ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Today, more than ever before, music education scholars and practitioners are increasingly realizing the fundamental importance of motivation in music practice settings. Several studies have already concluded that several attributes such as motivation, self-efficacy, amount of time spent, available resources, and amount of applied effort, are of critical essence in deliberate music practice (Clark, 2008). The present paper attempts to assess how the important attribute of motivation upgrades K-12 students’ practice frequency in music performance. Main body Motivation has been described in the music literature as “the driving force behind the behavior, the initial spark, and purpose behind the sustained effort that is needed for successful, deliberate action, and can only happen if people believe in what they are capable of doing” (Clark, 2008 p. 32). In music practice settings, motivation can therefore serve to influence K-12 students not only to achieve the levels of accepted expertise in music but also to rise above the standards set by society and succeed in a sphere that is often considered effortful, challenging, time-consuming, and requiring sustained effort (Klickstein, 2009). Motivation can also be used to upgrade the young students’ practice frequency in music performance as it reinforces perseverance and sustenance of effort, implying that motivated students are more likely to develop various skills that are fundamental in facilitating practice frequency in music performance (Schmidt, 2012). Perseverance and sustenance of effort may arise from extrinsic motivational factors such as parental or teacher involvement in student’s practice settings (e.g., parents inquiring about student progress, requesting for advice or availing information to the instructor about home practice), or from intrinsic motivational factors such as student value-reasoning for engaging in the persistent act of music practice, personal choice, investment in goal attainment and self-satisfaction in achievement (Clark, 2008; Mark, 2002). These factors are related to the concept of motivation, hence its importance in upgrading the young students’ practice frequency in music performance. Extant literature demonstrates that “students learning and developing musical skills may also need to have a metacognitive and emotional understanding of how they think about the music, both when learning it and when performing it” (Clark, 2008 p. 35). Motivation is a major ingredient in assisting students to develop metacognitive and emotional capacities, as well as in reinforcing their self-beliefs and perceptions of their learning in music practice settings (Schmidt, 2012). More importantly, motivation assists the young students in not only exerting and sustaining effort in deliberate music practice owing to the strong urge to satisfy needs, reach goals, and fulfill musical aspirations with purpose, effort, planning, and problem-solving (Klickstein, 2009), but
Introduction Accident models are tools to evaluate the sequential events leading to an accident, provide impetus to prevent future mishaps and make assessment on the systems’ risks. With the advent of technology, the etiology of the accidents also changed from simple mishaps to catastrophic disasters. As a result the models also progressively advanced, from viewing an accident from a sequence of isolated event(s), to making an assessment of interactive physical, human and social components, which were based on socio-technological evaluation of constrains rather than the events per se . The objectives for modeling also changed, from simple assessment as to whether to blame a person whose failure has resulted in a mishap in that event, for e.g., a driver overlooks a signal and dashes with a tree, to making an holistic understanding of the constrain(s) that led to a system failure, so that this can be averted in future. Main Text According to Helander (2006), in the Energy Exchange Model, the unexpected physical or chemical damages were correlated with energy transfer. This is believed to be based on Newton’s laws of motion, in which a sudden halt of a vehicle will give enough momentum to the driver that he can break the windscreen and injure himself. This model does not justifies the cause of an accident, rather points out towards the preventive measures to cope with the energy transfer, say by way of distributing it to a larger area to reduce the impact. In the Chain of Events model, multiple physical (equipment), environmental and task factors were attributed to cause distraction to the operator, who did not respond in time and met with an accident. Human errors like inability to visually discriminate, memory failures and communication breakdown etc. were attributed to vehicular and aviation related accidents. Reason’s model of human errors (as cited in Helander, 2006), is based on knowledge- and rule-based mistakes. Inadequate knowledge prevents the operator to interpret the information and he makes mistake of an existing rule, and confidently cause an error. Lapses, slips and mode errors (mostly memory failures) are the other causes. According to Ramsey (as cited in Helander, 2006), a crucial component was the human (victim’s) response to the hazardous situations, such as, assessment of gravity of the problem, avoidance and correction measures. Human behavioral factors like reflexes, alertness, prior memory of another event, experience, risk-taking tendencies, swift and accurate organ motion etc. would determine whether accide
