ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The issues of espionage, warfare and the related concerns regarding the safety of civilians have always been the reason for concern for the leaders of major states. However, in the era of digital revolution and the introduction of new technology, the threat of secret governmental information leakage has become too tangible to ignore it. In his recent book, America the vulnerable: Inside the new threat matrix of digital espionage, crime, and warfare , Joel Brenner evaluates the scale of jeopardy that new media and technology has put the United States under. To be more exact, Brenner devotes the introduction of his book to his experience, as an anti-trust prosecutor, outlining the key problems with the U.S. security, such as carelessness towards data encryption (Brenner, 2011, 12). Afterwards, Brenner proceeds with outlining the major problems of the U.S. security in the XXI century, defining the key “trapdoors” (Brenner, 2011, 13), through which information leakage may occur and making it obvious that states no longer need human spies – instead, technology has become the key tool for secret information acquisition. As Brenner continues his narration, he touches upon major educational and business institutions, making it obvious that the same security issues persist on all levels of social, political and economic life. Although, combined with the present-day U.S. policies in terms of media and state security, as well as the dangers that new technologies pose to America, make the USA admittedly more vulnerable, new media also provides a number of opportunities for the United States in terms of data safety, which levels the playfield and means that, to win this battle, the U.S. will have to learn to use the digital data for security purposes. For an average U.S. citizen, who has little idea of how state security works and is perfectly certain about his/her own security, the book is definitely an eye-opener. Indeed, living in the realm of information society had been quite an alluring idea for most of the r
Introduction This war is referred to as the Six Day War since it lasted for six days only. Other names, such as the War of 1967, the June War, 1967 Arab– Israel War, and the Third Arab-Israel war are used as well. The war lasted from June 5, 1967 till June 10 by Israel, Egypt; then later the United Arab Republic, Jordan and Syria joined the war. It took Israel six days to win the important war for them. Israel won the war subduing the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula, both formerly under Egypt, West Bank, and East Jerusalem territories of Jordan and Global Heights of Syria. The Battle Front This section of the paper sheds light on skills applied to outsmart all its opponents in the war. The other element consists in the missteps made by Egypt during the war. Egypt appeared to be more concerned about cheating its allies than about Israel losing the war. Its allies, such as Jordan underrated the immense power of Israel. Egypt decided to send home their war crafts on the way to attacking Israel. This section of the paper focuses on the operation approach that included the order of battle. Israelite fist victims were due to launching a surprise attack on the Egyptian Air Force. Israelis called this operation the Operation Focus. The attack was made during early hours, sending almost its entire combat jets in mass to raid Egypt. The initial focus was on Egypt’s medium size bombers called Badger. Israel knew that if these bombers had been to be used by Egypt, they would have had devastating effects. Egypt became the first target because it had the most modern and sophisticated Air Force among all the Arab nations. Egypt’s warplanes were estimated to be four hundred and twenty that were all made in the USSR. Israel’s strategy was powerful. Israel accused Egypt immediately of attacking its citizens in order to justify the war. Israel’s combat aircrafts through the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea flew very low so that the radars could not detect them. They first attacked the airfields knowing very well that they were poorly sheltered, and hence the impact of which would be great. To Israel’s advantage, Egypt blundered. In response to attack, Egypt shut down all its air force defense systems. Its aim was to protect top military commanders, Field Marshal Abdel Amer, and Lieutenant General Mahmud, who were traveling to Sinai. Egyptian generals feared that rebel forces from the country would take the opportunity and bring down war jets. This was a blunder in two perspectives. The Israeli war jets were flying below the level of the Egyptian radar detection. Israel would bring down the Egyptian planes. The point was that when Jordan used its powerful radar, it could get a glimpse of the war jets headed to Egypt. When they sent the message, it could be received because Egypt had closed its air defense lines. Since these were the first attacks, it would have served to the advantage of Egypt for preparation purposes. What captures my interest
