ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Slavery has always been an ongoing issue for human society. Since the dawn of the civilization people adhered to a pattern that implied the exploitation of the representatives of a certain social group to obtain benefits and guarantee the further evolution of society in this way. Various reasons preconditioned the appearance of this pattern; however, it had been explored for centuries and contributed to the appearance of a group of people who suffered from a biased and inhumane attitude. Known as slaves, they promoted the evolution of all colonial states and other countries greatly, creating the basis for their economic growth. However, the merciless attitude towards this group by slave owners, the disregard of their basic rights, and humiliating treatment preconditions the evolution of one of the greatest tragedies in the history of humanity known as slavery. Millions of people were affected by it. The topicality of the given issue gave rise to numerous researches related to the question. It is a well-known fact that for centuries the African continent had been the main provider of black slaves who was used by such colonial states as the British Empire, Spain, Portugal, Holland, etc. Millions of people were transported from Africa to Europe and America. However, there were periods characterized by the increased rates of people transfer. According to the hypothesis provided by Stephen Behrendt, the number of slaves doubled in harvesting seasons and several months that followed them (par. 3). The given statement could be explained by the increased need for the working force that should be used on plantations and other agricultural areas. To prove the given hypothesis, it is crucial to analyze the slave traffic at different periods and compare the showings related to harvest periods. However, it is possible to provide a secondary thesis which states that despite the increased number of people transported by vessels and deteriorated conditions under which slaves were kept, the number of attempts to rebel and improve their state was low until the 18th century. It could be explained by the absence of real opportunities and the complicated character of relations in the society of that period. Additionally, the constant humiliation and deprivations conditioned the significant changes in slaves cognition and contributed to the lack of hope and will to struggle. However, the rise of consciousness and evolution of the humanistic approach preconditioned the significant shift in slaves mentality and promoted the appearance of the first attempts to rebel. As stated above, there is an obvious seasonality in tendencies towards slave transfer. If to speak about America of that period, it was used as a raw materials supplier that guaranteed the prosperity of colonial empires and provided them with the needed materials. For this reason, it could be characterized by great agricultural areas that were used to grow sugarcane and other important crops and plans. The need for human resources was significant. In the months when the need to gather harvest appeared, landowners were ready to obtain new work
The scandal connected to Mylan and EpiPen’s pricing was caused by recurrent price increases imposed by the company. This had a serious impact on the market and on the people who needed EpiPen the most but could not afford it due to a sky-high price. The public outburst made the company review its pricing policy, but the way in which the company managed its marketing, financial, and pricing approaches is exceptional. The current paper explores the strategies that were adopted by the company and provides a critique of their perilous elements. The analysis is based on the factual data and reflects the premises that led to the transformation of Mylan into an undisputed leader and authoritarian pharmaceutical company. Regardless, this severe approach became both a strength and a weakness for the company, and this will be discussed further in the paper. When it comes to marketing, the acquisition of EpiPen by Mylan became one of the key events in the history of the company. Before this, the company did not represent a serious threat to the market, and its approaches were relatively generic. According to the case study, Mylan managed to win over the market and make the most out of their children-focused strategy (3). In addition to this, the company exploited the healthcare legislation and bypassed several limitations that were not provided by the existing laws. Another important fact is that the company made the best use of the DTCPA (Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising) and naturally eliminated numerous medics out of the medication prescription equation. As it is accurately highlighted in the case study, Mylan spent huge amounts of money to promote its newly acquired product regardless of the controversy and mistrust (4). If we connect this to the company’s marketing strategy, we will be able to see that Mylan’s brand image was critically influenced by their approach to business. Nonetheless, Mylan was able to evade the pitfalls in the form of popular hatred and disrespect from other pharmacological companies. Another definitive characteristic of the marketing strategy of the company is that Mylan was able to increase the price almost 20 times during the nine-year acquisition period. These increases were implemented in a constant, even oppressive manner with the intention of subduing the market. To say the least, the company was able not only to increase the price but also the frequency of price increases. Single leadership led to the monopolization of the production of EpiPen and the establishment of an in-house marketing campaign. Moreover, as mentioned in the case study, one of the key advantages of Mylan was that they had almost no competitors (4). This allowed the company to increase the price painlessly as they knew that the public will still purchase their product regardless of the price. Moreover, despite the hatred, Mylan still boasted an extensive portfolio of medications and manifested a strong presence in a rather large number of
