ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract This paper looks at the end of the Cold War and emergence of peace in Europe, the internal consistency that brought about the cold war and that which has prevailed in the post Cold War era. It goes deeper to explain theories post the Cold war era, its evidence and assumptions made during this period and after. Finally, it looks at the instabilities that were brought about by the Cold War in Europe. Introduction As the Cold War came to an end, the threat of war which had been in the offing for more than forty years was dying and there were new hope for peace. Military bases being renovated to parks, playgrounds and condos (Mearsheimer 1990, 5). Nevertheless, the past actions brought forth from the war raised an issue in Europe that concerned breaking out of another cold war. Thus, they were concerned with what actions they would take and the survival of their countries. Countries want power and achieving this means that they need to influence others when it comes to making decisions concerning the other state. This is termed as neo-colonialism, which is an indirect form of Cold War among the super power states. The superpowers gained influence over developing nations in form of economic relief, therefore forcing the developing states to ally with them in case something happened or when it came to decision making in the international realm. However, peace was vital and people need it, the issue however came about when a state felt threatened by each other and opted for warfare to solve the dispute. In reality, the Cold War was beneficial to many developing countries as they received funds and assistance they needed to start developing their fractured economies and military prowess but it was a different scenario for the countries that started the Cold War. The East and the West were the super powers who were ideologically different and wanted to dominate less developed countries by selling their ideas. It was beneficial to them as these superpowers got raw materials from the developing countries as well as using the countries as markets for their finished products. The Cold War came with different ideologies that helped the under developed countries grow into developing nations. Mearsheimer (1990, 8) notes that this imbalance brought class stratification, which was broadly grouped into three classes; that is, the first world countries (developed nations), second world countries (developing nations) and third world countries (under developed countries). Intellectuals who were concerned with security matters during the Cold War put aside their ideological differences over military policies and stability evaluations, and instead put their minds together in an attempt to find ways of preventing global warming and how to conserve and safe guard the ozone layer (Mearsheimer 1990, 5). These intellectuals turned their attention to saving the world from global warming so as to conserve the earth. Therefore, the expertise from the Cold War could be turned around and be used in current issues such as glo
1. Patient information should be held confidential at all times. In order to meet this requirement, Denver Health makes sure that all handling and information storage is done in Denver Health’s private cloud. These sun rays require to be upgraded after every eight hours unlike the typical two to three years of PC. They have also instituted the sign-on procedure that is used by doctors and nurses upon their arrival at work. They sign on a single Sun Ray terminal by inserting smart card and then logging-in the name and password. The doctor or the nurse withdraws the card, which logs off the session at that terminal but still leaves session active for the doctor or nurse. When entering a patient’s rooms during the day, they are only required to reactivate the session, which takes 5-10 seconds. 2. Thinidentity can be used by schools to support the technology needs of faculties and as well as those of students. This can be done by instituting private cloud in the faculty to ensure that it runs its activities
Introduction and Significance Introduction The number of veteran students I growing fast. Since 2020, the number of veteran students in the US has nearly doubled (McGuffin, 2017). Thus, policy-makers and scholars are becoming increasingly interested in the problems veterans face during their studies in higher education institutions. It is commonly known that opioid misuse is prevalent among veterans, as up to 35% of veterans received pain treatment with opioids at some point. Prolonged treatment with opioids is associated with an increased risk of developing addictions, which can cause significant cognitive and social problems. However, there are no studies that discuss how opioid misuse affects the academic achievement of veteran students. The proposed research aims at closing the gap in the existing literature by studying the influence of opioid misuse on the academic achievement of veteran students. Literature Review Factors Affecting Academic Achievements of Veteran Students The academic achievement of veteran students has been a matter of interest for researchers for more than half a century. After World War II, early researchers viewed veterans as superior to civilians in terms of academic achievement (Gowan, 1947; Owens & Owens, 1949). However, the researchers realized that there were different factors contributing to the academic achievement of veteran students. Gowan (1947) stated that there were at least seven factors that affect academic achievement, including social group participation, presence of educational goals, attitude towards grades, time spent in study, attitude toward courses and instructions, attitude towards individual attention and instruction, and attitude towards class attendance. Owens and Owens (1949) also believed that age, aptitude score test results, and the number of years in service were also indicative of academic achievement. However, the results of Pearson’s correlation tests revealed that the number of years in service