ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A self-consistent analysis of pion scattering and pion photoproduction within a coupled channels dynamical model is presented. In the case of pion photoproduction, we obtain background contributions to the imaginary part of the S-wave multipole which differ considerably from the result based on the K-matrix approximation. Within the dynamical model these background contributions become large and negative in the region of the S_{11}(1535) resonance. Due to this fact much larger resonance contributions are required in order to explain the results of the recent multipole analyses. For the first S_{11}(1535) resonance we obtain as a value of the dressed electromagnetic helicity amplitude: A_{1/2}=(72 +/- 2) * 10^{-3} GeV^{-1/2}. Similar values can be derived from eta photoproduction if one takes the same total width Gamma_R=95 +/- 5 MeV) as in pion scattering and pion photoproduction. The combined analysis yields considerable strength at invariant mass W>1750 MeV, which can be explained by a third and a fourth S_{11} resonance with the masses 1846 +/- 47 and 2113 +/- 70 MeV.
We analyze the so-called pinched weights, that are generally thought to reduce the violation of quark-hadron duality in Finite-Energy Sum Rules. After showing how this is not true in general, we explain how to address this question for the LR correlator and any particular pinched weight taking advantage of our previous work [1], where the possible high-energy behavior of the LR spectral function was studied. In particular we show that the use of pinched weights allows to determine with high accuracy the dimension six and eight contributions in the operator product expansion, O6=(-4.3^[+0.9}_{-0.7})*10^-3 GeV^6 and O8=(-7.2^{+4.2}_{-5.3})*10^-3 GeV^8.
We probe the principle of complementarity by performing a double-slit experiment based on entangled photons created by spontaneous parametric down-conversion from a pump mode in a TEM01-mode. Our setup brings out the need for a careful selection of the signal-idler photon pairs for our study of visibility and distinguishability. Indeed, when the signal photons interfering at the double-slit belong to this double-hump mode we obtain almost perfect visibility of the interference fringes and no "which-slit" information is available. However, when we break the symmetry between the two maxima of the mode by detecting the entangled idler photon, the paths through the slits become distinguishable and the visibility vanishes. It is the mode function of the photons selected by the detection system which decides if interference, or "which-slit" information is accessible in the experiment.
Let $N$ be any fixed positive integer and define \begin{align*}   S_N(x)=\sum_{m, n \leq x}d(n^2+Nm^2), \end{align*}   where $d(n)$ is the divisor function. We evaluate asymptotically $S_N(x)$ for several $N$, extending earlier works of Gafurov and Yu on the case $N=1$.
We report on the June 2000 long (100 ks) BeppoSAX exposure that has unveiled above 10 keV a new very high energy component of the X-ray spectrum of Eta Car extending to at least 50 keV. We find that the 2-150 keV spectrum is best reproduced by a thermal + non-thermal model. The thermal component dominates the 2-10 keV spectral range with kT_h=5.5 +/- 0.3 keV and log NH_h=22.68 +/- 0.01. The spectrum displays a prominent iron emission line centred at 6.70 keV. Its equivalent width of 0.94 keV, if produced by the thermal source, gives a slightly sub-solar iron abundance ([Fe/H]=-0.15 +/- 0.02).   The high energy tail above 10 keV is best fitted by a power law with a photon index of 2.42 +/- 0.04. The integrated 13-150 keV luminosity of ~12 L-sun is comparable to that of the 2-10 keV thermal component. The present result can be explained, in the Eta Car binary star scenario, by Comptonisation of low frequency radiation by high energy electrons, probably generated in the colliding wind shock front, or in instabilities in the wind of the S Dor primary star. It is possible that the high energy tail had largely weakened near the minimum of the 5.53 yr cycle. With respect to the thermal component, it probably has a longer recovering time like that of the highest excitation optical emission lines. Both features can be associated with the large absorption measured by BeppoSAX at phase 0.05.
We review the two sources of hyperon enhancement in the dual parton model: strings originating from diquark-antidiquark pairs in the nucleon sea and net baryons containing two or three sea quarks with a yield controlled by the observed stopping. We show that adding final state interactions (including strangeness exchange reactions as well as the inverse reactions required by detailed balance) with a single averaged cross-section $\sigma=0.2$ mb, we can explain the observed hyperon enhancement in PbPb collisions at CERN SPS.
