ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the provided subjective and objective information to diagnose and develop a management plan for the patient in the case study. The paper intends to apply national diabetes guidelines to the management plan. The mastery of SOAP note writing will also be demonstrated. Assessment Primary Diagnosis Type 2 diabetes mellitus (E11.9) Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes is an endocrine and metabolic disorder that arises due to acquired resistance to insulin action or loss of function of pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin, which is responsible for the metabolism of glucose. Inadequate regulation of blood sugar levels causes hyperglycemia that often leads to the manifestation of the classical symptoms of diabetes mellitus, including include polyphagia, polyuria, and polydipsia (Qureshi et al., 2017). Pertinent positive findings The patient reports that she has experienced increased fatigue for the last 12 weeks. She has also gained weight disproportionately despite her efforts to exercise. She also experiences extreme thirst and hunger after exercise, which complicates her weight loss process. The patient also reports that she urinates frequently at night as well as during the day. Therefore, the patient presents with the classical symptoms of diabetes mellitus: polyphagia, polyuria, and polydipsia, which confirms this diagnosis (Acuna, Labinson, & McDermott, 2017). Additionally, the laboratory tests are indicative of type 2 diabetes. For example, the urinalysis shows glycosuria, whereas the blood glucose level is elevated at 130mg/dl, which is a symptom of hyperglycemia. Hemoglobin A1C level is 6.8 %, which is a symptom of type 2 diabetes (Chatterjee, Khunti, & Davies, 2017). Normal levels of glycated hemoglobin should be 5.7% and below, whereas hemoglobin A1C between 5.7% and 6.4% show prediabetes (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2018). Pertinent negative findings Urine tests are the most reliable way of detecting ketones and microalbumin. The urinalysis did not indicate the presence of ketones or protein, which are usually present in
Introduction Today many people get surprised that a country that is increasingly getting wealthier in not able to get employment for its own young men and women. In fact, Saudi Arabia is wealthier than normal. This comes at a time when the prices of oil have been high for the last couple of years. The Kingdom finances continue significantly to rely on the oil incomes, and the economy in overall below the intended level. However, right from the year 1998, the prices of oil have fundamentally accounted to a substantial amount of the government budget for the country’s fiscal year, and the steps being implemented to suppress the deficit from growing dramatically have been undertaken to an extent. The effect has nonetheless passed through to the economy in general; however, the public and private sector have expressed increasing interest (Holdsworth Paul 2). On analysis of the country’s economic trend with reference to the Gross Domestic Product, in 1998, the country had a 7.5 per cent increase to a GDP of $144 billion nominal GDP, quite proportionate to the Real GDP. The increase resulted from a balanced integration of increased oil prices, escalating government expenditure, and the progression in the non-oil private sector, which contributed about 35% of the GDP, an indication that the country’s government attempts to diversify the economic activity, is on the right trend (Ugo and Rishi 4). To be precise, the present price is approximately $60 a barrel and the Saudi Kingdom is recording revenues of about $480 million each day. According to the government expenditure, the allocation for education, manpower and health amounts to about 37.5% of the government budget. To this end, it is quite clear that money cannot solve the unemployment challenge because it still exists. To a worse end, the rate of unemployment is rising at an ala
De Certeau and Morris have different ideas on culture. de Certeau (1989) in “Walking in the City” presents how people conduct themselves in the everyday life. He gives the ordinary activities people engage in as significant in the people’s unconscious struggle in a structured life where power is exerted by those who make the structures. Morris (1991) on the other hand in “Banality in cultural studies” examines the studies of culture as potentially influenced by constraints of the means of cultural study. Morris’s (1991) examination uses for example the discussion of culture in media as what might be more trivial than the culture in question. The discussion of everyday life when looked at critically will be subject to people’s interpretation of culture itself. De Certeau continues to show how structures of power and institutions use strategies to achieve their goals (1984). On the other hand, people employ tactics in a bid to secure themselves room to define their environments which can often be influenced by the structures. To de Certeau (1984) the “city” representative of culture and life is seen as “a concept” which is a creation of the power bodies. These assert wholeness and try to make meaning of the city through items like maps. These maps however do not reflect the reality on the ground for those whole walk around in the city. They can not fully control the choices that people make in regards to the items. Morris (1991) on the other hand through her anecdotes looks at how media by churning the same things on culture makes the contradictions in culture seem trivial and raises serious doubt its studies. de Certeau’s idea is the roles of structures and the people while Morris examines the attention given to the study of culture.
