ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The events of 1774 are a crucial part of the history of the United States. They served as the basis of what this country is today – its self identification, its rights and freedoms, its mentality and its appearance. The roots and causes of the conflict that happened between the British and the Americans are multiple. The confrontation has been approaching for a decade. Finally, in 1774 the thirteen colonies of America started a rebel. Generally, the causes that led to the American Revolution were of economic and financial character. Besides, the location of the colonies and the large distance between Great Britain and the American continent contributed to the gradual destruction of understanding between these two nations. People that moved so far away from Britain were initially predisposed to desire independence and freedom from the power of the Crown. For the British leaders the independent moods in America were hard to deal with because of the distance. It has to be mentioned that initially all of the thirteen colonies situated on the territory of North American continent were proud to be British, but over time very significant differences started to appear in the British and American ways of thinking. First of all, one of the main causes of the conflict and the following confrontation between the British power and the colonies was the disagreement about the way these colonies should be treated and viewed. The leaders of Great Britain were convinced that the colonies and people dwelling on their territory are supposed to serve to the Crown and fulfill its needs. The Americans saw themselves as independent settlers that were sharing the rights of the English people living in Britain. The conflict became worse when the leaders of the Crown tried to use the colonies in order to suit the parliament. This is why when the king of England George III faced financial difficulties related to the costs spent during the French-Indian War, his decision was to impose higher taxes on the colonies in order to re-gain the money that was lost. Of course, the people of the thirteen colonies in America were very dissatisfied by that. The tax collectors were attacked and terrorized on the territory of the colonies, often the Americans started to protest and confront the British over the new rules of taxation. This also was the first time when the colonies united and started to struggle together, they agreed with each other and collaborated. The rebels and open confrontation like the ones that happened in Boston, when the Americans destroyed some of the British goods and properties, caused a reaction from the Crown. The Intolerable Acts were passed and put restrictions on the actions of colonists, meetings and gatherings were forbidden. The colonists responded with the First Continental Congress
Play’s staging Even though Moliere’s ‘Tartuffe’ was written in 17 th century, the themes and motifs contained in this play even today remain absolutely legitimate, in discursive sense of this word. That is, just as it used to be the case three hundreds of years ago, there are still many good-natured but strongly religious and not overly bright people, who are being taken advantage of by a number of con-artists, which usually come along as deeply religious/moral individuals, whose only goal in life is making this world a better place to live. Therefore, I think it would be quite appropriate to stage ‘Tartuffe’ in the foreground of contemporary surroundings. For example, Orgon’s residence (which in the original place is being described as nothing short of a palace) can well serve an upper middle-class house in the secluded ‘white suburbia’. After all, as practice shows, the majority of ‘white suburbia’s’ residents (especially older ones) are indeed being endowed with a strong sense of religiosity, which explains why it is namely these people who are being commonly tricked into ‘helping the hungry children of Somalia’ by Bible-thumping con-artists, representing countless ‘hunger relief foundations’. This explains the particulars of how I envision what should account for the proper contemporary staging of Moliere’s masterpiece and for the specifics of actors’ role-playing. As I have already mentioned, Orgon’s residence can well serve an ordinary upper middle-class house in the ‘safe’ part of just about any American town. As for specifics of representing play’s major characters, I would like to propose the following: Representing play’s major characters Tartuffe – middle-aged man of Caribbean descent with heavy Jamaican accent, who appears to be utterly attracted to golden jewelry. While in public, he never ceases talking about God and about how blessed he is from having accepted Jesus as his ‘personal savior’. Yet, the donations that the gullible Christians provide him with, in order to ‘feed hungry children in da ole country’ he squanders at the nearest casino. He also is not a stranger to a variety of sexual perversions. Orgon – the simple-minded head of an earlier mentioned household (Caucasian) in his fifties, who literally believes in the Biblical concept of ‘lake of fire for sinners to be cast into’, and who thinks that by donating money to the ‘needy children from ‘developing countries’’ and by harboring Tartuffe as the ‘man of strong Christian morals’ he would be able to win favor with God. Elmire – Orgon’s twenty-five-years-old wife from Russia. She married Orgon so that she would be able to get a green card. She is very cynical in her attitudes towards Orgon, but even she gets sickened by Tartuffe’s tendency to slap her on the rear, when nobody is around, and by his sexually suggestive remarks, which he utters when one-on-one with her. Dorine – Orgon’s housemaid from Philippines. Despite her heavy Pilipino accent, she is rather quick-minded. Dorine is being in cahoots with
