ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The way of drug taking starts with a voluntary deed, a decision to try a drug, experience its effect, undergo its influence. Eventually this occupation may become dangerous, it may result in many dangerous consequences and unpleasant events, it threatens the consumer’s social, professional, family life, it leads to social withdrawal and severe health and mental issues of all kinds, some of this damage may turn out to be irreparable. The substance under a well known nickname “heroin” is prohibited in the majority of the world’s countries. Even though heroin is an illegal drug, it is included in several types of medications and it is also used for the replacement therapy for the drug addicts. Heroin is widely abused all over the world. The number of heroin users counts nine and a half million people. This number is, of course, not precise because not many people all over the world would openly and honestly confess that they are drug users. Heroin is a severely addictive drug, it makes a very fast effect on people’s health, a user turns into an addict very quickly. The addict’s body starts to undergo a whole raw of harmful and extremely destructive influences that are irreversible. The recognized “short-term” effects of heroin abusing are nausea, rush, vomiting, depressed respiration. The typical “long-term” effects of such addiction are collapsed veins, abscesses, many infectious and very dangerous diseases such as AIDS/HIV and hepatitis C. (National Institute of Drug Abuse, par. 5). According to Frank Blanche, the image of a typical abuser of heroin changes with time (par. 7). Due to younger generations’ avoidance of drugs, the heroin users groups are getting older every decade. Besides, earlier there was a clear pattern of heroin abuse, showing that some years ago the main areas where the drug was distributed to were city centers. These days the drug dealers have a tendency to move to more suburban areas, this is why they young people living there are now under a risk of becoming potential heroin addicts. The author’s advice is that som
Music is one of the greatest and most mysterious spheres of art, which is worth admiring. It is music that speaking to our heart makes people laughing and crying. Music is one of the strongest means of a persons inspiration and one of the most important part of our life. It is obvious that like any other form of art music has its own language. Pictorial art speaks with us by means of paints, literature with the help of words, and music by virtue of magic sounds of various musical instruments. All the branches of art are tightly interconnected with each other serving the one goal – to bring up the sense of beauty and harmony in a person. It goes without saying that every individual is talented in its own way. From early childhood, a person unconsciously tries to express oneself by means of art. Some child may be noticed in a process of painting, while another hums in a low tone his favourite song. It is of great importance to recognize a childs inclinations in order to develop them in a full manner in future. True art forms an aesthetic sensibility and it is very important to instill in children love for beauty from the cradle. The development of creative potential, nice sense of beauty and possibility to notice something unusual are those factors that help artistic people in creation. The creative approach helps a person in his daily activity. Moreover, the admiration of beauty provides us with additional energy in overcoming difficulties. Those people who have a sense of beauty are optimists and dreamers in a certain manner. As a rule, they possess qualities that are necessary to be successful in life. That is why it is of great importance to introduce children to the world of music, poetry, pictorial art and literature, because art promotes a childs pursuance of beauty and ideal. It is also noticed that art education promotes the cognitive development of a child. As a rule those children who attend musical classes have better progress in education. At the same time, children should not be forced to deal with activity to which they have no propensity. It is a task of parents to recognize a childs inclinations and abilities. There may be found numerous examples when a child who has been compelled to attend music lessons leaves his study, finding himself in another sphere of art. For instance a parent, impressed by a virtuoso guitar technique of his favorite musician, decides for himself to do his best in order his child to become a great guitar player, while his child has inclination for drawing. There are also examples when a child with an obvious aptitude for music has no desire to attend music lessons. In such a case, motivation plays a very important role. There are many possibilities to cultivate love of art in a child. It is possible to visit an art museum or a concert of classic music. It does not matter
