ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
For a long period of time now, human beings have always yearned to know more by exploration and conducting research. Over the past centuries, many new phenomena have been discovered by man and these have helped broaden the knowledge base in many disciplines. Many investigators have conducted systematic processes of searching knowledge which can be differentiated from other forms of research (McBride, 2009). Research refers to the systematic quest to establish the underlying facts in every phenomenon which may result in the acquisition of knowledge in the specified field (McBride, 2009). Virtually all disciplines like natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, and profession and applied sciences conduct research in order to advance the existing knowledge or discover new ways of solving problems in the respective fields. There are two common types of research, applied and basic research. Psychological research seeks to provide an understanding of human thought, emotions, as well as behavior (Dyer, 2005). This paper seeks to discuss the science of psychology which is one of the social sciences, explain the scientific method of research, differentiate between qualitative and quantitative data, and to describe the process of constructing a theory and how it can be tested. For any meaningful conclusion to be made, valid research approaches must be used. The science of psychology refers to the process of using scientific methods to investigate psychological phenomenon with an aim of drawing objective conclusions (Dyer, 2005). Applied research refers to the systematic process of investigation with an aim of discovering new facts, interpreting them, and the development of approaches and ways for the enhancement of human knowledge, especially on scientific concepts of the universe which we live in. This research aims at solving practical problems that man experiences. The use of scientific approaches by researchers can be regarded optional. In the field of psychology, applied research seeks to solve psychological problems facing human beings. They can be cognitive or overt behavior. Basic research, on the other hand, can be defined as the investigation conducted in pure science with an aim of increasing the existing scientific knowledge (McBride, 2009). It is different from applied research since it does not seek to solve the problems or phenomenon being explored. Basic research is theoretical in nature. In psychological research, for instance, basic research is conducted to enhance our understanding of how the human mind works as well as explain human behavior without the need to solve the practical problems that may be experienced in the same cognitive or behavioral aspects (Dyer
The history of humanity can be treated as an eternal flow of events, people, and their lives. This flow can have different forms, moods, dynamics; everything in the world changes, which is evident from the flashback to different contrastive epochs. However, despite the amorphous nature of the flow, there is a thing, which existed always, and which witnessed all the centuries with their wars and revolutions, achievements and failures, lives and deaths. Moreover, this thing did not only exist parallel to the history of humanity; it contributed a lot to its development. Unarguably, this essential thing is art. Indeed, art is one of the most ancient spheres of human activity. It is both the means of expression and of impression; it reproduces and creates new, it is both the reason and result. In fact, the merit of art for the humanity is hard to overestimate. However, the most curious thing about art is its connection to the reality. The interdependence of the two spheres is obvious; however, defining the concrete tendencies of correlation between the two stays a challenge for centuries. Does art just depict the reality? Or does it predict it? Should these two variables be connected at all? These questions are the matter of concern for many philosophers. One of them was Pablo Picasso, a person who did not only try to define the art and its connection to reality, but who participated in art development and is now recognized as one of the best artists. Picasso’s vision of art as a whole was based on the conception of contrast of truth and lie. The painter referred to art as to lie, which helped people to recognize the truth. However paradox it may sound, there is definitely a grain of truth in this statement. Being a cubist, Picasso new best that art is based on tricks, which can deceive the publics. However, this feature does not prove an impediment for art to be a tool of truth. Indeed, the idea of art as a lie can be justified easily, as art is not something real; even though the products of art are material, the ideas they convey are much deeper. Therefore, it is false to assume that a work of art is aimed at simply depicting or decorating something; such treatment would contradict to the very essence of art as an instrument of creation. From this point of view, art cannot be seen as a true mean of depicting the reality. It should be better seen as a very subjective presentation of reality. Actually, when analyzing the interdependence of art and reality there should be one more va
