ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The article Abortion: Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973) that will be discussed in the following report concerns the problem of abortion and abortion laws based on a few instances that were brought to the court. This specific subject was probably chosen because the topic of abortion has always been one of the most discussed and controversial in the contemporary society. In addition, the Roe v. Wade was a landmark and outstanding decisions of the U.S. Court in which it rules that the Constitution protects the rights of women and allows them to choose whether to have an abortion or not without any governmental intrusion. By taking as an example the Roe v. Wade case, it was highlighted that “central issue of the abortion cases involved the weighing of the woman’s right to personal privacy which encompasses the right to terminate her pregnancy against the right to life of the fetus” (“Abortion,” 1973, p. 395). For this reason, the article is essential from the point of analysis and understanding of the problem. Based on the content of the article, it can be stated that the main question that the author is trying to answer is why women should have full freedom in deciding whether they want to do an abortion or not. By discussing the case in detail and explaining the decision of the U.S. Court, the article gives an insight into “certain procedural requirements contained in abortion statutes.” (“Abortion,” 1973, p. 396) Furthermore, it analyzes different trimesters and their role in determining the freedom of the woman and the involvement of the doctor. Thus, the article was generally discussing the reasons why women should be granted permission to do an abortion, thy these decisions are challenging for the Court, and on what they base their choices. Methods of Collecting Data It should primarily be mentioned that this article simply discusses a specific issue and analyzes it in details. The study does not include any participants, does not conduct interviews, and does not observe any certain groups of individuals. Thus, the process of collecting and organizing data was already simplified for the author at the very beginning. They focused on the independent research that was not influenced by any experiments or opinions. The author collected their data by accessing various other academic sources and existing cases that were ruled but the U.S. Court. By carefully reading and analyzing them, they were able to enrich the created article with interesting and insightful information. This information perfectly explained the issues of abortion and different details that are involved in making the decision about terminating the life of a fetus. Talking about the contextual factors, it should be noted that t
Foundations of the SBA theory: Pre-(to) Mid 20th century Psychotherapy perceived as a forum during which the therapist deciphered a client’s problem and then proceeded to solve it with expert psychological theories and skill. Emphasis was laid on the problem and the causes, which were believed to stem from troubled childhoods and so the patient stored them in the deep recesses of his or her psyche. This theory informed most of the treatment procedures aimed at retrieving thoughts from the sub-conscious e.g. hypnosis, dream analysis and interpretation, drugs and other projective techniques. Therapy was usually long and unfocussed in that it lacked pragmatism and definite goals. Patients went for therapy for decades without noticing any major developments partly because they did not know what improvements to look out for. In this era, the dominant psycho-therapeutic procedure was that which was established by Sigmund Freud that divided the mind into three parts, the conscious, the subconscious and the ego. The thoughts believed to cause psychological issues resided in the subconscious and the best way to retrieve these was by ensuring the subject was unconscious then the therapist would tap into their mind using various extraction techniques including hypnosis and dream harvesting. Foundations: Middle of 20th century and beyond Therapists and patients alike soon began to seek better ways of issuing and accessing therapy that was brief, goal-oriented and pragmatic. Behaviorism took root as it was distinguished from psychoanalysis since it emphasized on intervening in concrete observable behaviors. Albert Ellis founder of the more pragmatic Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) postulated that psychological problems were caused by irrational beliefs held by patients and if these beliefs could be identified and discarded and replaced with more rational ones, the problem would be solved. William James (1842-1910) is known as the father of pragmatism. He believed that people are creators of reality and that if therapists stopped focusing on explaining and predicting truth and instead focused on identifying what works, they would be way ahead. It soon became apparent that these methods were ineffective especially because patients were subjected to years of therapy without any visible healing taking place. The patients themselves began to discredit the psychotherapy and those that were desperate learned how to ‘be’ their diagnosis: so that it appears that treatment halted upon establishment of the problem. Nevertheless, this ‘problem-identification’ is dubious at best because it was established on the basis that all problems stemmed from disturbed childhoods. The theory did not consider that perhaps the problems were simply manifestations of bad behaviors presently. Behaviorism came as a neo-solutio
