ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background Expectancy theory was developed in 1964 by Victor Vroom of Yale School of Management. It tries to relate the ways that human resources can be motivated in their day to day duties. Motivation is the drive an individual has; it makes him persevere to attain set goals either in life or in an organization. People have different personalities and so are they motivated by different things. Ones motivator is not static but changes with among others age, economic status, and social status. An organization requires both human and physical resources to attain its set goals and objectives. Management should attain company’s set goals. Motivation is a continuous process; attainment of one goal leads to another goal and a different motivational system. A motivation system/process is a combination of variable with the expected end result as an increased enthusiasm and morale in ones work (Oneil and Drillings, 1994). Expectancy theory is of the opinion that employees perform better when they realize that their efforts will be rewarded and recognized. This paper discusses expectancy theory; it does so using a hypothetical case study. Explain the three key components and relationships in the expectancy theory of motivation The theory of expectancy is based on three main components and relationships. The components do not work in isolation but they jointly are applicable to situations at different extent determined by personality of individual employees. These relationships are; “ Effort – performance” The center of attention here is on the possibility that the individual’s exertion be distinguished in his performance evaluation. If there is a system that recognizes efforts, then employees will be motivated and put more efforts in all they do in anticipation of recognition during appraisal. The theory recognizes that employees need to be rewarded if they perform their duties diligently. Different people are motivated by different things/actions and thus recognizing the best way of motivating them is crucial in an effective motivational system. Performance-reward The relationship between good performance and reward by the company are recognized by the theory. A company adopting this theory should have a good system which recognizes a well performance by members. This gives a connection between a reward and performance; it reasons from the angle that if employees when appraised are rewarded accordingly, they are likely to be motivated and produce more output in anticipation of rewards. From this angle the efficiency management should maintain a well structured appraisal method that recognizes and reward performance. On the same line, there should be punishment mechanisms which ensure that those people who do not perform are warned. The punishment mechanism should be adequate enough to teach an offender a lesson at the same time deter the occurrence of a similar behavior in the future,
This paper is a response to Mihir Desai’s article “The Decentering of the global firm”. In the article, Desai argues that “A firm’s legal home, its financial home and its homes for managerial talent no longer need to be co-located and, consequently, the idea of firms as national actors rooted in their home countries is rapidly becoming outdated” (Desai, 2008, 3). Hence, the implication that firms based in a particular country can alone help the home country is becoming outdated and outmoded. The author argues that since global markets offer enough opportunities for firms to maximize their revenues from multiple locations, there is no specific need for a firm to be located in say, the United States, to contribute to the American economy. He cites the examples of firms like Warner-Chilcott Plc. that is based in the UK but has a majority of its operations in the US. Similarly, companies can operate from the US but have significant interests worldwide. This is the premise behind Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation that was essentially based out of Australia but was relocated to the US in 2004 to readily access the American investors there. Hence, the reasoning is that companies can be located anywhere in the world and take advantage of the lower costs of manufacturing offered in one country and the costs of doing business in another country may be conducive to the firm having its administrative work done there. The author’s contention is certainly sound and can be viewed as an extension of the globalization-based theme of global corporations. Where Desai scores is his novel thesis that a firm can have multiple national identities and can have homes in several countries and this confluence of manufacturing base, capital attraction base, and marketing base can lead to synergies that augur well for the company as well as for the countries in which it operates. I tend to agree with the author’s point and based on the experiences of companies like Unilever that operate out of multiple locations and have a base in several countries around the globe, there is a case for the truly global firm to be profitable. With the increasing spread of globalization and the movement of global capital that is blind to geography and culture, it is but natural that global firms would emerge and engage in productive activities. As pointed above, Unilever is one firm that has successfully leveraged on its presence in multiple countries to capitalize on Ricardo’s “Theory of Comparative advantage” that was originally proposed as an argument for free trade, but, can now be extended to cover the topic of globalization of business activities of the firms like Unilever. For instance, Unilever has a presence in almost all the countries that are members of the WTO (World Trade Organization). And though the headquarters is in the Netherlands, the firm enjoys the benefit of lower cost of resources wherever it can source them cheaply, lower operating costs wherever it can produce competitively and access to global capital wherever capital is available. In conclusion, the current ec
