ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The World Trade Organization (WTO) does its best to improve the international trading system in order to benefit its members. To reach this purpose, it has developed negotiations aimed at the reduction of trade barriers and revision of associated rules. This program is currently known as the Doha Round, and it deals with approximately a couple dozen of trade areas. The trade-negotiation round was launched at the beginning of the 20th century and took place in Doha, Qatar, which affected its name. It was developed during the WTO’s Fourth Ministerial Conference. The program focused on the issues of agriculture, services, and intellectual property. The members of WTO wanted to develop a trade agreement that would be accomplished in four years (by 2005); however, one more year was needed because the USA and the EU did not want to alter their agricultural subsidies making them less costly (Lee, 2016). The Round was an ambitious program because it included participants from almost the whole world. Negotiations presupposed the possibility to resolve all issues by consensus instead of following the idea of the majority, which appealed to WTO members. Agreements had to be accepted by all participants; otherwise, they were not considered. It was expected that those decisions that can enhance economic growth would be developed due to the Round. The reduction of subsidies would make it possible for developing countries to export those products they produced. Developed countries, in turn, would simplify access to their services, such as banking. As a result, both parties were expected to benefit because the size of markets would increase, and they would modernize. The Doha Round included talks on the following topics:   * Agriculture. Reduce subsidies and tariffs on imports and eliminate them from exports of food.   * Non-agricultural market access. Minimize tariffs on imports of various products except for food.
Introduction In the efforts to attract new customers and increase revenues, fashion luxury companies explore new ways to modify the perception of brands and magnify their values. The blending of fashion with contemporary art is one of the effective solutions that may bring this quest to success. Nowadays, more and more luxury brands collaborate with artists to develop unique designs of apparel, accessories, and other elements of wardrobe. It is possible to say that such an approach to product development provides multiple advantages for luxury fashion enterprises. If you ever wanted to be an innovator in the fashion or any other industry, it might be useful for you to know what challenges and benefits the artist collaboration strategy and alike methods can bring to your business. To understand the background in which a creative approach may be advantageous, let me start with the review of problems that the luxury brands face today. Main Body As stated by Codignola and Rancati (2016), the notion of luxury fashion is deeply interwoven with the concept of exclusivity. Nevertheless, the current market dynamics may largely contradict this concept. As the number of consumers of luxury products grows and companies go for an active expansion of their businesses in new markets, the volumes of production increase proportionally and, as a result, a lot of people buy similar fashion items. It is also observed that despite the booming interest of consumers in luxury fashion, they became much more attentive to pricing (Codignola & Rancati, 2016). The growth of demand in the off-price luxury market is the consequence of this trend. As the conventional approaches to product development fail to support the concept of exclusivity in the present-day environment, the collaboration of luxury brands with artists comes to the rescue of the very essence of luxury fashion. Yves Carcelle, the president of LVMH, states: “collaborating with contemporary artists brings a new kind of creative fecundity to the product. It forces creativity that is different from that typically found in fashion” (Walsh, 2016, p. 31). The given statement reflects the core meaning of artist-brand collaboration. There may be many reasons why luxury brands would want to work with contemporary artists. As Walsh (2016) observes, attempts to innovate and advertise products a
Attitude towards money is the feeling that everyone has about money. It is not about the numbers or the amount but the emotional feeling about it. It is universally accepted that money changes everything, and our attitude towards money is the key concept in individual transformation as well as global transformation. Money can only be seen in two different perspectives, positive or negative. Money determines our emotions, the psychological entity in our lives. The two sides of money are, one either has it or does not have it. The amount of money that one has, however, influences one’s life in all aspects of life; the physical, emotional, or psychological status of a person’s life relies on money. The attitude towards money can be influenced by a person’s perception of it or their experience with money. According to Kate Levinson, Ph.D., a psychotherapist, “feelings towards money are a catalyst for personal transformation.” The negative attitude towards money is developed when people use money in the wrong way, especially by hurting others either directly or indirectly. This happens when people believe so much in money and forget about their inner feelings of a human being, the social being. It is normal the believe in money, but people should remember that there are other things that money cannot buy spiritual and emotional contentment. Using money maliciously is a negative attitude towards money. (Boomgaard, 2002) The over-dependence