ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Bob and John are exercising leadership in various ways. First of all, they have a vision for their organisation and they have exchanged this purpose with their people. Employees are aware that the company wants to be recognised as the top green builder in the country so they will contribute towards this shared vision. Also, leadership can be seen through the fact that Shallenberger and Cavanagh have energized their people. They are passionate about their business and have passed on this energy to others in the organisation. This is an action that all leaders have to engage in. Furthermore, leadership has been exercised through the act of working with people well to produce remarkable results at the end. It appears as though they are actually partnering with their employees rather than merely giving them orders on what to do or how to go about it (Dubrin, 2010). As they attract cool people to work with them, these two entrepreneurs are exercising the role of persuasion. In other words, they have managed to illustrate to the applicants that the company has the potential to provide them with the most conducive workplace environment. It seems as though the would-be employees have seen the supportive environment that they are likely to find here than elsewhere. Also, the leadership role of guiding could be another important factor. If already existing employees are treated with mutual respect rather than being ordered around then they are likely to stick to the company and maybe even spread the word that the firm is a great place to work. This would cause even more cool people to be attracted to it because they would be rest assured that there are going to find what they are really looking for (Dubrin, 2010). Cool people are likely to be keep working for Highland Homes because the owners are passionate about what they do. Instead of merely taking a businesslike and boring approach to everything, Shallenberger and Cavanagh believe in doing everything passionately. This inclination is going to rub off on everyone else as the latter will not just be thinking of their workplaces as just any other job. Additionally, these two business owners have used very creative ways of handling business. For instance, they have the stereo, CD player etc that are typical in all their homes. Cool people are likely to want to work for people who continuously look for creative ways of doing business. Also, as opposed to being highly bossy, the employees of Highland Homes are going to stay on because they will find that their employers are very inspiring. They will be motivated to keep reaching their potential and this will definitely keep them there (Dubrin, 2010). In order to be the top green residential builder in the US, Shallenberger and Cavanagh may need to cultivate great interpersonal skills within themselves so as to maintain a close association with the team working for them. This will cause them to possess joint accountability and decision making ability. A case in point was Roadway management which spread leadership to lower levels. This ensured that everyone played a part in the success of the firm and eventually contributed
Introduction The first thing to do before one sets out to start a business is identification of an opportunity. He then strategize on the way forward; the success of the business is dependent on how well he is going to capture customers to buy from him, which on the other side is dependent on the quality of initial entrepreneurial decision. Different places require different set ups for their success (Avery, 2004). This paper analyzes the process that an entrepreneur undergoes before setting up a business. Decision Making Every situation or opportunity has its own unique potential that an entrepreneur must capture if he is to be successful. This will be in consideration of business risk; business risk is the uncertainty on to whether the kind of business that the one has engaged in will be of success. This is in both new and existing business when they want to extend their business to other areas of a start up business. Businesses are driven by market of goods produced; thus an entrepreneur must ensure that there is potential in the chosen location. When investing in some kind of a business there is the initial and subsequent running expenses. In a business environment the proceeds from the business should cover all this and there remain a portion that is the profit of the investor (Livingston, 2008). Competition is a good element in the business arena since it ensures that quality goods and services are provided; it is the one that keeps the businessmen on their toes to ensure that they earn customer loyalty. This calls for continuous improvements of its products and services. Two things must be considered then, whether the entrepreneur will be able to enter the market and whether he is capable to improve his products always. However, there are areas that competition is so high that any entrant will risk so highly and possibility of entering the market eff
