ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Ethics implies the totality of certain moral principles and values that characterize the behavior of a person or a group of people as well as specific assessments of their actions and thoughts in defining and securing the objectives of an organization (Trevino & Nelson, 2010). Ethics about the behavior of the company and its members can be represented by the internal code of ethics and regulation management that reflects the established boundary between appropriate and unacceptable behavior when making concrete long-term and short-term management decisions within a particular external environment (Schwartz, 2011). Ethics is directly related to the intrinsic values of the organization and is an integral part of corporate culture. There are various examples of scandals related to unethical behavior, one of which is associated with the actions of Martin Shkreli. To understand whether his managerial decision was conducted within the framework of ethics or not, it is necessary to analyze the implemented change from two different perspectives, which are the market relations position and the community perspective. Social and Ethical Responsibility Last year, Martin Shkreli (Turing Pharmaceuticals) decided to raise prices for Daraprim from $13.50 a tablet to $750 in an overnight (Pollack, 2015). The drug is prescribed to patients with life-threatening parasitic infections; the groups of patients include women who caught an infectious disease, people with AIDS/HIV, and patients with certain forms of cancer. According to the estimations, such an increase in price will bring “the annual cost of treatment for some patients to hundreds of thousands of dollars” (Pollack, 2015, para. 2). The described situation provoked a strongly negative response from the community; meanwhile, Shkreli defended Turing Pharmaceuticals explaining the underlying reason for such decision, which was the necessity to gain profit to spend it on the research and development department. It should be noted that the ethical problem arises in all cases where the actions of managers can affect the people around them (Schwartz, 2011). Ethics is closely related to the influence of the legal norms of society and the freedom of choice in determining the specific behavior. Legal provisions are determined by the legal system of society (international norms and country-specific regulations) while the actions defined by the freedom of choice include the behavior of an individual or organization that are not limited to legal and other regulations (for instance, the scope of the planned production of a specific product). Ethics occupies an intermediate position between the law and free choice (Schwartz, 2011). From this point of view, Martin Shkreli did not break any law. American “pure capitalism” ended in 1890 with the adoption of the Sherman Antitrust Act (Schwartz, 2011). It was the law that has introduced the notion of social responsibility. Regarding business activity in the framework of the existing legislation, there is no legal force to prohibit producers from setting the pric
Introduction Deviance refers to situations that arise due to individual or collective maladjustment with regard to societal ideals and aspirations. In most cases, such scenarios manifest through acts that contravene societal thresholds of behaviour and conduct in diverse contexts (Goode, 2010). Due to recurrent complex orientation, deviance necessitates elaborate probe into its nature and manifestation. This research undertaking seeks to identify the dichotomy of deviance in contemporary society. It will delve into inherent realities that support overall initiation and propagation of deviance in relation to human engagements in social contexts. In order to satisfy the aforementioned objectives, this essay will synthesize ideas from credible and authoritative academic publications. Discussion Society ascribes various terms of engagement that define human action and reaction in situations that characterize socio-cultural contexts. In order to satisfy societal expectations, human beings must adhere to normative thresholds of behaviour at all times (Goode, 2010). Whenever individuals contravene existent norms and beliefs, society imposes sanctions that gear towards rationalization and retention of appropriate standards of behaviour. Devoid of such efforts, it would be difficult for human beings to coexist in social agency (Goode, 2010). Unlike other systems of social control, society guarantees explicit normative standards that form basis for human action and engagement (Goode, 2010). Most instances of deviance exhibit contrarian attitudes that often lead to negative and detrimental reaction in relation to various ranks within society. It is important for individuals to familiarize with cultural and social norms in order to ameliorate engagements within societal contexts (Goode, 2010). Societal deviance embodies universal actions that suffice contrary to expectations within specific social entities. According to this premise, members of society uphold consensus with regard to nature and disposition of such actions (Downes, 2011). For instance, corruption is deviant because it contravenes social and cultural values that define society. Individuals who engage in corruption are usually subject to sanctions that seek to disapprove such patterns of behaviour (Downes, 2011). Although culprits may not take responsibility for their actions, there is consensus regarding propagation of such untoward behaviour in social contexts. Societal deviance attracts condemnation from society because it contravenes normative thresholds that characterize existence and operation in social entities (Downes, 2011). On the other hand, situational deviance suffices as a component of specific engagements that do not comprise overall normative standards and expectations within society. Its variant nature separates it from societal deviance because various normative standards are specific as opposed to general (Downes, 2011). Societal deviance prescribes ubiquitous expectations that form basis for action and reaction in diverse situations within societal contexts. On the contrary, s
