ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Marriage has been regarded as one of the most important social institutions in the society. This is because it forms the basis of organization in any given society. “Marriage refers to an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged in a variety of ways, depending on the culture or subculture in which it is found” (Dziengel, 2010). Marriage is treated quite differently depending on the norms and values that exist in a given society. The current society is experiencing many social changes, which have influenced the nature of relationships among human beings. Marriage has also been affected by these social changes. Same Sex Unions Marriage is today very dynamic and people treat it differently from what it used to be in the past. Same sex unions are becoming popular in many countries and they are quite prevalent in European countries as compared to other places. Same sex marriage is commonly known as gay marriage. “It refers to a legally or socially recognized marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or social gender” (Goldberg, 2010). History of Same Sex Unions “Various types of same sex marriages have existed, ranging from informal, unsanctioned relationships to highly ritualized unions” (Haider & Joslyn, 2008). The early practice of this type of marriage was witnessed when Emperor Nero married a man who was serving as a servant in his Roman Empire. Apart from Rome, this practice occurred in China during the Ming Dynasty and also in Spain. This type of marriage had very bad reputation and it was strongly rejected by many individuals and countries. “This attitude has been changing in the past few decades” (Haider & Joslyn, 2008). The twenty first century has witnessed a drastic change in the way people perceive this type of relationship. Netherlands in the year 2001 emerged to be the first country to allow gay relationships. In 2003 the government of Belgium accepted this type of union. In 2005 both Canada and Spain formally accepted gay marriages. In 2006 the people of South African were allowed to practice gay marriages. Sweden allowed it in 2009. Last year, Argentina, Iceland and Portugal also accepted this kind of relationship. In Mexico it is legalized but with some restrictions in the sense that it can only be practiced within the city of Mexico. However, all Mexican states acknowledge it. “Israel does not recognize same sex marriages performed on its territory, but recognizes same sex marriages performed in foreign jurisdi
Introduction Taxol is a plant solution used in treatment of ovarian and breast cancer. The solution is found in the bark of the Pacific yew tree. Taxol is highly used in medical industry for chemotherapy treatment on ovarian and breast cancer victims. In medical terms, ovarian cancerous cells referred to as SKOV3 cells while breast cancer cells are known as MCF7 cells. Taxol kills cancerous cells through a mechanism known as microtube depolymerisation. This mechanism entails changing of the microtubule dynamics of the cells. Such situation results to destruction of the microtube structure of the cancer cells. All cancer cells require the microtube structure for growth and mitosis. Consequently, microtube destruction leads to death of most cancerous cells (Chiang 2012, p. 34). Today, Taxol is used in treatment of ovarian and breast malignant growths. It works in a similar wy as the taxanes anticancer agents hence health experts have categorized it in taxanes class. Naturally, cancer cells grow continuously and they reproduce through dividing to yield more cells and grow in size. Each new cell grows uncontrollably with time leading to a malignant growth in various body parts. Because Taxol inhibits further multiplication and growth of cancer cells, it prevents them from spreading to other body parts especially in ovaries and breast (Wu 2012, p. 32). Currently, research is underway to examine if Taxol can treat other malignant growth on other body parts (Chiang 2012, p. 53). However, the first time Taxol was introduced for cancer treatment, critics argued that it had side effects on women body at long run (Goodman & Walsh 2001). Aims of the experiment The following were the objectives of this experiment:  1. To determine the effectiveness of Taxol in inhibiting breast cancer cells (MCF7) and ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3) using culture method.  2. To study advanced cell examination methods that do not involve staining the cells. They included how to:   * Carry out Vitro culture cell harvesting using trypsin enzymes.   * Count cell using haemocytometer.   * Determine cell viability with help of trypan blue reagent.   * Dilute cell suspensions to the expected concentration for use in experimental procedures.   * Plot a standard curve for use in cell counting assay.   * Carry out cytotoxicity assay experiments and analyse the results Methods Procedures Protocol 1: Observing live cells: Since we desired to observe the cells without killing them, we used differential interference, dark field and, phase-contrast to observe the cell as described in the below table. Procedure  Description                                                                                                                                                                                     1          We used the inverted phase contrast microscope to observe the SKOV3 and MCF7 cells confluence. We noted that the MCF7 confluence was 70%.                                                       2          We observed the behaviour o
