ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Socio-economic status (SES) is a combination of one’s occupation, income, and education. In America, there is a correlation between Socio-economic status (SES) and quality of life. In places (or communities) where there is higher Socio-economic status (SES), majority of people in those places have better opportunities such as jobs. As evident in US Census report for 2008, high school dropout is four times higher among unemployed than those with professional or college or doctorial degrees. And people with college’s or bachelor’s degrees earn 387 dollars more per week than those people who have graduated from high school; that’s 1,548 dollars/months or 18,576/year more. Galston (2005) has stated that there are relationship between higher education in an individual with better medical insurance, health, and contribution to society. Baum and Ma (2007) further states that education in a person is important because people live in a credentialed community or society. An individual with higher education (such as degree or advance degree), may not have necessary skills and knowledge to do a specific work, but if that person has necessary credentials he/she would be able to be employed and learn the specific that come with the job opportunity (Galston 23). According to Max Weber’s theory of life chances, an individual that has been born in a wealth family will have enormous life chances as compared to that individual from a poor background. For example, a citizen from poor background will not be able to succeed in politics if he/she doesn’t have proper social connections with power elite. A person cannot be able to change his/her ascribed status in the society, but only through education a person is able to change his/her Socio-economic status (SES) and to some extent that of his/her family once he/she decides to attend and graduate from college or university. Approximately 10-25 per cent of children that are born in families that are well off have better social networking, educational level, marriage market, and opportunities that only riches can buy, including good schools, and Ivy degrees (Galston 28). Education accomplishment can be measured into two distinct ways; education achievement and education attainment. Educational achievement can be defined as how much an individual has learned in terms of writing, reading and arithmetic and Educational attainment is the number of years an individual has completed school. In the U.S, millions of high school students drop out every year. African, Native Americans, and Hispanics Americans dropout rate is approximately 40 per cent, followed by whites at 22.4 per cent and Asians Americans at only 18.7 per cent. It has been stated that students who drop out of high school will be at disadvantage when it comes to finding employment (good-paying jobs). Additionally, these students later in life are more likely to become young parents, at risk of associating with criminal activities, dependant on social welfare assistance, less healthy and die earlier. Currently, U.S. has the best tertiary institutions and universities for students coming from different background, but the
Culture affects businesses and human behavior. Most problems between nations come up from deep misunderstandings between the people of these nations, and most of these misunderstandings are rooted in cultural differences. When we understand the behaviors of people from different nations and the reasons why they behave in a certain way, we are less likely to take offense. Getting to understand different cultures also enhances performance, more so in the business world which is expanding to a global market. This study shall focus at an international food company known as Arla Foods and its operations in Sweden, a country that has a unique business culture (Dunning, 1992). The company supplies customers with natural milk products, which create inspiration and confidence among users (Omore and Khanna, 2001). The company has been operating for a number of years now. It serves people from different parts of the world that have different cultures with different norms and beliefs with the entertainment. Learning about cultural difference is critically necessary for this corporation, since when people understand each other there will be more productivity and benefits. International Business and Culture The world has been affected by a growing number of global companies. When we discuss the global marketing strategy, it involves both equivalence and variation. Culture is the total learned values, beliefs, and traditions which serve to express consumer behavior in a market. As a marketer, or a manager of a business, one should consider fundamental issues such as the cultural differences. These values are often embedded in a culture and have differences among different countries. Culture puts the principles split by significant sections of the society, which sets the policy for working in that market. The diversity of culture plays a pivotal role at Arla Foods. Cultural values influence the marketing approach of at Arla Foods in different ways. The language, value and customers’ conduct are the key factors that affect the performance of marketing strategy at Arla Foods. Concepts of culture that Affect International Business Language Language is extremely valuable since it provides information or details about the cultural values of a society. The level of politeness in someone is known through the use of certain words and the tones, which provide a strong suggestion that it is extremely valuable to maintain levels of respect when talking to business people (Arnold and Quelch, 1998; Temu, 2005). One of the demonstrations of culture is language the diversity. Language is the foundation of culture, and without having a language, one has no culture. Languages are most significant elements of culture since one culture will be different from another if conversed in a diverse way. Language is used in communications, which is extremely crucial in business transactions. It is the main component of culture. Arla Foods in Sweden recognizes that a customer’s decision to buy something will be bound by their cultu
