ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The carbon footprint agenda was an agenda that was initiated in order to curb some of the issues that came with the emission of greenhouse gasses. It was defined as the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted by a company, individual or particular event. These gases could be emitted in several ways and maybe from either direct sources or indirect sources. For example, it could be emitted during transport (automobiles), during the manufacturing process, during fuel consumption and many other ways. What other companies are doing Many companies have tried to reduce carbon dioxide emission through ‘going green’ in order to ensure the mitigation of carbon footprints. This included the venturing into alternative projects that could be friendly to the environment (Barlow, 2012, p. 3). These include the use of solar power, wind power and the encouragement of such activities as reforestation (planting of more trees). This process of reducing greenhouse gas emission is referred to as carbon offsetting. Carbon footprint effect has been successfully mitigated through the decrease of the amount of energy needed during production. This has been suggested as one of the most effective ways of reducing a carbon footprint. Another way of mitigating this issue is through depending less on the sources of fuel that emit carbon. Some companies in the concrete industry have devised ways of reducing the product’s carbon footprint. One way they have done this is by replacing the cement in the concrete mixture with other materials that are less carbon-costly. These include waste products such as blast-furnace slag and coal ash (Fountain, 2009, p. 3). Another way that they have done this is through the production of new brands of cement and special raw materials that would cut down the emission of carbon dioxide permanently. The concrete industry has also found ways of recycling concrete. This is by using it in place of crushed stones in construction. In addition, others have added other materials that reduce the amount of concrete per volume. This is through the use of materials such as carbon fiber and plastic foam. This helps to reduce the overall carbon cost. The automobile companies have also ventured into the production of electric vehicles in order to reduce carbon footprints (Stenquist, 2012, p. AU1). Several other companies that have attempted to reduce carbon emissions include PepsiCo, Coca-Cola and BP (Martin, 2009, p. B1). Impacts of carbon footprint agenda Since many companies are becoming aware of the harmful effects of carbon emissions on the environment, they have sort of reducing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. They have also resorted to being less dependent on fuels that emit huge quantities of carbon. This has also led to the choice
Problem statement According to European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (2009) and the report on its application in Cyprus, the Committee of Experts officially states that “Roma in Cyprus referred to their language as Kurbetcha” (p 5). However, the Committee of Experts has proved to be unable to get any information concerning the use of Gurbetcha, the report states that they failed to find reliable information on whether Romani speak Gurbetcha or some other language that is far from Turkish Cypriot dialect or Greek Cypriot dialect and they stated the necessity of further information in the next report (Council of Europe 2009 p 5). The current absence of available information on “Gurbetcha” and its possible variations arouses the necessity to investigate this sphere thoroughly. It is necessary to state that the people call themselves Gurbet and, consequently, their language is called “Gurbetcha”, however, the majority speaks Turkish Cypriot dialect (Phillips 2001, p 254). Varnava et al. (2009) also mention the research by Williams who states that “an advanced stage of assimilation to the Turkish Cypriot dialect with an almost complete loss of Gurbetcha in the younger generations of Roma” occurred there (p 331). However, Constantinou (2007) states that” Gurbetcha” is now spoken by some Gypsies (p 264): the vast majority of grown-ups and some children continue speaking this dialect and understand the meaning of the words told in Gurbetcha. The aim of this project is to identify the roots of the dialect Gurbetcha and compare it to the other Cypriot dialects and varieties and Cypriot Turkish dialects in particular. One of the most important purposes of the project under consideration is the clarification the “Gurbetcha” dialect as a Turkish Cypriot dialect with a number of Romani loan adaptations that are used by contact phenomenon or as a Romani dialect that is characterized by a number of Turkish loan adaptations. The influence of Romani loanwords is evident for many Turkish Cypriot dialects, and Gurbetcha is considered one of those that undergo some changes. After the above-mentioned purposes are achieved, the time to evaluate the similarities and differences of the dialect from syntax, morphological, phonological, or semantic point of view comes. Working hypothesis The working hypothesis for the present research sounds like this: though Gypsies speak Turkish Cypriot Dialect, they also admit that their mother language is Gurbetcha. This is why it is possible to define Gurbetcha as Turkish Cypriot Dialect that is characterized by a number of Romani loan adaptations and has been formed as the result of the language mixing process. And this study is one of the first attempts to analyze the language as a significant variety of Cypriot Roma. Background of the problem Solid research pertaining to Romani has been conducted by British researchers Matras and Bakker. Matras (2009) presents his Romani Project that offers exhaustive information on the
