ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In her book “Dancing Skeletons: Life and Death in West Africa”, Katherine A. Dettwyler, a practicing anthropologist, describes the culture of Mali in West Africa. The book is focused upon various problems of the native Africans’ life; the author speaks about the issues of health and female genital mutilation. The author also covers the miscellaneous topics of anthropology and cross-cultural analysis, such as, for example, ethnocentrism. Being a scientist devoted to her field of study, Dettwyler wrote the book in a conversationally vivid manner. The text was possibly meant to encourage students and people who are interested in anthropology to further explore the field. This might be the reason the author included her personal opinions and quoted conversation in the text. She seems unwilling to overly complicate the book with academic language, relying mostly on what she supposes to be common sense. Even the title of the book is meant to arouse the readers’ anticipation and generally make the book interesting, thus extending the target audience. However, in the course of reading, the author’s emotive discourse may distract some parts of the audience from the actual message of the book. The collision of the author’s feelings and her inclinations as a professional anthropologist is almost tangible. The conflict is expressed in how the author describes her culture shock when introduced to the native women’s way of treating children or the procedure of female genital mutilation, for that matter. Culture shock is strictly personal. It is broadly defined as a process when a person is getting used to the foreign (or by any other means strange) environment (Pedersen 1). It happens so because it is very difficult for a person to stop thinking about the world, the people, and their mentality in terms of the culture this person was brought up in. However, one of the main principles of anthropological studies is to put one’s cultural background aside at least for a while and act solely out of scientific interest. Cultural bias blurs clear perception and the students of anthropology are supposed to avoid biased assumptions in their works and when interacting with members of the culture they study. Thus, it is rather humbling that a professional anthropologist should let herself be stricken by shock when introduced to the foreign culture for the second time. For example, the author expressed her utter disgust at a woman who failed to properly nourish her child. The author tried to instruct the woman on what she should do and allowed herself an outbreak of emotion (Dettwyler 31-33). Such behavior presumably meant she was trying to do her best to save the child, telling his mother to buy food and taking him to the doctor. This is what a white American mother would do, and for Dettwyler it seemed rather complicated to stop projecting the white American modes of behavior on the Mali
Executive Summary Undoubtedly, Uber is a game changer in the global taxi industry. However, two major issues emanating from poor governments’ regulations or lack of thereof and hostility from traditional taxi drivers pose serious operational risks to Uber. Nevertheless, Uber will survive and perhaps focus on technologies that are more advanced such as driverless cars to cut costs. Introduction of Uber Uber is one of the service tech startups to have obtained a global appeal with only six years in operation. The company has penetrated the world market due to its ability to narrow the gap that has been there in the transportation industry, especially in the world cities. Currently, it operates in 58 countries and has great potential for growth. Uber, which uses apps, aims at connecting drivers to clients and, thus, making movements within cities more efficient. Uber International Inc. provides its services in collaboration with drivers who own private cars. The company creates and runs apps, which clients use to request curbs. Drivers then collect clients and ferry them to their desired destinations. Clients make payments using their credit cards, a method that is more appealing than the use of cash. Uber collects the transportation fees (about 20%-30%) and pays its drivers. A management team, which is competent and conversant with technological dynamics and changes in public transport, heads the company. Their major role is to scan for market niches in cities’ transportation industries. The team then comes up with possible solutions. With great emphasis on values such as innovation and best talents, Uber has grown rapidly. Consequently, the team has set higher and greater goals like having self-driven cars to enhance efficiency transportation further. Uber’s core competence Though the taxi industry is quite competitive, Uber has services that are seemingly ahead of others. One of these aspects is the comprehensive approach, and the view it has on city transport. Using a combination of smartphone supported apps, GPS trackers, rating apps and online payment, the company has made quiet formidable work in creating core competence. The ability to provide services to wide and varied markets has also given the company a competitive advantage. Uber has a global customer base alongside services that can easily be provided by any contracted drivers. Uber offers customer- oriented services. That is, the customer tends to have added benefits. Customers opt for Uber because of convenience relative to regular taxi. Uber has an edge over their competitors due to the type of employees it possesses. From the CEO, the top management to junior employees, Uber has a team that is visionary, innovative and aggressive with a focus on the global market. The annual rating of employees uses scores that have a direct influence on their compensation, bonus