Ethics or morals are principles of conduct or a system of beliefs which a person lives by or is governed accordingly. Honesty and/or integrity are essential elements of ethics as well. Adherence to one’s ethics requires discipline and accountability coupled with constant and persistent self assessment and introspection. In assessing my code of conduct, I ask the following questions – what standard do I personally portray? what kind of example am I to others? do I exercise proper discernment between right and wrong? do I allow myself to be deceived? do I deceive myself in order to justify my beliefs/ethics? how do my ethics affect not only me but those in my midst? Ethics contribute to the distinguishable nature of one’s character. Father Richard M. Gula asserts in his book, Ethics in Pastoral Ministry that motives, intentions, attitudes and disposition constitute one’s character. Intrinsic to a person’s character is their belief system or ethics as well. At the core of ethics should be a people to people ecology – I am my brother/sister’s keeper. The Bible holds the key to the intended ethical nature of all humanity. An indivisible entity, the Bible is a document of spiritual and historical relevance. Depending upon interpretation and usage, it has been and can be an indispensable tool of liberation or a weapon of mass destruction and oppression. The Bible is the infallible word of God as depicted by His inspired prophets and the story of a people. It is an expose on God’s nature and the nature of the human family. People to people ecology/ I am my brother/sister’s keeper – a sound and viable belief purported in the Bible – should constitute a person’s ethical core. Since the dawn of time, one man’s heaven has been another man’s hell because of lack of adherence to such a principle. The plethora of ills plaguing the planet and the human family today is the result of a world ethically void due to rapacious materialism and technological prowess. Ethical ministry is rooted in the merger of skill and character Father Fula ascertains. Mere “religious vocation” void of professional rules and expectations renders counterproductive results. Fula asserts that “ the positive meaning of being professional connotes a specialized competence, a commitment to excellence, integrity, selfless dedication to serving the community, and to holding the public trust. These are features everyone wants to consider characteristics of pastoral ministry as well ( p 13). “ He further contends that four distinct features comprise professional duties – “(1) specialized knowledge and skills; (2) service of fundamental human needs; (3) commitment to the other’s best interest; and (4) structures for accountability (p 51).” This proper combination ensures effective ethical ministry. Most im
Strategic management is very important to intelligence management. According to Hill and Jones (2008), strategic management refers to “the formulation and implementation of the major goals and initiatives taken by an organization’s top management on behalf of owners, based on consideration of resources and an assessment of the internal and external environments in which the organization competes,” (p. 78). This area of knowledge is very critical when it comes to intelligence management. The definition of strategic management given above may help in explaining how and why it is important to intelligence management. Intelligence management involves the formulation and subsequent implementation of strategic goals and initiatives. The goal is to always collect intelligence and come up with counterintelligence measures that will make the country safe (Xu, 2007). The initiatives must ensure that any threat to the country is identified as early as possible and measures developed to neutralize it. It also focuses on identifying foreign forces trying to gather intelligence about government operations, especially on issues classified as confidential for the purpose of the country’s security. The success of the intelligence agencies is determined by how well they identify and neutralize threats to the country. In the above definition, it is clear that strategic management involves top managers acting on behalf of owners to achieve strategic goals. The intelligence agencies are entrusted with the role of protecting citizens. The public has given the agencies the mandate to protect the nation. The top managers of these agencies are working on behalf of the people of this country. They must ensure that their every action is in the interest of the public. These managers are fully accountable to the public for their actions. It is also clear that strategic management takes into consideration available resources for the activities of an organization (Akhgar & Yates, 2011). The intelligence agencies are assigned a given amount of money during every financial year for the purpose of intelligence management. The top managers must always ensure that their activities are planned as per the budget allocated. Over expenditure may paralyze intelligence management, especially if the agency cannot get additional funds in time to cover for the extra expenses that
