ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The pandemic has been a prominent example of social media’s influence on spreading false information and people choosing to believe in something posted by a person they follow instead of a credible source. During the pandemic, the United States’ former President created many social media posts about this disease, which were later discredited by authoritative sources. A social media post by Donald Trump, in particular, contributed to the misconceptions about COVID-19, while sources such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warned about the virus’s dangers. One example of misinformation dissemination through social media was a post by a former President of the United States. In October, Trump posted on his Twitter account that he has received immunity from COVID-19 after having this disease (Hoffman and Valinsky). The intended audience for this post is the United States citizens, who are concerned about the pandemic and its consequences. Notably, at this time, the scientists and government officials were aware of the severity of the new disease, its potential effects, and the impact that it will have. Hoffman and Valinsky argue that “CDC specifically cautions people not to assume they are immune.” This is because there is no empirical evidence that would prove that after a person has COVID-19, they develop complete immunity. Hence, this social media post contains misinformation, but because it was posted by Trump, it has a strong influence on the intended audience. This source has two points of influence, the first one being the fact that at the time of the post, Trump was still the President of the United States. This made him the top government official in the country, which implies some level of credibility attributed to the information he disseminated through his social media accounts. Secondly, Trump’s influence is also linked to the number of followers he has. For example, on Twitter, 85 million people follow him (Kertész and Berzleja). Such a prominent number of people who follow this account also may affect the perception of the content, making individuals believe that this is a trustworthy source of information. Thus, Trump’s social media is a source of influence because he was an elected government official and had a large following on Twitter. Despite being the former President, Trump’s viral post is false because it lacks factual evidence, has no reference to a credible source, and is based on assumptions. Kertész and Berzleja examined Trump’s Twitter account and found 638 posts from March until June in 2020 related to coronavirus (3). The key concern that the authors of this study voice is the lack of factual information and focus on praising himself as a President while attacking Trump’s opponents. Moreover, Kertész and Berzleja state that these tweets have “no coherent and factual arguments” (1). Considering that this information was posted during a global pandemic on a President’s official social media account, one can assume that many people believed in it without
Introduction As a result of the high rates of immigration or adoption, it is virtually impossible for linguistic minorities to exist in a given country. As result of this, there has been language contact that has become the major part of social fabric in daily life of many people. It has been noted that the sense of identity and belonging is a possible alternative of defining a community based on linguistic patterns (Williams, 1992). The Research Question This paper looks into the identity and power in the work place or family as shown in Japanese television dramas or anime. The intention of language use in daily life is beyond the plain purpose of conveying information. Some speech styles serve to position an individual in the social ladder and determine the level of interpersonal affiliations. The importance of communication to a great extent depends on how an individual says something rather than what one says. As a result, people use varied linguistic styles depending on the audience or circumstance. Men and women in most cases will manipulate their linguistic style in an effort to project a particular image. Such alliterations linked to power and identities are by definition entangled within the concept of appropriate manhood or womanhood as per the Japanese society. Research conducted by Coulmas, whose primary methodology was watching Japanese drama television, found out that speech articulation was an important aspect in that admired medium. The researcher also found that the use of pronouns in speech was a way of expressing respect to the person who was being addressed. Something of interest was that, speech patterns were highly linked to power, especially for men in Japanese society (Coulmas, 2005). If a man wished to be considered powerful, he must have understood how to articulate properly the language that he employed. This entailed portrayal of conspicuous components of speech to sound masculine. On the other hand, youthfulness was a trait that was strongly emphasized for the women as portrayed in the Japanese drama. By employing a certain speech style, women could appea
One of the online interactive marketing which has attracted my attention is email marketing, which was used by a certain company to promote its motivational publications/newsletters. The marketer targets potential customers who have previously expressed interest in the products. The strategy is direct and cost-effective, and hence a very effective way of communicating with the users. In particular, it helps users connect and manage with the advertiser’s messages. I particularly enjoyed the way this type of marketing established relationships with the readers. Its predictability gives it a leeway, as it can easily overlook individual issues. To make it more effective, the advertiser tries to incorporate printer-friendly options and a forward-to-a-reader links that are noticeably labeled. Considering that email marketing utilizes an immediate medium, the marketer sees a strong need in ensuring that the content addresses the users immediate needs, and that it is relevant in addressing today’s problems. Interestingly, I can delete the email message during the time when it lacks any relevance to my immediate needs, but rather, I do not unsubscribe. From time to time, I receive sales newsletters reminding me of the offer. When some need arises, I become a customer once again. The follow up seems to make the advertisement very effective. Even though the audience may keep away from signing up for the email marketing; since they may feel trampled by information burden, the email marketer ensures that the users are convinced that the email marketing will be easy to deal with, helpful, and uncomplicated. Essentially, the email marketer ensures that the publication is predictable and regularly published, though it is too not forcefully. A minimum of once a month is the marketers’ preference. Making the publication regular perhaps reduces the chances of the users deleting it because they may confuse it with a spam. Furthermore, a regular publication plan makes it possible for the users to know when to find the email. To improve its effectiveness, it is very critical for the email marketer to make a concise and a good subject line which attracts the users to open the publication, as well as making it easier for them to make a distinction between a spam and a valid publication/newsletter. Incorporating an attractive content in the subject line can as well serve to attract the attention of the users.
“Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass” is a biographical account of the experiences of a former slave in Maryland. The author, Fredrick Douglass was born Fredrick Bailey Circa in Maryland around 1818 as a slave in a big plantation. During his years as a slave, Douglass moved around a lot as his masters kept changing. Eventually, Douglass was able to escape slavery and relocate to New York. In New York, he started a family but his fugitive status prompted him to move further north to Massachusetts. The author had started to learn how to read and write during his slavery days in Maryland. After he escaped, he continued with his self-education and began his activities with the Abolitionist newspaper, “Liberator”. Soon afterwards, he began giving lectures in meetings that were organized by the Abolitionist Movement. The “Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass” serves as an account of slavery as well as its interpretation. Douglass wrote the book amid opposition from people who doubted the authenticity of his account. Most people doubted that a man as eloquent as Douglass had been a slave. The opposition to his accounts soon spread to include slave abolitionists who felt that he should concentrate on the “facts of his story” and abstain from delving into the philosophy behind slavery. “Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass” was written as a response to the author’s critics. Douglass used real people and places’ names to ensure that the authenticity of his book could be proven. The book’s preface also maintains that Douglass is the ‘sole
The wealth of information available online makes it simple to research virtually any topic. However, in order to do so efficiently, you need a strategy to find quickly exactly what you need, in the right format and from the sources that are relevant to your current task. An efficient, yet simple strategy is to use the best online research practices: identify your best search terms and places, use online libraries, narrow down your search using Google’s search operators. Identify your best search terms and places The key to a quick and successful search is, of course, to search for the right thing in the right place. When searching for information online, this means that you need first to find out two things: the domain terms that are most relevant for your topic and the desired context of your sources. The domain terms are specific words and keywords that are commonly used to describe your topic by people who work in related fields (specialists). It is important to realize that the domain terms are not necessarily always the same words that a non-specialist would use. For instance, if your topic is “how to design computer programs that are pleasant and easy to use”, you would need to search for the domain terms “user interface design”, “usability” or even “human-computer interaction” in order to find the most relevant sources. A simple search based on the original topic description is likely to return mainly articles written by non-specialists and hence less reliable, possibly containing less information and surely less appropriate as sources for an academic assignment. The desired context of your sources refers to whether you need for instance academic sources (such as papers published in scientific journals or conference proceedings), newspapers articles, or even texts from a specific discipline or domain (such as electronics, medicine, law or computer science). If this context is clear to you, then you can identify the main websites that are relevant for your search and use the following best practices to find on these websites the information that you need. Use online libraries If the context that you identified is academic, your best chance for finding fast the most relevant information is often to search directly in online libraries. Depending on the concrete topic and domain of your research, useful online libraries might be the ACM DL (Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library), IEEE Xplore (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Digital Library), Questia (a more general, less technically-oriented online library) or Jstor (a library of academic journals). All those online libraries (and many others) have their own s
Introduction Assessments allow teachers to observe and document the learning process of students in primary schools. The main idea behind this technique is that assessments allow educators to track the progress of children and compare their results to the benchmarks appropriate for their age. There are different tools and types of assessments, each dedicated to a specific purpose. This paper aims to examine literature that focuses on assessments in the context of early childhood and explains different types and tools of assessment. Definition and Specifics Assessments are an integral part of the education process, which can guide teachers and provide information regarding the success of their efforts. The United States Department of Education (n.d.) provides the following definition of assessments – these are “questions, tools, and processes that are specifically designed to monitor children’s progress … and to guide and improve instructional practice” (para. 13). Assessments are essential because they allow educators to collect data about their students and the learning progress and compare this information either with previous results or with benchmarks for the specific age group. Alternatively, these methods are used to make decisions regarding the retention or placement of students or to alter the institutional planning strategy (Ackerman, 2018; Goldstein, McCoach, & Yu, 2017; Miller-Bains, Russo, Williford, DeCoster, & Cottone, 2017). Therefore, assessments are essential in the context of early childhood education because teachers can use them as guidelines to alter their practice and ensure the best learning results for children. Best practices of early childhood assessments in the United States involve are performance-based. According to Russo, Williford, Markowitz, Vitiello, and Bassok (2019), state that schools across the state use a variety of methods to measure the readiness of children, including performance-based observations. Additionally, rating scales and direct measurements can be used as well. Russo et al. (2019) and Sabol and Pianta (2017) argue that the best approach is to use direct observation since this method allows teachers to assess students’ skills across different domains during the day and on a regular basis, which can be used to assess formative data. However, the main issue with this practice is the difficulties associated with administering scores, which may lead to inaccuracies. In the following section of the paper, different assessment tools used by educators in the United States will be explored. The difference between an assessment and a test is in the scope of interest. A test is a standardized process during which a student answers a set of questions developed t
