ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Healthcare fraud is a situation where there is a wrong statement of issues, either intentionally or unintentionally leading to unjust gains through medical coverage. Health care fraud includes fake claims by the doctors, the healthcare management and many others. Health care fraud also includes exaggerated prices for healthcare services, issuing wrong invoices by the manufacturers and suppliers of things such as pharmaceutics and other hospital equipments. Some individuals can also get involved in fraud by forging medical coverage through fake identity (Altshuler, Creekpaum, & Fang, 2008). Examples of healthcare fraud In September 2009, a man named Dennis Dowd defrauded Hitachi America Group Health and Welfare Plan (HAGHWP) of money totaling to more than six million US dollars. Sources said that Hitachi America used the Group Health and Welfare Plan to offer various health reimbursements to its qualified employees and some if its business partners. In 1979, Hitachi America hired Dowd to be their financial manager who will receive company benefits and to manage other issues concerning the benefit scheme of its employees (Fisher, 1997). But in January 1997, Mr. Down managed to open a bank account by use of the name of Hitachi Group Insurance Health and Welfare Trust, without consulting the Hitachi America. For a period of eight years, between 2000 and 2008, Down had put a total of eight million dollars into the account which was money from the company. Down spent the money on his personal expenses as well as those of his family. After Hitachi America realized the fraud plan, Down was sued and taken to court from where he was sentenced for fifty seven months. He was also ordered to repay 7.4million dollars to Hitachi America. Such are the penalties imposed to an individual who is caught in a healthcare organization fraud (US Fed News Service, 2006). Another example of a health care fraud occurred in Dallas where a man named Emmanuel Uko, who owns Stat Medical, a business that deals with supplying medical equipments. In July 2003, Uko planned together with other people to submit fake claims to Medicare requiring the payment for wheelchairs and other medical accessories that they claimed to have supplied. They also used fake certificates of medical purchase and instead of delivering the wheelchairs, they delivered scooters. Being aware that the deal was fake, Uko went ahead t receive payments form Medicare and deposited the money into his own account. This caused Medicare a loss totaling to 710,000 US dollars. Uko used the money to buy his own assets including a vehicle. When the matter was taken to court, Uko pleaded guilty and was sentenced to sixty months in prison, plus three years of monitored release. He was also ordered to payback 710,000 US dollars to Medicare (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2005). The other example of healthcare fraud took place in Concord where a man known as Lavery was charged with engaging in the sale of prescribed drugs. According to information at the court, Lavery headed a group that bought Serostim, a HIV drug, on wholesale from illegal companies in California, Los Angeles and in Palm Sp
Who are the relevant patients The usage of Foley urinary catheters (IUC) is usually required in the cases with chronically compromised illnesses within older adults, however, not limited to other age groups. Moreover, Foley catheters can be used on patients who are temporarily unable to void or experience urinary incontinence. If the bladder isn’t emptied for some time, the urine may build up and lead to kidney pressure and further subsequent dangerous outcomes. Therefore, urinary catheters are an effective solution to urinary inability issues. Foley Urinary catheters are usually kept for a short period of time until a person may complete the urinary function on their own (MediLine Plus, 2019). However, elderly people with chronic illnesses or permanent injuries may need to permanently use indwelling catheters. They are also placed in case of an immediate need to decompress the bladder and for the timely measurement of the urine volume to subsequently provide appropriate treatment. People tend to use indwelling catheters not only in the hospital settings but also as a part of home-care programs, which may put the patients in danger of developing an infectious disease in case of poor maintenance. There is also a distinction in patients’ time usage of ICU, where the catheter may be kept for hours or, in other cases, for years. Foley catheters may be placed on each person who requires it, from children to older adults. Children require a more precise approach to the attachment of the ICU. A specific size catheter must be used depending on a kid’s age (Indwelling urinary catheter, 2020). A wrongfully chosen catheter size may result in urethral trauma or leakage. Moreover, since children are more sensitive, they need more check-ups and attention. Evidently, studies confirm that around 14% of hospitalized adults will need an indwelling urinary catheter during a particular time of their stay due to various medical conditions (Safdar et al., 2016). It is not only the diseases that are connected to urinal difficulties that may require a Foley catheter but also mental states like multiple sclerosis or dementia. Even though all age and sex groups may be suitable for the usage of ICU, older people would make it more accurate to assess as they define the majority of the population who require and use urinal catheters. Intervention The treatment by a Foley urinary catheter requires a lot of accuracies and detailed maintenance, where, if failed, it may lead to the unfortunate development of other infectious conditions. The primary purpose of such a device is to collect urine in a bag attached to the person’s leg. Indwelling urinary catheters are the ones that are left in the bladder, which is universal for short and long-term use. The Foley catheter collects urine inside the drainage bag that can be empti
