ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Racism is a belief that a particular racial group is fundamental and essentially more than others. Racism leads to the oppression of a specific group of people so that another group can have a political-economic or social advantage. It also leads to hatred among people of different races and can have severe consequences to the victims. This paper seeks to find the root causes of racism and the possible solutions on how to combat this persistent menace in the society. Self-Interest Self-interest is the one of the leading root causes of racism. In the 17 th and the 18 th -century, racism was intensified by the Europeans through the use of barbaric actions to force Africans into serving them in their tobacco and sugarcane plantations (Coates 21). They believed that their American counterparts were superior and they could not attract voluntary laborers from them. To serve their interest, they kidnapped Africans and forced them into slavery to work on the plantations. According to Derbyshire, the European colonialists perceived the enslavement of African Americans and other native communities in the U.S. as an acceptable because of the misconception that slaves were less human beings. With such awkward ideas and beliefs, they subjected slaves to severe conditions, including unsanitary living and working conditions and inadequate nutrition. The plantation owners, for instance, controlled the work and physical wellbeing of their laborer and forced the enslaved people to work even when sick. Self-interest that manifests itself in the harsh treatment of the enslaved people contributed to the deeply-rooted racial segregation that still exists today. Urge to Maintain the Status Quo Some groups in the urge to maintain the status quo that protects racism justify it in the name of maintaining law and order or maintaining peace. Racists have utilized racism for a long time in suppressing racial inequalities and resistance among the European nations (Derbshire 416). For instance, people believe that black people are naturally brutal and violent, and they are not
Cones and Rods The retina which is found in the human eye has photo-receptors of two type and they are known as rods and cones. The rods are very many and are in the ranges of more than one hundred and twenty millions in a retina. The rods are more sensitive than the cones although they are not color sensitive. The retina contains an estimation of between six and seven million cones and these are color sensitive. The cones are concentrated on the macula, a yellow spot in the center of the retina. In the center of the macula there is a region that does not contain any rods and has very many cones which are very thin and very densely packed. This area is known as fovea centralis (Palmer, 1999). Evidence that have been got through experiments have suggested the there exists three different color reception types. The response curves of the three categories of color receptors have already been determined. This is because the color perception depends on the three nerve cells firing ( Jameson, 2001 ). Can all mammals see color? Almost all mammals have cones and rods in their retinas. This can explain why almost all mammals do experience different light conditions especially dusk, night, dawn and day. Therefore all eyes of mammals have mechanisms that control the amount of light that goes through the eye. This mechanism helps the eyes in adjusting its perception of light so that during the night and dusk as much light as possible goes through the eye and at this time the retina is very sensitive. However, during a bright day, the excess light will spoil the very sensitive retina and hence the mechanisms control the amount of light entering the eye while desensitizing the retina at the same time. In order for the brain to interpret color, the eyes need to have color pigments. This is why some animals have better vision of color than others. The human beings are not the best in color interpretation because some insects can see colors that are invisible to the human eye. Other animals cannot see any color (Palmer, 1999). Many mammals, fish and birds have the ability to perceive the entire spectrum. Cones are in different flavors and this is determined by the pigment which they contain. Different pigments have different capabilities of detecting colors. Normally human beings have three pigments which include blue, green and red. However, other mammals do not see color as well as human beings do. Scientists argue that mammals may have less pigments than we do or that they have different pigments from us. That is why most mammals cannot see color as human beings can see color. It is important to note that not all human beings have the capability of seeing color as a normal human being. This is because some people have fewer pigments than we do and this subjects them to a sort of blindness in term of color. This condition is known as color-blindness and this means that some people cannot see some colors. These conditions are brought about by people lacking one or two pigments and thus cannot see all the colors as they are supposed to. In the same r