We prove some finiteness results on the movable cone for mildly singular 3-folds with semiample anticanonical bundle, giving some evidence for the Morrison--Kawamata cone conjecture for klt pairs.
Let $k,n \geq 2$ be integers. A generalized Fermat curve of type $(k,n)$ is a compact Riemann surface $S$ that admits a subgroup of conformal automorphisms $H \leq \mbox{Aut}(S)$ isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}_k^n$, such that the quotient surface $S/H$ is biholomorphic to the Riemann sphere $\hat{\mathbb{C}}$ and has $n+1$ branch points, each one of order $k$. There exists a good algebraic model for these objects, which makes them easier to study. Using tools from algebraic topology and integration theory on Riemann surfaces, we find a set of generators for the first homology group of a generalized Fermat curve. Finally, with this information, we find a set of generators for the period lattice of the associated Jacobian variety.
We show that in layered systems with electronic phase separation tendency, the long-range Coulomb interaction can drive the spontaneous formation of unidirectional superlattices of electronic charge in a completely homogeneous crystalline background. In this self-organized electronic heterostructure, the ratio among the number of crystalline planes in the minority and majority electronic phases corresponds to Farey fractions with the superlattice period controlled by the background charge density and the frustrating Coulomb interaction strength. The phase diagram displays Arnold tongues obeying a modified Farey tree hierarchy and a devil's staircase typical of systems with frustration among different scales. We further discuss the competition of these electronic superlattices, recently observed in iron-based superconductors and mixed valence compounds, with in-plane electronically modulated phases.
During the last century many observations have been made to peep into the dark matter in the universe and many astonishing behaviors of Galaxy clusters have been found which do not fit to any theories formulated before. However, Optical Spectroscopic observation has been initially used to measure the rotational velocity of the Andromeda Galaxy as a function of distance found in contrast to the Law of Gravitation.Due to the expansion of space, electromagnetic radiation emitted in the distant Universe is redshifted on its path towards us which can be used to determine the distances of astronomical objects.
We investigate effects of the $3N$ interaction, which effectively adds a density-dependent term to the LS channel, on the isotopes shifts of the Pb nuclei. With the strength so as to keep the $\ell s$ splitting of the single-nucleon orbits, the density-dependence in the LS channel tends to shrink the wave functions of the $j=\ell+1/2$ orbits while makes the $j=\ell-1/2$ functions distribute more broadly. Thereby the kink in the isotope shifts of the Pb nuclei at $N=126$ becomes stronger, owing to the attraction from neutrons occupying $0i_{11/2}$ in $N>126$. The density-dependence in the LS channel enables us to reproduce the data of the isotope shifts by the Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov calculations in a long chain of neutron numbers, even without degeneracy between the $n1g_{9/2}$ and $n0i_{11/2}$ levels. We exemplify it by the semi-realistic M3Y-P6 interaction.
Consider Bernoulli bond percolation on a graph nicely embedded in hyperbolic space $\mathbb H^d$ in such a way that it admits a transitive action by isometries of $\mathbb H^d$. Let $p_0$ be the supremum of such percolation parameters that no point at infinity of $\mathbb H^d$ lies in the boundary of the cluster of a fixed vertex with positive probability. Then for any parameter $p < p_0$, a.s. every percolation cluster has only one-point boundaries of ends.