on money to satisfy one’s emotional needs is a negative perspective of money. For example, in relationships, women might be materialistic; they expect their spouse, the men, to take over all the responsibility. The use of material gifts to show affection, in fact, destroys the true emotions of love. At times children at a tender age may be influenced by their parents through gifts to show their affection; this is a negative attitude. Money used for corruption, getting things done through a shortcut is a way of a negative attitude towards money. The positive attitude of money is rarely practiced by people. The failure to use the money for the positive transformation of the world is very satisfactory. People who use money in the right way consequently have their other needs met indirectly, that is, their emotional and spiritual needs. The use of money to help improve one’s lifestyle without repressing other people’s feelings is a way of perceiving money in the right manner. Money should not influence our love life, relationships, family coherence, or our spiritual lives; it should improve the well-being of humanity and our own personality. Money obtained through illegal means tend to portray our negative attitude towards money. The love for money is highly criticized in the bible as it is the root of all the evils. 1 Timothy 6: 10 says, “For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil, Some people, eager for money, have wandered the d from faith and pierced themselves with many griefs.” This statement shows how a negative attitude is disturbing even emotionally. (MacDonald, 1999) Work Cited Sources
Introduction Gender analysis assesses the effects of actions on both women and men. Gender analysis tends to focus on women more than men. The institutional structures view women as insubordinate. This could be termed as an aspect of women marginalization. Women are not involved in planning, decision making, policy formulation, training, employment and in projects. Women have been marginalized in politics, schools, economic and family setting. Consequently, men have emerged as the privileged gender. Men who come from high social status have enjoyed the impacts of development. The economic status of women usually denies them a chance to access and maintain quality healthcare (World Health Organization, 2002, p. 1). There is a need to examine gender relations in health care. This will enable policy makers to implement policies that benefit the least advantaged gender in the society. This essay defines gender analysis and discusses the application of gender analysis to the health status of women of different incomes. The paper will also examine the implications of gender analysis to public policy and how research can contribute to gender analysis. Gender Analysis in health care Gender analysis in healthcare can be defined as the process of evaluating effects in healthcare provision from a social and economic perspective on both male and female genders. The aim of gender analysis is to promote sustainability of healthcare provisions, enhance equity and identify areas with challenges. The assessment highlights areas of involvement, achievements and failures associated with either men or women. Gender analysis will provide the information required to plan and implement effective programs (Hunt, 2004, p. 100). According to Office for Women’s Policy (2005, p. 8), gender analysis in health care involves identifying healthcare experiences for both men and women and noting the disparities. The aims and objectives of the policies are analyzed to obtain their impacts on men and women. Data on different groups including the high, middle and low social class women and men is obtained and analyzed. Investigations on the effects of the policy on different genders are recorded and evaluated. Innovative solutions are obtained to overcome the challenges. Recommendation of the most appropriate solution that will achieve gender equity is considered. The policy and the program are communicated and the indicators mentioned. To examine health status of women of different incomes, it is necessary to obtain information concerning sex in the community, households and in the workplaces. Their health care needs, the level of income and access to health care are also important to gender analysis (Women and Healthcare Reform Group, 2009). Gender analysis involves aspects like convenience and access to health care facilities. It also involves attitudes and perceptions about health for both men and women. Gender analysis will seek to obtain information on health care providers and investigate their attitude towards male and female. The influence of different instructions such as schools a
Social Engineering Attacks Social engineering attacks date back to the advent of the Internet, and before that, criminals were using the telephone to masquerade as trusted agents to obtain information. The phrase “phishing” roots back to the mid-1990s, when it was utilized to describe the procurement of Internet Service Provider (ISP) account information (Koyun and Al Janabi 7533). Nevertheless, it has evolved to include a myriad of cyber breaches that target sensitive data. With the world increasingly adopting technology and the online platforms brought by the Internet, individuals are becoming more vulnerable to search attacks. There are three primary factors that black hats, that is, attackers, have taken advantage of, and they include the unawareness of threat and policy and their technical sophistication. In the world today, the Internet is regarded as the most extensive information exchange and communication medium. Often, information is distributed over several online communication channels, such as e-mail and social networking sites, to the extent that it has become part of both our business and personal communication. Organizations expect their staff to be flexible and mobile regarding their workspace, and this has led to a decrease in face-to-face communication. This suggests that an increasing amount of data is made accessible to employees via online channels. Moreover, compounded by the fact that organizations are increasingly embracing third-party service providers, file
