ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Group discussion helps the students to understand what they are taught during the normal class sessions. Group discussion, like any other task, requires following certain important procedures. This paper, therefore, will discuss the importance of group discussion and analyze the important procedures that are required for it to be effective. In addition, it will handle this task by giving a report on the suitable procedures that ensure success in the discussion. Normal teaching in schools whereby the teacher stands in front of the students with pre-written notes to give a lecture is not sufficient in ensuring that all the students understand the subject. Group discussion, therefore, comes in as the best supplement for normal tuition and is significant in learning institutions. Like any other classroom tasks, discussions are very important and of great help to the students. Once the lecturer or the course instructor assigns the tasks, there are specific procedures that the students ought to follow in order to complete the task successfully. The procedures are to be of great importance in ensuring that all the students benefit from this task. To begin with, the subject of discussion had to be there, and it was of great importance. The students could choose the subject of discussion, or the lecturer could assign one. Once the students decided on the discussion topic, each student had to try as much as possible to understand it. The students, therefore, had to take initiatives as individuals to understand the topic of discussion by searching from the available literature, reading the class notes, or consulting from the lecturer. After each student was okay with the topic of discussion, the next procedure was the formation of a group. The course instructor or the lecturer could play an active role in selecting the members of a particular group, or he could be influential in the choice made by the students in selecting the group members. The other option that worked was the lecturer giving the students the freedom to choose their group members. The students preferred the latter option and formation of groups was according to the choice of the students. After the formation of the groups was complete, selecting and setting the stage or the place for discussion was the next important procedure. For effectiveness in this task, all the members of a particular group had to be satisfied with the stage selected. Setting the stage was also of great importance and the best-set stage was the one with chairs arranged in a circular manner. The other step was for the students in a particular group to familiarize with each other. At this stage, it was important for the students to choose the group leader and the group secretary. These persons had to play the important roles of leading the discussion and recording of the proceedings. Outlining the points that were to form the basis for discussion was the next important procedure. In this point, the students could participate in raising the points or the group lea
Career Exploration Activities Career exploration activities are necessary because they help a person understand much about his/her interests and expectations. The provided case study shows that Joe has conducted a few career exploration activities to gather information about himself and his job environment. For instance, Joe has had some hands-on experience. He has worked as a sales executive and recently became the Vice President of Infotek, a software development firm. He is presently spending more time on his work, something he does not like. He is against paperwork and administration. He has also conducted some job shadowing to understand how other jobs and employers operate. However, most of Joe’s career exploration activities are limited to his personal expectations and experiences. This is the reason he is not sure about his values and abilities (Burtnett, 2010). That being the case, Joe should have done more to collect relevant information about himself and his environment. The first thing is embracing the idea of job shadowing. Joe should take several days to monitor and watch what other people in various jobs do (Burtnett, 2010). As well, he can perform interviews with friends and other people to learn about their jobs and values. He can find useful ideas and information from such interviews. The other important activity is getting some “hands-on experience”. Joe can volunteer or get involved in various career activities in order to learn much about different jobs and working environments. Joe’s Understanding of Himself and his Environment From the above discussion, it is notable that Joe is simply speculative. He believes his current job is not enjoyable. He considers his earlier position as a sales representative as the best. This means that he has little understanding of himself and his environment. He can gain new ideas and understanding in order to widen his abilities, interests, and
Throughout history, relationships between individuals and groups have been defined by the pursuit of the greatest benefit. Any emotional, business, or neutral relationship had economic overtones: the exchange of resources, information, or knowledge was directed — not necessarily primarily — toward the attainment of benefits. The driving forces that have caused the intensive development of economic thought should be pointed out. Economic-oriented thinking dates back to the manufacture of the first tools and the making of fire with primitive people’s hands (Svizzero and Tisdell, 2016). Evolution has continued to build the potential of economic relations, but the engines of progress have not changed. The individual expands their possibilities by exploring new activities, which entails powerful socio-demographic thoughts. A similar pattern is relevant to new-age economic thought. Ever since society entered the industrial era, rationalists have sought to form a unified system of economic ideals. In this context, it is especially relevant to emphasize the critical roles of the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith and the British economist David Ricardo, whose views served as the foundation for creating a political economy. The economic model has undergone a radical metamorphosis since the eighteenth century, many inspired by the work of John Maynard Keynes, who described the possibilities of using fiscal and monetary policies of the state to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions (Chava and Deshpande, 2020). Therefore, the works of Smith and Ricardo do not seem highly relevant to the current research agenda and are easily criticized. The study of fundamental theoretical foundations must be accompanied by a contextual study that situates the thinkers’ ideals within the framework of the era. In particular, a critical discussion of the ideas of Smith and Ricardo should keep in mind technological and societal advances made possible by the current agenda. For instance, the science-based focus of modern research was not characteristic of Adam Smith’s work, which was more discursive (Campbell, 2013). It should be kept in mind that during the lives of Smith and Ricardo, the current economic model was generally less developed than it is today, as fewer resources and agents had the potential to be used. Thus, it is only by placing each thinker’s philosophy within the framework of their era that it is appropriate to test the relevance of ideas and make a comparative analysis. A detailed discussion of the development of economic thought would not be possible without focusing on the works of David Ricardo. An ideological opponent of Adam Smith, Ricardo gained wide popularity after the publication in 1815 of his first pamphlet devote
