ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
America has witnessed an ever increasing popularity in the use of self-help books especially by those with psychological disorders. Psychiatrists have also resorted to the use of bibliotherapy treatment besides their usual therapy sessions. Bibliotherapy can be defined as the use of various self-help books in the treatment of physical or psychological disorders (Redding, 2008). This paper seeks to summarize the contents of the article by Richard E. Redding, ‘ Popular Self-Help Books for Anxiety, Depression, and Trauma: How Scientifically Grounded and Useful Are They?’ It will highlight the results, implications of the findings, and the recommendations for authors as well as the consumers of self-help books. Researchers have tried to explain why the use of self-help books has been increasing since the 19 th century through the 20 th century especially in the United States of America. Several self-help books dealing with various mental disorders have flooded the market due to the high demand (Redding, 2008). They are used mainly as self-administered treatment, hence providing a cost-effective alternative for professionally offered therapy. The persons with psychiatric disorders find it easier to implement a self-help program rather than the professionally administered treatment since it is free from shame and stigmatization (Redding, 2008). However, the diverse and popular use of this approach has been faced with skepticism concerning their usefulness and effectiveness. Those against the use of bibliotherapy cite their reasons which included; the difficulty in the administration of self-help techniques, the side effects of self-help efforts, and the unknown effectiveness of self-help books since there has not been any empirical test on them. On the contrary, those for the use of self-help books argue that the method is cost-effective, reaches a large number of people, can also help in the maximization of individuality through the reduction of over-reliance on professional treatment, and can as well serve both educative and preventive functions (Redding, 2008). In this article, psychological experts assessed the scientific grounding and importance of bibliotherapy by using 50 currently popular self-help books. The books have been designed for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and or trauma. Well laid out methods of measurements were employed by the experts in the study. The raters in the study were well versed with the disorders under investigation since they all hold doctoral degrees in their respective fields. This ensured effective collection of data from the participants. Credible results were obtained on internal consistencies of rating scales, characteristics of books used, individual book ratings, overall book ratings, relationships among subscal
Introduction The British Airways has experienced several challenges over the past. After incurring significant losses, it had ruined its reputation and it was considered not reliable (Campbell-Smith, 1986). In an attempt to salvage the organization, the management adopted a survival plan that was supposed to enable cost cutting. However, it failed to use collective bargaining. Several issues have also been highlighted in its management procedures. The use of threats by the management in order to forcefully cut down the employees’ salaries led to strikes since the employees were not motivated. The dismissal of a significant number of employees also played a role in reducing job security and tainting its reputation. This paper will evaluate the British Airways as an airline in the U.K. aviation industry and propose certain aspects that could be emulated by the company based on the success of other airlines. The paper will also address the importance of culture for the success of an airline. Union power within the U.K. aviation industry The trade union movements in the U.K. were developed to fight for the socio-economical well being of the employees. However, the Margaret Thatcher’s government turned the tables around and made the lives of the employees miserable. It weakened the powers of the unions and made strikes illegal (Webb, 1920). This also had an effect on the union power of the aviation industry. With such limitations on the powers of the union, the employees did not have much say on the decision of the company. In case they felt that some of their needs were not being met, they had trouble airing them. When they attempted to air their views, they were either threatened or sacked. This had adverse effects on the success of the airlines since the employee/s were not motivated to work effectively. Consequently, this means that the employees would not deliver the services to the expectations of the customers and this has negative effects on the success of the company since it does not have the ability to sustain its customers. One of the airlines that suffered a lot from this is the British Airways (Campbell-Smith, 1986). Reasons behind the history of industrial unrest at British Airways British Airways had incurred great losses earlier and this had cost its reputation. This was in the early 1980s. Its reputation for reliability became poor and it could not be trusted to deliver as it did before. In addition, its costs were much more when compared to the other airlines. Privatisation became the option for the organization and in order to prepare for this, they decided to recruit new managers. The Thatcher government had believed that this would help bring back the company to its feet. The British Airways then decided to focus its efforts on adding value as its business strategy. This was to be in terms of putting customer service as a priority. This was greatly to depend on the development of the activities of its hu
