ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the latest report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the whole of the United States produces 246 million tons of garbage each year (EPA, 2006). That is up by nearly 60 per cent of waste produced since the 1980s. With the current population of 305 million people, this means that each person in the United States is producing nearly a ton of waste each year. These numbers grow and grow exponentially until there is something done to decrease the amount of garbage we take out of our homes. As citizens, it is only right that we do something to curb the burgeoning garbage problem until other multitudes of problems arise from it. Thus, recycling will not only be a solution to an alarming garbage problem, but it is also an easy way to help save energy and conserve resources. For example, in our homes, schools and workplaces, electricity is a crucial source of energy to make some of our tools work to help us with our current digital lifestyle. From our cars, laptops, hearing aids, calculators and cellular phones, all these things require that portable electricity that flows from batteries. When there are power interruptions, batteries are used to rev up commuter trains, hospital facilities and military operations. However, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (20 December 2007) reported that “Americans use nearly 3 billion dry-cell batteries every year to power radios, toys, cellular phones, watches, laptop computers, and portable power tools”. The usefulness of batteries in our current lifestyle is undeniably clear. But what is critical is how we get rid of these batteries when they are no longer useful. These batteries contain harmful chemicals that, when improperly disposed of, could deleteriously affect our environment. These batteries can contain poisonous cadmium, lead, and sulfuric acid that can seep into our landfills and be released into the ocean where they can kill sea creatures. When sea creatures have an intake of these substances, humans and other animals that consume seafood are also at risk. Millstone (1997) confirmed that the biggest use of lead worldwide is for the lead-acid battery that is used in most cars and vehicles. Lead is particularly suitable for batteries, because of its characteristics (conductivity, resistance to corrosion and the special reversible reaction between lead oxide and sulfuric acid). When lead-acid batteries are not disposed of properly, lead does not break down over time and, in some places, large amounts of it remain in the air, soil and water. Lead poisoning can affect fetuses and children under age 7 because their nervous systems are still developing and because their body mass is so small that they ingest and absorb more lead per pound than adults. Even 10 micrograms (millionths of a gram) of lead per deciliter of blood—the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standard for lead poisoning—can kill a child’s brain cells and cause poor concentration, reduced short-term memory, slower reaction times, and learning disabilities (Millstone 1997, p. 15). On the oth
Introduction Rabies, a fatal infectious disease, is a terrible and feared threat to society health, which is present on all continents except for Antarctica. Africa and Asia continue to report the highest records from rabies reaching thousands of human fatalities annually. In many regions, the disease is considered as under-reported, so its impact on human health is admittedly starkly negative. There are several ways of dealing with rabies, the bait drop strategies being the most effective ones. However, although preventing many humans and animals from the disease, current strategies still have not helped to wipe out the infection spread completely. An alternative way of dealing with the problem has to be devised since the disease is far from being eradicated. Danger of Rabies Rabies has an almost 100% fatality rate infecting all mammals, and wildlife is the main reservoir for the disease. Previously, the control of dis
Differences between economic growth and economic development When compared to economic development as we are to witness shortly, economic growth is a simpler and narrower subject (Acemoglu, 2009). According to the presented definitions, economic growth is a constant and sustained increase in a countries output graded as national. The increase is depicted on the growth indicators such as education quality of citizens, how healthy a nation is, the technological adaptation rates and quantity of improvement recorded in the way technology is applied (Weil 2005). The most common way of looking at economic growth is through the sustained improvement in the value of goods and services which are under current production in the contemporary operational environments. When a record increase is made on a country’s GDP, we pronounce an economic growth (Weil 2005). GDP is the measure used because it shows the sum total of consumption, investments, government expenditure and the net export over a single financial period; they are used for financial forecasting (Friedman 2005). This mode does not represent an informal size of economy; the rate at which environmental depletion through pollution takes place is likely to discourage growth aspects. Economic development on its part is a numerical indicator which uses numbers in gauging the economic well being of a country through it citizens who are the beneficiaries (Song & Woo 2008). While economic growth bases its measurements on quantity, economic development is a measure of quality which applies in the context of morality. It is therefore vivid when living standards rise, also when the people realize and increase in their self- esteem and freedom in their operations hence wider options on choices. Apart from GDP, Human Development Index(HDI) is also a tool used to determine Economic Development since this aspect covers even other factors affecting productivity like literacy levels and life expectancy of a countries population (Nafziger 2006). Economic development supports economic growth definition and calculation by widening the opportunities in the economy’s productive sectors like health, education, employment and environment since in indicates the per capita income of every individual in a country (Song & Woo 2008). Ec
