ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A trade secret is one of the most valuable components of a company’s functioning, which can provide it with a significant competitive advantage. Hence, it consists in confidential information that describes the processes or things that characterize the organization. It can be a phrase, a slogan, a symbol, or a mixture of these aspects. To qualify for a trademark, the information must correspond to specific points. It must have commercial value for the company, must be known to a limited number of people, and fall under such documents as consent to conceal data for the persons by whom it is used. Unlike a trademark, a trade secret is characterized by large scales. The first concept includes the protection of the name, logo, packaging of a product or service under a trademark. A trade secret as an intellectual property includes such concepts as patent, copyright, and trademarks (Andreicovici, 2021). The unauthorized acquisition, use, or disclosure of such secret information in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices by others is regarded as an unfair practice and a violation of the trade secret protection. The protection of the trade secret takes place in compliance with two mandatory forms. It can be said that the most important of them becomes through the creation of agreements, contracts, and procedures for establishing documentary protection of intellectual property (Halbert & Ingulli, 2003). Another form of ensuring the security of the phenomenon under study is the establishment of specialized technologies to ensure physical and electronic security and confidentiality. Violation of these aspects may entail judicial punishment and be considered improper behavior by judges. Therefore, unauthorized access to confidential information for the purpose of further dissemination may entail legal consequences in the form of compensation for the company’s loss. Also, an injunction may be imposed, stopping the production of products under a stolen trade secret. Criminal penalties include imprisonment or an unlimited fine. These sanctions can be applied to both forms of protection of the company’s trade secret. To obtain legal access to a trademark, it is necessary to obtain an agreement from its holder, so the owner of the secret can appoint a particular person to access and use the trade secret information. At the same time, a non-disclosure agreement between the licensor and licensee is signed and strictly observed.
Introduction Adherence and invasion are two major mechanisms that bacteria employ in causing pathogenesis in sites of infections. Through the mechanism of adherence, bacteria attach on cellular surface receptors of host cells using adhesins [1, 2]. Usually, bacterial proliferate on the surface of cells and gradually destroy cellular and epithelial membranes, resulting in the invasion of cells and tissues and pathogenesis. In essence, the ability of bacteria to adhere to and invade cells and tissues determines virulence and pathogenicity [2, 3]. Varied degrees of adhesion and invasion explain the apparent differences in virulence and pathogenicity of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium . Comparatively, S. typhimurium is more virulent and pathogenic than E. coli due to its ability to invade tissues and cells [1, 2, 3]. Conditions of host surface receptors and the form of adhesive components influence the invasiveness and adherence of bacteria. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the invasive and adherence abilities of S. typhimurium relative to E. coli. In the comparative study of invasiveness and adherence of E. coli and S. typhimurium, the study used INT407 cell line because it resembles intestinal epithelial cells. In their invasiveness and adherence, bacteria have adapted to intestinal epithelial cells because they act as barriers at the site infections [2, 4]. Thus, the selection of INT407 cell line is beneficial to the study because it mimics in vivo environment for S. typhimurium and E. coli [4]. Depending on their mechanisms of pathogenicity, E. coli would stimulate immune response via the MHC class II pathway, while S. typhimurium would elicit through the MHC class I pathway. The MHC class I pathway entails process and presentation of endogenous pathogens whereas the MCH class II encompasses the process and presentation of exogenous pathogens [5]. Even though both bacteria are exogenous pathogens, cross-presentation of antigens from S. typhimurium happens via the MHC class I pathway due to its invasiveness. Discussion Comparisons of the results of adherence and invasion demonstrated that E. coli and S. typhimurium have different mechanisms of pathogenesis [1, 2]. According to results, more S. typhimurium with counts of 76 and 20 than E. coli with counts of 50 and 8 adhered to cell lines at dilutions of 10 -2 and 10 -3 colony forming units per millilitre respectively. Comparison of invasion showed that S. typhimurium was very invasive because the counts were 39 and 7 at 10 -1 and 10 -2 colony forming units correspondingly, while E. coli did not exhibit invasiveness for no count was observed in cell cells. Overall, S. typhimurium had a total adherence of 0.076% and invasion of 9.2% relative to E. coli with adherence of 0.05% without invasion. S. typhimurium exhibits both attributes of adherence and invasion for they are integral to the pathogenesis [2, 3]. Mechanism of pathogenesis requires bacteria to proliferate, adhere to cellular surfaces and invade into cells and tissues where they secrete virulent antigens [2, 4]. Thus, invasiveness of S. typhimurium depicted its pathogenic mechanism in intestinal
