ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the most widespread sexually transmitted infections in the world. More than one hundred types of HPV have been described since 1930s when the infection was identified. HPV can lead to such serious diseases as “cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), cervical and other anogenital cancers (vulva, vaginal, anus, penile), head and neck cancers, genital warts, and recurrent respiratory papillomatoses” (Brisson et al. 5399). More so, according to World Health Organization (WHO) some types of HPV are found in about 70% of cervical cancer samples worldwide (Human Papillomavirus Laboratory Manual 5). Fortunately, Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screening programs have led to reduction of cervical cancer mortalities (Shors 263). One more effective way to prevent the development of cervical cancer was introduced in the early 1990s (Shors 265). Vaccination has been regarded as one of the most effective tools to prevent cervical cancer. However, some researchers cast doubt on the cost-effectiveness of vaccination. For instance, many researchers point out that vaccination is more beneficial for vaccine producers rather than for those vaccinated (Lippman 570). Admittedly, high prize of vaccines, the lack of the necessary research in the field and existence of other effective tools of prevention raise many questions concerning the need in vaccination or its effectiveness. The present paper touches upon biology of HPV infection and its natural history. It also deals with the effectiveness of the vaccination pointing out the most effective tools of the cervical cancer prevention. The history of the virus dates back 1932 when Richard Shope identified the first papilloma virus demonstrating the “the induction of papilloma in cottontail rabbits by a viral agent” (Ou & Yen 7). Nowadays more than 110 papilloma viruses are described. Though, this virus affects mammals as well as birds, papilloma viruses affecting humans are mostly studied (Shors 263). HPV infection often causes occurrence of papillomas in the skin (these papillomas occur in genitals, hands or feet). The virus gets to the organism through the damaged skin (Shors 263). HPV is a non-enveloped virus measuring 55nm in diameter. It only affects “the cutaneous and mucosal epithelia of the anogenital tract or upper respiratory tract” (Ou & Yen 263). HPV cannot affect other skin layers (e.g. dermis) because “those cells are not metabolically active” (Shors 263). The virus particles have dsDNA which are about eight thousand base pairs. It is worth mentioning that the receptor of the virus is still unidentified, though it is believed that heparin sulfate is the mediator of the virus’ entry (Ou & Yen 8). Research of HPV infections has led to the development of a particular classification. There are three major types of HPV infections: high-, intermediate- and low-risk types (Shors 263). Types 18 and 16 often lead to the development of cancer. These types of the infecti
Background There are real advantages to legal practitioners if the conflicts of laws and rules are harmonized across the EU. In particular, harmonization of the rules means that members of the EU Bar can advise clients involved in cross-border litigation with more confidence on which Courts within the EU are likely to accept jurisdiction; and what system of law those Courts will apply to resolve their clients’ disputes. This is particularly important in the field of contractual disputes – where cross-border trade may be effected unless that parties can be reasonably confident as to which legal systems govern their contractual relationship; and which Courts will have jurisdiction to resolve a cross-border dispute. It is therefore important to put in place measures which will help promote that legal certainty: and indeed see the harmonization of contractual choice of law issues as likely to result in more substantial and practical benefits to business users than attempts to harmonize the domestic contractual laws by the introduction of a novel and inherently uncertain European-wide system of contract law (North, 1993). Harmonization of the contractual choice of law issues is best achieved by the adoption of a Community instrument, with the ECJ therefore having jurisdiction to interpret the instrument and ensure uniformity of application across the EU. Statement of problem This research paper will explore the issues related to Choice of law in contract under the Rome Convention and particularly article 4 as its main area of concern. The paper aims to achieve this by examining international private law with reference to the Rome Convention, article 4. It will further tackle the issue of harmonization whereby it will evaluate this with respect to the Hague conference on private international law and the United Nations Convention
Overview Industrialization and technological advancements have increased the global demand of natural resources. In this process, nations have strived to come up with innovative and creative means of acquiring, processing, and transporting these scarce resources (Kaija, 2012). For over a century now, the demand for oil and natural gas has been increasing over time. This demand has been triggered by the industrial growth particularly in the United States of America and Western Europe. Given this high demand, these nations have been forces to acquire these resources from Northern Africa and South West Asia (Kaija, 2012). In this respect, the Suez Canal plays an important role in the acquisition of natural gas and oil as it eases the cost of transportation of these products that would have otherwise been transported around Africa through the Cape of Good Hope. History of the Suez Canal As asserted by (author and year), the Suez Canal is considered as one of the most important waterways in the contemporary world. The geographical position of this waterway enables it to acts as a shortcut between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea saving costs and shipping time. As such, it saves a maritime voyage of approximately 7000km around Africa (Bayer, 2013). Completed on the 17 th of November 1869, the Suez Canal handles approximately 2.5% of the global oil and natural gas transportation (Bayer, 2013). Historically, this canal has been of great importance especially during the colonial era since it provided colonial powers such as Great Britain, Germany, and Fra
