ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Culture The linguistic and cultural study of the Indians started in mid-nineteenth century; however, the classifications were based mainly on genetically defined linguistic families or stock, without paying attention to culture (Sturtevant and DeMallie, 20001, p. 1). The American Indian culture is classified into geographical areas based on the U.S. National museum displays, with the plains Indians being artists by nature – for instance, the women painted their belongings for easy identification (Sturtevant and DeMallie, 20001, p. 9). According to Johnston (2006, p.9), the maintenance of the Native American art is suggested to aid students in maintaining their sense of belonging as well as attaining economic independence. In addition, racial characteristics of American Indian mystical views are said to be engraved in the American culture, and are evident both in early European settler’s writings and in contemporary media. Indeed, the Indian culture is termed as a genuine virtue, which the non-Indians should strive to achieve (Snipp, 1989, p.29). This paper will discuss the Native American culture, as well as provide a comparison with the deaf culture. Some cultural aspects of Native American culture Art Art is one of the main fields that were used to incorporate the native Indians into the modern world mainstream. Art is a cultural tradition of the Indians and its interest to the non-Indians has made it to be easily incorporated into the modern mainstream as compared to other Indian cultures like dancing and hunting that are considered uncivilized. In addition, art is an unimpeachably refined pursuit as demonstrated by handcraft projects of reformers’ (Johnston, 2006, p. 200). According to DeCora, “the artistic talent was inbred in Native Americans,” while the art skill is associated with the native’s superior understanding of the surrounding environment (Johnston, 2006, p. 203). Cradleboards and moccasins are some of the traditional handicrafts that were suggested to be of high quality as compared to Euro-American manufacture products. Apart from the high standards of quality attained from products of Native American art, the contemporary artists working in literary fields is a source of pride (Johnston, 2006, p. 203) Survival According to Belgrad, the American Indian is branded as a positive symbol of survival in times of hardships that are oppressive mainly due to the endurance of the war in Europe and the continuing depression. It is suggested that the American Indian had proved an outstanding ability to cope with the surrounding environment in order to construct a well-managed community and a high culture in harsh environment. Indeed, these are some of the achievements that are commonly known and the contribute in defining an Indian’s place in the society (Belgrad, 1998, p.54) Symbol
All around us stories abound of how people struggle to attain the American dream. Wherever we go everybody wants to have a piece of this life and as a result, it has been the inspiration behind most of these great achievements in our lives. After watching Walt Disney’s Cinderella and Ron Howard’s Cinderella Man, I became interested to analyze the process of the American dream, how the different genders work towards attaining them and what the society expects of every gender. Comparing these two movies one comes to one very important conclusion; that a man has to struggle, act to lift himself and his family from the vestiges of poverty to becoming rich. This status is equaled to the American dream. This is in contrast to the woman, who like in Cinderella’s case she is passive and waits for miracles in order to finally live the dream. There are many ways to explain this concept, and many a times people have tried to break it down according to their understanding of the ethos. Listening to stories of big time multi millionaires or even billionaires and how they made it all the way from scratch may not be enough to make one understand the American dream. The real surprise is how the actual dream is attained. Smith describes the American Dream as “an idea, which suggests that all people can succeed through hard work and that all people have the potential to live happily, astride with their success in life” (Hoobler, 63). This, however, is a short description of what the dream entails, but he fails to mention the other cognitive factors at play that may propel or hinder one from living this dream, for instance gender and the society. There are many viewpoints towards which people relate to this dream; this has been redefined over time courtesy of the ever changing social and cultural norms in the American society. The bigger picture In order for us to gain a broader perspective into the idea that bore the ethos that is the American dream, we first delve into what, when and where it was originally launched. The idea is a philosophy that was founded by America’s forefathers, who enshrined it in their constitution as a matter of declaration of independence (Leo, 12). This philosophy states that “all men are created equal” and that they are “endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights” including “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” It is by these virtues that America has identified its statesmen, loyalists, heroes and the people that struggle daily to ensure that America remains the haven it is (Leo, 12). Many other people have tried to define the American dream and expound on their understanding of the philosophy. James Truslow in his definition and understanding of the term explains that with the American dream, “life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement” regardless of social class or circumstances of birth” (Hoobler, 24). This is what has motiva
