ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The modern day business world is characterized by numerous dynamics which present a real challenge to the achievement of the set objectives. As such, there has been an increasing pressure mounted on business executives to ensure that the firms they have been entrusted to manage perform and meet the set targets. There are various measures which are used to determine the performance of a firm. The success path of a typical business is divided into short-term, medium-term, and long-term. Most business leaders tend to concentrate on achieving short-term success expectations and in so doing, more often not overlook the long-term success of a firm. This erodes the real shareholder value (Rappaport 5). This essay discusses the various ways to create shareholder value of a firm. Ways of creating shareholders’ value There are several ways that have been proposed to guide to business executives to create sustainable wealth to the shareholders who are the preferential stakeholders in any business undertaking. The first way to is to avoid focusing on short-term earnings expectations. While it is important to ensure that the firm’s long term success is broken down into short term targets, it is often suicidal to concentrate on the short term earnings as a measure of success for the firm. In order to avoid this, a firm needs to avoid m
One of the hardest practices not only in business world but also in social life is acting ethically. At times, business operators are unable to distinguish what is ethical for them from what is unethical. Consequently, most of them consider the term “business ethics” to be a contradiction. There are instances when business operators understand what is ethical for them but still falter due to superior hurdles that prevent them from acting ethically. However, it is good to state that the term “business ethics” is not a contradiction as it significantly contributes to the success of any business. There people who claim that there is no need for organizations coming up with policies to be followed as it is possible for them to identify unethical behaviors committed by their employees (Holme 249). This is not always the case. There are instances when ethical issues in business environment become complex. For instance, an employee may be productive but on the other hand found to be sexually harassing his or her fellow employees and customers. It is in such instances that business ethics plays its role. Such an employee is dealt with according to the stipulated policies. It would not be wise to dismiss such an employee at once as the organization would lose competent personnel. Those who claim that business ethics is a contradiction argue that it only entails doing what is right and organizations that at times falter ought to give up seeking to be ethical (Holme 250). Therefore, they expect a business to be a hundred percent ethical and not to report instances of unethical practice. This may not be always the case as it is hard to avoid mistakes within a business. Despite organizations doing all it takes to be ethical, they need not to pressurize their staffs as it may lead to them getting discouraged thus not embracing the spirit of being ethical. As business operators struggle to achieve their goals, they at times look for strategies that turn out not to be ethical despite them helping the business to achieve its goals. This does not imply that “business ethics” is a contradiction and organizations ought to give up as it is difficult to achieve it. Rather, organizations ought to look for superior ways of aligning their operations with the established values and policies. No improvement can be achieved without giving room for errors. After all, there would bee no need for improvement if a business is not experiencing ethical challenges. There is a philosophy that continuous improvement is achievable in business practices. To improve its operations, a business begins by accepting that there are areas that need to be improved. Else if the business does not acknowledge this, it can not take the initiative to improve its practices (Schmidt para. 11). Similarly, it is imperative to treat “business ethics” like other organizational practices. No one in the business world can be said to be ethically perfect. However, businesses can improve their ethical conducts bit by bit through continuous improvement. Was perfection to be the unattainable standard being use
Introduction Bipolar disorder, also called “manic”, is the most costly mental disorder. Bipolar disorder is a brain illness classified by psychiatrists as a mood disorder. Popularly known as manic-depressive illness, this “mental illness” has such symptoms as unusual shifts in activity levels, moods and energy in people. Studies on the possible causes of bipolar disorder show that a number of factors, among them genetics, environmental factors and the brain structure, are likely to cause the illness. This paper aims at presenting findings made during the interview process with a patient demonstrating bipolar disorder. This paper will use a primary research method that involves a 45 minute interview with one bipolar patient and the information recorded. The interview questionnaire will cover components of the clinical interview framework. By the end of this assignment, the difficulties, unusual behaviors and challenges experienced by bipolar patients will be discussed. Clinical Interview and Evaluation of Mental Status Bipolar Problems Jane is a 22 year-old student studying journalism. She