ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Currently, with the escalating wave of violence in various parts of the world, particularly terrorism attacks, the role of human intelligence is becoming increasingly important. It is an essential source of collecting intelligence information regarding various aspects of the security of a country, such as the intentions and the strength of attackers. Since there are lots of constraints regarding the use of technology in collecting intelligence, human intelligence has become of necessity in accessing persons with pertinent information. Although there are many definitions of intelligence, the theory of multiple intelligences puts forth a broad definition of intelligence: “the ability to solve problems or fashion products that are of consequences in a particular cultural setting or community” (Anderson, 1999, p.140). In this regard, human intelligence, or sometimes abbreviated as HUMINT, refers to the type of intelligence resulting from significant information gathered and provided by human sources through various means, such as interrogations and conversations. This paper discusses the various aspects of human intelligence. Before HUMINT is conducted effectively, various considerations have to be made. Primarily, one needs to set precise requirements on the type of information that is to be gathered from the reliable human sources. This is important in drawing conclusive evidences from the data that has been collected by the HUMINT practitioners. Next, proper considerations should be made such that the gathered sensitive information is properly assessed and changed into the most appropriate format for either immediate or future reference. Assessment assists in sorting out the gathered information according to its level of relevance. To achieve this, most organizations dealing with human intelligence have standardized systems that they employ in assessing the accuracy of the data collected by various informers and agents. Another important consideration in information gathering appertains to the type of individuals who are going to act as sources of information. Since undertaking HUMINT is a risky endeavor, the sources of information must prove that they are ready to corporate for the success of the process. This calls for proper screening of the sources so as to ascertain that they are of value to the process (Pratt, 1999). This can be achieved by using proper identification methods, checking the backgrounds of the sources, and verifying if their personal identification records match the basic criteria for undertaking HUMINT. The process of screening potential sources of information is intended to single out persons who are likely to provide the pertinent information that is needed. And, if in any case they are not ready to give
Introduction This project relates to the development and application of a computer-based library system. Its implementation is of great importance because it provides ease of access and drastically reduces wastage of time when compared to a paper-based manual library system. The proposition is done using two different modeling languages, namely, Unified Modeling Language (UML) and Model Scope. The two library system models developed are also compared based on their merits and demerits. Unified Modeling Language is modeling software used in the software engineering field, which contains graphical representation techniques. The main objective of library system implementation is to support the readers as well as the management in the process of borrowing and reserving books. The service by this system is useful to both readers and administers. The readers are the buyers of the services which are sold by the administrators. The system is an interface between the users and administrators to support the operation of a library. The steps and procedures for the development of the models are done to reduce the redundancy of work done. The diagrams at each step of UML modeling are developed from previous diagrams which give a flow to the work. UML modeling expresses itself to be a well-defined structured modeling method. Model Scope requires a strong knowledge of the Java language. This modeling is done using various states and state transitions in the library functions. This entails a real-time activity information requirement in the process. The project, as a whole, puts forward two valid models which are applicable in the libraries for direct implementation. UML model can be used just as it is and cannot be altered concerning any new requirements. “As localized objects evolve into distributed components, developers are asking that UML provide better support for component-based development using EJB.” (Kobryn 2000). ModelScope model can be modified by the requirements of the users, a Java platform is essential for its implementation. Thorough knowledge of high-level programming language is also a must in this behavioral modeling. Simulations can be carried out and result analyzed easily because of their simplicity. Java dais is used for the simulation of the model. The comparisons are done on initial steps as well as on the final results obtained. ModelScope is a new arrival in the field of software engineering which has much scope for development in the future. Thus, an application-specific project has been completed and a comparison of different engineering tools for modeling has been carried out effectively. Ability is developed in approaching a constraint, evaluating the scenario, selecting appropriate tools for implementation, and getting the structural modeling done. These are very much essential qualities for a person functioning in the field of software engineering and modeling tools. Outline This paper discusses