Introduction Miller-Cochran & Rodrigo explain that warrants are “ideas, concepts, and beliefs that connect reasons and evidence to the claim” (186). Yagelski & Miller discuss that “facts/statistics, personal experience, authority, and values are the commonly used types of evidence” (92). Lin uses facts, personal experience, and values. He derives statistics used in the argument from personal experience. He does not use authority such as expert judgment. A strong point Sympathy expressed by the public towards grieving families and Cho Seung will not avert future killing rampages. Lin argues that sympathy would not “effectively prevent future killing rampages” (par. 2). Sympathy does not affect the source of the problem. Lin explains that the source is found in areas that have been neglected. Lin uses an illustration where someone “signs a note causing someone to tell someone to press the button that launches the rocket” (“Context and Goals” par. 2). Sympathy in this illustration deals with the person that pressed the button. As a result of ignoring the sources of alienation, sympathy is ineffective. Weak point Lin makes a weak argument that a person who wants to reduce human suffering must avoid all mainstream media outlets. Lin proposes that one should ignore “all mainstream media, pretty much, any newspaper, and almost every website” (“Perspective” par. 1). When a person ignores all these media outlets, he/she is unlikely to be aware of suffering unless it happens only to them. Someone is unlikely to change what he/she is unaware of. Logos on the argument Lin uses an enthymeme on anger. Enthymeme uses a major premise and minor premises to conclude (Yagelski & Miller 84). The major premise generalizes that “anger means wanting to destroy something in concrete reality” (“Anger” par. 1). A minor premise suggests that “pain/suffering does not exist in concrete reality” (“Anger” par. 1). From the statements used by Lin, it can be concluded that “destroying people does not affect the existence of suffering” (“Anger” par. 1). Suffering from anger is an abstraction. It can only be reduced by eliminating intangible causes. Lin supports his claims with warrants. Miller-Cochran & Rodrigo discuss that warrants are assumptions used to reinforce the credibility of claims (188). Lin argues that death can make him sad only if “it happened to someone whose concrete existence affected his daily life” (“Sympathy” par. 1). He follows the argument that by saying that “Kurt still exists for me as much as he did a month before he died” (“Sympathy” par. 1). This cla
Introduction Students of world history face a great deal of problem with the term ancient world partly because it traces its origin from western historical thought. The narrow perspective with which this term has been treated to has confined ancient history to the period from the rise of civilization in South West Asia and Egypt to the collapse of Roman Civilization (Andrea and Overfield, 2009). This research paper will make a comparison between ancient Societies in Mesopotamia and ancient societies in Africa like the Ancient Egypt. Much emphasis will be laid on politics, economy, and religion. Comparison of Politics, Economy, and Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt Civilization in Egypt began by around 3000 B.C. when Egypt was enjoying the trade and civilization influence from Mesopotamia. However, civilization in Egypt was quite different from that in Mesopotamia. This was because Egypt had a tightly knit political organization and values. This has made Egypt to be better known than Mesopotamia despite the fact that Mesopotamia was richer in subsequent heritage than Egypt. In Mesopotamia, civilization sprung from the River-Valley and spread throughout the entire Middle East where as in Egypt, the origin and decline of civilization focused on the River Nile and the surrounding deserts. This improved the Egyptian culture since River Nile was regarded as a source of blessings rather than plight occasioned by raging floods. In fact, civilization in Egypt got inspired by the Sumerians where a distinctive pattern soon characterized the religious practices and the politics. The Egyptians started farming by about 5000 B.C and this sped up the pace of economic development in this region such that by the year, 3200 BC, it was an established civilization. The rise in economic growth was because of the trade that Egypt was doing with other regions like Mesopotamia. After regional kingdoms had been formed, the curtain came down on pre-civilization and large government units were established which never passed through the city-state phase despite the fact that Pharaoh Narmer had to conquer myriad petty locals kings around 3100 B.C. Compared to Mesopotamia, Egypt had fewer political upheavals because of the unity that arose from the course of the Nile River. Egyptian politics was relatively authoritarian and centralized with respect to the politics of Mesopotamia. The Akkhadian Empire in the Mesopotamia was led by one Sargon who became its ruler in 2270 BC. The kingdom crumbled in 2083 BC due to invasion by the Gutians. After this, there was the resurgence of the Sumerian Kingdom around 2050 BC. It lasted up to 2004 BC when Sumer fell to invasion by Elamites. The third d
