ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Steel is among the most widely used materials on Earth. Modern metallurgy offers a range of approaches to manufacturing and processing steels, each suitable for its own types of materials and purposes. The following paper presents an overview of steel as a highly versatile material and discusses metal strengthening practices, typical welding tools, and causes of corrosion in stainless welds. Steel possesses a number of characteristics that contribute to its versatility. First, steel is a cost-efficient material, offering a range of properties that are superior in comparison to other popular materials. For instance, structural steel constructions are lighter than their wooden analogs. Second, it is highly durable and naturally resistant to many environmental effects such as decay and pests, eliminating the need for maintenance and repairs. By extension, steel offers substantial cost savings in the long term. Finally, it is possible to manufacture a wide array of steels with desirable mechanical and chemical properties, increasing its area of application. Finally, it allows for the production of relatively complex and aesthetically pleasing products on a mass scale, making it suitable for utilization in many industries. Modern metallurgy utilizes several methods of material strengthening. One of the most widely recognized methods is solution strengthening, also referred to as alloying. For solution strengthening, one of the metals is combined with one or more additional ones. On a molecular level, the atoms of additional metals take the unoccupied spaces in a crystalline structure, creating an interstitial defect (Pelleg, 2013). The introduction of new atoms changes the mechanical properties of a lattice by introducing distortions that limit dislocation movement of host atoms. Specifically, atoms that are smaller those of the host metal improves tensile strength whereas the larger ones contribute to compressive strength. The second widely used method is strain hardening, also referred to as work hardening. In this method, strengthening is achieved through plastic deformation of metal. During the process, dislocations are formed or multiplied in the crystal structure of a metal, which increases its yield strength, hardness, and tensile strength. In addition, the distance between dislocations is decreased, further enhancing the effect. The third method is strengthening through grain size reduction. This method is used for polycrystalline metal, in which mechanical properties are determined primarily by grain size. Typically, grains have a common boundary but are oriented differently. As a result, the dislocations that pass through such grains need to change direction, which serves as an impediment to dislocation motion. The effect is enhanced by the misalignment of slip planes in the structure. Thus, the reduction of grain size results in higher total grain boundary and, by extension, yield strength. Less common ways of strengthening metals include prec
Covert Action in US intelligence missions According to Cumming (2009, 1), the United States counterintelligence deals in covert missions. Covert missions entail missions that are commissioned by the state, but the state distances itself from such missions when it is mentioned if by any event the mission is exposed. As the leading country in terms of political power and the prowess in intelligence matters, the United States has been adversely mentioned in security developments in diverse regions of the world. However, in most cases the bodies responsible for the management of national security in the country have often come out to distance themselves from the missions. While other people argue that this response is a form of strategy that is used to protect and safeguard the national security interests of the US, other people question the participation of the United States in such missions and the resultant reactions to the aftermath of engaging in such actions. This is often depicted in denial (Johnson 2007, 1). It should be understood that the discharge of security operations is a complex exercise that entails direct and indirect security missions (Hitz 2005, 2). While the direct missions are established out of the seemingly direct dangers of any given development to the security of the United States, indirect security missions are planned and executed in order to do away with indirect dangers of a given situation or development to national security. Security missions that are conducted by the intelligence bodies of the United States, like the CIA, in foreign countries involve operations that are aimed at undermining the security or intelligence structures in other countries or regions. This is one of the reasons why such security missions are covered. When it comes to the secret intelligence missions, the United States Department of Defense is always ready and can endure any cost to defend and deny the responsibility of the United States security in the activities (Hulnick 2002, 1). One thing that has been discovered in the underground security operations and form part of the covert missions is that they pose a lot of threats to the national security of the United States. The rationale behind this argument is that the underground security missions can result in the erosion of trust between the
