ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Founded and incorporated in 1988, Dippin’Dots Inc. specializes in making ice cream. Originally, the company was targeting the American market but later diversified into the world market. The company is touted as the “Ice Cream of the Future” meaning its products were targeting the younger generation. Though the company markets were majorly domestic, it expanded into the international markets majorly in the middle and the Far East Asian countries including Japan, Philippines South Korea as well as Australia. Today, Dippin’Dots products could be shopped from major stores, shopping malls, water parks, amusement parks and all festivity venues all over the world. The report will be examining the expansion strategies used by companies in particular the case of Dippin’Dots Inc. The case study analysis of Dippin’Dots Inc. will be looking at the company diversification strategies including its corporate level strategies, the business level strategies, the entrepreneurial strategies, and the cross border strategies. The analysis will also include how the company is managing its intellectual properties. Diversification of Dippin’Dots Dippin’Dots Inc. is a highly diversified company particularly in terms of products as well as its operations. The company started with a single product line and operation. The company began by selling BB-size pellets of flash frozen ice cream that was combined with some two dozen flavors. The products were majorly sold to franchisees and the national account. However, by 2010, the company has diversified its operations as well as its product lines. The product lines included Dot Delicacies that targeted the international market. The Dippin’Dots expansion strategy contributed to the production of more product line moving away from ice creams to uniquely brewed coffee. The
From domestic success to a global product The idea is to develop a brand for selling seafood from locally based outlets with the vision of a global product depending on the success of the product locally. The brand name of the outlets is “Sea Gull Products.” The long-run vision is to make a successful brand such as Kentucky chicken with the ability to be recognized globally. Philips Foods, Inc. first experienced success in Maryland before expanding to other states (Clow & Baack, 2012). The brand is a global product that tests the market with a few retail outlets from different cities in the U.S. This is used to measure the “various marketing mix combinations considered under experimental conditions” (Sandhusen, 2008 p. 375). Following the success in a few chosen cities, the brand may increase its presence globally by opening more outlets. Global products benefit from increased sales volume, economies of scale, and the ability to transfer successful techniques from one region to another (Sandhusen, 2008). Expertise and advantages achieved in one area apply to other segments. Pricing Penetration pricing is the best pricing strategy in this case. It helps to capture a market share from existing brands and the untapped market segments. According to Paley (2005), Japanese companies such as Nissan were able to beat competitors by entering markets with prices that were as low as 40% that of competitors. For seafood products retailing under cost-push prices, such low prices are unlikely. Penetration pricing offers the advantage of gaining a market share quickly in a specific market. However, the benefits are reduced if competitors react to lower prices, as in the case of Cummins versus Nissan and Komatsu (Paley, 2005). Slide-down pricing is a case where prices are lowered so as to increase consumer demand. De Wit & Meyer (2010) point out that “people around the world are willing to sacrifice preferences in product features, design, and the like for lower prices” (p. 570). However, the use of low price positioning is considered susceptible to new entrants, and the development of new technologies that reduce costs. Penetration pricing is the best for the product as high profits will rely on high sales volume. Pull and push strategy Cummins Engines Inc. was able to agree with suppliers to lower costs by 18% while the company reduced its costs by a third. This was to hinder the Japanese companies from entering the market successfully. Paley (2005) notices that the Japanese automobile companies “found a poorly served and emerging markets … developed a quality product and were prepared to expand their product lines” (p. 318). In thi
Introduction Located in South East Asia, India remains the second populous nation in the world, following China. It consists of Muslims and the Hindu religious communities residing in 7 union territories and 29 states forming the federal republic (Haub & Sharma 2015). The country is a multi-party democracy led by a prime minister who is elected after every 5 years. Further, with 1.366 billion people, it accounts for 17 percent of the global population and seventh by land size (Scott, 2020). As such, it has been struggling with food challenges for many years. Similarly, in 1977 its poverty index was 63.1 percent which decreased to 22.5% in 2011, but currently, over 296 million people live on $1.90 a day or less, with 287 million being illiterate (Scott, 2020). This has resulted in the inclusion of the aforementioned populations among the global extreme poor groups. Besides, the fertility rate has declined from 5.6 in 1969 to 2.3 in 2019 per woman with a life expectancy of 69 years (Press Trust of India, 2019). This paper explores the healthcare system among women and children, the environment, and natural disasters in India. The Health Care System According to the country’s expenditure on the public care system, there has been a slight improvement over the years in its allocations for the well-being of the growing