ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Elie Wiesel accounts for a life full of horror and conflicting experiences. In the Wiesel’s Night story, Eliezer is depicted as the main character who witnesses and survives the Jewish holocaust. As a young boy, Eliezer is observant of life as it unfolds especially during the holocaust. Eliezer’s depiction in the story as the main character in the story is that of a humble and religious young man. Like any other boy from a humble family in the eastern European countries, Eliezer’s early knowledge of religious matters is evidenced from constant reading of the Torah and Cabala. In fact, Eliezer had Moshe as a religious instructor at an early age. Eliezer’s passion and faith in God are further revealed from frequent visits to the synagogue. Eliezer’s understanding of God remains unshaken until he witnesses horrors beyond imagination. Eliezer’s faith in God keeps on shifting with time as the Nazis continue the atrocities against the Jews. In this regard, Eliezer struggles to maintain faith in God as events unfold in the story. Dehumanization by the Nazis For a long time, Eliezer believed that God protected the righteous from the evil. However, Eliezer witnesses dehumanization of his neighbors, friends and family. Eliezer witnesses as the Jews are subjected to horrendous treatment by the Nazis during the selection process at Birkenau (Wiesel 77). Eliezer remembers the smell from the burning Jewish bodies once they arrive at Birkenau. At this point, the idea of embracing heroic humanism takes toll a majority of the Jews contemplate of escaping. On the other hand, Eliezer develops cynicism about God after many Jews are killed by the Nazis. Eliezer’s blurred vision of God Eliezer remembers his commitment to an omnipotent God and asks “Where is God? Where is He?” The blurred vision of God is realized once a young boy is sentenced to death by strangling on the gallows by the Nazis. Eliezer’s anger in God for forsaking his people is too much to bear after the death of a young boy (63). According to Eliezer, God also died on that day by “hanging here on this gallows” (65). The likening of God execution marks Eliezer’s lack of hope and faith for a bright future. In an ironical twist, Eliezer admits that there is God does not favor the youth. Existentialism Eliezer’s struggle to maintain his faith in God makes him an existential superman. Life difficulties and the urge to survive makes Eliezer and his ilk become masters of the world. Without faith in God, Eliezer bears no illusions or false hopes. In this context, the will to survive and make a difference leaves young Eliezer without compassion of others. In fact, this is evidenced when Eliezer friends distanced themselves from family to ease the pain of death and suffering. According to Eliezer, such is a sacrifice that he wishes not to commit. He witnesses Rabbi Eliahou’s son loses compassion of family and friends to save them from further humiliation by the Nazis. Ironically, Eliezer renews his faith in God by praying for compassion to avoid such embarrassment. Although Eliezer is disillusioned and does not embrace faith during t
In 1978, Bloomingdale Police Department received an anonymous letter that explained a respondent, wife, and informants were dealing drugs. The police officer worked on a tip; the officers determined the husband’s location and made arrangements to survey the husband who had booked a room in a hotel. They obtained a search warrant used to arrest the respondent, the husband, and the wife from the evidence gathered. However, a petition was filed to challenge the motion of suppressing evidence collected during the search warrant. Procedural History The respondent, the husband, and the wife were convicted in the state trial court. Before the respondent’s trial, the Court had asked to suppress all the seized items with a confirmation from the Illinois Supreme Court. The case was taken to the Supreme Court, where the state asked the judge to review their decisions. The main question was how the judge issued a search warrant based on partial corroboration with an anonymous informant’s tip. Issue The Supreme Court brought the petition to determine whether the evidence collected after the search warrant was authentic and effective. The min question that was presented by the state was, “Does a judge issue a search warrant based on partially corroborated anonymous informant’s tip?” based on the Supreme Court ruling in Spinelli v. the United States, the Court agreed that the search was unlawful based on the test established. In addition, the affidavit did not provide evidence to support the probable cause that led to the exclusion of the obtained evidence. The Supreme Court of Illinois and Appellate upheld the ruling. The Court used Agular- Spinelli test to determine normal circumstances of a totality of the circumstance’s standard. Justice White agreed with the decision, and he believed that the seizure and search were following the Fourth Amendment. However, the exclusion of the evidence did not support the constitutional interest. Holding The Supreme Court overruled the Illinois court’s decision. This dismissed the Aguilar–Spinelli test and set up the entirety of the conditions standard. This was instituted because the Court perceived more proof that the Gateses were engaged with drug dealing than simply the letter remaining solitary. The Court concurred that if the letter had recently remained solitary, it would not be reasonable justification to get a warrant. The Court likewise perceived that under the Aguilar–Spinelli two-dimensional test, it would be extremely hard for the “dependability” prong to at any point be fulfilled from an anonymous tip, so it in this manner ought to be deserted. This case is a milestone case in the development of reasonab
