ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Changing Views on Counseling Theories Counseling theories have played a great role in increasing understanding of the behavioral patterns of people, and the importance of counseling in treating psychological problems of people. My views on counseling theories have been changing over the duration I have been learning them. When I first started the counseling class, there are a number of issues that I did not understand about counseling and theories related to it. I thought that counseling was more related to art than science. For this reason, I failed to look at some of the theories of counseling from scientific approach. However, this has changed drastically over the time I have taken to study these theories and how they are used by practitioners in this field. Some of the theories of counseling that I have taken keen note of since I started learning these theories are Adlerian theory and Behavioral theory of psychology. My views on these two theories have changed over time. This research focuses on the Behavioral Theory. This change is attributed to the increased level of knowledge I currently have on this field. Behavioral Theory attracted my attention since I started learning about counseling theories. It was interesting to have an explanation on why some people behave the way they do. I believed then, that this theory would help me explain some of the factors that would make an individual reason irrationally. Choosing the Same Theory As mentioned above, Behavioral-counseling theory has been my preferred choice of dealing with psychological problems in clients. According to Chan (2004), cognitive behavioral therapy has been of great importance in this field. This scholar notes that this theory has helped in enhancing Adlerian theory, which is also very popular. This is especially so when dealing with behavioral problems of people. Such problems like anxiety, relationship problems, sleeping difficulties, depression, and substance abuse are easily solved through behavioral therapy. This theory works from the perspective of changing the attitude because it is the attitude that will always define the behavioral pattern of an individual. Having learnt a number of other theories, I would still chose Behavioral theory as my preferred theory of helping psychologically troubled individuals. My increased knowledge on this and other theories of psychology has strengthened my resolve on the fact that cognitive behavioral therapy can enable counselors help patients suffering from psychological problems. For instance, depression is known to be one of the most dangerous psychological problems that can result into massive physiological problems. Chan (2004) observes that depression is known to affect the hypothalamus in the brain, which affects the release of various hormones into the blood. If this is not corrected in time, such effect can result into massive damage of the brain, causing mental problems to the patient. A number of theories have been put forth to help explain how this condition can be dealt with in order to avoid the possibility of a patient g
A brief history of the topic’s subject matter The early settlement in the lower territory of Mississippi resulted in the establishment of the first prison in Natchez that housed Felon, around 1789. The completion of a centralized prison, which was later called “The Walls”, came fifty years later. The prison was built with inmate labor and had a capacity of housing approximately 200 inmates. Initially, during the opening of the new prison, twenty-eight prisoners were placed, but later in 1852, the prison started experiencing overcrowding. The population of inmates increased hitting a high of 220 inmates. The inmate labor force was utilized in wood harvest, cotton bagging, to manufacture hemp and bale rope, and course-cotton fabrics. The prison was later converted into a munitions plant, but in May 1863, it was taken over by Sherman’s Federal Army. Architects in 1866, reported that the prison could comfortably house one hundred and thirty state inmates. During the same year, and in pursuant of a legislative act, the penitentiary was leased as a bond for fourteen years to J.W. Young and Company. This move was reported by Governor B. J. Humpries, and it was meant to accelerate the rehabilitation of the prison. In 1894, new sites were purchased through legislature appropriation of $ 125, 000. The state prisoners moved to the new sites immediately. In 1900, there was another legislature appropriation of $80, 000 for the Parchman Plantation purchase. The plantation was situated in Sunflower County, and it was 3,789 acres in size. In the year 1901, after building four stockades at Parchman, state prisoners were taken there to start land clearing and preparation for crop cultivation. As a result, the state penitentiary was dubbed “the prison without walls” due to its unique detached configuration of the camps. There was an intervention by the Northern District of Mississippi United States District Court, on February 8, 1971, in the landmark case of Gates vs. Collier. The key issues of the suit were; racial segregation of inmates, use of corporal punishment, punishment of inmates, poor medical care for inmates, poor shak
