ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The aim of this study was to investigate the research areas that are covered in most of the publications on IRRODL and the authorship patterns that apply to this area. The trends and patterns that are reviewed in this study indicate that there are concrete models as well as ignored areas of study in IRRODL. Previously, the IRRODL Journal has focused on maintaining its position as a publication that has an international appeal. The study sought to analyze the IRRODL articles that were selected for the study whereby important patterns were evident. The research analysis found out that most IRRODL articles addressed the topic of interactions within the realm of computer-based learning. However, three distinct areas of study emerge from the analysis of the 580 articles. These three areas include: ‘distance education systems and theories’, ‘management, organization and technology’ and ‘teaching and learning in distance education’. These three levels of examination reflect the scope of analysis for this research. Although IRRODL is fronted as an international journal, about 80% of the analyzed articles came from less than 10 countries and very few articles originated from Turkey. The Western bias is evident from the articles’ analysis and this anomaly is expected to influence the study in a certain manner. It has also become clear that collaboration between authors is on the rise. Nevertheless, this trend can only be verified and substantiated through further research whereby the impact of IRRODL on collaboration-authorship can be investigated. The social element of IRRODL is clear from various publications whereby the characteristics of the learners are correlated to type of the distance-learning technology that is used. Experts reckon that most of the available research on IRRODL does not adequately cover the cultural aspects that apply to distance learning. In addition, it would be advisable for future researchers to address the issue of cooperation and collaboration among institutions through the distance-learning forum. These two factors are manifested in the macro levels of study and it is difficult to know why researchers overlook them. When it comes to the ‘management, organization, and technology’ (Meso) level of analysis, the expected aspects of distance learning are addressed including leadership, innovation, organizational development, c
Communication Skills Project managers should possess several leadership skills in order to deliver positive results in a timely manner. Such attributes guide them to make appropriate decisions, empower others, address challenges, plan for activities, and promote communication processes. The first one is that of effective communication. Project managers lead many stakeholders, including workers, organizational leaders, customers, suppliers, and contractors. They should share ideas, insights, and vision with their groups or followers. The possession of appropriate communication competencies will, therefore, guide them to outline the intended expectations, engage in proper planning activities, and manage every aspect of the project efficiently. They will offer constructive feedback, lead every team effectively, and address emerging obstacles. Effective communication will result in attentive listening and ensure that all workers are motivated (Sipes, 2016). All stakeholders will feel empowered since the manager will address most of the challenges they face. This competence will also guide leaders to present appropriate information at different stages and levels of the intended project (American Nurses Association, 2015). Since many projects bring together many people from diverse backgrounds, the communication skills of the project leader will eventually result in improved performance. The leader will also address every issue arising from the members’ divergent opinions. Team Building Skills There are many individuals and stakeholders involved in every project. Members of different groups collaborate during every stage of the targeted project. The use of teams ensures that various activities are completed in a timely manner, including planning and monitoring. Therefore, it is necessary for project managers to be effective team builders. They will empower and encourage their followers to collaborate throughout the process. The possession of this skill will make it possible for the leader to meet the needs of individuals with diverse personalities. The team manager will also remain dynamic, identify the right vision, and solve emerging conflicts that can disorient performance (Sipes, 2016). They should examine the personalities, competencies, and weaknesses of their team members or followers. Such a practice will guide and empower the followers to deliver every intended objective. Delegation Skills Projects are usually characterized by numerous roles and activities that should be completed in a timely manner. A project manager needs to delegate such tasks to different employees, depending on their strengths, capabilities, and weaknesses. Leaders who possess adequate delegation competencies will ensure that specific obligations and activities are completed diligently. The manager will encourage members of staff to consider specific actions that can deliver the intended goals in a timely manner. The individual will go further to meet the unique demands of different followers (Synnott, 201