Abstract This paper aims at examining the power of big media and the role of technological changes in media during the last twenty years. By using scholarly sources, the chosen theme is thoroughly analyzed and communicated. It is necessary to give a definition to the term “big media” and explain television, radio, and the press as the main representatives of the media industry. The goals of big media include the introduction of information, including news, interviews, and opinions of different people. Being controlled by the government and different political bodies, media has its power over people, including manipulation and control. Technological changes between the 2000s and the 2020s have significantly changed the way of how people use and perceive media. If television and radio programs become available, and people could find the necessary material quickly with the help of the Internet, the print media (the press) has been challenged by the same technologies. The paper shows that the power of big media cannot be ignored today, but the impact of technologies proves that the development is permanent, with its crucial but unpredictable contributions to the media industry. Introduction In the modern world, people cannot imagine a day living without media. The power of the media landscape cannot be ignored, and its development is evident regarding current technological changes and unpredictable consumer demands. Compared to Internet sources, television, radio, and the press are the main examples of mainstream media that influence society and represent general beliefs and opinions (Cambridge University Press, n.d.). Big media have the power that is not always easy to recognize and comprehend, but its consequences on human life remain significant. Therefore, researchers pay much attention to the pro
Introduction Culture implies different things to different groups. For example, anthropologists define culture as the way people live. Others define it as the system that incorporates the biological and technical behaviors of community within their verbal and nonverbal systems. NASW (2001) defined culture as “the integrated pattern of human behavior that includes thoughts, communication, actions, customs, beliefs, values; and the institutions of a racial, ethnic, religious or social group” (NASW, 2001, 1). It is the totality of behavior passed from one generation to the other. Intercultural awareness campaigns try to figure out how people understand each other irrespective of their cultural differences (NASW 2000). 21 st century living is described as a multicultural society in a global village. Therefore, one may ask, what kind of communication and interactions are required to create a climate of respect, diversity tolerance with unified common goals? More so, one may wish to find out whether it is possible for neighbors to embrace their cultural differences (NASW, 2007). Bennet outlined a great scenario on how a group of primates gathered around a bonfire would fight or take off on the sight of another group of primates heading to their fire place. This is exactly how it happens even to the more advanced primates Homo sapiens. Arguably, our ancestors avoided people from other cultures in the best way they could. If all measures to avoid their interactions were unsuccessful, they opted for other measures such as converting them into their way of life. Those who became stubborn to assimilations were ripped out of existence through killing; there is evidence of genocide from the history. Therefore, dealing with cultural differences, understanding it, embracing it and respecting it is vital to intercultural awareness and especially communication (Bennet 1998). Intercultural Perspective Understanding objective culture is very different to understanding a foreign culture. There exist perspectives, which view that learning about other cultures, their social, economic, political way of life, their linguistics, arts and so forth are sufficient to understand culture. However, there are professors, in such sectors as linguistics, who still are unable to communicate with people from that particular community irrespective of how broad their knowledge is. Understanding objective culture merely adds knowledge about the foreign culture but does not generate much cultural competence. On the other hand, understanding phenomenological features that define a group, and the way the group reasons and behaves will mark a step to identifying with the culture of that group. It is defined as subjective culture. Subjective culture is defined by Bennet (1998) as “the learned and shared patterns of beliefs, behaviors, and values of groups of interacting people” (p. 1). This type of perspective is said to be more likely to lead to intercultural competence. However, it requires understanding objective culture to understand subjective culture and to have social
