ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A prominent Norwegian political and social theorist and an author of multiple works dedicated to rational choice theory and the philosophy of social science, Jon Elster believes that a life of self-realization is more preferable and beneficial in comparison with a life on consumption. At the same time, this statement may be objected as person’s consumption leads to his or her happiness. The purpose of this paper is to identify Jon Elster’s theory, raise a considerable objection to it, and provide a meaningful response. According to Elster (1986), “at the center of Marxism is a specific conception of the good life as one of active self-realization, rather than passive consumption” (p. 97). In the center of any economic system, ideology, or personal beliefs there is a concept of values’ allocation; however, before the decision-making concerning how values should be allocated, it is essential for individuals to consider who they are and what they value (Elster, 1986). In general, Elster sympathizes with Karl Marx’s individualistic conception of good life and his idea of free self-realization in particular and states that although the majority of people cannot realize their fullest potential in the development of all their abilities, they should be free to choose and develop any of them (Elster, 1986). However, this position may be argued as a life on consumption connected with modern capitalism play a significant role in people’s lives. In a contemporary multiple-choice society, a person inevitably faces major decisions that include decisions related to consumptions as well. As a matter of fact, the consumption of good in the ordinary sense and consumption as a source of entertainment and aesthetic pleasures in a broad sense is substantially valuable as it promotes positive emotions, welfare, and happiness that may be regarded as an ultimate good for people (Elster, 1986). For instance, purchasing new things is frequently connected with positive emotions. Burger et al. (2015) conducted the research dedicated to the investigation of interrelation between consumption and happiness. According to its results, there is a positive correlation between the feeling of excitement and the amount of consumptive spending (Burger et al., 2015). Moreover, the research demonstrates that specific expenditures generally lead to greater happiness. For example, people “who spent relatively large amounts on durables, such as furniture and tools, tend to be happier than people who expend more on disposables” (Burger et al., 2015, p. 9). In addition, expenditures on educations are associated with happiness, especially for women, related to the
Abstract The current development in information and communication sectors has increased the level of innovations. This has ultimately created economic, cultural, social, and educational opportunities for many young people all over the world. Creativity and productivity has also been enhanced. Due to the job opportunities created by the current innovative skills displayed by young people in ICT and other related fields, protection is paramount. To reduce the effects of competition, companies or individuals should be protected against patent infringement to enhance their profit margins. In an event where patent rights have been violated, the plaintiff can seek the courts interjection on the matter. Differentiate Between Personal, Real, and Intellectual Property Issues There are two types of properties, which are legally recognized and they are personal and real property. However, recent developments have included a third type, which lies in the personal property category but has a unique characteristic. Intellectual property is the new category that has developed especially in the current technological development where creativity is rapidly taking precedence (Cheeseman, 2013). The three types are defined as follows: Personal Property Personal property includes anything that can be owned by individual apart from land. Such properties are also known as movable properties. These are possessions that one can carry or transport from one place to another (Cheeseman, 2013). They are not fixed or attached to a particular place. Such properties may include a wristwatch, a car, and a laptop, among other tangible possessions. Real Property Real properties on the other hand include land and anything erected, planted, or attached to it. These are tangible but immovable possessions. They may include houses erected on a piece of land, crops planted on it and even the mineral found under it. The there are some personal properties that can change their characteristics to become real properties depending on their functions. However, real properties are majorly signified by their characteristic immobile nature. Intellectual Property Intellectual property as mentioned earlier is a personal property in the sense that it is mobile and not fixed to a particular land. However, this type of property is different from the other personal properties. While most of the personal properties are acquired through other means, intellectual property is a creation of the human brain. It involves invention resulting from an individual’s creativity and it may be in design, literature, and symbols. Appropriate Methods to Address Potential Property Issues Negotiation is one of the different methods that patent issues can be resolved outside the court. When a complaint has been raised by the plaintiff, the offender can chose to have an outside court settlement where he or she can pledge to pay any cost of damages or losses that the plaintiff has suffered. While negotiations can be between the two parties, Arbitration on the other hand involves an unbiased third party. Arbitration is a form dispute resolution that gi
