ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Great Depression that started in 1929 is known as the longest economic downturn in the history of the US and other Western countries. Many researchers still cannot come to a general consensus about what exactly caused the Great Depression. What is definitely certain is that many factors like the shifting of the economy, unstable credit and financial system, poor government decisions, and the fact that the international economy was still recovering from ruinous effects of World War I all played a considerable part in contributing to the beginning of the Great Depression. There is no denying that the Great Depression has affected every American in a disastrous way. Collapsing of business, thousands of unemployed people, lack of food and clothes – these are just a few terrifying consequences of the Great Depression. Oakes mentions how “men wrapped newspapers beneath their shirts as protection from the cold” (721). These papers later got called “Hoover shirts”, as a pinpoint to the failure of Herbert Hoover, the president of the US at the time of depression. The latter was no stranger to difficult and harsh situations and attempted a few tries to restore the economy, which, alas, still ended up in a failure. It was not until 1932, when Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected as the president of the US, that the real working solutions to the depression were implemented. The array of reforms enacted between 1933 and 1938 would be further known as the New Deal for American people (Oakes 725). Roosevelt was trying hard to come up with a way to deal with the Great Depression, having gathered many intellectuals to help him in analyzing the situation. Oakes states that “Roosevelt has never allowed any of the groups to dominate his thinking” (727), often trying to find a solution based on multiple final compromise proposals. The first successful reform of the New Deal was the Emergency Banking Act, which reopened 12756 banks and solved the banking crisis. Further reforms regarding conservative banking practices and protection of deposits were implemented to ensure that the US banking system will be credible in a long run. Another successful program of the New Deal was the Tennessee Valley Authority, which helped to mitigate the farm crisis by controlling flooding, creating reservoirs for irrigation, and providing cheap hydroelectric power (Oakes 729). However, the following enactments like the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 or the National Industrial Recovery Act did not appear to be quite as successful as the previous reforms. Roosevelt’s respond to the critics was the introduction of the second wave of the New Deal in 1935. The first reform of the second hundred days was the Revenue Act proposed by Roosevelt to raise estate and corporate taxes. Roosevelt would also further introduce the questionable Work Progress Administration program, which was criticized on being politically corrupted and on introducing meaningful “make-work” jobs. However, despite the strong opposition and critique, the second wave of the Ne
Introduction The problems of environmental effluence and the dependence of people’s health on the fact of air pollution require immediate solving in modern society. People all over the world suffer from many diseases which are the results of the dangerous situation in the world because of the problem of air pollution. Different types of chronic allergies and asthma which are affected by the various products of industrial pollution and dust are the symbols of today’s life, and there cannot be any delays in finding the key to the problem. The attempts to offer some actual solutions to the question led to developing and working out the idea of special devices which can protect those people who live in extremely polluted regions from the risk of dust and dirty air. Main body The result of proper analysis of the situation in polluted territories was the emergence of face masks and other devices which were inconvenient to use and rather expensive to buy. Moreover, they did not guarantee perfect safeness from the smog, dust, and fumes. People who suffered from allergies, asthma and had the risk to get flu and other dangerous infections considered such types of protection as ineffective. The elaboration of FDNS (first defense nasal screens) allowed economically effective solutions to this definite problem. The systematic studying o
Introduction From the mid-19th century, when the government opened doors for western commerce and trade, Japan has experienced two economic growth periods one was between 1868 to World War I; the other between 1945 to1980. Impact of World War I: When World War I started in 1915, many of the European countries were involved. The supply of raw materials and manufactured goods were halted as most of the countries could not participate in international trade. Japan’s economy was on the line as they depended on Europe for industrial imports and for good quality machinery. During this period, the United States economy was growing and was importing a lot from Europe. Now that this war was on and the imports from Europe were not available, Japan’s fewer quality goods became the substitute for the United States and the globe in general. The demand by America moved from Europe to Japan. Japan was to enjoy a broad-based export boom. Various industries were developed as they all benefited: from transport and communication, marine, shipbuilding, manufacturing and also agriculture. What brought about this export boom was primarily lack of participation in World War I. In this great depression, Japan’s economy was less affected compared to other European countries and America. In 1920, Japan could produce most of the machines domestically. Chemical ad manufacturing industries were