ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
According to a study conducted by Aguayo-Mazzucato and Bonner-Weir (2010), there is a cure neither for diabetes type 1 nor diabetes type 2. However, research by Chhabra and Brayman (2013) established that there is a way to treat diabetes type 2. The rationale is that positive results were observed from experiments where stem cell therapy was used to prevent and treat different types of diseases. Diabetes type 1 which is known as insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) occurs when the immune system identifies and destroys the pancreatic cells which produce insulin. Diabetes type 2 which is non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) prevalent in adults mostly, is caused by insufficient production of insulin, which makes the body cells nonresponsive to the insulin. The results of a specialized study by Chhabra and Brayman (2013) on the treatment of diabetes type 2, which makes 90% to 95% of the cases known globally, has shown that it is viable to treat this disease using stem cells therapy. Research conducted by Brignier and Gewirtz (2010) compared traditional treatment methods which are the use of diets, exercises, and drug administration to a combination of oral medication and stem cell therapy. It also showed that the disadvantage of oral medication is that it subjects the patient to low blood levels, weight gain, and gastrointestinal problems, which can be overcome by combining stem cell therapy with the traditional methods (Brignier & Gewirtz, 2010). The first stem cell treatment tested on mice with diabetes type 2 as a potential alternative to the traditional treatment techniques used a combination of traditional methods with stem cell therapy based on insulin replacement. Here, Hocking and Gibran (2010) noted that the specialized use of leptin replacement reversed the resistance to insulin in mice with moderate fat deficiency. According to Hocking and Gibran (2010), the experiment was done first inducing markers into the mouse with diabetes type 2 that was fed on a high-fat diet to reduce the body’s response to insulin. Then, the second phase consisted of “encapsulating pancreatic progenitor cells from the human embryonic stem cells before they were transplanted into the mice” (Hocking & Gibran (2010, p.2). Here, the first group of animals was treated using stem cells and drugs, while the second group of animals was treated using the drugs only. The first group of mice that were treated with a combination of stem cell therapy and drugs showed a stronger positive response to the combined treatment than the second group. A similar study that used metformin, sitagliptin, and rosiglitazone drugs combined with stem cell therapy where “mice were subjected to a combined treatment plan of antidiabetic medication with stem cell transplantation showed that the mice underwent weight loss and glucose metabolism successfully” (Jarajapu & Grant, 2010, p.4). According to the findings by Holscher (2010), it is possible to replicate
Introduction According to Prakashan (2008, p.1-51), “employee Retention involves taking measures to encourage the most productive employees to remain in the organization for the maximum period of time” or up to completion of their projects. Additionally, Carsen & CCH Incorporated (2005, p.2) note that ‘retention of employees also involves weeding out underperformers in order to free up resources and space for high achievers.’ High turnover in a firm can adversely affect the firm’s productivity and profitability; however, low turnover is not necessarily beneficial as it can also harm performance of firms. The causes of voluntary turnover are classified into two groups; low job satisfaction and labor market conditions (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, p.217). Employees’ retention is very essential to business because the cost of turnover can be exorbitantly high as it includes costs of advertising, paying recruiters. According to Smith (2007), it costs approximately $7-17 to replace an hourly employee and more than $40000 to replace a manager. Moreover, globalization has led to stiffer competition for quality employees. Besides, the United Nations predicts that labor shortages in the coming years will be a real problem (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, p.217). Some industries have general high turnover rates compared to others; thus, it is necessary for businesses to identify the specific trends in their industries in order to set up appropriate measures. Low turnover among high performers contributes to improved firm’s performance (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, p.217). Therefore, productivity of an organization is directly linked to retention of its most productive employees. Employees are compelled to leave a certain organization because of some specific reasons. Factors contributing to high turnover rates include job and employee mismatch, and failure of meeting the employees’ expectations. Thus, it is important for management teams to realize that turnover is not caused by a single event, but rather, a string of processes in the organizations. Retention of employees involves four major factors namely compensation, growth and career, relationship in employee retention programs and support (Prakashan, 2008, p.1-53). These strategies are all geared at increasing employees’ satisfaction, and boosting employees’ morale. Moreover, employee retention practices exist in three levels; low, medium and high levels. Further, selecting and hiring the right employees who fit in the organization culture in itself facilitate retention. According to Armstrong (2002), rewarding of employees should be based on the v
