ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Across Cultures, English is the Word is an article written by Seth Mydans and published in The New York Times on April 9, 2007. The article argues that English has conquered the world in a manner that no other language has done (Mydans, 2007). The author speculates that in the near future English will become a global language. A number of critics have come up to criticize his view. The critics argue that prominence of the English language will reduce in the future in the same way the Latin language did in the 16th century. The above critics believe that for a specific language to be determined as the global language of the future it must meet certain conditions. Mydans wrote the article to inform his audience about the universality of English and the possibility of its continuation. In fact, most students are aware that English is a global language. However, through the article the author instills pride among them. On the other hand, Mydans’ article informs non-English speaking students that there is a need for them to learn the language. As such, English will enable them to associate with more people than any other language would do. Based on the above arguments, it is apparent that the article’s main audience comprises of students and scholars of rhetoric who speak English as their first or second language. These are the native and non-native English speakers. The author’s secondary audience is comprised of scholars who do not speak English. The writer wanted to enhance a sense of pride among the English speakers, whereas for the non-English speakers the writer wanted to motivate them to learn the language so that they can fit into the tomorrow’s global society. The article makes use of ethos to emphasize the topic of discussion. Using statistics as substantiation, Mydans supplied an impetus for action. To substantiate on his claims, he uses findings from professional linguists. For instance, he mentions a renowned linguist from the Institute of Manhattan, John McWhorter. McWhorter believes that there is no known language, which can replace English as a global one. The author refers to some English experts in parts of his article. In the article, David Crystal, a professional in English language, is mentioned. The author states that Crystal believes that humanity has transformed so significantly in the recent past that history should not be used as a lead to future anymore. Another expert mentioned in the article is Mark Warschauer. Warschauer is a lecturer at the University of California. He teaches languages and informatics (Mydans, 2007). With regard to Warschauer’s findings, the author asserts that to be educated globally one has to be acquainted with English. All through the article, the author substantiates the facts by acknowledging their sources. In the article, the major argument is about whether English evolution will survive for the next centuries. Critics have argued that several common languages have been spoken in the past centuries. They assert that every
Israel and Palestine form two opposing sides of an armed conflict whose beginning reaches back to the 19th century when Jews who were suffering constant persecution first considered creating a separate state. The end of the First World War raised the question of people whose ancestors once lived in Palestine returning, an idea referred to as Zionism (“Everything You Need to Know About Israel-Palestine”). However, the Palestinian Arabs who lived there did not want to recognize the rights of Jews in these lands. Both Palestine and Israel consider Jerusalem their capital and make their own demands concerning it. The problem is the coexistence of the Jewish and Arab states in Palestine, which has been the center of a long-lasting Arab-Israeli confrontation. The European Union, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and some other Muslim countries are against making Jerusalem the capital of the country (Sheikh et al. 15). In East Jerusalem, there are shrines and places of pilgrimage for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the city holds religious, economic, and financial significance for both Israel and Palestine. From the beginning, the Arab-Jewish conflict in Palestine reflected not only a struggle over territory, but also over history, traditions, and religion. With regard to the legitimacy of the Jewish national claim to these lands, it is important to note that their intention to return there is justifiable (Tov 44). A relatively small territory has become a marker of national identity among both Jews and Palestinian Arabs. Neither one people nor the other thinks of themselves as a historical phenomenon primarily outside of Palestine, a land that formed both their national identities over many centuries. In this regard, the arguments of the Arab side also seem to be legitimate. Both sides are actively involved in hostilities: radical Zionists refused to accept the independence of the Arab part of Palestine, while many Muslim countries did not admit that the state of Israel should exist. Currently, most of the territory is occupied by Israel, while many Arabs moved to other Muslim countries. In 2017, after the escalation of the conflict between Palestinians and Israelis, the Palestinian Islamic movement Hamas renewed its armed confrontation, the third Intifada. Recently, the US President, Donald Trump, declared that Jerusalem is the capital of Israel and emphasized his decision by transferring the American embassy to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv (Landler). Thus, it seems that Trump intends to show his conviction that this step will put an end to the two-state solution of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Trump took such a risky step due to his campaign promises and Israeli-American interests (Landler). From the perspective of other nationalisms, the worl