Introduction Rob and Pablo, the co-proprietors of SNOG (a chain of U.K. based yogurt shops), mention that the secret behind their success lies not only in the type of product they sell but rather in the way in which they make each transaction an “experience” for their customers. What these two entrepreneurs are referring to is the general ambiance and “feel” that permeates a particular store or shopping area. This paper will examine the origins of yogurt chain “Snog” and the various entrepreneurial activities and concepts that contributed to its success within the U.K. market. Case Overview The U.K. yogurt shop market reveals a high degree of market saturation with brands such as Frae, Itsu, Moosh, Snog, Yuforia, Yog and Pinkberry all competing for a “slice” of the U.K. consumer market. Furthermore, each company has their own variation of yogurt with some shops such as Snog advocating the use of organic ingredients while others pursue an approach of having unique flavors and overall affordability (Birkett 2009). With so many different stores and product variations already present in the U.K. market today this makes market penetration and the creation of sufficient brand awareness of a new yogurt shop all the more difficult to implement. What is Snog? The increasing awareness of health problems within the U.K. (such as obesity and diabetes) has contributed to a popular trend in many modern food products to target customers who want to derive health benefits from the products they consume. It is based on this that the yogurt enterprise “SNOG “ was created to provide healthier yogurt than its competitors (i.e. Pinkberry) since it is fat-free and uses natural ingredients with a mixture of fresh fruits, nuts and organic yogurt. Started by entrepreneurs Rob and Pablo, both men had come from diverse backgrounds yet were able to come together to start a coffee shop business concept that was quite successful and chose to branch out into other endeavors in their pursuit of a great entrepreneurial experience. In a recent interview they talked about how they developed the initial concept of the shops interiors and the method of sweetening their products through the use of a sweetener imported from Mexico. They explained how they realized success during an economic downturn was possible by making their shop an “experience” rather than merely thinking of it as a shop and they even planned the happy ambiance that pervades most SNOG yogurt shops as a method of drawing people in and enhancing their purchasing experience. When examining the interview it became a
Interview Details   * Interviewee : One teacher who works with ELLs;   * Location : an English language classroom;   * Theme : How assessment is used for placement;   * Number of questions : 10;   * Time : approximately one hour;   * Main issues : assessment types, roles of parents and teachers, language proficiency. To discuss the peculiar features of assessment and its connection to placement, one English language teacher is interviewed in an English language classroom. One hour is an approximate length of the interview. 10 open-ended questions are posed to the teacher. The goal of the interview is to explain how assessment can be used for placement, describe the types of assessment, discuss the role of parents and teachers for ELLs, and evaluate the level of language proficiency. English Language Learners: FAQs Definition         English-language learners, or ELLS, are students who face challenges in communicating and learning English effectively                      * Growing number of minority students                                                                                Language Barriers    * No same opportunities to study English                                                                                                  * Various placement available to students                                                                                                 * Cultural varieties                                                                                                                      * California: 1.347 million English learners                                                                         ELLs Statistics      * Arizona: 66,275 English learners                                                                                                        * United States: 4.6 million English learners                                                                         There are many ELLs in the United States. These learners are all students who may face certain language barriers due to a number of reasons (Alhasiany, 2014). Each state has its own statistics and a program to address the level of English language proficiency. Language barriers may be caused by migration that increases the number of minority students, poor education programs which do not give the same opportunities to all students, the presence of various placement types, and the inability to avoid cultural judgments and prejudices. Any classroom teacher has to recognize these indicators of exceptionality to help students avoid a language barrier. What Is Assessment? Assessment is:   * a crucial part of teaching and classroom activities;   * a method to gather information about students’ skills and abilities;   * language testing that demonstrates student’s progress in English learning. Language assessment plays an important role in teaching (Solano-
Introduction What is Mammography? Mammography is the process wherein a human breast is examined using a low-dose x-ray. This process is used to test if one person has a tumor or a cyst. Mammography has been verified to be an effective detector for breast cancer and trim down such cases, as well. It is said that there are no other imaging techniques developed in effectively lessening the risk of breast cancer, but of course, self-examination and a physician’s guide are crucial for proper caring of the mammary glands or breasts. For some places, older women are strongly encouraged to be screened to make a diagnosis of early-stage breast cancer. There are some researchers conducted in the 1960s which proved that mammography, indeed, keeps lives (Shapiro et al., 1966). To create images, like all other x- rays, the mammogram uses a prescribed amount of ionizing radiation. The image produced is then analy
