ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The “Hearing” assignment calls for an in-depth exploration of the processes occurring in the auditory nerve as well as the role that senses play in observing the external environment. Without hearing, the world around a person may change in terms of perception and sense adaptation. As hearing refers to the ability of a human being to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations and changes in pressure, limiting the ability for a short period of time will enhance the role of other abilities as well as show what it means to lose one’s hearing and rely on other vehicles of perception. The process of hearing occurs when the sound enters the outer ear and moves through the ear canal to the middle ear, where the bones amplify the vibrations of sounds, and once the vibrations cause the cochlea fluid to ripple, a wave that travels through the ear develops along the basilar membrane (Allen & Harper, 2016). Then, the auditory nerve transports the electrical signal to the brain, which transforms the signal into a sound that can be recognized and understood. During the assignment, the hearing was reduced through wearing noise-canceling headphones, which meant that everyday activities, such as watching TV and talking to a relative, were limited. The senses of touch, sight, and smell were augmented when the hearing was eliminated. For example, instead of asking my mother about what was for dinner, I relied on the sense of smell to distinguish any familiar smells associated with dishes. When interacting with another person and their words could not be heard, more attention was paid to gestures and facial expressions, including the way in which the person talked. This information is usually ignored when hearing is involved as more attention is paid to sound. Both sensory adaptation and habituation refer to neurochemical changes occurring in the nervous system. Overall, habituation is somewhat concerned with the brain actively filtering out irrelevant stimuli and information in order to focus on what matters. Sensory adaptation, on the other hand, is relatively passive and occurs as a response to sensory neurons’ excitation. Thus, while sensory adaptation is associative learning, habituation works in the opposite way. For example, during the activity, sensory adaptation occurred when the brain no longer paid attention to the loss of hearing, which meant that some sounds were imagined. When pouring water into a glass, the sound of the water was imagined as if it could be heard, which led to the increased sensory adaptation. When speaking to another person, their voice was imagined because it was heard previously and could be loosely replicated in the brain. If one of the senses is permanently lost, the perception of the world changes. In deafness, there could be a range of new deficits that have not been present prior to the loss or hearing (Houde, Landry, Page, Maheu, & Champoux, 2016). Spacial and temporal sensitivity may increase along with the reaction time. While no changes in such body perceptions as object identification occur, it is expected that a person with lost hearing would have a lower capacity of
Unlike other earlier scholars who had treated the practice of magic as a psychological phenomenon, Mauss postulated that the practice of magic had an origin in the social organization of the society. Mauss’ work is of great interest to anthropologists because of the approach that he had followed in coming up with the general theory of magic. Here, Mauss tried to establish a social pattern that contributed to the practice of magic by studying different societies. Among the most common practices in the Christian fraternity, which, for the purpose of this paper, can be classified as magical, one could mention the practice of speaking in tongues. In this paper, I will explore how the practice of speaking in tongues is integrated with magical aspects as proposed by Mauss. A number of elements that are included in magic practices can (at least to some extent) be associated with the practice of speaking in tongues. If preachers can be classified as magicians because of their role in initiating the speaking of tongues on their followers. So, for the purpose of this paper, they can be considered as magicians. Does the practice of speaking in tongues involve some rituals? Before they can speak in tongues, a congregation of followers is usually taught the concept of the Holy Spirit from the Bible. Consequently, believers are encouraged to accept the Bible’s teachings on the gift of the Holy Spirit (who is responsible for the phenomenon of speaking in tongues). It is, therefore, difficult to place such a process on the same line as a ritualistic process. Do Christians use magical words to cast a spell of speaking in tongues? There are no specific words that must be used to catalyze/start the process of speaking in tongues among Christians. What is required for believers to speak in tongues is a belief in the Bible teachings about the Holy Spirit, after which they can ask God to give them the power to speak in tongues through prayers. Christians do not believe that they have to follow a specific pattern to be able to speak in tongues. Still, there is some loose and general procedure that is followed. Can the practice of speaking in tongues be considered as a social phenomenon? First, as Mauss might have correctly argued, Christianity is an institution that pre-ex
