ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and Erik Erikson (1902-1994) came up with two different theories on development. Freud’s psychosexual development theory holds that parental care plays a critical role in determining how children handle their sexual drives, which ultimately contributes to proper development. Freud came up with five stages of development that include “oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital” (Scott 66). Later on, other psychologists criticized Sigmund Freud’s theory on development, and in contemporary times, it is considered as one of the outdated theories. On the other hand, Erik Erikson developed Sigmund’s theory and came up with the psychosocial theory of development that has eight stages. Erikson’s eight stages of “psychosocial development include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair” (Slater 64). This paper compares and contrasts Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual development theory to Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development theory. Stages of psychosexual development theory vs. psychosocial development theory Birth – year 1 At this stage, both Freud and Erikson’s theories major on the critical role that early experiences play in the development of an individual. However, while Freud stresses the importance of proper feeding at this stage, Erikson
The American civil war has generated intense debates regarding its causes and potential impacts. The war which took place between 1861 and 1865 has been cited as one of the earliest industrial wars in history. The war was a result of various issues so tracing back to the American colonization. The American civil war was one of the major turning points in American history and is responsible in shaping the modern America. During the period after the American Revolution, slavery was deeply engrained in the American society. In the southern states, slaves were considered an important part of life as they provided valuable labor in the agricultural fields. However, many Americans viewed slavery as the “greatest evil in the American society” (Foner, 438) and a practice that went against the Declaration of Independence. Several groups joined together and started the antislavery movement in the 1780s. However, this movement did not have a huge impact mainly due to the need to preserve national unity. During this period, the country was divided into two regions. The Mason Dixon line separated the Northeast, New England and Midwest from the Southern states (Foner, 250). The Northern states were enjoying a fast paced growth in economy from commerce, mining, transportation and industry. Slavery was also outlawed in the areas north of the Border States. The economy of the southern states was however fueled by the plantation system that relied heavily on slave labor. The south had fewer industries and manufacturing plants. The politics and economy of the south was controlled by slave owners. The southern plantation owners viewed slave as properties and as such it was their constitutional rights to own slaves and to deal with them as they saw fit. The constitutional convention of 1787 was characterized by intense debates on the three-fifths clauses and the 20 year extension of the African slave trade (Foner, 258). The three-fifths clause granted the southerners more representation in government hence granted them more power in controlling national affairs. This created sectional tension as both the North and the South tried to gain more territories in order to increase their influence in the House of Representatives. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 banned slavery on
At least once, almost every person asked himself or herself about the meaning of life. Someone quickly and confidently finds the answer to this question and lives in harmony with their inner self. And some begin to suffer from uncertainty, get confused in their thoughts and lose themselves. The phenomenon itself has become of interest to people since antiquity. Plato and Socrates state that happiness is the meaning of life and people always thrive on finding happiness (Chumney 2:10). I agree with this idea, and I think only the result of a person’s search and his or her own choice can make an individual happy. However, the meaning of life can be imposed by society. For example, in the USSR, propaganda instilled that it was necessary to work conscientiously in the name of the ideas of communism. Japanese soldiers were told that their destiny was to die for the emperor. In antiquity, they believed that the main meaning was in satisfying one’s desires and pleasure. The allegory of the cave presents Plato’s philosophy of education metaphorically in a remarkable fashion. For the people in the cave, the only reality they are aware of is the shadows from the figures cast by the fire’s light. They needed to desire education with their whole body and soul. Thus, education is the formation of character, which involves the turning around of the soul. The allegory shows me how our mind is limited to things we can see, and we need education to ‘think out of the cave.’ The courses I take at CSUN let me view objects from different angles and learn different terms and concepts that allow me to build my own opinion regarding various topics. This way, education helps us evolve our mind and soul and influences individuality and critical thinking, which is not strongly affected by perceptions. The School of Life is an educational platform devoted to assisting individuals with driving stronger and satisfying lives. It shares its thoughts down a scope of channels, a large number of them on the web (Anderson). It offers experiences in the vital elements of passionate prosperity: how to shape great connections, recognize a delightful profession, limit tension, secure certainty, and interface appropriately with companions. It does so by selling its books, online psychotherapy, online classes, and virtual answers for organizations (Anderson). The School of Life, established by various philosophers and writers, is staffed by psychotherapists, artisans, and instructors. The organization has recently declared that its books will be dispersed in the US and Canada by Consortium (Anderson). The company has announced that its books will be distribute
