ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Issues with Stereotyping in Advertising Stereotyping in advertising does not yield negative outcomes in all situations. However, according to Sheehan (2013), it is mostly perceived as harmful following the repetition of stereotyped adverts, which become normalized upon their naturalization. Rößner, Kämmerer, and Eisend (2017) argue that advertisers capitalize on deep-seated ideological perceptions that already exist in communities and the society as the foundation of their commercials. An arising question here is whether adverts in their pure form propagate the problem of stereotyping, especially racial labeling. This section uses the social learning theory, in-group bias theory, and the cultivation theory as three prominent schools of thought, which describe the process of how stereotypes create imagery among people and groups. The theories raise pertinent issues of stereotyping in media advertising. The cultivation theory suggests that people who are subjected to televised media have a higher probability of perceiving or seeing their real world in the context of ideologies, values, or images, which they see on the screen (Luoh & Lo, 2012). This exposure raises the issue of the likelihood of heavy television viewers expressing stereotypical ideas compared to light viewers. For example, using the concept of beauty whitewash in advertising produces a harmful idea, which suggests that skin and hair color characterizes beauty. In such adverts, the hair and skin colors of people who embrace the art of modeling undergo manipulation to become lighter. Therefore, an arising issue is that dark-colored skin and hair are not visually appealing. The same issue arises when contextualizing how stereotypes create imagery among people and groups from the perspectives of the social learning theory. The theory holds, “Learning can be achieved not only through a direct experience, but also vicariously through the observation of a variety of models” (Luoh & Lo, 2012, p. 417). In other words, people can learn stereotypical ideals that exist outside their world from the things they hear or see, especially via media exposure. The in-group bias theory argues that personal perspectives are critical aspects that determine and control media material consumptions. According to Gibbons (2016), researches in mass media demonstrate that whether in written, audio, audio-visual, or imagery adverts, people interpret the content based on their experiences and/or knowledge. This situation raises the issue of whether stereotyped adverts are responsible for creating negative, say racial ideals, or
Introduction The world of science is very versatile in new innovations and investigations. These aspects of progress in modern world contemplate the further drive of knowledge and efforts for making still mysterious spheres of peoples’ observation more obvious and discovered. The analysis of a man’s brain from the side of cognitive science presupposes an outlook on its structural parts and behavioral reflection. In this respect the paper leans toward making an assertion about current brain studies based on the researches of two well-known authors. V. S. Ramachandran and Daniel Schacter moved the neuroscience in the straightforward learning of depths in a man’s brain. Their researches are the part of current heritage in the sphere of brain studies and development of scientific thought in this field. This is why Phantoms in the Brain and Searching for Memory are taken into consideration as main constituents of the comparative analysis. Both works represent the solely scientific findings in the experimental work of both authors while increasing the horizons of brain capacities and, what is more, their grounding. However, the book by Ramachandran is appealing to a specific circle of people with medical working experience; the second book is written in rather comprehensive, still scientific manner. Ramachandran and Schacter are apt to underline several disorders and abilities of brain in order to make the wholeness of mental research completed with scientific sharpness. Discussion First of all, it is vital to admit that both books are united in the mutual theme concerned with brain. Thereupon, the objectives and particular approaches are used by both authors, so that to make experiments and process of investigation apparent and reliable for rational framework. Phantoms in Brain actually provides a discussion based on different cases of mental disorders. The book is fulfilled with paradoxical facts which appeared as a result of Ramachandran’s long and thorough experiments on brain activity while a man (or a patient) is paralyzed, without some parts of the body (Limbs, particularly) or a victim of Capgras’s syndrome. The author is apt to identify the reasons for such reactions of brain reflected in peoples’ behaviors. Seeking for the explanation of such paradoxes of brain, the author implies the idea of scientific indulgence in contrast to Schacter’s work. Ramachandran develops an assumption that today’s science is still helpless to provide “grand unified” theoretical background for mental activity and its processes: “Every science has to go through an initial “experiment “ or phenomena-driven stage – in which its practitioners are still discovering the basic laws – before it reaches a more sophisticated theory-driven stage” (Ramachandran 4). Daniel Schacter provides a
