ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The paper will look at Affirmative Action and the initial intent of its legislation. Two court cases on Affirmative Action will also be considered with their results and conclusion. After that, results of Affirmative Action, both positive and negative will be noted and a personal view of the issue brought out. Discussion In most definitions, Affirmative Action is brought out as taking into consideration factors that leads to discrimination and looking for policies that help cub discrimination, by race, gender, religion or nationality. The term was used first by the Americans with a purpose of promoting equality among the different groups, making sure that the minor groups are included in the existing programs of a society. Ball (2000), argued about the constitutionality of Affirmative Action and racism especially in higher education was one among the issues that carried a lot of weight in the Bakke Case. He said that in the University of Washington, admissions were done in a racism manner and a student named Marco DeFunis was denied admission twice when the Affirmative Action was supposed to be enacted at the time. He had met the University qualifications, but him being denied the chance twice, of which he realized it was due to his race, he challenged the Affirmative Action because it was supposed to protect his constitutional rights. DeFunis won the case in the lower courts and was admitted to the School of law, but later when the case went to the Supreme court, the question of Affirmative Action was avoided and they considered the case as one to be done away with because DeFunis was graduating from school (Tomasson, 2001). After DeFunis’ case, there followed another one in the California court involving Allen Bakke. Bakke was an engineer at NASA and he felt he could enroll in the University of California-Davis Medical School at the age of 32.Though he had met all the qualifications; he was denied access because of his age. He challenged the University’s admission policy at the California State court and a verdict was set down which struck the school’s admission policy. Bakke thought was not admitted to the school. The school challenged the decision of the lower court with the California Supreme Court. That decision was 6-1 that allowed Bakke to be admitted to the school and the school had to appeal the case to the United States Supreme Court. It was an important story during the 1970’s and the interesting part of the case is that it brought a split to the Supreme Court justices, where four were against Bakke and four was on his side. Justice Powell broke the tie by setting the case on Bakke and said that discrimination by quotas was unconstitutional though he felt selection by race could still be used in higher education. The court contended that Affirmative Action could continue as long as racial discrimination was avoided. According to Ball’s findings, the impact of Bakke’s cas
Using “Darwin’s Dangerous Idea,” the current paper argues that Darwinism and traditional monotheistic Creationism cannot be held together without contradictions. Darwin’s theory of evolution suggests that the modern variety of species is the result of natural selection. The latter means that randomly appearing features assist living creatures in surviving and reproducing and end up being carried into the new generation. As suggested by the film, the perfect fit of particular beaks to their functions is the result of random changes in the genes of birds, which have been preserved through natural selection as an advantage. From the creationist perspective, the same evidence can be used to prove the words of the Bible. In effect, these words do not require proof in the view of a believer. Still, the fact that bird beaks are so well-fit for their survival can be used to show that they were designed intelligently and with a purpose by our God. It seems apparent that the two philosophies oppose each other in their description of the reasons for the variety of existing species (random changes or intelligent design), which means that they cannot be held together without contradictions. The film has a more nuanced perspective on the relationships between the philosophies, and it suggests that they can be compatible if they are modified. Daniel Dennett offers to reinterpret Darwin’s ideas to incorporate the design of the Creator, and Kenneth Miller, while insisting that his view is conventional, discusses the modification of the imag
When involved in basic personal grooming, many people don’t give much thought to the tools they use. They simply grab the tool they need at the moment without considering those elements that make it the perfect tool for the task. However, imagine an alien race came to earth and began asking questions about why some of the things on the vanity table are there, particularly when they seem to serve the same function. Although the comb and the brush are both tools used to straighten the hair on a human’s head, they are each used for different reasons making it very likely that they will be found together. The comb and the brush have many characteristics in common. This begins with their primary function of tidying the appearance of human hair. Both tools are intended to be held in the hand and, so far, neither has been equipped with an ‘automatic’ function that reduces the human’s need to move. Both the comb and the brush consist of a unifying substructure of some kind from which small, stick-like appendages protrude in some form of pattern. These patterns can vary depending on the specific tool as some combs contain a very fine mesh of these appendages and others are very open. The same can be said of brushes. In both cases, the difference in pattern is designed to provide the user with different effects in the styling of their hair or to work in greater harmony with the texture of their hair. In addition, the materials these tools are made of can be very different, ranging from hard plastics to natural fibers and these will again produce different results. Although brushes and combs come in vastly different shapes, sizes, colors, patterns, etc., there are some specific characteristics of each of these tools that mark them as specifically a comb or a brush. This begins with the words used to describe them. While the comb may be ‘fine-toothed’ or have a wide enough pattern to be called a ‘pick’, the brush always has bristles whether they are widely spaced or closely packed. The comb is limited in its shap
