ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The issue of uninsured people in the United States is in strong logical relation to many legal and ethical implications. Some of these are quite clear and humanitarian and some are linked with other healthcare issues. Whatever the nature, the new reforms and steps being taken should correctly address these issues. Ethical implications The ethical issues regarding the uninsured are a grave aspect of this subject. As health insurance is a kind of confirmation and security of being a US citizen and being looked after, being uninsured comes with a lot of ethical implications. The healthcare organizations seem to be in a position where they can exploit and use these uninsured ‘subjects’ for various purposes. It is a confusing situation for most patients when they see that they are welcomed as research subjects and are willingly admitted but are not treated the same way when there is a need to be treated medically or admitted. Research surveys from as early as 1996 show that the patients enrolled for research on arrhythmia, were seven times more likely to not have insurance than the uninsured people who did not participate. Not even that, but people who often go under experimental medication for money, receive less than those who have medical insurance. These include other long-term benefits as well, that the insured participants receive more than those who are uninsured. (The ethical dilemma of the uninsured) Healthcare providers also face ethical dilemmas when it comes to treating uninsured patients. Many have to choose between providing further medical treatment to patients when needed, knowing that the patient is not insured and would not be able to cover the treatment expenses. Many healthcare personnel ‘do the right thing but many argue that the ‘right thing’ is relative (Hall). An ethical issue is also a trade-off that most drug companies face, that is to choose between providing higher discounts against earning higher profits. Presently, the companies have little or no interest in increasing discounts to promote medical insurance enrollments. The new US administration is looking into this issue and hopefully, congress and the companies will reach common grounds beneficial to the uninsured cause (Romano). Legal implications The greatest legal implications revolve around the issue of eligibility. Under this, the eligibility of immigrants and minorities is a big issue. In the late 1990s when immigration laws were reformed and relocation took place, the policies and moves resulted in n immigrant backlash. Health insurance activities also were affected as Medicaid reformed its policies and practices following the new direction in which the issue was going. Certain amendments were made including The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. These amendments put a cap on the access to federal public benefit programs which included healthcare benefits. Also, it restricted coverage to people who have not lived in the US for at least five years plu
The factors identified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) determine the occurrence of potentially damaging energy exchanges due to the discrepancy in ignition time and the size of mass required to sustain energy during a fire. Polyurethane foam has a small ignition time, which makes it an appropriate source of the initial fire growth. Although wood and carpet flooring take long to ignite, they have sufficient mass to sustain a fire once the polyurethane foam reaches its peak heat release. The factors identified by the NIST affect the period in which an energy exchange and damage occur by creating a chain so that once a material reaches its peak heat release and can no longer sustain the fire, another material of greater mass facilitates the continuation of the fire. In this regard, although the non-fire retardant polyurethane released all its energy in about 40 seconds, wood and carpet flooring sustained the fire for a long time. Analyses of the extent of the damages after the energy release had occurred illustrates that the lack of fire sprinklers in the nightclub’s egress aggravated the rise in carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide levels so that conditions in the nightclub reached extreme and fatal levels in a considerably short time. In addition, wood and carpet flooring produce large amounts of energy and temperature, which cause low oxygen levels. The Station nightclub comprised of a soundproofing polyurethane foam and wooden structures and paneling, which provided optimal conditionals for the onset and spread of fire. Although polyurethane has a significantly low ignition energy, flames from ignited polyurethane foam have a high spread rate and generate sufficient heat to ignite wooden structures and paneling. The lack of a fireproof covering on the foam increased the likelihood of ignition of the polyurethane when exposed to a high temperature source. The polyurethane foam covered the stage area, which was adjacent to walls and the ceiling. In this regard, the flames from the polyurethane foam quickly spread and ignited the wooden structure, which caused the development of an oxygen-limited fire. Wood and carpet flooring provided the fuel load that sustained the fire. The combination of different building materials provided appropriate fuels to start and sprea
