ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The mere mention of an organisation calls to mind two important aspects. The leader of an organisation and the type of organisation matter a lot. People tend to associate with organizations that have sound leadership because such leadership devotes time to effecting necessary changes needed to steer an organisation from one level or stage to the other. Leadership implies a team that is under a leader, for such a leader cannot work alone. Various theories of leadership explain how a leader can influence change in an organisation and the steps required to effect such organizational changes. Conversely, poor leadership can lead to the collapse of an organisation. This essay seeks to look at different leadership theories, the concept of leadership and how effective leadership effects organisational change. The Concepts of Leadership and Organisation Leadership is a multifaceted concept that has attracted heated debate regarding its origin. Different schools of thought offer different ideas on whether leadership is inherent or learned (Grint, 2004). The different schools might not agree on the origin of leadership but they do agree on the definition of a leader based on the role in an organisation. As such, a leader refers to a person who initiates the direction for a team in an organisation and who secures the team’s commitment to fulfil laid down goals (Grint, 2004). In addition, it is the duty of such an individual to motivate the team for better results in an organisation (Carneiro, 2002). Such a person has both authority and legitimate power to influence desired changes in an organisation. Precisely, a leader is an individual vested with authority and power to carry out roles in an organisation and who executes change through other people (Carneiro, 2002). How Leadership Theories Contribute To Effective Organisational Change Trait Theories This group of theories stress that effective leaders exhibit various features or traits. As such, various leadership traits still exist in writing and individuals who become assume leadership roles are encouraged to follow them. Such traits range from physical features, intellectual capabilities, personality characteristics as well as mannerisms and skills (Senior & Fleming, 2006). However, no combination of such traits can guarantee effective leadership (Benincasa
Joseph Wells argues that fighting fraud is an arduous and grueling process. Nonetheless, it is recommended to remain calm and courteous while dealing with con artists. Moreover, a smile is a useful instrument in the arsenal of the scam examiner. The great strategy for dealing with fraud cases is to make thorough preparation before questioning the suspect (Wells par. 2). To this end, the investigator should make full use of both public records and available web sources. Another suggestion Wells makes for a reader is to develop a “fraud theory” (Wells par. 4). He tells about an FBI agent who does not have any particular method for investigation and is not sure how to properly conduct it. This story provides the reader with a recommendation on proper methodology: unique characteristics of every case should be identified and examined in order to be able to either prove or reject a particular theory about a crime. Wells stresses that the need for overcomplicating a fraud case stems from the investigator’s lack of experience. He argues that even though conspiracies do exist, the majority of crimes are being committed by single individuals who desperately try to conceal them from their immediate social circle and the general public. Another Wells’ suggestion for the crime investigators is to manage their emotions and stay calm under pressure. He urges them against the desire to quickly solve a crime because it might put the investigator in jeopardy. Wells also recommends not to force people into revealing information and says that the “fruit of the poisonous tree” or the evidence obtained with the use of coercion tactics is illegal and therefore cannot be used. The writer argues that the main focus of the investigator should be on developing as many leads as possible instead of trying to solve a case. If they examine a sufficient number of documents and talk to a large enough number of people, then a crime “will solve itself” (Wells par. 9). Wells also stresses the importance of the CFE Code of Professional Ethics, specifically the restriction on providing opinions about someone being guilty or innocent (Wells par. 9). He argues that judgments about a case should stem only from the gathered evidence. The writer urges against relying on the discrepancies in accounting books and records as the sole indicators of a fraud. Instead, he recommends to treat them as instances of poor accounting and look for other evidence. Wells finishes his article with the recommendation to pay heed to what the founding fathers have intended when writing the Constitution, namely
Reaganomics The principles behind Reaganomics were based on trickle-down economics in conjunction with the theory of supply-side economics (Maier 124). With these policies, it was assumed that by eliminating a large portion of the amounts of money spent on social programming, it would be easy to reduce taxes in critical sectors of production and industry. Therefore, with these assumptions, the new regime levied fewer taxes on corporations (Maier 187). Another assumption was that once levies on corporations were reduced, the government would reduce expenses, which would then yield a significant increase in the bottom line. Consequently, it was assumed that companies would find it easy to use the freed-up capital to invest in product development and expansion of their businesses. On the other hand, it was assumed that by reducing the rate of taxation on wealthy people, funds would be freed up on the consumer side. In turn, this would allow an increase in spending and capital investment in corporations (Maier 239). The administration believed that this system would create synergy between tax breaks in combination with industrial development and capital investment and consumer spending. Moreover, it was assumed that once the synergy was achieved, it would lead to a reduction in the price level from the larger output. The ultimate result would be a “trickle-down” on the side of the average income-earner. The congress was encouraged to approve a 25% cut on