ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Social classes within communities are mostly as a result of differences in major areas of life for example the level of education, the amount of wealth or income one earns and the position that one holds in the society among other factors. In any given society, it is common to find the upper class, the upper middle class, the lower middle class, the working class and the poor. This paper will explore the topic of class and will specifically seek to prove that it is possible for one to achieve their dreams in life regardless of the social class that they belong to. Summary of the articles How class affects one’s education The relationship between class and education can be evident in the article by Leonhardt and Scott (p 8), who observe that the number of students who belong to the upper class in around 250 colleges has significantly risen compared to that of students from the lower class income. This has led to some colleges looking for intervention measures that will favor the lower income earners. This is because; they have noticed that a lot of talent is being lost because of the inability by the students from lower income families to access education. Leonhardt (p 1) further gives an example of how class can affect ones education using Andy Blevins, who decides to quit college in order to continue working. His decision is motivated by his poor background. He is an example of the many young people who decide to quit school and prefer to work because of their class. How class affects health care Leonhardt and Scottt (p 8) state that there is an observable difference between one class and another in terms of health care. The upper class is better placed in accessing health care and consequently has a higher life expectancy compared to the middle and the lower classes. On the other hand, the middle class is better off compared to the lower class, which is the worst hit in the area of health care and hence, a lower life expectancy compared to the other classes. How class affects marriage In terms of marriage, Leonhardt and Scottt (p 8) say that class determines the choice of the place where one lives and the people who one associates with. Those in the high class tend to have their children at a time in their life when they are stable financially and also due to the delay in getting married, they are able to have fewer children. Children from the upper class therefore have more privileges in life compared to their counterparts in the lower and middle classes. Some of the effects of class on marriages are shown through the lives of Mr. Croteau and Ms Woolner. Married and from two extremes in terms of their classes, they try very hard to reconcile their differences to build up a stable family. Their differences are so pronounced unti
Music is the sphere where the most unbelievable extremes meet; perhaps, this is the only sphere where complete harmony is possible. However, to have a better understanding of the music, careful analysis of its components is as important as the general impression. Analyzing several notable performances, one can feel the heartbeat of the musical rhythm. The three pieces under the analysis are strikingly different, yet they all possess certain unifying feature. Each of them represents a different musical style; in Ostrowsky’s performance of Marquez’s Dragon, it is the Mexican music, in Mackey’s composition it is closer to classics, as well as Grainger’s music. It is obvious that the tempo of the three concerts vary considerably. In Golemo’s version of Grainger, it is close to Andante Moderato, whereas in Mackey’s Aurora the tempo is somewhat slower, approaching Larghissimo. Marquez’s Dragon is moving with the grace of Adagio. The rhythm of each piece, the sounds and silences, have a stunning effect on the audience. While the music in Ostrowsky and Golemo’s interpretation create a constant flow of sounds, which crates an impression of integrity, Mackey’s piece in Heidel’s version sounds much more strained, making the audience feel the tension of the moment, with help of the uneven rhythm. Speaking of the melody of each piece, one must necessarily mark that the peculiarities of each composition are emphasized with help of the original interpretation of the orchestra. One of the finest examples of the classical musical pieces, the three compositions create the impression of integrity and wholeness, with their conjunctive melodies. Although Golemo and Ostrowsky tend to change the melody in the most dramatic moments of the performance, which sends shivers down people’s spines, there is no doubt that the three compositions make complete pieces with not a single trace of incompleteness. Considering each musical piece, one can come to the conclusion that each of them is a complete theme. Listening to the enchanting melodies, one can set his/her imagination completely free; as (s)he follows the curvy path of each composition, one will inevitably mark that the music tells the story of the place far-away. One of them triumphant, another sad, the third thrilling and intriguing, they created entire themes, the stories told in music. Another important feature of the compositions is their texture. With help of the variety