Introduction Whaling has been condemned and any commercial activity related to whaling has been banned in most areas. However, the whales are still hunted despite the ban. There are still a few countries which still kill thousands of whales each year. The ban has been done internationally but not upheld in many countries. Since 1989, it is estimated that over 37, 200 whales have been killed. This is ironical because this has happened when the ban on whale hunting is still effective. Whaling problem: why is it unethical? Whales have been killed in large numbers across the world and if the trend continues, the animals are likely to be pushed to extinction. The International Whaling Commission put a ban on commercial whaling in 1986 but people still hunt them. Statistics has it that about one thousand whales are killed every year (Kalland, 2009). The major countries in whaling activity are Japan, Norway, and Iceland and they do so despite the restrictions put in place. Japan insists that whales are killed for scientific research while Iceland does it purely for profit. The whale population has declined over years due to commercial whaling. Some species are near extinction. The rules set in place to protect them have made several of them come back but they are still endangered. One of the factors which make whaling unethical is the disruption that is cause in the oceans. The disruption causes death of many ocean organisms which play a major role in the ecosystem. It causes hazards such as ocean noise, ship strikes, and pollution among others which are crucial to ocean ecosystem (Mulvaney, 2003). The other factor is that whales are big animals and they take time to die while shot. The people doing whale businesses will shoot the whales but they take even hours before they die. This exposes them to a lot of pain. It is unlikely to strike and kill a whale instantly. The huge animals would linger for agonizing hours before it dies. This makes the whole act inhum
This is a case involving Emily, a five-year old female student with eye disabilities. Emily has successfully completed her pre-school studies and is about to start her kindergarten soon, where she would be expected to participate in general education with typical peers. Children like Emily who have visual impairments are characterized with various academic and behavioral problems. In most cases, these problems can be too bothersome, to the extent of interfering with the normal lives of the victims. However, there are assistive technologies that can be used to address inappropriate behaviors linked to low vision, and this plays a key role in making life easier for the victims. Some of the common academic and behavioral issues that Emily and other visually-impaired children are likely to show include short attention span, poor academic performance, lack of self-confidence, and difficulty understanding. Young children with vision issues are at risk of serious problems, unless the appropriate intervention measures aligned with their conditions are administered (Beard, Carpenter, & Johnston, 2011). In this regard, parents and teachers should always play a key role in identifying the behavior problems that may be associated with visually-impaired children, and try to facilitate the most necessary interventions in enhancing the social success of these children. In most cases, these interventions are in the form of assistive technologies that do play important role in improving the functional capabilities of such children. For the purpose of this particular case, there are various assistive technologies that can be applied to help Emily participate in normal school activities. Some of these assistive technologies would include things like magnification technology, auditory-based assistive technology, and speech-based technology, among others. Magnification hardware and software are convenient tools that can be used to help visually-impaired learners cope with the normal classroom atmosphere (Abner & Lahm, 2002). These tools operate like magnifying glasses, and they move automatically over pages to enable learners read books and charts without straining their eyes. A computer would be necessary for the application of this program, whereby students apply the knowledge of Braille input to access and use the computer keyboard for input purposes. In this context, users apply specialized software and hardware to zoom the size of learning items and materials to a size which is visible to them. A good example of magnification software programs is the Zoom Text. Auditory-based assistive technology would also be of great help to Emily as she starts her lessons in the kindergarten. As the name implies, these technologies are forms of sound systems. The implementation of these systems is quite easy, even for learners as young as Emily. Examples of auditory-based t