Methods of gender pressure We can observe the methods that are used by the current mass media in order to put gender pressures far and wide. The reality is that the image of a sexual woman helps to increase the incomes and retails, and the new merchandise of Christian Louboutin, his lipstick, is an example of it. The encounter that promoters are experiencing is the question of applying these images in order to benefit most from it. Some developers manage to achieve this goal better than others; however, those who truly possess knowledge of applying gender pressure will, at the end of the day, retail the maximum. For example, the corporation ‘Abercrombie and Fitch’ involves gender tensions in order to trade their garments. The company has evolved into the leaders in marketing, and their commerce is rather prosperous. They provide to adolescents and adolescents merely for one common purpose: it is an era in which the sexual pressures between men and women are at the utmost. ‘Abercrombie and Fitch’ have established their place in the fashion industry; moreover, the Louboutin Company follows in its footsteps (McBride 23). Along with targeting the tightness between men and women, the sexuality of females, and their beauty, the Louboutin Company establish the principle for the reason of providing this tightness; for example, as it was discussed in my previous report, they depict these women that are discerning themselves as well. The pictures intentionally show excessive self-confidence and their sexuality in the sight of the women, which, in sequence, encourages timidity that is narrowly connected to a lack of confidence. This lack of self-confidence maintains the principle of the fashion images, always under control. As a result, in this manner, they produce a virtuous circle that is practically all-sufficient. In other words, the advertisements of Christian Louboutin create an ideology for lipsticks and maintain the bar for other companies due to high popularity and brand awareness. Ideology of Louboutin Ideology is an especially complex concept with dissimilar allegations dependent on the situation in which it is applied. In average usage, it can be an offense in order to accuse a person of being ‘ideological’, from the time when this concept proposes inflexibility in the expression of irresistible confirmation opposing one’s opinions and points of view (Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan 113). When the marketers discuss ideology, at that point, they have to be cautious in order to postulate what they imply by using the term. When researchers inspect media production and merchandise in order to expose their ‘ideology’, they are
Introduction The Middle Eastern region had been quiet and unknown until the Western world started to move into the area. The acceptable leadership was hereditary through kingdoms. The stronger nations used to conquer and occupy the weaker regions. The same happened when the Europeans ventured into the area. Western imperialism changed the political and economic dynamics of the Middle East. Onset of Imperialism At the height of the scramble for the Middle East countries, the Western powers first studied the region and also watched each other’s activities in the area. The major players used political imperialism to control major government decisions and economic imperialism that subdued the weaker nation’s financial prowess. They also used the cultural imperialism that made poorer countries adapt to the western lifestyle. For hundreds of years before the 18th century, the majority of the areas of the world were equal in technology and economy. The developments that occurred later were spontaneous. It took many years for the innovations to become uniform over Asia and even European nations. Between the 1400 and 1700 years, most of the European kingdoms and nations began to use a set of related regulations to develop the regions. They institutionalized norms and agreements that led to relevant developments in the economy that were uniform. In 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese navigator discovered a new route around the tip of southern Africa to India. It led the Europeans to expand their control of the trade routes and water territories. The overland trade routes middlemen of Arab origin begun to lose their jobs to people with European origin. The Europeans were producing better goods which were now acceptable in those regions. The handicraft productions began to lose market and the traders slowly lost their trade. The loss of business by the Middle Eastern crafts led to the loss of taxes to the regional governments in the Middle East (Anderson, Seibert, & Wagner, 2011). The Middle Eastern leaders began to feel the negative economic impact of the European invasion into their region. The religious leaders started losing their impact on the people. As they took charge of the economic wellbeing of the area, they also advanced in weaponry and military technology. The Ottomans The Ottoman Empire had vast lands that it controlled. It had extended its rule to Africa and the entire Middle East region. The leadership had wished away the influence of the European power in the area. The more they disregarded them, the more they gained influence through education, military strength, and trade. The Tulip period enabled the Ottoman e