Abstract In this paper, we explore the activities of civil societies in the Arab world. Our review is inspired by research studies that have shown a lack of vibrancy in civil society activities in the Middle East. Using the constructivist theory as our main theoretical framework, we highlight an undeniable link between civil society activities and democracy. Through this analysis, we find that civil society organizations fail to thrive in the Middle East because of the absence of democracy. We also discover that the western conception of civil society and the Arab conception of the same are fundamentally different. This is why we cannot translate the same success of civil rights groups in western countries to Arab countries. In other words, the social, political, cultural, and economic dynamics of Arab countries significantly differ from those in the west. This is the main point of discussion in this paper because we demonstrate that there are different conceptualizations of civil society in both western and Arabian circles of governance. In the western circles, civil society actions and groups are often measured based on their role as instruments of democratic safeguards or transitions. Comparatively, Arab citizens conceptualize civil society groups in the context of promoting pro-Arabic principles. From this review, we argue that the failure to understand the cultural and religious dynamics of Arabs obscures our understanding of the real actions and place of civil society in the Middle East. Introduction Researchers have had different conceptualizations of civil society groups based on contextual factors, such as the type of political environment they operate in and the kinds of people they represent (Alagappa 224; Liebert and Trenz 24). Nonetheless, abstractly, civil society is a group of non-state actors in a country’s political and governance system who advocate for the respect of the will of the people (Soares 1). The concept of civil society also stretches to private individuals and the family. This means that this society could be devoid of government and business. Some researchers have linked the notion of civil society with democratic principles and values, such as the freedom of speech, freedom of association, and an independent judiciary (among other pillars of democracy) (Alagappa 224; Liebert and Trenz 24). Based on such assertions, the definitions of civil society are contextual. This is why different regions have variations of the concept. For example, in Eastern and Central Europe, the concept of civil society emerges as an embodiment of civil values (Salam 6). Adam Michnik and other European dissidents of the politics of civil society support this view (Salam 6-8). Civil societies often generate political and social ideologies that would spearhead development in different areas
Introduction Irony implies the discrepancy between what is said and what is meant. Irony implies exactly the opposite of what is meant and that meaning ought to have been contradicted by how the idea is presented or conveyed. Girls at War by Chinua Achebe In this story, Achebe underscores individuals’ resolute to survive. He demonstrates that obstacles in life are necessary since they play an essential part in determining how a person lives. The story defines the tactics of survival and how to apply them in life. The short story is full of irony. The art of Chinua Achebe’s writing is considered intriguing and puzzling as well. He perfectly beautifully uses irony to drive home his message (Booker 56). The exhilarating thing concerning the stories is how wrong people experienced good things and how bad things confront good people. This is to say that in the novel, good things are a product of bad things. In the story, three different Gladys is portrayed by the reader. One Gladys is a hooker who trades herself; the other Gladys moderates herself while the third Gladys portrayed by the reader is one who is generous and willing to put the interests of other people first. On the other hand, there is Nwankwo who is greedy and selfish and never shares anything especially food with other people except his family. The irony in this part is that whereas Gladys died, Nwankwo lives comfortably. This was not in line with the positions and the responsibilities that they both held; Nwankwo was a leader and Gladys was not. As a leader, Nwankwo is expected to protect everyone. This is how Achebe expresses irony in this novel. Another irony is depicted when Reginald Nwankwo goes to the relief center to collect food. He does this at the mercy of the massive starving crowd who has been waiting pensively at the gate. Nwankwo shares the food with his driver before the eyes of the crowd who late shouts and also peddles insults at him. He only shares the food with his relatives and his love interest because he only wants to have sex with her. Consequently, the roles bestowed upon Nwanko and Gladys are ironic. Whereas Nwanko wished that he continue to live to keep on providing for his friends, family, and relatives, Gladys on the other prayed that she continue to live to protect the community including Nwanko himself. This is a reversal of roles which is ironic (Ramraj 1). Black Skin What Mask by Dambuzdo Marechera The story Black Skin What Mask was derived from the work of Fanon, Black Skin, White Mask . The story by Dambuzdo describes a student who is torn between indigenous and exotic cultures. The narrator’s friend has rejected his native lifestyle and culture in totality as explained by the narrator who is the protagonist in the story. In the story Black Skin What Mask , the writer brings to light many instances of irony between the narrator and his friend. The first case of irony is depicted in the behavior of the narrator’s friend. The narrator’s friend has tried his best to treat himself and to emulate the whites and despite him going to the extend of correcting G
