ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Central Park Five documentary relates the 1989 aggravated assault and rape criminal case and the following wrongful conviction of five teenagers aged 14 to 16. The case quickly gained nationwide media attention due to the horrific nature of the crime and the treatment of the five main suspects. The documentary provides in-depth information on the arrests and interrogations of the suspects, the sentences, vacations of the convictions, and the interviews with the accused men. On April 19, 1989, 28-year-old jogger Trisha Meili was ambushed, sexually assaulted, and severely beaten in Central Park, New York. At the time, New York City was in an economic crisis and swept by a crime wave, with many offenses committed by younger individuals (Burns, 2012). Kevin Richardson, Antron McCray, Raymond Santana, Korey Wise, and Yusef Salaam were among 30 other teenagers who entered the park that night and engaged in a series of attacks and assaults on passersby (Burns, 2012). Several of them, including Santana and Richardson, were detained that night before Trisha Meili was found at 1:30 a.m. According to Santana, the teenagers were aggressively interrogated, misled by the detectives, and were not offered legal counsel (Burns, 2012). After lengthy questioning, the teenagers confessed to witnessing the assault and rape, and their convictions were based mainly on those confessions, despite notable differences in their accounts of the supposed encounter. Santana and Richardson were coerced into writing the confessions and believed their statements would lead to them being freed (Burns, 2012). Later, McCray, Wise, and Salaam were brought in for questioning and accused alongside Santana and Richardson. The coverage of the crime and the treatment of the five teenagers by the police detectives was highly prejudiced and biased. Jim Dwyer, a New York Times journalist, notes at the beginning of the films that “these young men were the proxies for all kinds of other agendas” (Burns, 2012). The conviction of the Central Park five was a symbolic one that served to illustrate the effectiveness of the police force. Santana and Richardson were interrogated by numerous detectives, including Humberto Arroyo and John Hartigan, with Linda Fairstein and Elizabeth Lederer leading the prosecution (Burns, 2012). The media did not question the police, with the Mayor of New York, Ed Koch, praising their efforts and condemning the five teenagers for their alleged actions. Overall, both the police force and the media played a substantial role in convicting the Central Park five. Reference Burns, K., Burns, S., & McMahon, D. (Directors). (2012). The Central Park Five . Sundance Selects.
The article written by Romero-Aroca et al. (2017) dwelled at the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy and numerous risk factors that were associated with this disease and some other diseases such as diabetic macular edema and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. So as to evaluate these risks, the researchers developed a specific screening program and conducted an extensive study on the subjects. In order to conduct an efficient investigation, Romero-Aroca et al. (2017) considered several risk factors that were the most prevalent (cholesterol fraction, age, serum creatinine, and the respondent’s sex). The results of the study showed that the yearly occurrence of diabetic retinopathy did not exceed 48%. On the other hand, the level of occurrence of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy did not exceed 19%, and the yearly percentage was way lower than in the patients with diabetic retinopathy. The lowest yearly occurrence was found in patients with diabetic macular edema – 9%. The analysis of the results of the study helped the researchers to expose the finding that age was one of the most insignificant factors that contributed to the incidence of diabetic retinopathy. Also, Romero-Aroca et al. (2017) identified that patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus were more inclined to have diabetic retinopathy and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. The researchers also found that an inadequate metabolic control of diabetes mellitus unfavorably impacted the manifestation of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Romero-Aroca et al. (2017) claimed that further research in the area is necessary in order to mitigate the occurrence of the reviewed ailments and treat numerous complications associated with diabetic retinopathy. Based on the reviewed articles, it is safe to say that the importance of patient-based care is a rather relevant topic nowadays. If we understand disorders and diseases, we will be able to maintain the quality of health care. It can be told that the peculiarities of different diseases can be assessed as a possibility to research different subjects way more than before and concentrate on patient-centered care so as to help healthcare providers expand their knowledge base and improve their medical practice. Therefore, if we address the question of recognizing disorders, we will positively influence the provision of patient-centered care and increase the possibility of treating the ailments successfully. The factors that were mentioned above are expected to impact insurance expenditures as well because the notion of “patient-centered care” is inextricably linked to understanding what, how, and when to treat. This area of health care is revolutionary, and it is critically important to take it into consideration when discussing the issues related to health care and health care providers. Nonetheless, one should understand that the work of any given health care provider is full of different moral implications and it cannot exist without mutual respect and sacrifice-based care. The understanding of an illness or a disorder depends on the ideas that are
