ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Modern imperialism involves expansion of capitalism; it inherits the practices of capitalism, that is, the control that superior nations exert on other countries in the world. For instance, the conquest of the world by the European forces marked the beginning of imperialism. In Felipe Fernàndez-Armesto’s book, The World: A Brief History p. 362, Japan is an example of a country that had enjoyed more than a century of stability before social rivalry between the warrior class and the imperial family. This turn of events saw the warrior class turn to violence as a means of making ends meet. This scenario led to instability since all social classes who were yearning to accumulate wealth. Also, the conquest of the mercantilist system in America led to the destruction of the Indian civilization and their Christianization. The blacks were put under slavery to exterminate the Indians so that a large part of the continent could be under the control of the Europeans. According to Armesto, modern colonization took effect mostly during the Industrial revolution where Asia and Africa’s colonization took center stage ( The World: A Brief History 401). Powerful colonial masters were extending their influence in the name of market expansion. Bourgeoisie like Cecil Rhodes avoided social revolution by foreseeing colonial conquest. By 1800, the inequality ratio rose to two to one due to massive polarization. Currently, the ratio has jumped to 60:1; this implies that a paltry 20% of the world population can access the beneficial system ( The World: A History 220). The liberation movement that took place after the Second World War saw the start to an end of colonialism and the European expansion trend. This expansion, between 1500 and 1950, marked the initial development of capitalism where there were two aspects of living styles among the world population. For example, in the 1960s, chief executive officers of American large non-financial institutions were earning an average of $190,000 which was over forty times the earnings of a factory worker. In 1980, the CEOs could take home over $2 million, 93 times the pay of an industrial worker. The drivers of an industry are the factory workers, without which the industry cannot operate. Ironically, the inequality practiced gave them less recognition for their tireless efforts. Later, the social arrest came up, where the workers made the US environment extremely hostile as they were demanding equal treatment just like the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie, on their part, felt that implementation of equality would make them lose their workers hence reduction in the profit margins (Lenin). The entire world’s population lives different lives thus prompting dissatisfaction among the low class in the society. The economic difference that was pioneered by the powerful forces is a form of discrimination of liber
Abstract This paper will address the problem of the number of medical hours’ restrictions, allocated to medical residents in United States. Self-regulation by the graduate medical education community pushed excesses underground, as institutional resistance has led to underreporting of hours to meet the official limits. Considering the fact that sleepy and overworked medical residents pose risks to patients and themselves and therefore making the reform imperative. The paper will provide an overview of previous attempts at regulation addresses, the weakness of current proposals, suggestions and alternatives that respects professional autonomy and will not interfere with the educational purpose of residency programs. This is a proposal model on previous successful hospital regulation that rewards voluntary compliance instead of punishing violations. Introduction ACGME a corporate which is responsible of post medical degree training programs within the United States convened to work as a group to address medical residence work hours. The council faced rising pressure to address the long hours worked by medical residents and a rising public concern from the safety of the patient and this was followed by attempts by the residents to invite government intervention which completely failed compelling ACGME to respond. The measures contained in its report that were implemented in 2003, recommended that hospitals restrict the long hours worked by medical residents and it headed off the prospect of federal intervention and the legislation that was waiting to be implemented which expired without being enacted. The graduate medical education community waited to observe the new restrictions in practice but all was in vain, it even saw the; Patient and physician safety and protection act of 2002, S. 2614, 107 th cong (2002), Patient and physical and protection Act of 2003, S. 952, 108 th cong. (2003), Patient and physical safety and protection act of 2001, if R. 3236, 107 th Cong. (2001) bills die in the committee (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education 5). Since then, the debate emerged due to the fallen standards of AGME to meet their goals bringing residents hours of duty down to sate level both for resident physicians and their patients. The self – regulation by ACGME only forestalled discussions that lasted for almost for ten years, namely; non – compliance, under reporting and other weaknesses of their approach have even renewed the controversy and these calls for an external regulation. Two years after the federal legislation was reintroduced after the AGCME regulations took effect other steps have been taken by several states to regulate resident hours. However, the task is not straight forward, as regulators must address both institutional residences for any cutbacks available and under staffing caused by restricting hours considering that current proposals do not meet this need. This paper makes the case for a new alternative to AGCME’s regulations of residents’ duty hours arguing for incentives to over come stubborn internal controversy and the call for federal regulation (Lee 2006 9). Background Informat