Introduction The bilateral ties between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates are referred to as Pakistan–UAE relations. Pakistani and the United Arab Emirates are close associates who share ethnic similarities and a common faith (Muslim). These ties go back to 1971, when the United Arab Emirates was established, and have expanded to include wide-ranging collaboration in various fields. The United Arab Emirates was the only nation to recognize Pakistan, and it remains a significant contributor of economic and monetary aid to Pakistan. Other relationships between the two states are the military and defense relations. Additionally, the United Arab Emirates values Pakistan’s impact on developing significant UAE establishments, and Pakistan values the UAE’s investment in Pakistani’s economy and groundwork. Further, the UAE has more than often intervened in the domestic affairs of Pakistan. According to the prudent governance of the United Arab Emirates, one of the goals of the UAE’s foreign guiding principle is to help cordial and friendly nations in periods of crisis and both domestic and natural adversities by availing open-handed and public-spirited support. Main body The general relationships between the UAE and Pakistan are diplomatic and mutual religious ties. For the diplomatic relations, this would be the fiftieth anniversary between the UAE and Pakistan, an indication of the special friendship. According to Bloomberg (2021), under de facto ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the UAE, which has long had trade and political ties with India and Pakistan, has engaged a different firm universal position. The most significant change has occurred in the Middle East, where the Gulf Arab state has participated in disputes and supported area leaders. Consequently, Pakistan was involved in the groundwork of the UAEAF. Air Cdre Ayaz Ahmed Khan was the first Chief of Air Staff of the UAE, appointed by Sheikh Zayed, and was followed by Pakistan Air Force (PAF) officers Ghulam Haider, Jamal A. Khan, and Feroz. The UAE backed the United States’ pronouncement to sell F-16 fighter jets to Pakistan to boost its air force, claiming that the transaction would not change the balance of power between India and Pakistan. And following that, the UAEAF had close to fifty-five Pakistan flying instructors as of 2004. An excellent example of the intervention being analyzed is the interstate conflict between Pakistan and India. Although Pakistan and India are opponents, the UAE maintains two-sided relationships with both countries. According to “UAE brokering secret India-Pakistan peace roadmap: Officials” (2021), India and Pakistan have completed numerous harmony propositions over the years, to have them speedily fail, predominantly because both parties often use the subject to inflame tensions during voting periods. All through the up-to-the-minute history of the two countries, the Emirati and Pakistani lea
What does Sartre mean by “existence precedes essence”? The expression “existence precedes essence” is attributed to the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. It was prompted by his interrogation on the existence of supreme power. He did not give credence to the idea that God is the ultimate giver of life. He argued that human beings are fully responsible for their circumstances in life (Mart, par.4). He argued that there being no supreme power to have predetermined our essence, we exist first, and therefore model our essence through relations with our internal and external surroundings. According to Sartre, the man initially begins as an abstract being, and models himself through his deliberate choices and mode of operation (Mart, par.8). Thus, “essence” is a direct result of one’s manner of “existence” and not vice versa. According to Sartre, men are free to revise their standing in the world, their character, and their existential circumstances. Thus, individual circumstances are never permanent; the individual may alter their prevailing circumstances at will. Sartre believed that, initially, a person exists, and afterward, gets to determine their existential parameters (Deranty, par.3). He argues that human beings are responsible for what they become in life. He disagrees with the view that human destiny is pre-determined by a higher power. Thus, human nature is a fallacy, since there is no supreme power to conceptualize it. What are essence and existence? Essence refers to the choicest or most vital or most critical part of an idea or experience. It can also be viewed as being the heart and soul of an occurrence or idea (Deranty, par.