A comparatively old practice, occupational therapy roots way back into the B. C. era; however, even in the modern epoch, there are still questions to be answered in the given field, theories to be proven and approaches to be practiced. Demanding specific qualities and even a specific temper, the profession of an occupational therapist poses a number of challenges for the people who decided to help the mentally impaired to adapt to the existing social norms and integrate into the society more or less successfully (Yuen & D’Amico, 1998). It is hard to pinpoint the exact definition of an occupational therapist, since the job of the latter involves a lot a issues; however, when putting all the qualities of an occupational therapist together, one can come up with a definition of occupational therapist professionalism. According to the existing definition, occupational therapy professionalism is “an extensive background knowledge of neuromuscular, sensorimotor and psychological variables affecting performance, as well as the practical skills to analyse and breakdown task performance” (Daniel & Froude, 1998, 48). However, there are other ways to define occupational therapy professionalism. As Porter, Watson and Carpa specify, occupational therapy professionalism presupposes helping individuals “to move from dependence to independence, maximizing personal productivity, well being and quality of life” (Porter, Watson & Carpa, 1998, 65). Therefore, it can be considered that a true occupational therapist must have such qualities as the ability to listen to his/her patients, analyze each case individually, figure out what specific treatment the patient needs and come up with a unique intervention plan (Craik et al., 2010). Another important issue which is worth paying attention to when speaking of the occupational therapist services is their quality. Defining the quality of occupational therapy services is not easy, since the latter involves an individual approach to every single patient and, therefore, requires a number of skills which are evaluated on their own merits (Liedberg, Bjork & Hensing, 2010). However, there are still a number of general guidelines which help to draw the line between good and excellent quality of occupational therapy services. To start with, the traditional definition of the qualities of services as relevant to the discipline of occupational therapy offered by Halkett, Ciccarelli, Keesing, and Aorun puts the emphasis on the way in which the patients integrate into the society after the intervention and presuppose “improving patient function, comfort, occupational performance and quality of life” (Halkett, Ciccarelli, Keesing, & Aorun, 2010, 308). In contrast to the above-mentioned definition, which puts the emphasis on the final result, the definition of the services quality for the discipline of occupational therapy offered by Parnell and Wilding focuses on the process, or, to be more exact, on the correct choice of the tools which will help to provi
Description of Research Topic For the first time in history, the workplace environment is defined by the presence of multiple generations of employees working at the same time. Particularly, many studies show that up to four generations of personnel could be working in the same organization. Typically, they include baby boomers (born between 1946 and 1964), Generation X (born between 1965 and1976), Generation Y/Millennials (born between 1977 and 1997), and Generation Z (born after 1997) (Hillman 2014). These four cohorts are driven by different beliefs and values that may create conflict within an organization and undermine the synergy needed for employees to accomplish their tasks. As highlighted by De Clercq and Belausteguigoitia (2015), some of these conflicts are value-based, behavior-based, or identity-based. There is a consensus among most studies that intergenerational conflicts in the workplace are common causes of high employee turnover, unhappy employees, poor financial performance, and low productivity levels in the workplace (Costanza & Finkelstein 2015; Hillman 2014). These issues manifest because evidence shows that some employee groups do not trust or respect each other. For example, studies conducted by Gursoy, Chi, and Karadag (2013) show that there is a general lack of respect noted between generation X and Y. These conflicts have forced managers to rethink their human resource strategies and look for ways of minimizing intergenerational conflict. As explained by Edge (2014), the main challenge for many organizations in this regard is to understand how to harness the potential of these four generations to create harmony in the workplace and boost productivity. This document suggests a research study to explore how to promote intergeneration synergy in the hospitality sector. Aims and Objectives of the Study The proposed study aims to promote intergenerational synergy among employees in the hospitality sector. The objectives are outlined below:  1. To explore key communication strategies that could be used to promote intergenerational synergy among employees in the hospitality sector.  2. To describe the differences in work ethic among different generations of employees in the hospitality industry.  3. To find out how to proactively prevent intergenerational conflicts among employees in the hospitality industry.  4. To identify strategies for improving teamwork among employees in the hospitality industry. Background and Issues underlying the Research The hospitality industry is characterized by one of the highest rates of employee turnover compared to any other industry of its magnitude (Vail Center 2018; Gursoy, Chi & Karadag 2013). Employee turnover in the industry is pegged at 70%, while the average turnover rate in other industries is only 46% (Vail Center 2018). Part of the problem is intergenerational conflicts between younger and older workers in hotels, restaurants, and other subsets of the industry (Gursoy, Chi & Karadag 2013). Particularly, most companies operating in the sector are managed by older generations of workers (mostly baby boomers), while younger employees are their subj
