ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Case Background The case questioned the validity of laws governing foreign corporations as concerns the legality of business transactions. The dispute was between the Bank of Augusta as the petitioner against Joseph Earle on a bill of exchange that the bank had purchased in Mobile but was in dispute because the law prohibited such a transaction. This is because; the bank could not own the bills of exchange, although it had remitted cash for the bill through its agent, applying discounts from Georgia. The bank was a chartered registered organization in the city of Georgia, where as the defendant was a bonafide member of Alabama. Because the payee refused to remit cash for the bill, the bank protested the transaction; hence, taking back the bill to where it was purchased from (Mobile). However, because the defendant failed to remit cash for the bill, the bank wanted to own the bill, a petition that the circuit court refuted; hence, ruling in favour of the defendant. Although this was the case, the Supreme Court overturned the ruling, hence giving the bank authority of owning the bill of exchange (Fairman, 2003, p.1). The circuit court justified its decision by stating that, such a transaction was invalid and unconstitutional, hence due to its illegality the defendant was not liable for any expenses incurred by the bank. The Supreme Court defended its decision of reversing the case by stating that, the bank had the rights of suing the defendant because of the charter laws that defined operations of such an organisation. Constitutional Questions from the Case Because the case involved the interstate purchase of bills of exchange, the main question here was; does the constitution legalise such interstate business transactions; hence, making this transactions of the bank a valid contract? Depending on provisions specified in charters defining operations of corporations, an organisation should conduct its business activities within specified areas of jurisdiction hence, if in case such an organisation goes overboard and conducts its transactions in areas not stated in its charter, then such transactions are void. This therefore raises another constitutional question as to whether it is legal for the courts to apply contractual laws and terms in a country or state; foreign to where the laws were created, in case it is a corporation from that country or state, which is in dispute. Therefore, depending on the state of such foreign contractual laws; whether repugnant or agreeing to contractual laws of the foreign country, is it constitutional for such laws to be applicable in this like scenario? Summary of the Court’s Decision Owing to conditions that surrounded the case, the bank presented the case to the Supreme Court via a writ of error. After reviewing the facts presented previously by the defendant that is; the bank was a chartered organisation, which has organisational powers to transact businesses for instance, buying of bills of exchange. Hence, following this facts and after critically analysing interstate contractual terms, the court reversed the judgement. Following provisions in the constitutions as concerns
Outsourcing is an important business process that helps an organization to define the areas that can be used as a competitive advantage (McIvor, 2010). If companies have a chance to use outsourcing with a minimum risk to the staff and the overall situation on the market, they should use it. However, often, the companies are forced to outsource their services to overcome the challenges. In the case study under consideration, a hospital makes a decision to outsource some services because of the existing financial pressures. In having the outsourced work performed within the hospital (Patnaik, 2015), several advantages could be identified. The majority of all advantages were connected to the possibility to increase the level of satisfaction of the staff. As a rule, workers enjoy the possibility to work under the conditions when they have a feeling of attachment to something. People got the jobs they liked. They developed the relations that were closed to the family ones. As soon as the workers are satisfied with the working conditions, they are able to produce high-quality work and achieve the results that are expected. There could also be a low level of possible product contamination because a certain group of people should be responsible for all required details. Finally, if people were inspired and organized, the desire to make more necessary improvements could take place with lower financial costs (Chen, Liu, Hua, 2014). In case a different hospital makes a decision to outsource its food services without having the work performed in-house (Patnaik, 2015), several problems could be identified along with the rationale offered. On the one hand, the employees can lose the required connection between their work, hospital, and satisfaction (Schniederjans, 2006). People may be less inspired by the idea to work properly. On the other hand, the financial position of the hospital may be considerably improved due to the possibility to spend less money on in-house needs and gain control of some other activities that need some improvements. The peculiar feature of service outsourcing is the presence of positive and negative aspects at the same time. The possibility to reduce costs may result in the necessity to consider the needs of employees. Competitive advantage can influence the quality of services in general and lead to the complaints from the users of hospital services. Finally, the possibility to fill in working places may lead to the creation of a possibility to be weak in regards to the competitors that offer the same services. That is why it is necessary to check each aspect of outsourcing before accepting it and clear up if the workers of the hospitals, who want to believe that their professional relations can be compared to the family ones, are ready for the changes. In the housekeeping situation discussed in the case study where employee turnover became a problem, it is not reasonable just to forget about