had a small negative impact on grade point average (Owens & Owens, 1949). Currently, veteran students are a distinct population with their unique characteristics. A systematic review conducted by Barry et al. (2014) concluded that veteran students are different in comparison with their civilian counterparts. Veteran students have a lower GPA, an increased chance of engaging in risky behavior, lower social support, and different drinking motivations (Barry et al., 2014). Additionally, veterans usually have lower confidence levels and adaptation to academic life (Barry et al., 2014). These unique characteristics of the population often put veterans at a disadvantage while receiving higher education. Low GPAs of veteran students can be explained by a wide variety of reasons that partially contribute to the matter. Psychological well-being is one of the factors that can contribute to the decreased academic performance of veteran students. In particular, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depr
Introduction The organization should be structured and organized in such a way that efficiency is attained through the exercise of power and decisiona making. These structurings determine the flow of power and decision making. Who does what is and who decides what is well defined. Generally, there are two forms of structuring bureaucratic and non-bureaucratic. This paper describes and differentiates the bureaucratic and non-bureaucratic organizations. Bureaucratic organizations In these organizations there is a formal exercise of power; rules are implemented in a hierarchical manner. The structuring leads to five characteristics in these organizations. These characteristics include: Clear works definition The management in these organizations defines the role and duties to be undertaken by different people in the organization. The degree of decision that unit managers and junior staffs can make are determined by the structure. Set rigid target Work is divided in terms of targets that each department is supposed to attain a set target at a specified period of time; the decision is of the top management and scaled down to smaller units in the organizations. Hierarchy of power In this organization, there is a ladder of power which determines the kind of decision that a certain level can make. Junior staffs have very limited interference in decision making; their work is to undertake the orders given. Recruitment and promotions are technical expertise based In these organization, they have a high emphasis on attainment of their decisions and thus when positions arise they give them to people with technical expertise. Documented rules There is a set of rules that must be followed to ensure that certain goals are met in the organization. Rules are solid and adjustment calls intervention of top management. Advantages   * Clear rules discourage nepotism and favoritism in the companies.   * Offers predictability in business growth and outcomes   * Easy control and monitoring   * Encourages specialization Disadvantage   * Human resources are denied power to make decisions and thus limited career growth and reduced creativity and innovations   * The policies are rigid that de-motivates staffs. If they lead to inefficiency, then realizing where the problem is hard.   * One way of making decision can lead to inefficiency This style is more applicable in large organizations where the management can only control through strict rules (Virginia , McCroskey & McCroskey 32-145) Non Bureaucratic organizations These are organizations where management and junior staff participate jointly in making decisions that drive the organization. Although there is a hierarchy of power, the organizations empower junior staff to exercise their decisiveness to areas slightly above their power but remain accountable. They offer a free surface for one to exercise his leadership skill. In cases of emergency, there is no need to contact the management but one confronted by a situation is empowered to make a decision. When the decision is made, there are consultations with departmental heads that are mandated to represent the views of their teams.
Soon after the death of Marcus Aurelius, the last of five good emperors in Rome, the empire began to crumble. An examination of Roman history during the period from 180 to 305 AD reveals that political instabilities, inflation, and a weak defense contributed to the territory’s collapse. Potter (2014) asserts that during the years that characterized the fall, the Roman Empire had more than 50 leaders, including Commodus, Aurelius’ son, and Diocletian. The high number of leaders who reigned stemmed from a series of frequent overthrows or assassinations that exemplified the governance in the region. The armies and those who sought to become emperors desired power and regularly plotted to murder or oust leaders, a phenomenon that greatly affected the territory’s control. Additionally, some emperors wastefully spent the empire’s resources. Misuse of resources caused inflation in the country and plunged its populace into an abyss of poverty. Frequent assassinations and political unrest weakened the empire’s armies, rendering them vulnerable to attacks from neighboring communities. When Diocletian took power, he instituted policies to salvage an empire that was on the verge of decline. According to Longo (2017), some of the measures that Diocletian implemented included the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern regions. Although he delegated some duties to his co-emperors, he retained supreme power. At the time of Diocletian’s reign, people paid high taxes and had to work like slaves for the wealthy. To address these challenges, Diocletian fixed the prices of commodities. Such strategies played a pivotal role in reducing the fast pace at which the empire was collapsing. However, inasmuch as he struggled to control the empire, the level of instability hindered any success wrought by his initiatives. On May 1, 305 AD, Diocletian became the first leader in the history of the empire to resign.
