ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Teaching pronunciation is challenging. Teachers often find themselves short of time to provide necessary instruction and give proper instruction concerning teaching English in class. When these teachers find time, they embark on a process of addressing pronunciation. Rather than inspiring students to learn pronunciation, the educators focus on providing so much that is not supportive of a pronunciation-learning environment rather unpaired learning that prompts students to develop attitudes towards learning pronunciation. Drilling, repetition, and use of sounds end up discouraging students from having an interest in learning. It is fundamental to understand that learning a language is very personal. The context of pronunciation is infinitely a speech-rhythm continuum that is deeply embedded inside our native lingua. As such, the psychological aspect of learning English as a second language and conversely, learning English pronunciation can be overtaken by our socio-cultural connection to the learner’s first language. Students are well aware of their nativity and subsequently would feel uneasy fluently and rhythmically speak in a second language. To overcome these teaching and psychological barriers, teachers should approach the goal of teaching pronunciation by identifying and educating students that learning and developing pronunciation is merely aimed at adding the skills of communication and helping the student understand the language well enough to be understood by others when they communicate. As such, it is fundamental that language teachers attribute proper value to learning pronunciation in class. This paper comprehensively provides the continuum along which the pronunciation pedagogy should be. This research paper identifies how teachers should emphasize pronunciation as a vital ingredient to successful communicative excellence. The paper explains how psychology plays a key role in learning pronunciation. The paper identifies how innovative educators can tap psychology discipline in teaching pronunciation as an opportunity. Background information Listening is fundamental in language development. Listening and understanding propagate the desire to communicate, implement and empress what has been listened to and understood. Pedagogically, learning a language is a unique process facilitated by the cognitive abilities of the learner. However, the complexity in teaching English as a second language to students has proved challenging, especially where pronunciation is concerned. It is vital to look at listening as a vital ingredient of successful language mastery. This is so if we look at listening and language learning from the top-dow
Background Information Nigeria is a country found in West Africa. Its capital city is Abuja. Other major cities include Lagos, Kaduna, Calabar, Ibadan, Kano and Maiduguri. Some of the neighbouring countries include Ghana and Sierra Leone (Falola & Genova). After gaining independence from the British in 1960, Nigeria witnessed a lot of political instability ranging from military coups, dictatorship rule to unstable democracy. However, in 1999, the country held its first-ever acceptable democratic election which was an incentive to stabilise the country politically. Since then, Nigeria has been politically stable except for the tension which exists between the Muslim northerners and southern Christians over which region should produce the head of state (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2010). Politics influences all parts of the economy and the social behaviour of the people. The political elite usually offer bribes to the voters when seeking political office. Nigeria is generally a pastoral and agricultural country. The main crops are rice and wheat, which are produced both for local consumption as well as for export. Other major crops include sugar, oilseeds, pulses, cotton, tea, rubber and coffee. The country is also blessed with some minerals which are used in the local industries as well as exported. Nigeria is among the leading producers of oil in Africa. The people of Nigeria consider themselves as Africa’s superpower given their massive oil reserves and their population of 162 million people making them the biggest population in the continent (Public Data, 2012). Although the country is blessed with massive oil reserves at the Niger delta, this is not reflected in the wealth distribution amongst the people. More than sixty per cent of the population lives below the poverty line. The infrastructure is very poor and rates of unemployment, especially among the youth, are very high (Encyclopaedia of the Nations, 2010). Recent History Nigeria was in a euphoric mood in 1999 after ending years of political instability characterised by coups and dictatorial leadership. The euphoria was however short-lived because the country was faced with serious oil shortages in 2000 as well as a lack of electricity which adversely affected the economy leading to a further increase in poverty levels. Since then, elections have not been perceived as free and fair by Nigerian citizens and the international community. There has also been ethnic violence in the oil-rich Niger delta as well as religious-based violence. The violence witnessed in the oil-rich Niger Delta has seen the profits from oil drop by 20%, further affecting the national economy. There has also been an increase in official corruption, which has emerged as a threat to national unity and development. Despite all these challenges, the federal government of Nigeria seems to be doing a lot to bring the situation under control. There has been a spirited fight against official corruption by the federal government of Nigeria. The death of the democratically elected president Umaru Yar’dua saw Dr Goodluck E
