ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction and Overview of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Many healthcare initiatives that are developed and researched by modern scholars focus on interventions for people with existing health-related problems. Smoking is an example of a harmful activity that is advocated against by most health care specialists (Fiore, Jorenby, and Baker, 2016). However, it remains a part of many people’s lives, despite it potentially exacerbating their symptoms or even becoming the cause of another disease. This report is concerned with the discussion about patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and their smoking habits. This topic is interesting because smoking is often linked to breathing problems, but some patients with CORD cannot or do not want to stop smoking, even though it may harm their health further. The need to address this problem is a part of evidence-based practice (EBP) because it allows nurses to develop a viable framework for promoting smoking cessation based on reliable existing research. EBP is a vital part of any nurse’s work as it helps nurses to make decisions based on the best available findings (Stokke et al ., 2014). Nurses have to be able to appraise scholarly research and find the most trustworthy evidence to implement it into their practice. Appraisal of Two Research Papers Qualitative Research The process of critiquing qualitative studies has a number of requirements. For instance, it should account for such aspects as the study’s credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability (Shenton, 2004). The strategy of assessing these papers to determine their usefulness in EBP should include these characteristics, the overall quality of the findings, and their applicability in a particular situation (Holland and Rees, 2010). Furthermore, the evidence’s relevance to this type of research can also be evaluated. The following article is a study of case reports which are placed near the bottom of the hierarchy of evidence (Rousseau and Gunia, 2016). This type of information is not very easy to generalize and may be prone to bias (Leung, 2015). An article by Nykvist, Larsson, and Dahlborg Lyckhage (2014), called “‘It’s about me’ – a narrative analysis of female smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and their relationship to smoking” is a qualitative study of women’s experiences with smoking and COPD. It was published in the Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences . The main purpose of this research is to find the primary reasons which women with COPD use to continue smoking. The authors explore these reasons in a conversation with six women and attempt to outline the main arguments and construct a narrative that presents a typical psychological portrait of a woman with COPD who smokes. The narrative created by the authors is believable as it is extensively described. The presence and description of qualitative methods are explicit in this study. The researchers pay significant attention to explaining their course of action. For example, they argue that qualitative research can help other people understand the experiences of participa
The ability to forgive one’s own faults has never been valued on par with forgiveness towards the others’ failures, which is rather unfortunate, as the recent research shows. According to the article titled “Self-Forgiveness: The Stepchild of Forgiveness Research” conducted by Julie H. Hall and Frank D. Fincham, people’s attitude towards the others is in most cases defined by their standards for their own behavior and personality. In their paper, the authors explain the link between forgiveness and self-forgiveness, as well as define various offence-related factors. It is important to stress that the researches of that kind have never been undertaken on a scholarly scale before, since the issue in question has never been considered worthy of a scholarly research. However, Hall and Fincham have successfully proved the opposite. The key issues that the given research responds to or, at least, attempts to solve, are the definition of self-forgiveness, the relation between self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness, and the means to differentiate between self-forgiveness and pseudo self-forgiveness. As for the results of the research, it must be admitted that the latter proved rather unexpected. It turned out that the forgiveness of others is closely related to self-forgiveness; moreover, the latter often predetermines the former. In addition, the authors have come up with a model of self-forgiveness that encompasses the stages of the forgiveness process, explaining the specifics of human behavior in the process of forgiving. According to the authors, self-forgiving people tend to compromise in the process of conflict solving, as well as admit that they are guilty, in most cases. Hence, it can и concluded that self-forgiveness defines forgiveness. The issue seems to be beyond exciting. Even though the idea that forgiveness stems from the ability to forgive one’s own faults is not quite new, the research offers a new vision of the problem. Hence, it seems that the paper by Hall and Fincham provides a foil for the further research. In addition, the paper raises a number of questions that are yet to be answered. For instance, Hall and Fincham claim that at present, there are no measures for forgiveness, which makes the assessment process rather complicated according to the results of Hall and Fincham’s research (Hall & Fincham, 2005, 635). Moreover, the paper by Hall and Fincham raises a number of questions concerning people’s standards and the necessity to follow them. For example, the fact that forgiveness stems from self-forgiveness presupposes that one should have certain standards to evaluate his/her own behavior. Projecting these standards on others, people often forget
