ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The short stories and novels of Franz Kafka (1883 – 1924) feature frighteningly complex and weird yet ludicrous plots. His writing was influenced by the time and place in which he lived and events in his personal life. Kafka adopted the self-expression writing style of contemporary writers and projected general and symbolic expressions in his works to create a three-dimensional rapport with his audience. His works express the dehumanization and oppression of totalitarian society that was the hallmark of his time. Influential personal life events include an excessive obsession with professional career, self-engineered destruction of his love life, continuous conflict with his father and a wistful wish to live in another country like America where people enjoyed freedom and fundamental rights. Franz Kafka, , was a Czech-born, German-speaking author of short stories and novels. His writings are characterized by frighteningly complex and weird, yet ludicrous plots. ‘Metamorphosis’ is arguably the best among his short stories, while the only 3 novels he wrote are ‘The Trial,’ ‘The Castle’ and ‘Amerika.’ Although all of Kafka’s writings are in German, he grew up, studied, worked and wrote in Bohemian Prague, the place in which his grave presently lies. Kafka’s writing was predominantly influenced by two factors – the environment of the time and place in which he lived, and the events in his personal life. The long-drawn political and religious struggle between the Catholics and Protestants ended in victory for the former in 1620. In the process, Bohemia was badly destroyed, economically exploited, and Bohemians were forcibly converted to Catholicism. The normal growth of literature ground to a halt for over 200 years after 1620. Its revival began in 1848 when writers cultivated the style of self-expression, first in poetry, then short stories and finally in novels. Novel writers portrayed the deplorable living conditions of the common Bohemian people, and analyzed the dissatisfaction and frustration of life during their time. Between 1918 and 1939, writers adapted their style, using their narratives as a means of putting forward general and symbolic expressions. Although he wrote in German, Kafka follows the style of contemporary Czech writers by projecting general and symbolic expressions in his writing. He uses his narratives to forge a three-dimensional connection with his readers: emotional, psychological and physical. It is no wonder, there
Cultural, gender and racial differences in sports are often observed but rarely acknowledged as important facets to sports management. Currently, there are many racial profiles regarding sports; like the common assumption that African Americans are better at sports than whites or Asians and males are better at sports than females (Bloom & Willard, 2002, p. 1). These assumptions may have some grain of truth but they should not be used to generalize athletes and dictate the way sports is managed. Unfortunate or otherwise, sports management and athlete attitudes are largely influenced by such sort of stereotypes and this influences athlete performance and participation. To understand the diversity brought about by cultural, racial and gender parameters, we will analyze Kenya, a country predominantly known to be the world’s long distance running capital. Kenya is located in East Africa and has been historically known to produce 20% of the world’s long distance runners since 1996 (Mosley, 2010, p. 3). Apart from the vivid racial stereotypes characterizing black runners in Kenya and other runners from other racial groups, Kenya has a wide cultural and gender diversity which characterizes sports participation. The level of sports participation between males and females in the country is interestingly wide and the types of sporting activities the youth participate in have been deeply entrenched in the country’s cultural divide (East African Community, 2010, p. 2). These factors will act as the pillar to this analysis. This study is therefore multifaceted because it will explore three parameters (gender, culture and race) and their influence on sports management and athlete attitudes in Kenya. The first analysis will compare Kenyan runners with other racial groups in long distance running and the second analysis will evaluate the role gender parity has to play in sports participation and management in the country. Lastly, we will establish how cultural diversity influences the attitudes of sports managers and athletes across the country’s gender divide. Racial Bias It is interesting to note that racial bias in sports is a huge phenomenon which is evidently noticeable in virtually all sporting activities. Various racial stereotypes have therefore been formed as sampled by Mosley (2010) that “Elite black athletes have a phenotypic edge over athletes of other races and this edge derives from genotypic differences between the races” (p. 1). Also to back up the racial differences in sports, Asians are considered
Primary problems The most urgent problem that the company is experiencing is the dependence of the popularity of the service on the events encouraging people to use it. The owners of the business have realized that they could not achieve enough most-event momentum to keep the company in business. Besides, the inventory that the company generated to every event retained little value after the end of the event. In fact, every event plays a role of the artificial driver of demand, and as soon as it is over, the demand falls dramatically. Another problem is the absence of rigorous rules for posting the accommodations to the website. In other words, the hosts do not have any strict plan to follow while putting their accommodations on the list of offers on the website. Besides, the hosts can put the price for the offering relying on their subjective determination of value, as the website does not have any determiners of the price relevant to different types of services. Insights from the Case and Potential Decisions The potential decisions that can save the company must rely on the gained experience, which helps to identify the obstacles to the development of the company. The strategy of attracting many clients during important events appears to have disadvantages. After the Democratic National Convention, the owners of the company