ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Immigration is a crucial historical period in many countries around the whole world. Some countries lost people because of different political, economical, or social challenges, and some countries lodged people and use their skills, knowledge, and experience in a variety of ways. Irish immigration was one of the well-known periods in the history of Ireland and the USA. The Irish were eager to leave their native country and follow the American Dream to avoid the consequences of famine in 1845 and to get more opportunities in a new country. In the middle of the 19 th century, Irish immigration occurred in many American cities, and Philadelphia was one of them. Both, Americans and Irish people, faced some challenges when people had to unite their cultures, traditions, and beliefs. Still, one of the main challenges that Irish immigrants faced in Philadelphia was the necessity for people with different religious preferences to living and learn in the same places: Irish Catholicism and American Protestants were not ready to co-exist. The main reasons for the migration of the Irish were the conditions developed in the country. A considerable part of the population in Ireland was killed by famine in 1845 (Jackson, 2014). The Irish people were known due to their farms and potatoes. As soon as the potato blight hit the country, many Irish people lost their chances to survive. People had nothing to eat, land became inappropriate for living, and even landowners had to let their workers go to protect themselves against the possible famine outcomes. People bought ship tickets and went to America, the only safe neighbor country to live in. Because many Irish were sick, they had to visit the port in Philadelphia and checked for possible illnesses in a quarantine station called the Lazaretto. Due to its location, Philadelphia turned out to be a home for many Irish and British people between in the middle of the 19 th century (Ignatiev, 2012). The Irish were better prepared to emigration to the USA due to properly developed educational, political, and social views and the ideas on how they can use their experience and contribute the American society. As soon as the Philadelphia Irish defined themselves as a separate community in the city, several Nativists were not satisfied with the fact that immigrants brought their Catholic faith and did not want to change it even being aware of the already developed American protestant beliefs (Poxon & McCaffery, 2013). City life was changed considerably because the Irish were able to take the positions many Americans did not want to get involved in. “The sons of the famine immigrants became machinists, loom fixer
The article is basically addressing the process of transformation of an organization from a research based organization to a commercial one. Westinghouse Synthetic Fuels Division (SFD) had to go through a series of system overhaul from a coal gasification department that dealt with synthetic fuel into a commercial firm. This process of transformation was displayed as a cumbersome, complicated ordeal with barriers proliferating from all the corners and more so from the employees and managers who were fighting the system. From the essay we realize how important it is for the managers to deploy the services of external consultants in the course of harmonizing the system and ironing out any internal wrangles and disputes. Some of the main goals emerging from the article include; the role of managers in attaining the overall objective of a project. Managers have a big role to play in coordinating and supervising the project. The performance of the employees wholly relies on the managerial style of their supervisors hence they ought to always put their best foot forward and lead the team skilfully. They also ought to be patient with their employees and treat them well if they are to deliver good results. Another goal exemplified in the article is the need to have harmony and teamwork at the place of work. The success of any organization lies in the teamwork of its work force. If they can put aside their differences and work together towards attaining a common goal, then the organization is bound to excel. The workers at Westinghouse Synthetic Fuels Division for instance, had conflicts with their managers hence curtailing the progress of the project. It was until the disputes were addressed and resolved and harmony restored, did the company experience breakthroughs and success. Finally, that managers ought to be very close to their employees and create an efficacious working environment for them, there is need to recognize and appreciate workers who display exemplary skills in their fields. The organization should also organize for seminars, workshops and training programs for its employees so as to increase their efficiency and productivity. Team building events are also necessary to enhance teamwork. In my opinion, if managers can effectively implement these programs and strategic plans then they are bound to excel and above all set achievable goals and work towards accomplishing them.
