ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Although the approaches adopted to manage air pollution in Beijing and the UAE are strikingly different, the rates thereof are getting increasingly high in both states. To manage the problem, it is necessary to address the factors that promote and inhibit the design of the appropriate air pollution management strategies. It is essential that a sustainable approach should be created to resolve the issue successfully. The report at hand describes the research that is aimed at determining the key problems that currently exist in the air pollution field as well as outlining potential strategies for their solution. The problem is analyzed from the global perspective; however, a particular emphasis is put on its progress in Beijing and the UAE. The proposed research has a mixed structure and employs both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. The key data collection tool is a survey that is targeted at determining the main factors of air pollution, finding out the social opinion regarding the quality of air in different cities, and estimating the public awareness of the relevant problem. The survey results have revealed two critical findings. First and foremost, the major part of respondents evaluates the quality of the local air as “highly polluted”. Secondly, the respondents show low awareness of the air pollution problem. Thus, they know little about the ways of reducing air pollution and do not see any prospects for their own contribution. In addition, they express enthusiasm about contributing to the problem solution. As a result, it is recommended that the air pollution problem is initially addressed through increasing the social awareness. Hence, it is proposed that further studies are carried out in order to outline the strategies for the change implementation. Introduction Background The issue of air pollution is not new; however, no efficient solution has been located t
Introductory Paragraph In 1951, during the rise in popularity of the paperback novel, novelist Harvey Swales stated that it could be the start of either an increase in the value of produced material or the inundation of trashy literature into an already polluted ocean of books and novels. Today, publishers are faced with a similar situation wherein the growing popularity of eBooks has become a game changer in the publishing industry. The reason behind this has been the continued growth of online purchases and transactions wherein consumers have increasingly used E-commerce as their preferred method of purchasing due to its convenience and its ability to empower consumers to conduct multiple transactions within a single session. E- Commerce, an abbreviation of the term electronic commerce, is a way in which business transactions such as the buying and selling of products is conducted over the internet (Fulbright, 48). Due to its widespread proliferation with thousands of users being added to the online browsing population on a daily basis the breadth and depth of the internet is not to be underestimated (Kennedy, 15). With estimates placing the number of users in the hundreds of millions companies have started to capitalize on this trend by moving traditional operations such as advertising and retail to online mediums in order to attract customers to their products. One of the more recent incarnations of this growing trend has been the digitization of various novels and books for online sale and distribution. The advantage of eBooks over normal books is that consumers can receive the product immediately, it can be purchased at a fraction of the cost and depending on the type of eBook reader a person possesses they could have possibly hundreds of books stored on a single reader (Ebooks, 25). For eBook sellers such as Amazon.com the advantages of eBook sales range from the fact that they can distribute the books ad infinitum due to the ability of data files to be easily copied and distributed to the fact that eBooks do not take up any inventory space in a warehouse and do not have delivery costs which results in lower operating expenses for the company (Ebooks, 25). Due to their advantages for both consumers and companies alike eBooks represent a growing trend in the publishing industry which has the potential to possibly eclipse and undermine eBook sales in the future. Five-Forces Model of Competition The threat of the entry of new competitors Porter states that markets with high returns have a tendency to attract new firms, in the case of the book retail industry this came in the form of Amazon.com E-commerce based strategy of online retail. One of the advantages online retailing has over traditional brick and mortar companies is that they are able to sell to a larger consumer base without having to be isolated to a particular location. These particular companies save on operational expenses in relation to employee salaries, operational and utility costs as well as various other costs associated with methods of traditional retail due to the fact that with
