ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The so-called no-self or anatman is among the key concepts in Buddhism. Along with other ideas about reality and illusion, the non-existence of the unchangeable self-distinguishes the Buddhist religion from numerous religious movements that recognize the human soul as something immortal and integral. When teaching no-self, the Buddha negated the presence of the permanent self, recognizing this idea as illusory, causing pain, and thus, complicating liberation from attachments. In his teachings, the Buddha used the idea of no-self to disprove the logical consistency of seeing people as creatures that are independent in terms of perception and knowledge. According to Gethin, the notion of the self is criticized in Buddhism not in general, but about its particular features such as permanence (p. 135). The meaning of anatman can sometimes be understood in a simplified way just as the non-existence of the self. This definition does not reflect the notion’s complicated structure and the Buddha’s supposed goals. Accepting the notion of atman that is central to more idealist perceptions of reality, one recognizes the existence of the self that possesses a few characteristics such as the inability to change and independence. In his conversations with monks devoted to the problem of the self and no-self, the Buddha did not mean that the former could not exist at all. Instead, only some features of atman such as its permanent nature were criticized regarding these ideas’ ability to produce unnecessary suffering. According to Majjhima Nikaya , the Buddha asked his students whether “body…feeling…recognition…volitions” were permanent, and they agreed that all of those things were impermanent and, therefore, capable of producing pain (qtd in Gethin, p. 137). With that in mind, by introducing the concept of no-self, the teacher wanted to criticize the idea of permanence in self-perception. As a separate idea, no-self is aimed at helping people to remove a significant barrier to achieving the key spiritual goal. In Majjhima Nikaya, the teacher makes the following conclusion based on impermanence and suffering: all things that people associate themselves with, be it the physical body or irrational feelings, have to be seen as “this is not mine, I am not this, this is not my self” (qtd in Gethin, p. 137). The understanding of things that are not permanent as the sources of suffering descends from the second truth of the Buddhist religion related to the destructive nature of attachment (Gethin, p. 138). The risks that any part of what we call “I” can change or disappear are extremely high, which can make people suffer when trying to achieve accuracy in their self-image. Trying to prevent his students from suffering and becoming dependent on numerous things they could mistake for themselves, the teacher introduced the concept being discussed. In Buddhis
Financial issues and ways to overcome the problem Financial decision-making is crucial for private, public, and non-profit organizations alike. Balancing the needs of the business and the funds available is important to avoid exceeding the budget and accounting for unnecessary expenditures. As a non-profit children’s hospital, my agency has to be very careful when it comes to financial decision-making. Prioritizing the current needs of the hospital is the main tool used for decisions on spending. Therefore, in my agency, the spending is based on need. For instance, if there is a request for new machines or other equipment, the head of the department or unit must provide a rationale for his or her request and explain the need for funding. The rationale is then evaluated by the management, and a needs analysis is performed to determine if the request would fulfill the needs of patients, staff, or the organization. Ensuring that all spending is need-based can help to avoid unnecessary spending, whereas reviewing and evaluating funding requests assists in preventing purchases based on emotion or individual perception. The common financial problems of Public Safety Agencies The goal of any organization, regardless of its size, aims, or type, needs to be able to provide high-quality services or products in order to stay profitable and fulfill its goals. When it comes to public organizations, the pressure to provide valuable services is high. People have many expectations regarding the work of public organizations, and failure to meet the public’s expectations could cause problems or affect the agency’s reputation. At the same time, public organizations might not always have full access to the financing required for continuous improvement. Thus, public safety leaders face an important challenge of maintaining a balance between providing valuable services and avoiding excessive spending. The critical concepts to be considered include cost-efficiency, strategic planning, and needs assessment. One of the ways that public safety leaders could address financial planning is by conducting regular evaluations to determine cost-efficiency of their organizations. Ideally, an increase in spending should lead to improved performance outcomes. Therefore, cost-efficiency tests could help to determine past mistakes in funding and help redistribute the budget to make the spending more effective. For example, if a company increased its HR expenses by hiring more professionals, but performance measures remained the same, it might be worth looking at distributing funds to other areas of organizational functioning, such as technical capacity, innovation management, and others. Similarly, in public safety agencies, cost-efficiency analysis can indicate both past mistakes and current issues that have to be addressed through financial planning. By ensuring that the spending is efficient, the leaders can achieve and maintain a balance between expenditures and service quality. Strategic planning is another concept th