Introduction Leaders’ behavior and the styles of their management largely depend not only on their personal qualities but also some external factors. In particular, the emergence of the new means of replenishing experience and training individual skills determines the necessity to use all possible conditions for self-development and the realization of professional goals. Social media is one of the areas that influence leadership and managers’ behavior. The principles of interaction that are promoted on the Internet imply adaptation to the modern norms of business interaction. As a result, the new types of leadership are designed, and the significance of the global network is felt due to the possibility of information exchange. In general, the use of resources from social media, an opportunity to study various management approaches at any time, and the availability of discussions are the key factors affecting specific leadership styles. Variety of Resources An opportunity to explore all the modern leadership approaches is one of the options that contemporary social media provide. According to Song et al., Interpersonal interactions on the Internet serve as a driver for personal growth and a factor determining the success of a certain control principle (17). If a managing employee is not able to apply the relevant ways of interacting with staff effectively, this indicates his or her incompetence. Consequently, in order not to undermine credibility, it is essential to be aware of current trends in personnel control, and social media resources help in this. Permanent Trend Changes Since leadership is rather a flexible variable, constant changes in market factors, the specifics of personnel training, and other aspects determine the emergence of new trends in management approaches. For instance, Madestam and Falkman give an example of political leaders and note that the representatives of this field utilize online media actively to monitor any fluctuations in public opinions (314). As a result, any changes in the social sphere allow managers to respond timely and take the necessary actions to preserve their image and reorganize the current system of interaction with subordinates. Availability of Discussions One of the most sig
Premise/hypothesis of the study The main premise of the researchers in this study lies in their correlation of a causal role in the formation of political attitudes with the genetically inclined brain structure of a person. In other words, the researchers are correlating being a liberal or a conservative with how a person’s brain is formed and the subsequent psychological mechanisms that interplay as a direct result of inherent differences in the makeup of individual brains. Research design and sample The research design was quite straight forward, the researchers utilized a sample of 90 healthy volunteers from University College London and had them fill out a survey indicating their political orientation. After which an MRI scan was utilized to examine the differences in the brains of those who were implied that they were liberals as well as those who indicated that they were conservatives. The researchers assumed that due to certain population sets having an inherently liberal or conservative orientation, there must be some genetically based factors behind such divisions. Key study findings The results of the study found that people with a predilection towards liberalism had higher volumes of gray matter within their anterior cingulate cortex, while on the other hand, those who were more inclined towards conservatism had more gray matter volume in their right amygdala. Such differences are associated by the researchers are causing distinct psychological changes in the individuals examined and as such creates a direct causal link between genetic predilections towards being either a conservative or a liberal. Discussion of findings The significance of the study findings shows that certain population sets are inherently predisposition towards developing specific political cultures. As such, this study could greatly influence how political campaigns could be run in the future based on the genetic predilection of people within a certain area towards a particular way of political thought and discourse. Study strengths The main strength of the study was that it was able to utilize undeniable evidence via direct examination of the brains of the subjects involved to create an effective correlation between particular sizes of areas of the brain and a predilection to be either a liberal or a conservative. Study limitations The inherent limitations of the study lies in the fact that it was not able to utilize a more diverse base of research subjects to further reinforce the study’s findings. Need for further research? There is a definite need for further research in the form of examining populations with historic predilections towards particular methods of political thought and discourse to examine the accuracy of this study’s results. Why this study is a critical research This study is critical research since it shows how people are genetically inclined towards particular political ideologies. Discussion Questions Do you honestly believe that political orientations are genetically inheritable? Reference Kanai, R., Feilden, T., Firth, C., & Rees,
