ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Transgenic animals are by-products of recent advancements in technology. Researchers feel that the technology is beneficial to resolve universal health challenges; whilst others feel it is an unethical practice. This paper examines the methods and reasons for creating transgenic animals, their societal impact and the ethical issues involved in the technology. A transgenic animal refers to an animal that carries a foreign gene, which has been deliberately incorporated into its genome. Genome refers to the materials fully responsible for inherited characteristics. A foreign DNA is incorporated into the animal genome through recombinant DNA technology to the germ cell which ensures every germline contains the same transformed genetic information. The first “transgenic animal activity” was carried out three decades ago. This was when the first transgenic mice were produced through retrovirus infection of pre-implantation (Brinster, 1974). Since then, many gene transfer techniques have been developed such as “polymerase chain reaction (PCR), transgene reporters, DNA microarray, and fluorescent in situ hybridization” (Pinkert, 2002, p.364). Animal models have been used throughout the history of biology to facilitate the understanding of pathogenesis mechanisms, and in the development of effective therapies. The animal models have also been used to evaluate safety and efficacy of vaccines and other various therapies. Transgenic technology has replaced the traditional genetic strategy that was tedious and time-consuming. The technology introduces a new era for animal modeling in biomedicine, accelerating better understanding and development of therapies for patients. Examples of transgenic animals include fruit flies such as Drosophila melanogaster , mosquitoes, bollworms ( Pectinophora gossypiella ), and mammals such as chimeras , cnidarians and fish (Pinkert, 2002). Creating Transgenic Animals There are various methods used in creating transgenic animals. However, the first step in all the techniques requires the creation of a transgene . Transgenes have three parts: “promoter- part responsible for dictating the gene to be made; transgene itself and termination sequence” (Pinkert, 2002, p. 364). The various methods used include “pronuclear microinjection, retrovirus infection, nuclear transfer and sperm mediated transfer” (Pinkert, 2002, p. 364). The most-favored method is the microinjection: an egg isolated from an animal is fertilized in vitro. The constructed DNA carrying the foreign genome is injected using a fine needle into the nucleus of the ovum. Thus, the foreign DNA will be randomly inserted into the fertilized egg. The Ovum is then implanted into the oviduct of a surrogate animal where it develops. This method has been effectively used to create various types of transgenic animals. However, micro-injection technique efficiency in production of transgenic animals is noted below. The low efficiency is said to be a result of random fertilization insertion of the ge
Introduction In an era prevalent with global competition, it is widely recognized that the rapid changes in technology and competition has transformed numerous traditional rules that orient economic activities towards economic accessibility to enable firms compete from anywhere across the globe (OECD, 2007). The term globalization has increasingly become loaded with some people associating it with almost every contemporary change evident in the world today that spells out progress and prosperity while others associate it with deprivation and disasters (Scholte 2000). Globalization in this context concentrates on the integration of the world’s economy. This generally means that the world economies are integrated into one market which constitutes interdependent means of production, consumption of relatively similar goods and unified responses to similar impulses (Williamson 1998). Globalization is represented by the movement of goods and services, capital, and labour across the globe in managed and coordinated institutionalized networks, which involve establishment of global associations that ensure efficient utilization of the scarce resources at the disposal of mankind (Milward 2003). In the modern society, the term is commonly used to refer to the process of expanding the world’s markets of consumption, investments, and production on a global scale as well as expansion of social relations and social activities across different nations of the world (Milward 2003). Globalization is evidenced by the remarkable growth achieved in the world trade as a proportion of the world output where the gross world product grew from 7% in 1938, 10% in 1970 and above 18% in 1996 (Williamson 1998). These trends have remarkably escalated ever since. Further, the foreign direct investments in developing countries have increased from 2.2 billion in 1970 to $154 billion dollars in 1997 (Williamson 1998). Globalization has further resulted in integration of the national capital and financial markets and the amount of foreign exchange taking place on daily basis has reached remarkable heights. Clearly, the availability of cheap and reliable means of communication is the key driving force for globalization efforts which not only facilitates the integration of international capital markets but also promoting growth in multinational corporations (Williamson, 1998). Good communication and means of travel facilitates exchange of goods and services as well as promoting labour mobility across the globe. In addition, stable political condition is a necessary determinant for effectiveness of globalization. International cohesiveness induces economic agents to exploit the opportunities presented by globalization while political instabilities and regional disagreements discourage such efforts. International integration efforts have therefore played an important role in
