ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article (Barnett 2009) on federal amendments is very important because it sheds light on the responsibilities of the federal government and those of state governments. Many are times when the American government has been criticized for going beyond its designated mandates. This is because individual states feel that they are not able to exercise their freedom fully due to interruptions from the federal government. Michigan has boldly expressed its opinion regarding this matter because this state feels that the federal government is imposing policies that are not included in the constitution. All the fifty states have their respective parliaments or legislature which can be useful in pushing for changes in the constitution if they feel that the laws imposed by the federal government are not appropriate. For the changes in the constitution to occur the state parliament must gather support from other states for their petitions to be considered valid. This means that the states have the authority to reject decisions made by the federal government. But the number that can call for amendments must be the majority of the states, say like three quarter of all fifty states. The above mentioned authority conferred to the states by the constitution makes the congress tremble because congress men and women fear that they won’t have any powers over the states hence they would be gagged. The main agenda here is the evenness or equality on how the powers are shared between the federal government and the states governments without interfering with the rights of their people. One of the main issues that have been bothering most people is federal taxation and a suggestion has been brought forward that could see it being scrapped off and its place be replaced by sales tax. I think this is a good idea because no one can evade such taxes because whether one likes it or not the commodity prices will incorporate taxes such that the people do not have to account for their taxes because they pay them when purchasing goods and services. Barnett (2009) has some suggestions which can help create equality between the federal government and the individual states without interfering with the rights of people. The first suggestion states that the federal government has authority to control the events that involve more than one state. However, the second suggestion clearly explains that the federal government can not interfere with matters concerning an individual state at all. This policy ensures that individual states have full control of events within their respective borders. Perhaps this is because the happenings taking place in one nation may not affect the other states. The third suggestion explains that although the congress is in charge of monetary allocations to individual states it can not dictate how that money will be used in those states. This means that each state must establish its projects that are urgent and thus give them the first
Business and a consequential/not- consequential approach to green practice All businesses follow the premise of earning profits as the basis of their operations. Companies opt to engage in ethical practices to conform to societal demands when their business environments limit the freedom of making a profit. Therefore, they practice consequential ethical practices even in their approach to green practices (Bredeson 2012). Businesses engage in green practices as part of their ethical responsibility agenda. They seek to ensure that their actions of achieving business objectives are not destroying the ability of societies to enjoy a quality life. While it might appear that their green practices are non-consequential, the reality is that most businesses adopt green practices only because they see it as a necessary approach to safeguard their reputation in highly competitive and globalised markets. In fact, for some industries like the manufacturing of consumer goods, green practices are becoming part of the threshold competitive capabilities that all business must seek. In this regard, one should view green practices as business strategies for outshining the competition. The theory that is best fit to describe the motivation for going with green practices is the utilitarianism theory. It entails the knowledge of the fact that the action that leads to the greatest advantage to the majority of the people is the one considered the most ethical in nature. The utilitarianism theory does not consider other motivations for such actions (Brenkert & Beauchamp 2010). For business, the greatest good for the greatest number can be a measure of how much its strategies are assisting shareholders and other stakeholders. The actions taken by the company will only consider the shareholder demands in situations where the shareholders are the only people who have sufficient capacity to affect business conduct. However, when a business is part of the concern of the public, such as the community where it has premises, then its greatest good is a measurement that largely relies on the benefits that the business creates for its community (Dietz & Gillespie 2012). Examples of green practices embraced by business as a consequential approach include embracing electronic communications and record-keeping systems that allow them to save the costs of printing paper. Their value proposition is that they limit the demand for paper and save forests in the process. In return, the forests help to keep the earth cool by trapping greenhouse gasses and slowing down climate change. Another approach of businesses that is a greening practice is the insistence on using recycled materials and working with biodegradable materials only in packaging. Companies are even encouraging consumers to return used devices or components so that they can be recycled. Moreover, modern office buildings are becoming greener. They use renewable power sources and recycled water as ways of reducing their environmental footprint. Businesses are reacting to the increased public awareness of climate change risks. They are embracing green practices to respond to direct urges by their target cons