The processes by which organizations determine the kinds of information they need to achieve their business results are extremely complex. Technologies often predetermine the quality and efficiency of organizational decisions. Contrary to previous beliefs, organizational decisions concerning technologies and groupware are not always rational. As a result, IT professionals must be aware of the contexts and environmental complexities affecting organizations and their decisions. How to choose and evaluate the best groupware is one of the most challenging tasks organizations must face. Simultaneously, the most important decisions about groupware are not about technology. Rather, these are people and work processes that predetermine the quality and productivity of groupware systems in organizations. Organizations must be able to address people issues that create confusion and prevent groupware systems from being effectively implemented in the workplace. Technologies are indispensable ingredients of sustained profitability in organizations. Businesses adopt sophisticated technologies to meet their strategic objectives. The use of groupware has become a distinctive feature of the corporate reality: according to Miller (2004), “groupware is similar to other systems that enable document management, often using a centralized system to work through business collaboration processes to create budgets, etc”. Groupware benefits organizations and facilitates collaboration in business environments (Miller, 2004). Businesses use groupware to track and manage documents (Miller, 2004). Groupware can become an excellent instrument of fast and productive search among thousands of documents, which organizations create on a daily basis. How to choose and identify the best groupware systems is the most challenging task for organizations. The latter must define groupware requirements, and this process is very difficult and complex (Boehm, Grunbacher & Briggs, 2001). Defects in this process may lead to costly project failures (Boehm et al, 2001). In the meantime, groupware systems that are properly installed and successfully embedded in organizational contexts cut down turnaround time for meetings and decisions, making organizations more responsive to customer needs (Strom, n.d.). “Embedded” is the key word, since the success and efficiency of any groupware depends upon the degree, to which it fits the criteria and demands of the underlying business (Strom, n.d.). One and the same groupware project can demonstrate different results, depending on the organizational culture, in which it operates (Strom, n.d.). This picture, however, is too rational to be real. Surprisingly or not, the implementation of groupware projects in organizations is far from being rational. Organizational contexts and climates do play a role in how groupware systems work, but people present a serious challenge to the quality and efficiency of groupware solutions. Hills (2005) is correct: whenever organizatio
Financial Objectives for Chromebook Financial objectives in a marketing plan are usually divided into revenue, costs, and advertising. Revenue is one of the primary financial objectives for a company and is the income a business acquires from the ‘standard’ business activities that usually include selling services or products to customers. Since the marketing plan is targeted at Chromebook, a very reasonably priced laptop, the main revenue will come from selling the product. Given the fact that a Chromebook will cost $149 (Macbooks cost approximately $999), and the financial strategy is offering customers exactly what they want at a budget price, the objectified revenue from sales may equal as much as $250 million. Such estimation was based on the analysis of other companies that sell high-quality technology at low prices. For example, despite the fluctuations in popularity, Amazon manages to make $265 million from selling the Kindle e-reader, which costs between $79 and $289. The second but as important financial objective is the cost that goes toward manufacturing, material, distribution, shipping, and personnel. This stage requires more in-depth planning since it is important not only to estimate such costs but also to determine how they can be reduced. It is estimated that shipping and distribution costs may equal to $6 million, manufacturing and material cost may equal to $10 million while personnel costs may also equal to $6 million. If to follow the already-examined strategy of Amazon Kindle and apply it to Chromebook, the advertising costs may be as high as $5 million; however, it is important to remember that Google has an advantage over competitors when it comes to advertising (GoogleAds). Distribution: Direct, Indirect, or Both? A marketing mix strategy should include the decision about how a business will distribute the end product to customers. Effective distribution is necessary for the business so that the overall marketing and revenue objectives are met to the fullest extent. There are two key distribution channels that Chromebook can employ in its business processes. The first method is a direct-distribution that implies delivering the laptop to the customer straight from the manufacturer without the use of third-party intermediaries. While such a strategy may be effective for online retailing (customers can buy the Chromebook directly from a website), it will be tricky to implement it with regards to customers that want to buy laptops in physical stores. Since it is not the best option to open specialized stores to sell Chromebooks, indirect distribution can be a solution. In an indirect distribution model, a manufacturer supplies products to a wholesaler, which, in turn, supplies them to a retailer that delivers the product to consumers. This model of distribution will work best for custom
