ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Amazon.com, Inc. is the largest customer-focused online retailer based in Seattle, Washington that was founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos. The company started as an online bookstore but widened its product base dramatically over the years to incorporate a whole range of products and services from cloud computing services to electronic gadgets to apparel & accessories, and much more. Today, the company operates through its three segments, including North America, International, and Amazon Web Services (AWS), with millions of customers across the globe (Amazon, 2018). The North America segment deals with retail sales of consumer products and subscriptions through North America-focused websites, while the international segment deals with these through internationally-focused websites. Lastly, the AWS segment consists of sales of databases and other related computer services to government agencies and academic institutions. The company has reported tremendous success and gained a strong reputation over the years. In a Harris Poll conducted in 2017, the company was ranked #1 for corporate reputation getting more than 23,000 votes (Farfan, 2018). Amazon became a public limited company around twenty years ago and is listed on the NASDAQ Stock Exchange under the symbol “AMZN” (Amazon, 2018). The capital structure of the company relies on both debt and equity finances for its expenditures. For debt finance, the company obtains loans from financial institutions such as banks with an agreement to repay them along with the interest charge within a specific time. The loan may be secured or unsecured depending on the terms or conditions of it, and the company has to put its assets as collateral if it is a secured loan. On the contrary, equity financing is referred to the sale of shares of the company to investors to increase the working capital
The Warren Court is believed to have left an indelible judicial footprint in the history of United States criminal justice system. The court was operational from 1953 to 1969 and was part and parcel of Supreme Court of the United States. During this time period, the Chief Justice at the helm of court rulings was Earl Warren. He is perceived to have applied judicial power in a more pragmatic style alongside with those who belonged in the liberal majority wing. The main rationale behind this fashionable use of judicial power was to consternate opponents who pursued conservative views. This court was also proactive in expanding federal power, judicial power, civil liberties and civil rights using dramatic approaches. In course of its operation, the Warren Court was both criticized and complimented for having made landmark rulings that eventually led to abolition of racism in United States. In order to achieve this, the court began by embracing and incorporating the Bill of Rights in the constitution that sought to end any form of prejudice and lack of equity. This bill mainly targeted individual states. In addition, sanctioned voluntary prayer was also eliminated as a result of the new bill (Ball & Phillip, 1994). The period through which the Warren Court was in session is still considered crucial in the socio-political history of United States. Some of the prominent members who served in the Warren Court during this time included John Marshall Harlan II, Felix Frankfurter, Hugo Black, William O. Douglas and William J. Brennan, Jr. (Horwitz,1998) Although the Warren Court ceased to serve a generation ago, the effects of its ideology are still widely discussed in the realm of American culture and politics. The Warren Courts decisions on racial segregation and criminal justice elicited several controversies at some point although they have been universally accepted. Despite the positive embrace and outstanding reputation of the Warren Court ideologies, negative perception on the liberalized interpretation of the constitution is an extensive debate in the American culture and politics today. However, this paper argues that the historical and modern impact of Warren Court ideologies alongside democratic interpretation of American constitution that was adopted by
Introduction Trauma to the perineum is among the most common adverse events associated with giving birth. Considering the consequences of this medical issue and women’s unpreparedness for facing obstetric complications, proper patient education efforts are required to facilitate post-discharge recovery in perineal tear patients. This paper proposes the creation of a patient education brochure summarising self-care practices and recommended lifestyle changes associated with recovery from perineal trauma. Background Information and Statistics Speaking in general terms, perineal trauma is an injury to the skin and tissues between the anal orifice and the vagina that occurs as a result of labor. Depending on the type of laceration and its anatomical features, modern specialists single out four categories of perineal tears (Hauck, Lewis, Nathan, White, & Doherty, 2015). First- and second-degree tears are lacerations that do not involve injuries to the anal sphincter (Priddis, Dahlen, & Schmied, 2012; Priddis, Schmied, & Dahlen, 2014). Traumas of the third and the fourth type are more severe and harder to treat since they affect the majority of parts of the perineum. Not all tears require immediate treatment since such traumas can be superficial. However, healthcare professionals providing services to parturient patients and new mothers need to have enough knowledge to react to the problem when it occurs. Studying perineal trauma and disseminating new research results among specialists and patients are tasks of paramount importance since it is a complication that affects new mothers’ physical health and even has adverse psychological effects. In women with perineal tears, the absence of adequate and timely treatment and education contributes to multiple physiological complications, including bleeding, infection, purulent inflammation, bowel incontinence, and involuntary urination (Abedzadeh-Kalahroudi, Talebian, Sadat, & Mesdaghinia, 2018). Moreover, the consequences of perineal
