ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is one of the common health challenges in aging persons. The health condition is one of the major causes of deaths and health complications for individuals that above sixty-five years. Congestive heart failure is not only a major cause of health complication and death in aging individuals but also contribute high number of re-admission among aging person. Moreover, treating congestive heart failure cost a fortune and is a major challenge to families with a CHF patient. Theoretical framework Considering its significance to the health of aging persons, Health care provision for aging persons should therefore consider CHF management. Because of increased cases of CHF and its health and cost implications, various recent research studies have focused towards coming up with better chf management Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is not able to meet the body’s demand for oxygen. The heart of congestive heart failure patient is weak and is not able to supply sufficient blood in key body organs. The condition id further accelerated by secondary factors such a as high blood pressure and coronary artery disease which weaken the heart. Similarly, faulty heart valves, a condition that occurs when the valves between heart chambers do not open properly forcing the heart to work harder to keep the blood flowing correctly also weakens the heart leading to heart failure. Other tertiary factors such as diabetes, severe anemia as well as kidney or liver filature could precipitate to heart failure. The symptoms of the disease are easily recognizable such as shortness of breath coughing, swelling feet and ankles, swelling abdomen as well as weight gain. The treatment and recovery require keen supervision and medication that should be regularly maintained failure to which the condition accelerates depending on the seriousness of the disease or factor involved (Stewart et al 2002, pp361).. Literature review Heart failure is common among the elderly and financially dependent population. These are often considered a burden to society and therefore given little attention and follow up. The smaller financially stable population spends a considerable amount on medication and end up under cost and doctor supervision. In a community with limited or few resources there is little or no follow-up for the elderly after heir discharge from hospital. This is because most of them often live lone and only receive one visit per week by a nurse. The nurse assesses their needs and ensures that they have taken their medicine. The regulatory and effecti
Introduction George Gmelch takes an interesting view of tourism, not as done by most others. When tourism is discussed, the tendency is to focus on the physical attributes of the destination: clean beaches, glorious sunsets, breathtaking scenery- or on the tourists themselves. There is very little attention paid to the locals who are normally the same people acting as taxi drivers, chefs, hotel maids, beach boys, hotel managers, porters, and waiters/waitresses. This group is normally relegated to the background. Gmelch has taken it upon himself to interview and record the experiences of twenty-one of these workers and hence, shed light on how they react to their foreign visitors and how these visitors impact their lives. The format used by Gmelch is to divide the interviews into five broad categories as the five major work areas in which the locals would encounter the tourists namely at the airport, the hotel, at the beach, and lastly by taking points from the government. Racism and discrimination: the major theme that emerges in Gmelch’s book A major theme that emerges subtly from Gmelch’s book, I believe, is that of racism and discrimination. This is because of the attitudes that most first-time visitors have towards the natives, seeing them as backward and uncivilized and more often than not, as being just the means to achieve their pleasures. Examples to support the theme in the anthropology The workers at the airport are the ones who get to see the incoming tourists at their worst because apart from the newcomers being frazzled with jetlag, the heat that they may be unaccustomed to, and being subjected to long cues, most still hold on to the misconceptions they have formed or heard about the country they are about to visit. As explained by one interviewee who works at the currency exchange counter, some visitors expect an attitude of obeisance and s
Shelter is one of the basic human needs; international and national human rights provide the right to have adequate, quality and good shelter. Different economies provide for different ways to have shelter; these ways include renting, purchasing, leasing or use of government houses. The method of having shelter that one adopts is dependent on an individual’s economic and social standing in the economy as well as some personality and lifestyle attributes. With the limited resources I have, I would prefer to purchase a house instead of renting or using government facilities; the reason for my decision is that the economy has various mechanisms that I can utilize to have my own house. Some of the facility that I world utilize are mortgage and cash deposits. With my current financial standing the facility that is affordable and available for me is mortgage facility. A mortgage is important in that it offers the contractor (buyer of the house) a chance to own a house and pay in instalment depending with the cost of the facility and the income of the contractor. The instalment payable will allow the policyholder to be staying in a house with adequate facilities with the anticipation that in the future he/she will fully own the house. If the house had been rented, the beneficially of rent payable will be the owner of the house to the disadvantage of the tenants. When paying mortgage the interest paid is a deductible allowance when