ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Most businesses operate to make profit in the society. Apart from the profit-making objective, businesses should ensure that their operations bring positive changes in the society. The positive changes can be through job creation and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The latter does not exclude non-corporate businesses since any act on the environment affect all businesses irrespective of size (Supporting Corporate Social Responsibility 2012). A business that creates wealth, offer products that satisfy the needs of customers and employs members of a society is dubbed a responsible business. Moreover, a responsible business strives to uphold the principle of equity and fairness to its entire stakeholders and the local community in general. The essay will analyze the principles of responsible commerce in light to the utilitarianism theory and the learning trend that I have experienced in this course. In addition, the essay will analyse the Hewlett Packard Case Study and compare it to the theory of utilitarianism in an ethical dimension. In CSR, businesses have to align their objectives with the societal requirements. For example, businesses can engage in ethical practices through participating in environmental protection in the community, which they operate. Companies always engage in CSR as an ethical practice and not a legal requirement (Supporting Corporate Social Responsibility 2012). On the other hand, organizations can decide not to engage in CSR, but does not imply that they have gone against a legal requirement. In the journey of learning this course, I have learnt that not all ethical practices are lawful. In essence, principles of responsible commerce involve engaging in ethical activities that may affect the stakeholders. Another example involves a situation where a driver may notice an accident while driving and decides to drive away from the scene. Ethically, he should have stopped and offered help to the victims; however, his/her action has not violated the law. Again, if a business decides to take care of the poor in the community by offering educational scholarship programmes, it becomes an ethical practice. Conversely, a business that has the capability of supporting a local community, but decides not to do so has not violated the law, but its negligence results to an unethical practice. It becomes unethical since it has the potential to do so but opts to avoid it. An ethical practice involves what is right or wrong while law deals with what is unlawful or lawful (Njoka 2012). The two terms do not have direct implications on each other. In business perspectives, businesses outline their acceptable conducts that they consider fit to guide their operations. Responsible businesses consider the needs of all participants hence they lay their foundation on trust and confidence that forms the core of ethical practices (Njoka 2012). Social enterprises are the main practitioners of these principles as their goals and objectives gear towards social responsibility. However, business enterprises that are
The modern business environment has its unique peculiarities that precondition the choice of practices and strategies. The latter should be explored to survive and guarantee the further rise of a certain project. Moreover, the tendency towards the appearance of new business ventures and an increase of rivalry introduces the unique necessity of the acquisition of competitive advantage needed to create the basis for the further rise and obtain stable revenues. For this reason, companies tend to implement new approaches and strategies to attain better results. Talent management could be considered one of these practices explored to attain success and increase the efficiency of numerous processes that are considered a crucial part of any company’s functioning. Besides, efficient talent management guarantees that the talent pool will be explored most appropriately. That will bring benefits and contribute to the improvement of the current company’s position. Therefore, delving into the peculiarities of the efficient talent management, Big League, a small software development company located in New York, is being used as the background to introduce an efficient model that could be explored to guarantee overall success and attain appropriate final results. The organization employs 200 people,
Introduction Establishing a pricing strategy is an important step in organizing the work of the whole enterprise, and in the case of the Vanda-Laye Corporation, this task requires the coordination of different related activities. In order to determine the optimal course of the company and its profits, it is necessary to define the relationships between cost and revenue as a valuable criterion for calculating potential working results. As one of the strategies, the utility theory may be implemented to calculate the consequences of the measures taken and the reasonableness of establishing a specific pricing category for the goods distributed. Also, the indicators of supply and demand are to be taken into account in order to avoid a crisis and the excess of production. Applying the utility theory and determining the relationships between cost and revenue are essential procedures at the stage of developing a pricing strategy. Utility Theory Application When developing a pricing strategy for the Vanda-Laye Corporation, the application of an appropriate business concept is necessary to avoid risks and obtain the desired profit. As such a methodology, the utility theory may be introduced. According to Rui, Liu, and Whinston (2017), this economic approach allows the party to make a decision to gain the desired result of the changes while avoiding the threat of financial bankruptcy. To assess the success of a particular pricing strategy, it is essential to take into account those indicators