ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Women in Saudi Arabia have not been participating in the retail industry at the same rate as men (Weston, 2008). The reasons behind the occurrence can be attributed to cultural, political, social, and economical parameters operating in the Saudi Arabian jurisdiction (Leavy, 2007). The low participation means that women fail to get a chance to grow o other sectors of the economy (in most cases development and growth in business starts from retail segments. Men have dominated women and seem to have taken center stage in making decisions that continue the suppression of women in the community (Hyam, 2004). This proposal aims at conducting primary and secondary research to look reasons and obstacles for women to penetrate retail industry in Saudi labour market. Literature review Saudi Arabia is a highly populated country that falls in the category of consumer country; the large number of population makes the country a hub of activities including retail industry (Miner-Rubino and Jayaratne, 2007). The market is dominated by national and international customers willing to purchase different products offered by the market. With the domination, high population and existence of variety of products, the market is appealing for retail businesses (Lykes and Coquillon, 2006). The culture of Saudi Arabia is dominated by the Muslims; the religion can be seen as one of the main hindrance to low women participation in the retail industry (Hesse-Biber, 2007). According to Muslimism, women are given the role of taking care of their husbands, their children and are not seen to be involved much economic development (Halse and Honey, 2005). Men have been socialized to believe that they should be the sole bread winner of the family thus they are the ones to work and seek economic development for a family ( Robert, 2009). The religion belief has made much women to be left without an option other than depend on men for their live hood (Harding, 1987). The economic environment of women and the financial power they have also is a hindrance to their involvement in retail sector. To start a business calls for capital that one can either get from bank loans, personal savings, friend or any other such means (Carmen, 2005). The avenues of getting the finances seem to be blocked for Saudi Arabian woman. For instance they do not have the funds to save to start their business, again they cannot seek for help from their husbands or friends (Hesse-Biber and Leavy, 2008). When it comes to securing a loan facility, banks require the women to have securities of which they do not have. The securities of a family belongs to the husband thus in the event that the woman will get the security, she will have to pass through the husband; this becomes a challenge (Borland, 1991). Another challenge that Saudi Arabian women have is lack of quality information that they can depend on to establish and see businesses grow (Turchin, 2007). Some women are married at tender age not giving them the chance to get quality education (Giuck and Patai, 2003). When this happens it means that the cycle of poverty in the women side remains and continues to manifest itself in all aspe
Introduction Divorce is the legally authorized and ultimate termination of a matrimonial bond. There is a range of motives why couples choose the Option of divorce. Psychotherapists mention dilemmas with pairs getting separated, detested and unappreciated emotions, the difference in aims, difficulties with money, and sometimes sexual relationships as the foremost stimulants for divorce. (SIRS Knowledge 1) Bases of Divorce Present divorce laws have been formulated mainly from religious imperatives. Such as, in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, divorce rules are based on Christian belief. In these countries, divorce was usually allowed to the innocent spouse only, till around 1900. This was also only on the basis of any matrimonial offense committed by any of the two, such as desertion, adultery, and cruelty. Later in the 1960s people began to adopt a more copious approach to divorce that what so ever may the reason be, there is no point to continue an unsuccessful and marriage. Divorce Rules in the United States All states of the United States follow different rules for divorce which are applicable only to the legal residents of the states. States laws present the grounds for divorce i.e., the causes for which the divorce is asked for. Thus on the basis of these reasons divorce is classified into:   * Fault divorce includes reasons like drug addiction, alcoholism, adultery, desertion, mental or corporal torture, imprisonment for criminal acts, and failure to afford financial support.   * No-Fault Divorce is not based on the above reasons but is granted only when spouses prove their relationship as unsuccessful. This type of divorce was first adopted by California in 1969, where divorce is granted on two main grounds:  1.       