Wound Wise focuses on how to assess the challenges hindering wound care and prevention (Rijswijk 28). In the article, the author highlights means to address these obstacles and compares the outcomes and the cost of the interventions. Conversely , Noise Control focuses on ways of enhancing sleep in healthcare setting through noise management (Cmiel et al 40). In the article, the authors demonstrate the importance of sleep, mechanism of sound creation, and noise control measures. A major similarity between the two literatures is depicted through the articles’ voices. Rijswijk maintains, “The quality of healthcare we provide to our patients depend on it (Rijswijk 29).” Cmiel asserts, “Lying in my hospital bed, I turned off the light at 11 PM (Cmiel et al 40).” The use of the first person pronouns in the articles indicates that the authors’ voices are present. With respect to articles’ structure, Wound Wise makes use of pictures. On the other hand, Noise Control makes use of charts and tables. The pictures illustrate how wounds should be treated. The tables and charts illustrate how to measure appropriate sound levels in a healthcare setting. Concerning the rhetoric analyses of the two articles, Wound Wise uses logos and pathos. On the other hand, Noise Control makes use of logos. Logos in Wound Wise are depicted by the way the authors made use of references from credible peer reviewed articles. Pictures used in Wound Wise appeal to the audience’s emotions, thus enhancing pathos. In Noise Control , the use of logos has been enhanced by the fact that the authors are medics with knowledge in noise management. Features of discourse  Nursing I                                                     Nursing II                                    Topic
Discrimination is one of the main problems in the USA as it has deep roots and reflects ethical diversity and cultural differences of the population. Today, there is a large Hispanic community in the country that supports newcomers and old generations of immigrants. In spite of great democratic changes in the USA, Hispanic people are faced with prejudice, segregation, and racism. The discrimination is based on cultural and religious differences between Americans and Hispanics and is heated by unemployment and millions of immigrants coming from Hispanic countries. The prejudices are a part of the negative image of the Hispanic ethnic group associated with terrorist attacks and the jihad movement. Although behavior cannot always be predicted on the basis of whether it is culturally shaped or socially learned, it is probable that employer recognition considerably encourages acceptance of diversity. Overt behavior is likely when there is a willingness to accept the Hispanic ethnic group as a part of the staff (Chattopadhyay, 1998). Some companies act out their anti-diversity attitudes no matter how negatively management reacts to them. Segregation and racism are interlinked and become apparent in all social spheres of life. Hispanic ethnic group experiences segregation in education (schools and university), in healthcare, and law enforcement (Chattopadhyay, 1998). These negative attitudes are learned mainly from mass media and negative publicity. The American society learns most of the attitudes from TV news and the press. As ego-deflating, as it may be to accept, it is a fact that a few political leaders invent attitudes for most people. An attitude about racial diversity, for instance, is a complex perceptual invention, and society is not perceptually creative. The superiority of native citizens or inferiority of the Hispanic group (as contrasted to that of an individual) is not obvious; not many casual observers can perceive significant group differences. Also, there are more differences within racial or ethnic groups than between them. Unfortunately, most companies bring Arab-Muslims to work with the–bags packed by other people (Aguirre and Turner, 2006). Hispanic people from South America are one of the groups faced with the dual labor market, double jeopardy, institutional discrimination, reverse discrimination, glass ceiling, etc. All of these problems are caused by prejudices and segregation against Hispanics. The most dangerous prejudices are negative attitudes directed toward Hispanics. These problems take the form of assumptions or generalizations about all or most members of the Hispanic group. In some cases, I hear such comments as “You know how those people are!” (Chattopadhyay, 1998). This kind of in-group versus out-group antagonism disrupts work interactions and subverts organization efficiency. The beh
Introduction The history of mankind is rather a specific matter to write about due to a number of reasons. First of all, in all times and in all countries, history was written by the “winners”, i. e. by people of political parties who were holding the state power. This explains the fact that historians of different epochs can not come to an agreement about this or that event. They just do not have precise information and must operate with prejudiced data from the previous epochs. Secondly, knowledge of history presupposes the ability of a person to think critically and not only learn the facts but also analyze them in order to find reasons for certain events or actions of this or that person. Underlying factors can turn out to be much more important than the information accessible to everyone. That is why historians sometimes have to draw hypotheses for certain events and their reasons, but the basic principle of history is that one can trust only the information that is proven factually. History is such a science that does not recognize any subjunctive moods. It operates with specific dates, events, and personalities that create the above-mentioned events in certain periods of time. To put it simply, these are the three components, good knowledge of which provides a good knowledge of history for any person who has such an aim. And in all times historians from different countries have always argued as to which of the elements is major. Some theories state that the basic factor that predetermines the direction of the historic development of a certain country is the epoch in which this country achieves the highest point of its power. Suppo
