ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Galang uses the symbol of the Mermaid in “One Tribe” to represent different aspects of the girls who live in Las Dalagas in Virginia Beach. She uses the Mermaid to symbolize the girls’ freedom, their sexuality, and the destructive nature of the environment (social, political, and cultural) that has shaped them over the years. The image of the mermaid also signifies the fear that dominates the youth and all the people that live in this Midwestern town. This fear stems from politics, the environment, and immigration, and more imminently the future of the people who have immigrated into this town. The mermaid helps one to understand the kind of life that most youths live in this town. It also gives us an insight into the role of the community and culture in shaping a society’s values. Just by a glance, the mermaid’s picture signifies immorality in this society. Isabela Manalo commonly known as Isa is a Philippine immigrant who relocated to the USA, in search of a better life. However, like any other girl, she hastily gets into the life of being a town girl and gets pregnant while in an illegitimate affair. During this period, there is a lot of gossips (tsismosas) from the elders, her peers, and even from her parents. Unfortunately, Isa loses her unborn child and the gossip becomes worse. Isa tries to look for acceptance from the community. Isa has so many fears concerning her past, present, and future. In her life, she is in a dilemma on what to do so that she can meet the expectations of her family, her professional requirements, culture and get fulfillment in her life. In Isa’s Philippine community, the past is silent and one cannot be able to speak about it. Isa finds herself at crossroads when she wants to talk about this. She finds herself an outsider when she wants to talk about it and therefore she has to move into a different community so that she can be able to do this. She has fears that she may be rejected from her community and may not be accepted into the other community (white community). This uncertainty makes her fear losing so much more as her Filipino boyfriend forces her to lose her “white” ways or they part ways. Isa is a distrusted girl in the community as her family soon believes that she is becoming too white. She finds herself at crossroads with her culture that has nurtured her values and bel
Introduction Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) first appeared in February 2002 in china’s Guangdong province before emerging in neighboring Hong Kong in late February. The epidemic had an impact on tourism all over the world, particularly in South East Asia. Pine R (2004). SARS cost the Hong Kong tourism industry HK $3.8 billion in 2002. The death fall had risen to 270 and infections were totaling 1730. Tough penalties for spitting and uttering were raised from HK $600 to HK $1500 and prosecutions on offenders were intensified. Hong Kong’s economy had already grown weak due to the impact of SARS on the tourism industry. The healthcare system had to be reviewed to manage the crisis. Tourists dropped by 65% to 490,000. The hotel occupancy rate was below 20% and not the previous 81% and 79% from February to March. In April, the loss on GDP per month due to a fall in the hotel business, airline, and travel agents was HK$ 2 billion. May cost was HK$1.8 were issued World Health Organization travel alerts against Hong Kong. Launch of events and inducement programs to encourage courts is to the city of Hong Kong. The travel alerts were a source of worry to the tourists because they tried to avoid Hong Kong and targeted other tourist destinations. Description of the disease SARS is a communicable disease and with the spitting of and dirt environment, no foreigner wanted to be in Hong Kong. The launch of inducement programs was costly to the tourism industry and this affected profits because it was an unexpected cost on the profit and loss account. Research and development costs were incurred to determine the real cause of the Respiratory system. This also had an impact on the Balance sheet because profits appear on the balance sheet of every entity. Cash flow in the industry was reduced due to the increased spending. At times negative cash flow could be reported and the government had to increase its budget for the tourism industry. This was a reduction of the
Unemployment rates are a measure of how well the labor market is performing. Unemployment refers to the amount of people in the labor force who are looking for work and are able to work. The number of jobs in the economy equals the number of persons willing to work when the labor market is in equilibrium. Even when the market is in equilibrium, the number of reported jobless cases is high due to a variety of causes. When there is equilibrium in the labor market the demand equals the supply. Increase in demand leads to the increased prices of products. The employees demand high paying jobs due to the increased demand in the market. Causes of unemployment happen when people are willing to work at high pay (Dean et al., 2020). Increasing wages in a firm means reducing the number of workers to cover their increased salary rate requests. Reducing the number of workers in a firm makes some workers job less. The changes in the rate of the labor force are a reflection of changes in the demographic composition of the labor force. Most people spend more time in school and start their careers later in life. A downturn in the number of people participating in the labor force affects the overall economy. Lower participation leads to the government overtaxing the workers due to the narrow base tax. High levels of unemployment occur regardless of the equilibrium in the labor market. The quantity demand of labor equals the quantity supply of labor. Workers should be willing to put more effort to increase the firm output in order to receive high earnings they seek for. Youth in learning institutions can actively participate in the labor force while still pursuing studies. When the larger portion of the population is productive, there is a corresponding economic rise. Reference Dean, E., Elardo, J., Green, M., Wilson, B., & Berger, S. (2020). The labor market and full employment equilibrium . Pressbooks.