Plasma processes close to SNR shocks result in the amplification of magnetic fields and in the acceleration of electrons, injecting them into the diffusive acceleration mechanism. The acceleration of electrons and the B field amplification by the collision of two plasma clouds, each consisting of electrons and ions, at a speed of 0.5c is investigated. A quasi-parallel guiding magnetic field, a cloud density ratio of 10 and a plasma temperature of 25 keV are considered. A quasi-planar shock forms at the front of the dense plasma cloud. It is mediated by a circularly left-hand polarized electromagnetic wave with an electric field component along the guiding magnetic field. Its propagation direction is close to that of the guiding field and orthogonal to the collision boundary. It has a low frequency and a wavelength that equals several times the ion inertial length, which would be indicative of a dispersive Alfven wave close to the ion cyclotron resonance frequency of the left-handed mode (ion whistler), provided that the frequency is appropriate. However, it moves with the super-alfvenic plasma collision speed, suggesting that it is an Alfven precursor or a nonlinear MHD wave such as a Short Large-Amplitude Magnetic Structure (SLAMS). The growth of the magnetic amplitude of this wave to values well in excess of those of the quasi-parallel guiding field and of the filamentation modes results in a quasi-perpendicular shock. We present evidence for the instability of this mode to a four wave interaction. The waves developing upstream of the dense cloud give rise to electron acceleration ahead of the collision boundary. Energy equipartition between the ions and the electrons is established at the shock and the electrons are accelerated to relativistic speeds.
Morpho-kinematic modeling allows us to disentangle the morphology and kinematics of an object. The technique has been applied to a number of novae where resolved imaging, or lack of, and spectroscopic line profile fitting, show how we may retrieve important parameters of the system, such as the maximum expansion velocity, inclination angle and the morphology of the ejected shell. Furthermore, this technique may be used as a predictor for searches of eclipses which will then provide us further information on the system parameters, such as the orbital period and the white dwarf mass.
In this work, we first perform a systematic search for high-efficiency three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) thermoelectric materials by combining semiclassical transport techniques with density functional theory (DFT) calculations and then train machine-learning models on the thermoelectric data. Out of 36000 three-dimensional and 900 two-dimensional materials currently in the publicly available JARVIS-DFT database, we identify 2932 3D and 148 2D promising thermoelectric materials using a multi-steps screening procedure, where specific thresholds are chosen for key quantities like bandgaps, Seebeck coefficients and power factors. We compute the Seebeck coefficients for all the materials currently in the database and validate our calculations by comparing our results, for a subset of materials, to experimental and existing computational datasets. We also investigate the effect of chemical, structural, crystallographic and dimensionality trends on thermoelectric performance. We predict several classes of efficient 3D and 2D materials such as Ba(MgX)2 (X=P,As,Bi), X2YZ6 (X=K,Rb, Y=Pd,Pt, Z=Cl,Br), K2PtX2(X=S,Se), NbCu3X4 (X=S,Se,Te), Sr2XYO6 (X=Ta, Zn, Y=Ga, Mo), TaCu3X4 (X=S, Se,Te), and XYN (X=Ti, Zr, Y=Cl, Br). Finally, as high-throughput DFT is computationally expensive, we train machine learning models using gradient boosting decision trees (GBDT) and classical force-field inspired descriptors (CFID) for n-and p-type Seebeck coefficients and power factors, to quickly pre-screen materials for guiding the next set of DFT calculations. The dataset and tools are made publicly available at the websites: https://www.ctcms.nist.gov/~knc6/JVASP.html , https://www.ctcms.nist.gov/jarvisml/ and https://jarvis.nist.gov/ .
We present deep optical integral-field spectroscopic observations of the nearby (z ~ 0.01) brightest cluster galaxy NGC 4696 in the core of the Centaurus Cluster, made with the Wide Field Spectrograph (WiFeS) on the ANU 2.3m telescope at Siding Spring Observatory. We investigate the morphology, kinematics, and excitation of the emission-line filaments and discuss these in the context of a model of a minor merger. We suggest that the emission-line filaments in this object have their origin in the accretion of a gas-rich galaxy and that they are excited by v ~100-200 km/s shocks driven into the cool filament gas by the ram pressure of the transonic passage of the merging system through the hot halo gas of NGC 4696.
For a crystallographic root system, dominant regions in the Catalan hyperplane arrangement are in bijection with antichains in a partial order on the positive roots. For a noncrystallographic root system, the analogous arrangement and regions have importance in the representation theory of an associated graded Hecke algebra. Since there is also an analogous root order, it is natural to hope that a similar bijection can be used to understand these regions. We show that such a bijection does hold for type $H_3$ and for type $I_2(m)$, including arbitrary ratio of root lengths when $m$ is even, but does not hold for type $H_4$. We give a criterion that explains this failure and a list of the 16 antichains in the $H_4$ root order which correspond to empty regions.
