ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the business world, there are many ways of getting into business. These entry areas vary depending on the type of the business. The interest of the businessperson is also a major factor. As such, many people wishing to get into business seek one of the many avenues that are open to them. This includes business models such as sole proprietorship and business partnerships. A person can also enter into mergers or form a limited liability company among others. One of the most effective ways of getting into business is through franchising. There is a conclusive argument that this is one of the most effective ways of getting into business. In the corporate world today, getting into an entirely new business is very difficult due to the many entry inhibitors facing the corporate world. These include difficulties in raising the necessary fees like business permits and the all-important capital. There are also many other statutory requirements. In case of a partnership, such requirements as articles of association or memorandum of association may be one of the requirements that the state demands to authenticate any entry into partnership (Michael and Hitt, 2010). In the case of a company, depending on whether it is Limited Liability Company or liability company, the entry requirement is a tiring task. So what is franchising? A franchise refers a privilege given to an individual or a group of people to be able to market or sell products or services of a certain enterprise within a certain location/locations. In other words, franchising means the rights granted to a person or a group of people by a certain company to use its name or trademark in marketing and distributing its goods and services. In the today’s corporate world, there are popular franchises. The most famous are the McDonalds, domino’s pizza, subway etc. Benefits of Franchising There are many types of franchising. They have come with their unique characteristics and this depends on their suitability to the franchising party. Their different types could be the reasons it has been argued that franchising is the most efficient and innovative form of business yet devised to distribute products and services. Because of the success of the franchising form of business in the food industry, many people have come to associate franchising with only fast food like the MacDonald and the domino’s pizza. This is however not the case because a part from being a success in the fast food business, franchising has also been a success in other fields such as the finance automotive, cleaning and maintenance health etc. In the introduction of this paper, we began by conclusively saying that franchising is a major growth area for business and as such, the most efficient and innovative form of business yet devised to distribute products and services. In order for us to conclude this way, it is paramount abou
People used fabric and needle to decorate the clothing and the interior of the place of leaving since ancient times. Following the experience of the ancestors, the human being tries to improve it by adding the modern accent to the well-known idea. Embroidery is considered to be the type of stuff decoration using yarn, needle, or other materials by stitches; and is commonly hand-made. The way the fabric is decorated has now improved by adding different types of charms and feathers. To accomplish the best results in embroidery one should have a lot of patience and practise as the work involves not only talent but also the understanding of the technique and history of this art proving that every direction of craft requires not only knowledge but, also, creativity. The History of the Embroidery The origin of the embroidery was discovered in ancient Egypt, Russia, and India (Inama, 2009, p. 85). It should be stressed that every country had different features and techniques. Ancient people decorated the fabric by hand and used stitches not only for the interior design but, also, for the decoration of clothing and shoes. The evidence found in Russia supports the argument that embroidery dates back almost to the 3000 B. C. People in China invented the embroidery with precious stones and the silk thread (Inama, 2009, p. 85). It should be highlighted that the clothing decorated with precious stones used to symbolize the wealth of the owner. Necessary Equipment The thread is very important for the embroiderer as the talented hands can turn the fabric into a masterpiece. The type of the thread varies from the needs of the embroiderer. There can be differences in colour and textile; however the most popular among them are considered to be the following: embroidery floss, pearl cotton, wool, silk, and bamboo yarn (Fall, 2014, p. 3). One of the benefits of such art is that the one can use almost every fabric to create a piece of art. However, it should be stressed that there are certain types of fabric that are considered to be the most widespread between the workers, namely cotton, linen, and bamboo (Fall, 2014, p. 3). The needle choice requires the understanding concerning the type of the material and the thread. Techniques There are a lot of various types of stitches that every beginner should learn to succeed in the working process. The information concerning the types of stitches is rather helpful as it is impossible to perform the picture without understanding the basics techniques. Among all the types of stitches the following ones are considered to be the most popular, namely back, blanket, Bosnian, buttonhole, crossed, cable, and a variation of the chain stitches. While creating a picture using stitches one should remember that there are certain techniques that are essential for the positive outcome. The basic information includes the knowle
