ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Outline Violence in any form that is committed against a person or property is considered an offense that is punishable under the provisions of the law, whether it is on the playing field or off it, which implies that the sporting events are not exempted from being under the purview of the law. Sports have for long been an integral part of life in Australia, but there have been incidents of physical and verbal violence occurring in sporting events and recreational settings that have involved spectators, administration officials, and players. The sporting fraternity in Australia recognizes the need to control such incidents and initiatives have been taken in curbing the violence and managing the incidents effectively as and when they happen. Sporting events are certainly not absolved of the responsibilities to uphold, practice, and accept the norms of the state and communities. Introduction The issue of violence in sports has become a matter of immense concern in Australia. There have not been many attempts to systematically document the character and extent to which the violence occurs regarding the recreational and sporting culture in Australia. There is some evidence to suggest that the incidents in this regard have shown a downward trend over time in most of the important sporting team events such as rugby (Wenn, 1989). But there is a visible absence of methodical studies that consider the link between particular sporting events and the wider cultural circumstances which implies that the given data does not provide much evidence regarding the trend, pattern, and changes happening in the extent of violence during such events (Homel et al, 1993). Main body Additionally, the incidents that require the violence to be controlled regarding dealing, detection, and prevention of the problems when they occur are found to be of wider criminological relevance. It is also evident that the available evidence regarding research done on violence, suggests that these matters essentially intrude into the role of private and public law and the functioning of enforcement officials. The studies in this regard have also thrown light on the mechanism adopted in regulating violent behaviors under the circumstances. Such matters have been considered in the context of different subcultural types of sporting cultures such as the Bathurst motorcycle race (Cunneen et al, 1989). But there is a considerable need to analyze and explore the questions in the conventional fields of sporting cultures in Australia. There is a lot of evidence emanating from countries such as the UK and the USA which is suggestive of incidents of violence amongst spectators and participants and which are quite usual in both societies. For instance, in the UK, spectat
Introduction In the past few years, increased contamination of the atmospheric environment by the heavy metals such as Cadmium, Nickel, and Chromium has been detected. This dangerous contamination comes from such sources connected with the urbanization as industrialization, vehicular traffic, and use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture. To the surprise of many people, other channels of hazardous chemicals are tobacco smoking and the beauty industry that makes use of a variety of heavy metals in its products. Exposures to Cadmium, Nickel, and Chromium cause such adverse health effects as cardiovascular disorders, increased incidence of cancer, chronic respiratory problems, malfunction of the excretory system, and affect mental health. Moreover, such chemicals are declared genotoxic on the basis of recent research studies. In connection with the above-mentioned facts, the question the preventive medicine is facing is whether there exists a solution to change urban routines to eliminate exposures to extra health risks. Air Quality and Associated Health Risks According to the article published by Tsamalis (2014) in the recent issue of Life Science Weekly journal, air contamination problem in both developed and the third world countries is getting more complicated. The scientists express concerns regarding the growing rates of hazardous contaminants such as Cadmium, Nickel, and Chromium in the air (Tsamalis, 2014). They state that the essence of the problem is the modern lifestyle connected with intense production, consumptive attitudes, and the desire to have glamorous appearance ignited by the beauty industry. The paradox of contemporary society is that being quite positive in their nature, such initiatives laid to the environmental crisis (Tsamalis, 2014). As an outcome of this crisis, people’s quality of life is constantly worsening due to the health risks associated with the environmental problems. Individuals exposed to the ambient air pollutants such as Cadmium, Nickel, and Chromium may develop cancer, cardiovascular disorders, genotoxic lesions, malfunction of the excretory system, chronic respiratory diseases, and mental disorders of various degrees of complexity ranging from depression to schizophrenia (Tsamalis, 2014). Other health endpoints resulting from exposures to air pollutants are allergenic reactions, neurological disorders, hypertension, humoral immune response impairment, spontaneous abortion, chromosomal aberrations, and congenital structural malformations, low birth weight, and birth defects, liver and kidney damage, and inflammatory processes in joints (Tsamalis, 2014). Critical Analysis Tsamalis’ article is of high significance in connection with the current situation in the healthcare system, as well as the problems that emerge in the economics due to the increased levels of morbidity and mortality associated with the environmental pollution. Desp
