ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Airships or dirigible balloons were once a promising means of air travel. People commonly used airships before the 1940s, but as the capabilities of airplanes developed, the former method was demised. One contributor to the less frequent use of dirigible balloons was the Hindenburg disaster and crashes of the R101 and two airships from the United States in the 1930s. These events proved that airships were not as reliable as other types of airships and had a plethora of safety-related problems. This paper will review the factors that led to the demise of airships. An airship is a specific type of ship, which is lifted with the use of lifting gas that is less dense when compared to the air surrounding the airship. Airships require less energy, and therefore, less fuel to remain in the air and do not pollute the environment as much as other air transportation means (Szlay, 2017). However, several subsequent crashes of airships led to their demise, and people began to use other means of travel, such as R101 in 1930, USS Akron crash in 1933, and USS Macon in 1935. Although one can trace early examples of airships to the seventeenth century, this air transportation vehicle gained the most attention in the twentieth century. The first notable crash of an airship is the R101 that crashed in France in 1930 (Szlay, 2017). The cause of this crash was unfavorable weather conditions. Following this event, two airships from the United States also crashed in 1933 and 1935 (Szlay, 2017). The cause of the crashes in both cases was stormy weather. Many consider the Hinderburg crash to be the end of airship travel. The crash happened on May 6 in 1937. Hindenburg arrived at the Lakehurst Naval Station from Frankfurt, Germany. Upon arrival, the ship was caught in flames and burned almost completely within ten minutes (Szlay, 2017). Out of the ninety-seven passengers, thirty-five died, while those who survived had to jump from the ship to the ground. Notably, to lift Hindenburg, the crew used hydrogen, which is a highly flammable gas. Although hydrogen was commonly used as a lifting gas for dirigible air ballons, it was replaced by helium after this gas was first discovered. Bain and Van Vorst (1999) refer to this crash as a ‘hydrogen bomb’, pointing to the safety concerns associated with the use of helium as a fuel for vehicles of any kind. Hindenburg was a notable catastrophe since this airship burned almost co
Civilizations: The Second Moment of Creation is the movie presenting the development of human creativity, visual elements, and subject matter of artworks. It describes the works created by prehistoric tribes found in caves worldwide, explaining how they changed over time. Prehistoric cave art progressed from carved ornaments on stones to the anatomically correct painted depictions of animal bodies. The first found traces of human art in caves belong to people living in South Africa’s Cape Coast nearly 77000 years ago (Niel, 2018). This art is presented in the form of lines carved on the mineral stone. They could be the signs of language or numbers used by people of that time. Spanish paintings can represent the next stage in the development of cave art. The region of El Castillo has one of the oldest rock art places, which is dated to be more than 37000 years old (Niel, 2018). It contains such visual elements as dots and lines painted on the wall rather than carved. Moreover, the subject matter changes because these works of art represent human forms. Mainly, these prehistoric artists used human hands as the subject of art, creating images with the imprint of their body parts. Later, prehistoric art developed to demonstrate the mastery of depicting animal bodies. In the caves of Altamira, the 35000 years old images of horses and bison display how the artists used different colors and their memory to create anatomically correct depictions of animals. Thus, the visual elements and subject matter of cave art progressed from the depiction of lines on mineral stones to the images of anatomically correct animals painted on the walls using different colors. The art of prehistoric tribes can be divided into two stages. The first stage includes the artworks depicting lines carved on the stones, representing the language or number signs. The second stage can be represented by the painted images of animal bodies that are correctly depicted. Consequently, prehistoric art experienced the changes that reflect the improvement of artists’ skills. Reference Niel, T. (2018). Civilizations: The second moment of creation [Film].
