ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Hershey Company has been in existence for over a century now. The organization deals with a wide range of products targeted at the diverse market segment of the entity. Over the years, the company has made major improvements on its brands, its products, and its management strategies. All these changes are geared at improving the competitiveness of the firm in the industry. Hershey Company: The Nature, Structure, and Types of Products Offered by the Organization Hershey Company is one of the leading chocolate producers in the world. It is associated with some of the most popular chocolate brands in the world. Some of its products include M&Ms, Payday, Reese’s, and Almond Joy (Brenner, 1999). Hershey operates in the rather sensitive food and beverages industry. Operations in this industry are regulated by a number of laws and rules put in place by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Hershey has developed a comprehensive code of ethical conduct to adhere to these rules. The operational standard is divided into four sections. The four entail the company’s commitment to its stakeholders, who include the employees, customers, and suppliers (D’Antonio, 2007). Hershey’s Code of Conduct and Success Indicators A critical analysis of Hershey’s code of conduct brings to the fore a number of major issues. In particular, three elements in this document are instrumental to the success of the company and its commitment to the stakeholders. Commitment to stakeholders First, the entity’s dedicatio
Introduction to the 20th Century History of Iran Based on historical records Iran has been a site of contention for western powers since not only has it acted as battlefield of interests for military purposes but it has been a site of economic and political conflict which has had a distinct impact on the way in which western powers deal with the Middle East (Iran, 2009). What must be understood is that the rich oil fields of Iran have been one of the major sources of conflict in that part of the world. As evidenced by successive attacks on the country during World War I and II wherein western powers have always intervened on Iran’s behalf in order to prevent the oil fields from falling into enemy hands (Omar, 2006). Ironically by 1951 such actions were proven to be for naught since in a move to create a higher source of income for the country resulted in the nationalization of the oil industry from foreign powers which in effect kicked out all foreign personnel from the country whereby the oil producing facilities fell into Iranian hands (Omar, 2006). The 1970 Revolution The 1970 revolution in Iran was actually precipitated by three distinct factors that led to the eventual downfall of the Shah and rise of Ayatollah Khomeinii as the leader of Iran, namely: the human rights violations precipitated by the Shah’s secret polices, the loss of support from the Arab League due to the Shah’s western leaning policies especially those concerning Israel and the machinations of Ayatollah Khomeinii who used his religious influence to precipitate the fires of revolution in the Iranian people (Jefferson, n.d.). The result of the revolution was the dissolution of the previous Shah regime, the end of Iran’s close relationship with the U.S. and the creation of government that was more inclined towards Islamic rather than Democratic tenets. The end result of the 1970 revolution was a decidedly anti-American stance within Iran developed as a result of the Shah’s close U.S. stance which defined his regime. This culminated in the subsequent hostage situation in Iran wherein several members of the U.S. embassy were held hostage over a period of 444 days (Jefferson, n.d.). To this day relations between the U.S. and Iran are strained at best and antagonistic at worst due to the persistent anti-U.S. sentiment which appears to be a cornerstone of Iran’s foreign policy from the start of the revolution all the way to the present. Iran in the latter part of the 20th C
Introduction Assessing EAL learners in the context of the Australian curriculum implies not only providing them with extensive feedback on their progress but also retrieving further instructions for designing the curriculum for the target students and, therefore, covering the areas that have been left blank (Farris, 2015). Therefore, the process of assessment of the identified group of students will incorporate the elements that the evaluation of other students’ progress typically does not include (see Appendix A: Proforma). Challenges in Evaluating EAL Students’ Progress: Roles and Importance of Assessment It should be noted that the Australian curriculum already has an assessment framework for EAL students in store for the teachers that are to work in diverse settings (Conteh, 2015). Typically defined as the EAL Companion to AusVELS (Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority, 2016a), the identified strategy endorses the idea of enhancing literacy through allowing the learners to immerse in the environment of the Australian English language: The English as an Additional Language (EAL) Companion to AusVELS (the EAL Standards) provides a framework for assessing student achievement and developing effective learning programs for the many students in Victorian schools who are learning English as an additional language. (Victoria State Government, 2016a, par. 1) It should be noted, though, that the specified framework has a range of dents in it, which typically slip under the radar of the Australian educators (Hammond, 2012). Despite the generally positive effect that it leaves in terms of stating the current level of language proficiency among EAL students, it fails to address the needs of EAL learners dully (Australian Curriculum, Assessment, and Reporting Authority, 2016). The role of the assessment to be designed, therefore, is twofold. On the one hand, it will have to serve as the primary source of instructions for teachers as far as the further course of the learning process is concerned (Sasson, 2014). In other words, the teachers will have to retrieve essential information regarding the current level of proficiency among learners and their command of English so that the steps for their further language skills development should be identified (Rivera & Collum, 2014). Another essential role of the tool selected, in its turn, concerns the information that it will provide to the learners. Because of the challenges that the latter may face in the course of the accommodation process, their motivation rates may drop; herein lies the necessity to boost their confidence by showcasing the efficacy of their efforts. The assessment, thus, will serve as the primary means of encouraging learners for even greater advances in the English language acquisition (Flippo, 2014). The current curriculum does not imply that specific assessment tools should be applied to evaluate the progr