Introduction American workplace has being undergoing transformations that have characterized the nature, relation, power, and performance of key stakeholders who in this sense constitute the employers, employees, government, and the unions. American workplace exhibits great aspects of heterogeneity, and this has been contributed by presence of diverse groups of people who possess varying skills, knowledge, and job know-how. In this respect, the way power relations have played in the workplace in the American context has affected both employees and employers in varying perspectives. Today, American workplace is characterized by high inequality manifested in gender, class, race, and ethnicity. Sources of these inequalities are, but the most often cited include forces of globalization; the economic interplay, social and political aspects, which tend to influence workplace policies and social interaction in the workplace. In addition, American society has been the ‘hot-point’ of immigrants for a long time, and this has been translated into the workplace where immigrants have influenced America’s workplace in profound measures. As a result, there is need to investigate how America’s workplace has been changing in nature of work and social relations at work, with fundamental emphasis on the significance of work to power and social inequality. This will constitute evaluating how workplace inequality has developed and which key aspects have influenced it, as well as how workplace inequality has impacted unionization activities in the country. History of American work Work is considered an important activity in the lives of human beings. People’s lives have and continue to revolve around work, where a lot of time is spent doing any work. The nature of work varies in accordance with age, sex, race, ethnicity, and education. Before 1840, the US economy was based on agriculture where majority of people and workforce were based on agricultural farms. Moreover, organization of work then was primarily based on production prospects and the availability of labor (Wharton 5). It should be remembered that this was also the period when many immigrants started to flow to the USA and their presence subsequently led to compet
Introduction Death is the scariest thing that can happen to anyone. Many people try to avoid it but they cannot. Death is inevitable and it can occur to anyone. Recent news from what happened in Libya indicated that many people had insulted the former Libyan president Gaddafi. He was a dictator during his reign in his country but unfortunately when his death was announced, people in the social media randomly placed bloody pictures and uploaded footages on the social websites (Lawson, 2011). This exhibited an embarrassing behavior towards the family by the citizens. They abused Gaddafi’s dead body in public. Every culture has an idea of how to honor the dead. This is really important. Staring at the body of a dead person feels bad, but it is important to celebrate the dead and give the dead person privacy to rest in peace. The point is that it does not revolve around humanity in giving each person its right to life. The bigger issue is that everyone should get privacy during death period. Whether it is a normal person or famous figure, one would ask him/herself if it is right to accept death events and keep them on low profile. Shall this be blamed on public or media? Both opinions have the power in making positive and negative impact around the world by taking it out as propaganda news with no limits or dealing with the issue responsibly. Mark Lawson stated in his article “Such fusses end result from a left over feeling in the society. This shows that there should be dignity and confidentiality in death. The obligation forced on editors (by such Institutions as the Ofcom and PCC and) not to source pointless or unheralded offence to susceptible clients.” This clearly shows how other people reacted on what Libyans, which were not acceptable at all (Lawson, 2011). Human Beings Fighting for death or End In the Poem ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth”, the speaker categorically states that there are some g
Introduction Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a clinical group of rare diseases characterized by the presence of precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH), provided that there are no other reasons for the development of precapillary PH, such as PH due to respiratory causes and other rare diseases. PAH includes various diseases that have a similar clinical picture and identical morphological changes in the distal pulmonary arteries. The given article addresses the fact that genetic counseling and testing can be one of the key preventative measures. The study focuses on analyzing how PAH specialists perceive genetic counseling as an effective preventative measure. The hypothesis is that PAH specialists possess low knowledge and understanding of the benefits of genetic testing and counseling in regards to PAH treatment. Main body The given hypothesis was tested by conducting a survey encompassing PAH specialists’ practices, knowledge, and attitudes about the genetic testing applications in treating PAH. The specialists’ responses were evaluated and analyzed using non-parametric and parametric statistics. In addition, the researchers applied the Wilcoxon rank-sum test in order to outline relevant statistical points of interpretation (Jacher, Martin, Chung, Loyd, & Nichols, 2017). The results showed that PAH specialists possessed a low degree of both actual and perceived knowledge of PAH genetics. Four out of five PAH specialists either rarely or never ordered and applied genetic testing methodologies in their PAH treatment practices, which also indicates their lack of knowledge (Jacher et al., 2017). Conclusion There are two main questions regarding this study, which focus on specificity and applicability: Is the given phenomenon common among other medical specialties, which are similar to PAH treatment? What type of measures can be taken in order to increase PAH specialists’ competence in genetic counseling? Reference Jacher, J. E., Martin, L. J., Chung, W. K., Loyd, J. E., & Nichols, W. C. (2017). Pulmonary arterial hypertension: Specialists’ knowledge, practices, and attitudes of genetic counseling and genetic testing in the USA. Pulmonary Circulation, 7 (2), 372-383.
