ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
With t-shirts in Manzese Market in Tanzania being a ready product, the main value adding procedure can be seen in the way such product is delivered to the consumer. In that regard, as it can be seen from Sturbin’s business in The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy by Pietra Rivoli, the business creates value through “highly developed skills in grading and sorting” (Rivoli 249). The latter implies several steps that cannot be explained through the brief meaning of the terms grading and sorting. One value adding mechanism can be seen through the men’s and women’s clothing supply and demand mechanisms. Having learned that the distinctions in quality and quantity between women’s and men’s clothes, the sellers put a higher price on women’s used clothing, despite their equal price when bought in bales. Additional value adding mechanism can be seen in the percentage of the good quality clothing, or what they call it “jewels” in the bale. As stated the Mitumba dealers, “90 percent of a bale’s value comes from 10 percent of the items” (Rivoli 232). Accordingly, paying for the whole bale, the dealers put the price for this 10% top compensate for the loss, or the lack of demand for the remaining 90%. If the dealer has the possibility to track the jewels in the bale and select them manually, the increase in prices can be traced to the cost of attending bale-opening parties, i.e. $10 to $20 dollars (Rivoli 232). Considering the low value of the items in general, it can be stated that such price for the invitation is rather high, and thus contribute to the added value of the items sold, Additionally, the attendance of such party by more than one dealer lead to an auction type of sale, the prices of valuable items start to increase at the moment they have been identified among other items in the bale. Brand knowledge is another factor adding value to the t-shirts sold in Manzese Market in Tanzania. The brands include sportswear companies such as Adidas, Nike, and Reebok as well as t-shirts having professional sports team logos. Following the US sports pays off as well, where the logo belonging to a winning team adds up additional value. The latter can be combined to the more traditional ways of adding value, which include the costs of tailors adapting the clothing to the thinner Tanzanian figures and the costs of turning particular items into other, according to the demands of the customers (Rivoli 240), e.g. curtains into dresses, socks into bathmats, and skirts into tablecloths and tablecloths into skirts. One idea that adds value to the t-shirts, although contradictory, nevertheless distinguishes between “new” old clothing and “old” old clothing, which is the smell of the clothing. Fresh-pressed and clean smelling clothing automatically reduces the value of the product, unlike the wrinkled and musty clothing. In terms of t-shirts, another value adding idea can be seen in matching identical i
Introduction There is no doubt that the use of new means of communication always has an impact on the news industry. Nowadays, the majority of researchers who are concerned about the problem of the dissemination of information in the modern world acknowledge that news organizations are having significant financial troubles related to changes on a global level. The problem is especially important for newspapers that are losing their audience in a rapid manner. Analysis Speaking about the financial problems of newspapers, it is necessary to pay focused attention to the essential process of renewal that takes place in any sphere of human activity. There is a range of ways that are used to disseminate information. Among them, there are television, radio, newspapers, printed books, theatre, and the Internet. There was a period of history when each of them (except for the latter) was considered as something really modern and fashionable, and the majority of people wanted to use these inventions for different purposes (Cho, Smith, & Zentner, 2016). Nevertheless, it is clear that history and technical progress never stand still; therefore, newspapers are being replaced by the Internet which attracts more and more users in different countries. The financial problems of newspapers are obvious as the number of available jobs in the industry decreases every year. In general, there are a few reasons for making the Internet more attractive to modern users. First, access to the Internet may be cheaper than a newspaper if we consider the amount of information that a person gets for the money (Paulussen & Harder, 2014). Also, it is necessary to use more material resources such as paper in order to create a printed newspaper whereas creating blog posts discussing the latest news is much faster. There are a few ideas that are aimed to help news organizations to survive. For instance, one of the assigned readings discusses the opportunity to seek the support of non-profit organizations and post more newspaper articles online to attract the audience. Some researchers regard the use of social networks as news platforms for numerous newspapers quite effective (Ju, Jeong, & Chyi, 2014). All the ideas involve turning a newspaper into something different; despite that, it seems that there is no opportunity to avoid this process. In my opinion, these ideas can help newspapers to survive, but the process of decreasing the revenues of news organizations is inevitable on a global scale. At the same time, I do not think that the industry will die soon; in fact, when cinema theatres appeared, many people thought that they would replace the usual theatres. Nevertheless, the latter still works. The same is true about television and radio. Therefore, I believe that the decreasing popularity of newspapers is essential, but the industry is not going to disappear and there will always be people buying and reading printed newspa
