ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The technological advancement is an important part of human history which refers to all period of it because inventions were made in every period but are so deeply rooted into the routine life that people do not even think about the importance of this or that issue. An electric light bulb can be considered one of such issues because we think little about its structure, except for the students of technological faculties who are supposed to know its structure for further education and professional development. At the same time, the electric light bulb became a source of controversies and debates because people started to notice the effects produced by these bulbs on their health and environment. The main effect produced on environment concerns the production and recycling/utilization of this product whereas the effect on human health can be found reflected in the media and press. As such, it is important to investigate on the most visible components of this issue with regard to the health and environmental hazards. Sir Humphrey Davy and the Light Bulb This was a pivotal moment when Humphrey picked up an interest in the field of electrochemistry in the year 1808 because it led to discovery of the most famous invention in his life which was the carbon arc lamp. However, the nature of his inventions in combination with his temperament made him rather scholarly and technologically oriented than finance and benefit oriented which resulted in financial losses. Humphrey Davy was driven by the need for results; he usually focused on creativity rather than repetition of experiments or consistency. In fact, this could have been his greatest flaw. Instead of perfecting his inventions, Davy preferred to experiment quickly and move on to the next discovery. Furthermore, he did not patent his light bulb thus costing him huge losses in terms of future inventions. Though Sir Davy was not the first to deal with electricity and light, he managed to bring something new to analysis of this phenomenon and experiments on producing electricity and light. The intensity and duration of that light was minute as to make it inapplicable Davy dealt with this issue by first changing the electrodes being used. Instead of using metallic electrodes, Davy decided to utilize non metallic ones. When the hot methane in Davy’s lamp started burning, it could not go to the external environment because of the wire gauze barrier (Holmes, 2008).This decision was decisive for scientific purposes but no one advised him to patent the invention. Davy’s discovery, therefore, set the precedent for other inventions in electric lighting science. So, technically, he was one of the first scientists to develop this (Fullmer, 1969). Ethical Issues The lighting became an integral part of our lives but sometimes people use lighting without being aware of its hazardous effect. Frumkin (2010) emphasized the importance of lighting and the relation between the better academic achievements and proper light
Summary In this article, the author seeks to highlight how the practice of temporary marriages by the wealthy in Saudi Arabia, commonly known as misyar, is a form of human trafficking. According to the author, Saudi Arabia is known for its notorious policies that promote widespread discrimination against women in the region. The country has entrenched chauvinistic Islam traditions, which the monarchy has continuously used to exploit women through retrogressive practices such as temporal marriages. Additionally, the author argues that the definition of human trafficking, especially in the context of the Middle East, has many salient factors, some of which are under looked. Analysis The main point that the author raises in this article is that the intimate “relationship between gender roles and national identity demonstrates that the exploitation of women through misyar marriage stems primarily from the cultural and political emphasis on preserving a unified Islamic nation” (Doe 1). The concept of temporary marriage is essentially sex-tourism or simply prostitution whereby wealthy Gulf Arabs are allowed to rent flats “furnished with housemaids” (Doe 4) for personal pleasure. The main theoretical issue that arises from this reading is that of gender roles, specifically in patriarchal societies, such as those found in the Middle East. In this region, women continue to be seen as objects whose sole purpose is to take care of their men and families. The main question that arises from this reading is – what is the role of gender stereotypes in shaping people’s perceptions towards women in the Middle East? How do patriarchy and Islam traditions work together to promote the demeaning aspect of temporal marriages in Saudi Arabia? I agree with the author that while the concept of wealth Gulf Arabs renting flats where they promote prostitution might seem like the normal sex industry in any society, the force behind it within the Saudi Arabian society is misyar. This reading challenges other readings that argue that the sex industry in Saudi Arabia operates the same way as that of other societies where women trade sex for money.
