ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Ethical dilemmas are parallel situations that demand an individual to take one side and leave the other. Whichever side one take, there is a moral conflict that is ensued. The two choices carry almost the same weight. Laws of a country may sometimes conflict with the moral and ethical standards creating a legal conflict in Professional Psychology. Professional psychology has many hard tussles and complexities distinguishing it from other branches of psychology. The patient client and the medics have an obligation to one another, to abide by the set guidelines and binding laws stipulated by the association representing the American psychologists. A dilemma can arise when a professional psychologist is faced with a case of woman client who has conceived after being raped. Rape is an atrocity violating human rights and there is no where in the world where it is allowed. The woman is carrying a pregnancy she did wish to have and it was forced into her, the psychologist is faced with the dilemma when advising the mother on whether the conceived fetus has rights and in any case it has, then how do the rights of the traumatized mother is to be balanced against the right of the fetus. If the mother is advised to carry an abortion, then ethical issues about abortion will arise, some will argue the fetus is living hence abortion is murder. If the mother is advised to keep the pregnancy, some experts will argue that this will be a source of trauma and psychological torture to the mother and the fetus has no right to be there, as it is a product of violence. This gives the mother the right to terminate it if she wishes to rid herself this ugly scar of rape. Some rape victims might end up being mentally unstable posing dangers to members of the society. Rape, consumes most of the humane nature of humans rendering the victims to be merciless and thus are capable of harming members of the society. Most rape victims do not want to be known by the members of the society and thus hard do identify them. When such victims becomes mentally disturbed and does not want people to know the psychologist, is caught in a dilemma of, to both observe the anonymity norm and keep quite or notify members of the public especially family members, and in the process violating professional ethics. Another result might be that if the pregnancy is not terminated, then the mother will most likely become mentally disturbed and might result in violence. Either decision carries a repercussion with it. However, there are conventionally agreed steps to follow in order for the judgment to be as objective as possible. These steps are many and vary with the situation at hand thus some need a form of adaptation in order to conform to the s
Waste management remains a very popular topic of professional discussions. With the growing emphasis on sustainability and environmental protection, solid waste management has become an object of heightened public concern. According to Uriarte (2008), solid waste is what results from consumption (both animal and human) and what is usually discarded as unnecessary and useless. In this context, the study by Cherian and Jacob (2012) adds to the existing body of literature on solid waste management. Cherian and Jacob (2012) admit that waste management is a very complex process that is impossible without sufficient information and sophisticated technologies. Numerous factors impact the quality and results of solid waste management, and the goal of Cherian and Jacob (2012) is to review them. Statement of Research Problem Solid waste management is impossible without information and technologies. The latter provide better knowledge of the factors impacting waste management and, at the same time, allow for more reliable waste quantity forecasts (Cherian & Jacobs, 2012). Earlier researchers recognized the essential role played by socioeconomic factors in waste management systems (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2009). Today, no waste disposal protocol can be established without considering the amount of waste generated (based on population density), its costs (depending on the amount of waste), and the criteria of an effective waste disposal system that are directly related to the nature and amount of waste in a particular community (Cherian & Jacobs, 2012). The discussed article was aimed to review the earlier models of solid waste generation and their socioeconomic identifiers (Cherian & Jacobs, 2012). The researchers expected that their findings would facilitate the development of new, more effective waste management design options. Research Procedures The researchers applied
Introduction Food plays a major role in fulfilling the biological needs of humans as indicated by Maslow’s hierarchy pyramid. Conventionally, food was made in a home setting where families would enjoy their meals together. However, recent changes in people’s lifestyles have shifted food preparation activities from homes to outside settings where there is socialization in addition to food consumption. Such settings include food establishments such as restaurants and street hawkers. Also, lifestyle changes have increased the number of people eating food from these establishments. A consequence of this change is the emergence of food-borne diseases because of unhygienic preparation of food (Ismail et al. 2016). Therefore, there is a need to ensure that food is safe for human consumption through food safety. Food safety is a specialty that describes the right ways to handle, cook, and store food to avoid the transmission of food-related illnesses. An important aspect of food safety is the personal hygiene practices of the food handlers as they make contact with the food. Food safety has become a grave public health concern because of several reasons. For example, the rising trends of lifestyle diseases have raised awareness on the importance of healthy eating. As a result, the rate of consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables as well as pre-prepared foods has increased significantly. As much as eating these foods is advisable health wise due to their high nutritive value, the preparation of freshly cut salads does not include heat procedures that are crucial to the destruction of germs. Additionally, pre-cooked foods do not allow food to reach temperatures that are sufficiently high to kill disease-causing microorganisms. The increasing popularity of lightly cooked and raw foods such as ‘rare’ burgers and ice-cream also increases the likelihood of food contamination. Giving food to people comes with a tremendous responsibility. The UK Food Standards Agency (2017) revealed that more than half a million instances of poisoning that occur annually are a consequence of poorly cooked food or the contamination of food by pathogenic bacteria. