ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction DNA Testing In the last few years, proofs obtained from DNA examinations, has become one of the most important forensic methods used in the identification of offenders, and the separation alleged suspects, when a crime is committed and evidence are left in the form, of blood, saliva, skin, or any other tissue that is biological (Amah 45). The DNA was first presented as evidence in court in the year 1986 in the USA, and in the subsequent years it presented serious challenges in the court rooms, presently it is been accepted in court rooms around the world as evidence. Tremendous changes and improvements have occurred in the technology and the tangibility of the evidence gotten from these sources has also improved. When this technology was first used, the lab technicians depended majorly on the testing of RELP (restriction fragment length polymer-phism). This technique required obtaining large and quality samples of DNA. But presently a new technique is in use and most laboratories seem to be adopting it, the test is anchored on PCR method (polymerase chain reaction). Using this method high quality data is generated from relatively very small amount of DNA at crime scenes, through what can be described as molecular copying. Energies are currently been directed towards obtaining quality data from dry bones or strands of hairs, this scientist believe can be achieved through the use of mitochondrial deoxiyribonucleic acid in a PCR test. One of the most important aspects of carry out investigation with the use of DNA is that it is not only meant for conviction but it also helps in the proving of innocence. In a search conducted in laboratories, it was observed that through the conduction of DNA test in the year 1995, alleged suspects were set free from one fifth of the total cases (Amah 67). If not for DNA testing or if it were before it was discovered, most of the suspects in this cases would have been innocently indicted, and possibly convicted, as a result of proof which ordinarily would have been against them. Many cases of flawed incarcerations have been brought to light, through the conductions of post conviction DNA testing. As recorded by steve Vendon in his article that “ Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr., writing for the majority in District Attorney’s Office v. Osborne (08-6), noted that DNA t
Introduction Preparation of financial statements in a company is a very crucial exercise in that it enables the managers as well as other internal and external stakeholders to make important decisions based on their roles in the company. To understand the company’s performance, a mere preparation of the financial statements is not enough. An analysis of the financial statement items is required in order show comparative performance taking into accout the previous years. Horizontal analysis, vertical analysis as well as ratio analysis are important procedures carried out in order to determine whether the changes in the financial statements’ variables are favourable or adverse for purposes of decision-making. This report includes both the horizontal and the vertical analyses as well as profit ratio analysis of the financial statements of WorleyParsons Limited; an international provider of professional services to the energy and other complex process industries. The company is headquartered in Australia. The government, as a user of the financial statements of the company, is also discussed in terms of the decisions it makes from the financial statements as well as the information from the financial statements that is useful to the government. Items on the income statement with a significant impact on the profits The profits of a service business are usually affected by two main elements: the revenues generated and the costs incurred during operations. WorleyParsons Limited has a portfolio of operations which generate revenues classified under five headings, namely, professional services revenue, procurement revenue, construction and fabrication revenue, interest income and other incomes. The combined revenue for the financial year 2012/2013 was an increase by 19.2% due to performance from the previous year. Only interest income in all the revenue items decreased from the previous year’s amounts. An increase in revenues positively affects the profits from operations. The increase in revenues in WorleyParsons can be attributed to several important events that took place during the trading year ended in June 30, 2013. That is the acquisition of two companies, South African TWP Holdings Proprietary Ltd and Norwegian Bergen Group Rosenberg AG. Other factors are the favourable trading conditions in several areas of operation, especially the increase in customers’ capital expenditure in hydrocarbons during the year. The other items in the income statement of WorleyParsons Limited that had a significant impact on the profits of the company are expenses from operations. The expenses of the company are further broken down into staff costs, procurement costs, contract-related reimbursable costs, office and administration costs, depreciation, amortization, borrowing costs and other costs. The increase in revenue generated from operations was followed by a more than proportionate increase in the operating expenses that led to an ultimate decrease in profit before income taxes from the previous year’s trading profits. Of all the categories of costs and expenses incurred
