ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Psychologists use different instruments to measure variables. The selection of the test instruments depends on the variable that is intended to be measured (Cohen, 2002). The instruments used for psychological assessment are not perfect. Therefore, in choosing the tool, the psychologists have to consider the error that is acceptable concerning the tool (Luce & Kahn, 2000). The prediction of behaviour for adolescents is a useful variable that can be assessed in the admission of adolescents to counselling programs. According to Cattell and Mead (2008), the wider scope of the prediction of adolescent behaviour is based on the measure of the personality. The 16PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire The most relevant tool to measure the personality variable for adolescents is the 16PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire. 16PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire is an instrument commonly applied to assess normal personality range of adolescents (Cattell & Mead, 2008). The instrument is designed to measure the structural elements of personality. The 16PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire is a multi-level instrument. The different levels of the tool are integrated to provide an in-depth evaluation, and prediction of the accurate behaviour of the individual being tested (Cattell & Mead, 2008). The 16 PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire identifies personal dimension that is problematic for adolescents (Cattell, 2003). The instrument is not limited to normal range personality of the adolescents; the ability to identify the problematic areas in adolescents makes it applicable in counselling. The 16PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire is very useful in the prediction of behaviours (Cattell & Mead, 2008). Psychologists use it to understand important information. However, the assessment of the different variables is not perfect. Important factors that should be considered in the application of any measurement instrument include the rates of hits, misses, false positives, and false-negative errors. Hits Hit rate refers to the percentage expression of cases, in which a test instrument predicts as a failure or a success (Cohen, 2002). A hit rate is a rate an instrument can accurately identify a given trait or attribute. For example, in the application of the 16PF, hit rate entails the accuracy of the test instrument in reproducing the attributes that affect the pers
Albert Bierstadt, The Arch of Octavius (Roman Fish Market), 1858 The material of this artwork is oil on canvas. The artist tries to depict the peculiarities of Rome decline and inability to take everything under control. The combination of lines (horizontal, vertical, and diagonal) conveys the required feeling of movement and defines the two-dimensional shape and form of the image that were inherent to the art of the 19 th century. Texture of such shape gives an amazing visual sense of how the place looks like in real life with its ugly bricks, constant mess, and roughness. In general, the composition works through a variety of objects introduced by the painter. Teresa Bernstein, In the Elevated , 1916. Though the artist used oil on canvas as the main material for the work, the techniques preferred made this work different to the one of Bierstadt. The diagonal lines communicate the movement, and geometric shapes and forms prove that people are limited in their actions at the moment and have to follow the requirements set by the surroundings. An appropriate combination of negative and positive space can make the viewer impartial to the image, still, the inability to identify the texture at the very beginning involves people into the analysis of the work. The chosen rhythm shows how it is easy to catch a moment and enjoy the beauty of life in the most unexpected places. Edmund Charles Tarbell, Snow Scene, Plymouth, Massachusetts, 1905. Oil on canvas is the material of the work. The artist introduces the role of winter in human life. Stability, calm, and even some kind of isolation depicted by the presence of negative white shape are the main subjects of the drawing. Horizontal lines promote the sense of space as well as the feeling of piece. The idea of unity makes the composition work and demonstrates the eternity of nature. Willard Leroy Metcalf, Winter’s Festival , 1913. By means of oil on canvas, Metcalf perfectly introduces winter as an integral part of human life. Nature is the main subject of the picture, and people are powerlessness to change the surroundings. Vertical lines unite earth and sky and communicate the idea of spirituality with the help of which people can reach piece, understanding, and perfection. The chosen texture can make people feel uneasy as they cannot gain the necessary control over nature, still, the emphasis on the nature’s role shows that there is no need to strive for this kind of control in some situations. John Henry Twachtman, Mother and Child , 1893. Oil on canvas is the material chosen for this artwork. The artist introduces a caring mother with a child, who is too young to accept the reality as it is, this is why some kind of support from mother’s side is crucial at the moment. Vertical lines aim at promoting spirituality to the image and defining two-dimensional shape and form by means of which people can easily identify the subjects. The chosen calm texture develops trust and comfort that come from mother’s embraces, and the properly chosen balance makes the whole composition works. John Singe