Background It is undeniable that the media affects our lives from the moment we develop our senses and continue to do so for the rest of our lives (Ramage et al, 462). The debate that continues to rage on is the degree to which media affects our actions, thoughts, and the decisions we make. Today, we are living in a society that extols independence and liberty, and therefore to most individuals, it is quite scary that an external source, such as the media, influences our lives to such a high extent. Therefore, it is not surprising that a number of people do not believe that the media has a strong influence on their life. However, when we are referring to children, the debate becomes personalized. Due to their age, children are very vulnerable and any form of media that they come across can have a strong influence on their life presently and in the future (Coca, para. 2). Today, due to the economic pressures, many parents spend only a few hours with their children as they work long hours, this leaves the media as the only form of interaction that children can access, especially the television. This is worsened by the increase in the amount of violence and sex on television. Does the violent and sexual content displayed on television influence our children? Sadly, the answer to this question is yes. Violence and sex in the media heavily affects a child’s development, hardly a day passes without a mention of violence among children, or a girl aged 15 or 16 becoming pregnant. These actions arise from the child’s interaction with media at a young age. A Worrying Trend A visit at an elementary or middle school exposes the degree to which media affects the way our children dress, who they interact and talk to, and their behavior. Kindergarten teachers no longer deal with inquisitive six year old children, or curious ten year olds in the middle schools, but have to separate two warring children now and again. These children see violence and intimidation as the only way through which they can assert their authority and solve their problems. Parents and teachers cannot match the media in influencing children. A research carried out by Mediascope Institute revealed that at the age of six, a child has spent more time watching television than time spent with their parents in their entire life. This revelation paints a grim truth about our children’s interaction with the media. Media does not affect children evenly, for example, the aggression levels among children after being exposed to violent material on the media varies fro child to child, but the effect is still noteworthy. The influence has been found to be stronger on younger children (8-12 years old). Age and sex plays a significant role in influencing children’s response to violent media. Boys are known to be more responsive that girls. Other factors such as family background also come into play, for example, when a child is brought up in a violent family, the likelihood of being influenced by violent me
More than 30% of the adults in the US are overweight; that is, they have a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m 2 . Overweight grownups are at a heightened risk for the development of diabetes and high blood pressure, in addition to turning obese. Although extensive endeavors for the management of obesity have led to the significantly diffident and inconstant loss of weight, detection, and prevention of obesity amid overweight persons may be highly successful since such people are less probable of identifying themselves as overweight, do not have much weight to lose, and may deem managing weight a sensible objective. Hindrances to the detection and prevention of obesity encompass failure to establish that patients have become overweight, time limitations, inadequate training, and restricted availability of electronic tools for diabetes (Hazlehurst et al., 2014). Electronic tools such as Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have the capacity of rising above hindrances to detection and prevention of obesity via computerized backing that reminds health professionals to counsel the patient and offer adequate resources that facilitate a controlled, evidence-based approach. This study seeks to discuss the significance of electronic tools in the detection and prevention of obesity. The benefits of electronic tools for obesity lie in the excellent physician detection of overweight, improved counseling and objective-setting amid overweight individuals, and enhanced patient advancement toward the set target. Studies affirm that early diagnosis and behavior-anchored treatment of individuals with obesity or overweight results in facilitated medical results (Baer et al., 2015). Nevertheless, there are some instances where the overweight is not recognized by health professionals and ends up developing into obesity. If electronic tools for obesity are aimed at the standardization of weight management coupled with awareness, their assistance in the identification, diagnosis, and counseling of obesity and overweight persons is improved. The application of electronic tools for obesity may result in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of obesity-associated concerns at a population situation instead of just amidst a few individuals (Hazlehurst et al., 2014). In this regard, electronic tools for obesity may be executed by health professionals in the scope of medical backgrounds to improve the diagnosis and management of obesity. The use of electronic-based alarms and management tools enhances the detection of overweight, as well as the rate of counseling. Amid the patients for whom electronic tools for obesity have been employed, most demonstrate the long-term behavioral transformation and positive sentiments regarding the intervention. As contemporary health care transformations place increasing emphasis on the progressive adoption and meaningful application of electronic tools for diabetes, there will be an improvement in the detection of overweight and counseling for weight man