Abstract Energy is required for numerous metabolic activities that are necessary to sustain life. The process of respiration enables the body to get oxygen for metabolism as well as to get rid of carbon dioxide, which is the byproduct of metabolism. The lungs are vital organs in these processes. Various experimental procedures can be used to examine the function of lungs in terms of their capacity to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. This experiment aimed at establishing the effect of carbon dioxide on ventilation and the breath-holding capacity in various conditions using a spirometer. It was realized that an increase in carbon dioxide concentration raised the ventilatory response and that an increase in oxygen concentration did not have a significant effect on the ventilatory response. It was also found that intense physical activity reduced an individual’s breath-holding capacity. It was, therefore, concluded that spirometry was an essential procedure in the determination of lung function. Introduction Respiration aims to supply tissues with energy and to get rid of carbon dioxide. These aims can be achieved by grouping respiration into four key categories. These are “(1) pulmonary ventilation, which means the inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lung alveoli; (2) diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood; (3) transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body fluids to and from the body’s tissue cells; and (4) regulation of ventilation and other facets of respiration” (Guyton & Hall 2006, p. 471). Approximately 5% of the entire energy used by the body is required in the course of an ordinary calm respiration for pulmonary ventilation. However, this requirement increases 50 times during intense exercise particularly if the individual has any form of amplified airway resistance. Continued replenishment of gas exchange regions of the lungs that are in proximity to the circulatory system is the ultimate goal of pulmonary circulation. These areas are the alveoli, alveolar sacs and alveolar ducts. Spirometry, a relatively simple and efficient technique, is used to examine pulmonary ventilation by taking note of the volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs. This technique provides valuable information about the functioning of the lungs during the assessment and diagnosis of respiratory complications such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Levy et al. 2009). Spirometry is also important in establishing hyperventilation syndrome (Malmberg, Tamminen, & Sovijärvi 2000). A study by Clark et al.(2013) also uses spirometry in the screening of people living around an area with high levels of chlorine exposure in Graniteville, South Carolina. This experiment aimed at exploring ventilatory changes in response to inspired carbon dioxide. It also intended to measure individual ventilator drive by the establishment of breath-holding capacity. Materials and Methods The ventilatory responses were measured by quantifying the alterations in ventilation and breathing frequency when the subject was at rest. That was
Introduction In the work “Suicide. A study in sociology” Émile Durkheim expressed the opinion that suicide depends on social conditions for the first time (Giddens, 2006). This view supported the idea of the double nature of the man that exists “because social man superimposes himself upon physical man” (Durkheim, 2006, p. 171). It appears that the suicide of the main character of the play “Death of a Salesman” by Arthur Miller can be described within the framework suggested by Durkheim. This story becomes an illustration of society conditions influencing suicidal decisions in the modern world. Durkheim’s Theory. Types of Suicide and Social Conditions According to Durkheim (2006), the “term suicide is applied to all cases of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result” (p. 17). By relating suicide to different social conditions, Durkheim (2006) defined four types that can be described with the help of two social conditions: social integration and social regulation (Alexander & Smith, 2005, p. 71; Giddens, 2006, p. 15). Apart from that, the author suggested that all the types are not exactly isolated and may be combined (p. 252). One of the important points of the study claims that “suicide varies inversely with the degree of integration” (Durkheim, 2006, p. 167). The social integration can be defined as the “ties” that an individual has with the society. The “strength” of these ties is what defines the egoistic and altruistic types of suicide (Douglas, 2015, p. 39). In case of egoistic suicide, the social ties of the person are weakened, and his or her integration into society is weak (Giddens, 2006). In this respect, Durkheim (2006) mentions religion and marriage as a kind of integration mechanisms that tend to decrease the chances of egoistic suicide. Alternatively, in case the integration of a person into the society is so high that the value of individual life is denied, altruistic suicide may take place. This kind of suicide is connected to faith and patriotism that border on fanatism. The intensity of social regulations is connected to anomic and fatalistic suicide types that are the exact opposites of each other. The lack of regulation (caused, for example, by the changes in society or personal life) upsets the balance between a person’s wishes and capabilities which can lead to anomic suicide. On the other hand, when the control is excessive, fatalistic suicide can take place. In “Suicide”, fatalistic type description appears as a footnote, which shows that Durkheim did not consider this typ
