ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
People live according to the strict rules set by the society. That is why, if a human being wants to live in some society, he/she is obliged to follow these accepted norms of behavior which are known as ethical values. All these ethical values are based on justice and equality. People should be equal, and everyone should respect the rights of the others. Justice and fairness are the basic values of many people. However, they may have different points of view concerning these notions. Thus, these two terms have different interpretations. Rationality is another crucial point that helps keep peace and order in the society. It is a well-known fact that people have some aggressive instincts which are suppressed by the society. The reign of rationalism restrains sensibility and helps human beings control themselves. There should be a certain balance between rationalism and sensitivity as far as pure rationalism deprives people of the feelings and joy. Every person should value the universal application of a fair system in order to achieve some ethical results. Everyone has certain responsibilities before the society which he/she is expected to fulfill. A fully-responsible adult should perform his/her duties. If people ignore these rules accepted by the society, there will be chaos and anarchy, and the mankind will be on the brink of extinction. My blind spot is a belief that the end justifies the means. Sometimes, people concentrate on their beliefs and motives and do not pay attention to the methods they use to achieve their goals. A desire to attain their aims blinds people. It should be pointed out that it is impossible to achieve a fair result using unfair methods. Sometimes, I do not pay attention to the methods I use to realize my objective. In fact, people are inclined to ignore the means they use. It happens because there are a lot of examples when people achieve success with the help of unfair methods. Thus, the question arises if it is a real success. Unequal conditions result in unjust outcomes even if the process itself is fair. According to my personal ethic code, a course of action should be assessed according to the notions of justice and fairness. People’s wishes as well as methods which they use to achieve their goals should not violate the rights of the others. A person should be aware of the possible risks of becoming autocratic by commanding other people and forgetting about social and ethical equality as a result. Thus, the people who lose control over themselves are difficult to bring over to one’s point of view as far as they believe that their values are t
Post-Impressionism is one of the most vivid art movements of the period between 1880 and 1905 which developed mainly in such European countries as France and England. Following the ideas of Impressionism, such painters as Paul Cezanne developed their unique vision of depicting emotions and impressions in a picture. Paul Cezanne (1839–1906), the French artist, is often discussed as the founder of Post-Impressionism movement and its ideologist. The new approach to reflecting personal emotions can be observed with references to Cezanne’s paintings. Focusing on the personal vision of art, the artist developed the links between previous Impressionism and further Cubism (Medina). That is why, the works by Cezanne are characterized by the extreme focusing on forms and colors in order to represent the author’s specific vision of the world. Thus, to understand the variety and depth of Cezanne’s paintings, it is necessary to concentrate on the most famous works of the artist. In his works, Cezanne intended to demonstrate emotions and ideas which could be reflected in abstract artificial forms. The artists did not pay much attention to perspectives and to the relations between foreground and background because the main focus was on the meaning which often could be rather symbolic. The works by Cezanne are easily recognized because of the strict forms and contrasts (Medina). To accentuate definite objects, the artist often used simple colors, but with developing a lot of tones. Furthermore, Cezanne effectively used the play of light. Compote, Pitcher and Fruit, 1892 The Black Marble Clock, 1869–1871 This approach helped draw the audience’s attention to the meaning of the paintings instead of presenting the natural objects in relation to their real forms and colors. From this point, Post-Impressionism is the art of emotions and deep ideas in which the depicted objects serve only for reflecting these ideas (Rabinow). Woman Seated, in Blue, 1902 The Card Players, 1892 It seems that in his works, Cezanne did not differentiate between the approaches to depicting the humans, natural objects, or artificial objects. Bold multidirectional strokes are typical for all Cezanne’s paintings in spite of the object for depiction. From this point, it is interesting to pay attention to Cezanne’s depiction of the nature and landscapes. The changes in the perspective and spaces are represented by the artist with the help of changing colors and contrasting the tones (Rabinow). Cezanne’s landscapes are intended to represent the artist’s emotions about them rathe
