ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Companies should be careful when hiring employees because the kind of employees working in an organization will determine the effectiveness of an organization. There are various methods of recruiting employees; employers can ask for records and official documents from which they can learn about the person or they can decide to do the back ground check, also known as personnel selection. Health care organizations can advance the quality of their employees by implementing more effective screening procedures to avoid future problems since applicants cannot be trusted to disclose any previous cases of criminal behaviors. In many countries the employer is liable for any mistakes made by an employee especially in the medical field as the employer should have know whether the employee poses a foreseeable risk of harm or danger to others. Despite all the precautions being taken there is always a possibility of employee indiscipline that could develop later after the employee is hired. It could be deliberate, psychological or could be triggered by an event for example, death of a close person making an employee lose his or her self will. The employees should be handled with care at this stage since they could be a threat to the organization or even against themselves. There should be correction procedures for such employees, they could be; counseling sessions, warning letters, suspension, demotion, salary withdrawal or dismissal if the situation cannot be completely reversed. The following sanctions should come up progressively so as to provide time for the employee to change, while some like counseling could continue even after the employee has reformed or even after termination for rehabilitation. When terminating an employee, all details should be recorded in the personnel database including the reason for termination and any disciplinary actions that were previously administered. The termination should be properly planned and the letter should be carefully written because any ambiguities could be used against the organization in court. The employee should be informed in a private meeting and it should be as professional as possible and brief, because too much talking can lead to unpleasant arguments that the employee could use in court against the organization. All due benefits and salaries should be surrendered in time and the financial transactions should be documented for future use if needed (Lee, 1996). Designing job advertisements can be quite a challenge because the information given will determine the kind of people who will apply and hence also it will affect those that will be employed. An advertisement should be designed to capture the attention of the right people that are required not just anyone. The title of the job should be very clear; it should be the first thing that one notices when he or she looks at the advert. The organization should also be written
Introduction This is India in AD 1875. The British had just conquered a new territory and expanded to what we to today as the common wealth. However, the conquest was not received kindly by the people of India; the noblemen were angered since they had lost their control and influence. They were then being led, not the leaders but as people under a colonial ruler whose homeland was territories away from this sub-continent. As a result, the rulers organized a resistance due to the annexation of their territories. The land revenue collection system used by the British was viewed as exploitative in the eyes of indigenous communities arising their gross hatred of the British presence around them. In the examination of the causes that led to that revolt, we look at the possible aspects such as the revolt’s effects on the then economic activities, religion social setting (social movements) in the Indian context of political setting. Besides, the revolt may have been justified due to the interpretation of an Indian man, yet the effects were not localized to the areas that felt the bitter pinch of the revolt. Consequently, from the aftermath of the revolt, could we possibly make some conclusions that this may have had a strain on a local and provincial subject in India then? Furthermore, the revolt which led to a mutiny may have as well stretched relationship internationally between India and Britain leading other anti-British nations away and around India to review their ties with the British. Economical setting of India before 1875 India had thrived because of its textile industry which was known internationally. Although, the industry was not highly mechanized, the value attached to the products was significant due to the level of skill that was employed to produce them. The majority of peasants and common men worked for the landlords for rich noblemen for a living 1 . Also, another industry which was highly developed was craftsmanship. There was also royal patronage given to some religious group leaders. The causes to revolt for economic reasons were due to British economic policy 2 . The policy meant that the royal patronage formally enjoyed by the religious leaders’ was withdrawn, the revenue policy was strenuous to peasants due to its high demands-the policy was also strict. Furthermore, the British policy in trade favored negatively the Indian craftsmen since the coming of the British led to an influx of cheap substitutes for these craftsmen, making their hand produced goods expensive to the buyers and uneconomical to produce. The people had a discontent that they revolted hopping that they could lessen these economic strains and regain their former livelihoods that they enjoyed before the coming of the British annexing their territory. Political causes of