Meritocracy can be defined as a system adapted by a government or any other organization where appointments in filling positions are made depending on the demonstrated ability of the candidate and the talents inherent. According to Meritocracy, appointments should not be based on either the amount of wealth owned, family connections, social class, popularity, or friendship, among other related grounds, but rather on merit. Therefore, according to Meritocracy, the social differences that occur in society, including variations in wealth, occupation of various posts in society, and the social status of persons in society, are purely determined by their respective competitiveness and the exploitation of their talents. Thus positions, social status, and responsibilities in society are earned. Meritocracy is perceived as an opposing force to affirmative action, which advocates for giving preference to a certain group in society to another in an attempt to correct historical inequalities in society and being making the workforce of organizations reflective of the society in which they reside. Affirmative action tends to empower the historically discriminated set of groups in an attempt to promote equality in society (Curry 1996). The notion of Meritocracy can be challenged as the cause of structural inequalities in society in the sense that the socially disadvantaged are never given a chance to reorganize in also becoming competitive like the rest of the society members. Otherwise, the competitive member takes up the responsibilities, having the disadvantaged being just spectators in society waiting for all to be done by a few elite. The responsibilities that are taken up by a few elite benefit them either economically or in improving their social status in society because some responsibilities come with economic gains and some level of honor in society. The responsibilities taken over by a few elites in society include job opportunities and governance of institutions which places them at either a higher level of living standard or instills some kind of authority in them (Joseph, Bowles and Durlauf 2000). Therefore Meritocracy can be seen as a cause of inequalities that are currently in society because the uncompetitive members of society were never given responsibilities as they did not have the qualification to meet the roles that come with those responsibilities, thus lagging behind socially and economically because they are not in a position on which they can earn honor or economic gain from these responsibilities other than active participation. Meritocracy can also be perceived as an accelerator of more inequality cases in society, and this can be argued from the perspective of exposure to work challenges. Work challenges normally give an enabling environment for individuals to perfect their skills and discover new ways of doing things that makes them more specialized than those who have never been on such a job. On the rise of other job opportunities, the persons with such job-r
Many people would concur that the world is currently an intricate place to live. Much of this assertion is attributed to two events that have begun to dictate our lives in recent years. First, human beings are deeply immersed in unparalleled levels of assimilation and are engrossed in an intricate web of interacting processes and technologies brought about by improvements in information and communication technologies. Second, rapid change is now a common phenomenon with novel practices, organizations and technologies being launched incessantly into this extremely assimilated web (Calvano and John 29). According to Chen and Clothier, the System-of-Systems (SOS) is an intricate concept that has been extensively studied (1). What’s more, the adoption of standard SE (Systems Engineering) practices to enhance SOS progress has turned out to be a demanding task for a number of organizations (especially defense agencies). This is mainly attributed to the tendency for evolutionary SOS advancement, in contrast, to consciously engineered or strategically planned SOS activity. Systems evolution that ensues from diverse developments within SOS perspective demand organizations to be able to not only maintain and control SOS evolution but also have the ability to respond swiftly (and in a cost-effective manner) to different requirements of organizations and systems requirements (Chen and Clothier 2; Lane 3). The SE society has started to deal with various issues and complexities attributed to emergence of SOS concept. For instance, some of the issues explored include the relationships between system engineering processes and adoptions of US DOD C4ISR Architecture Framework. Further investigations have been undertaken to assess inventive system engineering methods and SOS features based on Systems Thinking. For instance, Carlock and Robert have integrated IT strategic planning (Grossman and Goolsby 13) with enterprise architecture initiatives (i.e. Meta Enterprise Architecture Strategy) or architecture frameworks (i.e. C4ISR Architecture Framework) to develop the Enterprise Systems Engineering (ESE) as a System-of-Systems solution for information-intensive organizations (242). System engineering (SE) is a meticulous methodology that originated in the UK and US aerospace and defense sectors. According to Chen and Clothier, system engineering can be defined as “a logical sequence of activities and decisions that transforms an operational need into a description of system performance parameters and a preferred system configuration” (3). In light of the definition stated above, the effectiveness of system engineering is subject to a number of conditions:   * Systems objectives must be described at the onset of a project;   * All stakeholders must be able to visualize the anticipated system solution