Introduction The success of a firm’s productivity depends on organization of the human resource management. Reflectively, labour as a factor of production, determines gross output, performance, and goal achievement at optimal resource use. Thus, this reflective treatise identifies critical constraints faced by the human resource department of Mark & Spencer (M&S) Limited Company based in United Kingdom. The paper applies human resource management models to design necessary recommendations towards reversing the negative constraints. M&S Company Background Marks and Spencer PLC commonly known as M&S was founded in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds under the United Kingdom laws. M&S is a leading British retailer with headquarters in the City of Westminster, London. Reflectively, an average of 21 million clients shop at M&S stores every fortnight. “M&S has over 700 stores across UK and covers other 42 territories globally with a total of 78,000 employees. The Group aims to deliver shareholders value in terms of increase in returns and increase in sales and market share in retailing. M&S outlines its corporate social responsibility (CRS) as we have a strong tradition of CRS but we want to make sure CRS is integrated into our operations at every level” (Marks and Spencer plc 2011, par. 13). Reflectively, M&S are focused towards continuing its differentiation strategy by delivering freshness and innovation across the expansive market of the UK. Structure of the Human Resource Management Management committee of the company is made up of very high profile personnel who have worked with top performing organizations before joining the company. Over the past five years, there have been changes in the management committee. These changes have lead to a new makeup of the company and the business now has a flatter organization structure. The company is surrounded by several opportunities for growth of business. For instance, it has not fully explored the international market. It can develop overseas supply chain as a short and midterm strategies for shifting new product market more in to international markets. Also, customers demand for change to more value for money products presents itself as an opportunity for the business. M&S still has an opportunity to diversify its products further. Besides, paperless operation, management and administration of the company are undertaken in IT systems, which are accessed through secure servers, thus, provide flexibility in the running of the business (Greene & Kirton 2005). M&S Human Resource Management Constraints Budget constraints for a producer are represented by a production possibility frontier curve. The curve shows the limitation of available factors of production to a producer. M&S faced several limitations in its operations during the financial year ended April 2011. Increases in price of factors of production directly affect budgeted cost of production. In addition, inability
Formal or informal The group is quite formal, as this is the group of diagnosticians of different specialties (1 st season) Doctor           Specialty                      Gregory House    Infectious decease, Nephrology Lisa Caddy       Endocrinology                  James Wilson     Oncology                       Eric Foreman     Neurology                      Allison Cameron  Immunology                     Robert Chase     Intensive Care Medicine         Gregory House, M.D., is a medical genius who is a leader of the team of diagnosticians at the fictional Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in New Jersey. House’s nationally-renowned section typically only regards patients who have failed to get a correct diagnosis, making the patient cases remarkably complex and subtle. Moreover, House opposes cases that he does not find attractive. The medical cases attributed are often rare but sensible. The decision is always taken after the collective discussion, and often with the use of brain storm technique. Lots of variants are usually offered, and most of them are mistaken, until the episode reaches its end. Actually, their relation are both formal and informal, as they communicate like friends and colleagues. Roles and role relations The roles in the series are understood by the watcher at once. It is claimed, that House is a Maverick, who agrees to treat someone if only the case is interesting to him. Cuddy also requires House to spend time treating patients in the hospital’s walk-in clinic; House’s complaints fulfillment of this duty is a chronic subplot on the show. During clinic duty, House stuns patients with an unconventional bedside manner and unconventional treatments, but amazes them with rapid and precise diagnoses after apparently not paying any attention. Realizations made during some of the straightforward problems House faces in the hospital often help him solve the central case. The others, inspite of being the protagonists in the sequence, are just the background characters on House’s backdrop. Rights and responsibilities Everyone has particular job, and the corresponding responsibilities Doctor           Position                                          Gregory House    Head of the Department of Diagnostic Medicine                      Chief Hospital Administrator                      Lisa Caddy       Dean of Medicine                                                   Member of the Princeton-Plainsboro Hospital Board                  Member of the Organ Transplant Committee                           Head of the Department of Oncology                James Wilson     Member of the Princeton-Plainsboro Hospital Board                  Member of the Organ Transplant Committee          Eric Foreman     Physician, Department of Diagnostic Medicine                       Head of Diagnostic Medicine at Mercy Hospital                      Physician, Department of Diagnostic Medicine      Allison Cameron  Senior Attending Physician in the Emergency Room                   Member of the Budget Committee                    Robert Chase     Physician, Department of Di