Introduction This paper aims to analyze the article by Ross Matsueda (1992) which focuses on the theory of symbolic interactionism, and provides elaborated analysis in support of the method. In this analysis, several goals are to be achieved: to describe the main purpose of the article and its key question, to observe data and methods, which were used, and to state principal conclusions and limitations of the research. Article’s Main Purpose One of the principal questions in social studies is how informal groups control the behavior of their members (Matsueda, 1992). There are different approaches that explain the correlation between the self-concept of an individual and their deviant behavior. However, few attempts were made to examine social deviance from the interactionist perspective as the researchers primarily tend to focus on global self-esteem. Therefore, Matsueda (1992) aims to apply the symbolic interactionist theory to the relations of the self and delinquency, and, further, to subject the method to an empirical test. Key Question Addressed As it was mentioned before, most research and theory revolves around the studying of global self-esteem’s influence. However, Matsueda (1992) observes that recent empirical research in this field produced questionable results because some of the researchers found the support of self-enhancement principle and others did not. Therefore, the author attempts to dwell upon the application of symbolic interactionism to the problem of juvenile delinquency. The primary questions that Matsueda (1992) aims to answer is whether or not the theory mentioned above can be used to explain the deviant behavior, and how this method is supported by the empirical research. Data and Methods Used Further, it is critical to observe data and methods, which were used in support of the theory. The author states that exploring relationships between parental appraisals, reflected appraisals, and delinquency requires data that measures perceptual socio-psychological concepts (Matsueda, 1992). Data, which meets these requirements, is the national probability sample that was collected by Delbert S. Elliot as a part of the National Youth Survey. The sample was formed by randomly selecting 7 998 households, from which 1 725 youth agreed to participate (Matsueda, 1992). To employ this data for his research, Matsueda (1992) specifies the measurement models of youth-reflected appraisals, and then he integrates them into a coherent structural model, which describes the causes and consequences of those appraisals. Article’s Conclusions Summarizing his research, Matsueda (1992) states that six principal findings support the employment of the social interactionist theory. In general, these results suggest that the self, viewed by the interactionists as the reflection of external appraisals, is the cause and consequence of delinquent behavior (Miller, 2016). Additionally, Matsueda (1992) mentions that another important concept, which is provided by
Abstract The essay will focus on summarizing two articles that focus on the topic knowledge management. The essay introduces the topic by explaining the need fro organizations to have knowledge management mechanism. The introduction also explains why knowledge management is important in modern day professional management of organizations. Furthermore it also introduces the two type of knowledge: tacit knowledge, the type of knowledge acquired through experiences and explicit knowledge, the type of knowledge explained in books. It also explains why and how the organization leadership should be at the forefront in establishing knowledge management mechanism. Furthermore the role of employees, who should be actively involved in seeking as well as sharing it amongst themselves as well as with fellow employees, is clearly explained. The two articles clearly state the reasons why knowledge sharing is important for organizational success. Furthermore the role of leaders in the entire process clearly explained. However the articles fail to explain the process of gathering and classifying knowledge for easier utilization by organizations. Furthermore they only identify only one type of knowledge: tacit knowledge, thus ignoring other types of knowledge. Introduction Knowledge management is a growing discipline among organizational management experts (Davidson 1996). Reports indicate that organizational success does not only depend on the type on knowledge that organization have but also on how the organization manages and utilizes that knowledge. As such management professionals have to ensure that they create a knowledge data base for their organization. This knowledge library becomes a very valuable resource for all employees. If the knowledge management process is simple the organization is assured success (Bontis 2002). Furthermore there are two main types of knowledge sources: professional gurus as well as knowledge in books. While it is easy to manage knowledge in books, professional gurus must be treated with respect so as to feel compelled to share the knowledge they have. Thus knowledge management becomes the key for organization success. Main Theme Knowledge management is the key to a successful organization in modern management. The way an organization manages its knowledge determines the level of success achievable. Efforts’ to manage knowledge in organizations are the functions of the organization leadership. Organizational managers need to deliberately devise efficient methods to gather as well as share relevant knowledge with all employees. Thus mean that there is need to create a user friendly information library fro organizations. Furthermore employees have t
