ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The role of the information systems Information systems that support online auctions act as excellent platforms on which buyers and sellers meet and transact business. Sellers of different items post their product specifications on the websites, and they wait for buyers to place bids. The systems support prospective buyers to place their bids, and successful bidders are selected based on their value of bids, i.e., the highest bidders win. The information systems also play a great role in supporting electronic methods of payments made by bidders. Also, they are used to notify successful buyers when and how their products would be shipped. My opinion In my opinion, I believe that sellers should not post whatever they want without being sensitive to other people. Some auction items could offend some people on the internet. Sellers should evaluate the sensitivity of items for sale. If an item is found to cause much offense to people online, then it should not be auctioned on the internet. It would be difficult for sellers to determine the degree of offense their items cause. The best way to assess the level of offense is to conduct a feedback survey focusing on how people rate offense caused by particular products. Controls on items sold in electronic auctions Controls should be placed on items sold in online auctions to enhance public trust and confidence. Controls would greatly minimize the number of fraud cases experienced in online auctions. First, there should be control to ensure proper identification of the items. Items should be presented in the form of images that are clear to prospective buyers. Sellers should provide and verify their email and mailing addresses, and this ensures that buyers would be dealing with genuine sellers online. Second, identity theft controls should be implemented to prevent stolen items from being sold online. This control could be supported by regulations and policies, sound recovery systems, and effective incident response plans. Third, repeated fees should be paid by sellers to post their products. This approach would be aimed to validate users and ensure that they post genuine products for sale. Ethical issues in electronic auctions Non-delivery is a common unethical practice in online auctions. Unethical sellers alert buyers that they have shipped their products while they have not. Some unethical online sellers stack their fees, i.e., they charge undisclosed fees, making the actual cost of a product more expensive than a buyer expects. The fees could be on product handling or shipment. Online auctions have also been characterized by prevalent cases of shill bidding. In shill bidding, friends or associates of online sellers pretend to place actual bids on items, and they ensure that prices go up to their anticipated levels. Measures to address the ethical issues Non-delivery ethical issues could be addressed by adopting technologies that give buyers real-time i
Johari Window and Transactional Analysis applied to the supervisor/subordinate relationship Blind Spots In the Johari Window framework, the blind area denotes a quadrant associated with information that is not known to self but is known to other people who interact with you daily, either in work- or personal-related settings (Midwinter & Dickson, 2015; Patchin, 2014). In the leadership context, this quadrant represents a continuum between what leaders do not know about their personality and/or behavior and what is known to employees about the leaders’ behavior and/or personality (Griffin & Moorhead, 2015). In a previous supervisor/subordinate relationship involving performance evaluation, the manager was not aware of the fact that he was tremendously task-oriented and bad at listening to my complaints as the employee. Through the established supervisor/subordinate relationship, I came to know and perceive the manager as a hard taskmaster who never cared to listen to my complaints however valid they were. This perception made me dislike the manager since his task-oriented attitude and pe
Introduction Conflict is part of human existence. Theories expounded by scholars and theorists state that conflicts are the result of human needs not being met, or as a result of competition. When these needs are addressed to, conflicts lose significance. There are a number of theories discussed in this essay and most delve on the interconnectivity of society and the individual members. Paramount is the study of Lewis Coser which states that conflicts have a positive effect on society. Historical events relate that social groups are strengthened by conflict. Conflict and social upheaval are common in history. Oppression characterizes historical events. If there was no conflict, it would have been very difficult to write history because history is filled with conflicts of tribes and peoples, kings and their dominions, and nation states against nation states. People and organizations deal with conflict day in and day out. Human nature is complicated; it is filled with emotions and feelings which can be the cause of conflicts. In an organization, there are complexities, errors, and successes, because organizations are manned by humans. We are not governed by theories but we formulate these theories out of our experiences and continued socialization. In the course of time, these theories seem to rule over our behavior and activities. In our socializing activities, we commit errors which are a part of our behavior in making judgments, interpretations, assumptions, and beliefs about our social world, the people within it, and our place in it. This essay will try to delve on the many aspects of conflict, but most especially on the theories of conflict, and on the why and the how of conflicts encountered by man. The Theories Human Needs Theory – John Burton (1990) The theory states that conflicts are caused by human needs that are not met. These needs can be psychological, social, economic, political, etc. The needs and problems of the people involved in conflicts have to be understood and addressed so that the issues that preoccupy the groups and people lose significance and therefore conflict can be resolved. Another argument by Burton and Dukes (1990 as cited in Anyanwu, 2009, p. 58) states that satisfying human needs seems to be present in all conflicts although there are many kinds of conflicts. Common to the Human Needs theory are self-actualization and self-determination. Human needs are strong motivating factors which influence the way people behave and act in society. (Webster, 2006, p. 84) The theory also asserts that people have urges relative to the three needs which are the need for achievement, the need for affil
