ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract This research report explores results from two sets of experiments conducted in the laboratory on sensitivity to weight and endeavors to determine through experiments how individuals discriminate against weights and their sensitivity to the application of a stimulus. In addition, it draws from experiments conducted by Fechner-Weber on the responses to weight thus establishing the relationships and validity between stimulus and perception. The experiment conducted with standard masses and experimental cups to determine if perceived change in perception was noted by performing a one-way ANOVA tests and a detailed post-hoc test comparing 10 standard weights with each other. In addition, two academic papers reviewed on the effects of weight on sensitivity included the American Journal of Psychology. Introduction In an experiment conducted in college to determine how human beings discriminate against weight and the response to the application of a stimulus, an ANOVAs test was conducted and a detailed post-hoc test done with 10 standard weights. One’s response to a stimulus by discriminating between weights had the effect by the manner in which the weights had been were applied. Dinnerstein (2000) asserts that actual discrimination occurs when a stimulus was applied on an individual and actual perception noted for a change in the stimuli. Literature review The scientific study of sensitivity is vital in psychology. Fechner and Weber researched this quality in human beings through experiments they conducted to determine human response to the application of stimuli by classical methods now known as psychophysics, which emphasized on the need for accurate measurement of sensitivity. These classical methods placed emphasis on determining the threshold, which discriminated between the level of stimuli and the sensitivity of an individual. The research results indicated that a highly sensitive individual required a low level of stimuli while a low sensitive individual required a high level of stimuli. Thus, an inverse relationship between sensitivity and the threshold value noted. A threshold defined as “a level of stimulation that marks the entrance of an event into the observer’s awareness” sensitivity and Psychological Methods (p. 6). While an absolute threshold was the least amount of stimulus needed for a noticeable change in perception to occur while a just noticeable difference, (jnd) was the minimal difference in weight required for the participant to discriminate between stimuli, which can be a variation of weights. According to the paper on Sensitivity and Psychological Methods (2004, p. 6), along the line of absolute threshold, scientific research indicated that individuals are very sensitive and respond to the application of a stimuli. However, a jnd can occur for people and depends on the standard stimuli. Research has shown that “people’s sensitivity to change depends on the reference level (Standard stimulus) against which the change is compared. The stronger or more intense the reference stimulus is, the larger will be the jnd” Sensitivity and Psy
Budget forecasting is very essential in planning. In most cases, budgets are prepared for upcoming periods, which could be in terms of weeks, months, years or decades. Budget forecasting is fundamental in setting future targets. Therefore, the budget compels a firm to aim higher in order to achieve predetermined targets. However, a number of businesses seem to set targets without evaluating both internal and external environmental forces. A pragmatic budget forecasting should consider internal and external factors for the budget to be more realistic. Most firms are encouraged to come up with extensive budget forecasting programs. This would ensure that every aspect affecting the actual budget is adequately incorporated in the projected budget. Although traditional budgets considered product prices and costs, as the main determinants of variances depicted on budgets, economic analysts and accountants acknowledge that technological changes, especially for firms relying on technology, affect planned budgets. For the last few decades, it has been proved that only three methods of budget forecasting are more practical. The techniques used in budget forecasting include the following. Incremental budgeting Incremental budgeting is a typically technique applied by several organizations. This is because it gives a true position of the actual budget. This method assumes that the management affects budgeting process. In many cases, the management would always increase or decrease budgets. Factors that affect budgeting in this technique include inflation rates, increase in employee’s salaries and expected growth rate of a firm. Based on the past and current data, one can easily compute future inflation rate and business growth rate. However, this technique tends to underestimate costs in its preparation. Zero-based budgeting A zero-based budgeting assumes that all costs can be given a baseline. From this, adjustments are done in accordance to the manager’s assumptions. Such assumptions are made through critical analysis. The management considers necessary costs and thereafter makes adjustments. Although this approach is more effective, it considerably consumes much time in preparing it. Flexed budgeting Because it covers many factors that could affect the actual budget, the technique is often applied in many companies. Flexed budgeting method is done in a similar manner as incremental budgeting. However, flexed budgeting is prepared based on a case-to-case approach. Amongst the above-mentioned methods, flexed is more accurate since it is more detailed. The budgeting process is much appealing since the management might choose to bring three scenarios at the same time. These may include three outlooks that is, positive, neutral and negative. Conversely, flexed budgeting process appears to cover several budgeting aspects. Due to this, it requires much time to design. Best budget forecasting approach for Compnet Corporation Compnet Corporation engages in designing diverse web sites ,as well as hosting web sites for various organizations. Compnet has an objective of designing the best web sites in the market, wh