The term race refers to different things in the contemporary society. Individuals view it from an aspect of social interactions, physical appearances, genetics and culture. Experts who look into issues of race assert that race refers to biological differences that exist between and among individuals. They judge these differences according to physical appearance and internal differences arising from genetics. On many occasions, people define race from the physical appearance, and tend to combine this with social construction of race (Tsuda 15). This paper looks at two issues; race and discrimination, in an effort to understand how racism affects the African Americans living in the United States. Immigration has led to the existence of many races in the United States. People move from their countries of origin for different reasons including; further education, search for employment, as well as asylum. Many Africans have been moving from Africa and West Indies, into America. This immigration rate has intensified in the past fifty years, especially due to escape from slavery. What this means is that there is a large number of African Americans in the United States. The African Americans are people of African origin attempting to acculturate into the American culture (Tsuda 3-7). They often face several difficulties in this attempt, especially due to their color, which is different from that of the Americans. The idea of viewing culture from a social construction point has led to discrimination of the black race in America. Racism or racial discrimination arises from an outlook of race as a culturally-determined and diverse thing, which changes with time. The Americans view themselves as the superior race due to their white color, and according to them, all o
When I was 5, I almost laid on a snake in my bed. I entered my room and went to sleep without switching on the lights. Afterward, I felt that something could slither on my body. When I switched on the lights, I saw a huge snake crawling out of the room. Later, my elder brother told me that he had brought a snake he wanted to keep at home. Since then, I have never slept alone in my room for fear of snakebite. This paper tries to put this event into a psychological perspective in an attempt to understand the origin of my fear since that encounter with the snake. It also attempts to find out why the event remains memorable even after a long time has passed. Precisely, this paper tries to explain the origin of my fear using behaviorist and cognitive perspectives. Behaviorists value studying of observable behaviors among human beings (Baron & Kalsher, 2008). They argue that it is possible to understand people by looking at their observable behaviors as opposed to mental and emotional actions. They also argue that all behaviors can be learned and diminished through conditioning. They would, therefore, attribute my fear to the stimulus-response relationship. Accordingly, people act in certain manners because of actions or things that act as stimuli to the respective outcomes. After some time, this stimulus-response relationship makes one get used to particular behaviors, and he or she is conditioned to act that way. In this context, fear arose from seeing the snake, and it remained for a long time. The snake conditioned me to be afraid of my room. Conclusively, the snake is a stimulus, and the resultant fear is a response to that stimulus. Seeing the snake in the room aroused the response of fear in me. Whenever I enter the room, I always associate it with a possible snakebite. Fear strikes me just like it did on the day I saw the snake. On the other hand, cognitive psychologists compare the human mind to a computer. A computer takes information, processes it, stores it, and retrieves it when people need it. According to cognitive psychologists, human beings store all information and occurrences in their brains. The brain contains long-term and short-term memories. Information is first stored in short-term memory, and it is moved to long-term memory through rehearsals. Therefore, my fear is a result of the retrieval of what happened to me on the day I found that snake in my room. This event went to my short-term memory, but continuous thoughts about it whenever I entered my room made it move to the long-term memory. Therefore, whenever I am in the room, the event is retrieved from my long-term memory, making me remember it. This remembrance is what arouses fear, and it is usually because of associating my experience with current situations. Behaviorism majorly entails classical and operant conditioning (Baron & Kalsher, 2008, p.17). Classical conditioning entails linking a natural stimulus with a neutral one, and eventually making the previously neutral stimulus arouse a response. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, involves the use of rewards and punishments to create associative learning. Rewards are used to encour
