ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The present world is experiencing a radical change in purchasing and selling goods and services. Conventionally, purchases and sales are taken place between buyer and seller who are physically present at the time of transaction. But, the invention of the World Wide Web and the internet created a new platform for business transactions. And today, the whole world is enchanted by the phenomenon of e-commerce, which is an offering of the internet. E-commerce simply is the purchase and sale of goods and services over the internet. It enables the customers and suppliers to exchange products electronically without the barriers of time and distance. Indeed, some auxiliary services such as product delivery and payment must accompany the product order over the internet. The internet shops, called the e-merchants have expanded rapidly over the past years and are expected to continue even at a fast rate. The formalities/processes that one follows to purchase products from a retailer over the internet are many and a little bit cumbersome. Formalities/Processes of buying from an E-Merchant The formalities/processes that one must follow to purchase an item online from a retailer are lengthy. These are certainly to protect the interest of both seller and buyer since the chances of fraud are high over the internet. Given below is the list of steps of purchase: Create an account with the Retailer: There is nothing complicated in creating a personal account with the retailer from whom one would like to purchase. As soon as one enters his/her email and password (for the account with the retailer), a new account gets opened. Placing the order: The item that one needs to buy must be selected from the retailer’s shelf and it requires a careful search. All retailers provide some useful tools for easy search of desired items and the customer can save a lot of unwanted searching time. Adding the item(s) to the shopping cart: Once the item is found, it needs to be added to his/her shopping cart, wherein all the products are accumulated to know how many items have been purchased so far. At any moment checking facility is available and the customer can add to or remove unwanted items from the cart. (Placing your first order, 2008). Choose a buying format: There are numerous buying formats available on the internet to satisfy all kinds of buyers. Some buying format involves auction-based buying whereby the customer can bid a price which he/she is ready to pay for the item. If the price quoted is the maximum, the retailer sells the item immediately. Another option is the fixed price format. Here, the buyer can choose an item based on its known price. Another type of bu
In the present article, the way female patients with HIV follow the doctors’ instructions is addressed. The research question is to examine the relationships between antiretroviral medication adherence and a set of indexes, namely context, environment, and psychological factors, in order to help professionals, provide better care for HIV-positive women (Tyer‐Viola, Corless, Webel, Reid, Sullivan, & Nichols, 2014). As the authors state, the research incorporates three groups of independent variables. Context variables include income, education, race, age, and so on; depression symptoms, stigma, a health care provider, and engagement form the environmental factors; psychological factors are constituted by sense-coherence, self-esteem, adherence self-efficacy, and self-compassion (Tyer‐Viola et al., 2014). There is only one dependent variable, the level of medication adherence. While some of the variables are categorical (for instance, race), the majority of them are ordinal: the attributes may be ranked (for example, depression symptoms vary from the least to the most intense). As the medication adherence, context, and environmental variables can be characterized by the limited number of values. Although psychological issues are individual, they are assessed by means of the standardized measures. Consequently, all variables are discrete. As for the statistical tests, the authors emphasize that descriptive and multivariate statistics were used, for instance, self-compassion scales and Berger stigma scale are mentioned among other measures, and t test was utilized. The researchers arrive at the conclusion that adherence self-efficacy and depression symptoms determine the antiretroviral medication adherence in female patients living with HIV (Tyer‐Viola et al., 2014). In this context, the nurses’ task is to evaluate these factors. It is underlined that future research concerning adherence self-efficacy and depression is necessary. Article Review The article under consideration pertains to the topic of lung cancer stigma. The author presents the results of the study concerning barriers to medical help-seeking behavior objectively and proves that the results are reliable. First and foremost, the rationale for the significance of the topic is given: it is properly explained that nurses should address this patient outcome issue because timely actions are of paramount importance. Further, the researcher describes the method: she not only provides the information about the design and setting but also includes the theoretical foundation (Carter‐Harris, 2015). This approach seems advantageous since the ground for the choice is present. The section concentrating on the procedures is also accurate. As it is demonstrated, the study is appropriate: the Institutional Review Board approval and patients’ consent were obtai