In the history of humankind, there have existed several mysterious phenomena that have attracted many people’s interest. One of these topics of attraction is the history of Maya. This ancient Mesoamerican civilization was extinct by the beginning of the 1500s, leaving behind a rich heritage in several large stone cities in the South American rainforest. By origin, the Maya were one of Mesoamerica’s indigenous populations and represented a large civilized society that dominated the region throughout many centuries (“The Mayans,” 2017). Some of the occupations that the Maya practiced and developed were pottery, mathematics, the making of calendars, hieroglyph writing, art, and agriculture (“The Mayans,” 2017). The civilization continued to flourish for a long time; its history stretched throughout multiple periods, such as the Archaic, the Olmec, the Zapotec, and the Teotihuacan, to name a few (Mark, 2012). However, by 900 CE, most of the large Mayan cities were empty and abandoned. Geographically, the ancient Maya occupied a rather large territory. In contemporary history, it belongs to a range of countries. The Mayan civilization covered the modern Mexican lands of Chiapas, Campeche, Yucatan, Tabasco, and Quintana Roo. To the south, the Maya lived in the territories of modern-day Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala. The overall location of the Maya was divided into three major areas separated from one another: the northern lowlands (the territory of Yucatan Peninsula), the southern lowlands (the northern part of Guatemala and the nearby areas of Belize and Mexico), and the southern highlands (the southern area of Guatemala with the mountains) (“The Mayans,” 2017). When it comes to discussing the causes of the civilization’s collapse, Jared Diamond (2011) has presented an elaborate theory in which he attributes the decline of the Mayan society to climate change. According to Diamond’s theory, the rapid growth of the Mayan civilization resulted in the maximization of its population and the need for more food, which, eventually, caused overhunting, overfishing, deforestation, and destruction the soil. As a result, the degradation of soil, water, and animal habitat led to food shortages. It was followed by wars for resources with other people groups, political instability due to the population’s dissatisfaction with their leaders, economic problems, and the forced abandonment of the previously inhabited territories (Diamond, 2011). In particula
Stylistic devices and themes can play the major role of a cornerstone upon which any literary work can be built on. This can help bring out the beauty that keeps the readers glued to the text and be the captivating component that puts the reader’s intellect on toes. As shown by William Faulkner in his interesting short story A Rose for Emily, Faulkner greatly builds so many stylistic devices among them symbolism, imagery and even allegory to communicate his message to his readers. On the other hand he builds greatly on the theme of death and its impact on the main character Miss Emily Grierson (Faulkner 3). Just but to mention on point of narration, it is evident that it is not all about Emily but the whole town and its inhabitants. One of the stylistic devices employed by Faulkner in the story A Rose for Emily is the use of the third person plural point of view of course through hearsay. The narrators use only the first person plurals “our” and “we”. The identity of the narrators can therefore be thought to be the average town’s people narrating the story in unison; all the accounts of the story are given from not an individual but rather a group. For instance at the beginning of the story, the first sentence in the first paragraph says, “When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to the funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house, which no one save an old manservant – a combined gardener and cook – had seen in at least ten years (Faulkner 1)”. This therefore signifies that Miss Emily was being watched by all the people and that most of her activities were being monitored by the town’s people. Another stylistic device that is seen widely used in the story A Rose for Emily by Faulkner is symbolism among which is the position taken by Emily’s house in the story. There is more to it than meets the eye, because it is not just like any other four walled structure but all that goes on in there and the many evils that it shields from the people around the small town. The town’s people see it as an eyesore because “…it has been dilapidated and that new buildings had come up leaving it lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps – an eyesore among eyesores” (Faulkner 12.) This can be thought to signify how awkward it can be at times to close ones doors towards change and cling on to the old traditional activities ignoring the wind of change that sweeps across the world each passing day. It also symbolizes that a person’s outward character may be totally different from who he surely is in the inside. Her house could be seen from outside but the evils there in were best known to Emily until her death when they were opened to all and sundry. The thematic concern brought out by Faulkner throughout the story is that of death, loss and isolation. There are the incidents of death starting with that of Emily’s father, Emily’s lover Homer and even Emily herself. When a person dies, it is thought that that person’s life comes to an end and ceases to exist physically, but emotionally the dead per