Narrative film production is believed to have started in the late 19 th Century. However, major developments were witnessed in early 20 th Century such that by 1910, narrative film production had become a major industry employing a lot of people. This era was characterized with the development of film as a form of visual art and many people used to fill cinema halls just to catch a glimpse of the action. It had become a new way to spend leisure time by 1920’s. A narrative film is a story showing series of events in such a way that the audience can be able to deduce the time and place it was shot. Narrative films are also called fictional films and are meant to show the audience what they normally hear or read about but have not had a chance to actually see. As films expanded in length and technical options due to increase in technology, narrative strategies as well as genres increased as well. Stories could develop more complex characterization with creation of unique characters to add more flavors to the act; more and interesting themes were also developed to give the audience varierity. Sound devices were also incorporated to the act and other visual effects were also added (HMP, 2004-2011). According to Daniel (2008), Thomas Edison did not have the idea of developing a film but, his invention of a kinetoscope opened the way for other people to expand their imagination on other things the equipment can be able to do. This scientific equipment was made to be used for educational purposes in industrial training; it could allow people to see images from a film that passes through its shutter thereby coaching them by repetition on industrial processes. By 1900, some great minds had already started testing projection of images from a kinetoscope on a screen which they thought would make the equipment more appealing (2008). Actualities were the first movie forms to be produced as the film was at its inception stage, The film makers would produce short clips of moving objects and they really fascinated the audiences to which they were shown because some had not already had the chance to see moving objects before for example they would show a clip of a moving locomotive. Even though to the current standard this might be considered boring, it had a great impact on the audience at the time. When shown images of a train rushing towards the camera, for example, the audience ran out of the theatre room thinking that the locomotive would run over them (HMP, 2004-2011). Actualities were clips telling stories of real objects for example a clip of a ship moving along the harbor. This, together with early comedies, which were a bit playful like the famous Charlie Chaplin, were the earliest form of films. However, development of other genres in film did not take long due to changing tastes. Notably, the film industry, during this period, was a reflection of lifestyle at the time. The rise of the middle class in America in the l
Trauma can be understood as an excess anxiety that overwhelms an individual’s feeling of safety or integrity. The impact of such experience triggers brain through muscle receptors and voluntary reaction system. The brain, as a result, will biologically work through the negative feedback mechanisms to restore the body to its normal functioning process. Several hormones are released in response, such as adrenaline, which leads to changes in heartbeats, breathing rates and other involuntary actions causing anger or numbness. Stress is the most identifiable sign of trauma among traumatic individuals. Impact of trauma varies with individual’s age, personal copying mechanism and vulnerability. Trauma is generally divided into psychological and physical (Levine and Kline 6). Children are the main victims of traumatic cases in the society. This is because children constitute a vulnerable group that only relies on their parents’ assistance. Additionally, they do not have a well-developed copying mechanisms when encountered by traumatizing situations. They face physical trauma from falls during plays and climbing explorations. Sporting injuries are the main source of trauma caused by bicycles and skating boards accidents. Scenarios, such as drowning and auto cars’ accidents, are also experiences that result in traumatic moments (Levine and Kline 23). According to Levine and Kline, children who were exposed to surgical and medical conditions at birth show more symptoms of traumatization as compared to those who were born outside hospital facilities. This is because of painful experiences which medicated children undergo at the hospitals (Levine and Kline 25). Violent activities in the society are sources of psychological traumas that last for a long and take a lot of time before people forget it, especially young children. These can be caused by materials from the media or real life situation. At times, children face both psychological and physical traumas at the same time. A bitter example of this may be taken from the film Udaan when analyzing the main protagonist Rohan. The seventeen year old boy finds himself in a psychological torture after his expulsion from school. He meets his egoistic father Roy on his return to Jamshedpur. He is as well shocked to realize he has a step brother Arjun. Life becomes very confusing to Rohan; he finds it hard to cope with his new younger brother and brutalities of his father Roy. The father insists that Rohan should join engineering class to help him manage his factory despite Rohan’s passion in the writing field ( Udaan ). In seeking solace, Rohan opts to stealing his father’s car to meet friends in a bar and drink. In the process, Rohan’s trauma turns him wild that he engages his father in a physical fight and exchange of insults. He reflects his life through a poem, Udaan, which opens with “A few, scattered memories,” and continues with “Bare-foot I walk upon them”. This is an interpretation of shatte
