ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The case is about Hewlett Packard company which has just seen a new chief executive officer appointed and is trying to transform the company to a more competitive and profitable company. He is faced with many challenges among them complaints in sales force, poor performance, bureaucracy etc. he is determined to eliminate these huddles in business. He decides to implement reforms in the whole operations processes of the company especially the sales force (Peters, 112). Opportunities and problems in the case Hewlett Packard has an opportunity of increasing its sales as well as efficiently utilizing its workforce to increase their capabilities. The current structure in the sales force is not conducive for the workforce to fully exploit their potential and thus reforms are needed (Doyle and Phillip, 17). The company is faced with the following problems;  1. There exist a lot of layers between the management and the consumer which made the customer satisfaction difficult and also identifying their needs.  2. The company has a high reputation in supply of high technology and it needs to maximize on this by focusing on the largest consumers of their products i.e. corporate customers.  3. There were also some problems in the corporate sales as it consisted of inconsistent earning and lack of growth.  4. Lack of employee motivation and morale especially when it bought the shares of a rival i.e. Compaq. Analyzing the Solutions for these problems These problems had to be addressed by the new management in order to make the company better and more profitable. The existing problems had to be addressed. Firstly the management decided to reform the sales force by eliminating those groups which sold a large portfolio of products and were divided according to different products they offered. He also eliminated three layers of sales management to eliminate bureaucracy and also shorten the process chain in the sales department (Pul-wing, Para 8). Secondly they had to shift focus on the private consumers and put more emphasis on the corporate consumers to stabilize sales and also increase the return on sales. Thirdly changing the organization culture to fit the new sales management format also experienced difficulty. This was a strategy designed at changing the earlier perception about the company to a more proactive stand which would bring some competitive advantage to the company (Bradley, 22). And finally the supply chain was to be made more proactive in increasing the sales as the workforce was ensured that it had more time on the clients and also faster and efficient system of data dissemination and storage was adopted from Oracle. Merits and demerits of the alternatives Hewlett Packard had the opportunity to reform especially with the new and experienced management, they had to transform to the dream compan
While discussing how verbal and nonverbal communication can affect interactions in four offered areas, the psychology of both signals, which carry information-bearing messages, must be considered. Thus, first of all, it should be pointed out that the ability to communicate is recognized to be extremely important for people’s cooperation. Robert Krauss (2002) is of the opinion that verbal communication gives an opportunity to convey meanings through words, but “a listener who has understood the utterance has gone beyond the literal meaning of the words and grasped the particular sense in which the speaker intended them to be understood” (p. 1). Nonverbal communication, in its turn, conveys information, which is related to a person’s emotional state. On the other hand, one is to keep in mind that the main purpose of the kind of communication is to aid in the formulation of thoughts or ideas, which are expressed through speech. Nonverbal behavior seems to reflect semantic content in relation to the addressee. The importance of nonverbal communication in police situations In my opinion, the role of verbal communication in police situations is obvious, as verbal communication is based on an immediate contact between the participants, who are involved into the process of communication; however, the most interesting issue is the opposite kind of communication. So, it is necessary to state that nonverbal communication gives the officers an opportunity to understand, when criminals lie. On the other hand, serious criminals are also familiar with nonverbal strategies, which police officers use, in order to catch offenders. Moreover, police officers’ safety mostly depends upon their abilities to control non-verbal behaviors. One can suppose that a police interview is a stressful event; so, a person can feel uncertainty and cause some suspicions. However, it must be noted that police officers are familiar with all the aspects nonverbal behaviors include; therefore, they can distinguish between excitement/nervousness and lie. A detective Andy Brown (2005) from the West Yorkshire Police HQ says that such kind of gestures as “eye movement, hand movement, foot movement, sweating” (para. 9) are considered the most common signs of lie. As far as nonverbal communication reflects the emotional state of a person, one can make a conclusion that the process of observation is considered to be one of the ways to reveal true thoughts of a suspect. However, the above-mentioned supposition cannot be regarded at totally reliable, as “without the accompanying speech, the gestures/face expressions may convey little or nothing; in the presence of the accompanying speech, it may add little or nothing to what is conveyed by the speech” (Krauss et. al., n. d., p. 10). Traditionally, the naïve participants cannot disclose relevant information certain gestures, face expressions, or body movements may reflect. However, when speaking about police situations and the participants involved into these situa
