ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Though nowadays we live in a highly developed society that is marked and supported by the high level of technological and economical development and the involved net of vivid international relationship and cooperation, it may be of great use if we choose to resort to the experience and the works of the outstanding philosophers to solve the present problems the humanity is frustrated by nowadays. In the course of human history, our society was constantly being torn apart by military conflicts and wars. Nowadays the military aggression and absence of stability in Afghanistan are in the intent focus of the people all around the world. The Civil War, which broke out in 1978, has been stifling and oppressing the exhausted country till now. What is more, thousands of people from outside have been involved in the military actions: the British, the military troops from the former USSA, the American pacificators, and the NATO troops. The long-term military tension has already caused enormous human losses and economic and cultural decay of the country. The Afghanistan issue is topical nowadays, especially for Americans, because “President Barack Obama has declared it [Afghanistan] to be the central front in the war on terrorism and has ordered a buildup of American troops to fight … insurgency led by the Taliban” (The New York Times par.2). Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher, created his outstanding work “Leviathan”, a treatise about the nature of the state and its structure during the English Civil War of 1641-1651. This is why it may be useful to analyze Hobbes’ ideas of state power from the point of view of the contemporary situation in Afghanistan. If there were a possibility to ask Thomas Hobbes how to establish the state of peace in the Afghan society, he would advise to implement it based on social contract and the power of sovereign: “And he that carrieth this person is called sovereign, and said to have sovereign power; and every one besides, his subject” (Hobbes 119). To compose the analysis of the current Afghan situation as it could be done by the great philosopher, it is necessary to make a short excursion to the history of Afghanistan during the period of the last three decades. Nowadays Afghanistan is known to be one of the poorest countries,
In order to orientate in the world, the sensual capabilities of the person are not enough. Combining separate attributes of the subject and creating an integral picture of the world is archived through perception –the process of interpreting the input of sensory input into recognizable objects. After reading chapter six in Life-Span Human Development by Sigelman and Rider, titled Perception, the concept that I found most important is related to identifying the perceptual impairments that older people face later in their life. The Concept The main idea of the concept is the clear indication that sensual and perceptual abilities decline with age. On the one hand, the sensory threshold lowers, preventing detection of lower levels of stimulation, and on the other hand, the perceptual abilities themselves decline as well. The main changes are related to the following areas:   * Vision – the most common problems for adults 70 years or older are cataracts and visual impairment with 57% and 20 respectively (Sigelman & Rider, 2009, p. 176).   * Hearing – 90% of people older than 65 have impaired hearing (180).   * Speech Perception – the loss of the ability to follow technical presentations, or a fast speech (181).   * Taste and smell – the decline of the ability to recognize food (181).   * Touch – the decline in the sensitivity to the external simulation. Reflection The significance of the topic can be seen in that people can underestimate and overestimate the abilities of older people. The worst of these two is the ignorance of these people’s needs and the accommodations that can be presented to them. As stated in the chapter, the decline in the sensual and perceptual abilities is the bad news, while the good news is that these changes are gradual and they can be compensated. The main problem is that for these problems to be solved they should be acknowledged and identified. I think that taking account of such decline in perception, considering my current field of study, is major step. The latter is true not only on the organizational level, in which hospitals make accommodations for elderly people, but on the personal level as well, specifically in the nursing field. Application As stated in the previous section, the application of such concepts can be seen through the making accommodations, on both the personal and the organizational level. On the personal level the latter is specifically important from the perspective of nursing positions. Such factors as speaking in a clear and simple manner, raising the voice, and aiding in reading important information can be seen as examples of such application. The findings of this concept are also related to the consideration of the perceptual weaknesses and strengths on the organizational level. A simple example can be seen in eliminating food from the ration, which is less recognizable by the patients, e.g. blended food. Accordingly, social workers can make adjustments in terms of temperature, where monitoring the changes in temperature is important as many elderly people fail to recognize such aspect. Other applications
Avery Associates Architects, a company established in 1978, employs an effective research approach, combining some technical and philosophical aspects. The organization starts the work on a project with the exploration of the exact needs of the customer in the course of detailed interviews. Architects want to understand what is expected, as well as the degree of the customer’s ambition. One of the benefits of the research is its structure and the focus on diverse parameters, including practical details and ethical, aesthetical, and philosophical aspects. As for constraint identification, the research includes such components as constraint, contiguity, content, climate, construction, choreography, and concinnity. The architects concentrate on customers’ needs, budgetary constraints, history, and context. Importantly, the company pays specific attention to sustainability, trying to ensure that its buildings will remain in harmony with the setting and environment. One of the important stages of research is the examination of the relationship between people and the building, expectations, and their satisfaction. This type of research is the most appropriate in the modern world due to its potential to lead to innovation and sustainability. The architects do not only identify some technical expectations of the building and its practical characteristics but attempt to use a more holistic approach. The detection and analysis of constraints are instrumental in developing plans that can predict diverse emergencies and deviations that often disrupt the work on the project. It is critical to pay considerable attention to the aesthetics and philosophy of every site and every project. Unfortunately, many companies ignore these elements. However, these aspects ensure the development of projects that contribute to the sustainable development of communities. People feel safe in such places and have a clear view of the potential of each building.
