ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Chapter three In this chapter, the father of Osama bin Laden is introduced. The name of this father is Mohammed. This person was a “road king and a construction guru for the Saudis” (Anonymous, Lawrence Wright: The Looming Tower: Para7). Following this, he turned out to be a very rich man and he was closely linked to the ruling class. This man was a Yemen and because of this, he was not entirely accepted in the community of the Saudis. However, he was held in very high esteem by these people; he was broadly and deeply respected (Anonymous, Lawrence Wright: The Looming Tower: Para7). He built up an immense construction empire. He was a “legendary in the country for building roads which helped fuel modernization of Saudi Arabia” (“Fearful Symmetries” Para 3). Osama’s father had 22 wives in total. He also had 54 children and Osama was the seventh child. Osama was the only child of his mother. The name of the mother was Alia and she was the fourth wife. The two met in a small village in Syria and Alia was 14 years old at the time they got married. However, later in time Osama’s father divorced Osama’s mother. He handed the wife to one of his workers and they got married. At the time his parents divorced, Osama was still a very young boy. Osama bin Laden went to stay with his mother and the step-father. Later her mother gave birth to her step brothers and sisters. After the divorce, it did not take long before Osama’s father dying in a plane crash. At the time Osama attained the age of 17 years, he went to the same village in Syria where his father had gone to marry his mother and also got married to 14 year old girl. The name of this girl that Osama took for a wife was Najwa. He also followed his father’s footsteps and practiced polygamy and he ultimately took four wives (Meek Para 21). Chapter five In this chapter, there is presentation of the main financial and military undertakings carried out by Osama with the people of Afghanistan in the course of the 1980s and the war that was staged against the Soviets. His business undertakings had the luck of the bin Laden empire and the “reactionary Saudi regime” (Nixon Para30). The intimate link that he was having with MAK as well gave out an implication that here was full awareness by the CIA about the activities he engaged in. The station chief of the CIA by the name Milt Bearden in Pakistan who held this position beginning from the year 1986 up to the year 1989 accepted the fact that he did not meet Osama bin Laden in person but he knew him. He admitted that Osama bin Laden used to bring in every month between twenty to twenty five million US dollars from the rest of the people of Saudi Arabia as well as the Gulf Arabs to fund the war. In the year 1986, Osama bin Laden brought to Afghanistan an important construction gear. This equipment was brought in from Saudi Arabia. By making use of the great knowledge he had in construction, he set up the training camps. Osama is a man who is very much educated in the field of engineering because he has a degree in civil engineering. Some of the people he worked with engaged in digging beside the mountains and they as well set up
Microfinance programs have been established in many parts of the world with a target of reducing poverty. To achieve this goal, most micro finance institutions decided to shift their focus from capital provision to education financing on the realization that there was a common knowledge deficit especially in the business sector. Most people running business were school dropouts and lack of the relevant information led to poorly managed business that ended up more in losses than profits. As a result, the loan capital disbursed to these businesses remained unpaid thus leading to a loss in the micro finance institution (Khumawala 10). The plan to finance education has been successful in most of the developing countries, though faced with a number of hitches. First, most of the institutions tend to focus more on financing higher education, where in most cases children from poor families never manage to reach. The other problem is that most of these organizations do not have a strong loan recovery system and hence most of the loanees end up getting away with the debt. An example of this is the higher education loan administered to university students in the republic of Kenya. The board has been trying to adjust the loan recovery plan for years without any success and so they end up losing a lot of money to the students. Most of the cases, like the one provided above are mostly government programs. Most of the private micro finance institutions have a rigorous monitoring systems used to monitor and recover loans from the loanees, and hence they rarely fall victim of loan forfeiture. The main purpose of such government micro finance institutions is to ensure that higher education is within reach to many students who have obtained goods grades, and might fail to get the possibility of obtaining higher education due to poverty (Khumawala 12). This program is only applicable to public universities on the assumption that students who can afford private ones do not need to be financed, as they are considered to be well off already. This program is also aimed at providing an incentive to students to work hard in their pre-university education so that they can earn themselves the Loans Board certification. The tools needed to make this program successful include effective records keeping and updating information system and a team that is knowledgeable in loan recovery systems. The information system should have the capacity to store records for as many years as possible and should have an effective backup system in case of information loss or misappropriation. This will ensure that the debts can be traced for long, and the interest accumulates for as long as the loan remains unp
