ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The title of the story is ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. This story has been taken from the book ‘The Norton anthology of short Fiction’ written by Richards Buasch R.V. Cassill. The topic chosen from the story for analyzing is ‘To what extent is the protagonist of the story you’ve chosen responsible for the conflict or predicament he or she faces’. The thesis statement prepared for the topic is there are numerous states of affairs in the story for protagonist who undergoes or faces difficult situations in her life knowingly and unknowingly. The different stages include description of protagonist’s physical, mental and spiritual traits that are revolving around her due to different circumstances in her life. Protagonist is shown as a mentally decayed person. Analysis Protagonist and her unhappy mind Protagonist and her husband John moves to “colonial mansion, a hereditary estate” (Gilman 1). Main intention of John is to cure the mental disease of the protagonist. The protagonist’s husband being a physician follows rest cure treatment, which results in some sorts of physical, mental and spiritual sufferings. Protagonist is interested in writing and doing creative activity, but she is “absolutely forbidden to “work”” (Gilman 598) by her husband. Here begins protagonist’s predicament in her life. She hates her husband while she is not being allowed to write. Protagonist believes that her illness would cure only by having company with more people and by writing. But, John does not agree to it. Even though protagonist feels that the mansion and its surrounding are quite beautiful, she feels “something strange about the house” (Gilman 598). She told this to John, but he refuses to hear. Also, she is not at all happy in selection of the bedroom. This is a former nursery and “windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls” (Gilman 599) and this increases her feeling of imprisonment. Protagonist and yellow wallpaper The wallpaper present in her room irritates her. “This wallpaper has a kind of sub-patterns in different shade particularly irritating one” (Gilman 601). She tries to convince her husband about this, but he is not ready to remove it. When wallpaper takes a lead role, the protagonist starts to demonstrate some illness issues. Her mind escapes from reality to some sort of spiritual feelings. She begins to feel that someone inside wallpaper is watching her. All these happen unknowingly or it is some sort of illusion. The changes in the behavior of the protagonist have been strongly mentioned in the story in relation with sunlight and moonlight. As days pass, her perceptive towards wallpaper also changes. She begins to feel that there is something more to reveal inside the wallpaper. Her subconscious mind begins to feel that woman in the wallpaper is trying to come out. She feels that “a woman stooping down and creeping about behind that pattern” (Gilman 603). From here onwards, she starts work to free the woman behind the wallpaper. What she does is, durin
Introduction Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream and the carnival elements in the play are widely discussed topics in the literary world. One of the notable writers who did a deep evaluation on the carnival elements in Shakespeare is Bakhtin. Critics observe that it is this element, which makes the play distinct from other plays of Shakespeare. The play can be said to fall in the category of light comedy. It colorfully portrays an episode from the adventurous night of romantic lovers in a forest ruled by fairies. The tragic and the comic elements in the play have also been subjected to severe criticism in the same manner as the carnival elements. One can see the play moving in between a tragedy and a comedy and this can be regarded as the cause for modern critical scrutiny. It was the Russian critic Mikhail Bakhtin who coined the term ‘carnival’. Main body Historically, the carnival is a festival related to the Feast of the Circumcision. Bakhtin attributes some special significance to the carnival when he regards it as a symbol of collectivity. He considers it as the unity of the people which is different from the unity found in political or socioeconomic organizations. One of the main features of the carnival as Bakhtin sees it is its equality, that is, there is all-around unity, though the participants belong to different social, political, and racial classes. One can find a kind of free and familiar contact that exists among the people who are united in the carnival. As there are no class barriers between the people, Bakhtin finds that the lower section of the society rises on par with the higher. When one attends a carnival, one is aware of the space and time which brings to them the thought of collectivity. While analyzing the opinion of Bakhtin, one feels that when people get together in the carnival, they are united not only in dress and appearance but also they are renewed both mentally and physically. Simultaneously, one’s mental, sensual, and material, unities too go up. The paper is an attempt to evaluate the carnival elements in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Bakhtin introduces the term carnival which denotes not merely a mass of people but who have gathered in such a way that confronts the political or socio-economic systems. Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a play with the characteristics of a romantic comedy. At the end of the play, Shakespeare introduces a new form of political authority. Here one can see that the dramatist portrays the term as an inevitable part of ancient culture. Various critics point out