is in her second year at the university. She is from a nuclear family, both her parents are alive, and she also has two brothers and three sisters. She is the second child in the family. When talking to her, it seems that she looks normal and remains in a good psychological condition. Nonetheless, she has extreme mood ups and downs, and gets agitated by things and people around her. When she is happy, she climbs on top of the world, her social life is at its peak. Surprisingly, she has extreme cases of depression and thoughts of committing suicide and made one suicidal attempt. History of Illness Jane began experiencing mood disorders in adolescence. She experienced cases of unexplained depression and would withdraw from the rest of the family and friends. Jane admitted that she was a victim of rape. The problem gets worse when there are family gatherings and events where she runs into the opposite gender. This has made her problem deteriorate because she had to mingle with the opposite gender, particularly in the university where she has to study with male students. The situation is beneficial for her while at home as she locks herself in her room and enjoys being alone Jane gets aggressive when approached by her male counterparts and throws insults to them. Her relationship with her father is also difficult. She has suicidal tendencies and at times takes an overdose of sleeping pills hoping to die. Physically, she is not harming herself. She has mixed feelings about the future. At times, she has high hopes to achieve some obj
Ibsen’s A Doll House and Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex have some characteristics in common. These plays deal with two people whose lives change dramatically in a few moments as their past contains some secrets. Both Oedipus and Nora live without knowing their selves properly. Of course, the most suggestive similarity of the two plays is that recognition and reversal occur simultaneously for protagonists as they learn an important thing about themselves and this knowledge changes their life completely forcing them to leave their homes. First, it is important to trace the parts of the plays where recognition and reversal occur. As for Oedipus, he learns all the truth and really accepts it when the shepherd tells about his past deeds and Oedipus’ past and origin. The king finally understands and exclaims, “Ah lost! At last it’s blazing clear. / Light of my days, do dark”. (Sophocles, 1996, p. 67). He learns the truth and he also understands that it is unbearable to keep living knowing the whole truth. As far as Nora is concerned, she sees her husband’s true colors when he finds out about the loan she took. The woman sees that her husband is not the man she thought him to be. Nora tells to her husband that she was
Introduction Among other cultural elements, music has long provided an important vehicle through which individuals reimagine their identities and how they interact with other people or groups in the world around them. Music is an important aspect of any community as it provides people with an opportunity to enact some dramatic versions of alternative social and personal identities. More important, music also provides individuals in a society with the materials needed to perform these alternatives in their world using songs as well as characters and attitudes projected by these songs. Therefore, the formation of identity, whether personal or social, is driven by music, among other social elements. However, the question of how music contributes to personal and social identities is important in examining the impact of musical culture in any society (Eyerman & Jamison, 1995). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to answer the question ‘How does music contribute to personal and social identities?’ In answering this question, the paper will develop a comprehensive analysis of a number of issues such as the types of identities involved, their nature, the construction process, the consequences of these identities and the relationship between music consumption and identity. The concept of identity and identity formation Currently, the concept of identity is perceived as a dynamic process, which means that it is no longer seen as a static phenomenon. Leming (1987) argues that identity is a construction. According to this concept, personal identity is not an outside representation, but rather, it is constructed from within. Identity arises from the process of “self-narrativization” and partly lives in the imagination. It involves creating an image of “the self” as well as modifying the self that is assuming the created image. The question of identity is not the affirmation of the identity that is pre-given. The concept of personal identity A number of scholars have attempted to describe how identity is formed or created. Several scholars have shown that there is an important concept of “other” in the process of creation of an identity. The presence of an “other” is needed for an individual to construct “self”. Identity is constructed through personal relation to the “other”. It is the relation to “what it lacks” and to “what is not” or what is called the “constitutive outside”. Therefore, the process of constructing an identity requires an outrea
