ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Visiting of the historical and cultural museums is the integral part of the enrichment of your knowledge about the way of life of certain cultural groups. The opportunity to see the cultural artifacts, while listening to the guide’s comments, helps to imagine the cultural environment of the society you are told about. Last week my friends and I visited Brooklyn Museum in New York City. The decision to go there was based on the fact that Brooklyn Museum organizes a lot of exhibitions presenting the cultural artifacts of different societies. The exhibit visited was named Life, Death, and Transformation in the Americas . Two hours spent in the museum gave us a better understanding of the way of life of ancient Indians. Our attention was brought to the spiritual and household items of the Native Americans that inhabited the territories of modern Mexico and Peru. In particular, the guide roused our interest in the Aztecs culture. According to the legend, the Aztecs came to the territory of modern Mexico from the North or modern United States territory and they founded their capital on the island given to them by another tribe, which populated the area at that time. The island was swarmed with snakes and living there was almost impossible. Nevertheless, the Aztecs accepted the gift and began to develop their empire. This explained the fact that the snakes took an important place in their cooking traditions. Vaillant (1962) states that “the Aztecs and their forebears grew up on the outer borders of an intensely civilized area, in which the cultural history of the various peoples seems to have been very similar”. Wolfgang and Beltran (1961) briefly described the Aztecs culture mentioning that “in all these tribes society was organized on cognate kinship; the unit was the clan, and each clan had a totemic name; together these clans became a tribe, bound not by the holding of land but by the ties of blood.” During the excursion we saw the masks of the ancient Aztecs, which had a spiritual, ritual, and military appropriation. The Aztecs tribes had very strong military traditions and the conflicts arose frequently even among tribes inside the empire, especially in the later period. Soustelle and O’Brian (1962) state, For them death in battle, or better still, death on the stone of sacrifice, was the promise of a happy eternity; for a warrior who was killed in the field or on the altar was sure of becoming one of the ‘companions of the eagle’, quauhteca , one of those who accompanied the sun from its rising to the zenith in a procession that blazed with light and was splendid with joy, and then of being reincarnated as a humming-bird, to live forever among the flowers. After all, the internal conflicts caused a serious damage to the political stability inside the state. When the conquistadors arrived to Mexico, the Aztecs Empire was more vulnerable to the external threats. The Aztecs culture was largely influenced by the ceaseless war, the experience of which led to the development of military traditions. These traditions were based not only on the necessity to defeat or conquer new areas but also on the religious beliefs. On the
Today, the vegetarian diet is becoming more widespread, and the reasons for this are rather different. Some people are influenced by the popular vegan culture, while others are concerned about protecting animal rights. Not everybody knows about the most common reasons to become a vegetarian. For example, economic factor influences eating habits of many low-income families who cannot allow buying meat. People who call for animal protection adopt a vegetarian diet to demonstrate their respect for animals. Finally, specific health conditions may become the reason to eliminate meat-containing products from the menu to maintain well-being. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the most common causes of vegetarianism in detail. Common Reasons for Becoming a Vegetarian The choice of a vegetarian diet can be explained by different factors that are highly individual. Some people choose this lifestyle to reduce family expenses; others follow personal principles or eliminate meat to remain healthy. At the same time, inhumanity towards animals is considered the most widespread reason for choosing vegetarianism. In this part of the essay, all causes mentioned above will be discussed separately. Economic Reasons The first cause to discuss is connected with economic reasons or the inability to include meat in everyday diet. Many families consider vegetarianism an effective way to reduce expenses. Indeed, meat is usually more expensive than vegetables, fruits, or grains, and low-income families may find it difficult to buy meat regularly. At the same time, the nutrients contained in meat can often be found in other products. For example, beans and eggs are much cheaper than meat but can provide a human with sufficient proteins. Finally, reducing the consumption of meat may positively influence the agricultural sector, as the demand for vegetables, legumes, and grains may increase. Animal Protection One of the most powerful and widespread causes of vegetarianism is connected with ethical issues related to animal protection. For some people, abstinence from meat is a matter of principle rather than gastronomical preference. Like people, animals have feelings, and many vegetarians consider eating meat unethical and disrespectful of living creatures. Besides, livestock animals are bred and held in inappropriate conditions. In captivity, animals often live in small pounds, where they have no room to move freely; some of them are forcefully nourished or injected with hormones. The cattle are usually treated in a violent way, and animals live in constant pain and suffering; in the end, they are killed through violent methods. Many vegetarians share the opinion that a meat-based diet is a sign of inhumanity. On the contrary, plant-based ration is often seen as a way to fight for animal rights. Health-Related Restrictions The last cause to analyze is connected with particular health conditions when meat should be excluded from the everyday menu. Medical specialists prescribe a vegetarian diet to people with diabetes,
