ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The concept of innovation has increasingly become very important to firms in the modern society. Market competition has become stiffer than it ever was, and firms are now under pressure to come up with ways of managing such competition. According to Lewis, the only way that firms can manage competition is by coming up with unique ways of productions and product delivery methods in the market which are superior to that of the competitors (43). This means that firms have to embrace innovation. Innovation is defined as coming up with alternative ways of addressing tasks that lowers the cost and improves efficiency. It involves going beyond the conventional methods to come up with new approaches that embrace emerging technologies to improve efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery. Darden Restaurants is a leading American restaurant that has its headquarters in Orlando, Florida. It was founded in 1938 by William Darden under the name Green Frog. In 1968, he changed the name to Red Lobster Inn as it expanded to other towns within Florida. The name Darden Restaurant was adopted in 1995. According to Pasiuk, this firm has experienced a unique growth ever since it was founded (78). The company has grown to become one of the Fortune 500 firms, employing over 200,000 employees across the United States. It has slightly over 1,500 food outlets located in different parts of the country. The restaurant offers a wide range of products to its clients. Despite this success, Darden Restaurant faces very stiff competition in the market. The industry has become flooded by new entrants, some of which target specific market segments, posing serious risks to established firms such as Darden Restau
In the chapter titled Self-Examination , the author discusses how to assess one’s strengths to facilitate self-improvement. According to Orlick (2016), it is essential to stay committed to one’s goals. Without a high level of commitment, achieving the set goals is difficult. In the chapter, Orlick (2016) proposes a six-step plan to help individuals accomplish their objectives by improving their mental focus. The method also includes experimenting with various strategies that can help improve in the desired areas of life. Furthermore, the author recommends careful self-assessment to establish the exact areas that need improvement. Only by knowing their strengths, knowing their weaknesses can a person develop an efficient improvement plan. I believe the chapter proposes a thoroughly thought-through argument. It is impossible to improve at an activity without knowing one’s weaknesses. The author provides very structured reasoning, stating the need to assess various aspects, including commitment. In addition, the questions the author affords for self-assessment are highly effective. Answering them can give a person an understanding of what they need to improve to achieve their goals. Overall, the chapter is efficient in showing the importance of self-assessment, including evaluating one’s mental focus. I have experience in assessing my weaknesses to try to improve my performance. Despite always studying thoroughly for various tests, I tend to find academic assessments stressful. I believe that the anxiety I experience during them influences my scores. In high school, I tried to establish the precise circumstances that add to this nervousness. The questions I asked myself during that assessment overlap with those offered by Orlick in the chapter. Specifically, I attempted to determine when my focus during tests was at its lowest. I found that I tend to lose focus at the end of the allotted time due to poor time management. Thus, the self-assessment showed the area I should improve to perform better in exams. Reference Orlick, T. (2016). In pursuit of excellence: How to win in sport and in life through mental training (5th ed.). Human Kinetics.
Amazon   * Amazon is an electronic commerce company.   * Founded in 1994 in Bellevue.   * Founder and CEO: Jeff Bezos.   * Initially was an online bookstore.   * Amazon quickly diversified their business selling a wide variety of goods.   * Produces electronics (Kindle e-book, Fire tablets and phones).   * Today Amazon is one of the world’s largest online retailers. Amazon started their business being a small book selling business. Initially, the business operated from a garage where people were manually packing and shipping books. The table they used for packing books was fashioned with the help of a door that was not used. Nowadays, the business has been operating for 20 years and it is one of the largest and most profitable online retailing businesses in the world. Amazon quickly expanded and started to sell goods other than books. The range of items sold on Amazon includes electronics, clothes, food, jewelry, and furniture, among others. Profit and Success   * The progress made by Amazon is stable and sufficient.   * 11% profit during recession.   * Amazon’s shares have grown by 18% after the company reported a surprise profit.   * Sales rose by 20% in the end of June.   * Forecasted growth between 13 and 24% compared to last year.   * Outstanding success in North America (25% growth of sales compared to last year). Amazon has customers all around the world. It is especially popular in North America. The company has an incredibly strong performance, its sales showed an 11% growth even during the period of recession (2008 – 2009) (Webley par. 1). 3 Steps of Amazon’s Innovation  1. The use of the Internet and its immense popularity as a resource.  2. The cooperation with their party sellers.  3. Targeting the IT community through their web service platform. Amazon’s Service Innovation   * Advanced services for the customers with the help of the new technologies.   * Service innovation is closely connected to the technological progress and change.   * Amazon uses the huge popularity of the internet to expand their business and maximise revenues.   * The company targets markets that are untapped yet.   * Amazon employs the latest technologies to move their business forward and present a stronger competition. The type of innovation used by Amazon is service innovation that relies on the technological development as the means to improve and expand the services. The internet boom that has been happening for the last couple of decades is extremely helpful for the business. Amazon’s Business Model   * Innovative business model is the main source of surging shares of Amazon.   * Initially – commission was earned from brokerage service.   * Later – partnership with the competitors (third party sellers). The reason for the surging revenue of Amazon.com is its innovative business model. Amazon.com initially, ea