Introduction Management My leadership development plan is to demonstrate a transformational kind of leadership among the people of my working place. This is a kind of a leadership plan where I will lead people to fix their thoughts on the destiny of what they are doing. I will let them develop vision in their lives so that they will be guided in whatever they do, together with me. I want my people to be visionary and focused to the end of everything in life. I have planned to first let people formulate objectives and goals in their lives (Avolio & Yammarino, 2002). These two concepts will act as guidelines in meeting the mission and vision of the entire organization I work. Apart from my people developing these concepts, I am to bring them together as we strive towards developing a common goal for the company. Planning is an idea that precedes everything that happens. As an IT intelligent, I have decided to do a number of things that will be extraordinary to the people I lead. This will also act to transform the understanding of the issues that I have gone through in life and the future destiny that I have decided for the people I am leading (Wren, 1995). Theories that influence personality There are various theories that have influenced and supported my leadership plan. These theories are based on the way people have taken me as their leader. Moreover, they are guided by the influences that come from the desires, interests and wishes of these people. It is therefore my concern and responsibility to make sure that their needs and rights are obeyed at all times. Transformational kind of leadership has actually done a lot on my personal life. This is the main reason why I am involving it in my leadership plan for now and the future lives of the people. The theories are actually what the people are saying and perceiving out of me as their leader. They say that I am one of the leaders that they have been waiting for. This sets me to a higher level of responsibilities to fulfill among their lives (Clawson, 2006). Strategies of transformational style of leadership As a unit, we have actually gone through a number of issues that have influenced our lives in one way or the other. These issues have influenced sheer determination in my life and the lives of the peo
Introduction Work is basic to the individual condition. It establishes what we accomplish during much of our active lives. It encourages human interaction and it enables people to establish their sense of uniqueness. It enables people to fulfill their material needs and to benefit from modern inventions and achievements of civilization. “Our views towards work and its management have undergone significant changes over the past couple of decades, with much of it being the product of national contexts being increasingly subject to global economic influence” (Hakim 1995, pp. 430-437). As a result, Administrators should try to devise better organizational strategies that can enable them evaluate workers’ abilities. A skill refers to the studied capability to execute predetermined outcomes usually with least expending of time, force, or both. In simple terms, aptitude may mean an individual’s unique abilities. Skills can be clustered into domain- common and domain-definite skills. For instance, in the sphere of vocation, some common abilities may include keeping time, collaboration, and management. On the other hand, domain-particular abilities would be useful only for a given profession. Ability normally needs some environmental stimulus and circumstances to evaluate the scale of skill being demonstrated and utilized. Work aptitude is a vital conception in the codes administering sick leave and premature retirement annuity. “Skill is also necessary in the assessment of the need for, and the right to, treatment, further education, and skills development” (Seal & Doherty 2011, pp. 19-22). Moreover, the idea of vocation aptitude can be a tool for occupational preparation, or for examining the suitability of a job candidate, and for setting scales of earning. In this case, there is need to be able to evaluate, or gauge, the degree to which persons possess or lack labor capacity, and it is thus significant to build well-designed tools that gauge it. There are three measurements of ability – ability of the employee, skill needed for the occupation and the social structure of proficiency. This paper examines these approaches of evaluating skill at work. Literature Review Phil Taylor in his survey of task subdivision in call centers observed that the employment of women workers in this sector gives them better skill advancement opportunities regardless of their qualifications. He concludes that since call centers are presumed to be less bureaucratic, they have not been able to end gender gaps as envisaged by modern economy optimists. The study reveals that a call center does not necessarily serve as a ghetto for all female job seekers, especially to those who may desire MC roles. “Nevertheless, women do experience a relative disadvantage compared with men; this cannot be explained by the conventional wisdom that women in call centers prefer to prioritize domestic commitments over career progression” (Taylor & Scholarios 2011, p. 1292). Although the ca
In his article, Patrick McGroarty focuses on economic difficulties faced by South Africa; in particular, the author speaks about unemployment, failure to finance the developmental project, corruption, or increasing debt of the state. This article is important because it can be related to the questions discussed in the course. For instance, one can mention poverty or fiscal traps, government failures, and significant cultural differences. The problems that the writer examines are faced by many developing countries. This is why this article can be of some interest to people study economics. First, Patrick McGroarty speaks about the attempts of the government to impose road tolls. The fees that the drivers were supposed to pay could raise capital for many public needs; however, this initial was strongly objected by many people (McGroarty, unpaged). For example, the owners of many small businesses argued that such a policy could be disastrous for them since their operating costs could increase dramatically (McGroarty unpaged). This example illustrates both poverty and fiscal traps. This means that the government cannot levy funds that can later contribute to economic improvement. Such a situation is typical of many developing countries, and they still struggle to overcome such problems. The main issue is that this country cannot explore new sources of income because its citizens cannot afford to