There is so much I have learned from the first six chapters of the book. The chapters touch on a number of interesting topics, which I enjoyed. Culture is one such topic that stood out for me as I read the first six chapters. It is interesting to know how American society embraced diversity way before the discovery of the continent. Culture has also taken different forms over the years, from the time the Indians first crossed the Bering Land Bridge. Chapter 1 tells us how these indigenous groups used to speak various languages. They also had well established political systems and economies. This is the one thing that I found surprising because I did not think that such a kind of social organization would be in existence as early as the ice age period. It made me realize that there is nothing new that the explorers and European settlers brought to the region. All the first six chapters build on each other with regards to the topic of culture and diversity. Chapter one presents the richness of culture that was evident in early America. Most of the inhabitants used to engage in hunting and gathering, while others practiced agriculture. Chapter two present the interaction between European explorers and the indigenous people living in the Americas. It was through this interaction that both groups exchanged various aspects of their culture. They also lived together with each group independently practicing their own culture. Chapter three speaks about society in the colonies and the unique cultural aspects of these colonies. Chapters four, five, and six further discuss how life in the colonies shaped up before independence. If I were to make a movie set in the time period of the first six chapters, I would center it on the topic of culture. It would be interesting to present how culture has evolved over the years since the ice age period. The characters would mainly be the indigenous Americans, the European explorers, the white settlers, rulers in Europe, and slaves. The time span covered in the six is more than 15000 years. It begins with the period before 1400 AD and ends in 1750 AD. The beginning and end of this span of time relate to specific events that the author uses to build the story. Through this period, one can easily follow the story of how America started and became what it was just before independence. The six chapters are hard to understand in relation to culture because the culture is very broad. The chapters have limited themselves to a few aspects of culture. At the same time, some of the cultural issues talked about are based on archeological findings, which may not necessarily be true. In addition, the readings can cause emotional reactions of some people, especially Africans and Asians, because of how white settlers undermined their way of life. Chapter three has a great sense of wh
Introduction A major characteristic of the 21 st has been the expansion in global trade. This trade has been catalyzed by the advances in communication and transportation technologies that have led to an exponential increase in the interactions between countries and people in a process known as globalization. International trade has had positive results on participating nations and efforts have been made to liberalize trade for the benefit of all. Free trade has been promoted as a means of stimulating economic growth and increasing the wealth of a nation. Because of conventional trade practices that are structured under a free trade system, a lot of wealth has been created. However, in spite of the advances made in global trade, extreme poverty remains rampant in the developing world. The World Bank (2012) reports that 22% of the world population (1.3 billion people) is still living in extreme poverty. The failure of the conventional trade system has forced people to reconsider the assumption that free trade is the best way to create wealth and benefit all of humanity. Other systems have been proposed to try to remedy the failures of free trade. Fair trade is an alternative model that purports to overcome the failure of conventional trade and foster economic development the Third World. Fair trade is a new way of doing business that emphasizes on empowering small-scale producers in the international market. Differences in opinion exist between free trade and fair trade advocates. Free trade proponents argue that free trade is the key to universal economic development and an end of poverty (Sidwell, 2008). They envision a world that is united into one hemisphere-wide free trade area with everyone enjoying the benefits of free trade. Opponents of free trade view such a reality as damaging to the interests of people and groups who cannot compete with the major corporations that will stand to gain the most from free trade. Fair trade advocates argue that while globalization and international trade are not harmful in themselves, the manner in which they are implemented makes them harmful. This paper will set out to argue that fair trade can be a practical alternative to free trade. To reinforce this claim, the paper will demonstrate the ways in which fair trade can help overcome the numerous economic damages attributed to free trade and result in a sustainable and universally beneficial economic system. International Trade: An overview The last century has been characterized by an inc