Decision making is a very critical aspect. It is an aspect that affect individuals at different levels for instance at a personal level as well as at an organizational level. This is because it determines the action to be taken in regard to different situations. When making a certain decision, it is important to consider all the involved elements in order to achieve the desired results and avoid consequences that would affect either party in a negative manner. Effective decision making however requires that an individual consider different strategic plans to allow for success in the practices and activities undertaken. It requires some objectivity as opposed to subjectivity or biasness, which is deemed to affect it negatively especially where a great number of people are involved. Workplaces are associated with various activities some of them being complex while others are relatively manageable. In either case, effective decision making is crucial to allow for better plan of action, which is in turn linked with success and productivity brought about by efficiency and effectiveness in carrying out practices. Human beings are however susceptible to adhering to subjectivity as opposed to objectivity in order to have self gain and satisfaction or to help those with whom they have a certain relationship. I was once in charge of the human resource department in our organization and I therefore had a lot of powers in regard to what went on in regard to staffing aspects for instance selection and recruitment, staff appraisal as well as promotion and demotions. In my work, I always adhered to principles and rules that govern staffing principle so as to ensure that the workforce in the organization was competen
After several decades of moderately successful performance, the Navajo Generating Station was set for closing in 2044 due to its effects on the environment. From the perspective of the Treadmill of Production Theory, the specified outcome can be considered inevitable. Specifically, the plant was started as a minor enterprise, reached the scale of a corporation, received the support of the government, and achieved the growth scale at which its environmental impact became far too noticeable. Namely, the effects of coal-firing as the main mechanism of generating the energy needed to sustain the performance of the plant has taken too great a toll on the environment, which led to the unanimous vote of closing the plant in 2019 (“Navajo Generating Station (NGS),” 2019). In the process of the plant development, the community members created multiple new bonds, which resulted in the reception of the USDA grant and the creation of relationships with powerful entities across Arizona (“Navajo Generating Station (NGS),” 2019). Although the process of ceasing the energy production has been extended to 2044, the fate of the plant has been decided given the detrimental impact that it produced on the local ecosystem and the environment, in general (Gould, Pellow, & Schnaiberg, 2015). The observed decision aligns with the final phase of the Treadmill of Production Theory, which suggests that environmental degradation is going to be the inevitable outcome of the rapid production growth and the increase in the economic expansion of an enterprise (Gould et al., 2015). The legislation concerning the closure of the plant has led to the creation of the revenue replacement program for members of the Navajo Nation and Hopi Tribe (O’Halleran, 2019). The Arizona Democratic District was the main group working on the legislation. An action plan to be followed in the case described above should consist of the reconsideration of employment opportunities for the workers that are about to be dismissed. Thus, an economic crisis within the local community will be avoided.
Part One: Healthcare Policy Healthcare workers use their competencies to provide high quality support and care to their patients (Bouphan, Apipalakul, & Ngang, 2015). Hospitals should have powerful policies to measure the performance of their employees. Effective performance measurement can make it easier for healthcare facilities to understand how they accomplish their objectives. When done efficiently, performance measurement can guide hospitals to understand what is not working effectively. Evidence-based data should be gathered in order to implement better healthcare delivery models (Lizarondo, Grimmer, & Kumar, 2014). Performance measurement is therefore defined as “the regular collection of information and data to ensure various processes are implemented in a professional manner” (Kundu, 2015, p. 20). The ultimate goal should be to deliver quality care to the targeted patients. This discussion therefore presents a powerful healthcare policy in this field. Performance Evaluation Policy Purpose The proposed Performance Evaluation Policy is aimed at monitoring, guiding, and ensuring every healthcare worker acts diligently in order to improve the health outcomes of the targeted clients. Medical institutions are characterized by different departments. The units have qualified healthcare professionals who work together to maximize the health outcomes of the targeted patients. This situation might have adverse effects on the quality of services available to every client. This is the case because some workers might fail to act ethically or use their skills effectively (Bouphan et al., 2015). The healthcare working environment is also characterized by a wide range of uncertainties, risks, and challenges. Nurse Practitioners (NPs) and caregivers must overcome these challenges in order to deliver quality care to their clients. There are also different regulatory boards that monitor the responsibilities and performance of health practitioners. However, such regulations and obligations might not guarantee positive performance in different working environments (Nuti, Seghieri, & Vainieri, 2012). This gap, therefore, explains why a performance evaluation policy is needed to guide and hold NPs accountable. By so doing, the policy will compel
