ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In Germany, the development of psychological thought was also associated with the development of structuralism. Ernst Weber focused on the principles of physiology to explain the psychological processes (Schultz & Schultz, 2015). In his turn, Wilhelm Wundt focused on regarding consciousness as a structured phenomenon (Goodwin, 2015). Thus, the development of psychological thought in Germany influenced the progress of structuralism as a movement the representatives of which tried to explain all the psychological processes with references to physiology and interactions of components in the consciousness as a system. From this point, the opposing thought could not appear in Germany, and functionalism began to develop in the United States. In this country, the impact of Charles Darwin’s ideas was significant, and the main focus was on the ability of people to adapt to certain environments and conditions. This approach also reflected the social situation in the United States as the nation’s struggle for adapting to new lands. As a result, William James and John Dewey contributed to the development of functionalism in the country, and they focused on explaining the functions of the consciousness that help people adapt and change their behaviors (Goodwin, 2015; John Dewey and American psychology, n.d.). Even though the basic concepts were reworked, it is possible to state that contemporary psychology is based on the ideas of structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism provided modern psychologists with the key concepts of experimental, forensic, and clinical psychology that are grounded on the analysis of physiological and brain processes, as well as mental tests, to conclude about the problem (Schultz & Schultz, 2015). In its turn, functionalism also influenced contemporary psychology in terms of providing the fundament for educational, behavioral, as well as child and adolescent psychology. Functionalism affected the development of behaviorism and the ideas of psychoanalysis which also contributed to the development of modern educational and child psychology (Pickren & Rutherford, 2010). Thus, the focus is on explaining what functions of consciousness make people adapt to certain environments and conditions and what reinforcers can influence the individuals’ behaviors. In modern psychology, the principles associated with structuralism and functionalism are not only applied but also developed and explained in detail.
The field of IT industry is vast, and it is full of opportunities for young specialists. The given field is constantly growing due to the technological boom, which allowed many small IT companies to become big. Today, IT specialists mean a fairly large group of professionals whose field of activity is related to information technology. Web designers, Big Data analysts, social media promotion managers, system administrators, programmers, and machine learning experts can be called as IT specialists. Some of the responsibilities of IT specialists are 24/7 support, data tracking, and system updating (“What is an IT Specialist,” n.d.). Therefore, there are a number of options from which a potential IT specialist can choose from. Although IT specialist is a term used for a wide range of specific professions, there are common requirements in regards to the overall qualification, education, and experience. It is stated that a potential candidate needs to possess a four-year bachelor’s degree or two-year associate degree in computer science or related field (“What is an IT Specialist,” n.d.). There are no specific experience requirements because each specific position will have its own job description. IT specialist salary is stated to be $69,191 per year in the US (“What is an IT Specialist,” n.d.). However, according to a different source, the given number is equal to $81,000 (“IT Specialist,” 2020). Thus, it is safe to suggest that the average salary for an IT specialist in the US ranges from $70,000 to $80,000 annually. Glassdoor is one of the largest platforms, where current or former employees can leave anonymous reviews on the companies, including management and overall job satisfaction. Based on the thorough analysis of the given website, it can be stated that the vast majority of employees are satisfied with their position (“Salary: IT Specialist,” 2020). It is especially
Introduction The behavior of an individual is determined by a number of factors. These factors originate from the people who surround the subject at hand as well as the environment that he/she lives in (Clogg, 2005). By critically analyzing these factors, it is evident that a number of variables play a significant role in affecting behavior of an individual. Examples of these factors include racial background, religion, culture and beliefs, climate, food availability, living standards, and so on. Thus, to ensure that social and behavioral studies are conducted in an effective and efficient manner, several statistical models are developed to ensure that the treatment of variables results in the generation of accurate results. In social and behavioral sciences, statistical models are mainly used to study human behavior within a social environment (Clogg, 2005). Various methods can be applied to these models to generate data that is accurate and reliable. For instance, individuals can be grouped into different categories and specific data collected. Consequently, data can be collected from observation. Once this data has been collected, it is subjected to statistical analysis where inferences are made with respect to the research question and study hypothesis. Data collected in social and behavioral sciences are mainly analyzed using inferential statistics. In this approach, analyses are conducted to test the hypothesis that a researcher has formulated with respect to the study questions and variables (Lewis, 2003). In this respect, inferential statistics is used to answer questions such as:  1. Is there any significant difference within the group on a give variable outcome?  2. Was the difference between the actual and expected value by chance?  3. Can the results be generalized to represent a larger population? In this respect, this paper will focus on the application of inferential statistics in behavioral s
