ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Price is the one important factor is marketing mix and the pricing decision is the crucial factor which affect profitability of the firm as well its long term success. In this study pricing decision and setting of pricing criteria is analyzed. The Luggage Club is selected for pricing analysis. The Luggage club The Luggage Club is a service provider of door-to-door luggage and goods delivery. The Luggage Club offers its international baggage and goods delivery service throughout the world. Their services include transporting customer’s luggage or goods through the standard airline methods. Their services is helpful for customers regarding check-in lines of security and other time consuming delays associated with luggage and is of great relief to their customers. “The Luggage Club provides insurance, at no additional charge, on the contents of each item for up to $1,000 per item shipped. Additional insurance is also available for an additional charge. Weather related delays, mechanical problems, strikes or job actions, acts of God or other elements beyond our control are not covered under this policy”. Pricing Strategy They developed gift card which is their alternative pricing strategy. Luggage Club adopted a gift cards which is valid for a year. This is considered as one of their pricing alternative. Pricing alternative can be any thing which boosts sale of the product in the competitive market. TLC is assumed that instead of purchasing the traditional gifts, it is better to offer gift cards. Pricing strategies Prices are fixed based on cost of production and a percentage of profit. In the competitive business environment it is important to adopt various pricing alternatives for the product. The price of a product affects the overall business. “In general terms price is a component of an exchange or transaction that takes place between two parties and refers to what must be given up by one party (i.e., buyer) in order to obtain something offered by another party (i.e., seller)”. Price is basic regulator of the economic system as it influences the allocation of these factors of production. Customers change their buying habits according to product price”. Different pricing strategy is adopted for increasing market share of the product as well as profitability of the business. Low price will be adopted just to enter into the market and company is more likely to increase their product prices in the later stages of product life cycle. “The most important element of an effective market strategy is the ability to maximize and protect the price of the product. Price is the final measure of customer value and competitive advantage”. They segmented their
Research Methodology Mixed method approach will be utilized because it employs the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The methods complement each other by overshadowing their weaknesses. Qualitative research is applied at the beginning of the study since it uncovers the underlying issues that cannot be addressed by statistical models. Finally, data is carefully analyzed, interpreted and summarized mathematically. This demands the exploitation of quantitative research designs. Theoretical Foundation/Conceptual Frameworks This is the theory of methods through which we can identify social reality. It is a systematic way of research and reasoning that facilitates generation of public administration knowledge. The process of finding out or theorizing can be done in two ways. Deductive Theorizing This is the natural science approach whereby researchers begin from what they know before proceeding to the unknown. Data collection is driven by theoretical interest meaning that the propositions made can be falsified or tested. Theory  Research Questions formulation  Hypothesis setting  Research process  Confirmation of the findings  Inductive Theorizing In this theoretical foundation, there are no pre-conceptions because theories emerge from data or observation. Facts speak for themselves in this approach hence data determines the type of theory. This type of conceptual framework is less biased hence being referred to as grounded theorizing. Research  Patterns of themes  Tentative hypothesis propositions  Grounded theory  Gaps The emerging trouble is substantiated by gaps between social research and social service administration. A few gaps seem to have their basis in fundamental education by social workers and researchers. Consequently, they are the right disquiet of the discipline of social work. Social service managers identify that data and records are vital in the management of an organization operating in a huge part of the populace existing in extensively spread regions. The position of research and statistics in undertaking social-counting work is not queried. It is after the research method is used in other tribulations of the charity that gaps emerge between management and research. Other grounds that seem to be elemental distinctions consist of thinking, which may perhaps have ancestry in the fundamental schooling and familiarity of social service administrator and the research worker. Assumptions, Limitations and Delimitations Social research is founded on sense and pragmatic remarks. It pertains to the relations between thoughts and verification. Thoughts assist social researchers to create a sense of facts, and researchers employ verification to enlarge, amend and analyze thoughts. Social research therefore tries to generate or authenticate theories through information gathering and data scrutiny and its objective is discovering, accounting and elucidating. Controlling and Managing Bias Preconceived notion influence the validity and reliability of conclusions, and therefore impinge on administrative decisions. Prejudice in research alters accuracy while at the same time it skews facts in mixed method admin