The issue of teen pregnancy has been a public health concern for a long time. Teen pregnancy prevalence is defined as “the number of girls per 1,000 girls aged 15-19 who become pregnant” (Wiltz, 2015, par. 9). The majority of these pregnancies are unplanned and thus it becomes an issue of concern to the involved authorities. However, Black and Latin American teens are more likely to become pregnant as compared to their white counterparts ( US Department of Health & Human Services, 2016. According to Hamilton, Martin, Osterman, Curtin, and Mathews (2015), “In 2014, a total of 249,078 babies were born to women aged 15–19 years, for a birth rate of 24.2 per 1,000 women in this age group” (p. 4). However, even though this number of teen pregnancies is higher as compared to other developed countries, the rates have decreased by around sixty percent over the last two decades. Statistics indicate that the problem of teen pregnancies is highest amongst Hispanics followed by Blacks, and by the end of 2013, the numbers stood at 42 and 39 births per 1000 respectively. Asian Pacific Islanders and Whites had the lowest teen pregnancy cases by the end of 2013 at 9 and 19 births per 1000 respectively. This trend is attributed to socioeconomic disparities, which are inherent across these racial groups. The focus will be on Hispanics as they are the most vulnerable to the problem of teen pregnancy according to the available statistics. Therefore, this racial group requires utmost attention in terms of teen pregnancy prevention and education programs. Such efforts will reduce the numbers significantly by addressing the underlying causal factors like poverty and beliefs among other socioeconomic issues that contribute to the current prevalence rates. The PEW Charitable Trusts website offers elaborate information concerning the prevalence of teen pregnancy across different racial groups. The website has a research and analysis section where this public health issue is addressed extensively. On the website, teen pregnancy prevention measures have been explored, which offers the best resource for this course. Reference Hamilton, B., Martin, J., Osterman, M., Curtin, S., & Mathews, S. (2015). Births: Final data for 2014. National Vital Statistics Reports , 64 (12), 1-64. Wiltz, T. (2015). Racial and ethnic disparities persist in teen pregnancy rates. The PEW Charitable Trusts. Web. US Department of Health & Human Services: Trends in Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing . (2016). Web.
Literature Review An article by Stewart (2008) sets a good background for the topic by discussing the school-entry HPV vaccine in the context of public policy and legislation. The author uses the methodology of policy synthesis and legal analysis to describe the implications of establishing the HPV vaccine as a school-entry requirement for policy and practice. The article argues that the HPV vaccine is effective and using school-entry requirements is a proven method of increasing coverage rates, as well as a direct implementation of national health recommendations. Since HPV is not communicable in school settings and parental concerns were present, jurisdictions requiring the vaccine permitted opt-out rights, and it is up to policymakers to determine whether schools should be used for the health services delivery. The study by Hansen, Okoloko, Ogunbajo, North, and Niccolai (2017) focuses on the acceptability and attitudes towards school-based health centers (SHBCs) for administering HPV vaccinations. The authors used the methodology of qualitative interviews and structured surveys with both parents and students. The results found that participants favorably viewed using SHBCs for vaccines, with 59.5% for middle schools and 80.5% for high schools. Nevertheless, the parents voiced concerns that may serve as barriers to using the school resources including worry about health services outside a health facility and fragmentation of medical records as well as a generally negative perception of SHBC’s. The authors believe this can be addressed through education and the improvement of coordinated care. A study by Goggin et al. (2018) is an international example of utilizing school-based vaccinations in Quebec, Canada. The study is meant to determine the prevalence of HPV infections five years after introducing a public-school HPV vaccination. The researchers recruited a sample of more than 2000 women aged 17-29 from post-secondary institutions. Their risk factors and vaccination status were assessed by a computer program and a biological sample was taken to test for the presence of STIs include HPV infections. The authors found that vaccination rates were at 83.5% in ages 17-19 and only 19.1% in older women. The general prevalence of HPV was 34.9% in sexually active women of all ages. The study concludes that HPV prevalence is rare in women who have had the vaccine, while practically nonexistent if the first vaccine was administered before sexual debut. The article by Pierre-Victor et al. (2017) focuses on the specific mandated school-entry HPV vaccine policy in Virginia for 13-17-year-old females. The researchers used data from the National Immunization Survey-Teen including a sample of 3,203 females, with statistical analysis conducted to compare VA with other neighboring states without mandated school-entry vaccines. It was found that the Virginia policy had no significant effect on HPV vaccination coverage among adolescent females. Neither did it impact the commonality of physician recommendations which was the most effec
