ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory and Art Introduction Importance of the issue Appreciating pieces of art is a great pleasure as it gives us time for imagining the personalized meaning of those objects through our own personal mirrors of our egos and minds. Sometimes, we try to find the meaning of what we see or hear with the help of our instinct or intuitive feeling beyond the logic and strict reasoning to understand the pictures or sculptures. The same can be claimed about psychology and different theories that are aimed at explaining human desires and unconscious intentions. The perception of art objects can be understood with the help of applying Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to objects depicted and the way people usually understand those. As psychological interpretation of contemporary art suggests abundant sources for comprehending our experience on art, it is possoble to use Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to understand the essential aspects of postmodern artworks in terms of the concept of desire. The relation between the concept of desire according to Jacques Lacan’s theory and such aspects as what is shown, what is seen, and the way of perception in the objects of art are of the main focus of the current paper. Aim and scope The current paper is aimed at showing the number of different explanations that can be evoked by implementation of Lacanian psychoanalytic theory while observing and discussing the objects of art such as mixed media sculptures created in contemporary conditions with the help of modern materials, techniques and methods including postmodern tendencies. In particular, reviewing the works designed by Louise Bourgeois incl
Introduction A prisoner is a person incarcerated in jail or prison. People go to jail so that they can correct their behaviour and at the same time get punishment for the crimes committed. Life in incarceration is different from life outside prison. Basic freedom is a taken away and the prisoner has to abide by new rules and regulations. The treatment that prisoners get from prison warden once they arrive in jail often becomes the root of prisoners’ problematic behaviour. This paper will endeavour to discuss the effectiveness of applied functional behavioural analysis in dealing with problematic behaviour in prison. Problematic prisoners’ behaviour Guards in prisons are not given “specific training on how to be guards” (Stanford Prison Experiment, Enforcing law, para. 1). Instead, they are free to do whatever they think is necessary to maintain law and order. The wardens stipulate their own rules that prisoners are expected to follow. The wardens use the rules to command respect from the prisoners. When the prisoners arrive in prison, they are subjected to an inhuman treatment. They are forced to strip naked as well as have their hair shaved. Their hair is shaved to take away their individuality. They are given prison identity numbers by which they come to be known by therefore making them anonymous. In some prisons such as Stanford, prisoners are sprayed to ensure that they do not bring germs into the prison through this degrading procedure. The basic rights of the prisoners are taken away and conflict between wardens and prisoners kick in when the wardens try to assert their authority. The wardens use physical punishment to demand respect and obedience from prisoners. On the other hand, the prisoners rebel the kind of treatment they get from the wardens and the real conflict starts (Stanford Prison Experiment, Enforcing law, para. 1 When the physical tactics fail to work wardens use psychological tactics to divide the solidarity of prisoners. Solidarity means an organized attempt by the prisoners to force staff to do what they want. Solidarity is based on race, religion, gang membership, or geographic origin. Prisoners form gangs so that they can have control of the prison. They want to feel that they have more control of the prison than the prison staff (Wood, 2006, p. 613). To break the solidarity some prisoners get privileges and the rest of the prisoners take this as a sign of disloyalty, thus capable of being informers thus, mistrust develops, and the gangs are weakened. Dealing with prisoners’ behaviour To change the behaviour of offenders is a challenge that many correctional professionals face. Many programmes are designed to help the offenders correct their behaviour such as educational programmes, job opportunities and so on. On the contrar
King Oedipus and Hamlet are the protagonists of two of the most famous classic dramas: Oedipus King by Sophocles and Hamlet by William Shakespeare. In Sophocles’ play, King Oedipus appears as a stubborn seeker of verity, who ignores the dangers arising on his life path. Shakespeare’s drama portrays Hamlet as a hesitant philosopher whose search for sooth breaks his inner balance and demands a change in his personality. Thus, despite the absolute diversities in character, both heroes show the greatest resilience, which also manifests itself in different ways. In the tragedy of Sophocles, the protagonist is the ruler of Thebes – Oedipus Rex. He demonstrates compassion for the problems of each inhabitant of his land, genuinely worries about their doom, and tries to assist them in every issue. In the composition, his destiny proves to be incredibly tragic, but despite this, his figure seems not pretentious but magnificent. In the finale, he defends his virtue and courage by self-punishment. Oedipus proceeds incredibly courageously, chastising himself for misdeeds that he committed unconsciously; his judgment is harsh but symbolic. He gouges his eyes and goes into expulsion to avoid being next to those whom he desecrated with activity. Oedipus is a king who confesses his blunders and is ready to be penalized for them. After severe challenges, Oedipus disengages from ambitions, haughtiness, and godless aspirations and abandons the land, donating everything for the townsfolk’s boon, trying to rescue them from the plague. The main character of Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, had a peaceful life until trouble entered his home, and his fate changed overnight. Hamlet lost his father and was betrayed by his mother. Ordeals begin when the specter of his deceased father appears to the hero and tells who was the culprit of his death, persuading Hamlet to take vengeance. The protagonist is on the verge of madness: an intelligent and unexcelled humanist in the world, which is an enemy to his ideas. The wish to find the culprit moves him to the fight for justice. He is tormented by doubts about whether he is able of any action. However, Hamlet understands that killing Claudius, he will change nothing. He establishes himself a painful goal to withstand the universal vice. It is not a single adversary, not an accidental offense, but a sizeable opposed society. The scale of evil dejects him, generating disappointment in life and making him realize th
