ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
General View The paper (research) by Okay, Karacik, Serden, Henkelmann, Bernhoft, and Schramm (2008) has numerous mistakes and errors which are consistent throughout, and which may need correction before publication. It seeks to assess samples for the concentration of PCBs and PCDD/Fs, with a view of the recommended limits. In general, the paper contains important knowledge, information and guidelines relating to the subject matter under investigation. It is arranged properly, with subheadings to discuss the various objects, which is acceptable for a clear research paper. These sections include the most important ones such as results and discussions, analytical methods and sampling details. However, it lacks a systematic flow of information and it’s mainly disorganized. The connection from one section to another is lacking which disrupts the flow of the paper. Much irrelevant information is provided that kills readers concentration and motivation to read through the paper. The paper lacks originality with many long quotations from other authors, although this reveals that it has employed strong background information and correlated it to other works. The topic of the paper is ambiguous. Though it touches on the major issues of the paper, its fails to provide an adequate description of key words describing exactly what the paper is all about. Use of acronyms in the title of the paper makes it to lack clarity and complicated. Other sections of the paper (apart from topic) that is abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results and discussions, acknowledgments, references and appendices are reviewed in sub–headings as follows. Abstract The abstract fails to summarize the major aspects of the entire paper. It gives the purpose of the paper which is paramount in this section. There are no adequate outlines of methods and experimental design used. A basic description of methodology and key techniques used is lacking. The abstract does clearly state the major finding but excludes including the quantitative results that answers some of the questions asked in the objectives of the paper. If readers were to use such abstract, definitely they would have gotten the answer regarding the results of the analysis. Introduction Unlike other sections of the paper, introduction is more precise and suitable for the research work. It establishes the context of the work reported. It gives general information of the paper that later narrows down to specific problem being studied that is, to provide an overview of contamination situation with respect to PCBs and PCDD/Fs in sediments and mussels sampled from Istanbul. The authors feature, in citation, works related to removal of the components under investigation from food materials, e.g. Bruzy and Hites, 1995 and Pandelova et al., 2006. Materials and methods This section describes how the study was done. Though this section describes how the study was carried out, it contains much unnecessary information that should be summarized. The sampling design is shown but should be ra
Introduction At the turn of 2015-2016, Northern England has experienced repeated flooding and flood threats, many of which the authorities deemed severe (Finnigan 2015). Thousands of York citizens were evacuated from their places of residence: the city was left with no electricity, as were Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Leeds, and other neighboring cities a month before. The floods were the consequence of the Storm Desmond, which, as the scientists conclude, could have been partially caused by manmade climate change (Vidal 2015). As the storm was mainly centered on Cumbria, the local Environment agency conducted a thorough analysis of it and emphasized the importance of reducing the human impact on climate change for the sake of public security (Tran 2015). The storm and the floods are not known to have resulted in casualties, but the commodity destruction and the subsequent rescue operations have proved to be an economic disaster for the area. Therefore, the issue of manmade climate change is specifically relevant for the construction sector: apart from presenting a threat to public safety, the weather-related consequences of the climate change can (and do) cause harm to the infrastructure. The Cumbrian disaster required approximately £40 million in emergency funding, which is a particularly disturbing figure if one considers that the catastrophe could have been prevented (Finnigan 2015). This paper aims at exploring the evidence of climate change in the UK, the contributing factors, and the potential consequences of it, including the floods. It provides a number of informed suggestions of the actions that the developers can take to reduce the risk of floods and, importantly, lighten the human influence on climate change and thus alleviate its harmful effects. Climate change in the UK The direct relation of carbon dioxide emissions and climate change is unarguable. Still less arguable is the fact that the volume of carbon dioxide emissions has greatly increased over time. Historically, the UK has been leading the industrial revolution since the late 18th century, which means it has long been responsible for the greatest volume of CO2 emissions in the world. In the 1850s, the average amount of total CO2 emissions with the exception of forestry and land-use activities was 122 metric tons per year, which was the global record: (Friedrich & Damassa 2015). By 2011, other countries have acquired the status of top emitters (e.g., Mongolia, the U.S., Canada, etc.), but the UK emissions volumes were still about four times greater than in the mid-19th century: (Friedrich & Damassa 2015). The excess carbon dioxide and other emissions are known to create the greenhouse effect that t