Schools are the institutions which are aimed to teach children to enter the future adult life with the amount of knowledge. Teachers are the guarantees of students’ knowledge and there are a lot of rules which are imposed on students, but there are also rules, which follow teachers’ school life. There are two main questions which should be considered, (1) whether it is possible to breach the contract and (2) when the new rules may be inserted in the school life on the local and state level. Considering the question about the job contract it is impossible to skip the information that all working relations are noted there and that the point about contract breach has to be present there. All points should be discussed there, including the possibility of consistent breach of the contract and by one side. Labour legislation contemplates the time limits, which the worker should work off after the announcement of his/her leaving, and this time limit is two weeks. The meaning is that when the person leaves the employer should have enough time to find another person on the vacant place. The other aspect of this question is the moral responsibility about the children and the personal ability to leave them in the middle of the school year without completing the program which was planned. The personal conscience is involved in this part of the question and everything depends on the inner qualities of the responsible person. Leaving the teaching practice for a better job no one has the right to condemn you, at the same time as the teacher, who was asked to leave the school because of professional unfitness (in the middle of the year), should not have any contradictions if the reasons for dismiss are argumentative. The question about the time limits of discipline implementation at school should fall to the beginning of the school year, as it is difficult to reorganize the educational process to the new rules in the middle of the year when people have already planned the work and constructed some plans for future. Moreover, the question about the future changes should be discussed, then the announcement should be made that the state government plans to provide such penalties for these misconducts, as the opinion of the schools should be heard, and only then, after the question is discussed and agreed, the change may be announced as accepted. The acceptation of the misconduct penalties should be announced in the middle of the previous year with the amendment that it comes into effect from the next school year. All the changes in the school live, taking into account the penalties for misconduct should be accepted on the district or even state level, and only then handled to the local schools. The examples of the penalties for misconduct may be as follows, every person should come through licensure after some period of time (the absence of the licensure is the penalty on the state level), the avoidance of the rules of the school, such as classes missing without reasonable cause (the penalty on
Introduction The financial sector, or simply finance, is a system of economic activities aimed at providing a wide range of financial services such as banking, investment, insurance, credit card issuing, accounting, etc. Since 1860, the American finance system had a history of three waves of rapid growth and two crashes that are characterized by the changes in the industry and its share in GDP as well as the role it plays in economic development. What is significant about the beginning of the 1860s is the establishment of the national banking system and putting an end to the era of free banking defining the hierarchy of banks. Moreover, it is characterized by the conflict between President Jackson’s propaganda of the hard-money policy, i.e. money having real gold value, and the National Bank’s soft money policy, issuing paper currency not tied to gold. However, in 1879, the decision to make paper have real gold valuable and be convertible into gold was reached (Bilginsoy, 2015). Analysis Speaking of the stages of the U.S. finance evolution, the first one is the growth of 1880-1900. It was motivated by the construction of the railroad and the start of building up heavy industries in the country provoked by the Industrial Revolution (Philippon, 2008). The development of the financial sector was necessary due to the renewal of foreign investment from the European countries and for funding massive infrastructure projects. It was the period of short-term loans to internal agents of economic activities, the boost in the stock market in response to the railroad system construction, and the small companies uniting to form influential conglomerates in the heavy industry sector (Bilginsoy, 2015). Further development of science, especially discoveries in the field of medications and electricity, led to the second wave of growth lasting from 1918 to 1933. Its primary feature is financing companies in the automobile construction and pharmaceutical spheres. The period in between these two stages of development cannot be called a crash, however, it may be viewed as a stalemate. The only sign of it is the rapid drop in the number of banks (Hollow, Akinbami, & Michie, 2016). The following stage is the collapse of the U.S. financial sector caused by the Great Depression, however, the government managed to relatively quickly renew it due to the prudent decision of developing infrastructure across the country and joining the World War II. Even though the human losses were significant, there were many positive impacts on the American finance sector and the economy as the whole, as there were additional sources of funds coming from selling arms and ammunition abroad and that later came as the result of the absence of large-scale military operations in the U.S. territories. The further development of the finance sector was relatively stable as the share of financial services in GDP remained pretty the same. It was not until the IT revolution of the 1970s that it boosted another wave of growth of the finance sector. It
