ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Global Issues by Richard Payne examines the issue of globalization. Chapter 13 focuses on NCDs’ impact, revealing the causes of NCDs and significant diseases such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. It also concerns global responses to NCDs, considering the globalization of infectious diseases, rapid international travel. (Payne, 2017). According to Payne (2017), certain behaviors such as tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diets, and harmful alcohol use can increase NCDs’ risk. The next chapter 14 reveals the issue of cultural homogenization and hybridization due to globalization. Several problems are explored, such as ethnic conflicts, their causes and growing religious violence (Payne, 2017). Besides, the chapter analyzes global and regional attempts to diminish disagreements involving negotiation, peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding. From the perspective of the biblical worldview, it largely determines the principles of the world. It also concludes that society has deteriorated and presents hope for the future. For instance, in the healthcare sector, Payne (2017) argues that factors contributing to the NCDs’ rapid spread are illegal drugs, rapid population growth, climate change, and extensive poverty. At present, according to Payne (2017), authorities have diverse priorities and activities. The new idea is that people have inherent worth, equality and dignity; consequently, this statement should underlie medical ethics. It allows the system to maintain rational humanity and loyalty regarding moral truths and ideals. Referring to the biblical worldview, it acknowledges the conflicts are unacceptable. Payne (2017) claims that the numerous ethnic wars have been diminished due to active global promotion of democracy, global attention to human rights, and increased international efforts to find nonviolent solutions. However, the developed states’ actions follow only their national interest and, in the current situation, should be recognized as thoughtless and unreasonably careless. It is impossible to affirm that the countries suffering from injustice, hunger and poverty, due to actions of their political and military elites, will not turn their weapons against other nations. Reference Payne, R. (2017). Global Issues: Politics, Economics, and Culture (5 th ed.). Pearson.
Branch introduction The United States Army Signal Corps was established in 1860 with Albert Myer, an army doctor, as the pioneer Signal officer and was enacted as a distinct branch of the army by an Act of Congress in 1963. It has played a significant role since the American Civil War up to date, offering integrated services from military intelligence, weather forecasting to aviation. Signal corps has its headquarters located in Fort Gordon, Georgia. The Signal Corps have a coat of arms with a shield; a crest; and a motto, “Pro patria vigilans”, inscribed on it. The Signal Corps are customarily recognized with white and orange colors. The branch’s insignia is shown by two crossed flags and a burning torch which symbolize communication or signals (U.S. Signal Corps 2003). The Signal Corps Officers is an operations support branch, whose function is to provide dynamic and integrated information structure to enable command and coordination of the Army’s combat units at times of calm and conflict. The success of the armed forces mainly is determined by the capability of the army to be mobile, shoot and coordinate (which is necessary to achieve the other two). The signal corps officers play two important roles in the army, these are; they provide technical communications assistance; and they also play the role of combat leaders in times of an operation. Branch organization The Army’s Signal Corps handles all channels of communication for the whole Army force. The Signal Corps Officers aims to ensure guaranteed, secure, consistent and dynamic information structures in all stages of command and control and for whatever the environment. On every operation, information and data management (under responsibility of the Signal Corps) have been more important for the Army and its successive victory. A Signal Corps Officer, subsequently, is required to be able to plan, set up, integrate, operate and maintain the Army’s voice, data and information networks, protocols and assets. Signal Officers are highly intelligent, forward thinking and possess a lot of knowledge on the variety of technology employed. The Signal Corps Officers was integrated into the United States Army Regimental System in 1986, with the aim of providing the army with a flow of identification and to enhance that model with an individual system, which could increase an officers likelihood of serving consecutive duties with his/her regiment. Signal officers guide their seniors on the application of cables, switching, radios, and satellite communication structures and also command signal units at organization, team, and brigade stages. Vacancies to work as communication electronics staff officer are wide and demanding with missions globally at operational level “ranging from the forward edge of the battlefield to the White House Communications Agency in the nation’s capital” (U.S. Army 2000). Orientation into the unit starts with the Signal Corps Officer Basic Course. At this stage many newly promoted lieutenants may acquire varied operations as platoon leaders in strategic
