ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Contemporary educational institutions have incorporated the use of technology in their pedagogy. This has attracted immense research from education scholars, who seek to establish the effectiveness of the use of technology tools like laptops and the internet in the classroom. It has thus been established that the use of laptops in classroom by both students and their instructor has counterproductive effects with the down-side being weightier than the benefits. Despite this fact, a number of educational institutions still allow students to use their laptops in taking class notes. This has led to the decline in the average performance of students since the use of laptops in class is more likely to make students get fewer benefits from class work. This paper is an exploration of both the benefits and the shortfalls of using laptops in a classroom environment. Advantages of using of laptops in class The use of laptops in class has a number of advantages. Research has shown that with the use of laptops in class, students are normally highly motivated. This is because students like technology like laptops and the internet. This is an advantage because students will have the zeal to attend classes and participate in classroom activities. Studies, therefore, showed that, in classrooms where laptops and the internet are used in instructing the students, student attendance of classes was better than the attendance of classes in which there were no laptops. Research has also shown that the use of laptops helps students to maintain their levels of performance since it is unlikely for the students to lose motivation in class work (Carrie, 2008). This is as contrasted with a classroom with no laptops, in which student performances tend to fluctuate. Another importance of using laptops in class is that in some situations, laptops offer the best means for instructions. For instance, in a classroom where an inquiry process is needed by the instructor, laptops would be most appropriate. The use of laptops has also been credited with improving the extent to which students are equipped with project-based skills (Yvonne, 2004). It is also important to note that in some courses/majors, the use of laptops and computers in general cannot be avoided. For instance, it is virtually impossible for a Computer Science class to be conducted without using laptops in classroom. Therefore, even if some theory classes may be conducted without the use of laptops in this case, practical classes must embrace the use of laptops in order for them to have the desired effect on the students. Thus as much as laptops may affect student performance in some cases, in other cases heir use is mandatory. However, a number of other studies have shown proved that the use of laptops in class in disadvantageous. Disadvantages of using of laptops in class Both instructors and students encounter a number of problems in the classroom when they decide to attend classes with their laptops. One of
Margaret Mead was a sociology scholar, an eminent anthropologist, a scientist and a great author on anthropology, sociology, religion and ancient society’s issues. She was an intelligent woman and used both knowledge and action to achieve her goals. She was also involved in politics and helped many presidents in formulating policies in ecological and nutrition matters. As a politician she served as an ambassador, without a portfolio, to many presidents in the areas of ecology and nutrition something that gave her the title, “Mother of the World” in 1969.Her works are still used in learning by students and also for understanding various issues that characterize the world today. She was born in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, to a religious family and both of her parents were sociologists. She was dropped out DePauw University in 1919 after one year of studying and then joined Barnard College where she graduated with a Bachelor’s degree in 1923. She did her masters at Columbia University with the help of Professor Franz Boas and Dr. Ruth Benedict and later received her PhD from the same university in 1929. She was married three times; once to a fellow student, then to an anthropologist, Reo Fortune, who divorced her because she could not give birth to children then. Her third marriage to Gregory Bateson an anthropologist was the best according to her, and their daughter, Mary Catherine Bateson also decided to follow in their footsteps and became an anthropologist. She closely worked with her husband and even went to Bali for field work with him, they were married for fifteen years then divorced and when questioned about this she said that was her best marriage and that, “American women are good mothers, but they make poor wives” (Lapsley 1999). She defended women rights in her writings and also educated them on child rearing and many other family issues. She filmed the life of her daughter since childhood and observing her grow assisted in writing many of her publications. She was also recognized as a national and an international leader and at a time the president of the following major associations: American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Film Institute, Scientists Institute for Public Information, Society for Applied Anthropology and the Amer