Introduction The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus is written by Christopher Marlowe and is based on early legends and stories about Faust. The story’s main character is Dr. John Faustus, who has reached the limits of knowledge that people have, and searching for new, unusual secrets, knowledge, and magical power gives the soul to the devil (“The Spiritual Tragedy”). The play raises the problematic questions of power, good and evil, people choosing their destiny, and the limits they cross to obtain what they want. To present these themes, the author uses various characters, like angels or sins. The paper analyzes their presentation in staging from Bethany Lutheran College. Although the characters themselves are pretty symbolic when watching a play on stage, paying attention to their costume, props, performance, and impression is essential to understand ideas and symbols better. Angels There are two Angels in the story about Dr. Faustus – a Good one, inciting the protagonist to repent and turn to God, and a Bad one seducing to search for magic and leading to believe that it is too late for repentance. They represent Faust’s inner struggle between good and evil, and they are dressed in almost identical costumes on stage, differing only in a darker shade of pants, and corset lacing for the Bad Angel. They are dressed in white tunics, with a corset, wigs of a very light purple hue, and have wings attached to their backs. Each has a cane in their hands, which they use during a fight with each other. The appearance of Angels on the stage is exciting – in the scenery of bookshelves, on both sides of the set contain niches with statues of angels, slots turn, and actors appear. The actors’ performance corresponds to the tragic play on the stage of the theater. They recite the text using various intonations and e
Introduction Rock Music and its various genres have had a tremendous impact and shaped the lives of countless youth, right from the 1950s to the current days. While much has been written and said by the so-called ‘informed critics’ and censors about the evil effects of this kind of music, the effects and deep influence that various forms of music have on the youth and culture cannot be wished away. To the young generation, this kind of music with simple words and hard-talking lyrics, the mind-blowing and intricately skillful music, and the imagery portrayed by the rock stars appealed in a personal manner and embodied the reckless and anti-establishment image that has successfully captured their minds. There is no single rock star or musician who can be credited with the success of rock music and its influence on culture, just as there is no single scientist who can claim credit for having put mankind among the stars. This paper analyzes the impact of the band ‘Pink Floyd,’ the era and culture it represented, and gives a better understanding of their actual relationship to culture and reality. The Rock Culture Cooper (1997) had written about Brain Johnson, lead singer of AC/DC, who said ‘its more of a mental attitude’ when the singer spoke of the song ‘For those about to rock, we salute you. Copper had suggested that the early ’60s and the ’70s were what was termed as the ‘flower power’ when bands tried to address the fears, alienation, and desperation that the youth felt about issues such as the Vietnam war, racism, feminist issues, and the general overbearing attitude of the government. The hippie movement was essentially a feeling of being ‘hip,’ carefree, and modern and united the children of billionaires with the children of slum dwellers into a common anti-establishment movement that bound their youth and ideals together. This era deeply influenced politics, the mass media, art, poetry, and the lives of people who could not actually be called music lovers. It also gave rise to certain undesired social ills such as drug abuse, casual sex, and other acts. The author had also written about the music festival ‘Woodstock’ when millions of fans descended on a quiet countryside to celebrate 3 days of ‘unbridled frenzy’ of ‘pure unadulterated’ music as established and upcoming bands played to ecstatic crowds. Simply put, the music was different, and the musicians improvised a song to make it sound louder and better. In the words of Frank Zappa: “The problem with most symphony concerts is that they all play the same things. You go to see a bar band, how many times do you want to hear “Louie Louie”? How many times do you want to hear “Beethoven’s Fifth”? How many tim
The demographic composition of the United States is among the most diverse in the world. Of late, the US has experienced unrivaled influx of immigrants from different parts of the world in search of education and employment opportunities. In fact, it is estimated that the total population of immigrants in the US will soon be more than the total number of Americans of European descent by 2050 (Jackson 1). This paper will thus reflect on the cultural education ethics in the US. The reference point will be a case study on Cho Hanako, a Japanese American student who narrates her story about the dreadful experience of her grandparents who were forced to leave their homes and confined in a camp during the Second World War. Although her grandparents were born in the US, they were not proud of their citizenship status due to the cruel treatment they faced during the War. Jessica Phillips, a white student in the class reacts to Hanako’s story by telling her that her grandparents should lay the blame on those “sneaky Japs” for attacking Pearl Harbor and killing her elder brother who was only 18 years old at the time. The comments made by Jessica moves Cho to tears. Some students in the class applaud Jessica while others remain silent. What I will say to the Japanese American girl As the teacher, I will immediately console Cho and tell her that the Pearl Harbor incident affected both countries. As much as her grandparents were mistreated during the War, Jessica lost an immediate member of her family. I will encourage her to be tolerant of the pain the War inflicted on both her grandparents and Americans. I will also tell her that she should not blame United States for the unfortunate incident because there were other many other uncontrollable factors that led to the War. I will inform her that