ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction As a result of globalization, many organizations are employing people from different countries in order to pool resources and boost their operational efficiency. However, documented literature indicates that having a culturally diverse team presents numerous challenges based on language differences, communication issues, different working techniques and conflict resolution mechanisms (Gibson & Vermeulen, 2003). If not addressed efficiently, these challenges may lead to process and coordination inefficiencies. This paper shall provide solutions to five problems a multicultural team may face as it tries to open and run a shop in Zurich. Cultural Diversity: A Brief Overview Cultural diversity refers to a situation whereby members of given group have different beliefs, ethnicity, languages and attitudes. Hankin (2005), states that there are negative and positive consequences that may arise from a culturally diverse team. For example, a multicultural team has different experience levels, skills and attitudes that may help organizations tackle numerous challenges in international business (Hankin, 2005). However, differences between members may lead to increased conflicts, miscommunications and confusions leading to low productivity due to process and coordination inadequacies. As such, understanding and acknowledging cultural diversity may help teams create a more efficient group process. Challenges in Multicultural Teams Early and Mosakowski (2004) assert that the cultural orientation of an individual affects the level of tolerance for uncertainty he/she can handle. For example, people from individualistic or low-context cultures prefer to confront conflicts directly, while those from collectivistic or high-context cultures adopt an indirect approach to conflict resolution. The high-context culture and low-context culture concepts shall be used to identify the problems a multicultural team might face while trying to run a business in Zurich. Norms for problem solving and decision making US, Germany and Australia are considered as individualistic societies. As such, a majority of the people that belong to such societies focus their attention on individual goals rather than those of a team. On the other hand, Italians adopt a collectivist approach, in which the needs of the group have more weight than those of an individual. This difference in personality may cause a big problem when it comes to making quick decisions regarding the business. For example, individualistic people within the team will do what they think is best for the business while those from collectivistic cultures will prefer to discuss and come up with a solution that is acceptable to all members. As such, decision making and conflict resolution within this team will be difficult because members apply different approaches when hand
Corporal punishment as a form of disciplinary action to children has elicited a fierce debate and controversy over its effectiveness in shaping children’s behavior in the society. Sociologists, psychologists, and legal experts differ on whether corporal punishment has long-term benefits in shaping children’s behavior or not. The difference in opinions has resulted into quest for more research in order to ascertain both short and long-term effects of corporal punishment on children. Gershoff argues that, “crucial questions remain unanswered, such as what range of child behaviors and experiences are empirically associated with parental corporal punishment, as well as why, how, and for whom corporal punishment might have such effects” (539). Due to lack of empirical evidences to prove whether corporal punishment is harmful or not to the children, the opposing schools of thought are yet to justify their theoretical views and beliefs. The research concerning corporal punishment is very complex because there are no clear-cut differences between abusive punishment and non-abusive punishment, thus confounding the research findings. Furthermore, corporal punishment and naughty behaviors have intricate relationship in that, it is very difficult to establish causal relationships. Since corporal punishment is associated with untoward childhood behaviors and experiences, it is an ineffective and an undesirable form of parental discipline. Corporal punishment is ineffective and undesirable form of parental discipline because it only causes immediate compliance, which has short-term effects in shaping child’s behavior contrary to the long-term expectations by the parents. Numerous studies have shown that parents normally administer corporal punishment with the objective of realizing immediate compliance of the children. Empirical studies have proved that short-term compliance due to corporal punishment is very effective in learning. “There is general consensus that corporal punishment is effective in getting children to comply immediately, but at the same time there is caution from child abuse researchers that corporal punishment by its nature can escalate into physical maltreatment” (Gershoff 549). Meta-analysis has proved that administration of corporal punishment does not have long-term behavioral change as expected by the parents; it only causes immediate compliance, and this phenomenon beats the logic of using corporal punishment in disciplining children. Corporal punishment is essential in achieving control of rowdy and disruptive children; nevertheless, it does not help in long-term development of behavior in children. Although corporal punishment has short-term compliance, continued and consistent administration negatively affects internalization of morals. Continued and consistent administration of
