ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Euro Zone has been facing a sovereign debt crisis for the past one year, which has played a significant role in the behavior of the 17-member currency union in the foreign exchange market. During the January 17 to January 21, 2011 trading week, various factors determined the trading of the European currency. As the trading week commenced, traders relied on a number of positive news concerning the euro that compelled them to buy the currency. The much-awaited meeting of the euro-zone finance ministers’ resolved to look for ways of assisting to alleviate the debts of the nations, which have the most debt (Schoenberger, para. 1). The German ZEW Economic Sentiment report also increased the bullish pressure of the currency as it exceeded the expectations of the investors. Midweek brought further buying pressure on the common currency as the soaring price rises in Europe resulted in assumptions that the ECB (European Central Bank) may want to increase the interest rates in the nearest future in contrast to the relatively low interest rates of the United States Dollar. In addition, investors were reacting to a report that China was reviewing its policy to have the US Dollar as a reserve; consequently, investors may have rushed to buy the Euro as a reserve. At the close of the week, the Euro had jumped to a two-month high at the 1.36 region, up from 1.32 region at the beginning of the trading week. During the January 24 to January 28, 2011 trading week, the bullish pressure of the Euro, which was enhanced by the investors’ confidence that the Euro Zone would tackle its debt crisis and Germany’s pledge to support the European currency, continued earlier in the trading week. When the United Kingdom Gross Domestic Product was announced, there was risk aversion as the report revealed that that the economy of the country is shrinking. Consequently, traders were concerned about the effect it might have on the economic problems of the Euro Zone. By midweek, investors came again to buy the Euro. This was fuelled by the anti-inflation comments from the ECB regarding probable increase in interest rates and this made the common currency to stay well above the key 1.36 mark. However, the main shock of the week was witnessed the last day when Egypt’s political problem resulted in risk aversion across most markets, which resulted in a flight to safety assets such as the United States Dollar. The European currency fell to a low of about 1.3586 from nearly 1.3748 it had reached during the week. This b
Buss came up with a theory that aimed at resolving a contextual-evolutionary problem, which is related to mating strategies among individuals. The study established that both men and women have evolved some psychological systems that characterize both short and long-term strategies. His study revealed that human beings tend to resolve short-term mating issues as opposed to long-term. A number of scholar differ on the role of strategy in mating, with some suggesting that it supports it is usually goal-oriented while others believing that it is made up of a force beyond an individual’s control. For some scholars, such as Freud and Jung, their view was that individuals seek in their mates features that resemble the characteristics of their opposite-sex parents. For some scholars, such as Winch, an individual looks for a partner with a characteristic that him or herself does not have. In other words, the individual is interested in complementarily whereby the traits of the partner would strengthen his or her character. Based on this, it is true that mating in human beings is always strategic, which is influenced by an individual’s choice and preference. Studies show that men have always pursued short-term mating, particularly when the benefits of reproduction outweigh the costs of maintaining such a relationship. Due to some differences between men and women, men would tend to go for short-term mating as opposed to women. Some cultural, social, and technological developments in the western world have shaped the mating system among men. Cultural issues, such as reproductive opportunities, have influenced the development of short-term mating among men in the western societies. Women have to solve issues related to adaptation before engaging in short-term mating while men have the ability of adapting faster, giving them an opportunity to cope better. This is a cultural issue since the society puts women in an inferior position and they have to understand the behavior of any man before engaging in a serious relationship, otherwise referred to as long-term mating. With some social developments, the issue of partner number has been of great concern to men in the western societies, which affects short-term mating. The idea of having so many women is fading away, with social developments. In the traditional society, a man would engage several women in a relationship, but the current western society does not tolerant polygamy. The issue of accessibility to sex is another technological development that influences short-term mating among men. As a man relates with a woman, he explores the best ways through which sex could be acces
