ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Pathological Process Emphysema is a condition in which patients experience chest enlargement. This process occurs when the septa between alveoli are destroyed, and the end branches of lungs expand. The volume of lungs increases and air cavities appear in the tissues of the organ, which leads to the fact that the thorax increases in size and has a characteristic “barrel” configuration (Frownfelter & Dean, 2014). In this process, malfunctions associated with the release of air prevail over the difficulty of its entry into the alveoli. As a consequence, air enters the lungs but cannot get out of them in the same volume. Gradually, both the exhalation function and the inspiratory function are disrupted, and the lungs are in a constant inflated state. Thus, they contain high-pressure air with a high concentration of carbon dioxide. Arterial Gasses According to the case, the patient is presumably in the advanced stage of the disease. Therefore, it can be stated that abnormal arterial gases can be expected (Loscalzo, 2016). Nevertheless, borderline normal arterial gases can also be assumed since indications can vary (Loscalzo, 2016). The pathological process centers on the internal mechanisms of the body. In particular, the organs (lungs, kidneys) strive for supporting the homeostasis of the acid-base equilibrium. Complications Individuals suffering from this condition are likely to develop different forms of cancer, coronary artery disease, osteoporosis, and other severe complications. These conditions can emerge due to lung alveoli destruction. Also, patients are at risk of developing systematic symptoms (Cherry & Jacob, 2015). For instance, this respiratory condition can lead to dyspnea because of poor exercise tolerance. However, most importantly, patients run the risk of having a pulmonary obstruction.
Summary of the Book This book is about America’s education system and school reform. It details how a group of teachers were determined to make a difference in the education system and managed to achieve this by radically changing their teaching methods. They managed to make this difference by recognizing that education had to be child-centered; the education was based on the needs of the students. What I found most interesting about the book was Meier’s adoption of a private school model approaches to education and redefined it in a public school. The fascinating aspect was that the recipient school was in the poor district of Harlem. Harlem is home to impoverished minority communities. The children in the school had the worst grades in the city of New York. This group of teachers believed that this could transform. They embarked on a journey that ended with noteworthy results. This book explains how the change is realized even in the most bureaucratic and challenging of conditions. It builds a strong case for establishing small schools and involving parents and stakeholders in collective responsibility. Part of the success involved cultivating relationships with parents and adapting to the needs of the students. It also promotes the idea of consciously establishing and organizing a school that positively influences and cultivates a learning atmosphere. This helps mold children into responsible and objective young people who know what they want to be in future. Rather than increase poverty and racism in the lives of children, the school instead creates possibilities of social-economic empowerment and helps them break away from poverty (Meier, 1995). The educational and philosophical ground of leadership The educational and philosophical ground of leadership is based on fundamental principles that Meier employed. These principles led to the success of these schools (William, 1995). The first secret lies in the adoption of child-centered education. In 1974, when Meier started out, this type of education theory was popular; but they went a step further and integrated the community in the process as well. In doing so the teachers and students focused based on learning which was not just about skills but also the subject matter. Another key is found in the registration process: by the school policy, it is compulsory for the parents or guardians to bring the children for registration to the school personally. This mandate is the bridge to establish and nurture a relationship between them and the school administration. Teacher autonomy is an additional ingredient of this success recipe. To be an effective educator in the classroom, there must be freedom when taking and completing tasks – it is not the how but rather the what, that is important (“About Educational leadership”). William points out that Meier also draws attention to a common school culture whereby the staff contributes to every decision and takes direct responsibility to implement them. (William 1995). He also mentions how the structure of the school day at Meier’s school enhanced trust between students and teachers. The teachers and students should spe