Introduction The idea of ornamentation emanated from human existence and the need to interact with the environment. Consequently, architects have used ornaments in architectural designs in various ways. However, these usages have attracted admiration and criticisms in equal measures. Hence, this essay explores Ornaments as Right or Crime: the Question of Ornament in Architectural Design with the aim of re-thinking the position of ornament in architectural designs. The essay shall draw from existing literature. Some of the notable authors would include Christina Noble who notes that architects’ influences on structures have declined considerably, which has forced them to concentrate on architecture as a manipulation of surfaces to depict relevance for design and construction today (Noble, 2009). It explores Adolf Loos’ work as a fierce critic of the use of ornament in architectural design (Loos, 1930). James Trilling offers appreciation on the use of ornament in architectural designs as a way of capturing history and presenting inherent beauty in such works (Trilling, 2001). Other notable works would include Mallgrave (2006) and a recent article by Hakn Sağlam (2013) among other scholars in architecture. The essay shall present a thesis statement of the study and track the development of Ornament as right or crime in history, present supporting contexts and analysis of supporting texts. It will identify the relevance of the theme in today’s architectural designs. Another section shall present Ornament as Crime as the opposing theme in the title. The essay would demonstrate a synthesis of the two parallel views to depict their relevance in contemporary architectural practices. Finally, it would offer a reflective conclusion about lessons learned. Ornament as Right One can argue that the use of ornament in design and construction shows constant changes and evolution based on the historical periods with the influences from people, society, industrial and technological advancement. Architects of the time find new ways of expressing their moral and physical duties in different ways. One such way is the use of ornament in architectural designs for visual fancy, aesthetic and representation of cultures and history. From historical perspectives, one may notice that the relationship between ornament and architectural designs has developed or changed over the years as James Trilling observes that ornaments carried both inherent beauty and historical importance in architectural designs (Trilling, 2001). Ornaments could act as mere forms of expression or assertion of power. The concept of ornamentation in design has evolved from primitive approaches to modern forms that include photo m
Introduction The globalization that is being witnessed in the contemporary times presents opportunities, as well as challenges to the leadership of organizations. It is argued that the success of leading an organization in the contemporary era depends on the ability of a manager to understand the diverse cultures as embraced in diverse places across the globe. This paper argues that cultural adaptability is critical to the successful management of subsidiaries. The paper explores literature on the attributes of cross-cultural leadership in three countries. China is taken to be the home country of a business that wants to set up in Britain and Nigeria. The paper also brings out the variations in leadership culture between China and Nigeria. Overview of the three managerial destinations: China, Britain and Nigeria According to the advocates of cross-cultural management, different destinations across the world exhibit different cultures of management. The establishment of subsidiary firms is a common exercise for firms with the continued adoption of the expansion strategy by firms. China as a country is located in the Asia Pacific region. On the other hand, Britain is located in Western Europe. On the other hand, Nigeria is located in Africa. Therefore, the attributes of business management in these three regions vary due to the variations in conditions that affect business management in the three distinct regions. Literature review Littrell, Alon and Chan (2012) observed that there is a wide variation in the business culture of China. This disputes the work of researchers who have focused on the country as a whole while researching on the cultural attributes of management in China. The observation by Littrell, Alon and Chan (2012) has a close relation to the research by Fan (2000), who sought to identify the diverse attributes of culture in China and how they affect management. Fan observed that China is a large country that is divided into different regions that portray some differences in the attributes of culture and management. The variations of business culture between the different regions of China are not quite distinct, especially when the country is placed in the foreign business environment. Littrell, Alon and Chan (2012) observed that the prevailing variations in the culture in China are caused by the precedents of history and the rate of adoption to change by each region (Yuan & Chia 2011). The attributes of leadership vary
