ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In his Book, a different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America, Ronal Takaki brings to picture the American society before and after the transformation that took place in the country. America is the world’s leading democracy. It is also one of the countries that have attracted a lot of immigrants, especially due to the opportunities it presents to the residents of the country. However, Takaki reminds us of the tyranny posed by a resist community. The current America we have today, America that is able to consider every American as having an equal right irrespective of race or ethnic grouping, is a transformed American. The transformation was not easy, and it had to take the sacrifice of many people in order to achieve it. This study focuses on chapter two of this book titled Contradictions. In chapter 2 of this book, Takaki brings out the contradiction in the America society right from the onset in the section he calls the ‘The Rise of the Cotton Kingdom’, this scholar brings out the contradiction that comes out in the constitution right after the independence. When the United States was granted independence, it was stated clearly in its constitution that all men (mankind) were equal in this country (Takaki 14). This was a magnificent proclamation that was supposed to make this nation one that if free for all mankind. However, however, eleven years later and the ruling class realized that it could not practice these constitutions in its current form. The ruling class realized that in an independent United States, there were those who were free, and those who were not. They realized that America was not ready to grant freedom to all. It therefore introduced a clause which said, “The number of representatives each state would send to Congress would be determined by the number of ‘free person’ and ‘three fifths of all other persons’,” (Takaki 36) This statement was actually legalizing slavery. In the very document that defined the United States was a clause that was acknowledging the fact that although this was an independent state, there were those individuals who were more equal than others. The section ‘Towards the Stony Mountains, demonstrates the level of contempt that the whites had towards any other race. This chapter shows that it was not only the blacks that were hated. Even the Indians had to withstand the heat of resentments from the whites. President Thomas Jefferson’s instruction that the Indians should be
American Government Chapter One Chapter one of the “American Government” gives you a rough idea about what all is going to be discussed throughout the book and also discusses how the American’s believe in equality of result and equality of opportunities (Landy and Milkis 2008). Equality of opportunities means that every citizen should get an equal amount of rights, no class of people is superior over any other. Equality of result is a way of trying to make people understand that everyone will be provided with the success of the amount they deserve. Then this book talks about how liberalism and democracy are a part of the American government that supports equality or results and opportunities. It gives a brief explanation that what is liberalism and liberty then it explains the different parts of it. Under the heading of “A right not to vote” the book explains how voting used to be such a painful process for everyone in America but since the time “motor-voter” law has been passed the whole process has become easy. The book even explains how the meaning of liberalism has been changed by the people, how it was used before, and what it is now. Then the book looks at different aspects of the American Constitution and explains how democracy and equality go hand in hand. Democracy and equality explain how every citizen of America is allowed to vote with no issues of belonging to different races or having a different color. This book looks at different American political development throughout the book while giving a broader view by comparing it to past, present, and how the government will bring a change in the future. This book plans to look at different issues faced by the American government; it is divided into four parts which look at different topics and issues in depth. Chapter Two Chapter two talks about how the foundation was laid down of the American republic and what all were the difficulties faced by the people (Landy and Milkis 2008). This then leads to the origin of “we the people” and people were given the freedom of religion, association, and property. Cultural strains became the biggest issue of all because people started to forget who their ancestors were and started to think as if there was no one before them. At the same time, Puritans came to America and brought thinking of free religious expression and everyone started to follow it with complete obsession. It also discusses the issues which were caused by the declaration of independence. People were afraid to change and did not want to develop in terms of politics which became the reasons for conflicts between the supporters of liberalism and democracy which turned out to be brutal. After the publishing of the book “common sense” many members sent it to their cities and read themselves, Jefferson was considered to be an icon for American democracy. The declaration of slavery was made by Jefferson whereas he had slaves for himself therefore it was very