that are planned over a certain period. In case financial calculations prove that the cost of goods in a certain range will provide an opportunity to obtain the necessary revenue without any damage to the assets of the enterprise, the considered course of work will justify its effectiveness. Therefore, the utility theory is the mechanism that reduces the risk of possible losses. Information to Assess the Company’s Cost and Revenue Relationships In order to assess cost and revenue relationships, several factors need to be taken into account, and one of them is the level of customization. As Wang, Lee, Fang, and Ma (2017) note, this indicator determines the number of potential consumers of a product, its relevance in the market, and, as a result, possible costs for its production. Another evaluation criterion is operations management within the company under consideration. According to Wang et al. (2017), this factor is the coordinating mechanism that determines which course the leadership of a corporation takes and which resources it has. Competent management policies may allow determining cost and revenue relationships based on the analysis of current performance indicators and future development prospects. Impact of Supply and Demand on the Company’s Pricing Strategy The evaluation of such aspects of business activity as supply and demand is an important procedure that allows obtaining relevant information about consumer interest and, thereby, establishing the correct pricing strategy. Data about how much customers are willing to pay for a particular product could enable the company to calculate the production volume and
Variables Variables in a research work are widely used to obtain correct inferences. This is reached when the variables are altered, measured and manipulated. Accordingly, variables are classified into two sets namely dependent and independent variables (Cohen, Manion & Morrison, 2000). The latter can be altered and changed by a researcher. It is imperative to note that the state of an independent variable determines the manner in which a dependent variable reacts. For instance, in a study on the use of a limb sock to reduce edematous residual limbs, the limb sock is an independent variable while the dependent variable is the residual limb. A measurement of the volume or circumference of the socks is made. In this case, a researcher can change the application of the independent variable because he/she has control over it and not the reaction of the volume of the limb after pressure has been applied. In a study to investigate security threats on e-commerce, there are a number of independent variables and a single dependent variable that are investigated. Security of online transactions is the dependent variable. Independent variables like technology, viruses, inside man, legacy systems, Trojan horses, denial of service attacks and poor system designs all affect this dependent variable (Bryman, 2008). The letters X and Y are used to denote variables. X is used to identify independent variable while Y is used to measure dependent variable. X is plotted on the abscissa of the graph and Y on the ordinate or Y axis. Variables are classified as either continuous or discreet (Frankfort-Nacimas & Nachimas, 2007). The later uses discreet values. The discrete variables such as race and blood groups use numerical integers or alpha characters such as 0, 1,4,6 or A,B,C,D respectively. By using numerical figures, a dependent variable like famine can be graded as unbearable-4, severe-3, mild-2 and slight-1. Continuous variables use infinitely divisible items such as force, blood pressure height and age (Trochim & William, 2001). They are measured on a real scale with numeric figures. Poor classification or choice of a variable to use results into judgment error. In agreement, Parahoo (2006) suggests the use of a statistical test to determine the best variable to apply. Measurements There are four levels of measurements of variables in a study. Cohen et al. (2000) indicate that the type of measurement a researcher uses is critical in determining the nature of analyses to be made. The measurements include nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio level. Nominal Nominal measurement level uses numeric figures to classify data. According to Robson (2002), it may also include let
What is Education? Education is a gradual learning process of directing an individual’s powers through integrating all ideas, feelings and emotions with a purpose of attaining intellectual capital. Education integrates all humans’ moral resources in stimulus aspect which makes a person act as a sovereign member of the society (Dewey 43). A General Feel of What School Entails School is a social institution that functions to concentrate the education process in the most effective way to enhance proper community life. Therefore, a school must readily help its learners achieve the learning objectives. A school setting should provide psychological necessities that are aimed at deepening and extending the learner’s perception of the social values. In another view, a school is supposed to integrate all the positive community values by providing moral support to the learning child. Teachers who spearhead the education process should impose good habits to influence the discipline of the learners. By so doing, a school sets the standards of grading the child, thereby determining the promotion of the child to the fitness in the social life. Subject Matter The social life of a child is gauged according to the level of concentration and its correlation with the child’s growth. Education process should not violate the child’s development process (Dewey 99). Therefore, it should unify all other disciplines associated with education. A school setting should include a curriculum that identifies the unconscious aspects of all the subject matters. In this