realized that the amount of inventory created during the event had very little value after its finishing, as Denver could not attract many visitors. This situation is a bright example of ineffective decisions that prevent the company from achieving success. Another conclusion about the factors essential for ensuring the development of the company comes from the negative experience of allowing the hosts to post the offers without any system of controlling the process. The owners have already realized that they could lose potential revenue through underpriced listings or lose potential customers because of the inflated rates. Potential courses of actions Potential actions that can save the company from failure include attracting clients interested in services, which are not related to certain events. Therefore, the development of new services for tourists can bring good results. As tourism does not depend on any event and takes place during the whole year, the demand for advantageous housing offers for tourists is constant and stable. The owners of the company should view tourists as the main target clients able to provide constant profit. It appears to be a good solution for the company to establish good cooperation with various touristic companies around the country. Such strategy will bring more clients searching for places for overnight rest and help to keep the number of the services growing. The drawbacks of the process of posting the offers to the website can be overcome by applying strict rules and developing a spe
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases (VD) occur when infections (STIs) pass from one carrier to another through sexual contact. However, some of the diseases can be transmitted through blood transfusions, unsterilized drug needs, and breastfeeding (from mother to infant). STIs represent a challenge because they lead to the occurrence of acute illnesses, infertility in both men and women, long-term disability, death, and psychological consequences. Even though such infections are more prevalent in countries with poor quality healthcare and low income, its adverse impact requires attention from the global healthcare sphere. In the United States, STI prevention has taken the form of government policies that regulate the interventions, laws, and other administrative actions or practices. Such policies focus on the assessment and evaluation of a present situation regarding STI and the subsequent implementation of therapeutic and prevention actions (Leichliter, Seiler, & Wohlfeiler, 2016). For instance, expedited partner therapy (EPT) has been used as one of the main tools for delivering treatment to partners diagnosed with an STI. Policies that support EPT implementation have been enforced in more than forty jurisdictions. STI screening policies also play a role in the management and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Researchers have conducted numerous studies on STI prevention as well as reviewed literature pertinent to this topic. For instance, Low, Broutet, and Turner (2017) collected data on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of STIs. They concluded that STI prevention procedures range from behavioral modifications (abstinence, monogamy, safe sex practices) to extensive education starting from schools. The basis behind effective STI prevention relies on the combination of government-enforced policies and individual practices that can significantly reduce the chances of STI occurrence in the population. While the policies depend on healthcare industry stakeholders, individual procedures are a matter of conscious choice and caution. For instance, when engaging in sexual activities, it is imperative to use contraception, ask potential partners about their history of STIs and STDs, and avoid risky sexual partners and behaviors. As identified previously, testing for STIs is another preventative and treatment measure that will help individuals identify possible infections and treat them immediately.
The article represents an overview of other literature on methodologies and criteria used in supplier evaluation and selection process, which is believed to be one of the vital components of a successful operation of a manufacturing company. In particular, the paper emphasized the industry’s change in this field – from focusing primarily on operational efficiency to embracing the potential of strategic partnerships. The article claims that the right approach to supplier assessment, thus, is the key to a company’s development and progress. The paper starts with various ways to address the issues related to MCDM of suppliers’ selection. The most common ones are stated to be mathematical models, Simple multi-attribute rating technique (SMART), analytic network process (ANP), analytic hierarchy process (AHP), data envelopment analysis (DEA), linear programming, and some others. For example, DEA is a methodology focused on a supplier system and classifies it either as efficient or inefficient based on selecting particular criteria. Mathematical programming models usually incorporate complex evaluations between suppliers, allowing one to compare them and identify the most optimal in terms of cost and other criteria. The article further compares all methodologies by their popularity expressed in the frequency of mentions in the literature. Thus, DEA is the most common approach with 30% mentions, whereas mathematical programming (17%), AHP (15%), and case-based reasoning account for fewer mentions. However, those methodologies represent the largest share of all MCDM approaches. The article highlights the significance of knowing this distribution, which can build an idea of the most prominent ways to address the issues with suppliers’ assessment and selection. It is also stated that suppliers should be evaluated based on “the inputs of the strategic, functional and operational levels” (Agarwal et al., 2011). Methodologies such as DEA, mathematical programming, or AHP are advised to be used for identifying the most optimal suppliers, whereas AHP is noted to be effective in providing consistency. Reference Agarwal, P., Sahai, M., Mishra, V., Bag, M., & Singh, V. (2011). A review of multi-criteria decision making techniques for supplier evaluation and selection . International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations , 2 (4), 801–810. Web.
