ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The concept of comparative social sciences is derived from the procedural assumption that; the expressions used to explain the components of one society may be practically replicated on another. This has led to the unrealistic assumption that the descriptive analysis of one culture can be interpretively condensed, to expressions that are applicable to another one. Proponents of the methodology argue that two cultures should have some traces of similarity, so as to be able to analyze them based on a common category. The critics of the model on the other hand argue that the method works on the mere assumption that the two are indeed similar. However the core of this study is to create the understanding and description of cultures just like sociologists and anthropologists; that cross the hidden boundaries of cultural difference in their perception and interrelation with the members of the given culture. In this process they reduce the diversity of these cultures like descent, kinship and family hood, without comparing it with their own. However the contrast is that we must use our cultural understanding as the basis to understanding what we perceive in the other cultures. This approach is applied to avoid imposing our understanding of culture; through which we will seek to create distinctiveness, uniqueness and question the integrity of the cultural formations like behaviors. This approach would further create the distinctiveness and reaffirmation of the boundaries; making them apparently increases in turn making the researcher not to question the reality, and basis of the given cultural formations. This phenomena further leads to blurriness of the boundaries due to the confusion; and thus we have to look at the contradictions between reality and the evident appearance. This paper is out to examine in detail the ways used by individuals; in perceiving their community’s symbolic devices of distinctiveness, distinctiveness itself and the maintenance of this awareness in symbolizing the community’s boundaries. In this case we have to penetrate the community’s boundaries; in order to experience and gain a sense of how they are comprehended by the members. This can only be achieved through the appeal to their intimate consciousness; by seeking the meaning attributed to them by the members and disregarding the significance we might be inclined, or socialized to. As a measure to achieve this you make a basic distinction between the inside of the community, and the outside that is potentially polluting and the inside that symbolizes the community’s self. To better understand this phenomenon; we discuss the Seychellois heale
Literature Review The literature review makes it clear that there are direct and dynamic links between severe and fatal road accidents and such factors as weather conditions, driver behavior and skills, road regulation, traffic management, and road design. The evaluated sources were devoted to the investigation of diverse road accident factors based on the official reports from different countries, including Canada, the USA, Australia, Africa, the UAE, the United Kingdom, and some other European countries. The literature analysis reveals that although weather conditions can be regarded as one of the major causes of severe accidents, driving habits, authorities’ capability to enhance road and traffic situation, road and automobile management, as well as drivers’ psychological and physiological health, largely affects the development of possibilities for accident occurrence. Weather and other natural conditions such as lighting or geographical peculiarities are essential road safety factors. Many researchers observe that heavy precipitation, frazil, or excess moisture covering a road may result in a low level of road friction and may consequently significantly increase the risks of fatal accident occurrence. It is possible to say that rural areas are associated with higher rates of severe accidents due to poor road management and design – failure to construct a safe road and put a sufficient number of lighting sources – which redouble the potentially hazardous effects of poor weather. The findings have significant theoretical and practical implications as they emphasize the importance of road regulation policy initiation and improvement of infrastructure management strategies. Since efficient road design is interrelated with lower vehicle collision rates, the enhancement of road conditions, e.g., provision of sufficient lighting, surface road lining, road signs supply, etc., may help to decrease accident rates in the districts associated with higher risks for drivers’ lives. The conducted research reveals that it is important to pay greater attention to driver education and, to enforce the maintenance of driving responsibilities, the evidence-based knowledge-building campaigns can be administered. It is important to inform drivers about potential threats of driving in poor weather conditions. At the same time, the researchers claim that poor driving habits, such as driving while intoxicated, speed driving, or non-utilization of seat belts, significantly contribute to the overall accident rates increase. Moreover, the researchers suggest that drivers’ age and their psychological health conditions affect dri