The definition of fashion is very loose. Often, the word “fashion” is used in relation to clothing, but this encompasses only one part of fashion. In reality, fashion is a multifaceted concept that can include any form of art, behavior, and even technology. This paper will cover some of the aspects of fashion that could show how expansive this term is. Discussion One of the most important concepts to consider is that fashion is often directly connected to its environment. A good example of this connection would be the way fashion is often connected to a popular musical style. The most overt example of this would be the New Wave movement of the 1980s. Outrageous haircuts, bright and bizarrely cut clothes, elaborate makeup patterns, and abundant accessories served a clear purpose (Adkins 17). All of them worked to show how this type of music is distinct from whatever came before. It showed the risk and experimentation that were synonymous with this genre of music. Fashion in this case also worked to show a different view of masculinity (King 27). It accentuated androgynous features of artists, or at the least provided a more colorful style of menswear. With the increased popularity of this genre of music, this style of clothing became popular among the fans of New Wave bands (Peters 298). Even 30 years later, this style of clothing is inseparable from the music it was associated with, showing how fashion goes beyond clothing. Figure 1 Adam Ant in Costume (Cox) Fashion can come from such ephemeral things as moods. The last ten years have progressively become more oppressive. The class divide has never been wider, global companies have gained a significant influence other the government policy, nationalistic views of the people are being fueled by propaganda, and it seems like there is no way to fix anything (Lacy 1246). On paper, our world already sounds like a sci-fi dystopia. This mood of oppression has slowly resurrected the interest in the cyberpunk aesthetic of the early 1990s (Kwon and Ha 837). Due to its origin in film and literature, this fashion is very varied. It can include such things as clothing, furniture, architecture, visual arts, and even technology. It is also intrinsically tied to the moods and ideas of the sci-fi subgenre. Fig. 2 Liberum Arbitrium by Shinsuke Mitsuoka (Gregory) For example, cyberpunk clothing often utilizes monochrome tones and hides facial features. This shows the dystopian atmosphere by removing most color, evokes technology through the utilitarian colors of steel, and shows the concerns for privacy, that is hard to get in a society that is constantly monitored (Kwon and Ha 850). Bright neon colors are sometimes used to connect the idea of the 1990s Japan and Hong-Kong that were often use
Introduction Indigenous people are those who have maintained a part of their unique and dissimilar cultural, social, and linguistic characteristics and by living like that they have become differentiated on some level from their neighboring populations and the cultures that are dominant in their countries( Shanley 3). These people were there before colonization and they tend to be independent of the governance of a nation. However, the existence of these people in their natural and undisturbed surroundings is at risk due to the different and aggressive policies that their respective countries have enforced on them. Main body President Fernando H. Cardoso passed a decree in the early 1990s in Brazil. This 1775 decree favored the northern businessmen over the indigenous people of Brazil. The legislation allowed businessmen to open up land occupied by the indigenous people for commercial exploitation. As multinationals set in massive logging and mining were allowed which led to the destruction of the environmental and cultural diversity of the indigenous tribes (Johansen 56). The demarcation of the land was allowed without allowing the inclusion of the opinion of the indigenous people since their participation was not guaranteed. This has resulted in large-scale aggression in Brazil because the indigenous people have to resist being driven into extinction. An example is the Guarani Kaiowa whose members have been forced to commit suicide because of being squeezed out of their vast territories by ranchers. Since the 1775 degree, more than 3000 people have killed themselves because of threatened survival. Brazil does not recognize their unique culture or language, they just want them to adapt to modern-day living or die. Contrary to this, the policies of the South African government especially after independence have greatly recognized the indigenous tribes. Though they have opened the hinterland to multinational mining companies like De Beers in Orange province, they have also left out some natural environs for the indigenous tribes like the San (bushman) who live in the Kalahari area of the Northern Cape. They have also tried to preserve their linguistic diversity by writing the languages and preserving them in the museums and their way of life. The policies of South Africa do not allow for the civilization of these people. They are allowed to lead their cultural and natural lives. They have developed a multilingual telephone-based multilingual system that can accommodate most of the languages. They also do have a national language policy framework which they use to protect the local languages, encourage cultural diversity, protect different languages and encourage other South Africans to learn these languages. The drawings of the Bushmen have been preserved at the Mc Gregor Museum in Kimberley. In Free State, the Sotho still lead their indigene’s life as the grasslands are still alive with their traditional houses. When George Washington was the president, he advocated for the civilization of the indigenous people just lik
