ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction To reduce the effects and minimize possible dangers and losses as was experienced in the 2004 Tsunami, all organizations and societies will need to be prepared for possible disasters and emergencies and create systems that should deal with these disasters and emergencies. The saving of lives during a disaster and emergency incident will depend on the proper coordination of the rescue team, delivery of the right skills to the scene which can only be achieved through the proper preparation before the disaster happens. In the UK there are structures that enhance and ensure the adequacy of infrastructure to deliver effective SAR and which are in a frequent state of readiness. The functions are to receive any calls of distress, communicate between various agencies that are involved in rescue operations, and deliver survivors to safety. These functions are shared between the various government departments, the military, statutory emergency services (includes the police, the fire department, and the ambulance services), the volunteers, and charitable organizations like the Red Cross. The police department is responsible for the coordination of the inland disaster response. A person or body is appointed to assess the risk of an occurring emergency, and this person or body should ensure that any measures are taken to prevent the emergency from occurring, should work on controlling and mitigating the effects, and taking any other action that may be deemed necessary according to the situation at hand. The body or person is also responsible for informing the public and warning them if it is found necessary. Disaster Emergency Management Systems (DEMS) Organisations should implement strategies that will minimize risks at all costs, if a disaster strikes, including the use of Information Technology which should be used to provide information to all the stakeholders at all times. The organisation should take a cost benefit analysis balancing the risks management costs with the opportunity cost if no preventive action was taken. The organisations, the government and other relevant and appointed authorities should at first come up with tsunami and earthquake warning centres. This will be made possible by working in conjunction with the geologists, hydrologists and the metrological departme
Executive Summary Security is one of the main issues to address in e-commerce. For BookMart the security issues became a major area of concern after a hacker attack that was performed due to a security breach. As a result of the attack, customers’ confidential information was at risk of being exploited by the hacker. Three alternatives were outlined for the company to choose as a response for such attack. One alternative focused on making sure that no information will be disclosed to the public, while all efforts of the Information Technology (IT) department directed toward eliminating the results of the breach. No commercial activity is conducted during such period. The second alternative implies focusing on providing full disclosure, while targeting the consequences of the attack. The third alternative was recommended to be implemented, which main focus is investigating the root of the security breach, and developing corresponding new security policies. The implementation plan for such option is focusing in the creation of two independent work groups, one of which will develop new policies focusing on eliminating human mistakes and providing a risk management system. The Situation Background One of the key factors that impact developments in the sphere of e-commerce is security. Despite the fact that major respectable brand names appeared in the sphere of e-commerce, there are nevertheless, existent concerns on the security issues when using online shops. For BookMart, a major online, movie and CD store, such concerns occurred right after the company’s merger with a recent merger with a medium-sized virtual music site. For a company which business success was largely dependent on the loyalty of their customers, the issue of protecting customers’ privacy as well as retaining their previous purchase history and bonuses was of vital importance. Accordingly, Lois Fairchild, the Chief Information Officer (CIO) of BookMart implemented many security measures to protect the firm, specifically during the process of integrating the equipment of the platforms of the merged companies. Nevertheless, a breach of security occurred in the company’s systems, as a result of which customers’ confidential data was posted on the company’s website. Accordingly, BookMart had to shut the systems for an indefinite period. With the necessity to provide a response to security breach, BookMart faces a dilemma of what option to select in handling the security situation. According to the deta
Introduction to Gender Inequalities in the Workplace According to Massey (34), many people confuse gender with sex, which involves biological differences between a male and a female. Many societies and cultures in the world create distinctions between individuals based on gender. In many societies, men are superior to women (Burstein 342). The distinction is displayed through the aggressiveness of men in the society. The fact that men are more aggressive than women has brought about gender inequalities in the society. As a result, inequalities have led to disparities with regard to social roles allocated to either gender. In this analytical paper, the author briefly looks at organizational theory and how it affects employees. The author critically examines some of the factors associated with gender inequalities in the society. Special attention is given to gender inequalities in Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East. In addition, the author highlights some of the changes proposed to deal with the situation. The paper takes the form of a ‘ personal case analysis ’, which is based on the findings made in the case study conducted earlier. The events in the case study are interpreted and analyzed using a comprehensive ‘four- frame’ structure. Organizational Theory: A Summary In this personal case analysis, the author critically reviews the events in the case study, and how the events are related to organizational theory. To this end, the author interprets the events in the case study from the perspective of the organizational theory. The theory complements the four- frame analysis carried out in the paper. As a result of this, it is important to provide a brief summary of this theory. The summary will give the reader an idea with regard to how the theory is tied to the events in the case study. According to Burstein, “organization theory is (the) study (of) the benefits of identifying common themes (……) for the purpose of solving problems, maximizing efficiency and productivity…….