Every year Yellowstone National Park attracts numerous visitors who come not only from the USA but also from a range of foreign countries. It looks so alluringly to the public mainly because of the fact that it is located on a fiery mass of magma that used to cause terrible extinctions (Daniel, 2015). Nowadays, a threat of detonation still exists, which makes people willing to see the park and experience the emotions they cannot feel being elsewhere. Yellowstone became the first national park of the USA at the end of the 1800s under the rule of President Ulysses S. Grant (“Park Geology”, 2005). It is mostly located in Wyoming (96%) but also reaches the territory of two other states. The bigger part can be found in Montana (3%) while its smallest part is in Idaho (1%). Thus, it seems to be clear that the park covers a huge area. Geography expert Amanda Britney states that Yellowstone is almost 9,000 sq km, and it is made up of “various geothermal features like geysers, as well as mountains, lakes, canyons and rivers” (2014). The park was explored many times starting with the beginning of the 1800s so that today a lot of information about its geography, geology, flora and fauna is available for scientists and the general public. It was concluded that while the whole territory of the park extends through three states, 5% of it refers to the bodies of water. Yellowstone Lake is considered to be the largest reservoir that covers about 350 sq km. Even though its depth is not consistent, the average measure is 42 m while the deepest point equals 120 m. Lake’s altitude elevation is almost 2,360 m, which allows to claim that it is the highest lake in the Northern part of the USA. The rest of the park is represented mainly by forests, but grassland can be also found in some places. Except for that, there are lots of mountains and canyons, which cause variations in altitude that result in climate changes (Britney, 2014). Being located on the North American plate that used to move due to the tectonic changes, the park got its unique geography. “The Washburn Range in Yellowstone forms the skyline between canyon village and tower fall” (“Yellowstone National Park”, 2013, para. 7). The old road can lead the visitors through the park, allowing them to reach the summit of Mt. Washburn at 3,122 m. A dark breccia can be found in this way. It consists of angular volcanic stones and was formed about 50 million years ago. The park is full of volcanic mudflows. They form the Washburn Range and other mountains deposited more than 10 million years ago. Mount Washburn and Sheridan are not far away. The Washburn Range seems to be a residue of a larger range that was expanding to the south of the current location and belonged
The case of the Piltdown man is a fraud that was presented in 1912 to the scientific community. It was the part of the skull and jaw with two teeth that the author of this artifact, Charles Dawson, claimed to be the missing link between ape and human (Kaplan, 2016). This discovery shook the academic community at that time because it contradicted the whole amount of scholarship about human evolution. In 1953, the scientific research stated it to be the fraud because they determined that it was the skull of a fully developed modern human, deliberately fused to the lower jaw of an orangutan (Webb, 2016). This extraordinary story seems impossible for modern science because the methods of testing and verifying different scientific discoveries are enormous. It is hard to understand what were the intentions and desires of the “authors” of this hoax because their biography is underresearched. The central figure here, Charles Dawson, was the amateur archaeologist whose activities are not thoroughly investigated even now (Redman, 2017). What is clear here is that this case shows the fallacies of the academic world in the 1910s. The scientific world was a closed place, so it was hard for one scholar to know the modern debates and features of research development. The case of the Piltdown man moved the research in an entirely wrong direction, so scientists realized that the scientific information should be public and accessible to anyone (Redman, 2017). Nowadays, the academic community is highly open, so every student with access to the university subscriptions and the local library has opportunities to avoid any delusion like it was in the Piltdown man case. Human evolution is a highly long evolutionary process that ultimately ended with the emergence of the modern man. The most vivid example of this gradual development is the evolution of the brain through the species. For instance, bipedalism played a crucial role in hominids making a qualitative step in becoming more developed creatures. It allowed the hominids to use their arms in processes quite similar to modern humans. It includes the use of tools created individually, the ability to collect fruits and berries by hand, and communication skills between species. Thus, in my opinion, the evolution of the brain was the key driver for the hominids becoming modern humans. One of the integral questions about human evolution is how scientists learned the information about processes that took place tens of thousands of years ago. In this reflection, the explanation will be built on the case of domesticating fire by Neanderthals. The research is based on macroscopic identification through the process of archeological research (Rosell & Blasco, 2019). The scientists investigated the change in color and physical structure of different burnt items, which allowed them to understand approximately when the fire occurred (Rosell & Blasco, 2019). The possible limitation is that it is not always clear whether the fire was started with the h
