrial-Scale Brewery”). The discovery is important for understanding the First Dynasty’s traditions and highlighting ancient Egypt’s labor potential later seen in pyramid construction. The Analysis The article connects to the readings on anthropology in several ways. First of all, American archeologists from New York University (NYU) and Princeton University collaborated with Egyptian colleagues, exhibiting ethical behavior (Kottak 68). Second, the employed strategy was excavation, although its impact was probably minimized due to being the second attempt at a site where digging is common (Kottak 61). Third, the involved archeologists belong to the classical branch, as they are associated with the Institute of Fine Arts and study Egypt (Kottak 62). However, the finding was not of purely architectural value to them, as it also presented some social facts about ancient Egypt (Kottak 62). Fourth, while the article does not mention the dating method, it could be relative, as the provided year is approximate (Kottak 63). Fifth, the brewery serves as an example of an industry that became prominent once a state was established, and its construction would probably be impossible without the enslaved class (Kottak 222). Lastly, the discovery strengthens the authenticity of ancient Egypt’s built environment, which remains subject to conspiracies (Kottak 217). Overall, the article is consistent with many points learned from the course. The Questions  1. Why does the finding hold some importance now compared to 100 years ago when it was discovered by British archeologists and who benefits from the discovery?  2. Considering that the article fails to mention any Egyptian specialist in the title, the body (referring to the colleagues generally), and the author line, what does it say about the US side upholding ethical principles? Works Cited Kottak, Conrad P. Anthropology: Appreciating Human Diversity . 18th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2017. “World’s Oldest Industrial-
Introduction Conflict is one of the many phenomena that characterize a society. It is important to note that it is hard to find a society that exists without conflicts in one form or the other. However, the nature of the conflicts, as well as their intensity, varies from one society to the other. Also, the way societies respond to those conflicts does vary. For example, some societies have put in place elaborate alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. On their part, others let the conflicts fizzle out by themselves. People will always be engaged in one dispute or another. Due to such phenomena, different societies have come up with various avenues through which disputes can be resolved. While discussing such happenings in society, Gad Barzilai, a scholar in this field, introduces the element of justice as an underlying principle in resolving disputes. What Barzilai is trying to say is that justice must be seen to prevail when the disputes are resolved. All the parties involved in the dispute must feel that justice was done. The current paper is written against this backdrop. To this end, the author of this paper examines justice systems that are used in resolving disputes in England and Wales. An effective resolution of conflict ensures that justice prevails. In this regard, Barzilai regards justice as a perception of fairness when it comes to the application of the law. In the context of this paper, disputes are expected to be resolved while ensuring that justice prevails. As already indicated, both parties should feel that justice was done. It is the only way that the conflict can be resolved amicably. If one party feels that they were treated unfairly, they may appeal the decision or do something else in quest for justice. The element of justice in dispute resolution can be applied in different systems for the main purpose of resolving disputes. The current paper relies on two justice systems as they are applied as mechanisms of dispute resolution. Justice systems, to this end, take the form of formal and informal systems. Over the years, societies have witnessed an increased preference for informal justice systems over the formal systems. The former is where the parties resolve the dispute outside the courts. Howeve
The ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland Spindlove and Simonsen (2013) state that political disputes are among the key causes of terrorism. The conflict in Northern Ireland, widely known as “The Troubles” is an example of how political opposition can result in violence and impact the lives of people all around the country. The conflict originated from the opposition of two political views: as the British Empire was rapidly dissolving, the nationalist republican groups of Ireland insisted on its separation from the United Kingdom, whereas the more conservative unionist group wished to remain part of the country (Edwards & McGrattan, 2012). Throughout the conflict, the main groups involved were the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), and the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) (Edwards & McGrattan, 2012). The first key event of the conflict was the 1968 march in Londonderry, which resulted in country-wide riots and clashes between the nationalist and the unionist