“Sistine Madonna” by Raphael Sanzio, who is considered to be one of the greatest, the most talented and the most popular artists of all times, is one of the most widely-discussed paintings of the period of Renaissance which still serves the best example of western painting. All people who wrote about this picture and who tried to discover what is hidden behind the face expressions of Mary and the child Jesus never succeeded in trying to decipher the meaning of those expressions. Raphael painted this picture for a small town called S. Sisto in Piacenza. In 1512 S. Sisto in Piacenza became a part of Vatican state and that is when the picture became popular and when its value started rising day by day. Raphael is known not only as an outstanding painter of the Renaissance period but as an architect as well though as a painter he is told to be more expressive and more frequently observed. Nevertheless, he is known as a designer of two chapels for Agostino Chigi who was a very influential banker in Rome. “Sistine Madonna” is with no doubt his most remarkable painting but among others there are also “Coronation of the Virgin”, “ Marriage of the Virgin” which are his early works as well as “Julius II”, “Stanza della Segnatura”,” Madonna of the Goldfinch” and his last major work which he never managed to complete, “Transfiguration”. In the place where “Sistine Madonna” is now, Royal Gallery at Dresden, it is the only picture in the room. Every time people enter this room they become silent as this place is holy like a church. This painting is very popular there and some of people come to the gallery in order to look at it alone: “Perhaps the museum’s most famous painting is Raphael’s “Sistine Madonna” depicting the Virgin and Child with two cherubs leaning on the frame at the bottom of the painting.” (Corinna Lothar, 2006). Discussing “Sistine Madonna” it should be mentioned above all that the figures in it are of life size and this is what gives this painting even more reverence. The Virgin Mother is depicted in the centre of the canvas. The features of her face are the most beautiful and, it should be admitted, the most spiritual in the world’s art. Her face is considered to be perfect for all times and one of the greatest mysteries to who have seen this painting with their own eyes is where Raphael managed to find such a face. At first sight it is impossible to understand which nationality this woman belongs to. Her face is not typical for any of ages and nations. The woman is holding the Divine Child in her arms. His far-away-looking eyes seem to be reading future since the very infancy. Though the child is very small his look is very adult and serious and is of a great contrast with the angels’ faces which seem to express bareness and impatience. St. Sixtus is depicted below them, kneeling on one side, and on the other side there is Santa Barbara who is turning her face away and closing her eyes unable to look at this beauty and glory the mortals have no strength to look at. At the background there are incalculable
Introduction Impressionism and post impressionism are two art periods that were developed in France. Impressionism developed between 1863 and 1890, while post impressionism was developed between 1886 and 1905. The two methods laid an emphasis on painting as an art work. Impressionism paintings were relatively small and thin, and the brush strokes were visible. Inclusion of movement in human perception was also incorporated in this era as compared to the previous painting eras. Another significant attributes of impressionism paintings were the unusual visible angles. Impressionism came about due to the rejection of Monet painting that incorporated nude painting. Later, the public was allowed to decide the painting and they were impressed by this kind of style that incorporated independence and rebellion (Maurice, 1962). The impressionism era was greatly brought about by the industrial revolution and modernism like, scientific inventions, better transport methods as well as growing in middle classes and secularism (Simpson, 2011). On the other hand, post impressionism came about due to lack of importance given to the subject matter and impressionism failing to give an element of structure in their paintings. It had the same features as impressionism, which included the use of vivid colors, use of real life subject matter, and use of distinctive brushing strokes, as well as applying of thick paint. Post impressionism art era was also characterized by having younger painters, who were more focused in emphasizing geometric forms in their paintings. Post impressionism was brought about by social and political repressions, which lead to social inequities and unrest, and was expressed in painting by the intellectual painters (Bowness, 1979). Comparison between impressionism and post impressionism paintings There are various similarities between impressionism and post impressionism art eras in terms of their paintings. These include the use of the vivid colors, use of real life subject matters and distinctive blush strokes. However, there were differences which included emphasis on the usage of geometric forms and usage of arbitrary colors, which were used in post impressionism. There was also a distinction in age of the painters whereby, impressionism painters were generally older as compared to post impressionism painters. The freedom of the artist is also another distinction between the two periods as post impressionism artists had more freedom than the ones in impressionism era (Bowness, 1979). Purpose for continuing the tradition of the impressionism Continuation of the Impression artistic period is necessary since it gave a rise of usage color to express brightness of light. Ultimately, there was need to incorporate the post impressionism since it brought about simplification in painting as well as enhancing emotional impact. The need to give painting more meaning beyond an impression by incorporation of geometry as well as mathematics was also the need to supplement impr