Concurrent engineering must characterize a company’s product life cycle management. Concurrent engineering is a mindset; it is a way of doing things. Concurrent engineering enables the company to develop cost-efficient systems in developing products that consumers need. However, in order for it to thrive, concurrent engineering requires a certain type of organizational culture that was previously established within the company. At the same time, its success is dependent on the application of the right tools. Concurrent engineering’s success depends on the appropriate use of 3D printing technology. The Importance of Concurrent Engineering Concurrent engineering is an offshoot of the 1990s business paradigm called lean management systems, and its core principle rests on the idea of reducing waste and eliminating constraints in order to improve the overall efficiency of the company’s production processes (Parsaei and Sullivan 62). Rapid prototyping is also a related concept and the application of concurrent engineering principles compels corporate leaders to establish effective communication systems, as well as practices that will help eliminate costly mistakes and speed up delivery time (Stjepandic and Wognum 288). In the world of product development, concurrent engineering is also known as Simultaneous Engineering or Integrated Product Development (Moustapha 4). It was created in response to the inherent problems of conventional production systems. In the past, the conventional way of designing and manufacturing products followed an assembly line approach. It is not much different from the antiquated production process paradigm found in most factories. The manufacturing team jumpstarts the process by providing design ideas to the manufacturing engineers. After creating a prototype, the product goes through a series of approval process. After this critical stage, the production team gears up to handle the first batch of output from the production lines. After completing the first stage of the manufacturing process, the marketing department gets the task to sell the product to prospective customers. In other words, it is a serial development process that creates multiple opportunities for mistakes to pile up one after the other until business leaders are made aware of design flaws and other issues that leads to disappointing sales figures (Moustapha 5). Concurrent engineering attempts to minimize mistakes by allowing continuous feedback from different stakeholders (Parsaei and Sullivan 64). In other words, concurrent engin
Introduction Notre-Dame Basilica, in French Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal, located in the heart of Old Montreal, overlooks the Place d’Armes. While its interior dates back to the mid and late –nineteenth century , the Notre-Dame Basilica of the City of Montreal has not been given the recognition it deserves for its excellent Gothic revival architecture whose exterior up to now still stands as it was designed between 1823 and 1829. As a monument, it symbolizes the Gothic revival spirit during that period in time when the Roman Catholic Sulpician Order arrived in Montreal in 1657. Even historians consider its construction as some kind of incomprehensible dream despite the lack of proper recognition. (Toker, pg 10-12). Since the late 16 th century, the Notre-Dame together with the Vieux share a place in the d’Armes , the stylish deco Aldred edifice, Montreal’s one of the first skyscraper- the Bank of Montreal house together with the central monument to de maisonneuve, founder of the original settlement of Ville-Marie. Not only is the church of Notre-Dame a rational product of church architecture of Quebecois tradition, but also involves the admiral factors that best illustrate the Gothic resurgence movement overall. Except for the name, Montreal’s Notre-Dame Basilica has no similarity what so ever with the Notre-Dame in Paris. This Basilica was built a much older spot that had a much petite church that could not accommodate the ever increasing number of its parishioners, the neogothic Notre-Dame Basilica’s work commenced way back in 1829. The interior took a long time to be completed due to the craftsmanship of sculpting the entire interior. Some of the key features that make this monument unique include the rich altarpiece, -tipped polychrome carvings, statues, paintings as well as stained glass windows that characterize its beautiful and lavish interiors. This building had its ceiling embellished in deep azure with gold stars and the rest of the structure was designed in polychrome of lilacs, ceruleans, azures, silver and gold as well. Its gigantic bell referred to as the “le Gros Bourdon” that happens to be the heaviest bell in the western hemisphere that weighs over 12 tons along with its notable Casavant organ. The Architect and Founder Opened in 1829, Notre-Dame became the largest church in North America after its construction was completed. James O’Donnell, a protestant by faith architect from New York, was assigned to come up with the blue print for the Neo-Gothic style that was chosen by the Sulpicians which was very popular then. So that he could be buried under this church, O’Donnell later converted to Roman Catholicism on his death bed on realizing that his protestant church could not accept to bury him. O’Donnell also happens to be the only person buried in the Notre-Dame Basilica crypt. The Neo-Gothic style he designed proved to be the high point of his career as an architect though he never lived