Introduction The event dedicated to the Balfour Declaration Centennial was held at the platform of Virginia Commonwealth University. The participants were provided with a discourse on the significant historical occurrence that had affected the lives of many people around the world. Noura Erakat and Hillel Gruenberg were invited to give a speech on the Balfour Declaration and dwell upon its significance for the modernity. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the event and discuss the reaction of the author in regard to the statements made by the two guest speakers. Reflection and Reaction The Declaration was a short letter from “Minister Arthur James Balfour to Lord Lionel Rothschild” (Virginia Commonwealth University). Lord Rothschild was one of the leaders of the Jewish community in England, and the purpose of the letter was to attain the support of the community representatives to create a national Jewish hearth (Virginia Commonwealth University). Some researchers believed that the main motive of the Declaration was linked to the desire to gain the support of Jewry at the end of the First World War; however, another part of the scientific community suggested the opposite. According to the document, the leaders initiating the Declaration targeted at establishing a state for the Jewish people in the Palestine terrain. Notably, the two speakers addressed different aspects of this historically significant document. Mr. Gruenberg provided the audience with an overview of the Declaration. He discussed the setting before the document was delivered and how the environment and the climate had changed after it was introduced. It was done to stress the way the letter had altered the world for the Jewish people (Virginia Commonwealth University). In her turn, Ms. Erakat addressed another side of the issue. She talked about the aftermath of the document. Apart from that, the speaker discussed the Palestinian resistance linked to this historical event (Virginia Commonwealth University). Importantly, the guests stressed the connection between the document and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. One of the queries proposed by Ms. Erakat has resonated with the author greatly. The scholar wondered, “What will it take for Palestinians to recognize that America’s help is not going to lead to meaningful dignity, liberation, and liberty?” (Virginia Commonwealth University). It is reasonable to state that this question did not leave anyone indifferent and provoked speculation on the way the document informed the occurring resistance. The importance of the event held on the basis of Virginia Commonwealth University should not be underestimated. It provided the possibility not only to commemorate the centennial but also to reiterate the significance of the historical document for the contemporary world. The effects of the Declaration are experienced at present, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict still affects the lives of thousa
When it comes to working in a commercial area where one is supposed to provide high-quality work in the field of images and the like, one tends to opt for Photoshop. But, if it’s a question of working at home and not requiring a great deal of professional touch, then, in that case, the only choice is Gimp. It stands for – the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search. Both are photo manipulation programs – Photoshop is a commercial product that has been around for 15 years and GIMP is an open-source project that has been under active development since the mid-90s . For people who can’t spend much money on software and don’t even vote for pirated copies, for those, Gimp is the ultimate choice. The gimp has layers, alpha channels, a robust plugin architecture. When it comes to retouching personal photos, remove redeye, the Gimp is the only good choice one can make. If it’s a question of background replacement and selective colorization, again Gimp is voted highest. On the other hand, people who use Photoshop, only use a fraction of its capabilities. For personal use, the Gimp will do everything and more but if you need a bitmap editor so you can create or edit images for commercial printing, you don’t want the Gimp, you want Photoshop as the Gimp lacks most of the required commercial features. The hefty wad of cash one has to sacrifice to actually buy an authorized copy of Photoshop is a big prize indeed. It costs around $600 these days and so as far as price is concerned, Photoshop loses out on this area. On the other hand, the Gimp is free. In fact, it is Open Source. But, Photoshop has a couple of advantages over Gimp and they are that Photoshop has “patented features” and “a common interface”. Learning a new interface is painful for anybody, but it seems to be simply unacceptable for the graphics artist. Unfortunately, the first version of Gimp i.e., (0.5, I believe) was far from what one could have expected. A couple of months after that, Gimp released its new version i.e. 0.99.5 which was indeed a great improvement from its earlier version. Now, the Gimp stands at version 1.2, reproduces the majority of Photoshop’s features, and offers a few more to boot. In terms of tools, the Gimp matches tool for tool against the most current version of Photoshop. The Layer features and masking which are also present in Photoshop are also very similar in the case of Gimp. There are similar sets of built-in filters also; in fact, filters are one of Gimp’s biggest features. One of the areas where Photoshop still holds an edge is its support for CMYK. All of Gimp’s operations currently take place in RGB mode, where all color values are stored as fractions of red, bl
