ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background Donepezil hydrochloride, marketed in the United States under the trade name Aricept, is a chemically distinct and specific acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor that has found wide clinical usage in the palliative treatment of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (Reyes et al., 2004). The importance of donepezil HCL is underscored by the fact that it can improve cognition and behavior of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, a condition that is projected to affect around 5-10% of the population over age 65 and as many as 50% of those exceeding 85 years of age in the US alone (Rogers et al., 2000). This paper looks into the pharmacology and mechanism of donepezil’s action, the behavioral and physiological effects of the drug, as well as its abuse potential, toxicity, and risk of relapse. Drug Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action Receptors Donepezil, 1-benzyl-4-[(5,6-dimethoxy-1-indention)-2-yl]methylpiperidine hydrochloride is a centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is administered to treat individuals with mild, moderate, and advanced Alzheimer’s disease by enhancing the action of acetylcholine and ensuring the receptors the drug interacts within the brain become more responsive. In the areas of the brain first affected by Alzheimer’s disease, research has found a shortage of acetylcholine chemical that assists to send messages between certain nerve cells and a loss of the nerve cells that use acetylcholine (Sugimoto et al., 2002). The indanone benzylpiperidine derivative is known to up-regulate nicotinic receptors in cortical neurons and also to promote non-amyloidogenic pathways of APP processing by stimulation of α-secretase mediated through protein kinase C (PKC), resulting in an enhancement in neuroprotection and subsequent reduction of symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease (Cacabelos, 2007). According to available scientific scholarship, the drug improves the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease not only by inhibiting acetylcholine degradation in the synaptic cleft (the structure that allows a neuron or nerve cell to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or nerve cell) but also through enhancing choline reuptake at the presynaptic level (Reyes et al., 2004). These actions are associated with an increase in acetylcholine synthesis in presynaptic terminals located in the brain and subsequent improvement in cognition and capability to undertake activities of daily living for people with Alzheimer’s disease. Donepezil is known to cause minimal membrane depolarization due to its highly selective nature in inhibiting neuronal cholinesterase enzyme and has protective effects against ischemic damage, glucose excitotoxicity, and Abeta toxicity; however, an accidental overdose or abuse of the drug may produce sinus bradycardia or ventricular arrhythmias (Akasofu, Kimura, Kosasa, Sawada,
Introduction The quality of the environment in the workplace has recorded a major shift in recent past. A number of factors have contributed to this trend that has formed an integral part in organizations. The reasons behind this scenario are not hard to point out. First, the need attract, retain, motivate and empower workers that are geared at improving organizational effectiveness form core reasons behind the shift. In the understanding that employees form the most prized assets of any organization, the need to attach their well-being to the success of an organization is necessary. Aspects The changing social and economic trends are affecting the design of office accommodations in the 21st Century in a number of aspects. These include changing demographics, health and safety, flexible working trends, technological advances, sustainability initiatives and employee turnover. Factors The changing demographic in the work place has impacted on the need to shift organizational design of office accommodations. This is because:   * The number of 18-25 active work forces has recorded a sharp decline in the recent past especially in the United States, Canada and much of Europe.   * There is recorded problem of an aging work force that is not immediately replaced by fresh and energetic group.   * A large number of people are in occupied in the advancement of their career at the expense of taking up job opportunities immediately. The above factors have led to acute shortage of active work force. This has precipitated the need for a shift in design of office accommodations aimed at attracting, recruiting and retaining the best and talented group in the competitive market. The social aspect on the need to achieve high employee levels of satisfaction has influenced organizations to take a keen cognizance on the importance of health and safety of the employees. The design of office accommodations has therefore shifted in away
Porter’s five forces The degree of rivalry in the carbonated soft industry is highlighted by two major brands: Pepsi and Coke. These two companies account for 72% of market share while the rest of the market is covered by other organizations such as Dr. Pepper, Snapple Group and Cott Corporation. Some private label products also contribute a small portion to the sales in this industry. Pepsi has eroded Coke’s market share in the past through low prices and aggressive promotion efforts. In the 60s and 70s, Pepsi marketed itself as being the preferred brand, which caused a substantial reduction in Coke’s market share. Coke on the other hand has altered its product contents and prompted Pepsi to do so as well. In terms of substitution as a Porter’s-five force, Coke and Pepsi have to deal with numerous substitutes for carbonated drinks. Some of them may include bottled water, juice, tap water, powdered drinks, milk, beer, spirits, sports drinks and coffee. In the past, these