ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Hatcher begins her article by stating that the number of prisoners suffering from mental illness has been growing in jails over the last few years. Her article states that close to a million inmates suffering from mental health problems were incarcerated in U.S. jails in the year 2000 (Hatcher, 2009). She claims that the increased incarceration of people with mental health problems has resulted in increased cases of suicide inside the American jails. The author proposes the introduction of mechanisms for suicide intake screening and assessment to avert suicide attempts in correctional facilities (Hatcher, 2009). The avoidance of suicide among inmates in jails is possible through screening new inmates and conducting periodic inmate assessments. It is vital to scrutinize the history of the inmates to establish whether there are past records of suicide attempts (Hatcher, 2009).The screening of inmates to check their probability for committing suicide may be done through asking relevant questions like, “are you currently thinking of committing suicide?” among others. In addition, there are diverse standard suicide evaluation tools applicable in the establishment of suicide threats and intention of the inmates. An example of these tools is the Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI). The tool is composed of twenty-one items administered by the interviewer to measures the indicators of suicide prevalence among inmates. The tool also helps in evaluation of suicide risk factors including the length and rate of ideation and the number of deterrents among others (Hatcher, 2009). Characteristics of Suicide Attempts in a Large Urban Jail System With an Established Suicide Prevention Program The article is about a study carried out to investigate characteristics of suicide attempts in a correctional facility in a Washington jail. The article provides useful evidence in support of the text topic regarding suicide prevention for mental health inmates in jail settings. The study found that the number of suicide cases reported among inmates with mental health were comparatively higher than for normal inmates (Goss, Peterson, Smith, Kalb, & Brodey, 2002). The article findings are in agreement with the text topic that the number of suicides among inmates with mental health issue is relatively higher in comparison to suicide among the normal inmates. The article findings are based on 132 suicide attempt observations made from 124 inmates. The authors found out that the frequency suicide attempt among inmates with mental illness was seventy-seven percent. On the other hand, the frequency of suicide attempt was lower (15 percent) in the general jail population (Goss et al., 2
Introduction Processed food has existed prehistorically yet in the form of very traditional practices like salt preservation, steaming, and sun dying etc. Countries like America and Europe had persisted in the use of the traditional ingredients originated from the earliest immigrants of England and Scotland. However, after the industrial revolution these practices metamorphosed and took the form of more sophisticated, technological practices. Increase in the fertilized land in America led the farmers to grow more corn and hence corn became a fodder for the livestock and the by-product started being used for whisky and thereby an era of food processing begun (Steven, Mintz). With the industrial revolution, new ingredients were being discovered. These included chocolate, sugar and coffee etc and could not be consumed raw. Hence the new techniques of food processing developed including the vacuum bottling technique for tinned food and the concept of canning as proposed by Peter Durand in 1881. Further, the more significant discovery came from Louis Pasteur in 1862 when he advanced the idea of reducing the amount of harmful pathogens in the food that may cause certain diseases and taken further by introduction of sterilization that aimed at killing this bacteria completely (Steven, Mintz). Moreover fuelling the chemical processing was globalization, which escalated the early 19 th Century. Cultural and ethnic pluralism meant a more diversified variety in the eating patterns hence the emergence of fast food industry and ethnic cuisines became a prerequisite for food processing. Apart from the early immigrants from England and Scotland, more and more Germans, Italians and Africans came to America and so this demanded more varieties in the food being offered. The changing economic state of Europe and USA in specific and the evolving lifestyles and cultural and political values of these countries contributed towards the emergence of convenience food. Food then became a political and cultural identity. Also, a proliferation of different ethnicities meant that more and more varieties of seasonal fruits had to be made available in all seasons. Hence food processing took the form of spray drying, freeze drying, artificial sweeteners, and colouring agents. Therefore, the dried soups, tinned vegetables and canned fruit juices became common ration items on the American kitchen shelves. The trend has had a tickle down effect globally whereby a stage was set for massive trade in convenience food. The study aims to examine and closely scrutinize the proposed advantages of processed foods and the concerns that outweigh these possible advantages. Pasteurizing and (UHT) Ultra Heat Treatment with the use of preservatives and antioxidants has brought about a new era of food sustainability and the food colorants and artificial sweeteners have introduced massive variety in food, incorporating the previous era of mass production and at the same time facilitating mass customization in modern era of individualization in de