What brand identity is used by Merivale to convince the customers who visit their website? The peculiar feature of the official website of Merivale is a variety of ideas and services. Merivale restaurant is the place where a person is free to find any kind of service to entertain, enjoy the quality of food and music, or even organize business affairs. The slogan that is observed on the website is quite simple still rather an information. A visitor is free to choose any kind of pleasure available now or decide on a venue that is more appropriate for personal tastes. Clicking on the button, a visitor may learn all the necessary information, evaluate prices, and understand what kind of entertainment is better to choose. It seems to be so easy to convince the visitors of the website to pay attention to Merivale with the chosen brand and strategy because the vast majority of customers do not like limitations set by some restaurants, this is why Merivale proves that it is not difficult to break some rules but provide customers with pleasure. What is the target market? A target market is a group of potential customers who are going to use the offered service as a result of special marketing activities. As soon as the target market is identified, the company may start developing a strategy and advertise its services. In Merivale restaurant and its official website, the target market is all people who are interested in quality services, tasty food, and freshness of design. Many people do not have much time to choose a place for rest or learn the conditions under which services are offered or they just feel inconvenient asking about the restaurant services. They are businessmen, tourists, food amateurs, or ordinary people who want to add some innovations to their lives. And the website of Merivale is created to help such people choose a restaurant, learn more about it, or just book a table. What positioning strategy is used by the company to put in the visitors’ minds? Looking at the official site of the restaurant, it is not easy to understand the positioning strategy the administration tries to use. On the one hand, it is quality services and products, and on the other hand, it is reasonable pricing and availability. Still, it is not always possible to define the financial status of a restaurant’s visitors, this is why much attention is paid to the quality. The idea of high qu
Executive Summary The Office of Budget and Allotment was responsible for all budget estimates and budgeting processes in the Municipal Government. The city Water Department had a responsibility to supply the city with water on time. The water department had established a problem in the office. Its staff had to extend working hours to meet their job requirements. The team decided that it was time to request additional officers in the Purification Division. They needed four permanent water treatment operators, four maintenance laborers, and one laboratory technician. The Office of Budget and Allotment needed more information/data and clarification that the Water Department was not able to supply. It was to enable them to make a decision and forward it to the city manager for approval. Introduction The seven letters exchanged between two government bureaucratic departments give us an overview of what transpired. It started off well with the Water Department analyzing its department. The officers in the department then agreed that they needed additional staff. They sent a letter to the Office of Budget and Allotments. Due to the lack of some data in the message, the budget office responded outlining that they needed some more information to help them make a decision. The missing information sparked off arguments that later degenerated into personal attacks. The Background Information The first letter arrived on 5th February 1993 by Mark B. Mason, who was the Chief Engineer and Superintendent in the Water Section. He wrote to Paula A. Harper, who was the Chief of Office of the Budget and Allotment. The Water Department was asking the Office of Budget and Allotment for approval to employ additional personnel in the Purification Section of the Water Department. Mr. Mason also attached a 2 nd February 1993 memo sent by his Superintendent of Purification Mr. R.S. Herrington. An Assistant in the Office of Budget and Allotment, Rodger Graham, who was assigned the Water Department Budget called Mark Mason to explain that the Budget office needed more information before confirming their request. He also called Herrington to explain the information they needed to which Herrington agreed to channel the same through Mason, his senior. Herrington sent a letter to his boss Mason with the desired clarification on the 10 th of March 1993. Graham decided to make another phone call to Herrington. He asked him to clarify his information and listed the items he needed. Mason called Paula on 19 th March 1993 concerning the same and requesting that Paula puts the application for information in written form. Paula Harper had to write to Mason on the same day copying the same to his senior Robertson, Director of Water Department. In the letter, Paula detailed the list of things the Budget office needed from the Water Department. The letter also