Introduction Today, the US ocean and naval transportation represent one of the most important industries with millions of annual profits and strong commercial relations with all parts of the world. Today,.concepts of maritime strategy are about the ability and policies of a country to use the sea for its own economic, political, strategic, and military advantage. It is clear therefore that institutions, legal regimes, and arrangements for oceans governance should have vital input into maritime strategic thinking, although perhaps some of the intellectual links and processes here are not as well developed as they might be (Attard, 92(). The two concepts of oceans governance and maritime strategy are inked together representing and reflecting a national vision and understanding of the ocean and naval transportation sphere. The US ocean and naval transportation are based on century-old traditions and principles, values, and ethics which guide the industry and stipulate its main functions and legal principles. Today, the US ocean and naval transportation is a fast-growing industry regulated by international laws and national security principles. This is in response to the jurisdictional revolution in the law of the sea, the expansion of economic activities at sea, increased concern for the health of the world’s oceans, and awareness of the importance of ecologically sustainable development. History of Ocean Transpiration From Columbus to 1900 The history of ocean and navel transpiration foes back to the colonization period and is closely connected with the first colonists. The first businessmen in America were the agents of colonial promoters resident in England. The function of these agents was to import into the infant settlements the food supplies and the tools and building materials so desperately needed by the pioneers of the early seventeenth century and to dispatch to England the paltry amounts o
Introduction The US army has been performing magnificently on and off the field. At the same time, the army has developed up to date skills and technology that have enabled it to stand at an advantage over its enemies and other forces of danger. Due to this fact, the US army has been regarded as one of the best armies in the world. Despite all this, the army that is operational at the present moment is somewhat different from the army that the country had before the year 2001 (Dempsey, 2011). For the last ten years, a lot of factors have changed in the army. During this time, the army has lost some of its tradition and skills; factors that used to make the army to be effective and efficient in its operations (Dempsey, 2010). At the same time, the training that is offered to the soldiers is also different. There are some key elements that are not included during the recruitment process. As a result, the army has always been in transition. It keeps on concentrating on developments that will enable it to cope with change. In the process, it has lost its original skills. Although the army has been performing well, several considerations need to be done to ensure that the army regains the skills that it has lost. This essay therefore discusses these issues into details and explains their importance in the army. The Profession of Arms The US army serves to protect the nation against any form of danger. This includes natural disasters, attacks by foreign nations or terrorists and any other catastrophic events. It works to protect the constitution of the United States of America together with its citizens within and outside the country (Dempsey, 2011). To achieve all this, the army has to act in a professional manner. However, the profession that the army displays is different from that of other careers. The army unlike many other professions assumes limited liability. This means that they put their lives at risk to ensure that they achieve the goals and objectives of their mission. The army therefore is authorised to ethically apply land combat power while serving under the authority of civilians to secure the country from any danger. The culture of the US army has developed for over two decades. It represents a historical development that has grown in times of peace and combat, ups and down. The culture of the US army has been based on discipline, value-based leadership and professional ethics (Dempsey, 2011). However, for the last ten years, this culture has been changing drastically. The army is now putting a lot of emphasis on effectiveness and efficiency while neglecting its history and culture that has enabled it grow for the last two decades. Due to this fact theref
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a treatable infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Other bacteria of this complex, such as M. africanum, M. canetti, M. caprae, M. microti, and M. pinnipedii, can rarely be the cause of TB, too. TB can be asymptomatic, which is also called latent TB. Immune system response usually keeps latent tuberculosis under control, preventing it from activation. People with latent TB are also unable to infect others, as tuberculosis is spread through the air by a cough or sneeze of people with pulmonary TB. Tuberculosis commonly affects the lungs but, in some cases, can affect other organs of the human body. The symptoms usually include chronic cough, fever, and weight loss. The mortality rate has drastically decreased with the help of modern treatment by multiple antibiotics (Glaziou, Floyd, & Raviglione, 2018). However, antibiotic resistance has become a new problem for doctors and scientists, as this eventually led to the new types of TB: multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (Glaziou et al., 2018). Although TB is not considered a severe threat to humanity, the elimination of this infection faces many challenges and factors to be considered, depending on certain areas. Tuberculosis Epidemiology Although the mortality rates and the spread of the disease dramatically decreased during the 20th century, tuberculosis is still a significant threat. According to researchers, nowadays, roughly one-quarter of the entire world population is infected with TB (Glaziou et al., 2018). It is possible to note that about 10 million people fall ill with TB each year globally, and it is a stable trend in recent years (World Health Organization [WHO], 2019). Tuberculosis affects both HIV-positive and HIV-negative people, both sexes in all age groups, but men under 15 years old accounted for most of the TB cases in 2018 estimated at 57% (WHO, 2019). Moreover, not only tuberculosis is still a threat, but drug-resistant TB is also a significant issue. According to the World Health Organization, three countries share the global drug-resistant TB burden: India (27%), China (14%), and Russia (9%) (WHO, 2019). As far as the global TB situation is concerned, India also has the highest rates of TB, followed by China, Indonesia, and the Philippines (WHO, 2019). Thus, South-East Asia is the region most affected by tuberculosis. Risk F
