ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The United States of America is often regarded as the ideal of universal suffrage by other countries around the world. However, many American politicians and activists still argue that there is still room for changes in some vital areas of the government’s core units. The Constitutional rights on voting are indeed one of those sectors that have been accorded great concern in the U.S. history (Donald, 1998). As it would be observed, the U.S. Constitution guarantees for overall protection of peoples’ liberties, which are executed through the guideline and requirement of the Bill of Rights. The fundamental right of taking part in the voting exercise, as we all know, offers every American citizen the opportunity to actively take part in the republican form of government within the states. Definite triumphs are common in the United States nowadays owing to the big concerns that are currently addressed to the overall civil and voting rights. This paper provides an in-depth outline of the history of the voting rights in the U.S. in regard with Constitutional amendments that have been witnessed so far in the sector. More importantly, some of the major challenges to equal and fair voting facing the country at state, federal, and local elections are also discussed in this essay. The issue regarding the provision of civil rights protecting people from the interference of government as well as the provision of those civil rights which guarantees people equal participation in a democratic world has always been a matter of concern to many political scholars and activists. The American voting rights has been a contentious issue in the country’s past. Eligibility to take part in the voting exercise can be determined by both state and Federal law and presently, only citizens are eligible to vote in America. This however, has not always been the case. When the U.S. finally achieved its independence in 1776, only one category of people; white, property-owning males would enjoy a massive voice in the government (Bickel, 1966). The franchise was denied to women and all other people of color in the states. This would actually raise much concern as people started realizing the value of the lacking freedom and slowly, a steady march towards attaining freedom and justice for everyone would begin resulting into major amendments that would see other citizens taking part in the significant exercise. The 14 th Amendment to the Federal Constitution was passed in the year 1886, offering the right of citizenship to former slaves and changing them to whole persons of the country (Dinnerstein and Reimers, 1975). Come in 1869, the 15 th Amendment was passed allowing the black men to take part in the voting practice. However, most women of all races were still unable to play a role in the exercise. 1869 would also mark the beginning of another era known as ‘Black Codes’ which placed a restriction on the rights and freedom of African Americans in various s
The process of the selection of a supplier has to deal with multiple responsibilities regardless of the sphere or industry. The selection of the supplier is connected with various risks and benefits among which there can be the reputation of a business among the consumers and partners, the satisfaction of the stakeholders, the efficiency of the processes and operations, and the profitability of the company. That is why the suppliers are to be selected thoroughly and thoughtfully. The industry selected for this paper is hospitality and food industry. A choice of salmon suppliers for a restaurant will be evaluated in this paper. First of all, discussing the possible choice of a supplier for a restaurant or a chain of cafes it is important to remember the mission and vision of this particular business. The current global trends in food and diet choices have been heading towards sustainability for the last several years. This tendency is explained by the fact that the main target consumers of the contemporary restaurants are the Millenials who grew up under the influence of the promotion of the environmental responsibility. That way, to stay in demand, the contemporary restaurants and cafes are to provide the customers with sustainable meals. In other words, the sustainability and the quality of the salmon sold by the suppliers would be one of the main criteria. As mentioned by Kerzner (2009), the supplier’s confidence concerning their ability to meet the deadline and provide the products in time is another vital criterion responsible for the efficiency of the operations and the presence of the required items in the restaurant’s menu for the satisfaction of the customers. In addition, the size and type of the business has to be taken into consideration by the decision makers since a restaurant caring about serving the sustainable products would be more inclined to cooperate with the responsible seafood artisans instead of buying from large farms that cause enormous pollutions annually. Moreover, as pointed out by Zsidisin and Ritchie (2008), the survey conducted by the Michigan State University shows that price is one of the most frequently emphasized characteristics of the suppliers within the food industry. Finally, one more important criterion to take into account is the location of the supplier. This characteristic would include the geographical information about the place where the supplier operates, its distance from the receiver of the goods, and its status (local or foreign). Having established the five criteria (time, price, business type and size, sustainability and quality, location), one needs to assign the value to each of the characteristics. On the scale from one to ten the meanings are the following: time – 10 points, pric