substitutes were not a threat because consumers stayed loyal to Pepsi and Coke. However, the substitutes are a strong factor in the industry because of health and environmental consumers. Pepsi and Coke have responded to the threat of substitutes by producing those products themselves. The firms have ventured into juice, bottled water and coffee over the past few years. Pepsi and Coke’s main buyers are bottlers, who purchase concentrate and package it in plastic or canned containers. The bottlers do not have as much power as the concentrate makers because they cannot negotiate concentrate prices. Coke has a contract that establishes maximum prices for its concentrate while Pepsi determines prices on the basis of the consumer price index. It often exceeds market rates and thus has the final say. Furthermore, because Coke and Pepsi give bottlers exclusive territorial rights, then bottlers cannot diversify their portfolio by selling products from competing brands. Their buyers are restricted to their either Coke or Pepsi. One of the most significant barriers to entry in the carbonated soft industry is trademark domination. Coke and Pepsi have invested substantial amounts in development of their trademarks through intense advertising, bottler support, and product development. New companies do not have the capital or ability to match such strategies. Negotiations made between the two major carbonated soft drink makers (Pepsi and Coke) and national retailers like Wal-Mart ensure that these firms dominate shelf space. New players may find it difficult to penetrate into such airtight deals. The main suppliers in the carbonated industry are high fructose corn syrup manufacturers, food coloring industrialists, citric acid producers, caffeine makers and flavor manufacturers. The citric acid or the food coloring industry has several small players who ma
VPNs, or virtual private networks, are primarily used for their initial purpose of being encrypted tunnels that transfer data throughout the internet in ways that are inaccessible to others. In my life, VPNs have not only been vital due to their inherent usefulness by protecting my identity and information, but also by allowing me to access information I would be unable to otherwise. This is an effect of a VPN function that gives me another IP address, by which I am able to maneuver geoblocking (McCann & Hardy, 2021). A myriad of information and media is inaccessible due to either legal, political, or other reasons and is restricted on the basis of one’s location. Though the feature that manages to change your IP is very efficient in providing access to entertainment, news, or other media, I find that it is especially vital in the sphere of research. Whether it is for academic or personal purposes, the ability to access all the information on a topic is vital to conducting investigations that are thorough. Currently, even with the digitization of so many studies, papers, and books, restrictions are endless. They may either appear as paid subscriptions for journals that are unaffordable, be very difficult to find, or be otherwise strewn around hundreds of databases. On top of this, content is frequently geo-blocked, and an issue I come across often in my own research. Additionally, having an IP address of a desired country will allow you to view more content or research from groups or individuals in that nation. The internet has made a variety of content available but inaccessible, which I find hurts the potential of future research. As such, I find that VPNs have completely changed the ways in which I deal with information, as I like to be thorough and access things that I would be unable to otherwise. Reference McCann, M., & Hardy, A. (2021). 9 Reasons Why Everyone Should Use A VPN. Yes, Even Non-Techies . Forbes. Web.
Abstract Crowdsourcing has become an established business concept among small and large businesses. While firms of all sizes have applied the concept and derived its values, crowdsourcing has been effective among small businesses and individual entrepreneurs. However, crowdsourcing is an emerging concept with the development in technologies. Businesses should plan adequately for risks and benefits associated with the concept. Introduction Many forms of businesses have adopted the concept of crowdsourcing as a form of marketing strategy. Such businesses collect data and ideas in order to gain competitive advantages in their business processes. As a result, the idea has proved to be effective form of marketing, but only few firms have realized its potential. Crowdsourcing has demonstrated its effective in promoting business growth, but some critics believe that the strategy can fail due to inherent challenges. They claim that the crowd may not possess the necessary knowledge and good advice, which businesses can rely on to restructure their strategies. Although some organizations had used crowdsourcing before, the concept gained popularity with the growth in the Internet technologies when businesses noted that they could crowdsource different tasks, which they could not complete indoors through their own employees . In this essay, the focus is on pros and cons of crowdsourcing as a business model. What is crowdsourcing? People have defined crowdsourcing as the process of giving work to online communities in order to collect information and complete tasks, i.e., it depends on the power of the crowd. Facebook has relied on the concept of crowdsourcing. Facebook has provided a community of workers who can accomplish tasks through fan pages and other platforms. People participate in contests where they generate ideas, some are brilliant, and others are not. Wikipedia has also used a similar approach to develop data bank of information by using various people. This shows how firms have exploited crowds to generate new marketing concepts. Jeff Howe introduced the term, crowdsourcing in 2006 (Howe, 2009). However, some firms had previously relied on the idea to generate new ideas and create new products. In 1936, Toyota used the concept in order to develop its logo. The idea has gained momentum due to increased online activities among people, and companies have taken advantages to recruit such people to generate new ideas. In the recent period, Procter & Gamble has called people on several occasions to solve technical scientific challenges. Small businesses like Threadless and iStockphoto have also used the concept to generate millions of dollars with few employees. These companies have demonstrated that they can rely on the people’s creativity and finish highly specialized projects. The crowd has various talents, creativity, and rates of production. In additi
