ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Overview Energy is very important in our daily lives and thus its production and consumption is important to us. Energy has found many uses in today’s world but the four main uses are in the electrical, industrial, commercial and residential fields. This essay is going to analyze Kuwait’s energy consumption in four main sectors. Electrical: Kuwait electrical consumption currently stands at around 11,000MW and this is against the installed capacity of approximately 12,000MW. Demand for electricity has been on the rise and currently stands at 8%. In terms of Kilowatt hours the country consumes close to 41 billion kWh (Kilowatt Hours). The consumption of the country per person/capita amounted to 16,285 kW.h (kilowatts per hour) in 2010 and this was a rise from 15,069 in the year 2005 (Cordesman, 2010). Demand for electricity is set to grow to 20,000 MW per the year 2015 as energy needs grow. Kuwait does not have any hydro electric power generation plants but makes use of gas and steam generation plants. This is shown on figure 1 and 2 in the appendix. Industrial: Kuwait comprises of heavy industries that make use of energy in their production. Kuwait is mainly an oil producing nation and therefore is consumes a lot of oil in production. Kuwait’s oil consumption stood at about 350, 000 barrels of oil per day in the year 2010. This was against the production level of 3.5 million barrels of oil a day. Around 40% of Kuwait’s oil is used for industrial purposes and this amounts to around 140,000 barrels of oil a day. Industrial use is classified as direct use of energy in production of goods and services (McElroy, 2010). Oil consumption in industries is set to drop due to the increased production of gas reserves used in electricity generation. This is shown on figure 3 in the appendix Commercial: Kuwait’s power consumption in the commercial sector looks into how power is consumed apart from heavy industrial use. Commercial energy consumption in Kuwait can be categorized into industries involved in the production of energy. The transport sector in Kuwait consumes around 110,000 barrels of oil which is used in air, sea and road transport (Atkinson, 2011). However, Kuwait relies heavy on gas power to produce electricity for their own industrial use. In the year 2010, Kuwait consumed around 530 billion cubic feet of gas equating to 1.45 billion cubic feet of gas a day (International Energy Agency, 2005). Moreover, the production of natural gas is less compared to consumption of the same as outlined in figure 4 in the appendix. Kuwait uses natural gas to generate around 14 TWh (Terawatts per hour) in the year 2010. Residential: Kuwait is a small country with a population of about 2.8 million people and most of these people rely on oil, electricity and natural gas in their everyday lives. Kuwait residents consume around 10
A radar gun is an instrument used by police to measure the speeds of passing cars and determine whether they were adhering to the speed limit. To obtain the measurement, it is sufficient to point the gun at the car for a short duration. While the mechanism used in the tool can be guessed from the name, radar guns only emerged recently compared to radars themselves. The cause is the technology, which has only enabled accurate and portable measuring instruments a short time ago. Radar guns operate using the radar principle, utilizing radio waves or laser beams as the medium. According to Wolff and Hoel, the distance to an object can be measured by sending out a signal in its direction, waiting until the reflected energy returns to the sender, and measuring the time. However, according to Karthik, moving objects change the frequency of the waves upon collision via the Doppler effect. The change is proportional to speed, allowing the gun to calculate the car’s speed based on the frequency difference. However, the technology requires extreme precision, and Bruno notes that slight miscalibrations may render the reading invalid. Nevertheless, radar guns are valuable additions to the arsenal of traffic police due to their potential when used correctly. Regardless of the principle behind the emitter, radar guns universally operate based on the Doppler effect. They measure differences in frequency between output and input and calculate the speed of an object using the obtained data. The reason for the recent emergence of the instrument is technology advancement that has enabled the mounting of sensitive equipment and a sufficient power source into a portable tool without compromising the accuracy of the measurements. Nevertheless, radar guns require careful calibration and training to be used, and the instrument’s readings can be unreliable as a result. Works Cited Bruno, Glenn. “ Radar Gun Evidence Can Be Challenged. ” Glenn R. Bruno, Esq. Web. Karthik, Narayani. “ How Do Radar Guns Work? ” ScienceStruck. Web. Wolff, Christian, and Karina Hoel. “ Radar Basics. ” Radartutorial. Web.