Introduction History of the internet The Internet began in 1969 as an experiment of the United States Defence Department that resulted in the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPAnet). The network was meant for use by the US military use. However, the Internet evolved. The American academic society including the universities and research labs started using the innovation. Later, newsgroups and chat rooms evolved before the British scientist, Tim Berners-Lee, developed the World Wide Web in 1989. In 1993, the number of internet users increased dramatically to get the attention of the media and the public. Nature of the Internet The internet provides a range of services including the following:   * Electronic mail (E-mail) allows people to correspond almost instantaneously with anyone on the network.   * The Internet Relay Chat (IRC) feature allows people to communicate in chat in rooms either one on one or as groups.   * Newsgroups and blogs that enable people to publish articles, post comments, or upload pictures about various subjects.   * The World Wide Web consists of billions of sites. Moreover, the internet is characterized by various types of activities such as:   * Communications that are made possible through e-mail as well as telephony which is supported by Internet Protocol (IP) networking.   * Supply of information through websites and databases which are characterized by open access and limited access respectively.   * Electronic commerce (E-commerce) such as business to customer (B2C) and business to business (B2B).   * E-Government so that Government departments are able to interact with citizens for various activities and transactions. The nature and evolution of the Internet present some ethical problems most of which have been and are still subjects of debate. Why the internet challenge us ethically: a perspective in consideration of other forms of communication media? Ethics is defined as the “discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation,” “a theory or system of moral values” or “a set of moral principles or value” (Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary). Ethics can be based on natural law, educational experiences, parental and family influence, religious tenets, life experiences, and societal and cultural norms. The Internet as a communication media has been subject to debate in regards to ethical issues. The internet, since its discovery, has continued to present various ethical challeng
Nowadays, the number of inmates in the USA is more than 2 million, which is critical for the country as there have never been so many people behind bars before. Thus, it is not surprising that prison life altered with the course of time. At the end of the 20th century, an ordinary inmate would serve a sentence that is nine months shorter than the one experienced today because the average time spent in prison is three years already. In addition to that, almost half of all federal offenders turn out to be sentenced because of drug-related cases, while two decades ago, this issue was not so crucial. The fact that the number of offenders who live in prison increased greatly attracts the attention of experts and the representatives of the general public. It was even estimated that the country would be able to save more than $15 billion annually if its prisons let half of the non-violent inmates go, providing them with another type of punishment. As a rule, the general public believes that inmates have a terrible life while being incarcerated. Still, the reality is not always as awful as it is considered to be. Of course, imprisonment time is not the best period of people’s lives, but it is the sense of it, as offenders face their punishment. As a rule, they spend the first half of the day working inside or outside the prison. They can be involved in various activities, including cooking, cleaning, or working on prison farms, etc. Depending on the type of prison and its security precautions, inmates can have an opportunity to be occupied in different activities. For example, they can have a free hour, during which they are allowed to communicate with their relatives, exercise, or watch TV. Some also provide an opportunity to have up to two free hours in the evening. A range of prisons gives the offenders an opportunity to participate in self-help groups, educational, religious or treatment programs. However, regardless of the fact that inmates are provided with many ordinary opportunities that tend to make their incarceration better, they still are correctional custody facilities and life in them is not pleasant. Such claim can be supported, for example, by the fact that incarcerated individuals are at high risk of having mental health issues. In comparison with the general public, prisoners get seek up to four times oftener. What is more, many individuals of both genders are raped while being in prisons. Research conducted by Bureau of Justice Statistics in 2012 showed that “9.6% of state prisoners had been sexually victimized at least once while they were incarcerated” (Mandatory-editors, 2013, para. 9). Another stu
Transformational leadership is a well-known phenomenon that usually takes place at the top of the organization in order to promote certain values of justice and honesty as well as human rights (Bass & Riggio, 2006; Marshall & Coughlin, 2010; Daniels & Daniels, 2004). There are a number of programs, which may be used to promote the required transformational leadership qualities in nurses. Some of them are identified in this article to prove that there are various approaches to be used by nurses to improve their skills and knowledge. One of the programs to build up transformational leadership capabilities in nurses is the one offered by the University of Minnesota, TLP. The chosen TLP approach helps to understand clearly how nurses do what they do considering innovating ways in the field required (Martens & Salewski, 2009). Due to a chance to work on real projects and lead the teams, the participants of such program will be able to develop their skills and knowledge in change of management and create their own visions of the program (Martens & Salewski, 2009; Huber, 