ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1 In Myers ‘Psychology’, the chapter on ‘critical thinking with psychological science’ deals with the history and science of psychology. History of psychology identifies the evolution of psychological concepts across different groups of people, classified under age, gender and cross-cultural characteristics. Some of the historical psychological concepts placed an emphasis on intuition and common sense, an approach that influenced biasness and a limit on the scope of psychology. This historical approach failed to re-define the process of reasoning, leading to application of untested theories. The chapter also addresses the scientific method that has been incorporated into psychology to promote behavioural change and define human characteristics. Under this approach, emphasis has been placed on the existence of a scientific theory, which must be tested under its predictions and hypothesis in order to prove its effectiveness. Survey is identified as one of the most effective scientific methods. This is because it derives different experiences, analyses each of the concepts generated in order to generate a credible conclusion (Myers Psychology 19). Similarly, observations and revisiting actual experiences like the 9/11 and Iraq War, helps in establishing an unbiased interpretation of the concepts being investigated. Chapter 2 One of the ideas presented in this chapter is brain functioning and memory. The chapter illustrates the complexity of the brain cells. Using an example, it also explains how a brain tumour affects an individual’s sexual behaviour. The author explains how brain functions are localised to promote communication across the cellular structures, and with other systems within the central nervous system. The research demonstrates the issue of brain size across different organisms as well as the associated reflex speed. The brain therefore engages with other human organs to promote coordination and response to stimuli (Myers Psychology 67). The brain produces different hormones from its different regions to promote communication and influence behavioural change. The research has also addressed cognitive development as one of its topics under the field of ‘biology of mind’. Through brain simulations, the author has identified ways through which behaviours and responses are changed. Hormonal variations in the brain have also been associated with physical and social changes, with individuals being forced to act differently according to the levels of specific hormones such as dopamine. The brain is responsible for memory development, one of the fundamental aspects in cognitive development. Simulations in the brain, which detects movements and feelings, are responsible for promoting self-awareness. The author has also addressed cognitive prosthetics, at which computer interfaces are compared to the brain functions. Chapter 3 The chapter deals mainly with consciousness and duality. Conciseness is a condition of self-realisation, actualisation and being in control of most body functions. The research demonstrates about sleep theories and how dreams engage the c
Gather Information Gathering information to validate gender issues in the workplace is a better approach than merely assuming the validity of the information provided. Gender discrimination is a problem across different states, organizations, and cultures. It is rooted in traditional patriarchal norms, which put women as minor people in their respective workplaces and homes. Gender discrimination negatively affects women because it harms their social health, lowers their output in the workplace, and makes them receive unfair and biased treatment from employers. In most cases, there are no clear policies in place to eliminate these problems. Hence, the gathering of information to validate the allegations is central to the resolution of the gender issue in the case study. How to Proceed As the vice president of Reginald Murphy College, I would deliberate on the gender issue by gathering primary data from a sample of the employees with a view of getting firsthand information, which validates the existence of the problem. The best approach would be to hold a meeting with leaders, share the matter with them, and know their take on the matter. The approach of holding a meeting with leaders is better than just taking allegations as there are since leaders represent all departments in the institution. The dissemination of the real problem creates an understanding and urges all the members present to ta
Investigate the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK). Critically analyze one of the knowledge areas Project management body of knowledge areas (PMBoK) entangles a collection of various areas of knowledge and processes that comprise of the best-accepted practices within the province of project management. In this context, a project refers to “a temporary endeavour with a defined beginning and an end constrained by funding and time derivable, usually undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives typically to bring about beneficial change or added value” (Whitman & Mattord, 2010, p.12). On the other hand, project management refers to “the discipline of planning, leading, controlling, sequencing, organising, managing, securing, and monitoring of various resources to ensure that specific goals are achieved within the constraints of cost and time” (Whitman & Mattord 2010, p.21). To attain the