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one out of every ten people become sick from consuming contaminated food, which leads to the death of approximately 420,000 people annually (WHO 2016). Children below the age of five years are highly susceptible to food-borne diseases. Therefore, it is imperative to adhere to high standards of hygiene and the recommended food handling procedures. The human food chain starts from the farm to the point of consumption, which in most cases is already prepared food on the eater’s plate. Contamination of food can take place at any point in the course of production, transportation, storage, and preparation. Thus, maintaining food safety is the responsibility of every person along the production chain. Upholding high standards of personal hygiene through the washing of hands and using clean kitchen equipment to process food is vital to food safety. The first purpose of this lab is to compare the effect
Background/situation This case study is about teamwork management issues. The main challenge in the study faces Erick Holt who is a new director at FireArts, a company specializing in beer steins, wine goblets, and other glass novelties production. Before getting a job with FireArts as a director, Erick previously worked as a vice president in a consulting firm, where he had been charged with the responsibility of leading three manufacturing specialist teams. Under his leadership, the teams had worked very well and everybody was enthusiastic and committed to achieving success (Wetlaufer 28). On contrary, upon getting the post of a director at FireArts, he finds a completely different scenario; he is supposed to lead a team of seven top-level managers in initiating change since the company was performing poorly. The department managers show readiness to work hand in hand with the strategy manager but the seventh one seems disinterest in performing as a team. Randy Louderback, sales and marketing director in FireArts is the man behind all the controversies highlighted in this case study. Despite being very bright and with valuable insights to the company, randy seems determined to undermine all efforts made by the other director towards creating change. The situation in this case study is not clear since Randy does not state exactly what he thinks should be done. He opposes all efforts done by the other company managers without stating the alternative course of action. Although he insists that change is not initiated by a team but a specific individual who comes up with a brilliant idea and inspires others to follow, he fails to aid the strategy director in coming up with the idea. Key individuals The key individuals in this case study are Erick Holt, FireArts new director of strategy, charged with the responsibility of putting together a team of top individ
Introduction In this introductory section, the current trends and global demand for artificial intelligence (AI) are highlighted. In addition, some definitions and examples of AI for business are given together with discussing the development of tech companies around the globe. Trends of AI AI keeps on evolving and in every year, novel trend changes are witnessed setting benchmarks for the future. Almost every machine or application that is being created in today’s world embraces AI (Martin, 2019). The top trends in this field of technology include machine learning, facial recognition, cloud computing, and AI chips. Machine learning helps computers to gain experience-based knowledge through complex functions, thus improving their functionality (Hernández-Orallo, Martínez-Plumed, Schmid, Siebers, & Dowec, 2017). Facial recognition uses digitally formed patterns to identify human images, and it is increasingly being used for security purposes. AI chips are being incorporated into CPUs to ensure that such systems function as intelligent machines. Currently, market leaders, such as Google, Alibaba, Amazon, and Oracle are pursuing cloud computing using AI to support business operations. Definitions and Examples of AI for Business AI could be divided into four broad categories including reactive machines, limited memory, the theory of mind, and self-awareness. Reactive machines, as the name suggests, are responsive in nature without the capacity to form memories or use experience to make decisions. Limited memory machines have the ability to look at the past for decision-making with a good example being self-driving cars. Machines under the theory of mind class can form representations about the environment or cosmos and learn about other agents in the same space (Rajan & Saffiotti, 2017). Finally, under self-awareness, machines are capable of understanding themselves. In business, voice-activated assistants, such as Siri and Alexa are shaping the way companies conduct affairs. The Amazon Web Servi
