ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Mapp v Ohio [1961] case revolved around Dollree Mapp, an Ohio woman who had been sentenced to serve time in jail for possessing obscene materials that she was merely storing for a former tenant when the local law enforcement officers showed up and searched her home without a warrant. The search on Mapp’s house was not motivated by the obscene materials; on the contrary, the law enforcement officers were conducting an impromptu search based on information from an unnamed informant alleging that an individual wanted for a recent bombing was hiding at Mapp’s premises (Price, 2010). Although the lower court used the confiscated obscene material to convict Mapp, the Supreme Court overturned this conviction on account of illegal seizure of evidence (Long, 2006). This paper evaluates several important issues arising from the Mapp v Ohio case. Significance and Impact of the Case The main significance of the Mapp v Ohio case is that states were now required to desist from using evidence that “had been obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures” (Price, 2010, p. 61). It should be recalled that such an exclusionary rule existed and was being applied in federal prosecutions; however, before the Supreme Court’s influential ruling in Mapp v Ohio , many state prosecutions in America still admitted illegally or unlawfully seized evidence in criminal proceedings (Long, 2006). The Supreme Court’s ruling, therefore, was significant in terms of ensuring that the federal exclusionary rule requiring the exclusion of evidence obtained by an illegal search also applied to state prosecutions. In terms of the impact of the case, it can be argued that Mapp v Ohio substantially changed the criminal justice landscape by requiring states to follow the federal exclusionary rule with the view to safeguarding the Fourth Amendment protections that had been incorporated through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (Long, 2006). Consequently, “in bringing state law in line with older federal exclusionary rule, the decision made the United States the only country to take the position that some police misconduct must automatically result in the suppression of physical evidence” (Price, 2010, p. 54). Overall, it can be argued that the Mapp v Ohio ruling dramatically changed the operations and behavior of state police officers by putting a stop to the admission of evidence obtained by a search in violation of the federal constitution and the various provisions contained in the Bill of Rights. Definition and Summary of Concepts The “basic to a free society”
Introduction Literature is one of the art forms that human beings have created to express the objective reality and the emotions and feelings people experience due to or because of the latter. The feeling of patriotism is one of the feelings that people experience and reflect in their literary works. Another one is the feeling of ecological awareness in respect of one’s motherland. Australian literature is characterized by the numerous works dedicated to the topics of patriotism and ecological awareness. The works by such authors as Kiernan (1980) and Rose (2001) are brilliant examples of the research done in this direction of the Australian literature, and this paper will present the analysis of the main points of their works, Sydney or the Bush. Some Literary Images and Connecting wi
Introduction Ritualistic ceremonies played a central role in the traditions and cultures of ancient tribes. These were expressed in many ways depending on the tribes in question and could include the following dancing, music, prayers and chantings, games, traditional medicinal substances, smoke, sacrifices and other expressions. The purpose of all these is to stimulate connectedness, communion and spiritual experiences of the group participating (Authentic maya.com). The Maya occupied the Yucatan peninsula which is modern-day Guatemala, Belize, parts of Honduras and El Salvador and Southern Mexico for 3000 years in three time periods and had a common culture though there were independent Mayan states (Foster, 2002). The Cherokee on the other hand is a Native American tribe that occupied the mountain region of Alleghenies in South West Virginia, western North Carolina, north Georgia, east Tennessee and North East Alabama (Tice, 2005). These two tribes were deeply spiritual and their ceremonies revolved around this. Their ceremonial rituals were similar in some aspects and different in others. The following discussion seeks to compare and contrast the ritualistic ceremonies of the Maya of Latin America and the Cherokee tribe of Native America. The ritual ceremonies Ritual ceremonies were an important aspect of the Maya religion and cosmology. They were important means of communication between the gods and the people and also legitimized the rules of the Maya kings. They were performed in a way that the performers imitated the actions of created deities. The most important were the dances, blood sacrifices and ball games. Specific rituals were performed to match various aspects of their lives such as agriculture, economics, hunting civic and domestic productions among others. In the Cherokee on the other hand, ritual ceremonies formed part and parcel of daily life and were deeply entrenched in the religion. Like the Maya, they were expressed in dances, ballgames, sacrifices and also in prayers (Tice, 2005 and Foster, 2002). Calendars The Maya ritual ceremonies were timed using the 260-day sacred count calendar. Before the ceremonies, a lot of vigorous preparations were done depending on the specific rites such as fasting, observation of certain taboos, sexual abstinence. Ritual ceremonies were conducted by shaman-rulers and priests who were cleansed through bloodletting, dancing and swallowing of hallucinogens and were believed to transform themselves into gods and speak with the gods directly on the people’s behalf (Foster, 2002). The Cherokee on the other hand observed their ritual ceremonies according to the moons. These signify the Cherokee calendar of events and follow the modern-day calendar with twelve months in a year. Specific rituals were assigned to different moons which were for the purpose of the current event. ‘Cold Moon Dance’ ceremonies were held to mark the ending of one cycle of seasons and welcoming the begging of another. This was usually held in cold moon season modern-day January. Ritual and personal observance were held by fasting and pe