groups, and the Belfast Agreement, concluded on 10th April 1998, in which the Ulster party and the IRA have finally reached an accord (Edwards & McGrattan, 2012). The Troubles lasted for thirty years, during which numerous attempts were made to achieve peace between the opposing groups. The agreement stipulated the limitation of British Armed Forces presence in the country and a reform of police forces (Edwards & McGrattan, 2012). Most importantly, however, the Agreement has set that Northern Ireland will remain a part of the United Kingdom (Edwards & McGrattan, 2012). I believe that this conflict is best treated as a series of terrorist actions, primarily due to the methods used by the groups and the effect that the conflict had on the neutral civilian population. Edwards and McGrattan (2012) outline that the use of impr
Introduction The Columnist’s Brown Bag case focuses on a brown bag lunch seminar that encouraged a free discussion with a prestigious newspaper’s columnist until one of the participants asked the speaker an uncomfortable question. The case demonstrates how conflicts of different viewpoints can cause a shift in a mood of a room full of people. Situations like this where an individual with a biased opinion carries his unhidden dislike into conversation with an individual representative of an organization are common in modern society. Such conflicts tend to make other people uncomfortable to witness the discussion’s process and significantly impact their mood. The Shift in the Climate of Discussion To examine the shift in the climate of the discussion, one needs to analyze the events that caused the shift. There are certain elements provided in the text of the case that predicted the conflict, or at least, the hostile attitude of the student who asked the last question. The text notes that the contradictory question arisen in the last ten minutes of discussion primarily consisted of open communication of the columnist with the audience. Thus, one could suggest that the student who proposed the uncomfortable question was well aware of the nature of the issue and strategically decided to wait until the end of the seminar. However, this could also mean that the student was willing to ask the question earlier or not participate but failed to resist the urge due to possible personal relation to the topic. The next segment states that the student was sitting at the back of the room, emphasizing that the student had negative intentions before the discussion. Additionally, the student made sure that all people in the room witnessed his conversation with the columnist by raising everyone’s attention by asking the question in a louder voice than anyone else. If only the student kept his regular speaking voice and did not force everyone in the room to focus on his question, the shift in the climate of the discussion would not be so prominent. The fact that a journalism professor decided to immediately interrupt the discussion and inset his remark prior to the guest’s speech indicated to other participants that something went wrong. The professor’s visible frustration with the question made the audience sympathize with him and look back at the challenger student. The student’s open hostility and the professor’s frustration, combined with the columnist’s vague explanation of the reasons for the newspaper’s delay of the editorial comment, created an urge of the audience to choose a side. The sudden urge to pick sides amidst of relaxed and almost reverent environment made the audience uncomfortable. The sudden urge to choose the right side of the discussion is explained by the third-party approach to interpersonal conflicts, which requires an individual to take a role. According to Schwabe and Gollwitzer (2020), there are five roles in total that the
The focal point of Housman’s illustration to the lines 123-127 of Christina Rossetti’s poem ‘Goblin Market’ is the main character, whose name is Laura. From all the secondary details the picture contains one sees that Laura is surrounded by goblins, who watch her very closely. The first thing to catch a viewer’s eye is the girl’s hand, reaching for her hair. Laura’s stretched neck and facial expressions indicate that she is not fond of what will happen next. At this point, one understands she is about to tear a strand of hair and this gesture is going to bring her severe pain. The directional force leads a viewer from the character’s tortured face and bent figure to all the silhouettes on top of the picture and at its right corner. The accretion of details, which evidences the Tractarian and Pre-Raphaelite influence of visual abundance on Housman’s manner of drawing, represents here a complex symbolism, meant to demonstrate the degree of desperation. It is clear, the girl has no choice, and she is forced to do what she finds wrong and unacceptable. She is driven to blank despair, and it seems to make goblins very pleased. One of the key details, found in the picture’s center, is the basket filled with fruits. It is rather symbolic to place it