Introduction Several companies in different parts of the world are listed in Stock exchanges to enhance their financial performances. One of the major objectives that make companies to be listed in the stock exchanges is to sell shares to the public to improve companies’ financial assets. However, major obligations for companies are also to create value for their shareholders, and to increase shareholders’ values, companies need to provide benefits for the money that shareholders invest in companies’ businesses. This is by declaring stock returns for the benefit of shareholders. This report examines the stock performances of four Saudi Arabian companies. The report selects Saudi Arabian Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), SAMBA financial group, SAVOLA, and Saudi Hotels and Resorts Company (SHARCO). Saudi Arabian Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC) Saudi Arabian Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC) is a multinational company specializing in producing a different kinds of products. Apart from producing petrochemical products, SABIC also manufactures a series of products ranging from steel, fertilizers, computers, medical equipments, and many building products. (SABIC annual report 2008). SABIC is the largest producer of petrochemical products in the Middle East and the 10 th world’s largest producer of petrochemical materials. In addition, SABIC is the 10 th largest producer of chemical products and ranks 500th position in fortune lists. The availability of low-cost hydrocarbon resources in Saudi Arabia offers tremendous advantages to SABIC because the presence of low-cost hydrocarbon enhances SABIC’s competitive advantages and its financial position. Since more than a decade ago, the company’s capacity in the production of petrochemical products has increased four times, and by 2009, the company’s production of chemical products has reached 45 million tons. (Thomasson). Established in 1976 under the royal decree 1976 to enhance optimum utilization of oil extraction, and apart from petrochemical products that SABIC manufactures, the company also manufactures Olefin, Aromatics, Chemical intermediary, and Oxygenates. (Global Investment House). SABIC became listed in the Saudi stock exchange in 1977, and 70% of SABIC’s shares are controlled by the Saudi government, and the remaining 30% are controlled by Gulf Co-operation Council. There are many variables to access an industry historical, one of the key variables to access SABIC historical is its financial performance. This is a key variable to access company growth, and the extent it is creating values for its shareholders. Key variables for industry historical (SABIC) Many companies are operating under the petrochemical industry in Saudi Arabia, among them is SABIC. SABIC is a key player in the Saudi Petrochemical industry, and the principal activities of the Saudi petrochemical industry are to manufacture petrochemical products. The major segments under which SABIC operates are Petrochemicals, Metals, and Corporate. (Global Invest
The population of the United States of America is composed of immigrants (Takaki 29). The country is believed to have the highest number of immigrants in the whole world. The Native American ancestors are said to have come from north Asia long ago before the civil war. After the war and in the beginning of the twentieth century, around twenty five million people immigrated to the state in search of jobs and other opportunities (Takaki 36). This set of immigrants came from European countries such as Russia, Italy and many others. There were also immigrants who came from Africa especially during the slave trade. This explains the reason as to why there are many black Americans in the state today. Chinese and Japanese immigrants arrived in the US in the 19 th century (Chang 48). They had run away from the political and economic difficulties back in their homelands. Their population was increasing and there was scarcity of land well knowing that farming was the main economic activity in china and Japan during that time. Therefore just like their European counterparts, they had great hope that they would gain economically by entering US. Most of them hoped that they would go back to their motherland after acquiring wealth but many of them ended up staying permanently. The Chinese had heard of the California gold rush and looked forward to acquiring wealth out of it and go back to their ancestral home (Takaki 12). Some of them were merchants and others sailors but most of them worked with the mining companies which were looking for cheap sources of labor. Unfortunately, they were not able to live that dream since very few of them became rich and they could not live their job since it gave them steady income. Towards the end of the 19 th century, more than 25% of the Californian laborers were Chinese immigrants. That explains the reason as to why today there are many Americans of Chi