Introduction Crimes are omnipresent and are part of how contemporary society functions. Despite many advancements in technology and economics, the presence of felonies and misdemeanors has not vanished. Crimes exist because of various social issues, and by addressing these societal problems, such as drug use and gender inequality, criminal justice professionals may decrease overall crime rates. This paper will explore drug use, recidivism, and domestic violence as critical issues that criminal justice specialists are facing. Drug Use and the Role of Gender Substance abuse is one of the most significant challenges of contemporary society. It is ubiquitous, and persons of all ages engage in this unfavorable activity. Despite being illegal, drug trafficking and distribution are not declining. The profitability of the business has led many individuals to commit crimes. The majority of people test positive for drugs when they are taken into custody, which suggests that substance use contributes to crime rates (Buccelli et al., 2016). Criminal justice professionals are faced with a dilemma – on the one hand, legalizing drugs would decrease its profitability and attractiveness for aspiring outlaws. On the other hand, legalization will imminently increase the availability of drugs, thus contributing to consumption rates. It is not possible to predict how crime rates would react to such changes in legislation. The challenge is exacerbated by the lack of knowledge about the role of gender in this context. Researchers suggest that interventions designed for male drug users may not be suitable for female criminals (Buccelli et al., 2016). Therefore, criminal justice professionals should engage in sophisticated research in order to devise an appropriate solution. Recidivism Most crimes are committed by individuals that previously faced criminal charges. Repeating a crime after receiving punishment is called recidivism, and it is of significant concern for criminal justice professionals (Spruit et al., 2017). To address the challenge, most states have adopted the Three-strikes law, which ensures that a person who commits three serious crimes serve
Introduction Ocean acidification is a process that is arrived at when an approximated 79 million carbon dioxide tons are released on a daily basis into the atmosphere (National Research Council, 2010). This release is not caused by the burning of fossil fuel only, but also as a result of deforestation and cement production. Since the industrial revolution started, about a third of the carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities has found its way into the world oceans, the main moderators of climate change (Garrison, 2009). By oceans moderating the changes in climate, the atmospheric carbon dioxide is reduced as well as the global warming consequences. Though the ocean acidification impacts are still not well known, the process is known to cause slow organism growth with the formation of skeletons or shells that are calcareous, like the mollusks and corals (Doney et al, 2008). Discussion Carbon, like other elements, circulates in chemical forms that are different and between the well known different parts that encompass the earths system. These different parts constitute the oceans, biosphere, and the atmosphere. The carbon cycle constitutes the inorganic carbon fluxes, like carbon dioxide, and the organic form, like the complex carbohydrates and sugar found in the biosphere (Fabry et al, 2008). Human activities, in a time span that tends to be very short, use the fossil fuels, or rather an old carbon reservoir, which accumulated for millions of years, enabling the creation of a carbon dioxide that is massive and new. The oceans can assist in moderating global warming through mitigation of the carbon dioxide flux that is additional, but this has its own consequences. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it either gets used through physiological processes, or through photosynthesis, or it can remain free in the various forms it gets itself dissolved in water (Garrison, 2009). Ocean acidification takes a chemical process through a constant exchange that occurs between the atmosphere and the oceans’ upper layers (National Research Council, 2010). Because nature strives to achieve equilibrium, the carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere and in the ocean have to be equal. Thus, in order to be equal, the atmospheric carbon dioxide suspends in the surface waters of the oceans. There is a dramatic change that is generated in the chemistry of sea water when carbon dioxide gets dissolved in the ocean (Fabry et al, 2008). Once in water, it reacts with the molecules of water (H2O), thus forming carbonic acid (H2CO3), which is a weak acid. When this acid is formed, most of it dissociates into two forms: hydrogen ions (H+) and HCO3- (bicarbonate ions). When the H+ ions increase in the ocean, the PH, which is the acidity measure, is reduc