Introduction It is observed that evolution of charitable organizations in terms of the fact that they inure for the benefit of the community, or the public good. Again it is seen that charitable organizations need to have office-bearers who are sincere and honest and committed to the welfare and betterment of the charitable organization. This, it is seen that the onus of superintendence, direction, and control of the activities of the charitable organization are also important considerations that need to be kept in mind. The main objective of duty of obedience is to ensure and maintain that the performance of the trustee in so far as the usage of trust funds are concerned, are in line with the objectives assigned by the donors and need to conform with applied needs of beneficiaries, or for the public good. If this is not possible, it is incumbent upon the trustees to seek application of cy pres norms for the trust funds, in keeping with the best interests of beneficiaries, and according to the desire of donors. The meaning of charitable trusts has evolved, signifying changing circumstances of the value systems that inure for public benefit. It is seen that a lot of laws also impinge upon the conduct of operations in charitable organizations. It is also seen that in the event of any discrimination on racial grounds, it is well within the powers to disallow tax exemptions to charitable agencies. The course that this study would be taking would be first in terms of examining and analyzing the Traditional Application of Trust Model, after which the trending model of for-profits charitable institutions would be taken up. Next, it is proposed to take up governance and regulation of net profit charitable organizations. After which, the analysis and interpretations of the study would be taken up and finally the conclusion would recommend the best course of action that could possibly be taken regarding charitable organizations. Traditional Application of Trust Model First of all, it would be necessary to define the meaning of the term “duty of obedience” according to the norms of a charitable organization which means “an expectation that a board member remains obedient to the central purposes of the organization and respects all laws and legal regulations” governing it. 1 Thus it is seen that the duty of obedience demands that the board members should be dedicated to the achievement of the company‘s mission. They are not supposed to act in such a manner that is not goal congruent, and it is also important that the endeavors need to be consistent with the missions of the unit. Kurtz has emphasized that there are current needs for duty of obedience by the trustee towards the objectives of the charitable trust, besides that of loyalty and care. The Trustees are under covenant to carry out the terms and conditionality of the trustee in congruence with the deemed requirement of the trust donors. 2 Thus, it is necessary that trustees act in the best interests of the donors about monies at their dis
On pp. 176-177, Pill talks about the OET. What is the Universe of Generalization for the OET speaking sub-test? In the context of the article, the universe generalization for the OET Speaking sub-test measures is the overall effectiveness of communication and expressing thoughts clearly in professional settings. Simultaneously, it emphases matters such as intellectuality, appropriateness of vocabulary and grammar, and the ability to use phrases in a particular context (Pill 176). In your own words (don’t quote!), what is meant by “indigenous criteria”? Indigenous criteria are the principles and concepts, which are used to measure language proficiency and their applicability in different situations such as business, medicine, and social studies. In this case, focusing on a particular sphere helps evaluate whether the participant of the test has the required skills to pursue a career in the specific field. What inference in the validity argument does Pill’s study address? Briefly explain your answer Overall, Pill’s study addressed the fact that establishing general criteria for the language proficiency testing might not be considered as relevant for the representatives of different professions. In this case, the study vehemently referred to the matter that the communicative skills and understanding of the vocabulary usage have to be studied separately to propose relevant indigenous criteria and enhance the level of validity of the research. What was the purpose of the workshops with health professionals? The initial goal of the study was to determine the criteria, which were highly important during the medical consultation, and, in this case, the information was gathered from the health professionals with the help of the workshops. Consequently, the primary reason for using this method was the ability of the participants to identify the key components with the assistance of real-life examples and highlight the required skills. Why did Pill conduct separate workshops for doctors and nurses? Despite the similarities between nurses’ and doctor’s functions and duties, these professionals might have different expectations about the process and dissimilar skills for conducting a consultation. Furthermore, having these groups in one workshop might bias the findings of the research due to the clash of interests and different educational backgrounds. On p. 184 in Figure 1, Pill shows the relationship between the various themes. What is the relationship between Interactional tools and Clinical skills / Communication skills / Practitioner skills? The interactional tools such as clear expression and paraphrasing highly referred to the non-verbal communication (communicational skills) and the ability to ask a right question from the patient to define the content of the consultation (clinical skills) (Pill 184). Simultaneously, using th