Art and Design Over the course of man’s life, there have come shifts in his living standards. These changes have occurred in all sectors of his life. That is socially, economically and politically. These changes are descriptive of a man’s revolution in life. Here, the word revolution will mean a gradual or drastic change in the sectors of man’s life as mentioned above. To this end, therefore, we need to understand the two concepts. That is the industrial and the technological/digital revolution. It is by doing this that we shall then be able to understand the relationship between the two concepts and the contrast between the technological and the ideological distances covered by both. This paper will also look at their impact on the history of design. What is technological revolution? Industrial revolution refers to that period in history when man started to mechanize. This was the period when man incorporated the use of machines in most of his working. This revolution started from 18 th to 19 th century when major changes occurred in agriculture, mining, transportation and technology (Winkler, 34).This revolution had great impact on people. This involved peoples’ social, economic and cultural aspects. Industrial revolution signaled a major shift in people’s life. It is important to note that every aspect of man’s life underwent some change. This included peoples average income increased as well as their population. In addition, the entire living standards of the people were improved (Winkler, 34). With the understanding of what is industrial revolution, we then ask ourselves the meaning of the term technological revolution. This is the second industrial revolution. This new revolution followed the first industrial revolution. It employed the incorporation of technology in the production process. This was a phase of the broader industrial revolution. period is believed to correspond to the end of the 19 th century up to world war 1.the raise of technological revolution was marked by the use of new technology in the mass production and production line. Digital revolution also referred to as the second industrial revolution refers to the changes that occurred from 1980 and continue up to now. These dynamics involved the transfer from analog technology to digital technology. In deeper meaning, the term refers to the changes brought about by the digital computing. It also refers to the changes brought about by communication technology. We note therefore, that while the industrial revolution marked the agricultural revolution digital world marked the start of information age (Meggs, 67). It is through the analysis of the two revolutions discussed above do we look on the history of graphic design. Through an analysis of the history of graphic design, Phillip Meggs done to Saul bass, the technological, realize the contrast between the two revolutions on the interview and the ideological distance covered between the two revolutions periods are evident. In the inte
Social Media Communication is one of the most important aspects of human being. Emerging technologies have completely redefined the way human beings communicate with each other. The internet has come out strongly as one of the most sophisticated tools of communication. The social media is the most recent of the forms of communication. When Facebook came into existence in the year 2007, many critics thought that it was another passing wind, just as other technologies that never made it to see the light of the day (Luther & Coretta 63). However, this site hosts over seven hundred million users who visit the site almost on a daily basis. Tweeter was soon to follow, and currently there is the YouTube which comes with more features. Social media has completely changed the social structures of many societies. Social Media, as Austin (78) says, is the second deliberation to many of the world societies. It has brought out the true meaning of the word globalization. The world is currently a true global village, thanks to the social media. It is now possible to tour the world, share with friends and families in far off locations, and get updated of every little thing that is going on around the world. It has therefore been possible for people across the world to share their life experiences, their feelings and many other social issues that are worth sharing (Aronson 19). This has seen many countries, for instance the recent uprisings in the Arab world, get liberated from dictatorial rules of people they had almost certainly believed would rule forever, people who had equated themselves to god. This was a tool for a better change. Social Media and Race It is still a fact that the world is made up of several races despite the increased interactivity. However, the racial barrier is fast falling apart. This is especially so among the youths who are the most regular users of the social media (Safko 71). It has come to their realization that the world is one, and that the difference in skin color, geographical locations or lifestyles makes everyone unique to themselves and therefore should not be used as a basis of segregation. Through Facebook, the youths would share, and through this, they have come to realize that race, by its original definition, does not exist. What exists is the difference in the skin color due to difference in temperature and other environmental factors, and the difference in cultural practices as a result of difference societal structure. Social Media and Religion One of the most affected social aspects is the religion. Social media has opened up the world. Haught (65) says that religion is like a prison that limits one from a number of activities to the benefit of the religious leaders. Most of these restrictions are always baseless, as this scholar further asserts. People across the world have used religion to manipulate other members of the society to behave in a way that would benefit them at the expense of the larger group of society members. This is fast changing. Social media has allowed people world over to share and through this, knowledge is passed from one corners of the world to the other (Leithwoo
I want to write a research paper on Haqqani Network. This network is active in Pakistan and Afghanistan (National Counterterrorism Center, n.d.). It is a part of the larger terrorist group—the Taliban, however, Haqqani has an independent command and control over its operations. Moreover, the network has ties with Al Quida as well. This terrorist organization was founded by Jalaluddin Haqqani in 1973, a close ally of Usama Bin Laden, and it is currently controlled by his son Siraj. This network organized an attack on a hotel in Kabul, which killed one American citizen and five locals, among other terrorist actions of this group (“Haqqani Network,” n.d.). The group was involved in preparing the assassination of the Afghani president in 2008. More recently, the group planted a bomb near the German Embassy in Kabul, and the explosion killed over 100 people (“Haqqani Network,” n.d.). The group has been involved in numerous terrorist attacks and poses a danger to the US. The United State’s intelligence agency has been unsuccessful in its attempts to use counter-terrorism actions against the Haqqani Network, primarily due to the insufficient number of troops in the region. However, according to the National Counterterrorism Center (n.d.), the members of this network “are considered the most lethal and sophisticated insurgent group targeting the US” (para. 3). Recently, there has been some success in suppressing the operations of the network, but without additional input from the US military and intelligence, the network can resume its operations. The United States should increase the presence of troops and strengthen the coalition with the local governments in North Waziristan to mitigate the threat that the Haqqani Network presents to the United States.
