ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Elena Poniatowska is one of the most popular Mexican female writers, whose works are devoted to the reality of the oppressed, the underprivileged, and the marginalized. Her outstanding personality, as well as her literary contribution, makes her feminist ideas highly respected even by men (Brewster 113). She was convinced that women were even more victimized than they were considered to be, mainly because all their sufferings passed unnoticed. Thus, the primary objective of her journalism and fiction was to break the indifference of the society and to open people’s eyes to the problems of those who are silently excluded from public life (Petersen 104). She was actually more than just an author – she was, in fact, a kind of intermediary, a transmitter of the events that were commonly concealed from the general audience. Although she had successfully performed this mission before the beginning of the 1970s, the real acknowledgment came to her when her fourth book, Hasta no verte Jesús mío was published. This book is a monologue of Jesusa Palancares, an old Mexican woman, who looks back at her life full of hardships and recollects a lot of events and characters from the history of Mexico (Pérez 265). Her next work, La noche de Tlatelolco (1971), is a series of photographs with actual quotations that are devoted to the course of the students’ movement which happened in 1968 and reached its final climax when the participants were killed by governmental forces. This publication was followed by Querido Diego, te abraza Quiela (1978), which is a collection of letters written by Angelina Beloff to her lover Diego Rivera, who had left her. The most comprehensive work is Fuerte es el silencio (1980), which comprises a number of articles devoted to highlighting different aspects of the life of the exploited groups of society (Castillo 51). Despite the fact that Poniatowska focuses on the opinions and the experience of her protagonists, the presence of the author cannot pass unnoticed. She skillfully combines fictional characters with real facts. Poniatowska reveals her ideological sympathy to the oppressed women quite clearly. All her works produce the impression that she constantly challenges commonly accepted traditions, rules, and stereotypical images. Her female characters usually live at the mercy of their fathers and husbands remaining voiceless throughout the narrative. They never receive due appreciation for their love and devotion, and they usually lose the men that they love (Jörgensen 171). Despite her evident merits as a writer, Elena Poniatowska is often criticized for her style that, according to some critics, is difficult for foreign readers to understand and appreciate. Besides, the combination of the real and the fictional makes the narrative hardly credible. Others also point out that, unlike other feminists, she does not offer any way out for women and does not even try to solve those problems that are raised in her books (Marquez 11). As far as I am concerned, I was deeply impressed by Hasta no verte Jesús mío and cannot agree with the critical reviews of Elena Poniatowska’s novels. It seems t
Introduction The survival of any civilization depends on the establishment of laws of conduct and the following of the same by all the members of the society. Even so, not all members of the society follow the law on their own accord and as such, there is need for a Justice System which serves both as an instrument for retribution and deterrence. There are two prominent agents employed by the criminal justice system. They are: police officers who are charged with enforcement of the criminal laws and prevention of crime in their respective jurisdictions and the court systems which play a vital role by administering justice. Courts are charged with ensuring that the criminal justice process runs its course from the arrest stage through to the sentencing. The efficiency of the criminal justice system of a country has huge significance since a nation’s justice system has a direct bearing on the perceived legitimacy of a government by its people. As such, governments are always looking for ways to make the system more effective by increasing its accuracy rates. One of the means proposed for increasing the accuracy of the investigative process in crime fighting is the use of polygraph tests. This device has captured the imagination of the nation and some courts have considered making evidence from polygraph tests admissible to court. This paper argues that polygraph evidence should not be admissible in federal courts due to the low accuracy levels of the test. The paper shall reinforce this claim by use of empirical literature that analyses the accuracy of the polygraph in lie detection. Assumptions Underlying Polygraph Use The polygraph test was invented by John Reid and the most widely used format is known as the comparison question test (CQT). CQT is generally applicable in criminal investigations as well as security screening by federal actors (Ben-Shakhar, 2002). Polygraph specialists argue that deception can be detected through the use of a science oriented interview technique which is known as “polygraphic examination”. The fundamental assumption in polygraph tests is that “polygrapher can detect deception in an individual by assessing his/her physiological reactions to questions relating to the crime or other critical events of interest” (Furedy & Heslegrave, 1991, p.58). The important part of the polygraph test is the recording and measuring of the subtle changes in physiological functions that occur when a person lies. The assumption here is that this physiological reactions are involuntary meaning that people are neither aware of