2006; Yoder-Wise, 2003). A three-week program is available for the nurses selected by the leaders as the ones, who have a desire to increase their knowledge. The nurses receive the necessary coaching from the Office of Service and try to implement solutions, control the situation, and achieve the required results. As a result, important analytical and team-building skills are gained (Shaw, 2007; Govier et al., 2009; Aiken et al, 2008). Another important program to promote transformational leadership skills is based on the necessity to consider communication as the main weapon to success (Shermian & El-Jardali, 2007; Manion, 2005; Sherman et al, 2009). The point is that the majority of programs have to be based on theory with its particular measurements and concepts by means of which nurses will be prepared to complete their main functions (Tourangeau, 2003), and nurses should be able to communicate properly to share the information got. This is why this program should last about one month to detect the main problems of communication between nurses. The participants have to face different situations offered by the leader and share their opinions of how to solve the problem. The leader should observe nurses’ behaviour, make notes, and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the team and its particular member. Though the main responsibility lies at the leader, nurses are also able to develop their transformational leadership skills and prove their worth as future leaders. The final program is all about nurses’ motivation. Nurses have to be motivated by their mentors during this kind of program. To achieve the goal set, nurses should get a chance to understand their main task and have a person to rely on at the very beginning. The offered goal-setting model will help to ensure motivation among nurses, develop their transformational leadership qualities, and identify several ways of how the goal may be achieved. The main feature of this model is that specific goals set during the program will increase performance. Nurses are motivated accordingly and realize w
Summary of the case Tanya Trucker, an owner of a trucking company, intends to file suit against the state of Confusion to overturn the statute requiring all trucks to use a B-type truck hitch. The court that will have jurisdiction over Tanya’s suit The United States Supreme Court will have jurisdiction over Tanya’s suit. This is because it has the mandate to determine whether a statute can cause any inconvenience to other states. It also checks for the validity of the said lawsuit. To reach its decision, the Supreme Court has to take several tests that have been applied throughout the history of the commerce clause. The court may apply commonsense in such situations to examine the course of the business. This will help to establish where interstate commerce ends and where local commerce begins. If the activity affects more than one state and has a significant impact on the commerce of the states involved, then Congress may be left to exercise control over it. Tanya was concerned that the statute was undermining the operations of her business. To present her case, she will have to go to the United States Supreme Court where her case would be reviewed. It is here that decisions will be made on whether the statute enacted by the state of Confusion is meant for a good cause or not. At that point, the Supreme Court may also apply the commonsense approach to determine whether the statute is fair for Tanya’s and anyone else who was involved in the same kind of business. Confusion statute; constitutional or not The Confusion statute may not be constitutional since it is intrastate in character but greatly affects the commerce between the two states. Tanya owns a trucking industry. For her business to prevail, her trucks need to pass through the state of Confusion. Since the statute enacted by the state of Confusion requires that a new hitch should be installed to all the trucks passing through the state, Tanya has to pay an additional cost for her trucks to pass through the state. The only alternative left for Tanya is to go around the state. However, this involves high fuel costs hence her expenses will increase. Provisions of the U.S. Constitution To determine the validity of the statute enacted by the state of Confusion, the court will apply Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3, of the constitution that gives powers to the Congress to exercise control over such incidences. In the constitution, the word commerce is used to refer to any kind of business or activity that leads to monetary exchanges in any way among citizens of different states. Congress also has control over the commerce that is pure social communications or interaction among citizens of the two countries. This includes communication via the telephone, radio, or even the simplest act of crossing over to the next state either to do business or for leisure. The Commerce Clause gives Congress the authority to control and regulate commerce to ensure that it eliminates any intense rivalry that may arise between two states. This is also done to ensure