The Implications for O’Hara if She Does Not Tell Anyone about the Error in the Spreadsheet In case O’Hara refuses to disclose the error in the spreadsheet, she will develop personal guilt, which will last for eternity. Free conscience helps the body to develop, personal guilt is detrimental to mental health. Moreover, Speed was supportive to all his employees; therefore, if O’Hara fails to reciprocate the same by disclosing the error, she will forever blame herself for failing to respect the company’s owner. The Implications if She Does Reveal the Error, Both for Herself and Ergonomica If O’Hara reveals the error, she will be free from a guilty conscience. Having a clear mindset will liberate her from the bondage of knowing that she created a problem, and it will affect the entire business and its partners. Additionally, she will earn a reward for her candid initiative. Employers prefer honest employees who are willing to reveal their mistakes even before the company detects the error. Therefore, she will gain the employer’s trust, thus rewarding her by giving her the promotion she needs. Moreover, if she reveals the error, Ergonomica will gain the trust of Solltram Hotels. Many clients believe that their contractors are true to them. As a result, they entrust them with all their activities, and any slight error can create mistrust. Although the error might interfere with the profits of Solltram, it will save the business from having false expectations. Therefore, Solltram Hotels will be grateful to Ergonomica and reward it with the second phase of the project. The Potential Impact on Solltram Hotels Refusing to disclose the information to Solltram will demoralize the company. This is mainly because the company expects to be experiencing profits after two years of heavily investing in the new project. When in reality, it will start making profits in four years. Therefore, the company’s managers’ morale will be lowered since they will think that they have been manipulated to invest in the company because the returns will only be attained in theory, while practically, there will be little revenues. Ergonomica Contribution to the Problem Ergonomica has contributed immensely to the problem facing O’Hara. The company places an immense burden on her, thus putting her work under extreme pressure. Although she could handle vast and complex data sets, her job required time and support from the company. However, Ergonomica gave her less support, and she was acting in her own capacity. Instead, Speed decided to take O’Hara’s junior employees to other companies for negotiations, which made her feel as if her job promotion was threatened. Therefore, this made her work under extreme pressure, thus, creating an opportunity for errors to occur. Moreover, a family relation plays an essential role in ensuring that employees are pro
Introduction Energy is vital in every sector of the economy. Global consumption of energy has continued to surge with increased growth in developing countries. While the global economic depression that occurred in 2008 created a great impact on demand for energy, continued growth has influenced its impact on a global scale (Wang, Wu, & Yang 2013). The timing of major events is significant in ascertaining the cost of energy. Events like the Syrian war, the Iranian war, and the war in Iraq have affected demand and supply of energy significantly. Of great importance is the impact of politics and legislations on the cost of energy. This paper will explore the effects of speculation and legislation in energy markets (Williams & Simkins 2013). Ways in which speculation negatively affects energy markets Market speculation is usually utilised to minimise market instability. To some extent, speculation helps in determining the price of energy. However, speculation can have a negative influence on the pricing of energy. For instance, when speculation becomes a way of manipulating prices (Bekaert, Harvey, & Garcia 1997). In essence, if market speculation turns into price manipulation, then it affects energy markets negatively. Economists have shown that speculators influence shifts in demand and supply fundamentals. Another way in which speculation negatively affects energy markets is though excessive speculation. Excessive speculation concentrates price shifts on futures markets. Moreover, speculation can encourage hoarding which may harm consumers by increasing the cost of energy (Bhawna & Poonaam 2012). Long speculators have also been observed to increase energy costs. Moreover, speculative investment through the influx of dollars in energy markets has increased market volatility thereby influencing energy markets negatively. Therefore, speculative buying of futures can also influence energy market negatively. This occurs because speculative buying creates additional demand for energy thereby pushing the prices (Pirrong 2008). This practice is utilised by big oil companies as a cushion for buying more oil for future sales. In the process, energy prices shoot despite sufficient inventories. Essentially, speculation can have adverse effects on energy markets. Moreover, speculating on volatility of future net demand shocks can also result in irrational prices thereby affecting energy markets negatively (Perry 2010). The extent to which legislation assists in curbing market volatility Market volatility occurs because of fluctuation in demand and supply. Prices in the energy sector can change quickly based on factors that affect demand and supply. Legislations can help control market volatility when other factors are nor