Renaissance Humanism: During the period of 1400 and 1650, the humanism term was used for main social philosophy and intellectual and literary works. “Expansion of trade, growth of prosperity and luxury and widening social contacts created great interest in worldly pleasures, in spite of formal adherence to ascetic Christian policy.” In that case people welcomed such classical writers or artists who conveyed same social values and secular attitudes in their creative works (Kreis, 2008, 1). In 1808, a German educator, F.J. Niethammar described the term ‘humanism’. It was to describe some scientific and educational study programs. “The term ‘umanista’ or ‘humanist’ was described in the fifteenth century that told about a professional group of teachers who were related to the subject called ‘studia humanitatis.” Humanism never opposed logics but it was not in favor of Scholasticism(Hooker, 1996, 2). “The man of renaissance lived in two worlds-the world of the medieval Christian matrix, in which the importance of every phenomenon was eventually indomitable through similar point of view. The man felt himself deferring between reason and faith” (Kreis, 2008, 3). Beauty was understood a major part of life and humanist cult of beauty was explained that made it simple that humanism is above everything. It was called an aesthetic movement. The aestheticism became the major element that superseded supernatural and scientific elements. “The man became the part of everything and he dealt with an ideal life which was no longer an escape from monastic kind of life rather it was a full participation in rich and varied human relationships” (Kreis, 2008, 4-5). About Johannes Vermeer:Among all the Dutch Masters of Renaissance age, besides Rembrandt of course, Johannes Vermeer is maybe the most popular today. He was born in October 1632 and died in December 1675, lived and worked in Delft. Though his life was short lived but he left most exquisite paintings in Western art. Until the end of nineteenth Century, he remained relatively obscure and was not much known in his own days, as he produced not many paintings, may be around forty five of which only thirty seven are known today (Liedtke, 2011, Para 1). His works are rare and portray figures in interiors. His work is distinguished by the poetic quality of images and the effect of strong and bright colors. Though Vermeer’s work was famous in The Hague, Antwerp and Amsterdam but nearly half of his work was acquired by Pieter van Ruijven (Pioch, 2002, Para 2). Very little is known about Vermeer or his teacher and evidently he himself had no pupils. His teacher could either be Leonaert Bramer or Carel Fabritius of Delft. He was a respected member of the Delft painter’s guild (Liedtke, 2011, Para 2). “Vermeer’s father was a silk weaver but by about 1630 became an innkeeper and art dealer. He got married in 1653 to a wealthy catholic divorcee and converted to their religion” (Liedtke, 2011, Para 1). He moved into his wife’s house in the heart of Delft. He died at a young age of forty three
Abstract Using current research literature on behavioral issues and novel treatments for Down syndrome, this paper explores and discusses behavioral inflexibility, restrictive and repetitive behaviors, and Down syndrome’s neurogenetic nature. Behavioral flexibility or the ability to provide adaptive responses to spatially or temporally unstable and variable environmental conditions can be crucial to social success but is lacking in the discussed condition. Restrictive and repetitive behaviors or RRBs are a class of behavior-related issues manifested in Down syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. Possible genetic treatments, such as chromosome silencing techniques, could prevent these symptoms’ development but might be ethically imperfect by slightly increasing the risks of miscarriage and infection. Aside from treatment, the findings from Harrop et al. (2021) and Riggan et al. (2020) could improve counseling psychologists’ recognition of challenges affecting Down syndrome patients’ families. Introduction Down syndrome has pervasive influences on child development, behaviors, and a degree of independence. Extensive research has been conducted to develop and propose effective treatments for the condition. As a neurogenetic disorder causing intellectual disability, Down syndrome involves behavioral inflexibility and restrictive/repetitive behaviors, and the possibility of mitigating these and other symptoms through prenatal chromosome silencing techniques provides a promising yet ethically controversial avenue of research. Down Syndrome and Its Behavioral Impacts Insufficient Behavioral and Cognitive Flexibility In Down syndrome, behavioral inflexibility is closely intertwined with cognitive inflexibility, or the cognitive system’s reduced ability to adapt to new events. This includes difficulty switching between tasks and maintaining several concepts simultaneously (Harrop et al., 2021). In trisomy 21 patients, both cognitive and behavioral flexibility is reduced, resulting in deficient adaptability. Regarding the cognitive component, deficits in executive functioning in pediatric patients with this diagnosis are well-established (Harrop et al., 2021). Harrop et al. (2021) effectively demonstrate high behavioral inflexibility scores in children with trisomy 21. It is, however, pointed out that their behaviors are still more flexible than those of their peers having fragile X syndrome and autistic spectrum disorder simultaneously. Interestingly, as a feature of Down syndrome patients, behavioral inflexibility might not be exclusively negative for mental well-being. While also present in typically developing individuals, it could serve some protective purposes in both neurotypical children and their peers with Down syndrome. Specifically, inflexible behaviors in Down syndrome and typical development can instrumentalize predictability as an anxiety coping mechanism (Harrop et al., 2021). This, however, does not deny the issue’s detrimental impacts on socialization and communication. Restrictive and Repetitive Behaviors (RRBs): Manifestations and Inf