Stem cell research is no ordinary scientific experiment such as the Wright Brothers attempting to invent the first airplane or Jonas Salk attempting to develop the first polio vaccine. Stem cell research is a controversial topic because it promises so much but at the same time requires a steep price to pay for something that has yet to prove it is worth the trouble. This is because stem cell research promises to cure degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and scoliosis but the same time the cure requires the destruction of human embryonic stem cells that can only be had after a sperm fertilizes the egg and turn into an ovum, the first step in the development of a human baby. This is why this nation is divided regarding the proposal that the Federal Government should expand federal funding on stem cell research. There is a reason why the Bush administration decided to limit funding for this particular endeavor. First of all, stem cell research is an experiment that does not sit well with many people. On the other hand many find it difficult to understand why a potential solution to debilitating diseases should not be pursued. The line has been drawn in the sand and each side of the debate must present their case clearly so that the Federal Government must reconsider their stance of limiting funding and banning the harvesting more stem cells from human embryos. In Support of Expanding Federal Funding In the latter part of the 20 th century scientists discovered a way to isolate and then cultivate stem cells that taken from human embryos. These were called totipotent cells and this means that these are undifferentiated cells and can be developed further to any type of cell needed by the body. As a result scientists believed that stem cells can be used as a way to replace cells lost by the body because of degenerative diseases. But more data was needed and therefore funding from the government. Due to the moral and ethical problem surrounding such types of research the Bush Administration created a compromise. Limited federal funding was authorized but with limitations – the funds that will be released by the Federal Government must only be applied to existing stem cells lines that were already under the authority of the government. Limited funds appropriated to stem cell research is not the only problem why there are those asking the lifting of the ban on stem cell research and increase funding for the same. They argue that in 2005 it was discovered that the few remaining lines of stem cells available and eligible in for research in accordance to government guidelines were contaminated with a molecule that came from mice. It was also pointed out that without the active support of government stem cell research will not succeed. There was the assertion that private funding follows the lead of the federal government. On the other hand it was also made clear that there are private institutions and other states that would continue with their pursuit. States like California took the initiative in raising funds to enhance stem cell research that was already started in their respective state regardless of federal funding. Supporter
Early economists often associated income inequality with capitalistic societies, such as America and Western European countries. This is why such inequality has been synonymous with the American economy for decades. Statistics show that more than 40% of the country’s wealth belongs to only 10% of the population (Sommeiller 1). Monrone and Kerg (12) also say the income of the wealthiest 1% Americans has increased by 154% (in the last five years), while the income of the rest of the population has only grown by 17%. As income continues to divide people further apart, history shows the difficulty of bringing people together if these inequalities persist (Sommeiller 11; Monrone & Kerg 4). Income inequalities in America have come at a high economic cost to Americans because findings from the Economic Policy Institute (cited in Sommeiller 12) show that if the average household income in America increased at the same rate as economic growth, between 1979 and 2007, Americans would be enjoying a 27% higher average household income today. In fact, the same institution blames the top 1% for this loss of income because their high increases in household income have eroded the same gains that would have benefitted middle-income families (Sommeiller 16). This outcome mirrors the tragedy of the commons concept, which dictates that a selected group of people who work rationally and independently, but for their selfish gains, are likely to create greater impoverishment in the society by depleting common natural resources at the expense of the others (Hardin 1243; Monrone & Kerg 24). The economic strides made by America’s rich people mirror this tragedy because they have managed to increase their wealth at the expense of low-income people. Although many books and articles highlight the effects of income inequality in different societies, there are few thoughtful insights regarding the problem of income inequality. This paper seeks to fill this research gap through a balanced critical analysis of arguments advanced by supporters and critics of income inequality. In this assessment, the key issues include a discussion of whether we should consider enshrining economic equality as a tenet of the American bill of rights; how income inequality relates to the American dream, and how income inequality interacts with American ideals of equality and democracy. What do the Critics of Inco
A compensation strategy is a long-term pay plan. It details the rewards earned by employees in return for their labor. The most effective compensation strategy is one that develops a clear link amongst the three basic elements of compensation. The first item is the work expected from an employee; that is, the job description. The other item is the work an employee performed as shown in the performance evaluation and finally, is the pay provided to the employee determined through external survey and internal equity. The interrelationship among these three items provides an appropriate compensation strategy. This paper expounds on the link between these three items for a human resource manager. A human resource manager is a highly qualified and experienced individual that oversees employees’ affairs. The manager takes care of employee needs since they are a valuable resource to the organization. A human resource manager’s work is dynamic. The manager performs the entire recruitment process, which involves job advertisement, short listing, and interviewing (Fitz-enz, 2001, p.154). After getting the right employees, the human resource manager engages them in training programs. The training orients the new employees to their positions in an organization. The human resources manager conducts motivational sessions for the employees and appraises their performance. In addition, the manager deals with salary negotiations for the employees. Salary negotiation is a sensitive area and the human resource manager works with the accounts department to determine it. The manager also deals with employee promotions and other benefits for employees. The human resource manager keeps all employee records for reference (Kleiman, 2000, p.71). In addition, the manager handles employees’ complains and resolves disputes arising among them