Introduction The healthcare environment is complex and rapidly evolving fueled by health technology and knowledge. Change is a transformation of delivery processes to address access problems, higher costs, poor outcomes, and inequalities (Wheeler, 2017). Steps towards improved quality, accessibility, and affordability require a move from episodic management of conditions to comprehensive patient-centered care. With their education and training as change agents, nurses are well-positioned to lead change in healthcare organizations. Purpose of Consultation This paper evaluates and identifies a consultative change for Mercy Hospital, Allina Health. The purpose of the consultation (interview) was to assess the facility and its systems to determine the safety and quality levels of patient care. The organization’s strengths and weaknesses, as well as its mission, values, policies, and processes, were analyzed along with interview data. The analysis relied on quality indicators, including HCAHPS scores and hospital performance metrics. In this paper, a consultative change recommendation is proposed to the hospital’s management for action. Overview of the Consultation Process A face-to-face interview was conducted with Karla, an MSN nurse manager in the oncology unit at Mercy Hospital, Allina. For this consultation, the areas discussed included Karla’s role within Mercy Hospital, quality improvement initiatives at the facility, staff training and resources, and hospital policies. The interview took place on 2 nd August 2018 and lasted for about one hour. Data on the health needs of the local community were obtained during the consultation as well as from the hospital’s website, and community health needs assessment (CHNA). The main indicators analyzed were healthcare access and health status. Additional data sources included CHNAs conducted by other hospitals in the area. Organizational Analysis Description of Organization Type and location of the organization Mercy Hospital is a short-term acute care facility in Minnesota. This nonprofit facility is a part of the Allina Health System. The hospital has been dedicated to serving the North Metro residents and communities from the surrounding areas for the past 50 years through its Mercy (271 beds) and Unity (273 beds) campuses that operated independently until 2017 when they were merged and renamed Mercy Hospital (Allina Health, 2019). The two are located in Coon Rapids and Fridley, respectively. Several employees and patient encounters Mercy Hospital staff includes a team of e
Egoism refers to a corruptive attribute of modern societies which makes people to prioritize their own self-interests more than anything else. It can also be defined as the view that human action is guided by individual human needs. A while ago, ethical egoism was considered to be a perspective that was closely related to the ideas of psychological egoism. Distinction between the two is, however, desirable in order to maintain the difference between what people do and what they should do (Maccarelli 1). Psychological egoism shows the nature of human motivation. It states that human beings are motivated by selfish interests and that a seemingly selfless act is actually self serving. For example, if Peter buys his girlfriend a new dress, he does so selfishly because he wants to be associated with a girl who wears expensive dresses. Additionally, if Dan fails to go on a trip with his classmates in order to help a sick friend, he does so selfishly because he this is what he wants to do. He also does so in order to be recognized as a good person. Another reason for being left with his friend could be because he wants to avoid feeling guilty for leaving his sick friend alone (Weber 1). Thus being left with his friend will make him feel better. Ethical egoism has a normative perspective towards human action and it states that human actions ought to be aimed at the fulfillment of individual wants and desires. This is the case regardless of the morals of the action that is bound to fulfill the wants and desires of the individual. Thus, if Kennedy wants to lie for his benefit, this is the right action for Kennedy to take regardless of the effects that the lie will have on the other person. Additionally, if Beth wants to gain wealth and then guard her sexual morality, this is the right thing for her to do because it is what she desires. With this argument, ethical egoism promotes unethical behavior (Maccarelli 2 – 3). Ethical egoism is subjected to a lot of criticism due to its disregard of morals. As discussed, according to ethical egoism, the right thing to do is that which fulfils the desires of the doer. This is utter disregard of what is morally right in the society. Human wants and desires are normally against the moral expectations of the society and thus ethical egoism can be viewed as a drawback to the upkeep of morals. On the other hand, psychological egoism explains reasons for human actions using motivational reasoning and thus it does not conflict with norms. With this argument, therefore, psychological egoism is better than ethical egoism (Weber 1). The motivation of a person to act in his/her own self-interest does not mean that what they are motivated to do is
