ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The United States emerged as one of the most technologically and largest country in the world. Some of the several factors that can be attributed to America’s rapid industrialization included the availability of abundant natural resources, navigable canals, diverse climate, and availability of both land as well as labor. This paper looks at how the rapid growth of the industrial economy between 1865 and 1930 affected relations between the United States and the rest of the world? The period in which the United States made a lot of progress in technological as well as economical was from 1865 and the beginning of the twentieth century. This was the time the country renovated itself from a mere primitive agricultural economy to the world’s leading industrial power. It was responsible for more than a third of the world’s industrial output. (James A.) Just as tremendous changes were beginning to shift the processes of production from artisan to potters in industrial organization and production in the year 1718, when the US colonies gained their independence. The country’s transportation system as well as technological advances before the civil war played a most important role in the growth in organization, coordination as well as the scale of industrial production. American industry was economically miles ahead of its European counterparts by the turn of the 20 th century. This led the nation to assert itself militarily. America came out of the Second World War as one of the world’s super power despite the great depression that put to test the technological momentum that had been gained. Apart
Introduction “Looked after” children is one of the categories supported and protected by the UK government. In the case of “looked after” children, caring has a particular resonance. Because of parents’ failure to care sufficiently for children, children are “looked after”, that is, they are entrusted to the care of the state. In spite of great benefits and advantages of the proposed programs and initiatives, there is a critique of policy and practice provided by the state. The main targets are to provide children with education practices and good health care, help children to achieve economic well-being and create a safe environment. Understanding of Responsibility and Educational Achievements The main problem is that according to British social policy, the everyday care of foster children is carried out by those who are not invested with general responsibility for the children; this responsibility remains with the state (social services) and with their birth parents. Children’s childhoods are also shaped by processes of institutionalisation (Broad 1998). The target is to “narrow the gap in educational achievement between looked-after children and their peers, and improve their educational support and the stability of their lives” (Looked After Children 2007), In spite of great achievements and benefits of the state interventions, these policies are ineffective and unproductive. According to statistical results, the majority of ‘looked-after’ children have low grades and poor educational achievements. For instance, “10 % reach school leaving age without having sat a GCSE equivalent exam” (Wills 2007). The move to secondary school gives children a little more responsibility for the self. Inside school, children are expected to have increased responsibility: for example, for managing their mobility between classrooms, for interpreting a differentiated school curriculum, and for negotiating new peer relationships. For most of them, these changes create additional problems they cannot cope with (Mcneish 2002). Central to the concept of care are notions of relationship and connectedness and a desire to create a sense of well-being in others. Children ‘cared for’ are typically constructed as dependents since they are the recipients of others’ care and are deemed to rely upon others taking care of them (Quality Protects n.d.). HealthCare Needs and Experience with Foster Families According to the state policies: “most children become looked after because of adverse experiences in their families” (Looked After Children 2007).
Introduction Vodafone is a United Kingdom based company founded in the year 1984. It has invested in many telecommunication companies, in different parts of the world. This means that its services are used in many countries in the world. It specializes in the provision of telecommunication services such as the voice calls and the messaging system services. Currently, the company is ranked as the largest in the world in terms of revenue. This is mainly attributed to the idea that it has invested in other telecommunication service providers in the world that have over the years been making huge profits. However, in terms of subscribers, Vodafone is ranked second in the world after the China Mobile. As at 2010 it was estimated that the China Mobile Company had over three hundred million subscribers. The objectives of the paper This paper will try to look at the Prahalad and Hamel’s core competence issues and ideas. That is, the issues that have been raised by the two people in regard to strategic management in corporate companies and organizations. The paper will further look at how Vodafone has made use of these ideas to remain ahead of its rivals in the United Kingdom and the world at large. Vodafone has been chosen as a case study for this paper because it is the leading telecommunication company in the world in terms of revenue and subscribers. In the last section of the paper, the contributions made by Prahalad and Hamel in the field of strategic management shall be addressed. This will involve looking at some of the available theories so that the points can be well illustrated. In the end, a conclusion of the points raised will be given so that