ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Formation of any state is a long-term process that has its unique peculiarities and features which result from the conditions under which this very Commonwealth evolved. It is obvious that there are both happy and tragic moments that shaped the mentality of people inhabiting the country and enriched its history and cultural heritage. Besides, being a comparatively young state, the USA also has its unique features that contributed to the way it looks nowadays. However, there are still two phenomena that could be considered as the most important ones. These are The War of Independence and the Civil war. While the reasons for the first military conflict are clear, the second one needs some additional explanation as there were various motifs that pushed people to get involved in the conflict and join troops. Motivations First of all, one should realize the fact that the representatives of the southern and northern states had different mentalities and perspectives on the way the USA should evolve. That is why the reasons and motivations were different. Oakes et al. state that for Confederate soldiers, the will to fight was conditioned by unique aspects, and they battled to protect their soil, homes, and well-being in the ways that were different from those of the Union men (Oakes et al. 419). Besides, the majority of soldiers of the South were sure that “they were fighting to preserve slavery” (Oakes et al. 419). It was the basic institution that preconditioned the prosperity and giant incomes of planters. For this reason, slaveholders and their children wanted to protect their lifestyle and preserve slavery, which was threatened by Lincoln and his new policy. From numerous diaries and recordings, it becomes obvious that Confederate soldiers were sure that they were protecting the rights and liberties their fathers had won from the British Empire (Oakes et al. 419). At the same time, Federals also considered themselves the protectors of the US revolutionary heritage and its unique role in the world, which was to provide hope for all nations by showing them the ideals of equality and liberty (Oakes et al. 420). In this regard, it becomes obvious that both sides were highly motivated and certain that their position was strong. Additionally, the ideology mania also contributed to the increased cruelty, exasperation, and anger of people involved in the conflict. Conditions However, despite the differences in perspectives, the majority of soldiers fought under similar conditions as both sides were totally unready for war. Troops suffered from poor organization, financing, and supply. Soldiers were paid less than a common civilian and had to
Socrates has a unique position in the history of philosophy. On the one hand he is one of the most influential of all philosophers, and on the other one of the most elusive and least known. Further, his historical influence is not itself independent of his elusiveness. Thesis Socratic legacy is based on the ideas of humanity and virtue, morality and good life, and helps to explain human motives and desires driven every personality. The Socratic legacy understand that the moral life is the best life for the agent thus has the central role of linking Socrates’ intuitions of the pre-eminence of morality with the theory of uniform self-interested motivation which is the foundation of the identification of goodness with knowledge. Given that centrality, it is surprising how little argumentative support it receives. For instance, at Crito , justice and injustice are described as respectively the health and sickness of the soul; hence, just as it is not worth living with a diseased and corrupted body, so it is not worth living with a diseased and corrupted soul. But that is not an argument 1 . Even granted that health is an intrinsically desirable and disease an intrinsically undesirable state, the crucial claims that justice is the health of the soul, and injustice its disease, require defense, not mere assertion. On this theory motivation is uniform, and uniformly self-interested; every agent always aims at what he or she takes to be best for him- or herself, and failure to achieve that aim has to be explained by failure to grasp it properly, that is, by a cognitive defect, not by any defect of motivation. Socrates explains this in Protagoras , on the assumption, which he attributes to people generally, that the agent’s overall interest is to be defined in hedonistic terms, as the life which gives the best available balance of pleasure over distress 2 . Given that assumption, it is difficult to explain doing wrong by being overcome by pleasure or by any kind of desire; one must simply have made a mistake in one’s estimation of what would bring the most pleasure. As Socrates says (358d), ‘It is not in human nature to be prepared to go for what you think to be bad in preference to what is good.’ 3 . Virtue can be given a straightforward interpretation which is compatible with the integrated picture. This is simply that total virtue extends over the whole of life, while ‘courage’, ‘piety’, etc. designate that virtue, not in respect of its total application, but in respect of its application to a restricted area. Similarly, coastal navigation and oceanic navigation are not two sciences, but a single science applied to different s