Founded in 1895, Hospital XYZ is a multi-site health care institution which provides a wide range of medical, surgical, obstetric, gynecological, dental, psychiatric, pediatric and other services, including an extensive ambulatory care network. It is a 287 bed facility and has 21 outreach clinics. It houses a new state-of-the-art emergency room and New York City’s first dedicated tuberculosis unit. Other special services include a 24-hour Psychiatric Emergency Room, the Center for Mental Health, Mobile Crisis Intervention and the Special Treatment Unit for individuals afflicted with AIDS. Hospital XYZ’s emergency room is very active and renders services to more than 52,000 of the residents of the local area. The units are open 24 hours a day, seven days a week with a 911 certification for level two trauma and hospital XYZ is a designated American Heart Association station. Currently, Hospital XYZ is undergoing the process of restructuring and it involves a change in leadership, downsizing, the exploration of strategic management techniques which hopefully will improve the cost-effective
Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder affecting people with a history of brain disorders. People with schizophrenia are easily noted with disjointed speaking, disorganized thinking, and tendencies of causing harm. These people can sit for a long time without any movement and make no sense while they are talking. It is not only the schizophrenia patients are affected, but the whole family or society is affected. Most of the victims experience poor education performance and broken family relationships and therefore they need close friends for help. Close scrutiny into the environmental and genetic factors shows that they interact to produce schizophrenia disorder and other developmental syndromes (Cantor, 1988) Genetic and environmental components to schizophrenia Schizophrenia disorder has well-established genetic and environmental components. Relatives of a schizophrenia patient have a greater risk of schizophrenia because of the genetic relationships. The risk of schizophrenia varies with the degree of consanguinity and the closer the relationship, the higher the risk. Repeatedly, twins with a 100% genetic relationship show a higher risk of schizophrenia approximately 50% while siblings sharing approximately 50% of their genes indicate schizophrenia risk of 9% (Carlson, 2012) Studies and observations of schizophrenia occurrence indicate that schizophrenia risk in the patient’s family is not conclusive evidence of genetic factors producing the schizophrenia disorder. Genetic orders do not act in isolation but environmental factors also contribute to the development of the disorder (Carlson, 2012). Studies conducted on twin adoption and behavioral changes gave convincing facts of the relationship between the two components and schizophrenia. For example, an adopted offspring with parental history of schizophrenia will eventually develop the disorder at an elevated rate. The rates are approximately the same as that of first-degree relatives (Pletson, 2006). Therefore, the heritage of schizophrenia disorder differs and a clear genetic contribution cannot be established without taking into consideration the environmental factors. Major affective disorders Major affective disorder refers to the strange feelings, emotions, and moods experienced by a schizophrenia patient. Affective disorders impair the actual feelings of the patient. There are two major affective disorders, namely; depressive and manic disorders (Nelson, 1997). Depressive disorders Depressive disorder refers to persistent sad feelings, emotions, and depression for over two weeks. The disorder has the capability of changing the patient’s functioning level. A patient with depressive disorder has diminished self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, and is very reactive to anything. Sleeping problems emerge where the patient feels too tired and very poor at performing a simple task. At the chronic levels, thoughts of committing suicide emerge or fantasizing to ease the pain to escape the world
How do we know when an event is a crisis? What clues should we look for from the international and domestic contexts (“environment” in the Deibel model?) to make this determination? The times of crisis are always hard moments for an organization. An event can be termed as a crisis when it negatively affects the business’s bottom line or reputation. During the early stages, most events do not seem to be adverse. Virtually, it is not immediately apparent when a business is in the initial stages of a crisis (Capozzi & Rucci 2013). In this regard, managers or practitioners need to examine critically how potential events can result in a crisis. In a business setting, a crisis can occur in various ways. Usually, there are some events that no one can control. These include product destruction by natural disasters or external forces (Deibel, 2007). These activities can be identified as a crisis when they alter or completely hinder the smooth functioning of the business system. Precisely, events resulting from outside forces can be seen prior to their occurrence (Ishikawa & Tsujimoto 2009). For example, it is evident that a phenomenon, such as inflation, can directly lead to a crisis in a country or a company. The indicators include an increase in product prices, increased taxation, and unstable market forces. Some internal events, such as decisions made by managers, can fuel a potential crisis without knowing that they are making a catastrophe. Deibel model advocates for developing strategies that help in the protection of organization or individual entities, especially when faced with threats. A good example of such a decision made by managers includes making company policies so that in the long-run, they result in a crisis (Capozzi & Rucci 2013). Specifically, this can include the decision to retrench some workers. Of note, more