Currently, many medical workers, scholars and journalists discuss the moral permissibility of euthanasia or assisted suicide of a person who suffers from an intolerable pain. More importantly, this issue can be of great relevance to patients and their families. The key question is whether such a practice can be accepted from an ethical perspective. It is vital to examine various arguments in favor or against this practice. This essay will argue that people, who are dying in great pain, should be allowed voluntary euthanasia since it may the only available option. This is the main thesis that should be elaborated in more detail. The arguments discussed in the paper will be based on the ideas introduced by Dan Brock and James Rachels who believe that a patient is not morally obliged to stay alive if his/her existence is full of suffering and there is no way of alleviating this suffering. Furthermore, a patient should be regarded as a person who can take informed and independent decisions that have to be respected or at least respected by healthcare professionals. This is the central premise underlying the thesis. The following arguments will rely on the ideas of Dan Brock and James Rachels. One can make several points in order to support the idea of voluntary euthanasia. In particular, one can speak about a person’s right to autonomy or self-determination and well-being (Brock 11). More importantly, the right to self-determination can be extended to manner or time of one’s death (Brock 11). This issue is particularly important for a person who wants to avoid suffering or preserve his/her dignity (Brock 11). Thus, by denying the right to voluntary euthanasia, medical workers deny a patient the right to self-determination as well as to dignity. Again, one should take into consideration that patients ask for euthanasia in those cases, when their suffering cannot be relieved in any way. Additionally, one should note that euthanasia should not be confused with killing because unlike a murderer, a physician does not gain anything from assisting a patient with suicide (Rachels 66). Moreover, a healthcare professional does not force a person to end his/her life. This distinction is important for ethical justification of voluntary euthanasia. This term implies that a patient can take a rational and informed decision about his/her life. Moreover, one should take into account that in most cases, people require euthanasia when they have a terminal illness. In this case, the word terminal suggests that the death of a patient is usually inevitable and medical workers can only prolong the acute pain of a person. Therefore, this time can be unbearable for a patient. Therefore, one can argue that it is unethical for medical workers to force people to stay alive when they do not want to. This is one of the main arguments that should be taken into account. It is also important to mention that euthanasia is often
The movie called The Gangs of New York focus dates back to 1860s, at the threshold of the civil war. At the very beginthe ning, the director depithe cts the confrontation between the Native Americans controlled by the Protestant advocator of native people Bill Cutting and the Irish immigrants headed by the “Priest” Vallon. The battle ends with the Priest’s murder, but his son Amsterdam Vallon witnesses the killing scene and decides to revenge on his father’s death. Although the plot of the movie focuses on personal motives and sthe truggle between two gangsters, the story also uncovers the historic events preceding the Civil War, including the portrayal of poverty, confrontation of natives with the immigrants, and depiction of cruel riots and rebellions in New York. At the very beginning of the movie, the scene centers on the rigid confrontation between the representative of Native Americans headed by the Bill ‘The Butcher’ Cutting and the leader of Irish Catholics who arrived to America in search of better life. The scene depicted in the movie correlates with events and facts mentioned in American history. Specifically, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Americans experienced economic recession that could not be controlled and, as a result, most families reached the poverty line. Unequal distribution of wealth among the population was also explained by the different opportunities that people had for expanding their profits. The point is that social status depended largely on wealth and profits rather than on family’s educations and ties. American society, therefore, was in constant pursuit of success and material welfare. The market revolution was another underpinning for poverty deployment due to commercial separation and emergence of residential areas in which trade relations were the most developed, including Kingston in New York and Sugar Creek in Illinois. The career promotion was also associated with these regions because more people strived to move to these towns and gain higher status in society. Aside from displays of unequal distribution of wealth and poverty, the film highlights the difficult life of immigrants in America in the middle of the nineteenth century. Specifically, the main hero Amsterdam Vallon faces serious challenges to accommodate in the town and find a new job. He manages to earn money only when he gains trust from the head of the New York gang Bill Cutting. The conflict between the native population and the newcomers triggered the confrontation between the North and the South (Davidson et al. 288). Certai
