ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Kurds are people who originated from Indian and European races. They reside in the hilly regions of the borders between Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. This region where the Kurds live is referred to as Kurdistan. They have a different culture from their neighboring people in Iraq. They also have a different language of their own. Their language is quite related to Persia, although it differs by some two dialects. Their main religion is Sunni Muslim although they accommodate some Christian, Jewish, and Yazidis religious groups among them. Their total population by the 1987 census was 19.7 million people in the Kurdistan region. Their population in the entire world numbers at 25-35 million people, although their estimated population usually varies. They are spread out especially in Russia and Europe. Kurdis policies of nationalism have continued to worry Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Iran. During Saddam Hussein’s regime, the Kurds suffered atrocities under this administration. Their independence was minimized especially during the Gulf war of 1991. Their good relationship with Iraq became questionable when Saddam Hussein was overthrown in the year 2003. They have since been making several attempts to self govern themselves. Currently, they have around eight political parties that are actively involved in all political issues. These political parties are the major machines they use to drive them to their homelands. As we speak, the Kurds are ruled by one government called the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). This government began to reign in 1991 and is still operational to date. Their success story made a major leap forward by the death of former Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein. Since then, the United States has been helping the Kurds in reconstruction and ensuring their security is guaranteed. It is also purported that should the security of Kurds be threatened by bloodshed and destruction from Iraq, the United States will gear up in support for an independent Kurdish state. Recent History of Kurds The Kurds are sometimes referred to as a people without a nation because they are unarguably the largest ethnic group without a country of their own. From the time the modern state of Iraq was created, the Kurd’s history has been characterized with instances of underdevelopment, political turmoil and cultural repression, destruction, revolutionary revolts and ethnic cleansing. Ge
Advanced Project Management: Greater Gabbard Wind Farm Mega Project Management Approach of GGOWL Mega Project Greater Gabbard Wind Farm Mega Project is a massive project that sought to make massive contribution into the energy sector. The management approach taken in this project would dictate its success or failure. As shown in the case study, this mega project took the form of project management in its management approach. According to Harvey (2005, p. 56), it is always important to understand the needs of a project, and its magnitude before choosing on the appropriate management strategy to be used. This scholar says that relatively small projects with small budget expected to take short duration of one year or less should always take project management approach. This is because they are less involving. However, mega projects that are very involving and needs a lot of money and longer time to complete may need to take the form of portfolio or projects approach in its management style. Managing mega projects as a portfolio helps in ensuring that each of the major tasks is assigned to the most qualified contractor in order to achieve the best results. The contracted firms would work closely to ensure that the overall objectives of the project are achieved successfully. Greater Gabbard Wind Farm Mega Project was managed as a project, and this may explain why it was assigned to one contractor, Fluor. Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) and RWE Innology, as the owners of this mega project, considered to contract only one firm to undertake the entire project. This means that the management did not consider developing a portfolio of programs and projects out of this mega project. It is true that SEE contracted Siemens for the turbines to be used in the project. However, it would be wrong to assume that this move would be considered as an effort to create portfolios or programs in this project. Flour does not have ability to develop turbines, and it was a fact that at some point they would have sourced for them from other companies. What SEE did was just to help them get these materials without having to struggle in getting them. All other activities in this project were assigned to this single contractor. This management approach could be the major reason for the challenges that this project faced in its implementation process. It is a fact that Flour is one of the pioneers, and therefore, it had the vision of the project. It understood very well how the project was supposed to be implemented in order to achieve the desirable results. This could be the reason why the owners decided to award the entire project to it. However, it would be important to appreciate the fact that this was a mega project that had never been witnessed in this country. The United Kingdom had never developed such a mega wind energy plant before, and this means that the stakes were very high. The owners made a wrong decision of assigning all the tasks in the project to a single contractor. The best approach should have been to create a