Business Leaders At the beginning of the 20 th century, the majority of large industries were controlled by millionaire families, such as the Rockefellers, the Carnegies, and the Vanderbilts. These families were able to develop monopolies that allowed them to benefit from eliminating smaller competitors and remaining on top of the market. Evidently, this turned most of these millionaire families into “shrewd businessmen” who exploited other people’s labor to attain personal objectives (Surdam, 2020). The increasing prevalence of corruption, racial prejudices, and inappropriate employee treatment was hideous and put employers’ exploitation trends on display. The lack of responsibility later turned some of the millionaire families into “robber barons” due to their unprincipled willingness to earn more money. From extremely low payments to child labor, these market leaders would side with any given strategy allowing them to maximize profits (Mitchell, 2020). Thus, factory workers were not treated as humans since there was no proper labor rights movement at the moment. Pullman Strike: Exploitation of Workers Explained The Pullman strike occurred due to the workers’ willingness to fight for increased wages and improved working conditions. Hundreds of thousands of employees were dissatisfied with how the management treated them. The strike became so aggressive that federal troops had to be sent in order to break it up and arrest the leaders of the movement (German, 2022). The primary reason for the employees to go on a strike was a staggering decline in working conditions paired with an unchanging wage that was not enough to cover lifestyle expenses and rent payments. Such inappropriate actions by the management have led to almost 40 people being killed during the strike. The Pullman factory scenario is a textbook example of workplace exploitation (Papke, 2019). Consistent efforts exerted by strikers allowed them to generate reasonable change and contribute to the development of the socialist movement across the US. The nationwide effect of the Pullman strike was also fundamental for an improved understanding of how employees could fight for their rights. American Working Condition Reforms A thorough discussion on American reforms in the field of working conditions has to begin with the transformation of the struc
Introduction Broca’s area and its importance While discussing how the language areas of the human brain are organized, it is necessary to consider some fundamentals concerning the interdependence between language and brain. First of all, there is a need to point out that the functions of language and their relation to the human brain were studied under abnormal circumstances, including brain damage, the effects of medicine on the brain, etc. As far as scientists studied the relationship between language disorders and brain damage, one can conclude that scientists became familiar with each language area of the human brain. One of the most widespread speech disorders, which are caused by brain damage, is aphasia. The first man who started to study the interdependence between brain damage and language disorders was a Frenchman Paul Broca. He identified “the third frontal gyrus of the cerebral cortex”, which is considered to be one of the language areas (Geschwind 2). This area controls not only the tongue, but the whole system of speech production, including the muscles of the face. The portion of the brain is known as the motor face area. However, one is to keep in mind that damage of Broca’s area does not lead to paralysis of face muscles and serious language disorders. It can cause only mild weakness of the vocal cords. For this reason, one can conclude that the motor face area can be also controlled by the opposite side of the brain. At the end of the 19 th century, Broca found that damage of the left half of the brain can cause certain disorders of spoken language; while damage of the right half of the brain does not impact on language abilities. This fact was confirmed by eight cases of the most common language disorder. Wernicke’s aphasia Another interesting issue, which should be noted, is that a person whose Broca’s area is damaged can sing songs. For this reason, it becomes evident that a mental condition, in which people are often unable to remember simple words or communicate, cannot be regarded as the result of the motor face area paralysis. In 1874, a new approach concerning a well-known language disorder appeared. Thus, Carl Wernicke, who worked as a junior assistant in neurological centre, was well familiar with Broca’s conclusions on aphasia. However, he pointed out that damage of the left hemisphere of the human brain, which is placed outside the third frontal gyrus of the cerebral cortex can cause a language disorder differing from a disorder described by Broca. For instance, one is to keep in mind that Broca’s aphasia is characterized by the so-called telegraphic speech (thereby, a person who suffers from aphasia cannot speak fast, the endings of verbs and nouns are usually omitted, it is extremely difficult to build long sentences and use sequence of tenses); while Wernicke’s aphasia seems to represent the opposite state, when a person’s sp