Background Information Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak established Apple Inc. in 1997. It was formerly known as Apple Computer, Inc., before diversifying its operations and adopting the name Apple Inc. The company was later incorporated in California on January 3, 1977. The few years that followed saw a slow growth and marginal profits for the company. This continued until Steve Jobs came back to the company as CEO after several years of running his own business, NeXT. As the company’s CEO, Steve Jobs revolutionized Apple Inc. to be the multinational company we know today. Currently, Apple’s dominance in the technology industry cannot be rivaled. Apple specializes in designs, manufacturing, and marketing of mobile communication and media devices as well as portable digital music players. In addition, it sells a variety of related software such as operating system software (iOS), peripherals, network solutions and third party digital content and application. Some of its popular products include iPhone, Mac (portables and desktop), iPod, apple TV, and variety of accessory services. The company’s client base is broad and ranges from household consumers, small and midsized business, educational institutions, and enterprises to governments. The company has strived to remain relevant, therefore, commanding a sizeable market share since its inception. This it has achieved through thorough research and development of market trends and technological advancements, production of quality products, and aggressive advertisements. Since its inception, the company has set foot in almost all the continents, America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and even Africa. It is prudent to acknowledge that Apple exists in an intensely competitive industry. The company continues to face aggressive competitors in all its spheres of business operations. Notable competitors include Google Inc., Hewlett-Packard Company, and Research In Motion Limited. The technology market is characterized by frequent product innovation, and technological advancements. Apple Inc. has made tremendous strides to level these challenges. However, its continued market dominance relies on its ability to develop and offer new innovative products and services. The technology industry is rapidly growing. More and more people continue to accept the importance of technology in improving the quality of life and making work easier. This has ensured significant market growth. As a result, strategically placed and innovation oriented companies in the industry are a going concern. Apple is one of such companies with high possibility of future growth. Despite having several revolutionary products, the company has continued to finance several research projects aimed at inventing other new products. In Mach 2012, for instance, the
Usefulness of the tool Sports century has made a very interesting documentary about Michael Jordan. It tells about Michael Jordan as an iconic figure who dominated NBA in the 80’s and 90’s. During his tenure he bagged 6 championships with his team the Chicago Bulls which was an achievement that no other athlete had attained before. He has been constantly referred to us the greatest American athlete who ever lived in the 20 th century. His consistency in the league was unmatched, he played 11 full league championships with full fitness (Rein et al, 173). His achievements can only be compared to Wilt Chamberlain’s because they are the only players who scored more than 3000 points in a single NBA season. The media portrayed Michael as a ‘God’ in his game because he did magic in the basketball field. He was revered, feared and admired by many. Michael Jordan arguably enjoyed great success in his game. As a result of his undisputed success, Michael enjoyed great attention from fans from across all walks of life. He not only had male fans, he had female fans, the old and the young fans and they all adored him. He was the most popular black person in the white community. Manufacturing firms exploited his influence on people to market their products. Everything he touched was huge success in sales and this is shown by the numerous advertisements he featured in. Companies targeted their customers using Jordan images. This added their products life and popularity. Jordan had good personal attributes that made any product he popularized an instant success. The people associated the Nike shoes that he liked with his natural abilities like the ability to jump higher than normal when playing basketball and this promoted sales and Nike brand name. This is even explained further with his association with Nike. Nike registered instant profits through their label Air Jordan. In fact, Jordan says that he had not preferred to be endorsed by Nike but he really wanted Adidas. He had really grown so much that successful firms were scrambling for his signature. Whenever Jordan appeared in the media it was like an audition for him. People were just following him everywhere aimlessly. The people did not want to see the media deconstructing him, they defended him at all costs. Any news about Michael Jordan would leave people pegged on the screens to see what he was going through. Jordan had his dark sides too. The media did discover that he was addicted to gambling. In fact, Magic Johnson said that Jordan would play cards every day, sometimes late