Introduction Accepting the position of the President of the United States on March 4, 1933, Franklin Roosevelt in his speech promised to apply the most vigorous measures to combat the crisis. On March 9, a special session of the congress began, lasting more than three months and adopting a number of important acts that seriously affected the US economy and laid the foundation of the New Deal. This paper will focus on the initiatives of Roosevelt’s presidency, its premises, justification, and the impact of the former presidents. Body First of all, the situation in the industrial and banking spheres required an urgent adoption of anti-crisis measures. Attempts were made to stabilize the monetary system, which was to become the foundation for subsequent decisions. In the early days of Roosevelt’s presidency, the Emergency Banking Act was announced, and bank holidays were created. The act temporarily suspended all operations of banks belonging to the Federal Reserve System of the United States. Roosevelt declared that bank holidays in many cases create great inconvenience, but, at the same time, they give the opportunity to replenish the stock of cash, as required by the situation. In his turn, Reed claims that this strategy deprived depositors of their money and literally killed almost 2,000 banks that never operated again after bank holidays[1]. Also, the author considers that the New Deal even prolonged the Great Depression by prohibiting branch banking. Compared to Canada, which did not have the mentioned law, the United States experienced many failures in the banking area. Particularly interesting and contradictory was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of 1933. On the part of the state, the practical implementation of the mentioned act was entrusted by the National Recovery Administration led by Hugh Johnson. The whole industry was divided into 17 groups, while each of them contained codes of fair competition[2]. During the period of the development of codes for each industry, the government proposed its model code, which could be applied to any industry on a temporary basis for restoring business activity. All industries quickly developed the appropriate codes after approval by the head of the state. Enterprises that agreed to comply with the terms of the codes were given the right to designate their products with the sign of a blue eagle. To combat the key manifestation of the decline in production – unemployment, as well as to improve the financial situation of the population, the following measures were taken by Roosevelt: the direct assistance to the unemployed, the introduction of an unemployment insurance system, and the organization of public works. On May 12, 1933, to provide assistance to the unemployed people, the President allocated approximately $ 0.5 billion. The national aid was provided by
Introduction The book “The Things They Carried” by Tim O’Brien reflects on the relationship between Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, who is in Vietnam and a lady referred to as Martha from New Jersey. This reflective treatise explores the setting and situation in the book “The Things They Carried” about the main characters. Also, the paper identifies the elements of the setting that help predict the outcome of the story. The setting and situation of the story The story begins with Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, who happens to be in Vietnam working for the Alpha Company as a war solder. Jimmy has an undying love for a lady called Martha, who doesn’t reciprocate his feelings (O’Brien, 2009). He clings to her pictures and even signed for the war to earn extra credits to win Martha’s love. From the beginning, it is apparent that Jimmy has emotional imbalances and not rational in decision making. The Character of Jimmy is painted as an example of the consequences of being unable to handle the responsibilities due to immaturity and warped
Martin Luther King is a figure of world significance whose famous speech influenced millions of people and led to significant reforms in the U.S. Its historical significance is undisputed, but after more than 60 years it is time to identify what has been done to address the issues he outlined. This paper will argue that many things were achieved, but there are still objectives to meet. Among the issues that have already been tackled is the problem of segregation has been thoroughly addressed as there are no more cafes, barbershops, or groceries exceptionally for one or the other race. King (1963) also wished that blacks and whites would be free to exercise their right for “life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness” (para. 3). This wish has been granted as blacks are now equally free to pursue any profession or life path and feel no danger to their safety. Georgia and Alabama, as King wanted, do not officially utter words of hatred towards black people fuelling segregation policy. America has entered the state of society where every minority’s rights find governmental support. Yet, there are still certain areas in which the U.S. and would have to progress. Among them are instances of racial hatred and distrust. In workplaces and mass culture, black people’s rights are occasionally oppressed (Williams, 2015). Black people on average have lower wages and lower positions in the corporate hierarchy which is a modern-day concern. Conclusion To the present day, the majority of Luther’s dreams were fulfilled, yet there is still a long path ahead for total equality. Labor equality should be among the priorities of modern states. One day, provided society and governments will contribute to it, what Luther wished for will be implemented in practice.