Securities and Exchange Commission was established for the purpose of setting standards for reporting financial position of companies that are publicly held. The commission left the mandate to financial accounting standards boards. However in the year 2001 and the year 2002 evens of Enron, WorldCom led to the commission to get directly involved by creating a board that was mandated to oversee corporate scandals. However this body works in conjunction with the accounting board. The aim is to ensure the accountants work is properly inspected and regulated to avoid scandals in corporations. Therefore the current view of securities and exchange commission of accounting standards for publicly held companies is different form financial standards board that’s why they have come up with their own board in the name of public company accounting oversight board to regulate the work of accountants. Financial accounting standards boards is an accounting standards sending body for the United States of America while international Accounting Standards Board is a standards boards which sends accounting standards for countries that have converged to have their reporting system similar. It is situated in the United kingdoms and has members across five continents. Financial accounting standards board issues generally accepted accounting principles for American Institute of satisfied accountants to oversea their implementation while international accounting standards board issues International Financial Reporting Standards which are implemented by various accounting bodies in various countries. The two bodies have similar objectives of producing standards which are used by companies in reporting their financial positions. Before the collapse of Enron accounting rules were criticized because they did not allow the auditor to go beyond verifying what was in the books. The rules do not allow the accountant to discover and investigate fraud instanced. The gross profit on sales has many benefits as opposed to contribution. The gross profit normally takes into consideration all the costs associated with a certain unit. It does not leave any cost out as compared to marginal costing method. Fixed costs is normally taken into consideration when fixing prices unlike instances of contribution margin. It is also easier to calculate profit. In both instances contribution margin and gross profit on sales the net income will be similar because all the cost will have been considered by then. External reporting always considers the performance of the organization as a whole not as a unit. Therefore the use of contribution margin will not be applicable. It is normally used for internal decision making. The contribution margin statement is normally classified by behavior wile the gross profit sales statement or absorption statement is normally cla
Being the leading spokesman for New England’s Puritan Church, Jonathan Edwards was an excellent example of a balance between intellectual and religious tradition. This made him at once one of the most powerful and persuasive preachers of his time and the object of radical criticism from famous authors and renowned theologians. All of them do not doubt the effectiveness of Edwards’ sermons, but they hesitate about his overall theological theory about God and the tactics by which he brought people closer to God. The following words of Oliver Wendel Holmes seem to express the common view of the critics of Edwards’ works: “Edwards’s system seems in light of today, to the last degree barbaric, mechanical, materialistic, pessimistic. If he had lived a hundred years later, and breathed the air of freedom, he could not have written with such old-world barbarism. The truth is that [his] whole system of beliefs is gently fading out of enlightened human intelligence, and we are hardly a condition to realize what a tyranny it once exerted over many of the strongest needs” (Noll 345). This conclusion was made nearly a century and a half after the proclamation of Edward’s ideas and it still remains a rather controversial one. Though Holmes believes that Edward’s theory was barbaric, mechanical, materialistic, and pessimistic, we consider his approach to be the one corresponding to the time and the place where he lived and to the needs of the society that required God’s direction and guidance. The main work Holmes’s critic is directed to is Jonathan Edwards’ famous 1741 sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God . The latter serves as an embodiment of the author’s ideas and, therefore, is often chosen as an object of the critics’ attacks. Sinne