calculating individual tax payable do the holder of a mortgage policy will enjoy reduced taxes. There are different specifications for mortgage; some houses are already built by the mortgage provider while other policies allow the policy holder to specify the king of house that he wants built; this offers severity to the policy holder thus he can get what he want (Bhagwati, 2004). Principles of economics are directly related to the purchasing decision Economics can be divided into macroeconomics and microeconomics; since the decision to purchase a house is a personal decision, it falls under microeconomics. When making the decision forces of supply and demand will determine the house price, the expenditure is home consumption expenditure where an individual will own a house. In the transaction, there will be number of macro-economic policies operating in the economy; these policies include, taxation policies, government incentives given to the mortgage issuing company to make the facilities affordable and interest rate policies that the government has embarked in the economy to ensure that loan facilities are affordable to the public. Taxation policies apply to the deductibility of interest paid on the mortgage from individual taxes computation; the government has also taxa
Introduction Racism in newspaper reporting has changed a great deal. This is seen when one compares the way newspapers covered the Japan-America internment in World War Two (WW2) as compared to the civil rights movement in America in the 1950s. These camps were set after the Japanese had bombed the Pearl Harbor. These Japanese were first generations who were born in Japan and second-generation who were born in America. These people were placed in internment camps, which were fenced and were rarely given newspaper coverage owing to the fact that they were called the evacuees from a small racial group. These people were suppressed and lived within the fences of these camps. Further, they did not know how to read and communicate effectively in English therefore a big problem to express themselves to the papers. Japanese were not allowed to access information from newspapers because of two main reasons. President Theodore D. Roosevelt signed order 9066. This was designed to create a civilian agency to provide for the removal of persons or classes of people from designated areas like at the coast. Main text Since they had participated in Pearl Harbor bombing and so the American Government decided to cut their navy codes and disconnect them from their country of origin, Japan. They did little to go for newspaper coverage because of the bombing at Pearl Harbor and they tried to prove that they were loyal so that they could get better treatment in America since they could not go back home. This limited their formation of a movement that was to champion for their rights. “Lieutenant General John DeWitt, who administered the internment program, repeatedly told newspapers “A Jap’s a Jap” and testified to Congress, “I do not want any of them [persons of Japanese ancestry] here. They are a dangerous element. There is no way to determine their loyalty… It makes no difference whether he is an American citizen, he is still Japanese. American citizenship does not necessarily determine loyalty… But we must worry about the Japanese all the time until he is wiped off the map.” The inclusion of orphaned infants with “one drop of Japanese blood” (as explained in a letter by one official) lends credence to the argument that the measures were racially motivated, rather than a military necessity”.(Loewen 2006). This made even newspapers shun covering their problems. Unlike the Black Americans who did not know their exact origin, they were exposed to harsher racial prejudice. This treatment was harsher in the south of California and so they moved northwards where they were met with even harsher segregation laws. This made them to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) that championed for the rights of black Americans through lobbying and litigation and arranging for mass demonstrations. When two whites murdered Emmet Till and later acquitted there was a lot of bitterness. This led to the swelling of membership of
Despite the tremendous efforts in the field of port security, U.S. ports remain vulnerable to the threat of the terrorist attacks due to the complexity of their functional systems and the wide range of stakeholders responsible for the different aspects of safety measures development and implementation. The following discussion will analyze and critique the safety and emergency management structures in the port environment. In addition, it will address the supporting plans and programs and the legislative policies developed to prevent and respond for a WMD attack at a major port. The safety and emergency management structure found in the port environment can be evaluated as quite effective with some considerable issues that still remain. The weak points include the following omissions: (1) vessel identification system is not available for every port; (2) omissions are identified in port security assessment procedures; (3) security issues related to foreign vessels; (4) IT technical issues in the port security systems; and (5) inconsistence of emergency management practices in some ports to the general guidelines and regulations provided by the government (U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003a; U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003b). The supporting plans and programs typically found in a major port operation complex structure of ports amount to ensuring that the brought to ports cargo is safe (U.S. General Accounting Office, 2005). The major components of these plans and programs include the principle of “reporting about every cargo assessment result within the 24-hours period” and “integrated training for all port security workers to ensure