In England, the Reformation was prepared by the national and political opposition against Rome and the social resistance of secular classes against the clergy. At the same time, the religious discontent with Catholicism was weak at the first stages in England. The dislocation towards the government of the papal curia and the rule of the clergy were manifested in parliament yet were restrained by the royal authority, which wanted to remain in union with the church. While various persons such as Thomas Cromwell, Queen Elizabeth I, William Tyndale, and others significantly promoted the English Reformation, the paramount contribution was made by Henry VIII, who secured England as a Protestant nation. When the Reformation began, Henry VIII, who was distinguished by great self-will and cruelly in punishing people he disliked, reigned in England. His marriage with Catherine of Aragon was concluded in the era of the union of England with Spain against France. However, the English king had no male children and was in love with the maid of his wife, Anne Boleyn, whom he wanted to marry. The papal refusal to allow divorce and remarriage irritated Henry VIII, and he expressed displeasure against the papacy and the clergy both in parliament and the nation. The English clergy divorced the king with his first wife and allowed his marriage to Anna Boleyn. 1 This was followed by a number of parliamentary statutes, which partially abolished the rights of the pope in England, and the king was declared the head of the English (or Anglican) church according to a special Act of Supremacy. As the king, Henry VIII had several cardinals whose advice and actions largely affected the Reformation. Thomas Woolsey became his secretary and manager of cardinal estates, whose most famous deed in this capacity was the abolition of small monasteries. After the death of Woolsey, Thomas More, who was far from seeing the papal throne as the only authoritative organ of the universal church, became the key adviser. He understood that an ecumenical council with the power to displace and appoint the pope if necessary was the most adequate expression of the church community, by which all Christians were meant. 2 More did not oppose the higher organs of the church to each other and argued that the church needed both of them. The mentioned person considered the supreme authority of the Church through the prism of a more general idea characteristic of the political and religious idea of ​​the unity and harmony of the whole Christian world. Thus, the motivation of both Woolsey and More was associated with humanism and the unity of Christendom. Disappointed in More, Henry VIII found Thomas Cromwell, who helped him to resist the pope more effectively. Cromwell had his own interests in the evolution of the Reformation. He was a Protestant and saw in the king’s desire to cancel marriage the key to ending the primacy of the pope over England. Cromwell regarded the mentioned opportunity as the only way to break with Rome. To King Henry, this idea
Introduction Ethical working conditions are an increasingly critical topic in the present environment where the escalating accidents are caused by negligence which arises from various factors especially at work places and businesses. As such, the accidents in many cases might be small, however they may lead to life threatening consequent to disfigurement and even death. Notwithstanding, the existence of many causes of accidents is inevitable to be considered. Any business undertaking a fundamental policy that attends to safety matter ought to consider the ethical perspective for instance smoking, ergonomics, provision of space for other activities and flow of work. Ethical consideration in workplaces, encompassing, restaurants, bars, and hotels are critical places with regard to advancing the health and ethical measures for all citizens (HRM guide 2011). This topic comes at a time when the New York state policymakers enacted a law that would regulate anti-smoking in the State. This puts New York among the top position in ranking states with regard to banning smoking places at workplaces. California and Delaware had initially undertaken the same undertaken the same measure at restaurants, bars and hotels. Within a twinkle of an eye, the New York’s bill passage, positioning the State as a smoking controlled zone. Literature review Every employee has a right to work in a safe place free from polluted air and enhanced of comfort. In any organisation, effective ethical consideration is key and comes with rejuvenated energy to propel the staff and management into higher levels of productivity. When they have figured out exactly what they are to undertake at every step of their performance. In essence, any form of communication between the enterprise associates is designed to bring improved performance or satisfactory tasks undertaking (or working conditions) to all stakeholders of the company. Such conduct of measures ensures regulated controls and enhances the relationship between the internal stakeholders as well as the external stakeholders. Working conditions right to a safe work place, employers have a duty to provide a positive working environment. Safety encompasses reduced risks of accidents. According to deontological theory, it is ethical to undertake an activity that has an impact in the health of anybody regardless of the company one is working. On a closer look at the ethical perspective, with regard to privacy ethics at work, it falls that this is, natural moral, law that one may be reluctant to resist. However, the same theory advances that it is an intuition from common sense and one ought to show responsibility towards each other’s health (Brainbench 2003). Again, the privacy or rather freedom given to each one of him or her
