ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Clinical experts warn that resistance to antibiotic is on the rise with the latest WHO report on drugs terming the resistance as a potential threat. The study identified the problem as the world’s most challenging issue to the public health sector. Medical practitioners from Health Protection Agency warn that several bacterial infections are becoming less responsive to the antibiotic- based medication aimed at treating patients with such conditions. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) causes antibiotics to lose their ability to cure. Clinicians warn that infectious disease such as pneumonia and diarrhea, which account for more deaths in the entire world can no longer be treated effectively using the antibiotics (Okeyo, 2015). For instance, In the UK, there are rising concerns about Klebsiella pneumonia infections (bacterium) carried in the intestines. According to the daily mail, scientists implicate that the disease (Klebsiella pneumonia), has become resistant to the currently available line of antibiotic drugs. This infection is fatal in the case of the most delicate patients and the newly born babies. Dr. Keiji Fukuda, World Health Organization’s health security assistant director, asserted that there is the need for crucial measures to be undertaken in order to curb the threat. Global medical research bodies and the various stakeholders in the health sector are urged to come up with prevention measures that are geared towards the innovation of a more effective antibiotic drug. However, medical practitioners warn that if scientists fail to act timely, then the world will retrogress to the past era where simple disease could kill. Clinical experts express their frustration with the rate at which new antibiotics are being developed. Dr. Danilo Lo Fo Wong; in an interview with theguardian , asserted that new drugs are being produced at a slower rate. He claims that the world has not had a new invention of antibiotics for over 25 years and that there are no signs for a new drug being invented in the near future (Boseley, 2015). Dr. Danilo is wary of an imminent treatment failure, and he expresses his displeasure with the ineffective treatment that has exposed the world’s largest population to fatal conditions that otherwise could have been treated. He notices flaws in the medical practice that could render patients more susceptible to the bacterial infection due to antibiotic resistance. A section of human right activists criticizes some of the methodologies adopted by hospitals when procuring treatment. For instance, they cite a case whereby the patients are treated with the same kind of antibiotics for a long time. This faction of human right activist lobbies for a rather precise method to be adopted instead of the ‘test and trial’ approach. The latter perspective entails treating the patient with different kinds of antibiotic in an effort of determine the one that will work well. Health practitioners point out that such approach is totally outrageous as it exposes the patients to more danger arising from the increased resistance. Latest health research indicated that some of the European nations retract from carrying out a substa
John Locke’s Ideas on Money In his article Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of Value of Money , John Locke outlines the main theoretical provisions of what later became known as the ‘monetary’ theory of economics. The article’s main ideas can be outlined as follows:  1. Money is the instrument of ensuring the efficient exchange of goods and services between two or more parties. As such, money cannot be thought in terms of an objective ‘asset’. The validity of this thesis Locke illustrates by the fact that, unlike what it happened to be the case with material goods, there can be no limit to one’s capacity (and willingness) to possess money.  2. Lowering the interest rate will not prove beneficial to the economy’s well-being. According to the author, the implementation of this measure will increase the amount of money in circulation – yet, there can be no guarantee that this money will continue to reflect the value of the material assets in question adequately. As a direct consequence of this, money’s ability to serve as the medium of commercial transactions will be substantially reduced: “The low Rate would be content to have more Money lye dead by them, than now when it is higher: By which means there would be less Money stirring in Trade” (Locke 3). Therefore, the government should think twice before deciding to lower the interest rate.  3. The process of designing a monetary policy, on the government’s part, may never cease being observant of what accounts for the ratio between the amount of traded goods, on the one hand, and the amount of money in circulation. Locke goes to substantiate the validity of this suggestion, as such that is being reflective of the fact that the amount of circulated money always equals with the medium’s overall nominal worth. What it means is that the price of a particular material asset is solely concerned with what happened to be its quantity.  4. Labor is the source of ‘surplus value.’ In its turn, this means that money is merely the mean of distributing wealth between the commercially active individuals, within the society. In light of what are the economic realities of a post-industrial living, Locke’s idea that money cannot be thought of, as such that represent the value of a ‘thing in itself,’ appears rather fallacious. The reason for this is quite apparent – as we are well aware of, money has long ago been turned into the commodity of its own. The validity of this suggestion can be easily illustrated, in regards to the influence of Stock Exchanges on how the world’s economy functions. The functioning of the real-estate market confirms the soundness of the above-stated, as well, as it is largely concerned with the circulation of the so-called ‘derivatives’, which are in essence the financial contracts between two part
