ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Identifications The battle of Sekigahara, also called “The Battle for the Surrendered Realm” took place in the early 17 th century. Sekigahara was the gate or passage between The East and West of Japan. It was believed that whoever had jurisdiction over this portion ran the whole of Japan. The battle of Sekigahara is generally referred to as the last of the major conflicts of the Azuchi–Momoyama period. On 21 st October 1600, it was decisive in clearing the path to the shogunate for Tokaguwa. It is after this battle that the Japanese people enjoyed a two hundred and fifty year period of peace (Bohner 283). The warring states period, also referred to as the Sengoku period in the history of Japan was a period of political intrigue, social upheaval and an almost constant military conflict which roughly lasted from the mid 15th century to the early 17 th century. At the beginning of the 5 th century, misery and suffering that had been caused by natural disasters, such as famines and earthquakes triggered armed rebellion by farmers who were weary of taxes and debts. This led to the Onin war that was rooted in the economic distress brought about by shogunal succession disputes. This is how the warring states period began. The eastern and western armies and their allies fought around Kyoto for 11 years then it later spread to the outlying provinces. This period eventually led to political power unification under the Tokugawa Shogunate. The floating world, also referred to as Ukiyo is a term that was used to describe the aspect of seeking for pleasure in the urban lifestyle in the Tokugawa or Edo-period Japan. This was between 1600 and 1867, the 250 years that Japan enjoyed relative peace. The culture of the floating world developed in the red light district of Edo called Yoshiwara. In this location were many brothels, kabuki theaters and chashitsu tea houses, which were visited frequently by the growing middleclass population of Japan. This culture spread to other cities including Kyoto and Osaka (Lockard 543). Kabuki is a Japanese classical dance drama performed in Kabuki theatres. It is defined as the art of dancing and singing. It is characterized by a unique elaborate make up put on by its performers and drama stylization. It was created around 1600 by a shrine maiden called Okuni, from Izumo shrine. In the early days, it was comprised of dances performed by women, most of who were prostitutes off stage. This is the reason that women were banned by the government, as an effort to protect public morals. The Treaty of Kanaga
State Formation in the Middle East It is necessary to note that ideas of nationalism affected the development of the countries in the Middle East. As a result of these ideas and weak governance, the Ottoman Empire disappeared, and many countries obtained their independence (Anderson, Seibert and Wagner 60). However, this freedom was quite illusionary as they were still under the control of Western powers. Thus, Iran and Turkey appeared after the World War I, which was a result of post-war treaties (Anderson, Seibert and Wagner 70). Israel was created after the Second World War as an attempt to solve the issue associated with tensions in Palestine and as a result of lasting fight of Zionists (Anderson, Seibert and Wagner 72). Arab Revolt During the World War I the Allied side was afraid of the Ottoman participation in the war as it was significant military force. Notably, various groups within the Empire were ready to fight against the Ottoman rule and the Allied side used this. They addressed one of the leaders of the anti-Ottoman force, Sherif of Mecca Sherif Husein, and promised him that a vast territory of the Ottoman Empire will gain independence and will be given under his rule (Anderson, Seibert and Wagner 61). Husein managed to lead people, whic
Introduction Mental illness is a common condition in the U.S, which triggers disproportionate impacts on the populace. According to Seo et al. (2019), around one in five adults in the U.S live with a psychological condition. In 2018, approximately 51.5 million people aged 18 and above had a mental disorder in the U.S (Seo et al., 2019). Its incidence was significantly high among females (24.5%) compared to males (16.3%) (Seo et al., 2019). Various health-related policies have been developed in the U.S to address this issue. These procedures aim to minimize the incidence rates of psychological conditions within the population, improve access to appropriate interventions, and enhance positive health outcomes. This paper seeks to evaluate the efficacy of one of these policies, particularly the Affordable Care Act (ACA), in promoting mental health practice. A Description of the Policy The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) is distinguished as a detailed reform within the U.S healthcare sector, signed or passed as legislation in March 2010 by the former U.S President, Barrack Obama. The ACA is a U.S public health policy watershed, which was revised by the Health and Education Reconciliation Act (Creedon & Cook, 2016). Through a sequence of amendments and extensions, the ACA represents the healthcare system’s legal model in the U.S. It establishes the fundamental licit protections, which, until its inception, were absent. Provisions of the ACA Provisions under the ACA are aimed to curb the increasing healthcare expenses, expand the health workforce, enhance better systems and quality performance, emphasize wellness and disease
