ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The LHC or the Large Hadron Collider is an international project headed by the UK government and some scientists and engineers from 100 countries all over the world. It is the largest particle accelerator ever built. The Large Hadron Collider or LHC is designed to fire very small objects like protons around its circumference at 99.99% the speed of light and smashing two of those objects into each other to see what would result from it. The LHC was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) to corroborate significant researches. The LHC lies beneath the Franco Swiss border. The rationale behind this pursuit is to resolve some questions relative to the existence of the universe. The Big Bang theory, the generally accepted theory where the universe originated has several flaws which create few dubious scientists and new theories of course. In order to establish the hypothesis, the LHC is designed likened as the way the universe is during its birth to extract those fundamental particles that acts on it during its explosion and how this particles created the objects that roam the universe today. Our universe actually concealed much of our existence. This motivates our scientists to discover what lies behind our existence and ultimately to be the master of this universe. The LHC Experiments ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) One of the primary problems that scientists were trying to placate is the issue on how does the Big Bang creates the planets, galaxies and those objects found floating in the universe. Since Big Bang is generally accepted theory where the universe emerged, countless questions are still being posited as there were no hard facts to establish the hypothesis. The CERN and the Fermilab were on this same pursuit to excavate what the universe is concealing. However, even combining these two large physics laboratories, the answers are still hard to illuminate. Coming the existence of the LHC is a positive sign that finally all the intriguing questions everybody deals with can now be possibly addressed. In the first few years of this huge accelerator, there was sign of plethora whence all the famous scientists in the world were eager to validate or nullify their hypothesis. It is interesting to note that when speaking of cracking something huge, the wealthy are always ready to pour (and actually filled with zeal) their pennies on such projects. Worthwhile though many critics still find that such undertaking would miss out the primary problems that are actually is being experienced today. Nevertheless, many individuals and scientists may not have the nerve to fritter away money and time if the project may seem far-fetched. There is a fundamental theory that all matters in the universe have mass and basically mass and force were considered the fundamental quantities underlying the operations of the universe. Newton conceptualizes the existence of mass which he defined as the constant proportionality between velocity and momentum. It establishes the question of physics but not phenomena. Howev
Introduction The development of strategy of the organization requires planning. The aim of this paper is to explain the choice of the organization for strategic plan as well as to describe its core activities, mission, and objectives. The Idenix Pharmaceuticals is chosen for the purpose of the creation of the strategic plan. The company is included in the Russell [email protected] index. The Main Part Idenix Pharmaceuticals is the company, which operates in the segment of medicines for treatment of the serious diseases ( Culture n.d.). The core business activity of the firm is the research, development, and commercialization of the medical innovations. It is particularly focused on the innovative products for treatment of the life-threatening infectious diseases ( Culture n.d.). The business of the company depends on the success of the launched innovations. The fast delivery of the products is considered to be the competitive advantage of the firm. Idenix supports the corporate culture based on the principles of responsiveness and entrepreneurial spirit ( Culture n.d.). It should be mentioned that the management pays close attention to the maintenance of the company’s image. The corporate values of Idenix are Innovation, Teamwork, Respect, Quality, and Ownership ( Culture n.d.). The company’s home country is the United States and its headquarters is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts (MA). However, Idenix has the international presence. Certain structural divisions of the company are based in France. The activity of the company requires the substantial investment in technology and human resources. It should be emphasized that the expertise of the firm’s specialists is its valuable asset. One of the Idenix’s strategic objectives is to use its competitive advantages to become a leader in antriviral pharmaceuticals ( Overview n.d.). The sphere of the particular interest of the company is the development of the new drugs for treatment of HCV. This virus is widely known as hepatitis C. “The company has previously discovered and developed antivirals for the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV/AIDS” ( Overview n.d., n.pag.). Currently, the company cooperates with the global industry leaders to achieve its strategic objectives. “The company’s goal is to bring compounds forward that have pan-genotypic antiviral activity and a favorable safety profile, can be administered once daily at low doses and are amenable to combination with other direct-acting antivirals” ( 2012 Annual Report 2012, p. 3). The focus on the development of the drugs for treatment of HCV is explained by the strong demand for the new and more effective medicines. “It is estimated that more than 170 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HCV” ( Overview n.d., n.pag.). This company is interesting for me as it represents the highly dynamic industry. In addition, Idenix is engaged in the innovative activities, which make it potentially