Introduction A document designed to determine the key directions of the state development of Qatar is the Qatar 2030 strategy. The concept is based on five basic principles:  1. Modernization subject to the preservation of traditions;  2. Orientation to the needs of the present generation as well as of the future ones;  3. Controlled growth and inadmissibility of external expansion;  4. Compliance of the number of foreigners working in the country and their qualifications with the tasks of its development;  5. Economic growth, social development, and environmental protection. As stated in the concept, the successful implementation of these principles depends on a solid foundation resting on four “pillars”:  1. Human development;  2. Social development;  3. Economic development;  4. An enabling environment, which implies harmony between economic growth, social development and environmental protection. At the same time, the humanitarian section of the Social Development Strategy, drawn up on the basis of the main vision of the country’s development until 2030, is aimed at a qualitative improvement in health care and education. For this, the Qatari leadership has prepared appropriate programs. In particular, in April 2011, the launch of the National Heal
The source of the text is the translation and (probably) adaptation of the book of Samurais. So, the type of source is secondary. Hagakure was written during the period 1709 – 1716. however, it was not issued until many years afterwards. It is a realistic and sacred guide for a warrior, originated from a collection of commentaries by the samurai, Yamamoto Tsunetomo, former retainer to Nabeshima Mitsushige, the third sovereign of what is now the Saga region in Japan. The book discovers Tsunetomo’s regards on bushido, the warrior principles of the samurai. Hagakure is sometimes regarded to declare that bushido is really the “Way of Dying” or living as though warrior was previously dead, and that a samurai payment must be wishing to die at any instance in order to be true to his lord. The author of this book of Samurai created it with the aim to leave his own legacy for further generations. As the book describes the life and death of a samurai. While Hagakure is perhaps the best known explanation on bushido, there are those who view Tsunetomo as to some extent of a fanatic, a label he himself would neither refute nor dislike. For instance, his censure of the Forty-seven Ronin is grounded on his estimation that they should not have waited a year to retaliate their lord, but should have tried revenge instantly, even though an instant effort almost certainly would have failed. While most see the achievement of the forty-seven and praise their endurance, Tsunetomo believes that acting instantly is ultimately more significant than whether or not one thrives in attaining the aim. The context, the book was created in is the following: After Yamamoto’s master died, Tsunetomo himself was prohibited to perform tsuifuku, a retainer’s ceremony self-kill, by an proclamation of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Hagakure may have been written partly in an attempt to outline the role of the samurai in a more nonviolent society. Several sections submit to the “old days”, and entail a hazardous weakening of the samurai class since that period. The Hagakure was written roughly one hundred years after the start of the Tokugawa epoch, a time of comparative peace. With no central campaigns to fight the samurai were changing from a warrior to an managerial class. His work represents one advance to the matter of maintaining military attentiveness and a proper military attitude in a time when neither has much practical application. Talking on the matter of biases, it is necessary to give the direct quote from the book itself: If one looks at the world when affairs are going smoothly, there are many who go about putting in their appearance, being useful by their wisdom, discrimination and artfulness. However, if the lord should retire or go into seclusion, there are many who will quickly turn their backs on him and ingratiate themselves to the man of the day. Such a thing is unpleasant even to think about. Men of high position, low position, deep wisdom and artfulness all feel that they are the ones who are working righteously, but when it comes to the point of throwing away one’s life for his lord, all get weak in the knees. Hagakure book g
The number of falls and subsequent injuries is increasing as the population is aged 65 years and overgrows. Balance issues and falls are very frequent in the elderly, and they significantly contribute to the increased rates of institutionalization. It is approximated that more than 28 percent of the elderly people above 65 years of age experience falls every year. The rate of falls rises tremendously to more than 40 percent for those who are aged 75 years and above (Hicks et al., 2008). The risks of falls have been established to be strong predictors of morbidity in the geriatric population. Balance issues in elderly individuals are attributed to a number of factors. These factors include weaknesses in muscles that render stability, impaired muscle stimulation patterns, loss of proprioception, and loss of the ability to control normal posture. Further, a reduction in physiological reserves due to advanced age also inhibits the potential to respond to rapid disturbance (Hicks et al., 2008). Although most falls among older adults (90%) do not cause injury or death, research shows that many are medically and personally serious. Older adults who suffer a fall injury become heavy users of medical resources. Fractures are a common result of falls among older adults, and hip fractures produce the greatest morbidity and mortality. “These lead to loss of independence through disability, as well as fear of