Most Americans believe that crime is worse today than in the past. Many can recall times when the doors of homes could be left unlocked. They remember when city streets, parks, and other public places were safe for walking, even alone and at night. The past represents a time when violence was not only less prevalent but also less senseless. Now, all too often, we hear of vicious thugs who attack for no discernible reason. Crime appears to be more violent, more irrational, and more widespread than ever. Beyond the increasing viciousness of the crime, Americans also appear to face greater risks of criminal victimization. A government study recently reported that the chance of becoming a victim of violent crime is greater than that of being affected by divorce. The press–in newspapers, television, and magazines–keeps us apprised of the seriousness of the crime problem. A big-city daily newspaper rarely publishes an issue without at least one article about some violent crime committed the previous evening. The broadcasting industry also engages in vigorous crime reporting. During the evening news, viewers are often taken to the scene of a violent crime. Remote capabilities allow us to see a victim being loaded into an ambulance or the police outline on the pavement. Reporters interview investigators, witnesses, and even victims. By bringing violence right into American homes, such dramatic portrayals make the crime seem less remote (Connor, 2002). Neighborhoods and social classes in which crime seldom surfaced now experience violence and theft regularly. Once virtually isolated members of the middle class–residents of suburbia and rural America, the “respectable” and “comfortable”-now hide behind locked doors. Young people on the street corner threaten our sense of security. A squeak in a floorboard at home may suggest an intruder. Faced with these fears, we never feel secure. As a result of the perceived threat of crime, Americans are becoming more and more fearful. On a personal level, fear eats. away at feelings of safety and security, elements so important to our sense of well-being. On a social level, it destroys patterns of interpersonal relations, particularly among strangers, thus constricting the social environment of many people and reducing the variety of life for them. As Americans are convinced they will be atta
The Second World War (1939-1945) was a major economic disaster. However, the integration of countries and their desire to regain economic potential was strong. As a result, some countries like the USA, Japan, and Western Europe have managed to restore their economies, which significantly contributed to global economic development (Frieden, 2020). In this answer, the USA, Japan, England, and France will be discussed to revive their financial power. The USA is the only country whose economy emerged from the Second World War much stronger. Moreover, during the war years, the country’s national income doubled. After the war, the United States accounted for 60% of industrial production, two-thirds of the gold reserves, and one-third of the exports of the capitalist world (Frieden, 2020). Gross National Product (GNP) index The US has increased, while technological superiority, the highest labor productivity, and many profits have made it possible to finance new investments both at home and abroad. Other countries occupy a special place in the post-war foreign economic policy of the United States. In its relations with this region, the United States moved from patronage to a relationship of relative equality in the post-war period. In the first post-war decades, the leading position of the United States in the global capitalist economy was indisputable (Frieden, 2020). But the economic rise of Western Europe and the industrial breakthrough of Japan have significantly changed this situation. The new challenges facing the state were reflected in the program “New Frontiers” by J. Kennedy in the early 60s. A group of neoliberal economists developed the program. It provided a consistent course to balance the supply of goods and services and aggregate demand to ensure continuous balanced economic growth. In January 1981, Reagan became President of the United States (Frieden, 2020). His monetary policy, dubbed “Reaganomics,” was a variant of the neoconservative policy in all developed capitalist countries throughout the 80s and 90s. At the end of the 80s, the US economy entered a period of a sharp slowdown in growth. American experts have no consensus on the decline in labor productivity growth and the lag in this indicator from Japan and Western European countries. The United States is inferior to Japan and almost all Western European countries regarding GNP per capita. After the end of the war, the Japanese economy was almost destroyed. Losses amounted to up to 20 percent of the country’s pre-war wealth. The government, however, took steps that allowed the economy to get back on track in a reasonably short time and even lay the foundation for a future Japanese miracle. Nevertheless, industrial and financial associations held significant economic and political resources in their hands. The GDP growth rate in the 50s reached 14.9%, the economy developed rapidly, and high growth rates were maintained due to a high rate of accumulation (Frieden, 2020). Hence, its GDP was better than ever before, and it was a salvation for the country. Immediately after the end of the war, agrarian reform was ca