concerns of project management, managers deserve an ample knowledge of the project management body comprising of nine essential areas. These areas are project integration management, project risk management, project quality management, project cost management, project scope management, project human resource management, project communications management, project procurement management, and project time management. Project integration management embraces the “processes that are crucial in an endeavour to coordinate various components of a project” (Whitman & Mattord, 2010, p.29). The components that demand integration encompass elements such as initial plan of the project, plan execution progress monitoring, plan control coupled with plan revision, and control of various alterations that are made to myriads of resource allocations. In particular, making provisions for alterations on the initial project plan is critical since “measured performance causes adjustments to the project” (Whitman & Mattord, 2010, p.27). Opposed to project integration management, project scope management ensures that a project plan only encompasses the activities that are critical for the completion of the entire project. Scope here implies both the quality and quantity of various projects’ delivarables. The main processes are initialisation, planning of the scope, scope definition, verification and more importantly, scope change and control (Whitman & Mattord, 2010, p.45). The sphere of project time management ensures that the project under execution is completed within the anticipated time constraints while still ensuring that all the objectives of the project are met precisely. Apparently, one of the prominent project failures is the failure to meet the project time deadlines. Arguably, these failures emanate from poor planning. Whitman and Mattord (2010, p. 67) outline “…activity definition, activity sequencing, activity duration estimating, schedule development, and schedule
Introduction According to Osterwalder and Pigneur, a business model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value” (14). Dell is one of the biggest multinational companies with 165th place in the ‘Global 500″ ranking ( Dell’s Competitive Advantage & Strategy par. 1). One of the factors for the success of the company is the implementation of a direct sales business model. Direct selling together with building relationships with suppliers allow the company to regulate the correlation of demand and supply efficiently. However, with the development of the portable computer market, Dell lost its positions. The corporation had to improve its business model and shifted attention to “personalized and remote” customer services and introduced social media to its direct sales model ( Dell’s Competitive Advantage & Strategy par. 27). In addition to traditional business strategies, Dell needs more investments in innovative technologies and learning to provide sustainable development of the company and its competitiveness in the market. Ideation Process Ideation is one of six business model design techniques. It is usually treated as “a creative process for generating a large number of business model ideas and successfully isolating the best ones” (Osterwalder and Pigneur 136). Dell, similarly to other companies, included ideation into its innovation processes. One of its aspects is crowdsourcing which makes the ideation process at Dell corporation customer-driven (Bayus 226). A method of generating ideas on open innovation platforms involves customers and other stakeholders in the process of the company’s innovative development (Hossain and Islam 613). However, discussions on such platforms need to be directed to result in ideas that can be implemented. A disadvantage of this approach is that it demands many resources from the team managing the platform. Moreover, only three percent of such ideas are usually implemented (Hossain and Islam 620). Nevertheless, the IdeaStorm Platform managed by Dell is a tool that empowers communication with customers. It provides an opportunity to “understand various issues related to customers’ ideation and idea commercialization” (Hossain and Islam 620). For example, the ideas suggested at the platform and already implemented into practice include investment in mini projectors, children’s PC, rugged laptop for marine use, etc. (Bayus 228). Moreover, the ideas of preinstalled Linux, Ubuntu, or Fedora and multitouch screens were partially implemented, and more ideas are waiting for analysis and evaluation. Dell’s ideation process based on an online open innovation platform is still at an early stage but can become a powerful resource in the future. Industry Analysis Dell has been among the leaders of the PC industry for decades. Its outsta