Introduction Taking some time to assess one’s Emotional Intelligence using the free EQ Quiz is exceptionally healthy. Emotional intelligence is a term that refers to a person’s ability to assess, identify, and control emotions. According to some researchers, it is possible to strengthen and learn emotional intelligence. On the contrary, some researchers consent that emotional intelligence is inborn. Assessing the EQ A self EQ assessment resulted in the outlined conclusions. I neither disagree nor agree that I always embrace change. I neither disagree nor agree that my decisions are always consistent with my values. I agree that accepting feedback is always a challenge and I somewhat agree that criticism makes me defensive. I agree that it is always hard to accept that I am wrong and disagree that I see challenges positively. I agree that I am always able to recognize other people’s moods and disagree that I fulfill all my promises. I disagree that I possess a high degree of passion and somewhat disagree that I find it difficult to handle multiple demands. Regarding a recent pressure circumstance I faced recently, I had several assignments that needed to be completed within a limited period. Failure to deliver the assignments within the allocated period would lead to fines or even worse, cancellations. This situation made me feel pressured since I had to work extra harder for prolonged periods or seek the services of other people. Considering that employing other people to assist me to complete the assignments could result in mistakes, I decided to work on my own (Kotter & Cohen, 2002). When under pressure, trying to persuade other people to assist me never solves the situation. It makes me and the situation worse. In the first place, trying to persuade someone takes time that could be used in solving the situation. Second, a person may promise to try assisting you after luring him. As a result of the person trying to impress you, he may end up doing substandard work. Consequently, you may be forced to repeat the whole assignment. I am a female who lives in Benin and was born in 1988. I am a trained and qualified nutritionist and my job is at the entry-level. Critique the agreement or disagreement with the results While the results obtained after assessing one’s emotional intelligence using the free EQ Quiz are extremely interesting, it is worth pointing out that the most appropriate way of ensuring accurate assess
This week focused on the second chapter of the textbook that discusses the nature of people and culture. The first key point is the understanding that culture is the framework of life and influences the aspects of life for every individual (De Melendez & Beck, 2018). Therefore, everything a person does, how they perceive things, their dress code, likes and dislikes, approach to social and political issues, and interaction with others is influenced by one’s culture. This understanding will improve how I view and relate to people at work and in social spaces because different cultures will create different life approaches and styles. It is crucial to find an explanation for classroom behavior among learners. The second point from the text states that students’ manners, conduct, and reactions can be attributed to their culture (De Melendez & Beck, 2018). As such, acceptable acts by one learner may become unacceptable to another or to the teacher. Since children begin to learn their culture from birth, most of them will have the behaviors adopted from parents, older siblings, and other close relatives. This knowledge will help me to understand my students and plan the best experiences for every learner in the classroom. Lastly, although culture belongs to society, there are differences between individuals in the same cultural groups. Such distinctions are seen in a classroom where each learner has a unique way of expressing themselves and reacting to various topics. Therefore, even people within the same family or community may exhibit varying behaviors and manners (De Melendez & Beck, 2018). Such differences originate from socialization and individual distinctions. After reading this chapter, while in the classroom, I will treat each student as unique and culturally different guarantee each of them receives the best attention and directions during the learning process. Reference De Melendez, W. R., & Beck, V. (2018). Teaching young children in multicultural classrooms: Issues, concepts, and strategies . Cengage Learning.