Introduction In economies around the world, a number of factors affect the operations of national income and expenditure that is gauged as the economic status of a country at a particular time. Economic barometers are the preserve of policy economists in the government with the understanding of both domestic and foreign fiscal policies at play in a country at that time. The status of a country’s economy is usually determined in collection of these measures, and done in quarters of fiscal years. These quarters may indicate economic growth or turndowns. The latter indicates a state in economic problems, either in domestic economy or in foreign economic terms and refers to an economic cycle. Economic cycle (or business cycle) is the process of fluctuations in the activities of an economy and depicts its long term growth trends. The process involves periods of growth characterized by economic recovery and prosperity or stagnation characterized by retardation or recession. The general measure of the business cycle is the gross domestic product (GDP). When the GDP experiences a negative growth in two consecutive quarters, the economy is said to be undergoing recession. This corresponds to the contraction phase of a business cycle. NBER (www.nber.org.) defines recession as “A significant decline in economic activity….. normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales”. In this paper, an interactive analysis of the worst recession to have hit the United States economy in its recent history is presented. The causes of the 1990-1991 recession, its effects and analysis of the fiscal and monetary policies are presented using relevant economic models. The presenter further analyses how the recession was curtailed and the factors that led to the recovery of the economy. The writer concludes the study by summarizing the market perspective of the recession in reflection of all the three parameters mentioned above, i.e. causes, effects and recovery. The recession that according to (www.nber.org, par.3) started in July 1990 and ended in March 1991, was also the worst in the world. Its effects were not only felt in the US. Other big world economies were also affected. The turndown started in North America and the UK which saw corporate profit rates peak in late 1988 while profits declined in among other countries, Germany and Japan save for those in the US and UK. This led to a fall in new investments and a decline in GDP and investment close to 7 percent and was the biggest since 1975 (Bernanke, 112). Causes of Recession The causes of recession are varied but there is a general feeling that the major factors contributing to recession are marke
Introduction The world is awash with numerous entrepreneurs whose contributions to the current state of affairs is both plausible and sometimes marveled at. Contribution of entrepreneurs goes along to support the work of art and science in transforming and revolutionizing the world. In this paper, three prominent world entrepreneurs of different contributions are discussed. These are Isaac Larian, Maxine Burton and Bill Gates. Isaac Larian Isaac Larian is an Iranian born Unites States of America (USA) citizen. He was awarded the top entrepreneur prize in USA for the year 2004 and 2007. Mr. Isaac is known for his well developed company called MGA Entertainment. He is the Chief Executive Officer of this large company which has been classified as the biggest private owned toy company in the world. Having been born in the Middle East country of Iran, he left his Persian Jewish parents and moved to USA at the age of seventeen. Mr. Larian later studied at California State University in Los Angeles and attained a Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering. Thee entrepreneurial spirit was already born in the life of Isaac. In 1978, he started his first trade in which he exported electronic goods like phones, computers, radios and other accessories. He later expanded his business to what is currently known as MGA entertainment. This company was initially operating as a licensing company through which many other companies received legal permissions to operate in the USA economy. Being in this licensing business greatly exposed him to see more that could be done
Introduction Statistics is an important area of study because it gives direction on how to record data, code, process, and analyze data. Besides, it is used in various fields such as medicine, business, science, and psychology because there are numbers involved in these areas. This project under mathematics and statistics will focus on analyzing some economic variables for the United Arab Emirates. The variables that will be analyzed are gross domestic product, inflation, and population. Further, descriptive statistics, charts, and regression are the statistical tools that will be used to analyze the data. The objective of the Paper The key objective of this paper is to make use of a number of statistical tools to analyze and understand various economic variables. In addition, the paper will also make use of graphs and charts to display the data collected. Search of Data The entire data will be obtained from the internet. Specifically, the data will be drawn from the International Monetary Fund website (International Monetary Fund, 2017). The website generally contains a variety of macroeconomic data series for most countries of the world. Some of the data that are available on the website are inflation, gross domestic product, unemployment, and government spending, among others. The website is updated on a regular basis, and it contains reliable economic statistics for various countries. The data for the three variables will cover the period between 1980 and 2016. The data are summarized in the table below. Subject Descriptor  Gross domestic product, constant prices (national currency, billions)  Inflation, average consumer prices, (index)  Population, persons, (millions) 1980                345.929                                                                66.7                                         1.01                            1981                373.687                                                                72                                           1.1                             1982                346.825                                                                77.1                                         1.17                            1983                328.618                                                                78.1                                         1.21                            1984                343.243