The main purpose of this presentation is to convince the audience that literacy is one of the skills that a person can and should develop. Moreover, an individual should not become despondent, if he/she has to confront some difficulties. This is the main message that is conveyed to the audience. Moreover, it is aimed at increasing people’s awareness about the problem of illiteracy and its influence on the experiences of individuals who have to face this difficulty. This video clip can be of great interest to viewers who may have various cultural or educational backgrounds. Yet, it can be particularly relevant to individuals who attempt to develop his literacy skills. The author skillfully achieves this goal by adopting various rhetorical techniques. First of all, she relies on ethos and lays stress on her credibility. It should be noted that the speaker presents a personal narrative which describes the difficulties that she faced due to lack of literary skills. Moreover, this narrative shows how the speaker was able to overcome her difficulties and achieve success (“My struggle for literacy in America”). In this way, the author demonstrates that she is knowledgeable enough to discuss this topic. Additionally, the author makes use of pathos or emotional appeal. It should be mentioned that this presentation tells the story of a girl, who becomes despondent because of academic failures. In this way, the author makes the audience empathize with this character. Apart from that, emotional appeal is created with the help of music which reflects the experiences of an individual who may feel helpless sometimes, but is able to regain one’s confidence. In turn, one can say that logos or appeal to rationality does not play an important role in this presentation. This is one of the aspects that can be distinguished. Overall, the use of these rhetorical strate
Introduction Currently, the military service in the United States does not presuppose compulsory conscription. Nevertheless, there is still the current practice of recruiting men under the age category from 18 to 25 for the Armed Forces, which raises concerns from a human rights viewpoint. On the one hand, the recruitment procedure requires especial attention because it is put in effect in case of the threat of war. On the other hand, the military service in the United States is based on volunteering technique. Such a contradiction creates significant problems in terms violation of human rights and most of these procedures are not supported by military and political experts. Specific attention also requires the U.S. Selective Service System according to which the registration process excludes the volunteer-based conscription. It also highlights such moral and ethical problems as the right to conscientious objection, recruitment practice initiated by the U.S. Armed Forces, and limitation to the right to abandon the Military Service. Background The history of the Armed Forces in the United States focuses on the government’s reliance on the civilians who should consider military service as their moral duty and obligation to contribute to the protection and equality in the American society. Therefore, the United States relies on civil citizens to take part in military conflicts. Opinions and outlooks on the conscription and compulsory military services have been changed dramatically over centuries (Escott 28). Nevertheless, the historic evidence shows that the mandatory service in the United States has still flashbacks from the past. The events of the World War II also contributed to the development of the selective service legislation and compulsory recruitment for military service. In this respect, the mandatory conscription was the only defense mechanism for the country to resist aggression during subsequent wars in Korea, Vietnam, and Iraq (Johnson 1). As a result, over 25 years, marked by military actions and the Cold War, the Selective Service System had provided the U.S. citizens with new efficient responding mechanisms to react to varied challenges that contradicted the democratic principles. Currently, the debate over the initiative of the Selective Service System to introduce the draft is predetermined by ambivalent vision on the rights and duties of citizens. On the one hand, the awareness of the military service is explained by the necessity to ensure protection and security of the American society (Johnson 1). Consequently, though the government has integrated selective service during peaceful time, the policy is, first of all, oriented on enriching and broadening the common concept of citizenship, as well as on understanding the democratic aspects of e
Education plays an important role in ensuring children are taught career, survival and intellectual skills that will enable them to live comfortably in the future. Learning institutions have been established to ensure everyone goes to school and gets the required knowledge essential for human survival. These learning institutions have come up with various programs aimed at ensuring that students make good use of their time while attending schools and also when out of classes. Homework and holiday assignments are the most common tasks that students are given when they are not in school to enhance their learning. However, the debate continues to rage on regarding the importance of homework to students. The discussion below outlines the significance of homework to the development of the learning process of a student. Every human being has a unique ability to grasp various ideas and information depending on their age, exposure to different environments and levels of interests. This makes it very impossible for every student to grasp all concepts being taught in class by their teachers. Therefore, when students are given homework, they can take time and study the concepts they did not understand during normal class time, and this makes them be at the same level with other students (Bader 12). Homework plays an important role in ensuring that students can learn at the same pace. The fact that students have different abilities to memorize what they were taught means that their levels of learning differences and when they are given the same homework slow learners can catch up with fast learners, and this ensures they all stand equal chances of competing effectively. Also, ninety percent of students are in their active stages of life, and therefore they like playing very much. These plays make students forget what they were taught during the day as their minds are occupied with games and other entertainment activities. When these students are given homework, they have limited time to attend to other activities like games and sports. It is well known that all children and young adults like playing very much and when left idle they can spend the whole day playing at the expense of their educ
