ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background A negligence act according to Harvey (2007) can be viewed in two perspectives which arise either as an omission of an act that would have been undertaken by a reasonable person if placed in the defendant’s position or an act conducted by the defendant that would not have been conducted at all by a reasonable person if placed in the defendant’s position. In answering the case study, the focus will dwell on the elements of negligence and liability. The scenario (case study) would be analyzed under the following sections of the tort of negligence which are; employer’s duty; employer breach of duty; damages and or injuries which resulted due to employer’s negligence; the proximate cause between the breach of duty and the damages or injuries; the types of liability for damages appropriate for this case and finally the scenario’s relationship to the elements of a negligent act (Harvey, 2007). Employer’s duty In determining whether the employer had a duty of care to the employee the evidence in the case has to be examined based on reasonable foreseeability and vulnerability (Alison, & Edith, 2005). Under the aspect of reasonable foreseeability, it can be noted that a reasonable person in the employer’s position would have predicted that his/her conduct of exposing private information to an employee’s ex-husband could cause the employee damages (Harvey, 2007). Under the standard behaviors which are normal in the employee /employer relationship, the employer failed to take reasonable care of maintaining the employee’s private information hence putting the employee at risk of damage. Under the vulnerability aspect, the employee was in a position of powerlessness and hence vulnerable since the employee relied on the employer to protect her/his vulnerability. Breach of that duty The employer in this owed a standard of care to the employee because the employer knew that the employee was divorced. A reasonable person would not have exposed the private information of the employee without being compelled by a court order since the information is of a very sensitive nature. The employer should have known better that the information could be used for any purpose including harming the employee since the employer did not know what the employee’s ex-husband intended to do with the information. There was a greater possibility that the ex-husband was to cause harm to the employee’s life and health. The harm that resulted due to the exposure of the employee’s private information was devastating since the employee’s ex-husband showed up unexpectedly at the employee’s home numerous times and continued to make harassing phone calls and Vandalism including graffiti and property damage to the employee’s home can be blamed in him. The employer has not taken any precautions to remedy the situation as far as the evidence, in this case, is concerned. It is therefore general knowledge that if the employer did not expose the private information of the employee the damages could
Introduction Global food crises have severely affected political and economic structures and institutions that are fundamental in regulating and alleviating the impacts of such crises. The impacts of global food crisis have triggered immense policy reformation and institutions geared towards helping vulnerable countries in coping with hunger. Political economy approach entails incorporating political and economic policies aimed at finding a lasting solution to the human crises and sustainable development. “Political economy focuses on the distribution of power and wealth between different groups, and individuals, and on the processes that create, sustain, and transform these relationships over time” (Collinson 1). The application of political economy perspective in the crises seeks to corroborate political and economic relationship in influencing power and wealth distribution. Power and wealth distribution are imperative in addressing global food crisis that is subject to political and economic stability in varied nations. Global food crisis has direly affected agricultural production, distribution, and consumption of food. This realization raises the question of the importance of political economy perspective in understanding the scope of global food crisis. Historical Background Global food crisis is threatening human existence. Over time, there has been gradual decrease in agricultural food production due to climatic changes and changing life styles of the
Introduction Garba is a traditional Indian dance devoted to a powerful goddess, Durga, and honoring female fertility and pregnancy. Nowadays, Garba is popular in all parts of the world. It unites Indians and provides foreigners with rich cultural knowledge, allowing them to participate in cultural events. Garba is an important part of Indian religious festivals held in various countries of the world. Beautiful costumes and energetic music contribute to the popularity of Garba. In this work, I examine different aspects of this dance. History The dance appeared many years ago in Gujarat, a north-western state of India. The inhabitants of the state believe that the dance dates back to the ancient times of Krishna. The word “Garba” originates from the name of an earthen pot (“garbo”) with a candle inside and holes on its surface. It symbolizes the human body with a radiant soul inside ( Garba Raas & Basmati Raas: A brief history , 2011, par. 3). The dance was originally meant to honor Durga, also known as Amba, a powerful Indian goddess who protects the universe in times of crisis and defeats demons, and also to celebrate women’s fertility with the movements that reflect symbolic related to embryo, womb, and pregnancy ( Garba , 2016, par. 2). It was danced almost exclusively by women and only in the mentioned state (Gujarat). Traditionally, the dance was performed only at night, most often at the festival of Navratri, a religious Hindu festival held to