Identity theft is defined as the acquisition of a person’s financial and personal information without his or her permission for a criminal’s benefits. This means that names, surnames, Social Security numbers, addresses, bank account or credit card numbers, and the account numbers of medical insurance may be stolen. They are traditionally used for buying things, stealing tax refunds, receiving health care, getting new credit cards, and opening gas, electricity, or phone accounts in a victim’s name. According to a 2019 Internet Security Threat Report prepared by Symantec, 1 in 10 people currently become victims of identity theft every year, while 21% of them have been victimized more than one time (Steinberg par. 1). At the same time, this issue will be more disturbing in the future as criminals are constantly discovering stealthier and more efficient ways of fraud. Although the tendencies of identity theft cannot be clearly predicted, it goes without saying that they will be directly connected with technologies due to their constant development. From a personal perspective, new kinds of identity fraud will refer to information acquisition through mobile phones and tablets and high-quality copying of the company’s websites that deal with purchasing. In the present day, identity theft with the use of public USB charging stations and wi-fi, software, spyware, and specific applications may be already observed, and in the future, these methods will be developing. In addition, the education sector and medical industry will be more affected by cyberattacks as success, in this case, will result in the acquisition of considerable amounts of personal information. Finally, in the future, it will be necessary to deal with the consequences of current identity thieves, especially child identity thieves, in combination with synthetic ones. In other words, fraudsters may open credit accounts in c
Introduction Sagging is putting on pants below the waist level exposing boxers. The pants sagged are normally baggy. It is usually synonymous with young people in society, and to a large extent, associated mostly with African Americans. Its origin is not certain. Various theories explain that sagging pants have emanated from prisons. Male pop musicians adopted this behavior from prison, and it turned out to be a part of pop culture in the 1990s. The fashion spread rapidly in the 1990s, and it is now a common occurrence among many youths in the United States. Sagging pants’ culture in the U.S is associated with crimes, and thus most states have passed an ordinance prohibiting it. States, such as Florida, imposed a fine of 25$ for those people who were observed to sag pants for the first time and 250$ for the subsequent occurrences of people who have been charged for sagging pants. Other states have stepped up anti-sagging campaigns by using slogans containing anti-sagging messages on billboards and buses. Situation Analysis It is a common occurrence to see young men sagging pants in today’s society. Sagging is a controversial dressing fashion mostly associated with males. However, it is sparingly common to women too. Some theories say the trend emerged in prison as a means for homosexuals to flirt with potential partners in order to be hooked. Other theories suggest that it originated as a ban for prisoners by prison management on wearing belts in order to reduce the chances of hanging themselves. Therefore, sagging pants became common to prisoners who had baggy pants. The sagging culture spread to the pop industry, and it became very common with male celebrities. However, some people associate sagging pant fashion with delinquent behavior in the society. For example, policemen in Florida believe that wearing sagged pants is an easy way to hide weapons since the pants are baggy, and thus guns and other weapons are difficult to be identified. In the U.S, law prohibits sagging pants culture and imposes fines on people who sag pants. Critiques and fashion designers see such laws as outdated and lacking enough proof. They argue that sagging pants is a fashion of showing diversity in culture. The supporters of the trend see no relationship between sagging pants and crimes or any other delinquent behaviors. Sagging pants has become common in high schools. However, it is against schools rules and regulations. Most principals have been struggling hard to eliminate this behavior and impose strict measures to ensure that such behavior does not spread. It is, therefore, a pertinent problem in society as young people are the future of any community. Problem Analysis The culture of sagging pants can be approached in two dimensions, either as a positive fashion that promotes cultural diversity, or as a negative phenomenon associated with delinquent behaviors. On various occasions, sagging pants culture has been linked with crime and bad behaviors in society, which does not reflect the truth about sagging. This is because peers a
Introduction Ayaan Hirsi Ali is the association of the criticism, fighting against the religious and spiritual stereotypes, and simply the embodiment of the feminism gained through pain, disappointment, and personal grief. Ayaan Hirsi Ali a Dutch feminist, writer, and politician. A daughter of a strong woman who despite all prejudice married a man of her interest, charismatic Somalian politician Hirsi Magan, who “was putting his considerable talent and energy into making a new, democratic Somalia” (A Muslim Woman, Her Leadership and Its Costs, 8). But the faith made its decisions upon the family, and it happened for Magans family to wander through three countries to settle finally in Kenia. Main body “Infidel” is the autobiographical book by Ayaan Hirsi Ali, published in 2007, originally translated from the Dutch book Mijn Vrijheid (“My Freedom”). “Infidel,” tells the story of a woman, beginning with her early years and up to her becoming one of the most recognizable persons in the world feminism movement, the fighter for the rights of women in the Moslem world, leading the reader through the shocking moments and aspects of her life. It introduces the author through her life-long fight for her life and the Moslem world women. The book comprises seventeen chapters divided into two parts: my childhood and my freedom. Raised in a strict Moslem family Hirsi Ali survived a civil war, endured personal abuse and humiliation and female mutilation due to her grandmothers deep-rooted spiritual bias, escaped from her would-be husband. The title of the book is nonrandom. The Moslem faith and religious