Adaption is any alteration in the structure or performance of a creature that makes it more appropriate to its immediate environment (Keller et al., 2009). Every creature is adapted to an environment in its own unique way. It is through adaptation that living things can live in diverse environments. By means of natural selection, animals and plants have managed to evolve by the process of adaptation. Through adaptation, organism’s traits deemed healthy are passed over to the next generation by natural selection. Through this process, nature allows those organisms that possess healthy traits to survive while eliminating those with undesirable qualities. Among these organisms are the giraffes. The giraffes have been able to adapt to overpopulation that result in limited strategic resources (Keller et al., 2009). Several theories have been developed to explain how the giraffe’s neck evolved. Among these theories are the Lamarck theory and Darwin’s theory (Hodge, 2008). In Lamarck’s view, the ancestors of the modern giraffes were like the modern antelopes and gazelles. Faced by competition for food, the giraffes needed to adapt to browsing the leaves on top of trees. Because of the constant strain to reach these leaves, the giraffe’s neck stretched overtime resulting in its modification to fit the changing environment (Hodge, 2008). Thus, the Lamarckian theory affirms that the giraffe’s long neck resulted from the constant stretching in the attempt to access the higher foliage. The Lamarckian theory asserts that the long-necked giraffes with time faced out the short-necked giraffes as they got less food. The lack of fossils to substantiate the Lamarckian theory has led to the adoption of the Darwin’s theory (Hodge, 2008). Darwin’s theory asserts that the giraffes long physique and stretched out neck were adapted for browsing on higher tree branches (Darwin et al., 1996). Due to competition from other hoofed animals inhabiting the savannahs, the giraffes became better adapted during the dry seasons when the foliage supply is less. Similarly, Darwin’s theory argues that the giraffes consisted of the long necked and short-necked giraffes. Darwin suggested that through natural selection, the short-necked giraffes faced a lot of competition from hoofed grazers while the long-necked giraffes face little or no competition. By reaching the taller trees, the long-necked giraffes maintained a good nutrition resulting in healthier offspring. On the other hand, the short-necked giraffes gave birth to unhealthy offs
Abstract Poverty causes many developmental challenges for infants. Family instability and the lack of proper care are common exposures for infants who live in poverty. This paper argues that increased parental care and positive attachment behaviors are key protective factors that may mediate the impact of these negative effects on infant growth. Based on this background, this paper proposes that sensitizing parents about the negative effects of poor parental care is a micro intervention that could mediate the negative developmental challenges of living in poverty. It also proposes that providing income support programs and encouraging mothers to allow their children to participate in social groups are plausible macro and mezzo interventions for mediating the impact of these negative effects on infant growth. Introduction Poverty is a social, economic, and political problem in many societies. Hanson et al. (2013) add that it is a significant public health concern for many emerging and developed economies around the world. More than 15 million children in the United States (US) live in families, or households, that have incomes, which are below the federal poverty line (National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families, 2011). The table below shows the current poverty threshold for low-income families of two, three, and four people in America. Table 1: Federal Poverty Level. A family of  Federal Poverty Level  Low income Two          $14,570                $29,140    Three        $18,310                $36,620    Four         $22,050                $44,100     The current population of children living below the poverty line in America translates to more than 20% of the child population (Hanson et al., 201
Introduction Psychology is a very broad area that covers various aspects of human life. Correctional psychology is a branch of psychology which works on the principle of applying psychology as a means of correcting behavior in a correctional setting through processes like rehabilitation, treatment among others. Correctional psychology is under forensic psychology which is a field that utilizes psychological procedures in the justice system. Forensic psychology is an area that is practiced by a variety of persons in their work for instance researchers, correctional psychologists and clinical psychologists. Personnel in the criminal justice system with vast knowledge on psychology may also practice it in their duties. This paper gives a detailed discussion on correctional psychology covering aspects like the personality inventories used in selection of correction psychologist, duties and activities of a correctional psychologist and the challenges faced, the career opportunities in the field of correctional psychology as well as the goal of incarceration and challenges faced by the correctional psychologists in their activities and practices. Three Personality Inventories Used For Correctional Psychologist Selection and Their Validity The psychologist’s role in the personnel selection process is not far-reaching. Most of the applicants are not usually qualified and some have different interests where they come with the opposite perception of the job taking it as that of a police officer rather than the underrated routine and neglected role of a correctional officer. The psychologist is however charged with the responsibility of screening correctional officer applications in terms of mental competency by ensuring that the candidates do not suffer from any mental illness which may make them incapable of dealing with the stressing conditions that surrounds a correctional psychologist. There are various pe