Advice to LPNs It is very important for the Licensed Practical Nurses to unionize following the trends at Happy Trails. Happy Trails is more concerned about its revenue than the benefits of the nurses and has therefore decided to do away with some of the benefits. The trend may continue should Happy Trails find the need to do so. Joining the union will enable the LPNs benefit from collective bargains of their salaries plus other benefits such as social security, pension plans, paid vacation, training opportunities among other benefits (Woytinskey, 1953). Unions can help the LPNs negotiate sick pay as well as healthcare coverage. Unionization will also ensure job security to the LPNs at Happy Trails meaning that they can no longer be fired at will by the employer and they also stand independent as well as fair grievance appeal process (Freeman, & Medoff, 1984). However, joining the union may also come with disadvantages. The LPNs will have to pay union dues and also have to join strikes whenever the union leaders call for it (Freeman, & Medoff, 1984). Strikes may strain the relationships between the LPNs and their managers at Happy Trails since they affect the operations in the institution and hence lower profits. Issues to be addressed by the union In organizing for their representation by the union, the LPNs have to consider and also discuss the compensation which is lower as compared to what most independent living homes pay their LPNs as well as the fewer benefits they receive at Happy Trails. Steps that the LPNS have to follow to unionize For the LPNS at Happy Trails to unionize, they have to follow some steps. They have to attend meetings so as to learn about unionizing. They then have to devise organizing strategies and be able to support each LPN within the Happy Trails so that they can all vote for the union to represent them in collective bargaining. The LPNs should then file a petition to the National Labor Relations Board at the regional office to set up elections (NLRB 2011). For them to file a petition with the NLRB, they have to obtain more than 30% signatures from the LPNs employed at Happy Trails to prove that they are interested in being represented by the union in collective bargaining (NLRB, 2011). Their representative and the management of Happy Trails should then make a mutual agreement and establish an election process with the NLRB. They then have to participate in a government-sponsored election 50 days from the day they filed the petition. Should the majority of LPNs at the Happy Trails vote in support of representation by the union, the NLRB issues the union with a formal certification showing that they are the duly designated union to represent the LPNs in collective bargaining (Fossum, 1982). The certification will give the union the mandate to represent the LPNs at Happy Trails in negotiating employment contract with the management on their behalf. According to NLRB (2011) the management of Happy Trails will be compelled by the law to negotiate in faith with the LPNs representative. Unfair labor practic
Narcissism, or simply the love of self, is a trait that is highly portrayed by many people. These people tend to strictly do or perceive things in favor of themselves but on the expense of others. Even if the thing is done by others; narcissists will come in to prove how it suits them but not the doers. This trait is more of a vice than a virtue. In as much as one can love him/herself, the love narrows down to vice if it does not include the love for others. It is worthy noting that any organization or institution that is dominated by narcissists is subject to deterioration. This is because this category of people takes a full advantage of whatever the organization has put in place, to build them regardless of the corresponding impact on the particular institution. As a result, measures have been put in place to curb the entry of narcissists in any institution. Among these is the subjection of a personality test to all applicants as well as interviewing them prior to admission. Another working remedy is the harnessing of grade inflation. A good number of stories addressing the subject of narcissism have been published as illustrated next. Following the high rate of the spread of narcissism, the story ‘The Rising Tide of Narcissism: What B-Schools Can Do’ has been found in the media addressing the issue. Published by Daly and Westerman, the story is concerned with the evident rise of narcissism specifically in business schools. It points out the risk that has cropped up in these schools as a result of narcissists. It further points out how this trait has deprived these schools of their integrity and status. It is an informative piece of work that gives the relevant measures that once implemented can arrest the whole narcissism toxin. The aforementioned story revolves around the business school students. They are pictured as the millennial generation narcissists, who are dominating most of the business schools. According to Daly and Westerman, these students stand out as barriers of the school’s development (Para 1). To worsen the matter, these are the future managers, a clear indication of the big problem that needs to be fought against before it fully develops. A point to note is how this trait emerges. In the story, narcissism is a creation of the mind that results from the increasing student population whereby if one student has the trait; it gets spread to the rest following the students’ day-to-day interactions since each wants to be recognized by the rest. These students stand out as possessing a narcissis
