ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The use of online databases for learning purposes has become the current trend in most academic institutions. Some of the databases have journals and books where learners can perform their researches on various topics. Other databases even have online tests where students can be tested on their competency regarding various courses. The research conducted in Proquest revealed that there were several articles on WebCT and Blackboard with most of them outlining that Blackboard and WebCT are examples of online databases where students can learn and take online tests. Most of the articles addressing these two topics were PDF articles and they had varied information concerning WebCT and Blackboard. (Proquest, 2008) However, none of the articles had the heading of the keywords typed on the search dialogue which was WebCT and Blackboard. One article titled “Proquest C- 19: Nineteenth-Century Index” reveals that Blackboard and WebCT were designed to help students access learning resources from the internet in an interactive way. (Proquest, 2008) However, when searching for gender issues the were limited articles that actually addressed gender issues and mentoring together. However, when the term gender only was used in the database several articles appeared but only one of the articles was closer to and relevant to the study issues. The article only addressed gender in a limited perspective with regard to issues such as monitoring of gender sensitivity and trends in different departments of universities. The article entitled ‘Gender Watch’ addresses topics ranging from gender discrimination, feminism, and the current approaches towards attaining a gender-balanced society in
Introducing new technological inventions influences all spheres of social life and industrial production. At this point, Thomas Edison can be considered a strongly influential figure in industrial inventing, holding more than 1000 patient until his death. In fact, the invention of electricity light, as well enormous contributions made to development of television and video media provides a new strand in perceiving the role and functions of technological advancement in society. Thus, by inventing the electric light, people have significantly improved their productivity. Moreover, they have reconsidered the needs and requirements by perceiving the advantage of new technology. At this point, although Edison’s technology redirected the attention from other inventions, their scientific and technological achievements had captured the public attention and dictated new norms, values, and purposes in life. Recognized as the most prolific inventor, Thomas Edison redefined the concept of invention, and made the public reconsider the role of technologies in their life. So far, the inventions were focused on improving the quality of life by fulfilling physical needs of consumers. In fact, the emergence of electricity had not only contributed to the total reconstruction of the industrial process, but also compelled people to learn more about this new phenomenon to be able to reconstruct their lives. Thus, a shift of attention from gas light to the new electricity era had been introduced. The inventor had persuaded the public that previous devices were the matters of the past by explaining the main benefits of electricity – from its efficient work to the cost necessary to sustain the invention. In his interview with The Time reporters, Edison remarked, “the cost, compared to gas-pipe, will be very small, and there is very little change of their getting out of order” ( Edison’s Electric Light, n. p.). Apart from outlining the main advantages of his new device, Edison also pointed to the similarities in functions of previous functions attributed to gas light. Nowadays, Edison’s strategy is heavily used by the inventors who strive to penetrate to the market and capture new segments of consumers. In fact, the inventor managed to grasp the attention of the majority to give rise to the new period of electricity enlightenment, as well as greater opportunities opened for development of telecommunications. The fact that the idea of electric lightning was not new also indicates the actual function of Edison’s inventions. Nevertheless, the inventor successfully manipulated the public interest and made them focus on his original solutions (Friedel & Finn, 1987). Thus, while the public attention was given to the discovery of carbonized filament, Edison had been working on the development of seven element system, being important to the practical application of electricity (Friedel & Finn, 1987). In particular, the scientist focused on the development of an improved dynamo, constant voltage, safety fuses, a du
Introduction The first and second demographic transitions changed the demography of US society in the 20th century dramatically. The first demographic transition featured the improved living standards for older people and was accompanied by several government programs to support this population group. The second demographic transition affected young women and was associated with the feminist movement, although not all women were equally successful in this transition. Women’s lives in higher classes changed as they got great job opportunities, and over 48% of them started to combine parenting and work. Women from higher classes also became mothers at a later age, and by 2000 the average age of mothers of young children under the age of five was 32, while in 1980, this figure was 26. At the same time, women from higher classes managed to create strong families by changing the indicators of the divorce rate in this group. At the same time, the age of motherhood for women from the lower classes remained practically unchanged and increased from 21-22 years in 1980 to 23 years in 2000. At the same time, since the late 1990s, more women from