Abstract My healthcare delivery philosophy is founded on the four meta-paradigms of nursing. My strong background in nursing makes it easier for me to offer adequate care to more patients with diverse needs. This essay gives a detailed analysis of my nursing philosophy. It outlines the major practice-specific concepts and assumptions that dictate my approach to healthcare support. The essay explains why my ultimate goal is to become a pioneer of quality services for my patients. My Background in Nursing My nursing background has equipped me with the most desirable competencies that can support my future goals as a caregiver. To begin with, I have completed a wide range of prerequisite units in anatomy, chemistry, physiology, English composition, and pathology. The ideas gained from these units form the basis for my knowledge in nursing. As a nursing student, I have acquainted myself with various competencies that govern various medical practices. For instance, I understand the importance of critical thinking, positive decision-making, problem-solving, and importance of effective communication (Patterson & Krouse, 2015). Such competencies have the potential to support my career objectives. I have worked in different healthcare settings thereby getting the opportunity to provide quality medical support to different clients. I always interact with different professionals in order to acquire new nursing competencies. These exercises have helped me understand the relevance of evidence-based ideas whenever providing care to my patients. As well, I have understood how to use the four meta-paradigms of nursing. These aspects ensure every nursing process is aimed at maximizing the outcomes of the targeted patients. My understanding of cultural-competence is a strength that supports my nursing practice. I have understood how to use multidisciplinary teams whenever focusing on the diverse needs of many patients. Some simple practices such as teamwork and collaboration have made me a proficient provider of evidence-based health services (Douglas et al., 2011). I have been focusing on new concepts and theories that can improve my nursing competencies. I always embrace the concept of lifelong learning in order to strengthen my healthcare philosophy. The Four Meta-paradigms My nursing philosophy is incomplete without the four nursing meta-paradigms. The “first meta-paradigm, person, identifies human beings as the receivers of adequate nursing care” (Douglas et al., 2011, p. 318). Caregivers should ensure all aspects of the person are considered in order to maximize health outcomes. The environment dictates or governs the surroundings associated with a person’s health. Nursing should go beyond the person’s status in order to analyze and address all the major forces affecting his or her health outcomes. The third paradigm is called health. Risjord (2011) defines health as the wellbeing or status anticipated by the recipient of health. Caregivers must “work hard to address the issues affecting their patients and re-pa
Executive Summary In this marketing plan, the researcher has critically analyzed the internal and external forces in the environment that may help this firm market the new product effectively. The new product, the 2016 Range Rover Sport SVR, is unique and meets the needs of its target market perfectly well. What the firm now needs to do is to come up with superior marketing campaigns that will attract customers to this product. It also needs to ensure that the product is always available when needed by the clients Introduction: Company Overview Land Rover is a leading manufacturer and marketer of four-wheel-drive vehicles, most of which are sport utility vehicles (SUV). The design for Land Rover vehicles was initiated in 1948 by Maurice Wilks, who was a chief designer at the Rover Company. His design was very successful that after a few years, Land Rover became a company with its unique design of SUV cars of different series. With its headquarters in Whitley, Coventry, in the United Kingdom, the firm started an ambitious program that focused on providing multi-purpose cars that could be used in different terrains. The firm’s mission clearly stated the aim of the firm to provide high-performance cars that could be used in different terrains and for different purposes. The popularity of the Land Rover cars went beyond the United Kingdom soon after it was launched. It became a preferred car for military and militia groups all over the world because of its tough body and unique ability to overcome tough terrains. Land Rover is currently owned by Tata Group of Companies, but its headquarters in the United Kingdom was not changed. The company has remained very popular among the middle class, high class, and the elderly who need a greater sense of security in the cars that they drive. The company has a variety of products that it sells locally in the United Kingdom and in the international market. The top car models that this firm delivers to the market include Defender, Freeelander, Discovery, Range Rover, Range Rover Evoque, and Range Rover Sport. Range Rover Sport is one of the most popular car models from this company that has received massive acceptance in the global market. In this paper, the researcher will primarily focus on the market planning for the newly produced the 2016 Range Rover Sport SVR. Corporate mission The corporate mission of Land Rover Company, the maker of the 2016 Range Rover Sport SVR, states that the firm’s philosophy is to provide its customers with unique cars that not only provide movement solutions but also offer them a sense of class, safety, and comfort at all times. This corporate mission is clearly demonstrated in the newly launched the 2016 Range Rover Sport SVR. This product is unique in many ways. From its shape, engine capacity and comfort, to its applications, the car outsmarts all other previous models of Range Rover Sports cars. The figure below shows the comfortable seats of this new model of Range Rover Sports. Figure 1: Frontal Interior of t