The opposition between Apollonian and Dionysian can be described to be in the center of modern literary analysis since literary work is a difficult interrelation between form and contents, norm and abnormality, which can be described as a great confrontation between rational and irrational, order and measure and immeasurability. This paradox can’t be best described implementing Nietzsche’s concept of ‘Dionysian’ vs. ‘Apollonian’ elements in Greek culture in particular and in world culture in general that he presented in his early work ‘Birth of Tragedy Out the Spirit of Music’ (Nietzsche, 1994). This essay will show that Dionysian and Apollonian elements in Nietzsche’s sense can be found in Euripides’ Bacchae. It is a good play to realize our analysis since its main protagonist is Dionysius himself, and the author is Euripides, whom Nietzsche considers to be the first representative of Apollonian origin in literary and theatrical art. Hence, this famous ancient play can be regarded as a fruitful object for analyzing the interplay of Apollonian and Dionysian. But what is, in fact, Apollonian and Dionysian? The meaning of these concepts can be best understood by defining their main referents. Nietzsche tries Apollonian with rationalization, order, measure, and strict balance of reason and folly. All that refers to the limitation of vital powers, and divine madness is Apollonian. The aesthetic beauty that ‘Apollonian’ produces is stable and imperial – this technique is characteristic of Euripides: ‘Apollonian intoxication alerts above all the eye so that it acquires the power of vision. The painter, the sculptor, the epic poet are visionaries par excellence’ (Nietzsche, 1994, p.34). In contrast, Dionysian is about mad to rejoice of life; it is an emotional state of life celebration: ‘In the Dionysian state, on the other hand, the entire emotional system is alerted and intensified: so that it discharges all its powers of representation, imitation, transfiguration, transmutation, every kind of mimicry and play-acting, conjointly’ (Nietzsche, 1994, p.35). Our main theoretical assumption about Euripides’ play is that his literary and aesthetic methodology and its accomplishments go opposite to Dionysian and is strictly Apollonian as he seeks to show that Dionysian origin makes life unstable and destructive. But what makes this play have Apollonian elements is Euripides’s vision itself which tries to find a counterbalance of Dionysian by introducing ‘reasonable’ protagonists and showing the absurdity of those people who worship Dionysius. The role of Dionysus in Greek culture, notwithstanding the fact that it was already established and institutionalized in the Greek pantheon, was contested by different representatives of Greek art, Euripides one of them. The main question that Euripides seeks to a
Introduction Gambling is one of the most serious disorders that affect the gambler as well as his/her family and friends. Gambling is not a new problem as it dates back to 5000 B.C. and it is even mentioned in the Bible (Koié et al., 2009). It was regarded as a sin a hundred years ago, but now it is seen as a disorder which can and should be researched. At present there are several approaches used to research the disorder. Each approach suggests specific facets to look at. Each approach also has specific advantages and downsides. It is possible to analyze three major models used to research the disorder: disease model, psychoanalytical model and biopsychosociospiritual model. A 12-step model should also be analyzed as it suggests a particular pattern to treat the disease. The Disease Model The disease model focuses on biological factors (like genetic peculiarities) and influence of environment. Thus, genetic studies report that pathological gamblers often “possess the dopamine D2A1 allele receptor gene” which allowed researchers to hypothesize that a lack of D2 receptors cause individuals to seek pleasure-generating activities, placing them at high risk for multiple addictive, impulsive and compulsive behaviours. (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002, p. 490) Apart from this, twin research also confirms that there are specific genetic preconditions which can lead to the development of the disorder. Thus, numerous studies report that if a twin is reported to have the disorder, the other twin is also likely to have the same disorder (Inaba et al., 2011). Thus, it is hypothesized that pathological gambling is “biologically prescribed” though the individual has the choice to seek for other pleasures (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002, p. 491). It goes without saying that genetic studies provide valuable insights into the analysis of the disorder. For instance, researchers suggest that some patients can benefit from pharmacological treatment (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002). However, the disease model is not confined to genetic analysis only. As has been mentioned above the disease model presupposes analysis of such a factor as environment. Many pathological gamblers were subjected to certain circumstances which contributed greatly to the development of the disorder. Some individuals fall under someone’s influence, whereas some can simply start spending time (and money) just for fun, which eventually turns into a dangerous addiction. The disease model has enabled researchers to come to the conclusion that there can be several groups of individuals. Thus, some gamblers can be treated pharmacologically, others should receive combined treatment (pharmacological and psychological support), and some may need psychological support only. Therefore, it is possible to claim that the disease model is quite a comprehensive approach which covers several possible factors which
Executive Summary The use of miniaturized satellites for environmental studies has significantly increased due to their cost and efficiency. This should not come as a surprise given a number of effort scientists and engineers have dispensed in the development of satellite technology. However, the biggest challenge for many environmental studies has always been how to use them without infringing on other people’s privacy. This report aims at exploring the ethical dilemma facing real-time environmental surveillance using these miniaturized satellites and ways of overcoming these challenges. Introduction Overview In the past, most research institutions and environmental experts relied on satellite images and information from government agencies, for instance, NASA to carry out their studies and make critical decisions. However, with the advent of miniaturized satellites, commonly known as CubeSats, they can conduct real-time surveillance of the earth on their own at a very low cost (Kaslow 2016). A