ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In Multitude, Hardt and Negri argue that multitude constitutes a new proletariat, or those people, who are either directly or indirectly exploited by capital owners and subjected to the capitalist mode of production (Hardt and Negri, p.330). Although wage workers were replaced by intellectual workers, the very nature of the labor relations, as described by Marx, did not change, as employees still dedicate part of their time to making their salary and the other part – to producing the capitalist’s profit, or surplus, so they remain underpaid (Marx, Engels and Tucker, p. 218). In terms of labor relations, Hardt and Negri also state that in the present day, as opposed to the last century, the multitude is engaged with “immaterial” production, which refers to the generation of new ideas (computer programming, invention) and social relations (communication, public relations, customer service). In this sense, Marx and Engels predicted the growing significance of the so-called “scientific labor”, which would dominate living labor. The use of machinery, according to Marx, would decrease capital owners’ dependency on the amount of labor force owned and labor time. As Hardt and Negri explain, the existing immaterial production creates social life, which contributes positively to the socialization of production. It is important to look at the influence of the multitude in detail. As production becomes increasingly more sophisticated, it begins to demand more and more from paid workers or office employees. Capitalists, or large companies, are trying to make work and life similar: they create comfortable conditions at the workplace, introduce free qualification training and use a number of other incentives to encourage workers to stay longer at the workplace. Due to the hegemony of consumption, companies become oriented precisely to the customer’s needs, so work requirements are growing. At the same time, companies become dependent on the staff they have grown and trained from entry-level, so “the ruled increasingly tend to hold a position of priority over the rulers” (Hardt and Negri, p.336). Whereas the power of capital still reaches each person’s life, people’s lives also begin to reach the power of capital. The multitude of a society’s self-organization, based heavily on close communication, became possible towards the end of the 20 th century. The multitude is also referred to as a network of singularities, due to the fact that it is greatly stratified by class and race; however, the similarity of work they do and the common interests make them cooperate. Whereas Marx positions the working class as a chief driving force of social development and revolution, Hardt and Negri argue that multitude is much more effective owing to its diversity and numerousness. As people tend to join various associations, labor unions, and other interest groups, they tend to show greater cooperativeness in defending their interests. However, it needs to be noted that capitalists are adjusting to the socialization of production in terms of keeping capital preserved in the hands of relatively few entrepreneurs. First of all this “biopolitical
Education in Afghanistan is one of the most frequently discussed problems that require certain time and investigations. Many sources admit that the policies of the Taliban were so horrible and strict that any girl could not get a chance to study and enlarge own level of knowledge on the same level with boys. The point is that many female students just could not continue their education, because the chosen programs were too horrible and war-oriented that females did not find it helpful and necessary to visit schools. The impact of the Taliban on boys and girls’ education in Afghanistan was really great: different educative strategies and concentration on war affairs deprived girls of the opportunity to get education on the same level as boys could do it; this is why the fall of that movement led to positive changes in the sphere of education and promoted girls’ desire to study just like it was described in Seierstad’s The Bookseller of Kabul . Contrary to popular belief, the Taliban never officially banned the education for females. Girls under the ages of nine were allowed to attend school and share a classroom with boys of the same age. However, once a girl reached the age of ten, she lost the right to attend the school. The Taliban put a suspension on female education until a segregated education system could be completely organized and implemented. Abdul Hai Muthmahien, the Taliban chief spokesman, admitted that their movement was going to spend more then $ 1 million in order to build schools and provide students with the necessary equipment “Taliban are not against education” (Baker para.2), and even girls should have a chance to study. The students, who were fortunate enough to attend the schools that remained open, were taught a curriculum, centered on violence and religion. At the first grade, children, who were six years old, learned the alphabet not by animals, fruits, or joys, like it was inherent to the vast majority of schools all over the world, but by means of religious and war-like terminology: “’J’ was for Jihad, ‘M’ was for Muhjahed, and ‘T’ was for Talib” (Fassihi para.1). First graders were also taught simple arithmetic like counting bullets. The fourth grade of education turned out to be crucial for many students, because they got a chance to teach more complex math word problems. These tasks involve the following: “If a bullet travels 800 meters per second, and the distance between a Russian and a muhjahed is 3,200 meters, then how many seconds will it take for the bullet to hit the Russian between the eyes?” (Fassihi para. 5) Each year, a student could advance to a new grade, texts, lessons, and homework became even more graphic; the seventh grade promotes students to study the “jihad manual”, the manual that was laden with instruction
