ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Crisis management Crisis definition This is the process by which a company handles an unexpected situation or event that threatens its existence. Crisis management consists of ways of response to the crisis in both reality and perception. Crisis is an unexpected catastrophe happening in or to a company and it threatens the operations of the company. Such situations are fires, floods, cutthroat competitions, inflation or deflation, misconduct of company or its management and even external confrontation. Wormald an Australian company is mostly involved with fires and equipment involved (Gottschalk, p.256). What is a company crisis? This is an unstable situation in a company and it affects its daily activities. These situations are unpredictable. Wormalds deals with fire fighting and prevention. It was established 120 years ago and is found in 80 countries. It has sophisticated equipment for this and also very highly trained staff (www.tycon.com) ‘Characteristics of a crisis’ Crisis has four major principles. The first being that crisis is unexpected and out of routine. It creates uncertainty and is seen as a threat to company’s’ achievements is the third. “The fourth is that a crisis creates a need for transformation: change of old system to a new one” (Williams, p. 400) Theory – crisis management & planning There is not a single company that will look forward to having a crisis since it causes disaster for it. Wormalds has its machinery always ready and its staff, to attend emergencies. The company has a program that trains emergency response, warden and fire extinguisher training, evacuation procedures, breathing apparatus and confined space training. They also have emergency numbers for emergencies services (Lee, p.106). Guidelines and Preparation A company should prepare contingency plans in prior. The team involved should rehearse the plan creating a drill a service that Wolmad offers to companies. Wormalds considers having portable equipment as the first line of defense and enables response (www.wormalds.com) Goals of crisis management Crisis management enables a company to prevent further destruction by responding quickly.It also aimed at preventing extensive media coverage that may damage the company’s reputation. It prevents too much government involvement which can even lead to a close down or receivership. “Management of crisis provides the best response to the situation” (Coombs, p.125) Stakeholder Strategy “Stakeholders are the parties that are impacted by a company’s actions or operations.” They have direct or indirect stake in a company. Wormalds stakeholders are; Table 1 (Title) communication Employees                     Through memos and meetings                        Shareholders                  Sending them, letters emails or fax messages.     Government                    By calling the relevant department                Suppliers and customers       By calling th
Introduction English language is one of the most popular languages across the world, spoken in many countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, among others. However, it is important to note that the spoken English have a variation, a fact that is always associated with the first language that one speaks before learning English. It is common to find semantic, phonological, and syntactic differences in the speech of people having different backgrounds when speaking English. In fact Yuwen (74) notes that in some cases, there may be a complete misinterpretation of what one says because of this variation. This scholar says that some variations are insignificant, and unless one is keen to identify them, it may not be possible to realize that the speech has some phonological variations. On the other hand, some variation can be so pronounced that it becomes difficult to understand what one is talking about. In some cases, it may force the listener to make guesses based on the context of the speech to develop a meaning because the speaker could be pronouncing a word in a manner that is not close to the intended meaning. This variation is always determined by the stage at which one started learning the language. A person who is introduced to this language at a tender age of below ten years can easily overcome the effect of the first language on English. One the other hand, if one is exposed to the language in adulthood, this big variation may last forever. This research seeks to determine the effect of Mandarin native language on spoken English among the native Mandarin speakers who learnt English as a second language when they were above fifteen years of age. Methodology The researcher was interested in finding the effect that the native Mandarin had on English among people who were learning English language for the first time when they were aged fifteen years and above. In this interview, the focus was to find out the similarity in the pattern of speech among people who were native Mandarin speakers. The interview was done on six native Mandarin speakers within this institution of higher learning. The researcher selected international students who were native Mandarin speakers. It was important to select a sample population with similar background as far as this language was concerned. The six interviewees were aged above 19 years, with the eldest of them being 22 years. The other two interviewees who were native English speakers were also in the same age group. When determining their profile, all of them were exposed to spoken English when they were more than fifteen years of age. In fact five of the six participants stated that their sole reason of learn