Dates and Major Milestones   * 1797: Franz was born in Vienna.   * 1808: Franz became a student at the Imperial Seminary.   * 1809-1812: He composed several piano pieces and songs for his mother’s death and father’s birthday.   * 1813: Taught at the “Normalhauptschule School”.   * 1814: Schubert met Therese Grob. The two did not get married.   * 1815: Schubert composed more than 20,000 songs and compositions.   * 1819-1820: Franz’s compositions and styles matured.   * 1826: His health deteriorated because of typhoid fever. Birthplace and Major Locations   * 1797: He was born in “Himmelpfortgrund” (Modern-day Vienna, Austria).   * 1826-28: Franz resided in Vienna.   * 1827: He visited Graz briefly.   * 1828, November 19: Franz died. Musical Training Schubert was Franz Theodor’s son. Theodor was a violinist, and so he taught and gave him the basic instruction to music at the age of six. He joined the Imperial Seminary in 1808. He visited different operas thus forming the foundation of his career. He received private training from Salieri in “music composition and theory” (Black 17). Performance Instruments Schubert was a violinist, guitarist, and vocalist. This explains how he trained on various instruments such as guitars, flutes, pianos, and keyboards. Historical Importance Just like the other composers of the Romantic era, Schubert “promoted” the existing symphonies. He also composed new church liturgies, operas, and symphonies. This transformed the quality and taste of his compositions. He also gave birth to a new form of “solo piano” and “chamber” music (Kramer 17). Style Most of the composer’s works were a continuation of the traditional Viennese compositions. He “expanded” his composition to a Romantic style. He displayed his ingenuity by completing much liturgical music, operas, and symphonies. This promoted the nature and taste of the Romantic era. Method of Composing Many people consider the artist’s compositions as a sign of “pure genius”. Throughout his career, Schubert wrote at the piano. Towards the end of his life, Franz Schubert used various materials such as notebooks to write down his thoughts and ideas (McKay 47). Musical Innovations and Inventions Just like most of his predecessors, Franz Schubert advanced the traditions used for Classical Viennese compositions. However, he managed to present a new idea and pioneered a new style of music composition. He came up with numerous “solo piano” compositions. He also invented “pleasing tunes” without “dramatic power”. He introduced new genres and forms such as chamber music, liturgical compositions, and opera. He also composed a new genre known as the “Lieder” (Kramer 37). Interesting Facts  1. In only one year (1815), Franz Schubert wrote over 20,000 bars of music. Most of these compositions includ
Rape, a heinous crime committed against women involves forced intercourse which causes physical and psychological pain to the victim. The aftermath of the crime can continue to be a cause of distress for the victim as a result of police investigations. Rape has a stigma surrounding it and the attention which rape victims receive makes it hard for them to get back to their daily lives. The shame associated with rape attracts unwanted public and media attention, making victims susceptible to more psychological distress. There is an ongoing debate between the protection of rape victims’ individual’s right to privacy and the right to freedom of press guaranteed by the first and fourteenth amendments (Denno 1993, p. 1115-1116). The issue of revealing a rape victim’s identity is a matter of controversy. Proponents argue that information about the rape victim should be disseminated in an honest and truthful manner while opponents assert that the identity of rape victims should not be revealed given the serious nature of the crime. However, research and studies indicate that rape victims could receive “negative reactions from formal support providers” which could be “particularly harmful for them” (Ahrens 2006, p. 264). The media does practice voluntary restraint when reporting rape crimes; however, there is no law governing the disclosure of rape victims. Some states such as South Carolina, Florida and Georgia have statutes which prohibit media companies from publicly announcing the names of alleged rape victims (Denno 1993, p. 1115). However, the lack of concrete laws preventing disclosure of rape victims’ identities has sparked a conflict. Some journalists debate that disclosure of victims is an important obligation for maintaining the accuracy and credibility of news. Overholser (1989) asserts that since “rape is an American shame” it is not appropriate to “hide” or “hush it up” (para 15). She further adds that it should be revealed in all honesty to the public since hiding information related to rape will only result in muting “public outrage”(Overholser 1989, para 15). Overholser’s strong position in favour of revealing the names of rape victims stems from her belief that an act of non disclosure will only undermine the serious nature of the crime and promote shame for the victim. Moreover, underreporting is tantamount to silence and an indication of shame to the innocent victim. She asserts that in order to remove the stigma associated with rape it is important to treat is as any other crime and report the news in all honesty (Overholser 1989, para 5). She states that rape should be treated equally like other crimes such as abortion and murder so that public awareness will increase and the rate of rape crimes will reduce. She urges women who have suffered from this “awful crime” to speak up, and “identify themselves” so that the stigma associated with rape can be eradicated (Overholser 1989, para 12). On the other hand, some scholars argue that rape victims have already been through an ordeal due to the heinous crime and do not bear the responsibility of removing the stigma attached to rape by disclosing their identities and compro