In his article “Stick and Stones and Sports Team Names”, Richard Estrada discusses the logic behind giving sports team names in the United States. He argues that some of the titles appear inadmissible due to the ideas incorporated in them. Richard Estrada was a prominent publicist and a contributor to a number of leading American newspapers including the Washington Post and the Los Angeles Times. He was known for his independent thinking, creativity, wide scope of observation, ability to appeal to readers’ judgment and emotions, and the sharp mind. These outstanding qualities are well-demonstrated in the article addressed here. Overall, the article “Stick and Stones and Sports Team Names” by Estrada features strong pathos and logos, needs some enhancement in ethos, and demonstrates four major fallacies. Speaking about pathos in Estrada’s article, it should be stated that it is the most powerful characteristic of this work. The author constantly relies on the emotional appeal to the readers throughout the development of the whole argument. To induce the audience to adopt his point of view, the author uses illustrations from the real life of common American citizens that are able to make any individual feel solidarity with the speaker. Further, Estrada offers many questions to his audience to direct their reception. As a result, readers begin to think the way the author intended. A yet another technique the journalist applies to convince his audience is manipulating the most popular sport team names such as the New York Yankees or Washington Redskins. When Estrada changes these favorite titles to the New York Jews and Washington Blackskins to emphasize their paradox, readers’ feelings become inevitably affected. Addressing ethos in the article under consideration, it should be stated that it is solid and weighty. Particularly, the author appeals to the credibility of a respected educational establishment, Stanford University. Similarly, he often resorts to mentioning historical facts, which adds weight to his statements. In addition, he utilizes the postulates of fundamental believes and shows his solidarity with the American people in general to build a bridge between himself and his audience. Next, he demonstrates his sympathy with the position of the opposite side. Also, he pays attention to different members of society to demonstrate his balanced approach to the choice of evidence. As a result, a reader sees the argument of the article as strong and convincing. Howe
Introduction It is important to note that billing and coding errors have major effects on the healthcare system, which can have implications regarding financial issues, operational effectiveness, and medical complications. Therefore, the healthcare system can be heavily affected by these error-based factors, where the outcome can range from minor to heavy disruption in the process of healthcare delivery as well as lead to noticeable losses for the facilities and organizations. Main body One of the main effects of incorrect insurance coding and billing on the healthcare system is a financial one. It is stated that errors in clinical coding can result in the potential loss of income and revenue due to incorrect assignment of appropriate diagnosis and treatment procedures (Zafirah et al., 2018). In other words, these errors come at a cost, which can be evidently traced and indicated by the financial performance of an organization. Therefore, a medical facility or any healthcare unit needs to ensure that the processes of coding and billing are as precise as possible in order to integrate sustainable and accurate strategies. For example, a medical facility, which systematically makes insurance coding and billing errors, can spend more resources on the correction of the mistakes and suffer from reduced patient satisfaction levels. Another major effect of the insurance coding and billing errors is manifested in the fact the overall operational effectiveness can be hindered by the given occurrences. A healthcare organization needs to operate with a high degree of effectiveness and efficiency by ensuring that each patient is accepted, diagnosed, treated, and billed in a steady order, which creates a manageable flow of the processes. However, if such a facility makes coding and billing errors on a regular basis, then patients need to undergo the same process in order to acquire proper coding for their issue, which generates delays and disruptions in the overall procedural flow. It should also be noted that one of the most important and damaging effects of insurance coding and billing error is rooted in the fact that it leads to medical complications. It is stated that insurance coding might “overestimate the actual effect of obesity on complications after arthroplasty” (George et al., 2017, p. 86). In oth