Bertrand Russell was born in 1872, in Britain and was a mathematician, philosopher and a great contributor to society and politics. His family was very influential in Britain, closely involved in political matters (Blackwell, 2003). Bertrand Russell’s childhood was grim, as his parents and older sister died very early. This has reflected on him in an extreme way, as he was feeling alone and depressed. His overwhelming emotions led him to thoughts about ending own life but sciences and particularly mathematics, the quest for knowledge, helped him overtake his distraught condition. Russell’s understanding of feelings and soul are evident in the following: “nothing can penetrate it except the highest intensity of the sort of love that religious teachers have preached; whatever does not spring from this motive is harmful, or at best useless; it follows that war is wrong, that a public school education is abominable, that the use of force is to be deprecated, and that in human relations one should penetrate o the core of loneliness in each person and speak to that” (as cited in Ayer, 1988, p. 8). The quote clearly illustrates his views on war, education, use of force and love, as it encompasses his views towards society and his lifelong following. His personal life consisted of four marriages and he held it true that one must marry only for love. Throughout his work and contributions, he was a pacifist and strongly opposed the First World War by being fined and almost going to jail, due to his refusal to participate. Later, he was an avid supporter of the anti-Vietnam movement that took place in the United States. His view was that war must be avoided at all costs, as it destroys the lives of many people but at the onset of World War II, he agreed that sometimes war is inevitable, as there are things that are much worse, such as the threat of peace to a great number of people (Russell, 2004). He has written many articles and works in relation to the use of violence and evil that men do, which clearly outlines his opinion and dislike towards all hostility. His opinions and thinking were much affected by the society and environment that he grew up in. The absence in the need for basic needs, food and shelter, gave him time to think about his own understanding of the world and the general principles that govern all existence. Bertrand Russell thought himself to be agnostic and an atheist and this could be considered a reflection of his childhood loss of parents and sister. It is understandable because people often rely on God to help them in the hard times and he attributed his help to knowledge and science. Russell heavily relied on reasoning and logic, as they are able to resolve problems without the use of emotions and irrational thinking. There is no denying that logic is a strong force but at the same time, it cannot disprove the existence of a force that governs all creation. Bertrand Russell very mu
The stakeholders of an organization include various groups of either people who affect the business directly or indirectly. They are categorized into four major groups as users, contributors, governance, and influencers. Users are those people who will be final consumers of the business goods or services; they are part of the business beneficiaries for instance customers (Cameron, & Price, 2009:P.43). Governance are the people who are very interested on how the business is running for instance the management team, auditors etc. influencers are the people are the people who are capable of changing the business views and direction for instance, trade unions. Finally, contributors are those people who are the business suppliers. Business partners as well fall under this category of contributors, and anyone else providing resources to the business. The most appropriate way of meeting the stakeholders’ needs is first identifying them through the help of the other business team of staffs (Anderson, 2009:P.213). After identification, each group should have a key individual to represent the whole group. These key people should be people who have the authority to make decisions, and who can act as channel of communication to his or her group. Through these key people, one would be able to learn the attitude and the specific interests of every group. As one interacts with these representatives, he or she would easily identify their needs. Once you discover their expectations from the business, it would be easy to discuss with the representatives on how to meet those expectations (Silverman, 2007:P.113). Communication between the business and the stakeholders should be a continuous dialogue. Continuous communication would lead to an effective decision making process. Both internal and external communication protocols can be used depending on the type of the stakeholders. The business may use internal means of communication such as brochures, and newsletters. Currently, businesses prefer to use the interactive social media methods like the blogs and the social networks like LinkedIn, as they are fast and effective. For the business and its key stakeholders to make decisions quickly, fast means of communication should be adopted to ensure messages are received by the relevant groups and at the right time (Horn, 2009:P.56). Traditional tools of communication that allowed for only one-way communication is no longer in use. The current social media outlets are giving a two-way communication, immediate feedbacks, and the business as well can hold a discussion with more than one user identities. Any business that considers its stakeholders interests is always at a more competitive edge. Each stakeholder in a business has a different interest and expectations that may help the business in policy and project formulation. When the business is implementing its plans and doing evaluation, it is advisable to incorporate the ideas and the interests of the s