Abstract This report shall rely on a statistical model toll, regression analysis to model what factors have the most impact on the S&P 500. In essence, there shall be two regression models where the model (multivariate regression model) sought to find out how different factors affect the stock market relying on data from 1980 to 2011. The model can be tested for statistical significance, but the most appropriate way to examine the impact of the individual variable impact on the S&P 500 is testing for different beta notes (β, I’s,). SPSS shall be used as the analysis software tool. This report shall provide analysis and clear interpretation of each one of the coefficients contained in the two studied models and give recommendations. Introduction Business environments are subject to various contingencies and risk factors that if not mitigated early in advance, may lead to business closure or loss. In this sense, business owners and managers always seek to find ways to find the means to predict future trends and patterns as a way of maximizing Return on Investment. One such pathway is the use of statistical knowledge is where prevailing trends or patterns can be extrapolated to predict how such trends would unfold in the future. The US stock market is such one business context where investors strive to have a favorable ROI in the face of various variables that may difficult to estimate their effect on invested money fully. Statistical concepts, for instance, are always put in play to model how each variable affects the S&P 500. This report explores factors that have the most impact on the S&P 500 using two regression models (Burch, Burch, Heller & Batchelor, 2015, p. 506). Problem statement The stock market is subject to various variables that determine its direction and general behavior. The variables are infinite, and it is essential that investors and financial analysts have real insights into how such variables affect it. The US stock market is influenced by both internal and external factors and in this respect, how do various variables affect the S&P 500. In particular, to what extent do the variable
Panopticism is a concept developed by French philosopher Michel Foucault to illustrate how constant observation can enhance discipline and efficiency in institutions. Foucault developed the panopticism concept based on Jeremy Bentham’s panopticon theory, which stated that designing central surveillance towers in prisons would enhance discipline in the corrective institutions. According to (Foucault 201), panopticism induces “a state of conscious and permanent visibility” in people, hence making them aware of higher power that they must obey. Such awareness makes people more cautious, and more willing to abide by set rules or laws. Consequently, the society becomes orderly and regimented with only a few people going against set societal rules. The effect of panopticism Throughout his writing, Foucault uses the panopticism concept as a metaphor for discipline in societies. Specifically, he uses Bentham’s panopticon theory to advance the notion that “power should be visible and unverifiable” (Foucault 201). Foucault gives the impression that seeing goes beyond the physical aspect of sight. He states that power visibility should be ingrained in a person’s mind, in a manner that creates awareness of a higher observing power. To enforce the unverifiable aspect of power, (Foucault 201) suggests the ‘spies’ should never make their presence obvious to the subjects of their observations. However, the observed must always know that they are under someone’s gaze. Simply put, the spy must do his work discreetly without his subjects becoming aware of his presence. As a mechanism of power, panopticism has a mysterious and startling effect on people. For starters, (Foucault 202) notes that panapticon “automatizes and disindividualizes power.” As such, the subject of power becomes anxious and more aware that someone could be watching and waiting to impose corrective measures on him or her for wrongful behavior. Based on the anxiety and awareness created by the all-seeing eye, individuals internalize the concept of power by becoming aware of its invisibility, tact, and plurality. This maintains discipline in the society, since people adopt self-policing actions as a measure of avoiding the consequences of non-abidance from the observer. Darkness and light of panopticism Citing Bentham (Foucault 202) observes that panoptic institutions are surprisingly light. Quoting some of the examples given by Bentham, Foucault observes that, “there were no more bars, no more chains, no more heavy locks…[in the panoptic institutions].” This observation suggests that the relaxation of physical security measures gave rise to the constraining force of an unseen power. In Bentham’s views, the constraining force was limited to the panoptic institutions. As such, the effect that panopticism had in arresting evil and breaking communication could only be felt within the panoptic institutions. In Foucault’s views however the full lig
