ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Examples of nationalism are seen everywhere in the world. The presence of national flags at sports events, advertisements that urge tourists to choose specific countries as tourism destinations, and the portrayal of the effects of terrorist activities and wars all over the world are stark indicators of nationalism. However, nationalism is an idea and belief that everybody claims to understand but very few can articulate and convey it in the true sense. Nationalism is to some extent comparable to being devoted to one’s country but while devotion can be described as being love for the country, nationalism centers more on the shape that a nation ought to take. Hence it has to encompass the emotional and cultural aspects as also the historical and political implications. In being support for the nation, nationalism has different connotations by way of aim and origin of the issues being taken up. Nationalism is a vast area that cannot be exhaustively defined by the strongest nationalists but a basic objective is for the nation to succeed. It has been a subject matter of much dispute with both positive and negative features being hotly debated. Nationalism is often referred to as forming the national identity in exercising for a country, its right to defend and to have its own specific identity. It is also construed as opposing the influences of autocracy, domination, and oppression. Nationalism is seen as being a powerful means since it derives its strength from the sense of belonging to the nation that most people have. This trait has made politicians exploit the sentiments of individuals by making them united for a common national cause. It is for this reason that nationalism cannot be said to be the exclusive characteristic of the west or any group of nations. A just war is waged when all nonviolent alternatives have been exhausted. Only then can the use of force be justified to achieve the solution to the given problems. The war is said to be just only if it is initiated by the lawful authorities. An action of war or aggression cannot be justified if it is taken by groups of people who do not have the legitimate authority vested with them by the society of the given nation. War is described as just only if it is waged to rectify wrongdoings, such as acts of self-defense against armed attacks. A just war has to be fought in keeping with the right intention and the sole objective of the war must be to only redress the oppression. It has to be waged if there are rational chances of success since injuries and deaths resulting from a fruitless endeavor cannot be justified morally. The purpose of the just war must be to restore peace which implies that the establishment of peace after the war should be a better option than the peace that could have prevailed if the war had not been fought. The extent of violence and aggression used in the just war has to be in almost equal proportion to the loss suffered by the act of the aggressor. Hence states are advised not to exceed the use of force that is more than what is re
Introduction The concept of health and its implications has undergone a great revolution. What used to be described as a health problem in the days gone has changed all of a sudden. The implication of the word health has therefore evolved over time. Due to a variety of factors, the nature of health problems that plague modern day societies have become more of a chronic case as compared to the acute cases of the past. Diseases caused by psychological as well as environmental factors have increased with great intensity. Therefore to say that someone is sick does not necessarily imply the scientific nature of his body. Rather the state of the person being vis-à-vis the environment in which he lives in also carries weight. The documentary on the factors that determine health provides more details oh the entire concept of health. Other publications have also been cited in the discussion of health and its determinants. Social Determinants of Health The concept of health is susceptible to the influence of a variety of social and cultural factors. This trend has increasingly become popular with the development and evolution of the entire concept. (Marmot, M & Wilkinson, R, 2003) Therefore in today’s world the health of an individual is influenced by quite a number of factors of social nature they include: Social status: People at the lower stratum of the social class have more risk of diseases than those at the higher level. In fact the documentary shows that people in lower classes may succumb to death earlier than the rest. Social class also involves the economic categorization of society. People who are economically sound have a lesser risk of disease and death as compared to he poorer category. Race: African Americans fair worse compared to their white counterparts. in fact all the colored races have more risk of illness and early demise than the white population. Work stress: Work related stress contributes to many sicknesses as well as deaths. People who have very stressful work environment have a higher risk of disease, sicknesses and early demise as compared to the rest. The demands of work puts a lot of stress on people’s life and its impacts can be fatal for the people concerned. Chronic stress: Chronic stress is worse than any other factor of the above mentioned. It is a major contributor to health problems in society. Chronic stress is like a disease on its own. People with this kind of condition are at a higher risk of health and demise. Neighborhood: A persons neighboring environment has a lot of implication on his health. The environment can either ensure good health of bad health depending on its nature. A good neighborhood promotes good relations with others thereby guaranteeing health. Control of destiny: Human beings have an in built craving of having control over their choices and life in general. A sense of controlling destiny is associated with being aware of oneself and h
