ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is well known that the inventor of the specific machine, the author of a book, or a composer, one way or another, usually owns their work. This aspect leads to other specific consequences, and, probably, we are familiar with the fact that we cannot simply copy or buy a copy of the works of these authors without taking into account their rights. In equal measure, it seems natural that the original industrial samples of furniture, wall-papers, etc. are managed by someone or some organization. Each time we buy such protected objects, the part of the price, which we pay, returns to owners as compensation for the time, the money, the efforts, and the thoughts, which they put in the creation of their works. Over time this led to the development of science, industry, music industry, which was being developed in the entire world; inspire new talents for the creation of ever more original ideas and articles. This paper shows some of the aspects that demonstrate the need for a better-managed law to protect intellectual property, which with the beginning of the electronic era has not to stop bringing controversies to the issue. Analysis The rapid development of information and communication technologies led to the fact that everywhere in the world exceptional attention is given to the legal regime of intellectual property. The violation of intellectual property rights in the informational century reached unprecedented scales. The existing mechanisms of copyrights protection, trademarks, patents, software, databases today, cannot manage those problems, which are encountered everywhere in the world. This becomes an especially difficult task under the conditions whe
The Most Human Human: What Artificial Intelligence teaches us about Being Alive, is a chef-d’oeuvre book by Brian Christian. The book highlights how computers are slowly becoming “human” courtesy of the undergoing technological revolution. In addition, the author explores how human beings behave like computers. Conventionally, the book underscores how computers shape the idea of being ‘human’ in the eyes of different people. The book has numerous strengths and weaknesses, just like any other popular science book. This paper gives a critical analysis to Brian Christian’s masterpiece work, The Most Human Human: What Artificial Intelligence teaches us about Being Alive, by highlighting its strengths and weaknesses. The first clear-cut strength of this book is the wide application of study areas right from the beginning. Brian Christian has extensive knowledge in poetry, philosophy, and computer science, and this aspect helps the author to cover a wide array of subjects concerning humanity. The book is chiefly based on the Turing test, and thus one would expect the author to be major on the events surrounding this test, which occurs during the annual Loebner Prize competition. However, Brian Christian uses the events of this competition to explore other areas of human living. The book explores issues in philosophy, biology, psychology, theology, poetry, communication, and computer science, among others. In a recap, the author tackles hundreds of topics by provoking the reader to think logically. The book is suggestive, which stirs the readers to think from different perspectives. Christian achieves this goal by sticking to a form of narrative, which remains in the background, thus letting ideas to stand out conspicuously throughout the book. Therefore, instead of the readers forming opinions, they are compelled to think critically on the issues raised throughout the narrative. The second most outstanding strength of the book lies in the extensive referencing and exploration of theories by other writers. For instance, the author explores Garry Kasparov’s chess theory to highlight how human beings have stopped thinking by resorting to rules in a bid to achieve the desired results. On the chess game, youngsters are contemporarily concerned with memorizing past games, and thus instead of becoming ‘masters of strategy’ they become ‘masters of memory. Nevertheless, Christian does not conclude whether this aspect is good or bad; on the contrary, he gives his opinion and lets the reader draw the conclusion on the appropriateness of such behaviors. In addition, Christian highlights Daniel Gilbert’s propositions on the extent to which human beings are animals. From this work, he makes an analogy of the extent to which human beings have become machines. By drawing such analogies, the author allows the reader to understand the book’s context in a better way as the concep
Branding, pricing and distribution strategies Edimax will adopt family branding strategy by ensuring that its different product categories such as sports apparels and footwear are marketed under the brand name ‘Edimax’. Family branding will enable the firm to increase the rate of brand recognition (Lacobucci, 2014). Conversely, the firm will adopt the penetration-pricing strategy by setting the price at a relatively lower point as compared to its competitors. The penetration pricing strategies will enable the firm to attract customers within the low-income category. In distribution, the firm will incorporate direct and indirect channels of distribution. In its direct distribution, Edimax will establish retail outlets in the local and international markets. Furthermore, the firm will distribute its products through agents. However, this approach will mainly be used in newly entered international markets. Type of competition Edimax will experience stiff inter-brand competition from various local and multinational sportswear companies. Some of the companies that will pose intense inter-brand competition to the firm include Nike, Adidas, Li Ling, Under