The environment in New York has been subjected to high pollution from various emissions. The politicization of asthma as an environmental justice issue in New York City contributes partly to demonstrating the racial discrepancy of the disease. Julie Sze’s chapter revolves around the activities of the Environmental Justice movement and their activist role in politicizing asthma as a major disease in New York City that is brought majorly by environmental pollution. Childhood asthma is mainly used as a powerful tool in the campaigns to demonstrate the prejudice of race and gender of the malady. Julie shows how the campaigns were used to prove that the communities were exposed to unproportioned outdoor pollution levels and relationally racial prejudice. This chapter scrutinizes why and how power, race, and gender issues interact in modern asthma politics. For example, the chapter reveals that childhood asthma affects the low-income children of African Americans at a higher level than the other races, which is discriminatory. This is significant in explaining how economically disadvantaged neighbors are affected by the pollutants and consequently asthma. Sze optimizes the precautionary principle to explain how and why asthma affects a specific group of people. The principle seems to counter the norm of personalizing a disease and goes ahead to politicize it, arguing that the problem results from collective issues. I think this is a better approach since the genetic makeup that determines race and gender is not used to show disease prevalence that could be discriminative. Julie analyzes the unfairness brought about by asthma and centers her discussion on childhood asthma within New York City. I agree with Julie that the problem of pollution brings about adverse effects to the poor urban blacks compared to the elite group in society. Conversely, the discrepancy on a gender basis in cases seems veiled to me. Unless scientifically, one gender is sup
Worldview refers to how an individual perceives the world (Hesselgrave, 2012). Most people develop Worldviews unconsciously as they grow up. When I read ‘What is a Christian Worldview,’ (“Gotuestions,” n.d), I responded to questions from a Christian point of view, and it just came naturally that I responded in a Christian manner; thus, it is evident that my conception of the world is from a Christian standpoint. The questions in ‘What is a Christian Worldview’ are; “where did we come from?”, “What is wrong with the world?” and “how can we fix it?” My immediate responses were; “God created us, to govern the world and fellowship with Him.” (Rogers, 2005; Gen1:27-28 New International Versions). The verse continues to argue that Adam and Eve subjected the whole universe to punishment because they sinned against Him. “We can fix it by living according to His word since He redeemed the world through the sacrifice of His Son Jesus Christ” (Gen 3:15 New International Version) respectively. Therefore, my initial response clearly showed that I view the world from a Christian Worldview, and I am proud of it. I think my Worldview has affected my intercultural communication in a negative way. Since I believe that living according to the word is the only right thing to do, I tend to disregard other people’s cultures because, in my view, my culture is right and other people’s cultures are wrong. I fail to recognize the various aspects of other people’s worldviews; thus, I cannot be able to respect other people’s worldviews. Holding on to my Worldview can hinder intercultural communication because I cannot open up to people who have different worldviews from mine. It would be difficult for them to relate with me for fear that I will judge them; as a result, intercultural communication is impossible. I did two Implicit Preference Tests on religion and sexuality (“Test Bias,” n.d). On the religion part, I was tested on my feelings towards Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism. I found out that I have a healthy negative attitude towards other religions besides Christianity. In sexuality test, it was about my attitude towards straight and gay people. Results show that I dislike gay people as it is against my Christian values. In the folk tale of the ‘Blind Men and the Elephant’ (“Neogenesis,” n.d), each blind man had a feel of an elephant and created images in their minds of how an elephant looks like. Each tried to convince the other that they were right, but in the real case, they were all wrong. In connection to this folk tale, I have learned that though I lean on the Christian worldview, I should not judge other people’s worldviews because we are all different. I should not be ethnocentric, which means thinking other cultures solely by the values of one’s own culture. If I do so, then the opportunity of getting to know and appreciate other people’s worldviews cultures would pass me. It is not advisable to beg ignorant of different cultures as one can miss many opportunities (Bridger, 2013). A stereotype is a generalization about a person and originates when one is unwilling to obtain all the information neede
