ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction For many years now, banks and other financial institutions around the world have used powerful computer networks to automate tens or possibly hundreds of millions of day to day transactions by users. Now that most of its customers have ease of access to the internet through their PCs and smartphones, banks have identified several ways by which they can improve the quality of their services by integrating the internet in their day to day activities. One of these ways is through internet banking, also known as on-line banking. Banks and customers alike view internet banking as a ‘value-added’ tool to attract and retain new customers while reducing the expenses associated with paper banking in the increasingly competitive banking industry. Other benefits associated with this form of banking include convenience, ubiquity, transaction speed, efficiency, effectiveness, and a high degree of customization/personalization (Han &Baek, 2004). However, online banking is still on its early stages and faces numerous challenges. One of these challenges is that of determining the quality of online banking initiatives with regards to attraction and retention of customers, customer satisfaction through effective customer relationships, and so on. To give explanation for their investment in online services, a number of providers are trying to gauge the quality of their online services and investigate the links between service quality and customer satisfaction so that they can identify ways of retaining their customers and attract new ones. However, a recognized method for determining the quality of online banking services is not well developed yet. Many studies into service marketing have attempted to define service quality and create methodologies to measure it. One of these instruments, known as the SERVQUAL, was developed in 1988 and has since been employed by many researchers studying service quality in various environments, ranging from financial services, travel agent services and retailing services, and restaurants. SERVQUAL measures service quality through five dimensions: reliability, responsiveness, assurances, empathy, and tangibility. This instrument has been used in several studies either in its original form or modified to meet research conditions as will be seen in the paper. The scope and objectives of the paper The purpose of this paper is to undertake a comparative literature using five peer-reviewed articles discussing service quality in internet banking and finance and identify the main issues in the articles and relates them to service model in Internet banking and finance. The paper will also discuss how the findings will affect managerial decisions regarding online banking services. The paper will focus on specific sections of the paper as outlined below:   * Methodology followed in collecting information   * Major findings of the papers   * Conclusion   * Limitations and implication for services marketing theories and practices Methodology followed in collecting information To determine service quality and its effects on internet banking and finance, a methodology for undertaking the research must be adopte
On March 20, 2020, the United States of America passed a law that effectively dangled asylum processing to individuals who might be moving to Mexico or Canada. The law issued by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention was meant to mitigate COVID-19 in the country. The regulation applied to all people traveling to Mexico or Canada, and all immigrants without valid documents in the country. Only individuals who meet all the requirements will be permitted to seek asylum. The law is practiced when the United States (US) is in a health crisis caused by the global pandemic (COVID-19). This report explains the perspectives of a naturalist and positivist on the US COVID-19 law. How a Positivist would look at this Legislation Analyzing the legislation in context, a positivist would consider the law an appropriate measure to protect the United States citizens from COVID-19. A positivist would consider the fact that the law was issued by the National Health Department responsible for mitigating the spread of the global virus (Somek, 2017, p. 1). Coronavirus has immensely hit the world, and significant negative impacts have been reported in countries that do not have sufficient measures to control the virus. Countries that have left it boarders open have suffered an accelerated spread of the virus because people from other countries are not adequately screened to ensure they are safe to enter the country. Being a global pandemic, each country needs to protect its people from the deadly virus. One of the measures taken by the United States of America is the regulation of people seeking asylum, especially from other countries. The positivist would argue that state borders are the most dangerous points in the spread of COVID-19 (Kichloo et al ., 2020). The virus does not move from one point to another on its own, but it is carried by people who move from one country to the other. It is critical for every government to protect its borders and regulated the number of individuals entering or leaving the country. Through these containment measures, the government will significantly reduce the spread of the Corona Virus. Further, the positivist will view the legislation to portray that the government as a concerned agent who is willing to protect its citizens from external attacks of the virus (Kichloo et al., 2020). The positivist would further argue that if it were not for the government’s measures in place, the situation would be worse today in the United States. These are the desperate times that require any authority to take strict measures to protect citizens from the unprecedented pandemic. How a Naturalist would look at this Legislation A naturalist may argue that the legislation goes against the natural law. The denial of asylum seekers from certain countries the ability to access the service might be viewed as discrimination again