African Americans have always played a significant role in the development of the USA. Since the emergence of the first European colonies in America, they had been vital contributors to the evolution, formation, and rise of the state. Unfortunately, for an extended period, their attitude to them was biased because of the dominance of racism and segregation, which also influenced their self-esteem and well-being. However, the historical events at the end of the 19th and start of the 20th century triggered the change in African-Americans’ mentality (Kendi 310). The radical scope of changes is evidenced by the fast rise of a unique culture, desire to improve their lives, and active social positions peculiar to representatives of this group. The global changes preconditioned by WWI, cultural exchange, and the growing popularity of new values became the major facilitators of this process, giving rise to the “New Negro” movement. One of the essential features of this social phenomenon was its close ties with the international processes. WWI became the event that triggered the significant reconsideration of values and visions. African-American soldiers who fought abroad acquired a chance to broaden their horizons and alter their representations of themselves (Painter 202). They met other people of African descent who lived in the European states and learned about their experiences, concluding that they have numerous similarities. It stipulated the growth of consciousness, self-actualization, and the desire to refuse the ideas of racial discrimination and limits of racial identity (Painter 198). These factors cultivated the “New Negro” mo
Communication is a central pillar driving organizational performance at various levels. It holds the capacity to paralyze or propel execution of activities as it facilitates conveyance of basic information that appertains to enhancing productivity. Evidently, information, understanding and awareness of diverse issues form the lifeblood of corporations with strong growth aspirations. Communication contributes to exemplary performance through advancement of creativity and innovation. According to the provided article, effective communication requires adoption of superior strategies and security elements that hold the potential of enhancing safety of the information relayed. The article emphasizes on the strategies that facilitate effective communication and development of security systems to curb fraudulent activities that hampers delivery of massages. In particular, the article reports major factors that hinder effective communication where poorly designed institutions, low trust levels, unskilled team officials, and feedback lapses are cited. These elements influence delivery of credible and accurate information for decision making (Stoll, 1988, P. 484). Consequently, bureaucratic system of administration presents major complications to communication management since bureaucracy hinders formulation of clear line of information delivery. IT is proper for institutions to adopt credible strategies that hold requisite capacity of enhancing performance through delivery of accurate massages based on the available products. This is vital since communication aids conveyance of the institutions performance policies and strategies, including promotion of services rendered to enhance consumer awareness. Communication determines the level of performance and development of organizational networks. It is a paramount element that should be under effective management through adoption of high-security systems to avoid massage tampering. The article also emphasizes on the security issues to ensuring delivery of credible information with limited int
Introduction The analysis of criminality and people’s mental health contains not only the effect of inflicted harm on one’s mental stability but also the potential predisposition of people with mental illnesses towards violent behaviour. The recent portrayals of violent crimes against small or large groups of people have often mentioned mental illness as a characteristic that is prevalent among offenders (McGinty, Kennedy-Hendricks, Choksy, & Barry, 2016). This framing of criminals is used by the advocates of specific gun regulations in some countries. They argue that the creation of a particular mental background check will lead to the reduced rate of violent crimes as people who may supposedly endanger others will be restricted from accessing firearms (Corner & Gill, 2015). In states where gun control laws are strict, the connection between mental illness and violence is debated as well – this discussion can be focused on acts of violence and terrorism by individuals and groups (Corner & Gill, 2015). In this case, similar aspects of the stigma surrounding mental illness persist, including such characteristics as the lack of control and one’s aggressive tendencies. However, the question of whether mental illness has a direct link to violent behaviours remains underexplored by the public. Scholarly research suggests that the stigma surrounding mental health and its correlation with gun violence and other crimes cannot be supported by evidence (McGinty et al., 2014a). While mental illness affects a person’s perception of the world, it does not determine one’s probability of engaging in crimes and does not always indicate the increased prevalence of violent behaviours. The Issue and Suggested Connections The main problem in the current representation of the correlation between mental illness and crime is the opinion that people with mental health problems