a common ground regarding this topic can be achieved. Prahalad and Hamel’s core competencies According to these two people the company should have a clear outline of what it wishes s to achieve in a given duration of time. They say that this is very important because it can be used to gauge the growth of the company over time. They have given examples of two companies, GTE and NEC, which were the greatest rivals in the 1980s and early 1990s. They say that NEC was a smaller company compared to GEC in the early 1980s. However, due to proper planning and organization, they have observed by the late 1980s NEC had out done GEC in terms of sales. On the other hand, they argue that in order to remain competitive in the market, a company needs to diversify and improve on its products. Such a move they argue may go a very long way in making sure that the company remains relevant in this competitive world. For instance, we find that the NEC top management decided to make semi conductors as its main core product. As a result, the company had to make sure that it makes the best semi conductor at a very low cost. This went a long way in making its presence felt in the market in spite of the existence of other players. In order to have a competitive advantage over their rivals, the comp
The U.S. criminal-justice system is a mass of conflicts and contradictions. While trying to protect innocent people from criminals, law enforcement agencies also must try to protect the innocent from being mistaken for criminals. Science should be purely impartial in this process—it should prove as much as possible that pieces of physical evidence are what they are supposed to be and that they came from where witnesses and investigators say they came from (Carvey, 2004). In order to meet changes and social needs, law enforcement should employ a large number of forensic scientists from different fields of research and investigation. Today, in the U.S. legal system’s adversarial approach, there really is no such thing as the impartiality of evidence. As science becomes more complex, the need for experts to translate the meaning of science becomes more acute, but not even these experts are impartial: Both the prosecution and the defense in criminal trials, and both parties in civil trials, routinely have their own scientific experts testify on nearly every aspect of the evidence. This leads to the question of whether it is possible to find an expert who will defend any position—as an attorney does—or whether there is so much scientific uncertainty in physical evidence that it really is not possible to use any such evidence in a conclusive manner (Carvey, 2004). It is clear that some people are in prison today because of bad science done in the name of criminal justice: bad laboratory procedures; exculpatory evidence withheld from a defendant because of continual public and political pressure to gain convictions; and scientific evidence that is far from certain, but which has been argued persuasively by prosecution experts. Each of these people known to be free when the killing occurred, and living within some arbitrary geographic area—the city, the county, or whatever—could be contacted, interviewed, and investigated. A large number of forensic professionals will help to improve the quality of services provided (Fisher, 2000). Some critics claim that modern technology and computerization will help to reduce the number of forensic professionals and scientists. On the other hand, both the technology itself cannot solve all problems and the increasing complexity of research investigations. As computers become more complex, they also become more prone to error. Further, the more people who have access to these computers, the greater the chances that human error, political bias, or just plain curiosity will endanger our liberties. When the often disparate facts of one’s life are collected and collated, the data become information that can be used to identify, track, and even judge a person (Fisher, 2000). Today, as the twenty-first-century approaches, even three-and four-officer rural departments have computers in pol
Story of Israel and Judah Pre-Exilic Israel and Judah in Joshua Judah’s tribe and its numerous conquests feature prominently in Deuteronomic history, including the books of Deuteronomy through 2 Kings. According to the account in the book of Nun, after the partial conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes, Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes (Cleath 3). The God-appointed portion of Judah is described as covering most of the southern portion of the Land of Israel, including Jerusalem, the desert of Zin, and the Negev. Given such a large territory, the kingdom of Israel in the pre-expulsion period was prosperous, despite constant threats from outside. The division into tribes was a factor that explained the fragmentation of the lands into rival parts, but Judas was one of the recognized rulers. According to the biblical story, during its heyday, Judah’s tribe was the leading tribe of the kingdom and occupied its most part, with the exception of a small region in the northeast, occupied by Benjamin. The enclave to the southwest was occupied by Simeon, another tribe’s leader. Originally, Bethlehem and Hebron were the main cities in the tribal territory. Being part of the Kingdom of Judah, Judah’s tribe survived the attack by the Assyrians who destroyed Israel and was instead subjected to the Babylonian captivity (Cleath 3). When the captivity ended, the differences between the tribes were lost in favor of a common identity. Since Simeon and Benjamin were junior partners in the Kingdom of Judah, it was Judah who gave the name to the identity – Jewish. These events reflecting on Judah’s and Israeli history are described in Joshua through 2 Kings. Post-Exilic Israel and Judah in Ezra and