Sun exposure is a major cause of skin cancer. Despite its evident significance, the issue is largely ignored by the general population. The following paper presents recommendations intended to reduce the incidence of skin cancer and assist in the diagnosis and treatment process among patients. In order to prevent the incidence of skin cancer, the patients are recommended to undergo regular cancer screenings. A typical total cutaneous examination (TCE) is performed by a trained clinician using visual examination, serial photography, and dermoscopy to detect skin cancer and/or the potential risk factors. Such a procedure is recommended to be performed regularly since screening allows for the detection of melanoma tumors at an early stage of development, when it is relatively thin and, therefore, easier to treat. As a result, the mortality rate among patients who underwent screening is sufficiently lower due to the higher efficiency of treatment initiated at an early stage. A recent study indicated a “moderate performance of the SCREEN intervention” characterized by thinner melanomas and lower frequency of nodular melanoma occurrence (Hübner et al., 2017, p. 253). Thus, the recommendations can be expanded to involve skin self-examination (SSE) practices. A study by Stapleton, Turrisi, Mallett, and Robinson (2015) explored the correspondence between the results of skin cancer detection by SSE-trained patients and those done by professional dermatologists. The research team concluded that trained patients “developed a high degree of correspondence with the study dermatologist in identifying concerning lesions” (Stapleton et al., 2015, p. 1247). Considering the high cost of skin cancer treatment, it is thus reasonable to conclude that regular skin examinations are beneficial both for improving patient outcomes and patient satisfaction levels. It is also important to acknowledge the risk factors for developing skin cancer. Skin cancer is a result of exposure to ultraviolet light. Therefore, the organism’s capacity to endure exposure as well as the external factors that determine its length and intensity play major roles in its development. As a result, populations with certain demographic, physiological, and genetic traits are at an increased risk of its development. The traits include lighter skin tone, freckles, red hair, green or blue eyes, high occurrence of moles, male gender, a weakened immune system, and old age (Belbasis, Stefanaki, Stratigos, & Evangelou, 2016). In addition, certain environmental conditions are known to exacerbate the risk, such as outdoor jobs that necessitate frequent exposure to sunlight or working with certain chemicals (e.g. industrial tar, arsenic, and paraffin) known to increase the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer incidence (Belbasis et al., 2016). Finally, smoking contributes to the likelihood of developing certain types
Mr. ToshiYuki Tanaka is a professor, currently attached to the Hiroshima Peace Institute. He is the sole author of five titles, all of which are related to wars of the past and crimes against persons committed during the time. He has made editorial contributions to three books, performing translations for two others. It is noteworthy that all these titles are focused on combats and crimes perpetrated in that duration. It should not be forgotten that he has authored electronic publications, book reviews, article critiques and articles in books, all these in addition to giving lectures, in Chicago and Australian universities. This wealth of experience bestows the right credentials on him to handle the subject objectively. He interrogates the genesis of a disjuncture involving moral identity and human response, by arguing that none of the servicemen, both Japanese and foreign received instructions to avail themselves at these bureaus (Tanaka 4). He begins this explanation with the story of a woman who was gang raped by members of the force. She took twelve men in an instant, before a thirty minute break was quickly succeeded by another twelve. She further informs that this was the inclination for her and six other ladies in adjacent rooms (Tanaka 1). During the discourse, personal hygiene was not prioritized, since the unbearable pain could not allow most of the ladies to move their bodies. They also had painstaking schedules, which ensured they were occupied throughout the day up to tardy hours in the late afternoon. He vividly reports of the horrors abused women had to contend with, including abortions, venereal diseases and stigma. He also contends clear of all uncertainty that instances of abuse to civilians prevailed in spite of the availability of these comfort houses ( ianjo ), whose existence was sanctioned by senior officials (Tanaka 24). Questionable methods were employed during the recruitment of ladies to serve in the facilities. Although they were examined on regular occasions for venereal infections, it was challenging to reign in on servicemen and influence them to make use of protective gear during such encounters. A different aspect of the discourse saw successive Japanese regimes try their best to suppress information on this episode of their history. Cites his frustration by the volumes of classified documents he encountered in the course of his research. Tanaka attempts to distance himself from the school of thought denying the existence of institutions perpetrating the advancement of comfort women. He also abstains from tasking the existent regime with culpability for the same, although, it should be noted that he does not explicitly state his chosen viewpoint on the said matter (Tanaka, 120). His attempts to explain the stillness of the global community against these atrocities are evident in the latter sections of the volume. He accurately notes that oversees nations and humanitarian organizations have been conspicuously silent, a factor he interprets as their approval of the happenings. He rightfully points to the lack of edicts against similar happenings, but informs of a decree against forced labor which i