Introduction Globalization is one of the most discussed terms nowadays. It is the concept which touches upon different spheres of life, and it is analyzed by the representatives of various fields of study. Globalization influences not only the modern world as a whole but also the way of life of the individual persons. However, the results of this influence can be either positive or negative. The aim of this essay is to give an example of the positive influence of globalization on the life of a person. Positive Impact of Globalization Globalization refers to the process of increasing interconnections between continents and the gradual blurring of borders between countries. As a result of globalization, people from different parts of the world can communicate with each other easier. Besides, globalization uncovered new opportunities for business abroad. Finally, we can enjoy the broader range of products available in the market. The story told by my friend represents a positive influence of globalization. She told me about her neighbor, who lost a job and was in a hard economic situation for almost a year. The things got worse when he had known about the acute disease which required immediate treatment. The doctor prescribed him some medicines, and the majority of them were expensive enough. However, in the discussion with a doctor, my friend’s neighbor explained that he had not got enough money to pay for all medicines. The doctor said that all of them were vital for effective treatment, but several could be replaced with substitutes. She explained that the substitutes to the medicines prescribed represented the analogous medicines with the same composition, but they were produced in the developing country by the affiliate firm of the large German pharmaceutical corporation. With the purpose of reduction of the cost of sales, the corporation located some of its production facilities in several Asian countries. However, the medicines were still produced under the strict quality control of German specialists. The reduction in the cost of sales contributed to the decrease in the retail price of the medicines which were exported to many countries. In the United States, these medicines could also be found at the retail outlets of the several drug stores networks. Following the doctor’s advice, my friend’s neighbor bought all the medicines prescribed, including the substitutes which she mentioned. Thanks to the availability of cheaper medicines, he had enough money to pay for them. The immediate treatment allowed coping with the acute symptoms of the disease. Any delay in the treatment might be fatal for the patient. Thanks to the substitutes, my friend’s neighbor began feeling himself better and better. Now he has almost fought the disease and goes to the hospital only once a three month for medical supervision. Also, his economic situation improved as he found a new job. Conclusion To sum up, all the above mentioned, it sho
Introduction and Overview Entrepreneurs often need external funding to grow. Angel Investors is one of the groups that provide financial support for start-up businesses. The Journal of Small Business Strategy shows the outstanding elements in Angel’s investment criteria. This paper provides a synopsis of the journal and indicates a personal crucial evaluation of the journal. The journal uses a two-phase approach involving a qualitative first phase and a quantitative second phase to evaluate the investment criteria. The journal is based on a survey and observation of members of Tech Coast Angel organization (TCA). TCA is the largest US Angel organization. As of August 2004, it consisted of 173 Angels (Winter 89). Qualitative Method Qualitative phase was used to identify decision criteria of Angel that could be helpful in the quantitative phase. The study used observed screenings and associated discussions, which led to the emergence of common themes. The leading theme was passion. Entrepreneurs who showed passion for their work received more funding than those who may have had good business plans but showed no passion. Angel believes that dedication and passion can make a business succeed. This is particularly because it believes that managing business start-ups is challenging and requires passionate and committed managers. The journal uses an example of financial services entrepreneur who impressed Angel when he said he had put almost all his money, including residential house mortgage, into the business. Subsequently, trustworthiness played a role in Angel’s success. From its perspective, if an entrepreneur is avoiding a question, he/she is not trustworthy. Further, entrepreneurs who provide contradictory answers lose reliability and trust. The survey showed that lack of trust would lead to cancelling of the merits of the investment venture. Another theme was the effectiveness of the management team. Angel did not investigate the shortcomings of the current team. It was interested in finding out if the team had passion, devotion, and understanding of their responsibilities. Management that was part of a previous successful team had an added advantage. Moreover, Angels often inquired from the entrepreneurs if they understood the team they needed for success. It also wanted to know the characteristics of the management teams that are important to the client. The easiness to coach the team was another important theme that featured. Teams that were perceived to be easy to train always had an advantage over the others. Other essential themes that were discussed were experiences of advisors, experiences of the teams, records of accomplishment of members of the team and corresponding skills of the advisors. Finally, Angel seeks to know who the potential acquirers for a particular venture would be (winter 95). Quantitative Method The qualitative method was used to confirm the results of the quantitative phase. It confirmed that the top most important themes are trustworthiness (4.81), mana