Introduction “The Canterbury Tales” is an unfinished collection of stories mostly in verse, fitted into a literary framework. Geoffrey Chaucer, its author imagines a group brought together by the fact that all of them intend to make a pious pilgrimage to the shrine of the famous saint, Thomas a Becket at Canterbury. Just outside of London, they meet by chance at an inn kept by a jolly fellow, Harry Bailey. Bailey discovering that they are all bound for the saint’s shrine suggests that they all travel as a group and that to avoid boredom, each traveler tells two tales – one going and the other, returning. He proposes that each tell his best stories and prepares a meal in honor of the winner. Main body The “Prologue” to The Canterbury Tales tells the reader how the pilgrims met at Tabard Inn and describes some members of the company. The descriptions are interesting for a number of reasons. Firstly, they form a series of perfect character sketches of various classes of society in 14 th century England. They range from the highborn and dignified knight to the humble Plowman. Each is typical of his profession or social status. From Chaucer’s “Prologue”, we can learn more about what a group of medieval English people was like. Secondly, each picture is such that the reader can almost see the person being described. Chaucer even enumerates the battles in which the knight had participated. Thirdly, the various characters are depicted with sympathy and gentle humor. Lastly, the language and versification are adapted to the poet’s purpose. As the highest in rank among the Canterbury pilgrims, the knight stands first. Although he has traveled widely and served the slate in many wars, he has never lost the high ideals of truth, honor, liberality, and courtesy that marked the gentleman of the 14 th century. “….there was a knight, a gallant man, who from the time he first rode forth to fight had been a lover of chivalry, of truth and honor, courtesy and humility. He had fought worthily for his king and was renowned also for his prowess in distant lands both Christian and heathen. He had made expeditions in Lithuania and in Russia, no knight of his degree so often; and many a time in Prussia he had sat at the head of the table alone all the knights of other nations there… Everywhere he had known renown, and though he was so worthy, yet was he modest, and as gentle in his manners as a maiden. Never in all his life had he spoken to anyone a discourteous or unseemly word. He was indeed a very perfect, gentle knight. For his equipment, his horses were good, but he himself was not so gaily dressed.
Social influence on Marriage Decisions Contemporary women have many options and little marriage pressure within their twenties; a fact that continues to change lives of American women in respect to marriage. Taking freedoms with alacrity, American women reach their adulthood before getting married thus causing an increase in the number of single women within the society. In societies, the choices made by individuals are within a big spectrum. Scholars within the social and psychological domain continue to explore the possible reasons behind the influence of social factors on individual decisions with respect to outcomes on pre/married lives. Evidently, there has been proof that social factors significantly influence the decisions of individuals besides impacting significantly on outcomes in pre/married lives. Studies continuously point a blaming finger to social factors for the increase single life amongst women in the American society. Scholars continue to assert that social factors determine the selection of life partners amongst the women in the American society. Favorable social factors will influence women towards picking a life partner. On the other hand, unfavorable social factors discourage women from picking their life partners. Unfortunately, there are claims that the prevailing social factors within the American society have been unfavorable thus preventing women from choosing their life partners thereby leading to an increase in number of single women in America. Prevailing unfavorable social factors have created an environment where relationships cannot blossom. This leads to many women getting discourage about further relationships in their future lives. Most women who date in their teens end up heartbroken thereby instill in them the fear of such experiences in the future. With such fears, women are unlikely to get married. Many believe that men break women’s hearts during their relationships in their teens. However, there are instances when they (women) chase the perfect men away based on their misp
According to drive reduction theory, the body constantly attempts to keep the state of equilibrium, and when the equilibrium is broken, the body creates drives to restore it. Hunger is an example of such a drive. When one’s stomach is empty, the hormone of ghrelin is created in the stomach and hypothalamus, resulting in the feeling of hunger, which drives one to eat. When one’s stomach is not empty, however, the production of ghrelin stops; the hormone of leptin is created, which suppresses the feeling of hunger, resulting in satiation (Lloyd, 2010, p. 64). As for the obesity epidemic, there are three main evolutionary explanations for it (Speakman, 2013):  1. Excess body weight is adaptive; it allowed for better survivability/fecundity during the periods of hunger; thus, individuals with “thrifty genes” allowing for better energy storage in fat tissues gained an advantage;  2. Excess body weight is not adaptive, but it is favored nowadays as a maladaptive by-product of adaptive genetic selection on some different trait;  3. Genetic mutations giving predisposition to excess body weight are neutral, “drifty” genes. Social and environmental factors that may contribute to the obesity epidemic in the First World include the increased access to food; the use of artificial chemical compounds for enhancing the taste properties of food; the use of hormones or other compounds (which accumulate in meat) to increase meat production in farms; the commercial popularization of foods containing carbohydrates; the consumption of unhealthy fats; the way of life which involves little physical activity (e.g., office jobs), etc. To change one’s lifestyle to attain/maintain a healthy BMI, it is possible to introduce regular physical activity in one’s life, change one’s diet to a healthier one, and maintain a proper regime of sleep/rest and activity. For instance, one could create a schedule including running in the early morning, healthy food intake at the same times during the day, and daily sleep of 8 hours.