(and) meeting the needs of stakeholders” (p. 45). Organizational theory is subdivided into three categories. The three are individual, group, and organizational processes. One of the issues addressed in the theory’s individual concept is motivation among individuals. To this end, the theory seeks to identify how and why individuals are motivated. It identifies the differences between the personality traits of different employees. In addition, the theory’s individual concept seeks to define the roles that one is capable of effectively executing in the organization without creating ambiguities. The second category of the theory touches on group processes. According to the provisions of the group processes category, the organization should create working groups for the employees. The employees will effectively communicate with each other within such groups. In addition, the employees will effectively synchronize their actions with those of other employees for the benefit of the organization. Under group processes, the organization should come up with a leadership structure, where the leader has power over the subordinates. In addition to this, the leader should hav
Introduction Many religious groups have unique principles and concepts in order to address various social problems. For instance, the Catholic Social Thought (CST) focuses on the best practices that can support the changing needs of different communities. This approach can ensure every society achieves the best social and economic goals. The Catholic Church offers a powerful framework that encourages more believers to address most of their social, economic, and political challenges (Whitmore 62). Every believer can also use such thoughts and principles in order to make the world a better place. Many religious organizations and institutions can use these ideas to support many people in every society. This paper examines the aspects of the Catholic Social Thought (CST). This concept can deal with poverty and homelessness in the United States. The Targeted Social Issue Homelessness and poverty are critical social challenges affecting many American citizens. According to Shinn (20), “over 3.5 million American citizens become homeless annually”. The most affected individuals include women. Most of these children are usually between 5 and 18 years. According to Shinn (21), “around 25 percent of these homeless people have mental complications”. The number of homeless citizens has increased in different urban regions. The “main causes of homelessness include poverty and mental illness” (Burt 3). Some “social and political factors have contributed a lot to the problem of poverty in America” (Shinn 34). Some social challenges such as “addiction, drug abuse, and mental complications have increased the number of homeless people in the United States” (Burt 4). The country is also experiencing new challenges such as unemployment and discrimination (Burt 5). This fact explains why poverty and homelessness will continue to affect many American citizens. That being the case, the targeted service-learning experience is volunteering at the famous St. Vincent de Paul Wellness Center. This center is located in San Francisco. This Wellness Center offers a wide range of integrated services to many homeless people in the region. This institution has transformed the lives of many people in San Francisco. This discussion explains why poverty and homelessness are critical issues affecting many people in the country. These problems have made it impossible for many citizens to achieve their goals in life. Poverty affects many individuals in the targeted region. Although “a large number of the affected persons are from different minority groups, the agreeable fact is that poverty is a common issue affecting all American societies” (Massaro 4). Homelessness has therefore made it impossible for many individuals to succeed in their lives (Massaro 8). Poverty and homelessness explain why more people should use the Catholic Church’s social thought. Three Major Themes to Deal with Homelessness and Poverty The Catholic Social Thought can make it easier for many individuals to deal with the issues associated with homel
In the chapter “Visual Literacy Theory”, Paul Messaris strives to provide readers with the comprehensive insight on what the notion of visual literacy stands for moreover, as it appears from chapter’s context, author suggests that there is a big difference between visual and verbal semiotics: “Whereas verbal language contains an explicit vocabulary for indicating how one object is related to another (“a is like b,” “c leads to d,” “e is different from f,” etc.), visual language has no such indicators. Unless they are spelled out through captions or voice-over, the meanings of visual arguments are always implied” (Messaris 21). This suggestion serves as the metaphysical foundation, upon which author’s argumentation is based – Messaris’ article implies that there is no commonality between what he refers to as “conventional” and “visual” intelligences, with the thought that any kind of intelligence