Proposal The following paper will describe and cover various organizational aspects of the Bayerische Motoren Werke AG manufacturing company. BMW AG specializes in designing, developing, and producing automobiles, bicycles, engines, and motorcycles. It is a well-known manufacturer in the world market. The discussion below will focus on such factors of the given organization as its manufacturing process, suppliers, raw materials, professional equipment, quality of the products, technology, and other points regarding its approach to management and business in general. The BMW AG Company is famous for its high-quality sports cars and new technologies that its engineers develop every year. The upmarket vehicles manufactured at the Bayerische Motoren Werke factories are considered to be the most comfortable and technological automobiles in Europe. Overview and Environment As it is mentioned above, the Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft specializes in produci
Film Response: “Young and Restless in China” The film reviewed for this paper is called “Young and Restless in China.” It is a documentary that features nine different Chinese young people and their stories, struggles, choices, and plans. One by one, they appear during the film, first to be introduced and then for the revisit so that the viewers know the beginning and the development of their stories. The main characters represent different social classes, cities, regions. They are of both sexes, and their age varies between the early 20s and late 30s. Some of their stories unravel with a great deal of success, and some continue to face obstacles and challenges. The documentary demonstrates a collective image of the Chinese youth and the problems it has to deal with on a daily basis. The first participants to appear in the film are Lu Dong, and Ben Wu, both of them are businessmen working hard on the creation of their new companies. The men speak fluent English since they used to live in the USA or Canada. The two businessmen end up building successful businesses. The next participant is Wei Zhangyan, a village girl fighting poverty and thriving for independence from her family and from old-fashioned traditions forcing her to start an arranged marriage. She ends up breaking off her engagement and finding a man she truly likes. Wang Xiaolei is a young rapper heavily influenced by the African American hip-hop culture. He works hard to break through as a performer making a band and working at a club. Xu Weimin is another businessman; he builds a very successful 4-star hotel. Zhang Yao is a medical resident who witnesses poor people without health insurance in need of medical care every day. Yang Haiyan lives in a village trying to find her mother who was kidnapped and sold by the human traffickers 18 years ago after she finds her, the mother refuses to come back home because she has people to take care of. Finally, Zhang Jingjing and Mirada Hong are businesswomen, the former is a lawyer, and the latter works in advertising; both of them experience issues trying to balance their work and relationships. The overview of the participants clearly demonstrates how large the gap between social classes in China is. For example, the participants from villages live in tiny houses with their families. The conditions are poor – leaking roofs, environmental pollution, and hard physical labor. At the same time, the other featured individuals build their own companies, have high incomes, live in beautifully decorated apartments, and can afford diamond rings. The experiences they have are also very different. Low-income individuals deal with such issues as human trafficking, arranged marriages, online scamming, while richer ones are troubled about the success of their businesses, careers preventing the development of relationships, having children. It is interesting to notice that all of the participants are very closely connected to their families. It becomes clear that the representatives of all classes of Chinese society have very strong family values and see helping aging parents as a very important duty. Money is another great value of Chinese society. I
The case of Nespresso shows that in a consumerist economy, the successful company perceives its activities through the eyes of consumers. Value in the economy is consumer value, and utility is consumer utility. The new product, Nespresso, creates new opportunities for Nestle and its market position. Thus, the consumer power is not an initiating force. Instead, it is a force that reacts to situations originated and developed by business decision makers — manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. The case of Nespresso vividly portrays that consumers, reacting as a group, eventually approve or reject business decisions, placing management in the uncertain position of predicting consumer reactions. A manufacturer can carry out extensive research, invest vast resources in designing and making a product, offer products for sales in the marketplace, develop supporting marketing programs, and yet find consumers unresponsive (Bearden et al 98). There are few buyers, the product then has relatively little value, and resources have been wasted. Although this approach may appear to decrease economic efficiency, such a system maintains the consumer’s freedom of choice, and has led to the achievement of the highest standard of living known to mankind. But in a market-focused economy, there is a trade-off between more efficient manufacturing processes and the free exercise of consumer choice (Hollensen 22). The major responsibility of Nespresso marketing is to deliver and maintain the highest possible standard of living, to see that products and services offered for sale are those desired by consumers, and to distribute them in the most effective manner possible from the point of view of both consumers and companies. Therefore, the delineation of profitable market segments becomes crit