Today’s world is very complex, diverse, and dynamic; it is continually undergoing profound and multidimensional changes and transformations. Humanity is constantly deprived of outdated forms of social life and acquires new, more effective ones. However, this progress is not unambiguous as it is characterized by both upward and downward trends. Often there is trampling on the spot, moving in circles with a repetition of what has been done and a return to the ascending base. In this regard, the problem of the direction of the movement, the development of society as a whole, or its spheres becomes particularly relevant. The question of the individual, his or her essence, and the social perspective associated with it occupies a central place in contemporary world social thought. When we talk about the human dimension of the social perspective, we mean the human being as a dimensional component of society. This concept is penetrating to varying degrees the entire social space, rather than being a standard measure, to which the entire social and scientific thought is accustomed. Social reality, which acts as a manifestation of peculiar integrity of interaction between the cognitive and transformative activity of society, includes an essential component of social being – the human being. Man is the center of all components of the human prospect, which should be considered as an anthropo-socio-cultural phenomenon that determines the change of society. Man is the core but not in the sense of the creator of society and history, but above all in the existential, ontological sense. In this case, the man himself is that socio-natural space, which sets the spatial, temporal, and qualitative parameters of society with its present existence. Therefore, in the study of the human prospect, the question inevitably arises: how and in what form does the human universe determine the prospect? The need for food initially determined the economic and industrial structure of society. It is the basis on which branch spheres of human economic activity began to appear: agriculture with plant growing and animal breeding. Further on there were branches on the processing of agricultural production. All this logically generated (and generates) other social formations connected with the mentioned types of activity: ethnocultural, territorial communities, social, and professional groups. Receiver-sensory characteristics of a person – color vision, peculiarities of hearing determined (of course, along with other factors) social spheres of artistic and cultural activity (painting, music). The structure of society in the form of groups and communities is also determined by the spatial limitations and the relative physical weakness of an individual human being, which inevitably encourages him or her to make contact and cooperate with others for survival. Proceeding from the latter, it is possible to assume that the political structures of society
The best indicator for determining the effectiveness of any healthcare system is the medical outcomes and experiences of the targeted patients. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is the latest law that continues to restructure various aspects of the United States’ medical sector. Healthcare professionals should be informed about every emerging change in this field to meet the demands of different people. This paper uses the ACA to describe and discuss the present and future roles of nurses in different areas, including care delivery, leadership, and patient safety. Selected Health Care Law The issue of reform in the field of healthcare remains contentious in the United States. The successful enactment of the ACA in 2010 became a turning point for the sector since it presented additional benefits to both physicians and patients (Murray, 2019). Some of the changes included the provision of medical insurance cover to more citizens, allowing young citizens to remain on their parents’ medical plans for additional years, expanding the adoption of pay-for-performance procedures, and eliminating inappropriate practices in medical practice. These changes have empowered and made it possible for more people to record positive health outcomes. Effect on Nursing Practice The introduction of the ACA has transformed the field of nursing practice positively. For instance, more practitioners are required to collaborate with their clinicians, leaders, and physicians in order to maximize patients’ experiences, reduce sentinel events, and provide high-quality care. These attributes are informed by the concept of pay-for-performance since any form of malpractice will result in Medicare non-payment. Many professionals in nursing are, therefore, considering additional models, procedures, and theories that have the potential to improve care delivery. Similarly, nurses have unique responsibilities and roles in accordance with the ACA (Edmonds, Campbell, & Gilder, 2016). Firstly, practitioners are expected to form cohesive teams that can result in excellent care delivery. Secondly, every nurse should develop a powerful philosophy for coordinating healthcare activities, leading others, solving problems, and minimizing sentinel events. Thirdly, nurses have a responsibility to involve all patients and their respective family members to ensure that personalized medical services are available in different hospitals. Quality and Pay-for-Performance: Roles and Responsibilities Quality measures have become an integral part of the ACA, such as patient safety, patient outcomes, and the effectiveness of every insurance system. Nurses are currently being guided to engage in continuous learning, embrace emerging concepts, and promote the concept of evidence-based practices. Many policymakers embrace the ACA since it supports the idea of pay-for-performance. Hospitals and medical professionals that promote specified improvements to maximize patients’ medical experiences eventu