their professionalism as for the technical aspect of protection systems” (U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004). Evaluating the legislative policies developed to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from a WMD attack at a major port, considerable progress since the year 2001 is noted. Legislators did not fail to notice the limitations the port security systems had. Since the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, the government systematically draws closer to the exalted objective to secure safety in ports. The remarkable achievements include refining the Automated Targeting System regulations and designing the national standards for the port security workers’ attestation (Congressional Research Service, 2004; U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004). However, as far as I am concerned, the current legislative security policies are insufficient to secure and protect US ports due to the complicated system of port authority distribution between the public and private stakeholders, and interference from multiple governmental and private agencies. The reality of a terrorist nuclear threat to America’s seaports is high. The situation is getting worse because of the sheer size of cargo being operated in ports every day and absence of the well-designed sy
Abstract The present Information Technology sector has been growing rapidly, but here exists tremendous leadership gap in IT organizations and the concept of ICT leadership remains unclean; this study has aimed to identify the leadership styles and providing a clear understanding on the IT leaders at their organizations. With these objectives, this paper has presented theoretical perspective of leadership styles, effects of leadership on organization, leadership styles and knowledge management, leadership styles and knowledge management, apposite leadership of IT firms, evidence of leadership gaps in the IT firms, leadership conflicts in the IT firms. By interviewing 40 IT leaders of different firms, this study has identified that the modern IT firms need to have a new leadership approach rather than traditional leadership practice, which will focus on digital dynasty of this era. Introduction Background of Study In the changing trend of the corporate world, leadership is a vital issue in organizational psychology; however, this chapter identifies the key challenges to the IT organizations to manage the performance of the human resources. In addition, technological development from 1980s had made ICT a key element in the success of global business; therefore, great leaders are important to develop skilled workforce to manage different types of the activities of IT organizations. At the same time, the effects of leadership in IT organizations include development the concept of ICT leadership, significance of team management, influence of leadership on knowledge management, change the role of leadership in the future, present trend of human resources of such companies and so on. Statement of Problem The capacity to attract and retain qualified employees is one of the key challenges to the IT organizations; however, previous research on the IT organizations have illustrated that staff turnover rate in this sector is extremely high, for instance, above 25% in India, 14% in China and more than 10% in the USA (Chandna & Krishnan, 2009). However, it becomes difficult for the employees of such organizations to keep them up-to-date with the rapid technological development and innovation; in addition, it is also significant to note that the IT organizations need to transform operational efficiency due to change the business works for adoption of new technologies (Chandna & Krishnan, 2009; Pastore, 2000 and Kearney, 2004). At the same time, these organizations need to concentrate on the knowledge management and efficiency development program to collaborate with new technologies (Chandna & Krishnan, 2009; Pastore, 2000; Kearney, 2004; and Den-Hartog & Koopman; 2011). On the other hand, staff turnover rate had increased due to rapid expansion of IT industry in the global market; therefore, they have
Introduction Urbanization is the increase in the urban share of the total population. A report given by The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) states that urbanization has rapidly increased in Africa and Asia since the year 2000 (UNFPA, 2007). The report says this population will duplicate by the year 2030 and many of the new urbanites will be poor. Urbanization has been found to contribute to poverty while on the other hand being a solution to it. In addition, it has been found to create and solve environmental problems. The trick is in exploiting the possibilities and reaching a balance before the problem gets out of hand (UNFPA, 2007). Once the problem gets out of hand, the repercussions may adversely affect the economy of a country. This will hinder development, which is every country’s desire. The major cause of urbanization in developing countries is rural to urban migration. Migration refers to the movement of people from one area to another for different reasons. When there is a high rate of rural to urban migration, there is pressure on the limited resources in the urban centers. This eventually leads to high poverty cases in cities as the government tries to distribute its resources (Ibid). This research paper is going to analyze the relationship between migration, urbanization, and poverty. The research question is; how do migration and urbanization contribute to urban poverty in developing countries? Urbanization in developing countries In most developing countries, infrastructure is centralized such that the best amenities are at the urban centers. High and diversified populations characterize these. Urban centers offer the best education facilities, hospitals, industries and job opportunities. Cities have a wide market potential