experienced and skilled employees can be retrenched. This is a crisis because the company will lack the expertise to enhance the operations of the business. When the company starts to make fewer profits, then it is an indication that the event is leading to a crisis. What is the nexus between strategy and crisis management? How do you keep reactions to crises from undermining your national security strategy? Strategy and crisis management are two closely related concepts. There are three elements common to a crisis; the element of surprise, a threat to the business, and a short decision time (Coppola 2011). Primarily, business entities have the responsibility to create strategies aimed at mitigating or managing a crisis. Strategies are developed according to the magnitude of the crisis. Crisis management provides a coherent and structured approach to assess, identify, and manage any risk in an organization (Alvintzi & Eder 2010). The strategy is made to assess the crisis. Through the assessment of the crisis, one can understand where uncertain outcomes ex
Introduction According to Fitzgerald and Olwan (n. d.), the copyright law is used to protect the work of an author, for a specified period of time, from being used for commercial purposes by any another person. This is meant to protect the author from those who may seek to gain from the work without the express authorization from the author of that work. However, an important point to note is that the copyright laws seeks to protect he work of the author from being used by other but it does not cover the idea or the concept behind the published work. Thus it is possible for another person to use the same idea to produce his own work without violating the provisions of the copyright laws. Copyright laws in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Fitzgerald and Olwan (n. d.) contends that in the UAE, the copyright law supports the assertion that copyright protects the expression of ideas as well as the ideas themselves. It further supports the view that the purchase of an item for which an author has copyright only transfers the ownership of the item to the person and it does not transfer the economic or financial rights of the item. The UAE copyright laws cover literary items such as books, computer software, speeches, and databases. The copyright laws confer to the holder the exclusive financial rights on the said property. These financial rights allow the holder to determine whether he can allow another person to reproduce or even broadcast the content of the literary works. This in effect implies that the third parties are not allowed to use the content of something which has been protected under the copyright laws unless they are expressly authorized by the owner of that copyright. As in other jurisdictions, the copyright laws in UAE also confer on the holders of such rights the moral rights over the work. Pursuant to that, the author can decide on publishing the literary work and if a serious violation ensues from the publication of such work the author might decide to withdraw the work from circulation. The UAE copyright laws treat the literary work as an extension of the character of the person who created it. Thus there is no distinction as to the character of the creator and the literary work. Under the UAE copyright laws the author is taken to be the person who created the literary work which is protected under the copyright laws. In circumstances where the author uses a pseudonym he is still deemed to the author provided his identity can be authenticated. Nevertheless, in situation where the identity of the author remains unknown, the publisher shall be assumed to represent the author and shall enjoy all the rights and responsibilities that are attributed to that author. The copyright law in UAE also assumes that the person, whether natural or recognizable under the law, who dir
Being one of the largest multinational corporations in the world, Amazon.com has an organizational structure that reflects the complexity of governing a business on that scale. First and foremost, it is important to note that Amazon’s structure is functional rather than divisional. The company creates departments, such as “worldwide Consumer,” Web Services,” or “Media & Entertainment” based on their function rather than geographical affinity (Amazon, 2021). The advantage of this model is that it offers greater centralization than the divisional structure, in which regional divisions may even begin conflicting with each other to the detriment of global value creation (Luo & Shenkar, 2017). At the same time, functional structure, especially in the business of Amazon’s size, often comes at the cost of restricted adaptability to the specific conditions of regional markets (Luo & Shenkar, 2017). In short, Amazon’s functional structure reflects the leadership’s preference for centralized control and global guidance as opposed to the greater autonomy of regional divisions. This preference also manifests in the company’s dedication to ensuring stable long-term leadership. Amazon is known for very limited turnover when it comes to its principal executives, such as Jeff Bezos, Andy Jassy, Jamie Gorelick, and others (Kim, 2019). Moreover, research indicates that the high level of trust and camaraderie built over the years among Amazon’s senior managers is one of the defining features of the company’s organizational structure (Kim, 2019). Maintaining a cohesive team with very little turnover signifies Amazon’s dedication to centralization and concentration of control on the top level at the expense of unit autonomy. With this in mind, one may conclude that Amazon maintains a functional organizational structure with a strong emphasis on centralization and top-down control.