Introduction Research indicates a direct connection between student motivation and their academic performance (Marinak & Gambrell, 2008). This makes it necessary for pedagogical systems to integrate various elements of motivation for learning during curricula development. The effectiveness of an element in motivating student’s learning will depend on the ability of the elements to possess items that students find interesting (Whyte, 2007). Thus, integrating interesting activities into the learning curriculum will influence student’s engagement (Alexander, Ryan, & Deci, 2000) and hence enhance their overall performance (Pewewardy, 2002). Although most scholars support the significance of student motivation for learning, the major issue is identifying the actual elements that motivate student’s learning. People are different and may respond differently to situations (Deci & Vansteenkiste, 2004). Thus, it is always necessary to perform an efficacy analysis for identifying the influence of a particular learning approach on student’s motivational levels. Proposed Research This paper proposes a research study that would investigate the influence of social media websites on the motivational levels of EFL students. EFL students are non-native speakers of English (Egbert & Thomas, 2001). These students may have difficulty in understanding the courses taught in school owing to their language limitations. Since communication is a significant element for effective learning (Jin & Cortazzi, 1998) EFL students must improve their understanding of English to succeed, and this is achievable through edutainment. Social media websites have increased in popularity over the past decades (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). These website systems are common for young people, mostly within their schooling years. Since students are usually motivated to learn through activities they enjoy doing (Wigfield, Guthrie, Tonks & Perencevich, 2004), social media websites present an opportunity as a tool for edutainment. Research Questions The proposed research study will focus on investigating the influence of social media websites on student’s motivational levels. The following questions will guide the research:   * Why is student motivation necessary?   * Why should social media websites be used to motivate students?   * What is the popularity of social media websites among EFL students?   * How often do EFL students use Social Media websites?   * What is the importance of group learning among EFL students?   * What is the relationship between social media based edutainment systems and EFL student’s performance? Methodology To study the relationship between student’s exposures to social media based learning and academic performance. The study will target a group of 200 EFL students. These students will be divided into two groups (control and an experiment group), each comprising of 100 participants. The participants will be exposed to a social media ba
Substance misuse by mental health patients has become a growing concern for healthcare professionals and social workers. It has been acknowledged that almost 45% of UK patients with mental health issues misuse drugs (Manley 2005). This dual diagnosis has various implications, as it deteriorates patients’ mental health, has an adverse impact on their social links, and negatively affects the development of the community (Satre et al. 2013). The article under analysis dwells upon dual diagnosis, as well as the views of mental health experts on the matter. The article in question is concerned with an accident in Melbourne that led to many people’s deaths. The driver who caused the accident was a 32-year-old male with some mental health issues and substance abuse history (Farnsworth 2017). The public’s major concern is that dual diagnosis is often associated with crime, although experts stress that such patients are likely to be victims rather than perpetrators. The primary claim of mental health experts, as stated in the article, is that the healthcare system needs urgent reform, as dual diagnosis and associated problems often remain unaddressed. The experts argue that the most effective solution to the problem can be the provision of high-quality community services. Literature Review Harm Minimization and Its Efficacy Researchers and mental health practitioners have developed several instruments to assist people suffering from the health issue in question. One of these tools is harm minimization, which can be described as a strategy focusing on the reduction of negative outcomes associated with substance abuse (Laker 2007). Manley (2005) also describes some instances of using harm minimisation.
Unlawful identity theft happens when a pretender steals another individual’s name and private data. The data may include the date of birth, social security number or name. The thief may show to the police force a fake license comprising another individual’s information (Barnard-Wills, 2011). Often, but not at all times, the pretender falsely attained a driver’s license or ID in the object’s name and offered that documentation to the police. Or the thief, without presenting any photograph credentials, misuses the name of a colleague or acquaintance. Therefore, an identity theft is a crime, and the criminals should be punished even in the case when they do not cause any monetary damage. In numerous examples, the thief is penalized for a traffic violation or an offense and is out from the confinement. The thief signs the documents and pledges to show up in court. If the pretender fails to appear in the law court, the judge may issue a warrant, but it will be under the theft object’s credentials and legal name. Even though the law agencies recognize the commonness of identity theft, these crimes are evidencing bizarrely problematic to avert, and they are happening with growing occurrence (Whiting, 2013). The total size of the data traded on the internet daily produces breaches for hackers and other technologically knowledgeable offenders to steal information without being exposed. Correspondingly, once these online crimes are revealed, the police are repeatedly incapable of finding and arresting the persons in charge. This may be due, to some extent, to the circumstance that a great part of the identity stealers is supposed to be living out of the country. The identity theft target may not realize there is a chance of being arrested because of the imposter. The victim may be stopped, detained, and taken to the