growing steadily. This included steel, silk (rayon) and electrical. The Japanese government advocated for industrial cartels to prevent unnecessary competition. Power was available at low prices thus helping the expansion of electricity-intensive industries, for example, ammonium sulphate production. Starting from 1937, the Japanese government searched for important natural resources in order to ensure economic independence. This included coal from china, sugarcane in the Philippines, and petroleum from East Indies. During this expansion, the economy grew considerably. Production doubled from 1937 to 1943, steel production rose by 30%in the same period. Production of aircraft and vessels increased by 94% Pacific war Japan’s economy and its territories suffered a lot. High inflation rates existed. By 1944, the prices had more than tripled compared to 1936. The industries dedicated most of their production to military needs neglecting the commercial requirements. The local industries could not produce enough quantities in order to avoid shortfalls. In any case, the sea trade (maritime trade) which was the main means of transport was highly reduced as most of the merchant fleets were destroyed during this war. By 1944, Japan was operating with a fleet of two million tons of supply from six million in 1941. As this war ended, transport was almost unavailable, high inflation rates prevailed, and a weak currency. This brought the Japanese economy to its knees. (Yasushi pg 1 & 2). Post war period. The gains enjoyed since 1868 were destroyed by this war. More than 40% of the industries and infrastructure were brought down but the people realized this and begun to rebuild their nation. They started to build modern factories. The soldiers joined the highly educated f
College football is one sport that is played most consistently in the USA, and most community colleges and universities frequently play it in all 52 States in the country. Many coaches have graced the sport over the years, but Bobby Bowden has stood tall above the rest. When playing football, the rules are simple enough to follow and understand, and that there is never a bad season for football, unlike some other outdoor activities. Bobby Bowden is one of the most celebrated college football coaches. He served as the football coach, head track, and field coach at various colleges, including Howard College, South Georgia College, and Florida State University (Bowden & Schlabach, 2011). His trust and strong confidence in God also became two of the major reasons he was considered the greatest. Bobby Bowden is, without a doubt, one of the most celebrated football coaches, as seen from his great successes and having coached several young men in different colleges and universities in seven decades. Bowden did things the right way and reached out to help so many young men. He was a coach and a counselor to many young men both on and off the football pitch. He provided his wards with a living example of good character and uprightness, helping to shape the young men into great and successful football players, responsible sons, good spouses, and future fathers. One fact is that many people honored and idolized Bobby Bowden because of always standing up for the truth and honor. He was ethical and always authentic in his doings. Bobby Bowden, at one point, said, “Faith is the most important thing in the world to me. It is the greatest strength, and it has helped me go through hard times” (Bowden et al., 2009). This clearly shows that his birthright was beyond the game of football and his role as a coach. As one of the sport’s most influential coaches, Bobby Bowden deserves to be
The media is full of stories every day about dangers that lead to devastating impacts and death. A significant number of people are experiencing stress due to the unpredictable environment around them. One issue that significantly worries me from a safety perspective is gun safety. Small and mass shootings are occurring at a rapid pace in the United States, and seemingly safe public places are becoming dangerous places. The current system of gun control, as well as policies meant to regulate and protect, is failing, which increases the chances that one could end up in a dangerous situation. The environment can be safer by the introduction of stronger gun control legislation and reducing the number of weapons on the market. I can contribute by participating in activism, lobbying, and voicing my opinion and facts to the local elective representatives. I can also attempt to protect myself by avoiding potentially dangerous situations and report any suspicious activity. Another issue that I would consider an issue of safety is climate change and its environmental impacts. Although broad in context and long-term in effect, climate change can cause significant consequences which will impact the environment and my life. It is worrisome considering that devastating weather phenomena, occurring more often, have been linked to global warming. I can similarly participate in responsible and environmentally-friendly practices to contribute my part. Furthermore, I can also engage in environmental activism to promote proper policies to reverse the trend of climate change. Finally, an issue that also makes me nervous is the number of car accidents and drunk driving occurring in the United States. Being present on the road becomes infinitely more dangerous with irresponsible drivers, especially those under the influence. At any point, without warning, it can impact my life and potentially lead to injury or death in a car accident. I can make the environment around me safer by driving responsibly and being aware of the road around me. Also, I should prevent people close to me from exhibiting such behavior and advocate for the use of designated drivers when people are drinking.