1. Incompatible differences      2. Untreatable lunacy of a partner. (Nock 1of 1) A divorce lawyer, who also writes “The Divorce Lawyers’ Guide to Staying Married”, recently gave an interview to AOL Book Maven Bethanne Patrick. In this interview, she has presented nine symptoms of divorce on the basis of her own experience. These are:  1. Sexual relationship  2. Unrealistic expectation  3. Financial matters  4. Communication gap  5. Over control of one spouse  6. Physical addictions and mental challenges  7. Remarriage  8. Differences in goals, hobbies, and interest  9. Lack of commitment. (Jaffe 1-2) As Phillips comments (ix) divorce has become the general associate of matrimony at the core of the western marriage structure, for divorce, as well has never been so prevalent in the western part of the world as it has become in the current t era “. As Phillips suggests, scholars must find out the historic extraction of divorce to understand the ever-increasing frequency of divorce in the USA as compared to the past. A Brief Historical Backdrop of Divorce Opposing the conservative perception, the occurrence of divorce in current American society is not totally unparalleled. Anthropologists state rates of parting and remarriage amongst several hunting and gathering civilizations, and in a number of horticultural groupings also, they are as high as in con
If the Nobel Prize in Biogeography were to be instituted, Kary Mullis should win it. Admittedly, the man was already a winner in chemistry for inventing the polymerase chain reaction mechanism, but it is worth pointing out that this method of processing genetic molecules has been incredibly important in biogeographic research as well (Grens, 2019). The identification of biological material during the study of local and co-located biocenosis is of serious importance to biogeographers. This is justified because in-depth studies require the testing of established hypotheses, so additional molecular expertise is needed to obtain reliable data regarding finding the causes of dispersal, isolated evolutionary development, and predicting and modeling biological processes. It often happens that found material — especially if it concerns archaeological excavations — has a critically low amount of DNA so that precise identification of the species is impossible. However, through the use of PCR technology developed by Kary Mullis, the amount of genetic material can be greatly increased. The polymerase chain reaction refers to a molecular biology technique that allows significant increases in small concentrations of certain nucleic acid fragments (DNA or RNA) in biological material. It seems clear that this technology has a high potential for biogeographical studies because PCR allows not only the foundation remains of flora and fauna to be examined and systematized according to biological classification (Jafari et al., 2018). On the contrary, PCR opens up a wide range of actions that facilitate the modern biogeographer’s work. In particular, the method finds application in the phylogenetic analysis of two divergent populations to establish their relatedness. If a high-positive match is found, the specialist can assert a relatively recent dispersal of the species. On the other hand, thanks to PCR modifications, isolation, and manipulation of individual genes can be performed instead of amplification. This includes isolation of new genes, determination of the type of mutation (compared to a reference), or microbiological testing to determine the influence of environmental factors. To summarize the above, it is critical to note that many biogeography studies would not have been possible without Kary Mullis’ development, and therefore he would have deserved the corresponding Nobel Prize.
There are many ways of how people can interpret the idea of suffering and the essence of human beings in terms of Christ’s impact on life. Though the ideas of Julian of Norwich are not the most popular in the world, they are frequently discussed in terms of religion and theology. Her writing Revelations of Divine Love is one of the oldest texts that describe the power of Christ on a human life. In this paper, the interpretation of Christ’s sufferings and the understanding of a human being from the ideas offered by Julian of Norwich will be discussed to explain the power of human suffering and the necessity to understand why people are eager to accept the idea of physical suffering in order to gain understanding of a Holy Spirit. One of the most powerful aspects of Julian of Norwich is the attention to a human being not only as a body with a number of needs and demands. A human being is a powerful unity of a body and a soul that helps to understand the purpose of life. At the same time, a human being should not be interpreted as a meaningful combination of the body and soul. Julian of Norwich explains that a human being may pass through a reunification process with a divine in order to grasp the essence of life and get the required portion of revelation. The blessed revelation helps to realize that people, who “choose to occupy themselves with earthly business and are always pursuing worldly success have nothing here of God” (Julian of Norwich, Spearing, and Spearing 8). People, who fail to achieve revelation, are not able to rest in this world and enjoy the beauty of the world offered by God. Anyway, the blessed revelation is the result of sufferings that gain the form of three graces d