taxation. This, among other tax legislation, allowed the government to proceed with the new policies. Also, the Congress was made to pass legislation requiring an increase in military spending, although it refused to pass the president’s motion proposing for a reduction in social programmings such as Medicare and social security funds. Reaganomics and its policies were different from the previous economic policies in the United States because they deviated from the traditions. It was largely market fundamentalism. It favored such initiatives as privatization, market liberalization, and independent centralization. The achievements of Reaganomics were both appreciatable and doubtable. For instance, the reduction in taxpayer rates increased deficits, with the national debt tripling from one trillion to three trillion dollars between 1982 and 1990. The economy first experienced a deep crisis between 1981 and 1982 but stabilized in 1983. Between 1983 and 1989, the economy boomed, with increased growth in capital investment and growth of the middle-income population. However, this economic rise is considered one of the factors that contributed to the economic crisis of the 21 st century. The 9/11 attacks and
Introduction The paper is claimed to dispute that PC and video games have a great deal to teach how to simplify learning, even in areas outside games. Good PC and video games are compound, exigent, and long; they may take 50 or more hours to be accomplished. If a game cannot be studied properly, then it will not succeed to be sold well, and the corporation that produces it may be subjected to the breakdown. Shortening games down is not a variant, as most enthusiastic gamers do not want short or simple games. Therefore good games have to include good learning standards in the asset of which they get themselves well examined. Game exclusives create on each other’s achievements and, in a kind of Darwinian procedure, good games come to reproduce yet better and better studying standards. The claim that video games are suitable for learning does not signify that people should retort to video games for learning in and out of schools. It is also necessary to note that people should use the learning principles grounded into good games in and out of schools even if the games are not used. These learning attitudes can be implemented into lots of various curricula. Learning in Games First of all, it should be stated, that game design entails modeling human contacts within compound virtual worlds, entailing the learning process as an integral part of these contacts. This is not unlike design examination in edifying psychology where investigators create new forms of contacts linked to learning in classrooms, investigate such contacts to better realize how and why they lead to profound studying, and, then finally broadcast them across a great many classrooms. In high-quality open-ended games, games like The Elder Scrolls, Morrowind, Arcanum, Deus Ex 2, Mercenaries, Grand Theft Auto, and many more, gamers also set up their own aims, grounded on their own wishes, approaches, and backdrops. The gamer must then apply these individual aims to the virtual personage and must take into account the affordances in the virtual world (psych out the ruling scheme) so as to get these individual aims realized along with the virtual character’s more clearly “in-game” aims. Some researchers argue, that the virtual world of games helps people start thinking broader, and feel the life one would never live. It helps to view the world with different eyes. For Instance, in The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind, a player may choose to avoid heavy armor and lots of hostility in favor of influential skills, craftiness, and magic, or the player can appoint in lots of face-to-face battles in heavy armor. The player may carry out a linear succession of missions set by the designers or can create his or her own quests. In Grand Theft Auto, the gamer can be evil or not (as the g
Singapore is a city-state island nation that is one of the wealthiest and most developed cities on the planet based in high-income economy and has been seeing almost consistent economic growth. Singapore’s rise to wealth is associated with its advanced technological infrastructure and high-tech industries such as pharmaceuticals, petroleum refinement, and technology development that utilize it. The local economy is a free-market economy with the highest per-capita income in ASEAN also due to skilled labor, with strong motivations from labor to participate in the workforce. Politically, Singapore is a low-risk country, with a stable involved government. Corruption is strongly persecuted. It is a Democratic nation, but there are some concerns of free speech restrictions for opposition. Government invests into a diverse economy and is strongly interested in maintaining Singapore’s prosperity (The Heritage Foundation, 2021). Singapore’s population is 5.69 million, of which 1.65 million are expats and non-residents. The country is multiracial, with ethnic Chinese (76.2%) and Malays (15%) being the top ethnicities. Malay and English are the two official languages of Singapore, with an extremely high literacy rate in the country. Like many Eastern nations, the culture is based in traditional family values. However, since Singapore is such an ‘international’ city, it has strongly adopted the Western culture which has raised the purchasing power from consumers. Technological advancement is a strong foundation to Singapore’s growth. Both at commercial and government levels, investments into new technology are made to improve the lives of its citizens. It has one of the highest rates of internet penetration in the world with broadband service available almost everywhere. Due to developed IT infrastructure, many international companies have set up hubs in Singapore. Regulation in Singapore is also very favorable for business as the country seeks to support critical industry development. The country has a Western-style legal system and does not have repressive legislation (The Heritage Foundation, 2021). Finally, from an environmental standpoint, Singapore is a strong leader. It seeks to maintain healthy air quality and a high level of green vegetation despite being such a dense megapolis. The city and local businesses are also investing in green and sustainable technologies to power Singapore into the future.