Martin Luther King greatly contributed to the development of civil rights movement in the United States; in his books and essays, he was able to shape public views on the ethical aspects of civil disobedience and protests against social injustice and laws. This paper is aimed at discussing his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail. In particular, it is necessary to analyze this work in terms of ethos, pathos, and logos and the way in which King balances these three appeals in order to convince the readers. It should be taken into consideration that King’s letter was a response to the Public Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen or Call for Unity . To a great extent, its authors disapproved demonstrations against segregation and urged African-American community to withstand their rights in courts, rather than organize public protests. This suggestion was hardly acceptable for Martin Luther King. Overall, it is possible to argue that King is able to show that civil disobedience is a legitimate way of bringing social change. This is the main thesis that should be analyzed. At first, Martin Luther King makes an explicit appeal to ethos or credibility of the speaker. In other words, he tries to demonstrate that he is competent and knowledgeable enough in order to represent the black community. For instance, he points out that he was “president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference” (King unpaged). Furthermore, he speaks about the work of this organization and its principles, especially the avoidance of violenc
Descartes in his first meditation is skeptical about perceptual knowledge, his concern being the inability to cite the difference between the way one thinks and reasons while asleep and when awake. His argument basically is that dreams are fallacious and that they disguise to be real but in reality, he argues, they are not. His second argument rests upon the idea of dreams being false experiences, those that seem to be real, but are not (Descartes 16). His aim therefore is to discredit dreaming claiming that it is far from reality and that senses should be doubted. Descartes seeks to justify the argument that some sensory experiences are false, and that whatever that happens in dreams are always false. But why is this so because sensory experiences occur in both dreams and while awake. Logically it is evident that by the time of waking up, Descartes was able to distinguish between reality and a dream because he realizes that he was asleep and that whatever happened was in his sleep which means that he was able to draw a line between dreams and reality. In his first meditation, he claims that the realities in both dreaming and waking up are so similar, because most of the things and happenings in dreams were usually similar to those that happen when one is awake. The problematic issue in this argument is that at times those things that one dreams of do not exist in reality. Where then will one place
A gainsharing plan is an enhanced system of performance-related pay. In a typical performance-based pay incentive the employees are expected to achieve a particular goal and then, rewarded based on that particular criteria. But in the case of the gainsharing plan, the process requires more than the accomplishment of tasks but it also enables the workers to join in the creation of the said scheme. Companies that successfully adopted gainsharing plans were shown to have bee more effective and efficient. One of the high-performing companies that benefited from this management strategy is Xerox. Although a gainsharing plan was proven to be an effective strategy, corporate leaders must be careful in applying this particular strategy before studying all the factors involved. A gainsharing plan occurs when workers are offered incentives in order to save on costs (Armstrong, 2002). At the same time, a gainsharing plan is characterized by the willingness of corporate leaders to promote cooperation and solidarity by demonstrating to their employees that the company values their opinions and ideas (Wright, 2004). The advantage of a gainsharing plan can be seen in the promotion of teamwork and cooperation because leaders communicate goals while at the same time workers have substantial access to performance information (Wright, 2004). Furthermore, employees are able to identify and deal with the obstacles that impeded excellent performance. In other words, productivity issues can be discussed and taken up as a team. It has to be pointed out that in a gainsharing plan every worker is involved in the process of problem-solving and the reduction of cost. In other words, every worker is part of a team (Boyett & Boyett, 2004). Since the leader of the team is either a manager or supervisor, the workers are assured that they always receive instructions from management. Gainsharing Plan at Xerox In the case of Xerox, the gainsharing plan resulted in the implementation of employee participation and work redesign effort (Ichniowski, Levine, Olson & Strauss, 2000). It began as a narrow quality circle program but it evolved into different changes that resulted in the creation of self-managing work teams as well as special problem-solving task forces (Ichniowski, Levine, Olson & Strauss, 2000). The company reported that the workers, supervisors and managers experienced greater flexibility, decentralized decision-making, reduction in status differences among workers and more importantly, it introduced a mechanism for resolving grievances in an informal manner (Ichniowski, Levine, Olson & Strauss, 2000). At Xerox, the gainsharing plan “was based on workers me