History as we know only consists of the conclusions of previous historians and documentation. Whether we accept these conclusions as valid representation of the past is our own choice, and the past holds us responsible to evaluate it justly. This essay explores some of the historiography available thus on the racial prejudices that faced Americans of Japanese origins during the Second World War. Although the WW II was a vital event to the American history, its repercussions on the American citizens is often swept under the rug of historical radar. The stories of the Japanese -Americans, as told by twenty-first century historians vary in focus and content (Chang 2). The association between Americans and Japanese began in the late 1941 when Japan initiated an attack on the United States Naval base in Hawaiian island of Oahu forcing the US into the 2 nd world war. The Japanese attack cost US 170 airplanes and about 4000 American lives. Following this attack, the then U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order on February 1942 fearing that the Americans of Japanese origin would assist the enemy (Japan). The order permitted the state agencies to move thousands of Americans of Japanese origin into isolated zones where they became virtually incarcerated. In the same year, the United State’s War Relocation Authority set up relocation centers in six states for Americans of Japanese origin to settle during this period. The most famous of these relocation centers was the Manzanar relocation center which was situated near Lone, California (Wakatsuki 1). In this historical paper, I will argue that the current stories asserting that racial science and eugenics are not exclusively Nazi anti-Semitic ideology, but rather a more complex transnational and multifaceted context in which these sciences must be considered. This essay will emphasize on racial discrimination towards Japanese Americans in the United States during the 2 nd World War which led to the creation of 442 nd Regiment Combat Team (Comprising of Japanese American soldiers). The subject of racial identity is strong because these Japanese fought for America against their native country even after facing racial prejudice in the U.S (Chang 2-3). Jean Wakatsuki’s account In her memoir “Farewell to Manzanar “published in the early 70s, Jean Wakatsuki describes the lives OF Japanese Americans in the concentration camps in Manzanar following the presidential order. This memoir was adapted for a movie in the mid 70s. The book and the movie describe the lives of Jean and James’ family (who represent the Americans of Japanese origin) in the Manzanar camp. The story evolves around Jean who is an American Citizen by naturalization and a second -generation Japanese. The story embarks on December 1941 when the maternal side of Jean’s family was bidding farewell to their husbands who were fishermen headi
Is terror the main motive people desist from acknowledging that peril is real and they must find a way to live in its presence? The issue comes out powerfully in the 1948 short story The Big Wave by Pearl S. Buck. The fiction is centered on the existence of two young boys, Jiya, a fisherman’s offspring, and his friend Kino a farmer’s son, and the fear Jiya initially has when a storm hits his family’s house on an island. The story’s setting is in one of Japan’s tiny fishing villages located on a beach beside the ocean. Jiya lives with his family at a beach residence while his friend Kino resides on his folks’ farm, high on the mount that overlooks the sea. A deeper contemplation of the first few pages of the story reveals that Jiya is always afraid of the ocean since he understands the wrath of the storm and the changes it has brought in his life. Kino adores the ocean, and since he takes pleasure in glancing at the waves and thinks they are stunning, he has no comprehension why the rural community people do not have the same enthusiasm towards the ocean. To Jiya, Kino’s response to why the village people never seemed to be glad about the ocean is, “The sea is our enemy” (Buck 1). That is the reason every time the two friends played on the beach, Jiya was always on the lookout, observing the sea, for he understood how the sea obliterated his fishing village. On one of the hot sunny afternoons, when the two friends were playing on the beach, Kino asked Jiya, “What are you looking for?” and Jiya responded by saying, “Only to see that the ocean is not angry” (Buck 2). Finally, the desire to know why his friend is always afraid of the sea makes Kino ask his father why Jiya is always on the lookout while they play in the ocean. Before the storm washes Jiya’s family, his father sends him uphill to the old gentleman’s castle. Jiya’s father, upon realizing the upcoming storm, tells Jiya to go to the old gentleman’s castle. The father said, “If the ocean yields to the fires, you must live after us” (Buck 5). Unwilling, Jiya did not fancy to go to the old gentleman’s fortress, and his father tells him, “It is your duty to obey me, as a good Japanese son” (Buck 15. On his way, Jiya sees Kino and his father and chooses them over the old gentleman, and while with them, his family’s house and all other village houses are washed out to the sea. When the storm recedes, Jiya faints, realizing his family and everyone in the villager are gone, and the beach is empty. When he wakes up, Kino’s relatives tenders Jiya an abode with them since he is desolate, at the loss of his relations, and is with no place to go. The family houses on the beach are washed out to the sea because they do not have panes in fr