Introduction Historians have noticed that some events that occur in different periods have many similarities. Therefore, they have suggested that some historical events have a tendency to repeat. Other researchers developed this idea into the theory of historic recurrence. There is a viewpoint that if history recurs, it is possible to focus on accentuated tendencies and specific historical lessons in order to accept them and avoid repeating mistakes. Although critics state that all parallels in historical events are occasional, the tendency to focus on history lessons should develop because states overcome similar stages in their progress, people are inclined to learn from the past, and common causes usually lead to similar consequences in a historical context. States overcome similar stages in their development In their process of development, nations need to overcome certain stages, which are usually similar. As a result, while comparing the development of nations during different periods, it is possible to discover certain similarities or recurrences. To support this idea, in their work, Gerring, Thacker, and Alfaro focus on analyzing the relationship between people’s historical development and the growth of regimes in Iraq and Nicaragua (4). According to the researchers, “where power is personalized, as it is in many authoritarian settings, the development of legal-bureaucratic authority is virtually impossible” (Gerring, Thacker, and Alfaro 4). Thus, in those states where authoritarian regimes are observed, the social and economic development is challenged because of the impact of dictatorship. In those states where the focus is on democracy, an opposite pattern of social progress can dominate. From this point, the answer to the question of historical similarities can be found in comparing the nations’ development. People are inclined to learn from the past In addition, it is important to concentrate on the idea that events and experiences of the past can influence the development of an entire nation. The reason for this is that authorities are often inclined to find answers to the problems arising in current events in the nation’s pastor in patterns found in world history. Mendoza-Botelho refers to the example of Bolivia that chose to follow the democratic course after analyzing historical lessons and accepting the fact that, in this country, “social movements have played an important role in the recent political history,” and the public opinion needs to be addressed (34). Thus, authorities often refer to the lessons of the past when it is necessary to make decisions regarding changes in the political course or conflict resolution. As a result, historic recurrences can become associated with lessons regarding conflicts, revolutions, and wars as the general evidence of these repetitions. Common causes usually lead to similar consequences in the historical context History recurs because it is a problematic task for peo
In order for us to relate well with this subject, it is important to acknowledge both the historical journey and the significance of cell phones in our generation. It is indeed one of the greatest innovations made and one that this current generation cannot fathom doing without. Cell phone industry is indeed one of the most developed sector in the modern world considering the fact that, cell phones are currently in use in almost all parts of the world (King, 2002). Today, the device has found significant use in the business sector among other sectors of life. Cell phone is a device that has continued to be a source of fascination for many, as great technological strides in changes, modifications and improvement continue to be made on it and what we have currently can only be termed as a phenomenon. Historical and technological progress of the cell phone dates back to the Second World War, when Reginald Fessenden invented the radio telephony to aid communication within the military camp. According to Li (2010), new ideas for organizing and improving upcoming technology are what matters most for any innovation. During the 1940s, improvements were made to this invention which saw the creation of hand held communication devices. Up till the early 1970’s, the invented cell phones could only be installed and used in vehicles but after that period, portable cell phones that were not limited to be used only in the vehicles were invented though they had a fair share of limitations. For instance, they were big, bulky and could not support multiple conversations. They consumed a lot of power and could not support nor allow automatic voice and data features, as is the case with modern devices and only the wealthy could afford to buy them. The history of cell phones is usually categorized into first, second, third, fourth and so on generations, in tracking and marking technological improvement s and changes in the industry. As with any other invention, the cell phone industry has seen the rise of diverse range of products in the market which is becoming extremely competitive with each company coming up with impressive advertising campaigns to woo consumers (Boland, 2007). These products, which are produced by different companies range from cell phones, iPhones, iPads, Blackberry, phone batteries, memory cards, Bluetooth, antennas, phone holders, faceplates, repair parts, phone straps, LCD’s, data cables, snap-on covers, leather cases, travel and car chargers, hands frees, holsters, silicone skins, stylus, car kits and such. There is also the rising concern of fakes and substandard cell phone products in the market. To address this, the Telecom Regulatory Authority in partnership with UAE Telecoms intends to cut off services to duplicate and fake handsets from 1 st January, 2012. According to Klemens (2010), the cell phone in