lower classes have been combining work and raising children, which has led to the best conditions for children. The number of divorces also increased among this group; this indicates that women have become easier to get rid of unhealthy relationships, but it is also a negative trend since in the group represented, the smallest number of children communicate with their fathers. This paper aims to discuss the causes and consequences of the second demographic transition and present the policies that could fix the negative impacts. Widened Disparities in Children’s Resources The second demographic transition started its course in the 1960s and featured more women entering the workforce and gaining control of family, marriage, and childbirth issues. Even though this trend had positive consequences for the females of the top quartile, it also brought negative impacts for the women from the lower quartile in terms of motherhood and children’s access to parental resources. In particular, McLanahan says that women with higher education received better opportunities on the job market and tended to make better family choices than women with no higher education. Therefore, the second demographic transition led to disparities in children’s resources by social class. Disparities in governmental social support programs for the older population and children have become another trend characteristic of the second demographic transition. Preston argues that, although this is a reasonable choice for developed nations to spend funds on bettering the living conditions of the older population through healthcare and direct support policies, the US society faced an unfortunate trend when children did not receive a comparable amount of social resources in governmental spending. Therefore, the scientist emphasized the need to reverse the trend and pay more attention to social spending
Introduction A teacher’s primary objective is to establish a productive learning process in their classroom. In regards to mathematics, it is especially vital to ensure that students are engaged in the activities. This environment can be created by applying different communication strategies that will enable children to address any issues they are having, voice their questions and provide an instructor with feedback. This paper aims to analyze the role of talking in teaching mathematics, examine the contribution of social constructivists, and evaluate transcripts from lessons. The ability to communicate about any subject learned in an educational setting is essential for students. This factor is especially important in mathematics because many children get confused about the terms and specific aspects of calculations. According to Campbell and Bolyard (2018), the existing process of teaching mathematics to children receives a lot of criticism. The element, however, has had positive outcomes because, through discussion, the importance of talking in mathematics classrooms became evident to educators. Campbell and Bolyard (2018) argue that communication is crucial for the subject because it promotes the need to analyze processes that contribute to solving problems. Various opportunities for enhancing the learning process arise in this case, fostering a better learning environment. Talking to students during lessons is key to active learning and understanding. According to Anthony and Walshaw (2007, p. 54), “language plays a key part in shaping students’ mathematical experiences.” Educators that approach the process by applying terms that are used in the subjects can help their students develop their cognitive skills. Campbell and Bolyard (2018) substantiate this claim by stating that talking improves both memory skills and understanding of the subject. In addition, proper communication in the classroom can contribute to children’s confidence and interest, which affects their learning outcomes. Receiving feedback from students during lessons is essential because it allows addressing any misunderstandings and creating strategies that would enhance learning based on children’s opinions. In this way, children can learn from each other and analyze a different perspective that another individual takes to solve a particular problem. Campbell and Bolyard (2018, para. 10) state that “learning math is not a process of acquiring a set of facts o
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a benign adenomatous overgrowth of the periurethral part of the prostate gland. The symptoms correspond to infravesical obstruction, which includes sluggish urine flow, pressure fluctuations, pollakiuria, and imperative urges, among others. Diagnosis is mainly based on data from finger rectal examination and subjective symptoms, and data from cystoscopy, transrectal ultrasound, and urodynamic examination, among others. Treatment options include the administration of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, alpha-blockers, tadalafil, and surgical procedure. In the periurethral region of the prostate, multiple fibroadenomatous nodules develop, apparently arising from the periurethral glands, and not from the true fibromuscular tissue of the prostate (surgical capsule). The capsule is displaced to the periphery due to the progressive growth of the nodules. As the lumen of the prostatic part of the urethra narrows and lengthens, the outflow of urine is progressively hindered. Increased pressure associated with urination and distension of the bladder can lead to detrusor hypertrophy, trabecular formation, cellular formation, and false diverticula (CNO, 2021). The incomplete emptying of the bladder causes stagnation of urine and predisposes the formation of concretions and infection. Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, even incomplete, can cause hydronephrosis and impaired renal function. Trans Urethral Prostate Resection (TURP) Surgery Procedure and Post-Operational Procedure Drug therapy for the prostate adenoma is effective in a limited number of patients, in the early stages of the disease. In other cases, preference is given to surgical techniques. According to the CNO (2021), surgery operations are the most common and preferred method of surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The essence of the method is that under the control of optics (endoscope) with the help of an electric rod (no more than 9 mm in size) through the lumen of the urethra, the adenoma tissues are “cut” in layers into the lumen of the bladder. Then the resulting “chips” are removed by a special pump (CNO, 2021). The duration of the operation, as a rule, does not exceed 1.5 hours. Anesthesia – regional or anesthesia. With a smooth course of the postoperative period, patients are discharged from the clinic 3-4 days after the intervention, and after 7 days they can start working (CNO, 2021). In recent years, a new modification of the prostate TOUR has appeared – the so-called “bipolar TOUR” (CNO, 2021). The technique of the operation remained mostly the same, but thanks to the use of new equipment, it was possible to reduce the number
Why the law was written The US Securities and Exchange Act of 1933, also known as the Federal Securities act and the Truth in securities act was enacted on 27 th May 1933, as a response to the devastating stock market crash that was experienced in 1929 at which time there was little federal regulation of the offer and sale of securities in the country. At this time, securities were regulated by state laws, otherwise known as blue laws and these were grossly inadequate, as can be attested by the crash. Stakeholders of the law The law affected several groups of people. The very first group of people to be affected was the public. People were quite timid with their money after the crash and therefore needed some sort of assurance that their investment would be safe if they placed their money in any securities. The second group was the companies. These were faced with new regulatory expenses which had not bee accounted for and also the ease of raising capital from the public was significantly decreased. The third lot was the local governments. Previously, the regulation of the securities was their responsibility and they therefore had a challenge to align their laws to the new one. Initial hypothesis The law brought a positive change in the business environment since there was increased security for the investors, requirement for accountability by the issuing companies and more streamlined regulations from the local governments. The Securities and Exchange act of 1933 This law dictated that all offers of securities to the public be registered as per the act, unless there exists any exemptions under the law. The overall purpose of the act was to ensure that material information about the companies offering the securities is made adequately available to the public, to enable them make informed decisions about their investment decision. Also, it was aimed at reducing cases of fraud, misrepresentation and deceit in an effort raise more capital from the securities, which was a common practice among financially struggling companies. This act does not however guarantee any redress for loses resulting from investing in securities. It can only be relied upon to the point that the investor can prove that he made his decision to invest in the company without adequate or with misleading information about the company as a result of a failure by the company to provide the correct or sufficient information. This means that
Introduction Academic research is critical to finding answers to a problem. A study’s methodological approach depends on the research question, which is fundamentally a hypothesis framed as a query. In the quantitative paradigm, observed trends are investigated objectively to clarify or predict trends in phenomena. It is utilized to find solutions to a problem based on specific variables. This paper discusses the suitable quantitative methods for resolving research questions (RQs) claimed by an author of a dissertation and describes relevant data for addressing the RQs. Research Questions The dissertation investigates the dynamics of social capital stimulation in organizations. Specifically, it examines the connection between the structure of social relations in companies and employee performance. This problem is reduced to two research questions for inquiry: “how do people use the social resources accessible to them under their position in the structure? And what organizational interventions can help people forge valuable new connections in the workplace?” (Srivastava 2012, p. 1). An abstract concept examined by the study is social capital. Employees develop network ties that can be tapped into to bolster performance, especially during organizational change. Suitable Quantitative Research Methods Quantitative measurement of social capital in firms and how people utilize interrelations and resources in organizations can be problematic given its abstract nature and context-specificity. One appropriate method for investigating the above RQs is a correlational study design. In this approach, no variable is experimentally altered. It entails empirical measurement and determination of the relationship between the dimensions of social capital. Thus, validated instruments can be used to measure social resources available to staff and the effect of firm interventions on workplace connections. In empirical studies, a social capital scale comprising Likert-type rated items is utilized to collect quantitative data. Adams, Harris, and Lindsey (2017) used a pretested social capital scale to evaluate aspects of social capital, such as trust and reciprocity, in organized networks (sports clubs). Based on the instrument, it was possible to assess the impact of social policies. A similar approach could be used to identify organizational initiatives that support the formation of new relations consistent with the second RQ. Correlation analysis would help establish the relationship between social resource utilization and position in the organization. Additionally, multiple regression analysis could be used to determine how each social capital dimension affects the formation of new connections by the subjects. A second suitable quantitative method is longitudinal or panel study. It allows the measurement of repeated observations over a period to determine changes in behavior. Despite being an observational/qualitative approach, a longitudinal design would be appropriate for investigating the development of new workplace relations over time