invest. Furthermore, this article shows that government failures are an important factor that contributes to economic instability. Patrick McGroarty refers to the problem of corruption and improper use of the funds; according to this article, approximately 25,255 cases of public fraud were detected (McGroarty unpaged). This scale of corruption is a critical factor that prevents South Africa from achieving long-term prosperity. This argument can be applied to many other countries in Africa or Europe. Thus, one can say that Patrick McGroarty identified some of the most important problems that policy-makers have to resolve. Without addressing the problem of corruption, South Africa is not likely to reach any success. Corruption and government failure will undermine every project that the government will initiate. Finally, the author shows that cultural differences may also play an important role in the economic life of a country. One should take into account that the South-African economy has long been shaped by the policies of the apartheid (McGroarty unpaged). Long-term economic isolation of black people contributed to long-term poverty in the country. Current failures of the government to reorganize the economy can be partly explained by the legacies of the Apartheid. Overall, it is possible to say that this racial and discriminatory policy of the South-African government represents a divisive experience that prevents white and black people from working with one another. Hence, cultural differences should not be overlooked by economists and public administrators. Overall, this article, written by Patrick McGroarty highlights the most important obstacles that developing countries have to overcome if they want to
Introduction A pathway in Loeber and colleagues’ developmental theory to crime is a depiction of a group of individuals who go through the same behavioral development experience that is different from development of other group of persons. It encompasses an account of an individual’s past in the course of time of problem behavior in a continuing increment of seriousness of problem behavior. This is based on the study of offender careers of youths between the age 10 and 16 years on an OJJDP program in Pittsburgh (Siegel & Welsh, 2009). Loeber and his colleagues analyze three basic and overlapping pathways in the advancement of delinquent and disruptive behavior among the males from childhood to adolescence as discussed below. In preschool age children grows cognitive and verbal capability that make them equips them learn the developmental task of being honest. During this time they start to learn to respect other people’s property. They also learn to obey and regard figures of authority such as parents and teachers. Development of problem behaviors along the three pathways happens when children do not reach these developmental tasks successfully. These problem behaviors are linked to several conditions and disorders with Loeber and colleagues attributing attention Deficiency Disorder (ADHD) as the most common cause among youths who enter pathway to crime at the first stage (Howell, 2003). The three pathways Authority conflict pathway starts before children are 12 years of and is characterized with stubbornness at the first stage, and then progresses to serious disobedience and defiance at the second stage. The third stage is authority avoidance before the age of twelve years characterized by running away from home, truancy, staying out late at night among others. This pathway is the onset of the other two crime pathways. At this point persistent offenders move either to the overt pathway or the covert pathway. This pathway is a demonstration of conflict as opposed to respect for authority figures. Overt pathway is characterized by minor aggression such as annoying behavior, bullying classmates and other children in early childhood in the initial stage to the next stage which is characterized by physical fights in middle childhood which are done mainly in gangs. This eventually matures to the third stage of serious violence such as robbery, rape, murder etc. in adolescence. This inflicts direct physical harm to others. This demonstrates aggression instead of the expected positive social problem solving. Covert pathway starts from minor underhanded behaviors such as shoplifting and frequent lying in the first stage to property crime such as fire lighting, vandalism etc in the second stage. The third stage involves more grave acts of theft such as breaking and entering
Summary Customer Relationship Management (CRM) reflects a business strategy that aims at managing customers for long-term values. CRM depends on customer-based approaches and culture, which support result-oriented marketing, sales, and services to customers. Thus, CRM applications or software can enhance effective management of customer relationships. This article focuses on how the airline industry can apply CRM in its operation management for creating value to customers and the organisation (CRM Trends, 2012). The US airline industry operates in a competitive and expensive environment. As a result, there is a need to focus on customers’ relationships, means of generating revenues, and cost-cutting methods. Focus on customer management shall ensure profitability and competitive strategy for airlines. In this case, CRM application can aid the airline industry manage its customers. However, the industry has failed to use CRM holistically in its operation. Thus, the industry cannot derive significant values from it. Consequently, the airline industry must change its strategy in order to derive values from CRM strategy. First, the industry must segment its customers based on needs and value so as to understand needs of customers. Second, the industry requires CRM initiative, which focuses on needs of customers to create values. Third, the industry must change its design and management strategy so as to focus on customers and define roles of staff