In the contemporary world, education is one of the key factors for the success of an individual. Education instills knowledge in the younger generation. In addition, education may enable the younger generation to change their mindset. This may be a critical factor in ensuring the future prosperity of the younger generation and the nation as a whole. Most countries appreciate the importance of education in their future economic well-being. Therefore, governments invest heavily in education. They ensure that people can access quality education. All levels of education are critical to a country’s future economic well-being. A country should not focus on institutions of higher learning and neglect elementary schools. This is because elementary school provides a solid foundation for the younger generation. Quality education increases the number of educated people in the society. Educated people are the role models of the society. The society has high expectations on educated people. In various parts of the world, university students have helped in mobilizing political uprisings against dictatorial powers. Therefore, the main responsibilities of educated people to the society are contributing to the development of various spheres of the society, imparting knowledge to the younger generation, and achieving personal success in accordance with their own expectations. Therefore, it is the duty of educated people to ensure ensure the advancement of the welfare of the society. Societies usually face various problems. Education may enable the society to overcome some of the problems. Therefore, it is the duty of an educated person to devise strategies that would help the society overcome the problems. Educated people should apply their knowledge and critical thinking skills in solving the problems that the society faces. An educated person with legal knowledge should use it to solve the legal issues that the society faces. On the other hand, an educated person with environmental knowledge should use the knowledge to help in tackling various environmental issues that the society faces. Educated people should also help in solving the social issues that the society faces. Young educated people have helped in political uprisings against dictatorial power. Educated people usually use their critical thinking skills to device success strategies against dictatorial leaderships. This may lead to the political emancipation of the society (Higgins 176). It is hard for dictators to rule in countries that have high levels of education. Those who do, usually strive to silence the young educated people from mobilizing political uprisings against the political establishment. Therefore, political freedom is one the key characteristics of societies that have a large number of educated people. Educated people spend many years acquiring knowledge as they advance through the education system. In addition, personal experiences and professional practice may improve their knowledge. T
Aims The objective of this experiment was to determine the enthalpy of an acid-base reaction. As such, a resulting value would be compared to a theoretical value to determine the accuracy of the experiment. Method In this experiment, a 50 ml volume of 1M HCL was put into a polystyrene container, stirred and, the temperatures were taken after every 20 seconds for three minutes. Of note, caution was taken to minimize the time of contact with the container as this would raise the temperatures of the container hence giving a false impression of the actual temperatures. Using the same equipment but washed and dried, the same procedure was performed for a 50 ml 1M NaOH. The two solutions were then quickly mixed, stirred, and the temperatures were taken after every 20 seconds for a duration of 3 minutes. A graph of temperature against time was then plotted and as such the temperature change was established. Results From the results, the change in temperature (∆T) obtained was 6.5 K. The values of constants given were: the specific heat capacity (C) of a 0.5M NaCl (4.01JK -1 g -1 ) and, the density of 0.5M NaCl at 298K (1.04gcm -1 ). From the data, the calculated enthalpy (QD) obtained was -54.215KJmol -1 (refer to the appendix). On the other hand, a theoretical value is given as -57.3KJmol -1 . Discussion In this experiment, the main objective was to determine the heat of neutralization of a reaction between HCL and NaOH. By definition, the heat of neutralization results when a molecule of water is formed from hydrogen and hydroxyl ions present in an acid and a base respectively. With regards to this experiment, the two components represent a reaction between a monoprotic acid and a monobasic base. Hence, apart from the formation of a salt molecule in an ensuing reaction a molecule of water is expected as an end product. Significantly, the constituents of the mixture represent a reaction between a strong base and a strong acid. To this end, complete dissociation is expected by the end of the reaction (Lemke, p. 43). Referring to the preceding discussion, on reacting a monobasic base and a monoprotic acid a molecule of water and salt is expected. As such, the reaction below happens: NaOH (aq) + HCL (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) Separately focusing on the individual components gives us a clue of what transpires in an aqueous solution of both strong acids and bases
Seafloor Sediments: Type and Distribution Seafloor sediments can be categorized into about five groups depending on the place of origin. Terrigenous sediments are as a result of deposition of material weathered and eroded from rocks on land. They are basically found just close to their source and reduced in concentration as you move away. Authogenic sediments are produced as a result of chemical reactions of different substances in water. They are also called hydrogenic sediments. Biogenic sediments are formed from mineral deposits like teeth of shell that are produced by living things (Lutgens, 2008, p. 45). Evaporites, phosphorites and ferromanganesse are the common examples. Volcanogenic are sediments that are formed from deposition of materials from volcanic activities. Distribution of depth depends of pressure and temperature of ocean water at that moment and also supply of the soluble substances in water. Distribution factors affect the location, depth and hence quantity of sediments across the world. These factors are mainly erosion and transport means. When the sediments are transported by water or wind, the size of the rock particles determines the distribution. When particles are very small, they can be transported to far locations (Lutgens, 2008, p. 45). However, for larger and heavier particles, deposition occurs very soon and they get settle near the sources. Techniques And Efforts for Stabilizing Shorelines Several techniques have been employed to try and stabilize shorelines across the world today. The techniques are basically either considered permanent or temporary based on the length of period the technique is expected to last. Hard stabilization is used to describe all the structures that are constructed along the coast to limit erosion. There are three main types of this and are also the permanent types: groins, breakwaters and seawalls (Lutgens, 2008, p. 78). A groin is a wall constructed a