Employee-Sponsored Retirement Plan The employer-sponsored retirement plan may be viewed as an employer-provided pooled investment account that allows an employee to use a portion of their pre-tax earnings for retirement, savings, or other long-term goals such as paying university fees or buying a home. The contributions of its employees do not exceed a certain amount or a certain percentage (Ameriprise). The plan is an attractive and relatively easy way for workers to reduce their taxes and savings in the long run. Currently, this plan is a notable option that allows individuals to receive savings from employers for retirement. The plan supports retirement savings primarily in two forms: regular contributions to a company plan or DC 401(k) plan and by government or nonprofit organizations – referred to as 403b or 457b (U.S. Department of Labor). Both plans are funded by payroll deductions, which reduce employees’ taxable income. The plan also provides a transfer option, meaning employees who change jobs can transfer plan balances to the same employer or the same plan. Generally, a 401(k) member can begin withdrawing money from their plan upon reaching age without penalty. Any withdrawal permitted before age is subject to an excise tax equal to ten percent of the amount distributed (above the ordinary income tax that must be paid). This includes withdrawal to pay expenses due to hardship unless the distribution does not exceed the amount allowed as a cap under section 213 of the Internal Revenue Code on an employee for amounts paid during a taxable year for medical care (IRS). Amounts withdrawn are subject to the regular income tax of the member. Some employers may ban one, some, or all of the previous causes of difficulty. To maintain the 401(k) income reduction tax benefit, the law provides that, unless an exemption applies, money must be held in a tax reduction plan or equivalent plan until the employee reaches age. Money is withdrawn before age is generally subject to a 10% punitive tax unless an additional exemption applies. Particular Plan Income taxes on pre-tax contributions and income from investments in the form of interest are tax taxes. The ability to carry forward income taxes to a period when tax rates may be lower is a potential benefit of a 401(k) plan. The income tax deferral option has no benefit if the member has the same tax rates on retirement as it did on initial contributions or interest and accruals. Capital investment income from a 401(k) account is not subject to capital taxes (U.S. Department of Labor). This ability to avoid this second level of tax is a major benefit of the 401(k) plan. Compared to investing outside of 401(k) plans, one pays more income tax, but one pays less tax overall with a 401(k) due to the ability to avoid taxes on capital gains. For pre-tax contributions, I will pay no federal income tax on current income he or she puts aside in a 401(k) account but still pays the general 7.65% payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicaments). I am planning to earn $50,000 in a year and save $3,000 in a 401(k) account that year reports only $47,000 of income
The onset of COVID-19 caused a decrease in the number of migrations and travel activities around the world. Many nations established travel restrictions that barred people from moving in and out of the countries; thus, few activities related to migration. This was done to reduce the chances of the virus spreading among the population. Individuals who had an intention to migrate changed their minds as a result of the pandemic. COVID-19 also affected both local and international travel since governments established restrictions that would help control the spread of the virus among citizens and foreigners. The pandemic caused a huge blow to migration and travel activities since governments established restrictions and travelers had low confidence due to fear of contracting the virus. The pandemic caused a big blow to migration activities after governments established travel restrictions to limit the spread of the virus. After COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, countries closed their borders as a health measure to contain the pandemic. The restrictions disrupted air and sea transportation, with some operators shutting down operations (International Organization for Migration, 2020). The restrictions also brought about changes to migration policies, trends, and the needs of various migrants worldwide. Migrants who had started to move to their countries of desire ended up being stranded due to the travel regulations established by various governments. The spread of COVID-19 around the world caused a significant decline in the number of international arrivals. People did not want to spend money on air travel since they were not sure about the period the pandemic would last (Macchiarelli, 2021). The travel restrictions established by various governments led to a reduction of commercial flights such that in 2020 the number was below 2019 levels. This also contributed to the limited number of people traveling around the world. Travel activities around the world were also affected because travelers have reduced confidence in the safety protocols established to limit the pandemic. This has caused a reluctance among travelers to move around, fearing that they are likely to contract the virus from the people they meet. Many people chose to focus on their safety rather than on the activities they were likely to be involved in as they traveled (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2020). Travelers claimed that they would wait for safety protocols to be established for them to resume normal activities. Travelers were also not confident enough about the safety of their destinations; therefore, they decided to prioritize their health. Those who chose to travel focused on identifying destinations with healthcare facilities that were properly equipped to handle COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, the onset of the pandemic limited travel and migration activities due to the restrictions established by governments around the world and reduced traveler confidence. Establishing travel ba