population. For instance, Angell et al. (2019) assert that in 2018 around ₹1.58 trillion were budgeted for health which was equivalent to 1.28% of India’s GDP, making the budget among the lowest in the globe. Furthermore, the sector is characterized by shortcomings such as infrastructure, workforce, poor and ineffective services. In addition, the country’s average health per capita expenditure in the aforementioned year was ₹1,600, with some regions such as Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra spending up to 180 billion rupees (Statista Research Department, 2019). However, in the poor north-eastern region, the expenditure was less than ₹6 billion, showing the disparities between the wealthy and the poor in the country. Public Health and Population Growth The latest report released by the United Nations Populations Fund (UNEP) in 2019, India’s care system was improving despite facing overwhelming challenges from its population. Consequently, the UNEP asserted that there was a decrease in the country’s Maternal Mortality Rate from 488 in 1994 to 174 in 2015 in deaths per 100,000 live births, respectively (Press Trust of India, 2019). On the contrary, the report expounded that the figures above were discouraging. Therefore, it was essenti
There are certain theories that Kant made criticisms. One is the theory of retributivism by Jeremy Bentham which states that all punishment is evil (Shannon, 2008) but according to Khan, all people who does wrong deserves to be punished. Khan thinks that the punishment would serve as a payback of what the person has done wrong. Another theory that Kant criticized is the view of Baumgarten wherein it states that God is the author and the legislator of all the natural obligations because HE was the one who made the world. However Kant believes that a categorical command must not lie on God but on the nature of things. As with autonomy and heteronomy, they are two different things. Kant ethical theory states that autonomy of action is necessary for moral choice and that heteronomy is the exact opposite. Say for example, an autonomous person is a person whose will is determined by his own self while a heteronymous person may is a person whose will is determined by external factors (Shannon, 2008). Kant, in his moral theory, states that as a human being we are able to make rational choices and free choices as well. As we are rational beings we will be able to say that our actions are moral if these actions are consistent with the categorical imperative which is considered to be the ultimate principle. It is a command that is why it is called an imperative that would tell us to exercise our wills following a certain way. It is also called as categorical since we have the rational and free will. Kant has three different versions of his categorical imperatives as follows: First is “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it would become a universal law”, second is “Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but at the same time as an end”, and the last is “So act as if you were through your maxims a law-making member of a kingdom of ends’” (Shannon, 2008). Adhering to the categorical imperatives of Kant one can make autonomous ethical choice as this considers other people in making choices. One can make decisions without the fear that others might suffer because of such a decision. Thus Kant’s categorical imperatives put emphasis on considering the welfare of others in making decisions to make sure that one made an ethical choice. Kant’s theory on Ethical decision making for me is good as it considers other’s welfare before making the decision. It hopes to avoid conflicts with others upon making the decision. In this theory people are expected to do what is right no matter what the circumstances are thus if everyone is doing the right thing then I guess there would be lesser conflicts around the globe. In Kant’s theory on ethical decision making puts emphasis on the adherence to duty and that the action is determined by intentions and not by outcomes. Thus in making studies, in Genetic testing for example, using an informed consent, is one example of utilizing Kant’s theory. So, explaining first to the person who would be involved in the testing should be informed first what it is for,
Discussion How Traditional Business Models should evolve to combat Rising Competition from New Network Carriers Traditional business models should focus on improving customer service. The low- cost business model is the best strategy that is applicable in countering competition from new industry entrants. According to Hales-Dutton (2008), mainline operators are characterized by high fares besides stripped away services. On the other hand, low-cost carriers offer lower prices by including extra costs for frills and boarding scrums. Establishing a low-cost strategy is a sure way of ensuring business growth since it will attract more customers. In addition, reasonable pricing will also play a crucial role in combating competition. Customers prefer lower price. As a result, the low-cost models will most likely dominate the market (Hales-Dutton, 2008). Traditional business models should offer customer friendly products, high-frequency services, effective budgetary allocations, and transformation strategies. Most traditional network carriers have unbundled fares. They also exclude other customer services such as frills besides their unfriendly costs. Dunn (2014) posits that the models cannot compete with the new ones that are offered by entrant network carriers. For an added competitive advantage, traditional models should be restructured in terms of product and service provision. Other essential services that should be considered include frequency, route retreats, merging models, and cost-effective budgets (Dunn, 2014). Case Study