ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction According to Cumming (2009), education enables an individual to view the world from an abstract perspective. With such a mentality, individuals tend to come up with solutions and alternatives that enhance the overall quality of life (Black, 2008). Thus, to ensure that individuals acquire the required knowledge, governments in conjunction with educational institutions all around the world have developed curricula that aim at educating individuals from a young age. Saudi Arabia, for example, has developed a comprehensive curriculum that ensures the gradual cognitive and mental development of students (Abd-El-Khalick, 2004). However, this study will lay a particular focus on the factors that enhance the overall performance of year three students in primary schools in science within Saudi Arabia. Literature Review Cognitive and constructivist theories have modified the view that scholars have about the process of knowledge acquisition and retention (Raskin and Bridges, 2004). Hidi (2011) considered a learning process that is reflective, constructive, and self-regulated as being effective and efficient. However, for students to experience such a form of learning, they need to get support from teachers. Based on this fact, Bandura (2009) asserted that the strategy used by a teacher and the experience that he/she possesses is key in determining the overall success of students. Consequently, the assessment theories and strategies have evolved with time due to the shift of education goals and objectives (Hidi, 2011; Andrade, 2005). Traditionally, the teaching curriculum covered was wide, and hence difficult to teachers to cover the entire syllabus. At the present moment, however, the teaching curriculum has been geared towards realizing specific objectives to organize information to reflect specific purposes (Ainley et al., 2012). As such, assessment strategies have to be modified to reflect these demands of the information age. From research and practice, performance-based assessment has always been the most effective teaching strategy that teachers have been using to enhance the overall performance of students in all subjects including science (Parker and Gerber, 2012). The SOLO taxonomy, for instance, is considered an effective teaching strategy since it supports and measures the level of cognitive learning outcomes (Lawson, 2011). This hierarchical model ensures that a given curriculum has an objective criterion that has been designed in a manner that supports learning in ascending complexity. This is essential since it encourages gradual cognitive development in students. In Saudi Arabia, for instance, continuous assessment practices have been implemented since 1999 to replace the traditional assessment practices as a means of enhancing the overall performance of students (Myers, 2002; Koballa, 2008). This development resulted in the implementation of a new teaching strategy by the Higher Committee of Education Policy in Saudi Arabia (Abdaljoad, 2004). During its early years of implementation, this strategy was only applied to year 3 primary students. Despite the success that this tran
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon – Picasso – 1907 Abstract art, especially the work of Pablo Picasso, is always subject to individual interpretation yet always contains an underlying theme that expresses the “message” that the artist is attempting to convey to the viewer. It is due to this that before meticulously analyzing a particular painting it is important to first understand the inherent themes that that artist has placed into his previous work in order to gain a better perspective on what message he is trying to convey in the painting that is being examined. What must be understood when examining the work of Picasso is the fact that his work is more symbolic rather than representative. It represents a combination of views created in an abstract way which cannot be possibly rendered in a classical artistic representation due to the diversity of subjects involved (Carbon et al., 191). In this particular case it can be seen that the artist has chosen to utilize both curved, straight and angular lines in this piece in order to depict the characters involved. What must be understood is that the use of these particular line forms are intentional in that Picasso attempted to exaggerate aspects of the feminine body utilizing these particular line styles. This can be seen in his use of sharp angular lines in this depiction of breasts while smooth and curving lines to depict the thighs, ass and arm all of which are commonly associated with a woman’s most appealing traits. what is unusual though in this case is his use of geometric shapes in the piece namely triangles which are evident in almost every single part of the painting if one were to take into account the requirements of a triangle namely an angled object with three sides. Mass in this particular case is implied through the use of lines while the concept of space here seems to be rather minimal, almost inhibited in that the artist apparently tried to portray the subjects in this piece as being contained within a single room. In fact in its portrayal of space the subjects in the painting are portrayed as being within a two dimensional space with little application of overall depth to the piece. The perspective in this particular case does not seem to be one where a viewer merely looks at the painting but apparently there seems to a certain type of “reverse” in this case wherein it is the painting that is look at the viewer. This is apparent by the perspective of the subjects within it that apparently stare straight out at the viewer. What must also be taken into consideration when examining the painting itself is that the characters are apparently frozen in position gazing out at viewers but there is a certain degree of “motion” within the piece itself wherein the various subjects seemingly flow into each other. It must be noted though that the use of light is not quite used as much within the painting itself and is in fact strangely absent. There is a certain illusion of the presence of light through the changes in tone from the bottom towards the top but it is very slight and not