Islamic capital marketing is one of the key players in the growth of Islamic financial institutions in the Muslim world. The primary purpose of this market is to facilitate or allow individuals, government and companies with surplus funds to transfer the same to other people in need of such funds. It therefore helps in stabilizing and regulating the flow of money and acts as a parallel market for the other kinds of capital markets for capital seekers and providers. The market attracts funds from both internal and external markets. Some of the international sources of funds for these banks include high net worth individuals or corporations from oil-rich countries. Business sector is also one of significant contributor of the funds. There has been a potential increase in the Islamic products due to lack or prohibition from non-Muslims to participate in the Islamic capital markets. The origin of the Islamic capital market dates back in the 1970s and 1980s when individuals with high net worth sought for ways to invest their surplus funds they got from sale of oil. By 2008, the Islamic capital market thrived because of retail demand. To ensure success and sustainability, the Islamic capital markets had no obligation to find new competitive products. They introduced equity funds and Islamic bonds that regained their competition in the markets. They attracted and served non-Muslims by providing numerous products that competed with the conventional financial products. Islamic capital market consists of the Islamic equity markets, which comprise companies that operate in activities allowed by the sharia. To ensure that the sharia laws are followed to the later, Islamic stock screening helped to regulate and ensure that trading was permissible. Revenues derived from activities involving pork, alcohol and gambling were not considered in the Islamic equity market. In summary, financial products that did not exist in the Islamic capital market found their way in the market. However, some products like Islamic hedge funds are still controversial in many parts of the Muslim community, since the funds are viewed as stimulating short selling.
Executive Summary The present report is aimed at analyzing the potential market and target audience for the new product and outlining the key strategies for the operation of companies with the new product. As the device is supposed to be a microwave oven capable of two options such as heating and freezing, it is necessary to evaluate the idea and assess the market, technologies, appliances, and other related issues that should be taken into account concerning the essence of the new device operation. Idea description The key purpose of this project is to change the use of a microwave. Traditionally such devices are used to heat food or water; however, very little is being said about cooling. Therefore, a new appliance that would be able to cool and freeze food and beverages within a minute can find its niche in the market. The idea as a set of business services This business project focuses on product and critical success factors (Sadig & Racca, 2003). One of the critical success factors, in this case, is before and after-sale service. The company will need to establish numerous warranty service centers to attract customers and keep them satisfied as suggested in the study by Hurwitz et al (2006). Among other activities, we can single out order processing service, transportation service, and delivery service. Road Map Requirements to support the business service Appliances The major appliance includes a laser and microwaves to heat and frozen products using this device. In this respect, laboratory, equipment, and necessary testing machines are necessary as well as experts in energy transformation who could conduct all tests and make alterations in the process of testing and operation of the device. First of all, it is necessary to know the technology of energy transformation from microwaves into the heat and from the laser into the cold. The value created by the appliances A company that intends to introduce a new product into the market must know exactly what qualities customers are looking for; for instance, multi-functionality, reliability, and safety (Ulwick, 2005, p 9). Another value-adding element is that the new cold microwave will not diminish the nutritious qualities of food; namely, it will not diminish the number of vitamins and proteins. Reuse of software and appliances should decrease the value of maintenance of the new device. Technologies The energy of the microwave can be converted into another type of waves: laser can shoot the atoms and make them cold while the atoms make the surrounding food cold as well. Additionally, we need to obtain hardware and software for the testing of this product. An alternative approach can be taken and scientists and experts in the field of energy and microwaves can be engaged rather than engineers w