The problem identified in this study is the increasing annual turnover rate for child welfare workers, prompting child welfare state administrators to explore the need for improved organizational effectiveness. Leaders cultivate better performance in the workplace by discovering what workers value in the organization and the work dynamics that motivate employees (Reyes, 2008). This chapter presents suggestions for future research based on the results of this investigation. The purpose of this quantitative correlation study was to examine the relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI), job insecurity, and job burnout among child welfare workers. The research methods employed include:  1. definition of the variables (measures),  2. data collection,  3. construction of statistical hypotheses,  4. evaluation of Pearson’s coefficients  5. definition of the relationship between variables,  6. Spearman correlation analysis to assess possible contributions of demographic variables to the correlation between age; education, and years of experience, with job insecurity. A total of 263 participants took part in the study. The data analysis indicated the intrinsic expectations and extrinsic values of child welfare among the employees. The data revealed the perceptions of the participants with respect to the notion that emotional intelligence (EI) facilitates positive group’s norms and culture. The implications section will include subsections related to each research question and will reveal the
Introduction The industrial revolution refers to social and economic changes that take place in an environment due to advancements in technology. Between 1750 and 1850, Europe was on the track of technological inventions and innovations. Alfred Weber is one of the world’s known revolutionists who engineered the use of written literature in this field by putting down the two revolution theories, i.e., Agglomerative and Deglomerative forces; agglomerative refers to concentrating factors, i.e., factors that pool together all the important elements of production. Deglomerative is spreading and dispersive factors that lead to urbanization, e.g., labor and transport. Without these factors, there cannot be effective urbanization (Mokyr, 2003). These factors include: Ready market, availability of manpower, electricity, good transport system, and raw materials. For any urbanization to take place, these factors must be present. Goods and services which were produced were sold and consumed by the present population in Europe. This provided a good opportunity for the producers to double their production, and in ammeter of time, there was market expansion as peoples’ quench to buy more goods. (Dewald 18 th century) Availability of manpower, electricity and transport ensured that goods could be produced more efficiently and effectively. Production gradually increased. Transport facilitated the movement of people from different places. These people pursued different business objectives and ideas which were instrumental to industrial development. It’s through these two forces that we get to understand the deeper meaning of revolution, especially in the early 1700s. It provided a space for others to improve their industrial research improvement. I therefore wholly agree with Alfred Weber.. (Dewald 18 th century) Industrial revolution as a catalyst towards urbanization In fact, the industrial revolution was the force behind urbanization in Europe. This is explained in the following ways. Industries and factories Manpower was needed to drive the machines in these factories. There was then a pool for jobs which attracted laborers who came to work together, a need for staying together with a rose, and they began contracting tents which later converted into urban centers. (Salter, 1986) Social interaction As people interacted, they needed to build markets where they could sell their products. The building of markets ensured that people met regularly at the designated places, which eventually became a routine and converted into large modern urban centers. When people came together, they intermarried, procreated and there came a need to build more houses, schools, hospitals, and churches from where they could meet for basic services like education, treatment, and worship, respectively. These institutions grew into big modern urban centers and hence expanded urbanization. (Salter, 1986) Transport The invention of various transport systems provided people with the opportunity to travel, visit friends and relatives. People then moved to places of work and settled. The provision of services like water and electricity also pooled people together, and thereby a need fo
Throughout the course of history, some individuals have actively engaged in doing things that have made a huge impact to our collective human history. From Jesus Christ to Adolf Hitler, these individuals have inspired the thoughts of many, leaving an indelible mark on the world stage. Undoubtedly, these individuals have utilized all kinds of means – good or bad – in their pursuit to influence the masses and transform their way of thinking (Farrell, 2001 p. 32). It is the purpose of this essay to critically analyze Sayyid Qutb, Mohammed ibn Abd al Wahhab and John Wesley in the context of reformers, revolutionaries and reactionaries. Sayyid Qutb represent the most mistaken and evil position. Due to his fundamentalism, Qutb can easily pass as “the ideological grandfather of Osama bin Laden and other extremists who surround him” (Cline, 2009 p. 1). Indeed, many analysts believe that Qutb’s works and teachings as a poet, author and educator helped shape