Introduction Very few paintings have elicited as much controversy, discussions and dissection as the Leonardo Da Vinci Last Supper painting. This master piece has been subject to a whole new discussion following the [popularity of Dan Brown’s book, The Da Vinci Code. People have analyzed the painting a fresh by looking at whether it truly depicted a true picture of Jesus Christ and his disciples. There have been opposing sides to this debate; however, it would be almost impossible to tell whether the painting had any hidden messages. In 1495, the Duke of Milan commissioned the Last Supper’s painting. He had employed Da Vinci to begin working on the painting. Da Vinci had been employed by the Duke for a period of 18 years and he did the painting during his last few years under the Duke’s employ. Da Vinci was a well-known procrastinator and it was no surprise when the painting took approximately four years to complete. Many believed that he extended the painting period so as to continue his employ under the Duke for longer. Size used and space used for the paintings The size of the original painting was believed to be approximately fifteen by twenty nine feet. It was mounted on a wall at the Convent of Santa Maria Delle Grazie in Milan Italy. This is unlike the Ajanta paintings. The space available to the Ajanta painter was not limited; it was rather comparatively extensive. The Ajanta artist usually had a full wall to themselves. They extended their artistic work on to the adjoining wall. Da Vinci’s version of the Last Supper has proven to be the best version. The Guernica painting on the other hand was 3.5 meters tall and 7.8 meters wide. Style used in the paintings The painting of the last supper draws the attention of any admirer to the center of the work, which is Jesus Christ’s head. This painting can be categorized as a single focal point painting. Even those who possess very little knowledge of art find themselves drawn to the focal point of the painting. Da Vinci’s version of the painting is the first ever version that shows Jesus Christ and His disciples as ordinary people who shared meals together. He was also the firs
Introduction Understanding the International Style of Design The International Style (in architecture and graphic design) is most succinctly defined as the aesthetic paradigm, simultaneously aimed at ensuring the high functionality of the industrially produced life-enhancing commodities and endowing them with much artistic value. Hence, the essence of the paradigm’s conceptualization of the creative process, in general, and the role of a designer, in particular, “The artist had to function as a sort of mediator between formal invention and standardization, between personal style and the appropriate form for the Zeitgeist (or ‘spirit’ of the times)”. 1 The style’s most distinctive characteristics are concerned with emphasizing the spatial integrity of architectural/graphic designs, prioritizing balance over symmetry in the latter, and ensuring the aesthetically “clean” looks of completed projects. The International Style (initially known as Bauhaus ) originated in Germany during the early 20 th century. Its introduction and sub-sequential proliferation were predetermined by the dramatic rise of humanity’s industrial capabilities that took place through the historical period in question and the fact that this particular development had a powerful effect on the aesthetic discourse in the West. The International Style has reached the peak of its popularity through the 20 th century’s 1930s-1960s. Among the style’s most notable promoters can be named Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Frederick Kiesler, and Raymond Hood. As it was implied earlier, the affiliates of the International Style are driven by both the considerations of functionality and artistic finesse, which partially explains the common indications of a particular architectural/graphic design belonging to the aesthetic model in question. These include the abundance of rectangular/geometrically congruous shapes, uncluttered interiors (in buildings), the complete absence of any applied ornamentations, and the extensive usage of unconventional/”industrial” materials (such as reinforced concrete, glass, and steel). Villa Savoy by Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret (as seen in the photo below) stands out particularly exemplary in this respect. As one can infer from observing it, the designers strived to make sure that their creation radiates the spirit of “industrial modernity”, which at the time (the early 1930s) defined the discursive realities of Western living. Because the very notion of “modernity” has been traditionally viewed to convey the message of cosmopolitanism, it comes as no surprise that there is a strong universalist quality to Villa’s design, in the sense that the latter does not seem to be adjusted well to correlate well with the surrounding landscape. Current Controversy Even though it did not prove too challenging for the International Style to attain a full architectural legitimacy, it never ceased sparking a public controversy. What has been suggested earlier provides a partial answer, in this regard – the discussed style does not appear to be contextually sound. After all, the style’s strong reliance on rectangular forms/shapes,