Diversity in the United States Diversity in the United States is a product of immigration. The white majority in the United States are descendants of migrants from Europe. On the other hand, minority ethnic groups are descendants of migrants from other parts of the world such as Africa, Asia, South America, and North America. It is therefore essential to explore the controversies involved in American immigration to understand relationship between the diverse ethnicities in the country. This paper will therefore explore the history of immigration in the United States. Immigration Phases The United States is mainly composed of immigrants. In fact, natives are nowadays considered minority ethnic groups. The country is full of people from different parts of the world. Its flourishing economy had a great role in influencing migrants. In fact, most migrants came to the United States for economic reasons. However, it is important to note that others (especially the British) also came for religious freedom. Incidentally, U.S. policy on immigration has repeatedly failed to monitor the type of immigrants and to govern the number of immigrants. Immigration to the United States occurred in various stages. The main stages of immigration occurred from the late eighties to the late nineties. The first immigrants were mainly composed of British settlers (60%). They came between 1607 and 1776. During this period, there was no immigration policy. As mentioned earlier, most of these settlers came for economic and religious reasons. First Phase The first period saw the coming of Germans who settled in Pennsylvania. Africans also came to America during this period (through slave trade). Statistics show that approximately 500,000 African slaves immigrated to the United Stated despite slave trade of between 11 and 12 million to America. In addition, about 10% of Africans who lived in the North were free although they encountered extreme discrimination. However, those in the South faced dreadful circumstances in slavery. In fact, revolts and rebellion were predominant in the South. The first large-scale immigration was observed between 1820 and 1880. Over 10 Million immigrants entered the United States. There was no immigration policy until in 1875 when the first control act was established. The first wave of immigration saw large immigration from Europe (especially the Irish and the Germans). They came mainly for economic re
Health Data Exchange (HIE) may be defined as the electronic exchange of specific health-related information between medical facilities with the use of nationally recognized and generally accepted standards. It goes without saying that the implementation of HIE has multiple considerable benefits. For instance, the health information electronic movement has a great potential to improve the general quality of health care delivery, its effectiveness and efficiency, and patient safety. In addition, HIE may facilitate communication between health care providers, reduce health care costs, minimize health care errors, and improve public health control. HIE is directly connected with the term interoperability defined as the “ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged” (Benson & Grieve, 2016, p. 20). In the health care system, HIE also refers to all types of interoperability, including technical, semantic, process, and clinical interoperability (Benson & Grieve, 2016). For example, if a mother with a newborn is discharged from the hospital following birth and subsequently referred to a pediatric clinic for surveillance and follow-up, her patient data and the child’s data should be accurately transferred between medical facilities. In general, interoperability is an immeasurably complex process, which volumes are even hard to imagine – only one large hospital may process several million HL7 messages per day (Benson & Grieve, 2016). That is why it goes without saying that the standards of this process in relation to the system and its segments should be discussed and agreed in order to avoid confusion and data variability. The significance of this agreement is additionally determined by the fact that “every type of computer system stores data internally in a different way” (Benson & Grieve, 2016, p. 24). That is why every information transaction should be defined in unambiguous, stringent detail being a part of a consistent, coherent, computer-readable, and complete set of specifications. Along with the unique way of every medical facility’s working and thinking, variability and, as a result, errors may be caused by the heterogeneity of information in the case of the absence of commonly accepted variants. Information details of thousands of patients may vary and a medical facility does not have enough resources to check every record before transmission (Benson & Grieve, 2016). For instance, concerning the woman with the child mentioned above, she may have several addresses and use either her maiden or married name for different records. These facts support the necessity of common agreement upon information and the system’s segments as well. As a matter of fact, HL7 segments are the groups of fields that contain different types of data. The main segments include the message header (MSH),