Globalization has brought with it the idea that distance has been eliminated, especially due to the emergence of modern communication technologies and transport systems. However, the truth is that distance is still a problem and any firm that ignores it when moving to the global market may face numerous problems that may be very costly in terms of time and resources. Many firms are still finding problems operating successfully in host countries, especially in cases where the management failed to consider distances between the host and parent country. This paper focuses on four major types of distance that globalization has not yet eliminated in the business sphere. The first one is the cultural distance. Emerging technologies are indeed transforming the world into a global village where people can easily interact irrespective of their geographic location in the world. However, the issue of cultural distance is yet to be eliminated. Cultural factors such s race, language, social norms, and religious beliefs have not changed much over the years despite the increased interaction of people from different parts of the world. There is a cultural distance between people in Europe and those in Africa because of the social norms in the two continents. Similarly, the predominantly Christian Germans have a different social pattern from Saudi Arabians who are majorly Muslims. Any business unit that fails to appreciate this cultural difference when moving to new market risks facing serious challenges. The administrative or institutional distance is another factor that emerging technologies are yet to address in the globalized society. The administrative systems in the United States are very different from those in parts of Europe or Africa. The governance structure and issues concerning regulations are very important to any business entity. For instance, a new start-up firm in the United States needs to follow well-laid procedures to get registered in the country without necessarily having to pay a bribe. On the other hand, a new start-up firm in Nigeria may flout all the legal requirements and only pay a bribe for it to be permitted to start operations. These administrative differences should never be ignored by a business unit. The geographic distance has been the biggest concern of business entities planning to go global. Modern means of transport and communication technologies have solved this problem to a greater extent. However, it is still important to note that this distance may also affect the profitability of a firm, especially if top managers are forced to travel from one part of the world to another to monito
Research Topic Introduction Field of Inquiry Risk is an inherent component of business activities as it underlies the decisions in such areas as production, marketing, finance, and accounting, among others (Lavastre, Gunasekaran & Spalanzani 2014). Since the recognition of its importance, the issue has been studied extensively and is currently readily recognized as an important aspect of strategic organizational management. To respond to the threats, it poses to the stability and consistency of business operations, numerous strategies and techniques have been devised intended to minimize the adverse effects of risk on the business operations and, by extension, its profitability. Currently, the said strategies are recognized as about two broad categories – prevention strategies aim at minimizing the chance of occurrence of a disruptive event whereas mitigation strategies are expected to decrease the impact after its emergence. Depending on the magnitude of the expected event and the amount and severity of the effects it produces, these strategies and methods are commonly characterized either as risk management or crisis management. Recently, the concept of business continuity has gained significant traction in the academic literature (Sahebjamnia, Torabi & Mansouri 2015). On the surface, it demonstrates characteristics similar to those of risk management as it is usually brought up in the context of resistance of the business to disruptive influences, the ability to retain operational capacity in challenging situations, and the ability to restore critical organizational functions in the shortest time with the involvement of minimal resources. However, despite the evident similarity between the two areas, their goals and tasks are different enough to view them as related but distinct fields. Despite the existing differences, the terms are commonly used in conjunction or synonymously. While attempts exist to classify them as separate concepts, there is no agreement on how the issue can be approached. The most common views are those where the two fields are perceived as related and relatively equal in taxonomic terms, those where one is considered a subset of the other, and those where their relationship is recognized but their hierarchical order is unspecified. The following project aims at establishing the areas of interconnection between risk management, crisis management, and business continuity and clarifying their relative hierarchical placement. Research Project Significance The lack of clarity in the definitions of the identified concepts and the vagueness of the relationships between them undermine the field of risk management in several areas. First, all of the identified concepts are actively used by the managers across the business domain. For instance, business continuity planning has become a common part of the organizations’ strategic development. However, to determine the viability of each specific approach, it is usually necessary to conduct an evaluation that would p