Introduction Dubai is one the Emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Being located in an emerging economy, Dubai has experienced a significantly high economic growth within the past two decades. The growth has partly been facilitated by Dubai’s emergence as the business hub of the Middle East. Government policies have also converted Dubai into a diversified economy with numerous industries and a large urban population. The expansion of the city has not been without challenges, one of the most pronounced being industrial solid waste management. Industrial solid waste is usually the byproduct of economic activities. In cities where these activities occur on a large-scale basis, industrial waste poses a real menace. Dubai is a fast growing city with a robust industrial sector. As a result, many industrial wastes are churned out, mostly in solid form. Solid waste is also produced in small scale from households and institutions such as health facilities. Collectively, the industrial and household solid wastes are referred to as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). In addition, plans are underway to install a major recycling plant to convert waste materials into energy (Waste-to-Energy). The aim of this paper is to examine the extent of managing the effects of solid waste within the Dubai Municipality. Further, the paper will examine the tools and approaches that have been incorporated to address the menace of MSW. After analyzing the available tools and management approaches, the research will propose recommendations, which policymakers and city planners may adopt to increase the efficiency in managing solid waste in Dubai. Significance I have chosen to delve into the subject of solid waste management within Dubai due to a number of factors. First, Dubai is a fast expanding city located in an emerging economy. The number of industries has increased rapidly in the last decade. Besides, the city’s population is also rising. This situation has resulted in a huge amount o
The article presented views regarding how people are defined by their religion, race, creed, culture amongst several factors. Society plays a role in determining the role that each of these various groups plays in influencing the activities of society itself. In certain cases, some groups can exert more influence than others while others continue to remain the suppressed and the “underdogs´, in a matter of speech. The main focus was on women in particular who have had to face several discriminatory actions over time and hence, the struggle to assume equal rights has been long and persistent. The social conventions and norms have created an unappealing world for women to live and operate in. Gender and race are the defining aspects according to which the race to success can be achieved. There is an underlying sense of resentment not only for the men’s oppressors but even for the “white” women who continue to play a vindictive role in this power-sharing process. Not only have they been presented as ignorant but they possess the ability to enhance the role of oppression within the society. Society, therefore, is presented as a biased mixture of people who are bound by race more than anything else. Race precedes all differences and therefore, the struggle for equality is much greater for black women than for women. The rule of divide and conquer is presented by the lack of unifying interests that take place within the black community. Black women view feminism as a weapon that would act against the interests of the black community. However, its view is presented in a rather harsh light as the fight for equality in all aspects has unified all women in several cases. And as the years go by, the differences have decreased and the situation has improved to a certain extent. The article does provide stark views due to the staunchness of the belief of the writer of the prevailing differences that have continued to dominate and will continue to do so thereon as well. The article begins with a personal introduction of the author which is done to familiarize the readers with the personal biases that exist and the following essay outlines why they do. The essay centers on the negative forces that pertain to the way society continue to uphold racial differences and the bleakness of the situation is presented by the refusal of the black community itself to take corrective action. The oppression has been dominant for so long, as the author points out, due to the inability of the black community to gather and act as a collective force. Somewhere the underlying tone presents the resentment that exists within the black community as a result of the above inabil
Introduction Screening is one of the most important illness preventive procedures undertaken as caution against potential infections. It entails tests performed on persons without any clinical sign of disease, and although they do not diagnose illness, those who test positive are sent on further evaluation by a subsequent diagnostic test or procedure to determine whether they are infected with the disease. There are a variety of preventive measures used in curbing the onset and the overall spread of diseases. These include primary (actual prevention of disease before being able to occur), secondary (early detection of disease while its still curable, especially using the process of screening), and tertiary prevention, which limits disease spread (Hennekens, Buring, and Mayrent, 1987). The effectiveness of screening tests is defined in terms of sensitivity (the probability of possible positive result outcomes of any given test performed on a group of infected individuals), specificity (defines the probability of chances of the outcomes being negative obtained from a non-infected person) and predictive values (Anon, 2003). Impact of cut-off po