Introduction Chesapeake Energy Corporation is among the largest producers of natural gas, oil, natural gas liquid, and a driller of new wells in the US (Chesapeake Energy Corporation, 2012). It has large stakes in many companies across the US. It also has subsidiaries, which conduct most of its business and marketing activities. This report looks at corporate governance, analysis of financial statement in annual reports using forensic financial analysis approaches and provides policy recommendations for the company. The company has a long-term problem of corporate governance, which has affected its performance in the stock exchange as traders react to questionable acts of the CEO (Chief Executive Officer). This implies that Chesapeake’s Board of Directors has “not been effective in formulating policies and controlling the company” (Chesapeake Energy Corporation, 2012). CEO’s questionable activities The company has experienced some serious corporate governance issues in the past involving the CEO. According to Reuters, the CEO had “borrowed $1.1 billion against his investments in the company’s wells over the past three years” (Putnam, 2012). The CEO then proceeded to make a personal investment of “up to 2.5 percent and used these investments as collateral to take out loans from the same company that issued loans Chesapeake” (Putnam, 2012). This was a clear case of conflict of interest in the company. It is also worth noting that the company failed to disclose these transactions to its shareholders. Consequently, such transactions affected the company share prices because of failure to disclose them. The company also has troubles with its $10.5 billion net debt. Currently, Chesapeake has cash shortfall that has forced it to “trade-off some of its assets and turn to issue additional $2 billion from the stock” (Putnam, 2012). Such actions have raised the curiosity of SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) and possible lawsuits from shareholders. Chesapeake has records of questionable financial transactions, which have negative consequences on shareholders’ returns. For instance, the company allowed a special bonus to bail out the CEO in 2008 and bought the CEO’s collection of maps to ease his fiscal crisis. Assessment of Corporate Governance Corporate governance refers to “the relationship among the Board of Directors, top management, and shareholders in determining the direction and performance of the corporation” (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012). Investors do not have any role in operation of the company. However, they have claims on the company’s profits. It is the role of the management team to run the company. Shareholders have limited liability and limited involvement in corporate activities. However, they have the right to c
Introduction Water is one of the rare exclusions to the direct dependence between temperature and volume. The volume of water decreases upon cooling, which lasts until the temperature decrease up to about 4°C (Stoker 199). In this case, the water achieves a maximum density and, accordingly, a minimum volume. In the course of further water cooling below the mentioned temperature, it starts to expand. The identified extension endures until a triple point (O°C) when liquid water starts to change its state to solid and enlarges as well. For example, the density of ice (0.9170 g/mL) is less than that of liquid water (0.9999 g/mL) (Stoker 199). The volume increase produces a force that may negatively affect pipes and even destroy some items located in the water. Main body The review of the structure of water molecules shows that it has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen (Figure 1). Since in a water molecule, two hydrogen atoms give one electron to an oxygen atom, the former receives a positive charge, and the latter – a negative one. Due to this, each oxygen atom is attracted to the hydrogen atoms of other molecules and vice versa. There is a strong tendency between atoms of hydrogen to shape a network of bonds. The expansion of water during freezing occurs due to the fact that its molecules occupy a smaller volume in an irregular arrangement compared to a completely regular structure (Stoker 199). Due to the expansion of water during freezing with increasing pressure, the freezing temperature decreases. The regular distance between water molecules proceeds to decrease along with the temperature since the kinetic energy falls. Figure 1. A sketch of the water molecule. It should be stressed that hydrogen bonding may appear only in case water molecules show a certain position with regard to each other. According to Stoker, non-bonded oxygen atoms dictate the positioning and angle of water molecules (199). Consequently, water molecules tend to be far apart once they are bonded compared to the opposite state. The physical rather than thermal expansion occurs as water molecules create a crystalline structure. When oxygen and hydrogen atoms are involved in bonding, they form pairs, while one area of the water molecule receives a more positive charge compared to the other one. Thus, the molecules act in the role of triangular magnets, one side of which is electrostatically positive, and the other is negative. Figure 2. Hydrogen-bonding pattern of ice (Stoker 199). Conclusion With the lowering temperature, these bonds are likely to become stronger, thus creating a crystalline structure. The connections between freezing molecules increase, and they arrange an open structure. Since the density of solid water is lower, one may observe that ice tends to float in the liquid water (Stoker 199). When winter approac