Introduction Many societies believe that money does not buy happiness. However, others affirm the contrary belief by saying that income levels affect people’s happiness. Before delving into the details of these perceptions, it is important to understand that happiness is an emotional or mental state where people experience more positive than negative feelings. These feelings outline how people interact with different stimuli, such as income, to influence their happiness. People experience different emotional effects through such stimuli. The positive and negative effect refers to the effects that varying income levels have on people’s feelings and emotions. In detail, a positive effect refers to the extent that a person experiences positive moods (such as joy and interest), while negative affect refers to negative emotions (such as anxiety, sadness, and depression) that most people experience from varying income levels. Using the above definitions, happiness, and emotional outcomes, Kesebir and Diener (117) say unsurprisingly different researchers have investigated the relationship between happiness and money. Indeed, many societies believe that life is not about (merely) living, but living a fulfilling and happy life (quality life). This realization has caused many philosophers to explore different ways of rising above the mere existence of life to a more fulfilling purpose of living. Comprehending the motivations for pursuing money and happiness is the key to understanding this correlation. In this paper, I argue that wealthy and poor societies have different relationships between money and happiness. In detail, after exploring different types of correlation between the two variables, I explain that the relationship between both variables is strong in low-income societies, but it gradually weakens as income increases (especially in wealthy societies). Based on this understanding, money affects happiness to a limited extent. Indeed, beyond the satisfaction of basic human needs, other non-monetary factors, such as social relationships, have a more significant correlation with happiness than money does. Positive Correlation between Happiness and Money The positive correlation between money and happiness mainly exists in low-income societies. The utilitarian philosophies of the modern era affirm this relationship (Kesebir and Diener 117). However, their influences stem from common beliefs in the 19 th century (and beyond), which equaled happiness to utility (utility refers to the ability of material possessions to sati
Introduction Industrial accident implies a sudden and unexpected event attributable to any cause. It happens to an individual or a group of people arising from their work thus resulting to an employment injury or work place accident [1] . Construction, mining and transportation industries require heavy machineries for their work and thus they are associated with the highest rate of accidents. There are very many operations in these industries and thus if one is not keen enough, a heavy object can fall on him or he can even be cut by the machines. Industrial accidents result from any injury in the work place. Causes Most of the industrial accidents are caused either through negligence, accidents, or through incompetence. For example in the transportation industries, about 70% of the accidents are caused by negligence of the drivers [2] . However, the causes can be broken down to unsafe conditions and unsafe acts. Unsafe conditions imply that the working environment poses great risks to the workers. The conditions include exposure to very high temperatures, excessive noise like loud music [3] , structures that are not stable, naked electrical wires, very slippery floor, machinery malfunction or failure and many more. On the other hand, those caused by unsafe acts can be attributed to the employees due to their negligence or incompetence. However, the employees are not the only to blame because some product manufactures also can manufacture faulty products, which can cause an accident. In addition, some employers of certain industries do not provide safe working places for their workers, which mean they can also be liable for industrial accidents. In some other cases, some e