Biological Self-Care Though precautions are taken in cases where a social worker is dealing with sick people, it is advisable to have regular checkups. Short-term strategies include showering twice a day. Long-term strategies include signing up with a fitness club, travelling and exercising regularly. Psychological Self-Care One of the steps to achieve my emotional health is reducing my alcohol intake as well as avoiding tobacco and other stimulants that may endanger my psychological well-being. Short-term strategies include going back to boxing. Long-term strategies include teaching myself not to hold back tears in times of sorrow. Social Self-Care I intend to make leisure time a priority. Short-term strategies include spending more time to connect with my partner and know each other better. I also intend to meet with my friends at least once a week. Long-term strategies include starting a social club where members can inform one another about their future plans. Having a child with my partner is another long-term objective. Spiritual Self-Care Spiritual self-care can be achieved by drafting a meditation routine and sticking to it. Alternatively, I might choose to spend time in a quiet environment and connect with nature. Short-term objectives include involving myself in some volunteer work at my church. As a long-term objective, I plan to volunteer at the local police department a few years from now. Financial Self-Care My short-term goal would be to find a job in a nearby facility. This will enable me to pay my bills as well as have some cash to save. One of my long-term financial self-care plans is to buy a house and make major investments. In order to do so, I will require professional assistance on how to draw a plan that will yield credible results and give me financial freedom by the time I reach retirement age. Barriers to Maintaining My Self-Care Strategies Clearly, my strategies can be affected by external and internal factors. For instance, I can land a stressful job, or I can buy a house in the neighborhood where some unbearable people live. I can also have difficulties with finding the job I really like. I will have a lot of stresses and I will have to stick to my plan making additional effort. I can also get tired of such self-discipline and stop following the plan. I can be very busy (having a job and kids) and I can persuade myself that I simply have no time for the self-care plan. Addressing Barriers I will have to start each day with meditation that will include reminding myself to practice self-care and stick to the plan developed. I will also ask my partner as well as my close ones to support me in this and remind me to be pat
Introduction Energy is critical to worldwide operations. Each year, lots of funds are invested in energy related research, as fear of depletion of world’s energy resources grow. Fuel cells are increasingly being considered as the possible solution to the continuously increasing energy problems globally (Science Applications International Corporation 12). Like other applications used globally, pumps consume a lot of fuel and alternative sources of power to hydroelectricity are increasingly being sought for this application. Not only are these alternatives being sought due to energy scarcity but also due to the increasing need to produce environmentally friendly energy production units. Fuel cells are emerging as the ideal solutions that fit these requirements. Coupled with other environmentally friendly energy production techniques like biofuels and renewable energy sources like hydrogen gas, they can produce electricity which is free of pollution effects (Science Applications International Corporation 12). Fuel cells use hydrogen gas and oxygen to produce energy with water as the only biproduct. The resulting power can be effectively used to power pumps. While oxygen gas is readily available, solar power can be used to generate hydrogen gas via an electrolyzer. This paper describes the increased use of hydrogen as a source of renewable energy, the working of a fuel cell, how the system interacts with its internal components and the environment and the working of the system to generate energy for use in water pumping. Hydrogen as a renewable energy source Hydrogen gas burns to produces little or insignificant amount of harmful gas emissions. Recent research indicates that hydrogen energy content per unit weight is the largest compared to any other fuel. Additionally, it is a leading environmentally friendly energy source (Science Applications International Corporation 12). Despite being the simplest element, hydrogen does not occur naturally and hence must be produced. Often it exists in combination to other elements. When burnt in engines, hydrogen results into no emissions and when used in fuel cells, its only biproduct is water which is non-toxic. However, it is found in many organic compounds mostly hydrocarbons which coincidentally, largely make up world fuels including gasoline, natural gas and methane among others (Slater 34). Often various processes are used in production of hydrogen including reforming from hydrocarbons, and electrolysis, where an electric current is used to extract hydrogen from water. Some bacteria have also been noted to use sunlight to produce hydrogen under specific conditions. Hydrogen fuel cells have for a long time been used to power electrical system of shuttles. When produced using renewable energy sources like solar energy and wind energy, hydrogen can be used as a renewable energy source (Slater 34). The diagram attached below illustrates the process of produces hydrogen via electrolysis using solar power (see appendix 2). Fuel Cells H
