ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
John Mearsheimer notes that western policymakers have recognized the importance of international organizations in promoting international peace. However, he observes that in attempts to create such policies, policymakers have often ignored the concept of a balance-of-power in creating global institutions. He reviews two major schools of thoughts, which include institutionalists and realists. Under these two theories, there several sub-theories from various sources. Mearsheimer presents opposing views of the two theories, including how they work to change institutions. He also identifies the fundamental flaws of each theory and their lack of empirical evidence. The most important factor to recognize, is that the two major theories aim to change state behaviors. Although institutions do not work as these theories depict, policymakers and academics have noted the importance of these theories in formulating policies that shape global agendas (Mearsheimer 5). The PowerPoint presentation covers all theories in international organizations, but provides brief accounts. This is suitable for a quick overview of theories that shape international institutions. It also presents realists and institutionalists as the two major theories, which have sub-theories from different fields (Module 2, International Organizations 1-21). Realists want to use their states to promote international agenda. On the other hand, institutionalists believe that states are the key to collective action, and institutional arrangements can shape behaviors of states. These theories try to show how international organizations should function in an ideal situation. As a result, they aim to alter state behaviors. These theories assume that institutions have power over states. Major international organizations aim to foster global peace and economic interests. These theories continue to influence different states in different manners. However, they fail to ensure that there is a balance-of-power when formulating policies for global institutions. Mearsheimer’s article provides a comprehensive account of two major theories and their branches. It also shows the role of these theories in shaping international organizations and institutions. Further, the article recognizes that theories are different with the realities of most institutions and states. Mearsheimer’s article draws its contents from past studies, observations, and real-life events. This allows the reader to identify how such theories relate to practices in international organizations, states, and institutions. The article also shows opposing views on each theory. In addition, it warns readers about the danger of relying on these theories to formulate policies. In most cases, the policy may fail because these theories do not reflect the harsh reality of the world.
Introduction The world is changing due to changes brought about by technology. Business environment is increasingly getting competitive. Firms are finding it difficult to manage this competition due to a number of factors. According to Kate (78), it is practically impossible to find the best strategy that would last a lifetime without a need for regular adjustment. The ability of a firm to adjust to changes within the environment will always determine its success or failure within that market. Coming up with the right strategy should always be followed by swift implementation in order to achieve the desired result. Marketing planning can be a very challenging task, especially in a market with varying characteristics. The planning will also depend on the size of the firm and the product offered to the market. This is the type of challenge Victoria’s Secret faces in the market for lingerie. The approach used in marketing this product is the United States may not be the same as the approach needed in the British markets. When developing a marketing plan, it is always important that the concerned individuals understand the nature of the product and the target customers. As Klasse (87) state, marketing planning and strategy development should not be left to the marketing department alone. Success in this planning will benefit the entire firm. Organizational structure clearly stipulates people responsible for making various decisions at various levels. However, it should be appreciated that all members of the organization, irrespective of their position within the firm, have a role to play. They can help come up with strategies that are able to meet the demands of the market. The research will be based on Victoria’s Secret, which has had massive success for the past one decade. This research focuses on analysis of various strategies that can help a firm succeed in the market and how the implementation should be conducted, including the relevance using the image of women in advertising. Purpose and scope The world market in the finance industry has become very competitive. Various firms have come to the realization that internationalization is the best way through which they can succeed in the market. For this to be possible, it is important that the management develop strategies that would help it in the international market. In the world of advertising, the use of image of women is very common. This is because of the perception of the society towards women. There has been a general perception among the society that women have spectacular image while men are the spectators. Anything that is appealing to the eye is always associated to women. According to Poole (56), an angel is believed to be the most beautiful being, and its beauty can only be compared to that of women. In the marketing arena, this message has sunk, and most firms prefer using the image of women to help advertise their product. A top model car would be advertised using a model whose image is believed to
