ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
According to the key indicators, such as gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment rate, inflation rate, and interest rates, the US economy may be considered to be healthy. The GDP rate is expected to be between 2 and 3%, which is a normal value. Unemployment level continues to decrease at the natural rate, and there is not much inflation (1,9%). Based on the data presented in the table and graphs, one may conclude that real GDP rises and the unemployment falls, which allows for saying that the US economy is experiencing an expansion. It should also be stated that the economy is above its potential values of GDP ($18,6 trillion compared to $16,7 trillion) and Unemployment (3,7% compared to 4,7%). In September 2018, the interest rate was 2,25% which is expected to increase to 2,5% in December 2018. In the given essay, policy recommendations aimed at maintaining economic growth are discussed. For the current period of expansion to become the longest, the economy will have to continue growing in the next years. However, more economists are concerned with a growing federal debt relative to GDP. On the last fiscal day of 2018, the national debt rose above $21,5 trillion due to increased spending and tax cuts (Richter, 2018). Even though Conservatives in Congress complain that spending mainly remains unchecked which will inevitably lead to an increase in federal debt, Trump and GOP leaders agreed to boost federal spending by $300 billion. Under the current law, the US government may borrow as much as it needs. Starting with March 1, 2019, the debt ceiling will prevent the government from borrowing above the level of debt on that date. The current law on federal spending may not be considered satisfactory. Even if federal debt stops growing, it will displace private capital investment which may lead to negative consequences. Apart from that, if the US economy hits the financial crisis with debt accounting for more than one-third of GDP, economists and politicians will not have many options to choose from. Therefore, fiscal policy should be aimed at decreasing debt-to-GDP ratio. The recommendations presented below discuss what should be done in fiscal policy to decrease the federal debt. The first recommendation is to increase federal investment in education, healthcare, and research and development. This would enable to create a great deal of new jobs (and thus reduce the level of unemployment) and strengthen the American education. Education grants may be given to facilitate teacher preparation and provide financial support to all students to afford higher education. One may note that cutting costs on federal spending is not a forward-looking policy, as it may reduce potential total output and income. Apart from that, it should be highlighted
Psychoactive substances are chemical elements that affect mainly the CNS (central nervous system) and changes brain operation, leading to alteration in character, mood, insight, and consciousness. These substances might be utilized traditionally, to intentionally change someone’s consciousness, as a substance for spiritual or custom practices, as equipment for learning someone’s mind or as a medication (Kalat 2001, p. 213). Since psychoactive drugs lead to arbitrary alteration in feeling and consciousness which the user might perceive pleasant or beneficial, most of the psychoactive drugs or elements are used excessively despite their associated effects or risks. Therefore, when psychoactive substances are abused they are mostly linked with addiction. Addiction is categorized into two; physical reliance and psychological addiction. Psychological addiction is a state where an individual feels forced to utilize a certain type of a drug although the substance has some destructive effects associated with it. On the other hand, physical dependence is a form of addiction where an individual must utilize a substance in order for him or her to work effectively or avoid being physically unfit. All substances are not physically addictive, though any task which encourages the dopaminergic reward setting of the brain could result in psychological addiction. Substances that could easily lead to addiction are the elements that directly motivate the dopaminergic system such as marijuana, cocaine, nicotine, and heroin (Carlson 2007, p. 122). Psychoactive substances affect an individual’s neurochemistry within the CNS and as a result lead to alteration in character, cognitive, individual’s mood and insight. These substances affect the chemical synapses and neurotransmitters and alter their functions. Synapses are operational linkages between neurons and cells. The main purpose of synapses is to transmit information from one end to the other of areas referred to as presynaptic and postsynaptic cells respectively. Similarly, neurotransmitters are chemical elements that are generated from a neuron within the body. After these chemicals have been made, they are stored in vesicles at the neuron’s end. Additionally, electrical reaction discharges these chemicals through the synapses so that information can be transmitted from one neuron to another. Therefore, the purpose or function of neurotransmitters is to ca