Rural nature has always been a source of inspiration for many American writers. Jon Krakauer is not an exception. Extreme weather and challenging conditions are the perfect backgrounds for exploring people’s psyche. In his famous book Into the Wild , Krakauer studies a story of “a well-educated young man with an above-average intellect and remarkable spiritual ambitions” (Vera, 2015, p. 43). The book explores many topics, such as difficulties in family relationships, the meaning of reaching manhood, materialism, and capitalism. This paper focuses on covering the characters of the book, especially Christopher McCandless, and studying the central theme — the search for personal freedom in times of modernity. Summary of the Novel The book describes the details of real-life Christopher McCandless, a young man who decides to abandon past life. Shortly after graduating from a prestigious college, Christopher “cuts himself off both from his family and from the values and symbolic roles expected of him” (Hook, 2018, p. 5). Before taking off, he gives up his real name and takes a moniker Alexander Supertramp . McCandless starts a journey to the West and then into the Alaskan wilderness, looking for solitude and escape from societal norms. He spends his time hitchhiking, exploring nature on foot, and a canoe. At some point, Alex applies for a job in Los Angeles but then returns to his original plan (Krakauer, 2011). McCandless tests his limits by hunting, foraging, and camping alone. Eventually, he dies of starvation in an abandoned bus, where locals find his body. Main Characters and Theme Christopher McCandless, Alexander Supertramp, or simply Alex is the protagonist of the novel, an Emory University graduate who recently finished his education. According to Vera (2015), he disliked “money and mainstream values, despite the fact—or rather because of the fact—that he was “flipping Quarter Pounders at McDonald’s” (p. 46). Alex grew up with his parents and a younger sister, Carine, and had a classic father-son relationship issue. The parents, Billie and Walt, assumed that their son would pursue a career as a lawyer, but instead, he donated all of the money to charity (Krakauer, 2011). Walt, an aerospace engineer, dismissed his son’s decision to travel. Eventually, the family members concluded that they misread Alex and never really knew anything about his intentions. Wayne Westerberg and Jim Gallien During the journey, the main character encountered many locals and created strong bonds with several people. One of them was Wayne Westerberg, a thick-shouldered hyperkinetic man (Krakauer, 2011). Westerberg owned a grain elevator in Carthage and gave Alex a
Introduction California has passed a bill to reduce the number of prisons. The state considers this a big step towards serious judicial reform, because the number of people in custody will decrease. My research question is to find out how this Realignment was a viable remedy to the California prison system overcrowding. We should care about the question because overcrowding in places of detention is a serious humanitarian problem. Such conditions restrict the rights and freedoms of prisoners. They increase the potential for conflict situations and circumstances that can lead to destabilization of the operational situation inside correctional institutions. It is important to know the answer to decide whether to apply prison reductions in regions where the problem of overcrowding is particularly sensitive. The confirmation or refutation of the effectiveness of the mechanism used in California depends on its further application to solve an acute problem. When investigating the similar research question previous scholars have found that the reform used in California has serious drawbacks. In particular, when the area of detention was reduced, there was no significant reduction in crime. The basic themes I use as headings in my literature review area are the humanity of prison reductions, the consequences of reforming the penitentiary system and access to justice. The current research is missing research regarding the assessment of how the implementation of the prison system reform program takes into account the needs of society. In this paper, I will use empirical research methods, namely the study of scientific research and the analysis of the information received. This proposed study will advance knowledge and fill holes in the current research record by focusing on the new aspect of the problem. Instead of using the number of prisoners per square meter as indicators of overpopulation, the conditions of detention will serve as a guideline in this work. Literature Review Intro The independent variable in this research is the number of prisons. The two dependent variables are the number of prisoners and their conditions of detention. The existing research says that there are currently six prison facilities in California. Moreover, according to researchers, there are 9 prisoners per one employee of the penitentiary system in California (Bartos and Kubrin 2018). In addition, according to the report, California is among the five states with the highest proportion of female prisoners (Bird, Nguyen, and Grattet 2021). Researchers claim that this is a special group of prisoners who need certain conditions. The existing experience of reducing the number of prisons in California is of some interest to researchers. The three trends in the research record are primarily a discussion of the humanity of keeping prisoners in