Recently it has become clear that fossil fuel reserves will not serve humanity for eternity, but many energy companies and states continue to exploit them not thinking much about the consequences. The protest of those who care about the planet becomes unavoidable. In their thought-provoking documentary Bidder 70, Beth Gage and George Gage raise the controversial issue of public protest against environmental degradation and the nihilistic attitude of the big businesses towards natural resources reduction. The story of brave environmental activist Tim DeChristopher proves that non-violent revealing measures in contrast to radical ones are the only way to unite the people in the fight for the prosperity of the Earth. The directors managed to depict the heinous actions of the state and energy companies without any direct accusations. According to its original mission, the Bureau of Land Management has to protect and save the lands for future generations. However, the BLM in Utah seemed to be interested in transient material benefits rather than in natural conservation. The interests of oil and gas companies interested in exploiting the wildlands of Utah for their business purposes were put higher than the preservation of nature. BLM successfully practiced public lands auctions often including precious pieces of land bidding lots. First planning to come to one of the auctions in 2008 where some territories of the Canyonlands National Park were included and to deliver a protest speech, young environmental advocate Tim DeChristopher eventually decided to behave more wisely and wittily. He registered as a bidder number 70 and “bought” most of the parcels striving to prevent their acquisition by oil and gas companies (“Bidder 70” par. 3). Tim’s actions were revealed and convicted, but such a bold deed was worth – the public found out that the government agencies and businesses have no moral values and would refer to the most nefarious actions to gain more profits. The main controversy of the film lies in that Tim’s actions, no matter how noble and saving they were, still broke the law. The lands were excluded from the auction and preserved, but the state machine managed to sentence the savior thanks to its elaborately developed system of punishment. Tim did not cause physical harm to anyone or anything; he did not conduct arsons or property damages as, for instance, radical activists would do. He spoke out against the system; the system managed to protect itself. Perhaps, Tim was put into custody immediately after sentencing because the prosecution wa
Introduction Metamorphosis by Kafka is one of the most challenging works of the twentieth century. In his novel, through the wide use of symbols, the author aptly portrays the disintegration of social ties. In the example of the Samsas’, the author depicts how perceptions and feelings of family members change, revealing the illusory character of seemingly unshaken family bonds and relations within society at large. The novel is full of allegories, metaphors, and hidden connotations, which lay the basis for any possible interpretation and allow the readers to draw parallels between fiction and reality. The physical metamorphosis of Gregor serves to highlight the moral metamorphosis of his family, and the physically repulsive insect shows more human feelings than people. The central themes raised in the novel are the interrelations between a person and society and the restrictions these relations impose on an individual. The book argues that outer attributes of success and well-being replace true feelings, which people have to hide deep within themselves in today’s society. While people are accessed by outer attributes, the wall of alienation between individuals grows, resulting in the disintegration of a society, due to which each person remains alone with his hopes and feelings. Transformation as an Embodiment of Gregor’s Life The novel’s central character is Gregor Samsa, a young man who lives with his family: his mother, father, and sister. He works as a traveling salesman and provides for his family – parents, and sister. He is a man with a deep inner world and a sincerely loving heart who, every day, forces himself to go to an unloved job for the sake of his family. Moreover, he is constantly afraid to let his family down and not live up to their expectations. Portraying Gregor’s character Kafka (1948) raises the topic of the sacrifice of one person for the benefit of many and, at the same time, its meaninglessness. Neither Gregor’s parents nor his sister truly cares for his feelings, but, at the same time, they are happy to take his money and make use of it (Kafka, 1948). Later it turns out that Gregor’s father is not too old to work, and his sister is able to find a job, too; they just do not want to take the trouble working while Gregor can provide for the
Difference between IGOs and NGOs: Analysis The IGO, or an intergovernmental organization, is traditionally defined as the institution established by state authorities[1]. The NGO, in its turn, is deciphered as a non-governmental organization and is identified as the institution that was founded by individuals[2]. Herein the fundamental difference between the two lies – primarily, the line between the IGO and the NGO is drawn based on their relation to the organizations’ powers. Unlike the IGO, the NGO does not represent the state government and, therefore, cannot act on behalf of the latter. As a result, the powers of the NGO are significantly limited compared to those of the IGO. Another essential difference between the two concerns their number. Unlike IGOs, the amount of which is restricted, NGOs are very numerous; thousands of NGOs exist at present and operate in the environment of the global economy and politics. In addition, unlike NGOs, which are usually concerned with every major international event, no matter which aspect of social, economic, or political life it touches upon, IGOs fulfill a particular purpose and work toward a specific goal. In other words, the distribution of responsibilities based on the profile of the organization is a common phenomenon among the leaders of IGOs, yet it is far from being a common practice among NGO managers. The ‘Tragedy of Commons’: A Conflict of Interests Suggested by Garret Hardin in 1833, ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ is an economic theory that helps define the reasons for individuals to make specific choices in situations that threaten their financial status or economic wellbeing.