ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Few foods are as uniquely American and cross-regional boundaries as does Barbeque. While not universally local food across the United States, it is embraced in many parts of the United States including the Deep South, parts of the Mid-West (St. Louis), and Texas and parts in between. “Barbecue is a humble foodstuff that has somehow attained the status of a “Southern cultural icon.” (Barbecue: An Introduction para 1). The aim of this paper is to research the exotic food preparation called barbecue that is now becoming a popular culture among Americans. The study investigates the origin and history of Barbecue. The paper studies the variety of regional styles in which barbecue is used in the present United States of America. Focus is given to the regional style of barbecue and the ingredients used in the preparation. Barbecue is a dish cooked and served diversely. The study also gives insight s to the social implications of Barbecue and its role in American society. Etymology Barbecue – in general terms the name implies a slow cooking method for meat, especially pork, in smoke. The meat is cooked in the heat of a slow fire or gases emitting from firewood, charcoal or gas grills. The meat is usually heavily marinated or spiced with different kinds of sauce that are native to different regions. Barbecue usually involves outdoor cooking in open spaces using special barbecue apparatus or just a simple grill over the fire. Barbecues are also available in restaurants across America. In these cases, the meat is cooked in specially made barbecue ovens for retaining the taste and texture of barbecued meat. The etymology of Barbecue is not still finalized by historians. However, most of them believe that the term came from the Caribbean. “Barbecue derives from the Caribbean Indian practice of drying and smoking strips of meat and fish on lattices made of green wood over slow-burning fires of animal bones and scraps. Spanish explorers in the 17 th century referred to these lattices as ‘ barbacoa ,’ which was interpreted by English speakers.” (Heneberry 4). Although debates are there telling that barbecue is a French term barbe – a – queue, which means cooking whole animals on an open fire and also a combined and formed form of the three words bar, beer and cue , the Caribbean theory is more likely the theory behind the word barbecue. “Barbacoa sounds an awful lot like barbecue, and the West Indian word was associated exclusively with slow cooking over an open fire.” (Heneberry 5). The practice of barbecuing – the slow cooking on smoke – however, remains the same in spite of the various debates on th
Critical Review Understanding contemporary political and processes is impossible without learning their historical background; that is why sociology, history and political sciences are considered strongly connected with each other. Numerous researchers are carried out on the border of these disciplines. African-American study is one of the examples that illustrate this statement: this field of study requires one have significant background in history of Africa and the USA to understand contemporary processes that take place in the African-American community and in the World. In this sense, the book by Naomi Chazan et al (1999) is a treasure for a student eager to succeed in getting familiarized with the issues of African-American studies, as well as for any other reader interested in this field. Chazan et al demonstrate an effective approach to delivering knowledge in African-American studies: the book offers a historical observation of political and social processes in Africa from the moment of the first movement of white settlements to the modern time. The authors make the effort to analyze and compare thus demonstrating common tendencies that took place throughout the continent. Particular attention is paid to the new era, the era of independence: the authors state that the contemporary political process in Africa is saturated and interesting; the problems of African countries are diverse but at the same time similar (3). History of South Africa is a set of struggles and conflicts which have left their imprint on today’s independent state. The chapter 13 titled The Possibilities and Limits of Transforming State and Society helps a reader to understand the mentioned “possibilities” and “limits” from historical perspective. The aim of the chapter is studying causes, the course and consequences of struggles that took place in South Africa during 18th-20th century. The focus of the chapter is political history of South Africa from the moment of coming of the first white settlers to the political processes that took place during the period of independence. However, political issues are not discussed in the isolation from those social: the authors allude to the social processes that accompanied actions of dominating powers. This approach is very effective, as the connection between these two fields in the real life is unquestionable. The book addresses a broader range of issues than “what happened when”: the authors offer their answer on “why it happened”. This helps a student understand that every historical event has its underlying reason based on people’s interests and intents. Particularly, Chazan et al provide the observation of forces that tore South Africa apart for centuries; material and labor resources became the core of the struggle. We may see that whatever “newcomers” we talk about, each of the groups had its own interests that actually did not coincide with those of the native population and South Africa’s ecology. Contradiction of interests was the main ground for conflicts that, in turn, brought new suffering to the land. The authors