Introduction Background of the study Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have been considered very instrumental factors as far as the shape of business activities in any economy is concerned. The mergers and acquisition phenomenon has been rampant in the United States of America but is now common in most parts of the world (Jean-Claude & Siham 2013). For example, there have been cases of mergers and acquisition in the European market that has characterized lack of activity across the borders of Europe and domestically following the effect of the recession experienced between 1980 and 1981 that led to the passage of the deregulation law within the financial services sector, as well as the availability of new markets and financial instruments. Consequently, the effects of this recession and the development of markets that initially did not exist catalyzed a merger wave in Europe. Several studies have been conducted that focus on the emergence of mergers and acquisitions in the world and have shown that all continents have fallen victim of this phenomenon (Chuang 2014). The increased rate of mergers and acquisition is attributable greatly to the technological changes witnessed all over the world (Deshpande, Svetina & Zhu 2012). Also, mergers and acquisitions are becoming more complex due to the introduction of deregulation laws and the acceleration of the innovation process within the financial sector (Dutta, Saadi & Zhu 2013). On the other hand, there is a growing demand to ensure that shareholders have value in their respective firms, and this significantly influences mergers and acquisition. According to a study carried out by Conn, Cosh and Hughes (2005), the primary objective of mergers and acquisitions is to create shareholder value. Nevertheless, according to past trends, it is more likely that most mergers and acquisitions occur within national borders. The decision to enter into a merger or even be engaged in an acquisition is very important as far as the performance and success of firms are concerned (Fu, Lin & Officer 2013). Mergers and acquisitions have been used by corporations as a gateway to the expansion of ownership boundaries, while in other cases, corporations enjoy more benefits through the separation of public ownership whereby different business segments are involved (Kiliç 2011; Kohli & Mann 2012). Theoretically, it is considered that mergers and acquisition lead to the creation of synergies, cutting of costs, expansion of operations, as well as a considerable gain of economies of scale (Jo, Byun & Lee 2011). Also, most investors consider M&A as a pathway to more market power. According to proponents of mergers and acquisitions, firms can enjoy high revenue in comparison to the price premiums they incur (Cartwright & Schoenberg 2006). Despite this, there are cases whereby mergers and acquisitions have adverse effects, especially whereby there are flaws and associated inefficiencies. Although numerous studies have been conducted to ascertain the returns following a merger, mixed result ex
Religion in The Merchant of Venice is the main aspect that gives a node to the vices of ultimately estrangement, persecution, and discrimination that is depicted in the play. Religion in itself is not portrayed in the book as a cause for spiritual paradigm or a spiritual belief system. Religion in the book is observed to be almost like a club, where the club members are illogically included or excluded and due to religion some characters in the book are simply doomed to be out of this “religious club”. Interestingly enough Mr. Shylock, the Jewish man in the book is an outcast and more prone to giving references to the bible to justify or disapprove of anything that he does. He does this simply because he thinks that his religion is superior and that he must do everything possible to justify his Jewish religion. Christianity seemed to have dominated the place and Christians enjoyed the status quo that existed because of the way Christianity had been rooted. Due to this the Christians in the book needed not to defend or uphold their Christianity stances. In the play, religion takes to be used as a powerful weapon as depicted from the way Shylock’s daughter Jessica takes to disapproves of his father’s beliefs and wishes when she decides to marry Lorenzo. The most powerful potency of religion as depicted in the play was not to build “Berlin walls” or bridges for people but to enhance and reinforce hatred among the people (Weis, Theodore pp127). We can see a distinct division between the Christians and the Jews. The Jews with an example of Shylock who is the most outstanding character in the book, always finds himself mentioning biblical references which he must justify or defend given that his religion requires that he has to justify what he says. This is in contrast to the Christians who do not necessarily have to justify their religion. The Christians are said to be enjoying the way the status is at that time as they are not held to justify their stands in their religion. It is therefore clear that religion has been used as a weapon to attack others. If we take Shylock’s daughter Jessica as an example, she gets married to a Christian irrespective of her being brought up by a strict Jew. With this, she is using the religion to attack her father who is a very staunch Jew. This act by Jessica therefore forces her father Shylock to turn to Christianity not because he wants it or because of revelation, but because he is receiving punishment from Jessica who has gotten married to a Christian thus he is forced to shed off his Judaism and turn to Christianity. Apart from the role of religion being a weapon to a source of attack to other people in this play, it has also been used as a source of collision. As we can see in the book when Shylock to his disbelief, tables turn on his face and he has snatched his faith and is forced to become a Christi