The word landscape can be used to refer to two important definitions of the word. The two definitions comprise of the external landscape and the internal landscape. The external landscape does not only refer to the visual context but also refers to the geographical aspect and climate. The relationship between landscapes is what defines a good narrative context. An individual needs to understand that the word landscape does not only refer to having the knowledge of names and identity of everything in the landscape but also perceiving the relationship between different elements in the landscape. The internal landscape on the other hand refers to the kind of projection within an individual as part of the external landscape. These relationships in the internal landscape have purpose and order. What is referred to as the mind is a set of relationships in the internal landscape that is purposeful and has order. This means that both the internal and the external landscapes work in reflex mode. The shape of an individual mind is affected directly or indirectly by land. This is because the shape and relationship in the way an individual thinks is greatly influenced by the geographical movement of an individual, what one interacts with and the observable patterns in ones nature. The thoughts of a person are determined by the development process of one’s spiritual and moral life. The nature of land is what determines whether a storyteller is able to understand the contents of the story. Therefore, the main objective of the storyteller should be to bring out the aspects contained in the land. The understanding of a story is not always the same with different individuals. The storyteller should therefore target the level of understanding of the primary reader. The story on the other hand should focus on; the person present, when the event occurred, where the event occurred and what triggered an event to occur. The first part of the essay is used to seek a descriptive detail and evoke intimacy between the story and the landscape hence an individual acquires a sense of place. Lopez recalls the wolverine stories by the Nunamiut because of the fact that a story is what guides our metaphorical lives. No one can actually acknowledge that the things that the Nunamiut people spoke of were true. The wolverine stories therefore trigger a metaphorical representation of the exterior landscape with regards to the internal landscape hence the story is subjected to vivid imagination. The relationship between vocabulary, landscape and storytelling is that the three aspects have to be used co-currently. One of the factors that make an individual prefer a particular story is having the ability to identify with the characters in the story. Bringing the three aspects together creates an art of storytelling that helps an individual experience a more profound sense of well being. Vocabulary plays a crucial role in the general plot of a story and Lopez uses certain vocabularies in his storytelling to invoke the reader and establish close r
The issue I raise to speak today is of high importance to society. I am going to declare the main idea of a new legislation, reasons why it should be implemented with clear consideration of all the evidence. Boxing is a kind of sport which causes numerous injuries to those who take part in it. It should be criminalised for a number of reasons. One of the main purposes of the law directed at criminalising boxing is to forbid medically and morally wrong kinds of sport. It humiliates human dignity, makes people fight with each other almost to death, kills people, and, what is more dangerous about it, it makes people fight with each other, increasing aggressiveness and interpersonal conflicts between people. I would like to live in a happy and crimeless society. The ban on professional boxing and mutilate amateur entertainment with the natural disappearance of this kind of sports from TV can be the first step on the way to the society you and I want to live in. This new law is going to eliminate boxing from human life as medically risky and morally spoiled. Justifying the necessity of adopting a new legislation directed at criminalising boxing, I would like to point to the following arguments. The first argument is devoted to medical point of view. Boxing is extremely dangerous as a person can have injuries inconsistent with life. Doctors point to the following main issues which might be used for banning boxing, (1) “the frequency and causes of fatalities”, (2) “the incidence of brain injury”, and (3) “a comparison between the incidence of death and brain injury in boxing to other relatively high-risk sports is undertaken” (Anderson, 2007, p. 40). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is one more reason for criminalising boxing as it appears because of constant head injuries. Apart from constant headaches, slurring dysarthria (in 90% of cases) supported with gait ataxia or disequilibrium the behavioural changes are inevitable. Emotional lability, euphoria, hypomania, “psychomotor retardation, exacerbation of premorbid personality traits, aggression, suspiciousness, childishness, loquacity and restlessness” (McCrory, Zazryn, & Cameron, 2007, p. 470) are the behavioural changes which occur in human organism. My second argument in favour of prohibiting boxing is ethical/moral. Boxers are aimed at incapacitating an opponent by constant head injury to gain victory. Furthermore, boxers treat their opponents “as mere objects to be disposed of in order to achieve victory” (Dixon , 2001, p. 337). I definitely state that this brutal attitude is immoral and unethical. Jones (2001)