Introduction Nursing theories provide useful information concerning the definitions of nursing and the practice itself, principles that form the foundation for nursing, and also the goals and functions of nursing. Theories can be constructed to make a conceptual model which assists nurses in the assessment, planning, and implementation of patient care by providing a framework for which the nurses work in. It is this framework that provides uniformity in the nursing profession. It does this by systemizing the nurses’ actions by guiding them on what to ask, observe, focus, and so on. These theories also provide an outline for the development of new information concerning the profession and the validation of the current information. Theories in the nursing profession help to:   * Describe existing elements in a discipline   * Explain the relationship between two properties or components and the functioning of the profession   * Predict how components of a phenomenon related to each other   * Describe the nursing therapeutics and the result of interventions Nursing theories are in four levels. These are:-   * The metatheory which is very abstract and difficult to test   * The grand theory consists of a conceptual framework that defines the practice   * Middle range theory is a moderate abstract with limited variables   * The practice theory outlines the nursing practice. Theories come in four types. These are needs, interaction, outcome, and humanistic. Various major nursing theorists have come up with theories to streamline the nursing profession. The first theorist who defined the role of nurses was Florence Nightingale who developed her theory during the Crimean War period. In 1959 Ray MA developed the theory of bureaucratic caring for the nursing practice. Her theory intends to explain caring decisions in terms of politics, economy, technology, and law. It also explains caring in terms of ethics and spirituality. This theory will focus more broadly on the management and caring views. The application of this theory will lead to a transformation of the health care organization. Watson J and Ray M.A say that Caring science encompasses a humanitarian, human science orientation to the human caring process, phenomena, and experiences. Tranpessmal caring acknowledges the unity of life and connections that move in centric circles of caring from individuals to others. Nurses need to provide quality health care within a framework of human caring with the economic resources available. Ray M.A (1995) says that the right model used should be comprised of ‘bottom line’ solu
The colonial situation refers to a circumstance in which two groups occupying the same territory have unequal power relations based on the ruling group’s supposed superiority. European rule in Africa spanning the 19 th and the 20 th centuries exhibited such a political structure (Hayes 210). During Africa’s partition among the different European powers, the western countries’ military and economic strength enabled them to acquire vast swathes of land in the continent and form colonial governments. The colonial states’ main goal was to utilize the new territories’ land and labor to satisfy the needs of the rapidly industrializing European economy (Varela and Loucã 202). Hence, the colonialists subjugated the local populations by employing repressive laws and discriminatory practices because they inherently considered the African race inferior to Caucasians and to allow their appropriation of the natives’ vast natural wealth. The discriminative policies of the colonial government caused deep resentment among the natives arousing the spirit of decolonization. This indignation resulted from administrative laws which prohibited the locals from accessing the rights, privileges, and opportunities available to their white counterparts (Teretta 473). For example, there were specific sections of colonial towns where the locals were not allowed to reside. Besides, Africans were barred from planting crops with high economic value, condemning them to perpetual poverty. Consequently, the second-class status accorded to the colonial subjects led to uprisings in the protectorates demanding independence. Additionally, the exploitation of resources in the colonies, coupled with the violent suppression of political organization by the indigenous population, fomented anti-colonial sentiments. The rapid industrialization of western European countries necessitated the acquisition of raw materials from other parts of the world (Hayes 222). Subsequently, colonial governments in Africa built infrastructure such as railways and telecommunication networks to enhance the access to the natives’ ancestral land and allow the shipping of exploited valuables (Varela and Loucã 200). However, the local population’s attempts to challenge the colonialists’ use of their land drew violent government reactions. Thus, in response to colonial repression and the aggressive exploitation of their land and labor, Africans started organizing a robust resistance to colonial rule. The conscription of African soldiers during the First and Second World Wars, together with the formation of an educated native elite, hastened the pace of self-determination. In the course of the First World War, many Africans were employed to boost the dwindling number of European forces. Following the Second World War o
