ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The modern computer is the product of close to a century of sequential inventions. It is also the result of a corroboration that has spanned national and continental borders. And all through, this evolution has been driven by one need: to automate tasks. Mankind realized that rearranging inanimate matter could result in certain mechanical advantages. This is the essence of machines. Knowledge accumulated, and we came up with machines that could totally replace humans in some tasks. This discovery steadied up the evolution, since human limitations, at least on the physical level, were reduced. And now, we are using these machines to catalogue all the knowledge we have accumulated over the years. We are in the information age, and the computer has become a central determinant of our performance. The effectiveness of the computer pivots on one major characteristic: speed. Every task that a computer does is first broken down into simple, logical steps. These steps are then converted into number values that so that the computer can understand. The manipulation of these numbers can be seen as a kind of arithmetic. A modern computer does thousands, even millions, of calculations, every second, in order to maintain a satisfactory level of output for the user. This is because it has to break down natural language into machine language. Text and numbers are easy for a computer to handle. Media like music and images require more sophisticated manipulation. To illustrate this fact, consider that in order for a computer to play an audio file lasting four minutes, it has to go through the same rigors needed to read a bible, from cover to cover, twice! So fast are modern computers that they can now multitask. Multitasking is simply performing several tasks at the same time. An average computer can be accessing the internet, displaying a video, and processing some calculations at the same time. This dimension in computers has expanded the horizons, as far as their applicability is concerned. Computers, if well used, can drastically cut down on the amount of time required to accomplish menial tasks. Mainframes and mini-frame computers have taken this a step further, with one central computer being available for use by several people at the same time. While operating at incredible speeds, computers have the added advantage of being very accurate. Actually, if fed correct data, a computer can always be counted on to produce the correct responses, unless there is a problem with its programming. This advantage can be directed correlated to the fact that now people can concentrate more on the big picture, instead of wasting time rechecking their information and statistics for accuracy. Progress in all sorts of human endeavors is thus much faster. Computers have forever changed the field of communication. A mere couple of decades ago,
For a project to succeed, it needs to be thoroughly planned with detailed information on each step. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) shows specific tasks that need to be completed prior to the implementation of a project (Sipes, 2019). On the other hand, a tool such as the Gantt chart defines the owners and the time period for each task (Sipes, 2019). The joint application of the WBS and the Gantt chart helps structure a project making it more organized and easier to implement. Although the WBS and the Gantt chart are similar in terms of dividing a project into smaller tasks, there is a certain difference. Typically, the WBS is the first to be completed out of the two (Sipes, 2019). The WBS starts with the project scope statement and then divides and organizes it into several tasks (Sipes, 2019). The scope statement of this project is based on establishing the social determinants of childhood obesity. The parents will have to be included in the project as they strongly impact the children and, therefore, are important for the final results (Weihrauch-Blüher et al., 2018). A crucial part of this project depends on the support from the school and the incorporation of the programs with school plans (Green et al., 2018). To a certain extent, the Gantt chart is a continuation of the WBS. The chart defines the time required to complete each task and helps to establish the duration of a project (Sipes, 2019). The WBS and the Gannt chart for this project will be based on the required programs and include certain points from previous papers. The Gannt chart and the WBS are meant to structure a project and define the most important or missing aspects. Smaller tasks are expected to be accomplished better rather than bigger ones by simplifying the overall job and providing more control over the project. In the end, the WBS and the Gannt can be perceived by the project team will as guidelines to follow in an organized manner.