Fire is a complex event and its cause or origin may not be so obvious. This places a necessity for an evidence collector to gather data at the scene of the fire and then (in collaboration with other experts) be in a better position to give the concrete answer on what caused the fire (National Institute of Justice, 2000). The evidence collector has the duty of exploring, determining, and documenting the cause and the origin of the fire, establishing any human action that was responsible for it, and in some instances present testimony in court or to the insurance firm for any possible compensation (Belfiglio, 2009). This may be important in establishing whether it was an arson act or an accident and the actions that can be taken to curb a repeat of such (National Institute of Justice, 2000). There are several types of evidence and the fire investigator (evidence collector) needs to understand each so that he can be an effective arson investigator. The first is the physical evidence, which is on the facts which have a physical existence in addition to the mental concepts (Lee, 2009). Physical evidence may include a trailer, an incendiary device, and flammable liquid. Secondly, direct evidence becomes proof of a fact that is in question. For instance, if there is an eyewitness to the start of the fire. Circumstantial (also referred to as indirect evidence) is the evidence of the situations or facts from which the non-existence or existence of the fact in question can be inferred (Lee, 2009). When collecting physical evidence, evidence collectors would gather things such as blood samples which they collect and place in a glass and then take it to the lab for testing, or the material with bloodstains scrapped on a paper for testing. Other materials that may be collected as evidence may include tools, bullets, and cartridge casings. They may also collect firearms (if any) from the fire scene though they should be very careful not to ruin the fingerprints. They should also carefully note the firearm’s model, serial number, presence of bullets or cartridges, and also the name of the manufacturer. (Lee, 2009). The evidence collectors may also look out for any tire prints and then photograph them for further investigations. They may also collect any charred documents and place them in a container or if loose can be placed in a cotton-filled container to restrict any movement. If there are clothe remains that are stained with blood or other liquids they should be labeled for easier identification. The collectors may also check whether there are documents in the scene and should place them in plastic envelopes with either tweezers or tongs, then seal the envelopes and then label them (Lee, 2009). Any fingerprints on the materials should be photographed and then submitted to the laboratory. They should also look for footprints and if any, photograph them each. Glass is placed in the paper package, with samples of fibers and hair being placed on the paper folding. In addition to physical evidence, trace evidence should also be collected, for example how the metal has melted to get a clue on the fire’s temperature. (Lee, 2009). Since the evidence
Introduction An airport is a place where aircrafts of various sizes land and take off. These aircrafts may be Helicopters or other classes such as fixed wing aircrafts. It is in the airport that the aircrafts are refuelled and maintained. The plane might pass through a routine service check or a full maintenance check. An airport consists of a Helipad or a runway for planes to land and takes off. There are different categories of airports that exist. They are classed according to the sizes of planes that they can accommodate. Smaller sized airports which consist of the majority of airports worldwide have short runways and few of them are paved with concrete or tarmac. Their runways are generally constricted to being shorter than 1000 metres (Campbell, 1977). Bigger airports can accommodate bigger airplanes and thus have more facilities. For this article we will dwell on low cost airlines and the facilities needed to accommodate them. The rise of low cost carriers As the number of low cost carriers increases over time, Competition has affected the dominance of the large players. The issue of accommodating them has arisen as infrastructure built in many airports was centred on the main aviation players of the time. The way low cost carriers use the buildings is very different from the way the main players in aviation use their passenger buildings. Airports have been at pains to address this issue (Rodwell, 2003). One emergent view is that low cost carriers want to cut cost using the shortest and most effective way possible and if this means compromising on the buildings and facilities offered by them, then so be it (Campbell, 105). Low cost airlines have moved away air traffic from the main airports to secondary airports and this has forced the main airports to rethink their overall long term strategy. LCC’s (Low cost carriers) are quickly emerging as the replacement for national carriers. As National carriers continue to go bankrupt, the no frills airlines are raking in massive profits. Examples of these airlines include Easy jet and Ryanair which are beating all expectations to deliver to both the business and its clients. In South America Gol is rapidly becoming the airline of choice among many people in the region. This trend seems to be the same in Asia where Air Asia and Lion Air are attributed to carrying over 6% of the air traffic in the Asia region (Wells, 2008). Planning and Management of Airports Good planning of the airport and development is thus required in the face of the current environment. The way these airlines operate is different from the way legacy airlines. LCC’s seek to maximize the use of their planes as much as possible by restricting the number of wasted hours that the plane may incur on the