What is the purpose of a code of ethics for Internet healthcare informatics and the Web 2.0? The purpose of a code of ethics for Internet healthcare informatics and the Web 2.0 is to prevent the abuse of data and encourage the appropriate use of healthcare informatics. For instance, a code of ethics could put forward regulations regarding personal data protection and confidentiality, which ensure meaningful data use. One of the largest problems with healthcare information security has always been inappropriate use by authorized users. How do HIPAA and the HITECH Act help to curb this problem? HIPAA and HITECH both serve to promote the security of data stored, processed, and transmitted in health informatics systems. The regulations establish fines and other administrative punishments for noncompliance, thus addressing the problem of inappropriate data use by authorized users. In the systems development life cycle, how does analysis differ from design? What are the potential downfalls of skipping the analysis step? The difference between the two stages is that the analysis phase provides information required for designing a system, such as the end user’s requirements, the feasibility of the project, and expected performance issues that need to be addressed as part of designing the system. If developers skip this stage, they might fail to meet the customers’ expectations or lose money due to operational failures. Why is it important for all nurses and healthcare professionals to understand the basics of how information systems are selected and implemented? Understanding how all healthcare information systems are selected and implemented helps nurses and other professionals to understand the benefits and uses of each system. In addition, it can aid nurses in identifying system malfunctions or problems and notifying relevant workers promptly, thus reducing the impact of these issues on internal operations. As a group, describe an ethical concern related to technology use and how the use of nursing’s code of ethics will guide your decision making. The primary ethical concern related to technology use in nursing is preserving data privacy and confidentiality. Nursing codes of ethics provide information on how to protect patients’ privacy and confidentiality. For example, the ANA (2015) states that nurses should avoid sharing patient data with third parties without permission and store electronic records securely at all times. Thus, using nursing codes of ethics provides nurses with guidance necessary to address this ethical concern while using technology. Reference American Nurses’ Association (ANA). (2015). Code of ethics for nurses . Web.
Expressing one’s ideas and creating a logically structured argument is a crucial skill without which one cannot function in modern society. People often have to present their point of view in a well-arranged and prepared manner, which is why the ability to write papers and provide a coherent description of one’s course of thinking is critical for any individual in literally any area, from scholarly discussions to the workplace downright to casual communication. Therefore, understanding how to build a clear and cohesive argument is indispensable. Due to the need to embrace not only the argued point of view but also the opposing one, as well as the multitude of factors that shape decision-making, one should approach the process of structuring an argument by brainstorming and using creativity to provide proof for the key statement made. The first step in devising a compelling argument on any subject is to do preliminary research. Thus, one will avoid making typical errors and promoting common myths when making a specific statement. The research should not be restricted to commonplace sources and encyclopedias but, instead, include a wide array of databases, mainly, scholarly ones. Remarkably, one may not need to brush off the use of encyclopedias entirely; the specified source is perfect as the starting point of one’s preliminary research (Xiao and Watson 95). However, when delving into the academic part of the process, one needs to consider solely the verified data sources. The next step in preparing an argument would be arranging the located opinions into several categories according to the statements that they make. Thus, one will be able to see the key points that one will need to cover when establishing one’s point of view. The third step will require transitioning from the preparation part to the actual writing. Specifically, one will need to create the statement that allows introducing the audience to the subject matter and provides a succinct point that the speaker is going to make. At this point, it is important to list the key points, providing the examples that illustrate the main idea. Moreover, one will need to refer to trustworthy resources as the references used to build the argument. Next, one should incorporate additional perspectives that expand one’s main argument and offer new ways of looking at the issue at hand. For instance, social, political, economic, and technological viewpoints may be incorporated into an argument addressing an important social topic. Introducing creativity into the process of assessing the available viewpoints is essential since it will help one to give their argument a distinguished look and make it relatable, appealing, and unique to its target audience. Finally, the process of developing an argument should end with revising the statement that has been made and correcting inaccuracies, err