CubeSat, a sort of miniaturized satellite, is a low-priced, institutionalized satellite with its inception in the CubeSat Project set up in the late 1990s. The fundamental purpose behind scaling down satellites is to lessen the deployment cost and is habitually reasonable for multiple launches, utilizing the abundance limit of bigger dispatch vehicles (Cote et al. 2011). By using these miniaturized satellites, organizations can now access real-time images and videos continuously rather than snapshots are taken a couple of months ago. Companies, for example, Planet Labs and Digital Globe have dispatched many miniaturized satellites in the most recent year with the objective of recording the status of the whole earth in real-time (Cote et al. 2011). The satellites themselves are getting less expensive, littler, and more advanced. Moreover, commercial satellite organizations make this information accessible to companies or individuals who cannot afford to deploy and launch CubeSats, enabling research institutions and environmental experts to access helpful data of zones adapting to natural catastrophes and humanitarian emergencies (Kaslow 2016). Environmentalists often use CubeSats intended for low earth exploration. These miniature satellites are made of commercial off-the-shelf components. The off-the-shelf hardware can survive low earth radiation since the possibility of an occasional upset is low (Vorovenchi 2011). However, the use of these miniature satellites for environmental surveillance and management has not escaped controversy. These gadgets have the potential of being misused by enterprises, administrations, law enforcement officers, private nationals, criminal groups, and terror organizations. Therefore, the biggest dilemma has always been on how to gather surveillance data without exposing individuals in a given area to external risks. In addition, how can environmentalists choose what to be observed and how frequently? Report Purpose This report aims at exploring the ethical dilemma facing real-time environmental surveillance using CubeSats and ways of overcoming these challenges. These organizations are faced with the cha
Deviance is a tendency by a person to act, think, and relate in a manner that is either unnatural or unstandardized. Such a person is considered by others to have deviated from normalcy and expectations of the society. Deviance may be criminal or noncriminal. Criminal deviance is the one that involves the breaking of formal rules in a society like stealing other peoples’ properties. Noncriminal deviance involves breaking of informal rules in a society like gossiping or infidelity (Wilkins, 2003). However, informal rules may vary from society to another, meaning that what may be a formal rule in one society may be an informal one in another society. For instance, infidelity may be prohibited under the law in some societies, while in others, it maybe not. There are many theories explaining deviance and criminal behavior. One of these theories is the labeling theory, which was originally developed by Frank Tannenbaum in the late 1930s (Wilkins, 2003). Labeling theory is a combination of two other theories, namely the conflict and symbolic interactionism theories. This theory is concerned with the meanings people derive from others through certain labels, actions, symbols, and reactions. According to the theory, people’s behaviors are influenced by what others say and think about them. It, therefore, follows that society has the power to influence the behavior of others through indiscriminately defining what constitutes good and bad behavior. However, the effect of the labeling on a person is influenced by whether he or she accepts that label or not (Siegel, 2008). As per the labeling theory, there are two forms of deviance, namely primary and secondary deviance. Primary deviance constitutes bad behaviors that are trivial and not frequent, while secondary defiance constitutes bad behaviors that are noticeable and frequent. Deviance, therefore, starts as primary and then progresses to secondary. Those people who label others in a society are the ones who have social power in that society and may include peers, community groups, various authorities, and family members (CliffsNotes.com, 2011). As per the “The Saints and the Roughnecks,” a study was done in 1973 by William Chambliss, labeling may have both positive and negative consequences on young people. As per the study, both the Saints and the Roughnecks were involved in criminal behaviors of drinking, vandalism, and theft. But the Saints did not label themselves as deviants by being apologetic and polite to the police as well as being careful when planning and doing the criminal acts, which made the police to refer them as ‘Saints,’ implying not deviants. The Roughnecks, on the other hand, involved themselves in criminal acts without caring for the aftermaths and also became hostile to the police when caught in criminal activities. This made the police to refer them as ‘Roughnecks,’ implying deviants (CliffsNotes.com, 2011). Labeling may affect young people of today by making them be involved in both criminal and noncriminal deviant activities. This may affect their education as well as their physical, social, and psychological well-being. If young people are l
Arguably, obesity has become one of the most debated issues concerning public health. The youth and children are among the most at-risk age groups considering their affiliation to television and video games. The centrality of this health crisis within the public agenda can be evidenced in the increased coverage by the media and other forms of communication on how the youth are ending up obese due to their increased watching of television and lack of physical exercise. In Australia, studies point out that the rate of obesity and overweight has increased in all genders and age groups. In men, the rate of obesity rose 9.3% to 17.1% from 1980 to 2000. In women, the rate increased from 8.0% to 18.9% in the same years. In summary, the rate of obesity tripled in Australia among all ages and gender (Nathan, Develin, Grove & Zwi, 2005). What is a moral panic and what are its characteristics? A moral panic is an intensive feeling of concern expressed towards a specific demographic bracket because of a given character or event within them that threatens the well-being of the social fabric. In their definition, Bernard involves the words social menaces and deviant groups. Precisely, they define oral panics as processes that try to enlighten society on an issue t
