ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In many organizations, it is always difficult to avoid some risks because of the nature of the business or some other natural forces that are beyond human control. According to Veenema (2013), an organization cannot evade some risks, and for this reason, the best approach would be to develop measures that can help mitigate these risks. When analyzing the fundamentals of risk management, it is necessary to understand some of the stages involved when managing risks, and how they are related. This research paper will focus on the analysis of the relationships between mitigation, preparedness, response and the recovery phase of the disaster management cycle. Discussion Disaster mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery are the four stages of disaster management circle. These four stages are closely related in that one stage leads to the other one. According to Bhattacharya (2012), the four stages of disaster mitigation circle are closely intertwined in a manner that any failure in the first stage would lead to the failure in all the remaining four stages. The first stage of disaster mitigation would necessitate disaster preparedness which leads to disaster response, and finally ends at the recovery stage. This means that if an organization fails to develop proper mitigation measures, then the other three stages will be a failure. Consequently, all of the stages are closely interrelated and, therefore, must be looked as part of an integrated system. It would be necessary to define and analyze what takes place at each of the stages. Mitigation is the first stage in the disaster management circle. Coppola (2011) states that mitigation is the direct effort to minimize the effects of a disaster within an organization, a society or even a country. The scholar says that, in most of the cases, mitigation is taken based on a past case or incident that took place in another society, country, or an organization. At this stage, the emphasis is placed on the development of measures that will help protect the society or organization from the adverse effects of a disaster in case it takes place
The accelerated earning policies at Enron made the company enter into some deals that were not well thought out, and therefore ended in cash negative outcomes for the company (Hamilton 9). An example of this is a gas supply deal done with a company from the Far East which was done hurriedly without due consideration of price swings. The result is that by the time Enron was getting the supply, it had to do so at reduced earnings for the company. This situation always made the finance officers at Enron uneasy and they had to resort to creative accounting to cater for the reduced earning. The description given to this type of behavior is “marking up the curve” (Hamilton 9). This type of financial indiscipline was mainly practiced by the senior financial officials of the company and those in lower ranks who genuinely had an interest in doing things according to the rules found it hard to operate. This is the senior managers turned sour and nasty whenever anyone tried to question whatever they were doing. Making poor investment decisions is perhaps a wide phrase but it captures what the Enron executives did. The Enron Broadband Service is a case in point. The acquisition of the cable assets of Portland General Electric in 1997 has been described as being more “opportunistic than planned” (Hamilton 10). Being opportunistic is not inherently a criminal offense in business but it is better for planned cases since opportunistic takeovers can have risks that may not be easily identified due to the harried nature of the deal. Upon the acquisition, Enron moved forward and added a total of eleven thousand cable miles to the original one thousand five hundred in 1998 and 1999, and at the end of it all, the company made a loss of $ 60 million on this opportunistic business venture (Hamilton 10). Leaving the above aside, too much compensation has its implications too. The fact that this compensation took the form of cash and shares in the company means that it affected the finances of the company. It is even serious given the fact that this kind of compensation was being extended to board members at levels not witnessed in the case of nonexecutive employees of United States public companies (Hamilton9). The Enron story goes that salaries, bonuses, and stock options for board members moved from $193 million in 1998 to a massive $1.4 billion in 2000 (Hamilton 9). This had an impact on the company’s balance sheet. Far from the above, the Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) that are a valid business option for corporations took a new role in Enron. Having realized that the company was running at a loss, the management succumbed to the pressure to maintain the public image of a blue-chip company that Enron had convinced the public it was (Fusaro & Miller 21-27). The Special Purpose vehicles were created in record numbers (more than 3,000) and used to take off the Enron bala