A Significant Economic Trend In the book titled, “The Second Machine Age”, Brynjolfsson and McAfee, citing the social development theory, posit that the digitization process will continue to have major economic impacts on productivity globally. They oppose the view held by most economists, namely, that economic growth has stalled in the digital era, arguing that digitization has led to a surge in productivity. They present a number of reasons to support their position. In their view, through digitization, a broad range of new, inexpensive, and effective products are now available in the economy. In particular, free digital goods, such as texting/chat services (Apple’s iChat) and calling applications (Skype) have improved human wellbeing. However, the conventional methods used to calculate the gross domestic product (GDP) do not capture the benefits of free digital goods. Thus, GDP should capture aspects of digital data like volume, usefulness, and form, which improve human wellbeing. Another argument fronted to support the economic impacts of digitization relates to the growing income inequalities. Income disparities between people are widening because of reallocation of resources occasioned by digitization. The authors point out that applications like Facebook and Instagram have far fewer employees than traditional firms like Kodak (Brynjolfsson and McAfee 65). Thus, digitization has changed income and wealth acquisition dynamics whereby skilled individuals benefit from the innovations while those with lower skills do not. In their view, important assets in the digital era include training, intellectual property, and ICT skills (Brynjolfsson and McAfee 81). The authors argue that technology is not meant to substitute workers, but to revolutionize work systems to increase efficiency. Thus, while the demand for a lower-skilled workforce has declined, it has increased for skilled workers. People who will benefit from this technological shift are those who can develop digital goods that can serve millions of users. Data that Prove the Authors’ Position The authors cite a variety of sources to support their claim that the digitization process has led to growth in economic productivity. They note that while the median income of an average US citizen fell by 11 percentage points, the income of billionaires in the Forbes list grew four times in the past decade (Brynjolfsson and McAfee 87). This indicates that the technology shift has enabled entrepreneurs to rake in economic profits by creating on-demand digital goods. The authors cite statistics to indicate that life expectancy is low among people without a high school diploma because they earn low wages. These statistics affirm their view that the digitization process has led to a surge in productivity, which, however, benefits entrepreneurs with requisite skills. The authors also provide a detailed history of technological unemployment that came with the industrial revolution. During this era, machines took over lower-skilled tasks, leading to a rise in unemployment among lower-tier employees. However, according to the author
The 20 th century abounded with notable economists who have made valuable contributions into the economic theory and once and for all changed the economic policies that the world countries have followed. Among all these people, Milton Friedman is fairly regarded as one of the most influential economists and political philosophers. His political and economic views were not only duly appreciated by the society and the government, but produced a great influence on the economic welfare of a range of countries. His achievements have influenced much the economic science and “his advocacy of classical liberal views has influenced public opinion on the social role of Western governments. Friedman’s ideas … may have influenced the rise of free-maker economies in Asia and the decline of state socialism in Eastern Europe” (Friedman & Bordo, 2005, p. vii). The only fact that Friedman is a winner of a Nobel Prize in Economics testifies to the fact that he was not an ordinary person simply interested in economics; he made it a goal of his life to leave his mark in the world history, the goal that he was more than able to achieve. Together with carrying out empirical and theoretical research, Milton Friedman was also a professor of the University of Chicago and an economic advisor to the 40 th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan. Milton Friedman has advanced three major economic theories, namely, monetary theory, permanent income hypothesis and a theory of natural rate of unemployment; these theories have revealed important aspects of economics, have shown to be extremely helpful to the U.S. economics in particular, and could make the latter even more prosperous if their creator was still alive. What should be mentioned above all is that monetary theory is the first thing that the name of Milton Friedman is associated with. Friedman’s monetary theory was largely influenced by the work that was performed by Irving Fisher on the quantitative theory of money, a theory proposing a view that there is a direct relation between a price level and money supply. Friedman did not totally support quantitative theory of money; he relied on it, but there were certain ideas in which he and Fisher did not agree. In general, monetary theory refers to macroeconomics because it deals with such issues as total employment, fluctuations in the total output, levels of prices, etc (Friedman, 2007). In short, Friedman’s monetary theory, supporting the quantity theory, posited that a change in money supply is capable of changing the price level and nominal expenditures in the same direction. This presupposes that, in terms of its real value, a unit of money is a good that has a purchasing power over other goo
