ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (CPR) operates a transcontinental railway between Canada and the US. It has a railway network dispersion covering 14,000 miles. Headquartered in Alberta, the company has a workforce of 16,000 employees. It largely transports crude fuel and coal along the network. The company entered into a distinctive partnership with Union Pacific (UP). UP has been facing operational challenges. Consequently, the partnership has affected CPR’s capacity to address customer commitments leading to negative publicity affecting its business environment. Business environment is composed of two components. These include the market and the nonmarket component. Typically, organizations often underestimate the implications of the nonmarket environment in achieving organizational goals and objectives. In situations where organizations are conscious of the nonmarket environment, it proves challenging to manage. Organizations hence require having a strategy in place to deal with the nonmarket environment. These nonmarket strategies must be executed in combination with market strategies. The nonmarket environment impacts market environment such as competition, market share and profitability (Baron, 2012). Nonmarket Environment The market component entails relations among organizations, suppliers and consumers. The three aspects are governed by markets and agreements. The relations comprise deliberate financial dealings and the trade of services and commodities. Efficient management of market environment is a fundamental condition for greater financial performance. However, it is not sufficient in view of other forces that influence the performance of a business entity. In this view, organizations require addressing the nonmarket environment. The nonmarket environment component entails social, political and legal engagements that define relations outside the markets and agreements. The management of the nonmarket environment is typically aimed at collaborating with the market environment to achieve the goals and objectives of an organization. Efficient supervision of the nonmarket environment has gradually and increasingly become an essential requirement for superior organizational outcome. The nonmarket issues that influence the performance of an organization include environmental protection, fuel economy legislation, federal fuel taxes, human rights, ethics, capacity constrain, corporate social responsibility and health and safety. Other issues that impact organizational performance under nonmarket environment include intellectual property protection, antitrust, regulation and deregulation, international trade policy, social activist’s pressure and media coverage of the organization. The Issue: Public Perception The partnership between CPR and the financially-struggling UP created a negative perception among the CPR’s customers and the general public. CPR during its initial days had been performing financially and consequently serving its customers better. Starting from the time of pa
International Relations Terrorism and International Crime Terrorism is the use of violence to instil fear in people. Terrorist activities, which are common around the world, can be eliminated through co-operation of the world powers. While some countries seek to apprehend those who perpetrate terrorist activities, other countries harbour and protect them. This conflict is not effective in the quest to ensure world security (Chadwick 25). Terrorism is not a new phenomenon as it has been present throughout the history of humankind. However, different forms of terrorism are defined by the cause behind the act. Terrorist activities are perpetrated to compel the affected parties to comply with the demands of the terrorists. Since the terrorists do not have enough resources to confront their enemies, they use a method of ambush and secrecy. In most cases, if the terrorist’s demands are ignored, the confrontation ends in a conflict. However, in other cases, the terrorists achieve their aim if their sole intention is to instil fear (Laqueur 16). Global Poverty and Development Poverty is a global problem with complex and intertwined adverse effects. In some situations, poverty has existed throughout the history of the concerned society. There is a great risk of conflict if the situation persists. Competition for resources in an unfavourable environment eventually results in armed conflicts. Some of the conflicts in the developing countries caused by the instability and poverty in the third world countries. Thus, persistent poverty is a risk of political and social instability. Poverty is also a crisis since it presents a difficult situation (Townsend 54). Co-operation among countries of the world creates a large free market for commodities. This facilitates distribution of wealth, and reduces the gap between the rich and the poor. The efforts to eradicate poverty should include formation of a specialised body to identify the poverty-stricken areas, and find an appropriate solution. Combination of efforts by international bodies in an effort to eradicate poverty, gives them a greater power to deal with the situation. However, the great power and influence brought by the cooperation between agencies poses a political risk (Coll