Positioning Paper The UK has always proclaimed its readiness to promote peaceful development of all nations in the world. However, sometimes countries tend to use force to help some nations to overcome certain issues. This is the case with Iraq and Syria as these countries were invaded by international troops that aimed at restoring peace in the countries and help the citizens to develop democratic societies. 1 The UK position has evoked a heated debate in the world as well as in the country. Some people argue that the use of force is inappropriate and harmful for the United Kingdom. However, a deeper analysis shows that participation in the campaigns in Iraq and Syria is consistent with the norms of the international law and it helps the country to pursue its national interests associated with national security. It is necessary to note that the UK has been long seen as a strategic partner of the USA especially when it comes to issues of international security. 2 Tony Blair and now David Cameron advocate the use of force in countries where people may suffer from crimes of the corrupted ruling elites that also threaten the global security. For instance, it was suspected that Iraq was working on development of the nuclear weapon. At present, there are fears that extremists in Syria may obtain access to chemical weapon. Clearly, these are vivid threats that are regarded by governmental agencies aimed at struggling against terrorism. Thus, David Cameron established National Security Council that addresses various issues associated with national security (ranging from environmental concerns to the struggle against terrorism). 3 As has been mentioned above, there have been many opponents to the invasion into Syria and Iraq. 4 These people argue that there are only assumptions as to the existence of the chemical weapons in Syria and there is only a hypothetical possibility that extremists can take control over this type of weapons. Opponents of the UK participation in any military campaigns in Syria note that just as in the case of Iraq, any country (as well as every nation) has the right to develop in its own way without any intrusion from the outside. Some critics of the use of force note that this violates the international law and various conventions. Nonetheless, UK’s position is consistent with the international law. Thus, Chapter VII of the Charter prohibits the use of force but there are some exceptions. The right of countries to use force to defend themselves (in terms of individual or collective self-defence) or to prevent a humanitarian catastrophe. In the case of Syria, both points are applicable. People of Syria have to live in inhumane conditions. At that, there is a threat of the use of the chemical weapon, which can lead to casualties in any part of the world. Finally, it has been acknowledged that Syria and Iraq have become a training base for extremists and terrorists who join terrorist groups in these countries and then go back to their home countries where they may organise terroristic groups or join cr
Outline In Saudi Arabia, the retail business accounts for a large percentage and is very dynamic in the business industry. The business set up in the retail industry is seen by many as a success because of the friendly environment created by the various factors. For example, the country produces oil that makes it very strong economically when compared with other countries dealing with retail business at the global level. Research has shown that the retail market enjoyed a friendly environment created by the financial crisis in America through imported goods. The retailers also follow efficient strategies and business tips that enable them to survive in the competitive market. This includes advertisements that spend a lot of money annually as well as a close link to their customers. Introduction Retailing in Saudi Arabia comprises of selling of goods from a particular place such as shop as well as through posting and is normally done in small quantities by an individual who is usually the direct consumer. Other services that may accompany retailing include delivery of the goods. The one who purchases the goods can be a business or just an individual where goods are bought from importers or local manufacturers. The purchase can be direct as well as through a wholesaler where the same goods are later sold in reduced quantities to the final consumer. The whole process follows a chain that is characterized by the retailers completing the process and aggressive marketing along the chain to promote awareness of the goods as an important strategy. The outlet of the retail shops may be located near the residential areas or along major streets that may not be necessarily residential as well as shopping centers. However, most of the retail shops are located in the central business district and where they are located along the streets, they target pedestrians. With the recent form of technology introduced through the internet, much significant retailing in Saudi Arabia is going on online; better known as e-commerce or as non-shop. The main objective of shopping through retailing is a way of obtaining basic needs such as clothing and foodstuffs. Research however has shown that it can also be done as a form of recreational activity characterized by window shopping where the customer goes looking for the goods without buying, sometimes resulting in the prospective purchaser not buying the items at all (Gesteland, 1996). The setting of retail prices Studies have shown that the majority of retailers prefer cost-plus pricing to other techniques that are done through the addition of a mark-up percentage to the cost of the retailer and this determines the profit margin tha