derives of people’s ability to operate with highly abstract categories, never occurring to him. In other words, the very essence of Mesaris theory corresponds rather well to neo-Liberal outlook on intelligence as highly subjective concept. We will dare to disagree with the author on this, simply because there is no objective evidence as to the fact that the process of people being instilled with the semantic meaning, when exposed to visual signs, is essentially different from the process of people finding a semantic message in verbal constructions. In both cases, it is the rate of their IQ, which defines their ability to find an associative or direct meaning in just about anything. In its turn, it explains the popularity of avantgardist art in recent years – marginalized public that is being exposed to such art simply assumes that there is a deep meaning behind avantgardist “masterpieces”, such as Malevich’ “Black Square”, when in fact, there is none. In its turn, this points out at the fallacious essence of Messaris’ idea that spatial intelligence (people’s ability to define a connotative message, deriving out of sequence of seemingly unrelated visual signs) is an objective category: “One of the clearest examples of spatial intelligence is the ability of movies to conjure up a coherent sense of place and action out of a succession of fragmentary views” (Messaris 8). As the practice of designing “progressive” TV ads and musical clips shows – the uniting semantic motif, which binds different parts of such ads and clips together, only exists in viewers’ imagination. Therefore, we cannot seriously believe that viewers’ exposal to series of fragmentary shots, would result in these viewers reacting to these visual shots similarly, unless viewers’ consist of representatives of clearly de
Aggravated assault is a type of violent crime against persons committed with the use of physical force or the threat of such. The main purpose of assault is harm to an individual’s health, physical freedom, or physical integrity. In the USA, aggravated assault comprise over 50% of overall crime rates in the violent crime category (Hogan, Rutherford, & Pallozzi, 2014). And despite the slight decrease in assault incidents’ frequency over the last few years, the rates are associated with stability. Therefore, the analysis of trends and statistics, as well as the victimological evaluation of aggravated assault, is important for crime prevention. Analysis of statistical data may help to identify the factors of victimization and determine the regional characteristics of factors influencing the occurrence of aggravated assault offenses in Maryland, US. Data for aggravated assault in Maryland was found only from the Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics (UCR). The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) provide merely general information about violent crime rates, and aggravated assault rates in particular, at the national scale. In this way, the UCR can be efficiently used as the primary tool for the analysis of the regional crime rate dynamics while the data collected from the NCVS and the NIBRS can be implemented to contrast and support the statistical indicators retrieved from the primary source. According to the UCR statistics (2014), the rates of the overall estimated violent crime in Maryland gradually decreased since 1995 when 49.757 violent crime cases were reported. By 2012, the total rate was merely 28.055 (U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI], 2014). As stated in the UCR on crime in Maryland introduced by Hogan et al. (2014), there were 15.215 (254.6 per 100.000 of the population) aggravated assaults registered in the state during 2014. 14% of the cases were committed with the use of firearms, 25% – cutting instruments including knives, 24% – personal weapons, and 37% – other types of weapons (Hogan et al., 2014). A total number of 6.840 individuals were convicted of aggravated assault – 77% males and 23% females (Hogan et al., 2014). The dynamics demonstrate that the frequency of the crime tends to decrease. Since 2010, the number of cases became 3.683 less (Hogan et al., 2014). The majority of incidents happened in Baltimore City, the largest inhabited locality in Maryland. 4.236 cases of aggravated assault took place in the city in 2014, and merely 39 inci
Introduction John Snow was a medical practitioner of English descent. He was instrumental in the acceptance of anaesthesia in the medical field. Snow is also hailed for his extensive study and contribution in the field of medical hygiene. However, he is best known for his work in relation to epidemiology. Snow carried out extensive research on the transmission and control of cholera. Due to his efforts, he is rightfully referred to as the father of epidemiology. Discussion Whenever there is a sudden occurrence of a disease in a locality, it is expected that medical experts will visit the area to probe on its causes and on possible remedies (Rothman, 2012, p.34). But in the recent past, diseases were seen as a form of punishment from God or as resulting from invincible forces that were unknown to mankind. John Snow was very instrumental in changing all that. In 1854, the Soho area of London was struck by an eruption of cholera. Snow hypothesised that the disease emanated from water that came into contact with raw sewage (Rothman, 2012, p.44). Back in the day, piped water was not available in homes. People got water from central points that were strategically positioned in the neighbourhood. In the day, people maintained that cholera resulted from invisible gases known as miasma. John Snow did not subject to this school of thought. Snow drew a map indicating the location of all water pumps and the dwelling points of all the locals who were affected by the pandemic (Rothman, 2012, p.67). In the end, Snow successfully showed that all the people who were affected consumed water from a specific pump in the neighbourhood. Snow