Introduction In the book, a School for My Village: A Promise to the Orphans of Nyaka, Twesigye Jackson Kaguri, and Susan Urbanek Linville inspires the world to fight the HIV/AIDS scourge. Besides being an epidemic more so in the developing countries, HIV/AIDS has led to poverty, especially among children who lose their parents at a tender age. Inspired by the suffering and struggle of orphaned children in his rural area, Twesigye vows to fight against stigmatization by not only opening a free school but also by offering the children free basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing. Twesigye intertwines his personal experiences as a youth with obstacles that he faces during his mission to build the school to construct an explicit book. Therefore, the next discussion does not only give a summary of the major events in the story but also enlightens the world on the theme of poverty. Exposition of the story Brought up in the western part of Uganda, Twesigye comes to face poverty and struggle amid a dictatorial government; thus, giving an exposition of the socioeconomic picture of his community. Twesigye opens up his book by focusing on hunger, deteriorating health, and lack of education his people experience. Despite most of the people in his community practicing agriculture, only a few able people like Frank had the compassion to assist the poor. Bananas, beans, and cassava are some of the farm products cultivated on a large scale. His characters include his father, Frank, who is a philanthropist, poor women, and children who are struggling to access funds for education and food. However, the gap between the poor and the rich was always visible. Among his characters, Twesigye expounds on a domineering father who, despite struggling to educate his children, advocates for demeaning cultural practices like early marriages and no extensive education for girls. Therefore, in his exposition, Twesigye, as the narrator, first introduces children who are malnourished due to poverty. Secondly, he sheds light on the inability of children to attend school due to cultural practices, economic obstacles, and HIV/AIDS scourge. Complications in the story The need to fight against poverty puts pressure on Twesigye to work hard in school and pursue higher education. However, due to his decision to pursue further education, complications arise because his father is against it. Besides his father and grandmother insisting on him to marry at the tender age of 12 years, he must also be available to work on the farms during weekends. Thus, he has to attend a nearby school to be able to work on the farm during weekends. Surprisingly, his father declines to educate his sister further, therefore, prompting her to take up a tea
Introduction Geography is the study of various global elements. It is a physical study, a natural study, and a human study. It is one that grasps the temperament of maps, globes, and other geographic utensils and expertise. Furthermore, it is also one that recognizes global locations, patterns of the environment, and uses of the spatial fixture. Geography masters the nature, distribution of phenomena, and migration of all populations on the surface of the Earth (Geography Importance, 2006). Major characteristics of civilization developments, human settlements, and interpretation of the past are also well-versed in the study known as Geography. With respect to assisting in building a world empire, it would probably be due to the interrelationships among the global elements. Basically, geography creates collaboration between the sciences and the humanities. It is data that is compiled from many sources and disciplines and from the time that it was made a solid subject matter at universities in the late 1500s, it played a major role in the world (The Importance of Geography, 2006). Apparently, to know each country in a global context, provided a set of common hypotheses about the achievability and appeal of an empire. Therefore, it brought about the ideology of empire that helped move forward the actual expedition of the following centuries. Brief History Geography began as early as the 16 th and 17 th centuries during a period of time known as “The Age of Discovery” (The Four Traditions of Geography, 2004). This was a period wherein many new lands were discovered by explorers with recorded accounts such as Christopher Columbus, Marco Polo, and James Cook. These travelers fashioned aspiration for both details of the land as well as a solid, theoretical basis. It was between 1580 and 1620 that Geography was introduced into the university Arts curriculum (Geography, 2001). A wide array of political, economic, and religious leaders began to derive the subject and the connection between college and court became so abundant. It was then that imperialism began its foundation and the subject gained more and more recognition as an isolated form of academic order. Discussion It is vital to know that while geography is interconnected with so many orders and subject matters, it is distinct from an older study known as cosmography (Charting Empire Geography, 1997). To understand and completely grasp this, would be the perfect answer as to why it has helped build a world empire. Though both terms continue to be used as if interchangeably, they are not, in fact, the same. Cosmography matches the heavens, the Earth, in one frame that requires astronomy (which is relative to water, fire, and other earthly elements) and music to be complete (Charting Empire Geography, 1997). Conversely, geography teaches us about sphere-like forms or plain-like forms such as the situation of towns,
