ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Prioritizing expenditures in zero-based budgeting is one of the most important functions of executives that prevents organizations from unneeded spending. Even though in some cases, it is apparent how the money should be distributed, most of the time, expenditures need careful planning to ensure the provision of services. According to Breunig and Koski, the opinion about how expenditures should be prioritized may differ according to the goals of the organization (3). The proposed budget sheet offers a list of expenditures of a public organization that aims at increasing the number of adult/child matches by 10% during the fiscal year. According to Kind, the goal of public organizations is to provide maximum services using the allocated funds. Therefore, the recommended expenditure priorities are as follows:  1. Personnel;  2. Equipment and supplies;  3. Fringe benefits;  4. Other costs;  5. Consultants/contracts;  6. Travel. Services cannot be provided without adequate staffing; therefore, the top priority expenditure is personnel. Fair salaries and reasonable work distribution among employees are the keys to job satisfaction and improved outcomes. However, since the staff is the most significant expenditure, some alterations may be made. For instance, Breunig and Koski recommend reviewing the number of functional positions to optimize the spending on salaries (4). In short, the provision of services is impossible without human resources; therefore, it is vital to prioritize personnel expenditures to ensure positive outcomes. The second priority is to guarantee that employees have adequate resources to exercise their functions. For instance, volunteer training becomes a challenging task if there are no training materials, such as textbooks, brochures, whiteboards, and marker pens. Additionally, advertising is a vital part of a budget, since it ensures that there will be customers and volunteers to support the initiative. The proposed document includes TV and newspaper ads in the “equipment and supplies,” therefore, this point is the second priority after personnel expenditures. In short, zero-based budgeting should focus on prioritizing funds to ensure the provision of planned services. Work Cited Breunig, Christian, and Chris Koski. “Topping Off and Bottoming Out: Setting Budget Priorities Through Executive Power.” Policy Studies Journal , 2018. Web. Kind, John. “ Budgeting in the Public Sector. ” Alchemy for Managers. Web.
Introduction Outsourcing is an accepted tool of management that helps an organization in doing business through restructuring its business ways. By using outsourcing, an organization gets the challenge of building a more flexible institution whose core business is centered on competency. The main purpose of outsourcing is to help an organization concentrate on its core activities, which provide better value for money. In essence, outsourcing is an organizations development policy since an organizations non-core aspects are outsourced to a third party. The organization transfers some of its in-house functions to a qualified third party for a given period at a negotiated fee (Weatherly, 2011). HR outsourcing issues HR outsourcing is a process whereby an organization sub-contracts its human resource functions to an external third party provider. Outsourcing human resources can be done in several ways. One way is through a business process where an external provider gives an organization management services on the HR activities like recruitment or payroll administration. Secondly, it can be through a shared service HR outsourcing. This is where an organization only subcontracts the administrative elements of HR activities. Lastly, it can be through application service outsourcing. This majorly deals with the technological infrastructure that supports human resource functions. Strategic A strategic point in outsourcing is by getting a strategic solution that will help cut cost that will seek to unburden shrinking HR resources. Strategically, an organization will tend to concentrate its own resources on core competencies where it can get definable preeminence and provide unique value for customers. This has varied benefits that it gives to an organization such as, a well-developed core competency provide formidable barriers against present and future competitors that seek to expand into the organizations areas of interest, thus facilitating and protecting the strategic advantages of market share. Performance Outsourcing HR lays specific concern to employee satisfaction while still ensuring improved performance. Another performance issue that is important in outsourcing HR is getting to know what standard of service level the service provider offers. Ethical In outsourcing HR, an organization should ensure that all employees act in a professional manner and service delivery is fair and is in an impartial way. An organization should also ensure that all employees
Introduction Obtaining historical knowledge is essential in the contemporary world. As some philosophers might say, researching history provides the people with the required directions which they should follow. Reaching success is only possible if one’s actions match evolution’s tendencies. There are several ways to study history, which include reading history books and examining historical resources. One of the ways to examine historical resources is through museum exhibitions. Museum exhibits can be considered primary sources for studying history in terms of culture and events, especially if combined with a preliminary study of the chosen subject. This paper addresses the Egyptian exhibit in the metropolitan museum of arts in New York, and specifically the statue of Demedji and Hennutsen, and relates it to the subject of Egyptian history. Historical Overview Systematic and in-depth examination of the history of ancient Egypt started in the nineteenth century. Until that time the only assistance for historians was the biblical facts and the writings of Greek and Latin authors, who