Contracts are the main element of the business world as they regulate relations between parties and ensure that all actors will act following the terms of the agreement to avoid undesired outcomes or fraud. There are various types of contracts that are preconditioned by the character of relations between parties, conditions, and desired outcomes. The primary source of the given agreement is the existing legislation that presupposes the appearance of a certain kind of obligation that should be observed to generate the desired outcome and benefit from the given sort of relations. At the same time, there are severe punishments that are introduced to guarantee that all parties will adhere to the ethics code and act appropriately. Any violations in terms, such as in the proposed Tina Tinker case, can be considered by a court to determine the fault of parties and outline the following course of action. Regarding the discussing problem, the current jurisdiction, oral contracts are also considered a type of business agreement that is outlined and followed by spoken communication without any written forms (“Legal Information Institute, Oral Contract”). In such situations, it is difficult to appeal or prove the terms of this form of relations if there is a breach; however, it remains a legally accepted form of relationship between business partners. It means that an actor can appeal to all conditions discussed with his/her potential partner and act in accordance with them, expecting some reward or other good that can be generated in the course of their cooperation (Fisher, 2018). The same situation can be observed in the proposed case as Fiona Flax entered the oral agreement with Owen Owens, the owner of the Serenity store, hoping to produce and sell some ornaments and generate revenue. The concept of promissory estoppel can also be considered relevant for the given case. It presupposes that any promise is enforceable by law even if it is made without special or formal consideration (Garner, 2019). If a promisor makes a promise to a promisee, both actors engage in a specific sort of relations that are regulated by this very promise (“Legal Information Institute, Promissory Estoppel”). Promissory estoppel is introduced to avoid situations when a promisor does not want to follow conditions discussed in the conversation or argues that an underlying promise should not be legally upheld (Cheeseman, 2018). At the moment, the doctrine is a part of U.S. law that regulates various agreements in the business sphere. It is applicable to the case as Owen Owens does not want to accept the idea of promissory estoppel and refuses to accept its ability to be legally enforced. Analyzing the given situation, the case of an oral contract can be observed. Tina Tinkers entered into the agreement with Owen Owens because of their conversation and established terms presupposing that Owen would
Friend is a one who shares some common interests and close bonds with an individual. Friendship is a psychological need of every individual. Researchers have proved that young kids who have friends tend to have better physical and mental health as compared to those children who do not have any friends. In this paper, we shall compare and contrast the approaches to studying children friendship undertaken by Bigelow and La Gaipa and William Corsaro. It has been observed that friendship gives moral sustainability in different ways such as emotional, substantial help, and cognitive direction. Many studies have been conducted using sample groups of young individuals in order to understand interpersonal link between them but very little assessment has been made in these studies regarding liking and disliking of friends 1 . Bigelow and La Gaipa undertook a research to understand the cognitive bond and friendship by studying the interpersonal bond between young children belonging to a pre-school. Based on their research, they have founded a theory, according to which it is assumed that the children consider close relationship, appraisals, and sharing common interests as something very important to them and on the basis of these factors they tend to choose their friends. However, this concept is still vague as the dimensions of liking and disliking are important and varied in every case or some other external factors also play their part in liking or disliking decisions 2 . William Corsaro, a well-known sociologist who has specialized in the ethnography of childrens culture, presented his perceptions about childrens friendship in both theoretical and methodological manner. Additionally, William explained that the information about liking or disliking peer is not enough to find out about the
Citation Description of the case This was Case 11.2 D.C., 2011 titled Sturdza v. United Arab Emirates which was argued on February 16, 2010, and finally decided on January 6, 2011. The Parties to the case The parties involved in this case were Elena Sturdza who was the complainant and appellant, and the United Arab Emirates Federal Government, et.al who were the defendants. Judge in attendance In attendance was the associate judge, Justice Glickman, who presided over the case. The level of the court under jurisdiction of the case This was a case on-appeal lodged at the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Brief Facts or Merits of the Case The United Arab Emirates organized a competition for architectural design for its new embassy and the chancery building that was to be located in Washington, D.C. The competition was held in 1993, and the architectural design of Elena Sturdza was considered the best. At the time of the competition, Elena Sturdza was licensed to practice in Maryland and Texas, but not in Washington, D.C. The federal government of the United Arab Emirates informed her that she will be awarded the contract because of the superiority of her designs. Elena Sturdza then entered into a negotiation with the government of the United Arab Emirates. Within the two years that followed, the two parties exchanged various contract proposals based on her designs. With the help of an engineered hired by the client, her designs were modified in order to meet some of the requirements. Upon mutual agreement, the two parties agreed to defer payments until that time that the contract will be completed. The government of the United Arab Emirates sent her the final draft agreement in early 1996 that incorporated the charges that had been mandated by government’s representative. Sturdza assented to the charges and informed the ambassador about the same. The government of the United Arab Emirates then stopped all communication with Sturdza without any explanation. It did not sign the anticipated contract with her for reasons that were not clear to her. She later realized that the contract had been awarded to Angelos Demetriou, an architect in Washington, D.C. On further analysis of the proposal that the government of the United Arab Emirates had sent to the National Capital Planning Commission, Sturdza realized that there was a copyright breach. The design was different from what Angelos Demetriou had entered in the competition. Sturdza realized tha