The Review The above film narrates the story of Chris Gardner. Chris Gardner and his son struggle with homelessness. This film presents some of the best coaching ideas and practices. The first influential scene is when Gardner’s wife decides to leave him. She leaves him after he becomes bankrupt. Gardner continues to sell his bone-density scanners. Chris maximizes his working hours in order to make more phone calls and achieve his goals (Smith, 2006). Gardner is ready to get more clients for his scanners. He also establishes new relationships with his bosses and friends. Chris’ optimism is one of the best values observed in the film. The viewer also observes how Gardner remains optimistic throughout the film. The viewer should reexamine these aspects because they present the best coaching behaviours and practices. I am planning to use these ideas and values in order to establish the best coaching relationships. The audience should also examine how Chris works hard despite the challenges affecting him. Chris finishes his intern and wins the coveted permanent position. Therapeutic Implications The film portrays Chris Gardner as a courageous and determined person. He is ready to solve every problem affecting him. This practice makes it easier for him to change his conditions. The audience observes these values when Chris becomes bankrupt (Smith, 2006). Chris ensures his son gets the best support despite the challenges affecting him. I will use these values in my coaching practices. The scene encourages every coach to be determined and optimistic. Courage is what motivates a person. These values encourage every person to achieve his or her goals (Orem, Binkert, & Clancy, 2007). The film explains why every person should change his or her attitude in order to succeed. Chris changes his attitude in order to achieve his goals. Chris also is courageous throughout the film. Chris’ empathy makes it easier for him to accept every challenge. I will always be ready to address the needs and challenges of my clients. I will encourage them to be courageous and determined. I will encourage my clients to be optimistic hope. Every person should be ready to “address his or her challenges with confidence” (Flaherty, 2005, p. 43). I chose this scene because it teaches something meaningful in life. The scene explains how every person can change his or her life. The important thing is to remain patient and focused. Personal and Professional Implications This film has encouraged me to reexamine my challenges and obstacles. The scenes support my coaching practices. I have always encountered different challenges during my coaching processes. I have also failed to support some of my clients depending
Introduction The Second Bank of the United States is a privately owned institution managed by a board of directors under the presidency of Nicholas Biddle, a time when Andrew Jackson was the president of the United States. Its actions being the only bank then had a great effect on the financial status of the nation. The term Bank War refers to the controversy that ensued when the then president, Andrew Jackson attempted to destroy it. He viewed it as a monopoly and so vetoed renewal of its charter in the year 1832. This has had a great impact in his definition as a United States president (Remini 112). The Second Bank of the USA Since its creation, the Second Bank of the United States raised controversy as majority felt that it favored the Northerners more than Westerners and Southerners. This is in regard to its lending policies and generally the services that they offered, which saw many opponents to it, top among them being President Jackson. However, it had its supporters who held the notion that the bank had greatly stabilized financial circulation and improved the nation’s commercial well being in the years. The bank itself was formed as a revival of the First Bank of the United States, the later having been formed in 1791. The First Bank’s charter expired in 1811 which consequently saw formation of the Second Bank around 1816, whose aim was to control inflation eminent from the debt of the 1812 war. This paper will discuss the bank war in detail, source, its timeline, risks, aftermath consequences including present day effect and the key players. On the key players, it is important to recap on the life of Andrew Jackson, especially his political influences, as it is in his time that the foresaid event took place (Remini 120). Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States and his term of service lasted between 1829 and 1837, serving as president a record eight years. Before then he was in the military as governor of Florida in 1821 and as commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. He is famous for his ambition to protect democracy and his support for Indian removal and slavery. He was quite tough yet humane giving him the nickname ‘Old Hickory’ and King Mob. Besides he was the first president associated with the American frontier (wilentz 78). In the Military, he was appointed Major General after defeating the Red Stick Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 where he also imposed the Treaty of Fort Jackson and took around twenty-million acres for settlement of whites from all Creeks. He again served during the First Seminole War. This was received with criticism and threat of censure for him after he attacked a Spanish territory that was not at war with the United States. He was however defended on the grounds of his success and Spain’s weakness which actually saw ceding of Florida to the United States. His wars were marked by bravery and success which ensured Jackson’s popularity even in the political scene something that made people view him as presidency material way before he vied for the post. He did not succeed