Introduction The considered video presented by Vice News describes such a concept as polychromy and its application to ancient sculptural objects. The opinions presented by the participants of this fragment are based on the fact that white statues made of marble and perceived by many habitually carry much more information. According to one of the interviewees, due to modern technology, it is possible to establish that polychromy was common in ancient times (Vice News 00:00:37-00:00:42). As a result, one can argue that the prevailing stereotypes about the monochrome of ancient statues are incorrect, particularly with regard to the color scheme of the garments and decorations of these objects. Main body The perception of sculptures by modern people is largely due to the prevailing trend for white statues to be displayed. The heroine of the video asks why, in all areas where these objects are mentioned, including movies and video games, ancient figures are presented in exceptionally light shades (Vice News 00:00:23-00:00:34). Perhaps this is due to the fact that earlier, there were no those opportunities to restore the color of statues that exist today. The deterioration of sculptures and the fading of the paint are the reasons why those objects of art that have survived to the present are associated exclusively with white. Such a reflection is perceived naturally among the masses, and it is unprofitable for people involved in various entertainment industries to offer other options since viewers may not understand this message. Nevertheless, museums and other repositories where ancient artifacts are contained should display this information. Modern technology allows specialists to restore true color solutions to which sculptors of past eras resorted. The interview participants in the vi
ESL 015 The word globalization can be defined as the world greatest and most important force, which has an impact on economy (Mostert, 2003). In some cases, globalization can again be regarded as a whirlwind of basically relentless changes, which sometimes can leave most governments helpless and full of economical problems. In actuality globalization, globalization has contributed to economic developments in most developing countries, which are also regarded as the founders of globalization and its implementation. In my own opinion, I hold the view that the globalization process is more beneficial to developing countries than it is to developed countries. It is ’s clearly evident that globalization has done more good in terms of development specifically in developing poor countries. In actuality, the concept of free trade liberalization has created a favorable
The topic of this book was the very first battle in the Viet Nam conflict, as fought by the American marines against the North Vietnamese. The actual thesis was that the Viet Cong’s underestimation of the United States military forces’ ability to rapidly and effectively deploy and fight, pretty much lost the North Vietnamese the battle, despite the fact that their intelligence was detailed and available early. The evidence that supported the book’s thesis was borne out by many eye-witness accounts, on both sides of the conflict. The overall quality of this work was superior as it appeared very thorough and well-researched. It also was an interesting read. The value of this work could be considered to be of both historical and military benefit, in terms of actual recorded events and military tactics and strategy. Battle planners and historians may also enjoy and benefit from reading this book. Even, for those who lost family members in this battle, it could prove to be a worthwhile read. Further, most exemplary was the author’s research, including evaluation and review of command logs, along with perusal and analysis of the various interrogation and after-action reports. Then, too, the author spent much time on the actual battlefield, and also conducted interviews with various families and combatants on either side, from members of the Marine unit to the VC 1 st Regiment. Lastly, his personal conversations with the participants at all levels, on both sides. Finally, his own Marine combat experience as an infantry company commander at that time speaks for itself. The quality of these sources were adequate and in some cases, superior. Everything appeared to corroborate the author’s writing. This account is based upon actual primary and some secondary research but also personal experience, of course, as mentioned earlier. Thus, the author’s argument that the Viet Cong’s previous intelligence did not account for the rapid capability for the US marines to spearhead a most devastating and useful attack against them was quite creditable. Lehrack’s writing style and ability was such that the book was written clearly, and easy to read and follow, with plenty of action included, and sufficient
Culture and language can be termed as brothers since they go together. It is proven that no language or culture that can stand by itself. The reason behind it is that where you will find a culture, there will be a certain language. For instance if you go to America you will find the culture there goes together with the language. Like in when a child is born, definitely the child will be exposed to the surroundings and this plays a great role in enabling him or her become part and parcel of the cultural team. Both culture and language in a child is modeled by the people around them. (Jandt, 2004, p.187) A variety of disciplinary perspective for many years showed the relationship between language and culture. Different philosopher like linguists, anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists among other had different views in understanding cultural issue manipulating the facet of human behavior including cognition, perception, language and communication. It was during this time when An American linguist and anthropologist, Edward Sapir introduced the power of language to echo culture. (Jandt, 2004, p.188) In his hypothesis he confirmed that the manner in which we reflect and analysis the world verifies our language. He added that the cases of cultural language disparities have proven that some languages have precise words for thought while other languages utilize numerous words to stand for a precise