Dead poets society is a movie created in the US in 1989 with Peter Weir as the administrator and Robin Williams thrilling. The movie shows an English teacher inspiring students through poetry. Some of the senior learners in the academy are Charlie Dalton, Todd Anderson, Gerard Pitts, Knox Overstreet, Richard Cameron, Steven Meeks, and Neil Perry. The school headteacher claims the motto of the school is based on tradition, respect, discipline, and brilliance. The new English teacher is referred to as John Keating, who is known for his new methods of giving instructions to students. The techniques are inconsistent with the school standards since whistling is allowed as an instructional technique. As the session goes on, the instructor requests the learners to get out of the classroom to familiarize themselves with the principle of carpe diem. Students are surprised since they are not familiar with the new system, and the teacher recognizes their frustrations. The new trainer persuades students to call him O Captain or My Captain, which is the name of one of his poems. In the subsequent lesson, the trainer instructs one of the learners by the name Neil to recite the preamble of the poetry manual. To the surprise of the new teachers, the textbook employs a mathematical formula to rate the performance of students. This does not auger down well with him to the extent of instructing the pupils to pluck out the page, which is indeed amazing to his colleagues. In the same lesson, the teacher requests another pupil to stand on his desk, as this is meant to help him view the world from a different perspective. As the drama ensues, students recognize that the teacher was once a student at school. The teacher then decides to revive an old club referred to as the Dead Poets Society in which he was once a member while in the institution several years ago. Todd is incapable of completing an assignment that the instructor gives out, but Keating intercedes to assist the boy in conceptualizing the requirements of the task through articulacy whereby the student recognizes his potential. When Charlie publishes unauthorized material in the school magazine, the headmaster locks horns with him. The new teacher advises the boys to be wise when trying to change the defective system. Analysis According to David Swenson, existential meaning can never be appreciated without attaching meaning to it, which implies people need vehicles in life to take them to their desired destinations and these include values, ethical codes, and religion. Additionally, an individual can achieve what he or she desires through material objects or life activities, such as commerce and agriculture. Religion is the most preferred vehicle since it comprises of ways of life, narratives, customs, systems, experiences, content, principles, and signs that work in entirety to bring meaning to life events. Institutional religion is the most favored since it provides ways for attaining goals and objectives in life. Religion is a special kind of knowledge, meaning it is different from other sources, such as science and philosophy, in the sense that it values transcendent or the piety. Swenson further
Introduction This paper has attempted to develop objectives for a survey utilizing observation research method. The survey focuses on pedestrian traffic in and out of a mall in a busy shopping center in the metropolitan city. The survey aims to determine how many shoppers pass by the store. It also aims to classify the shoppers into various relevant dimensions. Operational Definitions Shopper A shopper in the study is that individual who resides around the store and drops into and out of the shopping mall for regular shopping. Observation For the survey purposes, observation is defined as a systemic process of inquiry in which the researcher utilizes the five senses to actively explore a problem. In this technique the researcher may use detached or involving methods to engage with the respondents while gathering in formation. Research Objectives  1. To determine the number of shoppers in a mall located in a shopping center in the metropolitan city.  2. To classify shoppers into various relevant dimensions. Research Questions  1. To what extent do shoppers engage in shopping at a mall located in the central shopping center?  2. What categories of shoppers are engaged in mall shopping at the shopping center? In the survey, objectives and research questions are important towards designing the questionnaire and determining the type of information needed. The objectives define the scope of the study, the target population, the type of research design and data collection methods. At the same time, the researcher will be guided while selecting empirical events, developing a set of mapping rules, assigning numbers or symbols to represent aspects of the event being measured. He should be guided by standard rules of observation (Cooper & Schindler, 2011 p. 272). The rules and symbols are important when targeting quality and low error data for testing hypotheses, prediction and description. As a researcher, it is important to identify variables at empirical level to which numerical values can be assigned, measured and tested (Cooper & Schindler, 2011 p. 