did not have the possibility to use the Egyptian written documentation rather than using the oral traditions of a foreign nation in their works. The history of ancient Egypt is accepted to be divided into periods, the Old, the Middle, and the New. Another period that can be outlined is 3050-2715 B.C. the ruling time of the first and the second dynasties, which can be called the early period, which preceded the Old kingdom. The system of government in Egypt witnessed many epochs which followed the dynasties of the rulings of families. Historically the dynasties were enumerated, thus there were the first, second, and etc. As the statue in the museum was considered to be dedicated to the fifth dynasty, an overview of that epoch also should be outlined. The fifth dynasty despite maintaining prosperity in general and especially in foreign trade and military incursions into Asia witnessed some decline that was shown in the decrease in the royal authority. The Exhibit The exhibit itself represents a statue of Demedji and Hennutsen, shown as a sitting man and a woman standing next to him. Accordingly, the statue represents a man and his wife. The faces are shown with typical expressions to Egyptian statues and the bodies are proportioned. From the fact of having a statue, it could be assumed that the man is well known. The statue is typical for non-royal sculptures. Demedji was an overseer of the desert, pharaoh’s hunters, and regal herdsmen. These duties imply military functions. Hennutsen- the royal acquaintance was the priestess of the goddesses Hathor and Neith. It is known that this statue was committed y Ti, their son. This info
In healthcare, evidence-based practice (EBP) is considered to be the best approach to all activities for clinicians. However, hospitals and other organizations often fail to implement relevant and recent EBP research into their system (Polit & Beck, 2017). Thus, nurses have to develop a framework that will address the issues of their workplace and introduce EBP knowledge to other employees. In my organization, the support of EBP is hindered by multiple factors. First of all, nurses are not given enough time to devote to reading or discussing research. Furthermore, there exist no efforts to facilitate group learning. While nurses are encouraged to study on their own terms, no feedback or evaluations are provided to them. The organizational culture does not allow clinicians to provide feedback and does not evaluate their active participation. The lack of all mentioned above practices creates barriers for successful EBP implementation. In order to improve the current view of EBP in the organization, one has to design a new program which supports education. The dissemination of studies’ findings can be done through various activities. Cullen and Adams (2012) suggest a number of general steps – creating awareness, building knowledge, promoting action, and pursuing sustained use. Each of these stages can also utilize various strategies, depending on the particular organizational culture. In the discussed hospital, a “multi-dimensional EBP program” proposed by Aitken et al. (2011) can be introduced (p. 244). This initiative includes such activities as a journal club, EBP workgroups, and nursing rounds. Also, the organization needs to allocate time and rearrange nurses’ schedules. In a journal club, nurses are introduced to the concept of EBP – the first step in the model of Cullen and Adams (2012). Nurses meet regularly and discuss the latest articles connected to their field of work. Most importantly, they are encouraged to evaluate the authors’ results and conclusions to understand which evidence can be considered valuable and trustworthy. Thus, their knowledge about the latest practices grows. Nurses’ attitude towards EBP should incorporate its practical applicability. For these purposes, they should learn how to use the examined studies in the workplace. In this case, EBP groups and rounds help integrate the learned information into practice. Moreover, EBP
The works that are reviewed in this paper discuss Reggio Emilia approach to documentation and assessment. Primarily it suggests the method of interpreting learning-related documentation in the process of teaching rather than at the end of it. The aim of such interpretation consists in involving children in the development of “theories that give meaning to events and objects in their world” (Gandini & Kaminsky, 2004, p. 5). Gandini and Kaminsky (2004) interview Brenda Fyfe (the Dean of the School of Education at Webster University) who confirmed that at that moment, the traditional approach was more common, even though the ideas of Reggio Emilia were slowly gaining followers. Reggio Emilia approach requires re-defining the notions of learning, teaching, documenting, and evaluation. Learning, in this case, together with teaching is regarded as a “collaborative inquiry, a process of ongoing collaborative action research” (Gandini & Kaminsky, 2004, p. 7). Reggio Emilia methods encourage self-assessment and peer and parent involvement, all of which is meant to ensure the collaborative and ongoing nature of a child’s research of the world. Fyfe points out that the reciprocity of such learning-teaching process allows building a specific, respect-based kind of relationship between the children and adults. Reggio Emilia documentation is also opposed to the classical judgment evaluation tool. Instead, it is described as the “traces” that make learning visible so that it can be interpreted and re-interpreted. As pointed out by Fyfe, these “traces” are incomplete, and some information about the learning is lost, but what remains can and should be used to enhance learning process (Gandini & Kaminsky, 2004, p. 6). According to Rinaldi (2001), such an approach offers a number of advantages, including the tacit demonstration of students’ learning strategy, self-assessment and revisiting opportunities, and memory reinforcement. As for evaluation, instead of focusing on instructions, Reggio Emilia approach suggests paying attention to the way