ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Problem Definition J.C. Penny established in 1902; the main problem of this company was to create a brand image to satisfy existing customers and attract young customers. Decision Facing the Company The marketing strategy of JCP based on promotions discounts policy and sales commissions; however, the customers of this company were dissatisfied with a new pricing structure, which needs to change. Core Value and Positioning Strategy The core values of the company are to improve and recompense the talents of the workers, work with the maximum moral principles, train prospective workers, celebrate small successes, assist sincere communication, promote the innovative idea and smart risk-taking, and most importantly, to care about the people in the localities. Target Market Stock (2013) pointed out that older, less hip, lower-middle-class mothers and shoppers that are older than 55 years of age are the main target market for most department stores; in addition, extremely price sensitive and price-conscious people are loyal customer group of this company because it offered good value for the money (Thompson, 2013). At the same time, this company offered high discounts in order to attract older, price-conscious customers (Thompson, 2013). Competition Johnson (2013) stated that Macy’s Inc and Kohls Corporation, Target, Wal-Mart, Foundry Big & Tall Supply stores are the major and closest competitors in the market; in addition, the competition of the market has increased for the enchantment of the retail e-commerce business. On the other hand, this company faced enormous competition at the time of the global financial downturn because consumers only visited its stores and looking for discounts, offers, and coupons (Johnson 2013). In 2011, net income of Wal-Mart was $15,699 million, Target Corporation was $2929 million while a net loss of JCP was $152 million; however, the following figure gives more information in this regard- Figure 1: Comparative Performance Relative to Direct Competitors. Source: Johnson (2013, p.11) 4 P’s Analysis Product/Service Ostlund (2012) stated that apparel, accessories, footwear, fine jewelry, furniture, and Sephora beauty care products are the main products of JCP; however, this company generated the highest revenue from women’s apparel segment. The following figure gives more information in this regard- Figure 1: Sales revenue from different segments. Source: Johnson (2013, p.11) Price After assessing the existing high-low pricing structure, CEO of J.C. Penny had introduced new pricing strategy containing three pricing tiers, for instance, price of everyday items reduced by 40%, and value of monthly products decreased by 20-29%; moreover, customer enjoyed special offer on the first and third Friday of each month (Johnson, 2013). The next figure gives more information in this regard- Figure 3: Comparison between old pricing and new pricing structure. Source: Johnson (2013, p.13) Promotion According to Johnson (2013), thi
Definition of Ocean Circulation The concept of ocean circulation refers to the movements of water in the oceans and seas. The thickness of the surface layer of water that is moved by wind varies from 500 to 2000 meters. Surface ocean currents carry water from the poles to the tropics, where it is heated, and, afterwards, this water moves back to the poles, where it becomes cold and moves from the surface to the deep level because of its increased density. The intensity and path of surface currents depend on wind patterns, strength, and locations (Wilson et al., 2016). The major surface ocean currents are Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Indonesian Throughflow, East Australian Current, North Equatorial Current, South Equatorial Current, North Equatorial Counter Current, and North Queensland Current (Wilson et al., 2016). Deep ocean circulation is also known as thermohaline circulation because it is caused by the different densities of water that, in its turn, are caused by the changes in temperature and salinity of the water. The significant factors that affect the water movements are related to the wind patterns, differences in salinity and temperature of the water, and ebb and flow. Additionally, ocean circulation is strongly affected by climate change. According to Wilson et al. (2016), the intensity and path of many ocean currents will inevitably alter because of climate change. This, in turn, will negatively affect marine life (Molinos, Burrows, and Poloczanska, 2017). The reason for this destruction is that climate change alters ocean currents and, consequently, changes the habitat of marine organisms. Ocean Circulation The climate change and the subsequent alteration of ocean currents in the central Indo-Pacific region put in danger tropical reef ecosystems. Even though this tropical region is currently marked with the “highest levels of marine biodiversity in the world,” changes in the temperature of the environment could be detrimental for many tropical species that inhabit the Indo-Australian Archipelago (Wilson et al., 2016, p. 927). What is more, many species that used to live in the tropical region move towards poles where the temperature is lower (Wilson et al., 2016). In the temperate region, water moves in both directions: from the equator towards poles and vice versa. Climate change in the temperate region caused the recolonization of planktonic organisms (Jaspers et al., 2018). In the subpolar region, ocean circulation is characterized by the divergence of surface water. Subpolar gyre includes Norwegian Current, North Atlantic Current, Labrador Current, and Subarctic Current, to name but a few. Ocean Current Drive Invasion Species As it has already been mentioned above, climate change provokes alterations in an ocean current that, in turn, affect the movement of initial inhabitants and invasion species. For example, the study conducted by Jaspers et al. (2018) reveals that ocean current connectivity propelled the “secondary spread of a marine invasive comb jelly across western Eurasia” (p. 815).