Introduction Algorithms are effective definite methods used in data processing, calculations, and automated reasoning. It starts from the feeding of the input to the system and it executes the instructions producing an output. Algorithms allow the presentation of information extracted from a large database in a form easily understood by many people. Learning of these rules entails the creation of a decision tree then changing it into a rule set, which is finally simplified or determining the most powerful rule then used repeatedly first by eliminating data covered by the rule. Every algorithm has a definite number of successive stages from the initial input stage to the termination stage of output. Bayesian network Bayesian network (B) is a network structure of a directed acyclic graph of a set of variables (U) and it represents a probability distribution of the variables (U) in a given set of data. Like other rules and instructions, this network structure contains some assumptions; for instance, it assumes that all variables in the data set are discrete definite variables and if not, they are ‘discretized’ first before rule application. Another assumption is that the data set has no m
Problem Identification The term refers to a state of affairs whereby some members of society do not have places they can call home. Such individuals survive through assistance from government and well-wishers. Homelessness is associated with so many societal evils, which calls for immediate solution. The public, as well as government, is endangered with the issue of homeless. Policy makers in government and in private sectors must come up with ways of solving the problem completely since they are both affected. The private sector suffers from insecurity and other forms of crime while the government is unable to design a viable budget for the country. Many factors cause homelessness but this paper will highlight some of the consequences. The effects are so severe hence calling for sound policies that can bring relief to the public. People who stay in the cold are vulnerable to diseases such as tuberculosis, skin diseases and nutritional deficiencies. This leads to overspending of resources in curing such complexities. Furthermore, life in the streets is brutal meaning that physical attacks and muggings are prevalent. Such attacks affect the well-being of society, for instance women are exposed to sexual assault while children are taken through inhuman processes. It is therefore true that homelessness is a serious issue that needs to be tackled with gravity. This paper identifies some of the solutions to the problem and analyzes the viability of each solution. It is identified that policy analysis is an important aspect of any project. Homelessness needs policies that are practical that is, attainable. Such policies can only be achieved through proper analysis. Policy Solution and Alternatives There are a number of solutions to the problem of homelessness such as political, perceptual and personal solutions. Perceptual policy is more costly and time consuming because it relates to changing the views of members of society. As an alternative, the policy is applicable only after solving political problems. Personality policy is another alternative to the problem but it is more specific meaning that individuals themselves can come up with ideas on how to improve their lives. Community-bas
In the world community, a specific series of measures exist that has been developed to assess the illegal activities of both individual citizens and all possible associations. The functions of determining guilt, terms, and standards of punishment are defined by a state institution that is called the court, which is the judicial authority in the state. The criminal trial in the United States of America is a system for investigating, examining, and resolving criminal matters that are regulated by the American Constitution, including the federal statutes, state legislation, and precedent court judgments. Criminal proceedings have a rigorous structure of procedures, which are governed in accordance with appropriate legal guidelines. At the same time, suspects and accused individuals are not powerless participants in the process since they are endowed with rights and the ability to defend themselves. Despite a rigid judicial framework, potential criminals are able to utilize the permissions that the state guarantees in order to ensure the transparency of the hearings. An indictment is one of the segments of the court methodology where a suspect is retrained as an accused person. The suspect is informed of the allegations against him during the arraignment stage, which occurs in front of the judge. At this point, the suspect (now the accused) is offered the option of pleading guilty or, on the other hand, refusing to confess guilt. In certain circumstances, for instance, when the accused is charged with a severe offense, the court is able to order the accused to be placed under custody promptly. The indictment is a significant part of the criminal trial as it formally promotes the person to the status of the accused and allows the officials to work on the case in more detail. A person is assumed innocent unless his participation in a criminal offense is proven in the way required by law and confirmed by a judge’s order that has entered into legal power, which is one of the tenets of court procedures. From the human rights perspective, the presumption of innocence is considered one of the most fundamental principles of preventing pre-trial inform