Introduction The English Contract Law is considered to be very unique due because it relies on the Common law. As such, there are noticeable differences between the English Contract Law and contract laws from other countries. Simons TV wishes to enter into a contract with the four judges and the contact in question needs to be invoked in a UK court. Owing to the unique nature of the English Contract Law, Simons TV needs to act in good faith and avoid any legal conflict that might arise during this period. This report highlights the requirements and content of the contract, as well as the consequences for breach of contract by the judges. Requirements And Contents Of The Contract Due to the increased influence and significance of transnational law, contracts under the English contract law needs to be established in good faith (Sims 2004). Under the English Law, in order for a contract to be considered legally binding, an agreement has to be reached. This is often achieved in three phases and they include acceptance, the offer, and the invitation to treat. However, they do not have to be administered in that order. Legal experts understand that the distinction between these three stages is not usually clear-cut. Owing to the lack of a clear-cut distinction, the three phases often conflict with each other. In order to avoid such conflicts, it is important to indicate when the contract becomes legally binding, and when a legally binding offer was made. Approaching the four celebrities for the possibility of their inclusion as judges should not be considered as an offer but as an invitation to treat since the move is intended to enter them into negotiations for a contract (Young 2010; Out-Law 2008). Since Simon has already had preliminary talks with the four celebrities who have all shown interest in the job, it is important to indicate that an invitation to treat has successfully been issued. The next phase involves making an offer. This is a very crucial stage and Simon’s lawyers need to identify the best way to make the offer. The scenario does not involve selling goods but it involves offering services. As such, Simon should avoid making an informal offer. In this case, a formal offer has to be made through a written document. The most appropriate way to make an offer is through a letter addressed to each of the four celebrities. Additionally, the contract should not be a collective agreement but only a legally binding agreement to the extent that the individual contractee is involved (Direct Gov 2011). The letter must also state clearly the intentions of the contract in order to establish legal relations and the point at which the offer (contract) becomes legally binding. Additionally, the letter must also constitute terms of business, and also indicate that accepting the letter does not involve accepting the offer. This is important in order to allow for further negotiations and counter offers before the actual contract is
Introduction Modern employees face a number of challenges during a working process. Sometimes, they need a good motivation boost to achieve the desired goals, or they must work hard to show a voice and share their needs. In any of such situations, a union can be a solution to many problems. The process of organizing a union in a company has its rules and outcomes, and this paper aims to discuss the essence of a union creation with its steps, as well as well advantages and disadvantages of unionization for both employees and employers. Union Organizing Process Essence Despite the existing differences between workplaces and the needs of employers, the essence of a union remains the same. According to Mello (2015), it is elected to represent employees and their demands to an employer in an organized and informative way that is usually called a collective-bargaining agreement. The main goals of creating unions are the intentions to increase wages or, at least, promote a fair treatment, to raise living standards, and to distinguish benefits for workers and their families. Steps in a Union Organizing Process There are no strict requirements on how to create a union and what rules have to be followed precisely. However, a list of steps should be followed to make sure that an organizing process can work effectively. First, it is necessary for employees to get prepared. The needs and reasons for unionization should be properly identified and introduced. It is not enough to say that unfair treatment is the cause of why workers make a decision to unite their forces. People should know their rights and combine them with their responsibilities. The next stage is to undertake a campaign with the frames of which union members should develop a list of their issues and inform employers about their intentions. A union can be certified upon the election when the date, time, and place details are legally recognized by the employer. Finally, a negotiation or bargaining can end the unionization process and prove the urgency and need of membership in a particular company. Advantages and Disadvantages of Unionization for Employees and Employers The benefits and threats of unionization for employees are not hard to recognize. In addition to the possibility to receive better benefits and higher wages, employees may improve the quality of their working conditions, promote funded retirement, and create successful negotiating conditions. At the same time, workers should be aware of certain challenges like the lack of education and practice, the presence of initiation fees, and the necessity to maintain a good reputation. Employers, in their turn, can win a lot with unionized workers, including the possibility to have a stable workforce, pre