Speaking Models by Dell Hymes Dell, a linguist, explained the eight models that spell the word speaking. Meanwhile, other than scene/ setting and participant, he gave an analysis by providing other models that include ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms and genre that completely defined the word speaking in detail. According to Dell, every story has an end with goals and outcomes. The stories aimed to entertain people and educate them. Each story given by our grandparents was to honor our ancestors and give repetition dignity from what they used to do during their days. Meanwhile, every story had an order just from the beginning to the end. Each story given had a structural scene or events with interruption during the telling process. In the story, we may have different activities involved in a scene applauding the tale. This symbolizes the act sequence model in the word speaking in each story. Each story has characteristics of speech hence a well-defined speech has a key with tonal variation and gestures. Instrumentalities formalize the style and outline of every speech delivered. The formalities might be informal ways of representation or casual registration as well as mastering the use of grammar in a standard form. During storytelling, the formalities had special governing social rules to the present issues. Every story had interruptions that may be limited to the audience calling for attention as one way of representing a norm to the participant. Moreover, a story given to audience is used to direct groups of people according to their age group, racial and gender that defines genre as seen by hymes. In addition, a story maybe for entertainment to children’s, for leaning to racial and moral for gender that all defines genre. In a reading discussion, Dell’s model on the word speaking emphasizes the provision of a well-structured story that he believes it perceives and addresses mechanism within a story. Conversation synchrony This is the communication between the customer and the company in business. The work of conversation synchrony is to provide flexible and workable implementations with a lot of skills and knowledge, history, value and support from the management towards customer reactions. According to conversation analysis made, a human being has certain behaviors, which develop in a sequence of actions, allowing interactions and negotiation among the people. According to the studies, there were various explorations on mechanism, which focuses on the relationship between the use of grammar and outcrop. Turn conversation unit is a fundamental conversation synchrony that describes an entity piece of speech in any investigation speech. The analysis comprises both nonverbal and verbal interaction, which happens in our daily life by affecting casual peoples and institutions. Meanwhile, the research made on conversation synchrony analyses eigh
Introduction The role of politics in criminology and laws cannot be underestimated in the modern world. Bureaucracy is an essential part of the process of analyzing the evidence-based materials. This is the reason why the government significantly influences the approach of criminologists as it controls the standards of their work. The state officials establish rules that are hard to be changed in the short period of time that makes the implementations of innovations in this sphere a challenging issue. Historical past – values, traditions, and even customs – has a crucial impact on the functioning of the judicial system. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the power structures on criminology and its approaches in the analysis of evidence and making decisions. The Impact of Traditions in Judicial System Throughout time communication between ordinary people and the representatives of the authorities were controlled by specific rules that played a significant role in establishing the relationships between the two groups. For example, if a person came before the judge to the court, he had more chances to win the process (Radizinowicz, 3). This action was considered as a demonstration of respect and, at the same time, submission. The influence of the traditions and customs should not be underestimated as in the past it was the obligatory requirement to win a trial. Moreover, it increased the probability of the victory without any correlation with the committed crime itself (Radizinowicz, 3). In the circumstances of the modern world, where human dignity and the equity of people are highly evaluated values in developed countries, these rules are perceived as intolerant and discriminative. Nevertheless, it is necessary to point out that the formalities in communication with the representatives of the government still affect the judicial procedures (Fleury, 4). For instance, there are punishments for deviant and inappropriate behavior in the court. It is forbidden to talk in a loud way or to express personal opinions and suggestions. The customs and specific historical aspects have a noticeable impact on the behavior rules during the judicial process. It is possible to suggest that the role of innovations is perceived in a particular way in the field of criminology. In earlier centuries physical punishments were one of the most widespread ways to solve the problem (Radizinowicz, 12). Nowadays in many countries this approach is forbidden. That is supposed to be the progress in this sphere. However, it is necessary to concentrate not only on specific actions but also on the methodology of the decision-making. It can be assumed that the way of passing a judgement did not change in a significant way. The traditions of respect and the role of the political system are a part of the judicial system. Court depends on the governmental perspectives and rules established by the state officials in order to save the power and to control the inhabitants of the state. In conclusion, traditions did not change only in the process of decision-making performed by the judge but also in causes of t
