ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The lower and upper classes in the society are characterized by different levels of achievements. People in the upper classes have achieved significant financial independence while those in the lower classes have little gains in terms of economic stability (Veblen 41). Thus, the two categories of people have distinct views about labor. Persons in the lower classes believe that they can only be productive through engaging in some forms of production, which have attributes of struggle. Such people contend that there is no meaningful economic gain without struggle. This is evident in communities that adopt agriculture as the main source of their income. The lower classes do not have options to labor. Working is their accepted way of life. Thus, they work towards producing better results so that they would have better lives (Veblen 42). It is demonstrated that those who value productive labor also appreciate the principles of emulation and acquisition. In order to acquire property, they aim at exhibiting high levels of diligence and parsimony. One demerit of this view of labor is that lower classes may work tirelessly without producing results that would enable them improve their status (Veblen 44). On the other hand, upper classes do not believe that people should be involved in labor that is characterized by any form of struggle. Although such people also have the features of the emulative process, they have modified patterns of acquisition. The views of the upper classes with regard to labor are consistent with the characteristics of the barbarian stage of culture (Veblen 45). Such perceptions are geared toward looking down upon those who depend on productive labor to survive. In fact, persons in the upper classes assert that the lower classes get involved in labor as a sign of weakness and subjection. The views have been in the society for quite some time. They have not been abolished because social differentiation has made people in the upper and lower classes have distinct perceptions with regard to labor (Veblen 48). How different people improve their status in society Status is a social vertical scale that defines individuals based on relative ranks. The ranks could be assigned to persons on the premises of honor and prestige, among other attributes (Veblen 50). The primary goal of improving status is to have better satisfaction in the context of social assessments. Different people improve their status through the adoption of various approaches. Modern societies rank their members based on occupations. Persons in particular occupations rank higher those in other occupations. Thus, people aim at improving their status through engaging in occupations that they feel would make them be regarded higher on the social vertical scale (
Article Summary The article “ Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes as Vectors of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum, Horn of Africa” by Chali et al. (2019) compared the susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum and Vivax infection between the An. stephensi and An. arabiensis mosquitoes. The study was conducted in the Awash Sebat Kilo region found in Ethiopia because of its high perennial malaria transmission. An experiment was conducted to establish the difference in infection status between the two species of mosquitoes. Adult An. stephensi and An. arabiensis mosquitoes reared from immature mosquitoes were fed from membrane feeders with fresh blood from the patients attending the Adama clinic. The feeding was done with blood infected with P. vivax and P. falciparum for 7 to 12 days. The mosquitoes’ midgets and salivary glands were dissected to examine the oocysts and sporozoites, respectively. A comparison of the infection status was done using logistic regression analysis. The differences in mosquito sources’ infectivity were examined using the Pitman test. Data analysis was done using the STATA version 13 and GraphPad Prism 5.3. From the 85 aquatic habitats surveyed in the study, 75.3% of the larvae detected were from An. stephensi mosquitoes. The general proportion of blood-fed mosquitoes was higher for An. arabiensis (median 80.5%) than An. stephensi (median 53.5%, p<0.001) (Chali et al., 2019). However, the latter species reported a significantly higher infection with P. vivax (median 75.1%) compared to the former species (median 58.4%, p<0.042). An. stephensi mosquitoes showed higher odds of infection for an individual mosquito (OR=1.99, p<0.001) and higher numbers of oocysts per infected midgut (median 17) than the counterpart species (median 13, p<0.001). Also, a higher proportion of An. stephensi (51.8%) had a high sporozoite load and odds of detecting high sporozoite intensity from the salivary glands compared to An. arabiensis (31.1%). It was evident from the study that An. stephensi poses a higher risk for increased P. falciparum and P. vivax in Ethiopia compared to An. arabiensis . Article Critique Strengths The findings in this study contribute immensely to the control of malaria transmission in Ethiopia and Africa. The article has a brief abstract to provide a succinct
