ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Accused is a movie filled with anguish as a woman seeks justice against her assailants, and in a way is a wake-up call for men to respect, instead of oppressing women. It is based on the real life incident of 1983 when Cheryl Araujo was gang raped at Big Ban’s Bar in New Bedford. Sarah goes to this bar “The Mill” to clear off her head after some fight with her boyfriend. At the bar, she meets Danny, who offers her and her friend Sally some drinks before proceeding to play some pinball with him. Later a song that she loves so much plays at the jukebox and she decides to dance to the rhythm of it. Danny joins her and holds her so close to the point that he refutes resistance from Sarah. Before Sarah knows it, Danny thrusts her on the Pinball machine and with the help of Kurt, who hold her down, he rapes her. Bob and Kurt then take their turns in the rape after being solicited by the spectators. In the long-run however after a failed attempt, Sarah with the help of the District attorney Kathryn Murphy, receives justice when the three solicitous spectators are charged with the criminal offense of inciting others. This paper therefore will give a critical analysis of this movie “The Accused”. A bystander is any person who witnesses a situation. The bystander effect is the response a bystander takes in relation to that which he or she witnesses. The key bystanders of rape in ‘The Accused’ were Kenneth, Kurt, Bob, and Sally. Kenneth did not take any action at the time of the assault however, after he had stormed out of the bar, he called the police. Kenneth’s intervention was after the incidence. His action can be explained by the bystander effect being a pro-social bystander (Lecture 1). The bystander effect hypothesized by Latane and Darley (1970) discussed in lecture 2, slide 25 is one approach that could be used to explain Kenneth’s action. According to Latane’s and Darley’s (1970) intervention decision tree way of explaining the bystander effect, five steps are involved. To begin with, Kenneth noticed an event. Secondly, he considered it an emergency. Thirdly, he assumed responsibility. Fourthly, he sought an appropriate way through which he could help. He executed the fifth step when he called the police, who later showed up and rescued Sarah at the highway. The social exchange theory discussed in lecture two also explains Kenneth’s behavior. Since he analyzed the situation and factored in mind the negative consequences that it could bring on him like imprisonment and feelings of guilt, he decided to save himself by calling the police; not that he cared for Sarah. His way of helping irrespective of the fact that it was for beneficial reasons satisfies Ribal’s (1963) helping-orientation model mentioned in lecture 2. Based on this model, Kenneth helped to gain inner-sustenance since his desire to help was autonomous, and for selfish reasons in the sense that he did not want to be part of the consequences and wanted to free himself of any guilt. In addition, the diffu
The Role of FTC The role of Federal Trade Commission is to oppose unjust practices, acts and methods of commercial activities. The commission lays down policies that direct members of the commercial industry and the industrial practices. When these policies are not adhered to by the members then they are liable to being fined by the commission and this ensures free and fair competition among businesses. The main areas where the commission imposes its policies are:  1. Price fixation whereby producers agree on retail prices with their consumers and when competing producers agree on the amount of goods they are supposed to produced and dispatched for sale (Murray, 2002).  2. Prohibition of unjust competition by ensuring that big sized business do not take advantage of their size market authority to achieve lesser prices from their suppliers, and monopolized businesses do not take advantage of monopoly and sell their goods at relatively high prices. Also a producer is not supposed to give discount to a big sized business and fail to offer the same discount to a small sized business. The commission also prohibits a business from merging with another business. The commission establishes strategies and criteria that discourage businesses merged and ensure that control of business within two companies that have merged is unjustified and irrational and therefore it is illegal (Wysocki, 2002).  3. Prevention of deceiving practices such as bogus advertisement which contains omission or twisted information which consumers may misinterpret. Therefore an advertisement should give the right information and not information that will deceive the consumers. If there is an offer the advertisement must clearly indicate the terms and conditions of the offer (Marx & Anthony