the incident is now confined to the past and in fact, both countries (US and Japan) currently have strong military and economic ties. Finally, I will encourage her to take negative comments from other students with humility since she is pursing education in a diverse environment where offensive comments are common (Jackson 1). My response to the comments made by Jessica Ethnocentrism is one of the main inhibitor with respect to tolerance and mutual understanding in a diverse classroom. The problem has grown to include resistance to ethnic sexual, racial and religious differences. Ethnocentrism has thus resulted to destructive outcomes on classroom dynamics (Desillas 2). Jessica seems to be ethnocentric because her reaction suggests that she believes that the only valid way of thinking is superior to others and thus she does not see any valid reason why Cho should share her story with the rest of the class. My first task as the teacher will be to inform her of the need to be tolerant in a multicultural society. I will inform her that majority of American classrooms are full of students with diverse national backgrounds, languages and cultures. I will encourage her to learn how to coexist with students from diverse cultures, such as Cho (Allison & Rehm 50). Finally, I will Jessica to avoid making in
Three different types of organizational change can be implemented when a particular problem has to be solved. Those are developmental, transitional and transformational changes. Every one of them has its strengths and weaknesses, as well as divergences in structures and applications, which make them efficient in one type of cases and inefficient in the others. In this paper, it is shown how the developmental approach can address the problem of surgeons’ lateness for scheduled surgical procedures. It is also explained why this model is the best option and how the results of its implementation can be estimated. Identifying the Problem: Statistics, Importance, Urgency Delay in the operating rooms is a very frequent problem that has an adverse impact on the organization of work, the schedule, and even the efficiency of operations. Besides, it usually affects the patient flow since delays show the incompetence of the personnel. According to research conducted by Wong, Khu, Kaderali, and Bernstein (2010), who studied 1531 surgical cases, delays in the operating room were the most common mistakes (33.6%) in medical practice (p. 189). Moreover, there was at least one delay in approximately 50% of all surgical cases (Wong et al., 2010, p. 189). As for the causes of those delays, the same study asserted that the most frequent one was an equipment failure (Wong et al., 2010, p. 189). However, Wright, Roche, and Khoury (2010) stated that just the opposite was true in their case: “the most common reasons for delay were surgeon and anesthesiologist unavailability and lack of preparedness of patients” (p. 167). Therefore, surgeons’ lateness indeed is an important problem, which has to be addressed as a matter of urgency. The Change Model that Address the Problem There is no right answer to the question, which change model is the best in this particular case. Developmental change is a change “within the box” (Anderson & Anderson, 2010, p. 52). It is aimed to develop the current state by improving existing skills and systems. A transitional model takes a current state and replaces it with another one, completely new. Finally, the transformational type of change is the most difficult one. It implies building a new state with the help of replacing current systems, error discovery and regular changes of strategies. To address the problem of surgeons’ lateness, the developmental type of change has been chosen. The choice was made by exclusion. The surgeons’ lateness problem can be solved locally, and a transformation of the whole system is not necessary. That is why the transitional model is not needed for this kind of change. The transformational approach is too complicated and takes a lot of efforts and time, which is n
Introduction   * A curriculum can be defined as an outline in which learners receive information provided through different methods, assessment and instructions in schools (Oliva, 2009).   * Curriculum should be developed effectively to meet the needs of learners.   * Curriculum developed should significantly suite all the levels of graded elementary and non-graded schools.   * Definitely, there are principles that are used to develop a curriculum in every institution. Apparently, curriculum provides learners with exposure to different aspect of learning for them to gain skills and knowledge. Meanwhile, an appropriate curriculum follows a specific pattern that is prescribed by teachers (Oliva, 2009).. In this case, this is not governed by level of growth and development but by the ability to meet certain standards specified in various field of instructions. when developing the curriculum, teachers and educational practitioners might come up with ideas regarding the projects, activities and ideas that will be incorporated in a curriculum. Curriculum development may involve a group of staffs who are skilled such as district supervisors, curriculum councils and other chairpersons who acts as steering committee. However, there are hypothetical several steps that are being followed in developing a curriculum (Oliva, 2009). Usually, curriculum is developed through a combined effort of both the learners and staffs. Essentially, the subject matter is based on learners needs though in some case, the teacher can reinforce or suggest certain activities for the learners. Nevertheless, students’ interests become the common factor of consideration when developing a curriculum (Oliva, 2009). Meanwhile, curriculum can not be developed fully at a go. Much time is taken to consider content needed progressively. Definitely, it is only when a certain procedure is accomplished in the development that they can be described. There are several types of curriculum such as activity, teacher-centered, learner-centered, graded and non-graded type. Nevertheless, regarding the fact that all the types are involved in learning, they follow the same procedure (Oliva, 2009). Hypothetical procedures in curriculum development   * Setting of Goals and Objectives.   * Assessment of learners’ needs.   * Planning e.g. for raw materials.   * Content development.   * Piloting and Revising the curriculum.   * Curriculum packaging. Goals and Objectives   * Team members include faculty members, lay people, students and teachers.   * These goals help in creating a competent curriculum that will make educational experiences all-round to benefit learners in all aspects.   * Initially, there is need for the persons concerned to lay down goals and objectives that need to be met in the process of developing a curriculum.   * In the process, faculty members, lay
