ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A hero is regarded as any individual who possesses exceptional and outstanding qualities, especially in circumstances where others have contemplated failure or given up. In other words, a hero is somebody who does an outstanding action that many people would not dare to try. Gawain can be considered as a hero in this poem due to his unique displays of determination, self-control and humility throughout the plot of the poem (Thomas 7). Gawain finds himself in tough situations that can jeopardize his life but his daring character keeps him on course to fulfill his promise of an immortal character. Like most heroes, he has his own weaknesses but the exemplary display and determination overshadows his shortcomings. He ends up being recognized in the whole Camelot city and reveals certain secrets that have long been unknown to many residents of the state. As the immortal Green Knight appears at Arthur’s Christmas party, all the knights at the round table are frightened. The fear is further increased by the challenge the Green Knight pauses and whose ultimate prize is not known by anyone. None of the knights who are considered to be the toughest military figures dare to take the challenge, “and none among them all dare answer speedily” (Stone line 437). Gawain, to everyone’s surprise steps up to take the challenge to save Arthur’s face. This definitely brings out the his courageous character. He is willing to take on a mighty giant regardless of the risk lying ahead when everybody else is unwilling: “I pray thee of thy grace, be this adventure mine!” (Alfred & James line 519). Gawain also proves to be a hero when he chops off the head of the Green Knight in a single stroke. He puts his life on the scales with the hope that the Green Knight would die in this fight. Nevertheless, he is willing to keep the promise he made to the Green Knight and is ready to have whatever he did on the Green Knight be done on him at an agreed place, “That stroke for counter-stroke with me exchange” (Alfred & James line 582). This is a unique action that none of the military knights could perform, and this makes Gawain a true hero. It is obvious that he is lucky enough to find Bertilak who offers him accommodation as he awaits the fateful encounter with the immortal knight. However, it is at the Bertilak’s castle that he finds a real test for his self-control. Bertilak’s wife freely offers herself to Gawain: “Do though in bed abide, and take thine ease I pray” (Alfred & James line 1026). She does all she can when the husband is away to spend a night with Gawain as it is later revealed that it was a planned trap to test Gawain’s lustful power. Gawain is not aware of t
Introduction Aston Martin is the company with a long history. The quality and convenience of these cars are considered to be one of the highest in the world. Throughout the time frame of 90 years the company still surprises and pleases customers with innovative decisions in automobile industry. Founded by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford, this company went through a so-called evolution in its development (Aston Martin para. 2). Today it is a leading company that produces racing cars with an elegant design. Today it is a symbol for wealth and richness of its owner. Aston Martin is a car for driving fast, but with a high comfort. It is an implementation of the designer thought included into speedy character and top efficiency in exploitation. Car Design Since the creation of the company in 1913 Aston Martin always differed in its otherness and uniqueness (Aston Martin para. 1). Owners of this car were proud of their attainment. It is not surprising that Aston Martin is associated usually with “power, beauty and soul” (MCL Motor Cars para. 1). In fact, the luxury of its both aggressive and smooth lines in exterior performance runs into the same evaluation of the interior part. Most of connoisseurs relate Aston Martin to a means for stimulation of great excitement inside its owner. The speedy and maneuverable characteristics of the car have a great impact on a driver. Since the very start of the production line, Aston Martin personified the strength of its owner by means of its subtle, bur sustained “soul.” It is felt in the slight roaring of the engine and in gentle braking. This car is designed for winners. It bears the spirit of Lionel Martin who was a racer and “regularly competed in climbs at Aston Hill” (Aston Martin para. 4). Thus, a researcher of Aston Martin bears in mind that this model line is for extra-ordinary people. A winning spirit of Aston Martin requires a winning spirit of a driver. It means that in all spheres of an owner should be success and prosperity. Historical Growth Looking at the historical growth of the company, it is vital to admit that in the years 2000 Aston Martin became familiarized with the top technologies and outlook. The models DB7 and DB9 along with Vanquish and V8 Vantage are considered to be the most popular during the whole history of the company (Aston Martin para. 17). Aston Martin has a special place among other racing models of cars, as an individual car ever created in the world. It is shown since Lionel Martin outlined the main destination of Aston Martin, namely that it is: “A quality car of good performance and appearance: a car for the discerning owner driver with fast touring in mind, designed, developed, engineered and built as an individual” (Aston Martin para. 5). This assertion provides the holistic estimation of the automobile. Since a driver puts his/her hands on a steering wheel, appears an alleged transformation of a driver and the car into one. An exhilarating and supreme performance of the car on different ex
