ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Diocletian managed to become an outstanding military leader due to his rise through the ranks with his succeeding hailing as the Roman emperor. His accession to power lead to the emperor’s understanding of the necessity of urgent reforms in political, military, social, and economic spheres. However, the present paper will be devoted to the analysis of economic situation in the Roman Empire in the time of Diocletian. The Price Edict of Diocletian , also known as the Edict on Prices and the Edict of Diocletian issued by Diocletian in 301 is a perfect source that gives an opportunity to analyze the economic situation in the Late Roman Empire. It signifies that the problem of inflation and pricing crisis were the major economic problems that were the most significant signs of economic decay of the Empire at the beginning of the fourth century. First of all, it is necessary to touch upon the Edict as the medium of information. Its credibility and reliability can be proven by its authenticity due to its permanence. Though the Edict was issued in the form of written documents which are perishable media, it was mainly presented as inscriptions on the stone walls of public buildings and their fragments have survived till the present. Thus, the Edict on Maximum Prices is a primary document that has always been treated by historians and other researchers as the best source for scientific investigation of the past. The final part of the document, the one that presents “the prices for the sale of individual items which no one may exceed” (Graser 220), can be analyzed in terms of the main industries and professions that were developed in the Roman Empire. Though the analyzed document is the fragment of the Edict since it includes about one thousand of items and services, it is still possible to make certain conclusions. It shows that agriculture is a developed sphere in the Roman Empire since the range of agricultural products is rather large; it covers such crops as wheat, barley, rye, millet, beans, etc. At the same time, the list signifies that the profession of a miller is among rather profitable professions that can be proven by the difference of the price ceiling for the non crushed products, for instance, beans, and crushed beans. Since the price of crushed beans is forty denarii higher than of non crushed ones, it is possible to conclude that the services of millers are in demand. Wine-making has traditionally been recognized among the most developed economic spheres of the Ancient Rome, the wide-spread wine-production is evident if we resort to the analyzed document. However, it can be also stated that the price ceiling for wine is, evidently, put to low. The types of wine produced in different regions are intentionally equalized by their prices in order to make all regions equal. Also, the production of olive oil was very developed in the Roman Empire. However, the Edict also seems to underprice all types of oil intentionally. If we analyze the limit of wages that
Introduction Integrated Marketing Communication Mix (IMC) is considered as one of the major aspects of communication development over the last two decades. Since its inception, majority of the organizations have considered the technology to be source of key competitive advantages within marketing. The idea has led to mass marketing where marketers are capable of reaching multiple target audiences at the same time. This led to the creation of retail selling system in the 20 th century. IMC has enabled consumers to gain more information concerning specific products within the market (Lindgreen and Finn, 2005). The promotional function in most companies was previously based on mass-media advertising. There used to be heavy reliance on advertising agencies in the aspects of marketing communication. Public relations on the other hand was used in the management of organization’s publicity and image but were not considered as integral participants within the marketing communication processes. These functions built barriers which hindered effective marketing and promotional functions since they were managed as separate entities. However, there was growing need of broader marketing communication tools and more strategic integration of the various promotional tools. This led to the formation of IMC which incorporated coordination of the various promotional elements as well as other marketing activities capable of reaching the intended consumers (Fill, 2009). The kind of communication strategy applied in the market leads to increased productivity. The integrated communication system enables instant sharing of information. Apple and Dell products enable efficient sharing of information based on computer applications. This ultimately reduces total costs and time required in the process of searching and delivery of goods to consumers. Mobility is enhanced since there are sufficient communication access points and remote users are enabled to directly access security-enhanced points without any difficulties. The laptops are enhanced with appropriate operating systems and necessary Microsoft services which enables easy business partnerships between organizations. Protection of vital information from various companies is enhanced through servers and data centres. (Holbrook, 2003, pp. 45-61). Dell Manufacturers IMC Dell Inc. is one of the top manufacturers of laptops and personal computers. The company is known to apply customer centric business model which enables effective customer service operations. This makes Dell to be considered top company within the Computer Industry especially in the sale of Personal Computers. The company uses strategic and available information systems to position itself as number one retailer of PCs in the global market. Dell is considered technically versed based on their wide range of IT and network solution services. Their computer service