The issues of intellectual property have always been rather controversial and complicated. Although the very term Intellectual Property (IP) applies to tangible results of the human artistic or scientific work, it is rather difficult to find out who possesses the integral right for the usage and sale of the invention, trademark, etc., i. e. the objects of the intellectual property (Bouchoux, 2002). Therefore, there has recently been started a dispute about whether the IP regulations should be carried out under the uniforms laws or there should be differences in various countries. In this respect, the notions of state sovereignty and the international law community should be considered in connection to IP. Initially, the dispute over the uniformity of laws regulating IP relations has been the result of the controversy that aroused from the different rights that the inventors or patent owners could have in various countries (Bouchoux, 2002). For instance, if in the US a person is considered to be the genuine owner of the patent for an invention, in one of the European countries another person might claim this invention and be acknowledged as its author. Such ambiguity is rather inconvenient for IP offices, patent offices, etc. To avoid this confusion, the call for uniform laws to regulate IP has been made, but it was confronted by the idea that such uniform laws would violate the sovereignty of states (Bouchoux, 2002). In more detail, every sovereign state has the integral right to establish laws and regulations within its boundaries with the only condition that these laws do not violate internationally accepted standards and human rights (Bouchoux, 2002). Thus, if a country proposes uniform laws for all the countries in the sphere of IP, other states might consider this proposal to be an infringement of its sovereignty which might as well lead to serious international controversy. Accordingly, the rather compelling idea of the establishment of uniform IP regulating laws is possible only after the agreement is reached between all the countries involved (Bouchoux, 2002). On the other hand, scholars like Bouchoux (2002) argue that the modern society is close to the creation of the international law community in which the laws of countries will not only be similar but there will be a single code of laws and regulation
Introduction There are a number of moral controversies that crop up in environmental sciences from time to time. In order to resolve those moral dilemmas, society must look towards a series of principles and values i.e. environmental ethics. When a certain ecosystem is at risk and there is a need to eliminate some overpopulated species to preserve it, some would wonder whether this is a moral act or not. Alternatively, when certain members of a community engage in slash and burn techniques so as to get more land for farming, one would wonder what is wrong with such actions. These issues and many others can be resolved through a thorough understanding of environmental ethics as will be seen below. Elements of western thought that I think are of value for an environmental ethic A number of values among western thinkers are seen as contrary to environmental ethics. For instance, Aristotle put forward the notion that man’s needs were superior to all other things in nature and he even added that these things were supposed to serve the needs of man. In essence Aristotle held an anthropocentric position claiming that in order to find value in something, one must gauge that value on the basis of what it can do for man. In other words, this was an instrumentalist approach where non-human things are seen as means towards achieving certain goals and not goals in themselves. Similarly, Atomists assert that every human being must be treated as being separate and distinct from all other parts of this planet. In other words, adherents to this school of thought claim that there is no such thing as a planetary community of which the human species is part of. While the latter points of view may seem very distant from ecological sciences and the environment, there are still a few lessons that one can draw from those teachings and extend them to the natural environment. For instance, Aristotle often claimed that all human beings must be governed by virtue ethics in order to live a flourishing life. This means that virtues such as courage, piety and benevolence are fundamental. Likewise, environmental ethicists can argue that a flourishing life should not just mean having respect, care or love for humans alone but these virtues must also be extended to all other components of man’ world i.e. his environment. Another philosopher who brings in a lot of insight into the field of environmental ethics is Hume. Hume discusses what the ‘natural’ environment truly is and whether this can be linked to human life. According to him, there is a basic assumption that most people make about nature; that when a certain thing is not interfered with, then it possesses intrinsic value and vice versa. He however points out that ‘being natural’ is an ambiguous statement because there are still a number of other qualities that a particular thing may possess aside from their being natural that can contribute towards the morality of one’s actions towards it. Consequently, this thinker brought in