Introduction Did you know that hybrid cars are more expensive to buy and maintain? The greenfootsteps.com website notes that the hybrid cars are very expensive, challenging to handle, and have relatively low power. By a show of hands, how many of you think otherwise? There are many disadvantages of hybrid cars which I intend to address. Being a proud owner of a Prius hybrid and the regular gas-powered Civic cars, I feel knowledgeable to talk about this topic. By the end of this speech, you will realize that hybrid cars have more disadvantages that the regular gas-powered cars. Disadvantages of hybrid cars Less power Although hybrid cars have enough power to the benefits of their users, the power output is generally lower than the same car model that is powered by gas. The lower power could be due to the modifications due to the need to create engines that conserve power and emit lesser emission into the atmosphere. For instance, the Prius hybrid car would go for 1,000 miles within 22 gallons. On the other hand, the Civic model consumes an average of 34 gallons for the same distance (Barron, 2012). The difference in the fuel consumption is due to the differences in the engine structure. On the road, the Civic model would be faster since it has more engine power than the hybrid counterpart (Frankle, 2013). Cost aspects The hybrid cars are generally more expensive than the exclusively gas-powered cars. The hybrid cars are made within the concept of ‘clean driving’. The concept has been modified to embrace the aspect of status which comes at a price. Although the hybrid car may have same specs or even lower power than the gas-powered car, the cost of hybrid car is higher. For instance, the Prius hybrid would cost $20,000 while the Civic model would sell for $14,000. The two cars have same specs with the hybrid having lower fuel consumption (Kinicki, 2013). However, from an economic perspective, the Civic would be more economical even after three years. Since the hybrid model consumes twenty two gallons for every one thousand miles and averages twelve thousand five hundred miles per year, the number of gallons it will consume in three years would be “12,500 miles x 3 years x 22 gallons for every 1,000 miles= 825 gallons. Since it gallon retails for $4, the total gas budget for the Prius hybrid would be 825 gallons x $4 per gallon= $ 3,300” (Kinicki, 2013, par. 6). In comparison, the Civic model, which is not hybrid, consumes an average of thirty four gallons for every one thousand miles and averages twelve thousa
Traveling is an exciting type of spending free time. People travel all over the world. There are lots of ways to organize travel to any part of the world. Our task, for now, is to organize a trip to Athens. The guide we used is the online Athens Greece guide, as it gives the whole necessary information about the country and its sights. We plan the travel on the 15 th – 19 th of August, because this is a great time to be in the city in August as it is not too warm, and the streets are not too crowded. We are going to depart at 5:30 am from Orlando (MCO) and arrive in Athens (AHN) at 10:04 am. It will cost $466.74 + $33.20 taxes and fees = $499.94 per person (1499.82 per three persons) To get from the Airport to City Plaza Hotel by taxi costs € 25 – € 35, approximately 45 minutes. To get from the Airport to City Plaza Hotel by bus costs € 3.00 + € 0.80, approximately one hour. To get from the Airport to City Plaza Hotel by Metro costs € 8.00, approximately 45 minutes. We are going to choose the appropriate variant on the place. All destinations by metro (except Airport) cost € 0.80 per way. The minimum fare for a taxi is € 2.00. City Plaza Hotel is 35 km distance from the Athens International Airport, 9km distance from Piraeus Port, walking distance from Syntagma square (shopping center), Plaka (old town), and Kolonaki (shopping center), 1 km to the railway station. We are going to stay at City Plaza Hotel. It is situated in Athens, Acharnon street and Katrivanou street, 78. Zipcode is 10434. The Phone number of the hotel is 0030 210 8225111 or 8215112 and the fax is 0030 210 8225116. E-mail is [email protected] The website is www.city-plaza.gr €89 is the price per night in a single room. Check-in: 3pm. Check-out: 11am. The City Plaza Roof Garden Bar offers the guests a panoramic view of the illuminated Acropolis and Lycabettus Hill while enjoying the wide selection of cocktails, snacks, and light dishes. It is opened from 8:30 pm till 01:30 am (May-Oct). Breakfast is from 06:30 till 09:30. Lunch is from 12:30 till 14:30. Dinner is from 19:30 till 21:30. The best way to get to Acropolis is to walk there either from Syntagma, Plaka or Monastiraki, at the end of Adrianou street, we can walk up to the Acropolis through the Agora or going up the steps from Dioskouron street. The easiest way is to take the Metro of Athens and get off to the Acropolis station, at the exit towards Dionysiou Areopagitou located the entrance of the new Acropolis museum and after 3 minutes walk next to the Odeion of Herodes Atticus is the entrance to the Acropolis. There are also organized tours, where a visit to t