Introduction In recent years, the provision of products and services required by customers in KSA has been inefficient especially in hospitals. This means that there is need for the introduction of supply chain management and logistics in these hospitals. This report will look at supply chain management within the context of H1N1 crisis in KSA. To this end, the author will look at SCM in hospitals and how this could have managed the crisis. Thesis: Supply chain management in hospitals could have been used to effectively address the H1N1 crisis in KSA. Conclusion When customer’s demands increase the focus is on the supply chain managers. The process of improving the supply chain management system in hospitals has started on a poor note in Saudi Arabia and this is affecting the country in many ways. H1N1 Crisis in KSA Reporting on the First Case The first case of H1N1 in KSA was reported on 3 rd June 2008 on a tourist from the Philippines. Each day, there are new infections in KSA despite the fact that most countries in the world have been able to overcome the epidemic. By the end of 2009, Saudi authorities had confirmed 15850 cases of H1N1 infections in the country (Almazroa, Memish & Alwadey, 2010). The number of recorded deaths as a result of the virus stood at 124 (Almazroa et al., 2010). This means that there must be something unique about KSA which makes it report such cases when other countries in the world are reporting cases of success in fighting the epidemic. Predisposing Factors to H1N1 in KSA It is believed that there is inadequate or inaccurate information available regarding this epidemic. This being the case, the
Introduction With the various problems that Cameron Mechanical & Automation (CMA) is facing, there are various changes that they need to make to remain effective and competitive within the market. Failure to make these changes might have a negative impact on the company’s ability to survive and result in poor performance. This paper discusses a number of changes that the CEO should consider making to avert the current problems in the future. Changes that Cameron Mechanical & Automation Integration of Departments Since CMA has one primary objective of producing and selling computers, the CEO should consider integrating all the departments. There are different types of teams or groups that the CEO may consider to facilitate the integration process. A project teams refers to a group of individuals working together toward achieving common goals. This type of group can enable the CEO to structure work effectively by setting specific, measurable, and time-bound goals. Functional teams are distinct in that they are permanent and often include employees from the same department, but who perform different duties. With this team, the CEO would be in charge of everything and every employee will report to him or her. Cross-functional teams include employees from different departments and handle specific tasks that necessitate diverse skills, expertise, and inputs. Matrix teams are unique groups in the sense that employees work on the same product but report to two managers. For instance, a worker tasked with designing a new product may report to a marketing manager who provided the idea and the R&D director who deemed the idea feasible. Other types of teams are contract, virtual, and self-managed groups. A functional team would work most effectively at CMA because integration of various teams and departments will solve the averaging problem of hampered communication between the departments and the confusion that is arising. Since poor communication and different departmental leadership styles have created the most significant problem between the employees and management, integrating the departments will play a significant role in solving this problem (Benzer, Charns, Hamdan, & Afable, 2017). Moreover, a cross-functional team will also allow the company to leverage its people, existing processes, technology, and information to keep up with the current competition. As it is evident in Cameron Mechanical & automation, the R&D department and its president feel the pressure but still need to keep up with the competition. However, with integration, the R&D people will be able to access data quickly, leverage the technology, and be able to compete with other companies to avoid lagging. Integration also will streamline the communication between the company’s employees, management, and participants of different activities in the company. As a result of better communication, people will share information efficiently, reduce the cost of processes and save time. It will also aid in reducing workers’ burnout, hence, leading to improved performance and productivity. Adopting Situational Leadership Styles Divisional leaders are using different leadershi
Introduction Under the inspiration of the Warburg effect, approaches of anticancer drugs founded on glycoconjugation are steadily acquiring significant attention from the scientific community. Comparing normal tissues with human and animal tumors, alteration in carbohydrate structures has been found prior to and after transformation by oncogenic agents. This includes non-metastatic and metastatic tumor cells, modified non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic cells, low- and high-metastatic variants, and tumor cells before and after the introduction of differentiation to a phenotype that is less malignant. The identified change in glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids, and glycoproteins have been studied and their structures illustrated by various studies over the years (Hossain & Andreana, 2019). Both changes in glycosyltransferase and nucleotide sugar biosynthesis are linked to these alterations. This report discusses Tumor Carbohydrate Associated Antigen (TACAs), Thomsen–Friedenreich (TF) antigen, synthesis of the TF antigen, comparing the TF antigen to a normal cell, and aptamers and Selex as biomarkers for tumor-carbohydrate associated antigen. Indeed, there has been notable progress over the years in developing carbohydrate-based, synthetic antitumor vaccines to aid in improving immune responses aimed at targeting the explicit antigens. Tumor Carbohydrate Associated Antigen (TACAs) A common phenotypic modification of cancer cells, referred to as aberrant glycosylation, arises from a bunched arrangement on the surface of a cell, or through altered synthesis. Carbohydrate moieties that are over-expressed or reformed on the cell membrane form a major tumor characteristic (Hutchins et al., 2017). Therefore, cancer cells are easily distinguished from others by the fact that, on their surface, they display abnormal levels and kinds of carbohydrate structures. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) refer to these unusual arrangements, and they play a vital role in metastasis and tumor invasion. Their presence is frequently connected with the poor survival rates of extracellular tumor-specific carbohydrate antigens expressed by cancer cells of different origins due to abnormal glycosylation. Various cases related the changes in malformed cells to grow, but not transformation. Others linked the altered glycoconjugates to tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, though evidence has been presented to prove that cell surface glycoconjugates may at times function in growth control (Hossain & Andreana, 2019). Transformed carbohydrate structures also can act as receptors for growth endorsing factors and are accountable for altered growth control. Current studies with monoclonal antibodies have indicated that the majority of antibodies which recognize tumor-associated antigens can detect altered carbohydrate structures. The mechanism by which the immune system is capable of recognizing these structures is put into consideration, and exploration of immune recognition of the same alterati
The Byzantine Empire was dominating the eastern Mediterranean region during ten centuries. The success of the Roman Empire’s eastern half depended on such aspects as the strategic geographical position of Constantinople as the capital city, the centralized authority based on the principle of caesaropapism, the power of the emperor, and the focus on the reorganization of the social and administrative system following the idea of the imperial provinces’ system (Bentley, Ziegler, and Streets-Salter 190). Much attention was paid to the promotion of the Christian tradition and the active political, economic, and cultural cooperation with the Slavic people from the Eastern Europe and Russia. Therefore, strong governmental structure and the progress of the Christian church contributed to Byzantine’s survival during many centuries. The Expansive Realm of Islam The teachings of Muhammad as the God’s prophet began to spread in the Arabian states during the seventh century C.E. The followers of Muhammad’s message became focused on living according to the Five Pillars of Islam which are the acknowledgement of Allah as the only God; the obligatory daily praying; the fast during the month of Ramadan; the necessity to support the poor; and the hajj and the pilgrimage to Mecca (Bentley, Ziegler, and Streets-Salter 209). The Muslims’ faith made them to spread Islam over the world, and the expansion of Islam resulted in the active development of societies and overland and maritime trade. The dissemination of Islam also led to the progress of communication between societies, and the Arabs’ inventions contributed to the progress of many cultures in the world. The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia China became the prosperous empire during the period of the 6th-13th centuries because of the effective rule of such dynasties as the Sui, Tang, and Song. The centralization of power and the focus on economy during the rule of the Sui dynasty led to the construction of the Grand Canal (Bentley, Ziegler, and Streets-Salter 225). The rulers from the Tang dynasty focused on supporting trade relations and on the development of the communication networks as well as on developing the bureaucracy of merit (Bentley, Ziegler, and Streets-Salter 225). The rulers from the Song dynasty improved the a
The USA, as an initially immigrant state, has been supporting the welcoming policy towards all immigrants looking for refuge, welfare, or simply a place to live for many centuries. Since the very moment of gaining independence, the United States of America has been an aspired destination for all wanderers who tried to escape from the tight political regime (as in Latin America or the USSR) or wanted to gain a more stable material position in a prosperous country. Thus, it is possible to assume that the country consists of a cosmopolitan community that remembers its diverse non-American roots, welcoming all other immigrants willingly and happily into their territory. The anthem of the American attitude to immigration certifies this by praising the Statue of Liberty in New York symbolizes America greeting all immigrants seeking refuge (Lazarus, p. 256). However, the situation with immigration has greatly changed within past decades and turned out to be completely negative in many terms. The country is over-populated and diversified by the constant influx of immigrants; it is losing its authenticity for which the Founding Fathers and their followers have been struggling, and it is hard to identify a single image of the US that would correspond to its current state. The US citizens feel this very clearly, thus becoming the victims of the immigration flows. The widely spread concerns about overwhelming waves of immigration are supported by environmentalist claims about the worsening natural conditions, pollution, and ‘strain on natural resources of the state (Kinsley, p. 258). There are also suggestions that ‘the country is running out of room’; they are supported by a visual example of the 20 th -century Germany that was torn apart by ‘straining the social fabric, riots, and violence of neo-Nazi’ on the overall background of overpopulation and crises in all spheres of the national and civil life (Kinsley, p. 258). In the context of the present discussion of the immigrant debate in the US, one should turn to the work of Brimelow who has offered a rather radical solution to the problem of immigration. He states that the 1965 Immigration Act led to the ‘historically high proportions of unprecedented demographic transformation’, which was destructive for the American nation, society, self-awareness, and development (Brimelow, p. 268). The evil effect is evident even nowadays, which tears the country apart and puts the very survival of the United States as a country into question (Brimelow, p. 269). The author finds the contemporary USA in a state of weird ‘multiculturalism, dissolution of shared values and increased stratification’ together with the loss of authenticity and sense of belonging to a unitary state (Brimelow, p. 269). The near future of the USA, as seen by Brimelow, maybe the repetition of the Roman Empir