Executive Summary The report has presented financial performance of Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. The analysis reveals that the smartphone giant has started to recorded negative trends in its performances. Total revenues and profits for the fiscal years 2013 and 2014 have shown significant declines. For instance, revenues dropped by 9.83% while operating profit also reduced by a significant margin of 31.97%. Analysts have observed that Samsung will continue to face difficult market environments as Chinese manufacturers flood the market with cheap products. In addition, the company has recorded low operating profits because of high-level of inventory and related costs, as well as low demands. Samsung is however still a profitable company. Introduction The purpose of this report is to present financial analysis of the performance of Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. It includes financial reports highlighting trends in performance using appropriate and relevant ratios analysis techniques, and non-financial performance indicators by designing a balanced scorecard covering two perspectives, analysing the two balance scorecards and an evaluation of the technique used. Samsung Electronics is the largest South Korea’s electronics company, specialising in various types of consumer devices, such as household appliances, IT and mobile communications and device solutions. The company has a global presence. Comparison of Latest year Results with the Previous Year Results (Horizontal and Vertical analysis) Items                                 2014      2013      Change  Revenue (in billions of KRW)          206,206   228,693   -9.83%  Operating Profit                      25,025    36,785    -31.97% Cash Flows from Operating Activities  36,975    46,707    -20.84% Cash Flows from Investing Activities  (32,806)  (44,747)  26.69%  Total assets                          230       214       7.5%     Samsung current state of financial results is disappointing. While it is the largest smartphone manufacturer in the world, the company has faced many challenges in the last two fiscal years, experiencing dwindling revenues and earnings. In the fiscal year 2013, for instance, the company had better result relative to the fiscal year 2014. Despite shipping more smartphones during the year 2014, the revenue from the mobile division continues on its downward trend, threating the corporation. Operating profit also dropped from KRW 36,785 billion to KRW 25,025 billion. In fact, analysts believe that the future will be challenging for the giant (McCormick 1). Nevertheless, the company asset size slightly increased. Ratio Analysis of both Lates
Due to the fact that nonprofit organizations operate within principles and domains significantly different from those applied to for-profit businesses, the process of personnel recruitment also differs. Since no profit is generated by charitable companies, their workforce needs are addressed primarily by volunteer recruitment, making volunteers the key human resource. Hager and Brudney (2011) devote their article to the problems that nonprofit organizations encounter when recruiting volunteers. The authors claim that there exist two categories of forces that predetermine recruitment strategies, including those that depend on the organizational nature and those that derive from the organizational management and might be influenced by nurture (Hager & Brudney, 2011). In this paper, the article by Hager and Brudney (2011) is summarized, analyzed, and reflected on from the perspective of theoretical considerations of nonprofit management. The process of volunteer recruitment is complex and ambiguous due to the variety of driving forces that motivate people to become volunteers. As the authors of the article state, “motivation to volunteer is the individual question; recruitment of those volunteers is the organizational one” (Hager & Brudney, 2011, p. 138). Thus, it involves appealing to the philanthropic domain and engaging in deliberate recruitment strategies to attract volunteers who would perform on behalf of the organization and help accomplish its mission. In the article, the authors consider the problems of volunteer recruitment, trying to find the roots for those problems in nature (the organizational characteristics that fall beyond organizational control) and nurture (a strategic decision that might be controlled and changed to solve recruitment problems) (Hager & Brudney, 2011). On the one hand, innate organizational features cannot be adjusted to attract more volunteers; for example, a charitable organization cannot shift from one served population to another to attract more volunteers. Nonprofits are limited to referring to the populations that most apply to their clients’ communities to increase the probability of recruitment. On the other hand, there are problems that are not inherent but acquired due to the strategies and decision-making approaches characteristic to an organization. In such cases, nonprofit organizations might increase their volunteer management capacity and improve their organizational culture to motivate people to join as volunteers. However, despite the possibility to influence volunteer decisions, the authors emphasize that conventional human resource management strategies might disrupt the recruitment of volunteers due to the inherently different nature of nonprofit organizations. As the materials learned throughout the course show, nonprofit organizations are reliant on a volunteer workforce, as well as they depend on volunteer charitable giving. Indeed, when considering the general perspective of nonprofit performance, one might identify that the principles of philanthropy deal with the motivation of people to contribute without significant material interest (Bek