are more likely than others to engage in illegal activities. This idea may be expressed by the public and exacerbated by media, advocates, and other influential speakers (Varshney, Mahapatra, Krishnan, Gupta, & Deb, 2016). The debate surrounding this concept often leads to people recollecting the incidents of gun violence, mass shootings, and lone-actor terrorist activity as situations that were initiated by people with mental illnesses. The idea that one’s criminal behaviour can be reassessed based on their mental health also lies at the core of the crime-related legislation. Thus, when discussing the gun selling industry, some people suggest that a background check of a buyer’s mental health history can be used to allow or restrict gun usage (Swanson et al., 2016). In order to evaluate the arguments supporting and opposing this viewpoint, it is necessary to address the media representation of this problem, the public opinion and stigma related to mental health, as well
The case of the colorblind painter dramatizes the problem of colorblindness. The article describes the ordeal of a successful painter traumatized by the impact of a disorder that affected his life and the way he earns a living. He was not born with a genetic disorder; his colorblindness was the result of a freak accident (Sacks 5). Thus, his struggles are like windows that enable outsiders to understand the world inhabited by a colorblind person. The case of the colorblind painter serves to compel a change in attitude towards colorblindness, and classify it as a disability that requires consideration. Human eyes are some of the most beautiful things in nature. Eyes are made up of complicated systems. However, the basic component is comprised of photoreceptors that enable the eye to distinguish the different colors of the rainbow. Those who are afflicted with colorblindness have malfunctioning photoreceptors (Good Mythical Morning 1). Most of the time, colorblindness is a genetic disorder. In other words, a significant number of colorblind people had this affliction since birth. Without a doubt, they suffer from the effects of colorblindness. However, it is difficult for them to express their problems, and describe it in such a way that normal people are able to understand. The need to understand their predicament goes beyond the need for empathy. They need to communicate their problems to a larger audience in order to initiate the legislative process. Lawmakers follow certain protocols when it comes to the legislative process (Dipboye and Colella 12). Lawmakers are dealing with numerous constraints when it comes to the ratification of new laws. As a result, public clamor for the ratification of laws geared towards helping colorblind people will surely speed up the process. In order to intensify support for this type of laws, the world needs to know the predicament of colorblind people. In the case of the colorblind painter, normal people were given access to the problematic and depressing life of an invalid. The reaction of the colorblind painter was more severe compared to other people suffering from the same disorder. The stark difference was due to the fact that the colorblind painter in the article was not born with the said disorder. Thus, he was able to experience success as a painter before he was forced to quit due to his condition. His depression was made more severe because he was not an average painter. Before the accident changed his life forever, the colorblind painter was able to distinguish different shades of color in the same way that a musician with keen ears can identify notes emanating from a musical instrument. Thus, he was traumatized when he was no longer able to create works of art. Due to the testimony of the colorblind p
Introduction Pomegranate is known for its health-promoting effects, including its role in preventing heart disease and diabetes. Huge wastes of over-ripe and secondary quality pomegranate prompt the need to improve the quality of associated processed products. Therefore, methods and uses of fruit processing should be advanced. Pomegranate wine dispensation has been recently elaborated as a novel approach to Punica granatum L exploitation (Lan et al., 2017). During fermentation, significant characteristic flavor formation and volatile composition alterations occur, resulting in fragrant, alluring, and unique wines. The pomegranate wine’s comprehensive real-time change of antioxidant elements and its characteristic flavor profile during the entire aging and fermentation process requires further studies. This research’s primary objective was to investigate the flavor profile and antioxidant changes of pomegranate wine through the process of fermentation and aging. Methodology Based on the article, the total anthocyanin content (TAC), superoxide anion, DPPH free radical, total phenols content (TPC), phenolic profiles, and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity were examined throughout the entire pomegranate winemaking procedure. The overall aromas and taste quality, as well as dynamic flavor ingredient changes in the wine, were also monitored during processing. E-tongue and E-nose technologies were utilized in detecting and analyzing even the slightest variation in aroma and taste of different samples. Other quality parameters, such as titratable acidity (TA), pH, organic acid profiles, alcohol content, and total soluble solids (TSS), were also investigated. Three independent trials were carried out, and the data obtained were evaluated statistically using the