This analysis by John Ehle is about the rise and fall of the Cherokee nation resulting from the forced removal of the Cherokees who were Native Americans from their ancestral lands in Georgia to the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). It is referred to as the Cherokee Trail of Tears where from the start to the end it approximately led to the deaths of 4,000 Cherokees. In their language, this forceful relocation is known as “Nunna daujl Isunyi” meaning “the Trail Where They Cried”. During this time the U.S government embarked on a mission to remove Native American groups hence the Cherokees were not the only affected group by this injustice of forced emigration. The trail of tears is in another context used to refer to similar events done to Indian people and more specifically among the Five Civilized Tribes (Ehle, 1988, p.19). The Cherokee Trail of Tears was a result of the implementation of the treaty of New Echota which was an agreement provided for in the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Under this act, the signed treaty entailed the exchange of Native American land in the east for other lands to the west of the Mississippi River. This was a controversial issue among the Cherokees and was strongly opposed by their prominent statesmen and vast numbers of the Cherokees. The invasion by the U.S government on these lands started in 1828 after it was discovered that the land was rich in gold resulting in the first gold rush in U.S history. The discovery of gold deposits in Georgia led to a crisis and fuelled the ever-increasing tensions between Georgia and the Cherokee nation (Ehle, 1988, p.75). The Cherokee land became of great interest to a greater majority with people trespassing on it and this consequently mounted pressure on the Georgia government to undertake the promises as it was required under the compact of 1802 . Now the issue being of major concern to many ended up in U.S supreme court as Georgia attempted to make their state laws control Cherokee tribal lands. The matter was hotly debated in congress and the court ruled that Georgia could not control Cherokee territory in any way because only the national governments had the power to interfere with the Indian affairs. The tension between Georgia and the Cherokee was to the benefit of President Jackson who capitalized on the issue by mounting pressure on the Cherokees to agree to sign a treaty for their removal (Ehle, 1988, p.106). The population in the U.S was rapidly expanding and this further created more problems and tensions among the Native American tribes settled within the borders of many states. State governments were against the idea of Indian tribes attaining the status of independence and sovereign powers as long as they settled within state boundaries. However Indian tribes opposed the idea to relocate and were not prepared either to give up their already established identities. Under the compact of 1802 , Georgia surrendered the western lands it owned to the national government on an agreement that the government on the other hand will sign treaties to remove the Indian tribes occ
Introduction Visuals are a central part of communication along with vernal elements. Conveying specific data and used to illustrate an idea or a concept, pictograms as a segment of visual data used in a range of scenarios and contexts. Although pictograms as visuals can contain a significant amount of information, they become quite difficult to use when the information in question suggests complex relationships between key facts and represents a large text. Discussion Advantages The opportunity to convey clear and unambiguous ideas with the help of short and concise messages is one of the main advantages of pictography. Once the meaning of every pictogram is clear, and they are strung into a short and easily understandable sequence, they can deliver a palatable message quickly. In addition, pictographs allow planning communication carefully, which is a crucial advantage in environments that require a careful choice of language and can be characterized as multicultural (Hiranchiracheep et al., 2018). Since pictographs incorporate preset meanings that, for the most part, can only be interpreted in one way, it is possible to create an outline of a future conversation and structure it in the required way to ensure that the communication process should not deviate from the subject matter. Another important advantage of pictography is the fact that a range of the symbols used in it is understood homogenously across cultures and, therefore, can be used to communicate essential messages in a cross-cultural and multilingual environment. Indeed, given the fact that a range of images and icons have gained the status of international elements of the graphic lingua franca, such as the pictograms used in the digital setting to signify the functions of saving or deleting a file, the threat of misunderstandings is driven to a minimum when using simple pictograms for basic messages (Veytia-Bucheli et al., 2020). Therefore, visuals must be incorporated into the communication process as a tool for introducing clarity and illustrating specific points more accurately. Disadvantages Despite being very useful when there is the need to represent specific notions, ideas, and objects due to their preset meaning, pictographs can only represent a simplified version of the relationships that need to be portrayed. Moreover, while carrying a complex meaning individually, pictograms are rather difficult to combine in order to produce a cohesive string of ideas. Therefore, the application of pictographs must be restricted to the contexts in which their meaning cannot possibly be misread (Wolk et al., 2017). In other, more ambiguous settings, where complex links between different pictographs must be introduced, the specified tool is rendered almost useless due to the multiple meanings that can be read into the message and, therefore, the massive amount of confusion that may ensue. Conclusion Although pictography provides a very simple language for conveying basic information, its usage becomes increasingly difficult as the complexity of the message rises. T