1. Robert Frost is the prominent poet of American literature. His lyrical poems are saturated with philosophic vision of a human life. The poem “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost expresses the uncertainty and finality of choice. The poem is rich with symbolism, which is open for interpretation of the reader. The aim of this essay is to evaluate this poem through poetic analysis, and reveal its message. 2. Kennedy and Dana (2010) discussed the symbolism of this poem in their book. The following analysis is based on Frost’s poem, presented in their book. Evaluation of any poem seems to be impossible without the analysis of its sound devices and figures of speech. The analysis helps to understand the message of the poem and realize the author’s vision of the world. The poem “The Road Not Taken” gives an opportunity to deepen into the main theme: the uncertain human nature and problem of choice. 2.1. One may note that the poem’s rhythm and structure provide clues to the overall meaning. First of all, it is necessary to understand the rhyme of the poem. Each of four stanzas of “The Road Not Taken” consists of five lines (the scheme is ABAAB). Lines have four syllables (iambic tetrameter). The rhyme is strict; however, the last line is an exception: “And that has made all the difference” (Frost, 20). In the word “difference”, the stress is on “-ence”. The poem’s rhyme emphasizes on the words that create the message; thus, one should pay attention to the following sound devices. For example, in the first stanza, assonance (“wood”, “stood”, “looked”, “could”; “both”, “roads”) gives an opportunity to catch the following information, concentrated in these words: a person stood in the wood, looked on the both roads, and considers which road to chose, realizing that it is a quite difficult task (Frost, 1, 2, 3, 4). In the same time, the first line “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood” deepens a reader into the poem’s setting (Frost, 1). The whole poem is not a situation but person’s reflection of the setting: there are two roads, and only one of them can be chosen, and it does not matter whether it will be right or not. The euphony facilitates the process of absorbing into the poem, and allows to experience with the narrator the problem of choice. The figures of speech contribute to the imagery of the poem. For example, the epithets “just”, “fair”, “grassy”, describe the road, chosen by the narrator (Frost, 6, 8). Such symbolic metaphor like “roads” (Frost, 1, 18) suggests an idea of human lifelines or the ways which one chooses in life to follow. Also, the symbolic epithet “less traveled” means that the road is full of challenges (Frost, 19). All the people encounter this dilemma. 2.2. The title of the poem focuses the reader’s attention on the road that is not taken by a person. Without gain, there is no loss. The narrator wants to show that life does not have a right path: there is only other path and chosen one. It is evident, that t
Introduction ‘We tend to think of the task of managing as one defined by carefully considered, long-term thinking. If the global financial crisis taught us anything, it is that more often than not organizations operate with very short horizons, reacting to an ever-changing environment.’ In this literature review essay, I will explore the different management practices that have been employed in dealing with the recent global financial crises. The strategies employed ensured the survival of some firms better than others. The 2008 global financial crisis that started in the US was caused by problems of liquidity in the banking sector, translating to the plummeting of the real estate business, increased unemployment rates and collapse of business (Judge & Stahl 2004). The crisis was so severe that it not only affected the US, but also spread across borders to other countries. Investors pulled out funds from the US market, leading to a huge loss in securities in the stock markets (Higgins 2005). Inflation was high at all times, businesses closed down and people lost their homes due to increased mortgage rates that led to foreclosures. Loss of investor input destabilized the global financial market, leading to the decline in the value of the US dollar. Forums were created to look into the causes of the stress. Managers and experts from the United States, Germany, England, Japan, France, Canada and Switzerland set out to evaluate how managerial weaknesses in different firms and internal controls contributed to the growth of the financial meltdown. This paper will look at the management strategies that were undertaken to deal with the issues of funding and liquidity risk management (Noble 2009) The crisis displayed the vulnerability of firms that mainly modeled their structures around financing long-term illiquid assets. This model made it difficult for firms to shoulder stresses in the absence of monetary deposits. Financial institutions had been set out to satisfy their customers, while ruining their own financial stability. Banks afforded short term loans for assets that required long term financing (Herner 1989). Management strategies of different firms projected the extent to which they were affected by the crisis. Firms that exercised restrain in prioritizing short-term funding, were least affected. This brought to question the management styles of the managers that headed the most affected firms. However, some of the firms, due to their size in monetary value, were able to cushion themselves by drawing support from their reservoirs that consisted of deposits, bonds and other sources which included maximizing on the central bank lending facilities (Heracleous 2000) The collapse of Lehman Brothers International also emphasized on the risk of depending largely on the customer securities as source of funding. Rehypothecation of customer securities provided a crucial support to the Lehman Brothers, but with the onset of the crises, the customers withdrew their support, being afraid of huge loses as they would not have been able to recover their uninsured funds (Homburg &