Introduction In developing countries, better infrastructure and access to services lead to urbanization which has adverse challenges on populations and the environment. During the colonial period, African countries and cities located along the coastal region had the advantage of facilitating the exchange and transport of goods. One of Nigeria and Africa’s most economically stable cities, Lagos is among the most beneficial cities in trade and economic benefits. The city’s ports led to transportation infrastructure development to connect the various goods into and outside the towns. Colonization also led to oil production and efficient railways systems leading to further economic development in Lagos. However, the city’s rapid economic growth has led to high population density due to urbanization, creating social, economic, and environmental challenges the challenges include poverty, unemployment, sanitation, poor and inadequate transport infrastructure, congestion in the city, climate change among others. The Lagos administration needs effective planning measures such as proper governing systems, population control and improved transportation infrastructure to ensure the sustainability of the city. This essay discusses Lagos’s challenges due to urbanization to help in creating effective planning responses to minimize the impacts and promote more sustainable social, economic and ecological conditions. Urbanization in Lagos Lagos has the most rapid population growth in West African cities due to its rapid economic development. The city has a unique financial setup due to open ports that facilitate international trade. Apart from open seaways, the Lagos manufacturing industry accounts for over 75% of the country’s value, creating a significant financial economy across the West African region (Onwuanyi, 2019). In Lagos, Urbanization comes from rural-urban migration, naturally growing populations in the city, politics, and economic processes that demonstrate urbanization (About Lagos, 2021). However, the development of coastal areas led to a decline in the development of inland areas, including poor roads and inadequate population control leading to unsustainability and an increase in poverty levels. The urban population suffers from malnutrition, high food expenses and poor housing due to congestion (Aliyu and Amadu, 2017). Consequently, population growth in Lagos has led to higher demands for increasing social services such as schools and hospitals. Governance Despite moving Nigeria’s capital city to Abuja, Lagos remains the most economically potential city, sustaining most of Nigeria’s economy. The city is a booming region with much political influence, which determines the developmental projects and outcomes. The town has a municipality that oversees the formulation of policies and governance through local and state leaders (Onwuanyi, 2019). However, the city’s foundation comprises corrupt leadership, monopoly enterprises, nepotism and bribery where unions, state leaders and the local government connect through power links. Lagos lacks proper governance since many civilians do not follow the
Psychological definition of Culture Culture can broadly be used to refer to a combination of shared practices, beliefs, values, and attitudes, or as a product of the social setting or institution from which we hail from. Psychologists have however found this definition ambiguous and indeterminate and prefer to look at culture as common elements of symbols, concepts, meanings, and linguistics learned and shared from the dominant society and within smaller social groupings. According to Weiss (1999), psychologists believe that these elements are socially developed for they are a result of individuals going about their daily endeavors. They agree strongly that these elements are not only deducible but also practical in the sense that they are formed by human beings in experiential circumstances and therefore, believe that we are products of the environment we grow in (Weiss et al, 1999). Conceptual and Methodological Problems Hoagwood (1997) noted that our varying understanding of the meaning of culture has been said to play a major role in generating differences in the way we relate culture to mental health problems. Issues in the definitions that have elicited the impediments include:  1. Ideological uses: Each ethnic group is said to possess unique values and preferences which place them as being different from another ethnic group. This has elicited mixed reactions from different people since the question of the uniqueness of a group can only be determined if the values and preferences are scientifically proven. This has remained unanswered since science cannot be used to test values and beliefs as these are all in the way you reason your case.  2. Tendency to over relate: Culture can be defined in such a way that it seeks to defend the values and practices of a certain group taking advantage of the fact that the ideal values have not been predetermined. This renders the usage of cultural orientations inapplicable in scientific pursuits. The lack of a standard measure for these artifacts leads to avenues for people with a tendency to relate evidence to have a way of justifying their cases by manipulating even the scientific evidence to suit their historical time and place of the occurrence.  3. Ambiguity in definitions: Lack of some important information in certain definitions of culture leads to missing information that would have been critical for scientific studies that would help determine the presence of developmental psychopathology. For instance, cultural definitions that state culture is morally determined render the approval of facts scientifically not possible since it’s just a matter of assessment.  4. Circular reasoning: When culture is defined in such a way that is reasoning moves in circles, the possibility of it supporting scientific evidence is obstructed.  5. Undifferentiated culture: Here, culture is inclusive of anything other than the traits of an individual. Culture is also generalized as a representation of all the ethnic groups as opposed to being differentiated along social and personal specific lines. This renders the definition vague and the general