Pierre Birnbaum is the specialist on Jewish history, political science, and sociology. He is considered as one of the leading experts on French Jewish society throughout the world. His current position is the visiting professor in Jewish studies at the Institute for Israel and Jewish Studies (Columbia University). This paper is concerned with exploration of one of his major works, namely, Jewish Destinies: Citizenship, State, and Community in Modern France. The author’s work focuses on key facts and personalities of the history of Jews in modern France. To be more exact, Birnbaum investigates how the conflicts that the contemporary Jewish faced were shaped by France’s path through the modern period. The peculiar feature of the book is that in terms of the problem studied the author does not retrace the history of French Jewry, but mostly tracks the history of anti-Semitism. I suppose that the path I have talked above would have become clearer to the reader if the author paid more attention to the description of the French Jews’ history instead of their reactions to anti-Semitism. France is the state where 89 percent of the people believe that racism is widespread and 70 percent agree that there are “too many arabs.” (Birnbaum 1) Arabs are contemporary targets of racism, but racism in the past was targeted at other groups and Jews in particular. Only the French Revolution made Jews full citizens of France. The common views of historians is that emancipating Jews and allowing them to join the French society as the nation that has rights for own existence the state severed the ties that had once bound the French community together (Birnbaum 1). However, the main point that the author of the book under consideration makes is that “the history of Jews in France-and of the attitud
Blood loss is accompanied by severe physiological changes that influence various organ systems. It is believed to result due to bleeding, also known as haemorrhaging. Haemorrhage may become risky or even fatal when it causes hypovolemia (low blood volume) or hypotension (low blood pressure). When moderate blood loss occurs, the immediate physiological change that is expected to occur is the maintenance of homeostasis by the baroreceptor reflex and renal and endocrine responses such as the renin-angiotensin – aldosterone system (RAAS). Both these processes are accomplished through a cascade of events. Baroreceptors are meant for detecting the pressure of blood flowing through them and informing the central nervous system through messages to increase or decrease the total peripheral resistance and cardiac output. Hence, the regulation of heart rate and blood pressure is under the body’s homeostatic mechanism of the baroreflex or baroreceptor reflex. It is thought to provide a negative feedback loop in which an elevated blood pressure reflexively facilitates blood pressure to decrease. Similarly, decreased blood pressure would depress the baroreflex, causing blood pressure to rise. This ensures the distension of the carotid and aortic sinuses and the baroreceptor activation. Therefore, the baroreceptors are better regarded as stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors. The larger the stretch, the more rapid would be the baroreceptor fire action potential. The ultimate result of the baroreceptor activation is the inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system and activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. The coupling action of these two branches of the autonomic nervous system has opposing effects on blood pressure. Sympathetic activation causes an elevation of total peripheral resistance and cardiac output via increased heart rate which enables increase blood pressure. While parasympathetic activation leads to a decreased cardiac output via decreased heart rate, resulting in a tendency to decrease blood pressure. Similarly, the inhibition versus activation of these two branches would result in maximized blood pressure reduction, and depressed heart rate and contractility, respectively. The activation versus inhibition allows the baroreflex to elevate blood pressure. Previously, it was reported that the sudden blood loss of moderate degree would cause a fall in blood pressure, which is compensated to a certain extent by baroreceptor mediated rise in heart rate and vasoconstriction (Gupta & Fahim, 2005). These workers studied the regulation of cardiovascular functions on increasing severity of blood loss in the absence of any therapeutic intervention to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the recovery of blood pressure under such conditions. Their findings suggested that 20% of blood loss is compensated by the baroreflex. Hartikainen et al. (1990) investigated the role of aortic baroreceptors during slow haemorrhage, in particular the mechanisms by which baroreceptors would respond to hypovolaemia in the absence of hypotension and the manner in which haemodynamic information would be encoded in the a
Introduction Writing is one of the basic elements used in learning or education processes. Instructors use it as a basic method to evaluate their students; therefore, students without the ability to write well have difficulties in reading and passing examinations. Correct spelling of words and grammar usage are some of the essential skills in writing. Unfortunately, some students within the society lag behind in their education mainly because they have writing disabilities. Dysgraphia is the common writing disability while other disorders include speech impairment, lack of attention, and deficiency in coordination, which occur during development. Luckily, sociologists, psychologists, and educationists are ever-devising ways of managing writing disabilities. The next discussion expounds the causes and characteristics of writing disabilities highlighting management strategies for a child suffering from the disorder. Definition of writing disability Learning disorder is among the