Introduction Debates are emerging over the current status of the current activism. People begin to wonder whether or not the street rallies, demonstration, blockades and sit-ins are now things of the past. Activists such as John Maynard and Fred Maynard, among others activists have noticed changes taking place in advocacy in the recent years. These scholars have noticed that advocacy and its causes, strategies and tactics have changed. This essay shall present the changing landscape of advocacy using theoretical approaches, factors that influence causes and strategies of advocacy, and factors that influence the success or failure of advocacy. Scholars note that advocacy is the basic root of modern, independent advocacy organisations that started from the US and Canada in 960’s. The proponents of advocacy works on normalisation included John O’Brien’s, Bengt Nigre, and Wolf Wolfensberger’s. Charities of today developed from advocacy. For instance, they rose from the need to recognise basic rights such as the need for education, medical care, and fair treatment particularly among the disabled and prisoners. Strong advocacy has transformed the landscape of advocacy. The basic human rights of disadvantaged groups are now parts of legislation across the world. In Britain advocacy has grown in the last few decades in response to the needs of the people and to create independent institutions. However, some few aspects of advocacy have not changed. These include advocacy core values, and some principles of independent advocacy. These include respect, identity, self-awareness, equality, openness, person centred, and stereotyping. On the other hand, advocacy principles related to business planning, equal opportunities, community development, effective use of resources, evaluation procedures, equalities and diversity strategies have undergone significant changes over time due to developments in the community. Theoretical interpretations Rational choice theory provides a system of understanding social and economic behaviour among individuals. Olson notes that both material and non-materials incentives lead people to involve in collective action. People will consider increased rewards and engage in collective action, and sanctioning of those who do not want to take part in collective actions i.e. free-riders (Olson, 1965). The concept of a free-rider makes no reference to some viewpoint of a person’s mental processes. It reflects different presentations of incentives. The structure of free-rider concept makes a rational , or reasonable , or normal individual surrenders to others actions that give social advantages to both self and others if the action is costly. These factors may explain why advocacy landscape is changing. For instance, ties of friendship or the desire to be thought of well by others under collective action from the perspective of rational choice theory explain the changing aspects of advocacy (Coleman and Fararo, 1992). Individuals act in order to satisfy self-regarding preferences or utilities. In other words, people take self satisfaction indifferently to the welfare or utility of others. Self-rega
Introduction The election of Barack Obama as the 44 th President of the United States of America heralded the beginning of a new chapter in the country. America was always bound to, someday, shake off the endemic racism that plagued the country and put in office a racially diverse person (Kenski et al. 5). Perhaps no race was more excited about the election of Obama to the presidency than the African Americans whose integration into the American mainstream society was punctuated by slavery and other civil rights oppressions. Despite the abolition of slavery, the African Americans still struggled to gain acceptance in the American society. The derived social justice that slave abolition brought amounted to very little without the voting rights, political representation and racial liberties that still eluded the minority races (Kenski et al. 7). The push for the civil rights movement was, to the most part, driven by a need to rid America of the endemic racial shortcomings that denied persons of color rights that other Americans enjoyed freely (Dwyer et al. 223). The 2008 candidature of Barack Obama was in no way the first stab at the national office by an African American. Many had tried and had various rates of success by winning elections into state legislatures, local councils, state governorship, state senate, US congress, and even the US senate. A few such as Rev. Jesse Jackson had also tried to contest the presidency. However, the candidature of Obama represented the first real opportunity that a person of color got to ascend into the nation’s highest office (Kenski et al. 15). This paper examines how racial undertones and outright racism influenced the election of Barack Obama into office. The approach that is taken begins with the more general aspects of American presidential politics, before narrowing down to the specifics that president Obama’s election represented. These specifics include white prejudice, the Bradley Effect and the national progress that the country has achieved as a result of this monumental event. American Presidential Elections The way the American presidential system was set up is one of the greatest marvels in the leadership structure of a huge democracy (Polsby et al. 89). During the founding of the nation, the founding fathers were more interested in providing equal access to the Presidency for persons in all the states in the union, hence the adaptation of Electoral College votes. However, what this did was to essentially make all states have an equal voice in determining who ascends to the Presidency. However, societal weaknesses in the form of racial inequality in the nation after nearly 200 years of democracy revealed the soft underbelly of the system. The election of the president had only been fine-tuned to represent state equality rather than the equality of all persons (Polsby et al. 136). Despite the changes that resulted after the civil rights movement such as rights to vote, the two-party presidential system proved a da