Introduction-The Case for and History of Manned Flights Manned flights to space promise several rewards for the space industry and for humanity in general. Some of these rewards relate to the flight itself while others address themselves to the improvement in space exploration capabilities when man is present. First, manned flights require simpler flight control techniques and equipment since a human operator checks and adjusts flight parameters. The need for advanced equipment required for unmanned flights characterized by many sensors, actuators, and diagnostic tools reduces. The net effect is the reduction of vehicular costs since these controls form a substantial part of research and development costs of space vehicles. Secondly, the need for manned flights lies in the realization that technology, no matter how developed, never adequately substitutes human judgment. Space knowledge is still infantile to allow for a complete simulation of anticipated conditions informing the design of craft. Human presence reduces the mission risks associated with unpredictable situations and environments. Thirdly, the presence of man either at the Moon or in Mars, a product of manned flight, will improve data collection and analysis capacity on site. While there have been great strides made in the exploration of space in the last half of the twentieth century, a great portion of the Moon and Mars remain unexplored. Armed with a space lab, an astronaut remains capable of performing many experiments and tests, and making many more observations than what a Lander can do, no matter how sophisticated. The fourth reason necessitating manned flights to space is that development of requisite technologies will lead to innumerable spinoff advantages in various aspects of human life. Olla notes that space technology, “is used to provide services and fulfill the goals for people on earth” (413). Finally, man will not be satisfied to experience space behind the controls of sophisticated equipment millions of miles away. True scientific inquiry will drive man to seek to experience space through his senses. The Apollo 11 landing on the surface of the Moon represents the highest point yet in the conquest of the cosmos by man. The Apollo project arose amid many circumstances that had a rare confluence at the time. This was the height of the cold war and Russia had beaten America to space via the Sputnik. This was the United States way of reclaiming its place as a pioneer in the space race. President Kennedy’s administration was pivotal in providing the resources NASA needed to accomplish this goal. In scale, the project compares to the construction of the Panama Canal and the Manhattan Project. This was the first time that a space vehicle delivered a man to an extraterrestrial body and later safely returned him to earth. Through this project, the world saw for the first time
Introduction The issue of racial segregation was raised in many social sectors of the USA of the 20th century. In the field of education, the ban on co-education of white and black children had been in force for many decades, and one of the turning points that became the driver of repealing this inhuman law was the case called Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (United States, Supreme Court). The decision adopted by the Supreme Court was a significant step in the fight against racial prejudices and allowed solving many problems caused by the discontent of the black population of the United States. The legacy of this case was the expansion of the rights and freedoms of those citizens who had been segregated for a long time; however, some manifestations of unfairness remained and developed due to new schooling conditions. Case Background In the era when the case in question took place, the problem of unfairness in schooling was a significant social gap. The endorsement of racial segregation exacerbated relations between the white and black populations. According to Turner, one of the reasons why Mr. Brown filed a class-action lawsuit to grant equal rights in schooling was seeking to draw attention to distorted values ​​under the influence of racist policies approved by the state (217). In the formal case, judicial precedents are mentioned, and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka could be another pointless hearing (United States, Supreme Court). In particular, the Fourteenth Amendment mentioned in the case allowed separating students by race, provided that the conditions of schooling were equal and did not impede free education (United States, Supreme Court). However, the plaintiff was able to prove that segregation was an illegal phenomenon and contrary to human rights a priori. This was the occasion for considering the case at the highest level. The practice of students’ racial separation, which existed before the final verdict in the case in question, wa
There is no use denying the fact that the efficiency of the work of any organization depends on a great number of different factors. Wise management is one of these factors. The main principles, according to which the functioning of a company is organized, should be carefully chosen as they influence the final result significantly. With this in mind, it should be said that strategic management from the Islamic perspective should be investigated and thought trough. At the first gaze, implementation of some Islamic principles and traditions into the work of a company seems to be rather an efficient measure which can increase the level of satisfaction of workers, which, in turn, can lead to the increase of the efficiency of the whole organization. However, it should be understood that the Islamic perspective does not only mean respect for the traditions of representatives of this culture who work in the office. Besides, it also means decision making, which is more peculiar to the Islamic sector of business. Additionally, the way how organizations are financed and how they solve problems that appear in their work should also be studied. It should be said that Islam gives certain solutions to these problems and, that is why the idea of Islamic strategic management seems rather wise. At the same time, one should also take into account that this sort of management has its own peculiarities and decide whether these unique features can be accepted by workers of the office or not and whether they will be efficient. Resting on these facts, it is possible to conclude that the issue of Islamic strategic management is a rather new idea that should be investigated because of great perspectives, which it suggests.