The concept of structuralism is related to the meaning of culture through ideological representation. In social and anthropological terms, the definition is closely connected to cultural development through different phenomena, practices, and activities serving as signifying systems. Also, structuralism significantly differs from real and imaginary organizations. In contrast, post-structuralism is more focused on the refusal of the self-sufficiency in the structured others, as well on the introduction of binary oppositions defining those structures. The identified discrepancies can be brightly exemplified by the representatives of structuralism and post-structuralism movements, including Michel Foucault, Judith Butler, and Gilles Deleuze who are specifically concerned with a different representation of culture and morality. According to Foucault (1966), knowledge is represented through episteme as a priori shaping the ground knowledge and representing it in a particular epoch. In this respect, Foucault’s work called The Order of Things belongs to the structuralism movement because the book claims that all historical periods refer to certain conditions of truth disclosing which norms were accessible and which ones were not. However, the scholar became noteworthy for his works in the sphere of post-structuralism. Despite the necessity to refer to episteme, there is also an urge to consider the object itself, as well as personal experience, to define which knowledge systems reproduce this object (Foucault, 1999). While structuralism is concerned with the abstract and systematic representation of knowledge outside the object, post-structuralism admits the necessity to introduce personal experiences for acquiring information about the identified object. Similar to Foucault, Deleuze also belonged to both movements by providing prominent works in the sphere of structuralism and post-structuralism. While reviewing both of his works – The Nomadic Thought and Control and Becoming – one can encounter several inconsistencies used to demonstrate that the criticism and interpretation can be presented differently depending on the reader’s intelligence and personal opinion (Deleuze, 2004; Deleuze, 2003). In this respect, the scholar, along with other scientists, insisted that textual analysis could discover many misconceptions due to the existence of diverse experiences imposing another meaning on literary works. Finally, the difference between structuralism and post-structuralism is confined to the disciplines that both movements apply to while introducing basic concepts. In this respect, structurali
Hewlett-Packard Company is an international company incorporated in the United States of America as an information and technology company; it is one of the world’s largest technology company with its headquarters at Palo Alto; California. It is involved in the business of developing hardware, software, computing, printing, and digital imaging; in terms of sales, it is ranged world’s second largest company in sales volume of desktop computers, servers, peripherals, and services. Other than the personal and corporate computer devises, it also makes other computer preferential devises like the printers (HP Official website, 2011). The company was incorporated on August 18, 1947, by two friends; Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard who were graduates in electrical engineering from Stanford University; o n November 6, 1957, the company was register as a public company. Since its incorporation, the company has been performing well and recording a profit and technological development. Despite global financial crisis of 2007, HP was able to make a profit of $115 billion in 2009; the largest position of the amount came from sale of hardware devises but services offered about $40 billion of the profits. This was a 100milion increase from the one reported in 2007, which was $104 billion in 2008 the company was the number one producer and seller of inkjet, laser, large format and multi-function printers market, and hardware’s. There have been major changes which of late include in 1999 a spin-off of part of its business as Agilent Technologies . In 2008, there was yet another acquisition where EDS was taken over by Compaq company in after the successful deal, the net worth of the combined companies was US$ 118.4 Billion in 2008; in the following year, the company was ranked nine by Fortune 500 . In November 2009, there was another acquisition of 3Com ; despite after the completion of the deal, the next target was Palm Company which was completed in April/May, 2010 at $1.2; the acquisitions where part of strengthening the companies op
Introduction Background to the study City growth has diverse environmental impacts such as loss of natural ecosystems, increased congestion, and reduced water quality. The recent evolution of cities emanates from various factors such as the emergence of national and international markets. Social factors have also played a fundamental role with regard to urban development. Currently, cities are experiencing an increment in population density due to rural-to-urban migration. Previous studies show that approximately 47% of the world’s total population resides in urban areas (Dodman 6). In addition, Kerry further asserts that urban population is estimated to increase to 60% by 2025 (5). Some of the factors that have stimulated rural-to-urban population over the past century include availability of job opportunities and the presence of various social amenities such as hospitals and learning institutions in urban areas. Therefore, most individuals prefer living in towns to rural areas. Problem statement A high rate of urban development comes at a cost, as diverse environmental impacts are associated with such a trend. The urban environmental problems relate to the threats faced by the present and future wellbeing of the general population due to human activities. For example, the emergence of cities and increase in urban population presents a major challenge with regard to waste generation and disposal. Kerry (5) asserts that increase in urban population leads to an increment in the rate of consumption. In