Introduction Human behavior and personality studies have been fundamental in understanding people in the societies, they attempt to find reasons for their behaviour and find ways of resolving them. Every country’s crime and justice department depends on psychologists and sociologists who are knowledgeable about behavioral and psychological theories, these people are capable of providing useful information in understanding criminals and ways of preventing the occurrences of their crimes. This paper uses Sigmund Freud’s personality theory to analyze Robert Pickton, a British Columbian convicted of murder. Robert Pickton’s biography Robert Pickton was born in 1948 to a family with one sister and a brother. Robert grew up in Port Coquitlam on a family farm. Their mother was their primary care giver as their father was least involved in their upbringing. His mother was very strict, making them perform hard work for long hours. This work included taking care of their farm animals as well as slaughtering the animals occasionally. Though his father was not involved in his early life, he abused Robert and his siblings, seeing them as losers. Because of this, Robert had a poor relationship with his parents. In school, Robert was no better as he had poor relationships with people. Children shunned Robert, and he had low grades, with an IQ of 86. Later, Robert dropped half way through school to become a meat cutter. As he grew older, Robert began experimenting with hard drugs such as cocaine and this was the beginning of his encounters with the law. In 1992, Robert was arrested for sexual assault and arrested for attempted murder five years later. The attempted murder charges were dropped for lack of evidence. However, his behaviours became worse as he lured prostitutes to his farm and murdered them after engaging in sexual activities with them. Robert slaughtered his victims and fed their remains to pigs. Analyzing Robert’s behaviour and personality requires a deep examination of his actions using a theory that tracks his upbringing. Sigmund Feud’s personality theory does this (Hall, 2005). Discussion Sigmund Freud argues that the human mind is divided into id, ego and the super ego , whose interaction determines the individual’s personality. The id exists in the unconscious part of the mind, and consists of instinctual unadulterated energies. It demands immediate gratification of needs, so if an individual is controlled by the id, the individual cannot wait or reason out their needs. They want it, and will have it at that particular time. The id’s response to body needs is reflexive. The ego , which operates on a reality principle, matches the demands of the id with real world objects and events. In the case of hunger, the ego would make an individual seek food to satisfy the hunger. The last division is the super ego, which reminds the individual of the moral values of the society. The super ego develops through internalization of values as people grow up. As children grow up, their parents teach them the acceptable behaviour through rewards and punishment. The child slowly learns what is good as well as what is bad. I
Introduction The tourism industry ranks amongst the greatest income generating sectors across the world. Consequently, different countries regard tourism as an opportunity to achieve economic growth and development. Tourism leads to improvement in living standards within societies by creating employment. Moreover, the local society benefits from the infrastructures that are built in order to support tourism. Examples of such infrastructures include airports, telecommunication networks, sewerage systems, and other public utilities (Wearing & Grabowski 2011). Despite the aforementioned economic benefits, tourism can have catastrophic economic effects on developing countries. Tourism makes countries dependants of foreign investments, hence increasing foreign dependency. Wearing and Grabowski (2011) assert that the need to develop sustainable tourism has increased over the last three decades. This aspect has led to emergence small scale, self-sustaining, and independent tourism, which is a direct contrast to mass tourism. Previous studies show that the probability of minimising the negative effects of mass tourism is high by developing sustainable forms of tourism. Volunteer tourism “is increasingly becoming one of the most popular types of sustainable tourism” (Wearing 2001, p.93). This form of tourism is also known as voluntourism and it revolves around environmental and community goals. Wearing (2001) asserts that volunteer tourism has undergone rampant growth over the years and this trend is expected to continue into the future (Tomazos & Cooper 2012). In light of this new development, this paper seeks to analyse whether volunteer tourism is more about the volunteers having a good time and travel companies making a profit than bringing benefits to local communities. Analysis Factors that motivate volunteer tourism Previous studies show that individuals engage in volunteer tourism for various reasons. Wearing and Grabowski (2012) assert that volunteers are motivated by egoistic and altruistic reasons. In a bid to attract volunteers, organisations highlig