Introduction The employees of an organization should be subjected to healthy working conditions. In the production companies that apply heavy machinery and equipments in their operations, the conditions of such tools need to be considered. The machines need to be regularly checked before and after use to ensure that they are in proper working conditions. The faults that are identified during these assessments need to be fixed before the implements can be used. The employees should also be informed of the risks that are associated with a given operation in the organization to take the appropriate cautious measures. Due to the need to ensure health and safety in the workplaces, policy makers in different countries have often intervened to enact legislation that advocate for the safety of the employees (Council of Europe, 2007, p.999; Stellman and International Labor Office, 1998, p.1645). The Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 is one such legislation that is functional in Australia. The legal provisions provide an outline of what the management of organizations should put in place to ensure safe and healthy working conditions. The provisions also define the legal measures that have to be taken against an organization that goes against the provisions. Foster Australia is one organization that had found itself on the wrong side when a faulty machine c
The aim of building a brand is to gain market share and to retain it for the long term. Long term in this case refers to the full length of a marketing campaign. Some campaigns last for a short while such as a social cause to support victims of a natural disaster. On the other hand, companies that exist in perpetuity musk keep on running marketing campaigns to build market share. Cultural branding is suited for marketing campaigns meant to promote a perpetual product. Usually cultural branding works based on prevailing tensions in the society. Cultural branding targets the mass-market because tension in the society influences the whole society. When considering marketing strategy options, Porter’s generic strategies come to mind. A cursory look into the generic strategies suggests that cultural branding fits very well with mass-marketing strategies of cost leadership and differentiation. The aim of this paper is to examine the application of cultural branding in the context Porter’s generic strategies. In particular, the paper will establish whether cultural branding applies to all generic strategies proposed by Porter or whether the application of cultural branding is unique to mass-marketing strategies. The paper contains three parts. The first part explores the defining element of cultural branding. The second part reviews Porter’s generic strategies, while the third section looks at the suitability of cultural branding to each of the three generic strategies. Elements of Cultural Branding Cultural branding (iconic branding) is one of the major approaches to branding. It varies from cognitive branding in the sense that it draws from the collective cultural attributes of the target market rather than seeking attention from individual consumers. The other theories of branding include emotional branding and viral branding. Emotional branding aims at finding an emotional connection with a consumer over time so that certain triggers lead to an emotional reinforcement of the appeal of the brand to the consumers. A good example is the Nokia ring tone. Viral branding on the other hand occurs independently of the marketing campaign. It is almost impossible to know whether a branding effort will go viral before analyzing the results. Viral branding is ideal for passing on new information about a new product in the fashion and entertainment industry. However, the marketer is not in control of the brand. Five main issues emerge when exploring the essential elements of cultural branding. The essential elements of cultural branding are context, collective aspirations of the target market, tension and controversy, the need for long-term brand survival, and the requirement for brand reinvention. Culture is contextual. Every brand that seeks to have a presence in more than