The management process in any organization is facilitated and coordinated by individuals who have the interest of the organization’s success. Their interests in the operations of the company arise since they have something to lose or gain from the company (Markwell, 2010). These people have a stake in the plan implementation process within the company. They are known as stakeholders. Organizations have both internal and external stakeholders who work towards achieving their strategic goals and objectives. At the University of Utah Hospital, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) frequently interacts with several stakeholders to work towards achieving the set objectives. The first internal stakeholders are the procurement; they buy goods that of high quality to ensure success in the management process at the hospital. The CEO has to coordinate with the procurement to ensure that the procurement price is below the profits the hospital obtains after selling their products. Notably, the procurement must carry out a cost-benefit analysis to gauge if their intended purchases and supplies will sustain the hospital’s operations. As a result, they go for purchases that can support the hospital. The next internal stakeholders are the board committee members; they work together with the CEO to set out the hospital’s policies and achievable objectives. These members oversee proper resource requisition and allocation to enhance transparency in the management process. There is also the board of trustees. This internal stakeholder works in soliciting funds for the continuity of the University of Utah Hospital. The board of trustees has to ensure transparency and accountability in the management of the requested funds to implement a quality program at the hospital. The patients, on the other hand, are external stakeholders. The patients have the right to lodge complaints on the quality of services at the hospital. Quality management is enhanced through proper evaluation that is carried out by the hospital staff and external health officers. This evaluation enables the hospital to offer quality services to patients. The CEO has to ensure quality and prompt service provision by their staff. This was targeting the patients and other service users, who will develop trust in the service provision at the hospital, thus, helping in the development and growth of the University of Utah Hospital. Secondly, it is the local community around the health facility; they must be empowered by the initiatives that the University of Utah Hospital outlines. Every corporate body must have a well-organized Corporate Responsibility (CR) for the surrounding community. This can be through communal empowerment, donations, bursary support, and other charity work (Markwell, 2010). The local community also offers necessary services and support that the hospital may require; for instance, they can provide land for extension of the facility and even be recruited to help in providing educational awareness on certain diseases at the community level. The local community can be actively involved in contributing their views and experiences in the entire manag
Introduction The literal meaning of the word appeasement means reconciling or having peace through concessions. It can also be taken to mean to give in to the demands of an aggressor to avoid war (Mc dolnd, 1999). The meaning of appeasement has been manipulated year after year (Colvile, 2000). In 1983 appeasement was taken to mean a policy used to settle global quarrels by satisfying grievances by negotiations leading to avoiding the armed war which could result in bloodshed on innocent civilians (Colvile, 2000). In the 1920s and 1930s, Britain’s International policy was one of the major debates in history. The debate was on how the British policy contributed to the war. The debate is said to have been determined by the British and at the same time focusing on the merits and demerits of the appeasement. The challenges faced by Britain between the 1920s and 1930s paved the way for international relations policies to be discussed by the liberals. This was done in writings, in discussions, and even debates in schools (Nelly, 2004). The reasons of the appeasement policy popularity It is rather a complex issue to understand the appeasement policy which was being followed by France and Great Britain towards NAZI Germany just before the World War II outbreak. To get to the root of the reasons that made the appeasement policy so popular in Britain and also making the then prime minister Chamberlain a hero, one must look deeply at the French and Britain’s perception of the treaty of Versailles and looking at the aftermath of the World War I in Europe. Chamberlain is seen to have made a good decision for his country that was finding itself in between the starting of another war. At that time the government had felt that they were neither military, economically nor psychologically fit to engage in another war. It was for these reasons that made the chamberlain a hero in Britain. Whoever came up to the public in the name of preventing Britain and France from engaging in another war became very popular and allowed him to become a popular public figure (Colvile, 2000). Unlike the Western leaders, Hitler did not care about his popularity. His popularity at this time had gone far and beyond (Nelly, 2004). This placed him in an advantageous position in making a decision, more so the foreign policies and at what rate these policies were to be implemented. The chamberlain’s decision on the foreign policy of appeasement relied on the public opinions (Colvile, 2000). They did not want to engage in another war and secondly, Britain was not ready at all to join the European war. Again the public saw the treaties of Versailles, Locarno, and St. Germain and additionally the agreements signed after World War I as being unfair to the Germans and other Central European parts (Nelly, 2004). In the beginning, Hitler received support from the Germans and also from the sympathetic French and Britain population when he started breaking the agreements of the signed treaties (Colvile, 2000). It is thus clear that Adolf Hitler took full advantage of