Analysis of Information Purpose The authors claim that strategic management is “part of every business and constitutes an important path to a successful business” (Spillane and Ziemnowicz 461). The analysis of authoritative literature sources can be found in the paper; it interprets how the managers in Guatemalan businesses utilize it. The interviews help to claim that depending on the situation they are proactive in the decision-making (prevent the issues and make plans for the future) and reactive (take measures when something has already happened). The study concentrates on service and product retail businesses. The researchers provide three dimensions to evaluate the issue. Audience The authors claim that the audience includes “academics, practitioners, investors, and policymakers of the strategic orientation of small retail business in Guatemala” (Spillane and Ziemnowicz 474). Still, I believe that it is broader. The general public can refer to the article, as it includes background information and lots of explanations. Subject The peculiarities of the implementation of strategic management in Guatemalan businesses. The way the managers make decisions is underlined. Sources The authors evaluated 37 sources (books and journal articles), which refer to small businesses, strategic types, and organizational environments. Still, the main sources are the interviews with 40 Guatemalan managers who deal with strategic management. Primary Details Thesis The authors contemplate investigating “how managers in forty Guatemalan businesses practice strategic management. Whether the business managers are proactive or reactive in their decisions, they all recognize strategic management as an integral business activity” (Spillane and Ziemnowicz 461). Thus, the study contains theoretical investigation and its implementation to the data gained from the interviews with Guatemalan managers. Due to the exploratory purpose of the research, an interview-based qualitative method was used. Strategic orientation, marketing, and maneuvering were examined to define the decision-making approach. The steps of the research: contacting the firms, conducting a survey, classifying data, and measurement. Evidence The authors interviewed 40 managers within small retail businesses that practice strategic management and studied their company documents. Moreover, they built the research based on 37 valid sources, including books relevant to the issue and journal articles. Limits Location: only Guatemala. Field: small retail businesses. Sphere: strategic management (decision-making process, in particular). The research dealt with forty businesses, and only one author took all the interviews. Point of View Limited resource capabilities are the main problem that managers face. They underline the contrast between the internal and external environments, in which the managers are to make the right strategic decisions. One more issue is the need to utilize both reactive and proactive approaches. However, they conclude that retail managers consider “strategic orientation, marketing strategy, and strategic maneuvering as central dimensions of their businesses” (S
Introduction Currently, Royal Caribbean Company is facing some problems concerning their business. First of all, the company is second in its market after Carnival Cruise Line. Secondly, the prices for fuel impact the business directly. Thirdly, Royal Caribbean has a low rater presence in the market of Europe. This is especially unfortunate due to the population growth in Europe, which offers a larger number of potential customers (Marketing Plan: Royal Caribbean Cruise Line 3). Finally, the services offered by the company are very pricy, and in the circumstances of the poor economy, many potential customers prefer to save the costs. Besides, the company has a number of serious competitors, many of which offer very similar services (Marketing Plan: Royal Caribbean Cruise Line 4). To overcome these challenges, the company is recommended to diversify its market and begin its expansion to Europe in order to maximize the customer base. The Mediterranean Sea is located in the center of Europe and washes a large number of countries such as Spain, Italy, Morocco, Croatia, Montenegro, Greece, Cyprus, Algeria, Turkey, Malta and Tunisia among others. This is why it can become a perfect target for the expansion of the Royal Caribbean. Overview of the Biggest Mediterranean Ports Among the biggest and business destination ports, there are ports of Italy, Spain, France, Albania, Morocco, Algeria, and Montenegro. The cultures of the countries are extremely diverse; this is why a cruise, including visits to the ports of these countries, would attract a whole new range of customers willing to learn about the specificity of the Mediterranean cultures. The economic situations in the Mediterranean states are very different. For example, Spain, Italy, Morocco, and France are known as rich and luxurious countries; they would attract wealthier tourists, whereas Montenegro, Albania, Croatia are cheaper but have beautiful geographies and exotic cultures fascinating for the tourists of all kinds. Demographically, the population of the Mediterranean countries has a great number of aging baby boomers, who are able to afford cruises that are gradually winning their favor as a type of vacation. This way, there are options for cruises, Royal Caribbean may introduce a luxurious one targeting wealthier countries, and a less expensive cruise for another set of Mediterranean states. There may also be one long cruise circling the Mediterranean Sea and visiting all of the mentioned states. For example, the cruise could start in Marseille and visit Nice in Spain, then travel to Port-La-Nouvelle in France and cruise around Italy, targeting Genoa, Livorno, Naples, and Palermo. After that, it would head to Bizerte in Tunisia, Jijel in Algeria, and Nador in Morocco. Another cruise could just travel around Italy; this country has a great number of cruise ports and a magnificent coastline. Italy is a popular destination from people all around Europe and the United States; this
