ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Memory serves our lives a very vital purpose. It becomes the storehouse of our experiences, of our learning, of everything which comes to pass our day to day life. It is where we stash both good and bad experiences and it is a place where we run into at times when we need to remember something. However, there are isolated instances when memory becomes a waterloo for many persons. There are cases in point when the precious memory becomes not so valuable anymore and may even contribute to a person’s downfall. Memory is an ever complicated process and still, studies are being extensively conducted so as to understand the processes being involved with it. To our knowledge, memory involves processes which are similar to that of learning. There are these processes which we call encoding and retrieval. The former refers to the manner of impressing into our minds the memories which we have acquired while the former refers to the manner by which a person reclaims the memories which have been stored earlier in time. Both processes are important because they work as conjoined courses of action which makes our memory and our mind useful to us. Logically, one does not serve its function without the other. However, the presence of both processes does not necessarily determine the sanity or stability of a person’s mind or ability to remember things correctly. There are these things which we call false memory and memory distortion wherein an event is believed by a person to have happened in his or her life due to some external corroboration. The influence of the external environment to the person leads this certain individual to believe things which actually haven’t happened and is just merely a product of his or her own imagination induced to them by the outside forces (Ofshe, 1992). Ramifications on the Reliability of Court Witnesses Because of this phenomenon which can happen to anyone, especially to those psychologically challenged or abused people, this certain syndrome has been identified to be detrimental to many aspects of the society not just in the micro perspective but even to the larger angle such as the court witnesses. Several prominent cases have been recorded which have something to with false memory and memory distortion. The most common case related to this phenomenon is sexual abuse- wherein an individual would suddenly file charges against a person for sexual assaults which the complainer believe to have happened when actually it hasn’t happened when tried on courts and when based on evidences. In fact, in the last two decades, thousands have come out of their nutshells and started accusing every person in their blood line of sexual assault and incest (Loftus, 1996). Because of this, there is a negative implication on the reliability of court witnesses or even complainants because their statements may have been induced to them and may have been a pure play of their imaginations. The justice system is therefore being jeopardized with this situation because it only proves that, in the absence of concrete evidences, they may try a certain indi
Introduction Breakfast, is one of the highly-rated meals among the human consumption rituals, although many go without it. Different people take different kinds of foods (bread, doughnuts), fruits (bananas, oranges) and drinks (tea, fruit juices, coffee) for their breakfast depending on; availability, weather conditions, taboo and mostly their financial status. This research project is going to critically focus on Bananas which to the best of knowledge is one of the most common and readily available breakfast meals. Banana is the commonly used name for the fruit and the plant, and is largely grown in the tropical lands. Bananas are believed to have been “domesticated in Papua New Guinea and today are cultivated throughout the tropics” (Hernandez & Witter 173). Banana plants are widely grown for their fruit and to a lesser extent for fiber production used for making ropes and mats. The banana plant is tall and fairly sturdy and can grow up to a “height of up to 8 meters with leaves of up to 3 meters” (Acrobat). The banana fruit has an outer cover known as the peel which protects the edible inner part rich in vitamin B 6, vitamin C and potassium. The plant can produce a bunch of green, yellow and red banana fruits before dying. After a mature plant is cut another plant sprouts to replace it. Bananas are normally eaten while raw or cooked, depending on the various cultures: for the western cultures What is eaten is the inner part and the peel is thrown away, while among the Asians, both the peel and the inner part are cooked and eaten together (Acrobat). Apart from being eaten as fruit, they are sometimes dried, cut and eaten as chips or ground into banana flour. The diagram below shows an appealing photo of some ripe banana fruits in a retail shop. Figure 1: ripe bananas ready for consumption Bananas are grown, processed and consumed in different parts of the world depending on climatic conditions. Bananas are grown in more than 107 countries across the world: in plantations (groups of cultivators), small scale or even by individuals. Bananas are major staple food in many developing nations and are widely grown in Asian and South America continents. Countries which grow bananas are; India, China, Indonesia and Thailand in Asia, South American countries which grow bananas include; Brazil (highest producer), Ecuador, Costa Rica, Colombia and Mexico. In Africa bananas are grown in; Uganda, Rwanda, Cameroon, Madagascar, Nigeria and Burundi with Uganda being the highest producer in Africa. “Brazil and Ecuador produces more than two-thirds of world’s banana crop (about 25 million tones)” (Mario). The United States of America and European countries such as Germany and Britain are the largest importers of banana fruits. Banana in Brazil Brazil is the fourth largest