Identification of the problem The National Hockey League Enterprises Canada (NHLEC) is planning to create a store that will sell its branded merchandise exclusively and avoid relying on large retail stores. However, opening a retail store would run against the organization’s strategy. NHLEC is present in both Canada and the United States. Therefore, implementing this strategy would be highly challenging. The organization’s strategy involves selling merchandise through established retailers such as Walmart. The disadvantage of this strategy is that it obscured NHLEC’s market presence and created inconsistency in the representation of the organization’s brand. This resulted in scattered merchandise, an inconsistent representation of the brand to consumers, and poor brand equity. The chosen strategy should be acceptable to NHLEC’s management team and other stakeholders. Analysis and evaluation The NHLEC is a branch of the National Hockey League Enterprises (NHLE) that is headquartered in Ontario, Canada. Its operations are small and under the control of NHLE, that is headquartered in New York. The major reason why the company was changing its operations was the desire to pursue new opportunities and claim its niche in the apparels market. The main challenge was the management of the organization. Managerial decisions were made in New York even though the organization had headquarters in Canada. Glen Wakefield intends to implement his strategy in Canada and not in New York. Wakefield reached that decision after the realization that his company’s brand was misrepresented among consumers due to the fragmentation of NHLEC’s retail strategy. Therefore, it was not getting t
The article is about various state boards found in Illinois, whereby the board members and the directors are seen doing very little and on the other hand, receiving a great pay. There is an example given in the article about the meeting that was held in March 17 2011 by the educational labor relations committee. The writer of the article gives readers a clear picture of that meeting that started at 10 am and ended at 11.16 am (ISB). The board discussed few topics like the labor disputes facing various districts, the reports were read to all the members, and probably came up with the date for the next meeting. In total, the meeting covered duration of 76 hours and each participant got approximately $7800 as the pay. In addition to such payment per meeting, these board members are also paid monthly salaries, which are accompanied by state pensions. The writer of the article says that most of the board members rotate in the top government organizations, and some are members in more than one board (ISB). The board members who are politically connected get the best payments for the least time used in several meetings per year. Some top governors have seen the fact of these board members receiving much money for few hours, but they received much opposition from the majority group (ISB). Some officials did not like the idea of reducing the pay for the board members for the few hours they sit for meetings. The worst part of the idea was that most of the board members are permanently employed in other sectors either public or private sectors. As an international student and as a reader the issue of these board members receiving such big amount is controversial. Economically, this act can greatly result to unequal distribution of resources in the country (ISB). If some officials are members of more than one board, they end up getting a lot of money. There are some people who wok hard for the full month, and the salary they receive is not worth their efforts. The people who contribute much to the economy by working long hours end up receiving less amount of money. There should be equal distribution of resources in the country to boost the low earners. On the other hand, when these board members meet they discuss crucial and very sensitive matters in their meetings. Incase they mess up with such matters; they may end up paying costly for their mistakes (ISB). In connection to how sensitive their matters of discussions they are, the better their pay should be. There are activities that can be done in minutes and they are worth much money. Most of the board meetings discuss important matters that would earn the whole nation a lot of money, and this qualifies the board members to be paid an equal amount. In the nation, such serious issues of payments should be catered for to make all the citizens enjoy their fruits of their labor accordingly. Earning much money for some individual
Background Abuse is essentially violence, both physical and emotional. But while everything is more or less clear with physical abuse, if only because it is impossible not to notice it, emotional abuse still needs to be studied and analyzed. Often it is subtle and sophisticated, and the victim may not even immediately realize that the other person’s attitude toward her is emotional abuse and that the abuser’s actions are justified by his bad mood or a fair reaction. Abuse, unlike conflict, implies a situation of inequality between the participants; that is, one is in a position of greater power. It is not only about physical strength but also about economic advantage, higher status, or simply being dominant (Corey & Corey & Corey, 2019). A classic example of an abusive relationship is a woman who has no access to money, is limited in her relationships with her friends, and is entirely dependent on the man’s decisions. But abusive relationships can be talked about not only in the context of a man-woman couple but also in LGBT relationships and friendships or at work. Emotional abuse should not be confused with conflict. If an individual argues with a partner, a friend, a boss, one yells at the other, and it happened once, one cannot speak of abusive behavior. At the same time, not all