A Class Divided is one of the most popular documentaries, which discuss the ideas of discrimination among people. It is an experiment, conducted by Jane Elliot, an American 3 rd Grade students’ teacher, is about the division of the group into two subgroups according to the color of their eyes: blue eye group and brown eye group. Mrs. Elliot’s experiments with 3 rd grade students and with adults have lots in common and certain differences, which may be classified according to such concepts like social groups, their sizes, leadership styles, and formal organization. Elliot’s control over the members of the groups plays a very important role and proves that those, who have certain power, can easily impose different ideas on people and make these people change their minds within short periods of time. The main idea of Jane Elliot’s experiment is to teach people about racism and prejudice, and demonstrate how stereotyping may change people’s lives once and forever. The members of the group, who are called superior, have to behave and feel like they are superior in everything. Those members, who are defined as inferior, have to behave in the inferior ways. The results of this experiment demonstrate how simple words without proper grounds, but told by powerful people, may influence people’s behavior and attitudes to other people. In both experiments, secondary social groups were chosen. These groups were later divided into two out-groups, where one social group felt opposi
Introduction There have been talks between Yahoo and Microsoft companies where Microsoft intended to purchase Yahoo so as to compete with Google. Google has been a major threat in the internet industry, leading to the need for a merger in order to compete with this giant company. This issue has raised discussions of whether it would be beneficial to shareholders or whether the two companies will be in a position to get over their cultural issues so as to come up with a better search engine. (Pedrycz, 2008) The impact on Yahoo shareholders If the merger succeeds, Yahoo shareholders will be affected in that by combining with a bigger company like Microsoft; it is obvious that their shares will gain value. This is because Microsoft has a better financial foundation as well as the technical expertise that would enable it to grow faster. However, each of the two companies has developed separately, which would make the outcome of their merger much competitive. On the other hand, it has occurred that shareholders would be interested in an independent company than they would with a merger. This has been the reason why yahoo’s share price has improved, with a share going for about 24.83 dollars and could be rising. If the deal fails, then shareholders of yahoo would seek refuge in the deal between Yahoo and Google concerning search and advertisement where yahoo shareholders would benefit a lot since yahoo’s share might definitely gain value. (Stevens, 2008) Impact on Microsoft Shareholder The merger between Yahoo and Microsoft would not have as much positive impact on its shareholders since it’s already better in terms of market than yahoo. The only positive impact would be as a result of competition that their merger would give to Google that would increase the value of their shares. There has been an argument against the merger where part of it is based on some non-profitable calculations. If the deal of purchasing yahoo is distributed to Microsoft shareholders in the form of dividends, each shareholder will receive about $5 for each share. Further calculations show that 1000 shares would earn a Microsoft shareholder about $5000, which would have been better than buying out yahoo. Research has shown that yahoo and Microsoft do not have complementary product lines, and therefore, their working together would n
Introduction The United State of America has had a great trend in its economy. There have been depressions and recessions in the economy. 13 small group of farming economies joined in 1776 to form a large United States of America. This resulted to a huge growth of the United States and it made a quarter of the world’s economy. The growth of the economy received a great boost from the political system, availability of natural resources and agricultural land that was very productive. The citizens had a big impact also since they were very innovative and entrepreneurial. This attracted so many people from all over the world to came and settle in the United States and made the human resources available. The arrival of Europeans in the United States led to alteration of the economy since the people had to adopt the European way of life. The American Revolution led to war as the Americans were fighting for their rights and it affected the economy. The American Revolution started from 1775 to 1783. Economic Trends The United States of America faced recessions and depressions in its economy that affected the economy of the whole world. War has been one of the major causes of recession in the United States. In 1953, the rate of unemployment was at 5%. This was caused by the country trying to recover from the war. The unemployment levels went higher year by year and in 1957, it was at 6.2 %. The Federal Reserve used the money supply policy, which reduced the amount of money for businesses to expand, and as a result, there were no new job opportunities created. In 1961, the level of unemployment reduced by 1% because of president Kennedy’s effort to increase the government expenditure. This came at a time when people had lacked confidence in the government as many banks were running out of money and many of them were closed. The most severe recession was experienced in 1973-75 were the rate of inflation was very high and adversely affected the whole GDP. The Vietnam War and the oil crisis caused this. The oil embargo announced by the organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) affected the production of goods and services in the U.S (Taylor 2009, p. 45). By this time, much of the world was dependent on oil for everyday life and business function. The prices of oil escalated and it was followed by the lack of sufficient supply and this affected the American economy. The GDP dropped by 3.2 percent and the unemployment rate was very high that it hit 9% with the recession ending in March 1975. In 1979, the oil prices were sharply increased all over the world due to the Iranian revolution. Izurieta (2003, p. 15) argues that the Iran’s new regime exported the oils in small volumes at very high prices and the supply was not constant. This contributed to businesses operating at high operational co