Introduction Hobbes philosophical principles were of materialist nature. In the company of many other thinkers of his age, Hobbes thought he perceived in mathematics a certitude which the flux of human opinion could not alter. This is so because he believed that universe is composed of solid bodies and everything is geometrical in nature. Every matter has mathematical dimensions which must be true if verified on a scientific basis. Main body Since Hobbes was materialist, he considered ‘truth’ to be a function of reasoning, its discovery an analytical process in which definitions are placed in their proper order (Leviathan, p. 21). The language of geometry, moreover, is lucid, free of verbal confusions, a perfect analogue of the kind of style which Hobbes hoped to achieve in his non-mathematical writings. And finally, geometry harmonized most easily with the cosmology that Hobbes was soon to develop: a universe that consists only of extended body is best described in geometrical terms (Matthew, 1885, p. 113). One of the best examples of putting his philosophy in a scientific paradigm is that he used time to measure and compare motions in general, so in Elements of Law he applies the temporal dimension to distinguish between people and to explain the different attractions to pleasures like sensualities, riches, and knowledge (Slomp, 2000, p. 21). Hobbes confronted to the great philosophical problem of seventeenth-century science which was to find a way of working out its mechanical principles without abandoning spirit and God (Descartes’ Cartesianism). Unlike Descartes who believed that a rigorously mechanical view of the material world is always accompanied by the certainty that the spirit world also exists, Hobbes mechanical universe was devoid of spirit and only distantly related to a material God (Mintz, 1970, p. 11). For Hobbes all substance must have dimensions that is, it must have spatial location, magnitude, and extension. In this way Hobbes have proved every material bodily substance on scientific grounds, and so does his moral and philosophical notions are proved that no two bodies can occupy the same space in the universe. All substance or bodies is impenetrable therefore Hobbes scorned the doctrine that defines a spiritual existence. Hobbes ridiculed the scholastic notion expressed in the proposition totum in toto ac totum in qualibet parte . Hobbes refutes other scholars’ opinions about spirits and souls and denies the notion that a man has a soul. In Leviathan Hobbes has mentioned that how could a soul be a part of a man or a part of any of the man’s bodily features? (Leviathan, p. 443) Hobbes played only a negative role in developments that according to him were not physical. His doctrine of space had no effect on the progress of English science, nor did it serve to release the English poetic imagination in the way that More’s had. In fact, unlike More, Hobbes did not make his doctrine a central feature of his metaphysics. He treated the question almost casually, whereas f
Introduction Scientific studies have revealed that people who are actively involved in physical exercise have lower chances of suffering from some of the common forms of physical limitations associated with lack of exercise. Physical exercise is a comprehensive intervention strategy that is aimed at minimizing functional limitations that result in diseases. Physical activity helps in fighting health problems such as obesity, kidney problems, coronary diseases, and many other chronic diseases. An individual’s lifestyle in terms of physical exercise defines some of the limitations he or she would face in life. When a comprehensive physical exercise program is carried out for potential victims of functional limitations, the intervention plan may play a significant role in addressing this common health care concern. The main advantage of physical exercise is lowering the risk of suffering from diseases and regulating fat in the body. This paper will support the claim that regular exercise prolongs and improves the quality of human life. How regular exercises prolongs and improves quality of life Lowering the risk of suffering from diseases Since one of the leading causes of colorectal cancer is the behavioral pattern that one assumes in his or her lifestyle, integration of an intervention plan such as physical exercise as part of comprehensive health care is necessary to reverse the trend. According to Reimers, Guido and Reimers (2012), who are lecturers at the Technische University of Dortmund, “physical activity reduces many major mortality risk factors including arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer” (Reimers, Guido and Reimers 108). The authors argue that physical exercise is known to be one of the factors that may help in suppressing most of life style diseases. For instance, since most of old people rarely engage in physical exercise, colorectal cancer is very common among the elderly. Therefore, behavioral factors can be addressed if the affected person is willing to embrace continuous physical exercise. Proposed and developed by Dr. Nola Pender, health promotion model is critical in facilitating achievement of high and desirable levels of well-being through physical exercise (Sweeting 38). In relation to interventional plan for reducing colorectal cancer, the health promotion model comprises of regulated physical exercise to ensure that the activity of the body functions at optimal level. The underlying goals are assisting the patients change behavior through physical exercise as part for fighting colorectal cancer and offering alternatives which patients may exploit to pursue ideal health. Regulation of fats in the body Good physical exercise has the potential of regulating fats in the body, thus reducing instances of obesity. Obesity is a health concern which is characterized by excessive accumulation of body f