Introduction Philosophy can be described as the general study of different fundamental problems that affect our society. This revolves around a wide range and array of issues that touch on aspects like existence, reason, and knowledge. Philosophy can also study the mind and language which are issues that the society has had to examine now and then due to their position and place. As much as there are other ways of dealing with such problems, philosophy is different based on its critical and systematic approach. In this case, it should be understood that philosophy relies a lot on rational arguments which is distinct in its way. Philosophy has been occasionally identified with the love for wisdom which can be traced on what it has always stood for (Cottingham 34). We can say that philosophy is the love of wisdom which can be attained by effective intellectual means. Therefore, it should occur that philosophy might also revolve around understanding various aspects of nature through empirical methods and continued logical reasoning. As much as there are different definitions of the word philosophy, nobody can underestimate the importance that it has in our society. This is because it involves some critical analysis of different beliefs that have occasionally defined our co-existence and relationships. Therefore, this means that it is a discipline that combines a set of ideas that ultimately relate to different activities (Katherine 57). Philosophy is very important in our lives because it sets a lot of values by which we ultimately live. All in all, this paper will touch on this issue by looking at various branches of philosophy which is good for general understanding. Discussion Philosophy can be divided into different branches based on the prevailing circumstances under which they are applied. In this case, there are four main branches of philosophy though others have been coming up as time goes by. These main branches are ethics, logic, metaphysics, and epistemology. Logic revolves around different rules that relate in one way or the other to rational thought. This is normally done by trying to codify existing rules as time goes by. In this case, it is done by looking at different structures of arguments that can give way to truth. In the process, full extraction of knowledge is emphasized to give good evidence on what is being argued about. This is a very important tool because it is mostly used in inquiries. Logic is a very important branch because it helps philosophers to cope with various problems based on the difficult to understand the nature of language (Juergensmeyer 20). Epistemology should be understood as the study of knowledge from different perspectives. This mostly revolves around the criteria that must be satisfied for a proper understanding of different things. In this
Nowadays, types of diabetes are classified into three forms. Type one (juvenile) diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which damaged pancreatic cells prevent the body from producing insulin or keeping glucose levels normal (Goyal & Jialal, 2020). The second type of diabetes occurs when the pancreas’ insulin-producing cells are unable to produce insulin in sufficient quantity, or the insulin is not absorbed. The third type of diabetes is gestational diabetes; it occurs during pregnancy (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). In this paper, I want to concentrate on the definition and treatment of type 2 diabetes. The main difference in type 2 diabetes is the insensitivity of the body’s cells to the action of the hormone insulin and their insulin resistance. One of the drugs used in treating is beta-blockers, commonly used as part of antihypertensive therapy (Pavlou et al., 2018). Although β-blockers may increase glycemia, some of them induce coronary vasodilation and improve glucose sensitivity. Usually, these drugs are taken orally before meals with a small amount of liquid (Marketou et al., 2017). Considering dietary requirements, the patient needs to reduce the consumption of sugar and fast carbohydrates. Short-term effects of type 2 diabetes include dry mouth, frequent urination, bulimia, blurred vision due to retinal vascular lesions, and numbness in the extremities (Sami et al., 2017). As Type 2 diabetes progresses, symptoms become more severe, and the above symptoms are joined by organ involvement. This leads to high blood pressure and abnormal heart rhythms, and the risk of heart attack and stroke increases significantly. In addition, patients suffer from the side effects of medication. For example, weight may increase sharply, or the functioning of the nervous system may deteriorate.
This discussion will pertain to my overview of “The Bonjour Effect”, a book by Julie Barlow and Jean-Benoit Nadeau. One thing that bothered me in this reading was how the writers categorized their experiences and attributed them to the whole of the French society because the kinds of lives they saw in their overview did not seem representative of the multi-faceted nature of any given culture. In their discussion, Barlow and Nadeau note that the majority of their conclusions are drawn from personal experience, particularly the parent circles of the friends the family had. The friends and their families mainly represented the French upper and middle classes. Taken simply from their observations, the writers attribute the observed traits of children they meet to the entire young French population. These few children’s manners, behaviors, and attitudes are considered average, despite the relatively limited sample size of one family’s friend group. I think this approach fails to account for the possible differences income levels, education, and even the physical location can make on a person’s cultural background. Children brought up in particular environments will absorb the behaviors they see daily and learn the manners and mannerisms that have become a staple of their area. By strictly defining a few speech patterns and actions of the children the family has met as indicative of a more significant trend, the authors, in my opinion, might have neglected to engage in the discussion or consider its intricacies fully. The main complaint I have about this part of the text concerns the possible lack of information applicable to France’s overall culture, not the upper and middle class of an area specifically.