This chapter will show the state of the elaboration of the theme, critically assessing findings that were already provided by recognised academicians and institutions. The business environment might be considered as the primary condition that a company must take into account while developing its human resource strategy (Brunot, no date). The differences between China and the UK within this scope are a significant theme to explore and discuss critically. Nevertheless, it seems that the scholarly dimension has not paid substantial attention to such a specific topic from the mentioned perspective. China and the UK Business Environments The business environment of the UK may be considered significant given its economic, social and political indicators (Bank of England, 2019). The country is rightly perceived as the most prominent international business centre. It should be claimed that it is among the ten most developed countries – in terms of GDP, it produces more than 2% of the global total (Bank of England, 2019). This country is one of the major world exporter and importer of goods and services. The largest number of transactions in the global financial market is still in London, accounting for about 40% of the worldwide currency turnover. The city is also a leader in the trade of international bonds. In the UK, there are the headquarters of about 70% of transnational corporations. The country has a plethora of audit firms, as well as law companies’ offices. It is defined as the leading insurance market (Bank of England, 2019). Moreover, the government pays special attention to creating a positive business reputation in the UK. It creates a favourable business environment that fosters business development and attracts international companies to the country. The main slogan of the government is that the UK is open for business. The primary tasks proclaimed in the country’s economic development strategy are the elimination of barriers and restrictions for business development and stimulation of investments. Hence, the above indicators confirm that the UK has a great business environment, which must be taken into account while analysing HR practices in this country. In current conditions, China’s economy continues to grow very rapidly and has a significant impact on the global market due to increasing exports. The Chinese government plays an important role in the marketplace, developing small and medium enterprises. They account for half of GDP and more than 70% of new jobs created (The American Chamber of Commerce, 2019). The authorities decided to reorient the country’s economy from resource-intensive enterprises to small businesses. This mo
Human behavior is an element of inborn traits and socialization traits; when human beings interact, they shape each other’s behavior, values, norms, and personal perception. According to psychologists, behavior can be defined simply as an expression of one’s attitude, perception, values, and believe to an act; human behavior is molded by internal feelings, thoughts, and beliefs; what come-outs or the acts that human call behaviors are the end result (Freud & Strachey, 1976). Psychologists have accepted that there is a close link between human behavior and attitude; this paper analyzes why behavior influences attitude. Human behaviors and attitude An act can be said to have become a behavior when it a person has repeatedly acted in a certain direction; according to the literature of human behavior, it is personal but shaped by the external environment that someone is operating. It is appreciated that human beings develop a certain mode of behavior from factors arising from socialization right from childhood and these follow him to adulthood; however attitude follow behavior in some circumstances . Our values, beliefs and morals are largely influenced by the society we live in, culture, and hereditary factors. Some situations where behavior can shape our attitudes they include: Self presentation or creation of a self image In this case, a person may be confronted with as situation that he is expected to adopt a certain behaviors that he thought that the behaviors belonged to a certain class of people. He may be role-playing to seek conformity with a certain community or class of people. When in the role-playing, he may have his attitudes towards something that he has seen it differently changed. For example, the case of person who feels that the poor are poor because they do not think on ways they can use to gain wealth, then the person may be shooting a certain film in the slums where he interacts with the people and assumes the role of being one of them to get information and shot his movie. At the end of the stay with the slums people, the person learns that life is difficult and the people lack the basics that they need to think and be creative, as he had anticipated they needed to do. Such a person is more likely to change his attitude toward the poor and learn how to respect them. Cognitive dissonance It is not always that people advocate for what they have positive attitude; they may be the advocators of something they rarely