ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Information security is currently a major concern of business organizations. With the advancement of technology, more and more business transactions are being carried out online. Following this, there is a need for businesses today to ensure there is the protection of their information as well as their information systems against security threats; “cyber attacks” being among these threats. Kumar, Park & Subramaniam (2008) point out that, “virus attacks, theft of information, and denial of service alone resulted in significant losses, based on a survey carried out by the Computer Security Institute in the recent times” (Kumar, Park & Subramaniam, 2008, p.242). In this paper, the most significant threats to information security in business settings today are going to be identified and described. The best ways of mitigating these threats are also going to be considered. More so, there is going to be the creation and description of a research strategy for investigating the threats as well as the ideas for addressing them. Threats to Information Security in Business settings and their mitigation As time goes by, more and more new security threats to the businesses come up. The threats are becoming complex on an increasing level and they capitalize on the vulnerabilities within applications and network infrastructure assets. Based on the survey carried out in the year 2004 by the Computer security Institute on medium-sized and large-sized companies, it was established that “total losses from security damages for 2004 amounted to &141,496,560, with virus costs amounting to almost forty percent of this total” (Keller, Powell, Horstmann, Predmore, & Crawford, 2005). There is a low likelihood among the smaller businesses to cover up losses resulting from security information attacks, and the damages that result from this can be quite severe (Rainer, Snyder & Carr, 2007). On the other hand, those businesses that are large may be in a better position in the enforcement of security attacks deterrents than those that are smaller in size. Keller, Powell, Horstmann, Predmore, & Crawford (2005) point out that “the first generation of security threats started in the 1980s” (Keller, Powell, Horstmann, Predmore, & Crawford, 2005, p.8). The first generation threats were “boot viruses” which had a great effect on individual computers as well as on the networks. The generation of the threats that followed were the viruses that were in e-mails as well as in macros. According to Keller, Powell, Horstmann, Predmore, & Crawford, viruses are defined as, “pieces of programming code that are designed to automatically spread to other users” (Keller, Powell, Horstmann, Predmore, & Crawford, 2005, p.8). The virus often gives out unwanted outcomes that are in most cases not pleasant and they are not identified easily because they take up the form of something else. In the course of the 1990s, there was the prevalence of DOS attacks and hackers. In the current day, business
Introduction Leadership has always been one of the most interesting topics for discussions. The role of leaders cannot be overestimated. Leaders are those who make progress, provide support, and aim to achieve better outcomes for everybody. Numerous authors have tried to understand and explain the nature of leadership. Even nowadays, people share different opinions concerning the origin of leadership skills and variations of leadership styles. One of the best ways to understand leadership is to interview the leader. I have identified the leader I wanted to interview. It is the CEO of the local company. I have conducted an interview aiming to identify his leadership style and its connection to ethical performance. In the following paper, the analysis of the leader’s answers concerning leadership will be compared to my perspective and analyzed. List of Questions  1. How do you understand the concept of leadership, especially taking into account your personal experience?  2. What is the best way to lead the company in a period of crisis?  3. What is the role of interpersonal communication in the company? Provide examples from your experience.  4. What is the role of motivation?  5. What types of motivation do you prefer?  6. How do you promote the development of ethical behavior?  7. Can you provide examples of your actions that have impacted ethics in your company? Summary of Answers and Comparison to Individual Understanding of Leadership The interviewee starts with an explanation of his understanding of leadership. He considers that leadership theorists manage to describe leadership from different perspectives, and there is no unique approach to leadership. Leadership is a complex phenomenon, but there are several distinctive features about it. First, the leader should be the example to follow. No success may be achieved if the leader does not prove that he should be followed. Also, leadership is about making decisions all the time. Even if the style is participative, all decisions are the priority of a leader. From personal experience, the interviewee knows that people should not be given total freedom in making decisions because it is the task of the leader. In the period of crisis, everything remains the same, but the leader should demonstrate his ability to cope with difficulties. The CEO of the local company believes that communication is important, but leaders do not have much time for it. Motivation is another significant aspect that makes employees interested in doing their job. Rewards, bonuses, and additional payments are the best motivators. Ethical behavior should be promoted via stability and control. Such an approach will result in loyalty and trust without a doubt. The interviewee has personally talked to the employees about the improper ethical behavior to demonstrate the significance of this aspect. Although I support some notions provided by the interviewe