Introduction Analyzing people’s behavior through history a certain conclusion is outlined. People tend to be manipulative by nature, whereas other people tend to be manipulated. The reasons why people try to control the lives of others are different, and the power they use can be judged on the basis of moral and social values they put for themselves. In that sense, the short novel “Washington Square” by Henry James, is a perfect example of people’s relations and the way they are controlled. This essay is an analysis of the aforementioned novel’s two characters, Dr. Sloper and Morris Townsend, addressing the power techniques they use to control another character in the novel –Catherine Sloper. Dr. Austin Sloper Analyzing Dr. Sloper’s power over Catherine, some of characteristics of his personality should be mentioned. Dr. Sloper is a quite successful man in his fifties whose one of the main distinguishing characteristics is a sharp mind and a sense of irony and sarcasm. Another thing that could be said of him is that he knows his value and weight in society, a fact that is somewhat crucial to explain his relationship with his daughter and the expectations that he put in her. The sense of these expectations is felt throughout the novel and veiled with his figure as a father. The figure of a father and his position combined with a sense of fear of his disapproval is the main weapon that is used to control Catherine. Describing the father-daughter relations the following lines should be explanatory,” There was nothing, of course, to be ashamed of; but this was not enough for the Doctor, who was a proud man, and would have enjoyed being able to think of his daughter as an unusual girl.” (Henry James, p. 35). “He had moments of irritation at having produced a commonplace child, and he even went so far at times as to take a certain satisfaction in the thought that his wife had not lived to find her out.” Even though the true nature of Townsend’s intention towards Catherine was correctly predicted by Dr. Sloper, it could be assumed that it did not play a major role in his control over her. His assumptions that no one could love his child purely without thinking of her money would not have changed with the replacement of Townsend. Dr. Sloper could have used love instead of fear to communicate with his daughter, but as Machiavelli explained the love and fear relation, “the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than in being loved”. (Niccolo Machiavelli, p.66). Dr. Sloper found that his security is in being feared or in fearing his disapproval, and when Dr. Sloper tol
Versailles Treaty is the most significant agreement of the early twentieth century, designed the results of the World War I and established the first international organization, the League of Nations, founded to prevent major conflicts in the future (Goldstein 9). Germany signed peace on the terms of the winners, the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, etc. Its supporters experienced political turmoil, their states broke up, and territorial claims were raised against them. The burden of reparations, restrictions, and occupation laid on Germany. Moral responsibility for the war was imposed on them. The Entente rallied the defeated countries against itself and caused their hatred. On the other hand, differences within the Entente did not allow it to build a solid guarantee against German revenge. Each of the winners was negotiating with Germany without the knowledge of the partners and biased her against the allies. The German army was not finally crushed. Its personnel structure survived (Fawcett 65). Entente itself helped to save it (Slavicek 82). As a result of the war and the Versailles Treaty, contradictions between the allies deepened. The sharp struggle between England and France, the U.S. and Britain, the US and Japan, finally, between Italy and the leading powers of the Entente. To all this was added the root contradiction of two systems — capitalism and socialism (Sondhaus 455). From the German perspective, the Treaty was the “Versailles diktat” of the winners. The majority of the population embraced democracy as a foreign order imposed by Western countries. Fatal was the fact that the struggle against Versailles meant the fight against the democracy. Politicians, who have called for restraint and compromise with the West, immediately were accused of shameful weakness or betrayal. It was the ground for totalitarian and aggressive Nazi regime (Graebner and Bennett 108). The Versailles Treaty was to end the war. In reality, he turned it into a constant threat hanging over the world. The article “Two Cheers for Versailles” by Mark Mazower introduces a new look at the events followed the Versailles Treaty. The author of this paper suggests a point of view that these agreements were the basis for the development of current politics and international relations. Major political scientists and historians zealously criticize the items of these agreements ant their consequences. However, this article shows the inevitability of the major events. The alternatives to them might be even more tr
The scientific and technological revolution has had a strategic impact on modern occidental civilization in regard to gender relationships. The revolution has helped to change the roles ascribed to men and women and weakened this dichotomy altogether, rendered it outdated. Contemporary progressive values, the fruits of work of the best minds of humankind, and the expansion of the scope of human activities could not but alter the place that women have occupied for ages. These factors have prepared the foundation for an increase in attention that social sciences pay to the problems of women in general and to the issues of women that belong to different ethnic minorities specifically. The processes of globalization and industrialization made possible the extension of feminist movements across the world and contributed to the development of gender and queer studies. Nevertheless, the ambivalence of this complex process should be emphasized: several issues that women are accustomed to encountering have persisted, worsened, or mutated. These issues could not be eliminated within the framework of patriarchal approaches in the situation of a globalized human