Art plays a great role in the cultural development of every country as it alters and improves with the course of time, providing people with an opportunity to develop their worldview and perception. The Italian Baroque and the Italian Renaissance are those periods in the history of art that attract the attention of both artists and representatives of the general public. They are familiar to people from all over the world as well as the names of their main representatives. Even though the works of the Baroque and the Renaissance seem to be similar to each other, they have many distinct features. The Renaissance started developing in the 15th century in Italy, which is known today as a place that was a home for numerous artists (Watkin 211). Moreover, the change from medieval times to early modern age happened during the Renaissance, which made it a very important historical period. It was followed by the Baroque that started in the 17th century (Watkin 283). It was greatly affected by religious changes and creation of Protestants and Roman Catholics. As people’s minds were significantly influenced by this transformation, many works of the Renaissance masters were recreated. The Renaissance was positively accepted by its contemporaries and appealed to the majority of the general population while the Baroque was considered to be somehow strange (Mittendorf). As a result, the artists who worked during the first period seemed to be more recognizable even today. To some degree, this fact can be explained by the unwillingness of people who lived in the 17th century to observe those artworks that were familiar to them. All main differences observed in the works of the Baroque and the Renaissance artists are associated with their styles. For example, perspective was firstly used by the artists who lived in the 15th century (Mittendorf). In this way, they obtained an opportunity to make their works more realistic than their predecessors did. However, obtained depths of artworks made them less emotional and appealing. The Baroque coped with this issue, adding more drama to paintings and sculptures. For example, when focusing on the statue of David made by Michelangelo, viewers saw the emotionless character who was going to fight with Goliath (Mittendorf). The man looked very calm and stable. Vertical lines of the statue dominated in this work, which was typical for the Renaissance. It seemed that David was not yet engaged in any action. He thought and waited for something. On the contrary, the same work made by Bernini revealed David’s intensity and readiness to head into battle (Mittendorf). David was sculptured in action as he was whipping a stone at the giant. His face revealed that the man was very concentrated on the ob
Introduction The auto industry has been undergoing changes since the first car was invented in 1871. Most of these changes are designed to help improve the efficiency and comfort of cars. Because of the increasing cost of gasoline and diesel, most of the latest developments in the performance of cars have been directed at the creation of alternative forms of power for the machines. These investigative and development processes have led to the emergence of electric cars as possible replacements of gasoline/diesel-powered cars. This essay seeks to offer a comparison of electric and traditional fuel cars. To this end, the initial part of the paper shall dwell on the similarities and differences of the two types of cars. Afterwards, the merits and demerits of each of the two systems shall be provided before a conclusion is drawn regarding which of the two systems is better in terms of efficiency and convenience. Similarities and differences between electric and gas cars Electric cars and traditional gas-powered vehicles look similar from the outside. They generally have similar wind-resisting shapes and share common features such as side-mirrors and indication systems. Their interiors are also generally similar, each being equipped with a steering wheel, driving pedals and regular car seats. However, this is where the similarity stops. When one moves to the engine system, the first revelation is that electric cars only have one moving part-the motor [1]. The motor is powered by a fitted rechargeable battery pack and it propels the drive train causing the car to move. Gasoline cars, on the other hand, are powered by internal combustion engines, which derive power from the combustion of gasoline/diesel. Unlike electric cars which come with a huge battery pack, gas-powered cars have a fuel tank, which mostly goes under the car, behind the back seat. The internal combustion engines also require some electric power to start hence the reason why the cars using these systems are fitted with small batteries connected to spark plugs and whose intention is to ignite the fuel. Their engines are very complicated and have hundreds of moving parts, starting from the pistons to other minute rotator valves regulating the inflow of fuel into the engine. Gas-powered engines release emissions, which are let out to the air through an exhaust/tail pipe. In contrast, electric cars do not release any emissions, and are, therefore, not fitted with tail pipes. On the body of the vehicle, electric vehicles are fitted with a recharge socket, into which fits a special electric plug. Gas-powered cars have a pipe that connects to the tank with an opening fitted on the body of the vehicle for easy access. Pros of electric vehicles/ cons of internal combustion engines Electric cars have a number of advantages over traditional internal combustion engines [2]. Top on the list is the fact that these vehicles are very energy efficient. Electric vehicles convert approximately 60 percent of the energy stored in the battery packs to power that runs th