Introduction A minimum wage rate is the lowest price at which labor can be bought and sold in the labor market. It is usually set by the government to protect the suppliers of labor. For a minimum wage rate to be effective, it must be more than the market clearing price at which labor is being supplied and the supply of labor has to match with the demand of labor (Ackerman 23). Labor is a resource which is highly demanded and therefore its demand is inelastic. The impact of the minimum wage rate will therefore depend upon the substitutability of capital for labor. If capital is easily substituted for labor then the minimum wage rate will have a small impact and vice versa. The impact will also depend on whether the wage rate is greater or lesser than the market clearing price and whether the economy will be booming or in recession. Most minimum wage policies are usually local or national but there can also be an international minimum wage where countries want to exploit the third world cheap labor Thesis The paper will examine several theories on minimum wage such as the history of minimum wage and how it came about or how and why it was formed. It will also look into detail the minimum wage law, what it proposes or what it says should be done, look at the minimum wage that is informal and why it is informal. The paper will also look into detail and explain the considerations that are taken when fixing an initial minimum wage. The paper will also determine the reasons why the minimum wage is important to a nation and the reasons why minimum wage rate should not be constituted in a country. The paper will then conclude by giving a general view on minimum wage and giving a position on whether minimum wage is good or bad Theory of minimum wage The first minimum wage was first proposed to prevent the exploitation of those who were working in the manufacturing industry. The industry had women and young workers as its major employees and it was paying those wages which were below standard (Ackerman 30). The employees were thought to have an unfair bargaining power over their employees and therefore a minimum wage was proposed to protect the employees and make the employers pay fair wages. The focus of the minimum wage rate then changed from making employers par fair wages to making families to become self sufficient. Minimum wage has a social appeal because it ensures
Strategic partnerships and international expansion Every country has its own unique circumstances; therefore, it is essential to work with strategic partnerships that have knowledge of local circumstances. Some of the key catalysts for choosing local partners or persons with local expertise include their ability to navigate through government policy, local competition, local culture, and language. A target market usually has certain cultural practices that have a direct effect on business. In the hospitality industry, they expect to find local cuisine or hotel accommodation that has a local touch. Partnering with businesses that have knowledge of these cultures will ensure that the best services reach those who matter. Language is a key component of success in international markets. When a global firm enters a new market, it needs to communicate with its market directly, and local partners can help them do that (Chinomona & Sibanda 48). Local partners are familiar with existing laws in target markets. Having an understanding of these regulations can make the difference between succeeding and failing in these locations. Some countries have anti-trust laws that disallow unfair competition. Their definition of unfair competition is dependent on the entity under consideration. In some countries, the law may forbid vertical integration, false advertising, or multi-level marketing. Therefore, local partners are essential in showing global companies how to adhere to legal regulations and laws in their countries. One of the critical advantages of having local partners is accessing their knowledge of the local competition. Many of them know where competitors are and what their competitive advantage is. Additionally, a number of them have critical knowledge of what it takes to outdo the competition. As a result, they can be a vital resource during global expansion. Understanding consumer attitudes and needs are rather difficult for foreign companies that have never operated in a target market. For instance, some countries have a concentration of the wealthy in ur
Staff promotion is one of the pillars of organizational management. People expect to be rewarded for their hard work and strive to attain a higher position with accompanying benefits. However, being good at one job does not automatically translate into an excellent performance in a new role, and an employee finds themselves struggling while shouldering updated responsibilities. This phenomenon is called the Peter Principle, which explains why people who are promoted to leadership positions can be incompetent after reaching a level beyond their abilities. Although organizations are aware of the issue, resolving it is not effortless as many factors have to be considered, and such approaches as a lateral arabesque, a lottery, and nihilism are implemented with varying degrees of success. The Peter Principle can be vividly illustrated using salespeople, whose performance is easy to assess. An organization notices the top-performing employees, who usually comprise 20% but are responsible for 80% of sales, and promotes them to management positions, assuming that they will demonstrate the same efficiency (Gladwell 00:21:40-00:22:43). The higher-ups operate on prediction, which backfires once the newly appointed staff displays incompetence due to the job having different responsibilities and skill requirements (Gladwell 00:19:15-00:19:21). For instance, one can excel at promoting products, but managing others can be challenging, especially when no prior training