ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Jesus Christ came into the world 2000 years ago as predicted by the prophets thus fulfilling biblical prophecy and He changed the course of human history in terms of worship. Earlier before Jesus Christ came into the world, religious beliefs had their basis on Mosaic laws and ordinances that required rigorously adherence, but when Jesus Christ came, He set aside burdensome Mosaic laws and ordinances, and upheld the commandments of God together with the teachings of the prophets. When Jesus Christ was born, people thought He was an earthly king of Jews, but he subsequently astonished many for he claimed that his kingdom, which is to come, is a heavenly one. The teachings of Jesus Christ revolutionized the biblical beliefs and mode of worship, hence the origin of Christianity. Therefore, Jesus Christ’s claims that he is God became the basis of Christian life and He has left the church with the divine responsibility of preaching, and winning more converts into His heavenly kingdom. Jesus is God Jesus Christ at many instances claimed to be God. During His ministry on earth, Christ said and did many miracles that earned him many enemies who accused him of blasphemy. Though Jews acknowledged that Jesus came from above, they denied the fact He was the Son of God and had the ability to usurp His powers on earth. Priest and scribes accused Jesus Christ on the account that he blasphemed the name of God for He called Himself the Son of the living God and claimed to have the ability to forgive sins. While Jesus Christ was preaching to the Jews, He claimed to have the ability to give them eternal life because He is one with God who is the Father but Jews accused and wanted to stone Him to death. When Jesus inquired about His guiltiness, Jews answered him that, “…for a good work we stone thee not; but for blasphemy; and because that thou, being a man, makest thyself God” (John 10: 33, King James Version). The claims that He was the Son of God thus equal to God led to His crucifixion by the high priests and Jews. During His mission of preaching the gospel, Jesus Christ continued to expound His role and position as part of the trinity. His miracles and teachings attested that He had supernatural powers unlike other prophets who came before Him. Jesus Christ wanted people to understand his great role as God who came to the world down from heaven in form
The ‘Iliad’ is one of the most admired and well-known poems worldwide. Its main idea covers several essential themes, one of which is hospitality. This leading concept runs throughout the story, and its prominent motifs are present in virtually every paragraph. There is a mild explanation for this, as hospitality is one of Greek mythology’s most crucial communication conditions. Friendly and generous reception, entertaining guests, and, conversely, respecting the host was significant to the Gods and Goddesses. Fundamental was the principle of reciprocity, and the visitor should be as respectful to the owner as he was to him. Violation of this belief had negative consequences and sometimes even caused force. However, if all the conditions were satisfied, it had a positive effect on interpersonal communications. Nevertheless, hospitality did not always help achieve the desired, and the relationship between Odysseus and Calypso is a striking example of this. The protagonist spent a long seven years in captivity on the island. His stay there was contradictory, as he suffered a lot on the one hand, but on the other hand, the place and its owner were awe-inspiring. Ogygia could be associated with the heart of the universe, which extends everywhere and nowhere simultaneously. ‘Even a god, who lives forever, coming there, would be amazed to gaze at it, and his heart would fill with pleasure’ (Homer 26). Odysseus got there for a reason; he was helped by a nymph who was strikingly gorgeous. Calypso was the daughter of the Gods; she was as impressive as her island and resided in a cavern. ‘A garden vine, fully ripe and loaded with rich grapes, trailed through the hollow cave. From four fountains, close to each other in a row, clear water streamed out in various directions, and all-around soft meadows spread out in full bloom with fresh violets and parsley’(Homer 26). Calypso was the true embodiment of hospitality and generosity. Her encounter with Odysseus is an illustration of this. The nymph not only gave him comfortable clothes but also fed and sprayed him to his ability. Moreover, when she recognized him better, she fell in love with him with all her courage and offered to stay with her endlessly and become her spouse. Every day, the ideal mermaid surrounded Odysseus with unimaginable richness, sang with her ‘ringing-pleasant’ voice, and contributed the most precious to man and God – immortality and everlasting youth. Her main features were kindness and generosity; she spared absolutely nothing, and all her actions were filled with warmth and sincerity. Calypso was ready to give everything to the last, aspiring only one thing, to keep the beloved at herself. However, Odysseus’ heart remained oblivious to her appeals, senses, charm, and unimaginable nature nearby.
