ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) is an international system that is used in standardizing the classification and labeling of chemicals. The GHS describes the hazards of chemicals to health, environment, and body (Roughton & Crutchfield, 2008). It also used in classification of other materials when they are compared with the other known hazardous chemicals. The GHS also assists in communicating information about hazardous chemicals including the protective measures needed to be taken that are placed on the labels and safety Data Sheets also known as the SDS. The GHS is important, because the information it gives is used in determination of hazardous chemicals as well as gives information about what is needed to prepare a label or the SDS when needed. Its application (GHS) is of benefit to governments and companies as well as the workforce and the public. According to researchers, using the GHS helps to lower the costs of healthcare, offer a safer working environment, increased efficiency, and lastly disseminating knowledge about hazardous materials and chemicals that a person can come into contact. (Roughton & Crutchfield, 2008). The GHS method of classifying chemicals is used worldwide as a tool of creating a standard advancement in understanding dangerous chemicals and their properties. It provides a guideline and a mechanism that details how to use safely dangerous chemicals as well as how to transport and dispose of the chemicals. People also use the GHS to learn about the effects and precautions that are needed when handling hazardous chemicals. With the adoption and implementation of the safety data sheets in many work places, knowledge about the dangers of chemicals is becoming more accessible and this has helped in formulating preventive and protective measures aimed at improving the health and safety of the work places. This paper will look at the history of the GHS, hazard classification of materials, testing requirements, and finally implementation. Discussion History The Globally GHS was created by the United Nations. It is an internationally agreed system of identifying and categorizing hazardous chemicals. The system was made to replace the many standard of classification that was being used in different countries. It was intended to introduce constituent criteria for labeling and classifying chemicals worldwide. Development of the GHS began in 1992 at the Rio Conference, when various organizations suc
Introduction The Arab wave of unrest began in Tunisia in December 2010, and led to the ousting of Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, who had ruled the country for 23 years. The revolution in this small North African country was characterized by demonstrations and riots, which were quelled violently by the police and other state security agencies (Barnard and Cowell 2). However, the protestors relentlessly pursued their course and on 14 th January 2011, 28 days after, the president resigned and fled to Saudi Arabia. This revolution was replicated in Egypt on 25 th January 2011 and on February 11 2011; Hosni Mubarak resigned, ending his 30 years reign over the country. The wave of Arab revolution hit Syria on 15 th march 2011 (Barnard and Cowell 2). It all started in a small southern city, whose residents held street protests after students who had displayed anti-government graffiti were tortured. The government used extreme force on the protestors and the demonstrations spread rapidly to various other parts of the country. The confrontations between protestors and government security agencies have left several people dead and injured and are threatening to escalate into a civil war. President Bashar al-Assad and members of his family continue holding onto power despite the international and internal pressure to end violence against civilians and allow political change (Barnard and Cowell 2) Background Information on Revolution Syria has a population of about 21 million people and is under the authoritarian rule headed by President Bashar al-Assad. The constitution authorizes supremacy of leaders from the Ba’ath Party in the society and state institutions (Sharp 1). Party members and President Assad’s family dominate the three arms of the government. Syria has had a state of emergency since 1963, which grants security agencies enormous power of suppressing any opposition (Sharp 1). The political and socio-economic conditions in Syria have led to deep discontent with the status quo that has contributed to the high inflation and unemployment rates, minimum political freedom, suppressive security forces and rampant corruption. Although protests started in a smaller marginalized town, their intensity has been more in larger cities of Aleppo and Damascus. This is a clear indication that people in larger towns are more opposed to Assad’s regime as they experience the problems mentioned above firsthand (Sharp 2). Key Players in the Revolution Opposition Groups and Demonstrators Most demonstrators are politically conversant and frustrated males between the ages of 20 to 40 years (Ecoi.Net par. 4). Although the Syrian opposition groups have become more organized during the revolution, they still remain largely divided over leadership, coordination, tactics and strategy. The Local Coordinating Councils present in many regions, played a vital role during the protest stage of the revolution as it linked activists from all over the country using informal networks (Sharp 3). Armed activists from Syria and other neighboring countries joined in the fora