Introduction The word Mesopotamia is derived from an ancient Greek work, which translates to “(land) between rivers.” The earliest known usage of the term has been recorded to be in the second century when it was used to refer to the land that sits on the east of the Euphrates River in Syria. This was coined by Anabasis Alexandri. It was not until much later when the name Mesopotamia was used to refer to the whole region that lies between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. Mesopotamia lay in what is today known as Syria, Iraq, and Turkey. The region can be further divided into two regions. The Northern Mesopotamia is also referred to as Jezirah and is the land that lies between the two rivers from their sources down to Baghdad (Heine and Nissen 45). The history of the region can be traced to the rise of urban societies throughout the Ubaid period, which occurred around 5300BC. Mesopotamia can also be found in the history of the Ancient Near East beginning in the lower Paleolithic period. The Ancient Near East is suspected to have collapsed after the arrival of the Achaemenid Empire. This was during the late 6 th century and some researchers say it happened during the Conquest of Mesopotamia by the Arabs. Some of the world’s most advanced states in the ancients times can be found in the Mesopotamian region. Mesopotamia is famous for being one of the regions where writing was invented and advanced. The other places include the Nile valley and the Yellow River Valley. The greatest cities that were ever built in Mesopotamia include Nippur, Uruk and Babylon. The other states that lay on the outskirts and territory of Mesopotamia include Ma-aesesblu. Several dynasties were formed in Mesopotamia and included Ur Kingdom, Akkadian Dynasty and the Assyrian Empire. Mesopotamia also saw great leaders emerge from the cities and states. They included Hammurabi, Sargon and Ashur-Uballit II who was instrumental in setting up the Assyrian Empire (Fiero 110). The history of this great land can be traced through looking at the history of different people who occupied it who included the Sumerians, the Akkadians, the Amorites, the Hitites, the Kassites, the Assyrians, and the Chaldeans (Kramer 75). The Sumerian: They reigned from 3500-1800 B.C. The Sumerians are among the first and earliest civilization in Mesopotamia and are suspected to have built the civilization around 3000 BC when they began building large city-states. Besides running the cities, the natives were involved in conquering and controlling the large areas around them. Some of these city-states included Ur, Lagash, and Eridu. The Sumerians were a warring people and fought among themselves and with other people for control of watering holes. The wars led to people building large city-states which were used later to conquer the smaller ones. W
Besides international trade, FDI by multinational corporations is a great force that is driving globalization of “the world economy” (Eun & Resnick, 2007). According to the report presented by the UN, there are more than six hundred thousand multinational corporations across the world with more than a half a million foreign affiliates (Eun & Resnick, 2007). In the course of the 1990s, these corporations’ FDI increased at the rate of ten percent annually while international trade’s annual growth rate was 3.5 percent in the same period (Eun & Resnick, 2007). Moreover, it is reported that the worldwide MNCs’ sales increased to eleven trillion dollars in the year 1998, “compared to about $7 trillion of world exports in the same year” (Eun & Resnick, 2007, p.15). It is indicated that the multinational corporations are influencing the global economy. In this paper, there is going to be a discussion on MNCs and what motivates them to invest overseas. There is also going to be a discussion about different risks these corporations face and how they manage them. A multinational corporation can be defined as “a business firm incorporated in one country that has production and sales operations in several other countries” (Eun & Resnick, 2007, p.15). This involves a situation where a firm acquires the sales operations and production from one national market and the financial capital from another; producing commodities “with labor and capital equipment in a third country, and selling the finished product in yet other national markets” (Eun & Resnick, 2007, p.15). Certainly, among the MNCs, there are those that carry out business operations in various nations. They receive funding from the main money market centres across the globe in various currencies. It is pointed out that “global operations force the treasurer’s office to establish international banking relationships, place short-term funds in several currency dominations, and effectively manage foreign exchange risk” (Eun & Resnick, 2007, p.15). The benefits that the MNCs can gain from investing overseas are the motivating factors for making such investments (Eun & Resnick, 2007). They may gain from having a global presence in a number of ways. Firstly, they can gain from the economies of scale which may be realized though undertaking various activities. For instance, they may realize this by engaging in spreading expenditures of research and development and costs of advertising over sales made on the international market. Moreover, they can realize economies of scale by “pooling the global purchasing power over suppliers” (Eun & Resnick, 2007, p.17). They can also realize this by using the manageri
Categories of Antimicrobial Agents Different types of organisms (fungi, bacteria, viruses, etc.) cause different diseases, which implies that each one requires a particular antimicrobial agent to be successfully treated. Antimicrobial agents are used to preventing infections caused by pathogens and can be categorized as follows:  1. Antibacterial drugs. These drugs are meant to stop the pathogenic action of various kinds of bacteria.  2. Antiviral drugs. They are used to stop the pathogenic action of viruses.  3. Antifungal drugs. Such agents are needed to prevent the fungal action in the host.  4. Antiparasitic drugs. They are intended to hinder the growth of pathogenic parasites (Kelesidis & Falagas, 2015). However, this is not the only possible way of classification. Antimi