the child carries out the instructions, to the thinking process and its specifics. Rinaldi (2001) puts great importance on assessment as a way to demonstrate that their documentation (narration) has a value and can be interpreted by the assessor. This aspect also has the effect of improving the relationship between children and teachers and enhances the understanding and openness of both parties. As a result of the interaction of all these elements, the pedagogy of “relationships and listening” is created (Rinaldi, 2001, p. 79). “Listening” in this case can be defined as sensitivity, openness, and emotion that enables effective communication in general (and that of theories in particular). Rinaldi (2001) provides an interpretation of the teacher’s competency in the context of Reggio Emilia approach; Gandini and Kaminsky (2004) describe the attempts at the actual practical application of the theory. It can be concluded that the key practical application difficulty is the time organization. Fyfe provides a number of time management strategies that can be us
Introduction While the level of equality between men and women in various spheres of social life has been increased over the past decades, there are still some aspects that have not found a resolution yet. One of such highly crucial points is the gender pay gap and its implications. Although females have earned the possibility to fill in the job market niches that have long been considered as purely male, the former are frequently underpaid in comparison with the latter. Hence, the topic of interest is the gender pay gap. The gender pay gap is defined as the average gross hourly earnings of men and women who are working. Although the problem has decreased considerably since 1980, it is still rather disturbing (Graf, Brown, & Patten, 2019). According to the analysis performed by the Pew Research Center, female employees earned 85% of what male workers did in 2018. Compared to 2017, the situation improved insignificantly, since the disproportion of the same factor constituted 80% (Graf et al., 2019). Such statistics indicate that women have to work 39 days longer than men to earn an equal yearly salary (Graf et al., 2019). In 2018, a slight reduction in the gender pay gap was noticed for workers between 25 and 34. Meanwhile, the index was higher for all workers in general. In the 25-34 age group, women earned 89 where men made a dollar (Graf et al., 2019). Therefore, the problem of the wage gap cannot be neglected, and it is necessary to investigate its causes and offer solutions. Taking the general topic of interest as a basis for research, the following research questions may be outlined:  1. What factors affect the emergenc
The Mafia is an informal and unofficial name given to a crime organization that has its roots in New York’s Lower East Side and other areas of the East Coast of the United States of America. The Mafia was established at time when America received wave after wave of Italian immigrants from Sicily. The criminal elements from Sicily saw an opportunity to develop in the USA, and they created their own version of the Mafia in America. In the present time, the Mafia is active in New York City, New Jersey, Philadelphia, New England, Detroit, and Chicago. At the same time, it must be noted that smaller crime families and associates of the Mafia operate in places like Los Angeles, Texas, Florida and Las Vegas. It must be made clear that there have been at least 26 cities around the United States with Mafia families. Crime Prevention and Prosecution One of the best methods to defeat the mafia is through the use of law enforcement agencies as well as the Justice Department should also participate. This particular method requires active involvement of all the bodies meaning that law enforcement agencies must conduct active investigations and follow up on leads generated by their respective intelligence community. Effective law enforcement requires not only active participation but also dedicated service from law enforcers to prosecutors. In other words, public servants like police officers, detectives, and public prosecutors must maintain a certain level of integrity so that the Mafia would not corrupt them. A tainted law enforcement agency and a corrupt justice department would result in too many legal loopholes so that it would be impossible to indict and punish the members of the American Mafia. Effective law enforcement also requires the use of available resources and programs that could help bring down the Mafia. In terms of legislation, one of the most effective rulings was the RICO Act. The acronym stands for Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, a law that was ratified in 1970. The RICO Act was designed to counter the growing influence of the Mafia. At the same time, the said statute made it illegal to belong to an organization that performed illegal acts. The provision that made it illegal to belong to a crime family created a negative impact on the Mafia. Before the ratification of the RICO Act, the Mafia was able to circumvent the law by exploiting certain legal loopholes. For example, the law requires direct participation in a crime. Unless the person was in the scene of the crime and there was strong evidence to show that the said individual was the mastermind, then there is no case. In addition, serious criminal offenses required at least one witness to the crime. The members of the Mafia and their bosses were aware of the limitations of the law enforcement framework that had been designed to capture and imprison criminals. It seems that the legal framework was built on the idea that it would be better to set free a person who was probably guilty, rather than to imprison someone who was innocent. In other words, the law focuses on the principle that states that an individual must only be punished if there is knowledg