Introduction Katia Buffetrille’s article titled “Reflections on Pilgrimages to Sacred Mountains, Lakes and Caves” describes how various geographical locations act as holy sites for the members of the Buddhist religions. While many religions have a variation of holy pilgrimages to sacred places, the Buddhist tradition appears to have origins in rituals from before the organization of the religion itself. The presented article describes the practice and presents a number of examples of places that are currently experiencing a transitioning period of becoming fully Buddhicisationed. This paper will provide a summary of the article, its analysis, and a response. Summary The article begins with a description of how Buddhists perceive sacred places. One of the main concepts behind such places is that they contain a mountain and a lake. The two are anthropomorphized to show a relationship between them. The mountain often represents a fatherly figure while the lake is portrayed as motherly. The mountain is considered to be the main place of pilgrimage, however, and the author explains that as a whole, the mountain can be referred to as a “holy Buddhist place.” Then the author brings attention to the origins of this ritual. Before the Buddhist religion was organized, these places often had a connection to a territorial god that governed the area. Each god had a cult, and the cults had their own pilgrimages to praise the gods, appease them, or ask for favors. The relationships represented by the holy places could have multiple types including kinship ties, marriage, adultery, and antagonism. Eventually, the Buddhist religion was formed as a whole. This led to these sites beginning to be transferred into the Buddhist religion. The author refers to this process as “Buddhicisation” due to the specific elements that it involves. Through this process, the mountain becomes appropriated through the installation of the mandala of a deity, temples, and other religious buildings and the performance of certain rituals. It is not a linear process and can occur differently in different locations (McKay 18-24). Then the author presents three examples of places in different states of Buddhicisation. Two are mountains, and one is a series of caves. The mountains are located in different regions of Tibet, while the caves are in Indonesia. The first mountain is described as being in a relatively early stage of the process only with an unfinished temple, monastery, and a stupa located on it, with people not taking it as seriously as the traditions would prescribe. The second mountain is completely subjugated, however, with four temples, four prostration sites, and all the other elements of the holy site being put in place. The attitude of the people is different, with very strict attention to the rules and rituals. The caves are relatively unique as they represent a new movement to find holy sites outside of Tibet due to the Chinese authority often preventing
Introduction In modern days, plastics are used for various functions; they are used as packing bags, in electronics, clothes among others uses. Plastic is any organic material that when heated and pressure applied, it can expand and after it has been cooled it retains that shape it had been subjected to. The first plastic that can be put in good use was called, celluloid, it was discovered in 1869 by American inventor John W. Hyatt. However, plastic only came to be of use in 1909, when American chemist L. H. Baekeland produced Bakelite (Kinnane, 2002). Plastic is a polymer of molecular mass which can be in natural or artificial form. In most cases petroleum and natural gases are the raw material used to make plastic. There are numerous advantages that plastics have on human life as well as some dangers that it poses to human life. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using plastic in day to day life. Advantages of Using Plastics Plastic is a strong component that can be strengthened to build different products according to their use. Despite this it is cheap to produce. Plastics are used in packing bags which uses thin plastic and at the same time it can be used in making tanks which require relatively thick plastic. This flexibility assists it to be utilized for different functions. Plastic is a light yet strong product that can be used with things that need to be light but strong. Such products include laptops, Electronic gadgets, and packaging materials. Its strength and lightness make it preferred to other products like metal. A packing bag is required to be light but one that can protect the goods inside. Sometimes transparency is required in packaging and plastic can be used for all these (Fenichell, 1996). Cost of producing plastic is relatively cheap compared to its substitutes. It can be produced in a laboratory with freely available products and thus goods that include the cost of packaging are relatively cheap. Take an example of aluminum cans, they are expensive to produce and not freely available. It can be molded into different shapes and sizes to fit the needs of the user. When plastic is subjected to heat, pressure, and a certain shape molder, they create the shape required after cooling off. This can be utilized for different uses. One of the marketing strategies is to ensure that products are attractive to the end user. When plastics are used, they can be shaped in a way that will attract the end user. It thus assists the producer by being flexible; when molded it can give different shapes like sheets, pipes, boxes or plates to fit the needs of the user. The word plastic was derived from a Greek word plastikos which means easy to be molded. This is the character that has given it this wide usage (Landrock, 1998). Plastic chemical composition is less reactive with products. Unlike its supplements like metal, plastic does not react with products that are put into it. For example, chemicals can be kept in plastic containers since they will not corrode the container the case that it would have been if they were kept in iron containers. Water is another product