manifestations of control in hierarchical relationships are accompanied by abusive behavior. Hierarchy is necessary and beneficial to both parties, for example, at work or in the parent-child relationship (Corey & Corey & Corey, 2019). When a supervisor tells a subordinate what to do, it is suitable for the company. But there are situations where power is used for purposes with which everyone involved disagrees. For example, supervisors use their power to bully a subordinate or constantly give them non-work-related assignments – this is abusive. How Does Abusive Behavior Manifest Itself There are different abusive strategies, and the abuser may use only one of them while not sinning with the others. For example, one abuser may be afraid that his partner will leave him and make unfounded jealousy scenes, but he will not nag the person about the other issues (Corey & Corey & Corey, 2019). Other abusers are not fearful of being rejected, but they constantly want to change to improve their partner. Primary markers that indicate there is emotional abuse in a relationship:  1. Criticism/improvement of the partner. There is nothing wrong with criticism in and of itself, but it all depends on whether or not the other wants to “improve” and the extent of the complaint. The usual situation is to express an opinion about the other person, as long as they are ready for it or asks for it (Corey & Corey & Corey, 2019). However, abusers criticize without any invitation, systematically, in a variety of areas: about the appearance, hobbies, and tastes of the other person. At the same time, the abusers almost always add that they know how to do better.  2. Gaslighting. This is denying problems, devaluing the victim’s feelings, and imposing the idea that she sees the world wrong and is m
Introduction to the case Rep. Charles B. Rangel is one of the biggest personalities of the House of Representatives as well as one of the most enduring politicians in the United States. The lawmaker hails from historic Harlem in the city of New York. Rangel, 80, was born on June 11, 1930, in New York. His heroic side was revealed during the Korean War, from which he received a number of medals for his bravery. When he came back from the war, Rangel became a civil rights activist and a lawyer, eventually winning a seat in the Representatives House (Confessore, 2010). The congressman made America’s history by becoming the chair of the influential Ways and Means Committee. He is also one of the congress members who founded the Congressional Black Caucus. Re. Rangel contributed a great deal to the historic health care reform law under the Obama administration. With a political career spanning 40 years now, he is still a representative in Congress, this being his 21st term. Recently, the congressman, master lawmaker, was found guilty by the Representative House of violating 13 rules of the congressional rules regarding his numerous fundraising as well as personal financial dealings. The ethics committee is investigating Re. Rangel established that the lawmaker had violated a number of ethical rules ranging from his personal House conduct, inappropriate utilization of apartments that are rent-controlled, federal financial disclosure, pay to play fundraisings, as well as the rules of filing federal income tax. It is unfortunate that all the alleged ethical violations would have gone unnoticed by the House ethics in other eras without any checks (Roberts, 2011). Ethics The term morality and ethics derive their meaning from Latin and Greek, respectively. These two terms are used interchangeably to denote values and rules of conduct. The term ethics also means moral philosophy such as moral belief justification as well as a careful evaluation of meaning. Accordingly, leadership and ethics have time and again been construed as jointly reinforce notions. On the one hand, ethics is a set of internal moral reasoning and codes that are founded on prescriptive norms, and societal leadership is the actions that direct as well as influence performance for purposes of achieving collective and organizational goals. As such, individual ethical suitability in relation to the behavior of a leader is often than not weigh up in terms of the leader’s regulatory beliefs of how they should or should not conduct themselves (Frederickson, 2004). Within the public.lsector, therefore, were the leaders like in the case study of Rep. Charles B. Rangel where they are called upon to maintain contradictory and at times differing ethical responsibility levels, and it is widely expected that the leader’s concern should be the various idealized and archetypal expectations of