Introduction Enteral nutrition is important for all critically ill patients in intensive care units to support their metabolic processes. This type of feeding stimulates the immune system and guarantees the prevention of infections (Bahat et al. 2016). The purpose of this paper is to define early enteral nutrition, describe its benefits, present observations of early enteral feeding about the selected patient case, and analyze consequences associated with the discussed practice. Definition of Early Enteral Nutrition Early enteral nutrition can be defined as a process of feeding critically ill patients with the help of the jejunum or duodenum in cases when the oral intake is impossible. The timing of enteral feeding is also important for defining the practice as early, and it is associated with better patient outcomes in comparison to delayed enteral nutrition (Finoccchiaro & Hook 2015). Thus, enteral nutrition can be viewed as early when it is initiated within 24-48 hours after the patient’s admission or his or her hypermetabolic insult (Sun et al. 2013). When using early enteral nutrition, it is possible to expect certain benefits for patients. Benefits of Early Enteral Nutrition It is important to note that the benefits of early enteral nutrition are associated with the time during which feeding is received. If the nutrition is received early, it is possible to expect positive changes in gut permeability, decreases in systemic endotoxemia, changes in the activation and release of cytokines, and decreases in developing infections (Löfgren et al. 2015). Bowel, gall-bladder, and pancreatic functions also improve because of enteral feeding (Löfgren et al. 2015; Van Zanten et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2014). The observed acid-base balance becomes normal, and an early positive nitrogen balance can be expected (Boelens et al. 2014; Löfgren et al. 2015). As a result, those patients who receive early enteral feeding are characterized by reduced lengths of their hospitality stay and increased tolerance to the further provided nutrition (Wereszczynska-Siemiatkowska et al. 2013). What is most important is that the level of mortality among critically ill patients who receive early enteral nutrition is lower in comparison to other patient groups (Boelens et al. 2014; Wereszczynska-Siemiatkowska et al. 2013). These benefits are taken into account when healthcare providers choose practices to use to improve outcomes for critically ill patients. Observations Regarding Enteral Nutrition Feeding Early enteral nutrition feeding was observed in Helen’s case. Healthcare providers identified that she had no abdominal problems, and her hemodynamic status was stable. Early enteral nutrition was proposed to be applied during the first 24 hours. The dietician and medical officer prescribed using a polymeric feeding solution in contrast to a semi-elemental enteral feeding product. It is possible to state that the selectio
Part 1 Analysis from the Hong Kong Landing Slot Auction The contribution made by the Airline The contribution made by the airline included the increase in the number of seats and the provision of a choice of ticket prices for the destination covered. The carrier added 13,750,000 seat miles in the new slot 7 at a price point that is equal to the historical price. Significance of contribution made by the airline The additional offerings of the carrier increase the number of flights to the destination covered and cement the price of the round trips. This makes it difficult for competitors to switch their prices. It also increases the pressure for rival airlines to conform to similar price ranges in their activities. Analysis of performance and suggestions for improvement The auction strategy has not been very successful. The increase in the number of seats and miles covered with the investment for the new slot increases the cost of operations. The pricing of the trip in the new slot is competitive, but it does not suffice to keep the airline profitable. As a result, the profit margins are negligible. The airline will have to increase its pricing to offset any increases in expenses. However, this might not work well in highly competitive routes. Instead, the airline should reduce its capacity so that it decreases its costs and increases its load factor. The alteration should help to increase the return on investment for the airline. The airline’s margin per day for its slot 7 investment was 4,109.59 daily or 1,500,000.00 per year. Part 2 Analysis of leadership style of Juan Trippe of Pan Am Juan Trippe was an authoritative leader who preferred to have his say on every affair that related to the success of his company. He preferred to work with people who supported his vision and would not directly oppose his views. He was not tolerant of alternative opinions and used this as a reason not to trust the counsel of people working close to him as fellow leaders and management staff. Trippe feels like he is the most experienced and qualified person to make decisions about his organization. It includes all the decisions about the growth of the company. He exhibits a lack of confidence in the ability of others, both directly and indirectly. Harold Bixby presents an example of this trait. He was Juan Trippe’s envoy in China who acknowledged that the company had become too hierarchical and bureaucratic. There was no humanness in the organization and most employees were only involved in deskwork. Managers lacked leadership qualities and did not even have sufficient experience of fieldwork and actual leadership. He preferred a hierarchical leadership structure, where members of his organization would concentrate on formal communication tasks with their senior managers. The directives would also move hierarchically to the lowest level employee