We all rush home from work to catch up on some steaming television programming of courtroom trials, police investigation and rescue, and street gangland-style episodes. Away from the television, the demand for movies dealing with some form of crime is always overwhelming. Television programs and movies that feature fictional criminals, cops, lawyers, and judges have had a large audience ever since they hit the market (Munro, 2002). Indeed, television programmers are allocating more slots to programs dealing with crime to maintain their audience all over the world. In the same light, it is very rare to come across a movie that lacks any crime scene in recent days. Consequently, crime can be described as one of the critical issues that influence the mass media and our daily conversation (Yeon, 2001). The purpose of this paper is to look at the crime of police corruption and how it can be explained through the movie – The Detonator – by Wesley Snipes. Crime is as old as mankind. In a layman’s language, it can be described as any action that goes against constitutional laws used to govern a state. The law definition of crime is any willful premeditated wrongdoing or action that has been classified by the congress or state as a criminal act or transgression (The Lectric Law Library, 2005). The existence of crime has necessitated the creation of criminal justice systems around the world. According to Gibson, Cavadino, and Faulkner (2008), the criminal justice system utilizes certain set practices and organizations to direct and uphold social control, deter and manage crime, and sanction those who are in violation of set laws through employment of criminal penalties. The system comprises of three interrelated components namely: the law enforcement agency or the police; the adjudication agency or the courts; and the correctional agency consisting of probation, prisons, parole, and jails. Huda (2003) argues that the criminal justice system is charged with the responsibility of controlling unpredictability and guaranteeing equal rights to all citizens; guaranteeing the rights of victims and c
Lack of adequate control measures on environmental degradation is the primary causative agent of the current disappearing world ecosystems and habitats. That is, due to misuse or poor usage of the world natural resources. Currently, most world natural habitats are disappearing at an alarming rate, with little conservation efforts to control or reduce the rate. A good example of the most degraded natural habitat is the Aral Sea. Prior to its destruction, the Sea was one of the biggest water bodies, rich in different species of flora and fauna; a case that is opposite today, as the sea is almost becoming extinct (Water Policy International, 2001, p.1). (Delany, 2010, P.1) The Aral Sea Previously, this was one of the biggest salt lakes in the world hence, it’s previous fourth position among the largest world water bodies. It is important to note that, this was back in the 1960s, something that has undergone transition due to its current rank, as one of the fastest disappearing water bodies. Geographically, two major countries of the Central Asia Desert (Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan) share the sea although its southern section stretches into Karapakalstan. Prior to its destruction, two primary rivers Syr Darya and the Amu Darya supplied the sea with water, a fact that changed as surrounding communities intensified their agricultural practices hence, draining water from its two supplying tributaries. It is important to note also that, the sea has no outflows hence, these two tributaries and ground inflows are major determinants of its volume of water (Micklin, 2007, p.48). Before its destruction, the sea was a great contributor to the surrounding communities’ economies, because the sea not only provided fish for export, but it also provided water for irrigation; hence, greatly boosting agriculture. Such benefits to the surrounding communities never lasted for long, with the diversion of the two tributaries’ water by the Soviet Union. That is, venturing off the Soviet Union into extensive agricultural and industrial production marked the onset of the seas’ disappearance. Due to reduced water supply, from these two tributaries, increas
Why Austinville Community Health Centre Is a Good Place for Mrs.. Smith to Receive Care Austville Community Health Centre is an ideal place for Mrs.. Smith to access healthcare services because it is a short distance from where she lives. This means that it is convenient because she can easily access the health center with little or no transport cost. In addition, the small distance between Mrs.. Smith’s home and the Austville center can help her exercise through walking, which is very beneficial in managing her condition. According to research, regular exercise is essential in maintaining a healthy weight and also regulates blood sugar levels (Borse et al. 2021, p. 113). Likewise, the short distance to the facility will make it easy for Mrs.. Smith to get regular check-ups to ensure her blood sugar remains within the target range. Austville is also a good place for Mrs.. Smith to obtain care because it has multidisciplinary healthcare personnel trained to offer high-quality services to the elderly. In this case, it has several specialists, such as a podiatrist and optometrist, who can detect and treat symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, Mrs.. Smith will be able to obtain appropriate medications for her condition. Likewise, the center has a diabetes educator and provides education programs on diabetes. This implies that Mrs.. Smith will get insightful training on managing her condition. This may include useful tips like how to maintain a healthy diet, test her blood sugar, and the appropriate exercises that aid in weight loss. Such education will help Mrs. Smith to mana