ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Substance abuse such as the use of illegal drugs and alcohol affects every demographic group, regardless of race, ethnicity, economic status, gender, occupation, or occupation. It is easy to understand the negative effects of drug abuse. Chemicals that are inhaled, injected, and ingested can create mind-altering effects. It can also damage brain cells and other tissues of the body creating a chain reaction of events that can cause depression, irritability, and thoughts of suicide. Aside from the mental and emotional problems related to substance abuse, there is also evidence to show that those who use illicit drugs are at an elevated risk for infectious diseases (Popova et al., 2007). It is therefore imperative to develop strategies for health promotion to reduce the number of teenagers, the most at-risk family member when it comes to drug abuse. Profile Drug users can be found at every level of society. Young and old, rich and poor, Blacks, Hispanics, or Caucasians, are not immune to the temptation as well as the negative impact of using illicit drugs. But without a doubt, teenagers are the most at-risk family member when it comes to the temptation of experimenting with banned substances. Teenagers have plenty of time and access to funds that can be used to finance their drug habit. Their source of income can come from their parents in the form of allowances or they can also work part-time to increase their ability to purchase drugs. At this stage of development, teenagers prefer to make their own decisions but sometimes they are unaware of the consequences of their actions. It is therefore interesting as well as more beneficial to study substance abuse in the context of teenagers and their families. If parents can develop strategies so that their children will understand the peril of substance abuse, they can give them the necessary tools to reject the temptation of drug use when they reach puberty. The problem of non-medical drug use among adolescent students began to rise in the 1990s (Adlaf et al., 2000). This resurgence in substance abuse among teens has been a global phenomenon (Adlaf et al., 2000). In the United States alone, between the period 1991 and 1999 the following survey results was a warning to families as well as to the medical community: …the proportion of students who reported using marijuana in the ear before being surveyed increased from 6.2% to 16.5% among those in grade 8, from 16.5% to 32.1% among that in grade 10, and from 23.9% to 37.8% among those in grade 12 (Adlaf et al., 2000). There are two pieces of information that speak volumes when it comes to the problem of drug abuse. The first one is the high number of students who use marijuana in the twelfth grade, a mind-boggling 37.8%. This is almost half the student population in the said grade level. It can even be argued, that the mere fact, that one-third of students in a
In the advent of the 20 th century, law enforcers, as well as the justice department, discovered a revolutionary procedure that became known as fingerprinting (Rudin, 2002). When criminals learned to use gloves a new technique was needed to achieve a conclusion of identity. In 1970 Jeffey discovered that human DNA can be examined in such a way to determine its uniqueness. Jeffy was able to establish that DNA can be a fingerprint in that no two human beings can have the same DNA characteristics. Thus, a DNA match corroborates the fact that the suspect was at the scene of the crime and this evidence can help in establishing a case against the suspects. While DNA forensic analysis is an effective and highly reliable method for identifying the perpetrator there are some challenges that the forensic expert needs to overcome in order to efficiently use DNA in solving crimes. Forensic Science and DNA According to Tilstone et al., “Forensic science can be defined as it pertains to the law” and pointed out that this simple definition encompasses different scientific or technical procedures as well as three basic principles as enumerated below:   * inceptive evidence – to determine if a crime has been committed;   * testing for exclusion – address the identity or origin of something, e.g. a fingerprint or DNA recovered from the scene to identify the suspect or to exclude someone as a suspect; and   * to gather corroborative evidence – this pertains to other forms of evidence (Tilstone et al., 2006). As mentioned earlier forensic science no longer relies on fingerprint analysis to identify the perpetrator. In their arsenal, they added DNA analysis. DNA is the human genetic material. This means that the DNA contains information that will dictate the physical characteristics of the person. But in relation to forensic science, the most important feature of DNA is that the code dictates the synthesis of protein, which in turn will dictate the creation of specific proteins, this code is unique in every individual. Thus, a person’s DNA is unique, and that there is no one else in this world that contains the same DNA code. This revolutionary method was first developed by Dr. Alec Jeffreys. He was one of the first to realize that by examining different locations of DNA one can obtain a multi-banded pattern whose complexity suggested a fingerprint (Rudin, 2002). Jeffreys realized that certain regions of DNA contained DNA sequences that were repeated over and over again next to each other (Butler, 2003). Jeffreys also discovered that the pattern differs from one individual to individual and, “By developing a technique to examine the length variation of these DNA repeat sequences… created the ability to perform human identity tests” (Butler, 2003). In short, it can be used like a fingerprint analysis providing 100 percent accuracy in establishing the identity of the perpetrator. DNA Forensic Analysis It does not require much to be able to link a suspect to the crime scene, in some cases what is needed can be as little as a tiny drop of spittle or a single eyelash (Savino et al., 2005). In a sexual assault for instance the following biological