Organizational Readiness for Change Before conceiving an evidence-based practice (EBP) intervention to address a current problem, one has to evaluate the medical organization’s readiness for change. In this project, the framework for the evaluation is borrowed from Vaishnavi and Syresh (2020). Based on the criteria provided by the authors, the organization has culture appreciative of change and an acute awareness of mission and goals. At the same time, personnel is not necessarily aware of the new trends in healthcare as it pertains to preventing hospital-acquired pressure ulcers specifically, hence the room for change. Finally, acquiring the necessary financial resources can also prove problematic in the chosen setting and reduce the organization’s overall readiness for change in this respect. Opportunity for Change: Hospital-Acquired Pressure Ulcers (HAPUs) An opportunity for change is the prevalence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) in clinical settings. First of all, these are a statistically common complication the percentage of which can reach double figures (Beal & Smith, 2016). Moreover, it demonstrates an increased incidence in older patients due to the thinning of epidermis, thus posing additional risks to a vulnerable population group (Fremmelevholm & Soegaard, 2019). Apart from that, there is currently no specific program for HAPU reduction and prevention in place in the chosen setting. Based on these factors, an EBP intervention designed to reduce the incidence of HAPUs in patients addresses an acute and current problem. Evidence-Based Idea for Change The evidence-based idea for change in this respect includes two phases. The first phase should involve a careful literature review and the analysis of EBPs used to reduce HAPU incidence so far. The development of organizational guidelines for the prevention of HAPUs should proceed based on this analysis and the identification of best practices (Beal & Smith, 2016). Second phase should include the establishment of a specialist nurse position and the dissemination of developed guidelines (Fremmelevholm & Soegaard, 2019). A transition to air mattresses as opposed to standard hospital surfaces is also a part of this phase (Shi, Dumville, & Cullum, 2018). Knowledge Transfer Plan Knowledge is to be created through the afore-mentioned literature review and EBP analysis. Dissemination of said knowledge should primarily happen through the distribution of the developed HAPU prevention guidelines among the staff (Beal & Smith, 2016). Additionally, a publication in a peer-reviewed journal should cover the intervention results. As for the implementation, it would happen through two primary avenues at the same time. First of all, nurse orientation should cover HAPU prevention, and, secondly, the appointed specialist nurse should act as a consultant in HAPU-related matters (Fremmelevholm & Soegaard, 2019). Dissemination Strategies The two main dissemination strategies chosen to dist
The formation and the development of the police in the United States has a rich, vivid history, and the research problem remains relevant today. In total, there are three stages of the formation of police activity in America – the political, reform (professional), and community era (Burke & Carter, 2019). The political era is the first period of activity in the United States, which began around 1800 (Longley, 2020). This period was marked by a high increase in crime and riots caused by massive changes and restructuring of society under the influence of innovations in technology (Longley, 2020). Local politicians patrolled certain areas and managed the sites as small departments. They were not only responsible for police activities but also for the organization and distribution of personnel. In the era of reforms, the police solved problems with the help of various technological tools and emergency response systems. Thanks to Chief August Folmer, innovative ideas appeared that changed the views on the current state of affairs in the activities of the police (Burke & Carter, 2019). The state service was introduced to replace political influence as the basis of legitimacy. Compared to the political one, it is noted as a better era, bringing diversity to police practice, new management concepts, and employee training. The community era is the third period in the development of police activity that is currently taking place. The origins of this era can be traced back to the 1970s (Parsons & Kremling, 2020). The police could no longer solve all the problems alone; the community should also contribute to allowing all the issues (Burke & Carter, 2019). Consequently, everyone can contribute to countering the spread of crime and offenses. Despite the considerable progress in the technical component since the beginning of the era, this is still considered an essential element in the public practice of doing business. In conclusion, there are three main epochs of the police service’s formation; each of them has its distinctive characteristics. Initially, the police were under the power of politicians; they could make their adjustments, hire, and fire staff following their beliefs. Then came the era of changes and additions to the alignment of events. The police do not depend on political influence; new methods of investigation are emerging, and educational institutions are developing where candidates undergo professional training. Soon, law enforcement agencies begin to cooperate with society to focus on curren