Introduction Demonstrative (nonverbal) language refers to the practice of communicating by means of wordless signals (Hargie, 2012). This form of communication comprises all non-worded messages that are employed in everyday communication. When communicating orally these non-worded messages are conveyed through accentuation, tonal variation, pauses during speech, the posture of the body during conversation, gestures, and changes in facial expressions. Nonverbal messages play a significant part in our day-to-day communication and makes up more than 90 percent of our total communication. Therefore, effective communication demands that one understands the different signals applied in nonverbal communication and the different ways of decoding these signals. This paper looks at the various forms of nonverbal communication as well as their effectiveness to the sender as well as to the receiver. Various Forms of Nonverbal Communication From the time a child is born, he uses signs like crying to pass messages. Most people attach meaning to body gesture and nonverbal signals depending on their social conditioning. The following section looks at some of the commonly used forms of nonverbal communication. Body Posture This refers to the orientation of the narrator’s body. The posture of the body should not be confused with body gesture. Unlike gestures that change considerably during conversation, posture is a steady state. The positioning of the body is often meant to serve a certain objective. It can also be due to the expectations in a certain setting. For example, the body posture expected in a classroom or office is different from the posture at home or in a social gathering. Certain postures such as leaning or slumping denote relaxation and ease. However, such postures can send a negative signal of the speaker’s attitude about the topic. The listener’s posture is also important as it reflects his attentiveness or feelings towards the issue being discussed. Intonation Intonation refers to alterations in a person’s voice during speech. It is through intonation that we establish whether a person is asking a question or making a statement. In case the sender asks a question, the pitch is raised at the end of the sentence. However, the tone usually falls towards the end of the sentence if the sender makes a statement. Intonation can also be used to indicate punctuation in speech such as commas and exclamation marks. Intonation also aids in putting emphasis on certain words that the listener is supposed to observe. Tone of Voice The voice tone should not
Social life in each country is considered to be one of the most rapidly changing aspects in environment. Living in the world where globalization has occupied all the spheres of countries’ life, society has to subject to the changes which occur. Western world is more open for changes. Rapid economical growth and political stability have created supportive conditions for democratization of the society. Eastern countries due to low development and other specific problems in economical and political life failed to create supportive environment, therefore, the social development in these countries seem to be slower. China was a developing country in 90s with low social and economical development. People in villages were too poor and did not have many rights. Men ruled and women had to subject. However, remembering the history and the political events which occurred in 90’s in China, it is possible to point at the changes in the political situation. The time Mao was over and China appeared in the period of changes, social, political and economical. The Story of Qiu Ju (1992) and Ermo (1994) are two Chinese movies which present these changes. The focus of the movies may be covered by the following themes, the life in a village, complicated situation women are put into and the changes which created opportunities for females to come of the shade of men, the place of poor people and modernization of life in the post Mao period. The influence of the Western tendencies on the Chinese culture is also presented as one of the themes of the movie. Having chosen The Story of Qiu Ju (1992) and Ermo (1994) as two movies which are going to be criticized, it is important to mention that the themes in the movies have slight differences, however, the focus on the changed s which occurred in the Chinese society in 90’s in perfectly followed. Comparing the spry-lines, it is possible to follow the change of the female characters from the beginning of the film up to the end. The changes in the characters occurred slightly, like the changes in the Chinese society. Moreover, there were many complications and barriers on the way to changes which were successfully overcome. The significant role of the movies under consideration is in direct and fair presentation of the situation which was in the society, the changing conditions and other barriers which were created, such as failure to understand that the changes are possible, refusal of relatives to understand those who have decided to change and the social inequality which created many problems on the way for gaining just. The plot of each movie is rather primitive, but the meaning of the movies and their role in the social life of China is great. The Story of Qiu Ju (1992) dwells upon Qiu Ju and her husband Qinglai, peasants who live in a small village. Qiu Ju is at her third trimester of pregnancy. Her husband Qinglai is severely beaten by the head of the village and Qinglai cannot work. Qiu Ju dgoes to the head of the village and demands him to pay, but he refuses. Searching for just, Qiu Ju goes to the court. Court’s decision is to pay