Introduction This paper is aimed at discussing the interview of Carlos Ghosn who discusses his work at Renault Nissan and the trends that are likely to affect the automotive industry in different ways. Many of his answers can be related to the learning materials covered in the first three chapters of the textbook. In particular, it is possible to argue that this corporate leader makes very insightful comments about the role of leaders, their responsibilities, and some of the attributes that these people should have. To some degree, his responses can throw light on some peculiarities of strategic management. Furthermore, Carlos Ghosn demonstrates how businesses can become more agile by responding to external trends and minimizing internal weaknesses. These are some of the issues that are examined in the textbook. Overall, these issues play a critical role in the work of many business administra
Introduction Robin was one of those who advocate justice during the reign of the corrupt Sherriff. He was not able to stand the rule of the sheriff who had been employing the dictatorship. The minor groups were at a disadvantage since there were no fair rules. The Sherriff was a wealthy man who had been robbing people using taxation. Also, he had the rigid support of people who were noted to be very wealthy but did not have any political security or advantage. Robin started campaigning by organizing small crusades hoping that people would join him in his dream to overthrow Sherriff. This could not work at first because he had not formed a firm foundation for his group members. Also, he had not clearly explained his reasons for the rebellious actions. His thought of forming a group was commendable because unity would be their primary source of strength. By creating this group, there were more plans that Robin was to make to accomplish his task of defeating the Sherriff. He had a good idea of using people who believed in justice and were also against his opponent. These people were the best choice because they had a common goal with their leader Robin. Therefore, no one was able to act out as a deceptive mind that could pull the group down. One primary source of weakness for Robin was a sinister organization and motive. The wrong reason was his thought of killing the Sherriff. Robin Hood could have overcome the obstacles he was facing if he had changed the organization’s policies by adopting a less centralized leadership style and allowing more segregation of duties. However, I think he should disband the organization’s functions because the organization’s mission is ethically wrong, and no matter how poor those people are, I believe that stealing is not the best solution. Strategic Issues The group formed by Robin had been inspiring due to their dedication. Also, the number of group members was increasing day after day, which meant that Robin had a strong force in terms of security. However, it resulted in some confusion as the leader did not recognize other members. This could be a source of failure for the organization. This status of the organization called for critical strategic measures. The leader was to devise a method for improving the organization. He was to start with creating a bond between himself and his men, especially during the moments that they were faced with the food crisis, and the Sherriff was becoming even more vital. He was to start with his men and allow for more discussions on how they could spend their limited resources. Finances were most important, and they were to devise a way of getting income without getting the help of the minority or poor citizens. The group was also to make a decision on reducing the number of Merrymen to a more considerate and manageable number. In addition, the group had to strategize on how they were going to bar the sheriff from having to increase strength and fame. This was to start from the grassroots level (Heath 2009). The campaign against the Sherriff was not supposed to be a huge deal. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the Sherriff would
The contemporary globalizing world is a place where the boarders are getting vaguer and vaguer, people travel and migrate due to various reasons and this creates new multinational societies with their confrontations and conflicts based on the need of people of different cultures to collaborate and to share the territories. The clash of cultures and ethnicities is not a new subject in the world of nowadays. Every country in the modern world has faced the experience of national and racial tensions. There can be various reasons for such confrontation. The national and ethnical minorities can feel oppressed and discriminated by their own country and the national majority based on their language, religion, culture, even the clothes they wear or the way they look. Racial and ethnic issues are one of the most important social problems in the world of nowadays, solving these problems is considered to be the primary goal of the political leaders of every country. Different governments employ different ways of dealing with racial and ethnic issues on the territories of their countries. The politicians work on special measures and policies designed to alleviate the cultural tension in their states, give recognition to various ethnicities, and provide equal rights in many spheres of people’s lives. People’s Republic of China claims to be a multi-ethnic country. The political leaders of this state have been dealing with the ethnic and racial issues of all degrees of severity for centuries. The Chinese government today presents the country as a state with equal rights for the ethnical minorities dwelling on its territory, besides the politicians’ position is that the government provides recognition and opportunities to develop their culture to all of the eth