From the moment when Europeans first arrived at the American continent and started to claim the lands, a big confrontation appeared. It turned out that the lands European people took were already populated. Native Americans have lived on those territories for centuries, and they did not understand why they had to give their homes to the newcomers. First Nations people initially did not have many options of reaction to the situation that they suddenly found themselves in. Some bands decided to fight for their territories. The forces were uneven and much more progressive in the skills of battling Europeans had many advantages. Such wars would not last long, and First Nations people had no chance of winning them. Another way out of the situation was leaving homes and moving to the lands that Europeans still did not occupy. This also could not last long as any territories have limits and boundaries. The tribes that picked this way soon realized that they had nowhere to go. The nations that decided to start an alliance with the new owners of the lands also lost a lot and were limited in many aspects. An alliance between First Nations people and Europeans, in the beginning, was promising for Native Americans. They gained protection in cases of conflicts with other Native bands. The Crown convinced the people of First Nations that in such alliances their rights would be protected better. From that moment till these days, the relationship between the First Nations and the Crown has been evolving and changing. It took generations of court cases to make some progress in resolving some of the issues. The arguments between the Crown and Assembly of First Nations are still going on. These days First Nations people are still fighting for their rights, governance, and accountability, the arguments have led to some progress, but mostly the people of First Nations are dissatisfied with their decision-making powers. After reading about the existing contradictions about the rights of people of First Nations, I learned more about their cultural development and the specifics of their lifestyle and organization. Native Americans truly have a culture that differs a lot from the culture of people that came to America from Europe. Our political organization and our understanding of the world around are completely different. First Nations people have carried their legacy through generations and have managed to save their culture the way it always was using avoiding interactions with the Crown. I think that forcing our way of living and our social and political structure on the bands of First Nations is unnatural for them. If they have not assimilated much through hundreds of years – it is strange to expect them to adopt our way of livi
Introduction Unlike commercial contracts, governed by the Uniform Commercial Code and the common law, several statutes and regulations govern the Federal government. The role of the Federal Acquisition Regulations System is codification and publication of standardized policies and measures for procurement by all agencies. The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) outlines various contract types and their general applicability based on the procurement situation and complexity of the supplies or services. They range from Firm-Fixed-Price, which places the greatest cost risk on the contractor, to Cost-Plus Fixed-Fee, which places the greatest risk on the Government. Fixed-price contracts Fixed price contracts depend on the supply and acceptance of a product or service. Normally, they have a firm price but, at times, the price can be adjusted. With an adjustable price, the fixed price contract could include a target price, a ceiling price, or both (Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2004). Unless specified in the contract, the ceiling price or target price is subject to adjustment only by operation of clauses in the contract providing for revision or adjustment of the contract price under circumstances stated (Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2004). A fixed-price contract is preferable when acquiring goods and services of a reasonable, definite and detailed specification and when the contracting officer ascertains reasonable prices at the outset (Office of the Secretary of Defense 2004). Cost reimbursement contracts This contract provides for compensation of acceptable incurred costs, to the degree set in the contract. Research and development work get such contracts. If the work is not satisfactory, termination of the contract takes place. Risks involving banks are usually negligible. There are three types of cost-reimbursable contracts.  1. Cost plus award fee: This contract provides the Government with a method of incorporating incentives into contracts for goods or services characterized by subjective performance criteria. No measurements are necessary for structuring incentive contracts.  2. Cost plus fixed fee: In this contract, the fee negotiation happens at the start of the contract. The fixed fee does not differ from the actual cost, but it can be amended in case of changes in the contracted work. This contract allows contracting for efforts that could have presented a significant risk to contractors, but provides the contractor only a minimum incentive to control costs (Office of the Secretary of Defense 2004).  3. Cost plus incentive fee: Incorporates a fee that can be adjusted through a formula ba