Introduction Make-a-Bed was searching for an opportunity to streamline its processes so that the related manufacturing expense could be reduced. In the process, John Engineer was hired to control the associated activities. Although it was originally considered that the company was going to hire an employee, it was later on decided that the entrepreneurship would benefit more from using John’s services as an independent contractor. After John filed a claim against the company so that it could provide him with the payment that he considered himself eligible for, an error in the firm’s database that led to him being included in the payroll system was discovered. However, outside of the identified misunderstanding, none of John’s responsibilities implied that he worked as a company employee. Therefore, the motion should be denied as a case of misunderstanding with no fault on the company’s side whatsoever. Case Analysis: The Legal Proof to Support the Claim According to the IRS Publication 15-A, Section 2, a hired employee is restricted in their choices of “when and where to work” (Internal Revenue Service, 2016) as well as the order and sequence of the actions to carry out. John, however, was provided with much more flexibility, according to the details of the case. Furthermore, the fact that there was no behavioral control over John’s actions whatsoever indicates that John’s status was not that of an employee but of an independent contractor. Indeed, casting a second glance at the case, one will be able to notice that there was a significant amount of freedom in decision-making provided to the plaintiff (Megerdomian, n. d.). It could be argued that the necessity for John to submit regular reports about his activities, which was a part of the corporate policy that was made an essential element of the communication between the contractor and the company’s president, could be mistaken for being hired as a full-time working member of the organization. However, according to the 11-factor test provided by the IRS, the issue regarding reporting is not mentioned among the crucial characteristics of the relationships between an employee and the employer (Internal Revenue Service, n. d.). Similarly, the issue regarding the time control that John brought up during the hearing might be interpreted as an attempt by the organization to exert their power to control him. In addition, the fact that John was only allowed to work during business hours could be considered proof of him being legally employed full time. However, the fact of the matter was that the company’s computers were only available in the identified time slot. Similarly, the technical manuals could only be viewed during business hours. The rest of the work-related processes, however, could be accomplished at any time that the contractor found desirable (State of Oregon, 2016)
B ackground Today World Wide Web has become an increasingly popular platform for storing, retrieving, and disseminating information as a result of the significant and rapid growth of Web data – the knowledge available over the Internet. However, the huge, diverse, dynamic, and unstructured nature of Web data has raised a number of problems for Web data researches and applications – finding relevant information, finding needed information, learning useful knowledge, personalization of information, and social networking. Although many advanced techniques and algorithms from different research domains, such as data mining, information retrieval and knowledge management, database, and machine learning, etc., have been developed to deal with these problems, there is still a lot of challenges, such as distributed residence, scalability issues, and heterogeneous structure, etc., that has been put forward to Web data researchers by the ongoing evolution of Web (Xu, Zhang, & Li, 2010).   * Web mining was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1980 for URL schemes and HTML. He was able to determine it in a useful manner through writing the first server and first browser in 1990 (Peek, 1999).   * In 1993, Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina developed the MOSAIC browser at NCSA (National Center for Super Computing Applications) which played a key role in spreading the web worldwide rapidly (Gilder, 1996). Description Web mining consists of multiple tasks comprising of different levels of work, process, activities, information, solutions of different issues, researches in different organizations, gives knowledge to institutions from worldwide issues, and accomplishment of different tasks within a short period of time. Tree roots are tracked back for the web mining family:   * Classical statistics: This is the longest root that has developed many of the key concepts, such as cluster analysis, standard deviation, regression analysis, standard variance, confidence intervals, and standard distribution. Without statistics, there is no concept of data mining generated. As statistics is the main founder of most of the technologies of web mining. The key concepts developed by this root are the building blocks with which more advanced technologies are used to expand web mining in all over the world.   * Artificial Intelligence: The second major root of Web Mining is artificial intelligence (Boullosa & Xexéo, 2002). This technique is built to solve the statistical problems arising during the work or process in large organizations and firms. This approach requires vast computer processing power.   * Machine Learning: The third root of working through web mining is machine learning, which is more accurately defined by statistical terminologies. Machine learning operates a lot of data, to let computers learn programs to solve data, use fundamental statistical concepts and more efficient artificial learning to achieve the desired goals (Perner & Imiya, 2005). Applications Web mining is applied to the whol