Ryanair’s Business Decisions during 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992 During this period, the Ryanair’s business decisions aimed at expanding the premises. Various fundamental decisions included leasing and acquisition of large turboprops and restructuring of the business through investing more finances, back routes, and fleet. Furthermore, the airline opted to increase its aircrafts and number of trips while reducing the prices of the air tickets. The airline also ceased offering free drinks and foodstuffs to the passengers. Other critical decisions included operation on fewer routes and re-launching of the company. The decisions aimed at business expansion and customer satisfaction (Hales-Dutton, 2008). Why Ryanair Lost Passengers yet made a Profit in 1991 The Gulf war caused a drop in passengers to 651,000 in 1991 from 745,000 in 1990 regardless of the fact that the Ryanair made approximately £293,000 profit that year ( Hales-Dutton, 2008). This profit resulted from low airfares and return of leased turboprops that withdrew from some of their regional routes. Ryanair’s Product and Comparison between the use of Smaller Airports and Point-to-Point Service vs. using Larger Airports and Hub-and-Spoke Service R
Synthesis of Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles   * How does the solution visibly change? Record your observations in the table 1 (5 points) Table 1. Colour of HAuCl 4 solution before reaction  Colour immediately after the addition of sodium citrate  Colour change during the reaction  Colour of final solution Light yellow                                Clear to light grey                                      Dark grey, dark purple             Wine red                   * Why do you think during the reaction some intermediate colours are seen? (10 points) Intermediate colours are seen during the reaction to signify the various stages of growth of the AuNPs. During the formation of gold nanoparticles, Au 3+ ions are reduced sequentially to atomic Au 0 . The transition from Au 3+ ions to atomic Au 0 is what is seen as intermediate colours. The resultant Au 0 is what appears wine red in colour. Citrate anions originating from the reducing agent adsorb onto the surface of each nanoparticle to create an electrostatic repulsion, which ensures that the nanoparticles are separated and stabilized in solution. Adding smaller anions facilitates a further aggregation of the particles, which leads to the development of a different colour.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             For instance, adding a strong electrolyte such as NaCl to a solution containing negatively charged AuNP solution increases the ionic concentration. Consequently, the repulsive forces between nanoparticles are buffered. The ensuing reduction in electrostatic repulsion causes the gold nanoparticles to aggregate, which further reduces the space between the nanoparticles. The solution takes in light at longer wavelengths and changes to purple or blue.
Introduction The National Broadband Network (NBN) is a federal communication project set to provide Australia with high-speed internet connections. The fibre optic started functioning on April 4, 2013 after six years of development. Although the technology offers high speed and cheap internet connections, critics are against the launching, development and application of the project. For instance, they argue that the project is expected to last for 60 years, but will be obsolete in less than 20 years. In particular, the growth of the wireless broadband is laudable. Mobile broadband providers are competing with the fibre project in terms of speed, cost, and efficiency. In fact, critics state that the project will not meet its targets because mobile broadband connections are easy to install, apply, and maintain. However, after the project started functioning, it gained popularity and attracted many subscribers. This phenomenon is an indication that the NBN project is likely to be an effective initiative. In addition, the project has offered cheap internet connection. It is also set to replace the landline connections for telephone communication. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the state of internet connection in Australia after the implementation of the NBN. In addition, the paper will analyse two recent articles that present some strength and weaknesses of NBN and its future in the Australian communication industry. How NBN compares with broadband wireless after the launching of the project The installation of the NBN fibre cables was launched in 2006 as a method of providing efficient and reliable communication system. The project sought to ensure that every home enjoys fast internet connection. In addition, it seeks to replace landline wires with fibre optic technology. However, the project has faced criticism from various individuals and institutions due to a number of reasons. First, critics argue that NBN will be an obsolete project by 2030 because it uses fibre optic technology. This technology is expected to be replaced by wireless broadband technologies. Secondly, critics have outlined that fibre optics is also a form of fixed lines that should not be in use in the 21 st century. Opponents consider that the project requires a lot of work and is prone to disruptions caused by interferences with the lines. In fact, according to the opponents, the future of internet connection throughout the world is wireless broadband. Despite these criticisms, the NBN received popularity and increase of use in the first few days. As a matter of fact, the number of internet users increased significantly. Most of them reported that they enjoyed high speed associated with fibre optic technology. Moreover, users expect to reduce the amount of resources they spend on wireless connections. They also hope to reduce the risks associated with frequent disruptions with their internet connections, which is a common event in the use of mobile broadband technology. Therefore, it is worth noting that the rejection of the proje