Computer security refers to systems effected to safeguard private and confidential information and services from access by unscrupulous persons. The four critical aspects of computer security are confidentiality, integrity and authentication or availability abbreviated CIA. Confidentiality entails privacy, integrity; protection from unauthorized, authentication; verification of the user and availability accessibility to authorized parties. Computer security is essential to both a business and an individual in the day to day operations. Computer security is critical in securing the strategies of the business from its competitors but availing them to customers through the Internet. The business’ strategies are essential for its survival in the ever competitive world. These strategies have to be easily accessible to the customers but not to the other market players. Access codes to the business’ policies that have been posted on the World Wide Web are availed to the targeted clientele. The safeguarding of these strategies within the business gives it a competitive edge in the market. This results in increased sales and subsequent profit margins, in addition to providing an anchorage in the market. An operational security system within the business is essential in preventing cases of fraud in the business in the form of security gateways. Effective gateway systems, which are all inclusive of the fore mentioned aspects of computer security, will enable their detection of fraud in the eventuality that it occurs. The authenticity of the system provides for transparency and accountability. Any individual gaining access to information is directly accountable in the occurrence of a default during their operations. The blue tooth security technology also inhibits unauthorized persons from accessing information because it requires pass codes (Umar 2004). Access of personal information has also been significantly computerized by means of the mobile phone. The tendency to abuse this information is, therefore, relatively high. However, a workable security system like cellar in the mobile phone has helped reduce thus abuse of information. The regulation to access of this information permits limited or no access by unauthorized persons. This has been practical for me in the use of my cellar-installed mobile phone. The technology allows me to connect with my friends and associates at the touch of a button without my privacy being compromised. My associates, in turn, enjoy quick and convenient secure communication and transactions with me. The blue tooth security technology also inhibits unauthorized persons from accessing information because it requires pass codes a
Awareness and understanding of how to deal with conflicts of responsibilities and other ethical concerns are of paramount importance for counseling practitioners, particularly in light of the fact that consensus value sets in the form of ethical standards guide and govern the professional behavior and actions of counselors, counseling psychologists, and other individuals in related helping professions (Corey, 2013). The current paper examines the guidelines that could be applied to resolve the conflicts of responsibilities among counselors, and also explores situations where a counselor might be involved in a conflict in deciding where their primary responsibility lies. Although a counselor has a primary responsibility to guarantee that reasonable and comprehensive steps are taken to ensure that the client does not suffer emotional, physical, psychological, or spiritual harm during counseling sessions, extant literature demonstrates that conflict scenarios often arise during counseling sessions because professional counselors are also obliged to meet their responsibilities to several other associated parties, including family members of the client, agency or organization, society, as well as the profession in general (Corey, 2013). Consequently, it is essential to use practical guidelines to handle the ethical situation that may be triggering a conflict of responsibilities in the counseling profession. In situations where counselors may find themselves caught between ethical scenarios that may trigger or occasion conflicts of responsibilities in their professional duties, it is always essential for the therapists to consider the conflicting situations and discuss them with their counseling supervisors or other experienced counselors within work-related contexts. In particular, counselors are first required to identify the problem by gathering as much information as possible, outlining the facts as presented, and synthesizing the resulting data to know if the conflict is related to them, client, institution, or significant others. Next, counselors should refer to the specific code of ethics (e.g., ACA Code of Ethics) to have a comprehensive understanding of whether the conflict is addressed there or if it requires further steps in the ethical decision-making process (Corey, 2013). If the conflicting issue is not addressed in the rele