Fishing, especially recreational fishing, is considered to be one of the most famous activities all over the world: people like to spend the vast majority of their time in order to use their imagination, attract the attention of other people, and catch as much fish as possible. There are lots of techniques, which may be used during fishing; however, it is crucially important to decide what fish you are going to catch in order to choose the best tool to achieve the positive results only. For example, when we talk about shark finishing, people have to think about proper techniques in order not only to catch a shark but also to hold it for a long period of time. It is necessary to admit that recreational shark fishing has its own pros and cons, which have to be mentioned and discussed. People satisfaction after a shark is caught is good indeed, however, recreational shark finishing has lots of negative outcomes for both, sharks and humans: people are not always ready to catch a shark and take the necessary steps to protect themselves from sharks’ reaction of being caught, and sharks, even being the most terrible predators in water, still carry out significant functions, and their disappearance causes numerous changes within underwater life. In fact, recreational shark fishing was not that popular until 1975. People did not find this very activity rather safe and significant in their lives, and preferred to catch some smaller fish in order to feed and entertain. However, the movie Jaws , directed by Steven Spielberg in 1975, attracted the attention of numerous fishers and those people, who liked extreme and danger. The story of one huge white shark amazes lots of people, lots of professional fishermen wanted to catch one of those sharks, which were presented on the screen in order to save their families and not to be afraid to spend some time in water. Of course, Jaws played a significant role in the development of recreational shark fishing; however, it was not the only one. The point is that people may catch a shark without a boat and use rods or reels, settled on a bridge or dock. So, if you want to feel something really exciting and unusual, you are welcome to buy all the necessary equipment and visit one of the nearest beaches in order to try own luck. But still, people should take into consideration certain facts concerning sharks in order to comprehend how much harm they can do by such frequent recreational shark fishing. Lots of researches prove that more than 100 million sharks are caught and killed every year. In other words, 11 000 sharks are killed by people every hour. (Bryant, n.d.) It is necessary to mention that these numbers are all about both commercial and recreational shark fishing. If we talk about recreational shark fishing only, it is better to use the facts,
Economic Growth and Access to Safe Drinking Water/ Access to Sanitation The access to safe drinking water and sanitation is the indicator to discuss the economic situation in the country. The correlation between the economic growth, population, and environmental impact is rather obvious. The link between factors can be examined with references to the United Kingdom as the developed country and Rwanda as the developing country. This report uses data provided by the World Bank Database and Eurostat Database. The unequal distribution of safe drinking water access depends on availability of water resources and on investment into the associated sector of the country’s economy. The population of the United Kingdom is 63.23 million (2012) ( Eurostat 2013). Referring to the data on rural population, 100% of people (2011) has the access to safe drinking water ( The World Bank 2013). On the contrary, the population of Rwanda is only 11.46 million (2012), but 66% of rural population (81% of the whole population in 2011) has the access to safe drinking water ( The World Bank 2013). It is possible to state that 3.2 million of the Rwandan population has no access to safe drinking water. Lack of investment and poor governance cause the deficiency of safe water for millions of people in Rwanda, and this factor causes the decline in social aspects such as the people’s health status. While evaluating the problem critically, it is possible to note that economies can suffer from the decline in access to water supplies. Nevertheless, the level of the country’s economic development influences the population’s access to safe drinking water directly, and the improvement of the situation can contribute to the economic growth because of improving the sanitation, population’s health status, quality of life, and productivity. From this point, the economic growth and access to safe drinking water are affected by the same socio-economic factors, and the improved governments’ policies can contribute to the access to safe drinking water as well as to the countries’ economic growth. Economic Growth and the Environment: Does the Relationship Depend on the Stages of Development and the Particular Environmental Indicator? The intense use of natural resources, the extreme development of industries associated with the significant accumulation of waste, and the increased numbers of different types of pollutants as environmental indicators influence the biosphere’s carrying capacity and cause changes in ecosystems as well as in the countries’ economies. The conclusions about the correlation between the economic growth and changes in the environment are rather opposite. From this point, it is necessary to refer to the definite approach in order