Statement of Facts In the case, the plaintiff filed a lawsuit for the fraudulent motive of an agreement for violation of different provisions of the agreement, as well as for violation of a separate option agreement. The plaintiff received a note on one contract concerning the violation of its claims in terms of levies made on the personal and real property of the accused. In their turn, defendants expressed their objection to a fraud accusation against them, claiming that plaintiff was not allowed to recover for fraud through the election doctrine. The Symcox court objected to this contention and presented prior cases that appealed to the election doctrine, asserting that these cases differed from the provided case because each one represents only one course of action, interpreted in various ways under several theories. Issues Presented Although the distributor franchise agreement had been patently illegal, is the distributor not allowed to recover for enfranchisers’ breach of contract provision guaranteeing complete distributor return of cash investment? In the case under analysis, the plaintiff’s first action was predetermined by fraud intentions because the defendant, by the false representation, made the plaintiff enter into franchise contract distribution, thus undertaking out-of-pocket costs. The section action incurred by the plaintiff involved a violation of the guaranty section of the distribution franchise agreement. The new steps taken by the plaintiff include a violation of the same contract due to the fact that the defendants failed to provide the plaintiff with the type of commercial activities stipulated in the agreement. Further actions included the violation of the clause on a refund that is described in an option agreement that differs from the distributor franchise agreement. It should also be stressed that the operative facts relating to each action are diverse, and in each case, various primary laws were violated. Consequently, the plaintif
The main purpose of differentiated instructions is to introduce engaging and challenging assignments that would advance learning among students with various skills and levels of background knowledge. In this respect, differentiated instructions imply individual-centered teaching approaches based on content, product, and process. Moreover, differentiated instruction encourages students and recognizes differences among the learners with multiple types of intelligences. Acknowledging differences in perceiving various performances and roles is important, but what is more important is that teachers should measure the level and degree to which students are different, as well as define strategies that would allow to distinguish performances to introduce differentiated instructions. In this respect, pre-assessment and post-assessment techniques are indispensible to defining performance and establishing the framework for differentiating instructions for the lesion. Lack of pre-assessment and post-assessment techniques can lead to inappropriate creation of instructions for various disciplines. Teachers should realize the importance of distinguishing between students’ skills, experiences, and background knowledge. To highlight the importance of pre-assessment test and feedback strategies, Shelton (2007) provides the cases of Measures for Academic Progress, a program initiated at Maclary Elementary School, to show the consequences of inappropriate feedback and performance assessment strategies leading to failure to differentiate instructions to students. In particular, Shelton (2007) explains, “…many of teachers at Maclary believe that whole class instructions is required to adhere to the district pacing guide, which, in turn, prevents them from individualization of instruction” (p. 3). The initiated test is based on formative assessment. However, teachers fail to understand how to operate data received from assessment and, as a result, they cannot provide differentiation of instructions. Such a strategy, therefore, cannot be applied to instructions for a gifted class. The point is that the majority of gifted students have a unique way of thinking and learning and the use of instructions and methods of teaching is vital for developing their skills and abilities in future. Failure to understand individual peculiarities and focus on a holistic evaluation of class skills is inacceptable as far as gifted students are concerned. As it has been previously mentioned, the learning p
Lockheed: Ethical Issues Experienced Within the Past Decades The Lockheed Corporation “was a successful aerospace organization in the United States” (Hartung, 2010, p. 5). The company was “established in the year 1912 and later became Lockheed Martin after merging with Martin Marietta” ( Lockheed Martin , 2015, para. 1). The firm’s past has been characterized by numerous ethical issues and scandals. Such scandals affected the company’s profitability and success throughout the second half of the 20 th century. To begin with, the firm faced a wide range of bribery scandals from 1950s to 1970s. Hartung (2010) argues that “the company’s officials bribed different companies and governments across the globe in order to purchase more aircrafts from Lockheed” (p. 23). Such scandals resulted in numerous hullabaloos in different nations such as Japan, the United States, Italy, and West Germany. During the same period, Lockheed recorded numerous losses due to the changes experienced in the market. As well, the company’s L-1011 TriStar was unsuccessful in the market. This development affected the company’s financial performance thus forcing different stakeholders to engage in corrupt strategies. According to an investigation conducted in 1976, Lockheed’s bribes “amounted to 22 million US dollars” (Hartung, 2010, p. 74). The company had bribed different foreign