Summary In calculating the cost of running HVAC units in the summer and providing a subsequent report, the following processes were carried out: Upon being opened, the file named ‘HVAC_Cooling’ was saved as ‘Lastname_Firstname_HVAC_Cooling.’ Later, the name was replaced to appear in the footer of the sheet. Then, I created a new header row in the Excel Worksheet. Thirdly, I made a ‘Calculated’ column that entailed a prospective ‘Cooling BTU’ division with $0.00124 and then formatted it with the Accounting Number Format. The data obtained was filtered based on my own ‘Heating BTU’ as directed by the instructions. Later, I applied the best fit across the sheet and set it to the landscape page in a horizontal format. Lastly, I created a new database in the Access app and named it ‘Lastname_Firstname_Cooling_Cost.’ The other excel file created initially was then imported into access. Data within the access app was then filtered to display ‘Cooling BTU’ values greater than 60,000 only, along with the power units of my choice. The results show that the cost of running HVAC units in summer increase with the increase in Heating BTU (Seo & Ooka, 2017). Therefore, for the practical realization of running the HVAC units, Johnston Smith will be required to set aside funds to cater to the rising Heating BTU as shown, Appendices Appendix A Data Showing Cooling Cost. Appendix B Data Showing Filtered Elements of the Main Data. Appendix C Data Showing Imported Values to Access. Appendix D Data Showing Cooling BTU Greater than 60,000. Appendix E Data Showing Filtered Power Units’ Data Ending with 3. Reference Seo, J., Ooka, R., Kim, J. T., & Nam, Y. (2017). Optimization of the HVAC system design to minimize primary energy demand. Energy and Buildings , 76 , 102-108.
Introduction The topic of Estate tax has been a major area of concern in the recent past. It has sparked a lot of arguments across the United States. With the ratification of the ‘American Tax Relief Act of 2012’, the laws relating to Estate tax have been made simpler. The estate tax is levied on handover of the ‘taxable estate’ of a deceased person irrespective of the method of transfer. The tax is applied to every citizen and resident of the United States of America. This paper seeks to discuss various aspects of the estate tax. Specifically, it seeks to advise a couple on how to protect their estate from taxes in the event of death. Tax minimization related to estate taxes The estate tax is administered by the requirements of the Internal Revenue Services (IRS). Under the current requirements of the IRS, the estate tax is taxable at a maximum tax rate of 35%. Further, it is exempted up to $5.12 million. The first step of computing the estate tax is estimating the amount of the gross estate. Further, in the provision of the IRS, the gross estate is computed using the fair market value of all the estate of the family. Further, several deductions can be subtracted from gross tax before arriving at the taxable estate. Some of the deductions are funeral expenses, mortgage payable contributions to charity and selected items of property left to the surviving spouse (Internal Revenue Services, 2013). The fair market value of the estate is adjusted with the amount of related allowable deductions to obtain the value of the net value of the Estate. The exemptions provided in the laws are deducted from the amount of the net value of the estate. Thereafter, the tax rate is applied
Introduction Childhood construction is a vital aspect in determining child intervention within the child protection system. Parents possess a natural responsibility to intervene in their children’s lives. Childhood is recognized as an important status by the religious and secular world. For example, throughout the ages, religious teachings have encouraged parents to protect their children from any kind of harm (Shonkof and Meisels 68). The need that adults posses of intervening in the lives of their children has shaped the way adults understand and construct childhood. There are many reasons why parents intervene in their children’s lives. First, they view childhood as a stage in life that is defined by helplessness and vulnerability, hence making it necessary for them to offer protection to children (Shonkof and Meisels 70). Secondly, they view children as human beings who should enjoy their full human rights. Thirdly, they believe that investing in children by protecting them is investing in the success of the future society (Shonkof and Meisels 71). Many child interventions are determined by the construction of childhood as a vulnerable stage in human development that requires adult security. Ineffective construction of childhood promotes the idea that children as less knowledgeable and not deserving of power to make decisions. Discussion The perspective of adults and the perspective of young people lead to different childhood constructions. However, the understanding of childhood in both cases determines child intervention within the child protection system. For example, young people consider abuse as the use of power by adults to control the behaviour of children and young people (Mason and Falloon 9). As an intervention strategy, young people consider negotiation as an effective method of preventing child abuse. However, this may be ineffective because children consider the power to disclose cases of abuse as their right. In addition, they claim that it enables them to handle such situations appropriately (Mason and Falloon 9). Interventions based on the perspective of young people may be ineffective because young people may decide to conceal information regarding cases of abuse. Reasons for information concealment include intimidation and fear of harm by abusers. Research and literature on child abuse is mainly focused on the perspectives of adults. Children are considered as not being knowledgeable and as such, their opinions are of little or no help in formulating intervention programs (Mason and Falloon 12). This assumption has led to the marginalization of children as potential contributors in child intervention policies. The perspective has labeled child abuse as a social problem that should be solved by those in power and has contributed in aggravating the problem. Abusers are considered the abused, and the abused are considered the abusers (Mason and Falloon 9). It is important to take children’s opinions and perspectives into consideration. For example, a study by Par