defects, which interferes with the writing abilities of a person or a child. A person with learning disabilities will also present writing disabilities. Therefore, writing disability is the inability to distinguish and identify letters correctly; poor word coordination, spelling mistakes, grammar, reading, and poor mathematicians. Eventually, the student fails in the examination because of low level of memory, which leads to presentation of poor work. Statistically, children with learning disabilities are hard to identify. However, a combination of observational skills from the instructor and assessment of their performance in both class work and extracurricular activities will lead to their identification. The next discussion gives the analysis on how to identify a child with writing disabilities. Dysgraphia Dysgraphia is the commonly known writing disability. A child or person suffering from this disability lacks both transcriptional and writing skills. Differentiation of words and lack of coherency in one’s writing is a clear indicator of the disability. However, a person who suffers from Dysgraphia may also be unable to perform other tasks, which involve the use of fingers. Experts in special education classify Dysgraphia into three groups. Sociologists associate dyslexic Dysgraphia with both transcriptional skills and the inability to identify letters correctly. Although the handwriting may be legible, the sentences contain many grammatical errors. The solution is to give them thorough practice to improve their transcriptional skills. Secondly, motor Dysgraphia occurs due to a defect in the motor neurones. Consequently, the person suffering from the same is unable to coordinate his/her fingers, which affects his/her writing ability. The problem may arise due to either brain damage or through genetics. Finally, spatial Dysgraphia is whereby the individual is unable to allocate or arrange his/her work uniformly. Eventually, the person produces poorly arranged work, but the words have the correct spelling. Treatment of Dysgraphia is through the strategies expounded at the end of this paper. Identification of writing disability in children
The UAE is working to position itself as a destination for medical tourism. It is trying to follow the example of India, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. The UAE already has very good health standards (Deloitte 14). The country has the lowest infant mortality rate, the lowest adult mortality rate, and one of the lowest maternal mortality rates in the world (Deloitte 5). The government of the UAE is at the forefront of efforts to make the UAE a natural destination for medical tourists. There is a clear effort to avail the highest level of healthcare to attract people from all countries seeking affordable healthcare. This also includes the development of highly specialized medical services in the country to attract people with special needs (Deloitte 6). The demand for healthcare in UAE comes from the increasing number of immigrants working in the UAE, an ageing population, and an increase in lifestyle diseases such as hypertension, obesity and cardiac ailments associated with the affluent lifestyle of many UAE residents. The government is supporting the home care services program to reduce the number of people spending time in the hospital (Deloitte 15). The dilemma that comes from the view that human life is priceless has several dimensions. First, it is clear to many people that birth and death are not choices people make. Each individual comes to life without a decision on their part. Similarly, death is a compulsory end to all human life. Despite the best efforts, the longevity of life is not assured even with the best care (Chapin 67). In this sense, all human beings come to this world based on chance. This bestows intrinsic value to human life. In this debate, the actual question is whether or not an individual can raise the resources required to meet his personal needs. The economic value of a person depends on the ability to access resources to meet personal needs. It is insincere to make those who can meet their needs to feel guilty about not supporting those who cannot meet their needs on the basis of the intrinsic value of life. The value and quality of life are separate issues. One is an issue of intrinsic worth, while the other is a factor of economic worth. To resolve this dilemma, there are two options. The first option is to institute social support systems to take care of those who are disadvantaged in society to enable them to access basic services necessary for their human dignity. In this sense, every human being deserves respect and recognition in the society. However, this is not a free pass for people who do not want to exert themselves. Support should go to those who truly need it to maintain their dignity as human beings. This group includes the aged, the orphans, and those with physical conditions that hamper their participation in day to day endeavours. The second option is to treat everyone equally. It is possible to let everyone fend for themselves because everyone was born equally. There
Balanced Score Card The presented online video Performance Management using the Balanced Scorecard describes the benefits of using the Balanced Score Card (BSC) to promote performance and profitability in organizations. The BSC is a powerful measurement tool that guides managers to have a comprehensive view and knowledge of their businesses. The model outlines the financial measures that can transform various business activities. The tool makes it easier for firms to outline various operational measures that can improve customer satisfaction. The tool helps “corporations improve their activities in order to drive financial performance” (Kaplan, 2010, p. 8). In order to achieve the best outcomes, managers should collect information from the major perspectives of the targeted business. These include “customer, internal business, financial, and innovation perspectives” (Kaplan, 2010, p. 11). Managers should ensure every approach is aimed at fulfilling the needs of the targeted