Introduction Shipbreaking refers to a method of disposing ships that involves the demolition of vessels into small pieces that are thereafter recycled (Galley 2014). Ships usually last for several decades before they wear out. Demolition is more economical than repair in cases where the vessels are highly damaged or worn out. Shipbreaking facilitates the recycling of steel and other components used to manufacture the vessels. Currently, South Asia is the centre for Shipbreaking and recycling. Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India are famous for these activities. The three countries account for approximately 80% of the world’s shipbreaking activities (Galley 2014). Shipbreaking has been criticised because of its many adverse health and environmental effects. It results in massive pollution, abuse of labour rights, and accidents that result in injuries and other fatalities. Shipbreaking is widespread in South Asia because many maritime companies avoid the costs associated with proper ship disposal. By selling their ships to breaking yards, maritime companies save money and other valuable resources. In addition, the surge in shipbreaking has resulted from legislation that supports such activities. For instance, taxation on ship demolition was lowered from 15% to 10% (Galley 2014). Shipbreaking in South Asia The claims by Patrizia Heidegger, the executive director of NGO Shipbreaking Platform that Shipbreaking causes pollution and accidents are true. South Asia is the largest Shipbreaking destination in the world that is responsible for approximately 80% of all related activities. India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are the main shipbreaking centres in the region. Breaking yards use parts from the recycled ships to manufacture steel that is used in several industries for construction purposes. The main reason for the surge in shipbreaking activities in South Asia is the availability of cheap labour due to the high population in the region and lax laws (Galley 2014). Many countries especially in Europe transport their ships to South Asia or recycling. In addition, the region has low compliance costs due to lax laws that encourage such activities. In the past few years, the industry has been subjected to criticism because of the environmental destruction and health hazards associated with it. Environmental experts describe the industry as a haven for pollution, which affects both ecosystems and human lives in various ways. In particular, workers suffer the most mainly due to injuries that they sustain. Enforcement of law is ineffective because laws to regulate the industry are weak. The main conseque
Introduction Consciousness pertains to the condition of the mind as it perceives people, things, and events. The ability to sense one’s immediate and even distant surroundings can be attributed to the consciousness of an individual. The simplest example of consciousness can be exemplified by the capability of a person to feel that the wind is blowing against his face. Another level of consciousness may be associated with events that are occurring around and even beyond his sight, such as an individual who is aware that there is a war occurring in another country around the world. He is conscious that this is happening because he has seen this information from the news and has assimilated this recent information into his brain. This paper aims to discuss the theories involved in the study of consciousness and its associated bases. Theories of Consciousness There have been several attempts to study the concept of consciousness because the topic has been a focus of intrigue and mystery for the past several decades. To this extent, several theories regarding the concept of consciousness have been presented, all aimed towards the goal of generating a better understanding of this phenomenon, as well as providing solutions in those individuals that have been diagnosed with disorders associated with mental states. Two major schools of thought have arisen from these investigations. The physicalist school of thought examines consciousness at the physical level and even at its finer detail (Dretske 22). On the other hand, the anti-physicalist school of thought claims that consciousness can not be explained through physical attributes of the mind. Another group of investigators that have attempted to study consciousness can be categorized as those schools of thought that follow deductive reasoning (Carruthers 46). The reductive school of thought generates theories that are simply based on objective reasoning. On the other hand, the anti-reductionist theories on consciousness claim that consciousness can be explained by observable facts and simple occurrences that are reported by observers. Most reports have originated from deductive reasoning, while almost the same amount of research is
Summary Scientists develop various approaches to reduce the number of antibiotics to treat mastitis in food-producing animals, and the idea to discover the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles as eco-friendly technologies through a laboratory experiment attracts attention. The main gap in the chosen type of investigation is the inability to identify all reactions and potential threats due to the lack of well-developed projects. This study focuses on the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) synthesis and the potential of latex in different plants like Jatropha curcas or Euphorbia lacteal against mastitis and the production of the necessary bacteria. UV-visible spectroscopy, Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDEX), and particle size and zeta potential analysis were used to discuss the characterization of GNPs. Various investigations, including the Kirby-Bauer method, Bergey’s Manual microbial tests, and the membrane leakage assay, showed that the plant producing milky latex had a lower medical potential for GNP synthesis in comparison to the plant producing clear latex (ARTICLE). Such results were explained by high calcium and protein levels in the milky latex plants. Different types of plants had specific reactions depending on the conditions under which they were tested. The gram-positive and negative organisms varied in their possibility to change the structure of cells: GNPs destroyed respiratory chain dehydrogenizes and other functions of cells in gram-negative bacteria (ARTICLE). In general, synthesized GNPs were proved to have a strong potential for veterinary biological applications and the reduction of harmful antibiotics in mastitis treatment. Overall Structure The major goal of this study is to identify and compare the