Occurrence at Owl CREEK Bridge describes the fate of a planter by the name Farquhar, who is lured by a union scout disguised as a soldier into committing a crime for which he would eventually pay with his life. Farquhar is symbolic of the slave confederate states that sought to secede from the United States, whereas, the soldiers represent the might of the union. The story becomes so emotional when the reader is reminded that Farquhar is not only a planter but is also a gentleman. This suggests that he poses no real threat to the union Army but is merely being executed on the grounds of being a confederate sympathizer. His longing for freedom and eventual demise is symbolic of the desire of slave states to be independent from the United States and the ultimate defeat and suppression of their motive. On the on the hand, a good man is hard to find talks about a family that was completely annihilated by a criminal by the name of “Misfit” and his accomplices as a result of the self centered nature of the family’s grandmother. This story resembles the occurrence at Owl CREEK Bridge in that both the protagonists eventually end up losing their lives. The difference between these two stories lies in the fact that whereas Farquhar sought to free himself in his imaginations, the grandmother took the actual step of pleading for her life. More about A Good Man is Hard to Find What Is the Plot of a Good Man Is Hard to Find? 5 159 Why Is A Good Man Is Hard to Find Considered Southern Gothic? 4.3 1472 What Role Does Racism Play in a Good Man Is Hard to Find? 5 907 What Causes the Accident in A Good Man Is Hard to Find 5 280 A Good Man Is Hard to Find – What is the Title’s Meaning? 5 1104 What Role Does Foreshadowing Play in the Cemetery Scene of A Good Man Is Hard to Find? 5 66 The authors of the anthologies use imagery to vividly describe the situation under which the protagonists are executed (Roberts 81). This stylistic device has the effect of arousing strong emotions of pity and remorse towards those who faced premature death and resentment, hate and anger towards the assailants who are pictured as being inhumane and brutal. The authors use detailed poignant descriptions to show just how easy it can be for men to take away each other’s life at the slightest provocation. Farquhar did not deserve to die and so did the grandmother and her family. Works Cited Roberts, Edgar. Writing Themes about Literature . New Jersey: Prentice Hall.1991.Print.
Purposes   * The article explores the factors that led to the failure of a large Swedish music event, Peace & Love, in 2013.   * Considering that a lot of stakeholders were affected by the failure, the study not only provides a deeper insight into actual reasons why the festival management declared bankruptcy but also can potentially clarify how adverse ethical and economic consequences of such a failure could be avoided. Methodology   * The problem is analyzed by using the organizational ecology framework: Nordvall and Heldt (2017) investigated the event in the environmental context, focusing on competition.   * The researchers employed qualitative methodology and semi-structured interviews with the festival management as the primary data collection tool.   * They also gathered data (such as user posts and comments) from social media and other relevant online forums.   * While interview replies were analyzed by using content analysis, social media data was evaluated with the help of an analytical coding-based method. Findings and Conclusions   * Study findings reveal that Peace & Love failed mainly because the organization was in a vulnerable position and competition in the Swedish music festival industry increased.   * As the festival market grew mature, a greater number of competitors emerged and, thus, customers were provided with a larger number of options to choose from and many preferred another, more attractive festival that took place in Sweden at the same time when Peace & Love was planned to start.   * Considering this, Nordvall and Heldt (2017) call the studied event failure as “death by natural selection” (p. 182).   * They conclude the article by noting that the implementation of the organizational ecology framework successfully led to a profound explanation of the case. However, the researchers suggest that, in order to increase the credibility of findings, more research of similar cases and different festival funding models is required. Reference Nordvall, A., & Heldt, T. (2017). Understanding hallmark event failure: A case study of a Swedish music festival. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 8 (2), 172-185.