The idea of eradicating poverty has been haunting people since the dawn of civilization. Certainly, at some points in history, certain social categories switched positions, and those that had been at the helm became the lowest of the low; however, the very phenomenon of poverty persisted. Despite the attempts of modern economists to reconsider the financial options for the poor, the latter will always exist unless the very structure of economy is replaced with an entirely new principle of distributive justice. With all due respect to the endeavors of humanists in resolving the issue of poverty, one must admit that tackling the issue on a global scale is hardly possible. More to the point, the very idea of eradicating the phenomenon of poverty seems hardly realistic. Since the factors that induce poverty depend not only on economic and financial factors, but also on political, cultural and even personal, the issues to be addressed are hardly embraceable. One could make a very slim argument, though, that the problem of poverty should be dealt with on a statewide or even a citywide level instead of a global one to make the process plausible. However, at the given point, one must ask a question regarding the effects of the measures that will supposedly be undertaken. As Paul McHenry explains, as long as the so-called “high class,” i.e., the people possessing large amounts of money, exists, there will be no opportunity to eliminate poverty, since there will always be the lack of finances for a particular social group: “Indeed, it is impossible to eradicate poverty with the left-overs from those who are better off” (McHenry, 2012, p. 190). One could make a very slim argument that, with a more careful distribution of finances, there is a chance for turning the population classified as “poor” and “extremely poor” into the people that can afford a basic minimum of bare necessities. Though doubtlessly noble, the given suggestion is not quite applicable to the present-day society, though, mostly because the very phenomenon of poverty is often triggered by the imperfect structure of the society. The question regarding the possibility of eliminating extreme poverty, however, remains open. According to a number of researches, there are means to provide people with enough resources or, at the very least, with the means to survive. Needless to say, the idea of distributing money equally among every citizen seems absurd, seeing how it presupposes that the entire economic and cultural basis of the society must be reinvented completely. Still, providing those less fortunate with an additional chance for earning for their living and paying the bills is quite possible. As the study conducted by Watt shows, “while the target of eradicating extreme poverty is ambitious, it is far from impossible” (Watt, 2000, p. 11). Still, it must be acknowledged that economically, the idea of eliminating the chances for people to become poor is unattainable. While it seems legitimate that poor people
The U.S. is a world leader in terms of how much funds a country spends on healthcare. Politicians and news anchors often mention it during election campaigns. However, officials generally hush up the fact that the United States has significantly low quality of medical services provided. This paper aims to compare the U.S. and Australian healthcare system performance based on The Commonwealth Fund Report. The report is based on healthcare data from the United States, Switzerland, Sweden, France, Germany, Netherlands, Canada, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Norway, and Australia. According to Chart 1, from 1980 to 2014, Commonwealth countries where spending on the healthcare from 9% to 11.4% of GDP, while the U.S. was spending 16.6% of GDP (Schneider et al., 2017). Chart 2 addresses critical aspects of the healthcare system’s performance – care process, access, administrative efficiency, equity, healthcare outcomes (Schneider et al., 2017). Ironically, in the overall ranking U.S. occupies the last 11th place, with most indicators taking 11th place, except for the care process, 5th place. The U.K. attained the best overall ranking, overtaking Australia and Netherlands. At the same time, the best healthcare outcomes were shown by Australia, Sweden, and Norway. It is noteworthy that Australia also has a low level of mortality amenable to healthcare – 65 deaths per 100,000 populations, compared with 110 deaths in the U.S. Perhaps the reason for excellent Australian healthcare outcomes is its Medicare public insurance plan, funded through tax revenue, similarly to the British NHS system. However, in Australia, unlike the U.K., many hospitals are private and 50% of its citizens “purchase private health insurance to access care outside the public system” (Schneider et al., 2017, p. 10). Conceivably, a more detailed study of Australian healthcare processes will help the United States achieve equally impressive results. Noteworthy, the population of Australia is 25.5 million people, compared with 325.7 million people in the U.S., and it has more centralized administration, which simplifies control over the medical services provided. Thus, the U.S. and Australian healthcare system performance was compared and contrasted. According to the Commonwealth Fund Report, the U.S. ranks first in terms of healthcare spending, and last in terms of quality of medical services provided. Leaders are the UK with its NHS services and Australia with its Medicare public insurance plan, plenty of private hospitals, and 50% of the population purchasing private health insurance.