Nehemiah The books of Ezra and Nehemiah may be considered historical narratives and describe the history of Judah and Israel. During that time, critical changes took place in the fate of the exiled Jews. Firstly, the territory of Judah was of great interest to the Persians due to the strategically important location for Persia near the restless borders of Egypt (Cleath 215). Undoubtedly, maintaining the loyalty of the population to the empire in this region was a particular concern of the Persians. Secondly, when it was in their interests, to gain the trust of the peoples under their control, the Persians practiced granting them the status of local autonomy, both religious and legal (Cleath 231). If necessary, they could be no less decisive and cruel than the Assyrians or Babylonians, but with regard to repatriation, their policies were more liberal, as evidenced by the narratives of Ezra and Nehemiah. Persian rule was relatively soft, except when there was an immediate threat to their interests. Jerusalem priests were allowed to mint their own coins and collect temple taxes (Cleath 254). Under the influence of the Persian empire, the Hebrew language was gradually withdrawn from everyday circulation, supplanted by Aramaic (Cleath 255). As the international influence of Greece increased, Hellenistic impacts began to be felt in Judea. Despite the fact that the Jews managed to maintain their identity, their land lost muc
The very concept of marriage has existed for several centuries already, but its sense altered greatly due to the economic, social, political, and other changes faced by the world. The majority of people require someone to support them, to share ups and downs. Human beings create families with their nearest and dearest. They get married, leave their parents’ homes, and build own ones. As individuals start living together, they are generally treated as a real couple that is ready to be independent and has their kids. Still, while previously people were not allowed to live together unless they were married, today it is normal practice, and no one sees it as something wrong or indecent. Coontz (27), as well as Cahn and Carbone (77), admitted that the life of families in the 1950s and 2000s is not the same. During these fifty years, it was affected by different factors that influenced the roles of family members and their financial condition. When people speak about a family, they often forget about the alterations observed in the sense of this concept and refer to the meaning of the 1950s. At that time, the majority of women had already married before they were 24 while the marriage is usually postponed today. But this can be explained by the fact that children had to leave school and start working even before they were 15 years old, which made them grow up faster. Having little spare money, families spent much time together and were very close. They played board games or had fun outside. Women were occupied at home. They took care of children and did housework, having no time for other activities because they had to wash by hand, buy fresh food every day and cook it (“Family Life in the 1950s” para. 3). Today, various devices allow to streamline these processes and give time for working. In this way, women became more independent. While they had to remain married previously for their husbands to provide kids with basic needs, they can divorce and support the family on their own. For the same reasons, the roles of men and women altered, making them more equal. Being negatively affected by the Great Depression and the war, people used to value families more, as they were often unwillingly disrupted. The postwar economic boom enhanced this situation greatly and gave couples a chance to make their dreams about family life come true. The more stable and calm situ
General Motors is one of the world’s automotive giants. The company has a long history of successes and failures as any other company of such scale. The beginning of the new millennium became one of the dark moments in the history of GM. A difficult economic situation in the United States at the end of the 2000s led to the severe decline in vehicle sales, and GM started to lose its market share to its direct rivals such as Toyota, for example. Three decades of domination on the U.S. market ended in 2009 with the process of entering protection from bankruptcy. By this moment, the company’s market share slipped from 44% to about 20%. Going through the bankruptcy, GM sold several brands and developed the new strategy for the company’s renewal. China became the strategic choice of GM. The changes were needed, and GM decided to find promising markets abroad. In 1997, the company established a joint venture with SAIC, Shanghai Automotive Industry Corp. owned by the state. The market of China was very small back then (only about 400,000 car sales in the previous year), but the potential was enormous. The decision to establish a joint venture was dictated by the need of the company for connections in China that SAIC had and the Chinese regulations in this sphere, according to which a foreign company could not operate in the country as a standalone enterprise. GM’s initial investment in the joint venture was $1.6 billion. From the world’s key automobile market players who entered the Chinese market also, only Volkswagen invested a similar capital. By 2007, the joint venture included such brands as Cadillac, Wuling, and Chevrolet to be sold to the Chinese customers. The Pan-Asian Technical Automotive center was created as well to provide two companies with the opportunity to design vehicles and the appropriate components for other markets in Asia as well, along with the Chinese market. About 8 million vehicles (light trucks and various brands of cars) were sold on the Chinese market in 2007. The market of China appeared to be the second in the world as referring to the volume of sales after the United Sates’ market. The key to success was the stake made by the joint venture on the design and production of the vehicles for the needs of the Chinese customers only. Thus, a light minivan under the Wuling brand was created. “Sunshine” had only a 0.8-liter motor, allowing it to have the speed about 60 mph only and price near $3,700. It was a huge success for both companies. In 2010, the Chinese market became the largest in the world with about 18 million vehicles sold. GM and SAIC became the substantial part of this success. The strategic choice was correct if to evaluate the success of the company on the Chinese automotive market. GM’s joint venture with SAIC and its decision to produce vehicles exclusively for the Chinese market are the two most advantageous cont