Abstract This pilot study investigate the attitudes of trainee therapists towards the current fifty hours of mandatory personal counselling needed for completion of their studies at diploma level. It determines whether it should be more or less, and what else would be beneficial in becoming a counsellor or psychotherapist. In this study, ten students of psychotherapy completed a questionnaire. This questionnaire comprised of eight quantitative Likert questions, and two qualitative questions. Introduction The field of psychotherapy is known for solving many ailments and mental problems whose cause was mental and emotional sicknesses. The psychotherapy came as a means to assist the clinical therapist to unravel the emotional and the mental dispositions that threatened health of the patients. Psychotherapy is therefore a robust field, which is gaining acceptance all over the world. As a part of study to qualify as a practicing psychotherapist one is required to undergo fifty hours of personal therapy. Personal therapy is where one is supposed to go to a therapist as a patient although in mind, one may not be sick or in dire need of clinical psychotherapy. This research report will delve into what other scholars have studied on this subject. It will look into how students of psychotherapy feel about this practice whether it is beneficial to them or not. The other aspect that this research will delve into is that of whether the mandatory fifty hours of personal therapy are enough or not. The report will include the findings of the report and the discussion. The final part of this report will deal with the recommendation or the way forward because of this study. Literature review There is a lot of study assessing the role of personal therapy that students of psychotherapy have to undergo in the fulfilment of their course work. There have been various argume
Introduction The history of the origin of oracle bone starts from the period of King Wu Ding in the Shang Dynasty. It is more or less three thousand years old. These oracle bones were utilized for divination by ancient Chinese rulers. As far as their formation is concerned, these bones were heated until they broke after cracking, and then these cracks were elaborated and interpreted in different ways. After this, certain questions were asked of the bones, and occasionally also the prognostications and the real upshots were then carved into the bones. (Boileau, 350-78). These scripts on bones are considered to be the most primitive recognized examples of Chinese alphabets or characters. The very first elementary scriptural symbols were found on the clay pots of the Longshan Culture. These late Neolithic people are identified for their glistening black pottery primarily exhumed in 1928 in Longshan, Shandong Province. Earthenware relics from locations endorsed to the Erlitou Culture that came afterward were previously carrying symbols that would be the predecessors of the composed or written language of the renowned oracle bones belonged to the Shang Dynasty about 16th-11th centuries BC. If historically evaluated, these oracle bone inscriptions were initially exposed in the autumn of 1899. They were discovered in the outskirts of Yinxu, close to Xiaotun village of Anyang city situated in Henan Province. This was the spot of the main city of the Yin Dynasty that is the name specified to the later era of the Shang. In very old times the king would search for stimulation through foresight divination. For this purpose, a hot device was applied to the back of some animal bone or tortoiseshell and the hidden connotations in the cracks produced were then tried to be traced and interpreted. This practice went on to be sophisticated with an inscribed record of the divination being carved on the oracle bone. In this way, oracle bone inscriptions came into existence and gained popularity. Divination was a prevalent way of foretelling and foresight inquiry in the Shang Dynasty and it saw oracle bone captions develop into a full-grown and all-inclusive writing system. The superstitious kings of the Shang bowed to divination to direct them in those perspectives of life that signified most to them and they prioritized them. This seems auspicious for the history of the Shang dynasty since it led them to offer us oracle bone inscriptions related to such varied topics as economics, politics, culture, and as well as the standards of good manners of such far off periods. These early writings also grip matters of astronomical and geographical phenomena. They comprise wide-ranging written records of lunar and solar eclipses, which can be availed of to verify the exactness of advanced astronomical calculations. The popular view is that the Chinese celestial world is a projection of China’s bureaucratic government and deities are like the hierarchical officials of the world. Chinese bureaucracy is based on the world beyo
In a diverse society, care providers often have to interact with other professionals and patients from different backgrounds. Providing high-quality care to various patients requires an in-depth understanding and practice of spiritual care. In their article, Anandarajah (2005) explores culturally sensitive care and related concepts, including spiritual care. According to the author, the primary definition of spiritual care is that it reflects the therapeutic aspects of medicine and spirituality (Anandarajah, 2005). There are two more definitions provided in the reading, which discuss general and specialized spiritual care. The former reflects the practices of “bringing presence, compassion, understanding and listening to each encounter” (Anandarajah, 2005, p. 372). This type of spiritual care can be provided by anyone at any time and focuses on meeting a person’s spiritual need without discussing God, religion, or beliefs. Specialized spiritual care, on the other hand, means addressing the patient’s individual spiritual needs (Anandarajah, 2005). Specialized care is provided either by physicians or by trained spiritual care counselors. My definition of spiritual care is slightly different from the one provided in the reading. I believe that spiritual care involves listening to a person and providing for their spiritual needs in a manner that fits both the care providers’ and the patients’ worldview. I think that spiritual care should be rendered by all types of care providers, including counselors, nurses, physicians, and other professionals. My definition creates opportunities for all providers to help patients who need comfort, hope, or consolation. It also implies that providers should understand how to balance conflicting beliefs in a way that promotes trust and connection. In my opinion, facilitating spiritual care based on these principles and ideas will help to improve patients’ emotional well-being and foster holistic care. Reference Anandarajah, G. (2005). Doing a culturally sensitive spiritual assessment: Recognizing spiritual themes and using the HOPE questions. AMA Journal of Ethics, 7 (5), 371-374.