Introduction To begin with, there is a strong necessity to mention that proper organization of IT structure is one of the most important aspects of successful business activity. The fact is that contemporary business cannot be mentioned without a properly adjusted communication system and taking into consideration the fact that the main task of IT departments is to maintain this communication, proper organization of IT structure will be regarded in the paper from several different angles. Originally, the main aim of this paper is to analyze the IT structure of Blackshop Restaurant Company from the following perspectives: the organizational structure and impacts of the informational systems on the business activity, sourcing of the IT structure (in the light of HR management), the allover governance of the system. The financial side of this issue will be regarded in the latest turn, as this is generally defined by the necessities of the previously listed factors. Organizational Structure Chart 1 (Communication process within the organization). First, it should be emphasized that the organizational structure is the presupposed hierarchy of communication and the central aspect of organizational activity, as it defines the importance and authority and the communication process among the departments of the organization. The original communicational structure is represented on Chart 1 Following this chart, the hierarchy and the authority of the enlisted bodies are represented. The fact is that, per Shah (2004), this is the classic image of the team-based organizational structure. This researcher also emphasizes the following statement (Shah, 2004, p. 456): Teams can be both horizontal and vertical. While an organization is constituted as a set of people who synergize individual competencies to achieve newer dimensions, the quality of organizational structure revolves around the competencies of teams in totality. Larger bureaucratic organizations can benefit from the flexibility of teams as well. Another statement, that should be emphasized, is the fact that the hierarchical organization of the Blackshop Restaurant Company is divided into functional and divisio
The outstanding difference between Miss Brodie and Miss Mackay’s idea of education is the approach that should be used to teach students. In Miss Brodie’s idea, education should bring out what is already in the students. She posits, “To me education is a leading out of what is already there in the pupil’s soul” (Spark 36). Therefore, in this context, teachers should only assist students to realize what is within them, nurture it, and bring it out. This aspect includes ensuring that the students are aware of their prime time in addition to enjoying their lives to the fullest at any given time. Miss Brodie advises, “You little girls when you grow up must be on the alert to recognize your prime at whatever time of your life it may occur. You must then live it to the full” (Spark 8). In this kind of education, students should not be given external materials, which may not even address their needs. From Miss Brodie’s perspective, students have disparate talents and strengths. Therefore, educators should monitor each student individually and come up with the right input to bring out the best from each one of them. When confronted by the headmistress who insists that the conventional system of education is the best, Miss Brodie notes that putting in “would not be education, but intrusion” (Spark 36). According to Miss Brodie, this kind of education can only be realized by letting students discover themselves by discovering life and doing all that pertains to it. This perspective involves allowing students to go clubbing, dancing, and even engaging in sexual escapades. This form of education requires an educator to start bringing out the best of students at their tender age and stay with them for life, and to this effect Miss Brodie says, “Give me a girl at an impressionable age and she is mine for life” (Spark 6). On the other side, Miss Mackay’s definition of education is the process by which an educator pumps information into the student’s mind. In a rebuttal to Miss Brodie’s definition of education, Miss Mackay says, “I had hoped there might also be a certain amount of putting in” (Spark 36). In addition, Miss Brodie notes that according to Mi