Introduction Childhood obesity has become a big problem in the modern world and this has led to many studies. These studies have tried to focus on the causes, consequences, prevention and cure, among others. The issues of childhood obesity could be triggered by various factors such as lack of exercises, high intake of energy-rich foods, and genetics. In addition, certain nutrients are also thought to play a crucial role in the causation of childhood obesity and as such, it is important to create awareness about such nutrients so that remedial action can be taken. Changes in lifestyle such as increased television viewing tends to reduce the amount of time that children spend while undertaking physical activities and for this reason, it is important to explore the actual link between increased television viewing and obesity. Abstract The following research paper is a review of three articles on childhood obesity, although each of the articles had approached the topic from a different perspective. For example, Carruth and Skinner (2001) have examined the crucial role played by dietary calcium in the regulation of body fat among preschool children. On the other hand, Ludwig, Peterson and Gortmaker (2001) have endeavored to undertake an observational analysis in order to explore the link between childhood obesity and the intake of sugar-sweetened drinks. Robinson (1999) has attempted to examine whether we can prevent childhood obesity by reducing children’s television viewing time. To start with, the paper shall attempt to examine each of the hypotheses from the three articles being analyzed. The design of the study for the three research articles shall also be explored, along with the population that the articles attempted to target. Also, the sampling procedures that have been adopted by the three articles shall be examined. In addition, the article review shall also endeavor to explore the data collection strategies that have been adopted by each of the three articles. Next, the research finding s of the three articles shall be reported, along with the limitations that the author could have encountered while undertaking the studies. Finally, the article review shall provide recommendations for future studies into the topic, based on the research findings, in addition to providing an exhaustive conclusion to the review. Hypothesis In the first article, the authors hypothesize that increase or decrease in BMI among children could be predicted by altering their intake of sugar-sweetened drinks within a period of two academic years. This evidence would be more credible than other studies that only use independent variables and not usually over a The objective of the second study was to find out if body fat could be reduced if one consumed more calcium and dairy products. It was aimed at finding the relationship betwee
A new stage in the development of esports requires increased attention to improving professionalism in the organization of competitions, the gambling and entertainment of which attracts millions of fans and players, and the financial and economic aspects of this activity. Esports is a relatively young and developing sport compared to others. Experts agree that the prospects for this kind of sports industry are of great significance. However, it is necessary to sponsor and involve various organizations in its events for further development. The revenue generated by the esports world is growing every year. If in 2011 the winning team at the first League of Legends World Championship received fifty thousand dollars, in 2018, at the World Championship, the team that was in the first place took with it two and a half million (Eisenband, 2019). Such a turnover of money is associated with various services that operate within the esports sphere. The key areas of services in this type of activity are provided within the framework of sponsorship and advertising. A significant number of people use a variety of services that both tournament organizers and their partners offer. Moreover, several services are provided for the organizers of various events themselves. At the same time, a considerable role is played by bookmakers and websites that provide the public with services related to bets and forecasts. The opportunity to feel as an expert and try to win money is relevant in all sports. The most crucial part of any event in esports is its organization. Services for organizing a sports event are widespread and include the ones related to what happens during the event, such as the competition itself, working with the audience, providing support and safety of people, as well as services that foreshadow and end the event, such as attracting an audience, finding pa
Electronic health record is a systematic collection of electronic health information about individual patients in digital formats that is capable of being shared across different healthcare settings (Smaltz and Eta 3). EHR in particular is generated and maintained within an institution to enable the concerned stakeholder’s access to patient’s medical records across facilities. For this paper we will take the first scenario which is in a rural 50 bed independent acute care facility, without other clinics or facility in corporation. With 25,000 residents seeking its services, the health care facility requires an EHR system with the following characteristics as a must:  1. Easy to use  2. Works at a high speed  3. Allows user flexibility  4. Can combine functionality score  5. Easy to learn  6. Durable and easy to implement  7. Have available software upgrades In addition to these the vendor should be in a position to offer training, support and implementation assistance as well as stability in the market. In this case we will evaluate four vendors namely; e-MDs, EMR network, Medicomsoft and OmniMD. Using the vendor ranking tool, we will evaluate the best suited vendor for the system required by the scenario one. Our focus will be limited