falling. The reduction in mobility and independence is often serious enough to result in admission to a hospital or a nursing home, or even in premature death” (Chang 2004). It is critical, therefore, to implement an effective prevention or treatment program. Old adults have reduced capacity in different body systems—such as skeleton and musculature, proprioception, balance, and vision—which have vital roles in maintaining body balance and strength. When for various reasons these systems are compromised, functional capacity will be reduced, increasing the chance of falls. In addition, people who have previously had a fall are at a higher risk of further falls. Among current randomized clinical trials, a multifactorial fall risk assessment and management program is the most effective component of a fall prevention program (Chang 2004). Exercise is an intervention used in the largest number of studies, and it too has had a statistically significant be
Introduction Minstrel shows were traveling shows popular in the United States of America in the 19th century, particularly in the period from the 1850s to the 1870s. In these shows, white actors portrayed black people by painting their faces with grease paint or shoe polish. These performances were mocking African-Americans on the basis of common prejudices and stereotypes, such as them being, allegedly, lazy, ignorant, immoral, or cowardly. Main body Minstrel shows were widely accepted and popular among white audiences to the point that people got outraged if a show was canceled. Newspaper advertisements were employing characters from minstrel shows because of their widespread acclaim (“A Brief History of The Minstrel Show” 0:5:22-0:6:11). While there were a number of companies staging minstrel shows, there were several reoccurring popular characters who became archetypes; one of them was Jim Craw. In the 1830s and 1840s, a white performer Thomas Dartmouth Rice, one of the pioneers of the genre, created a character named Jim Crow. He performed a number of songs mocking African-American people, such as “Jump Jim Crow”, wearing blackface makeup. “Jim Crow” became “a collective racial epithet for blacks”, and later the name of the racial segregation system, which was in operation primarily in southern states between the 1870s and the 1960s (Pilgrim). Therefore, this minstrel show character contributed to the long-term development of racial stereotypes. While such shows were created for white audiences by white performers, they were cultural events of such magnitude that black people could not be excluded entirely. There are photographs showing how African-American people helped with preparations for the shows, for example, setting up the tents (“A Brief History of The Minstrel Show” 0:11:01-0:11:13). After the Civil War, some African-Americans started to perform in minstrel shows since it was the only way to get into the entertainment industry. Some of the shows even had black managers and owners; others employed both white and black actors (“Blackface minstrelsy”). However, despite these tendencies which were supposed to contribute to making this genre more respectful towards black people, in essence, it remained prejudiced and insulting. Conclusion The widespread acclaim surrounding minstrel shows facilitated stereotypes concerning black people. The characteristic features of these performances, including catchy songs, jokes, and recognizable reoccurring characters, such as Jim Crow, contributed to the indoctrination of children among whom they were particularly popular. They continued to enhance racial stereotypes despite some efforts to make the genre more inclusive by involving African-American people since they remained profoundly racial and offensive.
Introduction An antibiotic is a term that was used originally to refer to a class of drugs derived from microorganisms and used to treat infections caused by other microorganisms. However, most of the antibiotics currently in use are either semi-synthetic or synthetic. They achieve this by either killing (bactericidal) or inhibiting the growth of bacteria (bacteriostatic). Physicians prescribe antibiotics when a patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection. There exists a wide range of antibiotics that a physician can choose from. This is dependent on if the causative bacteria are gram negative or gram positive. Other antibiotics are broad-spectrum such as chloramphenicol. This means that they can be used to treat infections caused by a wide range of bacteria. Amongst the agents used to treat gram positive bacterial infections include penicillin and macrolides such as erythromycin. Those that are used to treat gram-negative bacterial infections include floroquinolones and aminoglycosides (Hamilton-Miller, 1984). Antibiotics achieve their beneficial effects by acting on the bacterium cell. The bacterium comprises several targets for antibacterial agents depending on the class chosen. These targets include the bacterial cell wall, ribosomes, cell membrane or on the bacterial DNA.Those that act on the cell wall such as penicillin and vancomycin inhibit the synthesis of new cell wall. Thus, the permeability of the cell wall is altered leading to cell lysis. Alteration of the cell membrane such as that caused by polymixin causes leakage of important cellular material leading to cell death. Those that act on ribosomes inhibit protein synthesis. This is achieved through blocking of the initiation or translocation steps which depends on the agent used. These agents bind on specific ribosomal sub units either the 50s or 30s sub units of bacterial ribosome. Examples include tetracycline and aminoglycosides.Those that act on DNA prevent its replication. This class includes flouroquinolones.The damage to the DNA starts by initiation of strand breakage followed by temporary arrest of growth and eventually total inhibition of replication (Pakyz, MacDougall, Oinonen & Polk, 