Shift work is a useful way for police officers to organize their time efficiently. However, one should state that various shift lengths differently affect such individuals. The video by The Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy (n.d.) offers the study results regarding the influence of 8-, 10-, and 12-hour shifts on police officers. Thus, 8-hour schedules imply essential disadvantages, including overtime and absenteeism, while 12-hour shifts make individuals feel more fatigue (The Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, n.d.). Simultaneously, 10-hour shifts imply significant benefits related to more sleep, reduced fatigue, fewer injuries, and increased quality of life (The Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, n.d.). This evidence stipulates that various shift lengths imply different outcomes for police officers. However, the current scheduling principles reveal that not all policing organizations use the information above. Cox et al. (2019) insist that 8-hour shifts remain typical in the industry. The information above demonstrates that this trend is not productive because scientific evidence reveals the benefits of 10-hour shifts. According to Cox et al. (2019), some departments reconsider their scheduling approaches and implement longer working hours. This information indicates that the current trends in shift work are to avoid using 8-hour shifts. If I were a supervisor in a local police department, I would not welcome the idea that seniority should be the top priority in determining shifts. On the one hand, it is so because equality is significant, while its absence can lead to some officers’ decreased job satisfaction. On the other hand, I would highlight the disadvantages of this approach by stating that this approach could influence officers’ performance. According to the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy (n.d.), officers’ performance and well-being can significantly depend on the time of the day when they work. It means that if senior officers, for example, choose day working hours, junior officers can have to work at night, which will worsen their performance. I would use this reasoning to explain why seniority-based shifts are not the best option.
Peculiarities of the Change Process End of the Change Process At the end of the change process, the alteration is put into action. It can be observed through the behavior of the employees, the improvement of the activities managed by the organization and workflows. Steps for Moving Forward If the organization wants to move forward, it should follow several steps:   * Bring out a detailed description of the expected outcomes;   * Understand what needs to be improved and focus on this issue;   * Decide what is already achieved;   * Find out when the organization has reached similar success;   * Make a new step forward;   * Examine the results;   * Identify the further change. Documentation/tracking of the Change Process The alterations are to be tracked with the help of a change management system. The change process is conducted to improve the current situation. That is why as soon as it reaches the end, the effect is to be seen. Then the employees are to keep to new stands and continue working according to the new plan as this is the only way not to lose what was gained (Elearn, 2007). According to the FORWARD-model, the change process consists of 7 steps. During the first one, the organization should evaluate current condition and decide what is to be enhanced. They may need to solve some problem or want to improve something good even more. Then they should discuss what they want to get eventually, what will be different and what advantages the change will bring. During the third stage, the organization is to assess the current state. Thus, nothing will be overlooked, and the employees will get involved. They may also find out what should be done to make progress. The next step is meant to identify when they achieved some success in the past (what went right, what was done, etc.). Then they are to see whether the actions that helped earlier can improve the situation today and to monitor these results. They will understand what can be used during the change process and in what way. Finally, the organization will realize what change is to be made further and when they will not need to alter something more (Visser & Bodien n.d.). To review the change process one can refer to the change tracking system, where it is documented. The change is documented “when the change initiator has completed the required level of technical verification and completes a change request” (Cisco Systems, 2008). As a rule, there is a particular template for the change plan document. Facilitating Change in an Organization The Most Important Thing Learned I believe that the most important thing I have learned is the fact that the outcome