to functional characteristics and vendor characteristics and from these we will compile our final overall ranking that will enable us to make the best decision. There are three tables; table A for functionality measure, table B for vendor characteristics and table C for overall ranking. Each entry requirement is assigned a score where the highest score is 50 and the total score a vendor can score with regard to the two parameters is 550. The overall percentage which combines the parameter A and B is the one used to determine the best vendor to give our tender. The ranking and awarding of points was made using their favorable published ratings and their ads in their websites. Then comparison was made in line with the requirements of the case in scenario one. Table A. Functionality                                                                                            e-MDs  EMR network  OmniMD  Medicomsoft Quality/presence of features we prioritized                                                20     20           45      10          Ease of use (e.g., minimizes typing, is intuitive and simple layout                        20     30           50      30          Speed (network/hardware configuration, minimizes keystrokes)                               30     30           40      20          Individual user flexibility, Multiple note creation options (transcribe, voice, template)  20     25           45
Introduction To begin with, the most benefiting part of the macroeconomics system, in this case, is international business. To be more specific, one of the most outstanding features of multi-country business is that it can provide interactive process with its own brunches from any country. When doing this, some of the brunches might receive technological solutions for pollution issues, which will help business to actively integrate itself in green economy (Lin et al, 2019). Consequently, the international business might receive some privileges comparing to the simpler forms of companies due to the new trend supporting in those countries where it is not popular or cannot be implemented yet. Moreover, the privileges could be tax exemptions or subsidies for highly-cost projects. On the other hand, the significant part of the business might experience due to the solvency problems. When a company suddenly begin benefiting from following the trend of environmental risk decrease, the management might be driven to the significant capital expenditures increasing. As a result, the international business begin spending more than receiving, and such tendency in the middle term perspective may ruin the benefits from taking part in the environmental responsibility programs. However, from the long term point of view, the advantages from implementing the zero-waste and sustainable sources of energy and other specific business infrastructures might overcome the disadvantages of applying this method in the company’s structure. Society’s Perspectives in Fighting the Global Pollut
The Significance of the Novel’s Title George Orwell’s Animal Farm is often discussed as an allegorical story having the features of the fable and satire. The significance of the novella’s title is in its satirical nature. An animal farm is traditionally discussed as a place where animals are bred by humans. The farms are usually named after the owner. However, Animal Farm is rather different. It is a place where animals are owners of the properties (Orwell 6). While referring to the meaning and significance of the phrase which is used for the title of the novella, it is important to emphasize the opposition between animals and humans as well as their differences. The name “Animal Farm” is chosen by the characters in order to accentuate the meaning of this specific place where animals can rule instead of humans and without being exploited by them. However, the ownership of the farm by animals is a rather provocative idea. While focusing on the fact that the purpose of the novella is to present the political regime in the Soviet Union before World War II, it is possible to state that the title is significant because it stresses on the inhuman nature of Joseph Stalin’s regime. Providing the title for the work, Orwell seems to ask the questions about the differences in the regime of the Soviet Union and irrational rule of animals at the farm. The satirical title is significant because the reader also starts asking questions about the political and social meaning of the work’s message and ideas. Using the metaphor in the title, Orwell draws the readers’ attention to the Animal Revolution as his allegory to demonstrate the results of the Russian Revolution of 1917. That is why, the title is significant to represent the double meaning of the story and stimulate the readers’ interpretation of the literal and allegorical aspects of the title
The trees in the rainforest biomes have developed several adaptations to enable them to survive the conditions in the area. The rain forests receive an average of between 50 and 260 inches of rainfall annually (Denslow, 1987). This means that the plants in that area will need to adapt in order to ensure that they shed water in an efficient way. Another problem that may be encountered by rainforest flora is that the sunlight that reaches the plants on a lower canopy may be little. There are different layers of canopies. With every layer, there is a drop in the amount of sunlight that reaches the leaves. This means that the plants need to be adapted and they have to device ways of harnessing the little sunlight. One adaptation of the rainforest trees is that they have drip tips on their leaves. This helps the leaves to drop off water from their leaves. The air is very humid and there is a tendency of leaves accumulating water. Another adaptation of the leaves is that they may have grooves on the leaves. This helps to increase the surface area to allow more water to be lost through transpiration. The leaves o