Critics admit a false and negative portrayal of victims of crime popularized by mass media. Crime, particularly violent and predatory crime, is not as common as often thought. Crime is uniquely debilitating because it destroys feelings of security and the sense of interpersonal trust that binds a community together. The term media involves all channels of communication and interaction used by mass media (radio, TV, press, the Internet, TV news, etc.). Thesis Media exaggerates and portrays false images of a victim and the consequences of crime for a common citizen. The main problem is that the media distorts its presentation of crime and victimization patterns by selecting particular incidents to report. Unusual, bizarre, violent, and macabre incidents and injured victims receive more media attention. Violent individual crimes are more often portrayed by mass media than common crimes. Following Lurigio et al (1990): “Murder accounted for 26 per cent of the specific crimes mentioned; robbery, assault, and rape together accounted for another 20 per cent. In contrast, common property crimes (burglary and larceny/theft) accounted for less than 6 per cent of the crimes mentioned. Tax cheating, embezzlement, and drunken driving accounted for only 3 per cent.” (p. 54). These percentages bear no relationship to the percentage of the total number of victims each actually represents. This presentation either reflects a serious misunderstanding of victims statistics or it reflects an attempt to distort information. The use of absolute numbers rather than rates conveys a more pessimistic message about the magnitude of crime (Buckingham & Judith 2004). Australian mass media portrays victims as suffers who have not been protected by the state and police. Clear but perhaps unexpected differences have been discovered among different sex, race, education, occupation, and income groups. As might be expected, women are more afraid to become victims than men; women feel less safe in their homes and walking alone at night. This is interesting since men are twice as likely to be victims of violent crime. Women must either avoid high crime situations out of fear or be afraid out of proportion to actual incidence patterns (Buckingham & Judith 2004). The crime of rape may play an important role in this relationship. Though rape is a low-probability incident, its effect can be so devastating that it may be worthy of the fear women appear to have of it. Men, who are not raped, are not constrained by such fear. Nonwhites and people who are less educated, of lower occupational status, or with lower incomes face much higher probabilities of victimization and appropriately are more fearful of crime. Only 1 in 7 whites report they are afraid in their own homes at night, whereas 1 in 4 nonwhites are fearful. Similar patterns hold for occupational status and income and education
New Zealand’s dairy products trade internationally accounts for about 35% of the world trade. The dairy industry has been growing and it remains the largest exporter of dairy products (ABARE & MAF, 2008). Its major dairy products are exported in Latin America, China, Japan and the United States. Fonterra is the largest milk production firm in New Zealand and handles over 90% of the country’s milk production (Dairy Companies Association of New Zealand, 2010). To raise capital Fonterra may sometimes issue dry shares and sell rights to its suppliers who are the farmers (The National Business Review (b), 2010). However, lately, the firm has been attracting foreign investors. Foreign investments such as mergers have enabled domestic companies to expand their operations abroad. For example, Fonterra’s joint farm with Sanlu, a Chinese Dairy Company has enabled Fonterra to establish dairy farms in China (China Daily, 2011). Besides, it sells its raw milk as dairy products around the production areas in China. Foreign investment
Abstract Relationships between companies and customers within supply chains are one of the most important aspects of conducting business. Achieving understanding and trust could outline a great potential for mutually profitable collaboration. One of the ways to reach it is to use organizational learning. In this study, organizational learning theory was examined to understand its relation to inter-organizational cooperation in supply chains settings and organization profits. Three different ways of the theory application were elaborated. The first approach implies the use of knowledge to yield benefit at the expense of others. Second infers a company utilizes it for self-development without harming others, and the third entails mutual data exchange. The application of the theory in the real world showed that the self-centred approach did not sever the relationships in large retail shops like Walmart. The two other methods, according to extensive analysis data, showed a positive correlation between the inoffensive and sharing-oriented organizational learning. Introduction The relationships between manufacturers, suppliers, and customers are vital for providing high-quality goods to the market and constant development of technologies and strategies. The price, terms of delivery, quality of the final product, and customer satisfaction rely heavily on the ways of cooperation between all said parties and the effectiveness of such cooperation (Singh and Power 189). Organizational learning is one of the aspects that can build strong and long-lasting relationships between companies, their partners, and customers (Alegre and Chiva 493). Investigating how it affects business relationships and whether it has a positive effect on collaboration within supply chains will allow boosting their effectiveness. Background Establishing relationships with partners and clients in a way that is beneficial for all parties is a challenging but also rewarding task. Effective communication could result in better deals, lower costs, loans on favourable conditions, discounts, and other benefits. All sides must yield profit from cooperation. Otherwise, the relationship will not last long. There are cases when companies find themselves in a position of power and start dictating their terms to their partners. On the one hand, competitive market will enable dependent organizations in t