penitentiary without preceding announcement due to the unresolved warrant ( Identity Theft , n.d.). It may as well happen that the thief will show up in court for the road traffic or malfeasance and negotiate without the theft victim being conscious of this incident. Some identity stealing targets, unconscious of the prior illegal activity by the pretender, may find out that there was a case of the impersonation when the individual is deprived of service or fired. In these examples, the company conducted a circumstantial examination and had counted on the felonious past found under the person’s data. It is also important that the company is officially obliged to notify the victim of the motive for the denunciation of employment. Regrettably, all the responsibility lies on the victim’s name, so the target of theft has to act rapidly and forcefully to diminish the harm. Nonetheless, the accountability to edit the inaccurate information in the numerous law enforcement databases and structures is to the officers occupied within the system. There are no conventional m
In order to complete this activity, I will assess an oral language lesson plan using the w and h questions. The main goal of the lesson is to help the students perform tasks that will help them improve their speaking ability. The lesson is specifically meant for learners in grade three to grade five. The wh-movements are used in this lesson to show the interrogative clause. They create a special ordering of words that help to achieve the interrogative clause. Examples of the wh-words that are used to form questions in this lesson include: why, where, when, which, what, and whose. The only exception in this category is ‘how’. The students therefore have to be able to use the wh-movement so as to create interrogative clause in a sentence. Therefore in order to assess the learners’ whole ability, the teacher has to be able to give the students tasks that will ensure they use their ability. For instance, according to the lesson plan, the teacher identifies something in the classroom that the students see every day and then hides it. The task is then to ask the students what is missing in the class. This task will ensure that the students speak and not just to mention one word but to describe events and how they happened. The teacher will not only ask the student what is missing from the class, but will also ask them individually when they realized that it was missing and who took it. In a normal declarative sentence, the teacher could say something like ‘the chat is pinned on the board’. This sentence has the normal word order whereby it begins with a direct object, a verb and a subject. The teacher could then unpin the chat from the board and hide it. After which the students could be made to use wh-movement to form questions about the chat. Already, the students know some information about the chat. They see it pinned to the classroom board daily and they also know its content. However they may not know where it is because it is hidden. The students could then change the sentence order by using the wh-movement words to form an interrogative clause such as this: ‘where is the chat that was pinned to the classroom board?’ another question that could be asked is ‘who took the chat that was pinned to the classroom board?’ The students can be allowed to form interrogative clauses using any of the wh-movement as long as the question makes sense. Even though the movement of the wh-word can be used differently in subordinate clauses and other relative clauses, the main focus for the lesson would be the main clauses. The students have to be able to identify the main verb that moves in the sentence in order to appropriately use the wh-movement at the begin
Introduction In every country of the world, there are always laws governing the employees and the employers relationships. These are formulated to ensure smooth relationships between the employers and the employees. These laws stipulate each side’s rights and duties and prevent unnecessary litigation between the two (employer and employee). The laws are in most cases formulated for the sake of employees to prevent them from being intimidated by the employers. In 1974, the British government enacted a law, Health and Safety Act that was aimed at controlling smooth relationships between the employers and employees. The Act among other things stipulates employer’s general duties towards their employees and employees towards themselves and other members of public. The Act emphasize the circumstances under which an action is possible and holds that an employer does not necessarily has to take measures that are impossible or inapplicable to reduce or avoid the risk. The following report analyzes how the Act has affected businesses since it was enacted focusing on McDonald’s fast foods company as the case study (Derdak and Pederson 5). McDonald’s fast foods Company and the Industry it Operates McDonald’s fast foods company operates in a hospitality industry. There are so many laws that have to be complied with in this industry due to its nature. This is because the industry involves provision of foods and drinks to the customers and the health of these customers become is more important than the services themselves. High hygienic standards need to be maintained and the employer has to treat the employees with utmost respect without violation of their rights. McDonalds has tried as much as it can to abide to the law though at some point, it went against the law and legal action was taken against it that saw the company take a different direction thus improving its performance and escape unnecessary costs incurred in fine suits due to non-compliance (Love 9). One of the provisions of the law is for the employers to carry out risk assessment in the work places. That is, how risky are the employees and the dangers