Introduction Organizations set goals they aim to achieve within or after specified periods. However, some issues make it impossible for them to achieve their dreams; therefore, they must transform their operations to ensure they increase the possibilities of succeeding. Health care facilities must offer quality services because of the nature of their operations. They are supposed to save lives and promote good health and this means that their systems and staffs must be efficient. This paper examines a case study that presents various strategies employed by the Duke University Children’s Hospital to transform its operations. Definition and Case Summary A transformation is a deliberate effort that is aimed at improving various issues in organizations. This process occurs when there is poor performance due to internal or external factors that affect the activities of an organization. Duke University Children’s Hospital experienced serious financial challenges between 1993 and 1996 and this forced its managers to develop strategies to restore the organization’s performance. This facility offers health carte services to children and has a 135- bed capacity. Managers realized the expenses of this hospital were more than its income and the trend seemed to be constant; therefore, it was necessary for them to address issues that contributed to this unfortunate situation. Point of View The case study was written from a third person’s point of view. There is a possibility that the author was part of the key administrators at the hospital. The individual understands various operations of this institution and this means that he held a high position that enabled him to know what happens in the hospital. An outsider or subordinate staff cannot have access to boardroom meetings and know what is discussed by senior members of this hospital. In addition, the author understands the financial and operational procedures of this organization and that is why he offered a comprehensive analysis of the performance of this hospital. Changing the Hospital’s Strategies This hospital faced a deep financial crisis in 1996 and this compelled it to change its strategies. There were several issues that led to this problem and these were attributed to behavioral, structural and financial factors that made it difficult for this organization to achieve its goals. First, there was a decrease in medical allowances for patients that had been admitted into the hospital. This means that the facility was facing financial difficulties and it was difficult to offer quality services without adequate funds. Medicaid allowances had decreased and since the hospital relied heavily on this program to finance its processes it was impossible to make profits yet it had to look for other sources of income to support its activities. In addition, the number of patients with capitated reimbursement had increased; therefore, this exerted a lot of pressure
Berry, L.C. 1999, The Child, the State, and the Victorian Novel . Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. The author analyzes the main features of childhood in Victorian novels and tries to explain the image of victimized children predominant in major nineteenth-century novels. The author investigates social and political factors of the victimized child image and marriage-centered plots. The book vividly portrays that Victorian novel is, among other things, the record of a society seeking ways to adjust itself to revolutionary conditions. The Victorians found themselves living in a world whose novel demands they were wholly unprepared to meet. It was a crucial moment in modern history. This source is objective presenting views and opinions about the issue and its manifestations in popular novels. Blumberg, I. 2005, Collins’s Moonstone: The Victorian Novel as Sacrifice, Theft, Gift and Debt. Studies in the Novel , vol. 37, Iss. 1, p. 162. In this research, the author addresses the problems and themes of Collins’s Moonstone. The author analyzes the socio-economic conditions of the Victorian era and the treatment of children in literature. Charging the spirit of the age, lending it both exultation and terror, was the keen sense of change of which Blumberg spoke. In many ways, cities were in truth unpleasant places for children to live. A candid examination of the way people lived in the Victorian countryside (or for that matter any countryside) might have led some believers in the superiority of rural vs urban dwellers to think differently. This source is accurate and objective but lacks examples and deep analysis of the issues of childhood and hardship faced by many children in Victorian novels. Christ, C.T. Jordan, J.O. 1995, Victorian Literature and the Victorian Visual Imagination . University of Califor
Business organization Alma Spa is a spa salon offering women a wide range of beauty products and spa treatments. It is a Limited Liability Partnership or a partnership that has elements of a corporation and a partnership. The main benefit of this type of business organization is that it limits significantly the liability of the partners for malpractice claims (Fishman, 2010) and that all the partners have a right to directly participate in business management. Business partners within this partnership are Jaleelah Al Felfel and Lameea Ojayan who are its private owners. A such number of partners is the most optimum for this type of business organization, but any LLP, including this one, can increase its number of partners up to 50 or even more, depending on its size. Potential legal and ethical issues There are several ethical and legal issues that Alma Spa may face. One of the most important ethical issues is price-fixing. The salon is located at the center of Qatif downtown and the closest spas are 50 and 70 km away. Since there are no spa centers closer, the customers have to visit those that are farther. The prices for spa and beauty procedures need to be fixed in accordance with those that the nearby salons have; otherwise, this would be an unfair business practice (Campbell, 2007). Another ethical issue to be faced is discrimination in hiring personnel because, in the near future, two massage therapists, one nail therapist, four stylists, and two receptionists will need to be hired. Lastly, a potential legal issue is professional negligence on the part of the personnel; this will be dealt with by hiring only professionals with good recommendations. Business culture The