Montessori Philosophy Montessori educational philosophy is characterized by significant freedom during the learning process. One of the major goals of this method is to create lifelong learners who are eager to explore the world. Students are free to choose from a variety of activities, and they move from one task to another at their own pace (Santrock, 2017). The approach is widely used in many private schools in the USA and other countries. However, like any other educational framework, it has its advantages and shortcomings. One of the benefits of the approach is its focus on the social aspect. The groups are big, and children interact with each other working on different tasks. This framework is characterized by the use of student-centered training. The teacher is not an instructor but a guide who helps in the acquisition of knowledge. Children explore the world around them and gain knowledge holistically. The interdisciplinary approach is often beneficial. However, the Montessori paradigm also has certain downsides. One of these is rather a loose curriculum. Many students may benefit from a more structured approach. The transition to the school with a conventional educational philosophy can be rather difficult as well. The focus on students’ autonomy can have adverse effects as students may be less effective team players, while such skills will be necessary in their adulthood. On balance, Montessori is a unique philosophy focusing on students’ creativity and autonomy. Many students can benefit from such training. However, this educational paradigm does not fully equip students with the skills necessary during their adulthood. Child Prodigies Child prodigies are children who have high IQ score (130 or higher). One of the characteristic features of these students is their intrinsic motivation to learn and explore. It is noteworthy that in the vast majority of cases such children display interest in one area (Santrock, 2017). Santrock (2017) adds that many educators and researchers believe that children who excel in some disciplines are often regarded as prodigious, which is quite an erroneous approach. Another peculiarity of such students is their social isolation or alienation. Gifted children often process information at a higher pace as compared to their peers. This ability makes these students feel bored when they have to wait for the rest of the class to keep up. If such an environment persists, gifted students may lose their interest in studies (Santrock, 2017). Another outcome of being gifted is prodigy children’s inability to fit in the group. Their interests differ from those of their peers, which makes it difficult for them to develop proper relationships. Gifted children often choose to focus on their needs and explore the subjects they are most interested in. These children can also have difficulties with developing relation
Introduction Assessment allows for the most important question to be asked and answered, such as whether the objectives of the course unit or goals of the curriculum have been met. It should aim at assessing an individual’s with the aim of satisfying the external requirements. Assessing of nursing students should involve measuring their clinical/nursing competence in all their areas of practice such as how they manage patients’ histories and examinations. The issue of patient confidentiality is vital in the nursing practice and therefore appropriate assessment methods which take care of various cultural backgrounds and learning styles. This class includes nursing students with different levels of work experience from different cultures. They include Maria Sanchez, Olga Bartold, Dr. Ranzin, Joe Antone and Martha Scott, all of whom come from different cultural and religious backgrounds and almost speak different native languages although most of them have some knowledge of the English language. This means that the assessment criteria chosen should be able to evaluate learning in each of the students. Assessment methods There are two major assessment methods, including summative and formative assessments. Summative assessments are normally used to evaluate what the students, which in this case are the nursing students, have learnt at the end of this unit. This method will only be appropriate when certifying the students for having successfully completed the unit. Thus, it is normally used to grade the students to gauge whether they have achieved the learning goals of the course unit or have failed to meet them. In this case, it will also be applicable in situations where the unit is a pre-requisite for other units in the course. The method will ensure that the nursing students have achieved the required standards on their way to earning certification for completion in their various courses or to enter their respective careers in the nursing profession. On the other hand, formative assessment refers to the recurrent, interactive assessments of learner progress and understanding to identify the students’ learning needs so as to adjust the teaching suitably. This method helps better prepare and meet diverse learners’ needs, which is done through differentiation and, adaptation of teaching to increase students achieve. It also helps achieve higher equity of learner outcomes. Formative assessment will be the most appropriate for evaluating the progress and performance of all the five learners. It helps raise the overall level of each student’s achievement since it provides reports for teaching interventions. The students in this case have different entry behavior and have different cultural backgrounds and work experience. This method will enable initial assessment of their literacy level in the English language and diagnostic assessment of their experience in patient confidentiality issues and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), as well as, continuous evaluation of each student’s course progress. This will allow fo
