ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Leonardo da Vinci has been a mysterious and fascinating subject for many generations, ever since he walked as a living man through Italy and France. His painting has often inspired wonder and surprise, awe and admiration, even when their subject matter remained somewhat under question or of a dubious nature. He always seemed to be playing a joke on the rest of humanity, although what that joke was has remained as mysterious as the character of the man himself. Although numerous manuscripts and folios of Leonardo’s have been preserved, the life of this particular artist remains hidden in shadows that few publications have been able to illuminate. Rather than attempting to discover everything there is to know about Leonardo, in the late 1800s, Walter Pater tackled the difficult subject of Leonardo’s vision. In his essay on Leonardo da Vinci, Walter Pater attempts to prove to his audience that Leonardo’s genius, sprung from a close affinity with nature, was of an unusual and highly observant variety. Removed somewhat from the more refined beliefs of his time, heavily laden with Christian overtones and rules of propriety, perhaps springing from his earliest experiences as the illegitimate child of a prosperous member of the gentry, Pater also argues that Leonardo’s work had a touch of the sinister or mocking within it as well as an affinity for the sublimely beautiful, creating a compelling composition that fascinates to the present day. It is a point he makes quite well through his flowing descriptions of Leonardo’s artwork, but an argument that seems ill-organized, thus losing some of its effectiveness. The article begins by introducing the characterization of da Vinci provided thus far in history primarily as the result of Vasari’s biography of the man and the contradictions therein. It is a characterization not significantly compromised until 1804 by Carlo Amoretti, a mere 65 years before the publication of the article under examination to provide some perspective. With this background established, Pater attempts to discover “the chief elements of Leonardo’s genius” (Pater, 1869, p. 100), through an examination of his activities and artifacts produced during the three primary divisions of his life: “thirty years at Florence, nearly twenty years at Milan, then nineteen years of wandering, till he sinks to rest under the protection of Francis the First at the Chateau de Clou” (100). Pater uses descriptions of Leonardo’s angel in Verrocchio’s Baptism of the Christ to illustrate the early genius of the boy in Florence who seemed to instinctively resent the superficial miniature perfection of the masters of the old style and strive toward a more accurate representation of the meaning or purpose found within the natural world. Pater then indicates th
Auto-phobia otherwise known as self-hatred or self loathing is emblematic of low self-esteem. An extension of this behavior from a cultural perspective is ethic self-hatred – an extreme aversion to one’s ethic heritage. A self-hating Jew, a pejorative phrase classifying a Jewish person with alleged anti-Semitic beliefs, exemplifies ethic self-hatred. This life altering experience pervades the 2001 blockbuster film, The Believer , starring Ryan Gosling, Billy Zane, Theresa Russell, Garrett Dillahunt, and Summer Phoenix. Similar to the 1998 movie American X in terms of an expose on Neo Nazi beliefs, its infusion of ethnic self-hatred propels it into a unique sphere of its own. Recipient of the 2001” Sundance Film Festival’s Grand Jury Prize,” The Believer was directed and written by acclaimed American director/screenwriter/ producer/actor Henry Bean (Internal Affairs, Deep Cover, Venus Rising, and Noise). The biogragphical motivation for the film is the real life story of Daniel “Dan” Burros (March 5, 1937 — October 31, 1965), an American Jew turned Nazi Party member and Kleagle (New York state branch of the United Klans of America). Well received by critics, The Believer was described as thrilling, riveting, and astonishing (The Independent, 2001). A gripping and intense performance, Ryan Gosling ( Notebook, Half Nelson ) plays twenty-something year old Daniel Balint, a troubled Orthodox self-hating Jew turned Neo-Nazi. Danny epitomizes a person whose faith has gone a wry. This stance is fueled by his belief that the Jews have taken a cowardly stance on atrocities that have happened to them throughout history (Abraham’s sacrifice, Holocaust, etc.). A walking paradox, Danny deduces that blasphemy, heresy and denial of the soul are the only way to survive. He is the epitome of a life lived in hell on earth. As opposed to physical grotesqueness, he illustrates mental and spiritual deformity. God is viewed as tyrannical and obeisance to Him is being subject to his mercy. The Believer poses many questions concerning belief and faith particularly in its association with God or a higher power. Does a higher power exist and what are the benefits of obeisance to such a power? Can one love that which they hate or truly hate that which they supposedly love? Suffice to say a double-minded man is inherently unstable- not trustworthy / reliable. A believer places their trust and faith in something which they may not have seen and/or heard. The film purports the standard viewpoint of belief, faith, and religion as being synonymous and equal. Religion entails human thought, perceptions, cultural traditions and mythology. Despite his quest for self fulfillment and meaning, Danny’s extremist faith/belief via violence makes it hard to align with this position. Psychopathic/schizophrenia and belief/faith in God should not coincide. God is