Introduction Language use and parody is one of the main devices used by Irish poets and writers to create a double vision and link reality and fantasy. One of the functions of the double vision is to offer an escape from reality, and one of the forms this escape often takes is the pastoral. Escape into illusions and exile is also central to the Irish experience as well as to Irish literature. Thesis The ironic use of language serves to create a dreamland, an imaginary world superior to the existing one, into which the imaginative or visionary characters escaped. Main text The doubles help Irish writers, instead of the usual one pair of characters create two couples. The two men personify the woman’s, while the two women embody the man’s ideal of the other sex and the disappointing reality, respectively. As in W. B. Yeats The Only Jealousy of Emer the woman’s two main, archetypal aspects are embodied in two different persons: ideal beauty, innocence, and perfection are attributes of Anastasia exclusively, while only the very earthy elements of womanhood are found in Rosie; neither is complete alone (Kiberd, 2002). If there was no completeness attainable in Yeats’s idealistic world, it is even farther away in Murphy’s contemporary one. Yeats at least included Emer, who once, albeit imperfectly, united both the spiritual and the physical aspects in herself, while the other two female characters — Fand the fairy and Eithne Inguba — only embodied these features in their more polarized form. In Murphy’s play no uniting third exists, and out of the two only the earthy survives; the ideal with hardly any vitality and no reality at all perishes (Jones, 2002). The language of The Old Lady Says ‘No!’ is parodic. The first few pages of the text comprise a virtual anthology of nineteenth-century romantic Irish verse, which in the mouths of Robert Emmet and Sarah Curran serves to mock romanticism in history as in love. The language parodies an established literary tradition. The “four beautiful green fields,” of course, represent Ireland. Johnston mocks Yeats’s romantic conception of sacrifice and heroism by transforming the line into the shrieking of a latter-day harridan. The language of Synge and O’Casey is also mocked as part of Johnston’s exposure of contemporary Ireland’s preoccupation with rhetoric. The Old Lady Says ‘No!’ is mockery and fantasy, since the form of the play borrows from Pirandello, whereas the commentary it offers on Ireland after the Civil War takes seriously Yeats’s own rueful admission in “Meditations in Time of Civil War” about the heart “fed… on fantasies” from which it has “grown brutal” (Kiberd, 2002). The language of fantasy had never before in Irish drama operated in so devastating a style as in Johnston
The film Citizen Kane directed by Orson Welles was released in 1941, and it immediately attracted the attention of many critics. In particular, they noticed innovative cinematographic techniques and narrative methods (Giannetti, 2013). This paper is aimed at discussing the reasons why Citizen Kane was different from other films released at that time. Overall, among the most innovative elements of this movie, one can single out the use of deep focus and non-chronological plot. Yet, there are other remarkable techniques that distinguished this film from other movies. For example, one can mention sound effects. These are the main questions that should be examined more closely. At first, it is important to mention that that the film is based on the non-linear plot (Booker, 2011, p. 72). For instance, at the beginning, the viewers learn about the death of the main character. Initially, the audience does not know anything about this person. Later, they can follow the investigation carried out by the journalist Jerry Thompson. The film-makers uncover the story of Kane’s life and his struggles. Different characters can tell the audience more about the character traits of the protagonist. The story switches between the past and present, and one can examine Kane’s behavior from different perspectives (Giannetti, 2013). At that time, this approach to story-telling was not very widespread. In most cases, the plot was developed in a chronological way. Yet, Orson Welles chose the non-linear approach, and later this method was emulated by other film-makers. This is one of the aspects that should be considered during the analysis. Additionally, this movie was renowned for its cinematographic techniques. In particular, one should speak about the use of the method which is known as deep focus (Nanemore, 2004). This technique includes specific choice of lenses, compositional style, and lighting (Nanemore, 2004). This method ensures that the foreground and background of the scene remain within the focus of the camera. This approach enables the film-makers to direct the viewers’ attention. Moreover, the audience can better capture different details of the scene. Apart from that, the director chooses a more realistic approach to the composition of the scene. For example, he uses specific angles to show the ceiling. The movies, which were released before Citizen Cane, did not include this element. As a rule, the view of ceilings could be obstructed by microphones and cameras. The main problem is that such settings were too unrealistic. Furthermore, the cameras had to be placed only at certain angles. Therefore, the resources of film-makers were very limited. In turn, Orson Welles decided to depart from this tradition. Finally, Orson Welles uses a different sound-editing technique. According to the conventions existing at that time, a character could start speaking only at the time when other people were silent (Gilett, 2008, p. 58). In contrast, Orson Welles makes the voices of characters overlap each other (Gillett, 2008, p. 58). This argument is particularly relevant to the scene that takes place in the boarding ho