[3] Though the introduction of innovative approaches for stabilizing the economy, particularly the development of sustainability principles, has been quite successful, the specified area still remains ridden with numerous problems and, therefore, vulnerable to financial and economic crises. Moreover, there is an imbalance in economic and environmental wellbeing rates in various states across the world. Joint ownership, which was supposed to resolve the issue in question, has only led to the deterioration of the situation. This phenomenon can be explained from the tenets of the Theory of the Commons, which states that the personal needs of an individual often seem more important to the latter than the needs of the community; as a result, the abuse of common resources ensues: “resources under common ownership are prone to overuse and abuse for this very reason – the tragedy of the commons.”[4] The phenomenon, therefore, can be interpreted as the conflict between the needs of society and an individ
Introduction Enron Corporation was one of the leading energy companies in the United States; it was dealing with electricity, gas, pulp, paper and communication facilities in the entire United States economy and overseas market. In the year 2001, Enron was involved in the biggest scandal that has never been seen in the United States; in the same year it was declared bankrupt (Cruver, 2002). As the scandal was revealed, Enron shares drop was really frustrating; Enron’s plunge occurred after revelations that much of its profits and revenue were the result of deals with small organizations in which it has control over. It was also revealed that the financial loses that Enron suffered including its debts were not featuring in its financing books (“Once mighty Enron strain over inquiry”, 2001). Therefore it is very important to have every employee of a given organization to undergo training so that they are aware of the organization culture, a culture that is known for only positive actions, whether in the corporate world or within the organization itself, the following steps and training are very necessary for any organization that is keen to make it successful to the corporate world. Putting Safe Measures in Place after Examining the Ethical Climate Every organization or corporation has their own culture, culture is the way people within a certain diameter do their own things, they way they carry themselves out is determined by what has been put down by the organization, and that’s their culture. Therefore it is very important for managers to be aware of the organization culture so that it can be easy for them to pass it over to the employees. Any employee of an organization is supposed to be aware of the culture of where he or she is working, certain values should be taught to the newly employed employees so that they grow with certain standards that are realized in the organization. If by mistake positive culture is not cultivated within an organization, there is always a possibility of negative practices taking place within an organization and this is a practical example of how Enron management did not put emphasis on the corporation culture, it made the organi
Introduction The purpose and methods of education are constantly being discussed and perceived differently. As I am sure, education should not only give knowledge, but make students worthy citizens, able to think critically, promote equality, and honor the diversity of their society. To achieve that outcome, students should be allowed to speak and reflect freely. Unfortunately, the contemporary American education can hardly fulfill this ideal. As Jonathan Kozol proves, diversity has become a meaningless declaration in American schools. Additionally, the education system based on standardized testing not only fails to give students wide outlook, as Diane Ravitch states but also discriminates poor and minority students. The Purpose and Methods of Education As Nelson Mandela said, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world” (Ratcliffe 137). The purpose of education, as well as and the range of methods it should use to achieve that purpose, has always been and still is discussed. Some thinkers claim that education should make an individual morally virtuous in the first place, and achieving knowledge is a secondary aim. Others are convinced that education should provide a person with a comprehensive knowledge about various aspects of the living world, and the more knowledge in different fields a person gets, the batter. According to another opinion, education should prepare young citizens for their future adult life in a competitive environment, and for that reason the school system should provide a mini-model of such an environment, making students learn how to gain a competitive advantage. To my opinion, apart from giving broad knowledge, education should provide individuals with necessary skills for living in a certain society, as well as a wide outlook, and make them understand fundamental principles of this society. In multiracial and multicultural countries, such as the USA, one of the fundamental principles, which education should address, is diversity. Despite the fact that nowadays, in the 21st century, honoring diversity has become an almost a common tradition, recognizing the need for diversity in education is still a controversial issue in the sphere of education. In fact, honoring diversity has become an official, often insincere act, which merely covers the real problems related to the racial equality in education. Jonathan Kozol, an educator, writer, and activist, wrote at length about the inequality in education and the difference between the real and false diversity. In his work “The Uses of Diversity,” he acknowledges that “the subject of diversity is introduced to children in most public schools has come to be a very bland and boring ritual,” an expression, which would be sincerely supported by virtually any school student if you ask them. Kozol criticizes the fact that the concept of diversity is