Introduction In the last forty years or so, the employment rates of women have gone up considerably, and in the current world, more and more women are competing and finding employment at par with their male counterparts. This has also been the subject of a great deal of debate on whether the employment characteristics, such as pay, education, work culture, and environment, have had a detrimental effect on a child’s outcome. This could mean a variety of outcomes such as inability to read, lower birth weights, premature delivery of infants, and spontaneous abortion. The aim of this study, in the context of Maternal Job Characteristics and Preference for Child Care during Infancy, is to determine whether the findings of previous literature were accurate or had been accurate for the demographic surveyed upon previously and was thus applicable to certain demographics only. This study is extremely important because if the development factors in a child are of extreme importance, as these are instrumental in the construction of the mental framework of a child or influence the emotional intelligence of the child. A child is a future citizen, and to have a proper citizen; it is important to have proper formulation during infancy. Established literature has been conflicting in this case. While some researchers have concluded that job characteristics can have a detrimental effect on the child in general, others have differed and have concluded that there has been no significant variation due to pre maternal employment or jobs undertaken in infant care. The findings of Jacobs and Gerson in 2004 have been significant contributing literature in this field. The theses of Coleman in 1988 established the fact that maternal employment may have detrimental effects on a child’s welfare and also the family as a whole, a thought that was seconded by Ruhm in 2004. Other researchers such as Muller, in 1995, however, concluded that a mother’s employment has no direct bearing on the outcome of her offspring in areas such as reading capabilities, and researchers such as McGroder have concluded that maternal employment has a significant positive effect on children. Therefore, it would be necessary to ascertain which of the theories have been closer to the fact, and therefore the need for such a survey arises. An attempt has been made to
Background With the steady growth in tourism, provision of quality and affordable hospitality services is exponentially gaining credence (Weygandt et al., A 2008). The quality of service offered and the satisfaction of the customer are factors that have been considered to be leading to the retaining of customers and the general success of the hotel industry. The hotel industry in the UK has been on a steady rise. According to the United Kingdom Tourism Survey, there was a steady rise amounting to 74.5 percent in hotel bookings by the end of September 2010 (O’Neill & Mattila, 2010).Hotels in London, according to the survey, have particularly recorded the highest a high occupancy rate of about 82.6 percent as compared to other regional hotels in the UK. This was, however, not only noted in hotel bookings, but also in the general hospitality and the larger tourism industry (Sheehan & Ritchie, 2005).The performance in the whole industry depends on many factors of the economy. According to Burch (1994) this is actually what is forcing hotels to embrace the need for innovation so as they may stay competitive as survival of the hotels and retention of customers fully becomes a tricky affair. The Budget hotel concept is fast gaining momentum in the UK. The concept is a kind of limited service hotel whose key features are guided by parameters such as bedroom size, the costs of construction per bedroom, and finally, ratio of revenue from rooms and the total turnover of the hotel (Tri Hospitality Consulting, 2007). The report talks about several aspects such as background of the budget concept, budget and location, as well as even the growth aspects expected in the sector. It has also detailed performance of the budget industry, the response of the consumers to the concept, development and operation of the budget hotels, and finally, future predictions for the sector. This report is quite useful to the study as it tries to the almost comprehensive outlook of the budget hotel industry (Albrecht, 2008). However, there are some areas in which the report is limited. For instance, it does not really give the management styles used by the respective budget hotels. Significance of the study The budget hotel concept is one that is fast gaining momentum in the hospitality industry all over the world. This concept of limited service hotels is one that has its profound peculiarities. This study will investigate the factors that give this concept a strategic edge over the other types of hotels. The study of budget hotels in the UK will contribute to the pool of knowledge about the hospitality industry. This means that this study will not only give a detailed exposé of the management best practices in the budget hotel industry, but will greatly add to the general body of knowledge on many other aspects in this segment of the hotel industry such as human resources, performance, lo