Introduction The apostle Paul lived in the first century, considered an era when people lived their lives and died in a defined area of a few miles or kilometres (Blank, 2008). In the case of Paul, he was already considered a “world traveller” as he journeyed as a Christian prosecutor until converted and became a missionary. In his third missionary journey, he was arrested by Roman authorities who accused him of teaching people to be against one another, the law, and even the place of Jerusalem where he was sent from to Rome. He went to Rome to appeal, an exercise of his legal rights as a Roman citizen. There, he was a prisoner for about two years of which the same time, he wrote a very large part of the New Testament, including the epistle to the Philippians, or the church of Philippi. This paper shall strive to analyze, interpret and provide instances on how one can rejoice always and how to apply it to daily living. Discussion Background Harris (1985) proposed that the letter was written to the church at Philippi, one of the earliest churches to be founded in Europe. Paul was very fond of them and they, too, were fond of Paul. It was said that while most of the Philippians were poor compared to members of all the other churches, their contributions are among the only he accepts as may be found in Acts 20:33-35: “I have desired no one’s silver or gold or clothing. 20:34 You yourselves know that these hands of mine provided for my needs and the needs of those who were with me. 20:35 By all these things, 3 I have shown you that by working in this way we must help the weak, and remember the words of the Lord Jesus that he himself said, ‘It is more blessed to give than to receive.’” In this understanding, Paul promoted what Jesus has started as a bias on the willingness to give by those who have almost nothing, as against to those who have. It was further suggested that the generosity of the Philippians was conspicuous as seen by Moule (1981, p 31) who proposed that “This was a characteristic of the Macedonian missions, as 2 Cor. 8 and 9 amply and beautifully prove. It is remarkable that the Macedonian converts were, as a class, very poor (2 Cor. 8:2), though the very first converts were of all classes (Acts 16); and the parallel facts, their poverty and their open-handed support of the great missionary and his work, are deeply harmonious. At the present day the missionary liberality of poor Christians is, in proportion, really greater than that of the rich.” History-wise, it was believed that the Philippians sent their messenger Epaphroditus with their contributions to provide for the needs of Paul. This portion of the New Testament was brought back by Epaphroditus to the Philippians on his journey home. From the Easton’s Bible Dictionary (2008), it was interpreted as: “The joy caused by his return, and the effect of this wonderful letter when first read in the church of Philippi, are hidden from
Agenda comparison grid analysis Introduction One of the most urgent healthcare issues is the lack of attention to Americans’ mental health problems. Unfortunately, despite the number of studies conducted and attempts to cover this problem in society widely, there are still many prejudices regarding the issues of providing mental health care. The consequences of these biases are the presence of almost 47 million Americans who suffer from problems with their psychological health (“Mental Illness,” n.d.). As a result, this problem requires immediate attention and appeal. The purpose of this assessment is to analyze and compare the details of the mental healthcare problem, as well as to find a solution to it. Administrative agencies Before speaking about the contribution of each of the presidents, it is necessary to identify specific ways to resolve this controversial issue. Government agencies responsible for addressing healthcare issues continue to exist and carry out their work. The most important organization that should be responsible for helping solve the mental health problem of people in the US Department of Health and Human Services or HHS for short. However, this ministry is too large, so it is divided into agencies designed to solve specific problems. The mental health agency is The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (“HHS Agencies & Offices,” n.d.). The field of activity of this agency includes, first of all, efforts to improve the behavioral health of the nation and improving the lives of people with mental disorders (“SAMHSA: Who we are,” n.d.). As the name suggests, this administration also deals with the fight against drug abuse. Healthcare Issue Agenda It should be noted that each of the US presidents focuses on different aspects of this issue. This issue remains relevant and does not go unnoticed by the authorities because of its significance. The number of people suffering from various types and severity of mental illness is almost 20 percent of the entire adult population of the United States (“Mental illness,” n.d.). In other words, every fifth adult resident of the United States has psychological problems. These statistics only emphasize the relevance of this problem and the need to solve it. On the other hand, addressing such a widespread issue is an excellent way to gain the approval of the electorate, and as a result, maintain high political ratings. Thus, maintaining the mental health problem is not only necessary, but it also is a politically beneficial solution for the president. Each of the presidents addressed the problem of mental health in different ways. The first on the list is George W. Bu