Why oral histories are important even with these limitations and how would you address these issues when you do your final research project. A personal interview with an older Asian Pacific Islander American (APIA) woman Oral history as the term goes is a study of historical information about persons, families, important events, or everyday life. It’s also about the collection of people’s accounts about their own occurrences. Oral history is not folklore, rumor or gossip and oral historians tend to authenticate their answers by scrutinizing them and place them in a precise chronological framework Oral historians are also concerned about storage of their findings for later usage by scholars as they are aware that the day by day recollections of the community, not just the wealthy and prominent persons, but also the poor and insignificant have historical significance. If they do not accumulate and bank those recollections or accounts, then one day they will vanish perpetually. Oral history struggled to achieve information from different outlooks and most of these cannot be found in written sources. Importance of oral history Oral history is important because it provides depth, texture, flavor, nuance and color to mission history and analysis. As social history, it fills in gaps, gives a voice to the hidden people, embellishes, substantiates and corrects the official record (Isabella Thorburn October 2001). Oral history also provides an older generation with a way of connecting to the young, for instance, third generation believers (students in a seminary) interviewed first generation believers in rural Latin America and wrote up the stories, then went back to the churches to re-tell the stories. This created a mutual appreciation and understanding and ensured that the early roots of the church were neither ignored nor despised. Oral history can bring to light hidden features of a story, assist with issues that have been forgotten or had been dealt with by giving a voice to those who remember and have never been listened to. It can supplement diaries thereby encouraging and ensuring a collective sense of family. Oral history which has the virtue of being efficient, immediate and eyewitness allows for divergent points of view, for the perspective of the voiceless (illiterate) and recovering forgotten knowledge. Most people are illiterate and have no voice in the stories historians tell. Asian/Pacific Islander American women are omitted in the historical writings in spite of their lived realities. History focuses mostly on men’s immigration, labor and politics and thus one learns very little about Asian/Pacific Islander American women because they are rendered invisible. Asian women have been historically portrayed as submissive and exotic and so women’s studies has sought to transform historical knowledge and practice by centering w
Introduction Project management (PM) is an integral part of any organization since it allows the accomplishment of key goals and the successful introduction of improvements. A project is typically viewed as the process of attaining a particular goal (Munns and Bjeirmi 81). Project management (PM), in turn, can be interpreted as the set of tools and theories for coordinating the specified process (Munns and Bjeirmi 81). In other words, PM consists of using the available tools to plan, implement, and control the changes that lead to improvements. Analysis The significance of a project in PM can hardly be underrated. A project provides a layout of the key steps that need to be accomplished to meet the essential goals, as well as the structure according to which the key processes will be accomplished. Therefore, projects play a crucial role in PM as the means of determining the key objectives, assessing the available resources, defining the tools that can be used to enhance the value of the resources in question, locating the primary obstacles and avoiding them successfully, etc. A theoretical perspective of the PM is a set of tools and assumptions used for modeling the stages of PM, as well as improving and coordinating the associated processes. Traditionally, the scope of PM is defined by the differences between the goals of a particular project and the tools that are used to attain the set objectives (Bryde 776). One should keep in mind that there is a range of theories that allow an explanation of the essential processes underlying PM. For instance, there is the Theory of Execution, which focuses on the implementation of the designed strategies, and the Theory of Controlling, which states that changes must be fully integrated into the organizational system and monitored closely, to name a few. (Koskela and Howell 7). The choice of a PM theory, in turn, defines the design of a PM strategy to a considerable extent. As a rule, a strategy is considered to be a measure or a set of measures used to reach a certain goal. In other words, following a specific strategy implies carrying out a particular set of steps in accordance with the existing plan. A strategy must be designed prior to implement the actions that are intended to lead toward the goal. In PM, a strategy can be interpreted as the approach based on which the organizational issues and the relationships between the participants can be managed. The PMBOK guidelines are typically viewed as the framework for designing a PM strategy (Koskela and Howell 3). The process of PM can be viewed from several perspectives, hence numerous frameworks including a different number of stages. For instance, PM may be split into conception, planning, production, handover, utilization,