Introduction This essay focuses on Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness. Brown and Levinson developed this theory in 1987.The theory focuses on politeness strategies between native and non-native speakers in the context of Brown and Levinson politeness theory. In this essay, I will apply this framework to one data one part of the dataset collected. The data is from two interviews, one with a native speaker and one with a non native speaker. I have chosen this sort of data because it fits within the parameters of my framework and it has not been the subject of extensive research. Literature Review Politeness Concepts There are universal principles that govern human interaction and this awakening makes the politeness phenomenon to be considered in this universality. The aspects of politeness are thus reflected in language. It has been found that however societies may be isolated from each other; they have an array of politeness elements governed by certain principles. But one should take care to imagine that what is considered polite runs through societies. However, what is considered polite differs from one society to the other. What is universal is the fact that is the fact that nearly all societies exhibit their elements of politeness in their language(brown& Levinson 1987).Thus, although there have been notable confluences between politeness and the field of sociology, there have also been great strides made in the other fields of linguistics such as pragmatics, sociolinguistics etc. Roberts (1992) conceptualizes politeness from the notion of face saving. He notes that when people put the feelings of other people into consideration, the do it in such a way that they speak or put things across in a manner likely to greatly reduce the potential of threat in the interaction (Roberts 1992). On the other hand, Nordquist (2012) perceives politeness as exhibiting itself through deviation from that communication which is maximally efficient. In this context, Nordquist (1992) notes that “…to perform an act other than in the most clear and efficient manner possible is to implicate some degree of politeness on the part of the speaker” (p.1). Watts as cited by Abbas (n.d) argue that politeness as one that one that displays the natural attributes of a good character or rather the that capacity to please others through one’s external actions, thereby producing a kind of union between those characters and the individual, giving a more precise definition of politeness. Anglesa (n.d) states that politeness as a way through which languages express the social distance between speakers and their different role relationships, how face-work, that is, the attempt to establish, maintain and save face during conversation is carried out in a speech community. Several scholars such as Hickley (1991) and Brown & Levinson (1987) have gone to great lengths to differentiate politeness orientations within the context of different cultures (Anglesa n.d, p.1). In this context, several notions of politeness have emerged that is positive and negative politeness. According to Abbas (
Introduction Performance appraisal is the process of evaluating the performance of employees within a certain time frame. The evaluator looks at the differences between the goals and the actual achievements of employees. This essay is on human resource performance appraisal. The most suitable technique for evaluating secretary job The job description of the secretary is qualitative in nature. The secretary spends most of her time dealing with employees and clients. The secretary also maintains a filling system within the organization. The individual characteristics of a secretary are vital during the appraisal process. This is because her character will determine how she deals with fellow staff mates and customers at large. The secretary should also ensure that the work place is decent by maintaining high standards of cleanliness. The performance appraisal should focus on the characteristic of the secretary than any other performance parameter. The best performance appraisal to be used in evaluating the performance of a secretary is the graphical rating scale method. This approach concentrates on evaluating individual traits during the performance appraisal process. Employees are rated according to their traits. There is a remark space below each trait where the evaluator gives his comments on the employee. The secretary may be evaluated using several performance traits. A scale of approximately five levels appears after each performance trait. The evaluator ticks on one and gives the explanation below each trait. Some of the traits which the evaluator may look at include how the secretary understands her work, initiative and application, quality and volume of work. This is the best approach because the job description of the secretary is qualitative in nature. The graphical rating scale gives room for the evaluator to analyze the characteristics that relate to her work. It also gives room for the evaluator to give comments on each trait. This approach remains to be the best in evaluating the secretary’s job. Conclusion This essay focuses on human resource management performance appraisal. It starts by looking at the best appraisal method of evaluating the secretary’s job. The essay also designs a performance appraisal form using BARS. The appraisal form is of use in evaluation of a home appliance sales person. Performance appraisal is a vital activity that no forward looking organization can avoid.