Introduction In Sociolinguistics, speech style generally refers to the social distribution of linguistic features. An addressee can be generally defined as the person to whom a message is being conveyed, where the origin of the message is referred to as the addresser. When the addressee gets the intended message from the addresser then we say communication has occurred. Communication is the core business of any address, where an address refers to the process of transferring the information from the addresser to addressee. Age of the addressee When addressing an audience, the kind of words used by the addresser is dictated by the age of the addressee. There are certain words that are considered obscene thus cannot be used with young audience. Furthermore, use of complex vocabulary may hinder children’s understanding of the message being put across, therefore use of simple language and short sentences are preferred. For example, when addressing children, short sentences like “This is a car.” They have gone.” are ideal. However, when addressing adults a wider variety of vocabulary and sentence structure can be used. Words which are otherwise considered obscene for children may also be used. However, addressing adults also require a lot of caution since issues of respect to their age is likely to come up (Krause and Chiu, 1991, p. 52). Long sentence constructions are allowed as adults are able to follow and comprehend what message is packaged in such long sentences. For example, “The mediation talks stalled after one of the parties snubbed the second round of the negotiations”. This sentence would not be understood by a young audience; however it is okay with adults. Another group of audience with respect to age are the youth and teenagers. This is the group that precedes the adults, otherwise called young adults. This group has a special way for which their message must be packaged and therefore any addresser must take their tastes into consideration when deciding the speech style. One would be forgiven for not being able to appeal to the current generation, since this is a generation that has a totally different speech style out of the conventional language norms. The language used to address them is somewhere between that of adults and the children. An example is,”We goanna roll with swag.” Clearly the age of the addressee has so much influence on the speech style used. Social status and role of the addressee This refers to the position held by the addressee in the society and his or her social responsibility. This would for example be religious leader, village elder, political representative or just a village pauper. All these people command certain amount of respect in the society and are perceived differently by the members of the society. Even the children of these social groups would be addressed differently in terms of the words used and the information given. How a political representative is addressed is different from how the other members of the society would be addressed. Furthermore the issues talked about with such a perso
Why does Akamai need to geographically disperse its servers to deliver its customers’ Web content? The need for Akamai to geographically disperse its servers was to optimize network performance and improve web content delivery to customers. Evidence from the case study shows that many customers and business enterprises were dissatisfied with the internet services offered because of bandwidth limitations. The underlying reason for limited bandwidth and slow internet access was because the network had been designed to host text-based files. In addition, no dedicated servers with intelligent software were designed into the network to optimize service delivery. According to the case study, different organizations and customers are geographically dispersed with different web content needs and expectations. In context, many organizations were using the internet with limited bandwidth, which had adverse performance implications on content delivery. Bandwidth limitations and low-performance capabilities limited the ability of customers to download high-quality files limiting thousands of customers from accessing music, video, and other online content in real-time. Some of the crucial problems mentioned because of bandwidth limitations included slow, jerky frames, poor visual quality, freeze-frame video, and low data propagation capabilities. Business organizations such as YouTube and MySpace with large customer bases depend on the performance of the internet to provide high-quality services to meet customer needs and expectations in the provision of online services. A critical analysis of the case study indicates that optimizing network performance to achieve real-time delivery of web content and solve the problems identified above depends on the use of distributed servers. Using distributed servers to optimize network performance and enable the internet to accommodate new data formats such as large video files and music could benefit both business organizations and customers in accessing online files and content. The Akamai distributed server-based solution is a one-time technical approach to solving problems arising from high internet traffic. The distributed server solution provides real-time network monitoring capabilities, which reduces the delay customers experience when accessing online content and files. Distributed servers provide solutions by segregating different websites based on the type of content they host. When a unique request to download a large file is received by a server, the request is redirected to a dedicated server, which services the special request, reducing the time required to access and download the file. The Akamai distributed server solution is based on a comprehensive analysis of network connectivity, b