Introduction In the video “The Story of Stuff,” Annie Leonard closely discusses the life of the things people obtain and use from production to disposal. Leonard underlines that such a process is tightly connected with various environmental and social problems. That is why she pushes people at the creation of a more sustainable world, disclosing the thing that many individuals, including me, have never thought about. Main body Among the global economy elements highlighted by Leonard are the key economic interdependencies that can be found at the heart of globalization. The professional emphasizes that commodity production is a complex process that involves globe-spanning commodity chains, known today as global value networks. Of course, I realized that the things I have were produced at someplace, delivered to the store, and only then purchased by me but I have never thought of the stuff from the global perspective and have never tracked the whole commodity chain that turned out to be extremely extended. Everything starts with extraction but not production. Natural resources are obtained to be used as raw materials and let the products be produced in both come and foreign countries. Then they are distributed to various locations, which requires additional payment and influences the price of the product that will be purchased. Still, all stuff goes out in the garbage in the end, utilization of which is often harmful to nature and makes different companies cooperate to select the best way of disposal. Conclusion Now I know that products’ life requires the interaction of people and organizations from all over the world. Knowledge of the peculiarities of global value networks can make professionals and the general public more conscious of the manner, in which they use and dispose of the stuff. It also serves as a guideline for companies on how to operate efficiently, be environmentally friendly, and globalize.
Introduction The author uses a rational narrator. It can be seen when Simon, Ralph, and Jack reach the top of the mountain and they are filled with excitement. The narrator expresses that “the cause of their pleasure was not obvious” (Golding 35). They are happy without a real reason. Levinson argues that it is necessary to use aesthetics so that the other domains such as “ethical, practical, or intellectual can be sustained” (3). There is a pleasure that moves through the reader as he/she inspects the stylistic devices used. Analysis The boys met after Ralph had blown the conch (Golding 24). The reader will wonder that all the boys respond in the same manner to the sound of the blown shell. They expect a gathering. There must be a ship. Jack the leader of the choir asks, “Isn’t there a ship, then?” (Golding 25). The author shows response and expectation. According to Jack, if there is no ship, the blowing of the shell was useless. The boys decide to select a leader and make a few rules (Golding 28). The author tries to teach the reader how to “arrange society or how to behave in society” (Philosophy Notes 2). Ralph, the boy who blew the conch, uplifts his hand to speak. U
Introduction McBride Financial Services is a financial service firm engaged in providing mortgage services at a lower rate to its customers by using state-of-the-art technology. Its service areas include Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Their major services are providing a report on credit, home inspection, personal and business loans, insurance, refinancing, and real estate investments. The McBride firm’s mission is to become a prominent firm in the financial service industry with market leadership. ( McBride Financial Services, 2008). Marketing Objectives  1. To increase the market deliverables with market share increasing.  2. To employ software technology for increasing the quality of services. McBride’s target market is to increase the deliverables by 25 % during the financial year by way of opening more branches and employing efficient staff personnel. In order to increase the market share, they plan to conduct a portion of their marketing on the Web. Target Market The Services of McBride Financial Services is made available for all types of business firms, including small, medium, and large-sized firms. Financial services for individual customers are also available at an adequate cost. The market segmentation is followed on this basis. Market Research The research methodology adopted for the analysis of the financial service market is the questionnaire method. This method is selected for the reason that it is the best way to collect all relevant data relating to different aspects of the subject for formulating policies. To collect the customer opinion, motives, and intentions at the minimum cost and time requirements, questionnaires are more adoptable. It is helpful for collecting detailed information on the market trends. The questionnaire is prepared by including subjects of customer interest in various services rendered by the firm. The marketability of internet-based services is also included in the questionnaire. For delivering the questionnaires to different customer segments, the company adopted both electronic and printed media. Thus it ensures the collection of a wide range of customers’ opinions and trends. Market trends From the research, i