Introduction During the Axial Age, China experienced difficult times of discord, hunger, and death. In response to suffering, people began looking for a new life purpose, meaning, and way to build a new society. These efforts led to the creation of three influential schools of thought – Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Despite the significant differences between schools, they became influential in Chinese society and introduced changes. Legalism Legalism was based on the views of the School of Law and proposed the idea that people are essentially evil creatures. Based on a nature of people, Legalism offered authoritarian governance through laws, punishments, and a strong leader who could restore order. The direction provided more answers and solutions to the country’s problems than other schools, gaining a significant influence. The impact of Legalism united the country, contributed to the power of the Qin dynasty, and supported the reign of the first emperor. Although the wars ceased, the school had negative consequences – totalitarianism, which established robust control over the population and severe penalties for misconduct. Nevertheless, even after the emperor’s death, China remained united, and Legalism was the basis for the rule of other dynasties, establishing political and social order. Moreover, the rulers, guided by the teachings, were able to expand China’s influence and establish trade relations with other peoples, changing the country’s economic life. Confucianism This school originates from the teachings of Confucius, whose life is shrouded in myths. The school is based on the assumption that people occupying a specific place in the social hierarchy should strive in the best way to fulfill their role. Confucianism also emphasizes the importance of an attentive and respectful attitude towards people if a person expects much the same. Confucianism also established rules regarding the relationships of different types, in which mainly the superior should care about the inferior; for example, the rulers should treat their subjects well. These views changed the political life of China when the Han dynasty came to power and united the features of Legalism and Confucianism. Economically, the direction promoted farming and education but vilified merchants treating them as lower class. Con
Introduction A terrorist organization can be defined as a political group that aims at attaining its objectives using terrorist activities (Bew and Frampton 48). Terrorist organizations use violence or a perceived threat of violence directed at civilians in order to achieve political agendas. In most cases, acts of terrorism are initiated using intimidation and instilling fear in public. The Basque region located in Spain, where Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) is based, is characterized by increasing cases of civil unrest with most of the local groups looking for independence from Spain. Basque has its own cultural norms and language that is considerably different from that of Spain (Yonah and Swetnam 145). ETA is considered a separatist and nationalist terrorist organization, which was established during 1959. Since its inception, the group has revolutionized the nature of its activities from advocating for the traditional culture of Basque towards involvement in paramilitary activities with the principal objective of attaining the independence of the Greater Basque Country from Spain (Rudolf and Anissah 74). ETA played a significant role in the Basque Conflict. In addition, ETA has declared numerous ceasefires during 1989, 1996, 1998, and 2006 (Bew and Frampton 147). A new ceasefire that is still in force was declared during September 2010. The ETA later announced its plans to stop its paramilitary activities during October 2010. Since its inception, ETA has been held accountable for approximately 830 people and being involved in numerous kidnappings and injury to the public. ETA is a designated terrorist group in Spain and France and the larger European Union. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the context, aims, strategy, theory, and outcomes of ETA. History and structure of ETA ETA was formed from a union of students known as Ekin, which was established during the early years of the 1950s. ETA was officially established on 31 July 1959 designated as Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, translated as Basque Homeland and Freedom. The long-established Basque Party has been viewed as a party characterized by moderate nationalism that has made considerable advancements towards nationalist activities (Rudolf and Anissah 158). The emergence of ETA can be significantly attributed to long durations of dictatorship under Franco in conjunction with the second phase of industrialization that resulted in increasing immigrant numbers in Spain. For such a small group, it was difficult to achieve these objectives, which in turn resulted in increased frustrations by the students to form the modern day ETA, which mainly operates based on the political ideologies from Marxists perspective. The focus of the ETA was the formation of a self-governing homeland for the people of Basque (Yonah and Swetnam 89). The principal demand for the ETA i