Abstract The Acts of apostles was written by Luke as a continuation of the book of the Gospel according to Luke. It aims at telling how Jesus’ early followers, inspired by the Holy Spirit spread the Good news about him. The book of Acts of Apostles is written as a history of the early church and it shows how the church grew and spread from Jerusalem to the whole of the Roman Empire. Luke wrote an orderly account of the events that had unfolded during the time of Christ and after his ascension of his Roman friend Theophilus, a well respected government official. He hoped that by giving him an accurate, eyewitness account (Luke 1:1-4); his friends and other readers would make up their mind about Christ. The purpose of his writing was not to engage in philosophical arguments about God or his principles; instead, he hoped that by setting out a carefully researched report, the people whom he wanted to become Christians could see and hear themselves (Baker. 1979, 884). Luke was a trained doctor, in his profession he was trained to listen carefully, pay attention to detail and arrive at informed conclusions. He had an eye for the sick, socially handicapped, children and those who did not fit well in the society. He was constantly involved in human problems and in solving them. In his life he became a friend to Paul, the famous church leader and teacher and together they travelled through land and sea together. Paul would later refer to him as “our dear friend the doctor” in his letters. Luke established a high reputation as a historian (Marshall 1998, 78). His work was confirmed to be accurate and impressive and he is believed to be one of the best historians in the ancient biblical world as well as an exemplary evangelist. Introduction The book of Acts begins with Jesus meeting his disciples for the last time before his ascension to Heaven. He instructed his disciples not to leave Jerusalem before receiving the gift that God the father had promised (Acts1:4), (John 16:7, 13). Jesus told his disciples that they would be filled with power of Holy Spirit and they would become “his witnesses in Jerusalem, Judea and Samaria and to the ends of the earth” (Acts1:8). He told his disciples that whereas John the Baptist baptized with water, the disciples would be baptized with the Holy Spirit (Acts1:4-5). The mention of these words of Christ in his last physical meeting with the disciples at the beginning of the book of Acts sets the agenda for the whole book. Indeed throughout the whole book, baptism became the most important feature in the lives of the disciples and the work of the Holy Spirit in promoting the early church which was undergoing exponential growth. In his writings, Luke demonstrates that Jesus continues to live but since he had already left for Heaven, he lives through t
The textile industry is one of the biggest industries in the world, as the market for its product is growing at an exponential rate. This industry is concerned with the immediate role of producing material in yarn and cloth form; which are the primary ingredients in the manufacture of clothing. In the 18 th century, the British inventors wanted to exploit the world markets with their technological designs and at the same time there were restrictions on selling the designs, models, or the machinery to other parts of Europe. James Hargreaves invented the spinning Jenny while Richard Arkwright came up with the first textile factory in 1771 in Cromford, England. Samuel Slater later opted to start his own factory in Rhode Island in 1792. In the early 1800s, other factories started coming up in Boston and other parts of the United States. Since then the textile industry has flourished not only in America but in the whole world. Factories with modern state of the art equipments have been built in major cities in the world; and demand and supply of their products are at a rising trend (Gathi, 2001). International trade is one the most complex areas in the legal arena. This is because there are a number of players involved, both state and non-state actors forming trade organizations. The levels of interactions amongst the parties involved are difficult if not tedious to keep track of. Before the trade act of 2005, the textile industry in America was not doing so good. The relationship between the US and China for example has been in the dark side for decades. Exports and imports between the two countries have been hampered by the political interests and differing ideas of these two countries. The textile markets between these countries have never achieved their full potential. Looking at the American industry, the number of jobs that were lost in this period with trade barriers were totaling to the thousands. This meant that more Americans were jobless and there was little income coming from this sector. The removal of the trade sanctions in 2005 has seen an increase in the trade of textile and especially in the trade of the demin material. Everybody in the word seems to be in love with the denim jeans. It therefore would be no surprise to find at least 10 pairs of jeans in each house hold in America. The denim business is a giant catch, raking in over 50 billion dollars each year.