Darren Aronofsky’s Requiem for a Dream (2000) is a film that unfolds the main characters’ deviant behaviors as they involve themselves with addiction that ended in tragedy. The setting is the simple, well-kept Brooklyn apartment of elderly widow Sara Goldfarb (Ellen Burstyn). On the right, her son Harry (Jared Leto) unplugs the television and asks his mother for the keys to the padlock, chaining it to the radiator; on the left, Sara, her nerves frayed from having seen this event play out too often, retreats into the bathroom only to throw out the keys to her son. Both characters are addicts in one way or another, and this scene sets out their respective lives: for Sara, lonely since the death of her husband, it’s television, whereas Harry gets off on heroin and needs to pawn his mother’s beloved set for them to buy more drugs. Harry, with his friend Tyron (Marlon Wayans), and his girlfriend Marion (Jennifer Connelly), soon get involved with the drug business, and their lives go downward spiral. They get horribly derailed by their sudden incapacity to buy the pure heroin they have been dealing in and living by. On the other hand, Sara’s viewing habits sends her addicted to diet pills as she watches noisy game shows all day and soon loses her mind. In this paper, we will relate the deviant behaviors of the characters in this film to some of the most relevant theories that explain these types of behaviors. Like Aronofsky’s fast hallucination sequences, scenes played out in an accelerated blur with dialogue slowed down to a growl, the characters are displaying their deviant behaviors until they rapidly fall down beyond redemption. Even though there may be some factors related to deviant behavior at the individual level, the majority of delinquency researchers believe it would be a mistake to ignore social and environmental factors in trying to understand the cause of such misbehavior (Messner & Rosenfeld 1994, p. 11). Most criminals might be indigent and desperate, not calculating or evil. Most grew up in deteriorated parts of town and lacked the social support and economic resources familiar to more affluent members of society. But in Harry, Sara, Tryon, and Marion’s case, their act is more than the issue of economic aspects: all of the characters have issues with addiction and absurdly thinks that it is their key to better lives, although their “wants” can be achieved by normal means. Thus, to understand these characters’ criminal behavior, we need a closer analysis as to what influenced them to involve in the destructive social forces that affect human behavior. Experts who have a social or sociological orientation have studied criminal cases concerning social change and the dynamic aspects of human behavior. They found out that changing cultural norms and institutions could somehow affect individual and group behavior. In our postmodern society, there has been a reduction in the influence of the family and an increased emphasis on individual
Introduction A cell cycle is a crucial process occurring in all cells, which is essential for the growth and development of organisms. The current definition for the phenomenon states that a cell cycle is a “series of complex events involving cellular and nuclear processes through particular phases that ensure the cell’s division into two daughter cells” (Campbell & Fishel, 2015, p. 13). Although the general idea of a cell cycle is similar across all kingdoms, there are noticeable differences when it comes to the specifics of cell cycles in animals, plants, and bacteria. Scrutinizing these differences will give one a profound insight into the characteristics of the types of organisms mentioned above. Main body The cell cycle in animal cells is represented by the division of a parent cell into two daughter cells. The process involves three key phases, which are G1, G2, and Synthesis. During the G1 step, crucial metabolic processes occur in a cell, thus setting the stage for further division. The entirety of the cellular content except for its DNA is duplicated in the course of the G1 stage completion. The interim S stage, in turn, includes the processes during which each chromosome is duplicated so that it could be represented by two sister chromatids (“Chapter 10 – Cell Reproduction”). The G2 step that follows the previous one involves the metabolic changes within a cell leading to the arrangement of cytoplasmic materials. The latter, in turn, will be used to set and enhance the processes of mitosis and cytokinesis (“Chapter 10 – Cell Reproduction”). Finally, at the M stage, the cell division process, also known as cytokinesis, is preceded by the nucleus division, or mitosis. After the described process is over, the division is finished, and two daughter cells emerge instead of the parental one. The process of cell division in plants is similar to that one of animal cells due to the presence of a nucleus in both types of cells. Thus, the process of DNA transfer and the related stages of the cell cycle is similar in both animal and plant cells. However, there are certain differences in the way in which plant cells divide. For example, unlike animal cells, the ones that belong to the plant kingdom do not form gametes but, instead, create spores that afterward turn into gametophytes (“Chapter 9 – Cell Communication”). Therefore, the ability to produce gametes can be regarded as the distinctive feature of animal cells that do not occur in any other type of cells across the three kingdoms (“Chapter 9 – Cell Communication”). When analyzing the differences and similarities between cell cycles in different cell types, one will have to mention that the identified processes in bacteria are distinctively different from those in plants and animals. While the latter two share a sizeable number of common characteristics, bacteria only have the bare minimum of similarities to the animal and plant cells. The observed characteristic can be explained by the absence of a nucleus and, consequently, the lack of an actual DNA strand in a prokaryotic cell (“Chapter 9 – Cell Communication”). For example, unlike the animal and plant cell types, one of a bacter