Introduction: A Teacher’s Role in Shaping a Learning Strategy   * Teacher’s role in learning: supportive and instructional;   * Dörnyei (2009) explains that there is a recent tendency in encouraging students to define their learning strategy;   * Dörnyei, Muir and Ibrahim (2014) posit that the proposed solution is to combining motivational and instructional approaches;   * Paige, Cohen and Shively (2004) state that eliciting information: observations and tests. Assisting learners in understanding the language has always been the central focus of the language learning process. According to Dӧrnyei (2009), because of the need to encourage an intuitive understanding of a second language, a teacher often focuses on teaching students specific learner strategies that will enable them to acquire new skills and gain language-related knowledge. Furthermore, Dörnyei et al. (2014) explain that it is typically considered important for a teacher to determine the current strategy used by a learner to locate its weaknesses and strength, suggesting improvements. Therefore, according to Paige et al. (2004), eliciting information about learning strategies usually takes one of the priorities that a teacher pursues when promoting language skills acquisition. Although there is the assumption that teachers should focus on teaching rather than exploring learning strategies, understanding the needs of students and adjusting the learning process to them is also crucial. Methods: Comparison   * Dörnyei (2009): qualitative analysis (phenomenology);   * Dörnyei et al. (2014): qualitative analysis (phenomenology);   * Paige et al. (2004): qualitative analysis (case study);   * Critical questions: how can the role of a teacher in building a learning strategy be examined? Each of the studies addresses a qualitative issue in the analysis of a learning process. Therefore, the application of the qualitative research method was used in each study. The specified solution seems the most reasonable one since it contributes to a profound exploration of the issue. However, the described technique may lack objectivity, due to the focus on student-specific experiences. Therefore, the studies in question are similar in their theme and research tools, yet they focus on different aspects of developing a learning strategy. The role of a teacher and the independence of a learner are part
Introduction Climate and weather-related events that are extreme such as heat, droughts, bushfires, waves, and floods, are increasing intensity and frequency across the world. Furthermore, floods have accounted for half of all the catastrophes in England since 1995 to 2019, and it has affected most people countrywide (Barendrecht et al., 2020). The United Kingdom (UK) has experienced flood disasters ranging from overflowing of the stream banks of the River Thames to the immersing of commercial and residential neighborhoods. Mitigation measures are actions intended to reduce the risks on the property, economic, social and natural resource levels (Barendrecht et al., 2020). Notably, creating awareness, prediction, preparedness, education, and establishing effective warning systems are necessary to decrease the disruptive impacts of floods on the communities. The UK has adopted mitigation measures such as structural and building codes, mapping of the flood-prone areas, and flood management plans; however, it is necessary to consider public engagement as an additional strategy. Existing Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures are basically structured on five elements, including prevention, preparedness, protection, recovery, and emergency response. The Environmental Agency established a Corporate Plan to address flood disasters in the country (Barendrecht et al., 2020). It is important to note that over 5.5 million people and several properties in England are at risk of flooding (Barendrecht et al., 2020). Additionally, the Act of 2010 concerning floods and water management emphasizes the need to construct structures that are flood resilient or resistant (Barendrecht et al., 2020). In addition, the Corporate Plan 2011-2015 also focuses on developing mapping as well as modeling capabilities that provide improved flood risk control and visualization tools (Barendrecht et al., 2020). Environmental Agency, also known as EA, established tools such as flood risk management plans, flood risks maps, flood structures, and defenses and geospatial maps for every river basin in all the districts. Despite the initiatives developed by EA in the nation, the records concerning the impacts of disasters in England indicate that more than 7000 properties were destroyed by floods (Barendrecht et al., 2020). Additional 43 hectares of land that was mainly used for agricultural activities in 2013 was underwater (Barendrecht et al., 2020). Therefore, there is immediate need for the adoption of new measures to help reduce flooding cases in the UK. The historical mitigation measures in the United Kingdom, as far as the impacts of flooding are concerned, have been through construction, deployment, and integration of conventional flood defenses. Nonetheless, the rise in the frequency and the intensity of flooding in the country, particularly in the last two decades, have seen a paradigm move from flood defense to risk management (Barendrecht et al., 2020). It is important to note that risk management concerning the flooding in the UK is the main focus of mitigating the effects of flooding. Building structures in flood-prone regions with the KU for a very long time were don