Introduction When psychology is mentioned, the most common mental image that forms in the minds of many individuals is that of a profession that entails working in a clinic or hospital. This image describes the role of one particular type of a psychologist known as the clinical psychologist. There are many other types of psychologists given the diverse nature of psychology. Psychology covers a large number of areas because psychologists perform numerous different functions ranging from research to providing psychological services to individuals, businesses or schools. Psychologists are usually identified with one particular specialty or subfield within psychology which may include experimental, clinical developmental, social psychology and educational psychology. While some individuals may think of psychology as a course that is only important to students, therapists or everyone else that is interested in the field of psychology, knowledge in psychology is actually helpful to everyone in relation to improving the quality of everyday life. Despite the fact that the most of the materials available for studying psychology can be very challenging to read through for the average individual, there are experiments that have revealed that psychology can go a long way in helping individuals handle some of the numerous challenges experienced in life. This essay shall explore three such materials that explore how psychology can be helpful in treatment of psychological disorders. Seligman’s video Of the numerous materials that explore the field of psychology is a video featuring Martin Seligman that illustrates the benefits of posit
Adam Smith put high hopes on the power of the invisible hand of the market and its capacity to ensure common welfare and prosperity. In the meantime, the latest change in the economic trends shows that the economist’s expectations were inflated as well as the potential that he assigned to the free market turned out to be exaggerated. The initial formation of the EU might be interpreted as an attempt to put Smith’s theory into practice. Except for the political implications of this union, it was, most importantly, created for the purpose of strengthening the common economy through establishing the classic free-market environment. Less than a half a century after the union’s creation, one of its most significant members decides to leave. The question consequently comes up, regarding the prospects of the so-called, laissez-faire economy in the modern context. In other words, it is no more clear in which direction today’s capitalism is moving. It seems that Smith’s ideas have been successfully adopted by the European states but rejected by their residents. In his article, Porter discusses the results of the recent research among the residents of the EU which illustrates that the major part of them is dissatisfied with the free market environment and expects its government to influence the local economy more actively (par. 8). The overall disapproval of the free market rules is grounded. Hence, instead of receiving the universal opulence promised by Smith, the European employees have faced high unemployment rates, low wages, and unstable working prospects constantly shattered by the new waves of immigrants. In order to understand where capitalism is moving now, it is essential to consider the roots of its initial establishment and strengthening. Thus, Porter elucidates an interesting idea referring to the economic crisis of 1970 that “fatally undermined people’s trust in the state” (par. 15). Therefore, it might be assumed that the ultimate reason for the capitalistic system’s prevalence over the socialistic model resides in the fact that the society, disappointed in the government’s managerial capacities, decided to take a punt on the powers of the free market. As long as the latter has already illustrated its inability to ensure general welfare, it is natural that the shift is being made back to the governmental party. Porter points out that today’s model of capitalism that is “based on tax cuts, privatization and deregulation” is no more accepted by society (par. 17). Otherwise stated, today’s workers are more likely to follow Keynes’s guidelines than to believe in the prospects outlined by Smith. It should also be noted that another symbol of the capitalistic disaster is the growing popularity of Donald Trump. His radical proposals and appeals would initially appear to be excessively eccentric. However, the Brexit phenomenon illustrated that these appeals resonate well with the public mood. Thus, it would be irrational to speak about the complete destruction of the capitalistic model, but it is already evident that the latter will be inevitably reshaped in the nearest future. Works Cited