Abstract Fishes possess normal differences that range from gill numbers, arches, and length of the filaments. The most observable is the differences in overall length in fish sizes than determining the gill length by a microscope while held on the stage and measurements are taken directly using vernier calipers. Studies that have been conducted led to the observation of a spectacular difference that the number of red muscles was directly proportional to the length of the fishes. After a series of research was carried out on different fishes which included various marine fishes, Researchers were amazed at the fact that one of the fishes had the inverse of the proposition that had been stated. Tuna had the contrary with a decrease in the amount of the red oxidizing muscles. This has now been stated to be a normal endowment possessed by the Tuna fish. It is therefore the purpose of this paper to establish the normality of the Tuna’s diminished amount of red muscle as opposed to the increasing amount observed in many fishes. Introduction It is quite notable that active fishes have a very big proportion of red muscles in their trunk musculature than the less active fishes possess. Red muscles have further been a tool behind the nomenclature of certain fishes into functional groups reflecting different adaptabilities. Different measures of the red muscles and mobile characteristics have several limitations. However, the relationship between the two has not been proved quantitatively. ”Secondary data strongly support the idea of a very strong association between the proportion of red meat and the mobility” (Sfakiotakis et al, 1999. p 239). The most essential muscle in this line is the caudal peduncle of marine fishes. Fish has therefore been categorized as sedentary and mobile under the natural history as the school of thought. Further criticism has targeted the frequency of distribution of the amount of red muscle that provides evidence for two sub-divisions, which do not in any way confer association with the sedentary against the mobile class dichotomies. In this context, the ecophysiology of the fish in the marine environment includes Temperature, pH, and salinity, while aerobic performances involve activities that demand the use of oxygen while in marine water. Materials and Methods Fish samples were captured, their body length determined, and converted to percentages. The weights of the fishes were also taken. They were then dissected and a fillet of red muscle was removed from both sides of the fish starting from the caudal peducle to the head, it was also removed from the anterior wedge posterior and anterior locations. The weight of the red muscles extracted was determined and converted to a percentage over the whole weight of the body. The data was extrapolated on the graph using an excel spreadsheet and the following observations were recorded. Results The red muscle distribution of different parts of the fish generally increased when the body length increase as well with more red muscles for locomotion at the tail and fin. However, only Tuna has a
Introduction The basic objective of all education systems is to improve learning outcomes. In both conventional and Montessori programs, students are expected to “know more, have better skills, and show deeper understanding of content” (NACATE, 2001, p. 1). Moreover, they are expected to apply the knowledge that they have acquired in school. Attempts to meet these expectations have traditionally focused on restructuring schools and reforming the standards of education. According to (NACATE, 2001, p. 1), these initiatives can only be beneficial if teacher quality is also improved. This means that educational reforms should also focus on professional preparation and development in order to improve teacher quality. It is against this backdrop that this paper discusses the intellectual, spiritual, physical, didactic, and moral development of educators. It will also shed light on the role and responsibilities of schools in supporting guides through their development. Intellectual and Didactic Development Teachers are the most important assets in the education system since schools depend almost entirely on them to achieve their goals. Thus, teachers should prepare for their roles by acquiring both secular and religious knowledge, as well as, the pedagogical skills that are relevant in the contemporary world. Intellectual formation occurs through professional development and training programs that aim at improving the proficiency of teachers in specific content areas. Palmer (2007, p. 49) asserts that “in midlife we face a choice between stagnation and generativity”. In this regard, teachers must opt for continuous intellectual development in order to improve their effectiveness in teaching. This can be achieved if teachers are motivated to grow as professionals who are able to select and employ appropriate instructional methods. Acquiring adequate knowledge in specific content areas enables teachers to monitor the progress of their students in the learning progress. Moreover, it enables educators to design realistic and meaningful individual lesson plans that improve student achievement. Intelligent teachers aspire to promote intellectual, human, spiritual, and apostolic formation of learners. In this regard, teachers must recognize the fact that intellectual development among students must occur concurrently with their spiritual and emotional maturity. Moreover, they should be able to identify the instructional techniques that are suitable for meeting the learning needs of each gender. Intellectual development can also occur a