Abstract This study aims at identifying the relationship between the changes in the population and the changes in the carbon dioxide emissions. In doing so, the researcher of this study has considered the data relating to the population and carbon dioxide emissions of six countries from 1960 to 2007. The six countries selected were categorized into three groups namely developed, developing and third world countries. The data collected has been statistically tested by the researcher by carrying out the regression analysis and correlation through the use of the statistical software – SPSS. The results revealed after the statistical analysis was performed that there is a negative relationship between the population increase and the emissions of carbon dioxide in the case of developed countries while on the other hand in the case of developing and third world countries the relationship was found positive. Introduction Background While showing his concern over the increasing population of the world, Robert Engelman from Population Action International said, “Trends such as the loss of half of the planet’s forests, the depletion of most of its major fisheries, and the alteration of its atmosphere and climate are closely related to the fact that human population expanded from mere millions in prehistoric times to over six billion today” (Nantez 2010). Increase in the size of the population worldwide influences the environmental issues in a number of ways. Changes in the population levels affect the trends and patterns of consumption behaviours in a society, the technological advancements, the overall economic, and the political scenario, and all these factors then collectively pose an impact on the environment (Nagdev 2002). The last century witnessed a huge increase in the population of the whole world due to the developments in the health care sector and increased productivity through efficient ways offered by the “Green Revolution”. After reaching the highest population growth rate of 2.20 percent in the early 60s, the worldwide population growth rate started to decline. But the decline did not mean that the population stopped to increase further. Apart from the slower growth rate of population, every year 80 million human beings are added to the total of the world’s population and today the total population of the planet earth is close to 7 billion. It is estimated that the total world population will reach 9 billion by the year 2050 (About 2011, Engelman 1999). There is a consensus among the environmental experts that most of the climatic changes and other environmental issues are being caused by the increase in population, primarily due to the reason that the needs and demands of the rising population increase with t
Introduction Writing about food seems to be not as challenging and provocative as the necessity to create a paper and prove my readiness to start writing. Instead of focusing on my strengths and abilities, I have to deal with my fears and professional doubts. Certain questions about the correctness of choice or the ability to recognize and complete all the tasks properly get in my head. However, as soon as I remember my goals and intentions to become one of the best representatives in the food industry, I have many thoughts about my career path, possible success, and potential challenges. This course of writing is a good chance for a future food industry expert to learn how to organize work, plan actions, and evaluate skills in order to introduce a solid result and be proud of achievements. Main body The food industry and the process of cooking have been my passion since childhood. I enjoyed observing my parents preparing food together after their work or during weekends. I ardently followed the movements of the cookers at the open-kitchen restaurants. With time, I began to take my first steps in cooking and achieved success. The decision to enter a chef school was evident, and I had to evaluate my strong and weak sides and check if I could meet the standards and my expectations. However, becoming a student also means dealing with a number of assignments and introduce various projects. For example, this course aims at motivating and organizing writers, using correct mechanics and grammar, and working with different texts. I am interested in developing my skills to check if I can cross this line and
Terms of Reference The internet has changed the way by which people conduct business transactions by eliminating the inherent need for face-to-face transactions. Personal banking has been one of the affected areas, with online banking becoming more popular with time. Online banking, also known as internet banking, enables users to execute financial transactions through the internet without the need to visit a bank branch physically. One key feature with online banks is their ability to offer services to customers at significantly low fees. Online banks can afford these discounts since they do not incur the traditional costs associated with physical banking such as paying rent (Lai et al. 2014). I have chosen the topic “Investigation of how the Shift from Physical Personal Banking to Online Banking has affected Consumers” because online banking has made it easier to shop by eliminating the need to carry cash everywhere. Sarreal (2016) reported that half of the adult population in the United States use internet banking. This number has increased by about 29 million within the last year, showing that internet banking is becoming even more popular. On the other hand, only about 32% of customers are using traditional banking. This observation indicates a tremendous shift from physical to online banking (Hussain & Wong 2015). Conversely, online banking raises issues of cybersecurity and the safety of customers’ money when transactions are conducted online (Jansen & Leukfeldt 2016). Therefore, the writer wishes to investigate the nume