The waters of Gulf of Eden along the Somali coast are among the most heavily trafficked in the globe. Approximately 20,000 vessels pass through these waters every year (Kraska and Brian 25). In the early 2003, new incidences of attack on fishing vessels started taking place along the Somali coast. The frequency of these attacks increased exponentially and companies started to become more worried as the attacks also targeted commercial vessels. The last three years has recorded the highest activities of the pirates in the Gulf of Eden, with over 100 attacks on commercial vessels (Middleton 2). In response to these attacks, the United Nation’s Security Council passed resolutions 1816 and 1838 in 2008, to facilitate the international community to aggressively take part in the management of security in the Horn of Africa and of Somali coast. The U.N resolution particularly targeted the Somali pirates. The NATO forces were given more mandates to help commercial vessels passing through the Somali coast against piracy. Prior to the resolution, France had volunteered to protect World Food Program’s ships passing through Somalia. This initiative was known as Operation Alycon and was replaced by EU NAVFOR Somalia Operation Atlanta 2008 (Kraska and Brian 25). In 2008, the international media was dominated with news on the cases of kidnappings, killings and terrorist attacks in the Horn of Africa. The news agenda of these media houses changed all over sudden when the pirates operating from tiny ports and harbors along the Somali coast carried out a successful attack against commercial vessels from Europe, the first vessel originating from Ukraine which had carried heavy armory heading to Southern Sudan. Towards the end of the same year, the pirates landed another successful attack on a Saudi-Owned oil tanker. By the end of 2008, pirate gang operating from Eyl, Haradheere and other harbors along the isolated coast of Puntland, were reported to be holding over 41 vessels at ransom, with over 200 crew members also captured. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the role of UAE in Somali. The paper will also explore the historical context of piracy, the UN position on piracy and the position of on piracy in Somali (Middleton 2). Brief History on Somali Piracy The Somali coast for many years has been a maritime community. The main activities in this coast are: fishing, international maritime trade, and sea-faring tradition of dhow sailing among others (Kraska and Brian 25). Somali piracy is intimately linked to the early stages of civil war in Somalia and international interventions. Prior to the collapse of Barre’s government in 1991, there were a number of attacks on the international vessels. However, with the collapse of the Somalia government, there were struggles for ports and harbor facilities and other economic resources by the Somali elites (Gosse 7). Towards the late 1
The latest issue involving motor defect is the Volkswagen emission scandal. Millions of motor vehicles from different manufacturers have been affected. The GM started the recall and then followed by Toyota. In fact, none of the leading motor manufacturers have been spared. These cases have led to public safety concerns and crisis management for the motor industry (Harwell 1). Several industry experts have attributed these defects to a wide range of factors, including software-related issues, modular manufacturing processes and, perhaps most of all, increasing fear among other automakers that they could have defective vehicles in the market (Wasserman 1). Defects in the motor industry have been attributed to onboard software and algorithm used in the airbag deployment (Wasserman 1). In the last few years, Volkswagen, GM, Nissan, Chrysler and Toyota among others have noted defects related to technologies in their different models. In the past, major recalls were mainly related to mechanical issues. Today, however, the mass defects involving software has just started in the motor industry, and many more recalls will be realized in the future. Another potential factor responsible for defects is the use of modular components (O’Dell 1). That is, many more components are used by various manufacturers in different car models. They consider that modular component usage as a cost-saving strategy. While it save costs, in cases of defect parts, the motor industry experiences significant challenges and can hardly contain the problem (Boudette and Kachi 1). The case of Volkswagen’s defect is the most outrageous because it was sheer fraud. It was premeditation. This sets apart other defects noted in the motor industry because the company’s diesel emission test was well faked and executed (Phelan 1). Thus, defects in the motor industry can also be attributed to rogue engineers, who ignore the rigorous engineering and safety
Theories of child development describe childhood as a combination of continuous and discontinuous periods where children learn new skills and incorporate them into their growth identities (Berk, 2014). Erick Erikson’s psychodynamic theory argues that an adult identity development is a lifelong process made up of an exploration that starts during adolescence. People undergo eight stages of psychological conflict, and if the conflict were not resolved in each stage, psychological problems are thought to be inevitable later in life. Erikson’s theory presents four dimensions in the process of developing an identity: diffuse, foreclosed, moratorium and identity achieve (Berk, 2014). These processes in Kaczynski’s life could be considered as a state of rebellion where he drifts away from the ideals of his parents, from his personal view, and the ill society. Resultantly, he became a man of extreme violence. Unlike Kaczynski, Alice Walker successfully overcomes these eight stages by challenging poverty, disfigured eye, and racism to become a successful author and champion for equality. Biological systems theory examines the factors that influence the development of children which include the microsystem (biological, family), mesosystem (interpersonal and peer experiences), exosystems (an extension of the ecosystem, neighborhood, social services), macrosystems (cultural context), and chronosystem (sociohistorical influences) (Bryans, Cornish, & McIntosh, 2009). The complex exosystem has produced extreme stress on Ted Kaczynski. He developed into a genius boy’s body that never fit with his peers. Racism in Mississippi was part of the macrosystem that impacted Alice Walker.