Life and death dictate everyone’s lives: life because it leads to death and death because it is inevitable. To understand the modern treatment of death an analysis of modernist poetry is important. Wallace Stevens and T.S. Elliot were both modernist poets and hope to bring a change in society. “Sunday Morning” and “The Hollow Men” give insight into the notions of modernity concerning death. The title “Sunday Morning” implies the Christian holiday of Easter, “the holy hush of ancient sacrifice.” The main character of the poem contemplates the idea of death and religion. She is skipping out on going to Church and is enjoying and relaxing over breakfast when the thought of an “old catastrophe” encroaches upon her. She thinks about Christianity, the concept of divinity, and the ultimate perishing of all things human and nonhuman. She looks at her breakfast and the bird in front of her on a pathway towards entropy “winding across wide water, without sound.” She parallels this observation with her own life like “wide water, without sound, Stilled for the passing of her dreaming feet Over the seas, to silent Palestine, Dominion of the blood and sepulcher.” She is thinking about the concept of Eternal life in Christianity and that maybe she should go to Church because it is a supposed portal to escape being perished. Her thoughts go over to Palestine which is the grave site of Jesus and that it is “not the porch of spirits lingering.” She debates with herself the concept of divinity and whether it exists. Through the description of nature Stevens shows that nature has parts of heaven in it because it is cherished like certain aspects of heaven. She contemplates that if we view things differently we can view them as bridges and not barriers such as the sky which should be a bridge to divinity. The modern view of death depends on a person. According to her, the Christian belief is that the world is a place that keeps people from reaching divinity but she argues that the world should serve as a place that leads to divinity in heaven. She talks about birds and how they scan their territory and examine the area is like a human being looking into religion and finding reasons to believe in all the concepts or to go against them. She wonders what happens when someone decides or reaches the conclusion that there is no God. This would lead to the destruction of the idea of heaven and hell that define the lives of people so strictly. She says that although this could be a conclusion she still craves “an imperishable bliss”. The answer to all her questions is death. Everything perishes except death. People die, food rots, water evaporates and the seasons change. Death comes to everything except itself. The second answer is bliss because once a person fulfills and wish or a desire he puts an end to the initial desire. Fulfilling an idea kills desire henceforth fulfillment is a death too. She understands that to move on to the next life such as the one in paradise a person has to die first. She says that “death is the mother of be
CBPR (community-based participatory research) is a joint study of a particular problem where all the members of the partnership program work on analyzing the progress of all the stages of the research process. This approach makes it possible to achieve a comprehensive study of a set problem and helps each participant of the program introduce his or her contribution to the whole work. According to this article, one of the types of CBPR will be presented, displaying a successful and efficient medical intervention in the UAE for people with cancer. Principles and Benefits of CBPR A joint research is designed not only to provide useful and reliable information but also to build the capacity for participation among the members of the study (Hagginbottom & Liamputtong 2015, p. 167). The principles of CBPR include selecting participants who are willing to work on a specific issue, as well as collaborative discussing a particular issue. Also, another condition is the voluntary participation of citizens. The principle of free access is one of the fundamental ones. Difficulties that may arise in the course of work include the shortage of potential participants in the study. However, volunteers sometimes do not have sufficient knowledge and skills, and it may become an obstacle in a quick solution of the task. Working with cancer patients requires an individual approach, and despite the fact that generally the UAE healthcare system is rather advanced, there is also a certain percentage of the population here who suffers from this dangerous disease. Thus, the proposed CBPR aims at studying the problem of cancer with the involvement of everyone who is interested in improving the situation. It is important to convey to people the importance of this work, which is one of the key aspects of CBPR (Manganello & Jurkowski 2017, par. 1). The advantage of this approach is that significant issues are explored, and development programs are created jointly with citizens. In other words, people themselves together with researchers determine the essence of specific questions, to which they want to find answers. Ordinary citizens with scientists or an initiative group participate in gathering necessary information, and they propose what actions should be taken according to the information collected at the level of a particular city, emirate or country. Therefore, the primary benefit of such CBPR is its full openness and effectiveness in the fight against cancer, which is achieved through the joint work of many people. Epidemiology and Importance of the Problem Cancer treatment has always played a significant role in the health care of any country, including the UAE. As Salam (2015, p. 461) notes, both an extreme rise in temperature and an increasing number of industrial factories negatively influence the population. Health intervention may help correct the current situation; Freudenberg and Tsui (2014, p. 13) claim that collaborative work can lower a cancer risk from pollution from 100 cases per million to 25 cases per million. As epidemiological measures, it is necessary to c