Introduction Interviewing is one of the important ways to find out the views of people on various issues. I used the method of interview for the purposes of my analysis. I initiated the conversations with the representatives of the design industry in order to determine the major changes, which occurred in design during the past decades. The Interview Summary Last week, I was lucky to talk to the representative of the design industry. I think that the results of my work can be used to summarize the major changes occurred in the field of design. The conversation with the designer allowed me to get a better understanding of the peculiarities of their work. In particular, in the interview with Amanda Johns, an interior designer, working for one of the successful firms in the city, I got to know that the design industry underwent the substantial changes during the last years. She said, “The work of the designer became much more diverse than it was in the past.” When I asked her what she meant under the “diverse”, she said that the modern designers had to be erudite in many spheres and had to be flexible in order to react to the rapid changes, occurring in the modern world, quickly. Frankly speaking, I was wondered when Amanda said that she did not have a designer diploma when he joined the firm. She said that she graduated from university ten years ago and could not imagine that one day she would dedicate her life to the creative activity. At the university, Amanda majored in Math. However, the knowledge, which she obtained, helped her in the designer work. She explained it as follows, “The pencil and paper are no longer the primary mediums for the designer’s drawings. It is the specialized and often rather complicated software, which we use for the creation of images that takes the central place in our working process”. She said that she applied her knowledge of Math to her work as she had to logically think about the parameters of the models, which she created. “I had to reflect the actual proportions of premises in the computer images with the mathematical exactness”, she added. Then, I suggested talking about the current situation in the US designer industry. I said that, according to the statistical data, the Creative Class workers account for approximately 35% of the employed in the US (Florida 268). I asked her to comment on this data. She said, “I think this data is underestimated as a lot of people work in the industry as the freelancers while having a full-time job somewhere else.” The interview raises the questions closely connected with the problems touched upon in the book by Richard Florida. In particular, it is interesting to compare the average cost of education with the average salaries of the Creative Class workers in order to determine how many years it will take to be repaid for the costs incurre
Introduction There are two models advanced to explain the issue of representation: trustee vs. delegate. Both of the terms are quite important to understand when discussing democracy and politics in general. In the essay below, the delegate and trustee models are compared and contrasted. Trustee Model of Representation A trustee model refers to a situation where people in a particular constituency choose their representative in parliament. It is a model of representative. The people entrust the person they choose with the duty of making significant decisions on their behalf. As such, the representative acts as the trustee of the people in all their matters at both the local and national scene. He/she has a significant measure of autonomy. The elected trustee has the duty of deliberating and making decisions for the greater interest of the people while still putting the national interest first (Burke, 1996). As such, the trustee has the mandate to make decisions on behalf of the people; he can then forego the immediate interest of his constituents in favor of the national interest. He does this bearing in mind that he is given the trusteeship because the voters believe that they collectively lack the necessary knowledge, which the trustee has. As such, they provide this power to the trustee to do it on their behalf. Delegate Model of Representation On the other hand, the delegate model of representation is understood as parallel to the trustee model of representation. While it gives the trustee all the rights and the powers to make the decisions on behalf of the people, delegation sees the representative as the mouthpiece of the people. He has no right or power to decide on his own volition (Burke, 1996). As such, this, unlike the trustee model, is a representative democracy. In this model of representation, the people only elect the delegate to represent their constituencies in the parliament. As we understand, a delegate is a person chosen to act/speak on behalf of the people in governance, trade unions among others. From the definition of a delegate as a person speaking on behalf of another party, we learn that unlike a trustee, a delegate only says or acts according to the instructions or interest of the party he is representing. He has no autonomy like a trustee (Burke, 1996). On the issue of closing the enormous naval base in my small constituent, bearing in mind that the presidents’ defense spending reform is aimed at creating a more up-to-date national security budget, an objective that serves the broader national interest. As a senator of this small state, therefore, acting as the trustee of the people, I will aim at supporting the president’s initiative. This decision will be because though the closure of the naval base will have a short-term negative effect on the people. Economically, I will support the president’s decision. This I will do putting in mind that the people might not understand the long-term benefit of having an up to date national security. As such, my chances of being re-elected will be compromised. Nevertheless, w