One of the important questions in the modern science is related to the use of communication by non-human animal species. In particular, it is sometimes alleged that animals may be using their own “languages” in order to communicate meanings to one another. However, such a question cannot be answered on the basis of pure speculation; in order to supply a reliable answer to it, it is important to gather a considerable amount of evidence pertaining to the issue and critically analyse it. Therefore, in order to approach the answer to the question “Are animals capable of using language for the purpose of communication?,” this paper provides an attempt to evaluate some of the scientific evidence related to this issue which has been gathered so far, for which purpose a number of recent scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals are used. After assessing the evidence, it is argued that if the language is understood as a structured system of signs that is used conventionally in order to communicate meaning, then it is possible to state that most animals do not use languages; however, it is stressed that using the word “language” in this context might be misleading, for animals seem to utilise other systems of signals so as to communicate. Overview First debates seriously considering the possibility that animals may utilise language for communicating with one another began approximately in the 19 th century (Pearson, 2013). These debates, however, revolved around the classical notions which were popular in a wide range of fields at the time; these notions were related to the binary opposition of the divine and natural. For instance, it was asked whether the language originates from the soul, and is, therefore, unique to humans, or is it a product of the body, and is, thus, possible in animal species as well (Pearson, 2013). A period during which more scientific studies were conducted in large numbers was the 1960-1970s; numerous experiments were carried out, many of which showed a certain degree of success; in particular, some new methods to teach animals language were able to partially accomplish the goal where the previously used approaches failed (Pepperberg, 2016). In particular, the statement that certain songbirds are capable of vocal learning gained some empirical grounds (Pepperberg, 2016). These studies, as well as newer research on the topic, provide some grounds for answering the question about the use of language by animals. Answering this question may involve considering two different aspects related to the use of language, namely, production of signs and understanding their meaning. Production of Signs and Signals It seems quite obvious that animals are capable of engaging in communication with one another (in particular, with other representatives of their species) in order to give each other certain signals. However, it is stated that what they “say” in the process of such communication is usually not complicated; the animals mostly give signals related to the process of mating or to food; warn the me
Introduction Sports photography development is related to popularity gaining sports trends, throughout the history of humanity. Photography technology from the 1800s onward aided the media and journalism in sports. Ancient sculpture works of Greek masters depict the inspiration of sports and athletics in the arts. In today’s modern sporting centers, these expressions were not common until dry plate photographic processes and wet-collodion were invented (Lattes 3). Glass plate posed photo images were allowed by these processes, even though they were not fast for stop-action images as it is seen today. The technology was yet to be considered in the field (Lattes 9). All this changed as sport and photo journals advanced during the later days of the century. At the emergence of sports journals around 1900, interest in sports images was heightened by the public. In sports photography history, there was a focus on the elite by the early contributors. Towards the last days of world war one, sport journal readers’ interest grew in professional athletes of tennis and baseball (Alvin 12). The first pictures taken were the pictures of celebrity athletes, who were in the mode of playing or inaction. The players of baseball posed with bats, and lines were formed for shots to be taken in groups. Not widely seen still were action shots. In the 1930s, appearing in magazines were action shots images of athletes. Brief History of Photography According to Samson, the early paintings attest to the fact that man has always wanted to record himself, his activities and the environment around him (Dugan 35). The art of sports photography in the past was practiced by the photographers who were very talented at the craft, until presently that every photographer seems to be given it a try. Great Painters all over the years have left pictures that tell the stories of the old, to the present day (Dugan 9). Photography came about as result of the combination of discoveries by different people technically. Before the making of the first photographs, Mo Ti, a Chinese philosopher, in the 5th century described the pinhole. The discovery of Silver nitrate was made by a great scientist by name of Albertus Magnus and silver chloride was discovered by his counterpart Georges Fabricius. The diaphragm was described in 1558 by Daniel Barbaro. In 1694 the darkening of chemicals by light was described by Wilhelm Homberg. The publication of Giphanti, in 1760, a fiction book by a French author, described what can be said to be photography. With the improvements in chemical photography, it can be said that what is today described as photography dates back to 1820s (Fink 5). In 1825, an image which can be described as the first Photography was produced by Nicephore Niepce, who was a French inventor. However it took a very long time for the pictures taken by him to expose, due to this fact he started the search for a new method. In an experiment performed by Nicephore and Louis Daguerre, use was made of chemica