worship Durga and other goddesses. During Navratri, people gather in vast fields or large temples and perform Garba and other dances devoted to Durga, such as Raas. Garba is a unique dance: it honors women, their pride, and their fertility. Moreover, it honors a female divinity who is both womanly and strong. Specifics As it was mentioned, Garba is a dance performed by women. Occasionally, men can participate in the performance along with women, but they cannot dance alone. Being a dance of the residents of one state, Garba spread all over India and then penetrated other countries. Nowadays, one can see it performed in literally any country of the world. The costumes are an integral part of the dance and cannot be changed. Female Garba dancers wear a colorful embroidered dress with a blouse decorated with gems, small mirrors, and shells. They also wear a lot of heavy and bright jewelry. Male dancers wear kafni pajamas (Koskoff, 2008, p. 1016). The circle formed by dancers symbolize the never-ending life cycle (reincarnation). The movements are meant to remind viewers about embryonic development and female fertility (Sinha, 2006, p. 26). Garba dance is accompanied by special music. One or two singers sing a refrain, and then the leaders sign a musical verse. Each line is somehow connected to the previous one. The lyrics honor Durga. The drums set the rhythm of dancing. The rhythmic density and speed increase gradually during the
Public speaking is a mastery that requires excellent skill from an orator who truly aims to captivate the attention of a crowd. There are many great sources of information that discuss what traits and skills are beneficial in this task. Moreover, there are outstanding speakers whose performances can be examined for further reference. In this paper, I will review what flaws persist throughout my speeches, how I can address them, and what public figure can serve as a great example on an ideal speech. One of the most troublesome issues that I observed in my speeches is their structural integrity. While I separate my texts into parts, some issues remain with delivering each part with no perceivable gaps. Audiences have difficulties following a poorly outlined idea, despite possibly agreeing with an overall message. Implementing statistics and other significant data within the body of a speech also can be particularly troublesome for me. While references are evident, they may appear to be out-of-place or insufficient when provided alone. The lack of attention-grabbing elements within a speech worsens the acceptance of any message, however accurate it might be. I chose Barack Obama as a figure whose speeches are always on-point and remarkably easy to follow. He can deliver any type of information with high precision in a well-organized format with zero structural flaws. In the video compilation of Obama’s greatest speeches, it is visible that he articulates historical, statistical, and political information without referencing any supporting material, making his statements appear fully integrated (NBC News, 2017). Moreover, he was able to incorporate this data with metaphors that enhanced otherwise purely standardized data (NBC News, 2017). Obama was a leader who was able to address any topic with great confidence that swayed those listening to his speech. Merely making no mistakes throughout a speech is not a sufficient reason for it to be excellent. One must be able to entice their audience and keep attention on the presentation throughout the entire length of a performance. To achieve that, I must make several adjustments to my preparations. Aside from an introduction and a conclusion, the main body of a speech must lay out facts that gradually flow from previously mentioned ones (Gunn, 2
Introduction The online platforms offer a series of communication tools that are ideal for marketing products or services to create a healthy and sustainable social market dimension. Marketing products or services via a website requires strategic planning and an effective execution process to ensure that the targeted clients are reached and the intentions of the general program realized. Moreover, it ensures that the expectations and reality in product presentation on a digital platform are at par with the market desires. This section of the business plan dwells on competitor analysis, market analysis, and marketing plan for the www.designerapparel.com website. Competitor Analysis Top Competitors and Relative Market Share The main competitors for the www.designerapparel.com website are renowned online fashion stores such as Mod Deals, Necessary Clothing, and Charlotte Russe. These businesses have penetrated the online fashion market and are currently top retailers of different fashion brands. Charlotte Russe is the market leader and currently controls 10% of the online fashion retail market. This is followed by the Necessary Clothing at 7% of the local market share. The Mod Deals has a market share of 5%. The three companies have been in operation for more than a decade and have well-developed focused markets (Schmidt). For instance, the Mod Deals concentrates on the female fashion clothes that are traded online. On the other hand, Charlotte Russe stocks high-end fashion for male and female customers. Lastly, the Necessary Clothing stocks affordable, fashionable apparel. Due to their well-developed market networks, the three online businesses have continued to expand over the years (see table 1). Table 1. Competitor analysis and market share. Competitor          Competitive Advantage                                                   Market Share Mod Deals           Focused on female fashion apparel and retails diverse brands            5%           Necessary Clothing  Stocks affordable fashion apparel that can be bought for as low as $5.  7%           Charlotte Russe     Concentrates on high-end fashion for the male and female customers      10%           Competitors’ Markets and Strategies The Charlotte Russe serves the high-end customer segment within the local market. This business has capitalized on celebrity endorsement to market its products. Moreover, the business has created multiple products through engaging top fashion designers, whose products are hosted by Charlotte Russe. In addition, the company has had a series of successful promotional strategies such as discounts, redeemable reward points for loyal customers, and active advertisements on social media. As a result, Charlotte Russe is the current market leader (Schmidt). Necessary Clothing has concentrated on affordable pricing as the main market penetration strategy in retailing different fashion brands on its online