a bid to satisfy the consumption demand, producers and manufacturers are forced to increase their rate of production, which culminates into an increment in the rate of waste generation. Little attention has been given on the effect of urban development, urbanization, and environmental impact. Research objective This paper focuses on the impact of cities and increase in urban densities on the environment. Research question What is the relationship between cities, urban densities and environmental outcome? Literature review According to Kerry (5), urban areas account for less than 2% of the total global acreage. However, the high rate at which new cities are being developed coupled with an increase in urban population is startling. Over the past century, it has become extremely difficult to control urban population. According to Kerry (6), rise in urban population coupled with the decline in urban densities have led to increase in demand for housing. Consequently, more buildings are cropping up in order to house the ever-surging urban population. Kerry further asserts, “Human activities now appropriate nearly one-third to one-half of global ecosystem production and as development and population pressures continue to amount, so could the pressures on the biosphere” (5). An increase in urban population burdens the planet to a point that the imp
Lasswell’s model of communication was proposed in the middle of the 20th century by a professor at Yale University, Harold Lasswell. The analysis of mass communication, according to the model, can be conducted using four questions, identifying the message, channel, message recipient, and its effect (Vivian 49). It is noteworthy that the channel in Lasswell’s theory is a mass communication medium such as a radio, a book, or a TV show. Thus, the description of the communication process using the model makes it possible to determine not only the participants but also the results. The application of the model to the consideration of any message of the mass media is simple. Four questions need to be answered sequentially to identify key aspects of communication, the first of which is “Who says what?” (Vivian 49). The answer allows describing both the creator of the message and its content. The second question is used to identify the medium of communication, and it is “In which channel?” (Vivian 49). The third question aims to identify the audience of the message and is formulated as “To whom?” (Vivian 49). Finally, the last question helps to assess the results of the communication process, and it is “With what effect?” (Vivian 49). Thus, the model can be applied to analyze any message transmitted through the mass media. For analysis using the Lasswell model of communication, the CNN Business publication was selected, which introduces new features of Apple iOS 15. To examine the process, it is necessary to pose and answer four questions:   * Who says what?: Clare Duffy, CNN Business journalist, reports on the features of the new version of iOS-based on Apple’s presentation. The publication underlines the relevance of changes in the post-pandemic world (Duffy).   * In which channel?: the message is transmitted through CNN Business , which focuses on business and economic news coverage.   * To whom?: the message is intended for a wide audience of potential and existing Apple consumers and people interested in news of the technology industry. To what effect?: the result of the communication is to highlight the current activities of Apple and present changes in one of their products. This effect is also associated with the achievement of the company’s marketing goals and providing detailed information for existing and potential customers.
Introduction/Thesis One of the main criticisms of David Hume’s gnoseological model has been traditionally reflective of the assumption that being strongly reductionist denies the possibility for people to be able to attain a complete understanding of the surrounding natural/social reality. Because of it, Hume’s outlook on gnoseology has been commonly referred to as such that epitomizes the “dead end of empiricist philosophy.” 1 Nevertheless, even though many individuals (especially the idealistically minded ones) tend to think of the philosopher’s insights into the very nature of human cognition as being overly mechanistic, this does not undermine the overall scientific legitimacy of Hume’s line of reasoning. After all, the recent discoveries in the fields of neuroscience and quantum physics confirm the full validity of the gnoseological model in question. The author will aim to substantiate the discursive appropriateness of this suggestion at length while arguing that Hume’s philosophy contributed towards keeping humanity on the path of intellectual progress. Analysis/Discussion The foremost idea that is being promoted throughout the selected sections in Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding is that there are two integral components of one’s conscious reasoning: impression and idea . The former refers to a person’s sensory-based experiences and the latter to his or her subjective judgments, with respect to what should be deemed these experiences’ significance, regarding the cause-effect ways of the world. Consequently, this implies that even the most abstract/perceptually unconventional notions, brought into existence by the brain’s capability to indulge in the synthesized type of thinking, are firmly grounded in the surrounding reality. As Hume noted, “When we think of a golden mountain, we only join two consistent ideas, gold, and mountain, with which we were formerly acquainted.” 2 This, of course, reveals the fallaciousness of the idea that synthesized knowledge has any metaphysical quality to it. According to the philosopher, while addressing life challenges on a daily basis, people involuntarily grow to recognize the recurring algorithmic patterns within the observable interrelationship between causes and effects in this world. A dropped app
