ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Types of Prosocial Behavior Prosocial behaviors are meant to benefit others. People participate in sharing their personal resources, such as money, clothes, and food, to put a smile on someone’s life. As well, volunteering time is a crucial prosocial behavior that every individual in a community should practice. This particular moment is utilized in deriving solutions to already existing problems. Aknin et al. (2019) state that co-operating in society for the purpose to create a common goal is important. In addition, helping someone in need enables one to face the world with a different perspective. Volunteering As far as volunteering is concerned, there is much to achieve through it. People tend to think that volunteering is not worth the effort, but that is not the case. Being able to interact with others and make new friends in the process is utterly fulfilling. Volunteering is a form of making society a better place for every individual. Those who benefit through volunteering indicate happiness and contentment on their faces. As well, volunteering comes with its benefit to those who engage in it, there is satisfaction and a sense of belonging to the society (Aknin et al., 2019). Volunteering can lead to referrals in terms of employment, especially when organizations are looking for employees, someone who volunteered might be lucky. Helping Helping others comes after someone makes a small request. Some of the helping activities that someone can engage in include: holding the disabled and the old to walk, helping them get their meals on time, helping a family in the street acquire shelter, and helping the sick clean up their mess. A response to a small request involves little individual risk, all for societal benefit (Aknin et al., 2019). Upon achieving something at the end of a day, an individual feels happy and important. Helping others achieve their goal makes one feel essential and ready for more challenges. In addition, by creating time and playing with the disabled, an individual is capable of understanding their problems better. Sharing Society is filled with individuals who need to be helped. Shaver et al. (2019) state that different situations make people ask for assistance, hence finding hope from tho
Introduction Suicide linked to Schizophrenia is a leading cause of premature deaths. The schizophrenic patients are at risk of attempting suicide, as manifested by records from the 1960s. It is reported that out of all schizophrenic patients’ deaths, suicide accounts for at least 13%. Leading causes of suicide among these patients include social isolation, hospitalization, awareness of the condition, and sense of helplessness, health deterioration, limited or lack of support due to family instability. Efforts to reduce the cases of suicide among these patients do not seem to have yielded much success to date. Therefore, it is critical to adopt approaches aimed at reducing this phenomenon or preventing it all together (1). This paper will outline possible strategies for the prevention of suicide in people with Schizophrenia. Improved recognition of vulnerability There is a need to tackle the challenge associated with suicide among schizophrenic patients in a comprehensive manner. One major approach to achieving this goal is through improving the recognition of schizophrenia patients who are vulnerable to committing suicide. Widespread evidence indicates that a highly vulnerable group constitutes the young. Both young schizophrenic males and females have been identified as likely to commit suicide as compared to their older counterparts. Among the whites, the unmarried patients who have had post-psychotic depression or previously abused drugs have a higher likelihood of attempting suicide. Patients who have also earlier attempted suicide or communicated about it may end up committing suicide. As such, when a patient mentions an intention to commit suicide, he/she should be placed under close supervision because such patients could end up committing the act. Another way to identify a schizophrenic patient who is likely to commit suicide involves observing characteristics such as hopelessness and a tendency to isolate oneself. Patients who may have undergone a long hospitalization period and have become aware of their condition also tend to attempt suicide, and such patients should thus be monitored closely (2). It is postulated that such patients fear that they could deteriorate further, or due to increased dependence on medication, they may lose faith in the possibility of ever recovering. Therefore, they opt for induced death in order to alleviate their suffering. Suicide in individuals with Schizophrenia is also influenced by the active phase of the condition. Also, this can be influenced by notable psychotic symptoms that trigger paranoid delusions and thought insertion. Evidently, patients diagnosed with the paranoid subtype of this condition are at risk of committing suicide. Medication, though meant to mollify Schizophrenia, may increase the likelihood of suicide in the patient. This is associated with the increased awareness of the illness and insight about the condition. Therefore, patients under medication should be observed more closely as the immediate effect of the drug may trigger suicidal thoughts. Having identified all these possibilities among the schizophrenic patie