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the prevailing diseases that acquires epidemic features in many countries. At that, diabetes mellitus type 2 is regarded as the major threat since it accounts for around 90% of all cases. Thus, it has been estimated that 336 million people suffer from this disorder worldwide (Ofori and Unachukwu 159). It is expected that the number of people diagnosed with DM will increase significantly. For instance, it is predicted that one-third of US adults will suffer from the disorder by 2050 (Shubrook and Johnson 531). The disease is a considerable concern as according to statistics, people having diabetes tend to develop blindness, kidney disorders, cardiovascular diseases and are “30-40 times more likely to undergo amputation” (Kutty and Raju 606). Researchers and healthcare professionals have come up with numerous methods and strategies to treat the disease as well as prevent it. Nonetheless, it is clear that the effort is not sufficient (Wilkinson, Randhawa and Singh 2). It has been acknowledged that a holistic approach is necessary to effectively prevent DM, and particular steps have been undertaken in this direction. Main body It has been acknowledged that the management and prevention strategies should lead to multidisciplinary care. Clearly, it is crucial to focus on the primary risk factors including obesity, high blood pressure, smoking, dyslipidemia and so on (Ofori and Unachukwu 160). The prevention effort involves such two basic spheres as lifestyle-related methods and medical management. The holistic approach implies the use of a set of strategies to prevent the development of the disorder. The cornerstone of this approach is the patient-centered care. Training is central to the efficiency of prevention strategies. Self-management is the major outcome of DM management as well as prevention strategies. As far as the lifestyle-related strategies are concerned, it is necessary to note that one of the most important facets of the prevention effort is nutrition. It is essential to develop proper diets for people of different ages that would decrease the risk of developing diabetes. Clearly, specific attention should be paid to adults and the elderly who are at a higher risk of developing DM. The diets have to be in a form of recommendations. The existing research shows that the development of nutrition guidelines is an efficient strategy. It can be a good idea to develop particular recommendations for people with certain diseasing including specific guidelines concerning effective fasting (Dyson et al. 1282). Dyson et al. also stress that nutrition guidelines should put “an emphasis on carbohydrate management and a more flexible approach to weight loss” (1282). Furthermore, lifelong changes to lifestyle are vital for DM prevention. This calls for the counselling in many cases. Motivational interviews are often effective methods to increase people’s commitment to change their lifestyles. It has been found that effective counselling enabled people to adjust their lifestyles and improve their health conditions (Ofori and Unachukwu 161). Numerous
Introduction This paper seeks to analyze Wal-Mart, as the chosen US publicly-traded company with either a subsidiary or division operating outside of North America and its common stock as a prospective investment for the purpose of this paper. Analysis and Discussion Company Overview Since its incorporation in October 1969, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (WMT), has become a well-known company in its operation of retail stores in various parts of the world. Its provision of a variety of merchandise and services under the three segments of doing its business which includes the Walmart US, International, and Sam’s Club, may have played a part. Sixty-four percent (64%) of its sales revenues in the fiscal year 2009 ending in January falls under the Walmart US. as an operating segment. The company operated its store in 2009 under three different formats of discount stores, supercenters, and Neighborhood Markets in the US, including its use of walmart.com for the company’s online retail operations. For its international segment, which accounts for 25% of its 2009 fiscal year sales, it had a number of retail operations in more than a dozen countries and Puerto Rico. Said international segments exhibit basically follows the format adopted by Walmart US segment. Interestingly, Sam’s Club operates as a warehouse membership club in the US and its online retail operation segment. This last segment accounts only for about half of the international segment based on 2009 total sales (Reuters.com, 2009a). Walmart US Segment Three formats essentially dominate the Walmart US segment. Two of these are the more familiar and more dominant formats. These are discount stores and supercenters. The third format is the Neighborhood Markets which, although less familiar than the two, have contributed to revenues of the company. Together with the three formats, this segment serves through walmart.com as well. This segment operates retail stores in almost all states of the US. The familiarity of stores, discount stores, and supercenters is evident in almost 47 to 48 states of the US, while Neighborhood Markets are found only in a smaller number of states of less than 17 states. Sizes of discount stores fall within the range of 29,000 to 220,000 square feet, having an average size of more than 100,000 square feet. Supercenters are bigger, with an average size of 186,000 square feet approximately. Smallest in number and smallest also in size are the Neighborhood Markets range with an average size of 42,000 square feet approximately. Other customers, of course, are served online at www.walmart.com, where the size of the store is not an issue (Reuters.com, 2009a). The Walmart US segment, which serves under three formats mentioned, delivers and sells customers grocery merchandise in many forms, consumables like beauty aids and paper goods, entertainment merchandise such as cameras and supplies, electronics, merchandise hardlines, photo processing services, toys, and cellular phones and service plan contracts, a variety of apparel merchandise for all sexes and several age categories, pr