What are the most significant events in the story of how the plant survived because of its adoption of quality-based principles? With every production at Preston Company in Preston Vancouver, there was a production sheet for analysis that was produced. This data was meant to be used by both Preston, as the producer, and Hewlett-Packard, as the consumer. The Preston team didn’t analyze this data, but HP Engineers did, and they did notice a problem. Although the Preston production team tried to solve this problem, things didn’t change since instead of stopping the process and trying to work on a new line of papers, which were not curling, they put measures to try and incorporate some changes while production was still going on. During this period Preston was facing a major crisis. Production was high, but still, they were incurring losses. The company was in the process of being acquired by Rendell. They decided to rescue the company by addressing the issues raised by HP. They revisited challenges brought up and went back to the drawing board. This was followed by a series of adjustments in the production processes of the company and new strategies were brought and also the company decided to do away with some of the products that had already been produced and start afresh. All these changes started to bring positive results to the production process and eventually they were all in control, and this was noticed by HP. But the company was still making losses and it needed to win the Vector project. The team at Preston Company proposed a few things that would see the company turn around. Among this was the proposal not to stop the company process but to improve on its production by coming up with a statistical process control (SPC). Also, it was important to cut down costs of the company. Although there were no formulae to do this since the company was running at a strenuous budget. Also, the company had to come up with a new line of products to give confidence to the market. This also was a solution to their financial needs, since the new products could target a wider market. The plant’s processes eventually were brought under control. What were the main benefits of this? Things were coming to control and this saw the rise in profits generated and also a renewal of the contract issued by HP. SPC is an operational-level technique of ensuring quality conformance. How many of the benefits of bringing the plant under control would you class as strategic? Some of the strategic decisions that were met included cutting down on the labor force by retrenching some staff members in order to reduce the expenditure on the salaries. Also, the idea of s
Discussion Lateral violence is intra-racial violence that is characterized by bullying, gossiping, social exclusion, emotional abuse, or even physical abuse (Lateral, 2012). The historical realities of the Indigenous population are contributing factors to the lateral violence exhibited by these peoples. This is because the colonization and oppressive laws subjected to the Indigenous population led to an experience of powerlessness and over time, these feelings became internalized and led to lateral violence. Lateral violence has a negative impact on the entire society. In the workplace, it results in stress and tension that decreases the productivity of the people involved (Stanley & Martin, 2007). Ceravolo (2012) reveals that lateral violence increases employee turnover therefore raising the cost of running a business.Lateral violence is damaging to the individuals sense of self-worth and it therefore leads to self-doubt and anger at perceived incompetence (Roberts, 2000). Reducing lateral violence in my work setting will be since lateral violence decreases efficiency and increases stress in the workplace. Patient care is negatively affected by the presence of lateral violence. One way of reducing lateral violence would be by reporting incidents of lateral violence to the relevant superiors. Stanley and Martin (2007) note that reporting perpetrators of lateral violence will result in a work culture of respect and accountability. Another way of preventing lateral violence is by sensitizing other members in my workplace on the issue. Research by Stanley and Martin (2007) noted that most nurses were unaware of lateral violence behaviours perpetrated by them. Comment G highlights the negative impact that lateral violence can have on an individual’s personal wellbeing and emotions. This is a valid point especially in the context of the aboriginal people.