Student A answers Discussion Question #1 affirmatively, stating that Tecumseh was an American hero. The main arguments are that the Indian leader fought for what he believed in, protected his land and people, and wanted to unite all the Indian tribes. I agree that Tecumseh was an American hero, and I agree with Student A’s arguments; however, I think Student A could improve the answer by elaborating on the complexity of the historical figure of Tecumseh and addressing the controversy associated with the Indian leader. Stating that a person who initiated attacks on American settlements in 1810 and participated in the War of 1812 as an ally of Britain is an American hero requires more explanation. Concerning Discussion Question #2, Student A explains how the shift in the concept of value occurred and argues that it played a significant role in women’s liberty in America. I had not examined the issue from this perspective, and I found Student A’s idea interesting: since education had come to be considered an important component of women’s virtue, women became more educated, and thus struggled more actively for their freedoms and rights. The letter that Student A wrote to a slave as a mill worker manages to reflect the way a Lowell mill girl would have felt about her work back in 1825. The assumed author of the letter perceives her work as a kind of liberation from her parents, but she also states that the conditions are harsh. Somewhat naïvely, the assumed author thanks the slave she is writing to for working out in the field without fully realizing how inhumanely slaves are treated in the South. Also, the assumed author stresses the importance of her and her addressee’s work for the economy, which I think is an idea that could be widely shared among mill girls in 1825. I think that Student B manages to convincingly explain why Tecumseh is an American hero. The major supporting points are the Native American leader’s courage (he addressed himself fearlessly to a powerful and potentially dangerous government) and integrity (he wanted all Indian peoples to be united and did not accept the selling of the land). Students B’s initial perception was that Tecumseh was not a Native American hero, but latterly came to regard the iconic leader as an American hero as more information was revealed about the subject, which I think is an impressing example of historical thinking. Concerning Discussion Question #2, Student B states that there had been a shift in the concept of virtue by male citizenry regarding the characteristics of an ideal woman; however, Student B thinks that those were different virtues, thus refusing to regard them in the same context. I disagree with that because I think that the shift indicated an attempt of the Government to control social processes. However, Student B’s argument that women’s education made them go beyond the limited roles of wives and mothers is quite convincing. Finally, concerning the letter th
Although both Neoclassicism and Romanticism have similar roots and initially developed in parallel, they were opposite in terms of philosophical nature. They were the two poles of architectural thinking – on the side of Neoclassicism was a rational, objective, almost scientific method of thought, which put reason in the first place among human abilities. Romanticism, on the other hand, was dominated by emotions, feelings, and the desire for a refined and natural life. There was a thirst for close communication with nature, which became one of the most characteristic features of this movement. French artist Jacques-Louis David, who eventually became First Painter of Empire under Napoleon, is considered the father of the neoclassical movement (Kleiner, 2015). His paintings embody the emphasis of Neoclassicism on simple, geometric, closed compositions and educational topics of morality, stoicism, and duty. David’s painting “Oath of the Horatii” is a testament to the victory of a sense of duty over emotions (Kleiner, 2015). The walls of the room create a closed composition, and all directed lines are horizontal and vertical. Romanticism was the first movement to make landscape painting the primary means of emotional expression. Romanticists believed that spending time with nature could lead to an understanding of the sublime – the greatness of the infinite (Kleiner, 2015). Among the famous Romanticist painters was Caspar David Friedrich, whose “personal experience of nature led to a deeper understanding of God” (Kleiner, 2015). Therefore, human figures are often portrayed in his paintings despite playing an insignificant role. Other painters, such as John Constable, used landscape paintings as a way to express farmers’ distress during the Industrial Revolution (Kleiner, 2015). Both Constable and Friedrich used delicate brush strokes to capture the details, but Joseph Turner used obscurity and a vast amount of