Edgar Allen Poe is known as both the master of the short story and the master of horror. In his stories, he appeals to the psychological element of the reader to instill a sense of terror that is unreachable through mere physical descriptions. His life is characterized by a series of disconnects as he was first orphaned and then failed to reach an understanding with his foster parents before attempting to launch out on his own. He is also famous for having married, at age 27, his cousin Virginia, a girl of only 13 who died at a relatively young age. Poe is reported to have had numerous poor personal habits as well, such as gambling, drinking, and opium use, all of which served to alienate him from his foster father. Despite this, he managed to find early success as a writer in terms of finding a means to publish his first book of poems at the age of 19 and was writing short stories by age 23, but he never achieved the kind of financial success he felt he was entitled to. In perfecting the art of the short story, Poe said “If any literary work is too long to be read at one sitting, we must be content to dispense with the immensely important effect derivable from unity of impression” (Mowery, 1997). His demons came through in his writing as he consistently featured many of the same themes of sorrow and loss. Examining works such as the short stories “The Fall of the House of Usher” and “Ligeia” reveals much of Poe’s character through the form of his anima. Before this discussion can take place, one must have a clear understanding of what is meant by this term. The term came into existence with Carl Jung’s work on dream analysis as a means of better understanding the psyche. According to Ackroyd (2005), “the Anima is the personification of all feminine psychological tendencies within a man, the archetypal feminine symbolism within a man’s unconscious.” In other words, it is the feminine within the male self that lies hidden, perhaps buried under a mountain of stereotypical conceptions of what it means to be a man versus what it means to be a woman. Regardless of how ‘male’ or ‘macho’ the individual might be, there is a hint of the feminine within him that characterizes the ‘softer’ ideals most commonly associated with the female. It is the part of the man that is capable of crying when things are bad, that enjoys cooking, or is able to nurture a hurt child. To understand this concept a little better, it might help to understand that there is an equal and opposite conception referred to as the Animus. The Animus is described in nearly exact opposite terms as the masculine tendencies that reside within the female unconscious. However, these concepts are slightly different in their expression. “In dreams Jung said that the Animus is more likely to be personified by multiple male figures, while the anima is frequently a single female” (Ackroyd, 2005). These elements are considered necessary for either gender as a means of providing the bridge to understanding between the sexes. If men are to gain any understanding of women, they can only do so through the understanding of thei
Introduction Saying that London is one of the most beautiful cities in the world is saying nothing about it. I have been going to this city since I was two years old and there were some years when I visited it four or five times a year; despite this, I will never stop getting amazed by it every time I get there. London is the best place for me and my Kuwaiti friends to spend a vacation in because this city is full of sights and nice places to visit with its shops and department stores offering goods for any taste; apart from this, a vacation in London can help non-English speakers, such as the Kuwaitis, perfect and sophisticate their English. Main Body To begin with, London offers its visitors a number of sights the beauty of which is sometimes impossible to describe. Its parks are absolutely amazing; they are so diversified that one visit to London will not suffice if a person wants to see at least a part of them. London has a number of parks which are absolutely amazing. I can state for sure that none of other cities in the world has so much green and open space. There is at least one park in every part of London; at this, it does not matter “if it’s just a small pool with surrounding trees or a park like the magnificent and slightly wild in appearance Richmond Park” (“London Parks”). The most prominent, perhaps, is Hyde Park which all the visitors go to play tribute to Princess Diana. The park is 360 acres in size and one can rent a boat to paddle in the lake there. There are also St. James’ Park, Primrose Hill Park, Alexandra Park, Regents Park, Syon Park, and an incalculable number of other parks. Theme and adventure parks are also numerous. A visit to any of them will become the greatest fun day a person could ever have. Madame Tussauds and the London Dungeon are the most famous adventure parks in London, though the others are no less great. It is impossible to leave London without visiting Westminster Abbey, seeing Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament, watching the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace, and having dinner in Covent Garden (Porter’s English Restaurant would be the best choice) (Moore and Porter 243). London’s ancient buildings strike the visitors with their mysteriousness and one cannot stop wondering what hides between those old walls and columns created by famous archite