Armour, and Puma. These companies have developed considerable cost advantage by investing in large-scale economies of operation (Lipsey, 2006). Companies such as Addidas and Nike Incorporation have outsourced their production activities from independent contractors located in countries characterized by a high comparative advantage with regard to production. Thus, the firms have succeeded in minimizing the cost of production. Furthermore, the firms have established an extensive sales and distribution network, which has remarkably led to the development of the companies’ global brand recognition (Rugman, 2005). Despite their global brand recognition, some of Edimax’s major competitors have not developed optimal competitiveness with reference to pricing. For example, Nike Incorporation, Puma, Adidas, and Under Armour have adopted the premium-pricing strategy. The companies’ choice of the premium pricing strategy is based on the need to communicate the value of their brand. However, the strategy limits the firms’ ability to gain a significant market share in the low and middle-income countries. Differentiation strategy Edimax will incorporate focused differentiation strategy in its quest to enter the global sportswear industry. It will consider research and development as one of its priorities areas in its operation. The firm will establish a fully-fledged laboratory that will enhance its ability to undertake product research and development. Furthermore, the firm will gather market intelligence continuou
Research Design The descriptive approach in the Aging Population: The Challenges Ahead, the article written by Christensen Kaare et al., systematically and accurately elaborates on life expectancy trends in developed nations. The study indicates that many babies born from 2000 in Germany, the UK, France, Japan, the US, and Canada will reach 100 years. The swiftly increasing population segment in industrialized countries is the oldest-old group aged above 85 years. The research design observed and measured the life longevity variables. Research Method Search strategy and selection criteria help in identifying reviews on the aging population in established nations. The article includes studies published not later than 2004 and extracts them from the TRENDS and PubMed.The search terms are life expectancy, mortality, health expectancy, old age, longevity, and the elderly. The Human Mortality Database was vital in including the newest demographic information. Method of Analysis The article uses tables, linear regression, and horizontal bar graphs to analyze data. Tables indicated the oldest age with more than 50% birth cohorts alive in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, Canada, and the US. The horizontal bars were Germany’s population pyramids in 1956, 2006, and 2050 projection. Developed nations were focus areas because they had complete health data. Gerontology Principles Theories Lowered exposure to carcinogens, early diagnosis of cancer, and therapeutic improvements are causing the life expectancy to rise in developed nations’ population. The active aging theory suggests that older adults in advanced nations are energetic and engage in social interactions. The increasing proportion of people aged 60 years and above engage in part-time jobs requiring them to commit 25 hours per week. The individuals focus on leisure, work, education, and childrearing activities. Key Findings Life expectancy in developed nations lengthens linearly with no declination signs. The probability of people aged 80 to 90 years’ survival was 37% for women and 25% for men in 2002. In Japan, six out of ten activities of daily living (ADL) indices had substantial improvement after age adjustment between 1993 and 2002. Germany had 29 persons aged above 65 years in every 100 individuals in 2006. The findings portray that current developed nations’ populations have high life longevity, fewer disabilities, and reduced limitations. Implications Governments need to raise age retirements to cope with the aging population’s economic effects in advanced countries. Redistribution of work and income will be even over the ages of life. However, the increasing old-adult population will cause significant health-care structures challenges. The oldest adults heavily depend on social welfare and stable medical provision in advanced countries. Limitations Health data exceptional to older adults are inconsistent and few. Moreover, life expectancy projections do not account for future challenges the aging population will face. The
Facebook Inc offers a strong potential for modern businesses Facebook.com is not just the famous company behind the giant social media site whose success story is on the lips of everybody in the contemporary world. The social media site has continued to amass great international recognition from all parts of the world, as one of the leading sites which hold a strong business potential, particularly e-commerce. The company’s rapid development plan has been a significant facet of its success Ever since it was launched in 2004, Facebook has undergone rapid developments in its engaging features. With its unique ability to attract great numbers of users daily, from all over the world, Facebook has been well-placed in its entrepreneurship objectives. Facebook has successfully managed to balance its double engagements in social media sites and the e-commerce trend With the current boom of e-commerce activities, Facebook has become a target for many online stores, who are aiming to remain high in the advancing e-commerce sector. By placing ads on their website for users to see, Facebook helps business owners from all parts of the world to achieve their potential goals in business (Qualman 2010). This trend has played