ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the resolution of civil cases involving claims of negligence, it is vital for the plaintiff to attest that the defendant owed him/her a duty of care, the breach of which resulted to a damage on his or her part. It is also crucial for the defendant to have recognised in the most reasonable sense that he owned a duty of care to the plaintiff. This implies that every element of tort has concepts of value judgment ingrained in it. One such value judgment is the capacity to proof that the damage caused to the plaintiff was foreseeable in the most reasonable sense by a reasonable individual in a similar position as the defendant during the time of raising the negligence claims. In this end, a controversy emerges in determining what is foreseeable and what is not foreseeable. Consequently, judges, not only from Australia, have to derive mechanisms of settling matters involving claims of negligence by determining the reasonableness of the claims, extents of duty of care owed to the plaintiff, and the degree of foreseeability of the damages claimed by the defendant 1 . Therefore, as revealed in the paper, judges theoretically apply an ‘objective test’ to disguise a ‘subjective’ value judgment in claims relating to negligence in the Australian courts. Components of tort of negligence in Australia and objective test In the Australian law, negligence comprises of two essentials components: “foreseeability of the risk of harm and the so called negligence calculus” 2 . The first component is central in providing a response to the query of whether a person deemed reasonable would have considered the necessary precautions to avoid the risks acerbated to the defendant. This is a quest to prove a duty of care. One of the ways of proofing duty of care is through a subjective test in which the court has to determine whether the defendant knowingly subjected the plaintiff to situations likely to cause substantial harm. Another way of proving duty of care is through objective test applied by judges. This entails determining that a defendant failed to realise his/her actions towards another party (claimant) would have caused substantial harm; something that another party in such a position as the defendant would have realised. In Australia, the objective test disguises prior knowledge that one’s actions towards another person would cause substantial harm (subjective test) because the person claimed to have caused the damage is not vital to have prior knowledge that his/her actions could have caused the claimed damage 3 . Rather, the standard is to prove that another reasonable person in the same position as the defendant would have realised the probability of the damage and could have taken the necessary precautions to prevent its occurrence. However, even though this argument points at asserting that judges in high courts use objective tes
Introduction Al Dahra is an agribusiness firm that operates in the production of both animal and human feeds. The foodstuffs include fruits, rice, vegetables, hay, and animal pellets. The firm cultivates, produces, and trades its products around the United Arab Emirates. Al Dahra owns the land of approximately 0.2 million acres with four rice milling plants, eight forage pressing plants, and two flour milling plants; the company has both the local and international market with about 21 distribution sites in the United Arab Emirates and export outlets to Canada, Spain, the United States of America, Pakistan, and Italy (Al Dahra, 2020; Calais, 2019). The firm has several branches depending on its products, namely, plant production, animal production, Alfalfa product project, Animal and plant production, Al Ddahra agricultural company in Egypt, Emirates international company, Navigator Company, and Al Dahra Agricultural Company in Pakistan. Each of the branches provides agricultural services in different regions in both the United Arab Emirates and other countries, including Egypt and Pakistan. Literature Review Al-Dahra is the leading agribusiness firm in the United Arab Emirates, which focuses on rearing and cultivation, production and trading of essential food products, animal feed, and supply chain management. The company has a wide product range with over 40 forage varieties, animal feed commodities, roughage and grasses, supplements, and additives to human food, including crops and grains, fresh fruits, and dairy products (“Welcome to Al Dahra,” 2020). Moreover, Al Dahra boasts 5000 employees with a presence in over 20 countries (Al Dahra, 2020). The company has a unique business model with diverse approaches, which have contributed to its growth. Further, Al Dahra has widespread global investments and a geographic footprint. Despite the company being based in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), it has managed to open a few branches in various countries, including Pakistan for rice production and Egypt. Other countries include Canada, Italy, and the USA (“Welcome to Al Dahra,” 2020). The firm ensures that there is an uninterrupted annual supply of products to meet the rising demand. It also has a vast spread source of raw materials to ensure constant supply and unending production (Al Dahra, 2020). The management at Al Dahra has assured that there is mitigation against calamities such as climate change and economic or trade risks to ensure that consistency is maintained in meeting consumers’ desires. Moreover, the firm has been committed to ensuring long-lasting food security in the countries they operate. The company enjoys long-term government contracts, emergency stock reserves on which the constant market fluctuations are cushioned, and guaranteed availability of products for rushed orders (“Welcome to Al Dahra,” 2020). Additionally, Al Dahra commits to ensuring that supply is agile during global sho