Many students having got high grades at school and at university become confused facing real problems in their life. They know a lot but they cannot use their knowledge practically. The best student cannot find a way out of a difficult situation in his/her life. What is the problem? Are high grades a real indicator of his/her competence? A lot of students get accustomed to swot up dry facts and ready conclusions. Whose conclusions do students learn by rote? Why are they obligatory to learn conclusions of this or that scientist if students have their own brains to conclude? In fact, one day one researcher provided his/her conclusions on the definite subject and one of his/her followers used his/her results in next researches and these imposed conclusions are passed on from one generation to another. Have you ever thought about the accuracy of all information which you are taught at school or at university? Of course, every student trusts his/her teacher. That is why this responsibility for the reliability of information belongs to a teacher. On the other hand, instead of teaching students to muse on and make their own conclusions, teachers demand the rote-learning of hackneyed statements (Loewen, p. 293). Most teachers think that students are not ready to make their own researchers and conclusions. When will they become ready? It will be late when they face some trouble and get lost looking for its solving. They get accustomed to find ready and clear answers for their questions in printed matters. It will be a great disappointment if they do not find such answers one day. There will be not clear answers for all our life questions in books. More than that looking for such answers you will realize that there is a wide range of different interpretations of one and the same subject. Whose interpretation is correct? It is a controversial question. Everyone is right in his/her own way. Everyone may think that if the matter concerns such subjects as mathematics, physics, chemistry, there are no debatable questions. There is a wide range of rules and formulae which students are to learn by heart. Having read the history of great inventions and discoveries, we may come to the conclusion that one invention refuted the previous one. Our world is not studied yet from every quarter. It is even impossible to perceive all secrets of our world. But who will make new inventions and discoveries if the students are not taught to analyze and refute previous statements? How can they dare to judge such great scientists? It should be taken into account that even great people can make mistakes. As for such subjects as literature, history and other humanities, the situation is quite similar. Of course, it is necessary to learn by heart historical dates and events. We were not the witnesses of the historic events which we study at lessons on history. Nevertheless, there are a lot of different interpretations and even divergences in dates. Where do students find the truth? Is it possible? If students are taught to think they will have their own point of view received during long speculation
Introduction Disneyland, a global entertainment company running parks, restaurants, and resorts, earned a lot of revenue from most of its branches until it launched Euro Disneyland. Formerly, the new brand faced a lot of challenges that significantly hampered its income and growth. This study applies a problem-solving technique known as decision matrix analysis, to identify the events which occurred since the entry of Euro Disney into the market. Furthermore, the paper will employ Hofstede’s famous cultural dimensions: individualism, cultural avoidance, masculinity, and power or distance to analyze the differences between France’s and the United States’ cultures. Cultural Challenges Posed by Euro Disneyland Table 1: Causes of the Cultural Challenges faced by Euro Disneyland. Cultural challenges  Factors which brought these problems                               Individualism         1. Self-centeredness: Individuals concerned about their welfare.                        2. Nepotism: Favoring close friends and relatives by the leaders.                       1. New techniques of operation                                    Cultural avoidance    2. Introduction of new products                                                         3. Ineffective planning strategy                                                        1. Prosperity                                                     Masculinity           2. Availability of money                                                                3. Material possession                                                                  1. Political interference                                         Power/distance        2. Influence from management                                                            3. Workforce                                                       The decision matrix analysis involves scoring each of the challenges on a scale of 1 to 5 (see Table 2). Each score is then multiplied by 2 to attain the weighted scores for each option/factor combination. Table 2: Decision Matrix Analysis. Factor                 Score  Weighted Scores Individualism          1      2               Uncertainty avoidance  4      8               Masculinity            2      4               Power/distance         5      10               Cultural Differences between the United States and France Based on Hofstede’s Perspective Hofstede’s approach reveals little cultural difference between the United States (US) and France. According to Bissessar (2018), Hofstede’s applicable dimensions in this study are power/distance, masculinity versus femininity, individualism versus collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance. The masculinity trait promotes rivalry, achievement, and success (Huang & Crotts, 2019). The US is inspired to prosper based on competitions, contests, or accomplishments in which the successful ones are considered winners or the best in the field. From