Abstract Security work in and around airports and wildlife control is a critical component in the aviation industry. The penetration of birds and animals into the airport territory can lead to undesirable and dangerous consequences. To avoid them, relevant scientific materials and articles of scientists were studied. Articles contained information that could be useful. The topic of wildlife control and security in airports is quite relevant and justified. Statement of the Project The main purpose of the paper is to describe possible ways to protect and control the airport area from wild animals and birds that are potentially dangerous to the safety of passengers and can disrupt the flight regime. The type of project is a research work, the essence of which is to analyze the available literature and to critically evaluate the information found in the process of work. The paper will describe eleven Program Outcomes of the course and present relevant information. The degree is the Bachelors of Science in Aeronautics. Introduction The topic of the research paper is as follows: “Wildlife Control in and Around Airports.” Research in this area is quite important and relevant. The safety of passengers and all the equipment in airports largely depends on how well the security services are coping with their duties and can restrict access of wild animals to the zone of the runway territory. Procedures for the paper development will be using data collection, analysis, as well as critical thinking, will be utilized. The project will cover the scope of all civil aviation airports, regardless of size or importance, and will describe the ways of improving wildlife control around airports. Program Outcomes to be Addressed Critical Thinking “The student will show evidence of knowledge at a synthesis level to define and solve problems within professional and personal environments” ( ERAU , 2015, p. 12). Due to such an analysis, recommendations on how to minimize the effect of these incursions will be made. The data and information to be analyzed will come from the general sources by Dolbeer and Franklin (2013), Scheideman et al. (2017), Sheridan et al. (2015). Quantitative Reasoning “The student will show evidence of the use of digitally-enabled technology & analysis techniques to interpret data for the purpose of drawing valid conclusions and solving associated problems” ( ERAU , 2015, p. 14). The source of the data will be the article written by Sheridan et al. (2015). As one of the fundamental sources
Introduction to Assessment The book under consideration is called ‘The Western Heritage (10th) edition. Volume II: Since 1648’ by Donald M. Kagan , Steven Ozment, and Frank M. Turner. The book unveils a compelling history of the Western heritage since 1648. The author did a great job by simply telling the reader the most important thing he/she dhould know about the human beings – their history. Moreover, the voice of the author and the entire chapters’ development is presented in the most fluent way so that you do not really notice the time span. Sentences flow seamlessly along uncovering the social, cultural, and political history in a chronological order just so the reader can understand and learn everything step-by-step. Due to the professionally presented information, we can easily follow the significant developments that took place during specific historical period. Historical Value Gradually we get to know about the powerful influence of globalization on the century and its culture in general, about the relationships between Islamic world and the Western culture; and the most interesting is how the role of women emerged and developed throughout centuries from the source of Western Civilization until nowadays. The book is a precious heritage in terms of historical writing, indeed. It covers a huge period in history within eighteen c
Introduction Stereotypes are virtually present in any social group because they form part of the social identities that people assign each other basing on beliefs, norms, traditions, and physical features. Fundamentally, stereotypes are attributes that people assign to specific groups of people depending on their social, cultural, traditional, and physical attributes. In essence, stereotypes are erroneous attributes that people have assigned unto others for purposes of identification. Stereotypes can be positive or negative depending on the attributes that they assign on to the people. Positive stereotypes assign good attributes while negative stereotypes assign bad attributes. According to McGarty, Yzerbyt, and Spears, perception of positive and negative stereotypes is subjective because negative attributes of the majority tend to be negative, whereas positive attributes of the minority tend to be positive (12). The existence of positive stereotypes benefits members of a given group because they identify good attributes and provide social recognition. Moreover, positive stereotypes are beneficial because they motivate group members to perform well by nurturing their positive attributes. However, positive attributes hurt members of a group because they distort reality and alienate people in the society. In this view, positive stereotypes are not only beneficial, but also hurtful depending on how a given group takes them. Therefore, this begs a question: Are positive stereotypes beneficial? Backg