ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Research can be defined as “a systematic investigation,” designed to provide new knowledge (Gottesman and Sandler, 2004). Systematic investigation could entail many different procedures like observation and interviewing. A human subject in research implies an individual from whom a researcher obtains information through a given data collection method be it interviews, use of questionnaire or review of private records of the individual (Grant & Sugarman, 2004). Private information in this case is that information, which an individual considers personal and cannot be revealed to the public. For the information to be treated as private information in research, then the information must be personally identifiable such that the information is associated with someone precisely (Grant & Sugarman, 2004). Children are defined by human subjects’ research regulation as persons who have not attained the legal age for consent to treatment or procedures involved in the research, under the applicable law of the jurisdiction in which the research will be conducted (Williams, 2005). In the US, the definitive age of adulthood varies from state to state. This therefore means that, there is no blanket rule of legal age for adulthood (Williams, 2005). Nonetheless, majority of the states has eighteen years as the legal age of adulthood. The specific methods and treatments used in the research take also into account the definition of children (Williams, 2005). For instance, in some areas individuals may legally assent to certain medical action even when they are sixteen years old. In such an instance, such persons will be regarded as adults if they will be involved in a research activity that involves such treatments. However, a person must be considered a child if a proposed research activity includes an issue for which the person has not attained the legal age of consent. It is also worth noting that an assent is viewed as the child’s confirmatory accord to take part in research. Children are taken as vulnerable populations since they have limited objective, logical, and legal abilities (Williams, 2005). Current policies on human subjects’ research The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) was the first organization to create formal policies for protection of human subjects (Williams, 2005). The Common Rule (45 CFR 46 Subpart A), which was informed by the Belmont Report of 1979 and which became law in 1981 gives guidelines for the protection of human subjects in research (Beauchamp, 2008). Included in the Belmont Report are the important aspects of ethical research with human individuals, which include the three ethical principles; beneficence, justice and respect for persons (Grant & Sugarman, 2004). All these principles are contained even in international protocols such as the Declaration of Helsinki which indicates that physicians in medical research have a duty to not only protect life, heal
Introduction Today, the world experiences hard times as it faces one of the most complex challenges of the 21st century. The pandemic of coronavirus is considered a serious threat to the health of nations, their economies, well-being, and even the future. Regardless of all attempts to localize the outbreak of the disease and avoid its spread, COVID-19 managed to enter multiple countries and precondition the emergence of difficult situations related to people’s health. Globalization of the contemporary world and modern lifestyles can be considered the central reasons for the fast propagation of the disease. The high popularity of traveling and the ability to reach different countries by using planes promoted the development of pandemic. There are multiple measures that are offered today as the method to stop the deterioration of the situation, and minimization in the number of contacts remains one of the most effective ones. For this reason, adherence to the stay-at-home rules introduced by the government is vital to struggle against COVID-19. Background China was the first state that experienced the epidemics of coronavirus and had to introduce specific measures to avoid critical outcomes. The government managed to introduce extremely severe measures presupposing complete isolation of regions affected by COVID-19 and minimization of contacts, movement, and interactions. Regarding the fact that there is no effective treatment against the disease, the given measures turned out to be effective as they minimized the risk of new patients’ emergence and provided the healthcare sector with the time and resources needed to face the challenge. The success of the given approach is also evidenced by the fact that today China comes back to normal life and removes constraints. For this reason, other states, where the situation is critical, such as Italy, Spain, and the USA, adopt this experience and introduce stay-at-home rules to decrease the speed of COVID-19 spread and control the situation. Benefits of Stay-at-Home Rules Decreased Speed of the Disease The ability to slow down the disease and avoid the emergence of new patients is one of the central benefits of the stay-at-home rules. Researches show that COVID-19 is an extremely virulent pathogen that affects people in different environments (De Soto et al.). Its transmission occurs when small drops of water that contain the water are expelled by an infected individual (De Soto et al.). It means that these virus-ridden particles can be inhaled by health people during simple contacts such as talking, shaking hands, eating together, or moving close to each other (Bruns et al.). In such a way, the absence of a specific and complex method of transmission makes the virus extremely dangerous for the society, and at the same time, justifies the introduction of the stay-at-home rules as they minimize interactions between people and help a person to remain healthy. Faster Recovery Str