Distinction between leadership and management Any organization or company needs both a leader and a manager. The managers dominate most of the governance styles. The main differences lie between various supreme approaches to services. Managers have a value for results while leaders value relationships among members. There is high regards over positions in management, while this is not evident in leadership styles. The leaders take reputable high risks compared to the managers, are personal, have caring attitude and, avoid copying others’ rules or governance styles (Pride et al, 2009, p. 23). On the other hand, the manages will often conform to existing rules and want to ensure protection of their status quo, thus may remain rigid measures over change, this makes the leaders more innovative and ready to engage change for the better (Pride et al, 2009, p. 23). The leaders’ style of guidance is non-functional thus inspiring and motivational, compared to the management style of functionally analyzing, evaluating and solving problems from a personal perspective. The leadership hierarchy restrains the flow of unnecessary information, poor policies of the firm, agendas that conflict governance as well as pressures for the need to conform. They are therefore entitled the tasks of providing overall directions (Crystal, 2010, p. 1). According to Pride et al (2009, p. 23), the issues of leadership have revolutionized due to diversification of performance groups, and this is why today’s leadership styles lacks many of the historical references. The leadership styles made over decades concerning the ability to hold top management positions have become obsolete. Today the top management positions and their functions are still in common usage, but current trends indicate some distinct discoveries concerning distinction between managers and leaders. The process of exercising leadership skills, styles and qualities has a different meaning over providing a vision and influencing those led. The managerial tasks have brought about realization of coexistence and sharing of thoughts among people who are working towards common goals. From the analytical or professional point of view, it is possible to define the leadership style of governance in two ways. The first definition falls under the ability to have considerations of various aspects in the organization such as age, gender, performance, and experience and energy differences, characterized by an emphasis over good relations. In this situation, the leader is a good listener who is approachable and friendly. This style entails openness thus enlisting the mental trust among those involved. Secondly is the ability to engage a leadership behaviour that directs an organization and assists in defining goals, structure and style of execution (Volmann et al, 2005, p.3). Characteristics of an effective leader A leader is able to perform various functions of the organizational such us selecting people to make up the organizational structure, units or segments that control the flow of information in and out of the organization. The leader must also have the
Karma is an ideological concept encountered in the Eastern regions, and it tends to explain actions that our good or bad deeds. Experiences are not the result of past actions only, but they can emanate from a natural event. Karma is beyond the implications of life, and bad life or activities can follow an individual to their next life. Therefore, an individual must cultivate good karma to avoid bad luck. For an individual to escape the cycle of rebirth, they must have good karma to attract a pleasant state. The types of karma that affect rebirth are moral habits, karmic conditioning, self-determination, and disability (Choi, 2018). The afflictions that propel rebirth in the wheel of existence are the teachings of new reality after death in a circumstance known as samsara. The three realms of rebirth are Deva (heavenly), Manusya (human), and Asura (demigod). Depending on the first life venture, an individual can have a rebirth of light or darkness. The Buddhist realm consists of spatial and temporal cosmology in realism. Temporal cosmology entails having a world existence with discrete moments, while spatial cosmology consists of an infinite world such as beauty or lifespan. The rebirth realms include the formless realm, the Arupa Bhumi, and the form realm. People have no physical cosmology in the formless realm because there is no location. Arupa Bhumi entails rebirth through a formless jhana in the previous life. It is also known as the sphere of nothingness (Choi, 2018). Its inhabitants have a location in the form realm, and their bodies are composed of subtle substances. The rebirth brings pleasure and a sense of belonging, but the realm lacks sexual distinction. The concept of liberation in Buddhism emanates from Nirvana or the cycles of rebirth. According to Buddhism, its beliefs are engulfed within the faith, spirituality, and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. It believes in truth, misery, the cause of misery, cessation of misery, and the path of cessation (Choi, 2018). The Gita is a conceived liberation, while moksha is the eternal seat beyond birth and death. Whenever someone is liberated, they are known to have no pain and are thought to be supreme perfectionists.