In his article “The Fetishization of Mr. Rogers’s ‘Look for the helpers,’” Ian Bogost writes about the way grownups have misused the phrase ‘look for the helpers.’ Rogers came up with the words ‘look for the helpers’ to encourage children below the age of five to be guardians to take of them during trouble. Ian Bogost has been a contributing writer at The Atlantic and is a Chair in Media Studies at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Bogost does not, however, like the way people have misconstrued the phrase and used it in memes during times of trouble. He claims that this usage of the phrase has led to Americans leaving out solutions to these problems. Bogost argues that it does not make sense that adults, who should have answers to problems, would seek help from elsewhere. When a disaster strikes, adults are supposed to solve the problem, and when individuals cause tragedy, they should be dealt with accordingly. Bogost, therefore, appeals to the logos of the audience and wants to let them know that they are the people who should offer solutions to their problems. Bogost tries to tap into the readers’ logical realm by giving them insight into what the phrase ‘Look for the helpers’ should mean. Bogost does not seem to understand how grown-up Americans can be comfortable with sharing memes of this phrase when trouble hits. He asserts that this phrase only works well for little children. Children are still under the care of adults and entirely depend on adults for everything (Bogost). Bogost, thus, insists that children are the best people to be encouraged by this phrase. He calls upon adults to be responsible enough to take action whenever tragedy hits. They need to be an example to the children and be their helpers. To discuss this complex topic, Bogost excels in ensuring that the reader clearly understands his point of view. In his article, Ian Bogost appeals to the readers’ logic by giving them scenarios and instances when they have failed. For example, Bogost challenges the American adults about their reaction after the Pittsburg mass shootings. When the shootings occurred, many people went on to post the phrase “look for the helpers” on social media (Bogost). Others called out for the mental health debate of the suspect. Bogost is disappointed in the American adult fraternity and reprimands them for this type of reaction. He claims that the adults should be the ones leading in the solution to these kinds of tragedies. The author asserts that it is wrong for people to share these memes and try to sugarcoat the whole situation while claiming that there had been immigration terror threats. Giving this blind eye to major disasters has only led to an increase in such occurrences. Individuals feel justified to take actions that are criminal just because society will not take the right cause of action. Bogost explains that Fred Rogers’s program on television was a children’s show, and it was good and inspirational. However, Rogers’s advice to help them gain trust in their guardians cannot be used as a message of adults’ hope. Rogers’s work was to transmit complex adult reasoning to the young ones’ tiny a
Introduction This paper aims to critique the article “ The Fiduciary Responsibility of an Aging Owner” by Tom Maccianti. The framework used in the critique is to evaluate the options available regarding Michael and to attempt to trace the cause of the present problem for the purpose of possibly preventing a similar situation in the future. Analysis and Discussion The options that Company A has regarding Michael are as follows: The first one is to allow Michael to continue to work while the company continues to pay completely his salaries without rendering the corresponding service. The other option is creatively make a way for him to retire. As to which of the two options is the best should be based on an objective criteria by considering what is beneficial to Company A and its stakeholders. There are many stakeholders of the company whose interest may be conflicting but the conflict must be resolved on what is just to every stakeholder in the context of the decision that must be made using the given options. These stakeholders include the stockholders, the company officers and employees, the customers, the creditors, the management, the government and the general public. Under the given the case study, the ones that are mostly affected are the management, the stockholders or the owners and the employees. Thus the effect on decision to be made will have to consider these groups of stakeholders. If the first option is chosen, what are the advantages and disadvantages that may ensue? The advantages may include the fact the company’s management may be showing some respect to the man who became an important of Company and possibly this would afford the company of paying back the man who was helped much in bringing success to the company. There are however disadvantages on the other side of the side, which must be brought out. First, the company may be paying him what is not fair to company and this could be a bad policy of the company since payment is not made in the basis on what is necessary but on what is charitable. Case facts say that Michael has been observed to be spending 3-4 hours a day 3-4 days a week and the company is already lucky to have the same. Case facts say that in addition his spotty attendance and combative nature at time set people back and distracts them from tasks at hand (Maccianti, 2008). In other words, Michael is becoming a liability rather than an asset in the workplace A business should be run on the basis of sound management practices and any wrong decision what would deviate from such practice or policy could