The supplier network impacts on the value of products, their availability, and when best to push them in the market (Lambert, 2008). One is thus able to identify suppliers with whom they can develop long-term relationships. These associations enable organizations to formulate further product innovations which will lead to achievement of objectives. The chain is comprised of a series of activities, entities, cultures, clients and objectives which depend on the most basic interactions (Samson and Simpson, 2008). These relationships significantly rely on the objectives of the two parties at that time. Price is the main negotiating point among the purchaser and the retailer. The size of the business against the supplier provides a substantial influence on their price interactions (Hines, 2004). Examples of best practices in supply chain efficiency areas include:   * Supplier searches and progress reporting. It is necessary to identify alternative suppliers by utilizing the institution’s accessible set of connections along with trade catalogues.   * Supplier-customer relationships. Maintaining relationships with a small number of preferred suppliers over long contracts provide valuable advantages. It saves time in supplier searches and guarantees a stable price for products.   * IT tools. Having a central database enables easy access of information. Capacity planning Capacity planning is a premeditated trade decision which involves determining the amount of capability that is required for future production. Changes happening in the market require rapid and effective response. This reaction depends on how deep the organization understands its supply chain and the available technology. It is indispensable to recognize and understand the limits of capacity. For example, an organization may have only one department producing one product. In instances where more of the product is needed than the branch can produce, the organization can either increase the size of the department, or try to reduce the demand for capacity. An organization with more products demands a more vigorous capacity planning process. It is required to offload work to alternative departments or put in more working hours. (Stahl & Wallace, 2003). Just as an organization strives to sustain the poise linking demand and provision, they should scrutinize the balance between demand necessities and the capacity of the producer-supplier-consumer sequence. Examples of best practices in capacity planning include:   * Verifying results. Most of the vital data in decision making comes from understanding the variables from projected results.   * The confines of linear regression. It is necessary to understand the relationship between metrics.   * Documenting assumptions. This is necessary to assess the validity of the forecasts which were made based on postulations. Gulfstream Aerospace Gulfstream aerospace is a corporate aircraft production and management company. The company has a fleet of technologically superior business planes which meet price requirements and mission requirement of its clients (Savannah 2010). It is the leading jet manufacturer offering n
The term but is a discourse marker that is common in both written and spoken English. However, the different application of but in English has raised a debate among linguistics. While some of them define the term as an ambiguous locution, others describe it as a general expression or procedure that’s has at least four applications in English. Miri Hussein compares the word but in both English and standard Arabic giving intuitive evidence why the discourse maker is not ambiguous as perceived. The next discussion not only summarizes but also critically analyzes Hussein’s article, the discourse marker but in English and standard Arabic: one procedure and different implements. From the topic of the article, Hussein aims at analyzing the discourse marker but while alluding from two languages English and Arabic. According to the topic, the expression but may arise different meanings depending on the context or on its application. Although the procedure or method of application is similar, the understanding of the sentences may differ. For instance, the discourse marker may correct an earlier statement, contradict it or even cancel an earlier assumption among others. Therefore, the immediate understanding of the title is that the research aims at generate the various uses of the discourse marker but . In his introduction, he lists the names of different linguistics that have done critical research on the aforementioned discourse marker. Hussein’s method of study is comparative analysis of different markers to explain the exact functions of the discourse marked but . In his research, he uses examples and alludes from different theorist to prove his findings. There are various application of but and depending on the type of the statement, it may create different meanings. For instance, according to Lakoff and Blakemore but in a statement may depict denial of expectation whereby whatever follows the first conjunct deviates from the norm (Hussein, 2008, p. 3). Therefore, Lakoff describes but as a discourse, which may change an assumption through giving contradicting information in a particular situation. In her example, “John is a republican but he is honest” (Hussein, 2008, p.1) she means that although most people in the republican are dishonest John is an exception. Secondly, but is for comparison reasons whereby the discourse marker highlights the difference between two contrasting objects. However, according to Anscombre and Duncrot but may also apply to correct an earlier statement. In case a person assumes certain situation, the respondent can use but to give the exact meaning. For instance a person may say, Ruth is your sister (which is not true), to correct him/her, the respondent will say, Ruth is not my sister but rather my cousin . The fourth use of but is to cancel an earlier statement by introducing a new idea. According t