Website Evaluation First Impression Notes “Scribd” website is a student-friendly site, in the sense that it stores millions of documents that can be used by students in their research works. The website aims to liberate the written word, and in this regard, it has been able to avail thousands of documents (in the written word) to be shared by millions of readers worldwide (Scribd Inc, 2011, p. 1). Furthermore, the documents available on the website are comprehensive in nature. Therefore, students can easily research the details of their chosen study topic (Scribd Inc, 2011, p. 1). In this respect, I find the website very interesting because besides having a lot of information regarding different subject areas; it also possesses information in several formats, including books (non-fiction and fiction), presentations, guide manuals, school works, magazines, newspapers, brochures and similar documents (Scribd Inc, 2011, p. 1). The website is related to my unit of study. It is equally important to the body of knowledge I research since it contains thousands of documents from my field of study (pedagogy). However, accessing this document sometimes takes longer than usual because the documents to be opened are large documents. Moreover, the numerous adverts that pop up during browsing hinder the achievement of the ultimate browsing speed. However, the website’s links work perfectly, and in this regard, they redirect the user to the intended target location at a good speed. In this respect, I feel comfortable navigating through the site, and in the same regard, my confidence in the website is equally high. Web Assessment   * Site URL.   * Site Title: Scribd The usefulness of the site Scribd is a very useful website because it allows for the free exchange of information among different users. I find the website very interesting and useful because I can get a variety of information from the website, including entertainment, educational information, and authentic documents. The website is also useful to me because mobile content can also be shared in the same manner as other digital content. Moreover, users do not experience authorization barriers before reading the documents since several people worldwide can easily use the website’s contents. This means that the website acts as an online library, based on the fact that it completely revolutionizes publishing by making it democratic (Scribd Inc, 2011, p. 1). Moreover, document formats such as pdf, PowerPoint presentations, word documents, and the likes can be found. This means that I can get information in whatever format I please, and equally, I can share useful information about my research findings with my colleagues or peers.   * Does the data appear to be up to date and correct? Yes.   * Are there any links that may get students lost or confused? No.   * Must students log in or use a password? No.   * Will they be asked for any personal information? No.   *
Introduction Indigenous education involves teachings about indigenous methods, models, and knowledge. In the recent past, the outcomes of indigenous education in Australia have greatly improved. The improvement is as a result of enhanced enrolment and participation of indigenous students in education. The enrolment of indigenous students in vocational education and training and tertiary sectors has increased considerably (Friesen & Krauth, 2010). Indigenous Education and Bush School Practice The culture of most aboriginal communities is closely aligned to their environment. The aboriginal’s perspective on land, language, and culture varies from the perspectives of other communities. It is important to identify the needs of students from these communities to provide them with an effective education (Guevremont & Kohen, 2012). Identifying a supportive education system for the aboriginal students becomes easy as a result. According to the video, Bush School is one of the educational systems used in indigenous education. It is a school environment that integrates aboriginal content and culture, such as teaching students how to ride horses, into regular curriculum (Bryan, 2009). Indigenous students use learning styles similar to those used in their community. Examples of such styles include observation, imitation, collaboration, cooperation, and use of narratives and storytelling (Guevremont & Kohen, 2012). Such methods of learning require direct experience and learning through inclusion. The student is regarded as an important part of the community. The Bush School video highlights how aboriginal students use these styles to learn useful skills within an informal setting (Bryan, 2009). Assessment and reporting are very essential in providing effective education. The video highlights the various aspects of assessing and reporting the achievements of aboriginal students. Other education systems, such as those adopted in western nations, emphasise on explicit instructions and testing. Such techniques may prove ineffective to indigenous students since they retain knowledge more easily when learning through methods that have succeeded in the past as opposed to other methods. The western education format is not consistent with the upbringing of the aboriginal students (Friesen & Krauth, 2010). Indigenous students reflect the cultural, social, and economic diversity of the communities they come from (Higney, 2012). They are spread across schools in the rural, regional, and urban Australia. Majority of these students speak aboriginal English, Creole, other indigenous languages or a combination of these as their first language. As highlighted by the Bush School video , Bush Schools can integrate all these disparities, making it ‘best practice’ for indigenous students to enrol (Bryan, 2009). Bush Schools provide specific intervention programs to meet the specific learning needs of students. The programs include strategies and trials designed to increase the enrolment of indigenous students in sc