To a large extent, the future development of humankind is defined by the way young generations view the world and shape it accordingly. Youth, or adolescents, are characterized by a peculiar state of transition between childhood and adulthood, when physical and psychological immaturity does not allow functioning as complete members of society. At the same time, during the period of youth, adolescents are in a constant state of becoming somebody: “becoming an adult, becoming a citizen, becoming independent, becoming autonomous, becoming mature, becoming responsible” (Kelly 2001, p. 30). Since the youth are generally considered not to possess sufficient wisdom to make the right personal, social, educational and other choices, they are guided by more credible educational authorities. Especial attention is paid to the so-called youth ‘at risk’, who are governed through a range of official interventional measures widely debated in modern debate on educational policies. The notion of risk plays one of the key roles in modern society that views risk as anything that prevents a normal functioning of individual within the accepted social institutions. The ways people define the course of their lives is through making choices, and it is only through the right choices that a socially accepted life is possible. Risk results from making wrong choices; therefore, individual decision making is extremely significant since it forms the basis for absence or presence of risk (Kelly 2001, p. 26). One of the major risks for the youth within the educational system is seen in failing to complete senior secondary education (te Riele 2006, p. 134). The number of risk factors that leads to this failure is vast and comprises, inter alia, such factors as personal or individual qualities, family situation, social background, and school peculiarities (te Riele 2006, p. 134). However, according to Kelly, governmental attempts at managing youth ‘at risk’ are based on the idea that the youth and their families should be held responsible for their decisions in the first instance (Kelly 2001, p. 30–31). The special category of youth ‘at risk’ is viewed as resulting from ‘risk families’ (Tait 1995, p. 2). Accordingly, governmental management of youth ‘at risk’ is carried out through standardization and responsibilization of the youth and their families classified as ‘at risk’. Attempting to determine the significance of risk in modern society, Peter Kelly views risk as a “technique” for governmental control (Kelly 2001, p. 23). Labeling a part of society as ‘risk’ brings forward the necessity of managing such ‘at risk’ social group by official governmental interventions. By dividing society into ‘at risk’ and non-risk government gets the opportunity for creating a powerful concept of deviance, incompatibility, and non-conformity that should be eliminated through immediate action. The abstract concept of risk thus penetrates in everyday life of youth ‘at risk’ and serves as a “technique to regula
Case Assignment In the modern world, people are challenged by the idea if the quality of a college education may be improved with no money being spent on it. It is possible to find a number of interesting and informative sources about how colleges can work, what methods can be offered to work with students, and how to define learning preferences in order to meet academic needs and social justice (Banda et al., 2011; Chambliss & Takacs, 2014). Teachers have to know how to attract students’ attention and make them recognize their abilities. As soon as a student is engaged in a learning process, there is a chance for such a student to achieve positive results in education and develop personal and professional skills. This connection between student engagement and achievement cannot be neglected, and this paper aims at discussing this relationship, as well as the role of an educational leader, the possibility to define the main achievement issues, and the necessity to cope with engagement challenges. Educational Leaders and Student Engagement The quality of education is a concern that bothers many people around the whole world. Still, despite the existing variety of approaches and options, it is wrong to neglect the fact that faculty behaviors and interactions determine the quality and style of education. Umbach and Wawrzynski (2005) admit the two main responsibilities of faculty members – to teach and to research. When faculty workers are involved in teaching, they try to investigate as many areas as possible to promote students’ understanding and experience. However, even the most experienced staff may be in need of a successful and effective leader. The role of an educational leader in student engagement cannot be ignored. This person aims at “getting the right people together at the right time” (Chambliss & Takacs, 2014, p. 6). It is necessary to admit that the right people are not only teachers or other adults who are involved in a learning process, who teach students, and who organize their activities within the classrooms. The right people may be the students who want to study and their parents who want to support their children in their intentions to know something. They can be the young people who are not sure if they want to be engaged in college life and have to gather more reasons for entering a college. Regarding such a variety of people whom an education leader has to work with, the list of responsibilities of this person can be rather long (Bell, Neary, & Stevenson, 2009). Some tasks may need the development of new skills and the necessity to stay enthusiastic and strong. Some assignments may require some compromises or even sacrifices. Issues and Challenges of Leaders in Student Engagement Student engagement is defined as one of the main challenges faced by educational leaders in colleges. However, the peculiar feature of this issue is its nature and the possibility to impact the work of the faculty members in a variety of ways. Academic leaders have to do everything possible to successfully arrange classes, teachers, and students so that the maximum of positive