273) Research Design The survey adopts a synergy of both probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling methods. The probabilistic method used in this study is stratified random sampling in which populations are segregated into mutually exclusive strata. After the population is categorized into strata, the results can be weighted based on the proportions of the population. The process of drawing stratified sample determines population’s strata, proportions of stratified variables, needs and risks (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). Non probabilistic sampling method used in the survey is purposive sampling which is used to improve representativeness of the population. Sampling the Mall Traffic The metropolitan city directory indicates current business premises. Using an updated version, it is possible to develop a sampling frame for stores and malls in the business center, from which a randomi
Introduction In the study of management, business and organizational studies, many authors and scholars concur that there is a strong connection between effective management of the intellectual assets of an organization and continuous progress in performance. This is to say that knowledge management has become an essential requirement for management of organizations, which guarantees successful performance. Above all these important components, it has been agreed that knowledge itself is vital and incomparable. As a result, business organizations can derive value from the type and location of their knowledge resources by investing in creative knowledge management techniques. In its broadness, knowledge can be described as the driving force behind societal, personal and organizational behavior (Campos & Sanchez 2003). Notably, there are two knowledge-related aspects, which are essential for the feasibility and excellent performance of any business organization. The first aspect concerns knowledge assets, which is also known as intellectual assets. This generally refers to priceless knowledge that is readily available for use by individuals or by the entire organizations. For the success of any organization, nurturing and use of knowledge is important for all the parties involved (Cohen & Levinthal 1990). The second aspect entails knowledge-related processes. These processes are commonly found in organizations and may have a wide range of applications including but not limited to transforming, creating, safeguarding, compiling, pooling, building, organizing and applying knowledge. For better results, it is important for these areas to be properly and explicitly managed, with regard to all sectors that could be affected. In the understanding of this concept, it is imperative to underscore the need for effective knowledge management in order to achieve individual and organizational objectives (Cohen & Levinthal 1990). In this line of thought, management of knowledge in organizations must be internalized from three stances as discussed below: Business perspective From this point of view, the management is usually tasked to focus on where, why and to what degree an organization is supposed to invest and exploit knowledge in the running of its services. In general, knowledge augments development of services, strategies, products, acquisitions and alliances (Coombs & Hull 1998). A good example of this is corporate strategy, which only thrives depending on how knowled
Identification of Problems The focal problem presented in the given case study refers to the cultural defenses between the US and Jordan, the two countries that incorporate the western and eastern identities. From the very beginning, Anne started to face unequal treatment of women in the Export Jordan organization. The female employees also supported such a situation, which is evident from their questions about Anne’s family and children. These women also experienced internalized stigma and were in need of improvements related to equal treatment at the workplace. The attitude of Jafar, the Jordanian male employee, towards Anne and Hayat, a female colleague, was threatening and even aggressive, which was accompanied by pro-Muslim brotherhood ideas. The relationships with Anne’s director also proved that Jordan is a complex country. Analysis and Evaluation In this case, cross-cultural communication is associated with business issues since Anne and her husband came from the US to assist Jordan women with selling their products. The concept of culture becomes especially important when the problems identified in the previous section occur (Banihani & Syed, 2017). There are three men, the interaction with them shows that they consider women differently. The segregation of female employees is most vivid in the example of Jafar, who is hostile to Americans and discriminative to women. When she says incomprehensible phrases and refuses to explain where Hayat is, it is the expression of masculinity prevalence over femininity. Furthermore, Karim’s behavior and slowness can be considered as well as Dr. Massimi’s avoidance of any explanations reflect that Jordan belongs to a culture with a high context. According to Khalaf, Nakhaleh, and Abu Sara (2015), both physical factors and social context largely determine the way the local employees approach each other and those who come from other cultures. In this case, it remains unclear what happened with Hayat, who was one of the most promising female staff members and suddenly quit visiting her workplace. One may suggest