Introduction The region known as Chechnya is approximately 1,100 kilometers long and 32 to 180 kilometers in width (Gammer 2006). The ethnic and linguistic composition of the population of this region probably makes the range of the Caucasus the most varied area in the world. The area is home to more than seventy native ethnic groups the largest of which are the Chechens (Gammer 2006). According to statistics for a national Soviet census of 1989 the population numbered almost 1 million people (Gammer 2006). This land of the Chechens is a quadrilateral located in the North Eastern region of the Caucasus and is demarcated by the Terek and Sunja rivers in the West and the North (Gammer 2006). Most of Chechnya is located within the forest zone and prior to Russian conquest it formed a dense primeval forest even as recently as the beginning of the 21 st century (Gammer 2006). Due to this factor the region imposes a combination of two of the most difficult and complicated modes of war on any regular army pitching a battle in the mountain and forest terrain. In all battles between Chechens and the Imperial Russian and Soviet Armies, the locals showed great mastery in using these strategic features to their advantage (Gammer 2006). In the wars that took place in the 1990’s the Chechens proved their ability to adjust to modern conditions by exhibiting skill in urban warfare with Russian Federal forces. Background Before their first encounter with Russia, Chechens shared similar culture with all other ethnic groups in the Northern Caucasus region. Despite of their minor ethnic and linguistic differences all these groups defined themselves as mountaineers and also considered themselves as kin to each other (Gammer 2006). Because of this with minor variations they led a similar lifestyle, wore similar clothing and had similar traditions and customs. They were classified by some anthropologists as the nomadic-patriarchal type. The people of this region though not nomads mainly relied on livestock rearing as their main source of livelihood. Their societies existed along patrilineal lines into extended families, clans, tribes and tribal confederations (Gammer 2006). These served with varied emphasis at each level due to the fact that the focal point of identification and mutual responsibility were at the basis of the political, social and economic structures (Gammer 2006). Due to this nature of organization there was extreme vigilance over individual freedom and the strong rejection of any authority external to the kin group (Gammer 2006). Due to this strong bond in the community a case of murder was often solved by vendetta. The community was mainly a martial race and they were primarily raised to be warriors. This was evident by the frequent mutual raids that were part and parcel of their existence. In such
Introduction Team Dynamics is termed as prevalent enthusiasm and motivation that integrates different people and groups. The team’s reaction, behavior, and performance are a function of Team Dynamics. Team Dynamics can be a natural or artificial technique, which is generated because of any implementation or formation of any new arrangement, in terms of group and relationship. Considering the example of a group of 10 people, the group is involved in the sales and promotion services of the products for a particular company, within that particular group, we observe that 3-4 associates are good old friends, therefore this relationship will contribute and manifest the Team Dynamics, the impact can be positive or negative, but Team Dynamics will be in execution. Considering situations when within a similar office, we find divisions among the officials either because of their seating arrangements or different divisions these employees are working for, such barriers or classification will generate the mechanism of team dynamics, as the classification or grouping will create hindrance for the employees in terms of communication, and association. Team Dynamics can be introduced when any motivation or force is absent, taking the example of a group where the designation of the manager has been removed, therefore in the absence of the leader, the subordinates will exhibit behavioral abnormality. Team Dynamics is also involved when any of the company offers significant increment to its employees, this way positive attitude from the employees can be expected. The nature of the assignment also configures Team Dynamics. ‘Webster’s New World Dictionary gives the following definition of dynamics, the science dealing with motions produced by given forces, and the forces operative in any field. It is easy to see how the interactions of team members are subject to many forces, both external and internal. For example, external forces might include pressure to complete a task by a deadline, or within a limited budget, while internal forces might include pressure by a team ‘faction’ to choose a certain course of action, or impatience of some team members with others’ modes of participation. Such forces can easily influence or change the “motion” of a team towards achievement of its tasks’ (McNeill, 2000). Team Dynamics: Recognition Following are the parameters which can translate into the impact of Team Dynamics. These parameters influence the behavioral psychology of the employees. Personality styles The authority needs to understand the personal approach of each employee, and their level of adaptation. All of such activities which the organization intends to execute should conform with the adaptation level of the subordinates, and this way positive aspect of Team Dynamics can be ascertained. Team Roles The managers need to ensure that all the team members have appropriate assignment