Introduction The world financial crisis revealed weaknesses and faults in financial systems all over the world that were previously taken for granted. The collapse of key institutions in the US and other economies in the world has people scurrying back to the drawing board in a bid to rethink economic policy and regulation strategies. How is Australia regulated at the moment? Australia at the moment experiences a neo-liberalised form of economy, as described by Rudd (2009). This form of economics happens when “individuals pursue their own ends within a framework set by law and tradition”. The role of the government is reduced akin to that of a traffic policeman who controls the flow of traffic based on a set of rules. This relative hands off principle is in line with the deregulation of the industry that took place in the last two decades of the last century (Kevin, 2007). Kevin (2009), quoting White divided the regulators into three categories:   * ‘Economic regulation’ such as controls on prices, profits, entry/exit;   * ‘Health-safety-environment (HSE) regulation’ — including prudential regulation, the development of corporate governance and bankruptcy systems, safeguards in securities markets; and   * ‘Information regulation’ — requirements for specific types of information, often in a standardized format, that must be provided with the product or service. (Kevin, 2007). These three categories bring about the three classes of regulatory bodies in the Australian economy. With economic regulation comes the ACCC and the Reserve Bank through the Payment System Board. HSE regulation is the responsibility of the APRS and ASIC. Information regulation is primarily under the regulation of the ASIC (Kevin, 2007). These institutions have had their regulatory powers cut in order to facilitate less red tape. However, Kevin (2009) notes that the whole regulatory concept as a whole has improved with the focus on important segments being addressed. How is Australia regulated compared to the rest of the world Compared to the rest of the world though, Australia has a relatively secure system of regulation. This is not because of the initiative of the government but rather the fact that the economic institutions in Australia have not evolved beyond the scope of the frameworks put in place. Compared to the rest of the world, particularly those hardest hit by the crisis, the financial institutions are still a little behind. In her speech on the crisis, Ellis (2009) states that the reasons why Australia survived the crunch is that the banks and other players have not recovered from the 2002 depression and thus have not invested in outside markets. This is also coupled with the relatively clean mortgage market in existence in Australia. The market had not engaged in risky mortgage products and therefore was safe from the collapse. Also, the existence of a clever mortgage regulatory tax system is also seen. The current system forces the mortgagee to pay off their mortgage in orde
Recent studies showcase that the climate changes are building up to become more dangerous than ever. With the economic growth of our species comes the overpopulation of the planet which endangers other species. This paper will focus on studying the effects of the economic growth and the more severe changes in the environment. A Closer Look at the Evidence The article published on the NASA website show cases increasing amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. The graph displays the levels of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the years before our time with the number 0 being the year 1950. Since about 45000 years before our time the level of CO2 has been steadily growing and since 1950 it is still increasing (“The consequences of climate change,” 2017). The article published by the United Kingdom’s National Meteorological Service gives a background for the increasing levels of the carbon dioxide. The article suggests that the increase has to do with the El Niño effect. This effect is caused by the overpopulation of Earth because the CO2 emissions are in direct ratio to the number of people inhabiting Earth. Those emissions are now 25% more than those of the 1997/98, which was the last big El Niño (“El Niño,” 2016). The evidence given by the NASA website describes the effects caused by the expeditious climate changes. The effects are labeled according to their specifics: there are such labels as “Sea Level Rise” or “Shrinking ice sheets” etc. (“The consequences of climate change,” 2017). There are other sources that give their vision of the climate changes. In another article published on their website, the UK’S National Meteorological Service adduces the facts that illustrate the changes in the climate (“What is climate change?” 2015). Most of the changes that were mentioned in the article published by NASA are corresponding to the ones mentioned by United Kingdom’s National Meteorological Service. The only difference is that not all the effects mentioned by NASA are referred to by the UK’s Service and vice versa. Summarizing the effects of the climate changes shows that the climate that humankind knows will soon be replaced by an entirely different one. The changes will include the shifting season cycles, increasing sea levels, increasing temperatures which will be followed-up by more intense heat waves and droughts, stronger and more intense hurricanes, and the Arctic becoming ice-free. Some of the impacts that climate change has could be seen even now throughout the U.S. While the overall temperature grows higher, the water supplies are running low because of the heat waves, increasing ocean acidity, and other effects of the climate changes. How Can Economic Growth Become Part of the Solution? Although perturbances in the climate pose a significant threat to the species of Earth on their own, there is another important factor: economic growth. The article published by The Economist (“The outlook,“ 2013) states that “The Living Planet Index shows a 30% decline in biodiversity since 1970” (para. 1). The principal threat to the biodiversity, according to the article, is the habitat loss (“The outlook,” 2013). Never