Introduction Going by a general overview, sleep can be seen as a long period of loss of consciousness but during which one can awakened from. Sleep is a normal state of bodily behavior change where one enters a period of unconsciousness, the sensory and movement activities are deferred and all voluntary muscular movements suspended. During sleep, a person is less aware of the external environment and the source of stimuli at this stage is primarily internal. A more elaborate look into understanding sleep take a look at the two aspects of sleep which is the behavior observed during sleeping periods as well as the scientific explanation of the physiological processes involved during sleep. Behavioral perspective looks at sleep as a period characterized by immobility or slight movement, a decrease in eye movements, a decrease in awareness of external stimuli, certain body postures, unconsciousness that is in real sense reversible, and reduced cognition. The physiology of sleep is well understood by looking at the electrical rhythms of human mind recorded during sleep. An understanding of these two aspects of defining sleep helps us to explain the step by step process of sleep (Russo, 2005). The process of sleep follows 5stages each marked by a difference in brain wave patterns. The stage 1 consists of periods during which one switches between sleep and wakefulness. The amount of sleep here is light making it easier to stay in touch with external stimuli. This is the stage which the muscles enter a relaxation state. Being the first stage, it marks the first few minute
Any phenomenon in this world has a separate explanation. Depending on the type of the phenomenon, this can be either scientific or historical explanation. Over the years, the scholars have wrangled “whether natural scientific and historical explanations must have the same formal characteristics.” (Taylor and Winquist 117) The main similarities between historical and scientific explanations are their striving for objectivity and accessibility of the data to the public, while they differ in past-present relations, the subject of explanation, and reliability of findings. To begin with, both scientists and historians seek for the most objective explanation. Most of the scholars keep to an idea that scientific explanations aim to give an answer to the question why something did or did not happen. (Cohen 252) The structure of a DNA is a good scientific explanation. The purpose of this explanation is to show why there is a definite pattern in DNA molecules. (Kessler and Morin 21) In their turn, the historians try to give an answer to the question how the phenomenon or event take place. (Otterbein 20) Similarly, when giving a historical explanation to the structure of a DNA, the historians will be in the first place interested in how the scientists came to certain conclusions about definite patterns of the chromosomes. Secondly, both scientists and historians try to make the results of their discoveries public. When viewed from this perspective, historical and scientific explanations are interrelated because “scientific explanations have their counterparts in the realm of the so-called human or spiritual sciences, such as sociology and history.” (White 12) This interrelation accounts for the publicity of scientific findings because they become public due to historians’ discoveries. For example, the scientists can give a logical explanation for gravitation but it is only through the historians, who will be able to contrast the scientists’ findings, define whether they conform to general laws (Knowles 95), and explain this, that the public will find out the explanation to gravity. The main difference between historical and scientific explanations lies in the ability of the latter to refer both to the past and the present. Scientists can explore modern phenomena and offer explanations to them, but the historians can provide explanation only to those phenomena which have already taken place. (Wainwright 289) Another difference lies in the fact that historians focus “fundamentally on human actions” (Carretero and Voss 366), while the scientists deal with objects and phenomena. Likewise, historians are interested in definite historical figures and their achievements, whereas the scientis
Introduction The health care system of Canada comprises several health insurance policies that provide health coverage to all citizens. It is funded by the government, and managed on territorial basis (Angell 46). However, the federal government establishes the guiding policies and principles that manage it. Canadian citizens get access to preventive care and medical treatment through the provisions of the health care system. In addition, they have access to special treatment services and other medical services. Under the health care system, all Canadian citizens have access to health coverage regardless of their economic status, medical history, or living standards (Axworthy and Spiegel 55). However, few are exempted from health coverage due to various reasons. The health care system is subject to political debates because of doubts regarding its ability to provide efficient health care to citizens. Many critics advocate for a private system similar to the one that Americans use. However, fears of possible development of inequalities have arisen due to privatization proposal (Angell 48. It is important to privatize health care in Canada even though it might give rise to inequalities that will affect many people. Components of the Canadian health care system The Canadian Health Act forms the basis of the Canadian health care system. It has five main components that include public administration, comprehensiveness, universality, portability, and accessibility (Axworthy and Spiegel 59). These components are the main reasons for opposition of privatization of the health care system. The act gives the authority to administer provincial health insurance to a public authority that does not seek to make any profits from delivery of services. The authority is responsible for overseeing the actions of the authority, and the medical and financial accounts are subject to governmental audits. The act also requires all health services to be insured. Under the act, all insured people should have equal access to all health care services (Angell 51). It also provides coverage to any citizen who moves form one province to another. Finally, it provides access to health care facilities to all citizens, and appropriate compensation for all service providers. Effects of privatization Canada has a life expectancy of about 80 years that is attributed to its health care system (Marchildon 81). In addition, it has a very low rate of infant mortality. There are proposals to change the Canadian health care system to the private system similar to the one that is adopted by the United States. Opponents of privatization argue that it will offer more choices, reduce the cost of health care, and improve its quality. Others claim that will improve efficiency. On the other hand, opponents of privatization argue that it will bring inefficiency and inequality in the system. According to Caulfield and Tigerstorm (66), “people will not be able to afford certain types of treatments because of high costs.” Some studies have revealed that the privatized system of the United States is less efficient than the public system of Canada. This is