Introduction Patients frequently use the internet to research medical issues or symptoms, and in some cases, they are successful responses obtaining tens of thousands of responses to a search engine query. The Health on the Net Foundation is a nonprofit organization that helps patients and clients find information on the internet (HON) (Gilchrist, 2018). To provide high-quality well-being information to the public, eight main code requirements were discussed to aid in obtaining reliable health-related data. This essay has used the American Heart Association (AHA) website to focus on analysis and assessment using the Health on the Net coding methodology. The AHA webpage will be evaluated based on the eight major criteria linked with the HON Code of Conduct, which will include the examination of excellent healthcare data most essential to medical information (HONcode). Identification of the Elements For medical and health organizations, the HONcode is the most commonly recognized online guide. There are eight fundamental principles in the HONcode criterion. The following aspects are included in the concepts:   * Authoritative – Unless a clear declaration is provided that a word of the advice presented is from a non-medically certified organization, any health-related information offered on this webpage will only be delivered by clinically qualified experts.   * Complementary – The content on this page is intended to supplement, not supersede, the connection between a physician user and a current physician.   * Privacy Confidentiality – This company’s website respects the security of data about personal visitors and patients to a health – care webpage, including their identification. The shareholders of the Internet site agree to comply with or surpass the legal guidelines and standards for health information confidentiality in the nation where the Webmaster and mirror pages are hosted.   * Attribution – Wherever possible, content on this blog will be accompanied by unambiguous references to original data, as well as precise HTML links to that information. A clinical page’s last modification date will be explicitly indicated.   * Justifiability – In the way stated above in Principle 4, any statements on the advantages of a given therapy, product offered, or activity will be backed by suitable, balanced proof.   * Transparency – The web’s creators will strive to give facts in the most straightforward manner feasible, as well as contact details for users seeking additional information or assistance. The Webmaster’s email location will be prominently displayed throughout the page.   * Financial disclosure – The identification of non-commercial and commercial enterprises that have raised funds, services, or resources to this website shall be explicitly defined.   * Advertising policy – Advertising shall be explicitly acknowledged if it is a funding source. On the domain, a summary of the Internet site proprietors’ marketing strategy will be presented. Marketing and other promotional items will be displayed to viewers in a way and context that allows viewers to distinguish them from the original co
Introduction The use of strategies aimed at promoting health among the indigenous population and increasing the importance of medical care among Aboriginal people is the evidence of a competent social policy. In the context of Australian culture, the issues of interaction between colonists and natives have always been topical, and today, relevant steps are taken in this direction. As one of the solutions promoting the engagement of the indigenous people of Australia in a health promotion program, the strategy called “The Northern Territory Chronic Conditions Self Management Framework 2012-2020” is implemented (Northern Territory Department of Health 2012). Those specialists who develop this policy set goals to provide appropriate medical care to aborigines. Many Australian territories are scarcely inhabited, and people’s involvement in the national assistance program is an important decision from the standpoint of humanity and professional medical ethics. The problems of racism and the challenges of colonisation have had a significant impact on the lifestyle of the indigenous population of the country, but the provisions of the program under review make it possible to achieve the goals set to promote health, thereby improving the quality of the target community’s life. Rationale for Choosing the Policy The presented policy is relevant because its key goal is assisting the indigenous population, which is a worthy mission in the face of challenges in the interaction of Aboriginal people with the authorities. According to the Northern Territory Department of Health (2012), this program promotes self-management, which is a valuable practice in conditions of partial or complete isolation. Also, this strategy designed for a long period provides relevant regulatory rules not only for the indigenous population but also for healthcare employees, thereby expanding the list of stakeholders. Judging by the name of this policy, its key aim is to help minimise the problems associated with chronic diseases. Based on the report from the Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council (2017), Aborigines have a roughly twice as high disease rating as ordinary people on the continent, and chronic illnesses account for a key percentage. Burgess et al. (2015) state that problems with the cardiovascular system are the most common health issues among the target audience. As a result, many points of the strategy under consideration are aimed at solving these illnesses. Aboriginal Recognition The recognition of the strategy under consideration by the target audience is an essential aspect of the practical activities’ success. Based on the report provided in this program, healthcare professionals working in the remote areas of the continent are often confronted with the unusual preferences of the indigenous population regarding services provided (Northern Territory Department of Health 2012). In other words, Aboriginal requests may have nothing to do with the medical topic, which creates obstacles to their implementation. However, this program works in order to satisfy the needs of as m