Introduction Time and again, it has been said that money cannot buy happiness. This notwithstanding, a critical analysis of the article “money-can-buy-happiness”, clearly shows that when used wisely, money can actually buy happiness (White, 2014). The following is a critique of the article. Critique of the Article Money Can Buy Happiness In the article, the author has given enough evidence to prove that money can be used to buy happiness. To support her claims, the author makes reference to research findings, some undertaken by very experienced research professionals in the field of psychological science. The credibility of the evidence given by the author comes from the fact that she has quoted reliable findings by researchers from distinguished universities such as Harvard University and San Francisco State University. The quality of the article is further guaranteed by the fact that the findings of some of the studies used are based on practical experiments. In a convincing way, the author has managed to bring out a number of arguments that show how money can be used beneficially. Go start with, the author feels that money should be used to buy moments rather than material possessions (White, 2014). Arguably, the use of money in this way can result in greater happiness. Although some people have doubts about this, spending money to please other people creates happiness. As explained in the article, this is a fact that was established by Harvard University researchers through scientific experiments. This claim may also be supported by quotes from the bible which point us to the fact that it is more blessed to give than to receive. As pointed out by the author, it is also advisable to spend small amounts of money to generate happiness at different times. This is contrasted to spending heavily on one single item that only creates happiness for a brief moment. Apparently, the happiness created soon disappears making an individual feel that the expense was not worthwhile. In the article, the author also quotes Ryan Howell, a renowned psychology professor whose research findings indicated that spending on what one likes causes greater happiness to an individual. Evidence presented by the author of the article further indicates that it is more beneficial for one to spend his or her money with others rather than alone. While it is possible for a person to draw some happiness in what he or she likes to do, the greatest happiness comes from shared moments (White, 2014). In making this claim, the author makes reference to a finding by Gus Cooney, anot
Religions all over the world instill in us the value of life, propagating the theory that it is a gift of God and, therefore, a human should not take the life of another. However, the violent incidents of rampant killings in modern times make it apparent that humans have come to a stage where they fail to recognize the value of life and are dishonoring it. Now a days, death as a result of homicide can occur anywhere, at any time. It can happen to any one. The tragic incident where my close friend, Patricia, was shot in the back thrice and killed, while walking calmly through the usually harmless streets in Old San Juan, may be only one among many such mishaps. The exchange of fire resulted from a drug deal that went sour and a man used her as a human shield when the firing erupted. The worst part of it was that the person who fired at her was only 15. Her death has devastated me; but to the island, she is just another casualty among many that have fallen victim to the ever increasing wave of crime. Every day, we come across media reports where someone was murdered due to drug deals or other criminal involvement. I used to think that those people were murdered for doing the wrong things. However, I find myself deeply perturbed about how this young sweet girl, who had always cared for others, was murdered in this manner. Why her? I don’t believe I will ever find any answer to that question. Rather, I will have to face more questions than I can seek answers for. How can life be of such low value to some individuals? May be it is an aberration, just the result of the rising drug crimes on the island, due to the economic recession among other issues. However, I doubt it. In my teenage years, I would go out at night to numerous places without fear here in Puerto Rico. Now every moment I find myself reflecting on the consequences of being at the wrong place at the wrong time. Going to the gas station at
Description of the article McKenzie argues that multiculturalism is an unsound theory because Australia is not multicultural. Moreover, McKenzie assumes that Australia is a monocultural society with ethnic minority cultures. Thus, Australia is not multicultural while the term multiculturalism is used in support of political ideology only. Australia is the home for representatives of diverse cultures and ethnic origins. However, McKenzie fails to assess the cultural aspect of multiculturalism while focusing on the political side. Australian identity is not destroyed due to multiculturalism. On the contrary, multiculturalism enhances the establishment of identity. Even though McKenzie raises important aspects of multiculturalism in the article “The Menace of Multiculturalism”, he fails to defend his position because there is a lack of logic and coherency in the presented arguments. The article is divided into five sections each covering the specific point of multiculturalism. The first section is titled “Creating a national identity”. McKenzie talks about multiculturalism as a theory and provides an overview of the theory. The author assumes that multiculturalism is a theory aimed to maintain, support, and build foreign cultures in Australia. The next section outlines multiculturalism as a tool to destroy the Australian identity. McKenzie argues that Australian identity is denied and the destruction of identity is carried out by multiculturalism itself. In addition, McKenzie notes that Australia’s culture is being undermined by the continuous push for multiculturalism in educational institutions. Thus, children are forced to believe in multiculturalism that does not exist in Australia. The third section covers the reality of multiculturalism. McKenzie includes several quotes from experts in the field. The distinction between soft multicultural and hard multiculturalism is discussed. The importance of cultural traditions and traditional ways of life are outlined. The major part of the section is devoted to an outline of the different distasteful ethnic customs. The monetary cost of multiculturalism is mentioned. The next section discusses multiculturalism as a great fraud. McKenzie writes that multiculturalism does not exist because it is made about the pluralistic nature of society and because an ideal type of society can be achieved at some time. The difference between descriptive and prescriptive definitions of multiculturalism is assessed. Critique Nevertheless, the arguments included by McKenzie are rather weak and not sufficiently supported. While there are several quotes and references, the reliability of the information is questionable. McKenzie fails to support assumptions with analytical analysis. The ideas are discussed from a personal standpoint, not from a professional. There is no empirical evidence and no statistics. For example, it is not clear why the statement “