Abstract Water is a polar solvent hence it is the most commonly used fluid. Apart from the polarity of a solvent in relation to the substance being dissolved, temperature also plays an important role in the dissolution of substances. This experiment expected to establish the relationship between temperature and the solubility of KNO 3 . The solubility of KNO 3 in water and in other salt solutions was determined at different temperatures. It was realized that the solubility of KNO 3 increased with a raise in temperature and that the chemical composition of different solvents affected the solubility of KNO 3 . Water is the most suitable solvent for dissolving ionic compounds due to its polarity. The polar nature of water allows negative ions from ionic compounds to be attracted to the partially positive hydrogen ion. Ions with positive charges, conversely, are pulled towards oxygen ions, which possess negative charges. Strong forces of attraction hold the oppositely charged ions within molecules. Therefore, energy is required to overcome these forces of attraction. This energy is known as the enthalpy of solution and is denoted by -∆H o soln . Factors such as temperature and the nature of the solvent also affect the amount of energy required to dissolve a compound. This experiment was aimed at finding the solubility of KNO 3 in water as well as in solutions of other salts. It intended to find out the temperature dependence of the solubility of KNO 3 in water. The experiment also sought to approximate the heat of solution for potassium nitrate. The final objective was to estimate the molal solubility of potassium nitrate in relation to temperature in solutions containing any of the two ions that made up KNO 3 . Procedure Solubility of KNO 3 in Water About 20g of water was weighed as accurately as possible into a test-tube whose length was eight inches. 9g of potassium nitrate was added to the water, and the test tube was shaken until all the salt was submerged in the water. A coated wire stirrer was then placed in the tube after which a thermometer was inserted in such manner that the bulb of the thermometer did not get in contact with the sides or the bottom of the test tube. It was ensured that the wire stirrer could move upwards and downwards (in the test tube) without upsetting the thermometer. The solution was stirred and heated lightly. The heating stopped when all the crystals liquefied. The flame was removed, after which a beaker containing cold water was placed under the test tube. The beaker was raised so that the test tube was partially immersed in the water. Thereafter, the solution was stirred vigorously until it became cloudy. The cloudiness was an indication that crystals were starting to develop. The precise temperature at which crystals began
In the past decades, the marriage institution has transformed due to the social, economic and technological changes that have resulted to major changes; in population of the married people and their ages, the number of children in a family, the number of the unmarried adults, division of responsibility in household especially the role played by the mother and the divorce rate. The marriage age is one of the major changes that have been noticed. There has been high rise of late marriages in America as majority of Americans have preferred marrying when they have achieved some level of social, economic and technological status. Things like good education and acquisition of stable job have been given first priority than marriage. Ladies have preferred to be marrying at age above 26 in contrast to age 21 in 1972 (Andréa & Deidre, 2001). The social changes have given room to courtship, the individual have been given authority over their choice to the partner they would like to stay together with in their life. The changes have given rise to interracial marriage as compared to before when white could only marry their fellow whites and blacks their fellow black. Currently the there has been about 37% of interracial marriage in USA (Andréa & Deidre, 2001). Though there is freedom about which person to marry, there has been major decline on the marriage. The institution of marriage has not been accorded that respect as before. Doing the comparison with statistics that was done in 1983 when the women married was about 62% ,the percentage have declined to 53% which shows clearly that this institution is being neglected (Rose & Jason, 2002). Economic empowerment of women has also had negative effect on this fundamental institution as this is seen clearly by the rise of single household (Andréa & Deidre, 2001). American women especially black women who are economically empowered have preferred to be single rather being married as this gives them independence and full control of their lives without the boundaries usually set in marriage. The responsibilities of the husbands and wives have also taken a major twist. Before, men were seen as breadwinners whereby they were to supply to the needs of the family while women were mainly housewives. Today’s statistics shows that this scenario has drastically changed and anybody can take this responsibility of meeting the family’s needs. In about 3.3 million families in America, the wives have taken the responsibility of breadwinning (Ro