The Articles Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is one of the widely used tools in hospitals to determine factors, which contributes to an individual’s stress. In this study, the researcher compared two articles, which used this rating scale to measure the depression rates on patients. The article by Hamilton (1960) involved a clinical rating, which was conducted among adult population for about 20-30 minutes. The main purpose of the test was to assess the severity and changes in depressive symptoms among the selected group. The test was done in a hospital setting among patients who had stress-related problems. In this HDRS, the researcher used a score of 0-4. The second article by Hedlung and Vieweg (1979) focused on determining the severity of stress among those who have been confirmed to be suffering from depression. This test was conducted among a group of patients of different ages. Just like in the first article, this article focused on determining how severe the stress was, and how it affected the patients. Both articles used a similar pattern to determine the severity of depression among the patients. In both cases, the researchers clearly indicated that the higher the level of rating, the higher the depression. Both articles invol
All companies can be divided into three business types according to the products of their work. Companies of the first category are service organizations that do not sell any physical products but provide various services to their customers. The second type includes merchandising companies, which can be divided into wholesale and retail businesses. These companies sell finished products that they did not make themselves. Finally, the third type is a manufacturing company that produces goods from raw materials or parts. Every kind of company has different costs to consider and analyze. This paper will explore three business types, namely a service organization, a retail business, and a manufacturing company and define the costs for each type, as well as the ways of monitoring and evaluating these costs. Manufacturing companies create products and sell them to merchandising companies or directly to customers. The main costs that should be considered for a manufacturing business are the cost of raw materials, the cost of labor and overhead costs. Raw materials are identified by a bill of materials, which lists all of the parts needed to make a finished product, and a routing, which is a list of operations and time required in the process of making goods. The cost of labor is the cost of work conducted by employees. Other indirect costs are covered in overhead, including the cost of necessary equipment, facility management, electricity bills and other expenses (Collier, 2015). Other important costs to account for are the cost of quality and the environmental cost. It is important for a company to track these expenses in order to improve their cost position. For example, by defining every type of cost, the manufacturers will be able to tell which material or equipment is affecting the final price of the product (Christopher, 2016). Retail businesses and manufacturing companies have some costs in common. For example, some aspects of the overhead costs stay the same, as retail companies still require a facility to sell or distribute goods. The cost of labor is also applicable in retail business, as the organization still relies on the work of employees. It is usually recorded through working hours. The cost of goods sold is a type of expense that covers the results of sold inventory. Various costs connected to the suppliers of the products should also be tracked. Such costs as the delivery failure or quality failure costs are often tracked as overheads (Collier, 2015). Service organizations provide services, rather than goods. Therefore, these businesses do
Introduction Over the years, scholars in the education field have actively developed studies to develop the best motivational models to be applied in the teaching field to enhance the performance of students. The main motivation for this study was to establish a comprehensive strategy for students to apply when studying different complex concepts in class. While there are many theories related to the enhancement of performance in school, there are limited guidelines for the practical implementation of the respective models. One of the motivational elements in enhancing the performance of students in class is the use of self-evaluation. Self-evaluation entails regular scrutiny of individual performance on grasping the concepts introduced in class. Various researchers have developed studies to review the effectiveness of this approach in enhancing the performance of students. There is a need for researchers to look into the validity of the hypothesis that self-regulated learning platforms enhance the performance of students. Several studies have been developed to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of the metacognition process involved in self-regulation to enhance performance. Additionally, several scientists have sought to define the role metacognition plays in the sphere of education and determine its main major concepts. Besides, the term is traditionally defined as “thinking about one’s thinking” (Chick, n.d., para. 1). However, the precise investigation of the metacognition process shows that it is not that simple. First of all, it refers to the procedures that are used to plan, monitor, evaluate, and investigate a persons performance and comprehension. The complexity of the definition is also evidenced by the role the metacognition process plays in learning and thinking. The majority of the most efficient modern approaches