society, and its incorporation into a single social whole. Taking into consideration that the patriarchal structures limit the progress of women’s rights movements, the devaluation of the traditional patriarchal paradigm is becoming increasingly apparent. As a result, new conflicts and contradictions appear in occidental cultures that initiate the tendency to move to a quality-wise new level in societal development. It should be noted that women’s sphere of interests has been limited for a long time to the sphere of family and children’s upbringing, and it remains so in some ultraorthodox societies. This inherent bias determines the need for women to partially leave the private sphere in order to enter public spaces, strengthen their social mobility and introduce further women’s experiences and values into the discourse of contemporary societies. Incorporating feminist values into the basic human ethics system is necessary for the formation of a socio‑cultural climate that would be adaptive to further changes in the public discourse regarding the role and status of women. Whereas in some spheres and professions, feminism made relatively rapid progress, some of them remain to a degree resistant to transformations. For instance, in the movie business, women may be treated in an objectifying manner, and their careers largely depend on the patronage of the powerful man within it. The poignancy of the issue in the movie business is emphasized by the emergence of the “Me Too” movement. 1 It is worth noticing that the campaign may suffer from several pitfalls and may need some improvements in its strategies and positions. It even endured negative comments from those for whom it is supposed to be beneficial: Catherine Deneuve has called the movement a “witch hunt” and
Introduction Homosexuality is the attraction and sexual acts performed with people of the same sex, between men and men and women and women. Hoenig (1976) reports that homosexuality has been practiced either overtly or covertly since the time of the ancient Egyptians. In some of the earlier cultures, homosexuality was regarded as a sin and act of aberration and homosexuals were persecuted and killed while in other cultures, it was ignored. Over the ages, views on homosexuality have changed and homosexuality is increasingly accepted as a person’s gender identity and sexual preference. This paper discusses how views on homosexuality have changed over the years and the reasons for this change. Main body Hoenig (1976) points out some famous historical figures that were homosexuals include Lord Byron, Socrates, King Edward II and many other royals. The author conjectures that in ancient times, in many cases, men were not fully homosexual but they had sexual relations with females as well as males. Homosexuality was acceptable in ancient Egypt and in Africa and Americas before colonization and this practice was ruthlessly put down by the European conquerors. The practice was also prevalent in the civilizations of Maya, Aztec in South America and in ancient China where kings had consorts who were Eunuchs. In Europe, the orientation was under cover before Renaissance but came out in the open during this period, the practice was put down by royal decree, and the practice again went into suppression. Homosexuality again came into the open during the rock movement and the anti Vietnam war protests of the 1960’s when sexual freedom was one of the issues. Johnson (2004) reports that the outbreak of AIDS in the 1980’s when the virus infected millions of homosexuals turned public opinion against the practice. Un
Introduction Welfare states are a matter of increased interest among political scientists around the world. Welfare states are understood as concepts of government that provide basic safety for most vulnerable populations achieved by social insurance, public healthcare plans, and poverty relief. 1 The primary distinguishing feature of a welfare state is that it emerges in market economies, aims at meeting people’s basic needs, and uses relatively direct methods to meet these needs. 2 Goodin emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between welfare states and welfare organizations, such as the Salvation Army, United Fund, or Catholic Benevolent Fund, as those are private charitable initiatives. 3 Instead, welfare states are systems of “compulsory, collective, and largely nondiscretionary welfare provision.” 4 Such states emerged after World War II due to various factors. 5 The present paper aims at identifying and explaining these factors, evaluating the role that worldviews may play in the emergence of welfare states, and analyzing the impact of presumptions and ideologies on the Iranian political economy. Factors Contributing to Emergence of Welfare States Cultural Changes When of the most vividly discussed questions concerning welfare states is what the primary reason for their emergence is. Some political scientists claim that welfare states are a result of changing social values norms. In other words, earlier governments failed to create a basic safety net because nobody believed it was the responsibility of the government. 6 Earlier societies believed that caring for the vulnerable populations was the responsibility of churches and other charitable organizations. 7 However, during World War II, the state supported the wellbeing of the citizens using rationing, price control, rent restriction, and subsidies. 8 After the war, people realized the efficiency of some of the practices and their benefits for society. At the same time, before the war, it was generally accepted that poor people are to blame for their state. However, the war demonstrated that there were many people who were not responsible for their misfortune, which implies that their state is society’s fault. 9 Therefore, the idea emerged that the care for the vulnerable populations should be compulsory and fulfilled by the state. Another concept central for the followers of the cultural change theory is the idea of solidarity. According to Marshall, solidarity means the protection of one class from dangers that threaten that cla