2008). The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the drugs need to be considered when choosing the suitable agent for the condition in question. These range from the location of the infection, the route of administration, absorption of the drug from the gastro-intestinal system, the half-life of the drug and possibility of drug interactions. Care should be exercised in special groups such as pregnant or lactating women and in patients with impaired kidney or liver functions. Proper use of antibiotics should be encouraged as abuse may lead to resistance. This can be fostered through accurate diagnosis of infection and issuing of proper instructions to the patient..Over-use of antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins has contributed to increased allergic cases to these drugs. This may present as skin rash, anaphylactic reaction, shock or edema. This leads to development of new medical problem, which increases the cost of healthcare
Terminating the contract of an employee needs extensive legal knowledge and understanding on the part of the employer. Dismissing an employment relationship leaves a great impact on both the worker and the business. The process also requires many resources, especially in terms of energy and time. It is, therefore, important to be aware of the legal processes involved in employee dismissal. The Fair Work Act 2009 contains laws that cushion employees in the Australian job market against unfair dismissal. These laws cover workers who earn a maximum of $ 123, 300 excluding bonuses. They also cover employees who previously enjoyed the cover of the enterprise and awards contracts that the FW Act or previous statutes established. Dismissal laws propose that employees should seek legal intervention when their employers dismiss them without reasons related to their behavior, ability, or redundancy. Besides, if their employers do not give them notices of their dismissal, do not allow them ample time to respond, did not give them warnings for being in certain situations, and do not allow specialists to help them in their hearings, they should look for legal assistance. They should also get legal intervention in cases where their employers do not follow proper dismissal procedures when dismissing them (Australian government). If the employer accuses the employee of misconduct or incompetence during dismissal, he should cite more than one occasion of incompetence or misconduct. The employer must determine the misconduct using the “balance of Probabilities.” This balance usually involves intensive investigation of the situation. Therefore, they must seek, consider and test all the available evidence. The common law uses the principle of reasonable notice in determining the length of notices. Usually, this period is between one month to two years. However, other factors such as position, alternate job, age, and years of service can also help in establishing the length of this period. Implied Terms in Employment Contracts Implied terms are provisions that are enforceable through contracts, and the parties in employment contracts take them as part of their employment agreement. Implying such terms entails using the common law, customs, facts, and implied statutes. Implied terms are useful even when they are not in text form. CIRCUMSTANCES WHEN TERMS ARE IMPLIED. Individuals can imply terms into employment contracts depending on the custom of the field of operation. If there is an existing custom that shows the necessity of implying a term, then the law will consider the term factual. Such a custom should have enough evidence to show that people know it well and always import it into their contracts. In Thornley v Tilley, the court said, “The custom must be so notorious th
Introduction The target market for the proposed cardiac center is Dammam city in Saudi Arabia. This is given the fact that there is lack of a cardiac center in the region. The proposed cardiac center will offer services addressing cardiac problems and complications, advice to patients and simple surgical procedures to people of all ages. Even if the new cardiac center will be located at Dammam city, it is noted that it may attract patients and professionals from other parts of the country. This report is going to address issues surrounding the establishment of the proposed cardiac center in the city. The report will cover several aspects of this new venture. Dammam is a small city in Saudi Arabia. It is the capital city of Eastern Province in this country. According to Armstrong et al. (2009), the town is the economic hub of the world’s most oil-rich region. As far as size is concerned, Dammam is third after Riyadh and Jeddah. Historians are of the view that the city was initially inhabited by an Al Dossary clan as far back as the early 1920s. The inhabitants were immigrants from neighboring Bahrain. The developments in this region are attributed to the huge oil deposits that were discovered there in the 1940s and 1950s. The oil deposits account for about 25 percent of the total oil deposits in the world. There is no specialized cardiac center in Dammam city. People are forced to travel for long distances to find such services. The purpose of this marketing plan is to address issues revolving around the setting up of a new cardiac center in Dammam city. It is noted that it is not fair to have patients travel very far in search of healthcare. This is the idea behind this proposal. It is aimed at addressing or alleviating the problems that people in this and surrounding regions face trying to access quality health care. The proposed cardiac center is named Tabibu Hospital. Tabibu hospital is a small hospital located at the center of Dammam city. Although it is a small facility, it is noted that Tabibu Cardiac Center will have the facilities that are needed to cater for the health needs of the population in the city and surrounding areas. The hospital will have 50 beds which ev