Frank Lambert is a Professor of History who is famous for his dedication to examining such insurgent periods in the American history as the Colonial and Revolutionary eras. Lambert is also a biographer of George Whitefield, the prominent leader of the Great Awakening. Inventing the “Great Awakening” is a comprehensive and pertinent analysis of the Great Awakening period in the North America. The book distinctively outlines the colonial history of the USA in line with the development of the Great Awakening. The book focuses on the big picture of introduction and persistence of the Great Awakening principles in the USA colonies, and its scope is within the set of circumstances which were associated with this controversial phenomenon. Thus, the book is about the premeditated development of the Great Awakening as the natural and general spiritual revival promoted by evangelicals 1 . In his book, Lambert tries to persuade that the American religious leaders created a series of implications from separate revival occasions to form and promote the Great Awakening with the help of commercial approaches to convince the public and to attract followers. From this perspective, one of the book’s strong points is that Lambert proposed the innovative approach to discussing the origin of the Great Awakening. Thus, Lambert is rather convincing while stating that in the 18 th century, the American religious leaders took advantage of famous media channels to create the misleading principles of the revival. Lambert also tries to provide evidences to state that the source of the Great Awakening was instigated conventionally. This statement is relevant in relation to the foundations, the transformations, and the inferences. Focusing on his provocative assumption, Lambert indicates that this revival process was started in colonies where evangelicals headed this movement to support it in various regions of New England. The next strength of the book is the discussion of George Whitefield’s huge role in this awakening. Lambert puts the emphasis on discussing the role of such influential characters of the 18 th century as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield in the process. The next strength is that Lambert clearly outlines the movement with focusing on changes in the revival values 2 . The author also explains that the values of the evangelical
Introduction According to Miszczynski (p. 6), Poland is a significant player in economy of the European Union. It is one of the largest states in the Central Europe with a population of about 39 million. The country is still adjusting itself to a liberal market system after abandoning the communist market system. This was one of the pre-qualifications for joining the European Union. The country was included into the European Union in the year 2004. From the beginning of the 20th century, the economy of Poland has been growing steadily. Before the emergence of the global financial crisis, the GDP of Poland grew at an average of 5 percent each year (Kozun-Cieslak 87). Poland is a transitional economy, a factor that makes it susceptible to financial turmoil in the European Union. However, the economy of Poland has not been severely affected by the economic crisis in the Euro zone. The country still faces many economic challenges most of which emanate from the lack of efficient political structures. Most of the economic problems that the economy has are structural in nature (Kozun-Cieslak 88). The paper discusses the political economy of Poland in the context of the European Union; it also looks into significant economic policies that are pursued by the country in relation to its membership in the EU. Policy concerning the economic position of Poland in the Eurozone With one of the strongest economies in Central Europe, the country is becoming a leading player in the policies of the European Union. The economy of Poland is in the spotlight on the world arena today. It has managed to withstand financial pressures from the financial crisis in Europe. The Polish economy has not shown signs of recession in the last two years, a period in which the crisis was at its peak (Rosenberg 475). The main problem of Poland, which affects its economic influence in the larger European Union economy, is the lack of voting power. This is one of the policy areas that is being pursued by the country. This issue puts the country at loggerheads with the European Union (Gebert, para. 3). Poland has come out as one of the leading economies in the entire Euro zone amidst the problematic business climate witnessed in the last four years. Poland continues to push for a strong position at the high table of the union. Its efforts are hampered by many factors among them the influence of the dominant economies in the region. The county aspires to join the Euro zone remaining an observer in the affairs of the Euro zone. The economic growth prospect of Poland has continued to exceed projections. This denotes the strength of the country amongst the countries that form the economic block. However, the country still experiences isolation in regards to investments. Research shows that foreign investors still shun from investing in the Polish economy. Investors from other European states, especially those in Western Europe, still associate the economy of Poland with other economies of Central Europe. The economy of Poland is
“Soylent Green” is one of the classic science fiction movies directed by Richard Fleischer, released in 1973. It is based upon the science fiction novel “Make Room! Make Room! is set in the year 1999, written by Harry Harrison, about overpopulation and overuse of resources leading to increasing social disorder as the next millennium approaches. This essay is written and incorporates with the two quotations, “Since the beginning of time, man has never refrained from any folly within his power” -Bertrand Russel, and “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil, is for good men to do nothing” -Edmund Burke. This story tells us what is happening in the future Earth; the result of this is global warming and pollution in all stages. The most significant thing about the movie is that it foretells the situation that is caused by the foolish behavior of humanity. This film tells you quickly realize this is a terrible and highly inequitable future of American Society. The future of humanity and of the entire universe is determined, most significantly, by the power of man, which can be made use for the growth or the destruction of the world. The dominating, master-attitude of humanity towards the universe and its elements can only end up in the destruction of the world, which calls up for man’s own destruction. When the modern generation wants to forget this ultimate truth of life and existence, art