ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The major religion in Russia is the Russian orthodoxy, though Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, and Islam are part of the religious legacy in Russia. In Russia, religion and political systems are very much interrelated in that, since time in memorial, religion especially the Orthodoxy and its icons have been shaping politics and the government through their influence on the Russian people. These important roles of the icons led the Soviets to order their destruction during the revolution, highlighting their relevance in the history of Russia. From more than one thousand year since Prince Vladimir introduced the Orthodoxy to the people of Russia, icons have influenced a significant part of the history of Russia [1] . The first icons were introduced in the country from Constantinople, through the Byzantines the Greek icon painters and were able to work in Russia, eventually leading to emergence of groups of Russian icon painters. It is believed that Prince Vladimir emissaries were very impressed by Constantinople’s Hagia Sophia icon, importing it together with the Byzantium’s artistic traditions of fine arts and Christianity [2] . With time, the Russia icon painter, following Byzantine art modules and styles modified the art and style, thus producing their own unique identity as icon painters. Background of Russia icons Andrei Rublev, one the most recognized “15th century Russian icon painters, brought a new style to Russian icon painting” [3] . His paintings including the icon Spas , or the Savior that brought a new style of painting characterized by “use of color and the attitude of serenity and humanity portrayed in the faces of the figures depicted” [4] . Rublev lived in a monastery with other monks with whom he developed this new style. Although new style developed the traditional Russia, icons mostly lacked individual pictorial taste and creativity that was found in the Western European countries. With the Western influence sweeping through Russia during the 17 th century, the Russian Orthodox Church separated into the Conservatives (Old Believers) and the States Church (New Believers). The Conservatives adhered to the traditional styles while the new believers accepted the Western art forms, leading to paintings reflecting personal feelings and reality and a mixture of Russia styled and Western styled icons. This development liberated the art of icon painting to some extent in Russia. From this point on, painters were able to include personal expression, add value, and modify the standard traditional styles, producing new icons but still being within the biblical references and the laid down tradition for the icon paintings. During the era of Peter the Great in the 18 th century, reverence to icons remained but there was sudden reduction in the art of icon painting due to influence of western arts. In the second half of the 20 th century, interest in icons and icon painting increased and currently, there are several painters using the traditional styles of the old icon masters [5] . Majority of Russia icons are small wooden paintings wit
Education plays an important role in the life of every person. Usually, students’ life may be considerably changed after students enter a college. Students have to choose their professions, think about future life goals, define moral principles, and get experience. Unfortunately, nowadays, students face numerous problems in education: race and sex inequality, school vouchers, private or public education, requirements for distant education, and lack of teachers. Each of these issues influences considerably the choice of future education and profession. Students, whose families have low income, usually lag behind, and students, who come from other countries, face language and communication barriers. To solve the problem of education in America, it is necessary to analyze and improve education policies, extirpate the problem of racism, create programs to help students who cannot choose institutions according to their own interests, and find more motivation for teachers. One of the current problems of education in American culture is students’ unwillingness to study. Kids do not want to go to schools/colleges just because of lack motivation and unawareness of education importance. Nowadays, young people have lots of alternatives to education: free-lance jobs, family business, or marriages for money. They just do not want to realize the importance of education and chances they can get. It is necessary to clear up who and how can influence children
Today, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is known as a powerful alliance to promotes the freedoms and security of its members by establishing equal political and military standards. Since 1994, NATO has initiated the Mediterranean dialogue, and Israel is one of the non-NATO countries interested in developing such international relationships. [1] Although Israel could benefit from joining this organization, there are serious controversies that should not be ignored. The reasons for choosing Israel as a NATO applicant are closely connected to the ambiguity of the situation. First, this country is located outside the North Atlantic region, and the extension of the boundaries for peaceful relationships is always beneficial. [2] Second, Israel is known for its multiple conflicts and short-term wars. NATO may be a solution for the population to stop damaging military activities and e
Introduction Aircraft and aerospace manufacturing industry is one of the prominent high-tech production industries in the world. It produces parts and components as well as assembly and maintenance services to create airliners, business, and general aircraft, military products, as well as helicopters and other rotatory wing devices. The global aerospace industry is worth about 840 billion dollars, with over 315 billion dollars, specifically invested in technical oversight and maintenance. The total number of employees in the US alone exceeds 450,000 individuals in direct jobs and over 2.4 million in affiliated occupations. At the same time, employment had been shrinking since the 1970s, dropping from over a million active workers by more than a half (Aerospace Industry Association, 2016). One of the reasons for such a steep decline lies in the availability of alternatives and the changes in the industrial climate. Due to high levels of technology implemented in the construction of airplanes, qualified and experienced employees are difficult to come by, meaning that the costs of turnover are steep. The attrition levels in aircraft manufacturing are currently low, standing at 5.2% (AIA, 2016). However, the competition for qualified employees ought to grow significantly in the next years, as over 14% of the entire workforce is approaching retirement, with 3.2% of them permanently leaving the profession every year (AIA, 2016). As such, it is paramount to attract new talent by improving the industrial climate and individual workplace environment, in order to further reduce attrition and increase recruitment rates to fill out various STEM positions. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the key issues that impact the industrial climate and offer recommendations to overcome them. Literature Review Summary of Key Factors There is a multitude of different factors that affect the i