a key role in shaping modern marketing concepts; for it lets potential business partners and customers know where they can find brands and products of their choice. Facebook Inc enjoys many strengths and opportunities as a potential business platform Given the wide range of add-ons, applications, and services offered by Facebook, there is no doubt that the company has already established a strong platform for e-commerce business. Investors and marketers from all parts of the world have taken full advantage of this grand opportunity to ensure their businesses stand out from the pressures of the current competitive business environment (Culnan & Mchugh 2010). Facebook Inc has been successful in both social and business matters Facebook has continued to generate huge revenues and profits, and this is enough to justify its potential market valuation, which is estimated to be worth billions of dollars. The company’s recent financial analysis is enough to offer its potential investors a good reason to smile. The company is widely reputed for its excellent corporate performance. Facebook holds a brilliant economical future, considering its rapid user growth, which is observed to be one of the significant facets of the company. Strong busines
Introduction AIDS is an international epidemic that has interfered with the political, social and economic status of most states in the world. It is an epidemic that was discovered in the 1980s, and since then it has taken many lives, not to mention, both adults and children. Scientists have been involved in vigorous research, although they have not been successful in discovering its cure. However, they have managed to come up with some drugs that suppress the effects of the disease in the human body, although they do not cure. AIDS knows to boundaries and affects all groups of people. Many children have been orphaned at a very early age while some partners have lost their spouses to this deadly disease. These people go through a lot of economic hardships trying to adjust to their predicament while their social status continues to deteriorate. Governments have spent large sums of money in providing medication for the diseased and there is still much to be done. This paper takes a look at the thirty years old epidemic or dilemma facing the world, HIV-AIDs; with the introduction of anti-viral drugs, there is hope that infected people can live for longer, although, the costs associated with this are too high. The best control measure seems to be prevention of the spread of the virus. Treatment of AIDS With the introduction of the anti-viral drugs, the process of replication has been slowed down. These drugs are not able to kill the viruses but they introduce some molecules that interfere with the process of replication. This reduces the number of viruses produced within the body of an infected person although they cannot stop the replication process because new viruses are manufactured inside the crucial cells that are needed by the human body. Most of the viruses are manufactured in the T-cells that are important to the immune system. This is the reason why there are no drugs that can completely cure the disease because they would be killing the T-cells which can cause more harm than the one caused by the virus it self. There are instances where the anti-viral drugs are not able to suppress the replication process because some variants are produced that withstand the effects of the drug and are able to survive in the new environment and no matter how many times the patient takes the anti-viral drugs, they will not be able to repress the replica
Key points of the Article “Apple Shake-Up Signals Tim Cook Era” Change Management Any change in an organization immediately meets opposition from unprepared employees and this can be hazardous to a company’s lifeline. However, change is unavoidable and unpredictable and in such a case, the staff should have a working organizational culture that is predictable to allay their fears and reduce transitional hiccups. In Apple’s case, Mr. Cook is doing a commendable job considering the work he has to handle as well as the inherent wounds that had festered under Job’s watch. Ethics and Social Responsibility Considering that Apple was already undergoing the culture shock occasioned by Jobs’ death, the staff needed to be transitioned gracefully as opposed to radical changes of policy. The qualifications of new employees are subject to public speculation and thus should be based on ethical procedures with emphasis on merit and competence rather than loyalty to the new boss. Analysis of the Article “Apple Shake-Up Signals Tim Cook Era” The death of Steve Jobs was undoubtedly an event of cosmic significance within the Apple fraternity. The world was left in speculation as to what would happen to Apple now that Jobs was gone, and the drop in share value by almost 100 units was an indication that all was not well at the company. However, Mr. Tim Cook, who took Jobs’ job, is capable of fitting in his predecessor’s shoes. These positive sentiments are a good start for Mr. Cook because change management in a large corporation like Apple is not an easy task. If not maneuvered strategically, the task would be responsible for the symbolic capsizing of Apple’s boat. The immediate changes that Mr. Cook implemented in reorganizing the executive body are questionable in their timing. The removal from office of the mobile software head, Scott Forstall, after his devastating maps hit the public and his consequent refusal to sign a public apology is a relief for many in the company because it turns out that he was not so popular of easy to work with. Nevertheless, he performed spectacularly under pressure, and the iOS system he orchestrated still rivals other