Beverly Jean Whitehead Vs. USA-One is a security negligence case filed in an American court of law in the year 1988 (Jennings, 2006). Beverly Whitehead was a resident at an apartment named Sharpsburg Manor in the same year. In June 1988, a person broke into her residence and sexually assaulted her. Later in the evening, a suspect by the name Alfred Zene was apprehended. He later pleaded guilty to the burglary charges. Earlier, Zene had broken into the house of Carla Prewett and Blair Marques. The three women were living in the same apartment. The criminal was charged for sexually assaulting the two women in April and May (Jennings, 2006). Later, the three women sued the USA-One Company for negligence. The security company had been offered a contract to provide security services in Sharpsburg Manor apartments and Real Development complexes. As such, the security firm was required to maintain security at the apartment gates and carry out patrols around the premises. Through the case, the victims accused the security firm of failing to protect them from being attacked by the intruders. In the case, the three women alleged that the company had played a role in their miseries by neglecting part of its duties (Tanenhaus, 2008). During the trial, the judges came up with their conclusions based on an earlier similar case. The case referred to was Gardner Vs. Vinson Guard Service. In this case, the security company had been responsible for the damage of residents’ vehicles during a shootout. The case indicated that Vinson Guard Service had been hired to provide security to the cars in a parking lot. On a fateful day, the company had been informed in adv
Introduction The theme of conservation of nonhuman primates is considered to be one of the most burning and frequent questions in the anthropological field. Some primatologists have already discussed this issue for many times and still cannot come to the same decision. The investigations prove that almost the third of all nonhuman primate species are under a terrible threat of being overexploited and destructed by other habitants. “Ninety per cent of the world’s primates are found in tropical forests and it is precisely these forests that are being converted to human use faster and more dramatically than any other habitats on earth (Fuentes, 2002, p. 183). This is why the idea to develop as many nonhuman primate conservation programs as possible is regarded as the task number one for many sociologists and anthropologists all over the world. The variety of nonhuman primates is impressive indeed, and in order to investigate the level of debates concerning conservation programs and their results, one of the most popular primates, a lemur, is chosen. As a rule, these primates occupy tropical and subtropical forests of Madagascar; to be more exact, these primates prefer western parts of the island. Many lemur conservation programs aim at ensuring the necessary conservation of these primates and promoting their habitation over the region. Nonhuman primate conservation programs are characterized by numerous positive and negative sides: lemurs get benefits from these programs in the form of protection from other habitants of the same territory and legal empowerment of local population to defend and maintain the environment; however, at the same time, these programs put other primates under a threat of being neglected to achieve the main purposes of the program and lead to the development of the conflict between nonhuman primates and local human communities based on destroying crops and worsening the general state of affairs in the agricultural sphere. Discussion Essence of nonhuman primate conservation programs. Nowadays, people try to participate in many activities in order to protect animals and all nonhuman primates in particular. The idea of “swift action that must be taken to prevent the extinction of…endangered species” (Wright et al., 2008, p. 13). Even after the significance of lemurs’ biology is taken into account, much information and investigations about lemur life and challenges remain to be unknown for people. This is why it is crucially important to gain better and deeper understanding of lemurs and their habitat by means of the evaluation of the already known facts. According to Mittermeier and Butynski (2006) in Primate Conservation different types of lemurs are considered to be mentioned in the list of the “World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates”. These species are characterized by constant mobility, and it becomes important to investigate their styles of life to protect them against each other, against local population, and against other animals that occupy M
Substitute Goods; Pens and Pencils Substitute goods can be defined as those goods that customers views as alternative. They can also be seen as those goods that give consumers similar benefits. In other words, these goods satisfy the same needs. In most cases, the buyer takes several things into consideration before making their final decisions on the choice of the goods to buy more so in the case of substitute goods. In this case, pens and pencils can be considered as substitute goods. This is because they yield same benefits to the consumer. For instance, both pen and pencil are used for writing. They can be used interchangeably. Consumers may either decide to write using pen or using a pencil. Therefore, pens and pencils are perfect substitutes. This is because they are both used exactly for the same purpose, which is writing. Impacts on supply of pens of a technological breakthrough which reduces the cost of producing pens Substitute goods usually offer a high level of competition in the market. This is because buyers can easily substitute them any time. This aspect creates competition between these products. In this case, if a technological breakthrough reduces the cost of producing pens, then the minimum price levels which pen producers can offer in the market will fall accordingly. This will lead to a fall in prices of pens. However, the prices of pencils will remain constant. The quantity of a product supplied in the market is directly proportional to the prices of the product in the market (Forgang and Einolf 171). In other words, the higher the prices, the higher the quantities of a specific product that producers will be willing to provide in the market. In this case, technological advancement has led to reduction in the cost of production of pens. This implies that the producer will be willing to supply a larger quantity of pens at the prevailing price levels. Therefore, the quantity of pens supplies in the market is more likely going to increase. As a result of reduction in the production cost of pens, producers may decide to lower the prices. As a result, pens will become cheaper compared to pencil