Introduction In huge worldwide river basins, like the Tisza River Basin with its 157,000 km 2 catchment area and 15 transboundary “first-order tributary” rivers, the water – end ecological matters to be solved including almost every possible type of water reserve organization, water contamination control, and aquatic-ecological protection/ conservation issues that the communities and the scientists have found out so far. Of this huge figure and type of matters (argued in profound particulars in the pertinent project statements), a set of the most pressing ones had been chosen and within those the explanation of which can be maintained by computer modeling means. These means, when collected together, might be recalled the “real-life-scale incorporated catchment reproductions,” as named in the sub-title of the Project. Lots of attempts were, and are being, made international, but very few real-life-scale, large catchment-size functions, with the notion of reaching actual organization-support level, are known. The major issue is probably that the tools are far more enhanced than the databases. This later is due to the universal lack and accessibility of information, which could maintain the use of incorporated replicas. The likely solution to this problem is the development of a set of module-like modeling tools and adjoining databases, which can supplely be created, adapted to definite needs and information. Figure 1. The basin-wide model system. Sophisticated models for selected sub-basins. Technological and economic objectives Transnational water resource management and environmental protection matters are of major anxiety internationally. In Europe, this anxiety is noticeably augmented upon the disastrous trans-national cyanide and heavy metal contamination catastrophes of the year 2000 in the Tisza River Catchment. The scarcity of sufficiently clean water resources and the dangers faced by the regionally (and possibly internationally) unique freshwater wetland bio networks intensified the matters. These are the main causes why the Tisza River Basin was chosen as the only catchment of any project. Another reason is the size (157,200 km 2 ) of the catchment and its exceptional geographical position. The Tisza basin is located almost precisely in the geographical center of Europe and crosses the near-future boundary of the European Union. The outstanding natural ecological values, the tremendous hazards of both the excess and scarcity of water, the multiple hazards of dispersing and point source contamination, the clicking time-bomb of further potential accidents, and the very high all-European political, social, and financial anxieties uncomplicatedly describe the objectives of the Project: To help to save the water resources and ecological values with the help of integrated catchment management tools and to secure the sustainable use of the resources of the Tisza River Basin. Since very few (if any) really successful and efficient integrated management and decision support modeling case studie
Introduction The world has undergone a harsh economic slump. The crash is a recession that has not been experienced for decades. This has had an impact on entrepreneurship. Opportunities and challenges have been realized by industrialists due to the economic situation. Small businesses over the years have been known to thrive in uncertain economic situations. Large organizations require large costs to run as opposed to smaller ones. In an economic recession getting capital for large firms can be a huge challenge. The scarcity of finance results in costs cut which affects the profitability of a firm. Employees who are retrenched usually turn to small home based businesses as they require less capital inputs. Small start ups in the home do not have predetermined operating costs. This makes them easier to venture into with less financial risks (Holden1). Body Entrepreneurs have had significant impact on economies of countries and regions. However, the current economic situation has had an effect on their work. A mix of opportunities and challenges are presented by the financial state of affairs. To restore the economy entrepreneurs need to have more novelty and create employment. This will largely depend on the policies provided for by the law (Moutray 7). Facebook is an example of a business that has grown due to increased policy development that favored its advancement. Development of the site took little capital inputs but has now emerged into an international social network site (Maharjan 2). The innovations by industrialists can impact the economy when supporting policies encourage the entrepreneur. The acceptance of policy formulation can impact innovations positively or negatively. In the case of taxes, license, and other regulations, they can add to the worries of small business people. The brunt will be felt more especially in these uncertain economic times. The entrepreneur will wish to cut costs, if given the opportunity, as much as possible. In order to keep up with the changing economic environment, development of skill sets is necessary. Increased skill sets are fundamental to continued growth of innovations and industrialization in the economy. The global economy needs a more revolutionized driving force as opposed to workers. This is a major test that has impacted many economies. In addition, skills production ought to be modern and relevant to economic needs (O’Hara & Webb 3). This will come with a cost which again can be tricky for businesses with the current financial state. Co-operation involving learning institutions and industries is impo