Introduction I completed an internship program at First Home Care in Portsmouth, Virginia. I worked in Day Support Treatment for Autism Adults. During the program, I trained to work with professional psychologists and participate in assessment processes. They guide people with autism and implement assessments. I participated in weekly seminars in which lectors presented theoretical, historical, and medical aspects of the disorder. The program gave me opportunities to put theoretical knowledge into practice and enhance my professional skills. The lectures were combined with the examination of different developmental abilities and focused on neuroscience, cognitive science, psychology, and other fields. Main body The term autism has gotten more attention in recent years. However, this phenomenon has a long history. The term was used for the first time at the beginning of the twentieth century. At the time, psychiatrists believed that autism was a type of schizophrenia. Afterward, it was described as a separate disorder. In the 1950s, researchers conducted studies to find the underlying cause for this medical condition. Initially, they concluded that the problem might be caused by the child’s mother’s behaviors, though subsequently, this theory was refuted. In the 1960s and 1970s, medical specialists began to apply aversion therapy. The therapy was focused on behavioral patterns and trained people with autism to act appropriately by means of different punishments. Also, some other therapies involved the use of LSD as a treatment for the disorder. In the 1980s, autism became a completely separate disease and got its own category for diagnosis. I also learned about characteristics that might be seen in people with autism while completing the internship program. The disorder is characterized by specific behavioral patterns, problems related to social interaction, and sensory sensitivities. Some characteristics are common among all artists, but others are seen less frequently. People on the spectrum have difficulties with responding to their environment, which manifests itself in socially odd behaviors. Such individuals cannot effectively communicate their feelings and handle problematic situations. One of the most effective methods to help autists is to occupy their time with routines so they can learn some repetitive behaviors. It reduces uncertainty and promotes the predictability of their environments. Another problem related to people on the spectrum is their inability to build and maintain relationships. The lectures brought to light a new insight that confirmed that people with autism cannot properly respond to different forms of communication, for example, facial expressions, gestures, or eye contact. This problem takes place because autists are unable to comprehend other people’s needs and wants. Therefore, they often cannot participate in various activities with others. That is why people on the spectrum might look unfriendly and avoi
International Relations Harry potter and the goblet of fire is a book that takes us through the word of wizardry where the main character Harry potters who is a fourth year student at the Hogwarts school of Wizardry, It is all magic as participants from similar schools organize an event to compete amongst themselves to find out the winner. The different teams represented in this book use different wizardry skills and abilities to attack their opponents. This represents the similar tactics that are usually used by the different nations to compete and fit in the global market. The goblet of fire is a magic cup that is used to select the candidates for the tournament. The candidates are Cedric Diggory from Hogwarts, victor Krum from Durmstrung, fleur Delacour from beauxbatons and Harry. These three teams are a clear representation of the three different countries from where the names were derived. The titles of this teams and where they come from, tells us more about the culture and the way of the people represented. Hogwarts is a high street located in London it has accessibility to the wizardry world and is of economic importance to the country, it is clear from this statement that the people of London rely on wizardry for economic empowerment and prosperity. Durmstrung is representation of the German culture, which is revealed through the characters of the students in the team. Compared to others it places emphasis on the study of defense against the dark arts. Dumstrung is a school is a school of wizardry that is ranked among the best to offer knowledge on black magic, Krum who is a student from the school won the Triwizard Tournament” (Rowling, 2000 pp40-45). The third team, beauxbatons represents a French School where the students have to rise up as a form of respect when the head mistress enters the room. This is a representation of the French system of education and culture. A look at the characters represented in this book, Dudley Dursley is described as wide and for his role he is put on a strict diet. Gabrielle Delacour is a young girl of about eleven years who is saved by Harry when she was among the underwater bait team. The weird sisters are described to be hairy and wearing black robes. Stan shun
Readiness for Learning Many people living in Alamosa, Colorado have prioritized a healthy lifestyle to avoid getting diseases, such as obesity. They live under a special diet and carry out exercises to stay fit. The community needs to be informed and updated on how to avoid getting diseases such as obesity that come with various risk factors, such as heart diseases, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes, stroke, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and sleep apnea. The community should be empowered with knowledge on the causes and effects of obesity on the human body. They should be advised on how to live a healthy lifestyle. This is the only way in which they can stay healthy and avoid getting various diseases that come with obesity. Obesity is also an expensive disease to treat. According to 2008 health statistics conducted in Alamosa, Colorado, an estimated cost of $ 29 billion was spent on medical costs to treat obese people. One-third of the population is obese with the majority being adults (Maurer & Smith 2009). These harsh statistics of those diagnosed with obesity in Alamosa County encourage many people to take control of the situation by teaching people how to live a healthy lifestyle to avoid being obese. Planned Evaluation of Objectives To evaluate effectiveness, the people of Alamosa County have to keep track of what they consume daily and ensure that they exercise daily to burn all the unnecessary fats in the body and maintain fitness. They should reduce the consumption of food high in sugars and fats but increase the consumption level of food with fiber (Levy-Navarro 2008). Follow-up calls should be conducted on the clients to ensure that they live a healthy life every single day. They will discuss how important physical exercise and proper dieting are to their health. The client should have excellent knowledge about diet quality and how it can help to reduce cholesterol levels in the body. After every month, the cholesterol level of the clients will be redrawn to check with the previous cholesterol readings. This will show whether the clients are following instructions by maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The clients should keep a record of their daily activities to enable them to save time and be organized. After one month, the activities and the effects that they have on the client’s health and wellness will be discussed (Fumento 1997). Planned Evaluation of Goal When the goals have been set, the evaluation process can be conducted to ensure positive results and effectiveness. The Alamosa community should own the program if they want the teaching plan to be successful for the entire society. They should determine how the members of the program can be involved in the lesson. Follow-up calls should be done daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly to evaluate whether the program is successful and to ensure
Introduction By default, society views leaders as problem solvers, innovators, and individuals who take responsibility for their actions and those of their employees regardless of whether the consequences are either good or bad. Ethical leadership is a construct of leadership that is directed by virtuous behavior and moral development (Othman & Rahman, 2014). Therefore, ethical leaders tend to uphold a more universal standard of moral conduct. Ethical leadership usually presents itself in times of corporate scandals where the company’s stakeholders and the public question the morals of the managers. In today’s transparent social-media-driven world, high profile executives are occasionally summoned to explain their morals in how they do business. A recent scenario is the Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data scandal in which the Founder and CEO of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, was summoned to explain the data breach. This paper aims to examine how Mark Zuckerberg portrayed his ethical leadership skills in the Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data scandal. Description of the situation Will technology firms ever take ethics seriously? The Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data scandal is the largest public relations crisis that Facebook has faced (Fuller, 2018). It all began in 2014 when Alexander Kogan, a University of Cambridge researcher, developed an application known as “thisisyourdigitallife.” It is estimated that about 270, 000 Facebook users downloaded the application and consequentially gave away their profile details including that of their Facebook friends, therefore, Kogan had access to the details of 50 million people (Graham-Harrison & Cadwalladr, 2018). Kogan shared this information with Cambridge Analytica, a data mining and political strategy company without the users’ knowledge. The idea of Cambridge Analytica was to glean people’s Facebook likes so that it could have a better understanding of their personality (hobbies, comments, gender, sexual orientation, political views, and religion), thereby more effectively target political advertising. The concept used can be referred to as psychographic profiling (Fuller, 2018). The psychographic data obtained from
Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 In the first four chapters of the book, Khaled Abou El Fadl, the author, provides a conceptual framework, which can be used to question moral authority issues together with identifying tyrannical tendencies as an abuse of Islamic law. In the first chapter, which is titled “Induction”, the author highlights the central themes coupled with the key assumptions made throughout the book. The author invites readers to become emotionally and intellectually involved as they savour the contents of this captivating read. Khaled achieves this goal by sharing personal intellectual dilemmas and posing several questions concerning the issue of authority in Islamic law. The second chapter is titled “The Authoritative”, and it is divided into three sections. The author discusses the concept of an authoritative being in Islamic law by examining the idea of the existence of Divine sovereignty, the function of compliance in the creation of authority, and the purpose of judges. In the third chapter, named “A summary transition”, the author sums up some key concepts to introduce chapter four. Khaled defines and discusses issues surrounding the concepts of competence, determination, and authoritarianism within the context of Islamic law. Chapter 3 offers an overview of the author’s arguments, and it would be helpful for readers not interested in the finer details of the book. In chapter 4, the author explores the role of a text in determining the meaning. He discusses the idea of the text in relation to the authority by using the Quran and Sunnah. The issue of unreasonableness when interpreting different texts is discussed in depth to highlight some of the abusive legal practices entrenched in contemporary Islam. When people are unreasonable, they interpret texts erroneously, which may lead to authoritarianism. Chapter 5 In this chapter, the author explores how the concept of authoritarianism is