The concept of mobile money transfer originated from Vodafone Company of the UK. The idea was to create a platform where small borrowers in microfinance sector could easily receive and send money through Vodafone authorized airtime dealers. Consequently, microfinance institutions (MFIs) would provide loans at competitive rates as the cost of handling cash would reduce considerably. Vodafone subscribers were to use their SIM card to access mobile banking services. The service would give users easy tracking of their financial affairs. However, when the company launched the service in the year 2007, the focused changed as customers adopted mobile banking for other reasons. The service provided a platform in which subscribers could send and receive money across the country using Vodafone network. Mobile money transfer acted as a branchless bank. Subscribers could perform basic transactions using their mobile phones without visiting their branches. At the same time, the service was available to both bank account holders and non-account holders. The service grew considerably due to its affordability and in most cases, not involving banks in transactions. Mobile banking subscribers could deposit and withdraw money from any agent countrywide. However, Vodafone is a mobile service provider and not a bank (not a deposit-receiving institution). When banks realized that mobile banking was capturing their markets particularly majority who never had bank accounts, they challenged activities of the comp
Introduction Nursing ethics, self-advocacy, and professional accountability are three essential principles that guide the practice of nursing professionals. Nurses are held accountable for their actions and conduct to ensure that they operate within the established levels of competence when providing care to patients as well as improve their practice to ensure the provision of high-quality, ethical, and safe care to patients. In this paper, a scenario regarding nurses’ ethical responsibilities will be assessed; it includes a complicated dilemma that could test a nurse’s integrity with regards to catering to a patient’s needs that may go against some of the ethical principles of nursing. Making a Decision In the scenario, the patient (Mr. Newcomb) diagnosed with a fatal condition asked his nurse to aid in seeing his mistress for the last time. While such a request may not be complicated to arrange, there is one significant ethical barrier – Mr. Newcomb is married, and his wife is always at his bedside, trying to spend as much time with her husband as possible. In such a situation, a nurse has to choose whether to cater to the dying patient’s wish and lie to his wife or to decline the request respectfully. Despite the fact that the Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses implies support for patients’ decisions even in cases when their families disagree with them, the case of Mr. Newcomb cannot align with this rule since it is not concerned with treatment (CNA, 2017). A nurse is likely to decline the request by expressing his or her moral obligation of providing ethical care to patients and avoiding deceitful actions that can lead to adverse consequences. However, the nurse must assure the patient that his request would remain between him and the nurse to avoid any complicated situations with his wife: “collect, use, and disclose health information on a need-to-know basis with the highest degree of anonymity possible in the circumstances and in accordance with privacy laws” (CNA, 2017, p. 14). Ethical Principles The knowledge of ethical principles (beneficence, autonomy, non-maleficence, and justice) significantly influenced the decision made in the case of Mr. Newcomb since they guide nursing practice in the context of providing care to patients. If, for instance, Mr. Newcomb asked to administer him more pain relievers while his wife was against it, a nurse would be likely to administer appropriate medication to ease the patient’s pain. However, the patient’s request was solely personal and went against the general ethical principle of being truthful. This means that Mr. Newcomb’s nurse had more leverage in making the decision of not helping him deceive his wife. It is important to mention that making a solid decision in Mr. Newcomb’s case was hard because the ethical principles of beneficence, autonomy, non-maleficence, and justice did not have a unifying theory to provide a clear guideline on how to act in certain situations (Bishop, n.d.). For
Introduction The main character of the epic poem Odyssey is Odysseus, the ruler of Ithaca and the brave warrior who is ready to do everything possible and impossible to return home to his wife Penelope and his son Telemachus. Some gods do not seem to be very generous and prevent Odysseus’s returning home. The companions and friends that accompany the main hero on his way experience the same difficulties as Odysseus. Though he is courageous and fearless, he dislikes being deceived by gods that promised to leave him and let him go to his native land. The family of the main character consists of a wife Penelope and a son Telemachus who was only a month when Odysseus went to the Trojan War. On his way home Odysseus faces dangers and difficulties, he is forced to fight with cruel creatures and to resist temptation of abandoning the thoughts of home. The main character of the Odyssey encounters a great number of problems and mean people and gods that tend to hinder him to turn back to his kingdom, however, he meets a lot of people that help him and provide him and his companions with water and food. As the most important goal of the protagonist is to come back home and see his family, he acts in accordance with his principles and against the gods’ decisions and desires. The only goddess protecting Odysseus is Athena who recognized in Odysseus a male person identical to herself, so, she feels urgent to carry of him as of her own son. Odysseus was creative and capable of great endurance, and the gods paid heed to him, and it was due to his temper (Moore 1). However, it turned out that being gods’ favorite is not enough because the fate can change your position in society as well as can change the wind that was supposed to bring you home. A Brief Summary of the Odyssey Odysseus is a brave warrior who finds himself at Trojan War, though he did not want to participate in that battle. After ten years of the war, Odysseus sets off in order to return home where a beloved wife Penelope and a son Telemachus are waiting for him, but he does not know that his adventures will last for ten more years; so, the whole journey of Odysseus took about twenty years. The kingdom of Ithaca is the native land of Odysseus who is the ruler of this land which “breeds brave men” (Homer and Mackail 68) and these men would not change their native land to