Firstly, the causation in criminal liability implies the understanding of whether the defendant could be considered as a cause of the damage (Brody and Acker 115). In turn, it is divided into factual and legal causation (Bacigal and Tate 32). The core goal of this essay is to evaluate different types of causation and introduce reforms for improvement. Factual causation implies that the damage could not have possibly occurred without the actions of the defendant (Bacigal and Tate 32). White’s case refers to the factual causation, as the defendant had the intention to murder his mother but was not the primary cause of it (“R v White” par. 1). Consequently, the law does not consider the necessity of punishment for the planning of the murder. In turn, Pagett’s case refers to the murder’s usage of the girl as a shield to protect himself from the fire (“R v Pagett ” par. 1). The police were the primary cause of the girls’ death, but it was considered as self-defense, and no factual causation was depicted. In turn, the law does not deliberate the possibility of the intervention of the third party. In turn, the legal causation implies that the defendant’s conduct is punishable due to legal recognition (Bacigal and Tate 32). In this case, Kimsey’s case states that two girls were racing a car, and it led to the death of one girl (Ashbourne College par. 7). The legal causation implied that one was responsible for death due to the legal matters despite having two individuals involved in the accident. In turn, the Addams’ case is also contradictive as the doctor prescribed the medications and it led to the death of the patient (“Dr. Bodkins Adams” par. 1). In this instance, the law did not consider the professional duties, as Addams was convic
Introduction Body Modification practices have been in existence for a long time but has only gained prominence in recent times. This can mostly be attributed to popularization by the media especially in the west. Today’s mass media promotes awareness of outward appearance and has the greatest influence in the promotion of excessive or unnecessary cosmetic surgery. These practices are characterized by serving no therapeutic purpose and are largely done for aesthetic purposes. Modifications come in the form of socially acceptable ones and those that are shunned by the majority of the community mostly due to their profane nature. While the practices are not uniform across all cultures, there exists some form of universal acceptability. Of particular interest is the role in which they play in society which ranges from ritualistic roles to identity roles. In this study, the factors that lead people into body modifications shall be addressed and the effects that come from these surgeries shall be discussed. Brief overview of body modification (cosmetic surgery) Body Modification such as cosmetic surgery is the alteration of one’s body deliberately for non-therapeutic purposes. This means that these modifications serve no medical purposes and are merely aesthetic or ritualistic in nature (Rush, 76). Various opinions are held regarding body modifications and the topic provoking impassioned emotions of admiration and rage from those that support as well as those that oppose it. Pitts notes that while some celebrate the practice as being a rich form of art, others condemn it for being socially problematic and for encouraging “self-mutilation” among society members (26). Causes of Excessive or Unnecessary Cosmetic surgery In the recent past, an interest in Body Modification has developed significantly in the west. The forms of body modifications that have enjoyed this resurgence are tattooing, plastic/cosmetic surgeries and excessive piercings. This occurrence can be attributed to the issue of self identity which has been prevalent on man’s mind since the Stone Age days. Featherstone attributes body modification practices to the need to “take control of one’s body” and hence make a statement or create a unique identity for oneself (17). Body modification ranges from socially acceptable practices such as piercings to unacceptable practices such as self mutilation or deformation (Featherstone 19). Racism and prejudice are among the most common causes of excessive body modifications. Somet