Introduction Research on the interaction of different languages is of the utmost interest to scholars all over the world. This work will consider societal multilingualism and linguistic endangerment as the most important topics covered in Chapter 12 of Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language and Linguistics . A summary of the essential information obtained from this chapter will be provided together with the original examples to illustrate some of the definitions. Societal Multilingualism In certain situations, knowledge of only one language can become insufficient for successful interactions. As suggested by the author, societal multilingualism “refers to a situation in which communities of speakers share two or more languages and use them in everyday life” (The Ohio State University: Department of Linguistics, 2011, p. 502). Standard features of such multilingualism are code-switching and diglossia (The Ohio State University: Department of Linguistics, 2011). Altogether, this linguistic trait allows people to continue using their native language while staying connected to the outside world. Communication between different states of India serves as an example of societal multilingualism. The dialects between the states are distinct to such an extent that proper conversation and interaction are possible only when speakers use the English language. Language Endangerment and Language Death A demand to use a specific language or dialect instead of a native one can lead to language endangerment and language death. In certain situations, the co-existence of the two languages or dialects might be deemed impossible by more socially powerful languages, leading to speakers abandoning their native ways of communication (The Ohio State University: Department of Linguistics, 2011). Old Russian can be seen as an example of a dead or dormant language, which changed over the centuries but is no longer used. Reference The Ohio State University: Department of Linguistics. (2011). Language contact. In V. Mihalic̆ek & C. Wilson (Eds.). Language files: Materials for an introduction to language and linguistics (11 th ed, pp. 484-519). Ohio State University Press.
Introduction The individual choice/game theory uses a very strict definition of individual rationality. On the contrary, the evolutionary game theory does not make any rationality assumptions. In this paper, the focus is going to be on commenting on whether the evolutionary approach is successful in addressing the criticism that, in neoclassical economics, the profile of the rational individual is not very realistic. Evolutionary Theory Provides a Satisfactory Answer to the Criticism In my view, the evolutionary game theory, which is a dynamic process, possibly offers the coordination mechanism which aligns beliefs with behaviour. It brings the game theory closer to economics by looking at economics as the product of an adjustment process instead of being looked at as a thing that simply springs in to existence. The classical game theory, which was a standard theory until the 1980s, is set up on the assumptions of ideal rationality as well as common knowledge (Hodgson 2007). However, it is without a doubt that not only an assumption is made that each individual makes an effort to maximize utility, there is also need to make an assumption of common knowledge of rationality and consistently aligned beliefs (Griine-Yanoff and Lehtinen 2010). According to my judgement, the evolutionary theory has offered some sort of solution to problems that are associated with the classical game theory. By making the relaxation of the perfect rationality assumption legitimate, the revolutionary turn overcame the hurdle which the refinement programme could not overcome. The issue was in the fact that “classical game theory facilitated generation of predictions were disconfirmed by evidence” (Sugden 2001, p.116). Economists had interest in game theory for the reason that they had hopes of utilizing it in explaining the actions of the “real economic agents”. Therefore, in the setting, there was an assumption that ‘real economic agents’ like the perfectly rational players of the theory, must possess some explanatory strength. However, the evolutionary theory is not confined to prescribed actions of ‘ideal’ agents as it focuses on the agents’ behaviour which is predetermined by successful actions of other agents. In other words, the evolutionary theory focuses on specific behavioural patterns which have already been checked and proved to be successful. Therefore, economists do not try to work out some patterns on the basis of certain assumptions. The economists can have more specific material. The evolutionary approach offers particular settings and particular examples to operate on. One of the strengths of the evolutionary game theory is that it does not focus on individuals but on the strategies themselves. It is those strategies that are successful themselves which attract the agents and the individuals do not consciously make choices. It is only that with time, in one way or the other, they learn to make choices of strategies which, in regard to expected utility, are better for them. This might come about for the re