ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Engineering is an area of study that has transformed the lives of humans in this world since nearly all things that make life worth living, from leisure activities to medical treatment, require aspects of this field of study. Because it adds value by means of realization of the technological progress, it has a major impact in the day-to-day lives of the majority of us. In a limited period, it has transformed the way we have been looking at things in the past and it is inevitably going to shape our future for years to come as the world continues to advance in knowledge and science. Engineers belong to one of the respected professions in the world today and I want to part of this awesome team. Engineering has been my passion since the days I was a child. When I was on holiday, I used to pay a visit to my uncle, who is an electrical engineer. He could teach me advances in technology and I was usually enthusiastic to hear more from him. My parents introduced me to computers at the tender age of five. From then, my love for electronics has been blossoming year after year. My choice to enroll in this engineering class is not a shock to those who know me, as some of them have mockingly referred to me as “the engineer.” Studying engineering will also give me the flexibility and choice I need as I pursue my education. This field of study offers several choices that are all exciting and are in high demand in the job market; therefore, this is a great choice that I have made since it will open up many paths for the future. In addition, since engineering trends have greatly benefited the society, I want to part of these team who strive to make life comfortable for everybody. Enrolling in this class has several advantages to me. First, I will benefit from intellectual growth. Since studying this course will compel me to work on several transferable skills, it will enable me to grow and improve my ways of thinking. Moreover, I will learn different topics apart from engineering per se; therefore, having more useful skills will further develop my problem-solving and critical reasoning as a person. Second, every person likes a good challenge, to some degree, as life would lack meaning if there were no challenges to be tackled. Engineering is a challenge since I will encounter fascinating problems that need my creativity and logical reasoning in solving. In the real world, challenges do not have the correct answer, thus the engineering challenge will adequately equip me for this. Although I intend to learn more about engineering in this class, I know some things about the subject. Engineering, as the technical improvement of products by finding the solution to complicated technological problems, entails the knowledge of mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience and study, and this knowledge is what is being applied with judgment and creativity in the technical improvement of products. I also know that engineers work through the application of the concept of modularity, that is, splitting a big problem into a set of smaller problems, for developing engineering designs so as to minimize the chances of not achieving anything.
Introduction Aldi is a German Based multinational company that operates in the discounted stores sector. Having started its operations back in the year 1946, the company has grown to the extent that it controls 8078 stores around the world today. The company entered the United Kingdom in 1990 with the opening of a single store. As of today, the company has managed to open four hundred stores across the United Kingdom. This growth has put the company amongst one of the most competitive companies in the Hypermarkets, Supermarkets and Superstores sector in the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, the company operates within a competitive micro environment. This implies that there are a substantial number of stakeholders in the sector in which Aldi operates (International Markets Bureau 2011). This paper explores the internal and external environment in which Aldi operates in the United Kingdom. The paper begins by examining the key stakeholders of the company. This is followed by a Porter’s five forces analysis, which helps to capture the macro environment in which the company operates. The paper ends by drawing recommendations from the findings, which can be used by Aldi to gain a competitive position in the United Kingdom. Key Stakeholder Groups in Aldi’s Micro Environment The government and regulators Each stakeholder plays a given role in as far as the influence of operation for companies is concerned. The government plays a greater role in setting the business environment. It influences the operation of a given company from the macro and even narrows down to shape the micro environment (Fassin 2009). The UK government, especially the ministry of trade ensures that comprehensive trade policies are in place in order to steer the operation of business companies. The government ensures that the operational environment is fair for all the companies operating in the HSS. The retail laws are set by the government. Also, the government ensures that labour laws are effectively developed. The social and environmental policy matters are also coordinated by the government. The government does not have needs per se, but helps in setting standards that are required for effective business operation (International Markets Bureau 2011). Customers The other critical stakeholders in the micro environment are the customers (Fassin 2009). Research has pointed out that customers are the most valid stakeholders by any company, including Aldi. The reason behind this is that customers are the main sources of competitive advantage by virtue of their shopping trends and habits. The growth of Aldi is associated with its ability to provide diverse services, which have enabled them to gain a substantial number of customers over time. Customers have their expectations of the company. Customers have been demanding for services at discounted prices. This enables the customers to attain goods at lesser costs. This is because of the higher cost of living that has been brought about