If we talk about children with multiple exceptionalities it means that they exist. And the first one who discovered the problem of such children was a very shrewd and courageous person. As to find out this very exceptionality is not an easy thing to do but in any case possible. The burning point is how to help such children and make them reach the most in their lives. The topic of exceptionality is one of the most discussed in our contemporary society with high technological and time – saving achievements. To define the term of exceptionality, we stick to the point of researchers who consider ‘multiply exceptional’ people as those who are highly able and who also have a disability, sensory impairment or learning problem (“Children with Multiple Exceptionalities” 1). Such children cannot directly tell us about their problem and it helps to create make-belief as if they do not exist. It is scientifically proved that exceptional children in many cases have certain potential inside of them which can be unfolded in the atmosphere of special personal approach. In many cases disabled students have strong potential in some other spheres of their lives. Just like in a teenagers’ movie “The girl next door”, only one “outcast” noticed and helped a boy from some rough country to come to study in US. This newcomer was exceptional, as his environment could not provide him with opportunities for self-development. He was expected to become a new Einstein or to find out cancer treatment. But until he was noticed, nobody tried to help him. Although it was not easy to overcome difficulties, it shows us that treating this problem
Abstract This paper aims at exploring the appropriate way of managing changes in the United States Army. Beginning with the introduction of the theme, the paper proceeds with the specification of the challenges that need to be addressed by defense leaders, including such issues as external and internal contexts. After that, it discusses fundamental change principles that can be employed by the United States Army leadership, focusing on evaluation, planning, informing, and resistance addressing techniques. The paper emphasizes the significance of such basic tenets of leadership as effective communication with personnel, resistance mitigation, conversion strategies, etc. The subsequent section provides the US Army with a range of valuable recommendations such as the need to invest in capabilities as well as others based on the discussed assumptions. Ultimately, the conclusion encompasses all the key points that were revealed in the course of this paper. Introduction The modern world sets new challenges and opportunities in the field of the military that force the United States Army leadership to consider a constant change to act on an agenda. The initiatives taken by leadership representatives are to be comprehensive and timely, thus meeting the current needs of society. In this regard, this paper will identify the US Army as an organization, reveal its key challenges that need to be addressed, and suggest possible change strategies to transform it into the body that will be able to successfully execute its functions in the conditions of the modern world. Let us consider each of the mentioned elements in detail. Situation Analysis The United States Army is Continuously Changing The US Army is regarded as one of the strongest armies in the world. The country that had no opponents on its continent was able to shape one of the most powerful Army forces the current strength of which is approximately 475 thousand military personnel as well as over 500 thousand civilians (Stulberg & Salomone, 2013). It should be emphasized that the US Army leadership incorporates the concept of management, thus providing an opportunity to consider these concepts as a whole. The United States Army changes its leadership at least every three to four years along with its mission and vision. The mentioned facts are caused by a range of issues that will be discussed later in this paper. However, these initiatives are typically focused on organizational changes, including strategic, tactical, and operational spheres. It is critical for the safekeeping of the United States Armed services that the changes do not affect the quality of performance. Indeed, the process of transformation is to be directed at the enhancement of the US Army performance, making it innovative and relevant. Change management is a key factor in the successful implementation of the change system and organization development as a whole (Palmer, Dunford, & Akin, 2009). Therefore, leadership must understand the challenges that may occur and how to
Introduction Many action movies rely on fast-paced action to keep the audience interested. Today, loud sounds of gunshots and car chases are not unusual for adventure films. However, some movies take a different approach and build up the tension with silent scenes and a slow introduction. This is true for the classic movie The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly , directed by Leone in 1966. This so-called Spaghetti Western follows the journey of three men blinded by greed. Each man is introduced with an adjective – Blondie, the good, Angel Eyes, the bad, and Tuco, the ugly. As the three characters travel across the state separated by the Civil War in the hopes of finding a fortune of gold, the audience can see the differences like these cruel men. This paper aims to explore the central themes of the movie The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly . Main Themes Some critics consider this movie to be a representation of a classic Western. However, the extreme violence of the main characters can be seen as an attempt by the director to create a film that criticizes the original themes of Western movies. Most Westerns focus on the struggle of a heroic protagonist who does not kill unless it is necessary. In