Throughout their lives, people depend on each other, and therefore relationships with others are at the center of human existence. It all starts with the mutual attraction of a specific man and woman. Humans are social beings that have an urgent need for belonging, the need to create long-term and close relationships with other people (Treger & Masciale, 2018). This paper aims at describing the attraction between two people on the example of Romeo and Juliet using the concepts of associated effects of emotion, proximity, similarity, physical beauty, repeated exposure, and familiarity. The relationship between a girl and a boy or a man and a woman starts with physical attraction, friendship, and the early stages of a more intimate relationship. Regardless of each person’s perceptions of who is attractive and who is not, this point is important when it comes to feelings of attraction to another person (Luo, 2017). The love between Romeo and Juliet and the physical appeal between them were naive and hopelessly reckless. Such emotions could appear only in lovers for the first time in their lives. The attraction that these characters experienced generated their interest in each other on the physical and emotional levels. Physical beauty is important for interpersonal attraction because self-esteem increases when a man or a woman is accompanied by an attractive romantic partner. Both men and women are more likely to try to bond with someone who matches their physical attractiveness. The overall result of this process is the similarity in the degree of beauty (Treger & Masciale, 2018). Most people search for partners who are as attractive as themselves. Thus, Romeo and Juliet felt a mutual attraction since they were both young and beautiful. The similarity is another important factor that can arise in different ways, such as resemblance in terms of age, education, economic status, hobbies, self-esteem, and others. Romeo and Juliet, despite their inability to be together due to the bad blood between their families, had many similar features. They were of the same intellectual level and economic status, and they were united by the same obstacle. The more similarities between two people, the more likely they will be attracted to each other. One of the reasons that likeness breeds love lies in the fact that people value their opinions and preferences and are happy to be with those who validate their choices and thereby raise their self-esteem (Treger & Masciale, 2018). The main reason why similarity generates interpersonal attraction is that social norms and situational circumstances bring similar people together. Spatial proximity is one of the simplest and most important factors that increase interpersonal attraction. Research shows that the best individual predictor of interpersonal infatuation between people is how close they live. The most common result of maintaining closeness is friendship. It was the same with Romeo and Juliet who lived close to each other. One of the main reasons proximity generates interpersonal attraction is because it increa
Subway Sandwiches Restaurants Introduction to subway sandwiches restaurants Subway Sandwiches restaurant is a type of food industry and it has more branches in different countries selling quick and nutritious meals. It offers Americans franchise with low capital to begin their own restaurants. Subway Sandwiches restaurant is the type of business proposal selected in the city as the decision to invest in restaurants has no stiff competition in the city as few entrepreneurs, who does not as if investing in it and it requires less capital (Capon, 2009). Subway restaurant produce submarine sandwich products to their customers in many parts of the world. Business Plan Entrepreneurship Business plan are important processes in starting a business activities by an entrepreneur that should follow when creating business ideas for starting a business. A business plan is an official declaration of company targets, aims of the planned dealing and the plans intended for accomplishing the previously instituted targets. The average time of opening a subway store is usually a period of seven months. Subway restaurants will make fast food brands using frozen in order to have a consistency products and low costs of production. Business plan entrepreneurship involves various steps to be followed when starting up any kind of business in the market so that the business can succeed in a competitive environment and to meet customers’ needs and wants (Capon, 2009). Competition analysis Competition analysis is the process of evaluating and analyzing the SWOT analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats factors that are affecting the internal and external environment of the business to the competitors (Hirsch & Peters, 1998). Subway Sandwiches restaurants will have to be competitive to remain in the market by providing better and quality services to their customers. Subway restaurants faced a lot of competition from sandwich chain, Quiznos that made subways to also toa