Introduction The main theme of “The Things They Carried” by O’Brien is the events that were happening during the Vietnam War. The war does not revolve around things such as heroism or tactics. It is characterized by boredom and terrific moments. Apart from that, it is a backdrop that defines the force against the lives of the soldiers. O’Brien emphasizes the fact that it is not easy to generalize what is entailed in war. The short story addresses different themes, but war is among its central topics. Tim O’Brien is among the characters that play essential roles in the story. There is a close connection between OBrien and the theme of war. This essay will discuss the relationship between O’Brien as a character and the war as the central theme of “The Things They Carried.” War as the Central Theme of “The Things They Carried” O’Brien focuses on telling war stories. TTTC is a work of fiction. Throughout the story, there is an interplay between fact and fiction. O’Brien tells the story authoritatively because he was there during the actual war. That is the connection between O’Brien’s biography and the story’s central theme that was mentioned in the above paragraph of the essay. The examples of it in “The Things They Carried” are numerous. Regarding the Vietnam War, no one can tell the story better than a person like O’Brien, who witnessed the action. Assuming a position of authority, O’Brien goes ahead to define the parameters characteristic of a true war story. He says that a true war story lacks morals. It never instructs nor encourages virtue and does not even suggest models of the right human behavior nor restrain men from doing the things they always do. T.O’Brien does not agree with the thesis that war stories are vehicles for restitution or change. He represents war as hell, mystery, terror, and discovery. He adds that it is a nasty and thrilling experience that makes people men and also leaves them dead. He says that the irreconcilable opposites need to be together because their oxymoronic togetherness articulates the reality of war. He writes that the recollection of the death of Curt Lemon is possible when the ‘surreal seemingness, which makes the story seem untrue, but which represents the hard and exact truth is seemed’ (O’Brien 78). The above quote shows that O’Brien deals with the challenge of representation, the weakness of language to convey meaning, flavor, boredom, and the feelings of war. Inscription and re-inscription are the only ways through which he hopes to pass the message on the truth of war appropriately. That is what makes the theme of war in the story a circular and repetitive idea. For every assertion of truth, it is essential to qualify and represent it for it to be considered authentic. O’Brien creates a situation that conveys the message that no heroism or morality is derived from the experiences of war. It is the source of guilt and shame only. O’Brien presents war as a disembodied presence with a life of its own, where deadly equipment like napalm and white phosphorus undergo a magical transformation into morally acceptable objects of beauty. He port
Cyberbullying, like other forms of bullying, is an increasingly serious issue, particularly in schools. Laws and regulations exist intended to prevent students from falling victim to it. However, as the process often happens outside of the school and does not necessarily involve any of its facilities, it can be challenging to detect and protect students from it. When detected, it requires action from the school faculty, which may include legal action. Fundamentally, case law, such as the precedent of Morse v. Frederick (2007), states that a “student’s First Amendment rights are circumscribed in light of the special characteristics of the school environment.” Nonetheless, several precedents establish arguments related to the protection of student online speech that may constitute cyberbullying. First Amendment Arguments and Responses Several key arguments can be brought up in a cyberbullying case. The primary argument that involves the First Amendment directly was made in the Tinker vs. Des Moines (1969) case, where the Supreme Court ruled that students’ actions that interfere with the disciplinary requirements of a school are not protected by the First Amendment. More recently, Currently, Bittner (2013) identifies three key themes with legal arguments related to cyberbullying: the geographical approach, the substantial disruption approach, and the relational/duty to the student approach. Under the geographical approach, the defendant can argue that since the event in question occurs online and outside of school property, it is covered by the First Amendment and the school has “no authority to discipline the student” (Bittner, 2013, p. 177). Similar argumentation was used in Layshock v. Hermitage Sch. Dist (2011), where the court ruled in favor of the student. However, the message’s content, intent, and the possible effect on the school environment determine the relevant response, as well.A defendant in a cyberbullying case can argue that the speech on a Facebook page does not constitute a threat. However, following from the precedent established in Tinker vs. Des Moines (1969), a counterargument exists that a potential disruption of a school’s instructional process by off-campus activity can be grounds for legal action (Bittner, 2013). Furthermore, the reasoning in Bethel Sch. Dist. v. Fraser (1986) and Hazelwood Sch. Dist. v.