Introduction Plagiarism is considered a global problem of contemporary science and education as well as in the spheres of literature and music. In educational institutions, students frequently confuse plagiarism and citation. Thus, plagiarism can be not intentional, although stealing other people’s work cannot be justified. Moreover, plagiarizing hurts the person’s reputation and lead to legal or monetary repercussions (“6 consequences of plagiarism,” n.d.). Despite many interventions aimed at the detection and prevention of plagiarism, such as plagiarism detection software, it is still frequent among different people including scholars, students, journalists, authors, and other professionals. Thus, there is a need to review plagiarism in different spheres and determine its possible consequences. Plagiarism in Art Plagiarism cases in art and media are not so frequent as in education, but usually, they attract more attention to society and also can lead to court. For example, Ed Sheeran was accused of “willful copyright infringement” for one of his hit songs, which was initially recorded by an Australian country musician (Moran, 2018, para. 4). The estimated profit that Sheeran received from the illegal use of the song reached five million US dollars. Another case of plagiarism, which was in the news, involves guitarist Joe Satriani accusing Coldplay of copying his instrumental and presenting it as their creation (Michaels, 2009). However, the opponents managed to achieve an agreement and came to the out-of-court settlement. Coldplay was supposed to pay Satriani off after this settlement. One more case that attracted public attention involved Led Zeppelin and the rock band Spirit (Baker, 2016). The band claimed that the Zeppelin songwriters took the opening cords of their tune. Still, the income this song earned was safeguarded by a Los Angeles jury. On the whole, the mentioned cases are examples of legal and financial consequences of plagiarism. Plagiarism in Education and Science Colleges, universities, and rese
Water quality Water quality and shortage is one of the major crisis faced by many nations. In most nations there are cases of frequents droughts and famine because of climate change. Addressing the issue of water quality issue is a concern for many nations. This is because not all waters are healthy for human consumption. Certain standards and measures needs to be observed to ensure that water provided is of good quality for both animal and human consumption. The Water Board scenario In the scenario where a given community is facing water shortage and a given water, board proposes to erect a water recycling plant, several factors should be considered. As a member of this water board one first needs to find out the level of quality of water and its source before the eruption of the drought, the clear cause of water shortage, impacts of water shortage and all other relevant information needs to be gathered. A rapport should be created where the water board holds meetings with the relevant communities and other relevant bodies to discuss the issue of water shortage and quality. Every member of the affected community should be involved in project right from the initial stages to avoid any obstacles to the project arising in future. Concerning the issue of constructing a water recycling plants, the water board should be very smart to handle and respond to issues arising from different parts of the concerned community. Some of the issues and questions that may be raised by the community include, where will the recycling plant be erected? How many people can this recycled water serve? How safe is the water recycled for drinking? Will water provision be available throughout? The board should be prepared to answer such and other relevant questions raised by the community. The members of this water bodies should also seek approval to build the proposed water recycling plant from different relevant bodies that affects the viability of this plant. Some of these important and relevant authorities include the public health body. This government body may pose several questions to the water board proposing to build a water recycling plant that have to be addressed for approval of the plant. Public health is majorly concerned with the health status of its public members, the health of services provided to the public by various bodies and the impacts of projects to the community. This health authority may raise questions like, what are the impacts of the general impacts of the project during and after construction stages. What are some of the measures that the board is intending to apply to mitigate these impacts? Will the recycled water be healthy for both animal and human consumption? All these questions and many others should be addressed by the board for approval of the project and avoid an
The societies of ancient Mesoamerica, their development, structure and collapses are still considered some of the biggest historical mysteries of the world. The researchers and expert experience scarcity of evidence and materials to study in order to have a better picture of the societies and cultures of ancient Mesoamerica. It is a well known fact that the nations of ancient Mesoamerica were highly developed and possessed advanced knowledge of the world around, they constructed very complicated and massive buildings and monuments, they practiced complex religions and they had multilayered hierarchical structure of the societies. It is also known that the political leaders were considered people of divine origin. At the same time internal political and social unrest were quite common in the societies of ancient Mesoamerica in the period between 200 and 900 AD. The political and social unrest were determined by the high level of political fragmentation in the societies such as Mayan and Aztec. Regional conflicts and confrontations between the south and the north of the region, absence of a distinct political center and dynastic unions and rivalries were the basis of the increasing social division in these areas. Besides, individual unions of certain members of ruling families led to political unrest and internal wars for territories and resources. Over the years the resources on the