Stein, Paul. Pulmonary Embolism (2 nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. Print. Web. According to Stein (3), morbidity of the population and age are the two main factors that enhance the development of pulmonary embolism. Hough, Alexandra. Physiotherapy in Respiratory Care: An Evidence-Based Approach to respiratory and Cardiac Management (3 rd ed.). London: Chapman & Hall, 2001.Print. Web. The clotting of blood around the region of pulmonary vasculature is the main cause pulmonary embolism (Hough 116). It may be caused by various factors. However, this type of blood clot is common among individuals who do not carry out a lot of physical exercises to enhance blood flow. Zadik Yehuda, Becker Tal and Levin Liran. Intra-oral and peri-oral piercing. J Isr Dent Assoc 24 (2007): 29–34. Print. Web. Ludwig’s angina affects the floor of the mouth. In most cases, the infection affects the connective tissue inside the lower regions of the mouth. It is also known as angina ludovici. The infection is mainly diagnosed among adults. The airways may be obstructed if the infection is left untreated for a long time. Goldhaber, Samuel & Ruth Morrison. Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis. Circulation. 2002, 106, 1436-1438. Print. Web. Pulmonary embolism results from the movement of blood clots in the veins to the heart. The blood containing clots is then pumped into the pulmonary arteries. This article will offer information on the risk factors, diagnosis, warning signals, preventive measures, and treatment of pulmonary embolism. Galiè, Nazzareno; Hoeper, Marius M.; Humbert, Marc; Torbicki, Adam; Vachiery, Jean-Luc; Barbera, Joan Albert; Beghetti, Maurice; Corris, Paul; Gaine, Sean; Gibbs, J. Simon; Sanchez, Miguel Angel Gomez; Jondeau, Guillaume; Klepetko, Walter; Opitz, Christian; Peacock, Andrew; Rubin, Lewis; Zellweger, Michael & Simonneau, Gerald. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatm ent of pulmonary hypertension . Eur Heart J (2009) 30 (20), 2493-2537. Web. This article offers information on necromantic peptides, prognosis, thrombosis, heart diseases, and embolism. It will provide a deep understanding of the risk factors associated with pulmonary embolism. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) affects certain veins in the human body through random clotting of blood. It is known to cause severe pain on the affected patient since the veins tend to swell and consequently hinder the smooth flow of blood. The worst affected area of the body is usually the legs. Although most infections of this nature have open symptoms, DVTs do not demonstrate signs and symptoms at all. However, sitting down for a long time may cause DVTs. Van Neste, Els G., Verbruggen, Ward & Leysen, Mark. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in psychiatric settings.
Introduction Critical analysis and evaluation of sustainability reports of financial services has become an instrumental aspect of local and global accounting principles. Specifically, many organization and economies across the global business arena have put in place policies and instruments to ensure that there is growth and rapid evaluation of different sustainability reporting instruments as part of their competitive advantage. At present, different regions have unique and proactively tailored sustainability reporting instruments that are created to standardize their accounting principles in line with the global acceptable values (Eisenbeis, Frame, & Wall 2007, p. 89). Despite these developments, there are problems encountered in the development of financial services and the relationship with the global economy. In relation to this proposed research, the scope of establishing different sustainability reporting instruments will include the United State of America, United Kingdom, China, and parts of European countries. Research Background The aspect of sustainability disclosure has become a basic accounting principle for different economic blocs across the globe (Knights & Mccabe 1996, p. 18). Specifically, a sustainability report of financial services defines the scope of instruments used in reporting, whether voluntary or mandatory in different regions across the globe (Black Sun Plc 2012, p. 5). In the recent years, a lot of research has been carried out on instrumentation of voluntary and involuntary reporting instruments in different regions in conformity with the twenty first accounting principles (Cheng, Loannou, & Serafeim 2011, p. 19). In the last five years, there has been a surge in the growth of sustainability reporting instruments to the demand of different economies. There were 400 reporting instruments identified in the year 2016 in 64 countries as opposed to 180 instruments in the year 2012 (Corporate Register 2016, p. 8). This trend indicates that modernizing economies are becoming more complex and require businesses to proactively report financial and non-financial performance information (Dhaliwal, Li, Tsang, & Yang 2011, p. 84). The drivers of the trend are attributed to growth in accounting regulatory principles in the United State of America, United Kingdom, China, and parts of European countries. For instance, explain or comply reporting approaches adopted within Europe has ensured that many economies in this region are ahead in sustainability reporting instruments (Dhaliwal, Li, Tsang, & Yang 2011, p. 742). Specifically, the European Union’s national measures on information disclosure to capture risks, policies, and outcomes associated with sustainability have propelled the curr