In the recent decades, advancements in technologies have dramatically changed the research process across all disciplines. Some of these innovations have revolutionized research with titanic and far-reaching implications. The internet, for instance, has made it easy to access information and communicate across long distances. Some of these innovations are slightly less revolutionary but with tremendous impacts on research. Online social media platforms are examples of modest innovations whose impact on research-related tasks can only be felt cumulatively through daily interactions. With a base of 90 million active users monthly and over 40 million photos posted each day, Instagram is a powerful tool for social science research (Titlow, 2013). The innovation uses hash tags to allow users share similar information. A researcher can visit those hash tags to get vivid graphical results on a research topic. This paper will demonstrate that despite its shortcomings as a source of social problems, Instagram is a powerful research tool on virtually all social sciences disciplines. Kevin Systrom and Michel Krieger, a Brazilian, developed Instagram in the beginning of 2010 ( How did it Impact Society? –Instagram , n.d., par 3).The innovation got a financial boast from venture fund investment in March 2010. One year later, Instagram discovered hash tag, afeature that allows users to share and discover similar information and photos. Like-minded Instagrammers create specific hash tags to help them discover each other. Instagram became very popular and hit over million users in 2010. With invention of the hash tag feature, this number rose to 10 million in 2011. By August 2012, the innovation had over 100 million photos uploaded on its service. This number surpassed one billion in 2012. Each second, Instagram receives fifty-eightphotos and one new user on its service. Renowned personalities and celebrities have created Instagram profiles. This allows them to share photos and videos with their followers and fans. The innovation, though modest, has exceedingly many users on its platform. It i
Describe ways in which you encourage reciprocal discussions in your classrooms. Be specific as to the practices that are promoting reciprocity Reciprocal teaching implies the conversation and discussion between the students and the teacher about the recently read texts and other matters (Padma, 2008). In this case, it has a beneficial influence on the development of attention, as the students tend to stay focused on the class materials. In this instance, I often utilize summarization, as it helps the students to understand the meaning of the text while depicting the primary points (the Padma, 2008). Additionally, I tend to ask questions about the details and matters, which were actively portrayed in the text. What about centers? Discuss any centers that you may have that promote early language acquisition? The early language acquisition is critical to be encouraged to expand the children’s learning of the vocabulary for sufficient interactions in society (Kuhl, 2004). Meanwhile, social collaboration is one of the critical attributes to enhance sufficient language acquisition and development of the speech (Kuhl, 2004). As for the centers, one of the examples to improve the achievement of the learning outcomes is organizing a listening center, where the children will be able to listen to the audiobooks. Meanwhile, it is apparent that the discussion centers have to be introduced, as it will contribute to the understanding of the read texts and acquired vocabulary. What are the grouping practices that you enact in your respective classrooms? Grouping and group work are often used to improve the learning outcomes and delivery of knowledge. In this case, the formation of the groups in the classrooms has to be driven by logical and ethical principles and aim at the encouragement of the improvement of language skills (McCarty, Watahomigie, & Dien, 2004). In this case, flexible small groups will be the most effective approach to be used in the classroom and will encourage practicing skills while applying an individual strategy to each team member (Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2012). Comprehension Strategies It remains apparent that students have a tendency to use different strategies to understand the principles ideas of the literature. For instance, the students tend to refer to the previous readings and experiences to retrieve past memories, make assumptions, determine the connections between the text and themselves and pose the questions while clarifying the particular aspects (McNamara, 2012). Furthermore, they have a tendency to highlight the importance while differentiating key ideas for the minor ones and visualizing the scenes from the literature (McNamara, 2012). It is clear that other various tactics tend to exist, but these ones are emphasized in the context of this section. I tend to apply some of these strategies in the classroom, as they have an advantageous impact on the learning outcomes. For instance, I have a tendency to encourage summarization and ask questions ab