Introduction Acculturation refers to a situation in which members of a cultural group pick the beliefs and practices of another group. In most cases, it is in the direction of a minority group. This results in various problems such as eating disorders. It is likely to result in eating disorders in two ways. Major cultural changes an individual undergoes may result in mental illness. The result can be stress and disordered eating behaviors. Alternatively, it can alter the attitude and views of an individual. This can increase vulnerability to eating disorders (Hyland, 1). This paper seeks to reveal the relationship between acculturation and eating disorders. It focuses on western countries. Effects of Acculturation on Eating Behaviors Western countries have reported most of the cases of eating disorders. Consequently, the disorders are conceptualized worldwide as western phenomena (Goetz 1). The most affected are natives of western countries. However, individuals of other ethnic groups have been noted to have eating disorders in recent years. Research done has indicated that acculturation has been the main cause of this observation (Chan, Ku & Owens 294). One study examined the mental connection of eating abnormalities among students of Chinese origin in the United States. It aimed at determining the effects of acculturation of the Chinese students in the United States. It found that female Chinese students, who were highly acculturated, had higher eating disorders. In addition, the female students were dissatisfied with their body sizes. The desire to be thin was the main cause of eating disorders (Davis & Katzman 67). Another study focused on the relations between acculturation and body shape concerns in Fiji. The study noted that many individuals in Fiji were concerned with their body shapes. Consequently, they picked eating disorders from other western countries. The country was undergoing political, social, and economic changes, hence exposed to other cultures. It concluded that acculturation had a strong influence on body shape concerns in the country (Becker et al 43). Racial teasing also has a considerable contribution to eating disorders in western countries (Franko 35). A study focused on the effect of racial teasing on the eating behavior of minority women in the U.S. The study was titled “body image and eating disturbance among south Asian-American women”. It focused on the role of teasing of the women. The results indicated that the psychological impact of racially teasing the women led to body image disturbance. However, it concluded that acculturation did not result in eating disorders among this group (Sahi & Haslam 145). Nevertheless, another study reinforced the belief that acculturation is related to eating disorders. The study aimed at finding the relationship between acculturation and eating disorders among Asian and Caucasian Australian youths. The goal was to compare eating behaviors between the two groups. The findings were that eating disorders were common among Asian youth. The less acculturated Asian youths were most likely to have eating disorders (Jenn
Introduction Aristotle was the man who called rhetoric an art in his treatise of the same name (Aristotle 3). Rhetoric is a real art, a gift that allows influencing the mind of the crowd. People, endowed by the art of rhetoric, are charismatic, they can persuade others, imbue them with their ideas, and either inspire them to act or shape their opinion about some situation, event, etc. Rhetoric can be considered military art where a word is a weapon as the word is mightier than the sword. Using the examples of three famous speeches, this paper will show how a combination of such rhetoric devices as repetitions, triads, allusions, etc. can create powerful pieces of rhetoric serving different purposes. “Ich Bin ein Berliner” by J. F. Kennedy The speech “Ich Bin ein Berliner” by John F. Kennedy is a marvelous piece of rhetoric that is considered one of his best public speeches that shows strong support of West Germany by the USA during the Cold War. There is no doubt that the persuasiveness and vigor of the speech are created due to the message that is conveyed by it: support of German people who wanted to be free, and due to the specific rhetorical devices that make a speech so strong. Such is one of the most common devices, repetition, frequently used throughout the speech. From the outset, Kennedy expresses his pride to support the Berliners, saying “I am proud – And I am proud to visit the Federal Republic” (Kennedy par. 1). “Two thousand ago – Two thousand ago” is one more repetition that stresses continuity and even eternity of patriotism that is suggested by the use of a quotation (it is one more rhetorical device) in Latin “civis Romanus sum” (Kennedy par. 2). The use of the quotation reminds me of the respect of state and respect of citizens that was typical of ancient Rome. Kennedy creates one more rhetoric device that follows the Latin statement: “Ich bin ein Berliner”. In this case, it is the periphrasis of the Latin statement that implies the pride and glory of being a free person. Still, though some other rhetoric devices are used by Kennedy, such as triads (“and the force, and the hope, and the determination” (Kennedy par. 12)), repetitions are prevailing in this speech, with the most influential one, “Ich bin ein Berliner” used to create a framing repetition that contributes to the conveyance of the message. “Sylvanus Thayer Award Acceptance Address” by D. MacArthur MacArthur, in “Sylvanus Thayer Award Acceptance Address”, addresses the cadets of the Academy to give credit to the ideals that should lead every soldier. The impressiveness of the speech is created by genuine feelings, love of his country, and skillful use of rhetorical devices. If the main device that can be indicated in the previous speech is repetition, the speech by MacArthur abounds in triads. MacArthur resorts to the motto of the Academy: “Duty, Honor, Country” which is a triad in itself. Other examples of this device are as follows: “what you ought to be, what you can be, what you will be” (MacArthur par. 4), “always their blood and sweat and tears” (MacArthur par. 10). The