Introduction This paper is a critical evaluation of the work of Misty Malott and Ali Fromader whose title is,’ Male Inmate Perspective on Reducing Recidivism Rates Through Post-Incarceration Resources’. The main areas of the work that shall be critiqued include the research question, theoretical framework off the study, hypothesis, methodology, results, discussion and conclusion. Research question The current research study was aimed at examining the factors that may affect recidivism and the resources needed to reduce recidivism. In this case, the authors intended to examine the needs of the inmates who formed the study’s sample. In particular, the aim of the researchers was to explore the resources that would be needed to ensure that the recidivism rates of the study’s respondents were reduced and to find out if they would be in a position to make use of the services at their disposal. Based on this information, the main research question for this study was to explore the attitudes and perspectives of male inmate on the post-incarceration resources. Another research question for the study was to assess those post-incarceration services and resources that the inmates feel would help them to reduce recidivism rates. Theoretical framework The current study used a theoretical framework based on the Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory, as reported by Santrock (87). The aim of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory is to explain the significant influence that environmental factors have on individual behavior. According to the Ecological Theory, the behavior of individuals is normally influenced by the societal environment. For this reason, there is need to ensure that the environments surrounding us are constructed in such a manner as to support individuals post-incarceration. This way, we can be able to reduce crime and recidivism rates in the society and prevent multiple offenses as well. In applying the Ecological Theory to the current study, one of the assumptions that can be made is that the availability of support services, resources, and treatment, post-incarceration could have a profound effect in helping to the current recidivism rates. When inmates are provided with as stable and regular employment, such a move will effectively ensure that they remain out of ‘secondary labor markets’ and ‘informal economies’ where chances of committing other offenses are very high. At the same time, giving an education to the inmates an and such other necessary resources as family educators would also be very beneficial to the inmates because it would effectively empower them to create dynamic, cohesive, functioning, and healthier family environment. The Ecological Theory as proposed by Bronfenbrenner supports the idea that the availability of resources would support the available structures for the post-incarcerated individuals, in addition to creating a positive environment for them to live. Such a move could be a very effective strategy in an effort to reduce recidivism rates. Hypotheses One of the hypotheses for the current research was the expectation
Religion is a fundamental part of most world societies and cultures. There are numerous varieties of religions worldwide with a wide range of differences than similarities. This factor makes it challenging to have an all-encompassing definition of religion that works for all people. The most common traits among the religions include the focus on supernatural or sacred power, ritual acts, and moral codes. Some regions are easily recognized globally, while others are confined to a particular region or country. For instance, Shinto is a Japanese religion widely practiced by that country’s nationals. Although Shinto is a Japanese religion, its myth of origin that supports the divinity of the country’s islands and rulers to ancestral lineage with gods can have a similarity to other religions such as Jewish and Christianity. Divinity The Shinto Divinity Myth about Japanese Islands and Japanese Emperors As noted in the introduction, most Japanese communities subscribe to Shinto, an indigenous religion that defines the country’s culture and national identity. According to Mizumura, more than fifty percent of Japanese adhere to Shinto. Shinto myth supports the notion that the Japanese islands are divine by indicating that they were created by gods, Izanami and Izanagi. The two gods used a spear encrusted with jewels to stir the ocean, where crystalized salt on the tip fell after withdrawing it, forming the islands. The gods settled on Onogoro-Shima, the first island they created, and the female deity, Izanami, wedded Izanagi. Later, the divine couple created other islands that comprise Japan, the world, and other gods. Shinto myth also holds that the Japanese emperors are direct descendants of Amaterasu. According to Mizumura, Amaterasu Omikami, the sun goddess, was of the gods created by Izanami and wedded Iznagi, from whom the Shinto religion believes that the imperial family descended. Therefore, the Japanese people considered their emperors to have qualities of Kami, making them superior. The people obeyed the emperors and divine rulers and worshipped them. The emperors executed religious and political roles in society, such as performing rituals and protecting the country. Shinto’s divinity notion about their land and rulers is relatable to other religions. The Jewish Story about “The Holy Land” and Shinto’s Divine Land The Jewish story about God creating and giving “The Holy Land” has significant similarities with the Shinto myth concerning Japanese islands. The Jewish believe that their land is divine, created by God’s supreme supernatural being, and given to their forefathers and descendants. The story began when God asked Abraham, from whom the Jewish
Introduction The business world has been reshaped by the exponential growth in technology leading to the emergence of electronic commerce. E-Commerce has made it compulsory for business companies to find ready markets for their goods and attract customers [1]. E-commerce activities contribute to broad categories of relationships between sellers, suppliers, and marketers. In considering the e-marketplaces of a nation such as Saudi Arabia, it is imperative to note that the country deals with direct goods [17]. Complementary services Complimentary service is a service that is directly related to the use of a product. Complementary services stand at a balance with the main service. These services are used by the company to install the main product. In other words, complementary services are required to facilitate the main product. The services are not only restricted to installation, but also maintenance and disposal of the product. Examples include payment, logistics, and assurance [11]. Service system value A service system value is a term largely used in service management to refer to the configuration of people who are sharing information to achieve a given task. Many service systems are less or not coercive, and they seek the flow of information in a smooth way among the users. A service system value makes use of the available resources