comes forward to remind humanity of the imminent destruction of its existence. The classic science fiction movie “Soylent Green” (1973) by Richard Fleischer makes the same attempt which makes the movie very much relevant even in the modern world. The movie tells the miserable tale of Earth in 2022 when the world becomes overpopulated with 40 million people who are doomed to starve. As Dr. Foreman remarks, “it’s a film about overpopulation, but on a more important note, it’s a cautionary tale about what can go wrong with Man’s stewardship of Earth. It’s in the subtext that you find the real message of the film” (Foreman 2004). It is a story that deals with great concepts of man’s intervention in the course of the universe, ultimately determining its future. It is a generation that has been following all the foolish things, and the result of every human activity is that ultimately he pays heavily for his actions. Bertrand Russell is right in his statement of the nature of humanity. “Since the beginning of time, man has never refrained from any folly within his power.” The movie shows how man has created a critical stage in his existence due to his follies. All the themes of the movie, environment, pollution, food sources, global warming, can be linked to the human behavior and the movie represents a situation that is imminent if man chooses to continue the same foolishness. The human interference in the course of universe has resulted in the terrible situation of global warming and pollution. The thoughtless acts and deeds of humanity causes the universe to lose its balance and the result is that the nature responds to this situation very heavily in the
Introduction During pregnancy, a woman’s body undergoes significant changes to bring a new life into the world. Pregnant women need to make lifestyle choices that positively impact their wellbeing and reduce the risks of any complications. One of the major concerns during this period is nutrition since a woman is not only feeding herself but also her future child, while also preparing for safe delivery. Thus, it is vital to provide pregnant and preparing patients with education about healthy eating habits and myths about nutrition. Educational Media Piece The proposed media piece is a brochure with general advice for and common concerns of women who are or want to become pregnant. The leaflet has several sections, providing patients with all the necessary knowledge. The first section explains that, during pregnancy, the demands of female bodies change, needing more calories, minerals, and vitamins to support both the woman and the child (Schuiling & Likis, 2017). Here, the woman is reminded to care not only for the future child but for herself as well, as motherhood is a demanding and challenging position. The next part of the brochure elaborates on the nutritional needs of the patient’s body. It contains information about food groups and their share on one’s plate, mentioning such sources as MyPlate (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2018). Next, the brochure lists which elements and minerals are crucial for pregnant women. Folate and folic acid, iron, calcium, vitamin D, and protein are discussed, along with examples of foods that contain these nutrients as well as their daily intake (Morrison & Regnault, 2016). It also mentions that, in some cases, women do not have access to fresh fruit, vegetables, and other necessary products, and that clinicians should prescribe and explain how to use vitamin supplements to support patients’ health. Finally, after providing sufficient advice, the brochure’s third part dispels some common myths about eating during pregnancy. For example, it discusses why weight gain is a normal part of this process, while also challenging the phrase “eating for two” (Morrison & Regnault, 2016). The leaflet also states that fat is a crucial part of the diet for pregnant women and that its increase is not a negative sign. Furthermore, the brochure mentions discomforts and food cravings, pointing out that nausea, constipation, and other issues can occur in otherwise healthy women (ACOG, 2018). Nonetheless, women should discuss these concerns with the health provider at their regular check-ups. Discussion The format of the brochure is selected because it can contain enough in
Cloud Computing Essentials Cloud computing is a significant approach that is commonly used to deal with huge amounts of data, including unstructured data. This approach’s services are programs that are accessed over the Internet using a regular Internet browser or other network applications. These can be entertaining, office, and specialized business applications (Mansa, 2020). The main difference from the usual method of working with software is that the users do not use the resources of their PC, but computer resources and capacity provided to them as an Internet service. In this case, the user has full access to their own data and the ability to work with them but cannot control the same operating system, software, and computing power, with which this work occurs. Cloud Computing Advantages This approach has a number of advantages; first, the user can use a PC of almost any configuration to perform resource-intensive tasks. Second, the user is not tied to the workplace and can use any PC that has an Internet connection. Third, the user is insured against malfunctions in a car breakdown and can easily share the results with others or work together. Cloud Computing Examples Cloud computing has whole subcategories that differ in the type of services provided. For example, software as a service (SaaS) is a model of selling and using software in which a provider develops a web application and manages it independently, giving customers access to the software over the Internet. Thus, all expenses for maintenance of the working capacity of the program are covered by the supplier; the user (in case service is paid) pays only the fact of the use of “cloud” software – or upon use, or a subscription fee (Felter, 2021). Then, there