terrorist organizations such as the Taliban and Al Qaeda. These networks have continued to destabilize the world peace to date. Although Sayyid’s political views seems rather mature, his philosophy and radicalism is largely responsible for espousing the concept of Jihad and the enactment of Sharia law that is viewed as dictatorial. Indeed, he is to blame for contemporary offensive jihad. He wanted to revolutionalize Islam by incorporating every aspect of life into the religion (Cline, 2009 p. 2). Each of the three men cherished different hopes for the future. Clearly a fundamentalist, Sayyid Qutb would have cherished to see a world where there were no governments or secular laws since they interfered with the sovereignty of God (Cline, 2009 p. 2). In short, he cherished a world where Sharia law will guide every single aspect of life of Muslims. He was anti-modernist and anti-reformist, and detested democracy despite its mention and practice in the Quranic institution. Mohammed ibn Abd al Wahhab, considered by many as the chief architect of Wahhabism, would have cherished to purify Islam by leading the Mus
The idea to evaluate the image of American hero is interesting and educative indeed. For a long period of time, writers from different countries made numerous attempts to define what a real hero is, how it is to be a hero, and why heroes are so different in their natures, functions, and histories. American culture is one of those cultures where much attention is paid to every single detail according to which one particular image is created. In this paper, the works of such authors like John Smith, James Fenimore Cooper, and Henry David Thoreau will be evaluated in order to demonstrate how the idea of the American hero has been developing during a certain period of time, and what challenges appeared to make the concept stronger and more powerful. American culture has numerous characteristics, and the definition of a true hero is one of those aspects that have to be developed both from inside and outside of society; the evolution of the American heroic personality is a unique chance to comprehend what can make people better and under which conditions. Discussion Essence of a heroic individual . The evolution of a heroic individual in American literature deserves attention and recognition due to several reasons: first, American heroic individualism starts its development in the far Golden Age when people truly believed that it was enough to be good and fight against bad people and habits; second, heroism may be of various nature and people are not always ready to clear up the essence of heroism; and finally, there are so many authors who were ready to share their personal opinions and ideas about why it is necessary to be a hero and what can make a person a real hero. Each piece of writing chosen for this paper has its particular impact on the process of American hero evolution. Being a British writer and soldier, John Smith introduced a clear picture of the American hero and underlined the necessity of innovations, power, and constancy. Mr. Cooper represented Natty Bumppo with his passion to adventures and liberty and, at the same time, his obedience to nature and its laws. And, finally, the Thoreau’s attempt to describe civil disobedience and the evil side of complexity that should be inherent to every hero. John Smith and his work . Those who still think that John Smith’s ideas about the American hero and its characteristics may be weak because it was a British writer should throw away all possible doubts and remember that this person is not only the writer but also a soldier and an adventure who knew a lot about this life and its challenges. The style that is presented in his General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles seems to be a bit lush and confident. He saw the American hero as a person who respected his own roots and traditions; America should be the country that exists in the name of the king who takes care about its citizens but no
Our environment gets affected by various problems like climate change, biodiversity loss and natural resource use. All these have long-term consequences and long-term policy solutions are required to keep the environment safe. It is advisable to anticipate the circumstances lying ahead and get the picture of current, upcoming and underlying developments. This will be helpful in making the up to date strategic decisions. A broad mind vision is required to tackle discontinuity and uncertainties of future developments and to plan vigorous policies that can survive in future (Scenarios and forward studies — policy context, n.d.). The sustainable development policies which are being made at global, European, national or local levels have great concern for the future generations. Many international conventions and protocols support the long term objectives to deal with the problems of environmental change (Scenarios and forward studies — policy context, n.d.). There are two parts of Risk analysis- Risk Management and Risk Assessment (Ganoulis & Simpson, 2006). Risk management is a process of decision making. It is the result of the risk analysis and risk evaluation (Greiving, n.d.). Before going further we should understand the meaning of risk. “According to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, ‘risk’ is defined as “the possibility of loss of injury” or “someone or something that creates or suggests a hazard” (Stern, 2007). “It is useful in making choices between a range of options and achieving the “required outcome.” There are many ways of determining the “required outcome”. It can be specified by legislation by way of environmental standards, may be determined by a formalized risk-cost-benefit analysis or may be determined by another process for example “industry norms” or “good practice” (Five step to risk assessment, n.d.). The aim should be reducing the risks to a certain “acceptable level” within the framework of the available resources (Scenar