There is emotive feeling you get after watching Sofia Coppola’s Lost in Translation creates an intense inner power within you. This captivating film that lasts for 102 minutes connects in a close manner with the viewer in such a personal way that you feel that you are one of the starring actors Bob Harris (Bill Murray) and Charlotte (Scarlett Johansson). It leaves you with that suspenseful experience that you would want to describe, but you lack the words to. In short, Coppola creatively succeeds in putting the viewers in that thought-provoking state of what we want in life. The movie’s main theme is that all of us are lost in one way or another. The movie’s Japanese setting relevantly exhausts the theme of getting lost. Bob, together with Charlotte, is Americans who find themselves in foreign surroundings. Being in a foreign country far away from home denotes the lost physical theme. In one scene, Bob is driven around the town with his eyes are fixed on the proliferated commercial posters. He scratches his head in confusion wears a surprised look, perhaps wondering how big the Japanese capital is. In another scene, Bob sits on his bed in his room,
Introduction The subject of Environmental politics hinges on four facets of its study, which basically, but not entirely limited to, are rather inclined to political contingencies in the affairs of industrialized nations. These facets include examination of the evolutions of environmental parties and activators, the provision of analytical instrumentalities that make and support public policy implementations of environmental regulations at inter-country and intra-country levels, the transmission of spawned ideas by several environmental organizations and movements as well as individual theorists, and then the aim to envelope issues regarding the environment, internationally, which have continually remained to be salient. To a reasonable extent, environmental politics, therefore, is a microform of an entire political culture of a large-scale democracy which is surveyed through appropriate examination of the environment and could adopt approaches for examination of the eco-space. In this regard, the sustainability of environmental politics is situated in the accountability of the democracy which rules the politics. It is the expectation in this paper to address the topic of environmental politics in the totality of its sensitivity to objective peculiarities of the upkeep and fundamental reorganization of social and political predilections which seek to survey the boundary linking goals, instead of favoring a singular modern-day debated position as has been discussed in The Politics of Operationalisation: Sustainable Development and the Eco-space Approach . Literature Review Ziegler (2009) has considered in moments and efforts centered for the profitability of the environment through Environmental Politics. For example, he says that in 1996, Germany’s eco-space control agency negotiated for the BUND- which was termed ‘Friend of the Earth’- and was put in place to foster environmental check, politically. This was preceded by an Opschoor-lead report to regenerate the ‘neutrality’ of the environment through available resources. In considering the scope of environmental politics, it is necessary to measure and evaluate inputs such as land, water and energy use as well as outputs including measurements of toxic and harmful emissions like SO 2 and CO 2 , the author identifies. With appropriate evaluations, indicators of environmental control through stratified political frame-works are vital for accurate forecast for revitalization of the environment as was noted from the Opschoor-lead report. The efficacy of the operationalization and sustainability of environmental politics therefore, Ziegler (2009) says calls for clear specifications of a variety of environmental indicators as well as goals-setting with regard to the indicators. But then, the very limitation of environmental issues, what may be regarded as ‘space-boundary-language’, is evoked by the politics of inter-country and intra-country politics and may be misleading to a proper curtail of environmental
Introduction Hippolytus (428 B.C) is a tragic prince who likes hunting and chaste. He worships the goddess of “hunting and chastity, Artemis and ignores Aphrodite, the goddess of love” (Halleran 2001). Aphrodite is furious with this act of exclusion and plans to revenge. Aphrodite causes Phaedra (stepmother to Hippolytus) to “fall in love with Hippolytus” (Halleran 2001). However, Hippolytus does not agree. As a result, Phaedra hangs herself and leaves a note behind accusing Hippolytus of rape. Theseus (Hippolytus’ father) reads the letter and curses Hippolytus. Consequently, Hippolytus dies. Artemis comes and tells the truth. However, the goddess promises to “revenge the death of Hippolytus on Aphrodite’s next favorite mortal before she disappears” (Halleran 2001). Revenge drives plots of this tragedy. Aphrodite This is the goddess of love. The tragic play presents Aphrodite as feared and revengeful goddess of power. Aphrodite appearance in the prologue influences the whole play. Hippolytus refuses to worship Aphrodite, an act that infuriates the goddess. She plots a revenge on Hippolytus by making Phaedra fall in love with his step son. This leads to a shameful death of “Phaedra and a curse upon Hippolytus leading to his death too” (Carson 2006). In this case, the goddess makes humans err by blinding them through irrational actions, “It is natural for men to err when gods blind them” (Halleran 2001, 29). Artemis This is the goddess of chastity and hunt. Hippolytus is the favorite of this goddess as he prefers hunting and staying chaste