Generation Y and its behaviors in Malaysia Generation Y refers to the people born later than in the mid-80s. Currently, most of them are in their mid or early twenties and are joining the work environment as young professionals. The generation, also commonly referred to as millennials, has been found to be the fastest-growing workforce segment. Currently, half of the world’s population is below the age of 30. This implies that a large segment of the workforce will soon be occupied by this group. The characteristics of this group are commonly shared across the globe implying that generation Y in Malaysia and other parts of the world tend to display the same characteristics. However, according to a survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers on the Malaysian generations Y reveals that in the work environment the group is most interested in flexible working hours. The survey does not uncover anything new but confirms the general characteristics of the group to achieve so many things at the same time. The group would be interested in flexible working hours in order to engage in other activities that expand their professional skills. They are very ambitious with high expectations from their employers. They can take almost any work challenge in order to utilize their skills. In addition to the mentioned characteristics, generation Y is family-centric. Another reason for the group’s need for a flexible working schedule is to be able to balance their work and life expectations. The group also likes performing tasks in teams. They have a team-oriented approach towards activities in the work environment. They learned teamwork skills from their experiences while growing up. They did a lot of activities in groups while in school. As a result, the group is most likely to seek the affirmation and contribution of others. Living in a parental environment and its implications in terms of decision making According to the article, generation Y finds nothing wrong with living in a parental environment longer than expected. However, according to research, there are a number of factors facilitating this phenomenon. Basically, generation Y takes a long to reach financial independence. This is primarily due to the unstable state of the economy that has led to low wages and high housing costs. The idea of adults living in parental homes has implications relating to decision making. Some scholars argue that most adults living with their parents have been raised in pampered homes. This implies that the parents have been soft on them while cultivating confidence and ambition in the live
How to characterize the Chartered Institute of Marketing’s membership offer in terms of the extended marketing mix? The extended marketing mix at the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) can be said to be customer-focused. It took more time to recruit members to the organization than to do anything else. The customer-based focus has been necessitated by the need to attract more members to the organization. It would ensure that the laid down objectives and goals were met. The CIM also engages in the training of staff members so that they could provide effective services to customers. In particular, the organization has developed training programs, which aim at improving marketing standards. Further, in order to recruit several members, e-commerce principles have been used at the CIM. Internet, e-mail, and information technology advances have enabled the organization to enter into several markets across the world. Members around the world can easily collaborate with each other using information technology. In addition, e-commerce has been used as a promotion method. Recruiting members all over the world requires the provision of quality training to students as well as employees. Employer-led training ensures that employees have confidence and skills in carrying out their marketing activities. Training of employees is one of the promotion services offered at the CIM. Employee career development makes organizations identify clear Corporate Social Strategy (CSR). The social development of employees ensures that prospective members and current members of the CIM have confidence in the dealings of the organizations. Companies that do not carry out any CSR have no chance of surviving in the competitive market where marketing has changed to be customer-focused. An offering of internationally accredited qualifications has also ensured that the CIM should recruit several members across the world. Marketers can use their qualifications in carrying out marketing activities in any part of the world. As a matter of fact, if the conflict arises due to cultural differences, it is necessary to show concern to other people from different parts of the world by offering internationally accredited qualifications. How can the CIM increase its membership by penetrating further the marketing employment market? The CIM can increase its membership by offering career development opportunities to the current and prospective members. Career development is one of the methods that are effective in improving marketing skills. Skill improvement ensures that marketing activities are effectively managed and performed. In addition, members get satisfaction when they achieve career progress in any organization. Secondly, the organization can increase its membership by offering several globally accredited marketing qualifications. This initiative will help members perform marketing activities in any part of the world. In addition, offering internationally accredited qualifications can show the organization’s co