Introduction As humans, there exist rules and standards that dictate how we act and relate with others. These norms are known as ethics and they are important for harmonious coexistence in society. By definition, ethics can be termed as a system of moral principles by which social conduct is judged as either “right” or “wrong” (Chryssides & Kaler, 1993). In relation to a person’s profession, ethics are moral principles that prescribe what legitimate behaviors in various business dealings are. In this paper, I shall review the ethical issue surrounding the decision by many psychiatrists to turn into drug therapy as opposed to practicing psychiatry. The Scenario The ethical issue in question appears in a NY Times article “Talk Doesn’t Pay, So Psychiatry Turns Instead to Drug Therapy” (Harris, 2011). The article highlights how many of the country’s psychiatrists are being forced to move to drug therapy due to market forces. The root of the problem is traced to insurance companies that no longer provide compensation for talk therapy. As a result of this, many of the country’s psychiatrists have had to make transitions from offering talk therapy services to brief consultations The article uses facts about the health care arena in stating its issues. To begin with, it notes that trained psychiatrists hold sessions that last for 45 minutes with each patient (Harris, 2011). This is in contrast to the 15-minute visits for prescription that drug therapy takes. The paper quotes a government survey that reveals that the number of psychiatrists providing talk therapy has been falling through the years. Addressing the Ethical Issue The ethical dilemma that exists in this scenario is whether the psychiatrist should look out for their own personal benefits first or the well-being of the patient. A theory that can be applied to this scenario is the influential Utilitarianism theory. This principle dictates that the collective welfare of the people overrides the individual’s rights (Trevino & Katherine, 2007). This being the case, the theory advocates for the maximization of happiness for the greatest number of people (Crane & Matten, 2007). By turning to drug therapy, psychiatrists benefit themselves financially while they disadvantage the clients who would otherwise enjoy their services. The psychiatrist interviewed in the article acknowledges that while his goal as a traditional psychiatrist was to help his patients become happy and fulfilled, not he just seeks to keep them functional (Harris, 2011). Another theory that can be applied to the issue is the Social Contract theory which h
Introduction Within the frame of the project, it has been decided to create a history museum in Nottingham. The new museum needs to attract a lot of visitors, and this is why it is pivotal to design a permanent exhibit that will help it to gain popularity among people, thereby representing all ethnic groups. Given that the museum focuses on the history of the city, the key exhibit is to unite certain historical symbols and elements that point to its current ethnic composition. Main body Personally, I believe that that the key exhibit should include the following details: a large word “Nottingham” made of wood, a sword, a crown, a bucket, and three hands with different skin colors made of wax. These three hands that have dark brown, yellow-toned, and fair skin are to hold the wooden sword. The remaining elements (the hat, the sword, and the crown) are placed above the sword and make the exhibit look complete. I feel that the described ideal should be materialized to become a symbol of the new museum, linking the past of the city to the present. Conclusion All objects used in the exhibit represent something important about the city. Thus, the sword and the crown act as references to the times of knights and kings, whereas the Tyrolese hat makes visitors think about Robin Hood, a famous folklore hero. The hands represent the current ethnic composition of the city that has been discussed in the previous assignment (“Nottingham Population”). The hands are to hold wooden letters and other symbols to show that new generations living in Nottingham value the history of the place and remember it. Therefore, the proposed exhibit is aimed at conveying a range of messages such as the importance of learning about history, interracial unity, and the continuity of generations. Work Cited “Nottingham Population 2018.” World Population Review . 2017, Web.
Introduction Pneumonia was a major cause of mortality in the United States during the early years of the 20 th century. However, with the development of treatment remedies like antibiotics, the death rate declined significantly (Kang et al, 2012). However, the disease is still present today and affects between three and five million people each year. Reports show that it causes approximately 60,000 deaths every day in the United States. Streptococcal pneumonia is a type of pneumonia caused by bacteria known as Streptococcus pneumonia (Kang et al, 2012). The infection is normally treated using antibiotics. However, if treated improperly, the bacteria can undergo multiplication and spread to other parts of the body (Ranganathan & Sonnappa, 2009). The bacteria affect the lungs and the throat. They may also spread to the brain and bloodstream. Streptococcal pneumonia is not contagious. However, the bacterium that causes the infection is contagious and easily spreads from infected people to healthy people. History Streptococcal pneumonia is found in all parts of the world. Carl Friedlander identified the first case of infection in 1882 (Kang et al, 2012). Studies by Friedlander developed the gram stain, which is used to identify bacteria. Further studies by Christian Gram aided in differentiation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae . The studies revealed that the two types of bacteria could cause pneumonia. High rates of mortality caused by S. pneumoniae prompted researchers to develop treatment remedies and vaccines to manage the condition. In 1977, a vaccine against streptococcal pneumonia was developed (Ranganathan & Sonnappa, 2009). The vaccine was used on adults only. Vaccination of children began in 2000 after further refinements of the vaccine. Initially, the bacterium was known as Diplococcus pneumoniae but its name was later changed to Streptococcus pneumoniae (Ranganathan & Sonnappa, 2009) Genetics Research has revealed that the high numbers of mortality that result from community-acquired pneumonia are mainly due to peoples’ genetic predispositions (Ranganathan & Sonnappa, 2009). Three responses in the host’s genes that predispose people to the disease include anti-inflammatory responses, antigen recognition, effector mechanisms, and proinflammatory responses. The genome of S. pneumoniae comprises circular DNA that contains more than 2 million base pairs (Kang et al, 2012). Its virulence bases on its ability to repair damages on its DNA structure due to the action of the host’s immune system. Clinical manifestations Clinical manifestations of streptococcal pneumonia include high fever, rapid breathing, and chills (Kaplan & Mason, 1998). In addition, the patient might have deep coughs that exude greenish mucus, which is mixed with blood droplets in severe cases. Rapid breathing and coughing causes severe chest pain that intensifies with consequent progression of the infection. Other symptoms that may be observed include vomiti