Introduction Non-profit organizations exist to provide services that have little monetary profits that for-profit organizations focus on providing (Haruko & Sotashi 2006). Non-profits also participate in the provision of goods and services whose beneficiaries are too minimal for government agencies to undertake. In addition, these organizations play the key role of being the intermediaries between donors who provide funds and recipients who are the customers. Having to play the role of go between the two stakeholders means there exists a market for Non-profit services in the economies. This paper shall elaborate on the non-profits’ intermediary role, and how efficiency could be achieved in meeting the goals of main stakeholders, donors, and recipients. These organizations are better placed to provide this role compared to business establishments, the reason being that the latter’s bottom line is to make tangible (monetary) and intangible (market share and recognition), both of which are not in the interest of the former. Indeed, the bottom line for non-profits is to serve as many recipients as possible using the most efficient means. without expecting to gain anything in return (Carella et al., 2007. p. 950). Given this scenario, it would be counterproductive for business establishments to provide nonprofit services. However, the inability of businesses to provide those services efficiently does not mean staying away completely; instead, entrepreneurs running businesses use portions of their earnings to run non-profits and therefore contribute to the well-being of such organizations. Many businesses, especially multinationals, have throughout history established non-profits directed at financing certain causes. Indeed, the second half of the twentieth century saw the explosion of nonprofit organizations targeted at achieving organizational Corporate Social Responsibilities (Zaleski & Esposto, 2007, p. 322). However, not many companies can afford to establish and maintain internal
Introduction Background The city of Mecca has been attracting a large mass of people who come for the pilgrims on a regular basis. It is one of the leading tourists’ attraction centers in the Middle East. This means that mass gatherings are very common in this city. Both the Saudi nationals and citizens of the international community gather in this city regularly for prayers. Hammad, Arbon and Gebbie (2011, p. 12) define mass gathering as “Events attended by a sufficient number of people to the level that strain the planning and response resources of the host where it is being held.” On the other hand, Imran and McLeod (2012, p. 59) says, “A mass gathering shall mean one which is likely to attract 5,000 people or more and continue for one hour or more.” In mass gatherings, there are numerous risks that may affect the people because of the high number of people. Some of the common risks at such events include accidents, stampede, spread of infectious diseases, and terrorism among others (Higgins, Wainright, Ning & Carrico 2004, p. 330). In case of emergency arising from any of the risks mentioned above, there will be a strain in the local healthcare facilities. In the city of Mecca, there are four main acute hospitals where the victims of such occurrences would be rushed in order to get some help. This means that the nurses at these health facilities should be prepared for such eventualities in order to know how to deal with such situation. This will help in reducing the number of casualties from such cases of emergencies (Kija & Arbon 2008, p. 140). This research will focus on the nurse emergency and disaster preparedness during mass gatherings in the city of Mecca. Research aims and objectives The healthcare facilities are always ignored when planning for tourism which one of the main economic activities in this country. During the Hajj mass gatherings, a high number of Muslim faithful from this country and the international society face various risks which may lead to disaster (Arbon & Ranse 2013, p. 55). The Saudi government rarely factors in this huge population when budgeting for the hospitals. It means that these hospitals must be ready to manage the little resources they have to deal with cases of emergencies to protect lives in cases of disaster (Ranse, Shaban & Considine 2013, p. 59). The following are the specific objectives that the researcher seeks to achieve from this study.  1. Creation of knowledge on how to manage disasters that may strike in mass gathering within the city of Mecca.  2. Creation of awareness of some of the possible risk factors that may result into serious bodily harm.  3. Defining the roles of nurses in the events of disasters at mass gatherings  4. Creation of an understanding of previous disaster response experience among the current nurses in Mecca. The above objectives will define