Introduction The contemporary society faces the concept of globalisation. As every issue, globalisation has its advantages and drawbacks that cover all sectors of human activity. Cultural issues should be taken into account as well as peculiar features of every language including teachers who would teach certain languages and approaches applicable to different categories of students in terms of age groups, skills for learning a second language, and implementation of those skills into practice. One of the burning issues for the linguistic sector of cultural heritage are the methods used in class for teaching people whose native language is not English. In this respect, drama used in class to facilitate the process of acquiring English language can be effective when all criteria are followed. For instance, active participation should be combined with a thoroughly prepared plan to follow during the class activities. The discussion of the effectiveness of drama implementation for second language acquisition will include such issues as theoretical background and adaptation of certain methods for use with second language learners, concepts and strategies used by the great English educator Dorothy Heathcote, training teachers to use drama with second language learners, effectiveness and limitations for implementation of this approach in class. The discussion will exclude explanation of lessons and will not provide examples of plans of lessons for use of drama for more effective second language acquisition. The literature selection is based on the effectiveness and readability of sources and their practical use for the discussion. The review is organised in accordance with an essay structure where an introduction present the scope of the review, the body includes the basic themes for discussion with topic sentences opening each new paragraph, and a conclusion containing a summary of the review with some recommendations for further research and analysis. Historical Background Approach by Dorothy Heathcote Though many researchers present their vision of the second language acquisition process, it is necessary to emphasise the importance of contribution made by a distinguished English educator Dorothy Heathcote. In this respect, this educator can be considered a pioneer in adjusting drama to the class implementation and analysis of the method’s effectiveness and applicability to different settings and categories of learners. Training teachers to use drama Training teachers to use drama in class is very important because a failure can result in inadequate interpretation of information by a student and inadequate assessment of learning efforts by a teacher. In this respect, one of the most brilliant statements by Dorothy Heathcote can be regarded the following: “Teaching is creative work…” (Heathcote, 1991, p. 26). In other words, the author means that training educators can be considered a part of teaching and an important aspect of implementation of drama for learning. The teaching-learning activity is analysed as a flow of energy surges by Armstrong-Mill
Introduction Binary classification refers to the grouping of a population in to two classes depending on the features that they either poses or lack. In academic set ups, the concept of binary classification can be used to group students into two categories based on specified properties as exhibited by students. Academic performance and behavior are some of the criteria on which students can be classified in a binary system. This paper seeks to discuss the binary classification of students as either good students or poor students. The paper will look into characteristics of students that make them to be classified in any of the two groups. Good students Students in any academic set up are characterized by varied features in terms of responsiveness to the immediate environment provided in schools and outside schools. Such features exhibited in students such as their academic performances and discipline among others can therefore be used to categorize students as either good or poor. Contrary to the nominal classification system in which each and every subject student is accorded a classification depending on the scores achieved by the students under any given criteria, the binary classification pools a group of students into two sub groups that are based on common characteristics in the students following the subject criteria. The grouped students under binary classification do not therefore have the same degree of the characteristics used for classification but rather poses a range of degree of the characteristics that can be identified to fall under either of the defined categories in a binary classification. A student thus has to belong to either side of the classification. Though opinions may be held that excellent performance and regular class attendance characterizes a good student, binary classification into a good or poor student goes beyond these common elements of students (Kirkwood 1). Since attainment of good grades may not be constant and regular class attendance could fail to yield good performance in a student, it can be agreed upon that more features should be considered in classifying a student as good or poor. Elements of success in terms of factors that contributes to success of a student can for example be used to classify a student into the binary classes. Though class attendance could be criteria of determining a student’s classification, more elements in terms of a student’s attributes reveals the category in which a student can be placed under binary classification method. One of such elements is the availability of a student in class on time. A good student makes himself or herself available for classes on time and makes efforts to cover for anything that is missed whenever he or she fails to timely make it to class or to attend a class session at all. Furthermore, good students are characterized with the responsibility of explaining why they failed to timely make it to class besides ensuring that they capture any class activity that they miss such as inquiry into class work as delegated during the time they missed, and gaining insight into what was taught in their ab