Introduction The desire for one to employ him or herself is a dream that many people try to achieve in the early stages of life but how one can be his or her own boss depends on many factors. Starting up an own business is one of the few ways in which one can achieve this but creating a successful business requires a good combination of a good idea and the driving power to do it. A successful business requires skills, experience, and ability to make a dream come true as most of the times it involves personal sacrifice particularly during the start up stage. When starting up a business it is necessary to conduct a feasibility study on how successful the business is likely to be under the existing conditions. The objective of this research is investigating how feasible and profitable is it to start a new business. The feasibility study involves among others the following: Market Analysis The question that comes to one’s mind when starting a business is whether there is a sustainable market for the product or service you want to offer. Before one starts a business there is need to investigate whether there is a sustainable market for the goods or services that one wants to offer by assessing the consumers of your products, how many they are and the form they want the product to be in, the price the customers might be willing to pay for your products and whether the market is a permanent one or a seasonal one and the existence of both supplementary and complementary products to your goods and services. After assessing the above and deeming the results positive then you can move into the next step of investigating who your competitor will be in the market. Competition Analysis Satisfaction that you have a reliable market is just the first step in the business development process. After you are satisfied that a reliable market exists, the availability of the market and the possible rivals you are likely to face in the market becomes the next big issue. This is done by analyzing who the direct and indirect competitors are. The direct competitors are those individua
Introduction Breast cancer screening through mammography has been shown to significantly reduce the number of deaths among victims of breast cancer. As a result, more and more countries have introduced mammography programs. Nevertheless, mammography is a multifaceted and practically challenging radiological procedure. High quality of the process is thus required to ensure positive outcomes among the population. Klabunde, Bouchard, Taplin, Scharpantagen and Ballard-Barbash (2001) argue that “poor quality mammography may result in failure of population-based screening to achieve the mortality reductions demonstrated in controlled settings, and have such adverse consequences as missed cancers, increased false examinations and increased costs for women who must undergo additional procedures” (p. 204). Furthermore, screening mammography is just one aspect in a series of events that result in the confirmation of cancer or the reassurance of the absence of cancer. The procedure starts with identifying the target population and continues by summoning them to obtain screening, undergo the mammography examination, and receive the results of the mammography. After the results, follow up is done for women with abnormal results through referral for treatment if required. Quality Assurance of Mammography Quality assurance of mammography is an important element that must be taken seriously by each program. Quality assurance of the procedure would help to detect any cancerous cells early and thus enable early treatment of the victims. On the other hand, quality assurance would prevent non-victims from incurring unnecessary costs that result in unnecessary subsequent examinations and procedures. In order to ensure the quality assurance of mammography, the providers involved in the procedure need to be aware of the roles they ought to play. Mammography is undertaken by a multidisciplinary medical team. However, the mammographers and radiographers have the greatest responsibility in ensuring a high-quality procedure. The Roles of Providers in Quality Assurance of Mammography The roles of the mammographers are many. All mammographers are required to actively and fully take part in all the activities of the multidisciplinary breast care team. Their active participation helps them to be aware of what has been done in the procedure and what has not been done. It also helps them to be at par with the events that took place during the procedure thus making it easier for them to follow up each individual case. Mammographers are also required to offer their expertise in situations deemed appropriate for the procedure. To achieve this, they are required to be present at all clinical multidisciplinary meetings in which discussions are held about the mammographic procedures. In addition, all mammographers in the procedure are required to “rotate through the screening, assessment and, where applicable, symptomatic clinics,” (National Quality Assurance Coordinating Group for Radiography, 2006, p. 4). The roles of the radiographers are even more important. Radiographers are required to supervise and examine the quality of the mammo