context, education is a reflexive expression that must follow the procedures set. As a study program, education should be a part of all human activities, and the enacted curriculum should unify its social aspects. In addition, social heritage enables the child to perform the fundamental heritage, which is an important tool in realizing civilization (Dewey 167). Education curriculum should treat all areas equally. This aspect prohibits the introduction of relaxation and relief as a mode of additional accomplishments. Moreover, primary education is determined highly by the child’s powers and consciousness attained in the learning process. In teaching science, the greatest drawback is the presentation of the learning materials in an objective format. This analogy creates high value for science, since it gives experiences in the interpretation and control aspects. On the other hand, literature and related language studies are less valued. This analogy erodes the child’s social element. Language should not only be viewed as a media for communication, but also as an important social development instrument. Therefore, an education system should equally present all the life parameters within the curriculum in the format of non-succession studies. The main aim of the education system would be to enhance the standards of the child’s future characters and growth. Method The method of delivering the education process should consider the powers and interests of the child’s development. In this quest, the consciousness of the learner during the learning process should guide the teachers in asse
There is a continuously increasing population that lives in abject poverty. Poverty entails pulling through life with very limited resources. The resources may range from financial, psychological, spiritual, security, and physical materials, for example lack of proper housing. I choose to address an article by Misty Locour and Laura Tissington from South Arkansas University. The article is entitled The Effect of Poverty on Child Education . The two scholars start by observing that poverty or low income has a negative impact on the student’s academic performance (Misty, & Tissington, 2011). The family is a moving system meaning that it copes with changes that come along, but in the process relevantly maintain a stable positive effect on the children’s academic performance. Too much expectations influence the student’s learning outcome, which in turn devastatingly affect parents. Family involvement in education needs entails a more comprehensive participation with educators having knowledge of family background. Poverty or low income is attributed to many things among them family type for example, blended families, single parent families, mother’s education level, and source of income. Misty and Laura note that there is a big gap in achievement among students from varied income backgrounds. Low socioeconomic status affects the chances of students performing well and their capability to complete schooling. Statistics indicate that students from poor families score less than twenty percentile in tests. Those from middle-income homes get an average of forty-five percentile whereas those from upper income backgrounds score a high percentile of seventy. The two scholars have also identified the source of income as a major poor performance. They note that welfare children, meaning those under The Aid to families with Dependent Children program (AFCD), perform poorly compared to those depending on income from other sources. They observe that aid works towards the student’s poor underperformance. The children on welfare programs are twice likely to perform poorly than those on other programs. The students who benefit from the welfare on short durations rank high on performance than those who are long-term beneficiaries. This, the two scholars claim, is a clear indicator that aid affects the academic performance negatively. They further assert that aid is a medium through which laziness is created. The parents invo
Abstract The present study is the actual replication of the study of Chang (2010) on the analysis of developmental pragmatics and evolution of speech acts of L2 learners with the increased proficiency levels in English. The speech act of apology was analyzed with the help of tools and analysis instruments similar to those of Chang (2010), but with the introduction of a new sample of L2 learners with the levels from moderate to proficient. The purpose of the study was to enlarge the body of knowledge in developmental pragmatics and to investigate the order of linguistic acquisition in combination with the theoretical account of interlanguage pragmatics. The article specifically deals with the acquisitional pragmatics field, investigating the development of such pragmatic competencies as expressing an apology in the L2 at various proficiency levels. The conclusion reached in the present study is fully consistent with the replicated study of Chang (2010) on the direct impact the increase of linguistic proficiency produces on the speech act competencies and variability. Introduction The current attention to interlanguage pragmatics results in the necessity to conduct deeper, more grounded and expanded research in the field of language acquisition and pragmatic performance of L2 learners. There is much research being held nowadays in the field of developmental pragmatics, though the field itself is rather young, and findings in the discussed area of scholarly attention are scarce. There is much incongruence between the actual pragmatic performance and the development of pragmatic competence, as it is discussed from various angles in the currently available studies. Hence, more attention is now paid to the developmental pragmatics as a science able to help unveil the hidden cognitive and learning processes occurring in the L2 learners’ knowledge base during the English