Introduction Cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent in society, resulting in a focus on the disease in both healthcare and research. Having an understanding of the cancer pathophysiology, statistics, and reliable resources where information can be acquired is critical for nurses to pass on to patients. Nurses play an important role in the treatment of cancer patients through the nursing process which consists of various stages and utilizes educational background and knowledge regarding the disease. Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Cancer diagnosing occurs when a symptom or a screening test results present factors which suggest a risk of cancer. A variety of methods exist to diagnose cancer depending on their type, stage, and other parameters. Physical exams are common to identify any lumps or abnormalities that may indicate the presence of cancer. Laboratory tests for blood and urine are almost always assigned to test for tumor markers and other abnormalities. For physical tumors, further examination may be required through imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans. In some cases, a biopsy is performed to collect a sample of cells, which is a fail-proof method of diagnosing cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2019). Cancer staging is determining further detail about cancer by the size of the tumor, its location, and whether it has spread, particul
Introduction This is a report from a planning commission on rural settlement which was held on the 18 th of Apr 2008; at Port- Au- Prince – Haiti. This meeting was attended by the top officials of the Haitian government; including officials from the ministry of lands, national planning; finance, and also from that of special programs. Other parties of the commission included officials from the word bank; the world health organization and IMF representatives. Objectives of the meeting This focused meeting held in Port –Au-Prince was to formulate the best strategies to help the people of Haiti anticipate, adapt and also recover from the impacts of earthquakes. Following the continued earthquakes which have claimed many lives and billions worth of property; there has risen the need to strategize on how to help the people of Haiti from this calamity. Some of the objectives raised for the meeting included the following (Kinder 46-74).   * Gathering information on rural settlements in Haiti   * Discussing the settlement patterns of other countries   * Discussing on the issue of appropriate building materials   * Identifying which settlement patterns are suitable for the Haiti region Discussions In the meeting, it was recognized that the planning on settlement patterns to be adopted in Haiti was a sensitive and difficult issue. This was due to the high costs of resettling the people to be involved in carrying out the development plans. On the other hand; adopting the settlement patterns applied in other countries may not be easy; since there is a lack of standardization on the geographical setup. The officials in the meeting proposed a fifteen-year plan to resettle people from the earthquake-prone areas, to safer grounds. Views of building light structures especially using wood were strongly supported (Kinder 46-74). Conclusion It was also agreed within the meeting that UN member countries should help Haiti with funds to realize these strategies. The IMF and the world bank were also requested to give loans to Haiti towards the same development (Kinder 46-74). During the meeting, a committee of five members was formed to ensure the implementations were raised during the meeting. This committee consisted of the chairman and secretary both from Haiti; and other three officials from the UN, the World Bank, and the WHO representatives. The mandate of this committee was to mobilize for funds from different stakeholders and well-wishers and to ensure the process of resettling people succeeds (Kinder 46-74). The Planning
Introduction Consumer preferences are changing faster than ever before; it is therefore critical to keep up with these trends especially in light of competing interests between big box retail stores and malls. The differences and similarities Regional malls are typically much bigger than big box retail stores, with the latter accounting for a floor space of about one hundred and fifty thousand to two hundred and thirty thousand square feet while the former may be between a half and three quarter of a million square feet. A mall may therefore be considered as a trading area while the big box retail store is most often understood a single housed store that offers one stop shopping merchandise to clients. People usually go to malls for different reasons from the big box stores. Because malls have greater space, they provide a lot of room for relaxation. These centers are normally located away from the hustle and bustle of the City and consumers can therefore enjoy their leisure time in comfort and serenity. One is not likely to find leisure seeking individuals in big box retail centers such as Walmart. Furthermore, malls are aesthetically pleasing. They usually have elaborate architectural designs that make them quite interesting for hanging out (Kowinski, 12). In fact, this is one of the reasons why some of them are seen as tourist attractions. Some malls have reported that forty percent of their buyers are actually tourists. In terms of consumer preferences and market share, it has been shown that shopping malls within the country have reported declining profits. This could be because of their architectural and store formats. Many consumers often complain that they are likely to find the same offerings in various shopping malls across their towns. There seems to be a lack of outstanding or distinct features between malls and this has caused buyers to be wary of them. Prices differ substantially between these shopping arenas. Big box retail stores are generally known for their cheap prices. In fact, this has been the main reason why their market share is quite substantial. On the other hand, malls are known to be a lot pricier. Big box retail