From ancient times, philosophers like Plato have developed the concept of the ‘Feminine’ as the weaker side of creation. The earth/ matter is feminine and the mind/ creativity is masculine. The poet, John Donne writes in ‘Aire and Angels’ that women are incomplete, passive matter/body and the male mind, is the divine/active/complete force behind creation. The binaries of male/female as strong/weak, active/passive mind or will force/ silent matter, presence/ absence was fixed till the Structuralist era of criticism. However, the Post-Structuralist era broke with all these binaries, making identities relative rather than fixed. The Feminist movement and the Post-Modernist movement are thus born in tandem in the U.S. in the 1960s-1970s. Kate Millett’s ‘Sexual Politics’ and Simone De Beauvoir’s ‘The Second Sex’ were texts of breakthrough potential in terms of subverting the notions of the female/the feminine and the feminist in social, economic, political and cultural arenas. Thus, Feminism looks at art, architecture, sculpture and
Architecture is an art that involves both the process and the end product of setting up, crafting, and creating. It is a discipline that has been in existence since time immemorial and is often perceived to manifest the cultural orientations of a group of civilizations. Through this discipline, a group of people can describe themselves culturally in the form of their buildings and other material artifacts. They can also exhibit the science, art, and diverse styles of designing and putting up buildings and other physical structures considering the manner in which they are erected, as seen in Australia. From the above description of the architecture, it is clear that it is a unique way of showing identities that vary from one civilization to the other, one ethnicity to the other, and from one nation to the other. It is also important to note that regions can also have distinct architectures. National architectures have many cons as compared to regional ones. The main objective of this paper is to explore the cons of nationalism in the Australian case. Nationalism in Australia can be traced back to the nineteenth century when the call for emancipation rose significantly. Such emancipation enhanced calls for the establishment of Australia’s national identity. Through architecture, Australians are able to express their attitude and their national identity in an effective manner. They are also able to take actions that are aimed at achieving a sense of self-determination. In Australia, architecture has brought out the concept of ethnicity, common origin, and cultural ties, which are the fundamental pillars that bind this nation together. On the other hand, regionalism has two implications. In architecture, it describes the American realist modern art movement that was mostly practiced during the 1930s. The architectures based their trade on the creation of rural life scenes as opposed to those of the city. Regionalism also means the art of portraying a common sense of identity and purpose within a certain geographical region. It creates and implements specific institutions that exhibit particular regional shapes and identities. Incidentally, regionalism encompasses nationalism, but the regional geographical landscape is larger than that of nationalism. 1 As a way of expressing p
The Catholic Church had dominated and influenced the world, especially Europe, until the 16th century. The emergence of both Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli in the 1500s signaled rebellion against the Catholic Church. Luther and Zwingli have long-lasting legacies as the pioneers of the Protestant Reformation. Although the two hailed from different countries and were inspired by various factors, they held the key protestant principle as a uniting factor. Burns (2017) notes that, as Protestants, Luther and Zwingli opposed numerous Rome’s anti-biblical teachings. On top of the list of teachings that annoyed the two reformers is the concept of seven sacraments. Even though each reformer had a different view on sacraments, they found the idea of seven sacraments misleading and against biblical teachings. Another concept that Luther and Zwingli viewed as anti-biblical yet practiced and encouraged by the Catholic Church is the impression that clergy should be celibate. While Luther and Zwingli differed in various political, philosophical, and religious ideologies, both reformers believed in Holy Bible as the answer, guide, and sacred teaching. Before comparing their foundational theological positions, it is important to highlight the most crucial discrepancies between Luther’s and Zwingli’s theological positions. Burns (2017) writes that Zwingli, who was a trained reformer in the theological system of Thomas Aquinas, embraced the idea that there is no way revelation can counter reason. For Luther, that idea did not hold as he believed that revelation in Holy Scripture refutes human reason. Luther, who was well trained in philosophy, understood that whenever God’s disclosure dissents human philosophical understanding, the word of God stands. Zwingli used his political adeptness to enhance his reformation ideas. As a result, Zwingli was more radical than Luther. Therefore, Luther and Zwingli differed in a few theological positions but shared the common ideology of protestant reformation. Understandably, the core theological positions of Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli varied slightly in approach but were similar in context. Zwingli’s theological position was based on the authority of the scripture. While preaching, Zwingli explained, analyzed, and expounded on the biblical teaching chapter by chapter and verse by verse. Woodbridge and James (2013) explain that Zwingli believed that every practice, action, and doctrine should be judged based on the Holly Book. To Zwingli, the word of God had the ultimate authority over the traditions and norms of the church. Locher (1965) adds that Zwingli was able to question and find fault with the Catholic Church after analyzing the Bible. Therefore, Zwingli’s foundational theological position emanates the superiority of the gospel. On the other hand, Luther adopted an almost similar theological position as Zwingli based on faith. Among the Protestants, L