Childhood obesity is a health problem of global character. It began to demonstrate speedy growth several decades ago. As a result, over the last thirty years, the number of children suffering from obesity globally has doubled, and the number of obese adolescents has increased by four times (CDC 2015). Previously, the focus of attention of the world’s scientists and medics targeted the problem of malnutrition in terms of lack of food, and necessary diet elements such as proteins and vitamins. Today, the priorities have shifted, and the excessive weight of the modern children has grasped the attention of the medical professionals as a threat to the future generations of our planet. As obesity has a tendency to make significant impacts on the health and quality of life of the people suffering from it, this issue is a focus of multiple medical organisations and facilities. The extremely high rates of childhood obesity and the health issues it is associated with (such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure) have added to the list of diseases the contemporary health services have to fight. Currently, hundreds of thousands of healthcare professionals are involved in working on the ways, programs, and policies that could help the society overcome this problem and decrease the number of affected individuals. The health services are overwhelmed by the number of burdens and challenges, and so is the population of our planet and the developing countries in particular. This paper presents the problem of childhood obesity in the developing countries and discusses its severity and effects, its causes, contributing factors, and the main stakeholders. In addition, the essay provides the possible solutions and recommendations for the future policy and practice. Description of the Problem or Childhood Obesity Definition and Characteristics of Childhood Obesity and Overweight As concepts, the terms “obesity” and “overweight” are used interchangeably. Both terms indicate the abnormal accumulation of fat in a human body that leads problems and complications of health (Ellulu et al. 2014). Obesity stands for the presence of excessive body fat in an individual, whereas the use of the word “overweight” assumes a correlation between a person’s weight and their height, bone structure, muscle, and amount of fat (CDC 2015). Both obesity and overweight are associated with the imbalance of calorie intake and expenditure. In other words, an individual is likely to begin having issues with excessive body weight when the number of calories they consume significantly exceeds that of the expended energy (CDC 2015). To be more precise, World’s Health Organisation (WHO) uses the reference of growth of adolescents and children of school age to estimate obesity and overweight. According to WHO (2016), overweight is registered in a case of one standard deviation of BMI (body
While focusing on the necessity of expansion, Ruth’s Chris selected a range of countries that could potentially become new locations for its restaurants. Much attention was paid to the presence of its target market among the local population. Thus the focus was placed on the consumption of beef. It was critical for the company to ensure that it would have enough customers in a new country because this fact fundamentally affects its revenue and overall success. Per capita, beef consumption was determined, which made it possible to select several nations whose people would likely enjoy visiting a steakhouse. In addition, particular significance was given to per capita GDP, as the company had to know that its customers would be able to afford the products they offered. The level of disposable income was associated with people’s willingness to eat out. Legal issues (affecting exports and US standards) were discussed as well. Finally, the company focused on the affinity for U.S. brands. Even though the variables initially used made it possible for Ruth’s Chris to narrow its list of potential countries for expansion to 35 possibilities, several other factors could have also been considered. First, it should be mentioned that the company could have conducted a SWOT analysis. On the basis of this analysis, the organization would have identified potential markets by focusing on its current performance and opportunities. It might also be advantageous to think about geographic distance, because this affects the particular circumstances of transportation, including price and duration. The political situation in the prospective countries is also significant because it might affect business operations. The identification of current customer demands may reveal what people are interested in and whether they are likely to alter their interests. The company considers the use of four marketing planning models that are frequently utilized by businesses that are hoping to expand. To select the most beneficial one, Ruth’s Chris should consider their advantages and disadvantages. For instance, diversification is likely to assume the most risk. This growth strategy presupposes the necessity to alter all operations. It requires the company both to create new restaurants and to reach new markets. Due to this, Ruth’s Chris would face numerous problems associated with a lack of experience and knowledge. The use of this strategy makes it necessary to develop a clear plan for the future of the