Different Contexts of Communication Communication is one of the best tools for supporting the needs of different organizations. Effective communication takes different contexts depending on the targeted goals. The first context is one-to-one communication. This context occurs when two individuals communicate with one another. This communication can be formal or informal. This practice results in immediate solutions. The second context is group communication. Groups can include three or more individuals. A group will find new solutions much faster. Teams use this form of communication. Formal communication is official and can observe different protocols (Chambers 2003). The informal approach is usually casual. Informal communication is common between colleagues, family members, workmates, and friends. The other context of communication occurs between service users and professionals. This kind of communication encourages professionals to offer effective services to their clients. People can also communicate with different professionals. This context depends on targeted goals or outcomes. This form of communication can be formal or informal. Multi-agency working is another context of communication (Klakovich & Cruz 2006). This approach focuses on the needs of different agencies. The approach makes it easier for people to deal with various challenges. Multi-professional working (MPW) is another context of communication. This context brings together professionals from different backgrounds. The practice produces new ideas that can make every activity successful. Professionals can use formal communication to achieve their goals. Different Forms of Communication Communication takes different forms. Individuals can use Text Messages (TMs) to communicate with their friends. This approach is cheap and saves time. The method also reduces costs incurred whenever traveling from one place to another. Writing is another form of communication. Human beings use letters, newspapers, journals articles, and books to communicate with others. Written materials communicate to more individuals within a short period. Letters can improve the level of privacy. T
The modern globalized world has brought to the fore the issues of ethnical and cultural identity. Minorities are preoccupied with issues concerning assimilation since they are afraid of losing their cultural heritage which can be forgotten. Jewish people living in the United States are also preoccupied with the same questions. There are different opinions on the issue. Rachel, a young Jewish woman supports the idea that Jewish people should preserve their traditions and remember their history, but at the same time, there can be no extremism and all people should cooperate. I interviewed Rachel who is 29. She is working for a big company, and she was born in the United States (just like her parents). I wanted to find out about Rachel’s ideas as for cultural and ethnic identity and her attitude to the topical issue of assimilation. So, I wanted to find out whether Rachel was proud to pertain to this cultural background, whether she knew the history of her people and what she thought about Jewish culture. In the first place, it is necessary to point out that Jewish people are proud of their cultural heritage. Rachel, for instance, said: “Of course, I am proud to be a Jew. Jewish people are one of the most ancient nations that have incorporated the wealth of knowledge throughout centuries”. She also pointed out that “Jewish culture is a fascinating reflection of human experience”. When speaking of knowledge of conventions and the history of Jewish people Rachel spoke about the major book of all Jews, Torah, which contains a lot of information about the history of Jewish people. Apart from this the book defines the most important rules that every Jew should respect and follow. Rachel stated that existence of this set of rules in one major source (which is more than three thousand years old) enabled Jewish people to remain faithful to their history, culture and religion. Rachel also pointed out that Jewish religion and culture are based on essential concepts of respect to older people and respect to the past. Jewish people are very supportive and ready to help. They are reasonable and always rely on experience (own experience and that of past generations). All these major concepts make Rachel proud of being a Jew. When speaking of conventions Rachel expressed her opinion stating that having such rules and conventions, and being loyal to them made it possible to preserve cultural heritage of Jewish people. Rachel said: I would not say I am very religious. I do not go to s
Introduction The process of adaptation to new conditions might be considered a great challenge for a person as it demands certain communication skills. Thus, the interaction with a faculty beyond the classroom should be given great attention as it preconditions the further success of an individual. For this reason, the article Exploring College Men’s Perceptions about Interacting with Faculty Beyond the Classroom revolves around the most important perspectives of the given topic. Research Question In the study, the author conducts a comprehensive analysis of the issue and provide credible information. The question of how and why men come to interact with faculty outside the class is posed. Moreover, the researcher also tries to explore the most commonly chosen communication and behavioral patterns that are used for individuals to talk to their counterparts and establish relations (Viaden, 2009). These questions predetermine the structure of the whole paper and methods that are used to obtain credible data. Significance of Research Question The importance of these concerns could be evidenced by the fact that the lack of understanding between counterparts and inability to socialize or establish certain relations might have a great negative impact on a students academic success and his/her ability to acquire new information (Roulston & Anne-Shelton, 2015). The author provides the fact that socially active pupils have more chances to obtain good marks and graduate f