Radiative losses have traditionally been neglected in the calculation of thermal noise of transmissive optical elements because for the most commonly used geometries they are small compared to losses due to thermal conduction. We explore the use of such transmissive optical elements in extremely noise-sensitive environments such as the arm cavities of future gravitational-wave interferometers. This drives us to a geometry regime where radiative losses are no longer negligible. In this paper we derive the thermo-refractive noise associated with such radiative losses and compare it to other known sources of thermal noise.
We look for critical points with prescribed energy for the family of even functionals $\Phi_\mu=I_1-\mu I_2$, where $I_1,I_2$ are $C^1$ functionals on a Banach space $X$, and $\mu \in \mathbb{R}$. For several classes of $\Phi_\mu$ we prove the existence of infinitely many couples $(\mu_{n,c}, u_{n,c})$ such that $$\Phi'_{\mu_{n,c}}(\pm u_{n,c}) = 0 \quad \mbox{and} \quad \Phi_{\mu_{n,c}}( \pm u_{n,c}) = c \quad \forall n \in \mathbb{N}.$$ More generally, we analyze the structure of the solution set of the problem $$\Phi_\mu'(u)=0, \quad \Phi_{\mu}(u)=c$$ with respect to $\mu$ and $c$. In particular, we show that the maps $c \mapsto \mu_{n,c}$ are continuous, which gives rise to a family of {\it energy curves} for this problem. The analysis of these curves provide us with several bifurcation and multiplicity type results, which are then applied to some elliptic problems. Our approach is based on the {\it nonlinear generalized Rayleigh quotient} method developed in \cite{I1}.
We investigate the arithmetic of special values of a new class of $L$-functions recently introduced by the second author. We prove that these special values are encoded in some particular polynomials which we call Anderson-Stark units. We then use these Anderson-Stark units to prove that $L$-functions can be expressed as sums of polylogarithms.
We show that any essential application of an $n$-qubit C-SIGN or related quantum gate $G$ leaves its qubits everywhere entangled, provided they were not everywhere entangled to begin with. By ``essential'' we mean roughly that $G$ is not equivalent to a similar gate of smaller arity (or to the identity) when applied to the same input state. By ``everywhere entangled'' we mean that the state is not separable with respect to any bipartition of the qubits.
The passage from kinetic theory to fluid dynamics as discussed by Hilbert has perplexed Uhlenbeck. Herein, I try to smooth over the discord.
Since the start of the gravitational wave observation era, no joint high energy neutrino and gravitational wave event has been found. These non-detections could be used for setting an upper bound on the neutrino emission properties for gravitational wave events individually or for a set of them. Although in the previous joint high energy neutrino and gravitational wave event searches upper limits have been found, there is a lack of consistent method for the calculation. The problem addressed in this paper is finding those limits for astrophysical events which are localized poorly in the sky where the sensitivities of the neutrino detectors change significantly and can also emit neutrinos, for example the gravitational wave detections. Here we describe methods for assigning limits for expected neutrino count, emission fluence and isotropically equivalent emission based on maximum likelihood estimators. Then we apply described methods on the three GW detections from aLIGO's first observing run (O1) and find upper limits for them.
In a previous paper we studied the effect of latitudinal rotation on solar equatorial Rossby modes in the beta-plane approximation. Since then, a rich spectrum of inertial modes has been observed on the Sun, which is not limited to the equatorial Rossby modes and includes high-latitude modes.   Here we extend the computation of toroidal modes in 2D to spherical geometry, using realistic solar differential rotation and including viscous damping. The aim is to compare the computed mode spectra with the observations and to study mode stability.   At fixed radius, we solve the eigenvalue problem numerically using a spherical harmonics decomposition of the velocity stream function. Due to the presence of viscous critical layers, the spectrum consists of four different families: Rossby modes, high-latitude modes, critical-latitude modes, and strongly damped modes. For each longitudinal wavenumber m<4, up to three Rossby-like modes are present on the sphere, in contrast to the equatorial beta plane where only the equatorial Rossby mode is present. The least damped modes in the model have eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions that resemble the observed modes; the comparison improves when the radius is taken in the lower half of the convection zone. For radii above 0.75R and Ekman numbers E<10^{-4}, at least one mode is unstable. For either m=1 or m=2, up to two Rossby modes are unstable when the radial dependence of the Ekman number follows a quenched diffusivity model (E=2. 10^{-5} at the base of the convection zone). For m=3, up to two Rossby modes can be unstable, including the equatorial Rossby mode.   Although the 2D model discussed here is highly simplified, the spectrum of toroidal modes appears to include many of the observed solar inertial modes. The self-excited modes in the model have frequencies close to those of the observed modes with the largest amplitudes.