The documentary film NOVA: Battle of the X-Planes throws light on the functioning of the aircraft industry. In particular, much attention is paid to the cooperation of companies representing this industry with military agencies, especially the Department of Defense. The authors focus on the work of such companies as Lockheed and Boeing. These businesses are driven by the need to improve the cost-efficiency of their products. These companies have to encounter several challenges. At first, they continuously have to develop innovative technologies. However, at the same time, they understand that their costly experiments may result in failures. Additionally, they should meet very rigid functional requirements set by military agencies. In many cases, these requirements are very difficult to reconcile. In particular, one should speak about such attributes as affordability of a plane and the use of stealth technologies. Moreover, these companies have to reduce the number of engines that a fighter jet should have. It should be mentioned that Lockheed and Boeing had to compete for the right to become the leading contractor for the program known as Joint Strike Fighter. The selected company was supposed to create a new generation of fighter jets used by the U. S. Army. The outcome of this rivalry could profoundly shape the profitability of Boeing or Lockheed ( NOVA: Battle of the X-Planes ). Overall, this documentary is very informative since it illustrates various issues such as the financing of military organizations, their supply chain, the work of engineers, and so forth. This film should be considered because it can enable viewers to see how manufacturing plants operate. The production of airplanes can involve processes that can pose a threat to the lives of workers, if certain safety rules are violated ( NOVA: Battle of the X-Planes ). Furthermore, one can see that even the most experienced engineers have to suffer defeat, even though they could spend months on a certain task. Additionally, the profitability of companies like Lockheed and Boeing depend on the results of these technological experiments. Moreover, this movie depicts the way in which aircraft companies and military agencies cooperate with one another. In many cases, it may be difficult to explain that a certain goal cannot be achieved. In fact, the workers of companies like Boeing and Lockheed have to assume that there are no impossible projects. This attitude towards difficulties is vital for the sustainability of these companies. Therefore, this film is not only about the functioning of governmental institutions or corporations. It also explores the experiences of separate individuals whose decisions can have profound implications for organizations. These are the main details that can be identified. The issues examined in this film should be considered by business administrators and entrepreneurs. In particular, this movie highlights how dangerous it is to be dependent on a single customer. In this case, one can refer to the Department of Defense that can dictate its terms to companies like Lockheed. This movie is also very inspirin
Thesis statement Nowadays, it became a common trend among many anthropologists and sociologists to refer to the very concept of gender as an essentially social/cultural construct. This trend’s origins can be traced to the works of Margaret Mead, who was the first anthropologist to suggest that the notions of ‘femininity’ and ‘masculinity’ are culturally relative: “We are forced to conclude that human nature is almost unbelievably malleable, responding accurately and contrastingly to contrasting cultural conditions” (280). Such culturally-relativist perspective onto the actual significance of people’s gender affiliation became especially popular during the course of recent decades, as it correlates rather well with the conventions of political correctness. Therefore, it does not come as a particular surprise that, as of today, Mead’s ideas are being often referred to as such that represent an undeniable truth-value. This simply could not be otherwise, given the fact that people in Western countries are now being encouraged to indulge in quite literally ‘unisex’ living. After all, as it was pointed out by McEwan: “The mind is an all-purpose, infinitely adaptable computing machine operating a handful of wired-in rules. We are born tabula rasa, and it is our times that shape us” (52). Nevertheless, the closer analysis of culturally-relativist view on gender leaves few doubts as to this view’s conceptual fallaciousness. The reason for this is simple – even today, just about all the aspects of people’s social functioning cannot be discussed outside of what happened to be the specifics of these people’s affiliation with a particular gender. In its turn, this presupposes that, even though one’s gender-based attitudes are often being influenced by a variety of purely environmental factors, these attitudes nevertheless never cease reflecting the essence of his or her physiological constitution. In this paper, I will aim to explore the validity of an earlier articulated idea at length. Argumentative part The fact that men and women address life’s challenges in qualitatively different manner, which in turn defines the nature of their socio-cultural positioning, has been recognized since a long time ago. After all, it does not take a psychologist to realize that, when it comes to assessing the emanations of a surrounding reality or tackling life’s challenges, women tend to be much more emotional and irrational, as compared to what it appears to be the case with men. It also does not take a historian to be aware of the fact that, as compared to what it used to be the case with women, men played a substantially greater role in establishing objective preconditions for the continuation of social, cultural