ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction McDonald’s is a well known fast food retail chain that has its main operations in the United States of America. The fast food retail corporation has 31,000 fast food restaurants in 119 countries around the world with many of these fast food outlets serving around 58 million customers in one day. The total number of people working for McDonald’s is over 1.5 million employees in the various chains around the world. Apart from the company’s fast food restaurants, McDonald’s operates other restaurant brands which include the Piles Café, Chipotle Mexican Grill and Donatos Pizza. The most common McDonald meals being the hamburger (Big Mac), cheese burger, French fries, chicken nuggets, egg McMuffins, soft drinks and milk shakes. These meals are offered in the various McDonalds restaurants that include drive-through restaurants, counter service, Auto-Mac or Pay and Drive (McDonald’s par. 1-2). McDonalds Globalization in History McDonald’s was started in 1940 by Richard and Maurice McDonald in the Bernardino area of California and the main idea behind opening the restaurant was to provide cheap burgers through the use of fast service. The two brothers introduced the speedy service system in 1948 within their restaurant and that marked the beginning of the modern day fast food restaurants around the world. The company filed for its first US trademark in 1961 with the description of their restaurant to be one that offered drive-in restaurant services. The company also filed a logo trademark on September 3 rd of 1961 that would be used to identify the McDonald’s franchise. The company had previously used a logo of a man with a chef’s hat on top of a hamburger when they decided changed their logo to that of Ronald McDonald. The company took on the logo trademark of the overlapping, double arched M symbol in 1961 when they filed for a logo trademark. “The overlapping double arched M symbol was however changed in 1962 to a single arch M symbol. This single arched M has become the symbol that is used today to identify McDonald’s restaurants around the world” (Mieth 3-4). The first franchise owner of McDonald’s was Ray Kroc who was appointed by Richard and Maurice McDonald in 1954 to run the San Bernardino restaurant in California. Ray Kroc eventually opened his own restaurant in 1955 within the Des Plaines area of Illinois near Chicago which marked the beginning of the McDonald’s Corporation. Kroc developed the company’s motto in 1957 which states that McDonald’s was restaurant that offered quality, service, cleanliness and value (Q.S.C. &V.). In 1961, Ray Kroc bought all the rights to the McDonald’s franchise from Richard and Maurice McDonald at a price of $2.7 million dollars (Spotlight par. 1-5). The year 1963 marked the opening of 500 McDonald restaurants in America with these restaurants selling a total of one billion hamburgers. 500 students from the Hamburger University in Chicago also graduated in 1963 marking the success of the McDonald’s corporate brands. The sam
Alan Sears and James Cairns in their book A Good Book, in Theory: Making Sense through Inquiry present the most influential theories of the social development and changes. The battle against chaos as the main function of the societal regulation as it is outlined in the social order model and challenging inequities as the driving force for the social transformation as it is outlined in the conflict theory explain the main underlying processes of the societal development from different theoretical perspectives. According to the social order perspective, the main function of the society rules is preventing the treat of chaos and savagery in the community. The battle against chaos can be defined as the society control over its members intended to protect them from their inherently brutal selves through socializing them. It is assumed that were it not for the society regulations, every individual would act according to his/her narrow self-interests disregarding the interests of the others (Sears and Cairns 17). An interesting example of the community degradation due to the lack of social order can be found in the book Lord of Flies by Golding in which a group of children left on a desert island do not manage to preserve their civilization and finally go wild. Thus, the plot of this book illustrates the idea that the social order can be regarded as the product of the societal control which is significant for preventing the chaos and bloodshed characteristic of the primitive tribes lacking these regulations. Another assumption which can be driven from the central idea of the battle against the chaos as the primary function of the social order is that a strong set of common values is required for preserving the society order. As compared to the external policies, the self-control and the established habit of regulating oneself are more effective for preventing the degradation to the level of the self-serving brutality. In that regard, the social stratification can threaten the appropriate societal order because the individuals who have less power will consider the order as unjust and would not share the common values. Then, the pluralism of the political processes and the negotiations between the competing interest groups when solving certain significant problems is significant for maintaining the social order. For this reason Sears and Cairns develop the idea that a long-term modernization and constant social changes are important for eliminating unjust social practices, preserving social order and ensuring the country’s progress and prosperity. In contrast to the social order perspective viewing the preservation of the social order as the necessary battle against the possible chaos, the conflict model emphasizes the role of modern society in creating the inequalities which are put into its basis. The challenging inequities are viewed as the struggle between the disadvantages groups and those who occupy the power positions which results in the conflict of interests and is followed by social changes (Sears and Cairns 20). The examples of labor unions intended to protect the rights of the employees and feminist movement struggling for the eq