Background A Doll’s House drama has been regarded as a composition whose performance in art has a social significance of mapping out life’s issues. It presents an in-depth development of emotional themes which realistic characters are going through. These characters are trying to deal with dramatic experiences in their lives. According to Butler and Watt, characters in the play are facing myriads of conflicts that are arising from among themselves, the natural phenomena and society at large (181). Those themes include corruption, violence against women, class division, sexuality and moral dilemmas. Numerous examples of key themes, expression of character and practice have been clearly depicted in the drama A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen. The position of a person based on the established sacred institutions usually indicates an individual’s status in a social group. In addition, social mobility describes the ability of an individual to comfortably fit among the popular people in society. This paper analyses the position of a woman in society, the aspect of social life as well as the importance of responsibility in the drama A Doll’s House . A brief overview of A Doll’s House Henrik Ibsen was born in March 1828 in a family of six children (Ibsen 5). His birth took place in skien, Norway. At the age of 23 years, he began working in theatres. By this time, he had written Catiline which was his first five-act tragedy play (Ibsen 15). In 1866, he wrote more dramas such as the Brand and Peer Gynt . In 1878, he wrote the Doll’s House which portrayed the classical tragedies of marriage and marriage institutions, human rights and particularly women’s rights. It is imperative to note that Henrik Ibsen’s three-act play A Doll’s House is a significant drama which tends to critique the marriage norms and attitudes that were very popular during the 19 th century. The drama was composed by Ibsen in 1878. It has characters and themes reflecting the occurrence of tragedies during that period (Ibsen 55). He was drawn by the gender bias that explained the inability among women to stand out in society that was male-dominated. Standard conventions and adaptations of the time Gender stereotype in society has been in existence for a long time. In the 19 th century, the position of a woman on the male dominated society, her roles and duties in marriage depicted how low they were regarded compared to men. According to Butler and Watt, this was due to the intensively conventional practices and persuasively convincing reference to what the society saw as acceptable at the expense of others (108). Though these stereotypes were adopted by majority of the people during this period, Ibsen felt that it was wrong. Having married and treated his wife on an equal platform, he felt that such a culture was supposed to be discouraged as it was highly generalized and it gave wrong perceptions on women and discouraged full capacity building among women (Butler and Watt 108). They are greatly adoptive in different regions of the globe. During the
Lasers are useful because they emit a small, monochromatic and uniform light which can make it appropriate for laser applications such as DVDs, medical and laser printers. The major benefit with lasers is that unlike ordinary light emitters, light from lasers never disperse to the external environment. This implies that the light that hits specific areas will be stronger and will provide a much better image. The light may even be as small as a pixel and this can provide very precise image for those concerned. Lasers are also crucial in the creation of portable devices like laptops and mobile phones as they enable full color generation (IEC, 2011). It should be noted that lasers have come a long way from the past. They have been crucial in the music and entertainment industries because they paved the way for transformation of the recording process. Now data in the form of words, music or movies can be available in a high capacity, clear, easily portable and less fragile format. Previously, storage was done through the use of vinyl and these were bulky and noisy methods so this was definitely a great leap. Lasers have also transformed the retail industry through bar code technology. In the past, supermarket employees needed to place price stickers in all commodities but thanks to the introduction of laser bar codes, it was now possible to record a product’s price without looking for its sticker. Furthermore, lasers have been instrumental in the industry of medicine. Laser technology has revolutionized corrective surgery for the eyes and teeth. People can do away with spectacles after undergoing a laser operation and thus transform their very own lives. In order to fully understand the benefits of lasers, it is essential to look at the classification systems. All lasers fall in four categories which are determined by an international panel that gathers annually. The first class consists of low power visible and invisible light. It consists of beams that are found within products such as CDs and DVDs. As stated earlier, these are useful in storage of data. Laser printers can also be found in this category. They are very useful in digital printing and have produced superior printed images (IEC, 2011). The second class consists of visible light with low power. Examples found here include laser levels. These levels were used to replace plumb lines and conventional levels. Laser levels have proved to be more reliable as they do not depend on the users’ bias. This category also consists of bar codes and is critical in inventory systems. Lastly, class 2 lasers consist of Picop engines which are used to make full color images in portable devices like mobile phones (IEC, 2011). Class 3 is made up of light that has intermediate power and thus consists of laser pointers which are used in making presentation. They replaced the traditional stick pointers and are brighter and more precise. They eliminate the need to be near the pointed item since one can point at the object even if one is standing far from it. A sub category of class three las