Introduction There is a wide range of issues and a diversity of species to which biological research is devoted. Despite that, they are united by an attempt to identify the evolutionary meaning of what is happening in the world of animals and humans. This paper provides reflective summaries for two IBiology research talks concerning biological preconditions for changes in female aggressiveness and the impact of human population growth on the critical reduction of biodiversity worldwide. Understanding Female Aggression in Fruit Flies Research Issues and Significance According to common beliefs and biological observations, males are considered more aggressive than females because of their reproductive strategy. In the animal world, they compete for the opportunity to mate with females, since the continuation of their genus depends on the number of mates. However, cases of aggressiveness among female populations are also observed in wildlife. For example, female hyenas are more aggressive than males and demonstrate a higher level of dominance (Bath, 2017). The evolutionary theory has no consistent description of the mechanism of appearance and functionality of female aggressiveness. Insights on this subject could also illuminate how people behave in this regard. Nevertheless, there is a hypothesis that female aggressiveness increases after mating due to the need for female offspring to grow up and obtain food and other resources for them. Such instances of hostility for resources for offspring among females have been observed in many species, from insects to birds and mammals. The study by Bath (2017) was intended to test this hypothesis for fruit flies. The researchers divided the female flies into two groups: mating and virgin. After that, the flies spent some time without food and then were placed together in a space with protein-rich food. Research Findings The research revealed that mated flies tend to be aggressive for more extended periods and use such extreme forms as headbutting fighting for access to food. The main concern of the second phase of the study was to find out what exactly provokes this behaviour. Bath (2017) suggested that the ability to lay eggs would be crucial in this regard. However, it was found that mated sterile flies also exhibit a higher level of aggression than virgin ones. Surprisingly, it was discovered that this behaviour is not related to the ability to produce eggs, but to substances that are transferred from males to females during ejaculation, including sperm and sex peptides. It should be noted that the research results can be interpreted in two ways. On the one hand, changes in female behaviour due to the influence of male ejaculation can be seen as beneficial for her and her offspring, enabling her to obtain the necessary resources more efficiently. On the other hand, it may be a form of male biological manipulation, as such aggre
Consulting engineering firms staff members are engineers of various specializations in civil, environmental, agricultural, mechanical, and chemical disciplines, to name but a few. The purpose of such companies is to provide their clients with assistance for their projects that should be performed by a variety of experts (Chen et al. 1). Consulting engineers might help conduct large-scale construction projects (Chen et al. 1). The utilization of services provided by consulting engineers could significantly economize the time and money of the clients and guarantees the high quality of the final result. The present essay discusses why the services of consulting engineering firms are advantageous for their clients and community and examines the role of mechatronics engineering. The primary purpose of consulting engineers is to inform the construction workers who face difficulties during the working process to solve them. The value of consulting engineering firms lies in the fact that they help establish a better design of the project and provide precious recommendations on the peculiarities of the construction process and materials. In other words, they refine the ideas of clients and ensure the safety of final products. Consulting engineering firms bring benefits to the entire community in a long-term perspective as well. Such specialists are of high importance for all human built environments, including constructions, roads, public spaces, and other infrastructure items. Consulting engineers could accompany the project from the very first to the last stage or assist in performing specific tasks. One way or another, such companies promote the introduction of innovative technologies and know how to improve the design in such a way to make the final products more efficient and cost-effective. This way, consulting engineers ensure that people are living and working in safe and comfortable buildings, drive on secure roads, and spend time with family and friends in well-designed parks. This example shows that not only clients, but also ordinary people benefit from the services provided by consulting engineering firms. As a novice specialist in mechatronics engineering, I could say that consulting engineers who specialize in this sphere could propose brilliant solutions to clients’ problems that appear in the process of constructing bridges, buildings, roads, or other infrastructure elements. These solutions are based on the application of electronic technologies and computers. Mechatronics engineers are concerned not only with developing innovative robots and automated systems. Instea