Executive summary Our corporate J was a large financial company in Australian doing foreign exchange business. For doing the gambling business we need to change money to US dollar and EURO. We started trading with an amount equivalent to $400 AUD. This was to be used in purchasing and thereafter selling of foreign currencies in accordance to the fluctuating rates and tap the difference to earn profit from it. This led to an in depth analysis on the currencies we were to trade in and the economic implications to these given currencies that might lead to the fluctuating prices. We analyzed among other factors Exchange rate expectations, International speculation and investment, Commodity prices, Relative interest rates and Purchasing power parity and Relative inflation rates. These factors were to influence our trade in the currencies. We invested the amount and traded as we thought best but ended up making a loss of $1,025,444. The net loss was due to some wrong decisions that were arrived at after an analysis of the above mentioned factors. (Barro 2008) Introduction Jupiters corporate j objectives The objective is to figure out how to raise EUR 480m in addition to raising USD 200m for purchase of gaming equipment. This is only possible if we make right investment for purposes of future profits for the company. Analysis of the movement in the market was very critical before the market opened in order to come up with a trading strategy to make profits and knowing the right time to sell. (Blanchard 2008) Market view The inflation rate at this time is not very high and the purchasing power parity was generally average. However, the demand for the Great Britain pounds fell to a very low point (Mankiw 2006). This was due to the inflation experience in this Great Britain. The spot rate we were dealing with indicated an exchange rate of about 1.6130. The selling and buying influenced the price leading to slight fluctuations depending on the commodity currency that the exchange rate would be conducted in. Generally, the prices of GBP reduced and were selling at a lower rate. The USD on the other hand performed better, while we started at $0 we ended up with $207,638,640. This is because of the high demand of the currency both as a commodity and terms currency. It may be used to indicate that the American economy was doing well with the purchasing power at stable position. A similar scenario was reflected at the Euro, the demand for the currency was high and this lead to a high price giving us a good profit margin. Having started at £0, we ended up with $583,424,646 which is generally a good margin. A complete analysis of these transactions is provided below at the strategy employed section. (Beins 2004) A high inflation rate in the commodity currency host country would lead to a fall for demand for the products produced in the host country leading to the lesser demand of the currency and the value of the same would fall. Thi
Introduction As industrialization progressed and its effects were felt in Europe where it began, the necessity for searching for new raw materials outside the European continent to a place where they would find cheap and readily available arose. As a result, the Europeans started looking for colonies where they could rule and access raw materials as well: This led to the scramble and partitioning of Africa and the Asian continents. As these colony masters looked for raw materials to supply their industries back at home, they found better places where they could access the raw materials and thus they decided to settle. They came along with colonization as well as laws and regulations which were supposed to be followed. Accompanying the laws was new religion (Christianity) which was introduced and was supposed to follow and as a result, indigenous people who had been living in these areas were forced to follow it and abandon their own indigenous religion if possible. In the Southeast region of Asia, the introduction and development of new religions came as a result of different things which included trade, missionaries alone and finally missionaries accompanied by the colonial masters. As the foreign traders engaged in business with the local people, they convinced them on how their religion was good and since these local people wanted trade to progress without any hurdles, they were assimilated and became followers of the religion. As time progressed, these new religions were able to attract large number of followers and as a result, this led to weakening of once dominant religions for example the weakening of Hindu and Buddhist religions which had major religions in the region and which were now being replaced by Christianity and other religions. As the 18 th century progressed, much of the region had new religion arrangements or what could be described as new configurations. They had new religions which they could easily relate or associate themselves with. For example in the regions such as in Cambodia where Theravada Buddhism had been a strong religion since the 11 th century, it was now being replaced by Christianity. As time moved on, religions grew gradually in this Southeast Asia, however