Individualism culture focuses on goals of individuals and not social goals. Western countries have individualistic cultures while Arabic countries have collectivist cultures. Arab culture is a collectivist culture. Here, individuals’ commitments focus on their nuclear and extended families and close friends rather than on themselves. Loyalty is the pillar of collectivist culture in Arab nations. Hofstede’s studies on national cultures provide the best point of views in understanding behaviours and cultures of people across the globe. According to Hofstede’s previous studies, he argued that all Arab countries had similar cultural characteristics. Hofstede gave the Arab world a score of 38 percent on individualism because he viewed the Arab world culture as collective. This score reflects generalisation of the Arab culture. This might be true based Hofstede’s studies. However, we have to note that different nations operate in diverse realities. In addition, these states have different communities and cultures. Hofstede’s view on the Arab culture of individualism provides a valuable tool for people who are new in the Arab world and need quick judgements and decisions. This knowledge can help us respond to situations appropriately. Alkailani, Azzam, and Athamneh claim that generalisation of Hofstede’s study in Jordan is not scientifically valid (Alkailani, Azzam and Athamneh, 2012). These scholars note that generalisation of findings from one culture to another culture leads to misleading results. This is because of variations among cultures. We have to recognise similarities, such as language and religion among Egypt, Iraq, UAE, and Saudi Arabia. However, these countries have differences in relation to social, economic, and political statuses. We must also understand that Arab countries lack stable conditions, which may create cultural dynamism. Based on such results, it is fundamental for Hofstede’s dimensions to focus on every country of the Arab world. Further, cultures are dynamic based on prevailing circumstances in the society. Therefore, such studies need constant revisions and updates. In this context, Hofstede should review his work and treat every country within its context. At the same time, Hofstede should consider proximity of various Arab countries rather than a broad generalisation. Honour is a crucial part of Arab culture. Arabs, especially men must strive to guard their honour at all costs. Some scholars have noted that Arabs must “fight, lie, or kill to protect their honour and that of their family” (Berman, 2008). On the other hand, the failure to protect one’s honour results to shame. Regaining a lost honour may involve revenge with severe consequences. In the business environment, visitors must be careful about the importance of honour in Arab world. Public criticism among Arabs can lead to a loss of honour. This can lead to serious consequences. According Arab Cultural Awareness guide, there are several cultures and societies in the Arab world. It has rich and diverse groups, cultur
Introduction Equator Bottler is a food manufacturing company that is located in East Africa. It sells its beverage products in several countries both in the African continent and in the rest of the world. This is a profit-making organization and hence the productivity of its staff is an important indicator of the success of the beverage manufacturing company. In this paper, the main focus is to produce information in appropriate formats for decision making in the context of Equator Bottlers. This includes the line, pie and bar charts, histograms, and the use of spreadsheets in data presentation. It also has a second separate bit of a business PowerPoint presentation on Equity bank. Background/ Problem statement Equator bottlers have three main processing departments. These include the soda line, mineral water line and fresh juice line. The entire three departments are very vital for decision-making purposes in the organization and hence they have to be supported accordingly. The following data were retrieved from its books for the year ending 2010 concerning the actual sales from the three diff
Terms Definition A rights-based approach to development is an approach aimed at realizing human rights or the rights “that every human being possesses and is entitled to enjoy simply by human beings” ( Understanding Gender Concepts 29). It serves as a conceptual framework the aim of which is to protect and promote human rights by international human rights standards based on four main principles. The first is equality and equity, the second is empowerment, the third is accountability, and the last is participation. In addition to this, a rights-based approach to development also focuses on the non-discrimination of vulnerable groups. Within this approach, “human rights can be the means, the ends, the mechanism of evaluation, and the central focus of sustainable human development” (“A Rights-Based Approach to Development” 1). A treaty body is a concept related to the implementation of human rights treaties. It is used to denote a committee that consists of several independent experts who monitor and control the ways the States parties implement the human rights treaties. A government that is a part of a particular treaty is obliged to report to a definite treaty body about its compliance with its obligations under this treaty; these reports to treaty bodies contain measures that the government has taken to comply with its obligations, as well as the difficulties that it faced at this. Apart from this, treaty bodies “also get information from NGOs, often in the form of “shadow report”, which they can use in questioning the official government report” ( Understanding Gender Concepts, p. 32). Gender mainstreaming is a specific public policy aimed at the elimination of gender inequality. This concept, however, is applied not only in the cases of discrimination against women. Instead, gender mainstreaming is a strategy directed at ensuring both the genders with equal rights and opportunities, thus, focusing on the programs, policies, and actions implemented in different spheres and areas (political, economical, societal, etc) and monitoring their proper implementation. In other words, this is a gender