Quartz offers a significant value proposition to market agents and participants through innovative technology and design that addresses any utility issues that may arise during the installation of showers in the UK. Plumbers gain much faster installation times due to a simple design that does not require excavation. Customers can utilize a product which combines the ability to increase water pressure and maintain temperature; both can be managed with ergonomically designed controls. The Quartz shower eliminates the need for a mounted box in the shower by placing the controls in a location that makes the bathroom aesthetically pleasing. Currently, the Quartz shower is not selling due to a lack of exposure to customers. The company does not possess enough brand awareness to advertise Quartz as popular customer product; therefore, the average consumer will not be aware of the benefits that the product offers in comparison to others. Meanwhile, its premium price actively discourages purchases for a variety of market segments. Even though the product addresses common customer demands, the public is unaware of the price to quality ratio that Quartz offers. Furthermore, plumbers who have been determined as the primary driving force of product sales are reluctant to deviate from traditional technologies. Without first-hand experience with the product, Quartz’s advantages do not justify the risk and expense of recommending it for installation. Despite its low sales and appeal to select individuals, Quartz is an inherently mainstream product if its claims of quality and operability are reliable. It is mainstream because it seeks to address common utility needs found in a majority of UK households. It combines efficiency and function in an innovative product which is beneficial to consumers, plumbers, and even property developers. Unfortunately, due to low sales, the development costs for Quarts have not been justified or recouped. However, it is critical to note that the product has only been on the market for a few months, and as yet lacks the necessary consumer exposure and test of time to establish itself. Even if the product was to fail, Aqualisa as a company is financially stable. Developing Quartz has offered the company tremendous feedback on customer demands, the market in the premium shower sector, and access to innovative technologies that can be applied elsewhere. Aqualisa’s strategy moving forward with Quartz should be focused on the consumer. The product first and foremost is meant to address customer’s needs, but it is clear based on anecdotal evidence that plumbers will be reluctant to adopt the product until it is demanded by consumers. Therefore, Aqualisa should seek to overturn the system of plumbers recommending a product to households, instead pu
Development, Components & Impact of HIPAA Simply put, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a United States legislation focused on protecting patient information privacy by availing rights and protections for clients and beneficiaries in group health plans (Johnston & Warkentin, 2008). In terms of its development, it is ingenious to take into consideration the fact that healthcare in the US was originally organized by medical specialty and performed at an office as physicians were self-employed, thus it was easy to keep patients’ records in confidence. In the late twentieth century, however, the healthcare practice and business partnerships saw the emergence of yet another categorization, based on whether the physician worked autonomously or in a group, such as the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) and the Preferred Provider Organization (PPO). In the 1980s, autonomous physicians in the US began to link with each other or with other health agencies, not only leading to an overabundance of paperwork but also obliging the physicians to initiate outsourcing of administrative duties, such as client billing and handling insurance claims. However, the linkages never complicated record-keeping as paper files continued to be stored in a locked cabinet (Kumar, Henseler & Haukaas, 2009). The arrangement worked well not only because clients trusted their physicians and nurses but also because electronic storage devices did not exist at that time. The complications sprout with the advent of franchised doctors, HMOs and PPOs, primarily because confidential patient records had to be sent from one physician to another in the eventuality that the client switched insurance covers, jobs, or moved areas. Indeed, Kumar et al (2009) acknowledge that “…while the internet and electronic copies were supposed to make it easier, it complicated processes by making the patient’s information accessible, which meant that it became easy for people not directly related to the patient care to view, transmit and disclose information to whomever they deemed acceptable” (p. 186). The rise in number and cost of confidential health information transmission across healthcare providers, institutions, geographical localities, and states, as well as the lack of homogeneous standards for disclosure, patient access, and control, triggered Congress to pass the HIPPA legislation in 1996 to assist in the protection of patients and their confidential information (Kumar et al, 2009). The HIPAA has 3 basic components, namely the Privacy Rule, the transaction rule, and the security regulation. While the Privacy Rule institutes standards for using and disclosing individually identifiable private health information, the transaction rule, on its part, creates standards for health information electronic exchange (Kumar et al, 2009). According to these authors, the security regulation, which is the final rule, “…complements the Privacy Rule and lays out three types of security safeguards required for compliance: administrative, physical and technical” (p. 186). In terms of impact, it