Why I Changed My Mind In her article, Diane Ravitch (2010) discusses the inefficiencies of the existing educational policies adopted by the government of the United States. In particular, the author notes that currently testing is used as a tool for evaluating the progress of students and the work of schools. It is possible to argue that this method can give only a misleading impression about the level of knowledge and skills that learners have (Ravitch, 2010, p. 21). The key danger is that students may receive high test scores, but they will lack the skills that will be vital to their further education and professional activities. This issue is important because it can have profound implications for millions of learners. In particular, this policy can shape the way in which students’ work is evaluated. In my opinion, the emphasis on testing is not entirely justified. The main problem is that learners are trained to pass multiple-choice tests. In many cases, they can only answer certain types of questions that are included in such examinations (Ravitch, 2010). However, they may fail to develop such competencies as critical thinking and problem solving. Additionally, this policy can undermine the work of schools. In particular, these educational organizations can lower the assessment standards to show that the academic performance of students has improved (Ravitch, 2010, p. 21). This policy can produce only the illusion of improvements. Thus, in the long term, such activities can undermine the quality of education. Overall, this discussion shows that the use of tests is not the best way of ensuring the accountability of schools. This approach can lead only to superfi
Introduction In the United Kingdom, companies and organizations conduct undergraduate trainee programs to produce first class competitive workforce. Menzies LLP and Vine Consulting are leading regional firms of accountants and business advisers to private entrepreneurs in the UK. This study focuses on Menzies, which is known for its commercial understanding, client incorporation, and targets in delivering best results for its customers. Headquartered at Road Working, Surrey GU21 6LQ, United Kingdom, Menzies has 37 partners operating from six branches in South East England. Nature of the program Menzies ACA graduate trainee offers a three-year training experience to graduates of any age who have the passion to commence their professional career at a reputable accountancy firm. Menzies incorporates graduates every year with the purpose of offering friendly, supportive, and fascinating training, which adds up to the ideal life in accountancy and management ( Menzies, 2014). The ACA trainees are engaged in groups of three to four people to tackle minor client assignments. With the accumulated knowledge, trainees are assigned high profile responsibilities to help them in learning and even supervise other trainees in their first year. The Menzies’ Help Staff ensures that every trainee establishes and mast
A critical appraisal is a procedure of cautiously and methodically probing a study to review its trustworthiness and its value and importance in a specified context. It is an indispensable proficiency for interested parties as it allows people to acquire and use research proof dependably and competently. The first paper description The first article (Agent-Oriented Technology in support of E-business enabling the development of “intelligent Business agents for adaptive, Re-usable software), talks about the growth and implications of the internet, networking systems, infiltration of ISDN-based applications and their stimulation of an ever-increasing number of businesses to participate in E-commerce globally. The main ideas in this work are that networking systems such as electronic data exchange systems and the penetration of ISDN-based applications are inspiring many businesses to participate in e-commerce globally. Intelligent software agents can carry out tasks on behalf of human knowledge workers both on the supplier’s and customer’s behalf. Agent technology can also help bridge this gap. The article shows that an E-business agent should have its own abilities, which include delegation abilities and self-representation abilities. There are four basic forms of agents: application, personal, general business activity, and system-level agents. Each of these classes of agents draws on a host of agents with specific functionality to execute a range of e-business application related tasks. The main contributions stem from the idea that in business, there is a need to reduce the number of people handling transactions and save on the cash that would have been used, this led to innovativeness, and majorly it was geared to reduce the number of middlemen though agents of E-commerce, this again led to the creation of software’s that could handle this tasks. The most compelling reasons why I like this work The most compelling reason as to why I like this work is the possibility to ease the incorporation of analysis capabilities within the business application logic. They also permit the inclusion of learning and self-advancement capabilities at both infrastructure and application levels. The agent technology can help address serious technical challenges such as concerns about efficient searching, safety and confidentiality, and valuable use of interoperability between varied business processes and diverse information required to attain tele-cooperation and universal e-commerce. They can also be used for real-time pricing and auctioning, The most compelling reason why I dislike this work is basically in the ability of the software to adapt to the ever changing market forces. When the forces change, they also require that they be upgraded so that they are at par. Lack of this may lead to massive losses by the business. This article also makes the assumption that the software can be used for real time pricing, where suppliers can present their products on the web and collect real-time price bids from multiple customers. In the system, though, we are not well-informed on how the organizati