Introduction This paper explores how the works of Dyalan, Wilentz, & Marcus have changed my idea of America. These authors narrate their experiences of America by explaining the existence of folk songs in American music and describing the nature of American folk music in general. Through their works, this paper highlights violence, favoritism, and consumerism as widespread tenets of the American society. These issues rarely featured in my general understanding of the country. Broadly, an analysis of the above issues shows that America is an imperfect country. Furthermore, unlike popular opinion, America exudes more similarities than differences with other countries. Evidence also shows that the American society is a sharp contrast of its global image of a peace-loving nation. These evidences present significant ironies regarding America’s stature as a beacon of peace, equal opportunities, and an epitome of authentic human values. Therefore, most of the evidences provided in this paper highlight a sharp contrast between the “real” image of America and its publicized image. Consumerism One issue that emerges from Dyalan’s work is the highly commercial nature of America’s social, economic, and political spaces. 1 A comparison of folk music in America especially highlights this fact because the current nature of America’s globalized society has little space for folk music. 2 Understandably, music always contains commercial content to keep the industry viable. However, the highly commercialized nature of the American music industry has taken away the heart and soul of the art. This statement suffices with the understanding that most musicians (even musicians that produce folk songs) need to survive. Similarly, underlying this statement is the understanding that some fortunes and losses exist in the music industry. However, money and big business should not be the only measures that characterize the American music industry today. Thus, based on an understanding of American folk songs and mainstream music, it is important to acknowledge that America has witnessed significant changes in its cultural direction. Notably, there is a sense of misdirection in America’s cultural compass because mainstream music does not have a defined cultural direction that folk music had. During his trip to New York, Dyalan said most of the songs played in America were dull, cowardly, and flabby. Almost as if to mock the kind of music played on radio, Dyalan said American music sounded like it would appeal to people who lacked a brain. 3 To affirm the lack of content that most American music had, Dyalan also said that most of the content played in American music reflected only “milk and honey.” There was little evidence that such music reflected Jekyll and Hyde themes of folk songs. 4 The shift in cultural focus of American music made Dyalan to fear producing folk songs. Indeed, after realizing mainstream American music was different from past folk songs, he identified comme
Abstract The leadership attitudes of an organization are crucial for its performance and competitive capacities. They affect the level of customers’ satisfaction and the staff’s turnover rates. There are several factors that may contribute to the effectiveness of the company’s management. This paper presents an analysis of the issue in the example of Etihad Airways and other airline companies. It identifies the leadership techniques that have led the company to success and investigates the flaws of its management system. The research encompasses the methods of the literature review, surveys, and personal interviews with personnel of Etihad Airways, Fly Dubai, and Air Arabia. It concludes that although there are areas of improvement, the current leadership techniques of the three organizations are successful due to their innovative approaches, support for the employees, and strong corporate cultures. Introduction This study considers the types of leadership attitudes and their impact on the companies’ performance and the employees’ job satisfaction level on the example of Etihad Airways and other airlines in the United Arab Emirates. The research involves the literature review to identify the most effective techniques that improve workers’ dedication and reduce the turnover rates. It also utilizes surveys and personal interviews aimed to obtain the internal perspective on companies’ management methods. The primary objective of the study is to identify the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of the Etihad Airways leadership. The research also aims to investigate the existing management techniques and define which of them are utilized at Etihad Airways and other airlines. Finally, the study’s goal is to outline the most useful leadership techniques that can be implemented to improve organizational performance, as well as the employees’ dedication. The research question utilized for the study is: what factors contribute to the effectiveness of the Etihad Airways leadership? The choice of Etihad Airways for the analysis is determined by the fact that