Introduction According to industry insiders, Apple sells tens of millions of iPads each year (Bonnington 1). Without a doubt, the brisk sales of iPads make it safe to assume that this type of electronic equipment is very popular in the United States and all over the world. The company makes a lot of money, but entrepreneurs must have an easy time figuring out that there is also an opportunity for them to make money. One of the best ways to earn a profit is to design gorgeous and elegant cases for the iPad (Tabini 1). Surge in Growth Many reasons can explain the spectacular success of Apple’s iPad business. The iPad offers a state-of-the-art and beautifully designed alternative to the laptop (Reality Mine 1). There was a time when the laptop PC was the main answer to the mobility problem of professionals and students. However, the emergence of the iPad provides them a better alternative. An iPad is lighter and more convenient to use compared to a laptop (SecureEdge Networks 1). According to the BBC, and iPad provides wonderful learning opportunities (BBC Interactive 1). In other words, students and teachers are experiencing more fun and excitement in the learning process, if they have an iPad. They will not trade it for conventional tools of learning (Bostic 1). Thus, the surge in demand for iPads will continue shortly. Solving the Business Issue The great demand for iPad also means that they are more people using it in the classrooms and the workplace. Therefore, there is an expected demand in accessories and other fashion items to personalize the iPad. Students and young professionals believe that fashion accessories are some sort of personal statement for them. It is therefore important to develop products that are attractive to the consumers, especially those who are currently using their iPads in work or school. Entrepreneurs who can see a major opportunity in designing and manufacturing beautiful and elegant iPad cases must invest in hiring the best available designer. There will be competitors because there are other entrepreneurs that will also recognize the earning potential from selling iPad cases. Thus, the products must stand out from crowd so-to-speak. It is also important to consider the sustainability of the enterprise. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to create products that are both stylish and durable. They must also focus on creating the most cost-efficient manufacturing system to increase the quality, but at the same time lower the costs of production. Conclusion It is important to ride the wave that is created by the surge in demand for iPads. Due to a sheer number of iPads that were purchased in the past several years, many owners are looking for ways to personalize their iPad. It is therefore prudent to offer high-quality products. The most practical choice is a case that users will utilize to provide not only protection for a valuable item but also as a means to convey some form of a fashion statement. The entrepreneur must hire the best available desig
Learning Curve Concept There are many ways on how to define, analyze, and improve the current business environment. Each new project is an attempt to understand how and why a product or a service should be produced (Heldman, 2011) and consider the importance of such factors like time, cost, and performance of the project. The connection between the quality of the work and time that is necessary to complete the required portion of work is evident and cannot be neglected. That is why it is very important to measure the profitability of a project and clarify how to improve the project if necessary. For example, it is possible to use learning curves as the main tool used by the people involved in the current project (the production of T-shirts with a special label on them). Learning curves are various graphic representations of the repetitive functions of the project activities within the frames it is possible to reduce time, resources, and money. Learning curves may have a significant implication for all project activities. Therefore, it is not enough to comprehend the basics of their occurrence in a project but pays more attention to the effects the learning curves can produce. The concept of learning curves can be explained on the basis of several principles. For example, it is evident that each time a manager performs a task, he/she spends less time in comparison to the last time the same task was performed. Besides, the amount of the required improvements can decrease considerably, with more units being produced (Kerzner, 2013). With the help of the learning curve, it is possible to define how to decrease time if the task is performed over and over again in a proper way. Cumulative Average Curve A learning curve demonstrates the relation of the cumulative average time and th
There are a lot of types of alternative dispute resolutions, such as mediation, executive tribunals, dispute review boards, engineer’s decision/determination, expert determination, statutory adjudication and dispute adjudication boards, and meetings of executives. According to the Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution, mediation is defined as a confidentially conducted meeting held by a third party who is responsible for negotiations between two opponents. Key issues of mediation are confidentiality and facilitative, the interests are more valued than rights. Mediation may be us