Abstract The use of Foley catheter in ICU patients is an important predisposing factor to catheter related urinary tract infection. It is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. The aim of this thesis to review the literature regarding the practice problem of catheter related urinary tract infection and suggest how to develop evidence based practice plan to change the current strategy. The basic elements are to have a clear insight of indications of insertion. Reducing the period of catheter insertion and the use of close system for urine collection are essential simple steps towards better results. A multidisciplinary team should be in charge of planning evidence-based practice change of strategy, performing preintervention study, getting an internal board approval and performing a pilot postintervention study to judge the potential success of the plan. Introduction and background Nosocomial infections (acquired during hospital stay) represent a major threat to patient safety. Infections induced by devices such as ventilator associated pneumonia, and catheter induced urinary tract infections are serious for patients in special settings like the ICU (Rosenthal and others, 2006). Before discussing the practice problem of Foley catheter related urinary infections, appreciation should be given to the volume of the problem and recognize its definition. Saint and colleagues, 2002, stated that catheter related hospital acquired infections are the most common iatrogenic infection seen in ICUs in the US. They assumed that it accounts for 31% of nosocomial infections, the daily incidence of bacteruria because of urinary catheterization is between 3 – 10% and 3% of these patients show bacteremia. They showed that each symptomatic case of hospital-acquired catheter related urinary tract infection (UTI) costs extra $676, and each case of hospital-acq
Nothing soothes the soul like music. This is the reason why music has been used during all kinds of occasions in life. During wars, music was used to lift the soldiers’ spirits in readiness for war, in victories of all kinds, music has been used to express the amount of joy felt by the victors. In sorrow, music has also been used to console the bereaved as exhibited by dirges during funerals. Above all, music has also been used to appease gods and give praise and during periods of worship. Due to the various occasions that music has been used, there have arisen various forms of music. One of the most widely known music is classical music. Classical music can be termed as one of the oldest music genres to exist. It has its roots back in times during the medieval period. It then transformed into a newer form of it during the renaissance period. Each era saw a change of the form of classical music running through all the important historical eras running through the baroque period, then the classical period, followed by the romantic era, and eventually the contemporary period (thinkquest, 2008). Classical music is made up of several genres. Among them is orchestral music. This form of classical music has is an ensemble of many instrumentalists. The instruments used in modern classical music have their origin in the Baroque period of the 1600s. It was marked by string instruments which are cellos, dou
Introduction I am a teacher, who handles students in a pre-school class. Due to the nature of my career, I interact with students from diverse backgrounds and ethnicities. In my class, five students are Hispanic, four of them are Asian, three are African, and ten are white. The interracial nature of my class exposes my students to a wide range of cultures and races from various parts of the world. From the setting that my class demonstrates, it is evident that there is a dire need for them to be acquainted with lessons on culture and its diversities. In addition, to the unique interracial and multicultural setting of my class, the young students come from families that have varying religious orientations that comprise Islam, Christian, and Buddhism. It is within this context that the essay explains the essence of teaching all students on the aspects of culture and its diversities. My lesson plan focuses on educating all the students about culture and its diversities. Fundamentally, all students regardless of their race, economic status, and religious backgrounds need to understand the importance of various cultural orientations that different students display in school. To avoid confusion and conflict among students in my class, I have to educate them on the components of culture. The need to educate my students on the components of culture transpires from the fact that the varying cultures demonstrated by these students often result in confusion since each student views what others do as wrong or right. It is vital to note that as the trainer I have to create a productive environment that facilitates interaction and exchange of ideas among the students. By creating an interactive and productive environment, I will be in a good position to ascertain the various perspectives held by my students. Using the platform, I will easily and conveniently educate the students on various aspects of culture regardless of their ethnic backgrounds, economic status, and religious orientations. Learning Style and Instructional Needs for My Students Some of the styles that I will utilize include auditory, kinesthetic, and visual activities. Using auditory style, I will tell stories and show movies to the students on issues that increase unity and love among them. The stories and movies will be used in the process of developing a song, which will be the main idea used to bring the students together. The stories and films will focus on elements from various regions in the world. By sharing stories and films from various parts of the world, the importance of appreciating various cultures will be practical in the minds of my students. Besides the use of the auditory style, I will also employ and combine visual activities and kinesthetic learning styles. The activities will comprise drawings, the use of symbols, images, and photographs from various parts of the