The academic field does not stand still and actively integrates modern technological solutions that can significantly optimize educational processes. Among these strategies, special attention should be paid to interactive whiteboards and iPads, the use of which in the classroom can increase the involvement and interest of the child in learning. This thesis is supported by the statistics that more than 80 percent of children have had access to electronic tablets since early childhood (Murkoff, 2019). This means that children are inclined to use technology, which is an inherent trait of this generation. Therefore, every time a teacher uses technology in the classroom, they demonstrate its relevance and modernity to children. Research also supports this, that a child who sees the same devices in the classroom that he or she uses to play games and watch YouTube Kids subconsciously begins to trust the teacher and become more interested in learning in general (Tay, 2016). Thus, there are significant benefits to be gained from incorporating digital technology into the classroom. That being said, the student community is quite dynamic, and the teacher should use this to make sure students are satisfied with the classroom environment. In particular, any information gathered from digital lessons forms the foundation of formative assessment. In turn, this allows for the personalization of learning and the development of specific pedagogical schemes to improve children’s experiences. For example, if a teacher sees that a child is not doing well with a tablet, he or she can provide personalized help to the student. Conversely, gifted children may require more tasks or more complex instructions. All of these things combine to improve learning satisfaction and, as a result, increase engagement. Through the use of digital technology, it becomes possible to implement several practical pedagogical techniques. First of all, it is visualization when what the teacher is talking about is duplicated on an interactive whiteboard screen. This is useful not only for deaf and hard-of-hearing children but also for engaging in more communication channels, which will improve learning (Mora et al., 2021). Secondly, the interactive whiteboard can help in cooperative learning when the teacher shows children in detail how to arrive at an answer. For example, if the assignment is to search for a research article, the teacher uses the interactive whiteboard and access to the Web to show a step-by-step search algorithm. Finally, competing learning can also be accomplished using the whiteboard, mainly if modern learning services are used. Such services can offer a real-time survey on a particular question for the entire class so that the teacher can assess the average level of knowledge of all students. The three techniques described are just some examples of how an interactive whiteboard can enhance the learning experience. Creating the final product of a website requires not only much time but also much critical evaluation. It is unacceptable to make excepti
The Theatre of the Absurd is the term derived from Albert Camus’ essay Myth of Sisyphus (written in 1942). In this work Camus defined the human situation as absolutely meaningless and absurd. The critic Martin Esslin used the term for the works of playwrights who believed that man cannot understand the university and lives in it without purpose. The playwrights working in this field are Samuel Beckett, Arthur Adamov, Eugene Ionesco, Jean Genet, Harold Pinter and others. The Theatre of the Absurd originates from the avant-garde experiments in art of the 1920s and 1930s. The World War II influenced significantly the movement as it showed the situations when human life loses any meaning and value. The rise of new theatre was also affected by the constant threat of nuclear annihilation. The Theatre of the Absurd can be regarded as a man’s reaction to the lost of human values and an attempt to restore them. As the meaningless Post-War situation did not bring any art forms that seemed convincing for the audience, the highly innovative form capable of starting the viewer directly was created. The new anti-theatre was such a form. Its main features were surrealism, illogic, absence of conflict and plot. The characters’ dialogues seemed absolutely senseless but, in fact, carried their concealed meanings. The plays of the theatre of the absurd rendered the atmosphere of bewilderment and confusion. The characters could not find answers to the basic existential questions of why people live, why they have to die, why injustice and suffering exists. It should be mentioned that there existed two types of the theatre of the absurd: the East and the West one. Though the features mentioned above are typical for the two types, the difference is rooted in the fact that the West European plays reveal a predicament of an individual or a group of individuals in a situation stripped to the bare, and often fairly abstract and metaphysical essentials, whereas the East European plays mostly show an individual trapped within the cogwheels of a social system (The Theatre of the Absurd). Eugene Ionesco is one of the brightest representatives of the theatre of th