The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly, the characters can be viewed as antiheroes as they pursue their goals aggressively and violently. One of the protagonists, Angel Eyes, is a ruthless mercenary that kills his clients after receiving his payment. His scenes are incredibly violent and show his emotionless nature. The second, Tuco, is a bandit, whose thirst for gold can be explained by his occupation. In contrast, Blondie, a bounty hunter, is portrayed as a confident and calm man that does not shy away from violence to reach his goals. Moreover, all three characters lie and deceive without hesitation. Their complex morals are uncommon for these types of movies. The tension of the movie is also created by the contrast between long, silent scenes and action sequences. For instance, the first minutes of the movie is entirely devoid of any dialogue. Wide shots, coupled with close-ups of characters’ faces, show that actions define these men better than words. This is especially true for Blondie; the close-up of his face in the scenes with most tension often portrays him as an unflinching person who has a plan for everything. Thus, the need for dialogue lessens, and the main character’s interactions are limited to a small number of phrases, while other characters fill the silence. This choice of method can be seen as a way to establish the dominating masculinity of the protagonists as opp
Introduction Business ethics, also referred to as corporate ethics in large organizations, is a set of principles that deal with ethical and morality problems that may arise in a business environment. Business ethics applies to all elements of business activities and is important to the conduct of individuals and the whole organization. It has both practical and descriptive parameters. However, as a business and career specialization, the field is largely practical. Descriptive methods are only used by academicians in an attempt to further understand business ethics’ application to corporate activities. Business ethics entails a number of activities. Legal compliance, empirical studies into the ethical beliefs and mind-sets of business persons, a series of best practice claims, argument for or against compulsory staff involvement in management, and attempts at employing long-established ethical theories, theories of justice, or theories of the state are all advanced applications of business ethics (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Core Areas of Business Ethics When talking about business ethics, business persons normally refer to one of the following: avoid breaking criminal laws while conducting business, avoid activities that may lead to legal action against the company, and avoid activities that may corrode the business’ image. In reality, business ethics encompasses various aspects or business management as stated below. Finance Basically, finance is a field of social science and embodies disciplines such as behavioral economics, sociology, accounting and management. It is frequently assumed to be free of ethical concerns. This is not the case, for instance, during the recent global financial recession, the ethics of company executives came under the spotlight after they awarded themselves huge bonuses with the funds that were supplied by the government as part of the economic stimulus package (Anand and Rosen, 2008). Other financial ethical issues include trading practices, trading conditions, sales practices, tax returns, and audit activities. Corporate financial activities that contravene business ethics principles include insider trading, deceptive financial analyses, bribery, and facilitation payments. Real world cases include Enron, Lehman Brothers, and WorldCom.
Introduction Who are Gypsies? Hunters, entertainers, potters, horse traders or knife sharpeners? There has been intense stereotyping about Gypsies’ lives over the years. Fortunately, Jan Yoors, an outsider from Belgium lived with these people long enough to confirm or reject the stereotypes. Born in Belgium, Jan Yoors ran away from his family at the age of twelve and stayed with the Gypsies for six years before returning home at the age of eighteen. His father then allowed him to spend time with the Gypsies once a year thereafter. As a member of a wandering band, Kumpania , which was part of the Gypsies, Jan Yoors stands the best chance to confirm or discard some of the claims that have been made about the Gypsies by many writers. The Stereotypes There are many reasons that underlie the low position that the Gypsies occupied in the mainstream society. They did not have concrete religion and most of them led nomadic lifestyles. Moreover, the Gypsies had different body features and stature. All these factors set them apart, making them to stand out in a crowd and this may have contributed to their segregation and stereotyping. One of the stereotypes is that the Gypsies were lonely and gloomy. According to Bellman, “If the author needs loneliness and gloom, this is what the Gypsies represent” (76). This is not true. According to Yoors, these people were friendly, social, and hospitable. “We all sat merrily together. The suggestive scratching had ceased and there were no Gaje left among us. Not suspecting the ruse, they had fled before the implications of vermin” (Yoors 26). How would lonely and gloomy people sit together and exchange pleasantries as indicated in the above excerpt? Jan Yoors comes out clearly to point out that these people were friendly contrary to what many writers have tried to imply. It is a common phenomenon that the minority groups in society are in most cases overlooked. The mainstream society does not take time to study and understand the values and principles of these minority groups. Consequently, a lot of misinformation abides and as new generations come and go, the misconstrued information becomes a fact. This is the case with the Gypsies; however, credit goes to Jan Yoors for relating his own experience with these people. Anot