Plato’s representation of the cave in “Allegory of the Cave” Republic Book VII is shown as an analogy for the condition of mankind–for their being educated or dearth of it. In “Allegory of the Cave” Plato explains us clearly the way to take out some of its details: the cave is the place available to view or insight. The world outside the cave is the logical place; which is reachable to logic but not to insight; the voyage outside of the cave into daylight of the world is the soul’s inclination to the logical territory. (Valleau, Finnbogason, 341) The mentor’s job is to turn the souls around instead of inducing the knowledge into a soul that does not contain it. This reorganization of souls has working dimensions as well as mental ones. In “Allegory of the Cave” Glaucon believes that the cave is an odd image, and the people are weird prisoners. However, Socrates thinks that these people are just like us. Socrates believes that no doubt we are not actually chained and do not look powerlessly at shadows created by those intended to mislead us. Nonetheless, according to Plato many things regarding our state make the cave an appropriate image. The prisoners see the shadows and only, relic, likenesses of animals and people, shed these shadows. Therefore, according to Plato, the prisoners are far away from truth or reality–however, they do not recognize this and would not accept it if the advise was given to these people. The prisoners would be temporarily deprived of sight and incapable to distinguish the objects that cast the shadows on the wall. (Valleau, Finnbogason, 349) If the prisoners were untied and asked to turn and face the flashing light, it would hurt their eyes, and they would perhaps prefer to return to their contented and known gloominess of the prison. (Plato, 195) In the “Allegory of the Cave” Plato gives us a clearer view of the image drawn from the cave. Plato is of the opinion that the cave is the place that is reachable to insight. Furthermore, Plato differentiates between the perceptible realm and the logical realm, among things understood by perception and those understood by logic. (Plato, 197) The insight realm consists of common observable things; the logical realm consists of ideas. The chained prisoner or in other words, the ordinary unqualified person does not have any opportunity to reach to logical ideas. Indeed, a common person does not even have a clue that such a thing exists. Moreover, such a person has access to shadows of the perceptible instead of the perceptible things themselves. He might be able to recognize these shadows but still he would not know what to do next because his knowledge is inadequate. (Valleau, Finnbogason, 356) Thus in “Allegory of the Cave” Plato explains that the world exterior to the cave is the logical place reachable to rational but not insight. The things in the actual world are factual than the images in the cave, in view of the fact tha
The practice of changes in the healthcare system is the natural process of transition from obsolete methods to the newer and modern principles of medical care. At the same time, innovations often affect not only treatment and care procedures but also the working regimes of employees and managers. Today, when the pace of change in healthcare is particularly fast, the need to adapt to updated duties forces the leaders of various medical institutions to monitor the professional activity of subordinates carefully. Regarding the scope of nursing work, various innovative leadership practices have significant implications for both staff and its management. Following the contemporary concept of change is an essential task in the field of healthcare and, in particular, a nursing practice since both leaders and employees themselves can extract valuable experience through the implications of the renewed course of activity. Importance of the Concept of Change Constantly emerging trends replacing outdated operating principles are a natural process for many areas, including the healthcare sector. Innovations here are the result of well-thought-out solutions aimed primarily at improving the quality of assistance to the population and encouraging people to increase their literacy regarding the principles of preventing health problems. According to Roussel, Harris, and Thomas (2016), “health care is a moving target with forces for change impacting outcomes for quality, safety, and value-added care” (p. 4). Consequently, the task of the management of individual medical institutions is to ensure the most rapid and convenient transition to new working principles. In the context of nursing practice, such operations, as a rule, provide for reorganizations in a labor regime and responsibilities assigned to employees. The competent implementation of all changes is an important step in the healthcare environment and for nursing leadership and management. Importance for Healthcare Despite the professional orientation of many reforms affecting nursing activities, changes occur not only directly in the work process but also in cultural, educational, and some other aspects of practice. Boyal and Hewison (2016) note that the importance of such transformations lies in improving the quality of care and, consequently, the satisfaction of the population with medical services. Therefore, the pursuit of sound innovation contributes to enhancing employees’ competence in inpatient care. Importance for Nursing Leadership and Management Any innovations are inevitably reflected in the work of nursing leadership and management. Boyal and Hewison (2016) argue that reforms aimed at achieving specific objectives and implementing approved action plans reveal the potential