The press in the Arab world has been displaying a paradoxical nature for almost two centuries. On the one hand, there are repression, persecution, and restrictions initiated by governments and strong groups, such as religious movements. On the other hand, print media develop actively and produce large amounts of content that often challenge existing limitations. One of the reasons for this situation is that many governments recognized a vital need to provide media with relative freedom in order to preserve a balance between conflicting groups within societies of the Arab world, which are diverse and often opposing one another. With the rise of privately-owned media, the mass media content became even more diverse and controversial because state-controlled media serve the interests of current governments, while privately owned ones serve the interests of many different groups. The Internet created a many-to-many communication platform, where these processes intensified and multiplied. In addressing social and cultural taboos, media can become an instrument of both government propaganda and opposition to governments. The press can promote a discussion among citizens and become a channel for expressing different views and positions. It reduces the risk of radicalization because radicalized are those who cannot openly speak.
Gestalt Theory/Therapy Among the developing counselors, there exists the belief that the approaches employed in Gestalt therapy are “stern” and “aggressive”. In particular, Gestalt psychology is based on a theory that a human mind is inclined to see connections between objects and phenomena, thus perceiving them as unified happenings. For instance, a series of flashing lights on a Christmas tree or a neon sign is seen as moving even though they just flash in sequences creating an illusion of movement. In the same manner, a cluster of dots organized in a circular shape will be perceived as a circle as if the dots were connected. Gestalt principles include those of similarity, proximity, order, symmetry, closure, and figure; these principles explain how people tend to see the world around. According to Gestalt, the same principles are applied to the concepts of motivation, thinking, problem-solving, economic, and social behavior. Family Systems Thinking and Freud’s and Adler’s theories are based on ideas similar to those used in Gestalt theory. In particular, Family Systems Thinking revolves around the perception of a family as a unified unit where the behavior of one member is interconnected with that of the entire group. The theories of Freud and Adler focused on the types of personalities, which, again, were characterized as unified sets of features determining their owners’ reactions, motivators, and behaviors based on the connections and quality of the personality traits. In that way, the latter theories work as the support of the approaches of Gestalt. Consequently, even though such approaches may be seen by some counselors as “aggressive” or “stern”, they are the dynamics noted by many other theorists and used as the bases for several different theories.
Involvement of End-users in Database Management System and Database Design End users are in charge of the daily use of databases. Therefore, they need to know how to maneuver through the database systems. This goal can only be achieved by their involvement in database management systems and design in all phases. After identifying the need for a database management system in an organization, the second phase involves selecting the appropriate design that meets the needs of the organization. In this process, the participation of end-users is critical in helping to minimize resistance to change that is brought about by the system in the rollout phase. Through their participation in the process, system designers rest assured that end-users will not perceive the new system as a threat to their jobs. The deployment of a database environment does not only demand the selection of technology. It needs the consideration of altering an organization’s perception and attitudes towards information management. Considering any perceived negative threat of an information management system, the end-users should participate in developing functions for data administration and planning. This process is necessary since people are most likely to embrace a system that they know well its functionalities and contribution to organizational processes. To this extent, end-users play a critical role in mitigating any political resistance. Such resistance hinders the implementation of important database concepts, particularly relating to the sharing of information that is controlled by one group within an organization. End users are critical in the early detection of bugs, which may lead to partial or total failure of a database system in the future. Without their participation in the selection of design options, including the development and implementation processes, they may fail to detect early enough any deviation from normal functionalities. Hence, end-users should be involved in database management systems and database design in all design processes, system diagnosis, and troubleshooting. Importance of Smartphones in the Digital Era The rapid growth in the IT sector has prompted the emergence of several applications, which can run on mobile devices. The applications run on Smartphones an