Introduction The modern business world is highly competitive, which makes the strategic development of companies, as well as their proper functioning, critical to their survival. Corporations became a widespread phenomenon in the twentieth century, and they became an indispensable part of the Chinese economic landscape in the 1990s (Jiang & Kim, 2015). Western corporate governance has been explored in detail while Chinese corporations have attracted scholars’ attention comparatively recently. It is noteworthy that the majority of studies are mainly based on the theoretical foundations that have been applied in the Western world although some researchers argue that these approaches do not necessarily fit in all Chinese contexts or can be utilized with every company (Ji, Ahmed, & Lu, 2015; Zhang, Luan, Shao, & Xu, 2016). Nevertheless, the use of the most common theoretical frameworks can be beneficial for the analysis of the corporate governance of Chinese organizations. The primary focus of this review is the relationship between corporate governance and such aspects as ownership structure, the board size, and its diversity (see Appendix). This literature review explores the existing trends in the field of corporate governance including the most common theoretical approaches employed in academia. Theoretical Framework on the Relationship Between Corporate Governance Variables and Performance Corporate governance has been a topic of extensive research for decades. Researchers have focused on different aspects and employed various approaches, which ensured the development of several theoretical frameworks that guide modern research on the matter as well as the development of strategic plans in companies. Gaur, Bathula, and Singh (2015) note that agency theory is regarded as the mainstream paradigm. This theoretical context has been employed to explain the nature of the relationship between executors and owners that define the strategic development of companies. Hussain, Rigoni, and Orij (2016) state that this approach to corporate governance addresses the peculiarities of the relationships between the board and managers. This theory is grounded on the assumption that the financial performance of contemporary corporations is affected by the conflict between owners (principal) and top managers (agent). In this respect, the major role of boards is considered to be that of a controlling and monitoring body that ensures that the interests of shareholders will be met (Hassan, Marimuthu, & Johl, 2015). According to this theory, in corporations, principals and agents have different interests, which is the reason for numerous conflicts as well as ineffective governance and, as a result, poor performance. It is believed that the tension between managers and owners leads to additional costs since the stakeholders have to structure the corresponding contracts and establish other ways to control managers and ensure their compliance with the set strategies. However, contracts have proved to be insufficie
The Fundamentals of Genre Theory The genre theory identifies the problematic discrepancies between the content-related identification of academic writing (Chandler par. 1). Specifically, it is argued that the triteness of essay creating, which is introduced and practices through the course of school education, hinders the writing skills of the learners. It is particularly apparent when the young graduate enters an academic environment of the higher educational establishment. Since the professional orientations of the students differ, the matters and styles of writing differ along with multiple characteristic features. Little preparedness and inadequate knowledge of genre variety reduce the chances of the students to master academic writing (Giltrow et al. 8). Embracing Research Genre of Writing in Schoolroom Environment Writing research papers constitutes the core of any educational process. The practical explorations of the surrounding world, which refer to some specific areas of science, provide us with the knowledge of the objective reality. That is why writing a research paper is a critical part of academic study. However, some graduates lack the ability to refer to scientific papers, which may result in poor quality of research works, which are produced by them. Therefore, it is recommended to introduce the basics of academic writing in the school environment so that to prepare the learners to further study experiences (“The Importance of Research” par. 4). The Role of Citation in Writing The ability to provide a proper citation for academic work refers to the basic techniques of efficient research writing. Source referencing is commonly used by the writers of scientific works with an aim of recounting the origins of the particular quotation or paraphrase (Music 149). The violation of citation rules accounts for breakage of the author’s rights. Therefore, the styles and formats of proper referencing have to be taught on the initial levels of academic practices. Moreover, due to the experts, a successful writer should be acquainted with both the standards of writing and the ability to describe the particular use of literature. The Concept of Linguistic Complaint Tradition The issue of complaint tradition is avoided by successful writers, who practice the advanced types of academic writing. The notion implies the extensive use of some out-dated techniques, styles, and lexical materials (Green 111). For instance, the specialists claim that some dialectal forms as well as grammar mistakes, which are introduced, due to the ancient rules of writing, constitute the core of linguistic complaint. It is acknowledged that the problem may be avoided if the writer refers to the modern sources of writing, which do not contain any trite and out-dated forms of speech (“Standard English and the Complaint Tradition” par. 8). Works Cited Chandler, Daniel. An Introduction to Genre Theory . 2013. Web. Giltrow, Janet, Rick Gooding, Daniel Burgoyne and Marlene Sawatsky. Academic Writing: An Introduction. Canada: Broadview Press, 2009. Print. Green, Robert. You Are what You Speak: Gramma