and rejects worshipping the goddess of love. However, the vengeful goddess of love destroys Hippolytus. As a result, Artemis promises a revenge of the death of Hippolytus through the next favorite of Aphrodite by asserting “I’ll wait till she loves a mortal next time, and with this hand, with these unerring arrows I’ll punish him” (Halleran 2001, 67). Artemis changes the play when she “appears in the epilogue in order to tell the truth to Theseus” (Halleran 2001, 66). The Relationship between the deities Euripides portrayed the relationship between deities as opposing and responsible for human tragedies. Aphrodite is revengeful and infuriated goddess who punishes mortal Hippolytus for refusing to worship her. The goddesses are similar because both have vengeful nature. However, they also show differences, as one is love and sexual oriented whereas the other prefers hunting and staying chaste (Barret 5). These goddesses oppose each other and are in fierce competition in order to control human destiny. Aphrodite is furious when Hippolytus fails to worship. Hippolytus is the Artemis favorite mortal. She cannot stop Aphrodite from taking her revenge on Hippolytus. This depicts that goddesses do not interfere with works of each other. However, Artemis promises to avenge the death of Hippolytus through “the next favorite mortal of Aphrodite” (Halleran 2001, 67). This shows a fierce competition between goddesses. The goddesses are tolerant
Introduction This paper aims to analyze how the funds of the Houston ISD and Galena Park ISD were distributed in the years 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Since actual financial data is not always available, budgeted financial data will be used. The comparison examines the costliest and the cheapest functions of the districts. TARP Budget Data for Houston ISD: years 2014-2015/2015-2016 Any budget planning has to be carefully and thoroughly developed, even if one talks about the budget of a small family. As to schools and districts, financial budgeting is directly linked to their success and academic performance of the pupils. In the budget plan of years 2016-2017, the state of Texas has marked the Houston ISD as ‘property wealthy,’ so this will result in drastic losses for the district schools – $257 million in local taxes (Ortiz, 2016, para. 2). The website of Texas Education Agency does not provide the actual financial data for Houston ISD for the years 2016-2017, so in order to evaluate it, budgeted financial data will be used. Total revenue from the general fund was $1,803,537,464, i.e. $8,393 per student; the budgeted financial data from the years 2014-2015 states that total revenue from the fund was $1,651,013,089; actual financial data of the same years shows other results: $1,756,799,489, i.e. $8,192 per student (Texas Education Agency, 2015b). The comparison of the data shows that total revenue per student has grown. In the years 2015-2016 $259,237,111 was received from the state, $5,752,233 from federal revenues; actual data from the years 2015-2016 shows that state revenues covered $345,456,076, and federal revenues covered $7,255,184 – for some reason, the revenues in the recent years have decreased (Texas Education Agency, 2016a). The expenditures, both by object and function, have increased compared to the years 2014-2015: $1,593,590,156 vs. $1,940,397,248; it means that expenditures of every student were bigger than the revenues, according to the table of the Texas Education Agency (2016a). This could be explained by the fact that the Houston Independent School District took part in the Texas Trio Project that was probably time- and money-consuming, and required special staff training (Texas Education Agency, 2016a). The tables show that the information about money budgeted for instructions and staff development in the years 2014-2015 does not correspond to the actual financial data from the same years; less money than planned was spent on instruction and staff
Ross’s moral theory as a form of deontology and not consequentialism The concept of deontology is one of the most debated concepts in philosophical ethics. Deontology revolves around the morality of actions of people in society. The question that is answered by the deontologists concerns the basis on which acts can be classified as either right or wrong. W. D Ross is one of the renowned philosophers who have developed several theses on the concept of deontology. The theory of Ross is founded on the opposition of the argument by Moore, who sought to justify actions based on the impact and not the factors that motivate an individual to engage in such an act. This is referred to as consequentialism. According to Ross, no particular moral action can be justified without measuring the competing moral reason in each of the actions. The relative weight of a given moral action ought to be the main factor on which the moral justification of the action is based. Ross opposes the principles on which consequentialist concepts are grounded. The principle of good that entails pleasure, friendship, knowledge, beauty, and creativity is subjected to criticism by Ross. According to Moore, there is one basic moral principle, which is the promotion of good. Ross seeks to differentiate between the prima facie duty and actual duty. Ross presents a catalog of the way in which these conditional duties can be presented to pay respect to the moral obligations in actions. There is an argument by the proponents of consequentialism that the deontological thesis by Ross echoes the arguments in the theory of consequentialism. Ross digs deeper into the moral connectedness of actions and the rationalization of moral actions through a set o