Critical Coagulation Concentration and the Schultz-Hardy Rule Colloidal systems are those in which small particles (size range 10 -9 m to 10 -6 m) are uniformly distributed in a continuous matrix. Such systems are very important in our life as we use them for a variety of uses. It is therefore, relevant to understand as to what keeps a colloidal system stable, in other words, why not these colloidal particles coagulate and become larger. Scientific knowledge helps us in understanding this question. It is nothing but the balance of forces that keeps these colloidal particles separated from each – other and stabilizes the system. There are many theoretical models that help in understanding this phenomenon. Some of these are – Helmholtz model, Guoy – Chapman model and DLVO theory. The stability of a colloidal system depends on the charge on it i.e. the surface charge density, which determines the potential field around it and the Debye length. This Debye length depends on the concentration of the colloidal system and charge on the colloidal particles. Increasing electrolyte concentration decreases the Debye length of a charged particle. The net force on a charged particle in a colloidal system consists of attractive (van der Waal’s force) and repulsive force due to overlap of electrical double layer on colloidal particle. With increasing concentration of the colloidal system, the Debye length shortens and the van der Waal’s attractive force dominates leading to coagulation of the colloidal particles in irreversible manner. If concentration is small then Debye length is large and the repulsive force between the colloidal particles dominates resulting in stability of the colloidal system. The stability of a colloidal system also depends on the counter ion concentration. This is what is stated by the Schultz – Hardy rule. Thus it can be seen that understanding of science helps in appreciating and explaining a phenomenon from the fundamental understanding of the subject. Light Scattering for Particle Size Colloids have very important role in our life. As the colloids consists of a dispersion phase distributed uniformly in a continuous phase; therefore, properties of a colloidal system strongly depends on the particle size and size distribution of the dispersed phase. There are many techniques which can be used to measure particle size and size – distribution of particles in a colloidal system. One such very important technique is Laser based particle analyzer. It is very important to understand the underlying principle of this technique. This works on the principle of scattering of light by the particles in the colloidal system. The principle is very simple. If light is made to pass through a colloidal system, it will be scattered by the dispersed particle and the intensity of transmitted light will be less than that of the incident light due to this scattering. However, there are other complexities associated with this simple theory. Scattering of light will depend on the wavelength of the light as well so one should use a monochromatic source. Sca
Human Resource Practices in Canada, different from the UAE Canada has less paternalism ties than UAE. Canadian employees show little or no loyalty to their communities and have a greater tendency to tolerate risk of work compared to their UAE counterparts. HR practices in Canada seek to increase an employee’s attachment for a firm for long-term knowledge and skill gain for the firm’s competitive advantage (Gellatly, et.al, 2009). The labour laws in UAE are tied to international labour practices; however, given the countries Islamic orientation, there are significant differences in HR practices as compared to those in Canada. Workers in Canada continue work in harsh weather conditions while their counterparts in the UAE get to rest when temperatures reach extreme levels. Canadian companies prefer employing people on short contracts, which present very little additional employee obligations to the companies. On the other hand, UAE relies on state policies to guide employees’ terms of engagement such as maternity leave and termination of employment. Canadian organizations are showing an average of ten per cent concern on the welfare of their aging workforce population. An increasing proportion of the Canadian workforce is aging, which leads to the modification of HR practices. New developments include the customization of training methods and provision of age awareness training as HR practices (Armstrong-Stassen & Templer, 2005). Contrariwise, the UAE faces no immediate aging problem and only focuses on nationalizing the employment of Emiratis. Every Canadian province has additional bylaws that govern human practices and these regulate the minimum hourly wage. In UAE, no given minimum wage exists but the government regulates the compensation of contracts through the approval or denial of employment contract permits (HRMAsia, 2007). Linking Practices with Cross-Cultural Theories The Canadian HR practices assume an individualistic norm as the dominant culture while in the UAE; collectivism behaviour dominates the country’s HR practices. In Canada, practices originate from individual firms and perpetuate to national levels. Moreover, different provinces have direct authority over HR practices within their boundaries, which further enhance the individualistic norm. Practices in the UAE hinge on the theory of strong uncertainty avoidance. Most industries in the country are relevantly new and depend on international best practices as a tested way (McAuliffe, et.al, 2003). As a country, the UAE appears to be embracing masculinity in its practices. HR practices involve the use of forceful laws, which govern the employment and compensation of human capital. Canada is feministic because of its allowance on provinces to set their own minimum wage and other employment terms. However, Canadian practices are masculine as they prefer the fulfilment of the needs of an aging population. On fulfilling the needs of Emirates by nationalizing employment laws,