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is a legal body under federal control whose sole aim is to “enhance and protect the health and well-being of all Americans” (“About HHS,” n.d., para. 1). HHS controls a substantial share of all federal spending; therefore, it is extremely active in the area of healthcare delivery. The department oversees eleven operating divisions, the proper functioning of which is essential for both private and public healthcare organizations (Rouse, n.d.). The importance of the governmental department’s role is especially evident in the provision of health information technology (IT) infrastructure and standardization. Active administration of the majority of health care programs is a function of HHS, which is effectively performed. However, the department is extremely fragmented; therefore, there is still room for improvement with regard to the coordination of its activities. The role of the Colorado Department of Health and Environment is similar to that of HHS. The body effectively oversees the state of public health and safety (“About Us,” n.d.). However, just like other state health departments, the body is not always capable of controlling costs of public health services delivery (Singh, 2013). Alamosa County Health Department is an example of the local control of healthcare services administration in the State of Colorado. The department effectively manages the provision of health care services at the local level. However, as is evidenced from the state’s health improvement plan, the body is not capable of introducing meaningful changes to key social determinants of health in the community (“Alamosa county,” n.d.).
Research essay writing dares the student to learn more about a topic that may or not be of interest to him. It is when such topics are assigned to a student that the value of a research essay as an educational tool is recognized., provided the student follows these suggestions:  1. It’s all about the topic. A research essay has to challenge the writer to become enthusiastic about his research. It is important to choose a topic that is not too broad nor narrow in the sense of resource materials.  2. Access to reliable sources is important. This is most imperative in today’s age, when the Internet has become the most accessible source of information for everyone writing a research essay. Keep a balance between online sources, journals, and other peer-reviewed articles whenever possible. If a site does not begin with.com,.org, or.edu, it would be best not to use it as a research essay source.  3. Make sure that your thesis statement and outline rock! Your research essay hook depends upon these two important factors. Once you get the reader interested in your thesis and you develop a logical outline, the rest of the research essay will fall into place with very little effort on your part.  4. Organize your data, revise, then finalize your paper. The perfect research essay is one that is rewritten at least four times by the writer. All the information within the research essay is triple checked for accuracy and revised till all the information is easily understood by the readers. Only after passing this criterion will the research essay be ready for its final form and printing. Research essay writing is a tedious process. But the knowledge gained to make the research essay paper make it all worth the while.
Summary of the Teaching Plan The main purpose of the given teaching plan is to provide a concept of sexually transmitted diseases, their types, routes of transmission, pathogens, and signs and methods of prevention. In addition, it aims at instilling and forming personal hygiene skills and an understanding among students that only the right way of life and behavior are a guarantee of risk prevention. The purpose of the lesson:  1. To provide students with the necessary knowledge about the problem of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and personal responsibility for their behavior.  2. To prevent the spread of STDs among students. Tasks:  1. To show that the main causes of the spread of STDs are hazardous behavioral practices, including drug use and unsafe sex.  2. To provide students with information in an accessible form, that gives a detailed idea of ​​what an STD is through a video presentation.  3. To teach adolescents to bind together their knowledge, awareness of the degree of risk and behavior.  4. To form the motivation to maintain their health and the health of their partner, including responsible sexual behavior. Expected Result:  1. students will be aware of the need to combat the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).  2. students will understand the importance of educating young people about the problems associated with STDs.  3. students will feel responsible for their health and the health of those around them. Preparatory work for the lesson:  1. The selection of material and the creation of a video presentation on the problem of the teaching process.  2. Music for the musical accompaniment of the video presentation and training.  3. The selection of practices and tests for working with students. The Epidemiological Rationale for Topic The primary epidemiological rationale is based on the fact that people, especially young ones, do not possess enough knowledge to be aware of various STDs. Despite significant advances in medicine, the group of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) retains a high rating in the structure of the causes of infertility. These include preterm birth, congenital pathology, developmental abnormalities, which are significantly affecting the reproductive health of the population, and negatively regulating the demo