Introduction The case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California is concerned with psychotherapists’ obligation to defend potential victims of their patients’ actions if patients expressed threats or demonstrated some other kind of dangerous implications (Vitelli). This issue is ethical since it involves the need for therapists to breach their clients’ confidentiality. If a person confesses something during a session, it is usually a rule that the psychiatrist cannot share this information with a third party. Therefore, the ethical dilemma of the issue is that under the new rule, it has become therapists’ responsibility to decide how serious their patients’ threats are and whether it is necessary to inform potential victims and police officers about them. Analysis of the case from the victim’s family One side of the issue is presented by the families of the victims. In the case involving Tatiana Tarasoff’s murder by a psychologically unstable student Prosenjit Poddar, the girl’s parents considered the therapist guilty of their daughter’s death (Vitelli). They said that if the doctor had contacted Tatiana and not the police, there might have been a chance for their child to stay alive. The parents blamed therapists for the incorrect decision that led to death. They thought that it could have been possible to prevent such disastrous outcomes if psychiatrists had not put their professional duty of maintaining confidentiality in the first place. Although it is possible to understand the pain of these people and their reasons for wishing to change the law, it is also necessary to take into consideration the peculiarities of therapists’ practice. Analysis of the case from psychiatry specialists From the opposite side of the conflict – that of the therapist -, he did everything he could under regulations. The specialist did what he considered correct and took “acceptable actions” to warn the police about the dangerous inclinations of his client (Cottone 41). Dr. Moore could not have told Tarasoff about his client’s threats because it would have made him break the oath of confidentiality. The situation caused much confusion among psychotherapists (Knapp and VandeCreek 511). What Tarasoff’s parents demanded posed too much responsibility for the specialists. They would have to decide the severity of threats and weigh the pros and cons of revealing confidential information. Conclusion: my opinion of the issue I think that the position of therapists is more justified than that of the victims’ families. The issue raises too many questions that are impossible to answer. First of all, there are cases when a potential victim cannot be identified. Also, there are issues concerned with confessing to suicidal attempts. Most of all,
Introduction The Latin language spread following the spread of the Roman Empire. This implies that all areas that came under the control of the Roman control embraced Latin as their lingua franca or commonly spoken and written language in the courts and in their daily activities like trade and administration. Also in those areas that were controlled by the roman emperor, religious ceremonies were conducted by use of the Latin language. The expansion of the Roman Empire meant the widening in the spread of Latin language and the people that were conquered by the Roman Empire and subjugated were assimilated into learning the Latin language and were made to communicate using it (Sayre, 2010). Just like other languages that were dynamic and often changed in form, Latin was not an exception and it underwent alterations over time. Among the factors that altered the form of Latin was the educational level or the social status of the individuals who spoke Latin and also the infiltration of other languages into the Latin language. Development of vernacular languages The promotion of education and literacy all over the world enhanced a rejuvenated the interest of learners. This therefore marked the beginning of vernacular languages, which is defined as the language that is widely spoken by people of a particular nation. The pace of vernacular was first set by the French writers in the 12 th century and before the end of the century the French and England had began transacting their businesses and other deliberations on their vernacular language. The expansion of vernacular languages gained momentum following the efforts of Eleanor of Aquitaine who established the literary movement which was an art center that created poetries written in vernacular language of that time. The consolidation of monarchies in Europe led to the advancement of vernacular as the main language that could help stir nationalism and the feeling of pride by the people of the monarch. This also created the sense of belonging among the various inhabitants. This marked the success in the growth of vernacular language. The origination of vernacular language is synonymous with the development of Latin language. Though they existed in the time of Latin, vernacular languages were subordinate to Latin and unlike Latin which was spoken by the high and might, vernacular languages was the language of the subjects. The word vernacular is by itself Latin, the word Verna means a slave born in the house and vernaculus implied the one who was born on the spot (Dobson, 2000). It is assumed that the dominance of Latin language prevented the growth and the spread of vernacular languages. Vernacular languages were initiated by Joachim de Bellay a poet who started to compose literature in a his native language; this excited the urge of other writers like the Portuguese poet known as Ferreira who with the Zeal and zest for patriotism gave birth to a vernacular language and urged his country men to cultivate it.