Introduction From the first lines of the story of American writer Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man is Hard to Find , the large and happy family – at first glance – appears before the readers. They are going on a road that will turn into a tragedy for them. It seems reasonable to state that the mentioned work is among the most popular ones written by O’Connor. Below, the possible ideas of O’Connor within A Good Man are Hard to Find will be analyzed in various contexts through the prism of the system of characters in the story. Main body The main and most tenacious character is the grandmother, the mother of the head of the Bailey family. This heroine is shown brightly and not always from the best side. Initially, this is a woman who does not want to leave her home and gives children instructions to love their small homeland and their parents. However, in the course of the play, she lies, manipulates relatives, and commits several actions without thinking about the possible consequences. Children play a significant role in the character system. There are three of them: boy John, girl June, and the baby. Throughout the narration, they are reproached for their lack of love and lack of respect for their elders. The issue arises – it seems that they have no opportunity to take an example to follow; their parents, in turn, do not treat their grandmother in the best way. Her son, named Bailey, does not take her opinion into account and refuses many whims, even not the most difficult ones to fulfill. For example, they could take a cat because it would not cause a great extent of inconvenience. If at the beginning of the story, he at least listens to the mother, then almost the last phrase uttered by the mother’s son before his death becomes a strong word (Ochshorn 114). Bailey turned sharply and scolded the old woman so that even the children were embarrassed. The son’s wife simply ignores the elderly woman. Therefore, the two children are more passionate about the privileges of the modern world, such as comics and Coca-Cola, than the stories about their grandmother’s youth. They behave disrespectfully not only to their elders but also to each other – they fight, exchanging cuffs in front of their grandmother’s nose. No one can be blamed for this, except for the older relatives. This is how the image of a friendly family, going to see the world, is destroyed in a couple of pages. In such a state, they meet the Misfit and his gang; he appears in a car that resembles a hearse. If for a second, it may seem that the newly arrived heroes will help the family get out of this situation, then this hope instantly evaporates. The grandmother begins to beg the criminal to save the life of the “lady” and asks only for herself, forgetting about the rest of the family. The outcast behaves like a confession, remembering the past. Pouring out his soul, he
One of the categories that Erving Goffman used to describe gender roles in advertising is the family . According to Goffman, proper positioning of the different members of a nuclear family can be used as a symbolization of the family’s social structure. As far as the presentation of family in commercials is concerned, Goffman concluded that the allocation of at least one girl and one boy properly symbolizes proper intra-family relations. As per Goffman’s assertion, for an advertisement employing the family category, unity is established between the boy and the father, as well as between the girl and the mother. In the 7Up advertisement above, the main marketing strategy was to present the drink as something that unifies the whole family. In the picture there is a father, mother, son and daughter, representing a nuclear family. The father is sitting closer to the son and they are engaged in the technical elements of the train on the table. The mother and daughter have been placed close together and are playing the subsidiary role of watchers. The toy train is on the table for the whole family to derive entertainment from. However, each member of the family enjoys it in his/her own unique way. This is the message that the marketers of the drink wanted to convey-that the drink is suitable for the whole family, which can be enjoyed differently by different people.
The issues associated with alcoholism and mental health are among the ones that are the most difficult to cope with, partially due to the social stigma (Noronha, Cui, & Harris, 2014). Experiencing a problem associated with alcoholism and the ensuing mental health problems may become not only exhausting but also embarrassing for many people (Stimmel, 2014). Herein lies the significance of mental health self-support groups, which allow embracing the problem and addressing it accordingly. The mental health self-support group in question became the tool for helping around 100 people manage their alcoholism issues by changing their perception of the issue. Named Long Beach Early Risers, the group was scheduled to meet every Saturday at 6.30 a.m. on Long Island Beach, in St. John’s Lutheran Church basement. The reason for choosing the identified group was based on the convenience principle – the meetings were held in the vicinity of my house (particularly, it took a 10-minute walk to get to the venue). Furthermore, the accessibility of the group should be mentioned among the primary reasons for me to attend its meetings. Discussing the topic of gratefulness, the participants shed a lot of light on the issue of alcoholism and the associated mental health problems that they either have been suffering from or may develop in the future. The group was rather big, with a total of 100 participants. Although the attendance rates never actually reached 100%, there were still a lot of people to provide support and share their emotional experiences. Furthermore, there was a notable prevalence of male participants (approximately 70% of the total population). Therefore, there was a threat that the needs of women, who were in the minority (30%), might be overlooked. Nevertheless, all issues were addressed during the group meetings, with every category of the target population experiencing a gradual improvement in their attitude toward the problem. The age also varied greatly among the group members, 25 being the youngest group members and 70 being the oldest ones. Only 10% had a diploma, whereas 80% barely managed to graduate from school. All group members were white Caucasians. The members of the group seemed to have succeeded in forming a bond with one another. There was a threat that, with the population so big and diverse, creating strong ties will not be a possibility. However, as implausible as the connection was, it, nevertheless, occurred.