Introduction The recognition of the importance and the necessity of education for the development of society has become a significant achievement of the human civilization. Today, literacy rate as a major indicator of the education level is acknowledged as a crucial element of the development of a country. Promoting literacy in the form of the universal primary education is one of the goals of global cooperation in the 21st century. A specific issue in this area is adult illiteracy. Addressing the issue requires extensive measures from governments and non-government organizations on creating adult literacy programs. Such programs are challenging to develop and conduct due to various reasons, including the difficulties with defining literacy in the modern world, designing curricula, and determining the effects of literacy on different aspects of individuals’ lives. Adult illiteracy elimination programs should be designed with the considerations of functional literacy, women’s vulnerable illiteracy position, and addressing serious social issues in teaching materials. Background The importance of literacy for the development is hard to overestimate. It comes from the recognition that positive social changes are driven by the educated people (Merriam & Brockett, 2011). Educated people learn how to contribute to the well-being of their communities, develop strategies, and implement them. Populations or their portions that have a low education level or limited access to education are vulnerable. Research shows that people in such populations or groups are exposed to various potentially harmful factors to a greater extent than those in more educated communities. Such factors may include poor health care, inadequate working and living conditions, higher mortality rates, and insufficient supply of resources (Duckworth & Ade-Ojo, 2015; Roman, 2004). Education is a broad concept encompassing many aspects of personal development, but its fundamental component is gaining information from written text. The ability to read, therefore, was historically acknowledged as the first step in education. Along with the ability to read, literacy also includes the ability to write. In many modern societies, where these abilities are widespread and illiterates are rarely found, it may be hard to understand, but in those societies where illiteracy is still a daunting problem, being literate evidently has many advantages. Literates are capable of distant communication: in order to communicate something to someone, they do not have to have a chance to talk to the person face-to-face. They can preserve information, thus ensuring a continuous development of their communities by means of accumulating knowledge. They are capable of formal relations, i.e. they can sign agreements among each other, thus becoming subjects of legal rights. For these and various other reasons, a significant effort was made in many parts of the world to eliminate illiteracy in order to facilitate development. Adult illiteracy elimination is an initiative aimed at educating adult illiterates in vulnerable or underprivileged communities. According to resear
Abstract Health is more than just diabetes, hypochondria, malignant tumor, tuberculosis, cholera, and myocardial infarction. It transcends beyond biological definitions and perceptions of health. It is not imaginary neither is it an abstract of human imagination. It is a 3-dimensional concept that is a result of various factors embedded in society. The paper throws light on health and its relation with society; the various factors in society that have molded our definition of health; the gradual evolution of the concept of health; the obstacles that stand in the way and the way health is perceived by different factions. Religious, moral, and biological reasoning to the definition of health is also cited. That, health is symbiotic with social values is known but how so is elaborated. The inter-relationship between time, society, and health is also established and an empirical cum subjective concept of health is inculcated. It delves into various examples to substantiate the arguments cited. Social structures, social actions, and their association with health are explained explicitly. In doing so, a relationship between health and society is established and piqued over. The truth of the idea behind “health and society” is sought for. Purportedly questions like in what way does society define its notion of health? How are the notions of health based on decision-making? How are the decisions treated? The role of law agencies in catering to the various stakeholders at hand and the survival role of every individual is sought for. Health in its essence an amalgamation of scientific, theoretical, imaginative, mythical, historical, and objective notions. It has and will change with time and circumstances. Darwin’s survival of the fittest evolved humans, in evidently evolving health in the process. Introduction Society and health are notions that, if categorically juxtaposed with each other, would be inevitably never seen without each other. The masses have a huge role to play in shaping health. The inhibitions, fears, and historic myths have a lot to explain when it comes to the excruciating forms of most diseases. Medicine is and never will be a universal scientific connotation. It is a form of social practice that observes understands and codifies sufferings. They barely reflect the notions and aspirations of society. The verdict of society holds sway in most diseases that confront our doctors today. The verdict itself is shaped and interwoven as a result of various forces. The most conspicuous of these is the economic state of the nation. Factors such as historical experiences, preconceived notions, and forms of health care employed. Society has a big part to play in shaping the modes of health care practiced. Why else would an uproar over cloning and embryonic implantation, would eventually end up in a bill passed by Congress calling for its ban? Why else would a transfer from traditional to modern therapies become a humongous issue for doctors? Why would diseases like aids and their victims become societal taboos? The impact of society on medicine is big. It has carved medicine a