Introduction “ Night” is a novel written by Elie Wiesel. The author narrates about his own experience of survival at the Nazi camps. The novel depicts the horrors and sufferings of people at the time of World War II and the life at the death camps built by Nazis in Europe. At the same time, it shows the deception, demoralization, and dehumanization spread by Nazi. The Crime against Humanity The actions of Nazis in Europe were called the crime against humanity. The mass killings of men, women, and children put the moral pressure on other imprisoned. The dehumanization provoked the demoralization at the camps. Eliezer, the main character of the novel and the prototype of the author, became one of the victims of the Nazi occupation in Europe. In the novel, he depicts the horrors of that time. He and other members of his family had been taken to the ghettos in the Carpathian Transylvania. He observed the cynicism and rigidity of the Hungarian police. He told that it was the time when he started to hate them (Wiesel, 1992). Later, Eliezer and his father were sent to Auschwitz. Eliezer told that they did not know where his mother and sisters were but, after some time, they found out that they were sent to the gas camera as soon as they arrived at the camp. The horrors observed by Eliezer and his fellows exhausted them morally. “Babies were thrown into the air, and the machine gunners used them as targets. This was in the forest of Galicia, near Kolomaye” (Wiesel, p.4). After observing this terrible scene, he started rethinking his attitude to life and moral as well as his faith in God. Prisoners Demoralization The life at the ghettos was the struggle for survival every day and every night. The exasperation of the prisoners became the natural outcome of their oppression caused by seeing the deaths every day. “The passengers on our boat were amusing themselves by throwing coins to the ‘natives,’ who were diving in to get them…. I suddenly noticed that two children were engaged in a death struggle, trying to strangle each other” (Wiesel p.95). Eliezer’s Memories The novel is enriched with the memories of Eliezer of Nazis brutality. He and his fellows suffered from the famine and moral and physical exhaustion. At the same time, they observed the cruelty of the Nazi jailors. “As we were not allowed to bend down, everyone took out his spoon and ate the accumulated snow off his neighbor’s back. The SS who were watching laughed at the spectacle” (Wiesel p.92). The author describes his experience at the concentration camps as the murder of his soul, his dreams, and his God ( Night. Study Guide n.d.). There are no exact figures of the deaths at the Nazi concentration camps. Some estimated the number of killed ranging from 1 885 889 to 2 045 215 casualties ( Concentration Camp System 2019). Conclusion Elie Wiesel, the Holocaust survivor, described his life experience at the Nazi concentration camps in Night, his famous novel. His memories depicted on the pages of his book make us think about the lessons of World War II for mankind. The Nazi deception, demoralization, and dehumanization spread at the camps produced the thousands of moral victims of the Na
Introduction IMPACT constitutes a strategic vision of the North Carolina Department of Public Institutions for effective school library media and other technology programs (NCWiseOwl, 2005). The main purpose of the program is to make education efforts relevant to a knowledge-based economy and is done through recommendations by the ISTE National Educational Technology Standards and independent school library media and instructional technology research domains (NCWiseOwl, 2005). Rationale of Research As a student of Graduate program in Library Sciences at the East Carolina University, the author has prepared this assessment report to present impact study findings for the following professional requirements (ECU Master of Lib. Science, 2008):  1. To prepare for changing information needs of the author in diverse knowledge practice scenarios and understanding relevant technologies in this sector. This is strictly done from a professional career point-of-view.  2. To promote librarianship through research, publication and grant requirements. This is done using a self-assessment (Assignment II) of this report which would establish benchmarking for our library with actual impact study findings raised in the book.  3. To understand the requirements of librarianship in sharing expert skills and knowledge. For the purpose of this report, this assignment is divided into three parts. The first part discusses state impact studies by Lance etc. to develop specific findings. The second part contains an evaluative assessment on how these findings relate to establishing the benchmarks between our library and theoretical part. The third and final part discusses the effectiveness of the media center using above impact study. Assignment I Keith Curry Lance currently serves as director of Library Research Service at Colorado State University (LRS, 2008). He has developed extensive IMPACT study tools for the particular state “Colorado” which can be extended as discussed later, in our particular scenario pertaining to North Carolina field of Library Sciences. The state impact specific findings by Lance (2008) consists of the following essential discussions (also see Fig.1):  1. Defining the empirical purpose: It consists of the following essential steps –empirical methods, rigorous data analysis, measurement of observation tools pertaining to the analysis, framing experimental or quasi-experimental designs, replicating and generalizing the experiments in real world scenario and finally, acceptance by independent sources (Lance, 2008). This is done according to recommendations by the National Research Council and the US government “No Child Left Behind” endeavor (Lance, 2008).  2. Framing experimental and