In the play The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams has written the story of the Wingfield family that lived in St Louis during the 1940s. The family comprises of Tom Wingfield, Amanda and Laura who demonstrate gender roles that trigger suspicion of passiveness, manipulation and dependence. Williams has displayed Tom as being a submissive person who is not happy in life. The author has portrayed Amanda as a calculative and outspoken southern woman who just cannot get over her attitude as developed over the last several years. Laura has been depicted as a woman who has very weak emotions and is immensely dependent on others. The Wingfields are a middle class family and the three central characters exist and live a life that is interspersed with reality and an illusionary world in order that they get away from the problems faced by them on a daily basis. In being a memory play, The Glass Menagerie focuses particularly on the memories that Tom carries about his family after he gets very far from them. The author has successfully created the dimensions of memory by aptly using specific and relevant symbols, characters and settings. It is true that Williams has made the most appropriate choices in constructing the play. With the portrayal of the different events in the play, it is convincingly portrayed that the only means to escape from life’s problems is to solve them instead of avoiding them. The author has taken an inside look into the circumstances of a normal family existing in the pre war depression years. The lives of the individual family members are made very meaningful and dramatic with the use of symbols by Williams. The two specific symbols in the play are escape and The Glass Menagerie. Escape becomes a means to provide diversion and hope from the external world while the Glass Menagerie directly refers to the uniqueness and delicate nature of Laura. The play clearly depicts that all members of the Wingfield family choose to hide from the realities of life. Amanda makes attempts to live her past again by using Laura and is not willing to accept anything that is against her temperament. Laura is too scared of the realities of life and prefers to take protection under the guise of her limping leg and the glass menagerie. Tom is seen as escaping from reality by getting drunk, writing poems and watching films. Mr. Wingfield escapes from realities by getting away from the family and not being in touch with them. Hence, all members of the Wingfield family can be seen as having their own escape mechanisms that are used in escaping and hiding from the real world. Gen
This paper considers the contribution of Pope Gregory the Great to religion and the impact of his deeds on the development of the Catholic church. This book summarizes the biography, work, and ideas of Gregory the Great during his papacy. This source will help you study some of Gregory the Great’s contributions to the Catholic Church and Roman society’s development, such as providing food for the poor and supporting other churches in Italy. Thus, this chapter from the book provides an overview of the life and influence of Gregory the Great. The author examines in detail the ideas of asceticism preached by Gregory the Great, its influence on religion, and its contribution to society’s development. The author also reveals one of the most significant contributions of Gregory the Great such as the conversion of Saxons to Catholicism. Consequently, this book is useful for examining Gregory the Great’s ideas and philosophy that shaped his contribution to history. In this article, the author provides his overview and understanding of Demacopoulos’s book about Gregory the Great’s life. Such a source is useful for research as it gives an outside perspective and a new interpretation of the aspects covered in the book. Therefore, it will help reveal the aspects of the life of Gregory the Great in more detail. In this chapter, the author provides an overview of Gregory’s significant work, such as Moralia . This chapter helps discover the philosophical ideas and foundations that have characterized Gregory the Great’s life and work. Therefore, based on this review, one can judge Gregory the Great’s contribution to the religious teachings and ideas of Medieval Catholicism. The author of this chapter also examines the basics of Gregory the Great’s religious philosophy that should be used by priests in their work. In addition, this source also has a short biography of Gregory the Great. Hence, the chapter is relevant to studying the life of Gregory the Great and his contributions to religious philosophy. The author of this dissertation compares the views on the asceticism of Gregory the Great and Maximus the Confessor, representatives of different churches. This work helps to understand the peculiarities of asceticism that Gregory the Great preaches in comparison with the ideas of the representative of the Eastern churches. In addition, these data contribute to understanding the influence of Gregory the Great asceticism and its influence on the Middle Ages’ religion. Gregory the Great made a significant contribution to Catholicism and Roman society. He promoted ideas of asceticism and modesty for priests that were new for that time, spread the faith to neighboring regions, and helped fight against poverty and famine.