Fatima Bint Muhammad is an important female-figure in Islam. Fatima was the last-born child of Prophet Muhammad and his wife, Khadijah. The exact date of Fatima’s birth is disputed with several sources giving dates that are up to ten years apart. According to Islamic scholarly sources, Fatima was born in the period between 605 and 615 AD (Mernissi 32). The date of Fatima’s birth coincides with the period in which Prophet Muhammad was focusing on meditations and reflections in the mountains of Makkah. Fatima had three sisters and two brothers. All of Fatimah’s sisters were married before she reached adulthood. Consequently, Fatima spent a great deal of her childhood with her father, and she is considered as the youngest Muslim convert during her time (Rudgar 4). Fatima would often accompany her father to prayer missions, and she is highly regarded for her moral purity by Muslims around the world. Fatima was later married to Ali, her father’s second cousin and close companion. Fatima was at the center of the controversy that caused the split between the Shia and the Sunni Muslim factions. Her position in Islam was reaffirmed by the Prophet who considered Fatima as one of the most significant women in Islam alongside the Pharaoh’s wife Asiya, Mary the mother of Jesus, and the Prophet’s wife, Khadijah. This research paper explores biographical information about Fatima Bint Muhammad and its relation to her role in Islam. There is a notable disagreement concerning Fatima’s date of birth. Some Islam scholars believe that Fatima was born five years after her father had had his big revelation. Another group of scholars places Fatima’s date of birth at two or three years before the big revelation. A third faction of Islamic scholars believes that Fatima was born five years before her father was commissioned to be a prophet (Rizvi 1). If Fatima were born five years before the revelations, this would mean that she was over eighteen years of age when she got married (this is unlikely in the an
Rational approaches are systematic methods that follow one-step after the other, in a process of decision-making. The use of this rationale in an organisation involves collecting quantitative data through observation or statistics in the field, in preparation of coming up with long-term decisions. Most of the organisation has benefited by this approach, as the organisations leaders mostly prefer it. In every organisation, it is the role of the leaders mostly referred to as managers to come up with policies, strategies, and policies, which can enable the company to attain its short and long-term objectives (Morgan, 2006). It is the wish of every manager to place his or her company at a competitive edge compared to rest in the market. Currently, the business environment is very challenging, and this aspect is calling for the manager to come up with the best approaches to be applied in solving problems and making the relevant decisions within the organisation (Robbins, 2006). This paper will focus on the reasons as to why managers prefer the use of rational approaches, and how they benefit from using open systems. Rationality in Management Every organisation relies on the decisions of the top management, hence why the managers need to be very careful in every step they make in their duties. The major role of management is to mentor the employees, as well as providing a good environment for them, to promote their performances (Jugnor, 2008). The managers ensure that all employees are aware of their duties, and they have the required resources to enable them execute their responsibilities. The way through which managers mentor their juniors matters a lot, as he is dealing with employees of different personalities and capabilities. In an organisation, there are rational leaders and rational managers. Rational readers ensure that there is the development of the necessary mechanisms to be used in learning, and staff participation in an organisation (Thompson & McHugh, 2002). Through the guidance of a rational leader, the organisation gets the best strategic decisions to handle the major challenges faced by the organisation. Rational decisions aid the smooth running of the day-to-day activities of the employees. Several organizations have proved to be more competitive in terms of quality of their goods or services, punctuality, and acceptability of its decisions to the society through the guidance given by its rational managers and leaders. The most important aspect of applying rational approaches by the managers or the leaders is that, for the decision they make to be fully implemented, the acceptability by the human capital in the organisation should be put into consideration. Engaging the subordinate in the process of decision-making is very important for the whole organisation, as they would understand the rules better, and their suggestions would be incorporated in the process. Rational management provides a good environment for learning to be utilized by the employees, so that they can