customers. As well, they should also focus on every internal operation in order to promote excellence. Organizations should also promote the concept of learning in order to create value for their brands (Kaplan, 2010). The financial aspects of a business should also be considered during the process. Companies in the private sector should focus on aspects such as market share and profit (Kaplan, 2010). Public institutions should consult the existing government regulations in an attempt to achieve the best goals. The BSC model encourages stakeholders to share their ideas and concepts. The gathered concepts are then used to align the performance of different employees with every targeted goal (Lawrie, 2011). Leaders can therefore use the scorecard to balance the above four measures. The practice will definitely improve the level of performance. Ted Talk The selected Ted Talk focuses on importance of gamification. The title of the targeted Ted Talk is “The Future of Creativity and Innovation is Gamification: Gabe Zichermann at TEDxVilnius”. I viewed the video because its presenter possesses the relevant skills in innovation. As well, the video seemed to present meaningful concepts that can reshape the performance of many businesses. The most outstanding fact is that the Ted Talk video presents numerous ideas that can support my future career goals. To begin with, the video informs me about the importance of gamification. It indicates clearly that every corporation has the potential to become innovative. The important thing is to understand the benefits of the gamification strategy. The strategy presents numerous ideas that can be
Domestic violence is a horrible problem many women have to endure. This article describes how home visits by law enforcement drastically reduce the number of complaints about domestic violence. The project was conducted on 204 women; a part of them received regular home visits, led by the neighborhood patrol officers, and a part of them received standard police intervention. The study has shown that the number of police calls based on domestic abuse has reduced significantly in the first case, which can be explained psychologically. As the study concludes, despite the increase in general awareness concerning domestic violence cases, it is still a significant threat to the victims and their children. The consequences of intimate partner violence can vary from mental issues to chronic physical illnesses. A variety of communities tried to prevent these situations by establishing particular healthcare organizations, domestic violence shelters, and community services. However, the problem still exists, although the number of reported IPV cases has reduced significantly over the last decade. The examples of domestic violence cases decreased due to widespread publicity, which includes regular home visits conducted by law enforcement. The psychological reason behind that reduction is simple: abusers are afraid of someone more influential, which is why they tend to hide their behavior if they know that the police would come. Moreover, they are fearful of losing their victim, which can occur due to police intervention. This policy can save many women, and this is the reason why it should be implemented in every country. To conclude, domestic violence is a social issue throughout the globe. However, because of similar policies, there is a chance that countless lives would be saved, and innumerable cases of violence are prevented. The study has proven that home visit intervention is an important policy that has to be implemented worldwide. The reduction happens because of the abuser’s psychology: they fear those who are vigorous and are afraid of losing their victim forever.
Children’s Development An individual pursuing a master’s degree in early intervention in deaf education has to demonstrate a sound understanding of “the development of infants, toddlers and young children who are deaf or hard of hearing including specialized audiology and communication needs” (Instructions, n.d., p. 1). An artifact that can provide evidence of my competency in the area that is encompassed by this indicator is a pediatric audiology final exam. The exam consists of ten questions that help to assess students’ proficiencies, knowledge, and dispositions that are necessary for ensuring that they are capable of improving developmental trajectories of deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) infants, toddlers, and children. I chose the exam because it helps to articulate my knowledge that is necessary for being a deaf educator or SLP. The artifact contains answers that demonstrate my ability to work in consultative, advocacy, and training roles among others. A drawing of an audiogram approximating the hearing loss serves as evidence of my ability to apply the best observation and analyzing techniques. The most important thing that I have learned in the area of the development of infants, toddlers, and young children with varied hearing abilities is that initial hearing screening is the first step in a family’s journey through the intervention process (Sass-Lehrer, 2016). Therefore, it is a specialist’s responsibility to provide parents learning that their child is deaf or hard of hearing with information on diagnosis and intervention services in a clear and precise manner. The final exam shows that I am proficient in providing children’s families with the specifics of an audiogram in plain English. Moreover, Jessica’s case study demonstrates my ability to communicate with parents to recover additional information on other health issues of a patient. It is extremely important because recommendations for intervention services are heavily dependent on the professional’s ability to understand the patient’s hearing patterns. The final exam also shows that I am capable of providing parents with basic knowledge of the hearing system that is necessary for navigating confusing medical information. It is an especially important proficiency in the context of the field of audiology because children with the atypical function of the hearing s