The virtual exhibition that I chose to visit is the one at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, exploring the American food culture from the second half of the twentieth century up to the present day. The exhibition presents five different sections, each of which is devoted to exploring a particular phenomenon. Julia Child’s Kitchen explores the impact that a legendary cook Julia Child made on the way Americans viewed cooking, transforming the art of cookbooks and becoming one of the biggest television stars along the way. New and Improved! The section provides insight into how attitudes about an improved way of living alongside new technologies influenced the food culture in postwar America. Resetting the Table expands on various sources that contributed to the Americans’ thoughts and feelings about food – from immigrants’ cultures to activists’ principles of life. Brewing a Revolution speaks about brewing in the United States, and Wine for the Table communicates how with no wine traditions beforehand, America eventually sparked a revolution in the wine industry in the 20th century. When it comes to identifying the fields of social studies this exhibition is related to, it is linked to communication studies and history. By visiting different sections and reading about factors contributing to the alterations in American food culture, one develops an understanding of how important it is for us to communicate with one another. Without ideas brought by Americans to their country from abroad and unique manifestations of different cultures that immigrants aim to preserve, it is hard to imagine how scarce modern American cuisine could be. That is why the section I found especially thrilling was Resetting the Table – it tells the story of how immigrants opened up new doors for the residents of the United States in terms of products, flavors, and ways of cooking. Additionally, it explains how various occurrences, such as the phenomenon of dieting, political movements, and countercultures, all affected food culture in their respective times. I was surprised to find out how much historical events affected what and how Americans ate. It really gives a perspective on how interconnected all spheres of our lives are, which is fascinating. Such exhibitions are a genuine find for implementation in my future classroom. These virtual field trips are essentially a history lesson, but with information delivered in a non-traditional classroom way – it is like a trip down memory lane. The way in which the exhibition’s format can be used is to encourage intergenerational communication. Since all information provided covers the second half of the 20th century, parents and grandparents of students, as well as other relatives, are certain to remember these times. Home assignments may include family members sharing their stories or giving feedback on how events covered in the exhibition have affected their lives in terms of eating culture. In this way, students are to remember this lesson’s contents since they will have a sort of a personal connection to at least some of the inform
First Generation Characterized by use of printed learning materials that were posted to and from the learning institution. Second generation Came with the introduction of television, radio and audio tapes as means of delivering instructions. Public telephone lines also formed an important component through which communication was achieved during this phase of distance learning development. Third Generation Marked by the emergence of an industrialized and globalized world with platforms such as satellites that allow analogue and digital communication from one station to other remote stations around the world. Fourth Generation These new technologies have introduced real time communication between the learner and the teacher through video-conferencing while at the same time utilizing enhanced computer network linkages through which the learning materials and appropriate feedback is sent (Moore and Kearsley, 1996). Theoretical Framework Wide Area Network (WAN) is gaining popularity among many institutions because it is more reliable and secure. Many companies are establishing Virtual Private Network (VPN) integrated within their core business lines to cater for the remote employees. This technique has come in handy for learning institutions that are using it to reach remote learners that may not be able to access their campuses. A well connected and operational VPN allows an institution to reach greater geographical area while at the same time improving system security through relatively low costs when compared to WAN. Present and Emerging Technologies available for Distance Learning Second life Computer Software Second life is a fast emerging online virtual world that offers a 3-dimensional environment in which people can remotely interact and carry out functions that are simulated into real-life experiences through computer programmes (Bourke, 2009). Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Technology DWDM is a form of communication that is based on optics that allows the already established fibre optic system to expand in bandwidth and therefore supporting transmission of information of different wavelengths on a common optical medium (Littman, 2002). Tele-Presence Technology This kind of technology allows distant learning programmes to use more real teaching methods through video-conferences that create more interactive sessions where the remote learners get an enhanced “feel” for the lecturer. Tele-presence solutions have made it possible to overcome geographical barriers by integrating the existing internet technology. Wireless Technologies These devices makes use of IEEE 802.11 wireless protocol to offer services for mobile students who use wireless networks to carry out their lessons with no interruptions during their travels (Moore, 2007). Benefits of Modern Technologies on Education Delivery Researches shows that about 40% of the total expenses in traditional learning was taken up by factors that were not directly related to learning process itself, for example travelling costs (Syed, 2001) Limitations of Modern Technologies on Education Delivery Some learners may