History of every nation, every people is the treasury of the past that determines the present state of things to a great extent. This is why one of the main drawbacks of modern culture is its being present-minded (Thompson 2001, 1). The main weak point and the main mistake of the researchers that study history of South Africa is that they start their historical accounts resorting to Vasco da Gama’s voyage round the Cape of Good Hope and then they devote their attention to the first white settlers who came to South Africa in 1652 (Thompson 2001, 1). Still, to get at the history of South Africa, it is necessary to apply a more broad approach and to include much wider timelines in the study of South Africa and its history. Thus, the present paper will be devoted to the comparative analysis of various indigenous groups that lived in South Africa during precolonial era and dealt with one another and the second focus of the present paper will be the relationship between European groups that came to South Africa and the natives inhabiting the territory. Still, there is one peculiarity that deserves mentioning at the very beginning and Leonard Thompson, whose study of history of South Africa will be the basis of the present paper, mentions this peculiarity at the beginning of his book as well. Though precolonial history is of special importance for overall understanding of cultural and historical legacy of the peoples of South Africa, the main difficulty the researchers face is that there are no authentic records of history of precolonial South Africa as indigenous peoples of the region were illiterate. This suggests that all the findings if historians are based on approximations and probabilities (Thompson 2001, 2). Still, if it is impossible to turn back the wheel of history and get accurate information, the information offered by Thompson seems the best to choose. In general, South Africa, can be characterized by tripartite principle of the division of population in the precolonial period. It is necessary to focus on the indigenous groups from the beginning of the Christian era
Introduction Gasoline refers to combustible organic compounds used in engine ignition. Gasoline normally exists in liquid form termed as petrol. Normally, it consists of organic compounds of about 10 carbon elements. Gasoline is vital to economic activities of any given country (Clayton, 2012). This is due to the importance of the transport system in the furtherance of trade activities as well as provision of employment access. Thus, gasoline consumption is higher in areas that are more business centered and economically stable. The transport system has a direct link to growth of regional, national and international markets resulted from quick access to health facilities, learning institutions, and employment services. Nonetheless, transport systems lead to ecological risks such as pollution along with social costs that negate national productivity. This results to negative human gratification and destabilizes the activities in urban areas. Gasoline degrades human life through pollution, road carnage, high energy usage, obstructions, and social unjustness (Jaja, 2010). This paper discusses the recent trends in gasoline consumption, pricing, and demand as well as supply variations. Discussion The article by Clayton (2012) acknowledges that gasoline consumption rate in united states has been low in the past, but positively responding to the economic conditions. Although low consumption of gasoline is meant to save cost, the elevated need for transport sector proved impossible (Clayton, 2012). On this note, transport system is considered to account for about 25% of global energy consumption while also accounting for roughly 55% of the oil deman
Death is part of life; it is inevitable. The perception held by modern societies differs from traditional one. Attitude toward death differs among cultures. Culture is dynamic; people’s views, attitude and belief change with time. People’s culture determines their attitude towards social and natural occurrences. Traditionally, death was seen as end of life of the deceased whereas in modern society death is taken as a transition period from life on earth to life after death. Traditionally, the rate of death was higher than it is in modern life, people had become “used to” death, and it was seen as part of collective destiny of the species. Through it was treated dispassionately; it was a ritual rather than a period of sorrow and tears. In modern life, proper medication and improved lifestyle have reduced death rate; however, at one particular time everybody will have to die. When a person dies, he is given prestigious ceremony in the name of “last respect”; he should be treated decently. Although people have the sorrow and feeling of loss, they are consoled by the belief that death is not the end of life but a promotion to another glory. Which way seems better Modern attitude, belief and perception of death is better than the traditional method; possible efforts are undertaken in the efforts of safeguarding life, they include proper medication. After death, the body is taken to a mortuary where a postmortem operation is conducted to establish the reason for the death. Finally, the person is given a decent burial. Modern perception of death has more respect to humanity that the traditional system. In old days, a number of countries had death penalties as part of their punishments while in modern days there are high numbers of advocates against