How attitudes and emotions influence behaviors Attitudes impacts on our behaviors in one of two ways: they can directly trigger consistent behaviors, with minimal thought intervention. Secondly, attitudes guides behaviors following a period of deliberate and extensive processing or consideration, through what is known as the formulation of intentions. Individuals whose attitudes towards certain objects are well-established are also likely to possess evaluative summaries regarding the attitude object in question (for example, the extent of their liking or disliking the object). Consequently, it becomes quite easier for the individual to decide on the course of action to take (Shane & Glinow, 2010). Therefore, such individuals have a higher probability of influencing their behavior directly. People’s perception about certain attitude objects may be changed by attitudes due to their likelihood to pay more attention to certain aspects of an object consistent with the attitude. Attitude objects are likely to change with a change in the attitude of an individual (Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 2005). This is more of a bias process whereby the attitudes of people are consistent with the behaviors that they manifest. Stirred emotions results in a distorted perspective. Our focus shifts to the emotion, along with the stimuli which triggered the emotion. When this emotion is amplified in our minds, we tend to react in a rational way and subsequently, it motivates our behavior. For instance, we may fight when we have been angered, or even end up enduring an abusive relationship. Ways personality and values influence behaviors A ‘value’ is defined as a character attribute or emotional state that one desires to be defined by or live within (Shane & Glinow, 2010). Individuals who value feeling in control are also likely to make behavioral choices that enable them to obtain the necessary emotional disposition. People who value being independent will most likely choose to adopt the choices that will allow them to achieve this goal. Although personality is often viewed at as a psychological construct, research also indicates that biological needs and processes could also affect our personality. Personality impacts on how we respond to the environment around us. In the same way, we act differently become our personalities are also different. A plan to increase employee motivation, satisfaction, and performance When a company adopts the right motivation techniques for its employees, this tends to unlock their potential. As a result, the company is more likely to witness improved employees performance, increased tenure, and a reinforcement of success-bui
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric diagnosis with a variety of symptoms that requires treatment by professionals. Furthermore, it is the most common among psychotic disorders, thus discussing effective methods of treatment for each case is crucial (Patel, Cherian, Gohil, & Atkinson, 2014) Patient M. Y. experiences severe symptoms; the current treatment plan includes Haloperidol, Banophen, and Ibuprofen. Additionally, thirty days in the mental health establishment are part of the intervention. However, other options can be discussed to ensure that M. Y. is receiving the most effective help for his diagnosis. According to Culig and Belzung (2016), the beginning of drug development for the condition dates back to 1952. Since then, more than 50 medication options have been created and utilized by physiatrists. The variety of drugs that can be used raises a question of which one is the most effective, according to current studies. The mechanism of action that the majority of schizophrenia drugs utilize is similar. It is based on “act on the dopamine D2 receptor” (Cu
Abstract This study is conducted within the bank of America and is aimed at showing the relationship between employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction in the banking industry. The study is necessitated by the realization that customer satisfaction is determined by the perceptions the customers have on the nature and the quality of services offered. Since the study focuses on the correlation between employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction at a specific point in time, a cross sectional study design is chosen. 104 participants will be targeted for this study, 53 of which will be employees of the bank of America. Data will be mostly collected through written interviews. However provision for oral interview will be available especially for corporate clients who may be too busy to fill in written interviews. Seven aspects of job satisfaction will be measured and correlated with five categories of customer satisfaction. The study concludes that customer satisfaction is directly influenced by employee satisfaction. A number of factors interplay in this relationship. These include job security, work load, motivation, and employee empowerment, among others. Introduction Management experts believe that business success is attained through offering quality service to customers. However, not many of these experts link quality service with the level of employees’ satisfaction. Suffice to state that the service industry is seen as one of the key sectors of growth in any economy. As such, proper management of the service industry is needed to ensure that the value of service offered does not compromise customer expectations. This is because, negative customer perceptions about the nature and the quality of service offered is detrimental to business growth. This suggests that customers’ perceptions about service quality are directly proportional to the business success achievable. There a number of characteristics unique to the service industry. Employees in the service industry put in more hours while serving numerous customer