Introduction   * The need for an effective management tool   * Improved organization of basic operations   * Better control of vital processes   * Ability to generate positive outcomes   * The way for operational excellence   * Lean Six Sigma as the potent tool to achieve desired goals The increased complexity of modern society impacts the functioning of organizations and the choice of methods to achieve improved outcomes. Today, because of the strict requirements for the healthcare sector and diverse clients’ demands, there is a need for effective management tools that would help to improve basic operations and help to control all processes. At the same time, outcomes depend on operational excellence and the ability to correctly evaluate the situation and introduce the desired change. Under these conditions, Lean Six Sigma becomes one of the possible approaches that can help to address problematic issues and resolve existing problems by engaging in the process of continuous improvement. Lean Six Sigma Lean Six Sigma is a combination of two continuous improvement paradigms. Both Lean and Six Sigma methods are known as potent tools to attain operational excellence and provide managers with a clear vision of their missions and how they can be achieved (George et al., 2004). At the same time, there are debates regarding the applicability of these methods and their use in different contexts because of their advantages and weak aspects. The combination of these views results in the formation of a new Lean Six Sigma paradigm that is characterized by the increased attention to details that influence the work of organizations and the opportunity to align a continuous improvement process vital for the achievement of positive outcomes (Rastogi, 2018). The system is also considered an appropriate choice for organizations working in the healthcare sector as it helps to reduce the risk of undesired outcomes and guarantee better results. Process and Process Improvement A process can be defined as a specific succession of steps demanded to deliver a particular service or achieve certain outcomes (Rastogi, 2018). The complexity of the modern environment presupposes the appropriate growth in the complexity of processes and the emergence of additional stages needed to attain success and satisfy clients. However, the existence of too many steps might introduce unnecessary sophistication of the whole process, confuse employees, and deteriorate the overall effectiveness of a unit. For this reason, Lean Six Sigma is viewed as a tool for process improvement that helps to evaluate existing successions and their peculiarities with the primary goal to outline current barriers or unnecessary phases (Rastogi, 2018). In such a way, the application of the given system might help to eliminate extra or ineffective elements and create a new, practical approach to process organization and management. Lean Principles The lean approach rests on five basic principles for improving the effectiveness and outcomes of an organization. These include:   * Define value – understand
The corporate world is advancing more and more each day as many businessmen are expanding their businesses all over the world. There is therefore the need for everyone to learn and be able to manage multicultural skills that would enable proper understanding and promote healthy relations with all parties involved in a certain field of work. People need to learn the cultural values of different societies. This promotes understanding and respect between the parties. For instance, many black countries do not allow some behaviors that are common with the whites such as kissing on the streets, holding hands to mention but a few. If the whites, for example are in a black’s country, it is always appropriate to try and fit into the foreigner’s culture and moral values by avoiding those actions that are not acceptable in that country. A successful working environment is also promoted by equality between all members involved. Corporate individuals and the society as a whole should practice equality and avoid any actions that discriminate against all human rights. Prejudice is directly related to culture of one’s society because if one’s cultural believes and norms do not allow inequality, it is easier for that person to treat every person equal regardless of color, social status, race or nationality. Multicultural skills may as well be learned through avoiding certain behaviors such as nativism which looks down upon foreigners in a certain country. Rather, the foreigners should be treated well and supported on grounds of equal human rights. Multicultural skills may also be promoted by understanding and accepting the religions of other people because everyone has a right to choose his/her religion. This way, businessmen will have no trouble dealing any party regardless of one’s religion. Even the smallest religious groups in the society should be respected and treated as every other person regardless of their unique cultural practices. Racial discrimination has been in our societies for long putting certain boundaries to people based on their skin color. Multicultural skills should involve equal rights to all without discrimination on their color. For example, corporate personalities should not put limitations on certain races for which they can do business deals with. Employment opportunities should as well be made open to everyone. Multicultural skills also involve accepting and understanding sexism as well as heterosexism and learning on how to deal with such individuals in the workplace making sure not to discriminate them. Being gay does not necessary mean that one is immorally upright; neither should the practice prevent the person from living a normal live including working and having a career like any other person. Cultural cl