officials. Such bribes were aimed at encouraging them to purchase their aircrafts from Lockheed. Many defense contractors also faced numerous challenges during the period. The absence of transparency and commitment affected the firm’s performance. Before merging with Martin Marietta, Lockheed paid a fine of 24.8 million US dollars for engaging in bribery and ineffective corporate practices ( Lockheed Martin , 2015). In 1990s, the firm also paid “around 1 million dollars to an Egyptian lawmaker in an attempt to market its aircrafts in the country” (Hartung, 2010, p. 98). Such bribery claims affected the company’s image and eventually resulted in heavy fines. The Turning Point Several issues and developments emerged thus forcing the managers at Lockheed to implement new ethical approaches. The investigations conducted in 1976 showed that Lockheed had been engaging in various malpractices. Such malpra
Introduction At present, scientific intelligence is one of the most potent tools in the hands of the US intelligence service. However, there were times when this branch was underestimated. However, in the middle of the twentieth century, it became apparent that scientific advances in the field of nuclear power, biological weapons, etc. required specific attention. Herbert J. Scoville was one of the key figures in the development of the Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI). He managed to make OSI a strong branch that revealed the necessary results. Under the rule of Scoville, the very existence of the branch was justified and appreciated. OSI provided important information concerning the scientific advances of major rivals of the USA as well as the effectiveness of some US military projects. The agency also managed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential of certain kinds of scientific research. The Constraints Scoville Had to Overcome It is necessary to note that OSI was one of the first steps in the creation of an agency devoted to scientific intelligence. There were loads of opponents to the creation of this agency as people did not see the potential or still could not understand how to build such an agency. OSI was almost non-operational in the forties. The first head of the branch, Brode, failed to gain authority, and other intelligence agencies did not share information with OSI, which negatively affected the branch’s efficiency. Scoville became the head of the branch in 1955. He got a BS degree from Yale, and he was also a Ph.D. in physical chemistry. He had been the “technical director of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project” before he joined the CIA (Richelson, 2002, p. 7). He understood what the major problems of the branch were. Even though OSI developed a substantial study on Soviet nuclear capabilities, the branch lacked strong leadership and authority among other branches. He claimed, “I found myself continuously in the position of being held responsible for matters which I have had neither the authority nor the means to control” (Richelson, 2002, p. 58). OSI was involved in a variety of joint projects, and quite often, the staff of OSI did not get the n
The case under consideration involves such issue as copyright. The Defendant is Aereo, Inc., and the Plaintiffs are American Broadcasting Companies Inc., Disney Enterprises Inc., CBS Broadcasting Inc., CBS Studios Inc., NBCUniversal Media LLC, NBS Studios LLC, Universal Network Television LLC, Telemundo Network Group LLC, WNJU-TV Broadcasting LLC ( ABC, Inc. et al. & Aereo, Inc. , 2012). The defendant provides services which enable its customers to watch programs which are broadcasted, record programs which will be broadcasted and view the programs (both currently broadcasted and those recorded) via computers and other electronic devices including mobile phones. It is necessary to add that the company operates in New York City only transmitting local channels ( ABC, Inc. et al. & Aereo, Inc., 2012). The plaintiffs argue that such services violate their copyright which “arises out of AERO’s unauthorized retransmission of plaintiffs’ over-the-air television broadcast programming to the public for a fee” ( ABC, Inc. et al. & Aereo, Inc ., 2012, p. 1). The plaintiffs also claim the defendant provides services that violate the 1976 Copyright Act. The defendant claims that the company operates within the Copyright Act and refers to other companies which are offering similar services and it is noted that the services involve new technology which did not exist when the Copyright law was enacted ( ABC, Inc. v. Aereo, Inc ., 2013). Therefore, the plaintiffs claim that the defendant violates the law by failing to pay fully within the copyright law whereas the defendant states that the company operates within all the necessary legal norms. The court decides to deny the motion and states that Aereo operates within the law and provides services (with the use of innovative technologies similar to RS-DVR system) which other companies offer (for example, Cartoon Network) and which are validated by the Second Circuit ( American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. , 2014). These services are within the necessary legal norms and they do not violate the 1976 Copyright Act. The court also claims that the defendant does not cause any harm to the plaintiffs. There was no dissenting opinion on the matter ( American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. , 2014). It is necessary to note that the decision made is correct and thoughtful as it can positively affect development of this sphere of business. The support of Aereo’s position will foster development and use of new and more advanced technology in broadcasting business. Notably, Mozilla and other companies note that this strategy can potentially create more than 650,000 jobs during 5 years ( American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. , 2014). At the same time, the decision to support the plaintiffs can create a dangerous precedent which can endanger development as well the use of innovations offered by Google and Amazon. Besides, the decision in favor of Aereo will have numerous positive effects on development of broadcasting industry. The use of innovative technology will create a more competitive environment. Therefore, due to this innovation and deve