Consumerism is defined as the policies developed seeking to protect and inform customers on continued buying of product, through honest packaging and branding. It emphasizes and encourages the progressive consumption of products by the consumers, beyond what the environment can sustain. Consumerism gives a reflection of the social stratification of individual and their position of influence on matters of political, social and economic. Consumerism can be traced back during the industrial revolution where there was a massive production of products. This was an era characterized with outstanding availability of products at a relatively lower price. Meaning everybody was in a position to get what they wanted. These led to the invention of ways to encourage the consumers to use these products so that the manufacturers could continue to produce more. In economic, consumerism refers to the belief that the customers should dictate the economic structure of the society The entry of consumerism in the market in 1960’s saw the shift and change in the shopping phenomenon. Later, the shopping lost its significance and became a class seeking movement. Consumerism formed a more polarized culture among the young and the elderly, the upper and the lower class as well as in the different sexual categories. This has led to disconnection between relatives, and also between the past and the future. Conservatives who were the major critics of the consumerism theory came to save the free spending Americans. The conservatives were trying to find the balance between the freedom and discipline. This was aimed at restraining the over consumption by families. The conservatives introduced stringent measures to the market to reduce the over flow consumption. This however just fueled the same polices they were opposed to, because they unleashed the market by cutting down the taxes, increasing the spending in defense and deregulating the regulator. The result of this new policy was still an emergence of group comprised of very affluent and extreme poor society. It did not address the problems which arouse as a result of consumerism theory. Eventually the once again, the American were to be introduced to a policy of individualism (Abuvia, 2005.p.90). This was later substituted for inexpensive housing. The free market conservatism pushed this new consumerism into a more selfish hand less social –bounded process. The contradictions of consumerism have been evident, with the capitalist campaigning for consumerism policies while the libertarians are opposed to it. Madeline Levine, an American, regarded the transformation within the American way of life as, “a shift away from the values of community and integrity and towards
The problem of the global commons is one of the most controversial issues which is discussed on the local governmental and international levels. The notion of the global commons includes such natural elements which do not belong to people, but form the global heritage (Sernau, 2012). They are the earth’s atmosphere, the biological diversity which also contains tropical forests, the oceans, and Antarctica (Nonini, 2007). The discussion of the global commons’ problems has a rather long history, and many ecologists, economists, and politicians argue on the fact of the existence of threats for the global commons (Shimko, 2012). Today it is possible to say that the global commons are in danger because of the threat of the development of such factors as the extreme global population growth, the resources’ shortage as a result of their overexploitation, and such environmental problems as the climate changes which can be caused by global warming. The further research suggests the thorough examination of these significant factors. The problem of the global population growth is discussed during a long period of time. Nowadays the fact of the extreme population’s increase which can lead to overpopulation is supported by the statistical data according to which the number of the population is growing in 1.5 % every year (Bodden, 2010). The problem of the population growth is closely connected with the aspect of the carrying capacity of the environment. If the population is growing constantly, this tendency will lead to the shortage of the natural resources necessary for the population’s life and for preserving the biological diversity and balance (Shimko, 2012). Moreover, overpopulated industrial territories can be cons
The aim of the mythic expedition of the male protagonist is to discover special understanding which will re-establish steadiness to him and the entire society. The conclusion of this knowledge is in most cases is personified in the female personality that the male protagonist comes across in his expedition. It also helps the reader to understand the Mesopotamian notion of women. Nevertheless, the female personality could be hazardous since she has ability to build or put into destruction with respect to how she is tackled and how she utilizes her authority. Epic of Gilgamesh portrays women as possessing ample knowledge, authority and lure to put into success or into destruction. The hero when tangled with a woman is at liberty from illusion of contestants and achieves knowledge to dictate his destiny. However, the same woman could be risky and beholding her might be detrimental if not properly armed. According to the Greek mythology, the ideal character is awarded with the role of facing limitations and, obstacles but overcomes them though courage, noble deeds and a spirit self sacrifice for the w