Art is something that makes our life more beautiful, fascinating, and pleasant. Captivating paintings, magnificent sculptures, and amazing graphics – this all is about art. We enjoy it, we love it, and we try to find some kind of support in such works. Sculpture is one of the artworks, which are created with the help of some hard material, stones, glass, texts, sounds, lights, or wood separately or together. One of the brightest representatives of this type of art are Claes Oldenburg and his wife, Coosje van Bruggen. They are known for their Shuttlecock/Blueberry Pies I and II (detail), Spoonbridge and Cherry, Balancing Tools, and Knife Ship (Image 1). The collaboration between Oldenburg and Bruggen has brought so many interesting details in this art and made their works known to millions of people. Claes Oldenburg was born in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1929. He attended the courses of Art in Chicago and, in 1956, he moved to New York to create his sculpture and present them to the world. In 1972, he opened the Mouse Museum where he demonstrated his projects and documents. In 1976, he met Coosje Van Bruggen, an art historian and a wonderful artist, who was known by her colourful sculptures. “Claes Oldenburg has always carried a pocket notebook filled with sketches and ideas. His wife, Coosje van Bruggen, developed the same habit.” (Sarnoff 2002) This couple met in Amsterdam. Bruggen was an assistant curator at the retrospective exhibition of Oldenburg’s work. In 2009, Coosje van Bruggen died because of metastatic breast cancer at the age of 66. During their collaboration, they created more than 40 public sculptures. Their works were not only for different museums. They created sculptures for numerous parks and urban centres. Each of their creations represents huge objects in comparison to their surroundings. Flashlight , created in 1981 (Image 2) or a magnificent upended sculpture, and Buried Bicycle , created in 1990 (Image 3) and presented in Paris. At first, many professionals criticized the collaboration between Mr. Oldenburg and Ms. Bruggen. Sometimes, she got refuses for crediting, and Oldenburg had nothing to do but support his wife and proved that their works were worthy of attention. It was a true collaboration. Oldenburg created drawings and Bruggen chose the colours. They called their works and collaboration “a unity of opposites.” (Oldenburg, et al. 2007) However, with time, their creations became to be in great requisition. Their works may be found in different parts of the whole world: New York, Philadelphia, Nebraska, several cities in France, England, Italy, Japan, Germany, and many other countries. Of course, sculptures were not the only products of their collaboration. Oldenburg wanted to leave something for the next generation, so, he created annotations to the work. Bruggen suggested the idea of small scale in order to present “books of drawings to be reasonable enough in price for students to acquire.” (Axsom et al. 1997) Both of these two sculptors had their own opinions concerning their collaboration. Oldenburg said that their work reflect the surroundings and the context through their own
Any time we talk about perfection, we present ourselves with a big problem. This is especially because we are living in a world that has so much been tainted by human selfishness that it is almost impossible to attain perfection especially in the business field. Nevertheless, we can talk about perfect competition in business by considering several parameters. Generally, perfect competition can be said to occur when there is no participant involved in the business that has power to influence the market. In this kind of a scenario, no one has the power to influence the price or the quality of goods or services provided on the market. The market should be governed only by demand and supply which is not influenced or controlled intentionally by anyone. Several determinants can be used to describe a perfect market. Some of those determinants include the following. One, there should exist a very large number (almost infinite) of buyers as well as sellers. Two, there should be no barriers that can prevent someone from entering or leaving the market. Besides, every participant in the market should have all the information that is needed to participate in the market. It is also important that there should be no costs incurred in transaction processes. Another characteristic that can be seen in a perfect market is the presence of products with similar characteristics and quality. A stock market is a classic example of perfect competition provided firms do not influence the price of stocks intentionally. This market has an infinite number of buyers and sellers apart from exhibiting all the other characterized of a perfect market model. Another example of a perfect market can be seen in third world countries food market in the streets. This market has a large number of buyers and sellers, has no entry and exit barriers and has products with similar quality and characteristics among other desirable characteristics displayed in perfect competition. Globalization, which is the integration of global economies and markets, is affecting competition significantly. A perfect way to look at how globalization is affecting markets is by looking at trade agreements like NAFTA that allow goods to move across borders tax free as markets are merged. One result of these agreements is unfair competition especially to poorer countries where producers as farmers in countries like the United States are given government subsidies. This makes it impossible for