Identity crisis People may think that urban planners are having an easy time in pursuing their career in the United States; however, there is an identity crisis in the field of planning. The planners have some degree of discomfort in identifying their profession. They feel that the media and the public have not recognized the role that planners play in addressing complex issues in urban cities (Myers & Banerjee, 2005). Architects, developers, and politicians will always receive praises for their uphill struggle to erect complex buildings in the town; however, the planners, who play a critical role in the development of the project, remain invisible. Landscape architects, engineers, and economists are examples of professionals, who will always claim to have done much work in planning to solve urban problems, whereas, the urban planners are proud of nothing. For this reason, the planning professionals are lacking confidence and self-awareness, as other professionals are encroaching into their field. Recently, planners erupted tensions to express their grievances concerning their accreditation documents. They want to have clear identification that distinguishes academia and profession in carrying out the urban planning role. The professional planners are bitter because the society encounters problems in identifying the expertise planners as many rivals claim to have mastered urban planning. The entire scenario causes confusion, as the planning field in the United States is susceptible to threats in one way or another. Indeed, the vaguely defined field of planning lacks clear boundaries and identity. Suggestions to reshape planning As discussed, professional planners are facing difficulties in defining and identifying their roles because of the vague definition of the planning career. Therefore, it is a high time that the American Institute of Certified Planners developed a sharp way of professional identity. The institute should emphasize on retrenchment and restrictiveness to address the problem of the porous planning profession. However, planners should note that they need the help of other professionals to succeed in planning effectively. In the process of producing, administering, and implementing plans, they should adhere to the following imperative points. Focus on human settlement It is noteworthy that in the contemporary world, half of the world population is migrating into urban centers (Myers & Banerjee, 2005). The population in the urban centers may rise significantly in the future. Therefore, urban planners are obligated to ensure that there is efficient infrastructure, and there is affordable and efficient housing in the urban cities. Healthy cites with proper networks and sufficient business units are examples of properly planned urban centers. Moreover, the planning exercise must focus on ensuring that there is adequate space for quality public life, and there is sustainable planning that emphasizes on protecting the environment. Comprehensive interconnections Apart from emphasizing on formal documentation, it would be wise for the planning professionals to make in
Trip overview and description This is a class educational outdoor expedition to the Arkansas River, organized for the members of the Outdoor Leadership Class. The group constitutes 6 members, aged between 18 and 23. One of the group members has adequate training on first aid and life saving skills, and doubles up as the team coach-cum-first aider. Given that this is the first outdoor expedition along a major rive for most of the members, the skills level and experience within the group is limited. All the members are of sound physical state, which is subject to medical verification by the school’s chief medical officer, four days before the trip. The goal of the trip is to enable members acquire real life outdoor leadership skills. There are two broad based objectives for the trip. Firstly the group aims at visiting at least two different sites along the Arkansas River. Secondly, each member will get a leadership role to play within the group for the entire period of the trip. The Arkansas River is one of the most popular outdoor destinations in North America. It attracts both local and foreign tourists, and is known for its unforgettable water rafting experience. The Arkansas River, starts at Leadville in Colorado as a mild gentle flowing river. As it meanders through the Royal Gorge, the Arkansas River picks up speed such that by the time it gets to Kansas, it is a rolling mass of water (Lepper and Colorado State University, 2008). Rafting on the entire Arkansas River is impossible due to resource, skill and time limit. Thus the group plans to hike over The Barbara Whipple Trail whose entire elevation gain is about 600 feet. The group also plans to have boating experience along The Arkansas River Trail, which can be accessed through the Barbara Whipple Trail. The trip takes four days including travelling. The first day will basically involves travelling from home to the tour destination, which covers a distance of about 1699 kilometers. Since it’s a small group, the group plans to hire a sports utility vehicle to enable us tackle the rough terrain especially when accessing the Barbara Whipple Trail. The Barbara Whipple Trail can be accessed through the Buena Vista River Park Bridge. From there, the group will turn east via dirt road named The Main Street. The group plans to start hiking from the trailhead. The Barbara Whipple Trail is approximately 1.3 miles, and as such, the group plans to begin hiking early in the morning on foot. This is aimed at giving the group ample time for stops along the trail. The second day will involve a boat trip to The Arkansas River Trail, a 24 mile stretch, accessible via a dirt road on our utility vehicle. The group plans to take a 2 mile trail on foot up to the From Park restroom. The group takes a 2mile boat trip, to and fro, implying that the entire boat trip covers approximately 4