Job analysis is the foundation of a well-articulated job description that is crucial when recruiting new employees and carrying out performance appraisals for current employees. Job analysis is useful when identifying the attributes of the job viz. general, functional, physical, and education attributes. The human resources managers use job analysis to identify the general attributes of the job such as the title of the position, location, department, division, and pay grade. General attributes provide an overview of what the job entails and where it will be, by stating the exact location, division and department of job. Job analysis helps human resource managers in identifying the functional attributes of the job. Functional attributes determine the responsibilities that an employee in a specified position should perform to meet the requirement of the job satisfactorily. It helps to emphasize on the purpose of the job, which helps to avoid confusion during the orientation period after recruiting new employees, which is a contributing factor to employee turnover. Functional attributes also determine the chain of command and in return chain of command establishes whom the employee in a position is answerable. It also establishes employees in lower positions who report to the individual in the position. Job analysis determines the education, skills, and experience required by a candidate for a given job in order to carry out the job effectively and efficiently. It helps managers to determine the educational level or equivalent appropriate qualification for the job and previous work background. Job analysis also establishes the skills that a potential candidate must possess to suit the job requirements. Moreover, job analysis helps to determine the physical attributes required for the position including age, gender, height, weight, and other physical characteristics. Some jobs require general physical attributes while others require an individual with specific physical characteristics that are crucial to perform the job effectively. Job description is useful during recruitment and selection of new employees. It provides information that determines the selection criteria, informs candidates on the nature of the job, and ensures the orientation of new employees is successful (Fowler 2). Job description helps human resources manager to determine
The primary goal of the paper is to evaluate the manualized treatment software (Eliza) by using my friend as a potential patient. Another aim is to define and evaluate the manualized therapy, determine its benefits and drawbacks, and assess its influence on the ethical principles by utilizing various psychological texts as the main sources of information. I asked my friend to participate in the experiment by having a conversation with Eliza. As for my client, she felt uncomfortable during the communication process with Eliza, as it seemed that the software could not develop the topic any further. In this instance, it asked similar questions to clarify the information. However, the software constantly asks to elaborate and develop the matters. In this case, my friend was afraid of death and felt anxious about it, and the software kept on asking to elaborate the matter. My friend developed the topic as profound as she could. However, it was uneasy to keep up the conversation, my friend stated. It remains evident that software lacked the personal touch and individual approach to the patient, as it has been constantly saying ‘I see’ and ‘Tell me more’. It remains evident that this therapeutic approach will contribute to the development of the right diagnosis as many questions are asked to develop the topic. Nonetheless, my friend was not able to experience a flow of the conversation, but she acquired the profound knowledge of his health issue. The next step is to lay the diagnosis for my friend’s problem, as it will contribute to the understanding of the nature of her disease and determine her future treatment. In this instance, it was already mentioned that my friend is constantly thinking about death. It could be said that she is scared of it and feels vulnerable in various situations on the regular basis. Additionally, she cannot control her fear and anxiety about the problem. Furthermore, my friend has sleeping problems and experiences this condition for several months. Moreover, my friend is constantly irritated, cannot control his/her emotions and experiences tiredness. It remains evident that theses aspects correspond to the primary symptoms including fatigue, muscle tension, insomnia, and has difficulties while being in control of the situation (Pomerantz 56). In the end, it remains evident that the patient has a general anxiety disorder since all the symptoms comply with the principles of the chosen disease. It could be said that it is essential to determine the potential ways of treating the patient. Firstly,
Introduction There are not many conditions as unsubstantiated as the Munchausen syndrome. It is a factitious disease in which the affected pretends to be sick or deliberately takes action to produce some symptoms of illness in themselves (Baig, Levin, Lichtenthal, Boland, & Breitbart, 2016). The disorder carries the name of a German aristocrat, Baron Munchausen, who was famous for spreading outlandish, unbelievable stories about his life (Padhye, David, Dholakia, Mathew, & Murugan, 2016). With no physical basis, the condition is classified as psychological and is hypothesized to originate from heightened emotional responsiveness and, possibly, past trauma. This paper aims to review the recent scholarly publications regarding the Munchausen syndrome to identify the patterns and possible causes of the condition. Review Academic literature presents little evidence of the disorder, often due to low participation rates from the patients or their sudden disappearances immediately after the diagnosis. Because of that, most existing records of the syndrome come in the form of case studies which examined the condition only upon the encounter rather than building a hypothesis beforehand. Therefore, the au