Financial Accounting: Income Statement And Balance Sheet Why is revenue recognition a significant issue? The issues of revenue recognition are significant in accounting. Shareholders expect a company’s management to make decisions that generate high revenue growth. Therefore, the company’s earnings are an important indicator of financial performance and rewards for the management. How do we determine when revenues are recorded for accounting purposes? A company’s revenue should be determined only when the reward and risks of ownership are transferred to the buyer, and the amount of consideration can be measured. Revenue is measured at fair or market value of the consideration after it has met prescribed conditions, depending on the nature of work performed by the company (Taub, 2013). What is the difference between a product and period expense? Product costs (direct costs) are related to the manufacturing process. These include material, labor, and overhead costs. Period costs (indirect costs) refer to administration and general expenses. These are not directly related to the manufacturing process of the business. How does the matching concept relate to accounting for revenues and inventory? The matching concept is a practice whereby expenses are recognized in the same period in which the revenue is recognized. It helps in the attempt to avoid misstating a company’s earnings for a particular period. If the matching concept is not used, the result can be understating or overstating the profits for a particular year. Is there a difference in approach to valuation by US GAAP and IFRS? There is a difference between the conceptual-based approach of US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). US GAAP is based on rule-based concepts. As a different approach, IFRS is based on the principles of accounting.   * Intangible assets are recognized at fair value under US GAAP. On the other hand, according to IFRS accounting standards, intangibles are recognized only if future economic benefits can be reliably measured.   * In the case of the consolidation of financial statements, a risk-and-reward model is used in US GAAP. On the other hand, IFRS uses a control model.   * In US GAAP, extraordinary items are presented below the net income. In contrast, these items are not segregated in the income statement in IFRS (Taub, 2013). Financial statements for Apple and Samsung The consolidated financial reports of Apple Inc. (Apple) are prepared under the conventions of US GAAP. However, the company also prepares statutory financial statements in many other countries, where they are prepared in accordance with the rules of IFRS. These filings are first prepared using the local GAAP, and then the
Industrial Relations This assignment addresses on the advantages of having youth wages increment in Australia, and if the regime of this state should retain the wage arrangements which mainly targets the younger generation under the age of 21. It will evaluate on advantages of hiring young people in Australia and why the government should assist young people get increment and be recognized in the employment cycle. All over the world the issue of youth wages increment is being addressed. Australia has traditionally set the wage of the youth relatively at a lower rate compared to those of adults. Over the years there have been wrangles as to how the youth wages issues should be addressed. However the process have taken much longer to be fully implemented, but over the last few years Australia have formulated a conducive system that addresses this issues. Commissioning of the youth wage Commissioning of the youth wage has led to development of a very unique and complex structure which commissioned the youth wage; these commissions addressed three extensive forms of wage packages to be deployed in the employment of young people. Only 52% of youth under the age of 21 are the only ones legible to junior wage employment. This is because most of the employees shy away from employing juniors as they say they have no work experience and so they require more resources on training and this cost the organizations lot of revenue as they reason. This is also apply to the number of trainees who are juniors under the age of 21 under the category only 13% apply, this also sees a 1% of those that seek the employment as trainees or apprentice 11%. This is the cause of the high unemployment rate among many juniors below the age of 25 in Australia this is according to the ABS data collection on the youth unemployment. This analysis showed that the youth are either dependants or have separate income units. This has brewed up mixed up reaction among most employees as they consider the importance of the existence of junior wage rates when they contemplate on employing of the youth. The importance of junior wages have been highlighted by very many researcher and non governmental bodies, recently a survey done by (CAI) Confederation of Australian Industry that is currently known as (ACCI) Australian Chamber of C
The relationship between economic globalization and the capacity of the nation-state Scholars differ regarding how the relationship between globalization and the capacity of the state influences welfare state. Globalization effects may be positive. In this respect, it causes expansion. Countries engage in high-levels of international economic exchange resulting in instability and uncertainty, with fluctuations in economics and trade. Consequently, governments develop social policies aimed at stabilizing the economy and mollify the citizenry. Generous welfare programs and corporatist labor market emerge as a result (Brady et al. 922). When the influence is negative, this triggers a crisis and subsequent reduction. Welfare states decline as they gradually lose economic autonomy when overwhelmed by global economy. They experience neoliberal reorganization to accommodate suppleness and competitiveness in an emerging, more globalized economy (Brady et al. 923). Consequently, governments reduce expensive welfare programs. The moves re-commodify workers to the bottom with the citizenry getting less social security. In such situations, capital dictates the economy. Subsequently, the capacity of the state to intervene in the economy is reduced. The influence may be curvilinear resulting in the convergence. In this respect, globalization forces both high and low spenders towards an average level of welfare determination. The result is that globalization coerces large benefit states to decrease comprehensiveness while the least lavish benefit state escalates to a modest level