The United States of America is the most highly developed country in the world. In this century it is the only industrialized country that is expected to soon represent most of the world’s population. “The United States has never lived in isolation from the rest of the world: over half of its anticipated growth is expected to come in the future from immigration, following a well-established, historical pattern” (Haub). Not all areas of the country experience equal growth. Texas, California, and Florida have recently experienced the highest growth, whereas the population of large metropolitan areas, for instance, Washington and New York, does not seem to be expanding and is mostly dispersing to suburbs. To begin with, Texas is one of the most populous states which continues growing. At this, the population of the state consists predominantly of immigrants from Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Africa. “By the year 2000, 35 percent of the North Texas population (including Dallas, Tarrant, Collin, and Denton counties) were either foreign-born or the children of foreign-born residents.” (Dhingra 29) Over the next two decades, the population of this state is expected to increase by 7.1 million people; by the end of 2025, the state is forecast to become the second most populous one in the United States. Horseshoe Bay, an area in Central Texas, is believed to have experienced unbelievable growth in the past years with its population has increased more than 116% in the period from 1990 till 2000. The region is still growing with the population increasing monthly; the rates of its growth are phenomenal. Secondly, California, despite high housing prices, is also a fast-growing state. Currently, the population of the state is almost 37 million people. One of the reasons for “California’s continued growth is that the state has an immense amount of land. When the amenable, established communities become too costly to build in, developers head for the areas within the state in which costs are lower.” (Fischel 250) It is mostly due to this fact that urban and suburban areas get less expanded than the rural ones. Another reason for California’s growth is the diversity of the population. This sometimes plays a decisive role for immigrants from abroad: An obvious question is why the immigrants from abroad don’t go to Cleveland or St. Louis, where the housing prices are lower. They may yet do so, but immigrants from abroad have always been initially attracted to areas in which there are other immigrants from the same country. The benefits of having […] an established Korean community in Los Angeles overwhelm the drawbacks of extraordinary housing prices. (Fischel 250) Finally, Florida joins the ranks of the fast-growing states of the US. Recently the state has s
Introduction Whole Foods Market is a leading company in the organic foods industry. The company’s core business is sourcing and retailing a wide variety of organic foods (Whole Foods Market, 2011). The company’s product portfolio consists of food items in the following categories: snacks, frozen foodstuffs, supplements, beverages, pantry and staples (Whole Foods Market, 2011). Other products include seafood, meat, poultry, educational books and gift baskets (Whole Foods Market, 2011). Whole Food Market has its headquarters in Austin, Texas and boasts of 300 stores and 9 distribution centers that are located in North America, Canada and the UK. The company’s mission is “to promote the vitality and well-being of all individuals by supplying the highest quality and most wholesome foods available” (Whole Foods Market, 2011). This paper will analyze the competitive environment of Whole Foods Market using the porter’s five forces model and the SWOT analysis. Trends in Retailing Organic Foods Retailing organic foods is associated with two main trends namely, high competition and steady growth. The organic foods industry in North America and UK is undergoing a revolutionary change as firms compete for clients and quality products. Thus there are high levels of product differentiation and innovation. This has prompted Whole Foods Market to focus on customer oriented strategies through emphasis on high level of quality standards (Whole Foods Market, 2011). The competition is a threat to the company’s growth plan. The industry recorded $ 76 billion in sales in the last financial year which is 5 % higher as compared to the pervious year (Whole Foods Market, 2011). The increase is attributed to three factors which are as follows. First, there is increased awareness among the clients on the role of organic foods in promoting long-term health. Second, the clients are well educated and have the purchasing power that encourages spending on organic foods. Finally, the concerns over environmental degradation promote the production of organic foods. These factors present growth opportunities to Whole Foods Market in two ways. First, the company can increase its revenue by taking advantage of the high demand f