Trade and Comparative advantage The idea of comparative advantage is among the major theories used in understanding international trade. This notion, at its simplest, suggests that a nation’s comparative advantage in some goods and comparative disadvantage in others comes about due to the national endowment of natural resources (Kletzer, 2002). These national natural resources mentioned here include weather, technology, labor force, and productivity. Based on this, therefore, a country will indicate a tendency to export goods where their natural endowment allows for the expansion of output with minimal sacrifice of domestic goods. In relation to wood and timber, the comparative advantage due to the natural resources in the Mediterranean region has contributed to the trade-in wood and timber (Merlo & Croitoru 2005). Due to this advantage, it has been noted that in France, forest and wood chain industries contribute almost 1.5% of total French employment and a much as 6% of agricultural and industrial employment. This is based on the fact that France is a forest country and, as such, is the largest producer of sawn hardwood in Europe (Merlo & Croitoru 2005). This is mainly possible due to the abundance of forests in the country and the Mediterranean region in general. Negative Externality In relation to microeconomics, a negative externality occurs when a competitive market undertakes a decision, and this decision has some effect on an independent third party (Taylor & Weerapana 2009). An example of a negative externality is the case of air pollution when companies are too inclined to use air-polluting fossil fuels for production as opposed to non polluting energy such as solar power. In relation to wood and international trade, an example of a negative externality is seen in the negative impact on the environment that comes about due to the practice of leasing of woodland in developing companies at low prices (Arnold 2008). It has been observed that portions of rainforest can be leased for below $2 million per hectare with the potential loss of significant forest cover in these regions. Inelastic/elastic demand/supply It has been observed that according to the law of supply, a positive relationship exists between price and quantity supplied (Sexton 2008). Based on this relationship, therefore, it is often helpful to know the degree to which a change in price will affect the quantity supplied. This change can be measured by considering the price elasticity of supply (Sexton 2008). For example, it has been noted that US timber used for construction material competes with Japanese timber in Japan. The competitive relationship between logs from these locations can be characterized by price elasticity (Yoshimoto & Yukutake, 1999). There has been a greater demand for foreign timber within Japan due to the fact that foreign timber is considerably cheaper. The relative cross-price elasticity of US timber, when compared with that of Japanese timber, was e
Ideal Structure Denial Waltz has given an ideal structure of the United States International Trade Policy. This Policy ensures the cross-border transfers of goods, services, and technology. Waltz’s ideal structure depends upon basic commodities like sugar, textile, food eggs, meats, and milk in the United States. On the other hand, he recommends that exports from the United States should be based upon cutting-edge technologies like Internet Software and State of the art goods and services to the rest of the world. To achieve a high level of trade surplus for the United States he recommends ever-changing US legal and regulatory requirements affecting the International trade in favor of the United States. Natural Conditions As far as US exports are concerned the Waltz gave a full range of advice on classification, valuation, rules of the region, and tariff structure for the importable goods to effectively handle the customs issues. He gives the necessary outline for resolving the trade disputes in the court of international trade and court of appeal. He not only recommends the international trade issue for the United States but also sets the national condition for the international trade system. His conditions improved a natural environment for coordinated working of United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Drugs Administration Department consumer safety commission and federal trade commission. To have good control of US exports, his natural conditions also include regulation, governing defense articles, avoidance of double taxation, and compliance with enforceable actions. He emphasizes getting licenses from the US government before doing trade with the country with embargoes such as Iran, Sudan, Burma, and Cuba. As another natural condition set by Mr. Waltz is the recommendation that there should be a fast track change in the US policy by trading with Cuba, Sudan, and Iran. Therefore, the national condition said by word the international system generally depends upon legal regulatory and court procedure to maximize the benefit of trade for the United States. All these trade agreements of the United States with the other countries looked into the perspective given by Mr. Waltz. In short Waltz’s natural conditions for the international system refer to all the set rules of the game for international trade practices in a legal fraternal and congenial manner. Mostly his recommendations favor the international system for the US foreign trade policy. There are numerous examples of his policy prescriptions for the international trade codified in the law cases of the court of appeals and international trade court. Hi, natural set conditions, when compiled make the bible of international trade policy for the United States.
Introduction Shuzworld is a shoe (footwear) producing company which was founded by Edward Crowninshield in 1965. Initially, the company was known as Crown Shoes. The fist two stores of the company were located in Omaha, Nebraska. The company then expanded throughout the Midwest and Far West in the 70s; it then became a nationwide retailer in the 1980s. The name of the company was changed to Shuzworld in 1995. The Company deals with family footwear, and it is committed to providing the necessary products in the competitive market; it is committed to providing families with high-quality footwear that is designed to exceed and meet the demands of today’s lifestyle. It aims to offer the right combination of convenience, quality, price and style. Distribution Pattern Shuzworld’s plants in China are facing some challenges in distribution of their products. This is because there are three plants and they have to transport the shoes produced to some storage stores. These challenges arise because the production capacities of the three plants differ, and the company has to search for ways of distributing their products well. There should be a way that is cost effective, and it will help in ensuring that the three plants minimize the production costs so as to make more profit. The demand of some brands of shoes produced is low; the company should ensure that the cost of production of these brands do not get over the projected profits. Therefore, the company should ensure that there is the production of other brands; these brands should be high quality goods to make sure that the shipment fees are reduced. This will ensure that the low prize products do not end up causing losses to the company. This will be effective in the shipping of the products since the shoes will be shipped in large quantities. This will lower the shipping costs, and the high costs of production will be recovered during the transportati