SK involves layers formed against each other. The growth is characterised by spontaneous nucleation and development of islands . 1 SK is one of the 3 processes involved in the formation of thin films. The other 2 are Frank-van der Merwe and Volmer- weber growth. 2 The SK process involves growing epitaxial at the interface. Two processes are involved. The two are: Adsorption It involves atoms and ions usually released from gas and stuck on a surface, a feature known as the adsorbate. The surface on which the process is taking place is referred to as adsorbent. 3 During the adsorption process, layers are created, forming several monometers and giving a crystal clear substrate. Nucleation It is whereby the SK bonds are localised at a specific point. Most of the nucleation process is physical, but few areas are chemical. An example of a chemical process includes electrochemical nucleation. Nucleation leads to the creation of crystalline amorphous in different states of matter, ranging from gas to liquid. 4 Bibliography Oura, K, Surface science: an introduction, Springer, Berlin, 2012. Sze, S, Physics of semiconductor devices, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2012. Footnotes  1. K Oura, Surface science: an introduction, Springer, Berlin, 2012, p. 31.  2. Oura, p. 32.  3. Sze, p. 37.  4. Sze, p. 36.
Abstract As the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related disease among adolescents in the United States continues to increase, physicians are increasingly faced with the dilemma of determining the best treatment strategies for affected patients. This report offers an approach for the evaluation of adolescent patients’ candidacy for bariatric surgery. In addition to anthropometric measurements and comorbidity assessments, a number of unique factors must be critically assessed among overweight youths. In an effort to reduce the risk of adverse medical and psychosocial outcomes and increase compliance and follow-up monitoring after bariatric surgery, principles of adolescent growth and development, the decisional capacity of the patient, family structure, and barriers to adherence must be considered. Consideration for bariatric surgery is generally warranted only when adolescents have experienced failure of >6 months of organized we
Outline   * Introduction.   * First phase of immigration and settlement   * Second phase of immigration.   * Greeks’ contribution and achievement. Introduction Greek immigrants started arriving in Chicago back in 1840s. Initially, they comprised of seamen who had come from Orleans with an aim of trading with the Americans. After realizing the potential of trade in the area, some of the immigrant s returned to their homeland country and came back with their friends and relatives. They comprised of young men and boys who were escaping the hunger that had rocked their country while some were evading being recruited into the Turkish army. Most of these Greeks had a plan of going back home with lot money that could help them settle all their family debts as well as cater for dowries. By the time world war two erupted, most of the Greek communities had managed to go back to their motherland (Andrew, 1995, 260-302). First phase of immigration and settlement The first Greek woman to come to Chicago was called Goergia Bitzis Pooley back in 1885 who was the bride of Captain Peter Pooley. More numbers of women started arriving after 1904 with most of them coming to work as picture brides. According to the Greeks’ customs, Greek women were not supposed to work outside their homes and this hindered them from migrating to other countries. It was until when the stock market crashed in 1930 that Greek women, strained by the economic hardships decided to look for employment outside their homes. The Greek immigrants first settled in the central city for it was the most convenient place with respect to their working place as well as getting goods for their food selling businesses. At the beginning of twentieth century, the Greeks started settling on the Near West Side which was later named as Greek Delta. Here the Greeks interacted with other European immigrants and established an apparently comprehensive cultural closed society which had a network of churches, businesses, shops, schools, joint gain communities and hometown associations comprising of restaurants and ever present coffee houses. This lead to the emergence of the first Greek American newspaper called the Greek star in the year 1904 and subsequently the foundation of the Greek press in 1913. By the year 1930, there were already approximately 30,000 Greek immigrants in Chicago (Wayne, 1971, 48-56). Greektown on the near West Side continued being the meeting point of the Greeks in Chicago until the new University of Illinois in Chicago campus displaced it in the year 1960. The Greeks relocated to other Greek settlements that existed at that time such as Lincoln Square which was referred as the Greektown North, Pullman on the South Side and South Shore. By the end of the twentieth century, the Greek-Americans had spread to other towns that neighboured Chicago such as Lake View, South Chicago and Ashburn.