Introduction The United States did not have a treasury department when the country was first founded. After the turmoil and destructions brought about by the American Revolution, the country was left in confusion as to how to handle its day to day financial affairs, as well as how to go about collecting taxes and other revenue that would help rebuild the nation and help those in need. During a session of the Second Continental Congress, the seeds that would lead to the formation of the treasury department were planted. The Joint Continental Treasurers were created to handle the then revolutionary government finances on July 29, 1775. It was headed by George Clymer and Michale Hillegas, whose responsibility it was to insure that all the colonies would contribute to the government coffers in order to insure a smoothly operating government. This was the first of the many incarnations that led to the eventual establishment of the United States National Treasury. The history of the foundation of Treasury Department The U.S. Treasury Department was founded by an act of Congress as enacted in September 2, 1789. This department is part of the official cabinet and as such, is responsible for advising the president regarding the disbursement and collecting of public revenue or expenses. Originally established in order to account for government revenue, the first secretary of the treasury department was Alexander Hamilton, an appointee of then president George Washington. The position was first offered to Robert Morris who declined it. Under the leadership of Hamilton, the department began to work out the financial system of the nation. The current organizational structure has the department being overseen by the United States Secretary of Treasury and the Treasurer of the United States. The tasks of the department includes minting and printing all paper and coin currency for public circulation through the cooperation of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, as well as the United States Mint. Its tax revenue collecting arm is the Internal Revenue Service. A portion of the act creating the treasury department as published on Wikipedia further states the responsibilities of the department in part as: And be it…enacted, That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to digest and prepare plans for the improvement and management of the revenue, and for the support of public credit; to prepare and report estimates of the public revenue, and the public expenditures; to superintend the collection of revenue; to decide on the forms of keeping and stating accounts and making returns, and to grant under the limitations herein established, or to be hereafter provided, all warrants for monies to be issued from the Treasury, in pursuance of appropriations by law; to execute such services relative to the sale of the lands belon
Admittedly, every paper should be detailed, innovative and relevant. It should be based on in-depth analysis and provide specific conclusions. Each paper should complete a gap in the study and unveil other possible gaps. However, it is also necessary to remember that a researcher’s attention should not be confined to the paper’s content only. It is important to format the paper accordingly. There are a number of central points to focus on while formatting a manuscript for publication. In the first place, it is important to know the requirements of the journal where the article is going to be published. Of course, all scholarly journals have quite similar standards, though some of them can differ. Therefore, it is crucial to make sure that the manuscript’s format is consistent with the necessary requirements. The following items need special attention: abstract, word number, formatting graphs and reference style. Noteworthy, abstract should highlight key findings, conclusions of the paper and some introduction of the topic. The researcher should be careful while choosing key words. The researchers should think of the words he/she would use to search for an article on the topic. It is also important to make sure that all the pivotal data will be provided in the article. Clearly, it is better to include graphs and tables within the article so that the reader could refer to the necessary data while reading about them instead of leafing it through. At the same time, too detailed tables can make it difficult to follow or even include tem within the article. Hence, the researcher should make sure each graph or table appears in the right place. Apart from specific requirements, the researcher should make sure that his/her article will be read. A catchy and comprehensive title can ensure popularity of the article. Hence, the title should grab the reader’s attention and it should shed light on the content of the article. Some researchers make the title too general, which is one of the most serious mistakes, as the reader can find the article unhelpful or even irrelevant. Furthermore, the article should have subheadings so that the reader could easily follow. Apart from major parts (such as introduction, methodology, results and so on), it is possible to add other subheadings which would help the reader (as well as researcher) stay focused. It will also help the reader effectively work with the article and it will help the researcher make sure that nothing is missing. On balance, it is possible t
Validity is the representation of measurement accuracy in survey methods. In order to design a valid question, the researched issue must be determined. A valid question accurately reflects the topic while encompassing key variables. Essentially, it is important to phrase the questions so that the potential answers provide the researcher with the data set that they intend to measure. Meanwhile, reliability focuses on the consistency and integrity of the measurements. Reliability seeks to eliminate random errors that may arise by responders guessing the answer due to a lack of knowledge or understanding. The same result of repetitive attempts shows reliability. Reliability and validity are inherently independent of each other, but both are needed for a successful survey. The two general surveying techniques are considered questionnaires and interviews. The researcher selects one situationally based on types of populations, sampling, and question content. The questionnaire is a written form of data collection with closed and objective types of questions with the sole purpose of compiling factual evidence. Meanwhile, interviews are an ongoing oral conversation between the researcher and the respondent. Interviews are free-flowing and subjective, giving more flexibility to approach. The collected information can be factual but also presents an analytical perspective. Both survey methods have strengths and limitations. Questionnaires are cheap and efficient but lack human guidance in clarity and analysis. Also, questionnaires are anonymous and have high rates of non-responders. Interviews give the researcher the direct ability to control the discussion while presenting information about identity. Obviously, with interviews, the rate of response is high, but they are also costly and time-consuming due to staff involvement. Also, interviews, due to their open-ended nature, can present invalid or skewed results because the researcher can commit human error or bias.