Kennedy’s Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association Kennedy’s speech primarily addresses the American cove values that should not be related to person’s religious beliefs. At the very beginning of the speech, the future Presidents states that the state and religion should be absolutely separated from each other because being Catholic, Protestant, or Baptist is each individual’s own business. In this respect, Kennedy’s emphasizes that the President will never rely on church while introducing political, social, and cultural reforms to the United Stated. At the same, Kennedy’s assures that his religious judgment will never affect his attitude to people from diverse religious group because he focuses primarily on the idea of human equality and religious tolerance of the highest priority. To underscore this position, the future Presidents highlights the controversial issues of people’s judgment who believe that religion can have an impact on government because he was the first Catholic president. However, his notice about people’s negligence of other Presidents’ religious beliefs showed that personal perceptions do not influence the objectivity of their policies. To make the speech more persuasive, Kennedy refers to the idea of religious groups should not be connected to political and economic affairs in the country because religious diversity is more associated with personal beliefs. The candidate manages to explain that the U.S. Constitution does not uphold any religious oaths and, therefore, it is the President’s obligation to adhere to democratic and equality principles. Presenting his objective and transparent views on the American social structure, Kennedy effectively expands on the concept of freedom, liberty, and loyalty to people, rather than to church. At the end, Kennedy addresses American people and makes them judge his actions rather his personal religious position. Analysis of Introductions and Conclusions of Speeches Introducing a specific topic should attract readers and provide them with the reason for listening to the speech up to the end. Therefore, the opening part of a speech plays an essential role. In this respect, most speech start either with a concrete story, or a provoking thesis that is unknown and intriguing and that generates more questions than answers. Several speeches have been analyzed – Barack Obama’s Campaign Policy Speech on Iraq, Movie speech presented by Russell Crow in Beautiful Mind , and Abraham Lincoln’s speech on Second Inaugural Address. All the spokespersons applied to different strategies for attracting the audience. Hence, Obama’s speech starts his address to the audiences by referring to the historical facts and comparing those with present situation. In such a manner, the President manages to establish credibility and review the main thesis of a narration (Obama n. p.). John Nash in Beautiful Mind starts his speech with asking a tricking questions which captures the audience and makes them focus on further narration. Finally, Abraham Lincoln hooks the lis
The Chesapeake Virginia is a small town in the state of Virginia with a population of 225000 people. The increased rate of heart disease is the key determining factors of the population’s poor health condition. The environmental influencing components might include air pollution, the prevalence of smoking, and prolonged exposure to hazardous toxins. Chesapeake Virginia possesses high rates of heart diseases and heart failures in relation to the data from the state of Virginia and National average. The main factor is the lack of a strong anti-smoking campaign, which plays a major role in eliminating the incidences of preventable diseases. The smoking in the given region is responsible not only for cardiovascular problems but also malignant cancer and respiratory health issues. Tabaco smoking has been known for being one of the direct causes of lung cancer and heart attacks. According to the recent statistics on the Chesapeake Virginia’s health report on the overall population, the numbers for diseases for heart rate is almost 25% higher than state’s average (Chesapeake Regional Medical Center, 2015). It is important to note that the state of Virginia possesses higher heart fatality values than the National statistics, which makes the situation direr (Chesapeake Regional Medical Center, 2015). Although there is no direct study of the specific cause, the prevalence of the cardiovascular disease is mostly linked with the problems of smoking. Tabaco contains a number of hazardous toxins that weaken the heart’s functionality alongside the arterial pressure due to the thickening of the blood (Cedars et al., 2016). It also severely affects the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood cells due to the presence of the carbon