The issue of conducting interrogation has already proved to be the arguable concept in the criminal procedure as there is only a set of recommendations and common principles on how to do that; however, there is no universal method to make the person speak or to understand for sure whether he/she is lying or not. The concept of lying is the most worrying one in the process of interrogation, since the facts on which the investigation may be based have to be well-checked and grounded – otherwise they will be useless for the case. For this reason lying and telling the lies from the truth have become the central issues for research and close attention in the world of the criminal law for the last decade. It is still a new field of research, but it may present certain findings that are certain to bring about a significant change in the process of conducting interrogations. The techniques of distinguishing lies and the truth have been closely examined by Dave Zulawski, the coordinator of Wicklander-Zulawski & Associates – the worldwide famous training center for interrogation. Dave Zulawski makes the major emphasis on the body language, voice peculiarities and other physiological distinctions in order to identify the measure of a person’s sincerity. In his discussion with the Fox News Chicago Dave showed the way lies are identified in the process of investigation on the example of the Rod Blagojevich and Senator Roland Burris issue – both of these political leaders have consistently been trying to prove they are right, but Zulawski explicitly showed the indicators of insincerity in their conduct. The video starts with the basic principles on which the organization of Zulawski grounds their activity: an erratic movement, a shift of eyes, exaggerated gestures – everything can give a hint to the investigator that the person is withholding something (To Tell the Truth, 2009). When asked by the interviewer what he is looking for in the videos that are studied, Zulawski replied that it is not only the body language and intonation, there are other things to be considered, for example, subtle changes and inaccuracies in the person’s character and conduct (To Tell the Truth, 2009). The point is illustrated by a fragment from the interview with the Senator Roland Burris saying that he feels terrific because he is in the right and he has nothing to get nervous about. Zulawski notices that Burris consistently shakes his head ‘no’ while saying yes, showing the incongruence between his words and his attitude to them. Zulawski also admits that “sometimes a person will be saying ‘yes’ and shaking their head ‘no’, and there is a contradiction of the physical emblem of ‘no’” (To Tell the Truth, 2009). One more fragment from the case with Rod Blagojevich and Senator Roland Burris is commented by Zulawski – the piece is about Blagojevich trying to justify himself
Introduction: Mission, Goals, and Objectives Personal and professional evolution can be viewed as the ultimate goal of any person living in the global community. However, few people actually follow through with the idea of personal growth, stopping their development at some point and engaging in the activities related to business and other fields. The I-Brand mission, however, is to contribute to the progress of the global community by contributing my suggestions regarding speeding up the progress of some of its business projects. In other words, I strive for an unceasing evolution of the global community by offering my business services to the target denizens of the population and, therefore, enhancing the progress of the contemporary entrepreneurship. The goals that the I-Brand pursues concern primarily the redesign of the current business environment toward the principle of sustainability as far as the use of the corporate resources is concerned. It should be noted that the idea of sustainability, which is the focus of the I-Brand, is not to be viewed solely through the prism of environmental awareness though the specified concept is also crucial to the existence of the project. Apart from the aforementioned issue, the I-Brand is aimed at improving the organizational efficacy of any company by helping its leader and managers redesign the current approach towards the use of resources. Particularly, the project is aimed at making entrepreneurship self-sustainable. Target Audience Analysis Personal Aspects Although the professional analysis of the target audience and the following identification of the business counseling needs that they have are crucial to the success of the project and the development of the brand in question, locating the personal characteristics of these people is also essential to the outcomes of the project. The need to establish the personal specifics of the audience whom the message is supposed to address is predetermined by the fact that the brand must attract them on a personal level, therefore becoming more memorable and more desirable. Seeing that the project is targeted primarily at the owners of private businesses, it will be reasonable to suggest that attention to detail is the primary personal characteristic of the target audience. In addition, the possibility of facing the clients who are rather suspicious and skeptical of the concept of business counseling is not to be underrated. Professional Aspects From a professional perspective, the target audience can be characterized as rather proficient in the areas that are to be addresse