The accounting information for consolidated Can for a period ended December 31, 2008, was as follows. Cost of Products Sold $410,000,Dividends $3, 000, Extraordinary gain (net of tax) $1,000,Income taxes $9, 300, Interest expense $8, 700, Other Income $1,600,Retained Earnings – Jan 1, 2008 $270, 000, Sales $480, 000, Selling and administrative expense $42,000. To prepare an income statement and statement of retained earnings, a multistep approach was followed. Multistep income and retained earning a statement is an accounting approach used in determining the financial performance of a business enterprise. It involves a number of additions and deductions in order to determine net income and retained earnings. In addition, the method involves the separation of operating income and expenses from non-operating income and losses. The stages involved are the calculation of gross profit by subtracting the cost of sales from total sales, calculating operating income by subtracting operating expenses from the gross profit, and finally, obtaining net income or loss by adding non-operating profit or losses(Gibson,2011). For the year ending 31st December 2008, the company realized a gross profit of $70,000 which was obtained after subtracting cost of goods sold($410,000) from sales($480,000). Operating income realized was $28,000. When all other expenses were subtracted from the operating income, Consolidated Can realized a net income of $21,900 (Lewis, 2008). Retained earnings are the net income that is left after withdrawal by owner or payment of dividends to shareholders. Retained earnings are recorded in the statement of retained earnings. The formulae for retained earning is beginning retained earnings, add income earning and less withdrawal by owners or dividends. Basing on retained earning formulae, the key elements in retained earnings statement are withdrawal by owners or dividend, tax effects and correction of past errors, net income, and beginning balance for retained earnings. When dividends for a specified period are declared, they must be deducted in the statement whether their payment has been effected or not (Lewis, 2008). The retained earnings from the previous operating period were $270,000.This amount was added to the net income of $ 21,900, which was derived from income statement. This gives a total of $291,900. Dividends payable in the current operating period had to be subtracted from the total earnings to arrive at the new figure of retained earnings which is $288,900 from the statement of retained earnings. Thus, it is evident that Consolidated Can realized a positive growth in its retained earnings from the previous period. The retained earnings grew by $18,900 from the figure realized in the previous accounting period (Gibson, 2011). In conclusion, multiple approaches offer an excellent way in determining net income and retained earnings. From the two financial statements, statement of retained earnings and income statement, the performance of the company is good as retained earnings and total income have positive figures. The company offers a positive prospect for investment.
Introduction Most people assume that their own views of the world are logically consistent. In this regard, human aspirations create a mutual cooperation between scientific and worldview theories. Towards this, subjectivists’ perspective of the reality focuses on the significance of understanding the process through which people fix their relationship to the world. The research strategies underpinning subjectivism illustrates results in a more different pattern as compared to those in the natural sciences. For instance, an elaborate qualitative textual analysis as well as personal beliefs can be used as evidence in research process. A critical analysis of the academic journal: Critical race theory, racial micro-aggressions, and campus racial climate. By Solorzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. and Students’ perceptions of characteristics of effective college teachers : A validity study of a teaching evaluation form using a mixed-methods analysis by Onwuegbuzie, Witcher, Collins, Filer, Wiedmaier, and Moore present an interesting interplay of how student’s view affect research process. Race is quite a thorny issue which not only call for great care but also need tolerance and a deep understanding (Solorzano, Ceja, and Yosso, 2000). On the other hand, Solorzano, Ceja, and Yosso (2000) assert that, the study of the collegiate racial climate and the consequence of racial micro-aggressions start by the definition of g race and racism. In addition, student have a perception on the characteristics of a good teacher (Onwuegbuzie et al, 2007).The a two academic studies highlighted above illustrate how perception and one’s own views significantly affect research studies. Research Design Case studies research design was used in these research studies because case studies enable a researcher to illustrate the true picture of particular situation within research context. A case study design presents major advantages for qualitative research. This is because it not only helps a researcher to gain deep insights on the views and perceptions of the participants, but also empowers the researchers to keep hold on to the true meanings of events as constructed in the research process (Creswell, 2009). In this research, a case study design was utilized to gain insight into the feelings, beliefs, and thoughts of college students, thereby capturing some of the meanings of their subjective world. Creswell, (2009) asserts that case study methodology encompasses both single and multiple case studies. Multiple case studies are preferred over the single case studies because of their capacity to avail a complete of picture of the phenomenon under investigation, which in this context involves gaining deeper insights into the brand images of four selected cafe brands. The main purpose of this research paper is to examine how one’s worldview influences the research process. To achieve this, the research will examine multiple case studies. The cases were jointly selected to identify common and unique views which influence research process. This research falls with the constructivist paradigm, which advances that existing realty depend