Challenges are unexceptional in the field of business. Therefore, it is not surprising to meet and overcome challenges for skilled managers in global businesses (Mirabile, 2007). It is through these challenges that managers create a strong foundation for their business. Merrill Lynch Japan Securities is a company that has faced many challenges during its development. In a bid to explore these challenges in the global businesses, I will evaluate Merrill lynch challenges and review the participation made by the host government toward the company. Merrill Lynch was operated by a young (less than 60 years) lady from America according to this case. Legally, CEOs should have an age of at least 60 years in Japan (Mirabile, 2007). Additionally, there exists a cultural stigma that these CEOs should be men. Consequently, the age and gender of the CEO had a critical aspect that altered the normal functioning of managerial operations in Japan. Probably, the people were not willing to accept the new cultures arising from the American CEO. There are other aspects that arose with their geographic origin. For instance, there was an issue due to the pronunciation of words when speaking to the natives and blames related to the failure. This factor generated a lack of trust and customer ignorance leading to low income and high losses. The Japanese were reluctant to expose personal information on financial status. Lastly, other companies copied their products after months of research and development and offered them at lower prices than the executors. The case reveals that the Japanese government has a responsibility to set roles that regulate the operations of foreign investors — successful business assists to develop the country’s economy. Consequently, the government monitored the income of the company to prevent it from exploiting the citizens. For instance, the government could not allow the citizens to share this company after making a loss of 100 billion yen. Additionally, the government evaluated the company and granted access to invest in the country. We cannot, also, forget to appreciate the protection that the government provides to the company against product execution. In this way, the company can retain ownership of the products made. Also, Merrill had ownership of the client since the government had a state that refuted ownership of clients by the salesperson. Operational and strategic challenges that the company faced were related mainly to the customer. There was a need for trust and acceptance from the community. However, gaining this required implementation of long term commitment. Also, Merrill Lynch was not able to communicate with other global private businesses across the globe. This was brought about by the failure of language fluency from employees to global businesses. Management of a lady was unique in Japan and required endurance to overcome the attitudes portrayed by the Japanese. Finally, the shifting of customers from the previous systems was tough. Fo
The article revolves around the peculiarities of the use of qualitative or quantitative methods in research and argues that the choice of a particular approach depends on the purpose of the investigation. The authors perspective on the problem of the methodology coincides with my idea about the utilization of a certain technique of studying for Ph.D. students and researchers who are focused on the analysis of a particular field of experiences. The fact is that Firestone assumes that the combination of methods can help to achieve better results as they investigate an issue from different perspectives. This idea is useful for a researcher as it helps to understand the nature of the researched problem, its type and select the most appropriate methods for the study, which is critical for credible conclusions and relevance of the research. After reading the paper, one realizes the fact that it is impossible to choose between quantitative or qualitative methods without the enhanced understanding of the problem under the investigation, its basic peculiarities, and desired outcomes. Firestone assumes that the first paradigm is more focused on the causes of particular problems, while the second one emphasizes the understanding of the issue. For this reason, the utilization of a certain approach becomes the question of desired results and outcomes. At the same time, investigators are allowed to combine methodologies to ensure that results are not preconditioned by the selected research paradigm. In such a way, the paper has a significant practical utility for me as its basic assumptions regarding the choice of the methodology can help to improve the credibility of findings in the sphere of special education and leadership. At the same time, numerous challenges related to the use of professional and effective measures can be solved by exploring the ideas of the paper and applying them to various projects. Reference Firestone, W. A. (1987). Meaning in method: The rhetoric of quantitative and qualitative research. Educational Researcher , 16 (7), 16-21.