Introduction Chronic myelogenous leukemia is a hematopoietic disorder that affects the clone. It is identified by the displacement of chromosomes (9 and 22) and it ends up in the creation of novel fusion genetic code of Philadelphia translocation. The constitutive activity of tyrosine kinase highly contributes in the pathogenesis process of the disease. If a timely bone marrow transplant is not carried out on the patient, the patient can survive for approximately 3 to 5years (Daub, Specht & Ullrich 2004). High percentages of deaths are experienced from the time of the disease progresses to its advanced stage. Within the progress and advanced stage duration, a rapid proliferation and a transformation of lymphoid blasts from blasts process takes place. The chance of the patient surviving at the terminal blast stage is low. Chronic myelogenous leukemia can be treated by a therapy known as Imatinib. It is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and is used in clinics. Imatinib selectively inhibits CML cells proliferation. Imatinib mesylate is a therapy adopted to care and treat chronic myelogenous leukemia. Imatinib is heterogeneous in patients who harbor BCR-ABL mutations (Daub, Specht & Ullrich 2004). Pharmacodynamics implications The introduction of Imatinib mesylate therapy has shown a great improvement on CML treatment. The advance made on the treatment is a 2-phenylaminopyrimide and selective inhibitor of BCR-ABL. Imatinib plays a central role in patients with CML. It is also the required standard for managing the disease. Long lasting, continuous extensions and developments are produced by Imatinib and they increase the patient’s chances of surviving. Although Imatinib shows high rate of its initial response, about 10% of the patients who are in their early phase of CML display primary cytogenic resistance (Aleksandrov & Simonson 2010). The treatment of CML to such patients may also fail. Imatinib mesylate therapy fails in patient due to biological factors like BCR-ABL mutations and other variation in genes. Features in clinics also contribute to the failure of Imatinib mesylate therapy. The features include the current status of the disease or high score of sokal risk (Buschbeck 2006). IM Plasma trough levels variations also affects the molecular and cytogenetic responses in CML patients. Patients The Imatinib trough plasma concentration has an interrelationship with clinical response in various tumors that can be identified. The level of concentration of the mean trough plasma of Imatinib is
Introduction There are certain features that distinguish a comedy and set it apart from a tragedy. No matter how many faults are there in a comedy, the ending is always a classical happy ending. The other notable thing about a comedy is the plot of the story. The plot of any comedy is weaved in a way that the audience will have a sense of compassion mixed with affection for all the characters because every character has a unique essence which may be flawed to some extent. The audience finds it easier to relate to the characters due to their transformational nature. Main body There are two different types of comedies. This categorization of the comedies is based on the plot of the comedies. There is the comedy of action and a comedy of identity. One of the best examples of the comedy of identity is the play titled Much Ado about Nothing by William Shakespeare. One of the features of comedy of identity is the existent of a plot that is based on dialogue and not actions. The play titled much ado about nothing has this characteristic because its plot has very few tangible actions. The plot is weaved around the dialogue of characters. One of the main things that make this play to be without actions is the themes that it explores. Most of the themes in this play can easily be expressed through speech and that is why it has very many characters doing little and saying much. One of the major themes in this play is mistaken identity. This is one theme that can be expressed well through the dialogue of characters especially the place where there is dramatic irony. In this play, the lady hero is thought to be dead. Claudio, who was supposed to marry the hero, is now set to marry the cousin to the hero (Shakespeare 16). In actual fact, the hero is not dead and she is the one playing the role of the cousin that is supposed to marry Claudio. The other theme that enhances dialogue in this play is the battle of the sexes where there is more talk than action. In