stores are able to achieve this through changes in their supply chain arrangements. Normally, these supply chains are reorganized in order to minimize wastage of resources and to increase efficiency. Furthermore, because of their ability to purchase in bulk, the big box retail stores are able to take advantage of economies of scale and thus transfer the cost savings to the consumer through low prices. Therefore, many buyers will flock big box retail stores in order to save money especially during such difficult economic times (Wendel and Vedder, 12). Big box retail stores pride themselves in the convenience they offer their consumers. Most of them prefer having stand alone access where ample parking space is available to consumers. Today’s employee is pegged with concerns about time management especially since some of them may be juggling two or three jobs. These individuals are not likely to enjoy the services available in malls because they just do not have the time
Strategies to help C students reach their potential while providing interventions for others who need tier two and tier three interventions Unfortunately, those situations where a group of students meets educators’ expectations, while others still require tier two and tier three interventions, can lead to complications for the educator, as one needs to work differently with students within the same class (Hannigan & Hauser, 2015). For example, when focusing on positive behavior, those C students who require assistance just to reach their potential can be encouraged to develop a range of activities that can help others to reveal it. In the framework of literature classes, they can be asked to continue to write with personal composition. In this way, they would maintain varied activities that are targeted at mastering their skills and reach their potential, instead of being occupied with interventions for others. Strategies to implement Tier One in the classroom Effective classroom practices can be critical for the creation of an appropriate environment, one that is safe and relatively predictable. Implementing these, a teacher becomes able to ensure the engagement of all participants in the learning process. One should develop personal classroom expectations and rules and make sure that students know them. Particular positive performance feedback for classroom activities should be considered so that students will be encouraged to work and exhibit expected behavior. In the same way, it is important to pay attention to inappropriate behavior. A teacher should prepare a response that will discourage it (MO SW-PBS Team, 2015). Circumspect teacher’s feedback is likely to be not only beneficial in the framework of Tier one intervention, but also for the organization of any class, as it can help the educator to overcome misunderstandings and cope with inappropriate student behavior. Example of strategies for each Tier of RTI Considering an English lesson, for example, one that focuses on common and proper nouns, I would use different strategies for each tier of RTI. In the framework of tier one, I would divide all students into groups and ask them to draw pictures that depict some common nouns ( Special education guide , 2016). Then they would guess what is drawn, as well as provide a proper noun that rela
The concert we are talking about included perfect themes created by different composers. First of all, it was a String quartet by Franz Shubert. It was very melodic and even solemn. This piece of music was followed by Sonata for Flute and Piano in D minor by Bach. Lyrical sounds were accompanied by traditional piano and created a perfect assonance which was very calm and relaxing. Bach was changed by Claude Debussy and his Sonata for Cello and Piano consisting of three parts: prolog, serenade, and finale. It perfectly fitted the atmosphere created by previous two compositions. String quartet in F major by Antonin Dvorak was another theme presented during the concert. It was performed in temp allegro and amused listeners with pleasant sounds. Dvorak was replaced by Dmitri Shostakovich and Piano Trio in E minor . It combined calm motifs with fast and even energetic parts and had a specific impact on the audience. Therefore Mikalia Wilson-Miyoshi, Jonah Propp, Tiffany Goh, and Karim Sharif performed Explore, Curiosity, One Last bit of Fun , and Old Lore correspondingly. These themes combined slow and even solemn motifs with light and amusing sounds that made the audience smile and listen to every note that was produced by performers. Altogether, the concert was fascinating, and the choice of compositions was appropriate. The combination of classic music and some more modern motifs contributed to the increased level of interest devoted to all themes and performers. Moreover, the unusual combination of pieces of music resulted in the creation of the unusual atmosphere during the performance. Besides, the masterpieces of Shubert, Bach, and Shostakovich impressed the audience most of all and elicited applause. Therefore, it is not surprising that these three persons impressed the audience most of all. Shubert is appreciated as one of the greatest composers in the history of music (“ Franz Schubert “). His creativity is unique. He managed to introduce a plenty of new arrangements and soundings. Moreover, Shubert is a known master of unique and lyrical pieces of music (“ Franz Schubert “). The majority of his masterpieces impresses listeners from the first notes and fascinates them. He lived in the 19th century; however, his works are still appreciated by the public and people can listen to them to forget about their troubles. As for Bach, his music is different. Being a son of a famous J.S. Bach, he also managed to contribute to the evolution of music greatly. He is considered the founder of a classical style (“ Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach “) . His compositions are full of invention, narrow emotional range, and motifs that appeal to the deepest feelings (“ Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach “). As for the theme that was performed in the course of the concert, it a
