ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Hand hygiene (HH) is an important public health issue and a factor in the control of infectious pathogens. It remains the number one significant measure of preventing the spread of bacterial infections which are resistant to most antibiotics leading to nosocomial infections (Staats, Dai, Hofmann, & Milkman, 2017). In the past, HH was used as a cultural norm where the ancestors used it as a form of revoking moral evils and removal of physical dirt. Lal (2020) suggests that HH is a simple procedure to ignore in a public health sector by any healthcare worker or the staff. However, the compliance towards cleaning hands with soap and water, or the use of disinfectants such as alcohol hand rub in most specialized dental centers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are below the acceptable level. For instance, a systematic review conducted by Seo et al. (2019) on the measure of the healthcare worker’s attitude towards the use of HH indicated compliance rate of below 50% in many of the researches. Similarly, another research conducted on the compliance of medical staff towards the HH showed an acquiescence rate of 47%. (Santosaningsih et al., 2017). Based on the research findings of these studies, it is evident that HH practices among healthcare workers, specifically, dental centers are on the worrying trends, unacceptable to the WHO minimum required levels. In this regard, such disregard to HH practices among healthcare and medical staff is the leading cause of dental-related infections such as tooth abscess, gingivitis, and periodontitis among others. On day to day activities, healthcare workers make numerous decisions regarding the use of HH to provide patient-centered care to our patients. Consciously or unconsciously, the medical staff can resort to certain practices that are not evidence-based practices (EBPs). However, most clinical workers in healthcare programs utilize resources such as journals or individual experiences or judgments when h
Nancy Baym (2010), presents seven various concepts that help to contrast media sources with one another and in-person communication. The concepts include “interactivity, temporal structure, social cues, storage, replicability, reach, and mobility” (Baym, 2010, p. 6). Overall, each notion explains individual differences between various means of interaction, which can be reflected in the personal communication of a college student in the digital age. First, the concept of interaction implies the degrees and types of back and forth communication that media can provide. Through interaction, the Internet provides me with opportunities to interact with friends who go to different universities as opposed to the face-to-face communication that we used to have. Second, temporal structure implies the time it takes to receive and send a message. Asynchronous communication allows me to talk to friends, yet not to disrupt my studies and other responsibilities. Third, social cues help to derive the necessarily shared context during the communication. Social cues make social interactions easier for me, as they save the time otherwise needed to explain each symbol’s meaning. Furthermore, the concept of storage implies the ability to access the data later. In my experience, the opportunity to store information will enable me to keep track of commitments, which makes college students’ lives easier. Moreover, the replicab
Arguably, profit and cash flow differ because profit is considered an amount that a business entity is left with after settling all the firm’s expenses. Contrary, cash flow is an aggregate net flow in the form of cash both into the business and out of the business operations. Therefore, cash flow is considered as attainable operational balance and conclusive monetary coverage (Sitompul & Khadijah, 2020). While cash flow existence can occur without necessarily a firm gaining a profit, the existence of profit is only estimated after a positive balance of trade. It is believable that the firm’s cash flow and profit are essential aspects. For instance, understanding both will allow the company manager to gauge the firm’s operational capabilities while ensuring that the business can stand on its feet in terms of paying for its expenses. Additionally, while profit indicates positive returns to the company, cash flow indicates positive operations that contribute to desirable business decisions. As a technology manager, I would be keeping an eye on innovation and incorporating the same into operation while focusing on the cost factor. According to Elia et al. (2021), the cost factor is the main aspect to focus on when a firm needs to be innovative. For instance, cost consideration is critical as it will minimize resulting friction from the extended cost that might jeopardize entire operations. Cost consideration will be my major aspect to focus on in my venture.