The health status of individuals is paramount to all individuals because it determines their quality of life. The government ensures that society has adequate and accessible healthcare facilities, equipped with machines and medicines besides qualified doctors, nurses, and other professionals. However, the way individuals do, perceive, value, believe, and think about the causes of diseases, risk factors, and treatments significantly impacts their health. Evaluation of the relationship between culture and health can help understand disparities in well-being among people in similar environments. People’s culture influences the type of food they purchase and the way they prepare it, which is a vital determinant of health. Some communities’ cultures involve eating foods with unbalanced nutrients, consuming more carbohydrates and fats, increasing the risks of various illnesses (Hernandez & Gibb, 2019). Additionally, a less balanced diet decreases bodies’ ability to fight diseases, leading to poor health. The industrialized and urbanized cultures have also reduced access to healthy foods such as vegetables and fruits, contributing to a high rate of lifestyle-related conditions like obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Culture also influences the decision to seek healthcare services and the interaction between patients and caregivers. Some communities can interpret the signs of psychological problems such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder as craziness, inhibiting any effort to look for psychiatrists’ services. Equally, cultural differences between doctors or nurses and patients can influence the interpretation of certain causes and treatments of diseases, affecting health outcomes and the patients’ overall well-being (Hernandez & Gibb, 2019). Moreover, culture impacts understanding and practicing health promotion activities such as exercising to reduce weight. For instance, being overweight is desirable and a sign of health in some communities. Conclusively, health is fundamental because it defines an individual’s quality of life. A strong relationship exists between culture and health because of an individual’s values, beliefs, and perceptions of diseases, causes, and treatment methods and procedures. People’s culture is one factor that affects their decision about food they and preparation methods, as well as patients’ decisions to seek healthcare servic
The article “Who Owns Fraud?” by Dan Torpey discusses practically applicable methods of making a company’s system of fraud management roles clear. The author reports that organizations tend to fail in defining the roles clearly enough and do not ensure appropriate communication on the matter, which is not only confusing and inefficient but also decreases employees’ trust and belief in the programs. The author suggests that it would be better to ensure shared responsibilities for a team of individuals that all have a part in anti-fraud programs. Each person should be assigned a particular goal and is supposed to report and be accountable to the team and the chairperson. The latter is to be appointed by the team and performs managerial and leadership functions and, when applicable, determines the general direction of the program. Torpey points out that for some organizations, the authoritative guidance of the chairperson is not the best choice; in this case, the team conjointly discusses as the necessary aspects of the program and makes decisions together. Finally, the team needs to be representative of all the departments that are likely to be involved in the program, which is supposed to be developed and implemented by the team. The program is to include the “tone-setting” aspects (code of ethics, training, preventive measures) as well as proactive and reactive activities, which should allow it to succeed in achieving multiple aims: determine a company’s needs, detect fraud, provide the tools for analysis, prioritization, and mitigation, provide the instructions for fraud-related activities, and develop the means for monitoring them. Also, a good program uses and shares the best practices in the field but remains customized to the needs of the company. The program needs to be implemented and embedded into the organizational practice; in particular, the setting tone elements need to be integrated into the culture of the organization through regular and extensive training, proactive methods should take into account the psychology of fraud, and reactive methods must focus on a timely response. The final element of Torpey’s model that is likely to demand particular attention is the communication, and the solution of this issue for the anti-fraud program is also likely to improve organizational communication in general. According to Torpey, this system of measures will improve the effectiveness of a company’s anti-fraud program, which will make it more trustworthy and believable and help it to live up to the company’s expectations (par. 12, 60). Works Cited Torpey, Dan. “Who Owns Fraud?” Fraud Magazine 26.1 (2011): n.pag. Fraud Magazine Archive . Web.