Thousands of people migrate to the United States of America each year: some become residents, and some are sent back to their homelands. Those who stay on the territory of the states encounter a long-term process called Americanization that presumes assimilation to the American society and sharing values and customs of natives. The process typically includes learning the English language and adjusting to economic, political, and social norms. The significant problem immigrants run across concerns acquiring a new language. Despite the simplicity of English, not many people can learn it, especially the elderly population. Moreover, immigrants do not have time to take English classes as they spend much time finding a job and raising children (Mason, p. 5). Therefore, as a part of assimilation, the immigrants have to deal with employment, often encountering illegal job opportunities. Due to undocumented citizenship, immigrants are often occupied in domestic works, food or cleaning services, and agriculture (Mason 10). In addition to this, the unlawful workers are not paid overtime and are under threat of being harassed. Furthermore, undocumented immigrants have difficulty accessing services due to the risk of being deported. As a result, they cannot attend a doctor, physician, or other urgent services. Transportation and obtain a driver’s license is another obstacle that immigrants have to face. Due to the trouble speaking English, some may need a translator to pass the driving exam or merely get around the city. In conclusion, it seems relevant to mention that the American nation takes pride in being multicultural. ThoThoughericanization is a long process, the majority of immigrants do not give up on settling down. Therefore, all the immigrants coming to the U.S. become part of its culture and contribute to society in multiple ways, from serving tables to creating new technologies that Americans utilize today.
Introduction Hispanic Americans are people who live in the United States and have a lineage and a cultural identity with Spain. In the United States, they comprise of a population sharing diverse migration histories, experiences with prejudice, racism, and discrimination. They are also characterized by the Spanish language, which ties them in spite of their acculturation experiences. Some prefer to be identified differently; for example, Latino, Chicano, and Mexican American while others refer to associate with their country of origin. They comprise a significant fraction of the American population of more than 35 million (Sue & Zane, 2009, p.3). Different scholars have contributed in the cultural values like the customs, language, religion, and values, which unite the Hispanic Americans. Due to these unique experiences, counseling sessions ought to be conducted under familiar grounds. As such, creating a rapport is necessary with the psychologists expected to understand what constitutes the Latin-American heritage and what can, and cannot, be discussed in an open forum. Conducting a counseling session requires extensive research in dealing with issues that regard the culture, the societal expectations, as well as a looking at the ideals exercised in religious settings. Comparisons between different authors and their perceptions Family structure and gender roles Family commitment in different cultures is an indispensable characteristic, which involves loyalty, a strong support system, the behavior of a child, which is associated with the honor of the family, the hierarchy among the siblings, and a duty of care for family members. The Hispanic “adolescents adopt their parents’ commitment regarding religious and political beliefs, lifestyle and occupational preferences” (Altarriba, 2003, p. 305). Sex roles exist among Hispanic Americans whereby, men stand out as dominant and inviolable. Fraga, Atkinson, and Wampold (2004, p.55), on the other hand, analyze the family structure of the Hispanic Americans as one where the father is the authoritative figure. The relationship between parents and children is reciprocal, in that, the children are supposed to be obedient and expected to help financially, whereas parents are to provide for their children when they are young and newly married. Any deviation from this norm would be viewed as deviating from the traditions of the Hispanic community a
Introduction Business organizations are increasingly improving their products and services for consumers worldwide. However, some of the products and services developed fail to adhere to address the needs and requirements of the customers. This leads to customer dissatisfaction. Therefore, there is need for business firms to come up with products and services that factor in the customers’ needs. Developing such products will increase customer satisfaction and lead to the overall success of the firm producing these products. One of the ways to achieve this is through the use of house of quality technique in the Quality Function Development matrix. This paper will use this technique to build a house of quality for a house paint product. Step 1: A List of WHATs The customer requirements concerns include issues of durability, variety, cleanliness