Romantic music is a style of Western Classical music linked with the time of the nineteenth century known as the Romantic era. Individualistic, passionate, dramatic, and frequently purposeful music was sought by Romantic composers, who reflected wider themes in Romantic literature, philosophy, and artwork. Considering opera genres, German music is different from others since it describes the need to understand the deep meaning of the idea. To my mind, the interpretation of harassment in The Elfking is not accurate since there is no valuable evidence or obvious hint. Based on the plot, it can be concluded that the boy felt threatened, but his father tried to convince him that these were his fantasies and imaginations. The assumption of harassment and deprivation of innocence can be structurally correlated with the course of actions in the poem. However, this version cannot be confirmed for certain since other assumptions can be made, for example, that the father was irresponsible and did not follow the child. Considering Carmen , in my opinion, the composition depicts a self-confident woman who does not depend on anything and who herself decides whom to love and with whom to be together. What concerns La Traviata by Verdi, the work depicts a dramatic scenario of finding love and the subsequent loss of the dearest person, symbolizing a tragedy of an individual. I suppose that in Tristan and Isolde by Wagner, the composer glorified the theme of love as a ubiquitous and omnipresent phenomenon that can completely absorb a person in a positive and a negative sense. Considering my perception, I can state that my favorite style of opera is German. In this genre, storylines are complex, profound, and philosophical and focus on German legends rather than serious and dramatic plots derived from regular life. German opera was not so well-known in popular culture since it was incomprehensible to the majority. I prefer to reflect and get to the bottom of the main meanings and motives; therefore, this style is to my liking, allowing me to think over various versions. To summarize, the interpretation of molestation in The Elfking is not accurate. All three compositions, which symbolize the genres of opera in France, Italy, and Germany, reveal the theme of love both in a tragic and positive sense. According to my preferences, the German opera style is the most significant since it provides the audience with the need to understand the essence of the idea.
Introduction Performance management is a set of tools that the management uses to ensure the set strategic goals and targets are achieved. According to Insala (2006), it broadly starts from the strategic management stage, trickling down to the actual performers. Ultimately, the employees who are involved to a set of the evaluation procedure that in general constitute performance management practices. This involves planning, monitoring, developing, rating, and rewarding the human resource (Franco-Santos, et al. 2007). Effective employee performance management This success substantially depends on the employee’s motivation and rewards offered. According to Grumman 2005, the day-to-day management of employees’ performance is the key to effective employee performance management. First, their mindset should be structured towards greater involvement. They are then to be monitored through continuous assessments and test. Third, their capacity to work is further improved through development programmes that tend to improve knowledge, competencies, and work related skills such as using up-to-date technological systems (Calandro and Lane 2007). They are then rated and evaluated against a given performance scale and rewarded from the appraisal reports appropriately (Rebecca, 2009). New Trends There is changing trend in the evaluation of employee performance in the use of systems. Most organizations are revamping their previous systems with new generation (performance) management software, according to the Development Dimensions International (DDI) (Insala, 2006). This has led to automation of the majority of the HR function that was previously done as paper work (Grumman 2005). The human resource function is increasingly being integrated. In this endeavour, the goals of the employees are being linked with the general goals of the organization. The Business Forum (2011) suggests that the heightened link between reward programmes to performance is escalating. In addition, target learning aimed at reducing performance gaps through identification of top skills and performers for retention is on the rise. Performance management for profit agencies Profit agencies face many challenges. For them, ‘Training is not Enough’ (Villegas 2006). Costs in these organizations have to be minimized at every available opportunity. As such, organisations only engage in investment ventures that will ensure maximization of resources available to ensure sustained profitability in the long term (Forstenlechner et al. 2007, Fink et al. 2005). For instance, automation would be an opportune venture as it advances to reduce the costs of hiring more workers. There is increased reliability and efficiency in the output. Notwithstanding, Rebecca (2009), suggests that employee retention is one practice that has been growing on a wide scale in various organizations across the globe, ensuring that target learning is attained to the benefit of the organization. Profit agencies have also not be