Introduction Is there a need for more regulation in terms of more controls and audits in the persons and entities involved in the capital markets, after the Bernie Madoff’s scandal? This paper answers whether the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) should be given more powers to impose more controls and audits among companies under its power or jurisdiction so as to prevent frauds on securities as those done in Madoff Scandal. This researcher takes the position that it is not more regulation that is needed in terms of more controls and audits but rather having the right people to do the job in regulation. The US SEC has already the needed power to have prevented what happened in the case of Mardoff and the same agency can still tap on that power to prevent similar kind of fraud in the future. Main body There are already controls and audits of different companies as required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. In fact many are already complaining of over regulation by the said law. More regulation would not help ensure more efficient capital market if companies are over burdened with requirements of the SEC. In the case of Madoff there are reports that that the man was so connected with politicians and regulators particularly from the SEC regulatory officers, so that people who should be doing their regulatory functions under the law were blinded for one reason or the other. Madoff was known to have given political contributions to democrats. 1 Not surprisingly, Madoff was already in business during US SEC chairman Levitt term under the Clinton presidency. 2 This could mean that politics had reared again its ugly head why instead of being seriously watched just like other brokers, Madoff appeared to have played politics by causing people to refuse or refrain from doing what could have been done under the circumstances. Berlau narrated the fact that when news first came out about Bernard Madoff’s alleged $50 billion worldwide Ponzi Scheme, media appeared to have first portrayed Madoff as indistinct hedge fund manager who was not subject to within the scope of regulation by the US SEC. 3 But as the sheer magnitude of the fraud involving Madoff became obvious, Madoff’s place in the Wall Street-Washington world became clearer to. 4 If an honest interpretation could allow in this kind observation, it would seem that Madoff has some degree of control by his influence on whether he could be indicted for any wrong doing. His influence of course appear to be knotted with his relationship with some politicians he might have helped and who are now in the government positions to possibly cushion any investigation that may be directed upon any wrongdoing involving securities. The man’s wide businesses could not have avoided the eyes of regulators particularly by the SEC if the latter’s people had given the needed focus. Bernie Madoff was registered as an investment advi
Introduction Narrative in films is one of the most significant features of this kind of art. It is a “skeleton” of what is said or done in the film that helps a viewer perceive the sense of the film or of one definite scene in it. In this respect, an observer should work out the whole sense and significance of narrative in films. It is necessary to seek the points that make the narrative so vital for the genre diversity of movies. The general outlook on the opinions of different researchers is stated in this study to incorporate the essence of narrative in the social discourse. Moreover, observers should pay special attention to the fact that narrative is a construct that makes the performance of the film easy to convey. Thus, there is a viable ground to analyze the features of narrative in films that are frequently discussed among critics and researchers in this terrain of art. Thereupon, one needs to take a look at the literature on the topic. Second, it is vital to state personal contributions for the analysis of the narrative. Personal participation in the scholarly conversation is extra significant for the whole research. It responds to the extent of personal understanding of the hallmarks of the role of narrative in films. Thus, authoritative opinions interwoven with personal reflections about the movie are enough to state the maturation of a researcher. Moreover, it shows off his/her ability to omit biases in analyzing the subject matter of the research. Literature review The narrative serves as a means to show a person the way of development of actions in the movie. Previously, history knows lots of narratives that enlarge peoples’ intellectual legacy. In this respect, Cin et al. admit the positive function of narrative as an attribute of the logical wholeness of the film (Cin et al. 176). The researchers provide a scope of data that support the significant role of narrative in texts. Hence, they note that narratives touch upon three major areas of peoples’ cognition, namely: emotions, beliefs, and behaviors (Cin et al 178). It means that the variety of themes represented in a work of art (in a film, particularly) props up against the logic correlated in a narrative. One should point out also the role of narrative, as a medium between an author and a viewer. Surely, it ma