Introduction Writing a research is one of those tasks that demand great concentration, incredible academic skills, the talent of an explorer and the wish to reinvent people’s perception of a certain issue. However, there is also one aspect of research writing, which concerns rather its technical side than the actual research writing, yet is essential for the paper to see the light and become a full fledged research paper. Listing the nine issues and taking a closer look at what happens in the case of their violations, one will be able to see what writing a research demands. Responsible Conduct of Research: Rules, Descriptions and the Possible Conflicts Collaboration Not necessarily co-authorship, collaboration includes any sort of cooperation, up to borrowing the research supplies (Goldner, 2009). Conflict of Interest/Commitment The given rule presupposes that none of the people reviewing the paper has a personal connection with the reviewed. Therefore, the case when the reviewed is a close friend of one of the reviewers or the editors and the latter are interested in how well the reviewed does in his academic career, certain ambiguity arises. Greenwald (2009) offers a perfect solution: the reviewer or the editor “should not take an action role on a manuscript that in any way implies agreement or disagreement with his or her own published theoretical views or empirical conclusions” (Greenwald, 2009, 33). The Acquisition, Sharing, Ownership and Management of the Information The information must be managed with responsibility. Human Research Protection In the course of the research, no human being must be harmed. The Welfare of the Laboratory Animals According to the APA Code of Conduct, the laboratory animals are not to be harmed in the course of experiments. According to Balcombe, “In ongoing debates about animal experimentation, welfare concerns usually revolve around harms done to animals by the experiments themselves” (Balcombe, 2010, 77). Thus, the instance in which a laboratory animal is harmed or dies not because of a research that has gone wrong, but because of the careless attitude of the researcher, the violation of the Responsible Research Conduct is observed. Likewise, in the case when an animal dies not in the course of the conducted experiment but because of the conditions in which it was kept, especially the lack of space or pollution (Ballinger et al., 2011, 55) one can see a clear-cut instance of Responsible Research Conduct violation. Mentoring Issues As a rule, behind any author, there is a mentor who helps to conduct the research (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2010). Peer Reviews To get green-lighted in the academic world, an article must be reviewed by scholars ad published in a peer-reviewed in a scholarly journal. Responsible Authorship The given issue presupposes that the author of the research publishes it in a journal. Research Misconduct The last, but definitely not the least, research misconduct involves a variety of cases when a research was conducted in the wrong way. With the given issues, even proper procedures are possible; for instance, in the case of copyright infringements due
Microsoft Band Advertising Microsoft has presented its smartwatch (called ‘Microsoft Band) in 2014 after the Apple Watch hit the market. To promote the product, various types of advertisement were used (TV commercials, videos on YouTube, slides and photographs on the official website of the product, etc.). In this paper, the Microsoft Band TV advertisement will be examined as demonstrating support of the ethical approach to advertising. Advertising per se may be seen by the customers as manipulation, but it has its advantages too. It offers the consumers a choice; it transmits some moral beliefs or values (Brunello 2011). The Microsoft Band ad is a good example because it can benefit young aspiring scientists who want to enroll to college or university. It also stresses (although more subtly) the importance of successful graduation and education in general. Moreover, this advertisement also aims to show the parents how important their support can be for their child. At last, the ad presents a female person of color, which is also important for the elimination of racism. There are two moral principles used in this ad: respect for the dignity of each human being and respect for social responsibilities (Davis 2011). The following ethical concepts were used in this advertising: family values, human rights (to education), gender empowerment. This advertisement is ethical because it does not deceive about the possible harm of the product; moreover, the commercial does not claim anything that could be seen as manipulation. Deliberate lies and misleading in advertising are considered as unethical (Percy & Rosenbaum-Elliott 2016). In this commercial, Microsoft reminds the consumers to appreciate and be proud of his or her achievements. The ethical approach to business decision making should not be disregarded because it directly influences the image of the business in the eyes of the public and the media. Correct ethical decisions are as important for successful business as marketing or accounting (Ferrell & Fraedrich 2015). One has to understand current and past social and cultural issues to meet ethical business decisions. Decision making in business influences everyone: employees, stakeholders, investors, and customers (Ferrell & Fraedrich 2015). Ethical decision making is difficult because it involves various personalities with different opinions: if one supports the decision, the other will find it unethical or insulting. I believe that the public would label this commercial as ‘inspiring’ or ’empowering’; the consumers would like the idea that one should take care of the family, or choose a healthy lifestyle, or aim to learn more. Marlboro Advertising Questionable advertising strategies can also lead to a scandal or public boycott that is extremely harmful to the business. As an example of the advertising with poor ethics the Marlboro advertising of tobacco products (2014) will be used. This commercial was criticized because of its focus on adolescents and young adults; it promoted smoking to minors (Boseley 2014). T