Introduction Syriana is a thriller produced five years ago starring George Clooney and Matt Damon. The film is based on events surrounding the politics of the petroleum industry in a Middle Eastern nation. Descriptive analysis Bob Barnes, an undercover official from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), is sent on assignment to the Middle Eastern nation of Beirut (Syriana). Things go well for him until he gets kidnapped after a slight hitch in communication. His captors eventually release him and he departs back to the United States where he gets embroiled in a secret mission to take down Nasir Al-Subaai, the Prince of the Persian Gulf (Syriana). Bryan Woodman, an oil stockbroker who doubles up as the principle advisor for Prince Subaai sits down with the prince and together they lay down a strategy for bettering his country using revenue from the oil. Subaai has to wait until he is crowned Emir to implement this strategy, though. Unforutunately, for Subaai, the oil companies are completely against his becoming Emir mainly because he intends to kick the American military bases out of the Persian Gulf. He also wants to properly develop his state’s infrastructure (Syriana). Subaai also has in his long-term plans to establish peace with other nations in the Gulf, a move that will help the countries in the region abstain from wasting resources on purchasing unnecessary things such as air combat weapons. Prince Subaai’s mission is to unite all nations around the Persian Gulf in such a way that will be able to control their own oil resources. In the meantime, two American oil companies merge in the process causing some employees to lose their jobs (Syriana). A young Pakistani man who gets cut back finds solace among a terrorist gang and he is recruited as a suicide bomber. He manages to blow up an oil compound (Syriana). Interpretive analysis In one scene, a Washington based petroleum trade analyst establishes that as much as Kazakhstan has many oil reserves, Killen has no right to drill in any of them (Syriana). However, Killen has ignored all aspects of protocol and has continued shipping petroleum products from Kazakhastan. This could easily suggest that the Chinese are purchasing oil from the gulf and pass it through Kazakhstan enroute to the United States where it is marketed under the Killen name. The movie to some extent purports that the US Congress can participate in numerous discussions about the profits realized by oil companies without ever establishing the real core of the matter because even the individuals at the heart of the trade do not get the whole picture. The creators of the film definitely intended to make Syriana more than just a regular action
Executive Summary This report starts by defining knowledge and addressing how knowledge is managed. The report also notes that knowledge management (KM) requires one to possess knowledge; since only then can the information assets that a firm or an individual owns be identified, captured, evaluated, retrieved and shared. Applied to Maroochy Water Services, a knowledge audit reveals that the water and sewerage service provider purchased the SCADA system without understanding the risks and threats of such a system. In the conclusion, the report notes that the lack of knowledge on Maroochy Water Services part, and the inadequate knowledge management by Hunter Watertech created gaps in knowledge that enabled for an attacker to hack into the SCADA system, causing it to malfunction. Introduction This report examines knowledge management in the case of Maroochy Water Services, Australia. The report explores the concept of knowledge and its management, and the application of knowledge management in the subject organisation. The report has a knowledge audit section, which reveals knowledge gaps that led to a successful cyber attack on Maroochy Water Services. Knowledge and how its managed Among the simplest definitions of knowledge in literature is offered by Wilson (2002) who states that the term simply refers to what one knows. This report will however adopt Firestone’s (2013, p.9) definition, which describes knowledge as “the tested, evaluated and surviving structure of information… that is developed by a living system to help itself solve problems and which may help itself to adapt”. From the foregoing definition, it is obvious that knowledge is structured information, which has undergone and survived tests and evaluation, and is hence deemed befitting to help people solve their problems and adapt. Some analysts argue that knowledge cannot be managed, specifically because, knowledge they claim, is a mindset and not an object (e.g. Wilson 2002). Those who support the idea that knowledge can be managed do so based on the view that knowledge can be manipulated or stored (Zack 1999). However, the ability of a person or an organisation to manipulate or store knowledge, hence manage it, depends on its type. Tacit knowledge for example is a type of knowledge that is understood and applied subconsciously. As such, it is hard to articulate, store or manipulate it. Explicit knowledge on the other hand is a form of knowledge that is abstract, easily articulated, codified, shared, and d