We compute the third-order corrections to the heavy quarkonium spectrum and production/annihilation rates due to the leading renormalization group running of the static potential. The previously known complete ${\cal O}(m_q\alpha_s^5)$ result for the heavy quarkonium ground state energy is extended to the exited states. After including the ${\cal O}(\alpha_s^3)$ corrections the perturbative results are in surprisingly good agreement with the experimental data on the masses of the excited $\Upsilon$ resonances and the leptonic width of the $\Upsilon(1S)$ meson. The impact of the corrections on the $\Upsilon$ sum rules and top quark-antiquark threshold production cross section is also discussed.
We derive general relationships between the number of complex poles of a propagator and the sign of the spectral function originating from the branch cut in the Minkowski region under some assumptions on the asymptotic behaviors of the propagator. We apply this relation to the mass-deformed Yang-Mills model with one-loop quantum corrections, which is identified with a low-energy effective theory of the Yang-Mills theory, to show that the gluon propagator in this model has a pair of complex conjugate poles or "tachyonic" poles of multiplicity two, in accordance with the fact that the gluon field has a negative spectral function, while the ghost propagator has at most one "unphysical" pole. Finally, we discuss implications of these results for gluon confinement and other non-perturbative aspects of the Yang-Mills theory.
We study the feasibility of implementing a quantum NOT gate (approximate) when the quantum state lies between two latitudes on the Bloch's sphere and present an analytical formula for the optimized 1-to-$M$ quantum NOT gate. Our result generalizes previous results concerning quantum NOT gate for a quantum state distributed uniformly on the whole Bloch sphere as well as the phase covariant quantum state. We have also shown that such 1-to-$M$ optimized NOT gate can be implemented using a sequential generation scheme via matrix product states (MPS).
In this paper, we focus on finite volume approximation schemes to solve a non-local material flow model in two space dimensions. Based on the numerical discretisation with dimensional splitting, we prove the convergence of the approximate solutions, where the main difficulty arises in the treatment of the discontinuity occurring in the flux function. In particular, we compare a Roe-type scheme to the well-established Lax-Friedrichs method and provide a numerical study highlighting the benefits of the Roe discretisation. Besides, we also prove the L1-Lipschitz continuous dependence on the initial datum, ensuring the uniqueness of the solution.
We have investigated the magnetic properties of nanocrystalline LaCo0.5Mn0.5O3. The temperature dependence of the imaginary part of the a.c. susceptibility shows a strongly frequency dependent maximum at a temperature, Tf, which is well below the ferromagnetic transition temperature (TC ~ 230 K). The frequency dependence of Tf obeys the Arrhenius relation, f = foexp(-Ea/kBT), with physically reasonable values of fo = 109 Hz and Ea/kB = 1518 K. The frequency shift of Tf per decade of frequency is one of the highest values observed in any magnetic system, and a similarly large value is also found in LaCo0.4Mg0.1Mn0.5O3, suggesting that such behavior is intrinsic despite the apparent presence of long range ferromagnetic order.
We consider the statistics of occupation times, the number of visits at the origin and the survival probability for a wide class of stochastic processes, which can be classified as renewal processes. We show that the distribution of these observables can be characterized by a single parameter, that is connected to a local property of the probability density function (PDF) of the process, viz., the probability of occupying the origin at time $t$, $P(t)$. We test our results for two different models of lattice random walks with spatially inhomogeneous transition probabilities, one of which of non-Markovian nature, and find good agreement with theory. We also show that the distributions depend only on the occupation probability of the origin by comparing them for the two systems: when $P(t)$ show the same long-time behavior, each observable follows indeed the same distribution.