General overview of Saudi Aramco The world largest crude oil producer and trader Saudi Aramco is the national oil brand of Saudi Arabia with more than 100 oil and gas fields and 253 extra large reserves in different part of the country but the head office in Dhahran. It started its business in Saudi Arabia dated back on May 29, 1933 when the government signed a contract with Standard Oil of California (Socal) to explore the oil in the country but it failed to explore any oil and in 1936 California-Arabian Standard Oil Co. (Casoc) brought 50% share of the company. In 1938, the company was able to locate the oil in Dammam where 1500-barrel oil was produced per day and in 1944, it took the name of Arabian American Oil Company (or Aramco). In 1973, the Saudi Government took 30% of the company and finally in 1980 the state took the full control of the company and took the name of Saudi Arabian Oil Company (or Saudi Aramco) in 1988 (Saudi Aramco 5-7). Literature Review Cost Benefit Analysis Cost benefit analysis has used to evaluate feasibility of any project in terms of the future benefits that arise from the operation of the project compared to the cost of the project. According to entrepreneur.com cost benefit analysis refers to weigh the benefit and relative cost among the different plan to exert the best plan for implementation (Watkins 1). Suppose a company wants to install computerized operation instead of manual operation, which entails a cost of $100,000 and the amount will be recoverable within 8 years. In such a case, the company will decide whether to implement to system or not. This analysis can also execute on current operation to determine the feasibility of the current operation such a company can reevaluate its current operation investment and the profit to assume the benefits derived from it and assess the requirement of further modification. Contract Pricing Contract pricing refers to the pricing decision related to the setting the price which directly affect the suppliers or buyers of the company. It is a long-term pricing decision made by the company to minimize its cost and get a sustainable profit (DPAD 1-13). To understand the contract pricing there need to understand the price environment including the various factors, which directly affect the pricing.
Introduction The Romantic period in British Literature (1780-1832) is grounded on the nexus of the Enlightenment’s encouragement of commerce, rationale, and freedom and the Victorian understanding of industrialization and realm. Romanticism, as exemplified in both artistic manufacture and cultural greeting, promoted aesthetic performance to an almost heavenly movement, a realm where the personality might counterfeit his or her very self as a principled, political, and imaginative being. In recent periods, the sphere of Romantic researches has constantly manufactured some of the most important and wide-ranging hypothetical models for literary research and remains a vivacious and ever-progressing sphere of research. Romanticism In Lyrical Ballads (1798 and 1800), a division in literary history, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge provided and illustrated a liberating aesthetic: poetry should articulate, in genuine talking, experience as sifted through individual emotion and imagination; the truest practice was to be stated in origin. The concept of the Sublime reinforced this turn to scenery, as in wild countryside the force of the sublime could be felt almost instantly. Wordsworth’s romanticism is perhaps most fully comprehended in his great autobiographical verse, “The Prelude” (1805–50). Looking for inspiring moments, romantic poets wrote about the amazing and paranormal, the from abroad, and the medieval. But they also found loveliness in the lives of plain rural people and features of the everyday surroundings. The second generation of idealistic poets entailed John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and George Gordon, Lord Byron. In Keats’s great odes, academic and emotional responsiveness merge in a language of immense power and beauty. Shelley, who joined soaring lyricism with apocalyptic political regard, sought more tremendous effects and intermittently attained them, as in his great drama Prometheus Unbound (1820). His wife, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, created the greatest of the Gothic romances, Frankenstein (1818). Lord Byron was the perfect romantic idol, the envy, and disgrace of the age. He has been repeatedly recognized with his own natures, particularly the disobedient, disrespectful, erotically predisposed Don Juan. Byron spent the romantic lyric with a rationalist irony. Minor idealistic poets entail Robert Southey – best-remembered today for his narration “Goldilocks and the Three Bears” – Leigh Hunt, Thomas Moore, and Walter Savage Landor. The romantic period was also rich in fictional criticism and other nonfictional prose. Coleridge offered a powerful notion of literature in his Biographia Literaria (1817). William Godwin and his wife, Mary Wollstonecraft, created ground-breaking novels on human rights. William Hazlitt, who never abandoned political radicalism, created brilliant and shrewd literary criticism. The master of the individual essay was Charles Lamb, whereas Thomas De Quincey was the maste