Today, democracy is the most common system of government in which the political power is collectively decided and controlled by the people. It can literally be interpreted as ‘’rule of the people.’’ Therefore, this means that ordinary citizens possess the ultimate authority over governmental decisions and policies. Democracy rose due to the demand from ordinary citizens to have a voice in the political form of government in hope that it would overcome the rule or tyranny of a single individual, group or characters. With the people possessing with the ultimate political authority, democracy dissolves power and thwarts any move of dictatorial elements and other forms of authoritarian government. Democracy has also been seen as the best means of ensuring autonomy and equality amongst all people in the society. It also sets the stage for people to voice their quandaries or frustrations through a regulated process in which the government can seek answers to address the raised issues. Democracy goes beyond the electoral system and requires other features which include various rights or freedoms in order to develop or discover its preferences. Distinctively, freedom and equality are the main features of democracy and have generally made it as an attractive form of government. Features of Democracy that generally makes it an attractive form of Government Freedom/Rights It is the responsibility of every democratic government to offer its citizens freedoms which are ratified in law. In order for every citizen to have the right to vote, the freedom of speech, assembly, to form parties, pressure groups, a comparatively free media, and so on, are required in order to have a free and fair system of government. These freedoms which are described in the Bill of Rights, forbids the government from violating these rights. In violation of these rights, any citizen can take the government to a court of law. Since democracy is a rooted belief of an eventual election of ‘’good’’ government leaders, these freedoms do serve as a mechanism that works daily in punishing government officials incase they abuse the colossal power that lies in their hands or plainly fall short of governing according to the law. This is basically done because democracy is unable to force the government to be law abiding on a daily basis although it produces the very same government. In a democratic society, the freedoms as written in the constitution to administrate the government due to the fact that independent judicial and law enforcement agencies are constructed within the government. The people will therefore act within the freedoms and rights given to them to successfully control gove
The parties involved in the case are the U.S government and Microsoft Corporation. The main issue, in this case, is whether the law enforcement agency in the U.S can compel Microsoft which is a communication service provider to reveal the content of digital information that has been stored outside the U.S borders. The Stored Communication Act (SCA) dispels the government’s position even though its contents are not very clear (Eastton & Taylor, 2011). SCA only allows the government to access contents of information that have exceeded 180 days using a subpoena, a court order, or a warrant. On the contrary, the government argues that subpoena may lead to the disclosure of information (email) despite the above duration. However, Microsoft is of the opinion that the warrant which was issued required extraterritorial search as well as seizures of the data stored in its Ireland data center (Whitman & Mattord, 2011). According to Microsoft, it is only possible for digital data search to take place where data is stored and not from a point where data is remotely accessed. Since rule 41 does not provide authorization for extraterritorial application, it is impossible for the government to execute the search in Ireland. Therefore, the government cannot force Microsoft to provide the required data (Eastton & Taylor, 2011). In its defense, the government responded that it is impossible for the U.S to avoid compliance by sticking to SCA regulations by storing the data abroad. They further argued that the warrant is not affected by the location of data since the issue is whether the required information is in the custody of the service provider. It has nothing to do with location (Seigfried-Spellar, Flores, & Griffin, 2015). Magistrate Judge Francis denied Microsoft’s motion to vacate the search warrant. Given the ambiguity, the magistrate reviewed the SCA’s structure and legislative history for guidance. He later found out that the warrants which were issued under the SCA were hybrids in the sense that some were part warrant and others partially subpoena. A SCA warrant should indicate probable cause to a magistrate. It should also be executed like a subpoena because it is served on a provider who possesses the information (Eastton & Taylor, 2011). As a result, the warrant’s extraterritorial limits were not implicated and therefore, the concern is whether the provider is able to access the much-needed data. The magistrate further argued that a search can only occur when data is fully reviewed by law enforcement officers in the U.S. He added that the SCA warrant could not compel the government to deploy U.S law enforcement personnel in another country (Church & Li, 2016). Finally the magistrate backed the government’s opinion and he emphasized that Mutual Legal Assistance treaty (MLAT) process was very “slow and laborious” and that any country can decide to turn down a MLAT request. He added that the U.S does not have MLAT with some nations even though servers can still be located beyond any country’s jurisdiction. This was unlike Microsoft’s reasoning that a provider could only make data or in