that it was Jafar who complained about her to the director or her husband was notified about some “incorrect” actions or behavior. It is not possible to state confidently, yet the intentional avoidance of the problem is a prominent characteristic of the Jordan culture. Uncertainty avoidance is another cross-cultural communication concept that helps to understand the given case problems. While referring to the pursuit of truth, which is a sign of the American culture with its low level of uncertainty avoidance, Jordanians are more likely to engage in lengthy conversations and circumvent the core issues, which, from the point of Anne, require the immediate response (Obeidat et al., 2016). In cultures with high uncertainty avoidance, people tend to be intolerant to new thoughts and change in the commonly accepted way of life. This is evident in the case when Anne’s appeal receives no answer
Introduction Hypertension is a heart disorder that causes increased diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Normal diastolic blood pressure in arteries ranges between 60 and 80 mmHg while systolic pressure ranges between 90 and 120 mmHg. During hypertension, the diastolic blood pressure in arteries increases and ranges from 80 to 100 mmHg while systolic blood pressure increases to ranges from 120 to 160 mmHg. Hypertension is a fatal heart disorder that does not only affect the heart and circulatory system, but also the functions of other organs like liver, kidney, and the brain, thus affecting general health condition of a patient. Epidemiological studies in the United States of America show that there is a significant racial and ethnical difference in the prevalence of hypertension among Americans. The studies show that Mexican-Americans are the second largest ethnical minority in the United States with high prevalence of hypertension as compared to other racial or ethnic groups. Salcido argues that, “two decisive factors make Mexican- Americans high-risk candidates for hypertension; their low socioeconomic status and the barriers erected against them by the health care system” (1979, p.373). Hence, their social and economic lifestyles together with inaccessible health care services predispose Mexican-Americans to hypertension. In order to understand the extent of prevalence of hypertension among Mexican-Americans, this essay explores the causes, treatment, cultural beliefs, health care barriers, cultural pattern of communication, and design culturally sensitive treatment plan. Causes Current studies indicate that the leading cause of hypertension is lifestyles such as poor diet and lack of physical exercise. Poor diet among Mexican-Americans due to
Introduction Information warfare or INFOWAR is a set of actions, tactics, and strategies that are aimed at gaining information advantage at a specific point in time. 1 In 21st-century warfare, it is critical to possess information about the enemy or deceive the enemy with inaccurate information in order to have a strategic advantage. Therefore, it is paramount to investigate the elements which constitute the essence of INFOWAR and what distinguishes it from conventional warfare. Tactics Nowadays, information warfare can precede or intercede actual conventional warfare. It can be used to gain an advantage both in the offense and defense. If usual combat presupposes direct physical elimination of a target, and information warfare uses permanent or temporary disruption of communication channels in a variety of settings such as mass media, logistics, military bases, or combat outposts. Apart from disruption, which serves as a tactic that creates a time window used for the organization and preparation of a physical attack or defense, there are other tactics such as interception or deception. Interception is used to gain valuable information about an enemy and use it against them. Deception is used to force an enemy into making false assumptions or attack wrong targets based on the inaccurate information that was placed into the enemy’s databases as a result of the deceptive activity. Personnel Among the personnel that partakes in the activities connected to INFOWAR, there is a variety of military and civil specialists. Most of them are trained to work with particular equipment such as personal computers, specific software, and hardware, radio-electronic devices, surveillance mechanisms, etc. As opposed to the personnel needed for conventional warfare, information one makes use of people who are not necessarily trained in the art of physical combat. Since the modern world utilizes a multitude of electronic devices to store information, successful information warfare requires skills and knowledge of retrieving, destroying, or replacing data on such devices. Typical agents of INFOWAR are civil and military programmers, military radio engineers, and various IT specialists. Equipment Equipment utilized to lead information warfare varies in types and purposes. One of the most usable in the middle or in the preparation stage of the combat is electronic jamming devices that disrupt enemy communication. As opposed to physical destruction preferred in conventional warfare, jamming devices are used to discretely disable communication and force enemy forces to seek the source of jamming, providing time for allies. Computers are also a powerful tool of information warfare. They are versatile and can be used to withdraw information, disrupt or corrupt information on other computers or databases, acquire