Introduction “Advertising and memory” explains the effect of advertising concerning memory in terms of sexual and violent images in advertising. The purpose of this article was to analyze the effectiveness of advertisement concerning the memorization of advertisement messages among the viewers. The research problem revolved around the constant targeting of young people by advertisers through commercials. Advertising has been a constant feature among marketers who want to pass a certain message or entice a given market segment to its products or services (Bushman & Phillips, 2001). Considering the widespread extensiveness of television in most households and the constant use of advertisements in most television programs, it was necessary to establish the effectiveness of these advertisements on the memory of consumers. This came out of the analysis that advertisements were useless if the target audience were not to remember the advertisement message. Sex and violence being the common basis for most advertisement campaigns today was used as the variables to determining the “sticky” aspect of advertisement messages. The study, therefore, proposed to analyze the ability to memorize advertisement campaigns with sex and violent images as opposed to neutral advertisements (Bushman & Bonacci, 2002). This study, therefore, revolved around the research question of whether sex and violence affect the ability to memorize advertisements. The hypotheses tested were that sex and violence reduce the ability to memorize advertisement campaigns and that neutral campaigns increased the potential to memorize advertisement messages. The study, therefore, revolved around these two determinants as the epicentre of the entire research process. Research Design “Advertising and memory” was qualitative because it sought to analyze the ability to memorize the advertisement campaigns on the respondents. Moreover, respondents were exposed to various advertisements and required to rate them in terms of their sexual arousal ability, boredom, level of involvement and level of violence (Bushman & Bonacci, 2002). All these features are qualitative. Respondents were also interviewed after a couple of hours of being subjected to the advertisements and also after being probed on whether they remembered the advertisement messages or not. This was the basis on which the conclusion was formulated because it was established that advertisement campaigns that had sexual images and traces of violence were less likely to stick than neutral advertisements. Differences between Literature Review and Meta-Analysis Regardless of the type of research one is to undertake, the literature review part must always be completed. The literature review is distinct from meta-analysis, in that, it provides information regarding a research study that has been done before. Literature reviews are also set to provide the direction in which given or future research studies are to follow (Egger, 1997). In conducting a literature review, the researcher is mainly expected to synthesize the information obtained. Inevitably, this is a daunti
Introduction A. Why people obey? There are many factors that can be taken into consideration as to know why people or prisoners obey their authorities. Catedral believes “Obedience occurs when people follow a direct command.” (Catedral, p. 1) Psychologically speaking, structure and development of a society play an important role in obedience and it is closely associated with psychology. Historically, even normal people sometimes do evil acts of violence because of their own past incidents. B. What is the psychology of prisoner abuse? Why do most prisoners’ authorities believe that prisoners should obey their saying even if right or wrong? In this regard, the study will discuss Iraq’s prison abuse scandal of 2004. (Wright, p. 3) Human Psychology and Stanford Prison Experiment A. According to Webber, a psychologist, “human nature is bound to obey orders under an authority.” (196) In this regard, this study will discuss of the most famous Stanford prison experiment conducted by Philip G. Zimbardo. In the experiment, 18 males were voluntarily appointed to participate in research of prison life and were judged to be stable and mature and were randomly assigned roles of either ‘prisoner’ or ‘guard.’ (Webber, p. 196) B. Furthermore, the paper will critically discuss the research conducted by Philip Zimbardo and its aftermaths. The following will be covered:  1. The Stanford prison experiment  2. Goals
The role of praying in the personal life is difficult to be overestimated because a prayer is a way to communicate with God, and it can reflect the nature of the person’s relationship with the divine forces. In spite of the fact that a religious person usually has the developed skills in praying because it is a part of his or her daily life, it is necessary to improve the prayer life when a person sets objectives to make praying more efficient and even beneficial for the spiritual growth. Praying can be discussed as one of the most inspirational activities during the day, and a person needs to pay some attention to analyzing how he or she prays in order to become more proficient in this type of communication with God. Therefore, this paper aims to present the discussion of readings in forming the vision of a prayer’s importance and to provide the plan for improving the prayer’s life with the focus on several aspects that are critical for the spiritual growth. How the Readings and Discussions Can Be Helpful to Develop the Plan Readings studied during the course and completed discussions provide a significant background to direct and influence the self-analysis related to the importance and effectiveness of the prayer life. In order to become able to evaluate the qualities of the personal approach to praying, it is essential to focus on the ideas presented by theologians and famous spiritual leaders who share their praying experience