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act abbreviated as HIPPA, was enacted in 1996 to promote efficiency and improve effectiveness in the entire systems of healthcare (Califf & Muhlbaier, 2003). The law simplifies provisions in the administrative processes in adopting national standards in transactions regarding electronic health care between human services and health department. The adoption also includes code sets, security and unique identifiers in health care systems (Califf & Muhlbaier, 2003). Electronic medical record refers to use of an environment made of clinical data, support for clinical decisions, regulated use of medical vocabulary, entry of data in an orderly way that is computerized and application of documentation regarding clinical services and pharmacy. The environment helps in electronic recording of medical services for all patients by health practitioners in management and monitoring of services in a health care organization (Califf & Muhlbaier, 2003). Electronic Health Records is a subset of electronic medical records used in delivery of care in health organizations. The patient owns this record and can have access and input for events across the health care system in a certain region. Establishment of this record is based on the evolution of various electronic records to a certain level where information can be exchanged between stakeholders in a region or a community. This service exists in limited environments in the United States of America due to lack of application architectures that can easily adopt transactions standards for clinical information (Califf & Muhlbaier, 2003). Personal health record refers to a collection of information that is health-related, which is documented and kept by the person it pertains. Although the information in this record varies from one individual to another and for different systems, it generally include information regarding visits one has made to medical professionals, health history in a family such as allergies, records of immunizations and any other medication a person may have received in past (Gallagher, 2013). Computerized provider order entry system is direct recording of electronic orders in a healthcare by health professionals who are licensed or have privileges to enter such orders in the system such as physicians, nurse practitioners and clinical staff. Such orders include medications, orders in nursing, requests for consultations, requests for radiology, equipment and diets. Orders on medication and test in the lab are the most common services in this recording for the safe monitoring required in medication (Califf & Muhlbaier, 2003). Unique patient identifier is a set of values to help in identification of patients within a healthcare or across the nation in a unique way. It should be unique to give information of the patient, means of communication, past health information and studies based on population. These characteristics can be used to recognize that individual and thus proof his or her identity (Gallagher, 2013). Protected health information refers to patient’s information regarding me
Introduction Humanitarian intervention is the act of employing tough measures mostly by military forces from the outside in an effort to make sure that the rights of civilians are protected and accessed without the local authorities assent (Weiss 303). The principle responsibility and practice of humanitarian intervention carried out by the international community is to prevent unnecessary deaths, suffering and help in protecting human rights in situations where the sovereign state is either unwilling or unable to carry out such functions. However, several situations have led to the international community being divided over the forcible intervention matter in relation to human protection purposes in relation to mass killings. This is because humanitarian intervention has been depicted as to rely upon justifiable forces in order to protect other state inhabitants from persistent abuse and arbitrary treatment. This intention is to surpass the authority limiting the sovereign states to act with justice and reason (Baylis, John & Owens 103). Humanitarian intervention is completely different compared to the humanitarian aid. Though somehow related, humanitarian intervention involves deploying of military forces by a state or sometimes more than one state to protect the civilians of a given sovereign state from humanitarian carnages. Humanitarian aid, on the other hand, is mostly offered by non-governmental, as well as international organizations which distance themselves from any political association and provide medical care, shelter and food to civilians. Humanitarian intervention has been made distinct following the inaction of the international humanitarian law which governs the provisions and protections of humanitarian relief delivery during military intervention (Rieff &Anthony 228). Benefitsof Humanitarian Interventions In past years, Humanitarian interventions have been beneficial as they ensured protection from suffering and unnecessary deaths. A good example of such benefiting humanitarian intervention includes the United Nation intervention in Somalia. Before this intervention, Somalia was suffering from conflicts among clans, lawlessness, famine and lack of a government. The UN responded to this situation by deploying troops to offer humanitarian reliefs. This humanitarian intervention was to th