Mesoamerican territories became more and more scarce. Overhunting of big animals and the exhaustion of rivers and soils in the region led to lack of food, the occurrence of droughts. These circumstances would be considered as failures of the rulers and cause political unrest and uprisings against the rulers. At the same time, high political fragmentation and existence of individual dynastic unions could easily strengthen the society’s capacity to doubt the authorities of their rulers and lead to revolutionary movements that could be controlled by the individuals dissatisfied with the current power. One more way of enforcement of the internal unrest in the society in the multiple gods ancient Mesoamericans worshiped. Confrontations between the followers of different cults were frequent in every state that practiced polytheism. This was happening due to the clash of ethical and religious beliefs. The researchers studying social warfare in the ancient Mesoamerica confirm that the reasons of internal conflicts were multiple; some of them were growing social inequality and the discrimination of peasants by the ruling elite (Brown, Stanton, 24). Besides, the regional con
Building a new athletic facility requires many resources in terms of both labor and material capital. To avoid wastage and loss of these resources, effective management is of utmost importance. As well, it is essential to prepare adequately on paper for the project before deploying on the ground. Every project starts with defining and refining the user requirements. Here, one engages the various stakeholders on what they expect from the new athletic facility. After which, one does a trade-off between cost and requirement. Other considerations in designing such a project include local laws and regulations, the project’s environmental impact, and the amount of available capital. With this, one can establish the project scope, determine the budget for the project, and estimate the project duration. The consulting firm for the project should be able to integrate all these considerations into a feasible master plan (Sawyer, 2009). There are three basic considerations while choosing a consulting firm. To start with, the consulting firm must have the capacity to deliver in terms of technical know-how and experience. In evaluating tenders for such a facility, each bidder must demonstrate a proven ability to deliver on such a high-end project. The appropriate consultant should be able to come up with a viable blueprint for the facility. Here, the consultant will help define the user requirements, define the project scope, and come up with a tentative budget for the project. The consultant should also help in pre-qualifying contracting companies who will deliver on the project. Through experience, the consulting firm can determine the best-suited persons to take on the project, and bring it to the next level. The consulting firm, thus, makes the work easier for the client. On this line, the consultant should also work with the client or his appointed representative, throughout the entire phase of the project and continuously refine the operational requirements (Glenn, 2010). Secondly, the consultant must exhibit timeliness and due diligence in executing past projects. An ideal project should not last for long periods since this has an impact on not only cost but also, on the quality of work. From research, it is evident that every project that goes beyond its desired period ends up spending more while delivering poor-quality work. The consulting firm must envisage future delays in the execution of the project either due to weather, political or climatic conditions. A project might end up spending much more merely on the fact that, during the duration of the project, there was a change in the political class bringing about new taxation regimes (National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association, 2009). The last thing to consider in choosin
Summary Food processing waste should be disposed of or recycled promptly; otherwise, it becomes an excellent nutrient medium for harmful organisms. Different types of wastes may be recycled in various ways or processed further. Despite the existing body of knowledge, there are several gaps in research regarding waste management. In particular, the possibility of optimizing anaerobic digestion should be studied to determine whether it may allow greater cost-efficiency and result in a new approach for generating renewable energy. Also, some researchers believe that it is necessary to investigate fruit and vegetable waste and bioactive components found in it. Moreover, different countries employ various approaches to waste management, which results in the fact that some countries are more productive than other ones, and this difference does not allow addressing the issue effectively. Introduction Ineffective waste management in food processing is an urgent problem not only for the food industry and trade but also for society as a whole. This is because many foods have a limited shelf life, after which they may become dangerous to humans. Apart from that, inefficient food waste management poses a threat to the environment since such wastes fall under the category of biological waste (Frenkel et al. 1034). Therefore, they are an excellent nutrient medium for various types of microbes, fungi, and other harmful organisms. Even though countries use a variety of ways to manage waste, the research suggests that they are not sufficiently effective and the accumulating waste poses a danger to the well-being of the population. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the issue and explicate why the research gaps require immediate attention from the side of the scientific community. General Points There are various types of food processing waste that need to be disposed of or recycled promptly. First, it is the waste that is left from the production of goods (after raw materials have been sorted). Enterprises need to get rid of food waste using the services of firms specializing in this field. Second, part of the food waste comes from canteens, kitchens, cafes, and restaurants, and this is the waste that is formed during the preparation of food, as well as the food that has lost its consumer properties (Swadimath et al. 28). Third, these are poor-quality products, including the ones that have expired or lost their nutritional value as a result of the influence of various factors. Fourth, waste includes defective food products, which have appeared due to damage to the packaging, poor temperature
Introduction Psychological health is inextricably linked to an individual’s wellbeing. The mechanisms employed to handle stress, make choices, and relate to others are vital because they determine how people deal with life’s challenges. Mental illnesses are conditions that lead to disturbances in thought and behavior that make coping with ordinary situations challenging. Even though people suffering from diseases like depression, experience difficulties that significantly affect their lives, appropriate treatments help them rejoin society and participate in important activities. Description Depression is a medical condition that negatively affects an individual’s mood, how they think, and their behavior. An estimated 3 million people around the world suffer from the illness, which is a major contributor to the world’s disease burden (Osuch & Marais, 2017). The disease is thought to be caused by a complex blend of psychological, social, and biological factors. It causes feelings of sadness and leads to a loss of interest in pleasurable activities. It is vital to note the illness can cause a variety of physical and emotional challenges that can decrease a person’s ability to function (Torres, 2020). It is associated with severe and persistent symptoms that impair psychosocial functioning and increase mortality. Understanding the disease’s symptoms is vital for effective treatment. Symptoms and Diagnosis The malady’s symptoms vary from mild to severe in many of the affected individuals. They include feelings of sadness, loss of interest, alterations in appetite, and difficulty sleeping (Torres, 2020). In addition, patients experience increased fatigue, have concentration problems, and are often burdened by suicidal thoughts. A diagnosis is made in situations where the symptoms persist for at least two weeks and lead to a change in the individual’s level of functioning (Torres, 2020). It is worth noting, that medical conditions, that mimic depression must be ruled out prior to the institution of treatment. Prognosis and Treatment Early intervention is vital in the management of depression. There is an inverse relationship between the length of an episode and the outcome of therapy (Kraus et al., 2019). Therefore, a short duration of illness is associated with a good treatment response. Approximately 80% to 90% of individuals diagnosed with the disease respond well to treatment (Torres, 2020). In addition, most of the affected patients gain relief from their symptoms. The options for the management of the disease include pharmacotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychotherapy. It is recommended that antidepressant medications are taken for approximately six months before significant improvement is realized (Torres, 2020). The primary objective of treatment is to re-establish functionality and improve the p
This song Redemption by the Jamaican reggae icons Bob Marley and The Wailers borrows several thoughts from Marcus Garvey. He was an African American champion for promoting the unity of all black people worldwide. The line from this song, “emancipate yourself from mental slavery,” calls for Africans to fight against any form of oppression (Marley, B., & The Wailers, 1980, verse 3). Furthermore, this song stresses individuals’ need to effectively change their mindset to gain freedom from slavery and tyranny. According to the functionalism theory, social systems should work to maintain equilibrium in society. Any changes to the usual cultural or social balance will result in resistance from the affected individuals. The community’s different aspects need to provide essential services to individuals to continue existing in society, failure to which it would cause its death (Harper & Leicht, 2018). Music is a vital instrument in promoting the social balance of the institutions in the community. The song also talks about the unity of the black community in spearheading social changes. This is in line with the functionalist view that each aspect of society should exist as an entity to promote its overall stability and working. The song emphasizes the inherent personal role in agitating for social changes where it says, “none but ourselves can free up our mind” (Marley & The Wailers, 1980, stanza 3). People from the black community are called upon to support each other in meeting their daily needs, not provided by the government. These services include the provision of primary education, healthcare, and proper housing and sanitation services. Functionalist theories state that the other parts of society will change in lieu of deviant behavior by the system’s other components (Harper & Leicht, 2018). The Redemption song posits that individuals should stand up and fight to provide adequate services by the government. Social change is achieved through the collective efforts of the societal members.