Even though Carolyn Clark was forced by her boss to volunteer her services to the charity program, she ought to realize that there is a need to help the needy in society. Volunteering is not evaluated during employee appraisal but it counts when the conduct of the overall team is assessed. Employees should not wait until they are coerced by their bosses to engage in activities of charity. Every organization is supposed to engage in some sort of social responsibility. This means that employees should voluntarily offer their time and effort when their managers identify projects that the organization will participate in. Carolyn should therefore understand that even though participation in volunteer activities is not evaluated during appraisal, it is important that employees participate in such kind of programs. It is indeed an ethical dilemma whether Carolyn should be forced to participate in volunteer activities that are not part of her compulsory formal responsibilities. The roles that she is supposed to perform are spelled out in the employment contract. Activities such as charitable events are not compulsory for employees to participate in. It is however good for employees to take part in these type of programs since it gives the organization a good reputation and helps the society as well. Darius Harris thought well to decide to engage his organization in an after-school program for disadvantaged children. This program was being conducted in a nearby urban neighborhood and so it required the services of all available volunteers. Looking at the course which was set to be carried out by Harris and his employees, it is difficult to discourage him from engaging in the program because of his relationship with his subordinates. It is easier to advice Carolyn to participate in volunteer activities so as to benefit the community and organization. Participation in volunteer activities also adds to the personal achievements of employees since this is noted in recommendation letters. Hence, Carolyn should consider helping Harris because it is an opportunity to help a worthy community project. In order to make Darius Harris understand why it is wrong to force employees to engage in volunteer activities, the f
Importance and Relevance of BFOQ A Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ) is a concept used by different organizations and Human Resource Managers (HRMs). A BFOQ is a work requirement that results in effective job performance. For example, a person of a specific gender or age can complete a specific job effectively. This work requirement ensures the targeted individual completes the specified work in a proper manner. A “BFOQ derived in good faith is usually legal” (Skrentny, 2014, p. 3006). A “BFOQ is illegal if it discriminates against specific groups or races” (Dreher & Dougherty, 2002, p. 39). A person might fail to get a job because of his gender or religion. This practice is embraced by different HRM departments. The HRM department will ensure the right people complete certain tasks in a proper manner. The HRM can delegate various jobs depending on such Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications. Companies should use the concept to employ competent individuals. The approach will produce the best results (Dreher & Dougherty, 2002). HR managers should use the concept whenever assigning different duties. Managers can also use the concept to ensure their workers retire at the right age. Organizational Difficulties Associated with BFOQs Many firms have encountered numerous challenges because of these BFOQs. Failure to incorporate well-defined BFOQs can result in many difficulties in an organization. A poorly incorporated BFOQ will result in legal issues. For instance, issues of discrimination might arise in the organization. Poor implementation of such BFOQs will also affect the performance of the targeted organization (Dreher & Dougherty, 2002). A poor implementation of such BFOQs will violate the civil rights of different workers. This fact explains why companies should consider every existing law. Poor implementation of such bona fide qualifications can therefore result in many disagreements. BFOQ and “Disparate Treatment” The concept of BFOQ can be linked to Disparate Treatment (DT). According to Skrentny (2014, p. 3012), “ disparate treatment is a form of discrimination whereby an employer treats some individuals as less favorite for specific jobs”. This treatment is usually based on the religion, color, race, or sex of the targeted people. An employer “can make such decisions in an attempt to protect a specific gender or trait” (Skrentny, 2014, p. 3019). Disparate Treatment (DT) can therefore be confused with BFOQ. Disparate Impact (DI) can also arise from the concept of BFOQ. The practice might appear neutral in the eyes of many people. However, it treats one race or group harshly. These malpractices can be easily confused with the concept of BFOQ. Staffing officers should therefore consider the issues surrounding the concept of BFOQ. The Link between the ADA (1990) and BFOQs The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 protects the rights of disabled persons in the United States. According to the ADA, every disabled person should get fair treatment and remuneration (Skrentny, 2014). The Act also requires employers to accommodate every disabled worker. Companies should also ensure the