He does not know whether it actually feels like Christmas after all. Does it feel like childish excitement, a breeze of fresh starts, and support of loved ones? Since the day Woody saw her in the window of a souvenir shop, full of beauty and warm colors, he could not think of anything else. She was tender perfection; she had ocean-sized marvelous eyes, full of everything but life. The dress from the Victorian era made this wonderful creature even more mysterious and appealing. Obsessed with her, he again thought how pitiful he felt with his soul trapped in a toy, this instrument for entertainment executed through personal sacrifice. It was the twentieth identical thought he had during the past few hours. Gloria. He thought her name was Gloria, and he even decided the name was so perfect for her that nobody else on this gigantic planet deserved to be called like that. The fragile symbiosis of mystery and courtesy made Woody think she was the personification of majesty. Moreover, it was that kind of majesty that left men like him miserable because he knew that nothing could diminish his willingness to give her everything she wanted. On Tuesday, he accidentally dived into her eyes for the very first time. Nobody can say exactly how many Tuesdays have passed since then. It was in the window of a small souvenir shop on Central Street. Such shops are usually left unnoticed by the locals, and Woody detested himself for paying attention to it. Every single day he sneaked out of the house just to catch her glance for another second. Sometimes, he thought that even if his brain atrophied, he would still go to Gloria’s residence by inertia. He was so captured by his feelings that only a Christmas tree on Central Street the other day made Woody realize what season it was. Life no longer consisted of days for him, it seemed more of a combination of those seconds he caught her eye. He remembered how impatiently and desperately he was always waiting for every Christmas season. Every, except for this year, when the fear of unrequited love replaced all his feelings. Woody could not realize what was happening to him and for how long he would be able to survive this torture. Perhaps, everyone felt that at least once in his or her life. The most magical time of the year was helpless in the face of love agony. Every day, when Woody came to see Gloria, he was hoping she would bless him with an almost imperceptible smirk so that he knew there was the slightest chance of liking. However, the only thing he saw was a face as implicit as her magnificent Victorian dress. That morning, when he once again ran to the cherished rendezvous, was no different from the previous ones. Woody carefully climbed through the fence, and his legs carried him to Central Street. There is not a suitable word to describe his face when the window he longed to see was covered with emptiness. Woody’s eyes were as desperate to meet Gloria’s glance as they were disillusioned to see nothing in the shop but a reflection in the window. Almost ready to say goodbye to his wonderful adventure, he suddenly turned to th
Abstract The debate surrounding the justification of deaths of innocent people caused by warring soldiers during war is a complicated issue to deal with. For fear of being attacked by disguised enemies, soldiers have ended up killing innocent civilians including older men, women, and children. While some people have argued that this may be acceptable, others think otherwise. To a large extent, this is linked to the belief that human beings are mostly reasonable. Generally, killing of civilians during war time is regarded as a serious offence that should be dealt with carefully if the innocent have to receive protection. On the other hand, however, it is possible for warring soldiers to find themselves in difficult situations requiring them to act fast to protect themselves from attackers unknown to them. This is especially true whenever a soldier is fighting on the enemy’s soil. While it is ordinarily believed that most civilians especially women and children are the innocent ones, there are instances where they have been used by soldiers to ferry dangerous weapons to be used against the opponents. This has led to situations where a soldier ignores the fact a civilian may be innocent and goes ahead to kill in self defense. This is based on the fact that it may be difficult to determine the innocence of the civilian. To be on the safe side, soldiers generally regard every person as a potential threat. Introduction The appeal to what would cause outrage in the general sentiments of humanity is a common way to think about the elements of normal moral perception of which each person is thought to be capable. Certain things are thought to be so heinous that any person would be outraged when perceiving them. The killing of civilians during war time is one of the commonly cited examples of this kind of monstrous act (May, 2005). But consider, for a moment, the conditions of war fare when one is acting in enemy territory. In some war time situations, every person, soldier or civilian, is a potential threat. If the civilians seem to be unarmed, and the soldiers are armed, then the idea of the civilians as potential threats is only partially blunted, because the soldiers often do not know which civilians are members of the enemy forces. Arguments for and Against Killing the Innocent in War It is clearly an outrage against the sentiments of humanity for soldiers to kill civilian men, women, and children? Initially, it seems that the answer would be clearly yes, as was held by the American mili