is provided. Other companies attempt to promote average-performing salespeople with sufficient skills, who tend to perform 30% better, to avoid the issue (Gladwell 00:22:45-00:22:57). However, it causes another set of problems, as the top-performing employees become disappointed after seeing the inferior group rewarded, and their performance subsequently declines (Gladwell 00:23:25-00:24:04). One can probably blame the corporate culture for creating the expectation of promotion, which is responsible for the complex issue. Overall, the Peter Principle refers to a promoted employee’s level of incompetency, preventing them from performing well in a new position. Several solutions to the Peter Principle are suggested, although they are not without flaws. The first one is a lateral arabesque, which implies giving an employee a longer, fancier title without actually promoting them (Gladwell 00:24:05-00:24:18). It is likely to prevent the feeling of disappointment, as the procedure appears similar to promotion, and they will remain competitive in the familiar position. However, one may eventually realize that the new title essentially means nothing and express indignation, which may lead to more concrete actions. Another solution is using a lottery, which will randomly decide who will have an opportunity to be promoted (Gladwell 00:24:24-00:24:33). A clear advantage is that no one will
Organizational learning is an important aspect in organizations in the modern days. A lot of of research has been conducted to identify the strengths and weaknesses of organizational learning. It has been the subject of attention and research for some time now (Burnes et al 2003; Marshall et al 2009). Research demonstrates that the concept of organizational learning did not emerge until the 1980s. However, its principles are firmly grounded on the many perspectives of management. The practices of organizational learning indicate a variety of factors which affect the performance of an organization. Such factors include organizational strategy, culture, structure and design, absorptive capability, problem-solving capacity and staff participation, among others (Wang & Ahmed 2003). The challenges experienced are: Failing to integrate individual learning into organizational learning, mixed understanding of the drivers/triggers for improvement and learning, and different and opposing standpoints about the current learning climate and capability. Other challenges are dysfunctional interactions of misaligned organizational cultures and/ or structures, misfit arises from communication failures between various organizational elements, and incapacity to clarify the organizational vision exist to the extent that learning is a critical component of this vision and incapacity for organizations to transfer strategic knowledge. It is recommended that Wal-Mart should integrate individual learning processes into organizational learni
Abebe Bikila ran the marathon barefoot in 1960. This event is considered as the “greatest symbol of the new, rejuvenated, post-Fascist country” (Martin “Abebe Bikila”). Starting the discussion from the very beginning, the following data should be considered. Abebe Bikila was a 28-year-old member of Emperor Haile Selassie’s bodyguard. He came to the Olympic Games in Rome with the pair of running shoes which were ruined one month before the games. The desire to participate in the marathon was that great that even the absence of the running shoes was not the reasons for refusing from the action. Abebe Bikila started his running with everyone and was the first to come to the final spot. When the result was announced and when everyone saw that the men was barefoot all were amazed. It is impossible to disagree with that opinion as a person run barefoot without considering the pave and other difficulties and barriers which were created on his way. Abebe Bikila is a person everyone should consider as a role model. Abebe Bikila had a great desire to complete his task, to do what he planned without looking at the difficulties. This is what people are to do. Abebe Bikila became the symbol of Rome and the Olympic Games of 1960. Many people might do the same in their dreams, however, they would never do it in reality, but Abebe Bikila dared and has done it. The significance of this act lies in many specific issues. First of all, Abebe Bikila showed the problems of the developing countries. The financial situation and the absence of the simplest things of the first need is the real problem of such poor countries as Ethiopia. Moreover, Abebe Bikila showed that everything is possible, one should just have a desire. It is essential that the result of Abebe Bikila was the best for him personally, moreover, it was the best internationally. However, this result was dismissed widely as everyone considered it as impossible. The next when Olympic Games took place he was taken ill with appendicitis and underwent surgery. Unfortunately, in 1968 Bikila appeared in a car accident and left confined to a wheelchair. However, even this fact did not preven this person from Olympic Games. He “he won gold in a 25km cross-country sledge competition in Norway in 1970” (Martin “Abebe Bikila”). The desire of this person to represent his country at the Olympic Games was not ruined. Remembering Abebe Bikila, the 2010 Rome marathon took place to honor the action of this great person. Looking at his desire to go in for sports, his strong will for victory, everyone should get something from this case. Therefore, the Olympic Games have supported their status of an international championship where everyone may participate without strong requirement for their financial or social status. The action of Abebe Bikila has proven that the dream is closer than one think, it is just important to strive for it, train a