the deals (Quadagno, 2011). My religion I am a Christian of Catholic faith; in my culture, there have been changes in perception about death. Traditionally death was feared; people could mourn for a number of days and talked about it in low tones. Currently, there has been the acceptance of death as part of life. When a member of the society dies, family members and neighbors mourn for the death for a lesser period than in the traditional system, they console the family of the deceased. In the community, life is holy; it should be respected and protected. Mourning ceremonies take place at the home of the deceased or at a family member’s close to the deceased. In cases where the person was a church member, there are mass services in the home of the deceased with the aim of spreading the gospel to the people. Members of the society consoling family members of the deceased cater for burial expenses; the cul
Asian female celebrities and Caucasian men, has become one of the most common interracial pairing in America. The trend is attributed to motivational and cognitive prejudice that a particular person has towards his or her counterpart. Prejudice emanates from a special preference for a particular individual due to race, nationality, social status, or sexual orientation. Such factors have soothed Asian women to prefer Caucasian men to their Asian male counterparts. On the other hand, Caucasian men prefer Asian females due to their highly rated smartness, good body physic and social interactivity. In addition, Asian females are said to be submissive in nature. Anyone who finds himself a target of the cross-cultural frustrations will definitely defend himself as pursuing his tastes rather than guided by the ethnic stereotypes. This growing trend creates an imbalance in interracial pairing and both the Asian and Caucasian men have expressed their disappointment. The Asian female and Caucasian male interracial pairing phenomenon is attributed to the motivational sources of prejudice that exist among the parties involved. This fact is clearly elaborated in the frustration and aggression, and the social identity theories. Furthermore, frustration and aggression is further categorized into the realistic group conflict theory and the scapegoat theory. The realistic group theory is manifested in the fact that Caucasian men are striking back at the modern feminism portrayed by the Caucasian females. Most Caucasian men believe that their counterparts articulate for modern feminism, whose main agenda is equal rights for women, and in the process end up discrediting the males. Initiating and sustaining of relationships with the Caucasian females becomes complex and uncomfortable forcing the Caucasian males to resort to Asian females who are more idealistic (Myers, 2010). Furthermore, the Caucasian men who cannot contain the masculine role that the Caucasian women play in relationships turn to women from other cultural backgrounds. They mainly prefer the Asian females. In this regard, Asian females obtain preference because of their supposed submissive nature attributed to the male dominance in relationships from their cultures. Notably, such characteristics promoted by tradition and culture are considered to be socially backward and lack value in the American standards. The scapegoat theory explains some of the reasons that coerce Caucasian men to prefer Asian females to the Caucasian females. Most Caucasian men with certain weaknesses in their character prefer dominance in relationship. Therefore, individuals with such personalities resort to Asian females whose culture advocates for submissiveness in a relationship. With this option, the Caucasian men can avoid the blame games that are prevalent in relationship wit
Globalization refers to global integration of cultures, economies as well as people. Globalization has benefits, for instance, enhanced relationships between nations, increased trade as well as greater acceptance and tolerance of foreign cultures. However, despite numerous benefits connected with the issue of globalization, it is also must be highlighted that globalization has some shortcomings that mainly affect developing nations rather than the developed ones. Globalization has negatively affected the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of developing nations, it caused shortages of essential foods as well as resulted in escalation of prices of maize and wheat in developing nations. Globalization of the world economies have resulted in increased market for goods and services. Nowadays, many multinational companies have engaged into mass productions as a result of increased market for their products (Brook 2003; Bhagwat 2012). Availability of foreign markets has enabled multination companies to make huge profits which have mainly benefited shareholders and those employees who work in these companies. Most multinational companies have channeled their products in developing nations. Although, residents of the developed nations have enjoyed access to variety of products, the presence of foreign products in developing nations have caused more harm than good. This is because foreign goods have saturated the market of developing nations which have been blamed for phasing out demand for local products that has often resulted in closure of some local industries. Most multinational industries are based in developed nation; because of their advanced technology, multinational companies are able to produce goods in mass production and sell them at much lower prices than similar products produced locally. This has resulted in over consumption of foreign products which have negatively affected the Gross Domestic Product of developing nations. In order for countries to have strong economies, they are required to export more than import (Milanovic 2011). Nonetheless, this has not been the case for many developing nations. Many developing countries that have not been in a position to implement appropriate tariffs to regulate inflow of foreign goods have found themselves using most of their resources in importing goods they can substitute with local ones. In addition, saturation of foreign goods in developing nations which are sold at a lower price than substitute goods from local companies have caused the shut down of local industries in developing nations. This has negatively affected the GDP of developing nations by increasing the unemployment rate in affected nations. Globalization is partly to blame for the large percentage of those people in Asia and Africa w