Perform Imaging and Profiling Imaging is the process through which a replica of the digital device contents is made. This process makes it possible for analysis to be made on a copy instead of the original therefore protecting the original from changes. The SDK utility which dumps the flash RAM contents into a file is used to take the image from the file system. The Program Loader software which is used to perform inspection causes a reset every time it is run. This reset may necessitate a file system cleanup which means that getting a partition table may cause changes in the file system and corrupt data. These undesirable results can be avoided by using the batch command which groups all command switches into a single access therefore preventing multiple resets. Acquiring the Information If the BlackBerry device is presented to the investigator with power off, he should leave it off until it has been examined. If the device is powered, the investigator should turn the wireless communications off but leave the device on for a number of reasons:   * To begin with, the BlackBerry device is only completely off is power is removed for an extended period of time or if the device is in data storage mode. When the GUI is used to turn off the unit, only the display, keyboard and radio are turned off.   * In its off state, items on the queue may be pushed to the unit before the radio is turned off   * Lastly, the device may have a program installed which accepts remote commands via e-mail. Such commands may allow a remote attacker to delete or alter information. In case the device is password protected, the password should be obtained and the investigator should avoid making attempts to guess the password since too many failed attempts may cause the memory to be wiped. In case password cannot be obtained, the hardware should be accessed directly. Hidden Data in BlackBerry Devices It is possible to hide data on Blackberry devices by use of hidden databases, partition gaps, and obfuscated data. Some custom written databases do not show icons in the Ribbon GUI but tools such as the Rim Walker can be used to identify such databases. Once identified, it is possible to view the databases through the savefs command. Hidden data can be stored in the gap between the Operating System and Files partitions. The alloc command in the Program Loader ca
Why employees join unions Employees join unions in order to secure better pay conditions and wages for themselves. These workers can get better entitlements (paid leave and better overtime rates) when in unions. They also do this in order to protect themselves from poor safety at work as they can negotiate workplace conditions. Unions assist workers in protecting their rights as it may be undermined through discrimination or harassment. The significance of “neo-liberalism’ in the last 20 years Neoliberalism is the belief that individuals’ personal interests will be best served when people are separated from coercive governments and are autonomous. It is also coupled with the belief that free markets are the best platform for proficient economic outcomes and individual autonomy. In the past 20 years, it has become relevant because work policies focus on employers’ profitability. The difference between “unfair” termination of employment and “unlawful” termination of employment Unfair termination of employment occurs when an employee’s dismissal is done unreasonably, harshly or unjustly. For a termination to qualify as an unfair one, it must be done with 14 days of the termination. Conversely, unlawful termination refers to the dismissal of employees owing to invalid reasons such as discrimination, trade union membership, absence from work, or temporary illness. The difference between the needs principle and the capacity to pay principle in wage determination The needs principle refers to the provision of wages in a manner that will accord workers a decent standard of living by meeting their personal needs. In such an approach, the wage should also reflect fair compensation for one’s work. On the other hand, the capacity to pay refers to the economic viability of an enterprise, and the ability of an employer to meet his wage obligations without undermining profitability. The causes of the shift in employee relations to an enterprise focus Employment relations has attained an enterprise focus because of increased emphasis on efficient production, the better quality of goods, cost minimisation and greater motivation; all are neoliberal principles. Furthermore, the role of the government as an employer has been reduced. Values such as communication, consultation and negotiation have become common, and are better served by enterprise-based relations. The difference between a collective workplace agreement and an award Collective workplace agreements can be understood as individualised agreements between employers and employees. They contain agreements on conditions and terms of employment between the two entities and can supersede employment laws of a state (except safety conditions). An awa