Hypothesis Harassment in the workplace can be of various types. Based on the facts represented in the case, Tennie Pierce did not have substantial grounds to file a lawsuit on the basis of the offenses and hazing because of certain circumstances. In particular, the veteran initiated irrelevant behavior that instigated his colleagues to haze. More importantly, the fact that Piece participated in hazing accidents did not justify his decision to sue his fellow firefighters because of the case of racial discrimination. In fact, there were no grounds to conclude that the case was directly connected with sexual and racial harassment. Discussion of Relevant Law In order to understand the case, it is purposeful to consider the legal issues identifying discrimination and harassment in the workplace. According to U.S. Discriminatory Harassment Policy, …discriminatory harassment is verbal or physical conduct of shows hostility toward an individual because of his or her race color, gender, national origin, age (40 or over), physical or mental disability, sexual orientation, or because of his or her opposition to discrimination or his or her participation in the discrimination complaints process (U.S. Department of State n. p.). To enlarge on these issues, the cases of harassment and discrimination involve racial “jokes”, offensive comments, physical or verbal assault premised on the person’s color or race. Negative comments related to color, age, or disability, as well as distribution of offensive cartoons, and pictures are involved in the list of examples of inappropriate behavior and harassment in the workplace (US. Department of State n. p.). Harassment constitutes a type of discrimination, a specific way that employees use to mistreat other employees (England 3). Specifically, “An employer harasses an employee when it targets someone in a protected category and subjects that person to unwelcome treatment that affects their job” (England 3). There are several legislative acts that prohibit and prevent discrimination and harassment. One of the most important laws related to the cases is the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1962 according to which discrimination premised on color, religion, race, and sex is prohibited in case the organization has over 15 employees. The Civil Rights Act of 1866,42, U.S.C. § 1981 also “prohibits discrimination on the basis of race in the making, enforcing, and performance of contracts…ethnicity, if that discrimination is racial in character” (England 11). In addition, because harassment and discrimination have been predominantly explored in the sphere of legal cases, specific attention to precedents should also be given. While considering Title VII, it is also purposeful to note that individuals making claims for discrimination and hazing in the work
Introduction The failure of Apollo 13 has left many people with various arguments. There are some arguments about what was the major cause of the Apollo 13 failure. The failure of the Apollo 13 was a big blow to the man in his attempt to explore the surface of the moon. This failure was a big blow bearing in the mind the effort that was dedicated in order to promote its performance. The failure of Apollo 13 posed a great threat to loss of human life and also led to failure of the lunar mission. The Apollo system is one of the most complicated engineering which consists one of the most demanding engineering exercises which has been done by the man. The mission’s success is very demanding and requires a very high level of accuracy. Although Apollo 13 failed, there have been at least two successful lunar explorations. Such success required the men and women who were involved in designing, building, and flying it to practice a high level of accuracy. It is important to know the exact cause (or causes) of the failure of Apollo 13 in order to be able to prevent any such losses or failures in the future. In order to understand the real cause of the problem, there is need to look at the events involved in the launching of the space craft in question. Research has been carried out in an effort to give a clear report on the major mission failures that occurs. Such findings play a very significant role in development of appropriate recommendations based on them. Identification of the project and Source of the Project Failure The main objective of this project was to explore the surface of the moon. This was in attempt to carry out selenological inspection and sampling of material in a specific part in Fra Mauro Formation. This project was also aimed at deployment and activation of an Apollo Lunar Surface experiments package (ALSEP) (Anonymous. 2006). All this information was of great significance in man’s attempt to better understand the space. Many photographs on unique places were also expected from the journey. According to previous reviews, oxygen Tank can be seen as the major cause of the failure of Apollo 13. The problem was initiated by the service module cryogenic oxygen tank no. 2 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1970). In other words, the tank was the major cause of the failure of Apollo 13. Over the past, oxygen tanks that are identical to the oxygen no. 2 on Apollo 13 operated successfully in previous flights. This included the Apollo 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1970). Therefore, there is a big question on why the tank in Apollo 13 failed despite the fact those similar tanks had succeeded earlier. In order to identify the exact cause that made the tank for Apollo 13 a failure, these tanks were compared in order to see whether there were any differences. This comparison was emphasized on the assembly, design, reviewing as well as test history. Although Apollo 13 was not successful, it was suc