Introduction One can argue that in any field, not only psychology, a theory must be tested multiple times and present the same results to be proven as valid. However, often an experiment proving a specific concept becomes widely popular, and the practice can be adopted by many without questioning the validity of findings. The dangerous implication of this is that further research is based on faulty outcomes, producing more inadequate findings that affect the existing body of knowledge. This paper aims to evaluate the claim that advances in psychology can only be achieved through questioning the existing theory. Child Violence and Social Learning Theory To discuss the implications of psychological advancement based either on challenging the existing theory or using it as the basis of one’s work, it is necessary to examine specific examples relevant to this issue. In Chapter 3 titled Learning from Watching , Oates (2012) discusses the aspects of social learning theory and advances made in this field over the years. The context described in this chapter is very relevant to the issue of advancing psychological knowledge because it mainly focuses on the merits of the digital era, such as computer technology and the Internet. The primary implication of the research cited by Oates (2012) is that use of innovational technology is a part of a child’s social learning process. For instance, many media resources and some research cite violence depicted in film or video games as significant harm to children’s psychological development. However, the main question is whether the social learning theory provides valid evidence suggesting the direct impact of what a child sees when growing up on his or her development or not. One of the recent examples is the response of the United States government to the mass shooting in Texas, where both the President and the Congress blamed video games for fostering violence in young individuals (Tassi, 2019). Based on the description from Chapter 3, it can be argued that the misconception is a result of the common assumption that people learn behaviors by observing their environment and others. To understand the issue more specifically, an example of research that led to the prevalence of claims in the media regarding the danger of exposing children to video games should be examined. The experiment cited by Oates by Badura et al. and conducted in 1963 indeed provided evidence supporting the idea that children who were exposed to violent behavior can mimic it and be more aggressive than their peers (cited in Oates, 2012). While this study had several groups of children and used appropriate methods for research in psychology, the interpretation of findings can be questioned. For example, the Society for Research in Child Development (2019) cites new research conducted in 2019 by Hygen et al., which explicitly fo
Introduction With the ever-growing incidence of Healthcare-associated Infections (HAI), re-emergence of several previously eradicated organisms and the emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms, vigilant monitoring of any possible outbreaks and adequate and timely implementation of stringent infection control practices is imperative. While implementing such measures, a variety of factors need to be kept in mind. These include host factors, characteristics of the pathogenic organism implicated, type of exposure and also environmental factors, amongst others, as these differ amongst different groups of populations such as in pediatric and adult populations (Wongsawat, 2008). The following paper discusses measures that need to be undertaken promptly in order to control the spread of infections in different health care settings. The pertussis index case in the neonatal nursery Pertussis is a disease involving the respiratory tract which is highly contagious and is known to be caused by the organism Bordetella pertussis (Crameri & Heininger, 2008), which is an aerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus (Crowcroft & Pebody, 2006). The spread of this organism is via droplets secreted from infected persons. The incidence of this disease was high prior to the introduction and use of vaccinations but decreased considerably in the post-immunization era. For example, in the UK the annual incidence was greater than 100,000 cases prior to the vaccination era but decreased to less than 100 per year as a result of >90% immunization coverage (Alexander, et al., 2008). However, more recently, a rising trend is again being observed in the number of pertussis cases. Moreover, although pertussis is a disease that primarily affects infants and children, recently, an increasing number of cases of this disease are being observed in adolescents and adults, since the efficacy of the vaccine in providing immunity against the organism has been found to wane after a period of several years (Alexander, et al., 2008). In the year 2005, more than 25,000 pertussis cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and amongst these, 34% were found to be affecting individuals in the 11-18 years age group while another 29% were found to be adults aged 19 years or more (Edwards & Talbot, 2006). The changing trends in the incidence of pertussis have important implications in the recognition and control of the spread of this disease. Firstly, adolescents and adults may present with atypical symptoms and thus, may remain undiagnosed (Alexander, et al., 2008). Secondly, these infected adults, in particular, the health care workers, are a potential source for the spread of infection to infants and children who are non-immunized, partially immunized and at times even those who have received full immunization against pertussis (Crameri & Heininger, 2008). Thirdly, the increased incidence amongst adults raises concerns regarding the duration of efficacy of the vac