K&S is a company that was involved in the production and supply of semiconductor device assemblers, although the company’s main market space was wire bonding. Semiconductors business became increasingly competitive from the year 2000 when the manufacturing industry shifted to Asian and Pacific nations. This increased the level of competition among European companies since the company had access to cheap raw materials. The company could also afford to produce semiconductors at a low cost and sell them relatively cheaper. This prompted K&S to make changes in its supply chain in order to utilize the market opportunities in Asia. The increase in competition also prompted the company to make changes in its supply chain to maintain its competitive advantage (Handfield, 2008). The need to increase production effectiveness considering that production was a complex process could also be another factor that forced the company to change its supply chain. The decision to redesign the supply chain is one that should be taken with a lot of caution. It is important to consider all factors that might affect the supply chain before redesigning it (Baumgartner, 2009; Gattorna, 2008). Some of the factors that should be considered when redesigning the supply chain include cost, service level uncertainty, and risk factor (Chandra & Grabis, 2007). The aim of redesigning the supply chain is to minimize costs as much as possible. In addition, the company should ensure that it adopts a supply chain that is free of risk or with the least risk level. The company should also consider the number of plants and manufacturing installations that it should own. The current plant in Israel is said to have a very long history of over 30 years. However, tax burden is an issue that has been a challenge to the business. On the other hand, infrastructure and R&D are available in Israel at a cheap cost. The current emerging market in Asian countries has led to the company thinking of shifting its Israel operations. Instead of expanding the plant in Israel, the company should open others chains in Asia since there is advanced technology in Asia and R&D is active in Asia. In addition, production cost in Asia will be cheaper. There are also intellectual property laws governing innovations in Asia. Having a plant and a lab in the same location would increase efficiency and reduce operation costs. Advantages and disadvantages of opening in a new location: Opening business in a new location will be advantageous for the company since it will reduce operational costs in the long run. It will also increase efficiency of production and supply chain, thereby increasing the company’s competitive advantage. However, there are also disadvantages that are associated with the change. Initial costs for opening the new plant are too high. In addition, it will take a lot of time to make sure that the plant is running efficiently. The company will also face a number of risks by shifting to a new location, a factor that might lead to losses. Recommendation : I would recommend that K&S open operations in other countries where the operation cos
Abstract The report looks at key design principles with specific emphasis on how axial and transverse deformation forces behave on tunnels. The mathematical relationship between longitudinal and transverse wave vibrations in the design and construction of underground passageways is considered. Parameters considered in the design process include peak particle velocities and other forces due to seismic movements. Circular and rectangular designs are considered in this report with special emphasis on the technical aspects in addition to varying excavation methods which depend on ground conditions. The report focuses on channel tunnel as a case study. The channel tunnel consists of three tunnels interspersed with pipes at an interval of 375 meters with two rail tunnels separated by a distance of 30 meters between which a central pipe 4.8 m in diameter runs. Relief ducts 2 meters in diameter connect the tunnels in a sequence of 250 meters. Controlled louvers supply fresh air regulating air conditions in the tunnel. Tunnel boring equipments assembled at the site cut through the marble and chalk along the line of construction. The boring machines’ cutting heads consisted of spinning blades, upon which forces were applied to enable penetration into the soil and rock. The rock and slurry were mixed to form a conveyable mucky product in the drilling and cutting process. Aims The aims of this project included:   * Looking at the practical use of skills and techniques in underground tunnel design and construction by undertaking a study on channel tunnel as a case study.   * Identifying the type of engineering equipments used in tunnel design and construction in different grounds.   * How surveys are conducted for a proposed site for tunnel construction   * The most important aspects of tunnel design and construction Objectives The objectives included:   * Conduct an investigation into the principles and techniques of tunnel design and construction.   * Identify specific engineering and design requirements for a rectangular and circular tunnel.   * Identify specific deformational and compression forces acting on circular and rectangular tunnels.   * Determine the techniques of analyzing soil and rock samples.   * Identify the behavior of engineering component under different operating conditions.   * Determine specific areas of future research Definition of Terms Deformation: A change in shape caused by external or internal forces acting on a body. Ground particle veloci