The idea to construct a bridge connecting the great cities of Brooklyn and Manhattan across the east river was triggered in 1870 at a time when Americans were very determined to see their country move hand in hand with other prosperous countries in the industrial period. The bridge took a whole fourteen years to be built from 1869 to 1883. The construction encountered a lot of problems before its completion including the post-civil war that just began in the middle of its construction. The war saw many workmen die as well as construction materials at the site destroyed. These catastrophes delayed the quick completion of the bridge despite many Americans being optimistic and determined to complete the construction of the bridge. On the other hand, there were natural calamities that similarly interfered with the fast construction of the bridge such as strong rains because the bridge was built over the river. In addition, the political pressure seemed to put the efforts of the constructors down as many politicians and civilians were against the idea some arguing that it would contaminate the river while others wanted to be involved for their interest. All these forces saw many lives lost and building crashed down. The project took a lot of time due to the combination of various political, economical, and natural disruptions that seemed to bring the construction down. The bridge required to be well designed and constructed to be able to withstand the heavyweight of the construction materials hence the use of strong steel cables designed by engineer Roebling who was the leading engineer. The structure was
Graphic Organizer “A reading comprehension strategy is a cognitive or behavioral action that is enacted under particular contextual conditions, with the goal of improving some aspect of comprehension” (McNamara, 2007, p. 6). In order to present a captivating and educative for students strategy, it is necessary to evaluate their levels of knowledge, their abilities to perceive information, and their attitude to education and reading in particular. When a teacher is aware of what a student expects to get during his or her education, the results of the organizer’s creation may be positive. This simply organized diagram should be helpful for both student and teacher to check reading abilities of students and improve them if necessary. It is known that any reading comprehension strategy takes certain time (Klingner, Vaughn, & Boardman, 2007): time to explain the purposes of the organizer, time to involve students into the work, time to complete the organizer, and time to evaluate students’ answers. First of all, it is necessary to clear up what reading comprehension strategies are chosen for this work. There are 5 major strategies under analysis: “K – W – L” strategy – what I know, what I want to learn, what did I learn This strategy should develop student abilities to evaluate the received information, to predict the outcomes of reading, and to comprehend why this very reading is important. In the offered organizer, for this very strategy, it is necessary to answer the questions 1, 3, 5. Students get a chance to develop their rational thinking, their forecasting abilities, and their involvement into reading. Benefits of this graphic organizer for “K – W – L” strategy Clearly offered questions help students comprehend what kind of answer should be represented. The questions beginning with “WHAT” and “WHY” give a hint to a student that the answers have to be extensive. TELLS strategy This reading comprehension strategy helps to identify the title of the story, its content, the words, which have to be analyzed, and the setting that create a general picture. TELLS strategy requires the answering to all but number four questions of this graphic organizer. A student has to concentrate not only on personal perception of the story, but also be able to share this information with the other students. First of all, it is necessary to introduce the story under consideration: present its title, describe the characters, pay more attention to setting in order to help other students get an idea of how the
The key features of the Water Cube that enhance economic, social and economic sustainability The Water Cube design helped to reduce the cost of building materials while guaranteeing a stable structure by substituting glass materials with ETFE. The designer’s employed techniques to ensure optimal utilization of sunlight, which would help to reduce the cost of electricity for lighting and heating the swimming pools and building. The ETFE allows a significant amount of light into the building, which the engineers can harness to serve various energy requirements. The design would reduce energy consumption by 30 per cent for heating purposes and 55 per cent for artificial lighting. Despite the variety of designs that the engineers could use in the construction, the choice of a Water Cube helped to embolden the Chinese culture in the building. The design of the floor emphasized the theme of peace and stability in society. The designers adopted techniques to maximize water conservation through reuse and recycling in consideration of water scarcity in Beijing. The key challenges facing the Water Cube project One of the key challenges facing the Water Cube project was a dispute regarding the use of ETFE. The Chinese authorities had concerns that the material would be unable to mute external noise. The architects had to identify a perfect structural geometry for the construction of the Water Cube. Modifications in the placement of the ETFE cladding helped to realize a structure that could insulate sound effectively. Cultural differences cause