In their article, M. Joseph and M. Nestle discuss how the modern food industry has created political and economic conflicts about the distribution and consumption of food. The authors clearly demonstrated how the interests of those who benefit from these conflicts outweigh the principles of equal access to safe food around the world (Joseph and Nestle 88). In my opinion, the article raises a very important issue because the inequality of food distribution is one the biggest global challenges. For example, while many countries in the Western world face such problems as obesity African countries starve. The reason behind this inequality is that governments and food corporations put their political interests and economic profits first. The important conclusion that I made from the article is that if the injustice of food distribution is human-made it is in our hands to change the situation. Similarly, to the first article, the authors of the second one, D. Stuckler, and M. Nestle examine the problem of food safety, but the main difference is that they focus on the practical aspect of the issue. They discuss various approaches that public health advocates might undertake in dealing with the irresponsibility of the food industry. The authors suggest the regulation and monitoring of the food industry by health experts (Stuckler and Nestle 2). I agree with this suggestion because corporations will never prioritize public health and safety over their profits and growth. In the third article, M. Nestle talks about the scientific aspect of the problem and particularly about the conflict of interests that inevitably occurs when the food industry sponsors scientific research on food safety (Nestle para.2). I agree with the author in her conclusion that sponsored researches jeopardize the concept of scientific integrity. The three articles raise the same question, however, they focus on the different aspects of the issue: political, economic, and scientific. When talking about food safety, especially in the context of The United States, the first thing that comes to mind is obesity. There are many debates on the causes of obesity. In my opinion, the three articles are very helpful for a better understanding of this issue. Obesity is mostly a result of irresponsible actions of food corporations, which put their benefits before public health. It is important to compel the food industry to be responsible and not pose a threat to public prosperity. The article by J. Spink and D.C. Moyer examines food fraud. Food fraud is an adulteration of food products for the sake of profit and it presents a dangerous threat to public health (Spink and Moyer 157). It is a scholarly article posted in the Journal of Food Science and, therefore, is a reliable source. The author of the second article I chose talks about the efficiency of self-regulation measures, which food companies undertake to avoid a possible threat to public health and safety. This article gives a different perspective on the is
According to Downing and Matt (2012), intelligence is only valuable if it is shared with those who need it at the right time and in the right manner. However, sharing classified information may not only render it irrelevant, but it may also pose a threat to the intelligence agencies and their ability to access highly important information needed for the protection of the country. On one end, there is need to share information with as many people who need it as possible so that a positive difference can be made. On the other end, there is need to protect intelligence from people who may use it against the state. Finding a common ground between sharing intelligence and protecting it is often the biggest challenge that intelligence agencies and law enforcers face. Finding this common ground, which Best (2011) refers to as ‘sweet spot’, is critical in ensuring that relevant agencies get the information they need to act appropriately without rendering the intelligence irrelevant. A number of models of sharing intelligence have been proposed. While others believe that ‘Need-to-Know’ is the right model, others insist that ‘Need-to-Share’ should always be embraced. In this paper, the researcher seeks to determine the appropriate model that should be used. The federal government spends a lot of money every financial year to collect intelligence with the primary goal of ensuring that the country is protected from terror attack, crime, espionage, or any form of aggression that may physically, socially, or financially harm the people or their government. This information can only be relevant if it is acted upon by all the relevant authorities, especially the law enforcement agencies. However, there is always the risk of this information being accessed by individuals who may use it against the state (Kuriscak, 2011). As such, the law enforcers and intelligence agencies have the obligation of coming up with an appropriate model of sharing information in a responsible manner. The ‘sweet spot’ in intelligence share must be identified. The best way of identifying this spot is to use ‘Need-to-Know’ model of intelligence sharing. According to Walsh (2010), when using a ‘Need-to-Know’ model, the individual must have a work-related requirement for access to the information, not just generalized curiosity. Such a person must be proven to be capable of protecting the information and using it responsibly. The researcher strongly supports the need to embrace a ‘Need-to-Know’ intelligence sharing model among law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies. The Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Director of National Intelligence and other law enforcement agencies have the primary responsibility of ensuring that the United States is safe from any attack (Borene, 2010). That should be the primary reason of gathering intelligence. When it comes to sharing of intelligence, it must be done in a way that it does not jeopardize the operations of law enforcers (Pollack, 2014). Sometimes it may even be nece