Introduction United States has been experiencing a problem in the shortage of nurse staff, a problem which has been projected in by experts to go on for a long time. The lowest increase in the number of professional nurses since the beginning of national surveys was recorded in the year 2001 in the year’s national survey, which was 5.4% since 1996. Out of the over 2.2 million employed in nursing, those working on full time basis was 1.5 million, representing 71%. In a 2001 estimate by the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses, US would require 2.6 million nurses working on a full time basis and it was estimated that the need for the registered nurses in all US occupations, would go higher above the average through this year. A national trend similar to that in New York State is indicative of low increment of 6% in the number of Licensed Practicing Nurses between 1997 and 1998, then going down by 7% in the 2000 and 2001. Between 1997 and 2001, this number, including the Registered Nurses, increased by an overall of only 3% with a peak in 1999. The number of nurses employed per 100,000 people was indicated to be 843 in New York State which ranked next to the last in this category according to the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses (“The Registered Nurse Population”, 2001). There was a projection that the demand of New York for registered would exceed supply with over 17000 nurses, and this would go to almost twice by 2015. Peri-operative units, critical care units and emergency departments in hospitals were among the reported areas of shortage of nurses in 2001, and also there was reported uneven distribution of nurses in the same year. In the year 2000, 71% of the statewide hospitals reported vacant position in the Licensed Practicing Nurse and 92% Registered Nurses. The situation may be worsened by the requirements of experienced and highest specialized education in the field which causes a delay in filling the vacancies. A shortage such as the one predicted in the year 2001 was aggravated by factors like an overall decline in population, shortage of nursing faculty, low employment, containment measures including managed care, profession image, expanded women career opportunities, and a work force that was ageing. Latest data this year still show that there will be continued shortage of the nurse staff. New and replacement nurses exceeding one million would be needed according to US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2007). According to a March 2008 report by Buerhaus, Auerbach and Staiger, the nurse shortage could go as high as a half a million by the year 2025. There is the expectation for the growth of nurse demand by 2-3% every year according to this report (“Recent reports”, 2008). Effects of shortage Shortage of nurses in hospitals in the US has been reported to have caused hospitals to close some departments or abandon part of their operations. For example, 10% of John Hopkins Hospital’s beds in Baltimore were left unfilled and a
Introduction Field Museum of Natural history is a well-known museum throughout the world that houses objects and artifacts existing since a long time ago. The museum is found in Chicago in the United States of America along the Michigan lakeshore. It houses millions of displays but only small portions are on display. The rest are safely stored in other parts of the museum. One of the artifacts that were found in the museum was the largest Tyrannosaurus ever known commonly referred to as the Sue. Records indicated that paleontologist Sue Hendrickson discovered it in 1990 and that is why it takes after her name. The fossil was auctioned in 1997 at a cost of around $8 million after ownership was settled. The fossil remains to be a permanent feature in the museum (Field Museum of Natural History 56). Discussion Examinations conducted showed that the fossil was 28 years old. The fossil showed that it received injuries several times during its life that resulted in some sicknesses. Its right shoulder was injured, and therefore the shoulder had a damaged blade. Its right hand had a torn tendon, and three of her ribs were broken. The museum had anthropological exhibits of human culture from Pacific North West, ancient Egypt, Tibet, and Pacific Northwest. Collections of the remains of large animals including the two prized elephants in Africa and lions of Tsavo found in the ghost and the darkness movie written in 1996 were also in the museum. There are different species of dinosaurs that have gone through the process of evolution from time to time. Finally, there are artifacts from Native American culture. These artifacts show the culture and practices of indigenous Americans before interaction with other communities that influenced their culture (Field Museum of Natural History 66). Indigenous cultural practices among communities in the northwestern parts were deep-rooted. One of their main cultural practices was the potlatch, a ceremony that involved the performance of dances an exchange of gifts. The ceremony marked the status and identity of a family as well as its relationship with the past. During the 19th century, missionaries and settlers visited the country, a move that affected the lives of indigenous people as far as faith, living conditions and diets are concerned. Outsiders viewed potlatch as a sign of backwardness as waste and therefore initiated many changes. In Canada, the government established rules against potlatch in 1884. However, some of the communities like Kwakwaka’wakw continued with the practice secretly. In 1921, some participants of potlatch were arrested when Chief Dan Cranmer held a large potlatch in the village. Some of the participants were sent to jail. The law wanted them to give out their masks and things used in the ceremony in order to evade the punishment. The treasures obtained from the participants were sold while others were given away and the rest were taken