in the books studied during the course. The Impact of Neil Anderson’s Ideas Thus, in his book, Neil Anderson states that praying has the significant protective power, and a prayer should be daily and be associated with every activity and event in the person’s life. The book also demonstrates how the prayer helps accentuate the person’s dependence on God, and why it is necessary to think about everyday emotions, feelings, and experiences. I started to refer to Anderson’s book many times during my typical day because the book includes not only discussions of the meaning of prayers in life, but it also includes the specific prayer for almost each daily activity 1 . As a result, I can see how I can pray many times a day while developing my spirituality and praising God. In addition, I can analyze how I can follow my strict daily plan in praying without forgetting about the routine tasks. The book had a significant impact on my vision of praying because now I discuss praying as a usual activity that also needs improving as any other task or daily routine in my life. However, in contrast to usual activities like study, work, or communication with friends, praying influences each moment of my life because I see how I can grow spiritually and how beneficial a prayer can be. Dave Earley’s Work and Impact If the book by Anderson provides practical hints that can be used for d
What is Particle Swarm Optimization?   * Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is an artificial intelligence (AI) or a computational method for getting solutions to problems through maximization and minimization of numeric.   * Emanated from social behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling.   * Particles are the population of candidate solutions that move around in a search-space.   * Particles move within the search-space and therefore have velocity.   * Particles also move to find their best known positions.   * Particles move within the problem space by following the current optimum particles.   * Swarm particles work together and exchange information about the best known solutions.   * Particles rely on information within their neighborhood.   * Particles understand conditions of others in the neighborhood.   * The position of a particle with the best known fitness or solution guides other particles.   * The position helps in optimizing the particle’s velocity. How is It Optimized?   * Particles change their positions to new ones.   * Particles move by changing their velocity.   * Adjustment of velocity involves:       + A n improvement in current velocity.       + A focus in the direction that can offer the best solution.       + A focus in the direction that can offer best solution.   * The new velocity leads to the current position, which bears the old position and the new velocity.   * A change in position depends on an individual’s comfort and what society considers ideal.   * Particles always look for the best known solutions.   * Optimization is an iterative process.   * The PSO equation could look complex.   * Particle’s current velocity updates depend on current velocity, information available and information received from the entire swarm.   * The best available fitness or solution is the key focus of particles.   * Velocities control the movement of the particles in the problem space. The Algorithm   * Particles bear maximum velocity, Vmax in every dimension.   * Acceleration could result in a great sum of velocity than the Vmax under the user defined parameter.   * The velocity within the dimension could be limited to Vmax. Conclusion   * The PSO is a simple algorithm for optimization.   * It is has several functions.   * Particles rely on two best values for updates, which are best values achieved so far and the best value achieved so far by any particle in the search-space.
Introduction On a global scale, the term corruption has gained prominence and is now part of the technical jargon used by both scholars and experts on governance discourse. This term has attracted the attention of scholars, human rights bodies, and international organizations, among others. The significance of his term is much more felt by those in power. Within the discourse of corruption much attention has focused on the real and workable definitions of this term. While many people have proposed various definitions of the term, all of them tend to focus on the illegal acquisitions of public assets, privileges or advantages due to by taking advantage of the powers vested in their offices 1 . Generally, the hazards, perils and dangers of corruption are widespread. Other than slowing down the rate of economic and democratic growth, graft creates a sense of mistrust, injustice and poverty, to mention but a few 2 3 . Overall, corruption brings immense human suffering to the majority who are the victims while the few beneficiaries of corruption continue to profit 4 . In light of the widespread effects of corruption, anti corruption initiatives have gained a lot of intensity in the recent past. Many governments have acknowledged the need to combat corruption either under external pressures or through intrinsic motivation to improve the lives of its citizens. Various anti graft bodies, programs and strategies have been developed the world over. On the backdrop of the notion that corruption is an international issue of concern 5 , the aim of this paper is to evaluate the success of anti corruption strategies in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country which lies within Eastern Europe and Central Asia 6 . Even though Kazakhstan has a presidential system of governance, there are notable tendencies for authoritarian leadership under President Nursultan Nazarbayev 7 . Such tendencies can be attributed to the fact that the Kazakhstani society is highly patriarchal; males have absolute authority over the females 8 . Kazakhstan is the country to declare independence from the former Soviet Union, yet it is amongst the first of these former soviet states to ratify and accent to international anti graft standards. While its patrilineal culture cannot be blamed for the rising levels of corruption, many scholars have mentioned this as one of the catalysts. However, anti corruption activities in Kazakhstan have gradually intensified over time. Anti corruption strategies in Kazakhstan