The approach to implementing “quality circles” concept The first step of the implementation is to define the problem that is to be resolved. For instance, if the company’s workers lack productivity, the main problem to address is the management of human resources. After the central issue is identified, it is necessary to decide which employees to include. Each quality circle has to consist mainly of the employees who can have an impact on the issue or those affected by it (Syla & Rexhepi 2013). Also, it is necessary to include one person fro outside the department who would observe and evaluate the decision-making process (Syla & Rexhepi 2013). Once the members are gathered, I would present them with the central issue and explain the working model of a quality circle as defined by Rohilla and Chaudhary (2016). I would then ask them to work on the issue independently, as the management is only involved in the first stage of quality circle work, which is problem identification (Syla & Rexhepi 2013). “Quality circles” concept In our culture Quality circles are used by companies all over the world. It is a flexible method that can work in any cultural setting, as each quality circle consists of the members of the company and thus the people involved in the problem-solving process are part of the company’s and the country’s culture. Therefore, I believe that the concept of quality circles would be just as effective in our culture as in any other part of the world. Other approaches that might help in enhancing employee involvement in the organization Mathis (2013) outlines three effective strategies to promote employee involvement: affinity, affiliation, and autonomy. The first strategy is to provide employees with a cause to aspire to, which would fit into the company’s mission and vision. The second strategy is to ensure that employees feel their affiliation with the organization – for instance, by creating safety committees, observation activities, and promoting teamwork. Lastly, Mathis (2013) offers to provide a degree of autonomy to all workers. This can be achieved by
For the sake of analysis in this essay, two characters namely; the Wife of Bath and Tamora are selected. The Wife of Bath features in a Middle English Canterbury tales (Chaucer 106). The tale is an interrogation of the role of late Middle Ages Woman. The author of the tale has developed the woman character in the entire tale. The tale recounts the transformation of an old hag into a beautiful and admirable maid (Chaucer 108). The rhetorical argument articulated in the tale about women is that women desire to have authority over their husbands. Material wealth has remained part of the huge medieval weapon of anti-feminism (Scala 50). Despite marriage and virginity being valued in the tale, widowed Allison marries several men in her life time. This proves how antifeminist traditions still have deep roots in the community. This can be evidenced from the observation of Allison that “For hadde God commanded maydenhede. Thanne hadde he dampened wedding with the dede” (Chaucer 110–111). Allison disapproved Jerome’s view on marriage and virginity. According to Jerome, God’s command on marriage automatically outdoes virginity. Thus, God would have doomed marriage to maintain virginity (Scala 52). Jerome craftily adopts bible teachings to defend her promiscuous behavior. Despite her using the bible as a source of her argument, she interprets some scriptures to fit her situation. For instance, Paul’s scriptures on marriage are misinterpreted (Chaucer 108–111). Allison approves and disapproves antifeminist beliefs in the tale at the same time. Allison’s repetitive acts of remarrying are a good example of how she mocked the clerical teachings on the outcomes of widows’ remarriages (Scala 55). Allison has demonstrated how rich widows were equated or more valued more than the property of virginity. For instance, Allison married four times in her lifetime. In addition, she managed to seduce her son-mate Jankyn (Scala 53). These evidences illustrate the above point. Therefore, although Allison epitomizes antifeminist beliefs, she at the same time attacks these beliefs by forcing readers to see men as the founders of the beliefs. The Wife of Bath commences the tale by highlighting King Arthur’s golden age, which endangered and favored women at the same time (Scala 56). For instance, women were not allowed to travel without being accompanied by men according to the Wife of Bath’s. She argues that women who traveled alone were exposing themselves to dangers of bumping into incubus (Scala 56). This depicts the extent to which the society was matriarchal. For instance, after Knight’s rape action, he is handed to Arthur’s queen by the king. He is sent on a study mission by the queen. While there, women are the people who end up educating him. Finally, the queen challenges him into a situation where women’s inability to keep secrets, consi