Executive Summary 21 st century is like no other. With rapidly technological advancement, managers of corporate organizations are set to meet more challenges related to how technological can be integrated into the management process. This implies that management skills are fundamental to meeting the challenges that corporate organizations are likely to meet in the operation process. This report examines, in detail, the challenges that 21 st century managers and executives are likely face in their organizations. The challenges identified in the report include global shortage of talents, brand management for employers and the need to manage multicultural multinational organizations. The report also delves in discussing the fundamental skills that the managers and executives of the 21 st century need to be equipped with so that they are able to position their organizations at a competitive level in the global business sphere. The skills discussed in the report include interpersonal communication skills, ability to manage organizational changes that emanate both externally and internally, strategic and visionary manager and having global perspectives for both national and multinational corporations. The conclusion part of the report offers a summary of the whole content of the report. Also, there is the recommendation part that offers a number of suggestions on what should further be done about the subject of management skills in the 21 st century. Introduction The 21 st century can be described an information age where information technology is very crucial of running day-to-day business operations (Gabbard & Ross 2004). Management concerns business issues and activities taking place within an organization; it is about people being organized so as to achieve common goals and objectives. Management is consisted of planning, directing, organizing, staffing and exerting control of a given organization (Garces &Chua 1992). Since an organization can be seen as a system, management can also be described as human action which entails design, to smooth the progress of production of positive outcomes from a given system. In order to achieve these, it is important that one must have management skills that fit with the demands of the 21 st century. Noteworthy is the fact that the 21 st century has come with various management challenges that managers need to grapple with; the challenges have arisen due to globalization where business corporations are strategically going global and hence the need for enhanced management skills that meet the challenges head on. In view of these, this paper will examine management skills that are
Introduction Behavioral psychology is the study of how behavior is guided by conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. This field argues that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning of some kind that can take the form of association or reward and punishment through the association of behavior and the consequences it results to. (Zaibert, 2006) Main body Positive reinforcement is of operant conditioning that involves the observation of behavior then a reward is offered to encourage the behavior. However, the timing of the reward is important in determining how fast the reinforced behavior will be acquired and also has an effect on the strength of the response. Positive reinforcement is therefore an attempt to make the given behavior adopted and used over and over. It’s also meant to have the effect of attaching the given behavior with the good consequences it results in and thus seek its repetition to be rewarded. In the process of repeating the behavior the individual gets accustomed to that behavior and does not reinforce it anymore. An example of this is when a student is rewarded for passing in a given subject as they will perform better in under get more rewards. Another example is when a student is given a gift by the parent for having done some work well. (Rang, 2003) Negative reinforcement on the other side is the conditioning that may be unconscious but which leads to the take-up of the undesired behavior, especially in children. In this, the aspect of timing also applies and it results in the occurrence of the undesired time and time again. An example is a drunkard parent who is very generous to the children when he is drunk. The effect is that the children associate the drinking habit with generosity. The other is in a case where a parent for one reason or the other steals something; the child takes up the behavior due to the parent’s influence. (Zaibert, 2006) Positive punishment is the negative reward that is given in an attempt to discourage a given behavior and encourage the desired one. An example of this is beating a child who steals something and forces him/her to return the stolen item. (Zaibert, 2006) Negative punishment is the case where the reward given is not encouraging a good act or discouraging a bad one but results in confusion of the good and the bad. An example of this is when a child who has not met the set targets but has done well enough is beaten up. This often is done by parents with psychological problems. (Zaibert, 2006) A case that undesirable behavior is reinforced unconsciously is when a parent who drinks is known by the children to be good and generous when drunk. The children, therefore, associate the drinking habit with generosity and good nature. The consequences are that the children take up and grow to become drunkards due to having attached it to the good generous nature. The ways of avoiding the wrong behavior are by rewarding or punishment in good timing. The other way is by doing the behavior that you are enforcing as a role model, especially towards children. (Rang, 2003)