Introduction Empathy is the human ability to understand other people’s feelings. It can also be referred to as the propensity of human beings to share what other people feel (Hoffman 37). Studies on the physiological basis of empathy show that people often respond to stimuli in different ways. The concept of empathy was originally considered as fiction, but people’s experiences have created an impelling force that has connected it to reality. Studies have also established that there is a relationship between empathy and physiology (Throop 16). Empathy has adverse effects on its victims if the feelings shared are sad or traumatizing. Most empathy victims require medical therapy in order to contain the effects (Goldie 40). Photo 1: Friends being Empathic towards Each Other Discussion Empathy is an emotional and social need that people desire to fulfill through interaction (Hollan 91). People experience empathy all the time. Studies indicate that empathy is a process that happens unconsciously in the brain. The most interesting aspect about the concept of empathy is that people observe and mirror the actions of other people through interaction despite the fact that they cannot tell when it happens (Goldie 60). For example, people often feel happy and excited when those around them exhibit the same feelings. However, very few people have the knowledge of how that happens and when it occurs. Most people, who have had the ability to recognize a feeling of empathy, describe it as an expressive encounter. Empathic people also acknowledge that the experience is totally beyond human control. The reason for this is that it happens without awareness (Hoffman 47). Photo 2: Children of Iraq showing their empathy towards victims of a calamity in Boston, USA The physiological basis of empathy Biologists and psychologists are yet to understand the concept behind empathy. Understanding the various body mechanisms and processes involved in bringing about the experience remains a broad research area (Hollan 100). However, a certain researcher identified mirror neurons as the body part through which people experience empathy (Kenneth 188). Mirror neurons are part of the brain that helps a person to observe something and generate a quick reaction that mirrors what is happening. Through mirror neurons, someone has the ability to observe and unconsciously imitate the actions of other people (Throop 26). The mirror neurons were first studied using monkeys, which were put through a series of tests. Their behavior was closely monitored with special attention directed towards the role of the mirror neurons (Kenneth 188). The basic concept behind mirror neurons and their role in enabling people to experience empathy is very simple (Kenneth 189). When people observe something, the body always triggers an internal response that mimics whatever one observ
Apple inc. is a U.S based organization that specializes in the manufacture of electronics, the iPhone, the iPad, and other related computer-based accessories. The organization operates in various sections of the world where it has opened regional offices. Apple has gained recognition for the design and the manufacture of quality products including the Macintosh, the iPhone series, and the iPad, among other products. The organization was also the pioneer in providing a platform for downloading and using iTunes. The company which is located at Silicon Valley was formed in 1976 and over the years, it has become a multibillion-dollar industry. Currently, the organization is the leading manufacturer of iPhones in the world. Its business has expanded extensively in the past years. Apple operates in a general environment. According to Daft and Marcic (2011), a general environment is representative of the dimensions covering the external environment. The external dimensions in which this organization operates influences some of the operations of the organization but not daily. Some of the dimensions found in the general environment are natural, legal, economic, socio-cultural, technological, and international dimensions (Daft & Lane, 2010). The legal or political dimension is usually concerned with the legal rules and regulations that have been put in place and which affects a given sector in which an organization operates. The international dimension represents forces that exert pressure on the organization from foreign countries like competitors or rivals. The socio-cultural environment is usually concerned with the feelings, emotions, ethics, and culture of different people and nations in which an organization operates. The economic environment presents the market with forces like taxation, inflation, and other macro-economic factors that have effects on the organization. Lastly, the technological environment entails the changes that result from advancement in technology (Daft & Willmott, 2010). The general environment in which Apple operates in is very competitive. On the international dimension, the organization receives competition from foreign companies like Nokia of Finland, and Samsung of South Korea (Daft &Lane, 2010). These are fierce competitors who have led the high competition to the organization and other players. For example, in 2010 the organization sold about 8.8m iPhones compared with its closest rival Motorola who sold 8.5million (Silvika, 2010). On a positive side, there has been a shift in economic and technological development in Asian countries a