Introduction Health IT governance is a procedure that facilitates the practical and efficient utilization of IT in facilitating a healthcare organization’s capacity to attain its operational objectives as well as the Affordable Care Act (ACA) goals. On the other hand, the ACA contains several provisions that aim to enhance better care, minimize health-related costs, and foster increased care access (McIntyre & Song, 2019). The healthcare sector envisioned the need for health information technology (HIT) systems to facilitate the attainment of the ACA’s goals and made significant investments in this particular project. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Health IT governance’s role in ensuring the maintenance, monitoring, and implementation of the ACA’s requirements. Improving Quality Health data governance plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency, promptness, and relevance of healthcare facilities’ quality improvement and measurement efforts. Evaluating quality using structured information captured during regular patient care practices helps HIT professionals to distinguish new measurement domains. This approach fosters the aggregation of dynamic quality measures capable of capturing changes through time at different levels, the precise adjustment of their associated risks, the customization of every aggregation level, and the sharing of pertinent outcomes. Feedback from quality assessment processes is typically used to foster clinical practice improvements during service delivery (Kruse & Baine, 2018). Healthcare settings also use HIT to facilitate public reporting and compliance monitoring, for instance, licensure, credentialing, certification, and accreditation. The utilization of accredited electronic health records (EHR) technologies meaningfully also facilitates the fulfillment of the ACA requirements by minimizing health disparities and enhancing efficiency in operations, patient safety, and healthcare service quality. This approach also fosters high patient and family engagement in their respective health, better care coordination, improved public and populace health, and patient health data protection and privacy (Werder, 2015). Implementing clinical decision support tools by U.S based hospitals has also played a crucial role in facilitating the incorporation of evidence-based research outcomes into clinical operations, thereby bettering care quality. Minimizing Health-Related Costs Efficiency-related savings often result in instances where similar work is executed using minimal or fewer resources. Health IT governance has been instrumental in streamlining procedures involved in processing claims, thereby cutting its
Focus of study Introduction Since the beginning of the Syrian uprising in 2011, civilians in this country have paid a heavy toll on this crisis (Dinçer et al., 2013). According to the United Nations (UN) statistics, millions of people have been driven from their homes, and over 200000 have been killed in Syria (Doganay & Demiraslan, 2016; Phillips, 2015). Since then, the conflict in Syria between the government and other various forces continues to cause the displacement of millions of people either internally or externally (Carpenter, 2013). According to the UN estimation, the number of the Syrian people who were internally displaced is 7.6 million in 2014, and the number of those living outside the country exceeds 3.7 million (Memisoglu & Ilgit, 2017). The vast majority of those people are in dire need of help and support, and they have placed immense pressure on neighboring countries (i.e. Turkey, Iraq, Lebanon, Egypt, and Jordan) (Ostrand, 2015). By the end of 2017, Jordan, a country of approximately 8 million people, hosted around 671551 registered Syrian refugees (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2018). The majority of the refugees live below the Jordanian absolute poverty line, which is US$96 per month (Serrato, 2014). On the other hand, the United Nations argues that the people of Jordan are struggling with the unprecedented and protracted impact of Syrian refugees on their economy, societies, and infrastructure (Verme et al., 2015). Jordan already suffers from weak infrastructure, lack of natural resources, and weak financial potential, and such displacement would create havoc and additional challenges for both the Jordanian government and its people (Connable, 2015; Helgens, 2016). In Jordan, a country with significant financial difficulties that pre-dated the Syrian crisis, the impact has been particularly devastating (Akgündüz, van den Berg, & Hassink, 2015). Government institutions in Jordan are unable to cope with the added volume of demands for public services (Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, 2015). Jordanian national schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure services are overstretched, and as a result, locals are not getting the services they need (Haider & Olimy, 2018). In some areas, the demand for water, electricity, and waste collection far surpasses the capacity of the gove