Introduction Research articles must always meet the required scientific research standards to become reliable for further reference. The paper must be methodologically pragmatic, have a clear articulation and must have an organized structure that contains the major points based on the topic of an investigation. Moreover, scientific research articles must have sufficient background about a topic, must show how it relates appropriately to its audience, and must have a logical flow that illustrates the main arguments. This essay intends to examine a research journal article to examine whether it meets the methodological standards needed in a research article. Summary: Main Points Discussed in the Article Research Background or Introduction The paper discusses the professional ethics of practice and how workers in the social work perceive these ethics (Osmo & Landau, 2006). The research specifically intended to examine how the social workers perceive different ethical principles articulated in different ethics theories in their daily social work practices. The researchers, Osmo and Landau (2006), sought to examine the relationship between the prevailing ethical theories, the existing ethical dilemmas, and the increase in ethical issues, the idea of ethical decision-making, and the existing problems in the perceived ethical principles. In the introduction, the article concentrates on elaborating about how the professional values of the social workers associate with the societal values. The authors, Osmo and Landau (2006), further emphasizes on unraveling about the prevailing confusion between the professional values of the social workers and most importantly how the social workers perceive their philosophies with the hierarchies of personal and professional ethics. The background also provides rich information about the influence of the deontological theories and the technological theories on the decision-making behaviors of the social workers. To expound on the existing ethical dilemmas, the researchers, Osmo and Landau (2006), argue that social workers still lack knowledge on how to choose their ethical decisions, or even justify their prioritized decisions about ethical dilemmas and what actions make-up a sufficient ethical framework. In the background, Osmo and Landau (2006) argued that social workers have varied perceptions concerning the utilitarian theory, the deontological theory, the rights theory, the virtue theory, and the ethics of care theory. The researchers noted that different social workers have difference preferences concerning the five ethical principles. The Research Methodology In this section, the researchers presented a methodological section that comprised an explanation of the research procedure, the data collection instr
Soap operas are what people resort to when having free time as their unobtrusive, unreal and sometimes amusing topics help forget about personal problems for at least an hour. What happens is a mere switching to the problem of a fictional person resulting in forgetting one’s own misfortunes. It is impossible to deny that the soap opera has probably been the most popular genre on British television (Dominic Strinati 2000). Soap operas are enjoyed by a number of people of different ages and occupations each of them finding something interesting particularly for him or her. According to Jonathan Bignell (1997), soap opera is a fictional genre based on a continuing narrative of a group of individual characters. It is difficult to say whether the soap operas are useful or whether they, on the contrary, distort people’s perception of reality as once a person starts watching it on a regular basis it is not easy to stop following the continuously unfolding events as the time passes and some people, especially those who are older, live in the world of soap operas and find all answers to their questions in them. The ‘trivialisation of public affairs, the usurpation of public discourse by soap opera, the apparent breakdown of mechanisms for forming a public will and making it effective’ (Graeme Turner, 2004) is the least what the soap operas are very often charged with. The first soap operas used to concentrate more on family and community issues since this was basically what they were meant for – the entertainment of families by means of presenting the ordinary situations from a slightly different perspective: ”We try to keep everything as simple as possible and direct it at the ordinary things that occur in every household and within every neighbourhood” (quoted by Robert Clyde Allen, 1995). However, the contemporary British soap operas seem to have stopped paying attention to the issues of family and community that is why there emerges a necessity to find out why the subject of concentration was changed and what they centre at in the modern world. What has to be found out first of all is the reason of changing the initial orientation of the British soap operas. It is not a secret that America influences not only other countries’ economy by saturating the markets with the goods of its own production but media of each country as well profoundly affecting music industry and television in the first ranks. Not only British but French, German and other European television has been affected by America, at this soap operas have particularly changed in the meaning they used to convey initially, thus, in their original subject of concentration taking after “the American formula, focusing less on community issues and more on illicit sex and romance” (Tamar Liebes & Sonia Livingstone, 1998). The influence of the America’s formula does not end with simple redirection of the European soap operas. What else has been traced is that the European audience finds American soap operas