Introduction Patricia O’Conner through her article proved that grammar is simple and entertaining. In an article she wrote, she comes out clearly explaining the use of the word ‘like’ and proves that it is actually not grammatically wrong as perceived by many people. This essay is a short summary of that article she wrote. In this essay the main points concerning the use of the word ‘like’ is highlighted with different views concerning the word examined Summary The word like is used in a range of uses. As a verb, it is used to express feelings of fondness between two or among many people. It is also used as preposition to compare two similar ideas. The word can also be used as a quotative. It is used by young people to quote or paraphrase speeches of other people but often with sarcasm or irony. The word is also used to describe thoughts running within ones mind without necessarily speaking them out, for instance, ‘I am like, this is not fair at all!’ When like is used to describe thoughts as above, it does not serve in the same capacity as an adverb. The article by Patricia also aired some opinions about the use of the word OK claiming that it is grammatically correct. The word like has been included in some dictionaries at the capacity of being used as an informal word in informal speeches and there is a feeling that it is a good innovative addition to English. Though the word ‘like’ seems to face some opposition, the author of the article is optimistic about the role that the word plays. She calls the word innovative and argues that it serves better as a quotative compared to other words. To many people, the use of the word has been associated with kids. Ironically, some old people have been observed to use the word unknowingly with a good example being the author’s mother who was still using the word in her fifties. Another example given in the article is that of an aunt of Jessica; the aunt used the word probably unknowingly. Geoffrey Pullum who wrote The Cambridge grammar of English Language also supports the usage of the word like as he says that it is quite logical and reasonable. According to professor Arnold Zwicky, people associate this word with teenagers and anything that is associated with young people tends to be disdained. This explains why this word is highly criticized. Another reason forwarded to explain the resistance of the word like is the perception that it is used by people with less education. According to Zwicky, using this word to many people is a sign of been uneducated and on the contrary, everyone wants to sound educated. O’Conner is of the opinion that young people are aware that the word is not always formal and so they only use it in informal speeches. Zwicky experiences this with his students who are quite fond of the word and uses it informally. O’Conner challenges parents who criticize the use of the word like t
Introduction Within industrialization, various factories emerged all over the world. However, their location should be determined carefully in order not to decrease population health level. Thus, environmental injustice emerged by creating “Ecological Sacrifice Zones,” discriminating against people of color. This is how Hispanic and Black communities found themselves living in impoverished areas among landfill zones and factories, which led to the rise of environmental activism and organizing unions. Experiences of Environmental Justice for Hispanic and Black Communities Hispanic and Black neighborhoods have been experiencing environmental-related injustice for a long time. According to Becerra (2015), in Chicago, a Hispanic neighborhood lives in a small village, breathing air polluted by a local factory, which has a damaging impact on people’s health: they are dying from asthma and having problems with lungs. Such villages, where toxic factories are situated, are called “Ecological Sacrifice Zones” and referred be Becerra (2015) as environmental discrimination. Concerning Black communities, scholars claim that they still suffer from injustice: municipal landfills and toxic-waste dumps are often situated in the South, where poor people and people of color are in the majority (Bullard, 2000, p. 24). Thus, Hispanic and Black communities experience health problems because of their lives in polluted air and land. At the same time, environmental discrimination can be faced not only by established factories and landfills but also by civic organizations. As an example, in the postwar period, environmental unions tended to have fewer members from poor, African-American, and Latin communities (Novotny, 2000, p. 3). However, this changed over the decade because organizations realized the intention from mentioned communities to change the situation. The Impact of Environmental Justice Issues Moreover, injustice led to the rise of environmental activism among discriminated communit
Abstract Strategic Management is a concept that is turning to be a key blue print in the management of many companies today. As it can be seen from realities of globalization, rapid changes in technology, increasing competition, changing market and economic conditions and decline in resources are all contributing to the complexity of modern management and thus, necessitating the need for effective strategy policies. Barnes and Noble is one of the leading companies in the book retail industry. For some time, the company’s growth has been slowed down by entry of key competitors such as Amazon.com, a scenario that has prompted the company to evaluate and re-design its strategic policy. Therefore, this essay will evaluate Barnes and Noble Company, its market position, its capabilities and competitive advantages and strategies it has placed to increase its competitive opportunities in the book market. Key aspect will be on the analysis of strategic management concept. The world is in a constant state of change, an aspect that is going to persist for a long time. Nevertheless, this state of constant changes affects and influences strategic management whereby strategic planning is required to make decisions that can be utilized now, and in the process guides the organization’s future directions. Many companies are developing visions for the future and the visions are stimulated by the company’s concerns for survival (Betz, 2002); and to ensure long-term survival, a company needs to possess and demonstrate two strategic capabilities: the ability to prosper and the ability to change (Steele, 1989 cited in Betz, 2002). Betz (2002) defines strategy as ideas about the long-term future involving company’s objectives and leadership. Worth (2000) observes that “strategic visioning, communicating vision, recruiting and motivating good people, obtaining