Book Review “Alone Together” is a book that was written in 2011 exploring the sociological and technological aspects that have become part of human lives. The author of this book Sherry Turkle has also written other books that explore the relationship between human beings and computers in a modern-world setting. Turkle’s body of work includes a trilogy of books that explore this subject. “Alone Together” is not a mere rhetoric on the subject of human beings and computers but it also delves deeper into this subject. Turkle’s book is able to provide readers with both an internal and an external analysis of the ways in which new technology has changed basic human interaction. “Alone Together” is very resourceful to both those who agree with the author and those who do not agree with her. The author of this book has over three years of experience when it comes to cataloguing the complicated relationship between man and computer. Prior to “Alone Together”, Turkle had written two other books on the same subject. This particular book seeks to examine the activities of human beings in both virtual and real spaces. This mode of examination is in line with the assumption that human beings today exist in a largely technological platform. In Turkle’s words, it is important for us to know “how we got to this place and whether we are content to be here” (Turkle 121). This book is guided by the author’s psychoanalytic perspective. The author is a trained psychologist and she employs her vocation in her analysis of the relationship between the inanimate computers and human beings. The skills employed by the author are sufficient enough to formulate a coherent and substantial argument. The author is not only a trained psychologist but she also has worked at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as a faculty member for over thirty years. Her tenure at the MIT has provided her with valuable insight into computer culture. The author’s background provides her with the necessary authority on her subject of choice. The author is also able to maintain the necessary balance between technological and psychological aspects of her case study. The book begins by cataloguing “The Robotic Movement”. According to the author, modern children have unusual companionships with their robots. The author claims that children have ‘love-filled’ relationships with their robots. This claim might seem outrageous to most people. However, the author substantiates her claim by giving examples of various children-robot relationships. For instance, the author gives an example of the genuine sadness that children display when their Tomagotchis die. The book also gives a vivid description of human beings’ habits when they are playing the computer game “Second Life”. The author is able to prove that people display similar emotions to their virtual companions as they do to real ones. While the notion of human beings showing emotions to robots is outrageous at first, the author is able to give solid examples that prove her line
Fig. 1. Key places in the Mongol invasions of Japan The Mongol invasions of Japan had a vast and profound historical impact. First, the failure to conquer Japan marked an end to the expansion of the Mongol empire. Second, the Mongols’ military attempts to subdue the Japanese required additional resources, which is why the Mongol leader, the Great Khan, who had assumed the position of the Chinese emperor, extensively used this position while also demanding assistance from Korea, his tributary. The Mongol invasions of Japan demonstrated how tightly interconnected the three countries—China, Korea, and Japan—had become during the early period of the Yuan rule. These invasions can be regarded as not only Mongol in nature but also Chinese. Kublai Khan declared himself a Chinese emperor, possessing the Mandate of Heaven, which meant placing the dynasty among other Chinese imperial dynasties in the historical records according to the concept of dynastic cycles (Ebrey and Walthall 17). Furthermore, he ruled the empire in accordance with the Chinese institutions of power. It can be said that the invasions of Japan started in Khanbaliq, the capital of the Great Khan’s empire, a place that he had established and that later became Beijing (see fig. 1; the picture depicts a palace built by Kublai Khan in his capital). It was in Khanbaliq that the emperor planned the invasions and ordered other parts of China to prepare for military action. The main port of operation was planned to be Quanzhou, a major southeastern port city (see fig. 1). To build ships for the fleet, Kublai Khan addressed himself to the tributary Korea. On the southeastern shores of that country, the necessary number of ships was constructed (see fig. 1). Korea made a major contribution to the creation of the fleets for both Mongol invasions. However, the invasions were a failure. One of the key factors involved was the intervention of natural (or supernatural) forces. The advance of the first Mongol fleet was significantly impaired by a typhoon, and approximately half of the second fleet was destroyed by another typhoon. The Japanese called these typhoons kamikaze, which means divine wind (Ebrey and Walthall 196). The key battles occurred in the Hakata Bay in Japan (see fig. 1). The Mongol military forces turned out not to be strong enough to subdue the Japanese. Land warfare took place during the invasions, as well. The Japanese depiction of the Mongol warriors afterward is remarkable. These depictions showed the Japanese warriors as rather flamboyant and even inclined to luxury. Their armor and garments were bright and noticeable. Also, it can be seen in the depictions that some warriors dyed their horses or drew patterns on them. In addition, various decorations were applied; one of the warriors is seen to have a tiger-skin saddle blanket on his horse (“Takezaki S