Introduction Nursing care of a patient in multisystem failure involves complex observations and decision-making. This often means a quick assessment of the patient’s level of homeostasis, oxygenation, and pain. This paper presents a review of a case scenario involving an aged patient in multisystem failure experiencing issues with fluid and electrolyte imbalance, acid-base imbalance, oxygenation imbalance, and blood glucose imbalance. Case Study Mrs. Eli Baker is a seventy-three-year-old female who was transferred to the emergency room after collapsing in her backyard. Just before this while, she was talking to her friend on the phone, she had seemed confused and beside herself. Upon arrival to the emergency room, she complained of some dysphonia with an increase in her respiratory rate and pulse. Her previous history included diabetes and hypertension. She had recently started a new blood pressure medication: Lisinopril. Her other medications included Metformin and Hydrochlorothiazide. The nurse was able to ask Mrs. Baker a few questions, but she then became unresponsive and had a more difficult time breathing. Analysis To begin with, it was vital to conduct the respiratory assessment. This was done by first positioning the patient upright for easier lung expansion and to allow access to the anterior and posterior thorax followed by undressing the patient so that proper observation could be made. The actual process of respiratory assessment involved inspection, palpation, and auscultation. The inspection involved observing the patient, listening, and smelling to compare the observations of the patient with those of a healthy person. According to Moore, Edwards, Barden & McQuay (2004), the ratio of respiration to the pulse rate of a healthy adult should be (1:4). Other factors that were considered in the inspection were the rhythm of respiration which had irregular cycles, effort applied while breathing, skin pigmentation, consciousness, and presence of cough. Palpation involved placing the hand on the patient’s chest and assessing the movement of the chest and diaphragm. Auscultation involved assessing sounds of the breath which did not emit any sound. At the same time, the patient’s vital capacity was measured by use of a spirometer, and the vital lung capacity was found to be reduced by 40percent compared to a normal person’s vital capacity. Consequently, the patient’s ability to breathe out the air was measured by use of a peak flow meter and it was found to be below the same time, the oxygen saturation in blood was measured by use of a pulse oximeter and it was found to be eighty percent. The patient’s sputum was too examined in the laboratory by use of a microscope and some pus cells were found (Hutchison, Hunter & Bomford, 1963). Consequently, the patient’s homeostasis level was assessed. Here, the total ser
Introduction Microbial communities are capable of self-organization and self-sustenance. When managed properly in accordance with the five principles of good management, they provide a number of benefits that include (Rittman 2006, 261):  1. Detoxification of wastewater  2. Capturing renewable resources such as energy and water  3. Sensing pathogens in the environment  4. Public protection against dangerous exposure to pathogens The attached and suspended growth biological wastewater treatment processes: a Comparison Attached and suspended growth biological wastewater treatment processes are classified under secondary wastewater treatment processes. They both rely on microorganisms for their operations. These microorganisms feed upon organic material in the waste for sustenance and reproduction. In addition, they create settleable solids from the nonsettleable ones (WEF 2008, 2-11). Both processes operate on the basis of two modes: in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) and in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic). Both processes are very efficient and effective in wastewater treatment processes but both processes are expensive in investment and operation. The microorganisms in suspended growth processes that are responsible for wastewater treatment are kept in liquid suspension through mixing and aeration to ensure that aerobic conditions are maintained. Continuous flow-activated sludge is the principal suspended process (Fig 4). While compared to the attached growth wastewater treatment processes, the attached process has a medium, for example rotating disks, fixed packing, or granular medium packing-which is utilized for the attachment of microorganisms and formation of a biofilm. This bio-film gets into contact with the microorganisms and the organic matter present is sequentially oxidized. The growth of the microorganisms is simultaneous with their sloughing from the surface of the medium. They are then removed by a solids separation device which is normally a filter and/or a gravity settling tank (Surampalli 2004). Suspended growth processes are mainly aerobic processes, which through the recycling of biological solids, are able to gain high concentrations of microorganisms. The microorganisms change biodegradable, organic wastewater constituents and particular inorganic segments into new cell masses and byproducts. The end results of this biodegradation process can be removed by gaseous settling, stripping, and related physical means. Attached growth biological wastewater treatment processes employ the principle of organic matter removal, made possible due to the presence of microorganisms. The microorganisms involved in such processes are aerobic and therefore rely on oxygen for survival. Their survival also requires a filter media, which includes materials “like sand, plastic, gravel or peat to aid in the development of a film on the media through the recycling of dissolved organic material” (Massoud & Abrishamchi 2005). Advantages and disadvantages of attached Growth processes The attached gr