The Congress of Vienna in 1814 to 1815 emphasized the significance of peace among nations. The convention of Europe’s powerful countries such as Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia implied that peace is tantamount among nations 1 . The Congress of Vienna raised critical issues as to whether peace should be the main focus before countries engage in war. Following the fall of Napoleon after 20 years of continuous war, a new order of politics in Europe was inevitable 2 . The need to include peace as a monumental concept in developing the European continent took precedence after the Congress of Vienna 3 . Before the Congress of Vienna, most of the European countries were locked into frequent conflicts over conquered territories. To ensure that such conflicts were minimized, establishing peace among powerful European countries was necessary. However, members who participated in the Congress of Vienna viewed peace in a different manner. For example, the majority of the European countries still harbored resentment against France that was considered a hindrance to peace. In fact, many countries still experienced the negative impact of the French revolution, which distorted peace on the continent. In this context, contending the spread of the French revolution and preventing the occurrence of similar war was discussed as part of peace development 4 . The Congress of Vienna resolved to adopt a policy that did not encourage the rewards and punishments of countries involved in the previous warfare. From this perspective, establishing a balance of power and settlement among allies and rivals involved in major conflicts became a necessity in peacebuilding. Moreover, the importance of peace was emphasized by including the perceived enemy in the Congress of Vienna. In this regard, France was invited to the Congress of Vienna to ensure the core principles of peace were achieved. In addition, involving France was integral in preventing revenge attacks in the future. The concept of peace was envisioned for the restoration of previous monarchies across Europe. Apparently, the French revolution had disrupted the political structures and systems across the continent. In any case, considering peace first, before establishing any development among conflicting nations is a necessity. For example, the territorial settlement as a result of areas conquered by the European nations required a peaceful agreement. Moreover, the territorial settlement was to be implemented in stages, and this required patience since some countries tried to restart the war. Therefo
Drinking and driving appears to be one of the most troublesome issues for our community to resolve. There are associations such as Mothers against Drunk Driving, Driving under Influence, and many other factions that have done a significant impact on people of all ages in educating them about the existing condition. Sadly, in numerous situations their efforts have not been efficient enough. While a little over eighty percent of drivers have already known about the accepted alcohol level from an educational journal or commercial, nearly twenty percent are familiar with what the extent of the state is. Substantially, this statistic indicates that the information is not quite absorbed by the consciousness of people. It is a common dispute for a media movement not to be influential; however, the issue of drinking and driving is too critical for becoming cliché. An illustration of driving while intoxicated problem emerges naturally when an individual is not aware of his inability and weak position to drive, and there is not a single person to doubt it and confront him. In general, when people are not affected by the alcohol, an individual is aware of the fact that drinking and driving are two incompatible concepts; nonetheless, the issue comes down to the matter that at the time when this critical resolution has to be made, an individual’s common sense is flawed. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “in 2012, 71% of drivers aged 15 to 20 were killed in motor vehicle crashes after drinking and driving were not wearing a seat belt. In 2013, 51% of teen deaths from motor vehicle crashes occurred between 3 p.m. and midnight and 54% occurred on Friday, Saturday, or Sunday” ( Teen drivers, 2014, para. 4). Moreover, teenage and adult drunk driving up to this day remains the first originator of premature death. The driving under the influence of alcohol has evolved into one of the most destructive contemporary issues in our community. Along with the extensive agendas towards alcohol alertness, which are accessible to all citizens, most people are aware of the effects of the drinking and driving; however, people are continuing to take the risk. The drunken driving could be provoked by a large number of determinants; though it always results in substantial, psychological, and nervous suffering for not only a person who was the reason for an accident but the blameless uninvolved bystanders as well (Finkelstein, Corso, & Miller, 2006). The horrifying consequences of driving under the influence of alcohol could be divided into only two groups: death and existence after the incident. One of the implications of the adolescent and adult driving while intoxicated is enduring the life after the occurrence of breaking the law. The person who drinks and drives will not necessarily get into an accident with a fatal outcome; however, his life will assuredly be altered. To be more precise, an individual will be obliged by law to handle the consequences of driving drunk. According to the Office of the Illinois Secretary of S