forwarded his findings to the local authorities. They gave credence to snow’s theory. Consequently, the authorities disabled the central pump and the pandemic ceased. Scientists constantly disagree on various issues. They evaluate nature by conducting scientific experiments. Scientists change their perception of nature whenever they formulate a new set of ideas on a particular area of concern (Merrill, 2010, p.88). After Snow’s research, scientists changed their understanding of cholera. Snow’s research undertakings in relation to cholera are still relevant in the contemporary field of medicine. From his works, it is evident that the first step in fighting a disease of cholera’s nature is to establish how the disease is spread from one person to another. This is followed by the execution of preventive measures. Snow opined that the causative agent of cholera was microscopic, cell-like and capable of multiplying (Merrill, 2010, p.97). Unlike his colleagues in the medical field, Snow directed his energy into deter
It is quite curious to observe the way parents are teaching their children to be kind and good to others and right after the lesson they express quite negative feelings to a family member who called in an inappropriate time. Ironically, adults are the ones who need to be taught to behave and interact with others. You may ask why it is that important. The answer is simple. Proper social interaction translates into your personal happiness. So, if you feel unhappy or the whole world seems dull, you should follow simple tips for being happy. It is possible to identify three major aspects: family relations, social interactions and “altruism” (Carter n.p.). Even though you may sometimes think that you had enough with your relatives in your childhood, it is a very wrong position. Your family members are the team of your major supporters and it is essential to keep a strong bond with them. Apart from family relations, it is crucial to be able to interact with peers (friends, colleagues, neighbors, and so on). Communication and support is what people need. The contemporary society has numerous opportunities to be actively integrated. Of course, altruism is the basis of your happiness. Some people may think that others do not deserve their empathy or even attention. However, this leads to isolation and you will soon feel neglected. It is important to be kind and polite just as you keep saying to your small children. Remember that to err is human and people are different so we all may need different things. Those who got bored while reading the information provided are likely to pass on to the ending. Especially for such people: do remember about the impact of extreme isolation. Extreme isolation leads to various mental issues and the suffering of Russell Crowe in A beautiful Mind (2001) will seem a nice journey for those who will (voluntary or involuntary) become isolated. Works Cited Carter, Christine. Happiness Is Being Socially Conn ected. 2008. Web.
The N1H1 virus also called the swine influenza is a disease of the respiratory system that has its cause in infection by type influenza, which affects pigs and is a frequent occurrence in humans (Siegel, 2009). As much as the virus is not common to humans, there have been sporadic cases of infection by the pN1H1 virus with most of such cases occurring in persons that have direct contact with pigs. Some of the most recent outbreaks of this type of influenza have occurred in Asia, which has raised a concern about the possibilities of a human-human mode of infection. Swine influenza spreads just like any other type of influenza; through liquid droplets, which get airborne as a result of sneezing or coughing. Another mode of infection could be touching places that have the live virus and then touching the nose, mouth, and eyes (Smith et al., 2009). The first case of the pandemic of Influenza A in America happened in 2009 after the initial identification of the traits of the disease in a 10-year-old child who came from California (Jhung, 2011). The article described the epidemiology of the disease following the 2009 outbreak in the US. The researchers of the case used methods of research in writing their findings. The authors conducted their research using secondary data, which was an extraction of statistics from the CDC (Hesse-Biber, 2010). However, there is an element of the use of primary data in the report especially concerning the developmental stages of the virus. Most of the data that they collected concerned the use rates of infection and the effects of the disease. As such, the data provided useful information concerning the worst affected regions of the country and their levels of prevalence. Another method that gave the findings used in writing the article involved laboratory experimentations, which presented information concerning the stages of development of the disease. The experiments were made possible by the data collected from the first cases of infection, which were also a part of the primary methods (Hesse-Biber, 2010). The research used statistics of the geographical as well as temporal disease patterns that related to the epidemic. This type of statistics gave findings concerning the regions of the country that had the highest levels of infection of the virus and the patterns of disease (Jhung, 2011). The research also considered the features of pH1N1 virus attacks, which were the basis of the countermeasures that the CDC and the government used it. There were also statistics concerning the extreme cases that resulted in the hospitalization of patients, deaths, and the effects of the disease on pregnancies. Finally, the statistics used in the report also concerned the approximated overall burden of the infection. The findings of the research were broad-based considering that they delivered conclusions of a number of facts that concerned both the 2009 epidemic and the nature of the virus. First, the findings indicated that the pandem