Introduction The Hyperloop is a transportation system (high speed) that accelerates high-speed pods through a low-pressure tube. The core idea behind this concept is to achieve the highest maximum speed of almost the speed of sound. Creating this system provides a fast and cost-effective traveling mode between cities with around 900 miles. Elon Musk conceptualized this convenient model in 2012. Elon Musk is a leasing tech entrepreneur owning and heading several companies (high profile) such as Tesla Motors and Space X. Fig. 1: Hyperloop Design Some of the hypothetical benefits of Hyperloop technology are energy generation for its operations, low power requirements, rapid speed, lack of crashes, and immunity to weather, to mention a few (Gray, 2013, p. 1). Both building and designing the Hyperloop face several economic and technical challenges. Across the United States, a team of around 100 engineers by 2016 completed a technical feasibility study. This study assessed if it was realistic to venture into the technology from an engineering point of view. Elon Musk estimated that implementing an Hyperloop version (full passenger-plus-cargo) would cost around USD 7.5 billion. Critics argue that the project’s final cost could cost around ten times more. The Concept and Design of the Hyperloop After the 2012 initial proposal by Elon Musk, engineers from both Tesla Motors and SpaceX worked together informally for almost a year (around nine months). They were working to create a reasonable Hyperloop cost assessment and engineering proposal. The proposal was released in 2013 August. Hyperloop operations are copied from a railgun and the Concorde supersonic jet. The railgun employs the principles of electrodynamics to accelerate projectile with supersonic speeds (Abdelrahman, Sayeed and Youssef, 2017
Introduction Moral problems have always been important for human society since the time this society appeared. In different epochs the moral issues had different ways of the solution – some nations chose to solve them according to their religious norms, some others did not even recognize the importance of moral principles when the point was in reaching a certain goal. The situation with the attitudes towards the moral side of the concept of “death” was also different for different times and cultures. Very often, in the past, people could not have the right to control their own lives, furthermore, they were unable to control death meaning that other people, who were higher by their social positions, decided for the rest of the people how they had to live and, how and when they would die. With the course of time the relations in the human society developed into a higher stage of existence – people started to consider respect towards others’ thoughts and opinions to be an integral part of the interrelations of the society members. The picture seemed to be permanently improving until the issue of euthanasia and its conduct appeared on the horizon of the development of mankind. Euthanasia is murder or relief from agony Euthanasia is the process of stopping the medical maintenance of a patient’s life when the patient/herself does not want to suffer anymore and the doctors are sure that no improvements in the patient’s condition are possible. This is rather a controversial point concerning not only health but, firstly, ethics and morals (Featherman, 1992). The supporters of euthanasia claim it to be the only way out for those who have no hope for recovery and are tired of suffering. Their opponents argue saying that a person in the state of a serious disorder can not decide adequately his future and the euthanasia based on the patient’s consent are not always properly motivated. Moreover, if there is no such a consent every act of euthanasia can be called simply killing of a person by his doctor. No matter what the attitude of people towards euthanasia problem is, all the attitudes are similar in the point that it is only the patient who has the right to decide whether to live or die and other people can not make such decisions for him/her (Bales, 1990). The countries of the world are not united in concern of the euthanasia and assisted suicide issues. In the 19th century assisted suicides were outlawed throughout the world because, first of all, the religious Christian beliefs were too strong and did not approve of suicide in any of its possible forms. In the 20th century, the situation started to change together with the advances in medical science and changes in the moral attitudes of people towards the problem. A large number of countries started legalizing euthanasia under the pressure of social groups fighting for the rights of sick people. Australia, Netherlands, Belgium, and a considerable group of other countrie