Introduction Organisational development is a science-based, complex and extremely essential process that assists companies and firms in enhancing their capacity to achieve higher efficiency by reinforcing, developing or improving their specific processes, strategies and structures. When an organisation requires an in-depth assessment of its potential and effectiveness, various management models, namely, McKinsey 7S Framework, Galbraith Star Model and Weisbord Six Box Model may be of great help. Moreover, almost in every business, there are specific situations when an opinion and help from a neutral third party is required to gather necessary information regarding the company’s performance. In these cases, organisations may use the services of an external consultant (McCardell, 2018). Such a non-biased company or person may evaluate all needed factors without allowing prior knowledge or personal feelings get involved and interfere with the assessment task, which ensures a more exact result. The purpose of this paper is to explore the existing evaluation methods and techniques that may be used by an external specialist to analyse the performance of an organisation, as well as discuss different organisational tools. External Evaluation Methods Almost every company may face difficulty in achieving its goals and high performance. Thus, sometimes it is necessary to analyse the situation and working environment in order to find weaknesses and areas to improve. Instead of doing it themselves, organisations may choose to hire an external consultant – a person or a company helping businesses improve their current outputs (McCardell, 2018). As mentioned above, such an assessment’s core advantage is that it is more bias-free, and a consultant manages to see the problems and weaknesses without being distracted by personal knowledge or interests. Therefore, McCardell notes that external evaluation is a common choice for organisations when they seek to improve their performance
Introduction Establishment of worldwide contact chains is essential for the thriving of any business. Communication is vital in the establishment of effectual and well-organized supply chains between the business and its suppliers. The dynamics of worldwide communication are fundamentally different to the restricted areas and should be carefully handled. Smooth communication chains will work for the joint benefits of all the players involved in augmenting the profits and reducing possible losses. Effective worldwide communication The key to effective worldwide communication is maintaining your genuineness. The communal and cultural shock experienced with venturing into new markets can not be underscored. However, the business will have to keep its unique identity to differentiate it from other marketplace players (Gray). This should be carefully crafted out to cut across the communal assortment of all the global players involved. This should be done through direct connections with a people’s culture in order to classify the dos and don’ts in their society. The institution of well-organized global contact The second tip to the institution of well-organized global contact is shared respect. Respect should always be continual between the players involved. Clear-cut regulations should be laid down in cases of conflicting welfare between the various market players (Gray). These set of laws should be bendable and tolerant enough to other parties to ensure nonviolent coexistence for their communal benefits. Compromises should be frequently taken for the sake of sustainability in the ever aggressive global market. Endeavoring out of your “comfort zone” to connect with other people Endeavoring out of your “comfort zone” to connect with other people is essential in international communication (Gray). Cases of misinterpretation normally arise due to the dissimilar schools of contemplation that exist among humanity. However, expressing yourself is vital to ensuing there exists no misconstruction among the entire stakeholder. This will make your motives to be clearly implicit thus averting conflicts. In so doing, sustainable industry environment will be created for the shared benefit of all the interested parties. Complete global communication Global communication can only be complete once a feed back instrument is established within the arrangement of the business. The clientele forms an indispensable part of the business’ survival, and their manner should not be ignored. Their input into the commerce should be accommodated to make them feel incorporated into the system and keep a hold of them (Gray). The contribution of other stake holder including competitors should always be significantly analyzed for the high-quality of the sustainability of the commerce. Criticism of the commerce should always be taken positively, and approaches initiated to ensure an augmentation in efficiency. Visually capturing the concentration of people Visually capturing the concentration of people is also a tip for effectual c
Introduction Advances in technology and globalization have widened the scope of crime and increased the demands on criminal justice systems across the world. In the modern day society, it is common for criminals to make use of complex technological systems for personal gain and to carry out criminal activities. To a certain extent, technological systems that are used by offenders may be quite sophisticated for enforcement agencies to untangle, even after they have been detected. Globalization is particularly a problem for agents of the criminal justice system around the world. This is due to the fact that it expands the reach of criminal gangs besides creating new opportunities for their operations. Globalization, which refers to the process of creating transnational markets as well as political and legal systems, has now shifted the focus of crime from a local to an international outlook. This paper looks at a number of issues about globalization and the criminal justice system. Apart from talking about the impact of globalization on the American criminal justice system, various international criminal justice systems are discussed. The effect of technological developments on the global justice system is also examined. In addition, major crimes and criminal issues as well as worldwide policing systems are looked at. Impact of Globalization on the US Criminal Justice System Drawing from a study by Ward (2000), globalization has created serious challenges for the American criminal justice system. Besides creating a diversified culture in the United States, globalization has also given an international dimension to crime. Other aspects of change caused by globalization are increased legal and illegal immigration, cross border organized criminal activities, and the use of technology to carry out criminal activities (Ward, 2000). Apparently, changes as a result of globalization have greatly influenced the US criminal justice system which comprises the police, courts, and correctional facilities. In order to be effective, it has become necessary for the American criminal justice system to adapt to new approaches of dealing with crime. More than ever before, the United States now cares so much about activities around it borders. In addition, there is increased recognition of the need for the US to cooperate with members of the international community in order to control the activities of organized criminal groups. As a result of increased globalization, the United States has been forced to make radical changes to its laws and policies in order to guarantee the safety of its citizens. The 9/11 event was a serious incident that drastically changed the way Americans perceive security. Because of the intensity of the damage caused by the attack on US citizens, a number of legislations had to be passed so as to make the US national security stronger. Allegedly, a huge number of American citizens have greatly benefited from the changes made by the US government following the