Introduction SEBD stands for social, emotional and behavioural difficulties that children or infants suffer from during the early stages of their development. SEBD is a broad term that is used to categorise various behavioural disorders that affect the performance of children in learning activities as well as in peer and family socialization. One of these disorders that will be the focus of this study is the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children who suffer from SEBD present a special challenge to parents, teachers or other related guardians as their behavioural deficiencies causes them to interfere with the daily activities in the home or in school. In the classroom setting, SEBD behaviour usually manifests itself in the form of uncooperativeness, rebellion to authority, oppositional behaviour and general disruptiveness (Clough 2005). While the classroom is the most common place for the symptoms of SEBD to be displayed, the same situation occurs in the family setting where parents and siblings are engaged in a 24 hour cycle of conflict with a child that suffers from SEBD. The unifying factor of all SEBD disorders is that they are disturbing to both school teachers and parents of the affected child, meaning that any interventions and concerted efforts to deal with the disorder will involve parents, teachers, paediatricians and therapists. Strategies that will be used in SEBD should, therefore, consider the important role that the society, the family and the school environment plays in the overall development of the child’s social, emotional and behavioural needs (Carsch 2006). Literature Review of ADHD in Infants Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) refers to a behavioural disorder that affects the overall development of a child psychologically and mentally. ADHD is usually characterised by poor or low attention in class or family settings, hyperactivity, restlessness and disruptive behaviour. Each of these behaviours occur at infrequent times within different settings where in one instance the child might be attentive to what is going on and in the next minute they might display disruptive or inattentive behaviour. This type of SEBD neurobehavioural disorder is one of the most researched and studied psychiatric disorder in children and infants. This is because it is seen as one of the most continuous behavioural and emotional traits that exist in the world population causing a general deterioration in the mental development of the child (Biederman 1998). The research work conducted on ADHD has categorised the disorder as a type of SEBD disruptive disorder that affects the behaviour of children as well as their cognitive capabilities. The number of children who are diagnosed with ADHD amounts to between 3 and 5 percent of the worldwide population of children where 16 percent of this number are school-going children. The percentage of children that carry the disorder well into their childhood averages between 30 to 50 percent where they continue to suffer from the various symptoms prese
Introduction The importance-changeability matrix discovered the most significant factors, such as Diet and Exercise, Periodical Medical Checkup, Smoking and Laws against Smoking at Public Places. Developing the matrix was the first step to plan the objectives and education strategy for the proposed Curriculum. Although all of the four factors contained in first quadrant of the matrix are important, the first factor i.e. Diet and Exercise needs more attention than other three. Before explaining the reasons, it is better to connect the subject with a proverb which says “Prevention is better than cure”. The main objective of the program is to protect human beings from the claws of deadly diseases called Cancer, Diabetics Type 2 and Cardiovascular Diseases. As the proverb says taking some precautions from getting the diseases affected would be the best practice in life. Therefore balance diet and routine exercise should be included in everybody’s life as the basic mantra. These two activities, being the most important preventing measures of diseases, should be added to the curriculum for the students. The education is the best way of propagating ideas effectively across the people. Like this way the other factors are also to be made a part of curriculum. Plan Syllabus Syllabus is mile stone of a curriculum. So the basic components of Community Health Program should be included in the Syllabus. The healthy diet habit and exercise practice are to be taught as per the following hierarchy.  1. First of all, the pupils are to be taught the significance of being healthy.  2. Then they are guided how to become a healthy person physically and mentally.  3. What are the advantages of being healthy?  4. The factors that are affecting adversely to our health.  5. How to protect our health from the negative factors? Precautions. If the foundations of the students are stable by learning the above mentioned sub-factors, there would not be any difficulty to continue the program till its application to the general people. The public awareness activities would automatically be implemented by the students themselves as the part of their curriculum. The other three factors such as Periodical Medical Checkup, Smoking and Laws against Smoking at Public Places can be termed as the associate factors of main factor i.e. Diet and Exercise. Once the people aware about their health by observing balance diet and regular exercise, they are also engage them for the timely medical checkup. Regular exercise means they may abstain from smoking habits. This way course hierarchy is to be developed so that continuity of study is maintained for the entire course. The inevitable part of this course program should be as much as practical exposure. The students are to be engaged with some practical projects wherein