language studies. The most significant findings in the field pertain to the studies of apology, request, and gratitude expression evolution by L2 learners. However, only students with high proficiency levels have so far been subject to research; different age groups and specific speech acts have to be researched to achieve a much more profound understanding of the evolutionary processes in self-expression and variability of speech acts of L2 learners in the process of language acquisition. The present study is the continuation of Chang’s (2010) work on identifying the apology expressions found in the responses of Chinese students. While the focus of the present study is on the same study design and instruments, it offers a clear step forward in enriching the idea of developmental pragmatics because it intends to provide data on other age groups, enabling the further comparison and generalization of results in communion with the results of Chang (2010). Literature Review The present study takes the interlanguage pragmatics findings and interlanguage com
Being a competent nursing specialist involves following up and exploring the current professional paradigm. Both current professional trends in nursing and societal demands show that the most relevant competencies of a nursing leader are team management, nursing advocacy, and community leadership ( American Organization for Nursing Leadership , 2019). I believe that by focusing on these three, nursing managers would be able to address public health needs more effectively and be more active in politics. Aspiring nursing leaders and seasoned professionals should pay attention to the development of practices such as shared governance, budgeting, interprofessional collaboration, and the development of innovative nursing techniques and policies ( American Organization for Nursing Leadership , 2019). The combined application of these would lead to the more efficient and rational use of material and monetary resources, smoother information flow, and improved and modernized nursing methodologies and approaches. Nowadays, key institutional fields such as health care, politics, and society in which medical professionals operate are becoming increasingly complex and overly nuanced. One leadership style is not enough to perform on a sufficient level in each of these areas now. That is why I believe situational leadership is the most effective style with the most potential. Nursing managers of this approach are “known to excel at giving direction, being flexible, encouraging participation, delegating and being open and honest” ( Leadership styles in nursing , 2021, para. 45). Learning how to be a situational leader and applying this practice develops the workplace flexibility of nursing managers and their colleagues, reducing the unit response time and expanding the skill set of health workers ( Leadership styles in nursing , 2021). These two elements of health care delivery are some of the crucial ones in achieving successful patient outcomes.
Abstract The concept of corporate governance is becoming increasingly important in the modern business environment. The ability to meet interests of different stakeholders within a business environment, especially the shareholders, clients, suppliers, employees, and the government are met defines capacity to achieve success in the market. This paper focused on determining the impact of corporate governance on a firm’s performance. It was established that corporate governance significantly affects financial performance of a company. Although the sometimes stakeholders’ interests may be conflicting, the management should find a way of meeting them in the best way possible to ensure that everyone feels taken care of within the firm. Introduction Background of the Study Managing large companies in the modern competitive business environment poses several challenges. According to Patra and De (2014), the top management unit has to understand the fact that the presence of the firm in a given market affects various entities. Some of these stakeholders may have varying interests that must be met in some way to ensure that the firm remains sustainable. Customers expect the firm to deliver quality products at reasonable prices in a regular manner. Suppliers have their interests that must be met to ensure that they continue to avail raw materials or products needed for the normal function of the company. The shareholders expect a consistent increase in the value of their investment in every financial year. Employees expect the firm to provide a good workplace environment and competitive salaries. The government must be paid the necessary tax as regularly as possible. Then there is the community within which the firm operates that expects a clean environment and support from the firm. Some of these firms employ a huge number of people and it is in the interest of the government and the community that it remains operational despite the challenges it may face. The need to meet these conflicting interests led to the emergence of the concept of corporate governance. Corporate governance, according to Badu and Appiah (2017), are practices, processes, and rules of managing a corporation at the highest level to achieve the set vision. It involves a delicate balancing of the interest of all stakeholders, however much these interests may be conflicting from one another, to ensure that there is a smooth operation of the company. Kumar and Bhaskar (2014) argue that the ability of a firm to achieve success in the current competitive business environment depends on its ability to embrace appropriate management principles. While employees desire to have higher, salaries may be in conflict with the need to increase the value of shareholders’ investment, one must understand that high salaries may improve the output of the workers. It means that by paying employees high salaries to impro