Introduction Change agents are essential to organisations. In particular, change agents initiate, manage and implement positive transformation of institutions. However, it should be noted that the roles played by change agents are multi-dimensional and complex. The four main categories of change agents in an organisation include leadership, team, consultancy and management. For positive change to be achieved in an organisation, the various change agents must be utilised effectively. This paper will perform an assessment of the various change agents that an organisation could utilise as part of a major change initiative to develop its programme or portfolio management capability (Nikolaou, Gouras, Vakola & Nourantas 2007). Assessment of the change agents Change agents are pivotal in effecting sustainable efficacy in an organisation. However, for effective results to be achieved, the right change is desired in an organisation. Consequently, efficiency would warrant the right change agents in the organisation. In assessing change agents, it is important that the right person is involved for the desired change (Nikolaou, Gouras, Vakola & Nourantas 2007). According to Caldwell, change agents are classified into four main groups namely, team, leadership, consultancy and management models. In essence, each of the models should be assessed to achieve desired change (Caldwell 2003). Leadership Change leaders are significant in organisations. Change leaders need to have desired skills, expertise and knowledge to effect change in an organisation. Change leaders have the responsibility of creating flexible as well as efficient organisations (Doyle 2001). Assessment of change leaders requires that they possess the expertise in transformational leadership. Additionally, such leaders are required to be charismatic, outspoken, and innovative. Moreover, they should act as catalysts for change by possessing ability to succeed in complex situations (Partington, Pellegrinelli & Young 2005). Consultancy Consulting change agents should have the ability to implement planned changes to improve efficiency of the organisation. Moreover, consulting change agents should also possess skills to facilitate consensus without bias in an organisation (Fincham 2001). This would enable the change agents to influence organisational growth positively. In addition, consulting change agents should have the capability of facilitating consensus building, empowerment and equality for the various workers in organisations. It should be noted that consulting change agents could be from either internal or external environment (Dulewicz & Herbert 2000). Management Managerial change agents should be flexible to achieve desired change in an organisation. The current dynamic business environment requires change agents who are involved and committed to the task (PMI 2000). Moreover, managerial change agents should empower employees to make them responsible for their decisions. In assessing managerial change agents, emphasis shoul
Introduction After completing my studies, I would like to take up a career in Biomedical Sciences because since childhood it has been my passion to contribute in the discovery and development of cures for different ailments. Secondly, I consider myself a very keen learner and I know that in the medical field this is one of the key traits that will make one successful in the future. The human body is very fragile and if a person is not very careful of or attentive to oneself, he/she may end up aggravating an illness or injury while trying to cure it. As such I believe that I am the one who can make my mind on getting a solution to a problem and think of it until the solution is reached. Finally and most importantly, in my academic quest I have always found myself drifting towards biomedical sciences. Like with any career, success is usually left out for individuals with training in the respective field and I believe my training will put me at an advantage in my chosen career. The career A Biomedical Scientist studies and analyzes the human body trying to understand how it works. This helps him/her come up with practical solutions to implement when things are not going on well. Most Biomedical scientists spend most of their days in laboratories, analyzing living things. Their experiments are usually based on small organisms, some as small as a single cell all the way to big mammals such as chimpanzees. In some situations, Biomedical Scientists pick specimens from human tissues for analysis and experiments. Academic requirements For one to qualify as a biomedical scientist, one is usually required to have a degree in Biomedical Science with the prospects of upgrading through graduate school. This puts one at the advantage of taking up senior tutoring positions in colleges as well as high-ranking researcher posts in companies ( Specialist Biomedical Science recruiters 2012). In some cases some biomedical scientists are required to have a medical degree on top of their other qualifications. Traditionally graduate-school students are taken through various departments before settling they choose the one. Once the student picks a particular laboratory, he/she is then required to spend time doing original research guided by the principal investigator. Ultimately, the aim is for the student to publish a dissertation which will then be up for review by peers. Career opportunities In most instances, the employment opportuni