The book “The Ku Klux Klan in the Southwest” by Alexander is a comprehensive discussion about the Klan. The book looks at the rise to power of the empire of the Ku Klux Klan in every part of the US, in the early twentieth century. Alexander tells us of the process that involved very many members worldwide pledging to its doctrine; the hostility targeted at African Americans, Roman Catholics, foreign immigrants, and ideological radicals in addition to an aggressive, often fierce, resolve to safeguard conventional moral values and impose the new nationwide ban on alcoholic beverages. The book by Charles Alexander, The Ku Klux Klan in the Southwest , written in 1965 was one of the waves of revisionist scholarship that obliterated the theories carried by early scholars, that the Klan secret society was tremendously rural and fundamentalist. Other books that did the same were The Ku Klux Klan in the City by Kenneth Jackson in 1967, and Crusade for Conformity by Alexander Charles in 1962. Unlike the other two books, The Ku Klux Klan in the Southwest does not discuss the events that took place in west of Texas. The book portrays the Klan as urban, national and organized, unlike the earlier scholars viewed it. According to Alexander, the Klan activities in some parts of the South like Oklahoma and Texas showed little hostility towards the Negroes. Alexander tells us that the Klan was more focused with reform in terms of “preserving premarital chastity, marital fidelity, and respect for parental authority; to compel obedience of state and national prohibition laws; to fight the post-war crime wave; and to rid state and local governments of dishonest politicians”. The book informs the reader of the many implications of the Klan, among them being their close association with the local law enforcement, which made them a part of the state government. In addition to this, the book examines factors leading to the rapid growth of the Klan, from a small regional organization in the early twentieth century, (1910s), to a large and national group in the 1920s, including the effect of the First World War. In his book, Alexander argues that in Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, the main incentive for the unusual expansion was the focus on the moral status quo. The book focuses its study on a particular region, which helps the author, Alexander, to expound on the processes of how the “Klan’s night-riding vigilantism, political activism, fraternal fellowship, substantial charitable work, and vocal support for what it defined as Protestant Americanism appealed to a disillusioned, post-World War middle-class society”. Alexander’s book is quite detailed though the author failed to look into the Klan trials in the Walton papers. This can be due to his unawareness of the location of the Klan trial transcripts. I recommend this book to people who would like a comprehensive report of the Klan activities, since Alexander carried out an extensive research on the topic. Alexan
A central bank can choose to fix exchange rates to control the value of a local currency against other currencies irrespective of the trajectories of the forces of demand and supply (Kenen, 2000). The relative merits of a fixed exchange rate regime are as follows. First, it removes the uncertainty associated with currency fluctuation. Changes in the value of a currency can adversely affect import and export trade. Secondly, a fixed exchange rate regime protects the local economy from external economic shocks. If the currency of a trading partner appreciates or depreciates significantly, a fixed exchange rate limits the exposure of the country. The third merit of a fixed exchange rate regime is that it can compensate for the weaknesses of a central bank (Kenen, 2000). Usually central banks have an important role to play because they have fiscal and policy instruments at their disposal. A weak central bank can compromise the economy if it misuses these tools. Therefore, a fixed exchange rate regime limits the power of a central bank to affect market conditions. The fourth merit of using a fixed exchange rate is that it eliminates currency speculation (Kenen, 2000). Currency speculation can affect the economic development of a country negatively and can lead to inflation or deflation. Fixed exchange rate regimes eliminate this threat. The relative merits of floating exchange rates are as follows. First, a floating exchange rate allows a country to develop its competitive advantages better than countries that have fixed exchange rates. Floating exchange rates force businesses to find efficient ways of handling international transactions to maximize their profits. The cautious attitude leads to the development of competitive advantages. Secondly floating exchange rates gives central banks more options for handling economic pressure (Kenen, 2000). This means that the banks can control the economic shocks that may affect the country. The third relative merit of floating exchange rates is that they promote free market ideals, which is the proven model for rapid economic growth. The important issues that every international business needs to consider when choosing an exchange rate regime are as follows. First, the business must consider its exposure to exchange rate shocks. If the business is at a very risky position due to potential changes in the exchange rate, then it should choose a fixed rate regime. However, this decision will eliminate some business opportunities. The second consideration is the number of countries where the business operates. The main issue in this regard is the consideration of the overall exposure of the business to variations in exchange rate in its countries of operation. This will help it to make strategic decisions about the exchange rate regime to choose. Finally, the business must conduct a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis to determine how best to manage the risks and the opportunities of either model. Some businesses will have better rewards operating on a fixed rat