Abstract This essay aims at identifying and discussing the various types of health concepts that are currently most prominent. In addition, the essay takes an inherent view of the author’s own opinion of health and makes a comparative analysis of the author’s concept of health with the studied concepts. The essay also takes a critical assessment of disease and infirmity according to the discussed concepts of health and also takes a look at the influence that the changing concepts of health has on public health and the management of diseases as well as identifies various patterns of health globally in different periods of time. Furthermore, different perceptions of health, wellbeing, disease and death among differing societies are discussed in addition to modern practices which are likely to change health concepts. Introduction The precise definition of health is multifaceted and dynamic since different individuals, professionals and practices perceive health variably and the diverse views usually form the framework of health. There are generally four theoretical forms of health also known as the concepts of health that are presented to recapitulate the existing implication of health. There is the medical concept of health which is the most extensively employed description in most urban centers and developed nations such as the United Kingdom, European nations and the United States. There is also the World Health Organization (WHO) concept of health which is increasingly achieving recognition through out the world due to the broad conceptualization of health. There is also the wellness concept of health as well as the environmental concept of health and are fairly new concepts that are yet to receive widespread acceptance. Through the conception and amalgamation of various concepts of health, the diagnosis of illnesses and the potential for developing superior medical products as well as the quality of care are greatly augmented. The theoretical classification exertion is an overture to advancing health status appraisal in a multiplicity of perspectives and thus allowing diagnosis to be performed through various processes. Self valuation of health Health to me is the general well being of an individual such that the person is able to function properly using both the mental and physical faculties. Therefore, according to me an individual who is incapable of similar mental function as those of his peers is ill and so is an individual with impaired or deteriorating bodily function. The main influence behind my perspective of health and illness is society, which plays a daily role in the way I reflect. Heal
Introduction: When Theory Is Put into Practice Teaching is one of those spheres which are constantly developing yet always aiming at the same issue, i.e., helping the students understand the essence of the issue and be able to apply the obtained knowledge to solve a specific problem. The two newly developed ideas, the one concerning the use of objects to help the teacher get the message across and the one dealing with the aesthetics of teaching, are bound to make the process of teaching considerably easier once they are properly applied. Summarizing Newly Learnt Ideas: Crucial Issues Before dealing with the means to use the new ideas in the teaching process, one has to offer a concise summary of the three approaches. A closer look at the newest theories concerning the teaching process will help realize the prospects that await teachers in their work. Aesthetic experience: a trip into the world of harmony The first article tells about such element of the learning process as aesthetics. It is worth mentioning that, unlike any other elements of the learning process, the aesthetic component is quite often overlooked; however, the fact that it is often forgotten about does not mean that it is insignificant enough; on the contrary, learning aesthetics is one of the issues worth remembering when dealing with the lesson plan. Parrish explains the concept of the aesthetic learning basing on the ideas offered by John Dewey. Despite the fact that the connection between art and studying has not been fully recognized, according to Parrish, there are sufficient reasons to consider that the role of the aesthetic in the studying process is quite impressive. It is also worth mentioning that the idea of introducing the aesthetic into the studying process belongs to the specialists in the sphere of instructional design. However, before introducing aesthetic principles to the sphere of learning, the phenomenon of art must be defined, which Parrish offers in both the narrow and the broad sense. According to the author, art in its narrow sense means either fine arts, or popular arts (Parrish 2006). However, in its broad meaning, art can be defined as a specific, professional manner of applying one’s powers to express certain ideas or feelings in a new and unique manner. With that in mind, the idea of applying arts to the process of studying must be reconsidered. Viewed as an inquiry, art seems an integral element of the studying process; once a problem that needs a solution is interpreted in a specific manner, the aesthetics of learning becomes apparent. Likewise, when an idea or a hypothesis requires a certain solution which, in its turn, demands a specific approach, the elements of art and, hence, the aesthetics of learning, can be observed in the process of searching for the solution. Thus, it can be suggested that each inquiry corresponds or can be considere