Introduction For Hildegard of Bingen, nature was the source of all supreme truth as it represented the most solid evidence of a Divine Being and it behaved according to the original laws set forth by this Being. As a result, imagery from nature and the natural world provide the foundations of her thoughts concerning the body and nature. While there were some differences between Hildegard’s theology and that of St. Bernard, one of the more vocal church leaders of the period, Hildegard’s ideas fell into line with that of the Benedictine order from which St. Bernard hailed and thus received a great deal of support from that luminary. Foundational concepts of nature Hildegard’s observations and opinions regarding the natural world form the foundation upon which all her texts rest, whether songs, visions or natural observations.   * Hildegard felt that all growing things were infused with the Divine energy of God, a concept she termed Viritidas. Thus, God was reflected in the rocks, trees, grass and rivers that flowed through her land. “The Word of God regulates the movements of the Sun, the Moon and the stars. The Word of God gives the light which shines from the heavenly bodies. He makes the wind blow, the rivers run and the rain fall. He makes trees burst into blossom, and the crops bring forth the harvest.” (Book of Divine Works, Vision 1 & 2) see also Flannagan, S.   * Divine Law held that opposites such as light and dark, black and white, up and down are necessary as they pull against each other and bring everything closer to the middle, which was where she gained her concepts of moderation in all things. This even extended to the less popular and highly controversial subject of male/female relations, envisioning relationships of equals in which love plays a principle role. See Bowie, Fiona.   * As a result of her logic regarding the nature of nature, she determined humankind, made in the image of God, is the recreation of creation. Because humans were created after the world was made, the world was obviously not made for them but was instead a self-sustaining unit first with humans created as a means of appreciating what had been made. Humankind is made of the same substance as the rest of the world and is therefore not above it but instead of it. See Roth, Stephanie   * Hildegard’s artwork displays many of these concepts in great detail, always linking the divine with the mundane in an interconnected whole that cannot be divided.   * The Cosmic Egg   *    * The Man in Blue   * The Circle of Angels Mandela. See Vess, Deborah for images and discussion. The nature of mankind Hildegard brought out her concept of humankind as recapitulation of creation by proving the importance of humans to the appreciation and preservation of God’s order.   * Humans are thus of creation but also creationary forces, microcosms and macrocosms at one and the same time. See Jelalu, Mevlana.   * The human being is not a one-dimensional creature intended to live on a single plane, but is multi-faceted and complex. “A human being contains three paths: namely, soul, body and se
The emergence of new infectious diseases such as the Ebola virus has always put pressure on the health care systems resulting in high fatality rates. This disease is contagious and whose transmission depends on the interaction between the human host and an agent (CDC, 2021). This virus is classified in the filioviridae family and is responsible for destroying the blood clotting cells and weakening the immune system when someone is infected. Ebola was a contagious epidemic that affected many nations, including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Sierra Leone, Gabon, and Italy (CDC, 2021). Therefore, Ebola’s pathophysiology, its negative impact on the community and remediation are elaborated. Analysis of the Ebola Virus Disease Ebola is a deadly disease that exhibits symptoms such as fever, body aches, diarrhea, external and internal bleeding. The infection is transmissible through direct contact with body fluids such as saliva, sweat, and blood. The virus was traced in the Ebola River in DRC after natives consumed the African fruit bat, which was identified as a reservoir for the virus (CDC, 2021). Considering the fact that the disease is contagious, it spread rapidly to other nations in that year, such as England and later on to Cote D’Ivoire, Senegal, Mali and Nigeria. This data indicates that this outbreak was a global pandemic that put pressure on the health system. Various epidemiological and risk factors contributed to the spread of this virus. Among them was a lack of preparedness to counter an emergency and public health literacy on the best preventative measures. When Ebola hit the DRC, the country was underdeveloped and lacked the specialized equipment and infrastructure to contain the spread of infection (CDC, 2021). For instance, the traditional prevention method such as holistic care was practiced, making the tracing process impossible. For example, during the initial outbreak of the virus, nurses in one of the hospitals known as Yambuku mission hospital reused needles when the numbers of infected people kept surging due to a lack of equipment to contain its spread (CDC, 2021). Additionally, the treatment, management and evidence-based interventions to maintain safety were unknown. Public health literacy was also a significant challenge considering that citizens did not know the transmission channels and were overly exposed to the transmitters. For example, even after the fatality rate increased, people still hunted for wild meat for consumption and fulfilled cultural ceremonies and rituals (CDC, 2021). This interaction still exposed them to the infection resulting in more deaths and infections. In addition, cultural practices such as burials exposed the people to the virus since many bathed their dead by hand and dressed them for burial without putting on protective clothes (CDC, 2021). The international health organizations quickly disregarded such practices, but the new measures were not observed. Ebola virus disease’s trans