Research Context Nowadays, Dubai remains to be one of the regions where many crucial changes and improvements occur in almost every field. People use the results of the technological progress, recognize their needs and opportunities, and develop international relations at different levels. The Dubai police department is one of the spheres where considerable changes are observed. For example, in 2016, a certain contribution in the form of crime prediction software was defined. The implementation of software provides ordinary police officers with hope and assistance to recognize crimes and dangerous events before they happen. However, this idea has several pros and cons, and people continue discussing its worth and impact on the modern Dubai population. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the current state of affairs in the Dubai police department and clarify if any other innovation strategies could be offered to reach the required security level. Hypothesis In Dubai, much attention is paid to the technological factor. A human factor continues to be neglected. The examples taken from the American and British police departments show that additional training, the consideration of ethical aspects, and the necessity of cooperation may help police officers a lot. Dubai police officers should have a chance to improve their work. Research Question Is it possible for the representatives of the Dubai police department to combine the technological progress inherent to Dubai with a human factor that is frequently used in the work of the US and UK police officers to promote the creation of a new strategy with the help of which the country may reach a high level of security in 2020? Research Methods To answer this research question, a mixed research method should be used based on random sampling. First, it is necessary to gather the qualitative data and clarify the current achievements in the chosen police department. It is suggested to interview five to ten police officers and explain the conditions under which they have to work and devel
The Gantt chart is an important framework for designing a proper time plan when carrying out a certain project. Gantt chart can be defined as a tool for depicting a schedule graphically in the form of bars and lines, which lets stakeholders see the timeline of a project more clearly (Davis & Yen, 2019). Since the Gantt chart is generally a popular tool, it is used by numerous organizations operating in different spheres with an intention to have a better understanding of the time limits of their projects. For instance, the Gantt chart is useful for construction projects with deadlines and multiple contractors whose efforts must be coordinated. By using the Gantt chart, the construction managers can easily plan the schedule of the whole project and ensure efficient use of time. Gantt charts are also important in IT project management since they help to track activities that have to be performed to complete a project successfully. As a result, when implementing new solutions, IT managers can utilize Gantt charts to plan their actions more carefully. It is clear that Gantt charts are extremely convenient for keeping track of all vital activities related to work on a project. Gantt charts communicate a project timeline not only to the main individuals in charge of a certain project but to every stakeholder involved in it (Wager et al., 2017). In other words, Gantt charts show the precedence and order of tasks that have to be completed by their respective deadlines, as well as communication activities that can be undertaken simultaneously. Since Gantt charts graphically depict every task, managers have an opportunity to assess how much resources they will allocate to each one. Personally, I have used a Gantt chart once in my life when working on a joint project with my colleagues. The Gantt chart, which we were able to produce, helped us immensely, and we relied on it in order to track the development of our project. I am certain that in the future, I will implement Gantt charts on numerous occasions. Gantt charts have been used by people for over a hundred years since the first concept of such a chart was first introduced at the beginning of the 20 th century. Namely, Henry Gantt was the man who designed the first-ever schedule with the use of bar charts (Clark, 2019). The first Gantt charts were used widely by the U.S. Army during the first world war, but then gradually, the tool became more popular among businesses that also started featuring them. Nevertheless, Gantt charts experienced the most prominent proliferation during the 1980s when man
Introduction The use of rhetoric strategies and appeals, for example logos, ethos, together with pathos to lure customers to buy a company’s products or services is a practice that has been embraced by companies for a long time now. From big corporations to the not-so big ones, the benefits of this practice are invaluable. This is well demonstrated in the web page of the Double Cola Company, (www.double-cola.com), a web page that is committed to targeting and attracting the young audience of the high-end economic status. The aim of this paper is to highlight how Double Cola Company has incorporated these elements into its website as a measure of attracting customers. By carefully using rhetorical elements of logos, ethos and pathos, the web page is able to successfully able to target its audience. The web page www.double-cola.com is a well-crafted medium that presents various products of the Double Coca Company. This company was founded in 1922 in Chattanooga, Tennessee (“Why settle for the ordinary” par 1). The company has grown to become one of the leading providers of carbonated drinks in the United States and beyond her borders. Using rhetoric appeal, the web page conveys the company’s products as the ideal choice for the young and high-end or well-off consumer. Running down at the web page is a historic logo of a small boy with a big smile as he runs holding a large Double Cola bottle, which was then called the Jumbo Cola. This logo is an effective rhetorical element. Children are often associated with purity and innocence. Because small children have this characteristic, they are a trigger for the emotions of an audience, every audience, irrespective of age or any other demographic. This is an effective rhetorical element of pathos used by the web page. The objective of this image is to affect the target audience in a number of ways, which entirely center on emotion. A young person is bound to see the image and think about the boy carrying the giant sized bottle of Cola, and consider the carbonated drink to be the favorite drink of the boy. A young person is also bound to compare himself or herself with the young boy, and argue that since the boy is similar to him, he should get a Double Cola as well. An image of a young person skiing is also seen on the web page, demonstrating the energy that one can have by consuming the products of the company. The objective of this image is to trigger interest among the young people to compare themselves with the young person shown (“The Double Cola Company” par. 3). What is unique about the web page is its messages that are targeted to not just any ordinary consumer, but only to the high-end or rich consumer. The message for the Double Cola, for example, is “W