Introduction The global meat production comprises large retail companies supplied by smaller firms lower in the supply chain. However, the responsibility for the environmental devastation often falls to the large businesses, which are placed under immense pressure by activists and policymakers. The case of Tesco explains the nature of this problem. For example, Tesco has faced protests from customers urging the company to drop those suppliers dubbed ‘Forest destroyers’, which implies those businesses whose actions are leading to massive deforestation across the world (Kirkman, 2021). Many scholars have also explored the relationships between global meat production and such environmental issues as deforestation and carbon emissions or footprint (Pendrill et al ., 2019; Theurl et al ., 2020). The focus of this paper is to explore the conflict involving global meat production and its link to deforestation and to evaluate Tesco’s response to the issue from a stakeholder management perspective. Conflict from a Stakeholder Management Perspective Conflict management can be challenging for most business managers and leaders. According to Wang and Wu (2020), the problems arise from the sophisticated nature of relationships among the stakeholders. Therefore, all conflicts must be approached from a stakeholder’s perspective. In such contexts as project management, NIMBY (not in my backyard) conflict management has been explored by (Sun et al ., 2016) to offer a glimpse of how stakeholders determine the approach adopted. Such a framework can be applied in Tesco’s case scenario because some of the people are opposed to deforestation in their respective regions, which is similar to the expression of NIMBY. Additionally, the arena approach effectively places the conflict at the centre and the stakeholders surrounding it. In this case, deforestation is the conflict, which attracts such stakeholders as Tesco itself and its suppliers, customers, governments, pressure groups, and native tribes whose habitats face destruction. Deforestation across the Amazon and the tropics has become a hot topic due to the rate at which it is taking place and the fact that governments and businesses appear to have failed in controlling it. According to The Economist (2020), the big firms may not be the ones cutting down the trees but their suppliers are doing so at an unrelenting pace. Across the Amazon, massive chunks of land have become deforested to create room for both beef and soya production. Tesco and other large stores source their products from suppliers directly involved in these practices. While Tesco can claim not to cut trees, its sourcing practices are unsustainable and unethical because of its affiliation with the deforesters. An argument can be made that Tesco will seek to reduce costs of supplies, which mean cheaper suppliers are preferred. Such f
What is the main economic issue? The main economic issue that is facing Britain is the threat of a recession reoccurring. The imminent recession that is facing the Euro region is fast spreading into Britain. Banks in Britain are finding it hard to find money to refinance their debts and this is causing them to dispose of many of their assets at a very alarming rate. The banks are doing this in the view of meeting the EU capital adequacy targets set for June 2012. Banks in Britain are caught in a difficult situation owing to the massive debts they loaned to businesses and governments who are much affected by the Eurozone financial crisis. This has also been in part been caused by loans extended to banks in German and France who are on the verge of default. Plans made by many Euro-zone countries to cut on their budgets are also affecting banks and financial institutions in the country and causing many businesses in Britain to suffer a severe credit shortage making them cut their spending and expansion plans (The Economist). Britain is also facing economic issues resulting from within the country rather than influence from the International Markets. The spending power of the population has been eroded and the growth of wages is half the level of inflation. Many families in the country are being forced to dig deeper into their savings as they try to cover costs. This has made many of them apprehensive about their spending, which makes them cut on their spending. The population is cutting down on spending and this has in turn affected the demand for most products prompting many companies and industries to cut down their workforce (The Economist). The country is mainly relying on earnings from exports and this has been severely affected owing to the fact that two-fifths of the exports are consumed in the Eurozone, which is experiencing an imminent recession and financial troubles. Exports to the euro region have reduced drastically as most people in the region try to reduce their spending. Workers are losing their jobs and this further complicates the financial situation in the country because many of them cannot now meet their financial obligations and are forced to default. The Bank of England is being forced to use newly created money to buy bonds (“quantitative easing”) more than the agreed value of £275 billion as it tries to avert a recession. The country is also facing a deficit of GDP is also another economic issue that is dogging the country’s government as is estimated to stand at 8.4% at the end of this fiscal year (The Economist). How is the economic issue related to Macroeconomic concepts or models (i.e. GDP, etc.)? The risk of the country experiencing a recession is related to various concepts of macroeconomics. A recession occurs when there is slow growth in the economy as a result of a drop in consumer demand. When the sales decrease, businesse