Introduction Utopia refers to an ideal, flawless society or state. The word is derived from a book written in the 16 th century by Sir Thomas Moore. The book titled “The Best State of a Republic and the New Island Utopia” described a fictional island based in the Atlantic which seemed to have an almost perfect social, political and legal set up. This is something that has never been witnessed in the actual world. Utopia’s foundations are in the Plato’s Republic where there is a very beautiful society that has a pacific attitude and all forms of social, political, and economic equality. In the utopian society depicted by both Moore and Plato, there are no social evils and the society is free from misery and poverty. The society has no laws because there are no evils that would warrant the use of laws. This utopian society has no lawyers neither does it go into war with other societies. There is religious tolerance and all forms of freedom. The society does not have monetary units, there are no taxes paid and there is communal ownership of property (Moore 8). No person is richer than another in this society, which appears to be an imaginary society that cannot exist in the real world. People usually link utopia to systems that are working properly though not as perfect as the one depicted by Moore. These systems could be the economy, a nation or even a social system. The area that commonly applies the utopian standard is the economics. Economic Utopia Most communities have been trying to create economic utopia. This attempt gained credence in the 19 th century especially in times of economic crisis. The development of capitalism and commercialization concepts gave rise to a variety of utopian ideas. This is because the two concepts disrupted the society very much leading to inclination towards utopian socialism that emphasized on an egalitarian society that had no money. The egalitarian society would also have people working for the common good and not for individual gain and goods would be distributed equally among people. This form of socialism, advocated by Edward Bellamy in his book looking backwards, received harsh criticism from William Morris and Karl Marx because of its high levels of bureaucracy (Sullivan 34). These two argued in favor of libertarian utopia that would ensure that bureaucracies were removed in socialistic movements. They also called for certain levels of individualism, thus advocating for individual utopia. In the modern setting that is being controlled by globalization and its influences, there have been attempts to create capitalist utopia focusing on free market economy. The utopian idea presupposes that there should be private ente
Introduction The first implicit issue is the greed and ambition of the management. This occurs especially when the management stands to gain in some personal means when the workers are quiet and content. The paradox of management has been how to efficiently manage employees and keep them remunerated to the deserved extent while still maintaining the profitability and success of the organization. In recent times, employees have been empowered, rightly so, to push for their rights and privileges. This has also been coupled with the recent labor studies that have found that the employee functions better and more efficiently when job and future security issues are addressed. So what happens when the employee is so powerful, they can hire or fire the employer in intervals? Main body The truth of the severity of this is evident in the case of both the New York transport union and the San Diego crisis. The underlying reasons for the problems in the pensioning system were politically motivated. The union power was high enough to ouster the mayor since it had evolved into a large political outfit. The implicit reason for the dishing out of benefits was that the people in power were okay with pleasing the masses during their tenure in order to benefit their approval ratings. This left subsequent generations of politicians to pay for the political points earned during the era they were in power. Unfortunately this was not beneficial in the long run. In the case of San Diego, bankruptcy is what followed. In the case of New York, Toussaint, the then sitting mayor, was prudent enough not to let it sit through for longer. He was brave enough to put his political popularity on the line in order to streamline the pension system in danger of heavily burdening the city’s resources. In such a case of political influence, the politicians’ management rationale is suspended and the populist policies take effect. This leads to unreasonable and unsustainable decisions and even malpractices such as bribing. The city is driven into debt and heavy financial obligations to a class of people who are not contributing adequately to what they are being supported. This is not right. However, once contracted they cannot be once again revoked and the liability that is pension is perpetual. This is not to suggest that the scheme is overall wrong. It should though be carried out with other expenses and costs in mind. It is from the same purse pensions are paid that city’s daily expenses are deducted from. Another issue is the short sightedness of management. This can be discussed in relation to the public and private sectors. In the public sector, we have spelled out above that the managers of the pay system are politicians whose focus is skewed politically. They see their decisions in the focal point of their terms in office. This produces irresponsible long-term decisions such as exorbitant pension schemes, in this case. The bearers of the consequence come in later. The costs incurred are passed on to the public who