Students with Asperger syndrome demonstrate poor social skills and fail working with their peers. If students with Asperger syndrome enroll in general classroom, teachers who working with them should find special approach to their education. In this paper, we are going to provide an annual educational goal and three functional objectives for a student with ASD (K- 12). The annual goal: the main goal of education of a student with Asperger syndrome is to develop his/her social skills, such as develop communication skills, learn dealing with obsessive routines, and overcome physical clumsiness. In this regard, a teacher should focus on the student’s interests and create an appropriate and predictable individual schedule (the tasks should consist of a number of simple steps with detailed instructions understandable for a student). At the same time, instructions should be constructed so that they could be implemented within classroom activities among other students. Thus, the annual goal is to assist student becoming an independent member of the social environment, developing student’s social skills and enhance interaction with student’s peers through engaging him/her in structured social activities and providing step by step reinforcement of social behavior. The annual goal is related to emotional and communicational domains. The learner, under consideration is a student with Asperger syndrome who does his study in general classroom. Mark is 15 years old and according to ICD-10 criteria, he has the syndromes that follow: lack of any clinically significant general delay in language or cognitive development; qualitative impairment in reciprocal social interaction as in autism and a restricted pattern of interests and behavior. The presence of clumsiness, although not an established feature of the syndrome (Ghaziuddin, Metier, Ghaziuddin, Tsai, & Giordani 1993). Considering his diagnosis, interests and current academic performance, the target behavior for this student is better interaction with peers in classroom, engaging in non-referential topics with other students, as well as with adults; student will be also developing expressive language skills and receptive language. The conditions for such behavior are: thoughtful structure of setting assignments (Mark will be working cooperatively with other students in small groups); helping Mark understand the rules, educating parents, teachers and students in the classroom how to behave with mark. Functional objectives  1. Mark will develop understanding of dependence between his words and actions and their effect on other students, as well as parents and people with whom he communicates in daily life.  2. Mark will engage in appropriate social activities and interactions initiated by his peers and will allow them to make changes in the activity.  3. Mark will develop expressive and receptive language while relating information taken from different bo
God It is necessary to note that Christian ethics is a crucial part of the Christian religion that defines appropriate and wrong behaviors, and is based on several sources. The focus on particular virtues such as restraint and prudence is vital. The role of God also should not be overlooked in this case because the primary goal of this branch of theology is to ensure that individuals are aware of what actions would be supported or disapproved. Christian ethics can be viewed as a particular form of divine prescription. The moral stance of God does not change, and each believer has a set of responsibilities. Some of these duties are absolute, and some are dependent on the circumstances of place and time (Geisler 16). Followers of the Catholic Church regard God as an example, and it helps them to lead better lives. Moreover, they hold that such beliefs should be spread to ensure that sins are avoided, and people treat each other according to the word of God. One could think that some of these teachings are not complicated. However, many individuals act unethically without being aware of it (Kim 36). Some of the behaviors are learned by a person subconsciously because they are a part of natural law, and a person who is focused on ethics would be capable of making reasonable decisions. Therefore, the role of conscience is critical in this case. We have learned various aspects of morality during the semester, and information regarding some of the controversial topics was especially important. Also, now I have a better understanding of the fact that there are several perspectives on moral theology, and it would be reasonable to review the works of several authors. Others The way Christianity has affected the life of Martin Luther King Jr. needs to be highlighted. It is suggested that the knowledge he gained in theological seminary caused him to look for ways in which racism and discrimination can be eliminated (Longtin and Peach 110). It is quite evident that he was incredibly motivated by the ideas suggested by various theologians. He analyzed many works and looked for possible solutions that would help to resolve social injustice. The pacifist tradition was one of the central aspects of his approach, and it was based on Christian beliefs. He believed that it was his mission to address discrimination, and did not use violence because he understood that it is not the right way to deal with such conflicts. One of his central beliefs was that it is necessary to love every individual equally without being focused on such aspects as a race. Moreover, he blessed his enemies even when their actions were questionable. The fact that he frequently cited the Bible during his speeches is also worth mentioning, and it is possible to state that Christianity changed his life dramatically. Also, it is one of the core reasons his efforts to address racism were so successful. The role of ethics was particularly important, and he learned some of the behaviors from his parents (Burrow 18). It is clear that he believed all individuals are connected with each other through God, making racism and mistreatment seem extremely unreasonable. He understood that he h