brands such as Google are. Mr. Cooks is a software expert, and doubt lingers in many minds on whether he is the right man for Apple’s hardware compartment. However, he has put in place a capable man in the hardware positions, and the only visible gap in Apple presently is the one of product leadership. The appointment of John Browett, formerly in charge of retail operations, created a ripple in the company regarding Mr. Cook’s envisioned future for Apple. However, replacements such as Bob Mansfield, as an executive in hardware, are promising. Conclusion Apple’s situation is presently delicate, and the politics played by Mr. Cooks seemingly keep it afloat while warding off disaster. The employees must be placated for optimal performance, and this aspect justifies the removal of Forstall despite his other virtues. This assertion holds because under Mr. Cook’s management theory, which seemingly stands on organizational groups and contentment o
I have read several short stories but none has inspired me as The Last Leaf by O. Henry. It is one of his masterpieces that have remained relevant for a long time. Henry dedicated most of his time and energy to literature. His experience and creativity helped him to write more than six hundred stories in his lifetime. Judging by the way the short story handles the themes, plot, and literary tools, The Last Leaf is a literary masterpiece. While I was reading the short story, I found the use of dialogue very interesting, although it was a bit challenging at first. The setting of the short story is Greenwich Village in New York. The story surrounds three characters; Sue, Johnsy, and Behrman. Johnsy suffered from pneumonia during one autumn. This worries her so much since pneumonia had killed many people in her village. In her despair, Johnsy believes that by using the ivy leaves that grew outside her window, she will soon recover. Sue offers Johnsy consolation as her only form of assistance. As the season progressed, the ivy leaves withered and dropped one after the other. Johnsy was worried that she might lose her life since all her hope of living depended on them. On the verge of despair, Behrman, an old artist, painted an ivy leaf on Johnsy’s door with the aim of restoring her hope of recovering. Unfortunately, while painting the leaf in the cold, Behrman suffers from pneumonia and dies. Sue and Johnsy learn about his death from a doctor but do not understand what he was doing in the cold. The painted leaf gives Johnsy a will to live not knowing that it was just a painting but not a real ivy leaf. The main themes in the short story are poverty and true friendship. The three characters, who are artists, are greatly challenged by poverty. Despite their great talents in painting, their works are neither recognized nor published. These characters support each other through their friendship. They are so supportive of each other that they are ready to give up their lives for each other like in the case of Behrman. Although their works of art fail to be recognized, the three artists’ love remains alive as the evergreen ivy leaf. Dialogue constitutes a major part of The Last Leaf. The dialogue between the three major characters and other characters constitutes about half of the short story. As in all dialogues, a reader has to figure out the hidden meaning of the story from the conversations. The
Medical errors are still severe public health problems that threaten patient safety. The issue of medical errors is one of the most important in medical law, and the number of medical errors is not decreasing but increasing. Organizational Behavior Management (OBM) focuses on people’s activities, analyzes their causes, and applies an evidence-based intervention strategy. The relevance of using OBM to improve the healthcare system lies in a practical approach to solving the most critical component of every imperfect healthcare system – behavior (Kelley & Gravina, 2018). Behavior, first of all, depends on the method it occurs; however, it can also be considered the cause of many medical errors, and specific changes in behavior can prevent these medical error. A medical error can be interpreted as any action or omission that harms the patient. At the same time, it is possible to refer to a medical error as any action in providing medical care that can potentially cause harm. The latter definition, focused on prevention, best corresponds to the application of OBM and determines its relevance (Kelley & Gravina, 2018). OBM includes feedback that is used in many situations to influence behavior change. This approach successfully increases behavior safety and reduces risky behavior in various non-medical conditions. Turning unforeseen medical circumstances into a form of organizing relationships with established rules is the long-term goal of OBM. Thus, intervention methods become part of the organization’s daily practice and make medical personnel ready for unforeseen external and internal circumstances. An essential role of OBM in reducing the number of medical errors is that it can increase and maintain the desired behavior. However, it is necessary to identify behaviors that should be avoided and those that need to be reinforced (Kelley & Gravina, 2018). To understand and eliminate medical errors, a healthcare culture is essential, the basis of which is trust, the desire for success, and positive changes in behavior. Practical and results-oriented OBM technology allows the development of this type of culture in the context of continuous learning and beneficial behavior change. Reference Kelley III, D. P., & Gravina, N. (2018). A paradigm shift in healthcare: An open door for organizational behavior management. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 38 (1), 73-89. Web.