Introduction The ‘journal of feminist studies in religion’ takes us through what the author believes to be the main reason why women are more inclined to religious practices than men. It is clear that women are the most religious people and they will look out for solutions to their life’s questions by being committed to a certain religion 1 . This does not however mean that men have no challenges that will prompt them towards religion. As a matter of fact, there are men who are more inclined to religion than some women. The emphasis is however on the ratio of men to women that will resort to religion as a means of handling the situations of life 2 . Apart from the reasons that have been presented by the author, the ultimate one is basically the difference on how both sexes can handle the situations 3 . Men are generally known to be strong emotionally and also have the ability to persevere in hard situations. In this paper, we focus on the viability of the article and how realistic some of the points presented are. The method of research In determining how reliable the information is, the focus is usually on the methods that were used to collect data. The information presented may not necessarily represent the majority, considering the sample group that was used to collect the information. There is also the time factor where a consideration is made on when the information was collected. Data that was collected many years ago may only be used as a reference and not to represent current happenings. The information presented in the data was mostly collected from Brazil over seven years ago. In analyzing the situation, we will look at it basing on the years, when the information was collected. Reliability of the information There are a number of reasons that may make the information to be either reliable or not. For instance, there are numerous cultures that are represented in the world that are not represented in the data. The author states that the main reason why most women are inclined to religion is because they are seeking for consolation in their situations. The author may be mistaken to think that most religions act in favor of women 4 . On the contrary, when you take keen look at most religions, they have cultural inclinations that do not value women. One fundamental area that can confirm to us that women are not consoled by religion is the area of leadership. Most religions do not feel that it is right for women to take up high positions of leadership 5 . They relate this to what they refer to as the requirements of the law. This basically means that no matter how much responsible they prove to be, they may never be elevated to higher positions. In fact, the women that are more inclined to the secular world are in better positions of rising to higher status if they work hard rather than those that are inclined to religion. It hence goes without saying that there are more other reasons that prompt women to be more committed to religion than men. On the other hand, religion may be considered as a means through which women gain some author
In consideration of the story of Abraham, the book of Genesis largely meets the threshold for classification as an epic. Abraham was one of the three sons of Terah, who God called when he was seventy five years old, to leave his fathers family behind in order to start a journey of faith that spanned one hundred years, and covered much distance. We see the unfolding of divine occurences in this journey all the way to his death at the age of one hundred and seventy five. In Abraham’s society, he stood for justice, selflessness and the sharing of opportunities. Abraham came out as a defender of the weak and as one not to fight over opportunities. When Lot, decided to go with Abraham, he did not stop him. Abraham was not seen to seek his own advantage by following up on God’s promise all alone. Later on when there was strife between Abraham’s and Lot’s herdsmen Abraham, said, “lets not have any quarelling between you and me, or between your herdsmen and mine, for we are brothers” (Zondervan NIV Study Bible, Gen. 13.8). Abraham went on to propose that they separate, giving Lot the upper hand in deciding on which areas to take. Lot chose the lush regions towards Sodom. Later, when the four kings of Shinar, Ellasar, Elam and Goiim capture Lot, together with the inhabitants of Sodom and Gommorrah, Abraham got his men together and recued all the captives including his nephew Lot. He went on to restitute to the captured kings all the loot plundered from them. These instances show that Abraham fought for justice and the opressed and was open to sharing opportunities. God favoured Abraham. God picked on Abrahaham out of the entire human race to bless him. Before Abraham had anything of merit, God called him and promised to bless him. God said to Abraham, “Leave your country, your people and your father’s household and go to the land I will show you” (Gen 12.1). While Abraham’s future relationship with God depended on his obedience to this command, he was the only one that God gave the opportunity. Before he had obeyed the command, God promised in Gen 12.2 to bless him, to make his name great, to bless those who bless him and to curse those that curse him. After Abraham left, God went ahead to make a covenant with Abraham and promised him a son. Because of Gods favor, Abraham became a very wealthy man. This favor was so evident that Abimelech sought to get into covenant with Abraham so that Abraham, would “not deal falsely” (Gen 21.23) with him or his descendants. Abraham was also God’s confidant. Because of Gods preferential treatment of Abraham, he learnt of the impending destruction of Sodom and Gommorrah, and had opportunity to plead with God on behalf of the two cities. God dealt with Abraham as a frie
Introduction One of the leading causes of global warming in the world today has been identified as carbon emissions resulting from the use of fossil fuels. The levels of pollution have indeed gone up by an alarming rate over the past few decades. This calls for the application of integrated efforts towards the reduction of the various sources of pollution. The Automobile sector has been identified as one of the leading causes of fossil fuel emissions; this can be attributed to the heavy usage of fossil fuels in the Automobiles that are used on the roads all over the world (EIA, 2007). In order to reduce the levels of pollution, there is a dire need to adopt new technologies that are aimed at reducing the amount of fossil fuel that is consumed in the automobile engines. Indeed it is very important to note that the problems that are associated with the emissions from the automobiles are not only limited to pollution, but also present numerous health problems to the users of the automobiles. There have been numerous attempts to address the issue of the pollution that results from the use of automobiles in the transport sector; these efforts have been varied but they have all been aimed at reducing the amount of emissions that result from the use of fossil fuels in the engines of these automobiles. Efforts ranging from engine modifications to the development of hybrid vehicles and the use of special environmental friendly fuels such as bio-fuels are all aimed at creating a cleaner environment in the greater society. Overall the issue of automobile pollution has been addressed from a variety f angles but there is a