Dr. Tram wrote a definitive book about the Vietnam War from around April 1968 when she worked as the chief medical officer in a field hospital in central Vietnams mountains (Tram 2). She volunteered to offer medical services to the soldiers in the war torn areas, and mostly she wrote down her experiences in her diary. In this diary she described her daily encounters with soldiers, her feelings about their pain, and feelings about the American soldiers among others. Dr. Tram made a difficult decision to stay with the soldiers in the war fields, I say this because despite her rich background, she took great risks unexpected of women in her times, and I believe if she were alive today she would have earned a place in the Vietnamese history books. Dr. Tram’s gives us different view of the Vietnam War, it gives a victims view of the war and the perpetrators. Being a North Vietnamese she made a very bold decision to go to the war torn South Vietnam, since at that time North Vietnam was a different country from the south (Mydans 34). She specifically went to Quang Ngai province to work as a doctor in the hospitals and clinics in the areas of the Duc Pho areas mostly controlled by the National Liberation Front or the Viet Cong. Unfortunately she was ambushed and killed at her twenty-seventh age when she was returning to her hospital from one of the clinical visits. From her perspective we learn of how the locals felt about the American involvement in the war, we learn that she hated the Americans with a passion for the killings and bombings they did to their country, for maiming her country men and in general were of the pain they underwent in such periods. The abrupt stop in her work shows us how life can be cruel and unfriendly and the war never cares about any one. We also realize that in these times she missed her mothers love and she was weary and always longing for her mothers caring arms (Tram 2). Despite the American soldiers being perceived by the rest of the world to be hard fighting, hard loving and hard living; we realize they were brutal as it is relieved in the book. It seems as if she was driven by an inner desire to love and care that made her risk her life in the war fields. Dr. Tram was driven by love and passion for her country men and a desire to see them liberated. She would often stay in Hanoi to attend to the patients and soldiers and every weekend visit her family in the evacuation sites (Mydans 35). She felt the pain, the insecurities and the fear the soldiers experienced and in most cases she would criticize herself for never rising to occasion or being weak while the rest sacrificed their youth for the sake of liberation. Due to this passion and love she operated on the wounded soldier in unimaginable primitive conditions and was often without drugs that could save their lives. She was always at pain when she saw them die in her hands when she could nothing to save them. She sacrificed her life for the sake of the soldiers and for the sake of her country. Due to this sacrifice she h
Introduction Intra-trade associations between countries have become a common occurrence in the business world. This is a result of globalization which has brought different countries together. Countries with common interests have formed organizations that allow them to enhance their economic growth and prosperity. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are such organizations. Most of these organizations however consist of members from certain regions. Countries in a given organization have a tremendous advantage in dealing with countries outside the organizations. Canada is a key member of APEC but is interested in gaining access to India and China markets which are growing at a very high rate. The country is also interested in other Asian-Pacific markets that can help it grow and enhance trade with these countries. Unfortunately, these nations are not willing to form relationships with nations from the west such as Canada. This paper will seek to analyze the actions that Canada can take to be able to start relationships with these growing Asian nations. Canada’s Concern Canada should be concerned that a large trading group including China and ASEAN is about to be formed because it is interested in the markets of the nations that are forming the group. For Canada to acquire economic growth, it has to conduct trade with the Asian nations especially those that have recently grown at a very high rate. India has taken a step forward to form a free trade pact with the ASEAN. China has already finalized its free trade pact with the ASEAN. The regulations used in the formation of the free trade pacts could affect Canada’s plan in a great way. Canada should negotiate with these nations so that it can be allowed to participate in trade with the nations in Asia. The limitations to the participation of western countries in trade groups in Asia are of great concern to Canada. This is because it limits the capacity of Canada to grow economically and enhance trade with the nations. Canada should be concerned because its economic growth is affected by the