Social media is a method of communication that uses the Internet or mobile phones to interact with people. It has reformed the mode of broadcasting messages to people all over the world. This social communication mode has been used by many countries and has enabled citizens to communicate and exercise their democratic rights. Facebook, Twitter, and other social networks help people to keep in touch on democratic issues. This paper focuses on the role of social media and democracy in the world. According to Kubicek and Westholm (212), social democracy keeps citizens up to date with information, as they are enlightened on what is happening, in either their country or the whole world through communication and comments on Facebook, Twitter and other communication networks as they express their opinions. The Internet as a mode of social media has helped countries like Iran whose electronic and publishing are controlled by the state. Citizens have used the Internet to pass and share information. For example, in 2009, during the Iran elections, citizens were able to comment on Facebooks and Youtube, and the whole world was able to follow the election proceedings. Since Iran is like a locked society, the Internet has benefited its citizens and other closed countries whose freedom of the press is limited. There are groups that support such countries’ Media coverage internationally and emphasizes the freedom of the press. The objective of such groups is to support the countries, which have been affected by politics, conflicts, and insecurities because it is non-profit associations. Social media may have a positive or negative impact. Despite being informative, it can pass negative messages that can cause wars and conflicts in many countries. Comment on Facebook can be passed on to many people and influence their actions. For example, in African countries like Egypt where people were not contented with the way the government was operating. The messages were passed on through Twitter and Facebook and media clips on YouTube; these messages turned into protests and riots, which later turned to wars that claimed many people’s lives. This is an indication of how the Internet is as powerful as social media. Thus, the government and citizens should be careful about writing messages and posting comments. Likewise, the US President Barrack Obama’s visit to Facebook, which is on Calif headquarters, was to have a conversation with Facebook Chief Executive Officer, Mark Zuckerberg, and the Chief Operating Officer Sheryl Sandberg, and the Facebook users. Facebook’s live event was to have famous people participate in it. The president communicated and connected with people in America and had a chat about issues on improving the economy and advancements that will increase America’s competitive advantage. Andrew Noyes, who is a Facebook spokesperson, recognized that people Facebook in politics to communicate with their friends and to reach them within the shortest time possible (Fowler 1)
Introduction Medical malpractice cases require additional attention because they are a result of the negligence of a healthcare provider that affects a person’s health state. In such cases, it is necessary to adhere to specific legislation, which determines the time frame and particular proves plaintiffs should provide. This paper aims to summarize the court case of medical malpractice and provide insight into Georgia’s laws that affect the decision. Main body In the case in question, the plaintiffs brought their daughter to the emergency room (ER) of the hospital because she fell off her bed and experienced head trauma. The medical personnel failed to diagnose subdural hematoma and skull fracture; thus releasing the patient from the ER (Nguyen et al. v. Southwestern Emergency Physicians, p.c. et al., 2015). The following days, the plaintiff’s daughter was diagnosed with brain damage. The court decided that OCGA § 51-1-29.5 could not be applied to this case, however, upon further review, the Court of Appeals reversed this decision. Thus, the plaintiffs appeal to have the court granted partial summary judgment. The outcome of the case was affected by the need to prove that the injury that the plaintiff’s daughter experienced and the work that the ER department performed could be reviewed under OCGA § 51-1-29.5. In my opinion, the verdict is fair because the plaintiffs provided all the required documents proving that the ER did not perform their duties, which led to severe injuries. Conclusion The primary law that guides malpractice by physicians and pharmacist cases in Georgia is the statute of limitations, which provides an explicit explanation of the timeframe in which individuals can file lawsuits. Additionally, the Georgia Code requires all cases to
The hospital has remained very intriguing to me when growing up, particularly during any of my visits there either on accompaniment or as the patient. I always found time to follow a nurse on any of their rounds and tried to assist in any way I could, something that I still enjoy doing. One night the nurse I was following asked me to spend some time with a young patient, while his sitter went for dinner. Thinking that we were of the same age, she assumed it might be easier for me to converse with him since we would share things in common. The nurse informed me that the patient was schizophrenic and was in the hospital for jumping out of a window from the second story of a building. This startled me and I did not know what to expect. I had never before interacted with a mentally disabled patient and the stigma that exists in society about their conditions made me biased and further clouded my judgment. My previous encounters with patients as a Clinical Care Extender (CCE) were limited to taking their blood pressure or filling their cups with water. But this time it was different, and I knew I had to do more. The room was dark and I was skeptical on whether to go in or not. I could not stop thinking about what I would say to him and how he would react. I carefully avoided talking about his illness and forced myself to imagine him as just another college student. I started to bring topics I would normally talk to my friends about and the first thing that came to mind was football since it was the middle of the National Football League (NFL) season. But he did not seem much interested in that topic so I switched to my other favorite one, video games. We struck a conversation and I realized that this was something we had in common and enjoyed very much. For the next hour or so we talked about different games and which games we were waiting for in the market. Soon enough though, his sitter returned and so I had to leave. As I left, I could not help but feel sorry for his condition. Living with an incurable disease and the societal pressures that come with it depressed me. For days I kept asking myself, what if that was me? How would people react to such an illness? My interaction with him allowed me to directly witness the stigma associated with people suffering from mental illnesses. This stigma that I dispelled after interacting and treating him like other normal individuals, generated in me a sense of awareness and compassion towards people comple