much changes in the development of religion in the region were brought about by the European imperialism. It was through the influence of the Western imperialism that lives of most of the people living in this region were shaped and introduction of new practices also came to effect. The several ways through which the western imperialists were able to spread their religion was by introduction of laws, new forms of education governance and their missions. With the introduction of the above examples, local people living with these areas were able to change their basic understanding about some of the issues about religion. It is important to note and understand well that although most of the time people assume that the colonial masters or the missionaries spread Christianity by use of force, imperialism played a key role in ensuring the western imperialism was loved and most of the effects would be felt
Introduction Negotiations can be defined as the “interpersonal decision –making process by which two or more parties agree on how to allocate scarce resources”. This means that negotiation is a decision-making tool that helps managers to use scare resources in an economical manner. Negotiations must involve two or more parties whose common interest is to maximize the benefits accruing from the decisions made out of the negation. This provides the greatest challenge in the process of negotiation since each party focuses on obtaining the largest share of benefits that accrue from the negation. For example, a sales person would want to sell at the highest possible price in order to maximize profits. On the other hand, the buyer would want to pay the least possible price in order to save his or her money. It is against this backdrop that a negotiator must have effective negotiation skills that would help in realizing a win-win situation. This paper describes the application of the essentials of negotiation in the context of a car sales executive. Payment Method I am a senior sales and marketing executive in a motor dealership that sells a wide variety of cars to customers form all over the world. The main challenge in this role is to maximize sales in an industry that is characterized by price sensitive clients. Besides, the clients are from diverse backgrounds and must be approached carefully in order to make a sale. Given the intense competition in the market, we sell the cars on a non-fixed price basis. In my last deal, I offered the car for sale at a price of $ 4500. The clients were allowed to view the car at the showroom or through pictures posted on our website. Interested customers from overseas were expected to pay for the car through the PayPal system. The choice of this method was informed by two reasons. First, it is quick since the money is received immediately. Second, it is secure since the buyer is guaranteed his money back if the car is not delivered. The seller is also guaranteed to receive the payment once the car is delivered. Customers who visited the showroom were allowed to pay in cash. The two methods of payment were chosen in order to enable the firm to achieve timely availability of revenues for restocking the showroom. Agreement and the Sale Price The car price was informed by the average industry car price, the cost of the car and the expected profit. The customer offered to buy the car at $ 2500 which was below the cost price. However, I did not “walk out of the negotiation table”. I instead provided the customer with the latest statistics on the sale price of the car across the industry. I also emphasized on the features of the car that would benefit the customer. Following my presentation, the customer raised his offer to $ 4200 as the maximum amount of cash that he was willing to spend on the car. I accepted the offer due to the following reasons. First, I re
The property that Barney and his friends bought as joint tenants had a right of survivorship. Being the only one surviving, Barney should be the sole owner of the property. However, one of the co-owners had conveyed his interest by way of a will to his son. Joint tenancy requires that all owners have equal rights to the property and actions of any co-owner to the property must be agreed upon by others. Nevertheless, the will that conveyed Andy’s interest to his son broke the joint tenancy and created a tenancy in common (Singer, 2010). Consequently, Andy’s son is not under any restriction on how to use his share of the interest. In this regard, his actions of taking a loan using his interest in the property as security were not against the law. Therefore, Barney should be satisfied with the remaining share of the property which includes the share of Floyd and Howard. Another problem is that Ernest claims that the land belongs to him because he has been staying on the land for the last 20 years. The law allows a person to claim ownership of a property by adverse possession if the person has been using the property for at least 15 years without the knowledge or agreement from the legal owner (Hepburn, 2001). Nonetheless, the person filing for adverse possession must have changed the form of the property as was held in the case of Cone v. West Virginia Pulp & Paper (Singer, 2010). Ernest had built on the land and has been staying there for 20 years. Moreover, Barney had never been to the property for all that period. Barney was not aware that there was somebody on the land or that there was some development on it. All this satisfies the conditions necessary for adverse possession. However, Barney should try to talk with Ernest and come up with a solution, even if means d