Research Topic In today’s global economy, can organized labor unions survive? Introduction Labor unions have been around for long. The main reason why labor unions cannot be wished away is the role collective bargaining plays in industrial relations. The world has been changing and we now live in a globalizing economy. It would be interesting to appreciate how trade unions have transformed to meet the needs of the workers in our world of today. The proposed research work seeks to establish whether the trade unions will survive in the global economy or not. This presentation set out how the research work is to be done. Definition of Main Concepts Labor Unions There are three parties to labor relations i.e. employees and employers (Marot, 2009). Overtime, employees realized that they can best advocate for their interests as a body or when united as a group of employees. It was realized that if employees united and spoke with one voice, employers were more likely to listen than when they agitated for their interests as individual. A labor union therefore is a body of employees united to collectively pursue better employment terms, working conditions and general welfare Therefore, a labor union is an organ that engages in collective bargaining on behalf of its members. This unions have been there since the industrial revolution era in Europe and their purpose is to negotiate better terms of engagement with employers Global Economy Different national economies merge into what is known as the Global economy. Over time, there are many radical changes that have happened in the information and communication technologies as well as in the transport sector of economies. Changes in ICT and Transport has reduced the space between people leading to the global village phenomenon. Globalization has led to the global economy being more merged and unitive than before. As companies continue to ride on globalization related changes, the jurisdiction of labor unions has to be redefined. Statement of the Problem Organizations riding on the globalization wave are different in structure and culture from the traditional organizations. Modern times have seen the emergency of more multinational corporations and e-based organizations. The internationalization of operations and existence of e-based organizations tends to render traditional labor unions redundant or ineffective. The traditional remedies and channels of communication used by labor unions are now challenged by the new organizational characteristics or phenomenon. In the face of all the challenges based on globalization related characteristics, the question on the mind of trade or labor unionists is how to survive and rem
Introduction Hinduism and Buddhism are two philosophies that originated in India and have various similar conceptualizations. However, these notions differ in terms of definitions, goals, practices, and objectives. This paper will examine the differences in such concepts as samsara, nirvana, karma, and rebirth as perceived by Buddhists and Hinduists. It is inevitable that all the hypotheses mentioned prior persist in both teachings. Furthermore, both religious philosophies are highly reliant on every idea that will be discussed in the comparison study. However, several contrasting points suggest that they differ from one another based on the overall scope and method of achieving the ultimate philosophical goal. In order for the differences to be highlighted, relevant literature will be examined and used in the text for reliable reference. Samsara, karma, rebirth, and nirvana exist in both philosophies and are some of the main concepts in Hinduism and Buddhism. However, certain aspects of all of the mentioned teachings differ due to the overall belief system that does not correlate on all levels. This paper aims to find how they contrast, what the inevitable differences are, and what is the basis for the distinctions. Samsara Samsara is one of the concepts present in both Buddhist and Hinduism teachings. According to researchers, it refers to the change that happens every day and with every person (Molloy, 2021). The essential notion of samsara is the cyclical nature of the world and everything that it includes. However, it is vital to illustrate the importance of life and death cyclicity in order for the contract to be highlighted. Based on Buddhistic teachings, once a person’s life ends, rebirth allows for a continuation. Furthermore, this continuation is not the preservation of the soul but rather certain emotions, senses, and experiences that one goes through during a lifetime. Once the physical body dies, samsara does not include the migration or the periodicity of the sense of self since it is temporary. Thus, samsara is a more drastic change due to the complete change of consciousness, or rather, its transformation into something completely new and pure. On the other hand, Hinduism is based on the continuation of the soul. The contrasting aspect of samsara in both cases differs due to the notion of a soul or its inexistence. While in the case of Hinduism, samsara is the cyclical rebirth of the soul that remains unchanged, Buddhism teaches that samsara is the transformation of a person into something else. The difference is illustrated in the Hindu belief in Atman (self) and the Buddhist Anatman (absence of self) (Astore, 2021). Since one theory refers to the cyclicity of the soul while the other one is based on the periodic