Introduction Leadership is the process by which an individual influences thoughts, attitudes and behaviors of other people. Leaders set a direction for the employees and enable them to see what is ahead. Leadership is very critical in an organization and its absence will lead to an organization degenerating into a state of argument and conflict, since, leadership joins people together and facilitates them into harnessing their efforts together. A leader must have a vision for an organization and should demonstrate commitment towards realization of the organization’s vision (Mills, 2005). There has been unanimity that leadership involves influencing a process between leaders and followers in order to ensure the realization of organizational leaders. The success or failure of an organization is largely linked to its leadership; leadership effectiveness or ineffectiveness and this makes leadership central to any organization. The Australian Leadership Development Center defines leadership as “any behavior that influences the actions and the attitudes of followers to achieve certain results” (Australian Leadership Development Center, 2007, p. 1). Contemporary Leadership Models There has been much focus towards the comprehension of the relevance and effectiveness of transactional versus transformational leadership, whereas other studies have focused on transformational and charismatic models. Charismatic and transformational leadership theories are both relevant to contemporary leadership theories, so, do servant and situational leadership theories. Their relationship emanates from the fact that they build excitement and they both consider attitude and vision as core principles. The only contrast is that charismatic leadership has the capacity to inspire followers but this however is considered superficial and makes charismatic leadership a well thought-out trait of transformational leadership (Yukl, 2010). Servant Leadership The first contemporary kind of leadership is the servant leadership and it was developed by Robert Greenleaf in 1977. According to him, servant leadership is motivated to serve first as opposed to leading first, and they always strive to achieve meeting the priority needs of others. Greenleaf distinguished this kind of leadership with the traditional model where leaders strive to lead others in realization of organizational objectives, whereas servant leadership is driven by the urge of a serve-leader who serves others to be what they are capable of becoming. This kind of leadership subscribes to the notion that by serving others, leaders lead other people until the point of self actualization. Servant leadership emanates from a leader’s principles, values and beliefs and they place the interests of others before their own (Hannay, n.d.). Servant leadership has been criticized for paying too much attention to service as opposed to performanc
Fundamental and Applied Research Fundamental research and applied research are types of analyses that differ in their socio-cultural orientation, in the form of organization and the translation of knowledge, and the methods of interaction of researchers and scholars’ involvements. As business research elements, those two approaches differ in their purpose and context. Fundamental research is aimed at creating theoretical concepts and models to depict practical applicability that was not apparent. The general task of this research type is to understand the laws that govern the behavior and interaction of the basic structures of nature, society, and the mind. These laws and structures are studied in the pure form regardless of their possible use; therefore, such studies are often called pure, and also referred to as basic. In the business field, theoretical research focuses on analyzing and understanding various processes of management and business and their impact on organizational effectiveness and problem-solving (Saunders et al., 2012). It contributes to the knowledge base that is further used in the education and training of practically all specialists who work in the business sector. Theoretical research is labeled as a characteristic of academic science since it is used predominantly in universities and academies, but their studies can be utilized in particular business situations. For instance, the outcomes of successful fundamental research can be applied within the organization to yield material benefits. Applied research is a section of fundamental science and is seen as an independent discipline designed to achieve significant results in the investigation of practical solutions for specific economic, technical, or social problems. It is aimed at the intellectual support of the innovation process as the basis of the socio-economic development of modern civilization. The knowledge generated in applied research is focused on its direct use in other areas of studies, such as business, technology, economics, and social management (Bell et al., 2018). Therefore, ultimately scientists receive projects, programs, and recommendations for creating innovations and improvements. According to Sekaran and Bougie (2016), managers usually conduct applied research to find out the timely and appropriate solutions for the issues that emerged in their work setting. This type of research is often used to take corrective action. For example, the managers of the large retailer are considered with low demand for the new product, so they might require to define reasons for this in order to make needed changes. In other words, the immediate task of any research group or organization is to provide a competitive advantage for the organizational structure for whom the research is carried out. Moreover, this task defines priorities in the activities of researchers and the organization o