created. According to the author, authoritarianism can be borne out of different scenarios. For instance, unreasonable or speculative interpretations of texts can be termed epistemological authoritarianism. Besides, in some cases, the source of the meaning of a text is tied to its authorial intent, thus limiting the associated instabilities, especially when interpreting the meaning. Similarly, in other cases, any governed interpretation of a text to derive meaning is rejected to allow self-directed versions, which is autocratic in nature. The author argues that in the Islamic context, authoritarianism has emerged due to the lack of self-restraint, which ultimately usurps the Divine Will through fraudulent claims. In the process, the ontological reality of the Divine is marginalised, and the interpreter of a given text thus becomes self-referential. In this dynamic of authoritarianism, the line between the Divine and the agent or the interpreter becomes blurred, and thus the two are indistinct. Consequently, the will of the message from the Divine and the agent’s speech becomes the same thing as the latter’s interpretations superimpose the former’s instructions. Therefore, the agent’s message becomes i
Record Payout awarded to sexual abuse victims in India is an article written by Suhasini Raj and Emily Schmall and published in The New York Times on January 28, 2022. The article presents an account of criminal activities undertaken by the director and staff workers of a homeless shelter for girls in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India. The shelter employees have been reported to physically assault and sexually abuse the residents of the shelter since its opening in 2013. The activities were first uncovered “during the Bihar government’s first independent audit of its social welfare institutions” (Raj & Schmall, 2022, par. 9). 19 officials and employees, including Brajesh Thakur, the director of the shelter, were convicted as a result of the federal investigation. He and 11 other defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment in 2020, and the victims of abuse have received compensations “between $4,000 and $12,000 apiece” (Raj & Schmall, 2022, par. 8). There is an ongoing epidemic of sexual abuse reported in India, but the case of this shelter has been considered to be the most striking so far due to a large number of victims. Addressing the issue of sex trafficking now is extremely important all over the world, as trafficking in persons has become one of the most topical global concerns and serious threats to public health. Two types of human trafficking are labor and sex trafficking, and individuals of any race, gender, or religion can become the victims of it. However, the groups considered most at risk include “people experiencing homelessness, children and teenagers involved in the foster care and juvenile justice systems, migrant workers, and different minority groups” (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, n.d., par. 3). The research conducted recently on the number of victims of sexual exploitation worldwide has estimated that there are about “24.9 million victims” working in both “legal and illicit industries and sectors” (U.S. Department of State, 2021, par. 3). The percentage is particularly striking in India, Pakistan, China, and Bangladesh. Public health and sustainability are closely related to sex trafficking, and effective policies to eliminate this threat as well as help the victims of exploitation are essential to ensure the successful accomplishment of Sustainable Development Goals. The following goals in particular are influenced by the issue of sex trafficking:   * Ensure healthy lives and
Summary of the assigned article In the modern world, customers’ tastes and preferences are changing tremendously. Businesses, therefore, have been forced to adopt automated manufacturing systems. The systems come with diverse benefits and receive rapid adoption. Manufacturing companies receive better performance by adopting the automated system. However, for the company to improve its performance they have to measure it. The basis for measuring performance is that automated manufacturing systems are extremely complex and costly as well. Performance measurement is the primary element for bettering performance. It identifies, troubleshoots as well as civilizes the production systems. Both the productivity and flexibility act as the major differentiators of performance in trying to embrace the rapid growth, manufacturing as well as marketing an increasing product range for the ever-changing needs of an active marketplace. It is very essential for every business to know that in order to better their operations they have to adopt automated manufacturing. The performance measurement in conjunction with monitoring and incessant productivity enhancement of manufacturing systems has played a significant role compared to their level of investment and cost of operation. Key learning points   * In both the article and the unit, an automated manufacturing system contributes to increase output. An increase in production enables the company to have a better bargain in the sophisticated marketplaces.   * Reduced labor cost is another key learning point. When the labor cost is low, the company has the advantage of producing at a minimal cost of production, thus maximizing their profits.   * Improving safety is another strong point to understand in the article as well as in the unit. The organization needs to ensure the safety of both the products and employees who are involved in handling the products. The introduction of automated manufacturing in the production sector has helped to provide safety.   * Another crucial point is consistency and quality. Consistency in production allows the continuous production of a product in the business with similar features. Quality also remains constant in all products that are similar to one another.   * In addition, the lead-time reduces. It helps minimize the duration between the commencement and the end of the production process. The organization is, therefore, i