Overview of CoLinx, LLC Corporation CoLinx, LLC is a company that deals in the discharge of logistics and e-commerce services. One exciting thing about the company is that it operates on a non-profit basis, having been established out of the partnership of four manufacturing companies. The company offers services to other companies to help them discharge their logistics, operations, as well as e-commerce functions. This reiterates the importance of logistics and e-commerce in positioning companies in the contemporary business environment. Since its establishment, the company has greatly aided other companies in attaining efficiency of scale through improvement of service level operations in the companies. Due to the nature of its establishment, CoLinx, LLC deals in the provision of a wide range of logistics services for companies, ranging from warehousing to temporary assembly, freight auditing, and export and import of goods. The company has built its reputation based on the establishment of a large warehouse in Tennessee (Coyle & Coyle, 2009). Value proposition for the companies that are served by CoLinx, LLC Efficiency in supply chain management for multiple companies Fernie and Sparks (2009) and Halley and Beaulieu (2009) observed that one of the key trends in enhancement of competitive performance of firms is outsourcing logistic services as a way of cutting down on costs. As presented in the case, CoLinx, LLC is a company that was developed out of the initiative of a number of companies in the manufacturing industry in North America. The company sought to enhance efficiency in operations of other firm. Supply chain management is a key area of operations for both manufacturing and distribution companies. Most companies that deal in manufacturing and distribution incur a lot of costs in terms of outsourcing for logistic services from other firms. CoLinx, LLC is able to develop a single distributor base allowing it to easily sort out shipments and ease the shipment of like shipments to like destinations. It is critical to note that actual sharing of logistics costs is a reality for companies operating their supply chain under CoLinx, LLC (Coyle & Coyle, 2009). CoLinx, LLC and the enhancement of e-commerce Formulation of a company that discharges logistics and e-commerce services for a group of companies is one way of ensuring there is reduction in extreme costs that come from outsourcing various e-commerce and logistic firms to carry out such services for the manufacturing and distribution companies (Berger & Gattorna, 2001). One of the critical activities to note in the operations of CoLinx, LLC is its ability to link up manufacturers and distributors through the e-commerce platform. Instead of individual companies developing their websites, a single website developed by CoLinx, LLC hosts a website that facilitates the flow of information from customers to the
Introduction In this paper, the actions/ behaviors that led to the conclusion that Ronald Reagan was a charismatic leader will be evaluated. Generally, charismatic leadership refers to “a leadership style where the leader engages in extraordinary behaviors and exhibits considerable expertise” (Lussier and Achua 46). Key Leadership Style Reagan used the charismatic leadership style during his tenure as the president of the US. Charisma is a trait associated with leaders based on their behaviors, expertise, and the situational context. Charismatic leaders often include emotional appeals in their speeches to improve the effectiveness of their communication (Bonnici 63). This involves using symbolism and metaphors to inspire and motivate followers. Charismatic leaders are expected to have a clear ideological vision to encourage radical change among their followers. Additionally, they must demonstrate high standards of honesty to earn the trust of their followers. In this respect, a charismatic leader has to be honest in his actions. Furthermore, “demonstrating courage and conviction enables charismatic leaders to manage follower impression” (Bonnici 69). Why Reagan was a Charismatic Leader Reagan demonstrated the traits discussed in the foregoing paragraph in the following ways. To begin with, he was an effective communicator who used symbolism and metaphors in public speeches to inspire the citizens (Greenstein 220-230). For example, he described the USSR as the evil empire. Metaphorically, this description highlighted the moral superiority of democracy and freedom of choice over communism. Reagan had a clear vision, which he encouraged the citizens to support to promote economic development. His ideological vision was to create a conservative society (Bell 66-74). In this respect, Reagan focused on reducing government expenditure, cutting tax rates, and protecting citizens’ constitutional rights. Thus, his vision was considered as the change that Americans needed to correct the mistakes made by the Carter regime. Reagan earned the trust and respect of the citizens through his candid honesty. He portrayed courageous convictions and focused on pursuing what he and his followers considered to be right. For example, “he took responsibility for the Iran Arms and Contra Aid controversy in 1987, thereby regaining the trust of the pubic” (Bell 66-74). Unlike most former presidents of the US, Reagan showed his expertise in managing the country through effective delegation of tasks and authority (Greenstein 220-230). He believed that empowering members of his administration would ensure successful implementation of national policies. Thus, he established effective teams that worked independently, thereby improving the effectiveness of his administration. If I were the President As the president, I would use transformational leadership to lead the country. A transformational leader is an individual who is capable of guiding, directing, and influencing others to achieve the desired change (Bonnici 78). Unlike charismatic leadership, transformational leadership does not require special traits and behaviors, which some leaders might lack. Transf