The advantages of doing survey research are (1) short data collection time; (2) generally lowest costs of research studies; (3) possibility to assess the data reliability with the use of the correlation coefficient while practicing repeated surveys in the same population category; and (4) this type of research often features the highest rates of efficiency when speed, cost, and accuracy are compared with the similar variables in the other types of research (Wright, 2006). Survey research is an effective tool for studying human behavior, beliefs, and attitudes. Therefore, a survey research is a systematic way to collect the data from various categories of people that would allow generating the new knowledge regarding their values, ideas, world vision, and factors that impact their behavior. The main disadvantage of doing survey research is the possibility of acquiring the biased data. This difficulty is explained by the peculiarities’ of working with respondents and choosing sampling. For instance, respondents may have different patterns of understanding questionnaires, and therefore, the answers they provide may feature a measure of inaccuracy. This problem also refers to the choice of communication survey methods because the wrong approach may result in inaccuracy of the acquired results. In addition, it is quite difficult to choose the research sample to collect data to ensure the lowest rate of research error and bias (Krosnick, 1999). Besides, achieving the desired rate of accuracy of the acquired results is also a complex problem requiring a lot of hard work to solve because accuracy directly depends on proper sampling. The class reading article entitled “Police culture, individualism, and community policing: Evidence from two police departments” by Paoline, Myers, and Worden (2000) is an illustration to the information discussed above. Analysis of this article suggests that a survey was supportive for this research to a considerable degree because it helped to coll
History of Changes The impressive development of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the non-oil segment results in the improvement of the construction activity (Haddad 2014). The discovering of the oil resources contributed to the dramatic transformation of the country in the sphere of industry and economics. The willingness of the government to reduce the oil dependence consequently led to the investments into the non-oil sector (Haddad 2014). The constructing industry received the priority and became the significant part of the UAE economics. Being the engine of the economic development of the country, constructing industry enjoys incredible popularity over the last decades (Gorgenlander 2011). Since project management is an essential element in construction, employees engaged in these positions need to build up the skills corresponding to the high level of the industry development (Ochieng, Price & Moore 2013; Yousif, Hossan & McNeil 2015). Wippel et al. (2014) have examined the specific features and innovative methods that are implemented into the working process of the project managers of the construction sector and found that despite the immense progress in the field, improvements are still welcomed. Problems of Practice Although the construction industry provides many benefits to the country’s economy, it is to make an accent that the industry faces numerous problems and issues. The book A Strategic Analysis of the Construction Industry in the United Arab Emirates Opportunities and Threats in the Construction Business provides the detailed analyses of the peculiarities of the construction in the United Arab Emirates with the PESTEL analysis to demonstrate that there exists the lack of properly made decisions due to the insufficient level of expertise among 30% of the project managers (Gorgenlander 2011). To address the problem, the UAE firms are constrained to attract expatriate workers (Wippel et al. 2014). New Initiatives With the existing problem of the lack of expertise among some of the project managers in the UAE construction industry, corporations resolved to invest more in the accumulation of human resource well-prepared for working out the newly-aroused issues in the industry (Jaeger & Adair 2013). The studies presented in Yousif et al. (2015) provide an understanding that technological change and the drive to the low-carbon solutions impacts the skills in demand for the project managers in this industry. In addition, Yousif et al. (2015) state that the UAE constructing corporations began to work on building the proficiencies in the project managers enabling them to use innovative construction methods and new materials and technological solutions. Proposed Changes The UAE companies engaging in the construction area need to focus on elevating the proficiency rates among the local project managers to eliminate unnecessary disbursements on attracting expatriate employees (Ochieng, Price & Moore 2013). Research That Has Been Carried Out In the Recent Past In the recent past, solid researc