monoxide in the smoke. Chesapeake Virginia health statistics show that the value for diseases of heart rate is 192.8, whereas the number for the state of Virginia is 157.4, which is slightly higher than National average (Chesapeake Regional Medical Center, 2015). All these data illustrate that Chesapeake Virginia possesses a serious issue of poor environmental health condition. The high concentrations of the carbon monoxide (CO) in the air is one of the key influencing factors of a poor environment. The main causes of the elevated rate of CO are linked to the prevalence of smoking and unfiltered wastes from factories. Both of these carbon monoxide sources are present in the Chesapeake Virginia due to the lagging anti-smoking campaign and manufacturing dependency. The small size of the town, which is around 225000 people, is one of the reasons for high statistics in diseases of heart rate (Chesapeake Regional Medical Center, 2015). Many effective legislative and non-profit organizations combating the smoking problem do not prioritize small population cities. Another cause is the lack of proper environmental regulations in the given area, which allows large manufacturers to excessively pollute the ai
Dyslexia affects children with normal eyesight and intellect in different ways, such as an inability to read or acquire words. Coaching or a specialized educational intervention may help most children with Dyslexia to perform better in school. According to the article, Learning difficulties are one of the many consequences of Dyslexia. A youngster with Dyslexia will have difficulty keeping up with their classmates in most classrooms since reading is such a fundamental ability in so many areas. In the absence of treatment, Dyslexia may lead to poor self-esteem, behavioral issues such as anxiety or anger, as well as detachment from peers and teachers, and parents. When Dyslexia is not diagnosed and addressed throughout the childhood, it may lead to long-term issues in adulthood. The chances of children succeeding in life are reduced if they cannot learn to read and comprehend. The author explains that Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may make Dyslexia more difficult to cure by causing difficulties in maintaining focus, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Children with Dyslexia are more likely to experience learning challenges if their siblings and parents suffer from the same condition. Furthermore, men are more likely than females to suffer from Dyslexia; however, the disorder affects people of all ages, socioeconomic, and ethnic backgrounds. Children born with dyslexia struggle with reading, understanding, and spelling. The article expands my topic understanding in several ways. I learned that Dyslexic children are great empathizers; many people with Dyslexia have a real personality. The writing and reading difficulties might help children empathize with those struggling. The article’s strength is that it has discussed the causes and effects of Dyslexia with the right age bracket consideration, that is, from age 4 to 10. The article’s weakness is that it generalized the genders without being specific; again, it only mentioned that Dyslexia is more often experienced in male children compared to females without explaining the reasons. Concerning
The concept of self-worth is critical to understand as it implies identifying and valuing oneself as a person. This notion cannot be measured against any scale or standard, which makes it difficult to define and estimate. As a result, some people struggle with self-understanding and determining the sources of their worth. In my view, self-worth is an internal state derived from within an individual and not from the external environment. Despite a widespread belief, self-acceptance does not depend on the viewpoints and words of other people; instead, it focuses on discovering and regarding oneself. With numerous factors contributing to our beliefs, perspectives, and, eventually, self-worth, it is easy to draw upon others’ ideas of the meaning and purpose of life. According to Flynn and Chow, self-esteem along with self-worth are “factors that are correlated with subjective stress” (83). I believe that accepting yourself and your own outlook on life is critical to coming to terms with yourself and avoiding feeling stressed, anxious, or guilty for no apparent reason. Since there is no universal meaning in life, each individual acquires it in their own ways. Once I realized this idea, it became easier for me to accept and appreciate myself. My self-worth does not originate in other people but comes from my perspective on life and the respect for my own beliefs, choices, experiences, actions, and goals. Lack of respect for oneself prevents the individual from fully discovering their potential, achieving their unique goals, and pursuing happiness. Furthermore, a person’s value is not determined by their age, gender, appearance, academic performance, career, relationship status, financial situation, or accomplishments. My self-worth is all about my inner harmony with how I am and where I find myself at the given point. The outside forces that are beyond one’s control cannot be used to measure one’s value. Reference Flynn, Deborah M., and Peter Chow. “Self-Efficacy, Self-Worth and Stress.” Education, vol. 138, no. 1, 2017, pp. 83-88. Web.