The quote above made a deep impression on me. It made me realize the importance of stopping and reflecting on the causes of events, the reasons for our actions and the best way to proceed. Rather than establishing our focus on other people’s perception of us, we should focus on carrying out our duty to pursue our passions without restraint. It made me realize that for every single action, it is essential to ask ourselves questions like, why am I doing this? Does the end-result of this action positively contribute to my development and personal fulfillment? How does it contribute to the wellbeing of the society at large? Even though the answer might not present itself immediately, the intricate journey of life has a tendency of revealing the answers to these questions. However, this cannot freely happen in a mind that does not take the brave step of stopping and reflecting. It only takes place in a mind that is free to explore and question certain fixed boundaries of societal norms. As much as we live in a world where no man can live as an island, it is imperative that one considers his weaknesses and strengths in relation to his dreams and ambitions. Whereas the world might form their own biased opinion of me as an individual, this should not be the basis from which I should determine my real self. I should gauge my capabilities and weaknesses and pursue my dream without considering the distractions from society. On the other hand, I believe that as an individual, I should acknowledge their opinions analytically so that I pick everything that positively contributes to my development as an individual while selectively leaving out every opinion that might act as a speed bump on personal development. All of us live with ambiguity and intractable issues. Our differences, however, reveal themselves through the diversity in which we respond to these conundrums. Some people just wait in the expectation that “time will heal all wounds,” while others make the utmost exertions in order to tackle problems head-on. I believe that the process of dealing with some of life’s intractable problems imparts upon us the art of patience and diligence so that we won’t make choices in haste that we will later regret. These experiences can later become valuable resources. Those of us living busy lives in modern society want to experience instant results. However, life frequently serves up both disappointment and success to help us find the direction and path that is most suitable for each of us. In order to draw a proper “self-portrait” practical
Introduction People react to conflicts and crisis in disparate means with some being too radical whilst others stand out as opportunists. The ability to react to and solve predicaments in the right way is a fundamental element of determining a good ruler who is leading his or her subjects in an admirable way. Knowing the different techniques of addressing the challenges facing the human race is essential for human survival and one must strive to have such information. The following are some of the issues that Marcus Aurelius attempted to address as he wrote Meditations , which is a set of his personal view on how he presumed life should be lived. How do the classics help when one or a country is witnessing predicaments, and does the intelligence of the poets, philosophers as well as rulers relevant in such times? In 1915, Robert Graves utilized the knowledge he got from poets to fight in an ongoing war. In 1991, Anthony Swofford, a US marine official, successfully used the principles of Homer and Camus during the Gulf War. However, most readers including Frederick the Great assert that one of the best sources of instruction and moderation is Marcus Aurelius’s Meditations . This assertion is evident in the way Marcus has displayed his loosely structured set of opinions linked with stoic philosophy. Meditations by Marcus Aurelius Born on April 26, A.D. 121, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was an emperor of Rome that ruled the Roman Empire for two decades. He was a nephew as well as the son-in law of Antonius Pius and came from a noble family, which was very religious, which is an indication why his ruling was virtuous. Marcus lost his parents at a young age and he was later adopted by his grandfather, Annius Verus. Throughout his childhood, he was coached to dress plainly and restrain from luxurious lifestyle. Moreover, he participated in activities such as wrestling and hunting that nurtured his body to become robust. His hardiness was evident in the way he was fascinated with meeting vicious boars. Marcus inherited the throne after the demise of Antoninus Pius in 161 and allied with L. Ceoinius Commodus, a man who had been adopted by Pius at a young age. They worked together in administrating the empire. However, soon after Marcus had assumed the throne, a stream of war plagued Rome (Van Ackeren 112). The aftermath of the war was an epidemic that was accompanied with starvation, which was caused by floods that had damaged huge quantities of crops. Marcus applied every means possible including selling the regal ornaments to collect money that could combat the crisis. Eventually, the Roman Empire under his leadership eliminated barbarian communities, and reestablished the stability of Rome. Being the commander-in-chief, he was a shrewd as he appointed effective lieutenants (Sellars 84). Marcus was not only faced with war predicaments, but also domestic problems. His wife, Faustina, bore him children that he loved dearly. All his children died except Commodus who was viewed as puny, as w