Introduction The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Convention is an intergovernmental agreement, which leads 30 member countries and eight non-member states in the discussion and the introduction of anti-corruption laws. For over a decade, the OECD has remained a primary instrument in the struggle against bribery and extortion on a global scale (Gilbert & Sharman, 2016). So far, the organization has reached significant progress in matters of legislation and the regulation of international business. However, the implementation of the mentioned anti-bribery program is often accompanied by obstacles and challenges that emerge on both local and external levels. Thus, the need to overcome these constantly reoccurring barriers turns a chosen organizational course of action into a difficult policy to implement. Difficulties in the Implementation of Anti-Corruption Policy Initiated by the OECD The incidence of bribery is the first factor to consider when analyzing the effectiveness of a discussed action plan and the challenges it may face. As Gilbert and Sharman (2016) admit, signatory countries are currently involved in the investigation of more than 250 cases of crime, which restrains their progress in the further development of policy principles. Along with the mentioned issue, the members of the organization come across the problem of interrelation between the enforcement of law and the coordination of local authorities work. Moene and Søreide (2016) point out that “small local differences in honesty and cooperation may lead to large differencineffectiveive law enforcement and in actual levels of corruption” (p. 147). This statement proves that although high penalties may reduce the occurrence of bribery in some situations, they are still capable of exacerbating the problem and reinforcing corruption schemes in others. Raising awareness about foreign bribery is yet another challenge to overcome for the convention parties. Recent reports show that the efforts of the members to deliver information about international corruption are often insufficient (Malgwi, 2016). Many corporations remain unaware that foreign bribery is prohibited by law. Reaching small and medium-size businesses represents one of the major difficulties since the number of new enterprises is continually increasing. Detecting criminal activity within their hierarchy poses even more barriers for the organization in fighting corruption. One last issue to add is the limited resources that law enforcement bodies usually have at their disposal when investigating corrupt practices. A lack of funds, as well as the occurring personnel gaps, prevent the authorities from treating the cases of extortion with determination and force them to refer to nonintervention tactics. This “pattern of willful blindness toward major violations of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention” questions the efficiency of the discussed crime prevention program and undermines the overall organization’s political weight (Gilbert & Sharman, 2016, p. 74). In its turn, it makes the implementation of a discussed policy a complex task to fulfill. Conclusion The policy that the OECD atte
Introduction One of the most disturbing social problems world wide is the increase in crime among youths and the research shows that more than half of the arrest made directly involve people aged25 years and below with a recorded percentage increase of 6% for arrest of juveniles since 1982. These crimes include among others aggravated assault, rape, homicide and robbery and their occurrence is largely dependent on the gender because research indicates that there is almost double the number of males arrested due these crimes compared with the females. Many people have tried to come up with different possibilities causing delinquency like poverty, family problems and influence from peer pressure but very few are able to explain how any of these possibilities is associated with specific delinquent behavior and this paper addresses this problem by supporting some theories that have emerged while at the same time disagreeing with others. During the study of causes of crime criminologist mainly focus on the cause of the problem but since this is a social thing the process becomes complicated because of all ethical concerns that go along with the practical study of people. This paper will analyze and discuss socialization process as one of theoretical explanation of juvenile delinquency that I most agree with and compare it with individual characteristics as a cause that I disagree with in causing juvenile delinquency. (Ohiin, 2000pp 24-37). Socialization process as a major cause of juvenile delinquency Crime is a product of norms, values as well as behaviors that are learnt from the society within a long period of time and mostly it happens unconsciously without being