Introduction The idea of unceasing professional development is far from being new, yet innovative solutions for maintaining the process of learning consistent and unceasing are introduced regularly. The observed phenomenon is far from being incidental; on the contrary, the importance of investing in one’s professional development results in a staggering increase in one’s professional potential and competitive advantage in the selected area of expertise. Moreover, engaging in the professional development causes one to experience the sense of fulfillment asset objectives are achieved, which leads to an increase in motivation, self-esteem, and enthusiasm for further learning (Smith & Dodds 2017). Therefore, as an expert, I need to evaluate personal strengths and weaknesses in light of the recent experience with a group project to define the course for the future progress. As the exposure to a realistic economic setting and the relevant factors has shown, the acquisition of leadership skills and especially communication-related abilities should be the focus of the personal development plan in the future (Hassan et al. 2017). By studying how theories of leadership, project management, and communication in the workplace are translated into the actual business setting, I will be able to gain critical abilities for encouraging business growth. These include negotiation skills, the ability to motivate project participants, and the skill to incorporate innovative solutions into the strategies used for problem-solving. In addition, as a project manager and a leader in a business setting, I will have to apply strategies for encouraging cross-disciplinary cooperation in the business environment. Thus, I will reach another milestone of professional development. Opportunities for Personal Development and Academic Progress Taking retrospect on the experience of project management mentioned above, one will have to admit that there are numerous areas that I will have to cover in order to attain business excellence. Working in a team to build a coherent project was a priceless experience that has proven the importance of cross-disciplinary collaboration and effective communi
Introduction Even though there have been attempts at emphasizing the line between politics and economics (this was one of the main points of liberalism), it is obvious that the two fields are closely interrelated and, consequently, are capable of shaping and reshaping each other 1 . Free trade (FT) is an example of a phenomenon that exists on the border of politics and economics. To be more precise, while economic reasons for FT creation do exist, its political causes are equally important. Apart from that, the phenomenon has an impact on the economic development of the countries involved, but similarly, it affects their political aspect of their existence as well. Finally, the nature of FT itself could be described as ambiguous, as the phenomenon belongs to the fields of both economics and politics. This paper is devoted to the description and analysis of this ambiguity on the levels named. Definition of FT FT presupposes elimination of “quantitative restrictions” on mutual trade between the partners that sign an FT agreement (Bento 3). Therefore, FT, which is the result of FT agreement, presupposes creating an area where the trade between the partners cannot be hindered by any barriers (those may include taxes, quotas or tariffs) or border restrictions 2 . On the other hand, parties that are not included in the agreement can still be subjected to different kinds of restrictions. It is not difficult to deduce that third parties
Since 1713, during the time of peace the French attempted to strengthen their position. They built fortresses to protect themselves. Nevertheless, when the Indians returned to the territory of Ohio and established the republics there, the conflicts occurred. The French also couldn’t manage the increased number of slaves and Indians. After the failure of maintaining the friendly relationships with the tribes, their policies caused the Choctaw civil war. In 1739, the Stono Rebellion took place in South Carolina. Some slaves were dissatisfied with the terms of the freedom offered by the governor of the Spanish Florida. The rebellions killed many people on the way from Stono to Florida. General Oglethorpe considered that the Spanish sent the blacks to the British colonies to start revolts. These rumors affected the New York settlers significantly. At that time, the number of slaves who lived in New York was the largest in the North America. Because of the fear of a rising rebellion, the whites and the free blacks, who were suspected of the conspiracy, were executed. In 1744, Spain and France united in the war against Britain. The British captured the French lands in the North, but by the end of the war in 1748 they returned Louisbourg to France. The colonies’ leaders promised to grant lands to many people; therefore the expansion was needed. The territory expansion also caused numerous conflicts among the French, the British, and the Indians. The British managed to take hold of the Ohio lands first, but in the attempt to strengthen their position, the French established the forts in the Ohio territories. The conflicts in the Ohio caused the world war when in 1754 George Washington decided to attack the French. In 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan for the union at the Albany Congress. Nevertheless, all the colonies rejected his plan. The colonies were incapable of creation a union for protection. Thus, the British government sent the military aid to Virginia. Despite the British attempts to strengthen their military power, the French won most of the time during the war. The British also suffered from the conflicts with the Indians. The peace with the West Indians was made only in 1758, and it helped the British to come back to the plan of conquering New France, which ultimately came to success by 1759 with the surrender of Quebec.