Introduction The Jewish American experience is one of the key matters of the world Jewish community, as it is one of the largest Jewish communities in the world. The twentieth century is featured with the appearance of American Jewry on the world Jewish scene. As the century started, the United States was the third largest Jewish population center in the world with more than a million inhabitants. About half of the US Jews inhabited in New York City. Plot Short Reviews Bruce Gold, a Jewish, middle-aged English university lecturer and author of lots of unread, decisive articles in small journals, living in Manhattan, is suggested the opportunity to succeed in the life, get notoriety and fortune in Washington D.C. as the federal first ever Jewish Secretary of State. But, he is obliged to face the upshots of this, such as parting his wife and isolating from the family, the thought of which invigorates him and makes him shrink simultaneously. Moreover, he challenges the assignment of making note about the Jewish experience in the USA, but the main difficulty is that he is afraid not having enough experience on the issue of Jewish experience. “The plot against America” by Philip Roth describes the fate of the Roth family during the Lindbergh administration, as anti-Semitism turns to be more customary in American life and Jewish-American families like the Roths are chased on different levels. The storyteller and the protagonist in the novel is the young Philip, and the care with which his perplexity and horror are submitted makes the novel as much about the secrecies of growing up as about American government. Roth grounded his novel on the isolationist notions supported by Lindbergh in actual life as a presenter for the America First Committee and his own skills living and getting older in Newark, New Jersey. The novel portrays the Weequahic part of Newark which comprises Weequahic High School from which Roth graduated. It once seemed as though Philip Roth had come on the American scene too late to have any forcing historical matter with which to employ his literary authorities. Born in 1933 to an honest, painstaking Jewish family in Newark he missed out on the determining deficiencies of the immigrant experie
Introduction This paper will analyze a Television program known as Jacob’s Cross . Jacob’s Cross is a television drama series that is produced in South African by M-Net Original Productions (Klaus, 2004). The program is basically about influential business families that have vast interests in the oil industry. The families are battling to control Africa’s wealthy oil resources. The program mainly portrays affluent lifestyles that are characteristic of the wealthy businessmen in South African society. Overall, the program educates the viewer on how morality issues prop up when powerful families are fighting over the control of strategic resources. In the episode analyzed, there is a social justice theme that revolves around solidarity when some family members get themselves into trouble (Klaus, 2004). Scenes that Apply to the Social theme In the Jacob’s Cross episode that was watched the following scenes that apply to the social justice theme were observed: This episode begins in the morning by Jacob (the main act) calling his attorney and some other close associates about some important events of the day. The next scene shows Jacob’s mum, Thembi Makhubu, in custody, and it seems like she is being prepared to attend a hearing. While Jacob is still at home, a woman who seems to be his wife or girlfriend walks into the house and hugs and kisses him in a comforting way. The woman proceeds to pick a few things here and there while Jacob moves close to the window and stares blankly. He seems to be in deep thought. Some scenes that are not important to the social justice theme are shown before Jacob’s mother is led into a court to answer charges. Jacob is shown in the sitting area with several people who mainly are family members and close friends. Witnesses are shown taking their chances at the witness stand as the family attorney cross-examines them. At the end of the court session, Jacob goes to hug his mother and watches is she is led away into a waiting car by security officers. Jacob is pated lightly on the back by a person who seems to be his friend. He then walks slowly to a waiting car while holding his wife’s hand, and they have driven away. Observed body language, facial expressions, gestures, posture instances, modes of dress, nonverbal cues, symbols and other nonverbal forms of communication A variety of head and facial patterns were observed in the analyzed episode of Jacob’s Cross. Different types of glancing behaviors, some glances were short, others prolonged, and some seemed to be directed towards particular subjects. Jacob’s wife was seen flipping her hair backward while tilting her hair upwards. This happened more than once. Head nodding was also a common facial and head expression seen in the program (Klaus, 2004). The episode had so many instances of gestures. For instance, when Jacob and his associates walked into the court, a security officer stretched his hand to direct them on where to sit. Some characters were also seen to move their hands in the course of their talking. There were instances when hands were held, for example, between Jacob and his wife, and during greetings. Seve