Drug Test A drug test is a scientific examination of a biological sample like urine, hair, blood, sweat, or oral fluid/saliva to establish the existence or absence of particular parent drugs or their metabolites. Deborah et al, (1998)stated that “one of the significance of drug test is testing for the presence of substance and detecting that encourages steroids in sports or drugs prohibited by laws, like heroin, cocaine and cannabis”(p. 32). Urine Drug Screen When an employer demands for a drug test from a worker the employee is characteristically informed to go to a gathering site. The employee’s urine is taken at an isolated position in a particularly designed protected cup, conserved with a tamper opposed to tape, and sent by means of express liberation service to a laboratory that is used in testing to monitored drugs. The first stage at the testing site is to divide the urine into two separate aliquots. The first is used to test for drugs with the use of an analyzer that performs immunoassay for preliminary screening. If the urine screen indicate positive, then a different portion of the sample is used to verify the presence of drugs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methodology (Lennart, 1991). All the test results are transferred to an MRO for extra and appropriate medical reviews on the collected results. If the result of the screen indicates negative, the MRO reveals that the worker has no plain drug to detect the presence of urine. Thomas and Ulrike (2008) also explained that “the test result of the immunoassay and GC-MS are non-negative and confirm a concentration level of parent drug or metabolite above the well-known boundary, the MRO contacts the worker and to decide if there is any genuine reason for medical treatment or recommendation” (p. 6). On-site direct drug testing is getting more extensively used in states permitting it as a more cost-efficient technique of efficiently identifying drug abuse that exist among employees, as well as in treatment programs to scrutinize patient evolution. Deborah and Joseph (1998) explained that these instantaneous tests can be used for both urine and saliva testing (p. 19). Though the exactness of such tests depends on the manufacturer, some kits possess enormously high rates of correctness, associating directly with laboratory test results. Jim (2006) explained “about 5% of all the pre-employment urine samples tested positive for drugs”(p. 14). The effects are much higher for post-accident and logical suspicion test. Hair Testing Analysis of hair samples has numerous rewards as an introductory screening method to test for the existence of drugs. The significance of hair testing include the non-invasiveness, reduced cost as well as ability to resolve a great number of possibly interrelated, toxic and physically essential elements. Particularly in the United States hair testing is becoming more and more useful for employers to test employees for possible prohibited drug use (Cathryn and John, 1989, p. 49). Testing for the presence of both FAEE and ETG levels have been used in UK courts and hair testing for alcohol makers is n
Introduction Liquid waste disposal and ground water contamination is still a hotly debated issue by environmentalists. While many people are venturing into industrialization, there is the need to put in place the necessary mechanisms to minimize water contamination through liquid waste disposal. On site liquid waste disposal has become quite prevalent since the 19 th century. This leads to water contamination and makes such an important resource lack use. Research reveals that many industries have sprouted which do not adhere to the set standards in line with waste disposal. Once the water is contaminated, it cannot be used for the activities which it was intended for. This paper is dealing with two case studies in relation to liquid waste disposal and water contamination in glacial deposits. There is an explanation of how the liquid waste disposal system contaminated the groundwater in glacial deposits. This paper clearly shows the remedial actions that were taken in relation to this problem. (Pink, 2006). Case study 1 This case study is about The Davis Liquid Waste Site that occupied 10 acres of Smithfield in Rhode Island. This site had a hazardous waste disposal facility. The Company never used to treat the liquid wastes before disposing them and this resulted in water contamination. This Site used to handle very many hazardous materials. These materials included oils, non-halogenated solvents, halogenated solvents, caustics, acids, phenols, laboratory wastes and pesticides. These liquid wastes used to be in tank trucks and drums. These were dumped into a number of pits that were unlined which were very close to a glacier. Examination was carried out and it was verified that the ground water in glacial deposits there was contaminated by these liquid wastes. The Davis liquid waste site later on carried out the necessary remedies to prevent the contamination Case study 2 This occurred in an EPZ company in United Kingdom that used to manufacture textiles. This Company deals with various chemicals in the processing department. It also carries out dying of fabrics and therefore deals with many different types of solvents and acids. Research reveals that this company used to release all these liquid solvents to a nearby water source without treating the liquid wastes. This resulted in water contamination and in fact the aquatic life there was killed by these wastes. After experts analyzing the operations of the company, it had to put in place measures that helped in solving the problem. (Gary, 2004) The following picture illustrates the contamination of water by the liquid waste disposed by The Davis Liquid Waste Source; Gary, H. (2004): Pollution in the Environment; London; Harvard press; pp 34 How the liquid waste disposal system contaminated the water Analysis of the two case studies reveals that there was ground water in glacial deposits contamination by the liquid waste disposal from both companies. The Davis Liquid Waste Site released organic wastes into the water. This includes halogenated solvents that impose high oxygen demands on the receiving water and hence contaminating it. This actually incr