The product placements in the movie Man of Steel involve different brands unlike the other films that use one brand for placements. For instance, Nokia represents the communication industry; Chrysler is the example of company of the transportation industry and sears of the stores industry. Similarly, the movie shows the fast food preferences of its characters just as their favorite drinks. The analyzed movie reflects the modern trends in marketing. In particular, it reflects the fact that the companies tend to advertise their products by targeting the broader audience. In addition, they recognize the importance of the associations in advertising. The effectiveness of the product placement is closely connected with the success of the movie. Product Placement Discussion I think that the movie Man of Steel was a good choice of the producers to advertise their brands. The movie mostly targeted the young audience. The companies recognized the fact that it was the age group, which represented the target market for their brands. It is a well-known fact that the youths tend to spend more in order to look stylish and to stand out among their coevals. The product placements in the Hollywood blockbusters can make the youths think that if they communicate via Nokia phones or wear Warby Parker sunglasses, they will be as cool as the characters of the movie. Target and Genre Undoubtedly, different companies targeted different groups of consumers. For instance, product placement of Chrysler targeted the audience with the substantial level of income. The placement of IHOP targeted the middleclass and young people who were the fast food lovers. Overall, the movie was a good choice for rather different companies, which intended to invest in the product placements in the film. The action and fiction genre of the movie was perfect for the promotional campaign. The emotional excitement caused by the films of such genre makes people memorize the scenes better. It also means that the products showed in these episodes remain in their memories. Other Brands In my view, the films similar to Man of Steel are appropriate for the product placements of many other companies. For instance, a soft drink brand like Coca-Cola or Pepsi could be appropriate to quench the thirst of the mighty Man of Steel. Similarly, a watch brand like Omega could be a good device for keeping time for the high flying Man of Steel.
Executive Summary The proposed project is a combination of a marijuana dispensary, a hookah lounge, and a restaurant. Due to the size of the venture, it is necessary to give thorough attention to each of the three elements in particular in addition to the whole project in general. The company’s name is MaryJane’s Toke and Tavern. It will be located in the center of the city and will be an ideal community dispensary store. The facility that we would prefer to use is currently being leased, but we are planning to buy it in half a year since the owner has put it up for sale. We plan to carry out a small facelift, but this should not require much financial expense. The facility has been used as a store and its condition is quite satisfactory. However, it will be necessary to change the interior. We want to make the three departments of the project distinguishably different, but at the same time, they should all be united by some common theme. The variant that sounds the most effective and affordable is to decorate the restaurant and hookah lounge in the Arabic style and include some similar elements in the dispensary. Mission, Vision, and Values The mission of the venture is to provide customers with high-quality products for an affordable price. We want to create a large merged project of three facilities, each of which is of great interest to modern people. Our vision is to become leaders in the US market focused on medical marijuana and hookah and arrange for very comfortable conditions for the customers. The values of our enterprise are integrity, responsibility, quality, and diversity. Definition of The Problem In creating our business plan, the key elements suggested by Marting Zwilling will be used as a framework. The first component that the author advises should be included in a business plan is the definition of the problem (Zwilling). The major motivation for opening MaryJane’s Toke and Tavern is that smoking in groups is one of the most favorite pastimes of people. Some like smoking a hookah while others prefer marijuana. In any case, after such an activity, customers’ appetites increase, and they go somewhere else to eat. There are several disadvantages to the lack of a location that would satisfy all of these needs at the same time. Firstly, customers might stay at a hookah lounge of marijuana dispensary longer if they had an opportunity to have a snack from time to time. Instead, people have to leave a place where they feel relaxed and have a good time with their friends and go to some café or home. Secondly, the owners of such dispensaries and lounges lose profit due to their inability to cover all clients’ needs. If visitors stayed for a snack in the same place where they smoke, they would be spending their money with the same businessman, which would be highly profitable for the owner. Also, after having something to eat, they might want to have another round of smoking, which would again bring advantages