Arbitration is a special arrangement made to solve a commercial dispute without involving the court system. The resulting decisions are usually made by non-government citizens known as arbitrators 1 . It is a good way of solving disputes because the members settling the case are usually of the same cadre hence creating a neutral forum as well as easing flexibility. Another great advantage of arbitration is the confidentiality of the matter to be solved. However, the process can be slow due to the selection of arbitrators. Despite all these, research has shown that most commercial disputes globally are solved through International commercial arbitration and among them is the Australian Granites Limited vs. Eisenwerk Hensel Beyreuth Dipl. Ing. Burkhardt GmbH [2002] 1 . This was a case in Australia supposed to be settled through arbitration but instead used another method of settling cases. However, findings later showed that it was plainly wrong to solve the case in such a manner because of the following; The affected parties in the case opted to follow the ICC rules instead of adopting the International Arbitration Act. The most disappointing thing was that it was only implied and not expressed in any way. It was also noted that both the plaintiff and defendant showed enough intention in the application of ICC rules and since both rules are not simultaneously applicable it was opted out. The Arbitration Act allows the parties to cop out Model Law instead of Act 2 . Articles 19 and 18 of the Model Law are important provisions of the Model Law and the great Charters of the Arbitral Procedure 3 . This is because Article 19 gives a chance to the affected parties to decide on a different procedure other than the default ones. In addition, this case was not among the cases in practice as in the first incident Fryberg J a High Court judge held that section seven clauses two had been overruled by article 8. The case’s stay proceedings also depended on section seven clause two of the Model law. From the aforementioned elements, this case can be referred to as bad law. This is major because it was not in accordance with the right procedures required in the settlement of a commercial dispute. The reason as to why it is termed as bad law is because it goes against the good Law hence cannot be used as a refe
Introduction When it comes to food, fresh and straight from the farm has always had this undeniably delectable taste and, as such, for this paper, I chose to explore the local farmer’s market which is just a minute’s walk away from the station which for me is a rather convenient place to go. When I visited the location, first at 9 am then at 11 am, it was unbelievably packed with people quite literally covering nearly every single square inch of my walking space. It was not just one particular age group or ethnicity that was there, in fact, there was a diverse array of people ranging from people that were teens (the Twilight t-shirts were a dead giveaway) to people ranging from their late to early 20s, 30s, and even 60s. The distinctiveness of the Food Event There was a sense of exploration in the place in that people did not just congregate in any specific area, rather, they went from stand to stand buying, tasting, and, enjoying themselves. If I were to describe the entire scene an apt description would be to call it a scene of ordered chaos in that despite the sheer amount of people crisscrossing in front of me there was at least a sense of order in that the booths themselves were lined up in a particular way and people did at least stand in line when it came to buying different kinds of produce. There were a few instances where my foot was stepped on and the sheer amount of people crushing me from all sides made me feel like my personal space was violated but I guess that is to be expected given the schedule I chose to make my observations. Socio-Cultural Tradition of the Farmer’s Market It is quite interesting to note that the current iteration of most farmers’ markets that are set up within metropolitan areas is that they are a representation of how the sale and consumption of food used to exist within society (Farmer’s Market, 54). It used to be the case that farmers farmed their goods, brought it to the local market, and sold it themselves (Shonrock, 37). Homemade jams, preserves, and other types of farm products were also regularly sold in this manner and were the primary source of income for some farmers. In the modern-day era, such processes have been eschewed in favor of supply chains and modern-day methods of food preservation and transportation wherein food that is from a farm can be transported hundreds of miles away before spoilage ensues (Justice, 16-38; Ng, 247-249). While this has enabled society to grow and expand into a diverse array of regions, it has also resulted in a distinct socio-cultural loss wherein consumers no longer interact with the people that make their food (Shonrock, 37). As a result, this faceless method of food production and distribution has, in a sense, desensitized people towards the various plights of farmers wherein increases in food prices are viewed as merely corporate greed instead of as farmers merely trying to survive (Shonrock, 37). Examining Consumer Behavior When observing the var