noted although the consequences are conspicuous and embodies the essence of crime. These learnt behaviors are associated with criminal activity and theorists use various theories in illustrating this perspective which include differential association, differential reinforcement and neutralization theory. (Michael, 1990 pp45-53) Differential association and socialization This theory states that if a person learns more attitudes which encourages disrespect of the law than those which are favorable to it he/she is likely to get involved in criminal offences because in the process of interaction learning takes place and just like a good social behavior is learnt so is the criminal behavior. The greatest impact is normally when the interaction is made early in ones life with intimacy accompanied with prolonged high frequency compared with when the interaction is casual and short term. The theory adds that the process of acquiring behavior can be through modeling of other people or through positive reinforcement like receiving a reward as well as through avoiding a punishment and this does not matter whether the behavior being acquired is social or antisocial. Neutralization theory and socialization process This theory is different from the above in that whereas differential association suggests that people become delinquent and cri
The proliferation of the trade-based money laundering (TBML) is directly related to the growing complexity of international trade systems, where new risks and vulnerabilities emerge and are seen as favorable among terrorist organizations seeking for the additional sources of funding. The trade system attractiveness for the related fraud activities is associated with increasing amount of international trade flows, particularly observed during pandemic times where local supply in many trade categories was unable to compensate increasing demand requirements of consumers. As the demand progressed, the number of unprotected foreign transactional exchanges and sporadic financial agreements increased, which were tied to the computerized environments and therefore could be tracked and infiltrated under the lack of underpinning security requirements. Furthermore, it was admitted that the lack of thoughtful verification procedures that promote transparent customs data exchange between the countries also contributes to the emerging risks of TBML during pandemics, when the number of relevant transactions exponentially increased. Considerably, with the increasing number of trade transactions while decreasing involvement of customs agents and controlling authorities, it is easier to simulate legal trade transactions that are poorly controlled throughout the whole supply chain. The attractiveness of TBML for money launderers is also explained through existing issues of tax avoidance and evasion natural to the contemporary international trade systems. For instance, when the tax rates are differed on the incentives to move taxable income between jurisdictions with high to low tax values, it eventually manifests in either over- or under-invoicing of imports and exports between foreign and domestic organizations. Consequently, the majority of company profits are shifted to the low-tax jurisdictions
The relationship between the Dominican Republic and Haiti has been a source of tension and conflict of its residents for a number of decades. Ever since Haiti gained its independence, the country has been subject to injustice and discrimination from all sides. The issues between the two territories stem mainly from their shared history and the racial identity of their people. In my essay, I will be addressing the ongoing racial tension between Dominican and Haitians in the Dominican Republic. I will point out some positive and negative results from both sides. I will address how Haitians and Dominicans could peacefully live together without major tension. To start off, to understand the origins of the current struggles, one needs to know the history of Haiti and Dominican Republic’s relations. Ever since its establishment, the Dominican Republic had a special relationship with African slaves. Having less of a divide between races than in other places produced a unique situation where the black population was separated from their native history and culture. Dominican blacks began to see themselves as “Indio”, a special term for brown people of various descent (Sagás). Pledging loyalty to Italy, the Africans of the republic constructed a separate identity from their original one and did not consider themselves to be a part of the black community. A part of the population, primarily consisting of black slaves, gave rise to a revolution that resulted in the formation of the Republic of Haiti, which became separate from the Dominican Republic (Sagás). Haiti, contrary to Dominica, embraced the black culture with its tradition and variety, including song, dance, and folklore. The Dominican government saw Haitians as inferior, distancing themselves from Haiti, and even declaring their independence in 1844. Dominican also participated in the extermination of Haiti’s population, including the infamous Haitian massacre of 1937(Sagás). The racial issues between the countries are the result of forming a different understanding of black identity due to the influence of racism and violence. Nowadays, the tense relations between the two countries are more apparent than ever. The most pressing issue for them is the problem with illegal immigrants. Recently, in 2013, the Dominican government revoked the citizenship of Haitian migrants, which applies to an