Introduction The current business environment has become complex and competitive such that many companies are diversifying their operations to foreign markets to survive. This has led to the emergence of transnational corporations which carry a lot of power in the global economy. Transnational Corporations can be described simply as big companies which operate in more than one country in the global market. They encounter many issues when deciding where to locate their Research and Development and various production facilities. Sometimes they use their influence in the economies they operate in, and may exercise unfavorable actions which have serious implications in the countries in which they base their R&D centers or the production facilities. Their powers allow them to enjoy the cost efficiencies and economies of scale as well as other benefits in the globalization of production facilities This paper aims at identifying advantages and problems of the transnational corporations across different nations and pointing out different ways through which these corporations can be internally structured to enhance their position in the global economy. Advantages and problems from the internal organizational structure of TNCs Most of the transnational corporations are very large with sales revenues that exceed the general size of many economies in which they operate especially in third world countries. The effect of this size has led to many of these countries losing their identity and loyalty or especially where the TNCs become involved in the decision-making of these countries or where the countries become over reliant on these TNCs. Since many are becoming hard to regulate through the national laws. Their political strength and general influences on the global economy are making them prove to be sovereign in their way. This strength is enhanced by the huge capital base that gives them a competitive edge over any competitive force in the economy to an extent that they are viewed as the dictators of the global market conditions. Their internal organization makes it possible to hire the best talents in the world. The result of this is not only the galvanization of their internal strength but also adding value to the society through job creation and reduction of unemployment levels. This is coupled with other benefits that are afforded to the global economies, for instance, United Nations (1993 p 8) argues that Transnational corporations are becoming central to the world economy in creating a linkage through foreign investment, technology, and trade. They also act as a force that drives growth in the economy, and the social welfare of the developing nations which is found to be critical. The technological endowment has been one of their key focal points especially when they seek to intensify their research and development. The world economic trends currently are moving towards global automation, the critical role of which is played by t
Introduction Each country has its own history and culture. History is the chronological accounts of events that a country has gone through to achieve its present system. The culture could involve the way of life, the type of food, or even the type of clothes that the residents of the particular nation wear. China has its own history and culture, which can be traced to the time that the country was ruled by different dynasties and the invasion of the Western empires. There is a rich history and culture that the Chinese boast of. This paper aims to discuss the history and culture of the Chinese community. A special discussion of the Chinese hat will be made as well in order to identify it with regard to its original use, the meaning of its different colors, shape, and size. Chinese History and Culture Chinese history is a highly regarded history, as it is said to be among the four ancient civilizations. The history of China records the various dynasties that ruled this nation for many years. The Xia Dynasty was the first dynasty to rule over China in the period of 22000 B.C. Other immediate dynasties that followed the Xia Dynasty are the Shang and the Zhou dynasties. The Zhou Dynasty is believed to have ruled China for more than one thousand years; therefore, it has been the longest recorded dynasty to have ruled China.i In 221 B.C., various lords were united into one lordship of Qin, thereby ending the feudal system of rulership. However, his leadership was cut short when the Han Dynasty took over the ruler-ship. The end of the Han Dynasty gave way to a period of more than three centuries that were characterized by disunity among the Chinese. The leadership of the Han Dynasty made China to be ruled by the Mongols because the country had been divided into several areas. The next two dynasties that governed China were the Sui and the Tang dynasties. The Tang Dynasty is the dynasty that introduced poetry and art in China. The country was then able to grow in size. Another notable dynasty is the dynasty of Qing, which was characterized by several attacks from the Western powers. The West was interested in China because its leaders wanted to introduce opium into this region. However, the Qing Dynasty was opposed to the introduction of opium. As a result, the four wars that were associated with opium erupted in China. It is worth noting that the defeat of China by the West led to the creation of what was known as ‘spheres of influence.’ It was also under the Qing dynasty that famous Hong Kong was lost to the British. In 1912, the Qing Dynasty was overthrown through a powerful rebellion by the boxers, who