Introduction Understanding parents’ perception of their children’s condition is crucial to the successful administration of the required treatment and the overall efficacy of the interventions provided to meet the needs of the target population (Bender et al. 2017). Therefore, a detailed analysis of how BAME parents perceive the risks associated with their children developing anxiety and the related disorders is essential (Delfos 2016). As a result, the foundation for a better communication process and a deeper understanding of the target patients’ needs can become a possibility (Gotham et al. 2015). The current study aims at identifying the tendencies that BAME parents display when addressing the needs of their children with depression and anxiety. Upon the identification of the essential trends, their analysis will be carried out to determine the effects that the perceived attitudes of BAME parents have on their children (Salloum et al. 2016). As a result, the foundation for developing a set of recommendations for BAME parents as far as communication with their children with depression and anxiety issues is concerned (Patil et al. 2016). Background Addressing the needs of children with depression and anxiety is a challenging task because of the numerous factors that contribute to the development of the said disorders, including the problems in relationships with family members, peers, etc. The statistics of anxiety and depression in children in the U.S. is beyond upsetting; according to the official data provided by the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (2017), more than 80% of children with anxiety and around 60% of children with depression and the related disorders do not receive the required treatment. The identified issue must be viewed as a reason for serious concern since the aid disorders are likely to trigger severe consequences for children and affect their future development (Mammarella et al. 2014). Recent studies on the subject matter highlight the gravity of understanding of how parents perceive their children’s conditions (Swenson et al. 2016). Particularly, by shifting the focus to the analysis of the parents’ perspectives on their children’s condition, one will be able to isolate the factors that may impede the process of meeting the target population’s needs and develop an appropriate management framework (Zablotsky et al. 2015; Sburlati et al. 2014). For instance, the lack of awareness about the specific needs of children with anxiety disorders may lead to the further aggravation of the condition and the comorbid issues, such as PTSD and depression (Spinhoven et al. 2014; Smith et al. 2014). Therefore, providing parents of children with the said disorders with the information about the proper behavior strategies and the approaches for meeting the children’s needs is crucial to the overall well-being of the patients (Chorpita 2016; Stallard 2014). The specifics of parents’ perception of their children’s health issues define the success of the intervention used by healthcare experts t
Introduction The business environment has in the recent past been experiencing tremendous growth and development. The growth in technology and globalization has significantly impacted on the business environment through increased global activity. These developments have opened up new opportunities and means of production for the business society thus leading to success. Nevertheless, the increased global activity as well as the technological innovations have not come singly but have rather raised new challenges for business organizations. The issues of competition, environmental management, and sustainability have emerged thus putting unprecedented pressure on the business community. With this in mind, there has been every need for business organization to identify and develop strategies so as to ensure business success and sustainability. The automobile industry has not been exempted whereby the levels of competition have multiplied over the years. The issues of sustainability and efficiency in the use of petroleum oil as the sole source of power have also risen thus calling for adoption of new technologies. Other issues emerging in the automobile industry include the ever rising customer demands on innovative, luxuries and distinctive products. These issues have put undue pressure on the various business organizations operating in the industry thus calling for more efficient and sustainable strategies. BMW which is a key player in the automobile industry has been demonstrating success over the last century. In this essay, key strategic issues in BMW will be reviewed and appropriate recommendations made to enhance the success and sustainability of BMW. Background information of BMW Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW) is a German Automobile, engine and motorcycle manufacturing company which was founded back in 1917. The company has its headquarters in Munich, Bavaria, Germany and also owns and produces the mini marquee. The massive production and success of the company has been acknowledged across the globe with a production record of 1,481,253 automobiles and 112,271 motorcycles in 2010. The strong brand name and capital potential of the company is the core elements of the company’s success and popularity across the globe. BMW primarily focuses on the premium segments of the global motorcycle and passage car market (Hill 2008; Martin 2010). The business operations of BMW are diverse with key concern on automobile and motorcycles as well as the provision of information technology services. A point worth of consideration is that BMW markets its products through various channels including company-owned showrooms, subsidiaries, independent dealers and importers. T he production activities of BMW are undertaken across 23 production and assembly plants in 13 countries, whereby it sells its products in over 140 countries worldwide. The massive research and development operations of the company have been of great concern wher