Balance of payment crisis is also known as currency crisis. It is characterized by spontaneous devaluation of currency for a country. This devaluation often affects the foreign exchange market. The crisis arises from persistent imbalances in the balance of payment. The impact of currency crisis has more effect on a fixed exchange regime than a floating exchange regime. Further, such crisis might have an impact on the foreign reserves of a country thus creating instability in the economy (BBC 1). An example of a balance of payment crisis is the European sovereign – debt crisis. The Euro crisis is a balance of payment problem that was characterized by a persistent rise in the amount of net debt over several years. The high amounts of net debt led to collapse of the economies within the European region. The five regions which were adversely affectedare Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain and Italy. These countries failed to produce adequate economic growth to repay the debt balances. The debts were in the form of bonds. It is not only these five countries that felt the negative impact of the Euro crisis but various countries in all the continents suffered the consequences of the Euro crisis. The epitome of the crisis was felt in late 2011. Though the five regions started to feel the impact from late 2008 (BBC 1). The crisis was instigated by unproductive fiscal policies that were implemented by the governments of these countries. The governments instituted unsustainable fiscal policies. For instance, these countries fund their budget deficits using debt. This led to the creation of Ponzi scheme hence the large amounts of debt balance and budget deficits. The economies started to experience slow economic growth and reduced tax revenue. In some countries such as Greece, the amount of debt surpassed the magnitude of economy (BBC 1). The crisis in these countries had a serious impact on the financial institutions. Capital providers started to demandextremely high returns on the amount of capital they invested especially in government bonds. This resulted in an increase in the cost of capital in the countries such as Greece. Besides, it also resulted in an increase inthe cost of borrowing in these countries. Before the crisis, the banks reported increases in revenue which were not supportable. When the economy of these countries collapsed, banking institutions were the most affected. It is because the banks reported revenues which could not be earned. Besides, banks that invested massively in bonds of these countries experienced heavy losses. Despite these indications, some countries did not attempt to alter their fiscal policies thus making the situations worse.Countries which changed their fiscal policies felt less consequences than the countries such as Greece and Portugal. These countries had to receive a bailed out. For instance, Greece was bailed out of the crisis twice. The first bailout amounted to $163 billion in 2011. The second bailout occurred in March in
Introduction No faith in the modern society is as feared and controversial as Islam. It covers the common opinion as an extreme religion that has elements of terrorism, authoritarian leadership, gender imbalance, and civil war. However, Islamic religion appears to be complex than we assume. This essay explores the role of Islam in society, its political position, military affairs, and territorial expansion with reference to the period of Prophet Muhammad. Religion History puts it that Islamic faith has evolved from the periods of Prophet Muhammad into present times. The word Islam means submission to God’s will. This definition suggests that everything must obey the rules and the will of Allah or the law of nature. The faith teaches that God’s power came to humanity through Quran to Muhammad. Subsequently, Muslims believe that God is all-powerful and know-it-all. Besides, God has no social measures, equals, peers, beginning, or end. The Medina Charter declared Muhammad as the solely prophet of God. Islamic religion asserts that the Quran came through a messenger or prophet of God, and Muhammad was the final of such messengers (Goldschmidt 12). The fundamental belief of the Islamic religion as expressed by Muhammad is the judgment day, which no one can flee. Muslims believe that everyone will face judgment before the heavenly throne (Goldschmidt, 34). The religion observes right actions, rules, and laws. There are five vital pillars of Islamic faith guiding believers. The first pillar is witness ( Shuhuduh ). This rule stresses that there is only one God and Muhammad is God’s messenger. The second pillar is the worship ( salat ) or ritual prayer. Fasting ( Saturn ) is the third pillar of Islam that Muslims observe during the holy month of Ramadan. The fourth pillar talks about giving of tithe ( zakat ) or alms. The final pillar talks about pilgrimage ( Hajj ) to Mecca. There are also other duties and prohibitions such as jihad to guide believers. They also fight those who forbid God or his prophets, and others who reject allegiance to the true until they pay tribute to Islam. Jihad has many meanings depending on situations and contexts. It can mean fighting Jews, Christians, or pagans. Some modern Muslims claim that jihad is an act of defending Islam against attack from external aggressors through verbal or military attack. Politics During the development of Islamic religion, the religion experienced divisions among the Shiites, Sufis, and Sunnis. We can attribute these divisions to the fact that religious leaders of the time experienced worldly changes, which consumed them just like politicians. Further, scholars note that this power struggle is an abuse of a sacred ideology since religion is not about supremacy. Studies show that the faith of Islam main duty is to create a just society where all members experience equal treatment and respect