Statement of the Problem Modern scientists focus on the problem of climate change because of expecting the dramatic consequences of the process in the future. The worst scenarios of developing the climate change process can lead to significant environmental change, the impact of which is difficult to be predicted completely. However, the problem is in the fact that the climate is changing while affecting the environment and shaping people’s lives through increasing the air and surface temperatures, and the main cause of the drastic changes is global warming. While focusing on global warming as the major cause of climate change, it is necessary to concentrate on solving the climate change problem using the interdisciplinary approach and referring to the accomplishments in the fields of industrial ecology and environmental chemistry. Historical Perspective and Scientists’ Approach The problem of climate change was not discussed actively until the 1980s, when the problem received media attention in connection with the anomaly of increasing average temperatures, discussions of the greenhouse effect, and global warming. Although the problem is recent, its potential impact on the environment is dramatic. During a long period of time, scientists did not accentuate the existence of the problem, partially discussing it while focusing on the carbon dioxide increase in the air, greenhouse effect, and global warming (Dessler, 2011, p. 24). The situation changed in the 1990s because of analyzing the data on the global temperature increase. Referring to the changes in the Northern and the Southern hemispheres, the scientists noted the significant alternations associated with the climate’s stability. Different scientists discuss the climate change problem as illusory because the effect of the change can be observed only in thousands of years. Moreover, there are potential benefits, such as the change of climates into mild and more comfortable for people (Lean, 2010, p. 111). However, many scientists agree that the problem is important, and it should be addressed and solved appropriately (McNall, 2011, p. 34). Climate Change: Causes and Aspects The main cause of climate change is global warming, which is the result of increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The increases in the carbon dioxide concentration affected by the impact of solar energy lead to the greenhouse effect. Thus, increases in carbon dioxide concentration are the consequences of anthropogenic activities, such as the development of industries, mining, and transportation. The men’s activities lead to the situation when the greenhouse gases are abso
Introduction Plum in the Golden Vase or Chin Ping Mei is a five-volume series that is embedded on the Chinese culture through a scintillating look into the life of one wealthy man. The man amasses a lot of wealth in highly mysterious ways. He uses the wealth to dazzle the society and does not fall short of racial and personal show off. The work, which is a 16 th century translation into English of a Chinese literary, reflects characteristically on this man. Being a merchant, highly corrupt, and subsequently successful, the man marries everywhere. This is meant to consolidate his grip on power and to stamp his authority in the immediate society he lives. Marrying many wives is a show of might. He marries six wives on record and keeps numerous concubines off record. The book is a dramatic twist of sex, eroticism, corruption, power, and the focus on social interactions based on the life of this wealthy man. This paper focuses on the first three volumes of this book with a broad interrogation of the major themes, discussions, and literary focus. This is intertwined with a broad analysis and consolidation of ideas with the aim of forming a single story. Volume One Analysis: The Gathering This volume focuses on the initial rise of Ximen Qing. As a 28 year old, in the 12 th century china, Ximen Qing meteoric rise into stardom is clearly outlined. He marries Jinlian at an early age before he has any influence, either monetary or social. However, in a quick and dramatic twist of events, he is soon established as the cock of the walk in the rural area of Qinghe. This change of events culminates in him marrying four other wives. He is soon connected in the political, judicial, and business arenas. Because of these connections, Ximen Qing can easily bribe his way into favors and cozy positions. Ximen Qing quickly amasses a lot of wealth in the 12 th century china. He engages in the business of shipping merchandise across the seas and is involved in the business of trafficking illegal goods such as smuggled expensive metals too. The metals may range from diamonds to gold, platinum to copper. Ximen Qing does this business so blatantly that he oppresses the native and landl
Introduction Social engineering refers to the collection of techniques that are used to influence people towards performing certain actions or divulging other people’s confidential information. One aspect of social engineering is phishing, which involves the attempt to obtain personal and sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details, through unlawful and deceitful means, by camouflaging oneself as a reliable entity in electronic communication. Usually, it’s carried through instant messaging, email, and even phone contacts, (Ollmann, G. 2006). The most common targets of phishing include online banks which regulate the transfer of money via the internet, e-bay which involves the buying and selling of goods via the internet with the means of credit card transactions and Paypal which is also an online company concerning the transfer of funds involving credit card details and other confidential details of clients. Phishing is usually performed through emails or instant messaging services. (Tan, Koon. Phishing and Spamming via IM (SPIM)) by directing the consumers to reveal information at a website. In this way, Phishing is an example of social engineering technique that is effectively employed to fool users convincingly. To deal with the increasing number of phishing occurrences there should be additional cyber laws, user training, and public awareness programs to guide and inform the internet users about the technical manner in which phishing is usually carried out. Phishing techniques Phishing may be performed using several ways including website forgery, link manipulation, filter evasion, and phone phishing. (Ponnurangam, K. 2006). Website forgery Websites are effectively forged by the criminals by altering the address bar using javascript commands which can be easily accomplished by placing the picture of a legitimate URL over the address bar, or alternately closing the original address bar and opening a new one with the legitimate URL (Mutton, Paul. ‘Fraud Watch International’). Once the victim visits the website, the invader may use the flaws of the website’s scripts against the prey. He can attack the victim using the ‘cross-site scripting’ which is on the whole very tricky, for the reason that they direct the