Apple Inc. is the world largest electronic industry in sale volumes and production, the success of the company has been attributed to its effective customer management; the company adopts a customer relationship management (CRM) approach to attract and maintain customers (Kincaid 23). CRM is a management strategy where a company creates healthy relationship with the suppliers, customers and the public; at Apple Inc, customer is the most important stakeholder and all processes are aimed at increasing customers’ welfare. Connections created with customers, suppliers and public Apple Inc aims produces customer focused goods; the products are aimed at increasing the welfare of the customer. To attain this noble task, the company is involved in continuous study and research for its products. Of late, the company innovativeness of ipods and Iphones has proved the concern and the value the company has on research with the aim of improving customer feelings and experience. The suppliers are not left behind in operating strategies of the company; the company aims to develop strong supplier relations; it does so through paying the customer on time and keeping the contracts as signed. The price that the company buys commodities from the customers is fair. When it comes to the public, the company has some corporate social responsibilities that aim at improving the welfare of the communities around; it also conducts its business in an ethical manner in the efforts to maintain good relations with the public. Types of primary research conducted To know the needs of customers and the public, the company conducts numerous research and investigations that aims at knowing what the consumers really expect from the company. The kind of research includes:   * Customer after sales interviews   * Sending questionnaires to customers   * The use of social network sites where the company encourages people (customers, the public and suppliers) to offer their responses and   * When a buyer is getting commodities from the company, there is a coupon that he/she is supposed to fill that gauges the effectiveness of the company The entire above are sources of information that the company uses to upgrade its services and products (Kristin and Kerr 78). Ways that small businesses can conduct market research There is no shortcut to an effective marketing strategy other than having the company conduct a market research; small business have the challenge of finances and the expertise of conducting market research, however the following are manageable ways of conducting the research:   * The traders can use published market research   * Can hire the services of professional market analysts   * Can conduct a simple walking around market research and   * Can use internet and ot
Introduction Computer or network operating systems are faced by various security vulnerabilities that can cause a breach of data or loss of important information. These risks usually arise from networks whereby an unwarranted user can access an operating system without the necessary credentials. It becomes important that computer systems apply various security strategies to ensure the safety of their operating systems and users of these computers. There are various mechanisms that have been established for computers to be used in the control of access to various resources within computer operating systems. These mechanisms are involved in ensuring that various security policies are followed. They are known as access control policies that are effective in improving an operating system’s security (Kizza, 2009). The three measures that can be used for an operating system’s security are: principle of least privilege, full disclosure, and audit trails. Operating systems are designed in a way that it is easy to establish, operate, and service any of the above security measures. This is done so that when threats do occur, it will be as a result of improper use of security features or failure to use the measures properly. Various security measures are also utilized at the same time to improve the security of the operating system. Least Privilege The principle of least privilege is one of the most popular techniques in securing operating systems. It is known as the system’s access control feature. This method is advantageous because it involves establishing various levels within a computer or a network operating system. Thus, each part within the system has specific levels with which they can be accessed by an individual. If a security breach occurs, then the attacker will only have access to that part of the operating system, thereby preventing access to the entire system (McNab, 2008). Only parts of the system will be affected by the security breach. This makes it easier to secure the operating system once the cause of the breach is established. One of the disadvantages of this method is that many security breaches arise primarily through employees of an organization. Employees have the security credentials necessary to access the operating system. This information can easily be accessed by unauthorized personnel. The employees of an organization have access to all or most of the organization’s valuable information. Thus, their actions determine the safety and protection of the resources within a computer operating system. This happens despite the high level controls that have been put in place to control user access (Bosworth, Kabay, & Whyne, 2009). Employees have become the target of social engineering attacks arising from outsiders. These attacks will easily steal the necessary information from employees and use it to access the computer system. In some cases, employees that are unhappy about the workplace will use the organization’s information for their own personal gain, or for revenge. Some employees can also make mistakes in handling their computers, leading to the destruction of information st