Environmental ethics is a relatively new field, but it already gives rise to numerous debates among philosophers and scientists. The articles that are included in this portfolio are aimed at discussing the ways in which people should think about nature and other species. The authors discuss a variety of approaches to this problem, for example, deontological perspective or utilitarianism. In my view, people have to accept the premise that their survival is dependent on the sustainability of environment. Overall, it seems that in the future, environmental ethics can shape laws, and daily activities of companies or individuals, yet, at its principles have not been fully articulated. One of the issues that are highlighted by the authors is the anthropocentrism of contemporary environmental ethics. In other words, even people who are not indifferent of environmental problems, think about them only because they can have an impact on human life. For instance, people can focus on such issue as water and air pollution, oil spills, or the depletion of natural resources. Yet, very little attention is paid to inherent value of environment. This framework implies that nature has to be fully subordinate to the people. This perspective also suggests that many environmental problems can be overlooked provided that they do not directly affect the activities of people. For example, the extinction of many species can be made acceptable because it does not impact people. I agree with scholars who critique this utilitarian interpretation of environmental ethics. The thing is that ecosystem is not a set of independent elements; in most cases, they are closely interconnected. For instance, the extinction of birds or animals can eventually affect forests and even lead to deforestation of many areas. This is why one should not look at the environment only from utilitar
Introduction In human society, it is normal for people to express varying views regarding a certain concept, idea, or even opinion. It is not obvious that all societal members would take a similar perspective regarding some of the popular ethical issues, such as drug abuse, abortion, prostitution, and even euthanasia. Disagreements exist because of individual orientation to the world meaning that people are given different instructions on how to handle certain issues. In many cases, an individual’s opinion would be based on culture, rules and regulations, and societal norms. Each individual would tend to give evidence to support his or her view, which makes it difficult for an individual to believe one side of the story. In many cases, those in high positions because of their educational levels and exposure levels would think that they are well versed with issues affecting society hence they might be in a better position to give accurate views. This means that an individual would think others are inferior because of their cultural backgrounds, which is not actually true. An individual would find a reason to claim that his or her opponent is biased. Lackey (2007) noted that those who engage in fierce debates are always epistemic peers. Scholars are fronted with one major question regarding the significance of disagreement among epistemic peers. This article looks at various perspectives regarding disagreements. The paper evaluates the views of various theorists regarding the value of differences in opinion. Views on Disagreement Philosophers have designed two major perspectives to explain some of the reasons that make epistemic peers engage in debates over controversial topics. One of the perspectives is non-conformism, which holds that a disagreement among peers is reasonable. One of the scholars named Gideon Rosen (2001) observed that peers are allowed to engage in disagreements, irrespective of wh
Introduction The book titled “slow death by rubber duck” is authored by Rick smith and Bruce Lourie. The topic chosen by the authors for the text basically tells the reader what the book is all about. A rubber duck is one of those items commonly found in homes and is perceived as rather harmless but the title of this text suggests that items such as the rubber duck can actually lead in fatalities. The topic reveals that in the present day, it is the things considered normal that are responsible for not only polluting the environment but our bodies as well. The authors write this book for the purpose of educating readers about the dangers that chemicals in some commonly used products could pose to individuals exposed to them. The two authors examine how these toxins, which mostly leach out of the items commonly found in homes and places of work, can affect health and emphasize on the steps that can be taken to reduce exposure risks. The book is an inside story of findings that the authors experienced firsthand during four days of exposing themselves to commonly found substances that contain toxins. It is from their observation of how these toxins affect their bodies that they write about the toxins found in seven commonly found chemicals. The book takes a new approach of educating readers about just how often individuals expose themselves to toxins without even realizing it. Notwithstanding its light title, the book is filled with mind opening information that is supported by research items and is formatted in a manner that makes it very interesting to read. The book hopes to educate its readers to take the necessary steps to reduce intoxicating themselves with habits or products that may seem harmless. Summary of main points The book is made up of