A Good Man Is Hard to Find is a short story that was written by Flannery O’Connor and got published in the year 1955. The story was initially included in the “Modern Writing I” before it was later published in another anthology “The House of Fiction” in 1960. This vast appearance in various anthologies has made the story one of the most cherished works of this author. The story has exhibited all the characteristics for which the author is best known for her religious faith. It is a fiction work of well-drawn characters that are represented through a philosophy which underscores the author’s devout religious belief and faith in the Roman Catholic way. A Good Man Is Hard to Find is actually one of the highly regarded works by this author where characterization is well exhibited through out the plot. In this story, O’Connor’s own attitude towards her faith is observed in the way she paints her characters through aspects, such as dialogue, whereby each character befits well the role he or she plays in the story. Characterization in this short story is displayed through various tools such as actions, clothing, speech and dialogue, family life, moral codes, and thoughts and opinions, among others. However, through the characters’ dialogue and speech, all other aspects are well-expressed to the readers. The writer’s talent and ability to accord the characters’ speech that would reflect their social class, moral values, age, and religious stand makes the story complete with its intended meaning of expressing her religious faith. For instance, the children are constantly heard to say things that sound childish and just fit them better as kids. Even though the story opens innocently, the author starts by introducing the character of the story’s antagonist; the Misfit. Misfit is observed to be an escaped murder convict who repeats his habits by killing the entire family towards the end of the story. Via this character, the writer manages to explore the concept of ‘grace’ in Christianity where it comes out clear that God’s divine pardon of humans can only be guaranteed through pleading or asking. As observed in the story, it is only the grandmother who manages to attain grace at the moment when she is observing the death and recognizes the murderer; the Misfit, as her own child (Evans 36). For the writer, the grace of God is not only a force that is lacking within the character, but something that is undeserved. However, the characters in the story often miss out the opportunity to make a connection in the real perception whereby their spiritual blindness is said to hinder them from coming into terms with the truth. Family dysfunctions and problems reveal in the story. The manner by which every family member would interact with the others is used to bring forth a character of the heroes. This could be observed through a number of episodes in the story such as the kids’ behavior of disrespect towards the older folks, the unsuccessful attempts of Bailey to uphold his responsibility as the ‘father’
Introduction Literary criticism in the twentieth century was a revolution of sorts. The world was falling out of pattern with the World Wars and Modernist literature was trying to capture this chaos. However, as a reaction against the extreme subjectivity of the Romantics and the social emphasis of the Victorian Age, literary criticism under the label of ‘New Criticism’ or the Formalists took the shape of a disciplined science. According to I. A. Richards and T.S. Eliot’s famous theories of literary criticism, literature began to be viewed objectively and scientifically, instead of tracing the poet and the poet’s intentions in the text. According to the New Critics, there was always a structural and thematic meaning of the text, independent of the biographical, socio-political, or moral connotations of a text. A true literary critic would appreciate the text for its form and pattern and internal harmony, not because it belonged to a certain author. The ‘text’ was independent of the author. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley Two of the New Critics, W.K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley contributed to this theory with their essay, “ The Intentional Fallacy ” (1946) on two important aspects of literary appreciation: they termed it Intentional Fallacy and Affective Fallacy. Intentional Fallacy, according to them, was the mistake of the critic or the reader’s assumption that the author, his backgro
Farming has become one of the most important businesses. It became very profitable as far as it took fewer workers to produce a given amount of food as time passed. The use of newly invented machinery increased the level and efficiency of agriculture. The use of reapers, iron plows, tractors, threshers facilitated the work of farmers and increased their productivity. The introduction of electric and gasoline-powered machinery, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides made agriculture one of the main sources of income for West America. In the 1960s the American government decided to produce surplus food to feed the poor. Farm production produced more and more goods increasing its efficiency in the decades after World War ll in such a way that the government realized that it was enough and cut their farming material support. It should be noted that the number of farms was reduced due to the Rural Electrification Administration (REA) established in 1935 (Fite). Although the number of farms was reduced, their efficiency was increased. A great number of lands were in the hands of not so many farmers. It became possible to take care of more lands and produce more goods in the same period of time. These large corporate farms were capitalized with huge investments. Quantitative and expensive machinery was supplied to these farms. Farms became a sort of business with a great amount of capital and good management. Thousands of small farms became unprofitable as far as it was impossible to compete with large farms. Although the number of farms and people involved in agriculture reduced sharply after World War ll, agriculture continued to be one of the main profitable sources for the American economy (Fite). Lack of rainfall is the main disadvantage of the American West climate. The life of every farmer as well as every citizen of West America depends on water. The way out has been found and a lot of dams were constructed to solve this problem. There are a lot of advantages of constructing big dams on such rivers as Missouri, Columbia, Colorado, and other major rivers. The main advantages are the possibility to support the citizens with water and to use falling water for hydroelectric power. Dams are very valuable for agricultural sectors as far as they supply farms with water. More than that, these dams provide still water for wild animals and attract tourists as the dams may be used for water sports and other activities and entertainment. As for the disadvantages, these dams destroy forests and wildlife. The original river is diverted because of the construction and the down-river may be changed in course (Water in the West) . Dams are very expensive to be constructed and not every country of West America may allow supplying the construction of such dams. During the construction of large dams, a lot of factors should be taken into accounts such as environment, resettlement, rehabilitation, sedimentary issues, socio-economic issues, and safety aspects (Water in the West) . Although large dams facilitate the life of farmers and other citizens of West A