Introduction Psychology is defined by American Psychological Association (APA) as a “diverse discipline, grounded in science, but with nearly boundless applications in everyday life” (APA, 2011 pr. 6). Psychologists conduct basic research, developing and testing theories through cautiously refined research methods involving neuropsychological methods, animal studies, observation, survey questionnaires, controlled experimentation, Qualitative and descriptive research, computational modeling, and analysis (Weiner et al., 2003). Other psychologists make use of the scientific knowledge gained in psychological research to benefit organizations communities and people (APA, 2011). Currently, psychologists have applied objective scientific procedures to appreciate and offer an explanation or even a prediction of human behavior. However, there have been various misconceptions about psychology but this has been counteracted by more structured psychological studies starting with hypothesis and eventually conducting empirical testing. However, research findings of cognitive, developmental and social Psychology have had a timely application not only in the academic field, but also in explaining certain thoughts, emotions and behaviors. Additionally, it has helped in uplifting human mental health along with improving performance to advance the living standards of population. Basic research in psychology revolves around academic psychology that involves study of aspects of personality, social, cognitive and developmental psychology. Moreover, applied psychology aims at putting into practice the theoretical knowledge to solve problems that face human in their daily life through application of various psychological principles (Weiner et al., 2003). To begin with, forensic psychology has gone a long way in the criminal justice system to determine the cause of crime or identify suspects in order to solve related cases. Besides, psychological research has helped therapists to manage mental, behavioral as well as emotional disorders through application of various scientific methods such as experimental, correlational as well as longitudinal studies (Flavell & Ross, 1981). Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology involves evaluation of human cognitions and mental processes involving attention, thought, learning, memory, reasoning, emotion, language cognition, perception and matters related to making decisions and solving problems. Research on cognitive development has currently been facilitated by enhanced brain imaging technology for psychologists to analyze the brain structure and function. As a result, this has enabled them to have more information reg
Introduction Both the psychological and physical continuity theories play a crucial role in the understanding of personal identity. In the course of each individual’s life, there occur changes that make people consider that they are not the same as they used to be. The two theories have different approaches to the perception of humans’ identity. Personally, I prefer the psychological continuity theory. In this paper, I will analyse both theories, offer examples, and explain my preference. Psychological Continuity Theory Psychological continuity theory is related to the mental structure of the individual’s development. Parfit (cited in Beck 2015, p. 314) defines psychological continuity as “the holding of overlapping chains of strong connectedness… For X and Y to be the same person, there must be over every day enough direct psychological connections.” These associations include desires, emotional attitudes, intentions, and beliefs. The view does not presuppose that these connections should be direct throughout life. In fact, even a short-term link is sufficient to maintain the continuity of an individual’s persistence (Beck 2015). Thus, the theory of psychological continuity requires a mental connection between one’s present and earlier states. However, as Beck (2015) remarks, this approach is not as simple as it may seem at first sight. Psychological continuity incorporates much more than a sequence of similar mental states. The person’s resolution to act in the present moment appears as the outcome of the choice made in the past (Beck 2015). Also, the present decision is associated with the memories of past choices as well as the events that caused specific commitments. In the analysis of psychological continuity theory, there is a variety of views on the roles of the soul and body in a person’s development. Berger (2018, p. 41) argues that there is a dilemma concerning the people’s persistence in “virtue of their nonphysical souls.” According to Berger (2018), the souls can either change over time similarly to physical bodies or remain unchanged, unlike physical bodies. In the first case, the soul theory faces the difficulty of the “diachronic soul identity” (Berger 2018, p. 41). In the second case, the soul theory fails to explain how souls are connected to particular bodies in the course of time. Thus, according to Berger (2018), the theory can provide an incomplete explanation of personal identity. This opinion is refuted by Francescotti (2010), who argues that the psychological continuity theory explains the connections needed for the analysis of mental associations. The soul theory does not always succeed in explaining why souls ar