to learning are based on various metacognitive practices that increase the students ability to acquire new knowledge and use it under new conditions. Furthermore, the practices of this sort improve the comprehension of the main students weaknesses and strengths, contributing to the improvement of their critical and learning skills. In these regards, metacognition obtains its unique significance in terms of the modern educational sector. It provides learners with the crucial information related to their thinking process and learning outcomes which could be used to guarantee better results. Finally, a definition of the term also depends on the context as it could be used to describe several practices applied to achieve the improvement of cognitive processes and learning outcomes of students. That is why the meaning of the term is impacted by the understanding of the metacognitive process and its peculiarities. Several studies have revealed that the ability to understand the metacognitive process, evaluate it, and control it can help in increasing the cognitive ability required in learning. Most of the studies also reveal that the control of metacognition is based on the development of t
The evaluation of the Arlington community has shown high regard for the alleviation of tobacco use and alcohol consumption. The population has been highly concerned to abolish the use of tobacco and alcohol among the youth. There is overwhelming evidence of declining cases of tobacco and alcohol use among the youth. This is in line with the national goals of reducing tobacco and alcohol use among the youth. Nevertheless, the analysis of the Arlington community has shown that a small number of young people are still engaged in alcohol and tobacco use. Despite the efforts and strategies which have been set to ensure make sure that the population is free from tobacco and alcohol use, the crisis is still prevailing in the community. An assessment of the community has offered overwhelming results on health concerns. An assessment of middle school children in Arlington has demonstrated the threat to the community as far as alcohol and tobacco use was concerned. As it has been observed, the community has overwhelming goals for the reduction of alcohol and tobacco use. As far as tobacco and alcohol use is concerned, the Arlington community has set admirable goals for the population’s health. Notably, the community is focusing on increasing the percentage of youths who are tobacco and alcohol-free. In the light of the ideas of Stanhope and Lancaster (2011) no community can succeed in the war on drugs without setting specific goals and objectives. The case of the Arlington community is hereby appealing in the sense that realistic goals on alcohol and tobacco use termination have been set (Stanhope and Lancaster, 2011). Due to the high vulnerability of youths to alcohol and tobacco use, the young people in the Arlington community are under strict parental and teacher supervision. As it is provided in this study, the youths between 12-17 years old have little time to spend out of school or beyond the supervision of adults. This is very beneficial in countering the use of alcohol and tobacco. As noted by Nies and McEwen (2010), one of the best ways to keep children out of tobacco and alcohol consumption is to ensure supervision as much as it is possible. This has been considered in the community whereby the majority of the children spent much of their time with adults both in school and at home. Notably, a small percentage of around 10% are engaged in the habit. With these statistics, it is evident that the vulnerability of the user in using the substance is limited (Nies and McEwen, 2010). The involvement of the youths in extra curriculum activities is also a great achievement in the war against alcohol and tobacco use (Kayser-Jones, 2009). Despite that majori
Introduction When it comes to determining how much fair compensation for employees is, many employers are often not sure if they are offering the right wages. Without carrying out extensive research, it is difficult for them to know whether or not they are taking advantage of their staff or if they are paying for more than they get. The objective of this paper is to carry out a critic of the market price in the context of healthcare social workers. Remuneration practices would be examined with the intention of determining if they are effective in projecting fair pay for this particular demanding career, especially in relation to heavy workload, commitment, and traditionally low wages. Review of the pay ranges for a healthcare social worker The median salary for health social workers was $13.87 an hour in May 2012 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). The lowest earners made below $9.34 while those at the top10 made more than $22.16. Their general duties include helping patients with complicated psychological needs as well as economic co-morbidities that make them dependent on social programs and funding sources. The job also entails crisis management for family members who have psychological needs because of their relationships and interactions with patients. As a health social worker, one is expected to handle referrals for high-risk individuals from interdisciplinary teams, consisting of doctors, nurses, care managers, and others involved in primary patient care. After carrying out research on the wages of healthcare social workers, which I then compared with those of professionals such as doctors, I concluded that their range of salaries should be between $30 and $40 an hour in consideration of the work they do. How market price position is conducted When employers are market pricing a position, they consider several factors, although there is no specific set of rules that they are required to follow in the endeavor. For many employers, they first consider the value they expect the worker would add to their enterprises (Joseph, Kilmartin & Miller, 2008). However, this only works for a limited number of industries where one can directly measure the value an employee adds to a firm. In the field of social work, it is not always straightforward since it is near impossible to determine just how much work one does, except by counting hours by virtue of which they would probably be just paid equally like medical doctors. An article in CNN Money claims that the job of social workers is to step in when everyone else has stepped aside in the quest to help vulnerable people and families (Dickler, 2014). They often have to provide education and counseling services to patients and sometimes even their families. Furthermore, they execute and m