Introduction The understanding of the self originates from social interactions and evaluations of behaviours, character traits, interests, and other patterns of thinking, acting and feeling. This knowledge defines human identities. However, the identities emerge after making comparisons with socially defined values, norms, and behaviours. Some of the most important social institutions are the family and schools. On average, humans spend most of their lifespan at home or school. Despite the work environments taking most of the adult lifespan, the crucial development stages occur at home and school. The interactions in these institutions create continuities, uniqueness, or affiliations. Humans imitate or defy the social attributes to build their identities. The research explores the influence of social institutions in defining human identities. Identity and Social Institutions My father is a real estate agent while my mother works as a clerk in a convenient store. I have two siblings comprising an older sister and a younger brother. My father is the head of the family, and he is involved in most of the major decisions while my mother does most of the household chores after work. However, my father sometimes helps in the kitchen. In fact, he has been encouraging us to carry out different tasks including kitchen chores and mowing our background lawn. The school offers different experience including the relationships with other races, gender, and age. It brings together different characters that have different skills and exposure to different social and cultural backgrounds. My best friends, Andy and Rafael, belong to different races. In fact, Rafael is black while Andy is half Mexican. Every person has unique characteristics that are derived from their races and cultural backgrounds. The family is one of the institutions that influence the development of identity. Although our father makes nearly all of the important decisions, he has to engage my mother in the decision-making exercise. This has increased my trust and respect for women. Additionally, the father’s gesture of helping in the kitchen has made me realise that the traditional roles were discriminating. Currently, I do not consider any role as stipulated for a particular gender. I believe that every person has the right to undertake whichever position he or she desires. The small gestures have also promoted my trust for others. In fact, it is very easy for me to make new friends. In our childhood, my parents were relentless when it came to discipline. They had set out special family rules that had to be observed. I learnt to be obedient because of the fear of punishments. The schools also contribute significantly to the development of my identity. I do not possess any race-related stereotypes on my friends or schoolmates. The interac
Abstract This study aims to make an in- depth analysis of Robert Clinton’s book The Making of a Leader: Recognizing the Lessons and Stages of Leadership Development . The book narrows down the subject of leadership to the stages of developing leaders and the lessons that one can draw from each of the involved steps. The document is an excellent piece for young Christian leaders who seek to grow in faith since it bases most of its teachings on religious perspectives concerning the values leaders should demonstrate. The book consists of contributions in the form of quotations from other Christian leaders. The goal is to increase the understanding of what constitutes a leader. Mary Thomas and Pastor Jeffrey McDonald are some of the people whose ideologies of an organizational leader and a mature model of leading have been incorporated into this study. Clinton sees a leader as someone who has been called by God and then molded through various phases. 1 The phase one to five of leadership development entails challenges that leaders encounter. The phases include sovereign foundations, inner-life growth, ministry maturing, life maturing, and finally the convergence stage. 2 According to Clinton, the inner-growth process is considered a testing stage where integrity, obedience, and the ability to receive the word of God are checked in a leader. 3 Integrity is the most fundamental qualification of evaluating a leader because it touches on his or her morality. Hence, it brings out the sincere and honest nature of a leader. According to Clinton, leaders are believed to be influential people and that God instills within them the capacity to enable them persuade and change the lives of the people they serve. 4 As leaders mature in the ministry, God enhances their skills and grows them in a way that they feel motivated as they exercise their leadership roles. The book considers the struggle that developing leaders encounter with people in authority. The discovery of a spiritual gift that upcoming leaders might possess is quite significant in their growth as ministers. The effectiveness of a leader’s mission can be enhanced more when he or she incorporates his or her gifts into the work of God. Leaders are bound to experience challenges mostly in the form of conflicts. Clinton advises that the challenges test the level of maturity of a leader to handle situations. 5 Leaders are called upon to submit to God in a deeper way during such challenges Concrete Response Clinton’s book reminds me of an experience I had when growing up as a young Christian in an environment where people did not believe in adopting