and easy to wash, affordability and user friendly. Questions such as what the customer needs the house paint for, the important features that the customer is looking for in our product and factors making the customer go for the house paint must be carefully considered in the development of Wonder House Paint. These are listed below: WHATs  1. Durability  2. Variety  3. Cleanliness and easy to wash  4. Affordability  5. User friendly Step 2: Technical Descriptors (HOWs) The ultimate goal of this process is to design Wonder House Paint in a way that meets and exceeds the expectations of the client. These HOWs helps to identify what is needed to meet customer requirements. This involves translating customer requirements into specific engineering characteristics. The technical descriptors are listed below: Technical Descriptors (HOWs)  1. Durable paint  2. A wide range of colours and textures (variety)  3. Paint with Teflon (Teflon is an ingredient put in paints to make them glossy and easy to clean)  4. Use of locally available ingredients (affordability)  5. A new design which makes it easier to open the paint cans (user friendly) Step 3: Relationship Matrix between WHATs and HOWs (between steps 1 and 2 above) The ranking is between 1 and 10 (1 weak and 10 very strong). This will describe the current relationship as opposed to what is suggested. WHATs          HOWs                                      Relationship Durability     Durable paint                             7            Variety        Various colours and textures              8            Cleanliness    Teflon (or another material like Teflon)  3            Affordability  Raw materials sourced locally             8            User friendly  Easier to open containers                 5             The relationship between the client requirement for a durable paint and the engineering characteristic for such a paint is strong (7) because Wonder House paint is one of the few most durable paints in the market. The ranking (8) for affordability is strong. Wonder House paint is one of the cheapest brands in the market compared to those of the competitors because the company is already using local raw
Political Ideology and Philosophy The book provides the deeper understanding of the connection between the occupations of nurses and ideological and political concepts. Being aware of the philosophical and political themes, the nurses will be able to develop better work strategies and perspectives. The authors note the role of the political philosophy and ideology in the issues concerning gender and race. The authors highlight the question of individuals and states and present the major ideas described by Thomas Hobbes, John Lock, and Jeremy Bentham. Hobbes focused his attention on the significance of the role of the government in the life of the society. As the matter of fact, the philosopher claims that the community would live in chaos without the governance. The theory can also be applied to the nursing practice, as the government should intervene in the health care system to prevent unlicensed practices that harm the clients (Mason, Leavitt, & Chaffee, 2012, p. 53). In contrast, Lock is sure that the individual rights should receive the priority, and the community requires little governance from the state (Mason, Leavitt, & Chaffee, 2012, p.54). Bentham notes that sometimes right of the individuals contradict, and that is, the government should interfere. For example, people have the right to smoke, whereas other ones have the right to fresh air. Then the authors focus on the different types of the political ideologies, namely liberalism, conservatism, and socialism. The accent is made on discovering of the major representatives of the philosophers and pivotal objectives that describe each type of the political ideology (Mason, Leavitt, & Chaffee, 2012, p. 55) The Policy Process The conceptual models of the presented policymaking provide the better involvement of the nurses into the changing of the system. First and foremost, it should be stated that the “health policy encompasses the political, economic, social, cultural, and social determinants of individuals and populations and attempts to address the broader issues in health care” (Mason, Leavitt, & Chaffee, 2012, p. 61). The authors provide a bright example that shows how the theory should work in practice. In case that the medical setting lacks nurses and patients have to wait long for receiving the care, the nurses should react to the issue appropriately, namely to work more hours in order to improve the condition. The authors move on to the peculiarities of the policymaking in the United States. It should be stressed that the sphere of the health care faces challenges. The system of the financial side is complicated as it is decentralized (Mason, Leavitt, & Chaffee, 2012, p. 63). The problems in the state and federal cooperation influence the health care delivery. It was informative to get the better understanding of two models of the policy process, namely the Longest’s Policy Cycle Model and Kingdon’s Policy Streams Model (Mason, Leavitt, & Chaffee, 2012, p. 66). The major aim of nurses is to improve the health