Introduction Figure 1: U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2007 (Quadrillion Btu) Source: EIA “Annual Energy Review” As policy-making and social consensus unite in favor of stopping climate change in its tracks, it seems vital to assess the degree of change in use of primary energy sources that has actually taken place. The latest available annual review (see Figure 1 alongside) reveals that the challenges remain formidable. The largest “consumer” of primary energy is the power generation industry but “clean” nuclear power and renewable energy together contribute less than a third of energy inputs. No less than nine in ten BTU or “therm” equivalents provided by coal also goes to the power sector. The transportation sector ranks second in total energy use and is very often the focus of media attention because of the American love affair with cars. The publicity about hydrogen, solar and electric hybrids aside, petroleum still accounted for 96% of energy use at least as of the end of 2007. Data Analysis The base data is as follows: Table 1 Energy Information Administration                                                                                                                                           April 2009 Monthly Energy Review                                                                                                                                            Posted: April 29, 2009                                                                                                                                                                                                            Table 2.5. Transportation Sector Energy Consumption                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Year                                                 Natural Gas Consumed by the Transportation Sector  Petroleum Consumed by the Transportation Sector (Excluding Ethanol)  Biomass Energy Consumed by the Transportation Sector  Electricity Retail Sales to the Transportation Sector (Trillion Btu)                                       (Trillion Btu)                                     (Trillion Btu)                                                       (Trillion Btu)                                       1973                                                 742.741                                            17830.704                                                            Not Available                                         10.532                                                1974                                                 684.843                                            17399.279                                                            Not Available                                         9.721
(She’s All That) Stereotypical characters are the basis of many films and help to convey to the viewer some ideas that are expected from common heroes. She’s All That (1999), a rom-com directed by Robert Iscove, depicts several characters based on stereotypes. Firstly, the main heroine Laney is a shy girl, who does not differ in bright appearance but is extremely smart and has a subtle mental organization. She is underestimated by others, but her intelligence and soul loveliness become evident to everyone when she turns into a beauty. Secondly, the main male character Zackary presents the collective image of an ideal young man: an athlete, a handsome man, popular among classmates, and has success with girls. An obligatory attribute of such a character should be a rebellious spirit, which will be corrected only thanks to the love of the heroine. One more figure, which is of great interest in connection with the analysis of stereotyped images in cinema, is Taylor. She is Zackary’s girlfriend, beautiful, popular, and extraordinary narcissistic, which reflects the biases about this type of character. Concerning the actors, they fulfill the demands of their respective roles. For example, viewers can see Zackary’s self-confidence in a conversation with classmates at the beginning of the movie ( She’s All That 00:12:00-00:12:14). He has to behave in such a way so as to occupy a leading position in the men’s collective. The actress performing Taylor conveys the frivolity of the heroine, who leaves Zachary for the sake of another man, through her gestures and flirty eyes. As for Rachael Leigh Cook, who performs Laney, she conveys the desire of the heroine to separate herself from others. She agrees to go with the hero to the theater by accident ( She’s All That 00:19:35-00:19:53) and does not express admiration like the rest of the girls. To conclude, simple and understandable images of the movie’s characters have clearly defined and expected attributes performed by actors in a slightly exaggerated manner, which makes the film enjoyable for the viewer. Reference She’s All That . Directed by Robert Iscove, performance by Freddie Prinze Jr., Miramax Films, 1999.