Background This scientific paper explores the respiratory disease asthma. In the modern world, many people face this disease, which is why it is necessary to study this ailment. Therefore, this work focuses on such aspects of the disease as description, symptoms, people at risk, and treatment. Moreover, this study examines preventive measures that can contribute to reducing the dynamics of the occurrence of the disease among the population. Description of the Disease First of all, before discussing measures to prevent an increase in the case of the disease, it is necessary to understand the nature of the disease. Research shows that “asthma is a serious disease that affects about 25 million Americans and causes nearly 1.6 million emergency room visits every year” (Ratini, 2021, para. 2). As indicated in the sources, “chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways with bronchial hyper-responsiveness to a variety of stimuli and variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment” (Fajt et al., 2017). In other words, this disease causes swelling and narrowing of the respiratory tract and the possible occurrence of excessive mucus on them (Figure 1). As a result of this process, there is difficulty breathing, coughing, and a slight whistle when inhaling and exhaling. The peculiarity of this disease is that all people experience it in different ways. For someone, it may be asymptomatic, and for someone, it may have severe consequences that complicate everyday life. An asthma attack can become a particular danger for asthma patients. An unfavorable prognosis is that such a respiratory disease as asthma is not fully treated, but it can be controlled and put into remission. This can be done with the help of constant monitoring of the doctor and following all necessary instructions. Figure 1. Comparison of normal airways and those affected by asthma Depending on the symptoms, doctors distinguish several types of asthma. The first type is called mild intermittent asthma, which is characterized by rare symptoms and a low number of asthma attacks. The second involves the daily manifestation of symptoms that interfere with daily activities and is called moderate persistent asthma. The latter, severe persistent asthma, is characterized by even more frequent manifestations of asthma, which places severe restrictions on the patient’s vital activity and capabilities. Therefore, bas
Introduction The issue of climate change has been recognized as a serious challenge of national and global scale for several decades. To address the problem of climate change, authorities representing the fields of politics, business, science, and economics are to join their efforts in the hope of creating effective policies helping to minimize and reverse the adverse impact the activities of humankind have on the environment. However, to address this problem successfully, global cooperation on an unprecedented scale is required; this is the case because the anthropogenic climate change is the result of a multitude of activities such as transportation, production, and consumption (Helm 11). In the contemporary world, the recognition of the problem of climate change is resulting in its treatment on a local level targeting specific areas, individual businesses, and urban structures; however, in reality, the consequences of this issue would be likely to produce a global effect causing changes in ecosystems and biodiversity, leading to the alteration of the oceanic currents and the following displacement of large population groups, damaging businesses, and industries, weakening economies (Helm 11). Acknowledging the real scale of the problem is just one of the multitude of steps that are required for the creation of policies able to produce noticeable effects on the issue. In other words, a new way of thinking, a global agreement, joined efforts, and a reinvention of national and global economies would have to take place for positive changes to occur regarding the environmental issues. Policy Problems Associated with Anthropogenic Climate Change Throughout the history of our planet, the change in its climate had been driven solely by the natural factors and causes; in the modern world, it is created artificially due to the activities of people (Nordhaus 4). The primary cause of man-made climate change is represented by the CO2 emissions that occur from burning fossil fuels used in transportation and production (Nordhaus 4). Compared with the approximate level of air pollution in the times preceding industrialization, the contemporary atmosphere is in a much poorer state; moreover, the situation is going to become increasingly worse in the next several decades if the amount of emissions is not minimized in the nearest time (Nordhaus 4). The effects and causes of climate change today are viewed as the phenomena involved in a cyclic dependency. In particular, the growth and development of the economy are seen as the cause of the increase in the amount of produced CO2; in turn, the lat
Citi Bank is a bank in the US. The bank has its securities listed on the US stock exchange markets. Securities trade is an economic foundation in any country, thus the relevant authorities have to prevent risky gambles in securities (Bagley and Diane 887). The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is involved in this prevention in the US. The (SEC) enforces a number of Acts that include the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Investment Company Act of 1940, and the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 in preventing the securities from risky ventures. In addition to these enforcements, the SEC passes and implements any laws that are meant to prohibit any form of risky gambling in the security markets. It also ensures that any act that is meant to harm the market does not occur. The SEC also carries out investigations on cases where any misconduct in the security markets arises. Legal action is taken against those found guilty. Elements of a valid contract While a contract is an agreement, not all agreements are contracts. An agreement is only deemed to be a contract