Summary Data Table Queensland State Library operates a vast network of public libraries and indigenous learning centers (IKC). In particular, the organization collaborates with 340 public libraries and 22 IKCs. The over 340 libraries are not single entities, as some of them are sub-branches of the leading organization or its affiliates. Thus, the current analysis considered the main libraries from which a sample of 10 was selected. The present study randomly selected the libraries in Queensland State Library’s main listing page and the respective websites explored for variables in this study. A sample of 10 was a statistically significant representation of the Queensland libraries. Also, Queensland State Library and its affiliates pay close attention to the Indigenous people’s issues and the Torres Strait Islanders, thus representing all Australian libraries. Moreover, the analysis considered both major libraries and smaller ones, thus creating an understanding of the libraries’ operation in terms of reaching cities, regions, and Indigenous communities. The inclusion criteria for the selection included whether the website had enough content or not. Websites that did not meet the minimum requirements were excluded from the analysis. The table below shows the statistical data collected from the websites based on the variables used in the content analysis. Count (n=10)  Variable                                                                                                                                                                                     Data 1             Evidence of statement or information relating to Indigenous resources and/or services                                                                                                        9    2             Evidence of Indigenous collection                                                                                                                                                            9    3             Evidence of Indigenous language inclusion                                                                                                                                                    1    4             Evidence of Indigenous knowledge centre                                                                                                                                                      5    5             Evidence of engagement with Indigenous community                                                                                                                                             9    6             Other notable information on the library website regarding Indigenous matters not yet addressed                                                                                              9    7             Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) Libraries and information services and Indigenous peoples guideline                                                                    9                  outcomes addressed.
Introduction Located in Albany, New York, St. Peter’s Health Care Services is one of the region’s largest employers with an estimated annual budget of $450 million which supports 4,500 employees which includes administrative and nursing staff, doctors, caregivers, technicians and other forms of hospital based employment. Further examination of the institution reveals that it is one of the leading hospitals within the state with advanced medical equipment and services not often available in state run hospitals located within the Albany area. It must be noted though that St. Peter’s was originally established in 1985 by the Religious Sisters of Mercy and as such incorporates distinct religious elements into its healthcare guidelines, mission statement and core values. This is evident through its charity care program which provides assistance to patients with significant economic burdens in the form of financial discounts, deferred payment practices, charitable donations and a host of other similar forms of assistance. An even closer examination of the hospital shows that its integration of technological forms of treatment with holistic services such as spiritual care and support groups has resulted in generally positive feedbacks from patients who have undergone treatment at St. Peter’s and proves how their method of patient care is definitely above average in terms of patient wellness and satisfaction. It must be noted though that despite the state of the technologies utilized and the quality of service given there are distinct problems within St. Peter’s organizational system, specifically the manner in which the hospital’s management deals with employees. From a monetary based method of examination, St. Peter’s can be considered well run fiscally in terms of its overall flexibility, level-headed spending and strict adherence to budgetary conditions in several of its departments however when examining the method in which Senior Management at the hospital dispenses promotions and salaries several problems were noted. The first problem that was noted was the fact that salaries within the hospital were widely considered by the staff as being lower than they should have been receiving, not only that social work positions within the hospital were not well managed in the least giving rise to the assumption that there is a degree of managerial negligence in this specific aspect of hospital services. The basis behind the current dispute regarding salaries is the fact that compensation is not given in light of experience on the job. Several employees within the hospital who have several years of work experience in that particular position were not given appropriate compensatory salaries equivalent to their degree of experience. In fact an examination of the hospital’s salary practices reveal that there is actually only a small level of difference between workers wi