CSR New trends and focuses that companies are trying to employ Concepts of social responsibility or alternatively corporate citizenship have formed a predominant business lexicon hence attracting the attention of the academicians especially due to advents of the technological advancements of the 21 st century. Nelson and Jane (2004, p.3) notes that, “over the past decade, however they have grown to encompass a more complex, multidimensional and global set of issues, with strategic implications for both business leaders and policy makers.” The current trends in the CSR, encompasses organizations orientations so as to enhance CSR integration to form part and parcel of corporate strategies. To achieve these, the corporations attempt to mainstream CSR functions to transform them into fabric of values that remain evenly integrated within the business enterprise of the company. The trends focus pinpoints on the need to “breakdown the silos, adopting a strategic vision, implementing and operationalization of CSR on a global basis, addressing CSR as a risk management as opposed to one that can be electively be avoided and addressing social risks in the context of total risk management” (Nelson & Jane, 2004 , p.10). More critically, the modern trends are oriented to solve communication challenges: becoming cognizant of impeccably different communication demands for various stakeholders, and making decisions on appropriate strategies of communication. Among other crucial changes in the perception of the CSR concept include: self regulation and juggling regulation, solution of legacy issues that jeopardize the trust of future stake holders, strike of balance between the long term and short term business market pressures and “creating new forms of public/private collaboration and partnerships” (Capriotti & Moreno, 2007, p.90). Consistent with the established demands that require to be fulfilled by the emerging businesses laid on the foundation of the CSR programs, the trends include focusing of CSR on the dimension of being a risk management tool by the potential investors. They further include the inculcation of social responsibility in the investment of funds of speedily developing the component of mutual benefit fund industry and addressing the interrogative of the governance crisis matters of the corporate CSR fund. Further trends entangles taking into consideration “reinsurers increasingly nervous and vocal concerns about climatic change” (Burke & Logsdon, 1996, p.500). Consequently, NPF business establishment to aid the CSR programs with the intent to develop green products of an organization has chances of success due to support by various government and international policies of putting into place mechanisms to deal with the problem of environmental degradation. Reasons why companies do not engage in more CSR The reason why companies do not engage in CSR activities can be broadly divided into government and financial institution and reasons related to human resources. Falck and Heblich (2007, p.249) notes that, “the first and greatest barri
Max Adeler’s short story “A Desperate Adventure” dwells upon an important issue concerning the life and death. Notably, the author is famous for his “mental pictures” of men and women who make the reader laugh or cry (“Max Adeler’s Return” 7). The story in question contains both components as it seems very sad at the beginning, but it appears to be a positive and optimistic story at the end. It is possible to think of a number of themes, for example, the nature of suicide, people’s values and so on. One of the major themes of the story is existence of the ‘cure’ for suicide and existence of a person who can help others. The author provides an example of the therapy which can be used to make people forget about suicide. This therapy includes three main steps, which a man effectively uses to help people. The story opens up with an advertisement which can be regarded as the first step in the theory outlined. The advertisement addresses those who are “bent upon committing suicide” (Adeler n.p.). The author stresses that it is important to understand that the person is willing to terminate his/her life. It is possible to find out about people’s intentions during discussions and Captain Cowgill, who can be seen as a therapist, talks with each candidate to understand a person’s desires. Interestingly, the author does not retell the discussions and does not mention why Cowgill choose the passengers. At the end of the story, it is clear that Captain Cowgill’s choice is not random. The second step of the therapy is revealing the reasons for the desire to die. Importantly, to make people think about the reasons, they are brought to a different place, which is “[p]leasant enough”, they are torn from their usual environment (Adeler n.p.). People feel more relaxed and they are ready to share their emotions and their intentions, to unfold their “griefs to each other [ sic ]” (Adeler n.p.). The main characters tell their stories to each other. They become a bit closer. Their mutual work also brings them closer. Finally, the main characters start the discussion which helps them understand that their problems can be easily solved. Thus, problems, which seem unsolvable, turn out to be easy to solve. It appears that people who are in the carriage can help each other. Captain Cowgill’s plan works as he chooses people who can solve each other’s problems. Of course, they see other passengers’ problems too meaningless to lead to suicides. The passengers decide to live on and the mission of Captain Cowgill is accomplished. In conclusion, it is possible to note that the central theme of the short story is ability of one person to help people cope with their problems and live on. The short story can be regarded as certain message to those who want to help people and know those who are miserable. It is also a message to those in misery. The story shows that people can cope with all their problems even if they seem unsolvable. Admittedly, sometimes it is necessary to talk to other peop