Introduction Black women faced exclusion from inside and outside their respective groups as African Americans and females. The white feminist movement was inclined towards the experiences of white women, and it therefore perpetuated racism against African American females. Furthermore, black liberation movements focused on male struggles, and this sidelined their female counterparts. As a result, black women felt that they did not belong anywhere; it was such sentiments that perpetuated the creation of black feminist thought. Research question This study will look into black women’s situation during the early to mid 20 th century in order to understand why this group felt like it did not belong to ongoing feminist movements. In other words, the main research question is “How did black women’s situation in 20 th century society explain their exclusion from ongoing feminist movements?” This study will contribute to knowledge by providing insights about the situation of women in 20 th C America. It will analyse the cultural, economic, sexual, academic, familial and political positions or situations of black women at the time in order to reveal why these women felt rejected by ongoing feminist movements. The types of questions that will be examined in the research include: “Did family situations cause excessive pressures on African American women?” “Did African American women face disproportionate sexual violence or harrrassment?”, “Were economic structures highly unfavourable to black women?” and “Did these women encounter undue oppression from African American males?”. The focus of this paper will be on case studies of women in the years prior to the birth of black feminism. It will dissect the challenges that these individuals underwent in their respective roles as mothers, labourers, employees, businesspersons, wives, civic leaders, victims and many more. The research will attempt to show how their plight differed substantially from the struggles of non-black women at that time (Frances 201). This study will therefore justify the birth of black feminism by illustrating that there were real differences between subjects in black feminism and in other feminist ideologies. Theoretical approach and method In the paper, the theoretical supposition will be that African American women faced distinctive oppression that had not been addressed by any of the other movements in existence. Consequently, these circumstances excluded them from conventional feminist movements. The purpose of this paper will be to reveal those circumstances. It will therefore, be analytical and explanatory. This research will be founded on the case study research design. Since the main research question starts with “how”, then the best research method to use in such a scenario is case study analysis. The research will be carried out through the use of multiple case studies because this can triangulate the various findings (Brearley 50). The different sources will be used to build a case on the possible explanations in
Introduction The domestic violence against women continues to attract the attention of medical professionals and public administrators. according to Ahmed (2009), “domestic violence is a global phenomenon occurring among people of all races, ages, socioeconomic status, educational and religious backgrounds” (p. 1). Such cases are particularly widespread in South Asian communities. This paper will be discussing the causes and magnitude of this problem from socio-environmental perspective. More importantly, it is aimed at developing a specific plan that would help the victims of home abuse and minimize the occurrence of such cases. Overall, nurses can greatly contribute to the resolution of this problem. Domestic violence as a socio-environmental health issue Statistical data indicate that the magnitude of this problem is really alarming. For instance, according to the study conducted by Adam Najma and Paul Schewe, more than 77 percent of immigrant Pakistani and Indian women experienced some form of domestic violence (2007, p. 13). Furthermore, this study relies primarily on the reported case of spousal abuse. Many of these cases could go undocumented. As it has been identified in the study by Aisha Gill (2004), many victims fail report family abuse because they believe that their male partners are virtually “all-powerful” or “immune” to any intervention even from the police (p. 475). Thus, they may simply fear to share their experiences with social workers or nurses (Izzidian, 2008). This issue can become even more urgent if we consider that Indian immigrants are one of the fastest growing populations in many developed countries such as the United States (Liao, 2006, p. 24). There are various theories which strive to explain the causes of domestic violence. One of them is the resource theory developed by William Goode (Goode as cited in Cane & Kritzer, 2010, p. 228). According to this approach, the victims are primarily those women, who are financially dependent on their partners. Hence, they might be afraid of living their husbands even if they abuse them. This theory may not explain the actual cause of violence but it helps to identify some factors which contribute to it (Sokoloff & Pratt, 2005, p. 166). In part, this hypothesis is confirmed by the statistical findings. To elaborate this theory, one should look at educational background of the victims and determine if they act as breadwinners. The research carried out by Bowlus & Seitz (2006) suggests that employment can significantly reduce the likelihood of domestic violence (p. 1120). In particular, only 8.9 percent of those women, who reported spousal abuse, were employed on a full time basis (Bowlus & Seitz, 2006, 1120). Hence, one can say that this hypothesis is supported by empirical findings. However, the resource theory may not be sufficient for complete explanation of this problem. One should also take into consideration in some communities, domestic violence can be tolerated. To a great extent, such tolerance is based on a racist premise that wom
Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) is a therapeutic approach that majors on helping people to construct solutions rather than solve problems. It facilitates an individual’s ability to find a solution to a situation he or she is facing. SFBT is useful for counseling in schools, prisons, public, social and family services. It is also an important tool within child welfare and mental health sectors. SFBT’s main objective is to help victims to imagine how they would like to change their situation and the input required to achieve success. There are no considerations for diagnosis, history taking, or examination of the problem. Solution-focused therapists consider aspects such as the client’s resolve to change and his or her input in the change process. Other assumptions include that the solution or part of it has already started. Treatment is brief and usually lasts for a couple of sessions. From the description above, there is an indication that the therapy is applicable in every situation, and a client can use the same steps to overcome a problem regardless of its nature. The main procedure of SFBT entails a search for pre-session change, goal-setting, use of the miracle question, use of scaling questions, a search for exceptions, a consulting break and a message including compliments and task at the end of a session (Jong & Berg, 2002). The client who came with a problem of losing a job will have to go through the same approach in order to help him construct a solution to the new problem of a relationship ending. His scenario introduces various aspects that characterized the previous case. However, the steps in the previous case will not be followed strictly. For example, it is inappropriate to include the search for a pre-session change and a consulting break. This is because SFBT’s objective is to equip clients with skills to help them address an ensuing depression due to the different problems they face from day to day. Repeating the steps and procedure will assist the client to entrench the steps in his system so that he can easily overcome a depression in future. SFBT works in different ways depending on the client since there are procedures for prison populations, antisocial adolescent offenders, high school students, family setup for couples, public social services, outpatient mental health and orthopedic patients. In order to be consistent and achieve results in
Abstract On company policies concerning the adoption of official languages for multinational corporations, the management teams need to make decisions after consideration of several factors depending on the situation of the firm and the environment in which it chooses to venture into as part of its market expansion strategy. Ultimately, the decisions revolve around the reduction of expenditure, ease of operations, and consumer demands regardless of the option of choice for any multinational corporation. However, the discussion in this paper proves that the adoption of several official languages for a company with branches in countries with varying national languages presents more advantages to multinational corporations in terms of business as compared to the adoption of a single official company language. Introduction For most multinational corporations, a dilemma occurs when choosing whether to adopt a single language for the company or multiple languages based on the location of their branches across the world. The source of the dilemma is often in the differences of benefits and limitations that each choice presents for the company in terms of expenditure, revenue, and business operations. For a company with a branch in Germany and Japan, the adoption of a multiple languages would be the best strategic decision due to various factors. This paper is an analysis of the options available to such a company and justifications for the adoption of multiple languages coupled with recommendations concerning the implementation of noted policies. Discussion Benefits of English as official Company language The most significant benefit that a company would get from adopting English as the official language is the development of a concise organizational culture that allows employees to adapt to their work environment relatively easy. Globalization has resulted in a trend whereby most organizations take advantage of the different skill sets that individuals have during the recruitment process. One such skill is fluency of communicating in different languages in addition to adaptability with regard to different environments. Therefore, unsurprisingly most MNCs have employees from different countries with different cultural backgrounds working towards a common goal. For such employees, language becomes a common denominator, which allows them to interact effectively and work as a team for the overall success of the company (Deresky, 2011). Such interactions form part of a company’s organizational culture and they determine the course of business significantly. Organizational culture is a phenomenon that develops with time within an organization and it is descriptive of the manner in which individuals in an organization conduct their activities in compliance with their duties. Some of the obvious elements that define organizational culture inc