Poverty is a sad but unfortunately integral part of the world, and only a few countries can boast of its absence or a low level. At the same time, the country’s policy is implemented depending on the culture of society, and the general level of welfare reflects its effectiveness. Some people blame the state, poor social policies, bureaucracy, discrimination, and education system for all the troubles, while others claim that poor people themselves are responsible for their poverty. According to Royce (2015), American society is no exception, but a second understanding of the problem prevails in the public mind. Consequently, this paper will apply the concepts of an individualistic and structural view on poverty presented in the book Poverty and power by Royce to explain the discussions about the child tax credit policy. In the New York Times article, “The tax break for children, except the ones who need it most,” the author discusses tax credit increases. The Trump administration doubled the tax credit for families with children in 2017, and now parents can receive $ 2,000 per child (Deparle, 2019). However, the central thesis of the article is the fact that despite the increase in credit, which should save families with children more money, most parents do not earn enough to satisfy the requirements to get it. For this reason, 25% of families receive only part of the tax credit, and 10% do not receive it at all (Deparle, 2019). Consequently, despite formal improvements and efforts to combat poverty, reform is not useful for poor people who really need help. In addition, the article shows different views and attitudes towards such a policy. For example, a mother of two children who receive only part of the credit says that the wealthier people who get the full amount do not need this money, since they already have enough (Deparle, 2019). At the same time, a divorced mother with three children, who can get a credit, says that they are necessary as her family pays more taxes in general (Deparle, 2019). The article also reflects the ideas of politicians from different parties and famous personalities about social benefits, which shows that they are mostly opposite. The author also cites evidence that social allowance to children bring positive results as it helps them to eat and learn better. At the same time, Deparle (2019) shows examples of how poverty can harm the development of children. Thus, this article highlights the broad issue of combating poverty, although its central theme is concrete measures, and it also shows the attitude of the population towards poor US citizens. The concepts presented in the book Poverty and power help to better understand the content of
In fiction, views on life are often embodied from the writer’s point of view – readers can understand the culture, traditions, and attitude of the author towards them. The literature also reveals to the audience a gender picture of the world – the statuses of men and women at a certain period of time, their behaviors, stereotypes, and potential conflicts. In classical Chinese literature, women obeyed men and depended on them financially, but a reassessment of their role began during the transition to the modern period. The increase in the number of women writers in China has occurred since the beginning of the twentieth century. Moreover, the protagonists of the stories also more often became female characters. Despite the traditions that lived for a long time, writers defended rights to equality, drawing attention to the problem in their works. Ling Shuhua was one of the first women authors to work in a new literary direction in China. In the story The Embroidered Pillow , she reveals the life of a young girl from a wealthy family. Describing the lives of women living under patriarchal oppression, the writer made a significant contribution to strengthening the position of feminism. Missy from The Embroidered Pillow belongs to the traditional mindset girls – she is timid and obedient, humbled with her role. She fulfills her father’s instructions even when she is uncomfortable, for example, embroidering pillows in intense heat, because “He [father] said they must be delivered by noon tomorrow” (Shuhua 124). Missy makes embroidery in isolation from the outside world – she is forced to wait for marriage on her father’s orders and has no voice in this crucial choice. However, little can change after – the girls only pass into the power of another man. Missy performs the work with twist diligence and attracts the admiration of the housemaid. However, two years later she learns, what happened to her work in which she enclosed so many efforts, preserving against possible soil and remaking to create perfect embroidery. In the house of the man to which the embroidered pillows were presented as a gift, they were disrespectfully spoiled same day – one because of vomiting, and another is thrown off on a floor. The neglect of her work strikes the girl, and to the offer to make the similar embroidery from the servant who does not guess that it is Missy’s work, “She just shook her head in reply” (Shuhua 127). Thus, at the end of the story, readers possibly watch that there is hope for her resistance as the main character changes. A writer Ding Ling presented more independent women who reveal themselves and make their own decisions. The main character of the story, Miss Sophie’s Diary , introduced through the diary entries, is very complex, emotional, and contradictory – she is real. Being ill with severe disease, Sophie is still curious and independent, which arouses readers’ admiration. At the same time, she often shows selfishness, for example, in a relationship with her friend Wei. However, despite the fact that the girl “alone here as a prisoner in this hostel,”