business culture of Alma Spa centers on a high level of management and employee relations and a desire to create the most favorable atmosphere for customer satisfaction. It is crucial for the organization to work as a team and to develop loyalty towards the business in each of the employees (Kroon, 2000). Alma Spa aims at changing the way women perceive their life in Saudi Arabia, as well as the way they see their beauty and well-being. Focusing on providing exceptional service to our customers, we also do not forget about improvements and innovations using only high-quality modern equipment for spa and beauty procedures. Types of motivation Two main types of motivation used within the organization are extrinsic and incentive motivation. Professionalism is the main quality valued by employees. They will be motivated extrinsically for holding their positions because working at Alma Spa will contribute to the development of their professional skills. In addition, the employees will be motivated through incentives. Apart from high payments, they will get bonuses and rewards for regular customers or the feedbacks obtained from the customers. Moreover, the salary will depend on how long an employee has worked for
Introduction Multinational corporations experience numerous challenges when operating in foreign countries. These are fronted by macro environmental disparities between the two concerned states (home and foreign). This paper discusses General Motors (from the USA) with regard to its business operations in China. It is evident that both countries are quite different in the realms of their macro economical, political, legal, cultural, and societal factors. These disparities have major potentials in dictating the fate of GM in its international outlets, global presence, marketplace visibility, and profitability. The paper equally determines how the mentioned factors vary for GM both in the US and China. Consequently, such factors have affected the management of GM (in China) in various contexts including its operations, growth, and profitability. It is crucial to consider such factors critically on business grounds. Macroeconomics It is evident that the economy of the US is far much different from that of China. As at 2011, the USA and China had a GDP of $15.094 and $7.298 trillion respectively indicating the mentioned macroeconomic disparity. Due to this, GM has to operate tactically in China while considering the aspects of economic hitches within the country. Its business’ strategies and operations must change significantly in order to adopt and survive in the Chinese market. Economic aspects affect numerous businesses in a considerable manner. It dictates the volume of production, sales as well as the ultimate profitability. Evidently, it is expensive to establish an automobile company; thus, it must be favored macro economically in the concerned foreign countries so as to recover the costs it incurred on installations, operations, and management. Since China is known for manufacturing cheap products (automobiles included), this might create a massive macroeconomic hindrance to GM in the Chinese market. Consequently, the company has to restructure its products, operations, promotional strategies, and management tactics in order to remain relevant, competitive, and cost effective in the Chinese market. Precisely, the management aspects of GM are quite different in the Chinese market. Politics Political aspects of both countries differ remarkable. The ways through which the USA handles her pol
Introduction A balanced scorecard (BSC) is a performance management framework developed in the early 1990s (Bible, Kerr & Zanini 2006). It is used to monitor staff activities and the effects of their deeds. A BSC plan includes financial and non-financial data used to monitor performance. In addition, it focuses on the primary agenda of the corporation. Since its development, BSC has undergone various developments. In this paper, the author will provide a report on an article about BSC. The article is written by Coe and Letza (2014). In the report, an analysis of the performance measurement tool and its development over the years will be provided. In addition, the pros and cons of BSC design and implementation will be discussed. Two Decades of the Balanced Scorecard: A Critical Analysis Inception and Development of the Scorecard In the article, Coe and Letza (2014) state that the BSC was developed primarily because the existing financial measures did not produce the results sought by most companies at the time. Kaplan and Norton, the scholars behind the tool, realized that organizational value was no longer influenced by tangible assets. Intangible resources were the major drivers. In addition, they noted that most managers were not familiar with the impact of measurements on business strategy. To come up with a clear performance target, administrators needed a balanced presentation of both financial and operational measures (Lawrie & Cobbold 2004). Consequently, the scorecard was developed. The management tool entailed four viewpoints that brought together the performance of all employees. They included financial, customer, internal business, and innovation standpoints. When the scorecard was first developed, most managers found it was effective. In spite of this, the tool had various defects. Initially, it entailed inserting 4-5 measures into four boxes (Bible et al. 2006). The major problem emerged when deciding the measures to place in each box and order of placement. According to Coe and Letza (2014), the entire process was vague. In addition, it was unclear how the strategy was connected to inserting measures in boxes. As a result, managers ended up setting incoherent measures and goals (Haksever et al. 1999). Improvements and modifications of the original scorecard started in 1996 (Coe & Letza 2014). The revised version allowed administrators to associate