Introduction Asthma is a medical condition that has been a very important health issue in the world. It is also one of the highest causes of health problems in Australia. It is estimated that the prevalence of the condition in Australia is 10 – 25 percent among children below eight years and about 10-12 percent among the adult population. This is one of the highest rates in the world today. Though not a major cause of mortality, asthma is among the most prevalent health problems that doctors have to deal with and it is often the reason for hospitalization of children particularly boys. Asthma is described as an inflammatory disorder that chronically affects the airways in the lungs. The disorder usually causes problems of breathing since the lungs are the major organs for respiration. An asthma attack occurs during a broncho-constriction where these airways narrow suddenly and the muscles around the airways tighten. The mucus membrane around these air passages becomes inflamed and swell and the mucus glands secrets more mucus that tend to block air causing a feeling of breathlessness. Asthma Treatment Asthma attacks usually last briefly or can be felt for several days. For this reason, the medication for the condition is divided into two groups. One acts very fast and is often used for faster relief while the second category is a long-term control [1]. It is also important to note that asthma is incurable though the treatment available can improve the quality of life by alleviating the adverse symptoms of the asthma attack [1, 9]. Long-term medications are used on an everyday basis to keep control of unrelenting asthma [4]. They are basically us
Drugs at a Friend’s House In this scenario, there is no ethical dilemma since reporting on the occurrence of an unlawful act is the duty of any citizen (regardless of the professional occupation). Since there is no knowledge of the friend being involved in drug use, the situation should be resolved by calling the local police department and reporting the usage of drugs, as dictated by the law. Since an off-duty police officer does not have the legal authority (Flatow, 2014) to stop individuals from doing illegal drugs at a private party, there is a possibility of incorporating professional discretion and placing the lawbreakers under citizen’s arrest until the arrival of the law enforcement. Because the first consequence of not doing anything would be allowing crime to continue, there is a moral responsibility of the off-duty police officer to act as a law-abiding citizen that protects the community. Accepting a Gift Accepting a gift from a fellow member of the community is an ethical dilemma that many police officers can face. Nevertheless, there is nothing wrong with accepting a gift that expresses an appreciation for one’s service rather than a direct “payment.” If the scenario included the officer providing some specific services to the owner of a small market (e.g. helping to solve a case or providing surveillance for the market), the gift of a fruit basket and a $30 certificate could be considered as a direct payment for the provided services. There is also no need in applying professional discretion because the gift in the scenario is just a sign of respect and appreciation of a community member for the service of a police officer in the protection of their neighborhood. Despite the fact that some may apply the concept of bribery to this situation, and despite the fact that bribery has become a tremendous problem for the law enforcement (Goodfellow, 2015), there is no association with the act of gift-giving by the market’s owner. In contrast to the intentions behind bribes given to the law enforcement (covering up for a crime, avoiding punishment, etc.); the scenario describes a community member being appreciative of the services of the police officer. In the described situation, it would be best for the police officer to accept the fruit basket for his family and avoid taking the $30 gift card since it could raise some questions about the relationships with the market owner. Homosexual Partner According to Fuller’s (1975) The Morality of Law , there is a need in having open conversations and spreading knowledge within a society. This scenario correlates with the idea of bias and the lack of knowledge about the representatives of sexual minorities. With the legalization of same-sex marriages in the US and the move towards an accepting society, the fact that Officer James Davis is asking to be assigned to a heterosexual partner speaks about his biased beliefs. While there is a moral problem of Davis not respecting the minorities, the supervisor should not abide by his requirement and try to make the team of Jones and Davis work together. The supervisor should apply professional