Introduction Different scholars from different fields and background give varying definitions of the concept project. However, they are all in agreement with regard to some of the defining features of a project. A distillation of these definitions views a project as a temporary set of activities with defined time frame and conditions. The activities have a clear starting point and an ending point, and several parties or stakeholders are involved in execution of the various tasks (Reiss 2005). A project has several characteristics that set it apart from other activities that are undertaken in an organisation or by a group of people. One of them is a budget, given the fact that a project operates with a clearly set budget. There is also a set of clearly defined responsibilities, meaning that each party in the project is tasked with the performance of given duties aimed at meeting the objectives. A projective also has objectives, which are the aims or goals that the project intends to achieve within a defined timeframe. Several factors lead to the success or failure of a project. Frese and Sauter (2003) bemoan the fact that not all projects that are initiated can be deemed as success. They cite the case of projects that are initiated in the information and technology (herein referred to as IT) sector, where almost 70 percent of all the projects that are initiated ends up as project failures (Frese and Sauter 2003). This is despite the amount of resources, financial and otherwise, that has gone into these projects. A project is defined or conceptualised as a success if it meets the objectives that were set out in the planning phase. It can also be deemed as a success if it is completed within the defined time frame, and using the budget that was allocated in the planning phase. This means that not all projects that are completed are deemed as success stories (Bartholomew 2007). For example, a project may have been completed within the set deadline but failed to meet the objectives of the target clients. On the other hand, there are several attributes that defines a project as a failure. This is for example a project that failed to beat the deadline, meaning that it stretched way beyond the set end point (Bartholomew 2007). Another is a project that used more resources than initially allocated or planned for, in other words, a project that could not be completed within the set budgetary allocation. A project may also be considered as a failure if it is not completed for various reasons. This is for example the withdrawal of the sponsors, or if the implementers found out that the objectives of the project will not be met. Most importantly, a project that fails to meet the objectives that were set out in the planning phase is also regarded as a failure. This is regardless of whether the project w
The Molly Maguires, a terrorist group that existed in the decade between 1860 and 1870, developed from a labor organization that protected the rights of coal-mine workers (Moffet, 2010, p. 1). The name actually belongs to a widow who was firm in Catholicism despite the efforts of Protestants to remove her from her religion. The group was thus ethno religious in nature and it developed from the aforementioned labor organization that was fond of intimidating, crippling and even killing coal owners and supervisors on grounds of mistreatment during working hours (Tonny, 1998, p. 1). It is these origins of the Molly Maguires terrorist group that gave them their thirst for blood and led to the killing of a myriad of Irishmen until the group was exterminated in the proximities of 1970. The organization of the group was the major contributing factor to the terrorism it used to execute. Men were killed for mere disagreement and dislike. They even killed people they had no grievances. Others killed just for beer and terminated the lives of people without any qualms. There were ready killers armed with borrowed thirty-two caliber pistol waiting for instructions from their commanders to kill in cold blood without regrets. These acts of the group made the name some kind of an enigma with people being assured of their death whenever they received the note they termed as the “Coffin notice” (Kenny, 1998, p. 13)The killings went on despite efforts by the church, and the community to stop the members of the Molly Maguire from executing them. No viable solution to the problem was foreseen until a strategic intervention was made by the Pinkerton’s Detective Agency. The success of the Pinkerton’s Agency in handling the Molly Maguire nightmare started with the hiring of a former night watchman, James McParland, as their detective. McParland was sent to Europe, under the masquerade of McKenna, to look into the Molly-Maguire issue (Bimba, 1970, p. 22). With unequalled skills in detective work, McParland was able to become initiated to the Molly Maguires. He was not only a member but a leader after a number of conquests with renowned members of the Molly Maguires. While in duty as a leader of the Molly Maguire, McParland saved the lives of targets of the group by feigning sickness or procrastinating when he was supposed to order the killing of an identified target. He identified scores of assassins who were subsequently charged with first degree murder and hanged. He also gave leads to the arrests of offenders and became feared by even the members of the group (Weisman, 1999, p. 1). Ultimately, McParland learnt the structure of the entire organization of the Molly Maguires (Campbell, 1992, p. 34). He identified the most notorious members of the group and gave all the information to Mr. Pinkerton, the detective who had sent him. He managed to escape numerous poisoning attempts by suspicious members of the Molly Maguires and returned to Philadelphia. He testified in the cases of the Molly Maguires and nineteen Molly-Maguire members were h