Introduction The study generated findings from the data collected from participants (N = 325) who provided complete information in their questionnaires. Data analysis derived findings from raw information in the questionnaires by highlighting patterns and trends of information. Lacort (2014) asserts that descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are critical in data analysis for they provide valid and reliable findings. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the current state of travel agents in the online and high street business platforms. Essentially, descriptive statistics provide patterns and trends of demographic information and travel behaviour of participants. Moreover, the study employed inferential statistics, namely, analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation test, Chi-square test, and simple linear regression analysis, to establish the nature and strength of relationships within, between, and among demographic data and travel behaviours of participants. In line with the research objectives, these tests were used to evaluate the current state of high street travel agents, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and assess primary threats to their existence in the tourism industry in the United Kingdom. As the study hypothesized that the presence of mobile applications and gender determine the number of times services were booked in the high street in the past year (2017), the study utilized analysis of variance. Regarding the hypothesis that preferred services associates with determinants such as age and the mode purchase, the study used the Chi-square test. Pearson’s correlation was used to test the hypothesis that salary has a positive relationship with age and the number of times services were booked in 2017. Simple linear regression analysis was used test hypotheses that booking experience and technology are predictors of service quality, whereas annual net salary is a predictor of price consideration in both online and physical travel agents. Therefore, the study presented findings using tables and charts to demonstrate demographic characteristics and travel behaviours of participants in the tourism industry. Demographic Information The analysis of demographic information of participants reveals some patterns and drifts that are integral in interpreting and inferring findings. Gender, age group, and annual net salary of participants are the demographic variables that the study analysed. Gender The distribution of gender (Figure 1) indicates that males form 55.08% (179), whereas females constitute 44.92% (146) of the total participants of the study. Figure 1. Pie chart showing the proportion of each gender (Author 2018). Age Group The analysis of the distribution (Figure 2) shows that most participants (31.69%) fall in the age group of 29-40 years. Approximately the same proportions of participants are in the age groups of 16-28 years (20.31%) and 41-50 years (23.69%). The proportion of participants under the age of 18 years formed 14.46%, while the proportion of those above 66 years is 3.69%. The partici
Introduction: The Orange PLC Company Orange PLC Company is one of the most profitable international companies in the global PC business arena. The company has its headquarters in New York. The New York branch has 250 employees in the three departments of production, marketing, human resource management. In order to survive and control a sizeable share of the global PC industry, Orange PLC Company has endeavored to remain competitive through an organized structure and culture. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly review organizational structure, restructure and culture of the Orange PLC Company located in the United States of America. Orange PLC’s Organization Structure Organization structure refers to systems and channels that control the scope of operations in an organization. The organization structure offers an explicit overview of the general operation of a company within efficiency levels (Sylvia & Stanley 2008). Work Specialization Knowing how to improve quality is crucial in the growth of a business enterprise. Improved quality has great reward to the Orange PLC Company. Since the production team is permanently employed in the company, they are engaged in the production process to ensure that the company optimizes labor as a factor of production towards efficiency. This is achieved through quality planning of the labor hours of the employees that relate to their specialization, rather than just keeping them on standby (Sylvia & Stanley 2008). Besides, the marketing team is constantly trained on the latest marketing models to ensure that they give their best in online and offline marketing of the company’s products. The HRM team has specialized training on efficient performance among the employees to minimize redundancy. Quality planning of work specialization is an important policy that aims to promote long term success in business objectives since it is focused to enhance the effective exploitation of human resources (Sylvia & Stanley 2008). Chain of Command The Orange PLC Company has demonstrated that there exists a complex network behind its formal organizational chart. The teamwork-based organization structure actually identifies the hierarchy of the organization structure in order to understand the complex network. In addition, it provides myriad illustrations of the persuasive importance of problem definition within communication contemporary context. Also, the strategies of investigation, ramification, and elements of the problem definition are addressed in its chain of command. The current organization structure of the Orange PLC Company is characterized by a streamlined chain of b