What is happiness? We can ask hundreds of people, and each of them would probably give different answers. One would say that happiness is to be with a loved one, the second would say that happiness is the stability, and the third, on the contrary, would say that happiness is the unpredictability. For someone, to be happy is to have a lot of money while for others – to be popular. All in all, there are plenty of different understandings of happiness. Personally, I consider happiness as simplicity and peace when my family and friends are healthy and happy as well. I recognize that they all are dear to me and able to understand what is going on inside me. I know that they will support me in any situation doing everything that depends on them. In return, I am also ready to do much for them. What we do for others, helping them when they need our help, advice, or support and obtaining appreciation, is happiness because helping others, we are doing something very significant and necessary. What does it mean to be happy? I think it is, primarily, a state of mind, it means to have harmony with yourself and the people around. Happiness is multi-faceted. Perhaps, the word “love” is the most appropriate one to describe my happiness as love is driven by our world. People create wonderful things concerning their job, hobby, or family. Love is life, and I am happy when I realize that I live up to the hilt. However, some people might be unhappy even though they should be. For example, teenagers who have everything to live a happy life, including healthy family, close friends, and enough money to satisfy basic needs, ask their parents to buy the latest model of IPhone. In the case, parents could not afford it, some teenagers tend to feel unhappy. After all, one can be a successful leader and have millions as well as prestige, but do not have a loving family and emotional harmony. In my opinion, material values are not a true measure of happiness. Happiness is the ability to be optimistic in spite of difficulties and the ability to overcome them successfully. Finally, challenges should be taken as the lessons that life presents us. Even the negative things teach something, give a new experience, or refer to the correct direction. I believe that happiness is not a gift and not a given right as every person has its own happiness inside. Moreover, it is never too late to become happy. We can inspire and motivate ourselves and others to be happy. A stranger’s passing smile, warm rays of the sun penetrating the window, or a cup of freshly brewed coffee – happiness is in detail. Everyone chooses and prefers different sources. It is of great importance for people to enjoy moments of life, even the most insignificant ones. We need to appreciate every moment in our lives remembering that happiness is within us. After all, time passes, and we are getting hurt by the fact that we did not appreciate the time when we had a chance. Therefore, living in peace and harmony with others, helping those who need your help, and avoiding things that you would regret about in future are paramount ways to find happiness and make others happy.
An incident Action plan is an organized set of activities, which are prepared in advance with the aim of responding to any emergency that will occur in case of an accident, fire or a hazard to endanger human beings or property (Zoe, 2007). It contains the strategies and ways in which a hazard will be controlled by the commanding officer. Having an incident plan is always a sure way of controlling accidents and hazards that are prone to occur in the life of human beings as it is said say that, prevention is better than cure. An incident control plan is one of the best ways to avoid an incident (Krieger & Sullivan, 2001). The following is an incident Action Plan on how to deal with emergencies in the place of employment, a banking hall in the seventh floor of a building in the town centre. There are three hazards which are likely to affect any building or they are likely to occur. The first thing to have in an incident plan is the objectives, which in other words refers to the purpose of the incident strategies and what they are intended to help. In the case of a banking hall, the incident plan will have the following goals to prevent the customers from fire. To have an easy evacuation points in case of fire. To have emergency exits to be used in case of a hazard or a bomb. To have emergency exits in case a customer faints or falls ill in the banking hall. To protect the property and filing systems from fire, to handle cases of fire in the shortest period possible before it spreads to other buildings. To develop proper and sober objectives there should be proper risk assessment. Risk assessment is the process in which the drafter of the incident action plan determines how a particular incident can affect a particular property or people within a given place or location if a certain occurrence was to happen. The risk assessor has to take into consideration the kind of activities, which happen in a particular place, and how those activities can affect those who are in that environment. For instance, in a factory workshop where oil and flammable materials are used to paint certain products, the risk of fire is higher than in the banking hall. This assessment goes a long way in ensuring that proper work is done to prevent the people or property from a likely hazardous incident. There are three tasks, which are hazardous, and if they are not performed with care, there is a possibility of having hazards with gr