Standardized testing is the core of modern education system aimed to improve assessment procedures and methods. It is considered that the efficient and effective assessment of standards is posed as objective standardized testing that can accurately determine school, educator, and student achievement of the standards. Through this allegedly accurate and efficient assessment, students and schools are compared and ranked in relation to student achievement of the standards. In addition, all stakeholders are held accountable for their effort in student mastery of the standards. In spite of apparent benefits of standardized testing is hurt students and limits their creativity and educational achievements. The main limitation of standardized testing is the notion of accountability. It is considered that the proposition is that the level of their accountability for the standardized test scores of the students can be efficiently determined, and punishments and rewards can be applied to spur greater accountability. In practice, schools and colleges develop different standards and tests aimed to show high level of knowledge and skills. However, this view of standards as a generic concept is subjective and inaccurate because it does not determine students’ mastery and skills. The standards are certainly not a complete or accurate picture (Boaler 502). Standardized tests hurt students because they put limits on their achievement and educational process. The nature of standards and the purpose and effectiveness of standardized testing as the sole determinant of student learning are far more complex phenomena than the simplistic representations that are made to the public. In fact there are many types of standards and assessments that represent diverse purposes and result in quite different consequences for all educational stakeholders and society. An understanding of the complexity of standards and accountability can inform the increasingly contentious debate over the current standards and accountability reform (Moses 28). As more individuals are affected by the implementation of this reform, understanding the diverse views on standards and accountability through assessment becomes a critical activity (Wasserman 28). Educators and students are held accountable for the learning of technical standards by the results of a standardized test. An emphasis on standardized testing as an accountability measure has a long history and a pervasive presence in American education. Besides the well-known achievement tests such as the SAT, ACT, and GRE, many industries utilize standardized tests to rank and sort potential employees and
Introduction ACOT project which stands for Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow has emerged as one of the ground-breaking exercises in acquiring new philosophies of education. Having been established in 1985, it has focused on longitudinal studies and progress in partnership with government schools, universities, and research organizations. It was aimed at investigating the link between teaching and learning with the regular utilization of technology. These were done in selected schools which were taken based on the socioeconomic levels and the location of communities. This evolution started with a single classroom in each of the selected schools with expansion continuing with time. The selection process was done by the various schools and ACOT provided all the relevant equipment (Kovalchick & Dawson, 2004, 26-33). Blogs on the other hand are parts or types of websites maintained by people who add content for readers. Some of them are used as online diaries while others give news and updates (Johnson, 2009, p. 1). This paper will attempt to study ACOT Project and Blogs in the following steps. ACOT Project ACOT project lists the five levels of successful integration of teachers in technology. These include: Entry level; where the teacher understands the basics of technology that is available, Adoption; which is the level at which the use of the learned technology is used to accomplish effectiveness, Adaptation; a stage in which the teacher integrates the new techniques learnt into the classroom by involving the active participation of students for productivity, Appropriation; a stage where the focus is shifted to cooperation and projects in the use of technology and lastly Invention, where new discoveries for the use of technology are ascertained (Kovalchick & Dawson, 2004, pp. 26-33). While the first three levels involve active participation and learning by the teacher, it is in these stages that the technology gets to the teacher, who learns how to integrate it into the students, the last two stages involve students active involvement in the technology and this is where they are put in projects to open their minds for inventions and innovations in the use of technology. The first three stages can be considered as stages of conception while the last two as stages of the utilization of the techniques taught. Teachers work for success at level 4, where the students are actively involved in projects to stimulate their inventions. The teachers reported progress in communication, internal ideas, logic, memory, and collaboration from students that attended the exercise in our school (Kovalchick & Dawson, 2004, pp. 26-33). Blogs Students are to be guided from inappropriate content in the blogs, this can be done by encouraging students to take blogs as classes, and will help them engage in discussions as well as debates with other bloggers. The blogs should be used as forums; this will give the student a chance to express their opinion and thoughts which will help the teachers understand them better. However, strict stipulations should be put