nine chapters, seven of which report on their findings about seven different substances. The other two are the introduction to the subject matter and suggestions of how to avoid being intoxicated by the said chemicals. After introducing the subject matter, the book illustrates how Smith and Lourie took turns in experimenting with different products. Each chapter explores the history of a particular chemical, how it came to be known, actions that have been taken to contain its effects, the level of success or loss that the actions achieved, and previous studies that have examined the health risks associated with that particular chemical. The chapters then state the actions taken by the two to increase or lower the success or failure levels of their experiment. The layout of the text allows a reader to separately focus on the effects of one chemical exhaustively before moving to the next. The authors then close their book with a chapter that suggests several actions that could go a long way in reducing exposure to the seven chemical compounds explored in the book and these include avoiding personal care products that have fragrance, washing hand with water and soap instead of antibacterial products, avoiding the use of pesticides, and getting rid of no stick cooking ware, to mention but a few. Apart from suggesting ways that can be taken to reduce intoxication in the home enviro
Introduction Article Overview Understanding consumer behaviour is an essential factor that helps in developing an effective marketing strategy for a product or a service. This section focuses on how marketing strategies shape consumer behaviour. In the article Like PB&J: Customer Service as a Marketing Strategy , accessible from the business.com magazine, Shuey (2017) asserts that marketing and consumer service should exist harmoniously since they influence consumers’ buying behaviours. Using the cases of Amazon and Zappos, this author maintains that satisfying clients via better services can change their perceptions of an organisation’s products and services to the extent of making voluntary purchasing decisions. The article is credible because it appears in one of the most recognised B2B magazines that have been used as production promotion avenues. Its credibility is also founded on its use of practical case scenarios in supporting its arguments. Topic Overview This section examines the topic of consumer behaviour. Specifically, it evaluates the way marketing strategies influence clients buying patterns with a particular focus on the subtopic of social media as a preferred channel for communicating various marketing strategies. Attempts to sustain customers involve putting in place appropriate marketing strategies. As a result, companies analyse consumers’ reasons and motivation to acquire particular commodities and services, as opposed to others (Lin & Hsu 2015). Marketing strategies can help customers to develop specific emotions and reasoning that compel or woe them to purchase items. Such marketing mechanisms are usually communicated through appropriate channels. According to Shuey (2017), social media entails one of the channels that organisations such as Amazon and Zappos have deployed effectively in delivering services, which have po
There is a widespread claim that acupuncture can treat infertility and fertility-related problems. A traditional healing practice from China that can be traced back for at least 2,500 years, acupuncture is largely based on concept of qi or chi (harmony). It is believed that there exists in the body patterns of energy flow which are essential for health, the disruption of which results in disharmony of energy, thus causing bodily ailments and diseases. Supporters of traditional healing modalities claim that such imbalances may be corrected by acupuncture — a family of procedures that involve stimulation of anatomical parts on the skin, the most popular of which is the used of thin, solid, metallic needles to penetrate the skin. These needles may be manually or electrically manipulated (National Institutes of Health, 1997). The claims are that acupuncture is an important and effective modality in the treatment of infertility and infertility-related problems. The Comox Valley Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine web site lists the following as among the benefits of acupuncture (n.d.):   * Acupuncture reduces stress, one of the first things that must be addressed when trying to conceive because being highly stressed out reduces one’s likelihood of getting pregnant by 93 percent;   * Acupuncture increases the flow of blood to the uterus, thus thickening the endometrial lining, which is important in implantation;   * Acupuncture improves ovarian function by stimulating blood blow to the ovary thus enabling it to release more follicles and better-quality eggs.   * Acupuncture helps regulate menstruation and ovulation.   * Acupuncture can increase sperm count and improve their motility and morphology.   * Acupuncture can reduce the risk of side effects from hormonal treatments as well as increases the success rate of in-vitro fertilization.   * Acupuncture can reduce the likelihood of miscarriage. A site devoted solely for the promotion of Chinese traditional medicine, it is without surprise that Comox Valley Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine would promote the procedure, highlighting only the benefits it supposedly offers while keeping mum on the possible risks and complications associated with it, when the truth is that like other modalities, acupuncture also has risks, however low. According to National Institutes of Health,