synthesized GNPs, latex-producing plants, and their potential for being used as eco-friendly pharmaceuticals with anti-mastitis activities. It is expected to discuss the peculiarities of the synthesis of several plant latex types to destroy mastitis causing microorganisms. The analysis of a synthesis process should be organized by such variables time, inhibitory actions, and overall outcomes. The data is useful to achieve all the aims due to its various methods to isolate microorganisms and determine the effects of GNPs. The laboratory experiment is appropriate to explain the qualities of all organisms and their reactions in microbial settings. Clear conclusions may be drawn to support the hypothesis and prove the worth of GNPs in dealing with mastitis infections. Data and Findings No reagents have recently been introduced in studies, and there is a need to make fast and correct decisions. Nanoparticles can be made from different liquids and solids with the only important requirement – to be environmentally friendly. It may be achieved as a result of a green environment benevolent process the outcomes of which are hard to predict because of its biological nature (Smitha et al. 2009). Each isolated cu
The idea of food and well being is regarded as an important one. Families consume food without having the slightest idea of how it is produced or what effects meals may have on their health. The truth is that in the modern world, there are numerous stages the food has to come through from the time it has been produced in order to reach our cooking pots. The point is that too much food can indeed have impacts on the health and lives of the generation who have no clue about the real state of affairs. Using various articles, the idea of food and well being is often discussed in detail. Power Steer is the title of the first article which was written by Michael Pollan. Power steer refers to the name of one of the steers that Michael decides to purchase from the Blair brothers. This article dwells on the beef production industry in the United States of America. Modern economics has forced most beef producers to consider using brand new ways of cattle production that were not used in the old days. Cattle then were solely raised and fed with grass. However, nowadays cattle farmers who intend to meet the demands of the market have chosen to produce cattle reared on corn and other protein supplements. As a result, there appeared fattened beef cattle being raised within only 12-16 months. Grass-fed cattle take 2-3 years to mature (Pollan 2). The idea for the market is doubling up on the numbers of cattle within a short period of time to feed the millions of people who depend on meat. The author, however, poses a question. Are we aware how the meat we buy in the supermarkets is produced? Do we know the effects of eating corn bred cattle beef? Beef that has been bred on grass is healthier and safer for consumption as compared to corn bred beef which is sold on most of th
Introduction The state in which a person’s body stops properly using or producing insulin is known as diabetes. When insulin is not used or produced properly then the sugar or glucose levels in our body rise, which results in diabetes. Insulin can be described as a hormone that helps sugar, starch and other food material to get converted into energy. If elevated sugar level is not controlled then it might lead to very serious health conditions like loss of vision, kidney failure, amputation of limbs, stroke, heart attack etc. Diabetes has become a very common disease and hence there is a huge risk of a large number of people getting affected by these complications. There are also millions of people who are suffering of pre diabetes – a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal but not as high as in patients of diabetes. This category of people has immense risk of turning diabetic if they do not bring changes in their lifestyle. Charateristics of diabetes Diabetes can be broadly divided into three categories – Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational diabetes. The maximum numbers of people suffer from Type 2 diabetes. According to Smith, “Type 2 diabetes is the most common type, affecting 90 – 95% of persons with diabetes.” (2006, p.3) Type 1 diabetes affects a minimal number of diabetic patients. Around 5-10% of persons with diabetes get affected by it. The majority of the
Industry The public school industry makes up the largest part of the market segment, currently covering 90% of all primary and secondary students’ education. The public school industry is one that is slowly rising in retention of the secondary students, but the rate is so slow that it is necessary to find other outlets to increase it. Attendance through the 10 th grade is a requirement, keeping the demand for education at a steady rate with the amount of children in that age range. Federal funding for public schools has been decreasing, so it is necessary that state and local funding increase to close the gap. According to IBISWorld estimates, the annualized rate of primary and secondary funding by the state has decreased 2.5% over the last five years. While another option of charter schools is set to grow, the same cannot be said of private schools. For instance, based on data from the US Department of Education, the private school rate of total enrollments has declined over the past 15 years and is projected to continue to do so gradually (Jennings 1). However, it is noteworthy that rates of enrollments vary across different kinds of private schools and therefore there will be disparity and opposition within this market. Although there are differentiating requirements for charter schools, there is said to be no additional federal funding for such public education entities. There are federal grants that are set up for Charter schools, these are set up to help layout the design and plans for the school and oftentimes, the future district as well. With the number of students slowly increasing, the number of public schools is said to increase by 0.8% by the year 2019. The opening of charter schools will likely drive a portion of this increase. Works Cited Jennings, Jack. “Proportion of U.S. Students in Private Schools is 10 Percent and Declining.” The Huffington Post. Web.