Service quality refers to the outcome of a certain service relative to expected performance. Service quality determines the impact that an organization has on its customers. In addition, it determines its economic competitiveness in the market. High competition in the global markets has prompted organizations to focus on providing service of high quality to their customers. Organizations are always in search for different ways that can help them to gain competitive advantage over their competitors. Service quality management is one of the strategies that many companies are employing today in order to deal with the challenges of deregulation and high competitiveness. There are several reasons that render management of service quality important. Quality of service is one of the ways used to gain customer loyalty, sustain growth and earnings, and counter global competition. Offering services of high quality is necessary because it wins customer loyalty, which is an important aspect of growth for any business. Moreover, providing quality service contributes si
Introduction Euthanasia is a subject that continues to elicit mixed reactions from all quarters in the public domain. Most prominent among these reactions are heated debates between the proponents and opponents of the subject as to whether it should be embraced as an acceptable option under some circumstances. A few nations across the globe have legalized euthanasia but even so, the debate over its ethical and moral acceptability has not subsided within such countries. Any time attention is drawn to this subject, it evokes deep emotions, which can be attributed to the fact that it involves matters of life and death. However, this aspect cannot stop discussions over the issue especially when more of the world’s nations seem to be contemplating legalizing euthanasia. An Overview of Euthanasia The meaning of euthanasia has changed over the years from how it was originally construed to what it means to the contemporary world. This element is partly attributable to the advancements in medical technology and the sophistication of people’s concept of life. Today, euthanasia is defined as the killing of a patient with the doctor’s full knowledge of doing so under instruction by the patient (Pereira 38-45). The definition extends to include the act of a physician knowingly prescribing lethal drugs to a patient at the patient’s request. However, this definition still fails to capture a situation where life sustaining medication or machine is withdrawn to allow a patient to die with the patient’s consent or not, yet this practice too has become part of the term euthanasia (Stevens 187-200). The two different approaches to euthanasia both fall under active versus inactive and voluntary versus involuntary. However, the motive and the outcome remain the same because the result is a premature death for the patient as intended when the exercise is undertaken. Prelude to the Argument The proponents of euthanasia have advanced several reasons, which make them vouch for its legalization or rather its moral acceptance. Some of these reasons seem reasonable enough, but they are completely discredited by the fact that conscious termination of life is involved. For as long as euthanasia is generally unaccepted worldwide, debates will continue to rage on with proponents of euthanasia t
Introduction The change in focus towards the transformation and fundamental role played by labour movements have largely been attributed to the emergence of new social-cultural, political and economic delineations of trade unions. The metamorphosis experienced in trade union movements especially in United States of America and some parts of Western Europe served as indicators of the growing internal and external forces that encountered workers (Biggs 467). It is also imperative to mention that the evolution of labour movements has undergone through myriad of phases but mainly agitated by the need for workers to access better terms of working conditions. At this point, several questions on the evolution of labour movements emerge. For instance, what exactly happened in the last two decades of the 20 th century? Why has the rapid evolution of labour movements led to the decline of trade unions? Is the evolution justified? If not, why and how did it affect progression? What is the future of trade unions towards the development of global economy? It is the resilience of these questions that must be answered to curve out the new roadmap for trade unions on a global scale. Hence, this paper intrinsically seeks to analyze and evaluate the evolution of labor movements in the USA, Western Europe. In order to achieve this, the paper highlights the implications and ramifications of the early labor movement on today’s labor laws in different countries and especially how they apply in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A brief history of labour movements in Western Europe and the USA Feasel posits that labour movements in the USA and western Europe began taking effect during the industrial revolution when jobs in the agricultural sector declined and individuals had to shift to industrial areas to seek employment (654). Many trade unions and labour parties in the USA were formed in the mid 19 th century to represent workers, resolve jurisdictional disputes, coordinate strikes and fight for rights of workers. This was necessary especially bearing in mind that this was at the peak of industrial and agrarian revolution when mass numbers of workers were being hired to work on farms and industrial establishments. On the other hand, Biggs expounds that the history of trade unions in Western Europe can be traced back to the mid 20 th century when the nation was in key defining stages of its highly fragile future (467). Due to the vast impacts of the World War II in which UK was largely involved in addition to the ramifications of the Cold War which demanded critical preparedness, trade unions acted as key partners to the government. Between 1950s and 1970, the intensification of mining and industrial activities for rebuilding the nations in this region especially the UK saw an even stronger involvement of t