Summary The author (Jacklyn Jones) of the case outline that Coca-Cola Company is one of the largest beverage company. It offers more than 500 products in over 200 countries and has billions of sales each day. In 2006-2006 Coca-Cola was banned from distributing its products in the region of Kerala, India. Coca-Cola faced many problems and challenges, especially when the Kerala minister of health, Karnataka R. Ashok, banned the manufacture and sale of Coca-Cola products in that region claiming that it had some levels of pesticides, but was later approved by a British court. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Indian economy had many challenges that hindered foreign companies to invest there. There were many restrictions on economic activities and the government had problems employing reform. They traditionally undervalued business and rated leisure as the most important activity. However, these restrictions were simplified with economic reforms in place, and many companies are doing business in India. Consequently, Coca-Cola hired the Energy Resource Institute (TERI) to evaluate its operations in India engaged because it was claimed that the company was engaged in disreputable behaviors like causing severe water shortage, fixing their water-extracting plants in drought-prone areas, and reckless disposal of toxic waste the company (Luthans & Doh, 2009). India ad US Culture Indians had no time for business, but engaged in other activities; they traditionally undervalued business and valued leisure as the main activity. On the other hand, the US has many cases of obesity and thus, avoided the coca-cola syrup product and the fact that the coca-cola drink was believed to be harmful. The US may have wanted to investigate the company, but with controls being put into place, they feared investing in the company that they were not sure of, with the government being unable to employ reforms. Similarly, India had bureaucratic and political divisions and is known to be extremely suspicious of foreign investors since the colonial era, and there have been some differences between the government of India and foreign investors (Fernando, 2002). Reacting to Negative Feedback Coca-Cola could have persuaded the government of India to remove obstacles and lower restrictions which hindered foreign investors from investing in India and act as a good example for foreign investments. Additionally, the company should have raised more business value oth
Abstract What would you feel if approached by a man with a gun having insane appearance and full of decisive spirit to apply his gun anywhere, in any direction, on any person or moving object just to cope with his bursts of anger? This moment one of the very first ideas to come into one’s mind is connected to gun control, and the necessity to change the policies controlling these matters. In fact, the policies existing in the United States regulating the rules of gun control can be evaluated as sort of frivolous and, thus, causing a row of problems for people’s safety. Nowadays the debate around gun control is gaining momentum in the United States. The most common ideas discussed within a framework of this debate are connected to the issues of permission to keep firearms at home, having them while visiting public places and a total ban on the use of firearms by any person rather that the representative of policing organizations. Judging on a row of critical issues which are rife with the problem of gun control, it seems that a better solution for this problem may come out of stricter rules for keeping firearms by civilians. Introduction With regards to a variety of problems which are rife in connection to gun control, it should be stated that too many issues are behind this matter. First of all, this is the issue of safety in society; and it is no wonder especially taking into consideration innumerable cases when guns were applied by insane shooters against civilians. According to Sugarmann (par. 45), “handguns are the number one weapon for both murder and suicide and are second only to auto accidents and leading cause of death due to injury”. In addition, “roughly 16,272 murders were committed in the United States during 2008. Of these, about 10,886 or 67% were committed with firearms” (Agresti apr.39). Further, according to Agresti (par. 43), Based on survey data from the U.S. Department of Justice, roughly 5,340,000 violent crimes were committed in the United States during 2008. These include simple/aggravated assaults, robberies, sexual assaults, rapes, and murders. Of these, about 436,000 or 8% were committed by offenders visibly armed with a gun. This sad statistics shows how important it is to restate regulations concerning keeping firearms by civilians. During a few last decades people came to have more and more psychological and psychic problems. As a result, more and more cases of cruel shooting happens when someone wants to express one’s feeling of bitterness, anger and disappointment with the others. More than this, the cases when insane individuals shot at peaceful civilians on a random basis come to strike the minds of people more and more often. The reports in news about some mad man who started sudden shooting in some public place being motivated by nothing but a desire to entertain himself appear on TV on a regular basis. All in all, these disappointing statics is a sure reason for adopting new policies c