The Stage Theory and Its Pros and Cons Stage theories are developed to organize and explain the complex life processes, to make definite predictions in relation to the further development of the process, and to conclude about the expected process’s outcomes. That is why, stage theories are typical for different social and behavioral sciences and disciplines (Rutjens et al., 2013, p. 313). Thus, stage theories are developed to explain the processes of the people’s adaptation to various situations as well as the changes in the people’s behaviours, attitudes, and perceptions (Dillenburger & Keenan, 2005, p. 93). The reference to the stage theory in order to explain the bereavement process is the comparably new tendency that is why different researchers determine various stages, and there are many critics of the appropriateness of stage theories to be applied to such complex processes as the bereavement process because of the impact of the individual factor (Dillenburger & Keenan, 2005, p. 92; Maciejewski et al., 2007, p. 718). That is why, the stage theory as the process of adjustment to the new situation is characterized by such pros as the possibility of adapting to the new life conditions gradually and the possibility of changing the chaotic state into the order; the cons related to the theory are the absence of the single opinion on stages and the influential role of the individual factor which prevents researchers from determining the length and aspects of separate stages. Stage theories provide people with some patterns of how to act and behave in different situations which are associated with definite changes in the people’s perceptions and attitudes. These theories also provide people with a kind of the necessary plan, as a result, people can feel that they are able control the chaos in their life, and it is possible to predict some changes in the behavior (Rutjens et al., 2013, p. 314). The group of researchers explain the people’s reference to stage theories with the focus on persons’ intentions to organize the life and processes round them (Rutjens et al., 2013, p. 314). Today, the process of people’s coping with the loss of a close person is also explained with references to the specific stage theory of grief which describes concrete stages through which the bereaved person usually moves while adapting to the new situation of living without a loved person (Dillenburger & Keenan, 2005, p. 93). Referring to the widely accepted stage theory of grief, it is possible to discuss the pros of the theory in detail. The stage theory provides a person with the opportunity to adapt to the changed situation gradually. Thus, the first interpretations of the stage theory included only four stages which were “shock-numbness, yearning-searching, disorganization-despair, and reorganization”, and then, the theory of bereavement was developed into the complex s
Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze the risk of pneumonia during the season of flu among people of 65 years and older who have influenza vaccination compared to those who do not. The role of the nurse in the process of diagnosis and treatment of the patient is described in this study. The research is based on the latest reviews and scientific articles considering the effectiveness and the safety of the vaccine and the causes of pneumonia for older patients. The result of the analysis shows that vaccination significantly lowers the risk of pneumonia and other complications of influenza among older adults. The role of the nurse is also considered to be educational because two-third of patients refuse to make vaccines. The efficiency and the safety of the influenza vaccination still raise questions and doubts. However, the World Health Organization advances the hypothesis that seasonal influenza vaccination is essential for older adults (World Health Organization, 2015). Some researchers propose the idea that the vaccine might not be so efficient as it is supposed to be. What is more, they pay attention to the lack of experiments and scientific monitoring (Trucchi, Paganino, Orsi, De Florentiis, & Ansaldi, 2015). The problem also consists of the impossibility of excluding the chronic diseases which are common among aged people. Nurses play a significant role in the treatment of the flu. The first reason for it is that this disease is not considered a serious one, that is why not so much attention is paid to its therapy. Nevertheless, nursing is essential to keep the situation under control and to be able to react immediately in the case of complications (Letley, 2018). Such illnesses as pneumonia are developing rapidly and require competent actions before the intense therapy. Nurses can prevent the complication of the flu by operating correctly and efficiently. The Specificity of Influenza Influenza is an acute respiratory infection that is spread all over the world. It is a seasonal disease that is most active in the period from the late autumn up to spring. It has typical symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and cough (Wilhelm, 2018). Adults aged 65 and older are in the group of high risk. The reason for it might be that 35% of the aged people are not protected from the flu with the vaccine (Wilhelm, 2018). The majority of hospitalizations caused by seasonal flu are related to the older patients. For most people, the flu is a mild illness that supposes some home treatment and, in rare cases, hospitalization for several days. None the less, there are humans that risk to have serious complications caused by influenza. Among them are babies and children up to five years, pregnant women, and people with chronic diseases like problems with the heart or asthma and elder humans (Wilhelm, 2018). About 80% of the deaths from the seasonal flu are related to older people (Wilhelm, 2018). The main reason for it is that the classic symptoms of the flu do not usually appear after the are of 65 (Trucchi et al.,2015). That is why the diagnostics and the treatment are provided too late when the situation becomes critical.