Lucy Parson was one of the first leaders of women’s liberation and took up causes for women’s emancipation, gender and sexual equality, and oppression of working-class women. She has an African American, probably born to slave parents who married white Confederate soldiers and the couple was persecuted for this act. So powerful and moving were her writings and speech that she was regarded as “more powerful than a 1000 arsonists”. A brief commentary on her writings and speeches is given in this paper. In one of her speeches to the IWW in 1905, Lucy speaks of the enslavement of women and their oppression by a man who themselves are slaves to the capitalist forces. She has castigated men and says that women are not allowed to vote and if they are allowed to vote, they have to elect only men. She further speaks of the manner in which women’s wages are reduced and calls for a new approach when conducting strikes. Calling for more cooperation among various labor groups, she says that land should be given to those who till it and tools to the worker and if there is a strike, the people should not start starving and abandon their place of work but rather take possession of the workplace and continue working. Her speeches were filled with simple, earthy, and pithy words that roused the workers into a frenzy. (Parsons, 1905). In the lecture and article ‘The Principles of Anarchism’ she outlines her vision of Anarchy as the answer to the labor question and how powerful governments and companies worked for hand in hand to stifle the voices of the poor workers and make them work harder than ever. She calls the workers to a new order of defiance to the unjust laws and rules that governments make to exploit the poor. She speaks in a very organized and learned manner as she relates how politicians that are out of power would promise anything to be voted back into power and how once they come back to power, they continue the earlier policies of exploiting workers (Parsons, 1890). Her collections of writings in various publications and newspapers have been published as a series of papers called ‘The Voice of the People will yet be Heard’ and in these works, the true extent of the misery that workers had to bear is strongly brought out. She refers to the Haymarket Affair in which her husband and other activists were wrongly implicated and hanged up on trumped-up charges. Lucy speaks of the totalitarian methods that the authorities used and narrates her sorrowful experiences as she went to meet her husband along with her two children just before he was to be hanged. The police heavily guarded the jail and refused entry to them thus robbing them of the chance to meet t
Introduction In a market economy, competitive mechanisms play an important role. However, the monopoly of producers, not always competent state intervention, the demands of trade unions contribute to its weakening. In the context of a decline in production, monopolists raise prices to ensure stable profit-taking; the state raises taxes and reduces state support for the population and production; trade unions demand higher wages without a corresponding increase in labor productivity. As a result, costs rise, and declining production is accompanied by rising prices; inflation occurs, caused by rising production costs. This state of the economy is defined as stagflation, that is, there is a decline in production amid rising prices for products. Government Policy Correcting the Output Lost and The Inflation Macroeconomic equilibrium in the goods market is defined as the equality of aggregate demand and aggregate supply at each of the possible price levels. On the graph (Fig. below), the equilibrium output volume and the equilibrium price level are determined by the intersection of the curves AD and AS. Fig. 2. Aggregate supply curve. Macroeconomic equilibrium. If the economy already appeared in a state of stagflation at the intersection of AD and AS2, the goal of the policy is to shift the aggregate supply curve to the right to AS. In other words, in terms of the Phillips curve (in any form ‑ an oblique curve or a vertical straight line), the goal of politics is to shift the curve to the left in order to provide an inverse ratio of inflation rates and unemployment rate, more favorable for society. Stagflation and the ratchet effect are also evident in the decline in production under inflation: production is declining, and the aggregate supply curve shifts up to the left in a short period. In such a situation, it is necessary to clearly define the main danger to the economy: a decline in production or inflation. The stagflation period is characterized by a situation where the combination of inflation and unemployment occurs against the background of economic growth rates that do not allow reaching the pre-crisis level of GDP production and are called “non-investment development.” The dominant importance of reproductive factors in exacerbation of stagflation should also be noted. It is impossible to fight stagflation with the monetary methods of the Central Bank (changing interest rates, ‘printing money,’ etc.). To ensure that