The focal point of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the characteristics of Creon and Antigone and compare and contrast their personalities in the image of the two famous comments by each of the main characters (Creon and Antigone) in the play by Sophocles. The central paradox of the play is interwoven with concepts of obedience, law, justice, and belief. However, the bottom line of the paper would enumerate whether if Antigone has an obligation to obey or disobey Creon’s law or not. In Antigone, Creon declares that “ There is no greater wrong than disobedience. This ruins city, this tears down our homes, this breaks the battle-front in panic. If men live decently, it is because discipline saves their very lives. So, I must guard the men who yield to order, not let myself be beaten by a woman ” (Sophocles 126-7, 672-677). It is an interesting fact that the actions taken by Creon, the King of Thebes, are unsolicited by the citizens of Thebes but hardly anyone has the courage to utter it. T
Vachel Lindsay is an American poet devoted most of his life to singing poetry and art which he studied. Considering cinematography as part of art, he had written one of the first serious books devoted to film criticism, The Art of the Moving Picture . Generally, it was the first book devoted to silent film criticism. The author of the book had provided a critical overview of a number of theories devoted to films and supported those with the examples to show that his words are not empty. Lindsay tried to show artistic concepts in movies, like architecture, painting, and painting in motion (Lopate 3). Robert E. Sherwood is known as a playwright, whose stage success may be characterized by the following, Idiot’s Delight, Abe Lincoln in Illinois and There Shall Be No Night . Even though the works devoted to film criticism written by Sherwood were counted by the movie studios, the film criticism as an art had not been considered yet. Sherwood criticized two client movies written in 1920s, The Ten Commandments and Greed pointing to the morality, death and human destination at the earth and the possibility to show this (Lopate 28). H.L .Mencken is an American journalist, critic, editor and essayist. He was assured in the personal opinion and did not afraid to provoke the society by his point of view. One of the main points which appears under H.L. Mencken’s criticism in the movies is a fast change of screens, in his work presented in the anthology taken from Appendix from Moronia: Note on Technic . For example, the author mentions “fifteen or twenty maddening flashes” (Lopate 37) in the Shaw. This is considered to be the main characteristic feature of the movies in 1910’s, furious and fast change of scenes. Harry Alan Potamkin is one of the most serious film critics of his time. Starting a career of film critic from the formalist emphasis on the cinematic technique on the basis of the personal experience, he managed to achieve high success in the industry. One of the most important of his works is The Passion of Joan of Arc where Potamkin states on the audience desire to see eventual movies, as he believed that “the film which does not dwell upon itself does not realize itself” (Lopate 48). Potamkin wrote about the possibilities of combining both sound and picture in the movies which h is going to be the greatest breakthrough in the cinematography. Cecelia Ager is famous for many critic works in the field of cinematography. She is the first woman who was employed to the show-business weekly and the first film critic.
Introduction After the war: The political economy of exporting democracy is written by Coyne. This book is an analysis of geopolitical trends and the development of different political movements and practices. Despite the name of this book starting with “war,” Coyne actually focuses on the issue of democracy and why the United States has not succeeded in exporting its political values. The author reviews the many war conflicts that the state has been involved in, such as in Iraq or Japan, to answer this question. Coyne (2006) argues that one should adopt an economic perspective, which allows one to understand the motives of human behavior, to understand why the success of democratic expansion has been mixed. Moreover, in his book, the author warns about the threat from the states that are perceived as weak since they do not practice democracy. In total, there are eight chapters in this book, which disclose the different cases of the US deploying troops to different states, the official reasoning for these events, and the outcomes. This paper will summarize the eight chapters of After war: The political economy of exporting democracy. Main body In the first chapter Coyne (2006) addresses whether the promotion of democratic values is possible through violence and force. The reason for this is that the United States has used the excuse of protecting democracy when interfering in the internal affairs of different states. Despite this noble declaration, the number of states that have adhered to the democratic principles after this is low, with Japan and Germany being the most notable examples. The author begins by assessing the case of the USS Maine exploding near the Cuna’s coastline during the growing tensions between Cuba and Spain. Although these tensions were the official cause of the US’s interference, Coyne (2006) also cites the economic interests of America as a case that needs further review. After interfering in Cuban affairs, the United States continues to use the Platt Amendment to justify the deployment of troops to other states. At the end of the chapter, the author offers non-intervention and support for free trade