prejudice are of strict and painful obedience. And when a young girl, due to this obedience, Hirsi Ali had to endure horrible mutilation, then, being a young lady, had to marry a person her father chose for her, and finally, she discovers the real world free from moral and religious deviations, she rejuvenates into a new, strong and unshakable feminist. Numerous life experiences made the protagonist become what she became. Her grandmother was the embodiment of virtue and good behavior, acceptable in Moslem society, but it is Ayaan Hirsi Alis grandmother who insisted on the terrible mutilation. The concept of the women in Moslem society had raised the first glimpse of the girl into a better, less cruel, and full of love world. A woman of the Moslem society is a trained animal according to her own words: “She is strong in service, but her head is bowed. If her husband is cruel, if he rapes her and then taunts her about it, if he decides to take another wife, or beats her, she lowers her gaze and hides her tears. And she works hard, faultlessly. She is a devoted, welcoming, well-trained work animal. This is ba
Introduction Before the end of the last Century and Millennium, the world witnessed the introduction of a new European common currency (euro currency) and thus the start of Europe central bank. At beginning, only 11 countries who were members of European Union subscribed and they decided to replace their own legal tender with the euro. These countries included Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Before the introduction of the new currency they had set conditions, which were to be fulfilled, this included; (1) Price stability; Country must have a rate of inflation no more than 1.5 pp above the average of the three countries in the EU with the lowest inflation. (2) Long-term interest rate; c ountry must have a nominal interest rate on long-term government bonds no more than 2 pp above the average of the three countries in the EU with the lowest inflation rate, (3) Government budget deficits; no more than 3 % of Gross Domestic Product (4) Total government debt; no more than 60% of Gross Domestic Product. (5) exchange rate stability ; National currency of potential participant has to join Exchange Rate Mechanism for two years period, the exchange rate has to fluctuate between ±15% band and short term high changes of the exchange rate are not acceptable. (6) Central bank independence; National government cannot influence central bank’s decisions. This gave birth to Europe central bank. This bank has many advantages and disadvantages 1 Advantages of Europe central bank The Introducing of common currency by the leads to gains in economic efficiency. These gains can be divided into two groups. One is the elimination of transaction cost and the other is the elimination of risk, which comes from uncertain fluctuation of the exchange rates 2 . Transaction cost appears in different ways, as a fixed commission or the spread between the buying and the selling prices of any given currencies. The currency conversion costs disappear in EMU and it is important either for individuals or for companies dealing with their foreign partners. One common currency also creates a simple platform for price comparison, makes price differences more noticeable and helps to equalize it across borders. Disappearance of transaction costs and price transparency certainly makes the common financial market in Europe deeper and more integrated. Since the beginning of January 1999, the main financial instruments are being issued and listed in euros what makes prospective investors more confident to invest on different EU members’ financial markets. Financial market integration provides different channels of risk sharing in Central Bank 3 . If we assume that the French and Ger
Keith Haring The general public found Keith Haring’s artwork so interesting because of several reasons. First, the work that Haring engaged in was not a mere representation of a single event or culture but rather, it encompassed numerous aspects from almost all cultures. It is his ability to capture these cultural aspects in his artwork that people from these cultures were captivated by his works. Second, Haring’s artwork cut across many real aspects of life. Some of the aspects that were accurately represented through his works are love, death, and war. Music and dance were also the key components of his creative artwork. Since these are things that many people in the world identify with, they made his artwork to draw a lot of attention from the world and a good number of dignitaries. Third, he was very passionate about his work such that one day he was arrested while making a drawing in a street of one of the major towns. This passion made him come up with very excellent pieces of artwork that won everybody’s attention. Fourth, people were captivated by his work because it was simple, bold, and easy to reproduce. It is with such simplicity that he was called upon to engage in commercial art such as the advertisement of Vodka in 1986. It’s during the 1970s that technology began to take root in American cities such as New York and California. This is a period when the Microsoft Company was set up. Both the modem and rudimentary aspects of the computer were also introduced at this time. Despite the fact that Haring was in New York at this time, he did not show any interest in these technological developments. Howard Finster From the beginning, Howard Finster was not an artist at all. His call into art took place one day when he was rubbing his bicycle with paint. As he was doing this, he was able to see the image of a face on his finger. It’s at this point that he’d a vision and heard a voice directing him to venture into secret art. After arguing that he was not a professional in art, the voice insisted that he was. He was then able to follow up on this vision. This was able to help him create the Paradise Park and museum and other great works. His great work in art has made him popular in both the media and learning institutions. Similarities between the images