Introduction Meditation is a process of a determined focus on a sound, thing, movement or just attention to enhance awareness of the current moment, decrease anxiety, boost recreation and uphold personal and spiritual advancement (Seaward, 2012, pp. 67-74). Even if meditation is a significant religious endeavor in some religions and customs, it could be carried out by anybody irrespective of their cultural or spiritual settings to alleviate stress and ache. While the Western health practitioners start comprehending the function of the mind in health and illness, there is more concern in the utilization of meditation in medication (Ospina et al., 2008, pp. 1199-1201). Meditative processes are progressively provided in health clinics and hospitals like a device for boosting wellbeing and quality of life. For instance, meditation is used in individuals with enfeebling, chronic or terminal sickness. This paper compares and contrasts inclusive and exclusive meditation. Comparison and contrast Inclusive meditation is a kind of meditation that permits every thought to get into the screen of the mind, yet have no opinion or psychological connection. Inclusive meditation entails observance with psychological detachment (Ospina et al., 2008, pp. 1201-1203). Some of the examples of inclusive meditation are Zen Meditation and Mindfulness Meditation. Exclusive meditation (also referred to as restrictive meditation) is a kind of meditation that concentrates on just a single thought, to the barring of every other. Some of the vehicles for exclusive meditation encompass mental recurrence (mantra) and recurring sounds (nadem) just to mention a few. Some of the examples of exclusive meditation include Transcendental Meditation (TM) and the Relaxation Response. Both inclusive meditation and exclusive meditation are similar in that they both concentrate on silencing the occupied mind. The purpose is not to eradicate stimulation but instead to guide the attention of an individual to a particular healing component; a sound, a word, an image, consciousness or the breath of the individual. In a case where the mind is “occupied” with the sensation of calm and tranquility, it cannot set itself out and be troubled, stressed out or dejected
Darwin’s theory of evolution stands out among many theories. It has been in existence for a long time despite the fact that it has been controversial in many ways. However, that does not negate the fact that Darwin contributed greatly in the filed of science as well as in other related fields, which are inclusive but not limited to biology, geology, paleontology and genetics. His theory explains that new species are formed through natural selection as illustrated in the studies of Bowler (pp. 8). It is important to note that the popular theory of evolution was not only opposed by religious people but also by scientists. However, some of the scientific controversies reduced, especially after various studies were conducted in search for evidence. Nevertheless, the theory is still controversial even to date. Based on that fact, this essay shall focus on major controversies concerning Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. Given that Darwin’s theory on evolution is controversial, it is important to try and understand reasons that contribute to the same. It illustrates that human beings and animals originates from a similar ancestor. Darwin illustrated that initially, human beings were ape-like creatures and have been evolving since they came to being. The fact is demeaning as it illustrates that there is no big difference between people and the higher animals. A
Economic risks Proctor & Gamble (P & G) market share is facing competitive threats from well-financed companies. In this regard, the company is experiencing difficulties maintaining its market share. It is difficult for the company to maintain steady revenue from brands that require extensive marketing efforts (Butler, 2012). Also, the increasing consumer sensitivity among the company’s target markets poses an economic threat. Changes in tax regulations may hamper the company’s international operations (Butler, 2012). The company risks facing new tariffs, trade barriers, and quotas especially on sales in foreign markets. With ongoing turbulence in global economic conditions, the company risk disrupted operations and low demand for products. Cost fluctuations especially in commodity prices, energy, and raw materials could hinder the company’s ability to manage its finances (Butler, 2012). Consequently, this affects the company’s maintenance of its profit margins and market share. Besides, some risks affect the global manufacturing and supply chain. Such risks include labor disruptions, natural disasters, and political instability. Eventually, these factors affect product supply and profitability. Economic opportunities P & G economic opportunities are from emerging markets. Considering the shift in consumption behaviors among the consumers, the new markets exhibit growth opportunities. It is important to understand that the company’s flexibility in re-engineering its beauty and personal care products in new markets is a competitive advantage (Madhok & Keyhani, 2012). The current company’s strategy to focus on core businesses using brand rationalization offers P & G an opportunity to target the mid-range market segment. This economic strategy provides the company with an opportunity to save on costs. P & G’s global presence offers the company with economic opportunities. The company’s global presence is integral in establishing a premium focus on low-income consumers from developing countries (Madhok & Keyhani, 2012). Most of the developing countries use market-based economic strategies to attract foreign investors. From this perspective, P & G can benefit from reduced tariffs, government subsidies, low labor costs, and foreign exchange rates. As indicated earlier, global positioning offers the company an opportunity to focus on differentiation. For example, the company can invest its manufacturing operations in high growth and less-develop