The Spratly Islands is an archipelago that is located in the South China Sea, and some islands are currently contested by six counties. It is paramount to say that the area is incredibly important because it provides populations in this region with resources and is critical from the geopolitical point of view (see map. 1). Map. 1. The Spratly Islands. It is necessary to note that currently, Vietnam is in control of 48 features, and China controls only eight (Austin par. 1). The conflict is getting more intense with every single year, and each party tries to provide enough pieces of evidence that that the territory should belong to them. It needs to be said that China has no rights to claim the area according to the United Nations Convention on Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS) because some land masses are tidal islands. The dispute is so significant because participants are ready to take military actions. The territory is so important for China because the country will be able to take control of a vital trade route, and it has shown the most interest in the Spratly Islands. It may also be used to monitor shipments to other regions, and it is an advantage in case military conflict occurs. There is also an incredibly high possibility that an enormous amount of oil reserves are contained in the floor of the area, and this is one of the leading causes of the conflict. It is necessary to address the fact that an incredible amount of resources will be needed to explore this area, and regional relationships are at risk (Brantly 371). Complete control of The Spratly Islands will make China much more independent, and energy security is another significant aspect that should not be disregarded. Vietnam suggests that China was not interested in the territory prior to 1940 and has no right to claim it (“Q&A: South China Sea Dispute” par. 9). The fact that the country has controlled the archipelago and has the necessary documentation is quite important. The Philippines also participates quite actively, and its government argues that geographical proximity is a major factor that should be taken into account. Some islands are also claimed by other nearby countries, and all participants of the conflict have their reasons. Also, it is paramount to note that some actions of China in this region were unreasonable, and international intervention may
Introduction Many studies have been carried out to examine the rates of recidivism among juveniles and the ineffectiveness of the juvenile prison. All these studies agree that juvenile delinquents have unique developmental needs that need to be addressed through special programs. Incarceration alone is not adequate enough to correct the behavioral deficits of juvenile delinquents. Hence there is a need to improve the juvenile prison programs. Various studies suggest that incorporating the prison experience with special programs such as relapse prevention program, family intervention program and alternative education programs would have a significant impact in curbing juvenile recidivism. Relapse prevention program A relapse prevention program has its basis on behavioral and social cognitive theories of human behavior. Howell and Enns (1995) state that, “relapse prevention interventions foster the long-term maintenance of adaptive behavior through improved self-management and enhanced self-efficacy,” (p. 151). The program takes into consideration various personal, social and environmental factors which make it easy for an individual to continuously engage in antisocial behavior. Factors which surpass an individual’s ability to adaptively deal with present situation reduce the individual’s self-control temporarily. This temporary loss of self-control is referred to as a lapse. If the lapse is followed by self-blaming tendencies or a need for instant gratification, a relapse (repeat occurrence of the behavior) is most likely to occur. In relapse prevention programs, the subjects are taught how to identify the high-risk factors that encourage their lapse and relapse. Participants are then taught how to strategically deal with such factors and how to avoid lapses using more adaptive behavioral strategies and enhanced self-efficacy (Howell and Enns, 1995). Relapse prevention programs have been used successfully in reducing recidivism, particularly among adults struggling with alcohol and other drugs. For instance, Somers and Marlatt (1992) found that relapse prevention programs can be very effective in treating adults addicted to alcohol. On the other hand, some studies show that relapse prevention programs are not effective in reducing recidivism. In a study conducted by Mermelstein, Karnatz and Reichmann (1992), the relapse prevention program used did not help to reduce smoking among the participants. However, when applied to juvenile delinquents, relapse prevention programs seem to be very effective in reducing recidivism. Meta-analysis studies conducted by various scholars (such as Andrews et al., 1990) show that the rate of juvenile recidivism is significantly reduced if relapse-prevention programs are incorporated into the prison experience. The effectiveness of relapse prevention programs on juveniles lies in their use of behavioral and cognitive principles. Alternative literacy education program Research on juvenile delinquency shows that many delinquents either lack access to formal education or are unable to cope with the demands of the educational system and therefore lag behind their peers. Engagem