Introduction The internet has become a key element for modern-day businesses in regards to reaching customers, promoting products, and optimizing profits. An analysis of the benefits and costs of using websites such as Alibaba.com illustrates the relevant considerations for new companies in opening and developing an export plan. Benefits and Cost of Using Sites like Alibaba.com Benefits                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Costs                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1. Websites such as Alibaba.com provide new companies with the resources necessary to eliminate the hurdles of traditional advertisement strategies and gives a new company an instant global presence. The websites connect new companies with an infinitesimal number of potential consumers, distributors, and sales representatives who have access to descriptions, pictures, and samples of products, which provide the information required to learn about a company and its products and services.   1. Websites such as Alibaba.com face the threat of internet fraud and cybercrimes, which are likely to have detrimental effects on the reputation of a business. Companies, especially those with money-back guarantee policies, face huge losses in the case of interception of payments, credit card details, and bank details.  1. Websites such as Alibaba.com allow flexibility in operations, which enable businesses to remain open for 24 hours a day. Creating a virtual store eliminates losses due to the restrictions of working hours evident in the operation of physical stores.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 1. Virtual stores and retail shops promote impersonal correspondence between clients and businesses. Websites such as Alibaba.com have eliminated contact at the personal level, which is detrimental to the guarantee of satisfaction when dealing with humans.
Introduction First of all, I would like to say that Polyxena is probably one of the most controversial female figures in Greek mythology. The story of her life and death represents all the tragedy of women in the ancient society. She was the youngest child of Priam, the King of Troy. After the outbreak of the war, Polyxena was captured by the Greek soldiers and soon she was given to Achilles, the murderer of her brothers. Up to this point, ancient authors are unanimous narrating the story of this woman, but later they present rather different versions. Some sources suggest that she fell in love with Achilles and killed herself after his death. In the mean time, Euripide, the famous Greek playwright, claims that Polyxena revenged herself upon Achilles, by revealing his most guarded secret, his major weakness, the famous heel. Main body When the Trojan War was drawn to a close, the ghost of the great warrior demanded human sacrifice in his honor, and the victim had to be Polyxena, the person, who betrayed him. Here, we have arguably one of the most interesting moments: this woman did not even try to protest against it; on the contrary, she readily accepted her fate. Her major concern was to stop this bloodshed, and her death symbolizes the end of the war. It is possible to analyze this myth from various standpoints; I would discuss it from feminist perspective. Overall, in ancient society, women were often regarded as a commodity, which can be sold and resold, every person who attempted to rebel, was severely punished (Reeder, p 45). Greek myths present them as helpless creatures, who were completely dependent on men. But there were some, who dared contradict, and Polyxena was one of them. Her selflessness eloquently proves this argument. This woman allowed herself to be sacrificed not because she was feeling guilty of Achilles downfall, but because she was eager to stop the Trojan War. Neoptolemus, Achilles’ son, kills her but she does not lament her lot. To a certain degree, this scene also illustrates the helplessness of this female character. Polyxene combines fragility, and vulnerability with courage and strength. These qualities create a very powerful image, which cannot be overlooked, especially if we are speaking about the Trojan War. There is very interesting detail: at the very beginning, when the Greek forces were only starting for Troy, another woman, Iphigenia was offered to the Olympic gods in order to ensure their success. These two characters turned much braver than some famous warriors. In my opinion, they only emphasize the whole futility of war, which always makes innocent people suffer. Besides, the famous warriors did not have any qualms of conscience about it. The figures of Polyxena and Iphigenia eloquently prove that under some circumstances, women can be much nobler than the opposite sex (Kaltsas, p 55). They are not just lambs for the slaughter as it may seem, they are almost willing to sacrifice themselves