Introduction The difficulty of balancing life is the issue for everyone who encounters hard periods in life. In this respect, the reality is cruel, unless working out the design of actions for every day. This means that people are trying to facilitate their lives only by working day and night. It is one side of the story. On the other hand, individuals are apt to pay more attention to the family when everything is going wrong in other spheres of life. Thus, the problem concerned with the balance of life becomes extra significant for the contemporary individual. The paper represents this idea implemented in the everyday routine. Studying course material online along with raising three children, being a union officer, and working as a manager is hard to balance. However, the devil is not so black, as he is painted. The discussion touches upon the optimal ways for resolving this issue. It helps to realize prior areas to be emphasized at a particular time. Nevertheless, it is an attempt to show the instructions for finding harmony in balancing all significant issues of life. Balancing what really matters for a person means making efforts and planning activities for achieving positive results. General evaluation First of all, human beings are different in their feeling of life. They vary in particular attitude to life and understanding of its complex nature. This represents a ground for either pleasure or despair in life. Being loaded with different tasks and responsibilities at once, a person may be confused in actions. This is why Merrill & Merrill (2004) emphasize the concepts of personal competence and wisdom in achieving balance in life. In turn, it means, for instance, that while studying an online college course, an individual should think over the benefits of such doing. It may lead to better work with a better salary. Thereupon, it provides an opportunity for better upbringing of three children. Moreover, it gives more assurance the next day when working, as a manager, and leading, as a union officer. Practical experience One may suppose that it is easy to say than to do. In this respect, it is vital to look at the experience of those who are able to save their time. The most prosperous people have an idea about the price of time and proper place of different priorities in it as well. Hence, one should be aware of the practical benefits of living at work, in family, and in education. Here the role of physical health is better to rely on spiritual and moral sustainability (Pierce, 2001). The thing is that when a man has such a strong spiritual pivot inside, he/ she is able to resist problems. The reason for this is hope and optimism. To follow the way of rationality describes a scheme for the design of daily activities. Planning is a strategic peculiarity of successful people. It is a way for the materialization of dreams. It also gives assurance in the further destiny of a man, because he/she acquires an additional “portion” of e
Introduction John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s assassination is considered to be one of the most mysterious events in the history of the United States of America. The date — November 22, 1963 — is known to everyone as a shocking and tragic day. It was found out that the gunman who shot John F. Kennedy (JFK) was Lee Harvey Oswald. There are a lot of theories why he did it, who were his companions, and what was the reason for the murder. John F. Kennedy was fatally shot in a presidential motorcade in Dallas, Texas. Main text Some scholars consider that there are no conspiracy theories. All of them are nothing else but just hoaxes. Researchers prefer to believe that the only conspiracy may be the fact that a small number of organizations rule the whole world (Marshall 1). Nevertheless, the reality shows that conspiracy theories do exist and that they are controversial. Conspiracy theories are easy to claim, but it is also difficult to dethrone them. Some people consider them to be simply entertainment. The word “conspiracy” means something secret, a hidden plan to conduct an illegal activity (Goertzel par.11). The conspiracy theory of the JFK assassination may be further subdivided into many branches. Every separate branch represents a particular version of who, how, and what for has organized the crime. The number of culprits is immense. The list has been filled up for almost fifty years. The details of John F. Kennedy’s death were unknown, and they were turned into speculations and conspiracies immediately after the shot. A lot of reporters were eager to write the best reporting in their lives. That is why they started investigating and finding out what were the possible theories. They were the founders of the whole culture and cult, which entwined the assassination (George 136). The Central Intelligence Agency belongs to the group of one of the most popular suspects. This version was developed based on the intense relations between the President and the director of the CIA of those times — Allen W. Dulles. The theory came into existence because John F. Kennedy’s brother, Robert “Bobby” Kennedy, thought at first that the CIA handled the assassination. However, he changed his mind later. The aim of the CIA under Dulles was to fight and win the leadership in some of the foreign countries (Iran or Guatemala, for instance). The means of achieving goals were mainly armed attacks. When Kennedy became the president, everything became different. He preferred more diplomatic ways and at the same time, Kennedy was not absolutely against the CIA’s actions. The first great division of interests took place when Kennedy refused to support the Bay of Pigs invasion, the primary target of which was Fidel Castro. Dulles’ failure cost him his position. It was also noted, that once John F. Kennedy made a statement in a New York Times, introducing the idea that he would break the CIA into thousands of pieces. Thus, it would be no surprise that the CIA would choose its method of doing things and getting rid of a person, who stood in their way (Burgos 1). It is only one part of the conspiracy theory surrounding the John F. Kenned