Introduction The Peloponnesian war that lasted for 27 years began on 431B.C. The war involved Athens and Sparta, which were the two powerful states in Greece. The Spartans were the key leaders of the Peloponnesians, and they fought the Athenians because of bitterness. Interestingly, the Athens and the Sparta had a very powerful relationship initially, and they even cooperated in the Persian war. After the Persian war, Sparta had supreme power that enabled the cooperative group to obtain victory in the wars that occurred between 480 B.C and 479 B.C. However, the cooperation never lasted for long as the states decided to take different routes. The Spartan leaders decided to break out of the group and handle their matter differently. Similarly, the Athenians took a different path. The separation drew a large gap between the two states; as the Athenians progressed to have economic and political empowerment, the Spartans struggled to have a strong military group. According to Thucydides, this was the major cause of the war between the Athenians and the Peloponnesians. Various theories try to interpret the factors that lead to the Peloponnesians war. In most of the theories, it is evident that the Athens refused to negotiate and live in peace with the Spartans. This p
Evaluate to what extent did Ghosn use or not use the defining perspective of organization development? Systematic perspective is essential for any business conduction, and it has the strategy in its core. A system implies the balance between the strategy, processes, personnel, finance, innovations, customers, etc. According to Nissan’s financial crisis and low rate of competitiveness at the market, when Ghosn began work in the company, its organizational system didn’t seem to be well-balanced. However, Ghosn started the process of the systematic improvements by determination of the precise goals and directions. Ghosn’s main goal was, as he claimed, to do everything possible “to bring Nissan back to profitability at the earliest date possible and revive it as a highly attractive company.” Ghosn also admitted that the systematic changes in the organization were of tremendous importance as well as the protection of the organizational “identity and the self-esteem of its people.” Therefore, the systematic approach was taken into consideration by Ghosn and was endowed with great significance and value. Alignment means the coherence and correspondence among the strategic processes, environment, and employees. In Ghosn’ case, it can be observed that the effectiveness of alignment differed in various periods of his management. In Nissan, Ghosn established high demands and requirements for the staff members, and especially those who were in charge of supervision and management. He demanded a high level of accountability that, according to him, “must start at the top.” However, not all the employees handled alignment with Ghosn’s demands, and within two years he removed “a number of key executives for failure to meet performance targets.” Ghosn’s demands were high not merely in executive office but all units of the company. The strict requirements and regulations introduced by Ghosn make it clear that the alignment perspective was important to him. However, the fact that sometimes the subordinates failed to achieve the working objectives proves that alignment wasn’t always fulfilled. The perspective of participation was considered by Ghosn perfectly. Under his management, the employees of all departments could make a contribution to Nissan’s development. It best of all can be observed in the example of the company’s problems diagnosis in 1999 when “Ghosn engaged in a process he called ‘deep listening,’ speaking to over 5,000 people.” In this process, each person could share his or her concerns about the existed issues and could suggest some potential problems solutions. Ghosn’s management was people-oriented to a great extent and the support of employees’ participation and commitment. Therefore, participation perspective was used extensively. Social capital perspective implies the creation of the trustful and cooperative interrelations within and outside the company. It seems that it was implemented by Ghosn with the mixed success. Japanese people are proud of their culture, and the differences between the Western and Asian cultures are great. The foreigner’s attempts to adjust to and to understand a new culture would be a way to gain trust. However,
Treatment of wastewater refers to removing all harmful and wasteful substances through chemical processes to obtain water that can be reutilized. In this paper, I will compare the secondary treatment to the tertiary treatment of wastewater. Secondary and Tertiary treatment of wastewater After the wastewater has passed through the primary treatment, in which most of the suspended solid materials are removed, it then goes through a series of biological processes; this being the secondary treatment stage. In this stage, microorganisms such as bacteria are used to feed on and break down the organic substances in the wastewater. Those broken down substances along with the bacteria are collected as sludge. (CPPIC-Glossary-secondary treatment); (water water secondary treatment) The third treatment stage is Tertiary of Advanced treatment of wastewater. Water coming from the second stage through the aerated tanks may not be completely suitable for reuse. It may still have suspended substances or other chemicals which further need to be removed. There may also be chemicals that need to be added to the effluent water. This is the job of the tertiary treatment processes. It will remove substances such as phosphorous or perhaps add chlorine. It may also involve ultraviolet radiation to make the water suitable for reuse purposes. (Water treatment and management) Uses of reclaimed water Reclaimed water can be of great advantage to our society, especially in areas where there is a shortage of freshwater supply. Some areas use reclaimed water for purposes where health risks are not involved such as nonpotable uses; these may include cleaning, irrigation, toilets, fire fighting, and cooling water in industries. (Reclaimed utilization) The use of reclaimed water for purposes such as drinking, bathing, and cooking is questionable in certain areas. People feel that the treated water because it has gone through such severe stages of chemical and biological treatments, may have some health risks. However, in other areas, if the water has been through advanced treatment, people feel it is good to be used for drinking and cooking. (Household reclaim