feedback and taking action that creates shareholder prosperity constitute essential elements in corporate leadership” (cited in Betz, 2002). According to Schmidt, there are three key aspects for effective and successful corporate leadership, which he identifies as, “setting a strategic vision that is implementable, recruiting, and leading great human beings and worrying about shareholder value” (cited in Betz, 2002). Further, the question that investors need to ask is whether the company’s leadership has the strategy that can win. Barnes and Noble Company Barnes and Noble Company started its full operation under the name in early 1970s, having first been established in 1960s as Student Book Exchange by Leonard Riggio while attending New York University (Barnes and Noble, n.d). In 1974, Barnes and Noble became the first bookseller company to run its advertisements on the American television (Barnes and Noble, n.d). In 1975, in a move that was characterized to be bold, the company became first to offer discounted books, an aspect that prompted the company to expand on the idea by opening a 40,000-square-foot sale store (Barnes and Noble). Exploiting on the new acquired opportunities, the company expanded and ventured into New York a
Introduction Nowadays, the problem of leadership is acknowledged as one of the most significant problems of the business environment. In their article “Ethical leadership: The effect on employees”, Atiya Alshammari, Naser N. Almutairi and Shebaib Fahad Thuwaini, scholars from Management Department, College of Business, Public Authority of Applied Education and Training, Kuwait, studied ethical leadership and its influence on employees. Summarizing the Article The authors of the article established a task to examine the influence of ethical leadership on the efficiency, performance, and behaviour of employees. They made an attempt to provide a comprehensive analysis of ethical leadership and its possible impact on the internal conditions of an organization. First, the authors give a definition of ethical leadership. To their opinion, this term indicates the aspect of organizational leadership, which encourages to make a decision on the basis of ethical principles. Nevertheless, a fuller definition of ethical leadership is lacking. Next, the authors study the history of ethical leadership. According to them, it emerged from traditional leadership under the influence of the challenges of the business environment. However, the same can be stated about every leadership style. Then, the authors claim, managers realised the importance of proper HRM, which laid the basis for ethical leadership. The next stage in the story of the development of ethical leadership is institutionalization when scholars started to research the topic. Then, the researchers mention different patterns of ethical leadership as seen by other scholars, among which are the following:   * leaders devote their time and energy to business tasks extensively;   * leaders exploit values and ethics;   * leaders implement the values in practices. Next, the authors cite other researches to establish the core functions of ethical leadership, such as constructing ethical paradigms and addressing ethical dilemmas. The next topic is the influence of leaders on employees where the authors mention empowering, increasing efficiency, compliance behaviour, and the promotion of responsible conduct. The authors also discuss the advantages and challenges of ethical leadership in the public sector. The methodology section is quite unclear. While it is obvious that the authors used literature analysis and performed literature search by keywords, the other numerous approaches and methods mentioned in the section do not look relevant to the article. The conclusion is unclear as well. It is clear that ethical leadership has a positive impact on the attitudes and performance of the employees, but the conclusion has to be more detailed and understandable. Advantages and Shortcomings The article surely has some positive points, as well as negative ones. As for the advantages, the
Information About the Company Imperial Tobacco is a multinational company whose head office is in the UK, Bristol. When considering the market share, Imperial Tobacco is the fourth-largest cigarette-producing company in the world. This company produces up to 320 billion cigarettes annually which are distributed in more than 160 countries. The greatest competitors to this company include British American Tobacco, Japan Tobacco, and Philip morris international. To remain a strong player in the market, there are many strategies that this company has had to adopt. Being a multinational company, the management has to ensure that the market is protected not only at local levels but also at international levels. To do this effectively, they have adopted Porter’s competitive forces model which includes factors such as traditional competitors, new market entrants, substitute products and services, customers, and suppliers. Anti-Competitor Strategy The traditional competitors, in this case, include the companies in the same industry which have been in existence for as long as Imperial Tobacco has been. A good example of this is British American Tobacco which has been a competitor since time immemorial. It was once a subsidiary of Imperial Tobacco before it separated and took the position of a competitor. The management, therefore, needs to understand the strengths of such companies so that they can plan counter actions, hence ensuring that they are always ahead of them. The other factor is that of new market entrants. This is an important factor in the sense that new entrants in the market mostly start with low prices to attract customers. This means that the management at Imperial Tobacco needs to develop products that can compete with the new products for them to maintain their position in the market. The third factor in the competitive model as explained in the article Strategy: Porter’s Five Forces Model – analyzing industry structure (2009) is substitute products and services (para. 4). These are products and services that can be used in place of the original products. Imperial Tobacco should ensure that they have products for all people in society. The paper-rolled cigarettes are manufactured for the low and middle-income groups while the refined cigars are for the high-income earners, hence having a substitute product for all users. The fourth factor is about the customers, which includes people from all over the world (para. 6). Considering the wide customer base, they are expected to set up operations all over the world hence reducing the problem of logistics. In this way, the products can rea