as they have several shopping malls owned by local and foreign investors. This offers comfort and convenience as all one needs are easily accessible. Urban centers are also able to provide a wide range of services to its residents in terms of sanitation, transportation, recreation, housing and cultural activities. Industries, factories, governmental and non-governmental companies are set up within cities. These offer employment opportunities that attract people from rural areas. There is rich cultural diversity in urban centers and therefore much exposure. Cities offer an informed comfortable life that is full of opportunities (Samers, 2010). The rural areas only capitalize in agriculture and this often with low returns due to the poor market prices in towns. Inability to find a suitable market for the farm products leads to losses with adverse economic effects to the farmer. Poor and traditional farming methods result in low productivity leading to low quality harvests. With the competition from imported farm products, these do not stand a chance in the market. They have a sparse population with poor infrastructure in most cases. The quality of life is
The article discusses the difference in opinions about the efficacy of criminal justice between criminologists and the public. According to the literature, the public masses feel like criminal justice policies are too lenient for particular crimes and advocate for tougher punishments such as death penalties and mass incarceration for grave criminal activities (Griffin et al., 2016). However, criminologists argue that criminal justice policies and punishments regarding particular crimes are relevant since they consider all issues presented in court before the final ruling (Griffin et al., 2016). Therefore, the public should be aware of all factors that justice courts consider before a ruling to convince the public of their verdicts. The article reviews various works of literature on the perspectives on criminal justice between criminology scholars and the general public. The authors discuss controversial issues regarding criminology policies, such as the degree and nature of particular crimes according to public opinion and experts’ views. After reviewing various literature on the topic, the article draws up three hypotheses to verify the controversies and their implications on the justice system. The authors conduct their research through surveys using questionnaires and existing data to discover the general public and criminal experts’ views on criminal justice policies. The authors summarize and conclude their findings, which conform with the hypotheses. Lastly, the article recommends further discussions on academic expertise in criminal justice policy formulation and publicizing academic relevance to influence general public opinion. This article attempts to verify the controversial arguments regarding criminal justice policies between the public and criminologists by comparing and contrasting different opinions from civilians and crime experts. The article also intends to bridge the controversial gap by discussing conclusive facts that cause the opinion differences to create an approach that provides a consensus in opinions between civilians, criminal experts and public policy. The research uses a survey study approach through online surveys using google forms. The researchers emailed instructions and qu
Reflecting on the commencement of the year 2020, I anticipated it to be an excellent year. This is because my youngest brother was about to graduate from high school to junior college, while my eldest brother was getting ready to begin his dream job to start working at one of the largest telecommunications firms in the country. We were all thrilled to get through the year and look forward to the beautiful events and holidays that lay ahead. Then things started to shift as the emergence of COVID-19 in the first part of the year caused widespread alarm worldwide. What I remember most is how this highly contagious pulmonary and vascular illness spread over the world and transformed society from the way it was before. For example, in March 2020, our youngest sibling, who had started junior college, was sent home since all educational institutions had switched to an online learning program. Furthermore, my elder brother, who had recently begun working, was ordered home to work remotely, transitioning to at-home work to reduce the risk of disseminating the easily transmitted sickness (Shukla, 2020). We were all expecting the disruption to be temporary. Furthermore, most anticipated the outbreak to last just a few weeks before everyone returned to their regular lifestyles. Unfortunately, as the situation worsened, the government was forced to implement harsh measures, including the lock-downs in some regions. As a consequence of the circumstances mentioned above, people continued to become infected with the virus. Some were hospitalized, and others died in great numbers due to this plague (Shukla, 2020). Despite this, there were some significant moments to remember and appreciate. This is because, as a family, we found ourselves spending practically every single hour together. Every evening, we looked forward to the home-bound family meal sessions. We still have fond recollections of game evenings, movie nights, as well as the extended family’s late-night poker games. Thus, the COVID-19 period encouraged us to make the most out of family time. We were also able to employ routines to improve family health and wellness, and we also learned how to stay creatively interconnected with others. This occurrence also taught us how to resolve family disagreements in constructive ways. As a result, the family has grown and remained stronger and united than before, thus, making the year 2020 a memorable one. Reference List Shukla, A. (2020) Coping mechanism during COVID-19. Towards Excellence, 12 (2), pp.178-183.