formation of the group. Role of Politicians and Business People Politicians and business people in Canada have a role to play in taking actions that can help strengthen ties with the newly formed trading bloc. These are the individuals who attend meetings with other trading blocs that relate to this bloc. Since Canada is a key member of APEC, the views of its politicians and business people will be listened to in meetings. The first move the politicians and business people should take is ensuring that the relationship between members of APEC is good and genuine and that all the members cooperate for the success of the group. This means that there will be no conflicts between members and the countries in the ASEAN will admire the relationship between the members. This will increase the likelihood of countries in ASEAN to consider the integration of western countries including Canada. Politicians
Fortuny et al. (2) explain that immigrant status has a way of affecting families through their education. They report that immigrants’ children tend to report lower enrollment rates than their native counterparts. This applies especially to children between the ages of 3 and 5. The low rates are particularly attributed to children of Central American, South East Asian and Mexican origins. Additionally, it has been shown that language may still be a barrier for the parents of these children since more than fifty percent of them are still ranked as English language learners rather than proficient speakers of the language. The lack of language skills in the United States does substantially harbor their economic or social opportunities and eventually diminishes these families’ chances. Greenstone and Looney (6) claim that a low percentage of the immigrant population is likely to get a high school diploma. This is attributed to the fact that about a third of the immigrant population did not complete high school. Among native US citizens, the percentage drops as low as five percent. If a high number of immigrants lack high school education when the rest of the population does, then it is likely to affect individuals’ life chances negatively by denying them the opportunity to do so in the future. Furthermore, if the said individual belongs to a low income family then that person may continue perpetuating the cycle of poverty because of this fact. In terms of the impact of the immigrant issue on the entire US society, Greenstone and Looney (7) explain that instead of lowering standards of living in the US, these individuals are actually increasing it and making things better for natives. This is because (as the authors explain) most immigrants are likely to take jobs that natives would not be interested in such as contractors or farmers. By offering these low skilled low paying services to the immigrants, natives can then get opportunities to concert on expansion and other business related aspects. On top of this, it has been shown that native businessmen are also likely to develop so as to serve a new population in a specific location. In other words, one is likely to see more stores, industries and restaurants open up when a high number of immigrants has been reported. Chapman and Berstein (3) explain the overall effects of immigrants on American society even better by looking at the share effect and the income effects. A share effect normally arises within the American populations afte
Summary The most recent issues related to the development and design of hotels worldwide relate to the varying cultural customs. In Wharton’s article (2012), it is clear that cultural customs influence the expansion and design of international hotels. He reports that social considerations are very vital for every hotel to develop in the modern world. He puts forward various regions with different cultures and points on how hotel designs are influenced by the prevailing culture. Wharton describes how security, creation of private dining rooms, international travels, public wedding ceremonies, and leisure activities influence the development and design of international hotels. On the security issue, the designing of hotels has changed to accommodate the current security measures in the Philippines. The hotel designs have also changed as international travels lead to the gathering of different people from various cultural backgrounds. Therefore, any international hotel to be developed must create space for customers who may need privacy (private dining rooms) and public weddings. Opinion The above issues presented by Wharton influence international hotel development and design. The increase in international business and tours impacts on the designing of new international hotels to accommodate the different cultural backgrounds of the customers. Considering the cultures evident in different regions, the hotels have to be developed without infringing on the belief of any customer. Privacy is worth noting in any international hotel development and design. It provides a good reputation for any hotel as most people may prefer such rooms to have private dinners or even during special days in their calendar. These issues, therefore, relate directly to an international hotel to be developed or designed for worldwide business. They are on the increase due to the developments in the hospitality industry propelled by several factors. It is right that security, increase in public wedding ceremonies, international travels, and privacy relates directly to international hotel development and design. Reference Wharton, S. (2012). Hotel News Now: Varying cultural customs impact hotel design . Web.