Abstract This paper supports the argument that schizophrenia is an extreme form of schizotypy. This argument bases its structures on research studies, which demonstrate the genetic link between both disorders and the medical evidence showing schizophrenia as an extreme form of schizotypy. The use of Meehl’s model to expose extreme forms of schizotypy as a manifestation of schizophrenia also informs the findings of this paper. This evidence (coupled with the fact that schizotypy is a continuum of mental disorders) demonstrate that schizophrenia is an extreme form of schizotypy. Comprehensively, the redefinition of schizophrenia as an extreme form of schizotypy signifies a strong impact on the classification of mental disorders. Introduction Clinically, it is often difficult to distinguish schizophrenia from schizotypy. However, Hoermann (2009) explains that both concepts are unrelated because schizophrenic patients exhibit severe symptoms of mental disorder while patients suffering from schizotypy experience mild forms of mental disorder. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder, which is often characterised by a strange perception of reality. Perhaps the most feared outcome for patients who have this disease is their high probability of committing suicide. Recent estimates show that about a third of patients suffering from schizophrenia are suicidal (Hoermann, 2009). These statistics also show that most of these patients commit suicide within the first 20 years of diagnosis (Hoermann, 2009). The ambiguity in distinguishing schizophrenia from schizotypy partly contributes to this high suicide rate because some schizophrenic patients get the wrong diagnosis (a wrong diagnosis contributes to worsened mental states, which later contribute to high suicide rates). It is, therefore, crucial to distinguish schizophrenia from schizotypy because they share similar symptoms. For example, if a patient suffers from schizotypy and gets the correct treatment plan, they may reduce the probability of developing schizophrenia. This way, the relationship between schizophrenia and schizotypy is established and severe outcomes of mental disorder (such as suicide) reduce. However, understanding the relationship between schizophrenia and schizotypy depends on understanding both mental disorders. Schizotypy refers to a continuum of psychological states, which range from mild forms of normal dissociative behaviours to extreme forms of imagination and illusion (Mental Health Centre, 2012, p. 1). Patients who suffer from schizotypy show odd and peculiar behaviours, which characterise their personality throughout their illness. They are also more socially isolated than ordinary people are. The Mental Health Centre (2012) adds that it is also unsurprising to see patients who suffer from schizotypy harbouring odd beliefs and superstitions. From the above definitions (of schizophrenia and schizotypy), many debates that have questioned the relationship between the two terms have arisen. Broadly, both disorders pose simil
In her article “Deportations from Western Europe”, Holly Arendt explores the role that ‘ruthless toughness’ played in shaping the way in which Germany interacted with the world under Nazi leadership. She begins the article by pointing out the way in which men manifesting this particular character trait to a great degree were selected as emissaries to other countries beginning in 1941. By 1942, these relations led to plans for the deportation of thousands of Jews from France, Belgium and Holland. Most of the Jews to be deported in this way had reached these locations after fleeing German influence in places such as Russia, Austria, Poland, Rumania and Hungary while few realized the true intentions behind the term ‘resettlement’. However, this influence was not necessarily as strong or as ruthless as it might seem. As Arendt illustrates, it was due to the eagerness of the Germans to ‘resettle’ as many Jews as they could within their borders despite their apparent hatred for them that brought suspicion upon them. Eichmann’s attempts to assert his authority in France caused some to question his true intentions and his request that French Jews be included in the deportations triggered a complete change of heart on the part of French officials. Rather than moving forward with the deportation efforts, France agreed to uphold naturalizations granted to Jews prior to 1933 and intentionally delayed efforts to deport even stateless Jews. These problems weren’t present in France alone. Arendt discusses several ways in which Belgian officials did what they could to prevent or interfere with deportations. Local law enforcement was reluctant to participate in collection efforts, those guarding trains were careless in ensuring train cars were locked and the nature of the Jewish population as a result of recent events made the community highly unorganized and therefore difficult to pick out. Holland was largely at the mercy of the Germans after their entire government fled before occupation, but this country also managed to interfere with deportation issues due to disagreements between Eichmann and Himmler as well as opposition by the population. Unfortunately, the public was divided on this issue and an equally strong faction worked diligently to uncover Jews in