it is one of the main airlines in the United Arab Emirates; its business model is exemplary. Currently, the organization is one of the most profitable carriers in the country and aims to become the world’s leading airline company (Bose 25). Although Etihad Airways have many competitors including Fly Dubai and Air Arabia, the organization has managed to become one of the leading airlines globally due to its strategic management techniques. The research considers the success of the company as the result of its effective leadership attitudes. Background to the Research Problem Leadership is significant in both social and organizational contexts. The existing research on the leadership techniques and the factors that contribute to their effectiveness is broad. Many leadership theories have been developed to improve organizational performance and corporate culture, as well as employees’ dedication. Notably, currently, there are no universal strategies that are a
This paper is aimed at examining the disposal of waste and the environmental hazards that are associated with this process. In particular, it is necessary to examine the evolution of the techniques that are used by people in order to utilize unwanted materials or goods. For instance, one can compare open dumps with modern landfills. The main issue is that currently, people take extra precautions to reduce the pollution of soil, water, and air. An open dump can be described as an unsupervised or abandoned debris or garbage. In this case, the waste is not covered or compacted in any way. It can include various types of unwanted products or materials such as bottles, glass, plastics, light bulbs, spray cans, and so forth. The main problem is that these dumps contain hazardous materials that pose a threat to the health of people and environment. Much attention should be paid to paints, fluorescent tubes, lithium batteries, or other materials should be utilized according to specific rules since they are very toxic (Pawlowski, 2008, p. 10). They can lead the pollution of soil, air, and water. These are the main risks that should be considered. In turn, one should speak about early landfills. In many cases, they were just open trenches in which garbage was piled and sometimes covered. Overall, early landfills began to appear at the beginning of the twentieth century when various countries passed through a period of industrial development (Vaughn, 2009, p. 12). For instance, one can speak about the growth of automotive industry. Early landfills are associated with several risks. First of all, one can speak about leachate or the liquid which contains contaminants (Bagchi, 2004, p. 263). As a rule, this liquid is formed as a result of leaching. Apart from that, the decomposition of organic materials leads to the generation of gases such as methane. This is why early landfills often caught fire. Furthermore, it is important to remember that some materials cannot decompose entirely, for instance, one can mention plastics. In some cases, this process of the decomposition is very time-consuming. Finally, the places for early landfills could be poorly selected. In many cases, they could simply destroy the landscape. Apart from, one can speak about modern landfills. They have the following characteristics:  1. covering and compacting of wastes;  2. safeguards that protect the groundwater;  3. the technologies that collect lechates (Reddy, 2011). These tools were applied when early landfills were settled. There are several improvements that can be identified. The places for modern landfills are carefully selected. For example, they cannot be located on wetlands. Moreover, they do not pose a significant threat to the environment. In order to illustrate these impr
Star stuff refers to all elements and compounds that are released when a star blows up during the process of shedding off its outer layers. It is composed of gases and other heavy elements released during the explosion. Carl Sagan, a 1980s astronomer, had a famous quote where he said that we are all made of star stuff and that we will return to the cosmos when we die. The process that leads to the formation of star stuff is a complex phenomenon that involves the origin and “death” of stars. Star stuff can also be referred as dust that reaches our atmosphere after the explosion of a star in space. This dust contains various elements that form atoms in our bodies. Hydrogen, which is the main component of stars, circulates in space as cloud dust after the formation of stardust. These clouds condense and group together, causing pressure to rise in the collapsing clouds leading to increased temperature forming protostars. They then gain more mass from the clouds around them to become main sequence stars like the sun. They are constantly in a nuclear fusion state emitting a lot of energy which converts the hydrogen gas to helium over time ( NASA 2010). Helium accumulates in large amounts to the core of a star and raises its temperatures causing the outer shell of the star to expand. This follows the shedding off of the outer layers. The remnant is called a white dwarf which cools off for billions of years. Sometimes some stars can shed the layers in a violent explosive bang which is referred to as a supernova and whatever is left behind after such an explosion is a neutron star, but if it is large enough, it is a black hole. The explosion of a big star is known as a supernova. It is this process that causes the release of elements such as hydrogen into the atmosphere. Thus, when hydrogen combines with oxygen it forms water which is found on the earth’s surface as well as our bodies (Melina 2010). A star has different layers of elements down to its core and when i