Introduction Indigenous is a slippery term that is defined differently by different groups of people all over the world. It is clearly stated that many people consider indigenous as being different from native. This issue has raised a global concern on what are indigenous people, how are they indigenous, what rights do they have and how different are they from non-indigenous others. From both social and political point of view, indigenous people refer to those ethnic people who are considered native to either land or region more probably before the intrusion of foreign or other dominating cultures. Indigenous people can also be regarded as a group of people with commonalities in terms of cultural identity which are said to have been shaped by their geographical region or land. In the world, various nations use wide range of names to identify indigenous people. However, indigenous people are regarded as the original inhabitants of a land, region or territory (Coastes, 2004). Politically, indigenous people refer to a group of people with historical ties to ethnic group that inhabited a certain region prior to colonization meaning that colonization has led or impaired with the existence of indigenous people in the world. It is of much interest to understand the concept of indigenous people so that one can be able to trace back the struggle such people encountered during the colonial period. The issue is that before colonial era, each ethnic group was indigenous or native to its land or region (Coastes, 2004). The need to colonize other people brought struggle between the indigenous people and the colonial nations. For instance, indigenous people resisted colonial forces from colonial nations because it came into realization that the main objective of colonialism was to extract natural resources from nations being colonized. This actually indicates the struggle experienced by the indigenous people during colonial era. The implication is that all indigenous population they once encountered struggle as they resisted foreign groups or ethnic groups (Langton, 2006). Discussion According to Niezen (2004) in his book “The origins of Indigenism: Human rights and the politics of identity”, indigenous people like any other group of people have their own rights and such rights need to be preserved by other ethnic groups in the world. As mentioned earlier, every nation has indigenous group of people for instance we have Native American and Pacific Islander Inhabiting the United States, Hill tribes in South East Asia, Aborigines in Australia and Adivasi in India among others. These groups have something in common for instance; they depend on subsistence production that includes pastoralist, horticulture, hunting and gathering as away of earning living. However, many people consider ethnic groups that are made up of indigenous people as remote socie
Behavior is a response to a situation or a stimulus and is normally derived from the subconscious part of the mind. It can also be used to refer to the manner in which people react towards other people. Behavior normally develops from character, when a character is exhibited, then the behavior gets developed from that character that has been repeated severally. The behavior of a person can either be bad or good, this is dependent upon a person’s own cultural believes and moral values. In a classroom environment both, the learners and the teachers exhibit various behaviors and the manner in which these behaviors are expressed will have a lot of impact on the learning process. In the classroom situation, the teacher can either elicit behaviors that can either promote learning or those that discourage learning. For instance, a very moody and strict teacher will probably hinder learning while a teacher who is friendly and liberal, to some extent will encourage the learners’ participation in the class activities. In order for one to provide the learners with a suitable learning environment, it is important that the environment is made orderly in such a way that the learners show respect to one another. In order to achieve this, there is need to have the students be held accountable for their behaviors (Aurora Public Schools, 2009). This can be done by teaching the learner to make the decisions and to relate with their peers and adults in appropriate ways as stipulated by the school regulations. The purpose of an educational system is to provide quality education to the learners. To achieve this certain standards, there is need to establish good behavior in the sc