ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Since the foundation of the earth, people have been communicating using different means and devices. Telegraph is just one of many means of communication that have been invented. It is a device that is used to transmit and receive written information from one point to another (Bruno Para 4). Messages are sent using an electric current although the word illustrates a system used to send written messages through optical means. After its invention, it was the most popular means which was being used to send written messages in some areas of Europe and America. However, it is important to note that telegraph was exceedingly popular only before the invention of telephones although its use did not stop immediately. In addition, some means which came later like telegrams as well as telex continued to use telegraphy. Nonetheless, they were later replaced by fax transmissions which were using telephone lines. Since the invention telegraph, a lot of development has taken place and currently, international telegraphy makes use of satellite transmission and radio bands which operate at a very high frequency. Based on that background, it is explicit that invention of telegraphy has had various impacts in mass communication. Therefore, this essay shall focus on telegraph and narrow down to the impact of the same in the filed of mass communication. It is important discuss the history of telegraphy to be in a position to understand its direct impacts in mass communication. Telegraph replaced earlier means of sending information which were inclusive but not limited to smoke, fires at night, drums beating and horns. However, towards the end of the eighteenth century, Claude Chappe, an engineer from France invented a telegraph system known as a semaphore which was used to send messages from one hill top to another (Coe pp. 24). Latter on, Chappe and his brother were able to build a series of towers between cities which were using telescopes to send written messages from one city to another. His system became successful and he came up with the world telegraph. It is a combination of two Greek words, t ele and graphien which means ‘distance’ and ‘to write’ respectively. Generally, the word telegraph means writing at a distance (Bruno Para 7). However, it is important to point out that although the system was successful, it required a lot of staff to operate and was also affected by the weather. The invention of electricity was very instrumental as it led to the discovery of electric telegraphy by William and Charles in the 19 th century. Electric telegraphy was closely followed by other improvements. Morse, an artist from America invented electric telegraphy which could be used in the whole wor
Introduction Apart from linguistic methods, other aspects should be considered in translation. These elements include cultural perception and personal viewpoints of the translator. It incorporates the significant role that translators play in intercultural mediation arising from the cultural turn. The other approaches consider the aspects that are internal to the author who mediates for the self and those oriented to the audience. The two facets are linked together in a selective process, which determines the pattern that translation takes. There is a need for communication between different people from diverse ethnic origins in the highly industrialized and tech-driven world. However, for individuals to relate to others’ message, they have to understand their counterparts’ traditions. Comprehension is necessary since language is deeply embedded in people’s way of life and, in turn, influences the meaning of words. When transferring data from one language to another, factors other than the linguistic approach should be considered because people’s way of life determines the meaning attached to some words. Outline of the Areas Covered This paper will explore the issues involved in translation other than linguistics and their manifestation alongside the problems they create during the inter-lingual rendering process. It begins with a discussion of the primary concerns which give rise to several theoretical frameworks. Additionally, it examines the findings and their implications, and describes key concepts and their practical application in an example text. The examples are generated from the sections within the book and analysis of the title. The heading is analyzed regarding its application in Spanish and when interpreted in the Italian language. The examples’ discussion provides valuable deductions that prove the translation theories and the relevance of the features explored. Description of the Key Concepts Translation involves different concepts integrated to ensure that the original content is retained. The translator implements intercultural mediation, which in this case is seen as a relational and interpretative activity. It also involves linguistic techniques which can be expressed in three ways: intralingual, interlingual and intersemiotic translation (Jakobson, 1959). The first one refers to rewording, where there is an interpretation of given verbal signs using others verbal signals in the same language (Zethsen, 2009). Translation proper refers to an individual reinterpreting a particular message in a different linguistic code. The last refers to expressing verbal ideas in images or movem
What are the long term objective of Flydubai? Flydubai has a series of long-term objectives. Their principle mission resides in attracting the maximum number of customers with the help of their unique approach. First, and foremost, they are intended to focus on the quality of service so that a client is sure to receive the highest standards at the lowest price possible. A particular emphasis is put on the business class service that currently offers unique facilities and entertainment available due to the employment of the latest technologies. Enlarging the number of clients will also be achieved through the diversity of markets within which the company operates, including the Middle East, East Africa, Russia – on the whole, Flydubai’s network is supposed to extend up to 45 countries. It is also necessary to note that the company is concerned about making the flying both accessible and secure. They stick to their self-concept and its philosophy, and their public appeal reflects the concern for clients’ comfort, the company’s image, and the employees’ benefits. It is evident that the vision set in 2013 is still valid, and Flydubai is in the process of accomplishing its main mission of enlarging the client base. What is the competitive advantage of Fly Dubai? Numerous factors determine the competitive advantage of Flydubai. In the framework of the SWOT analysis, one might point out the following strengths of the company: low-cost strategy policy, diverse targeted market, and modern technologies. The first two strengths are particularly critical from the standpoint of gaining a competitive advantage as Flydubai cooperates with the countries the networks of which experience some problems. For example, their entry to the Russian market has increased the company’s competitive capacity significantly. Flydubai has numerous opportunities that might help it win a competitive advantage. First of all, the company has consistent chances to develop its business class service, and thus, extend its clientele significantly. Secondly, the company now has an opportunity to increase its market share in Kazakhstan’s region and engage new investments. Thirdly, the company has a chance to increase its profit due to the close cooperation with DWC – the company’s clients will be enabled to use its services in two Dubai airports. In the meantime, there are a series of threats that the company might meet. Among the most critical
The book “Introduction to American Deaf Culture” provides the best perspectives on the experiences and lives of deaf people. The third chapter examines the individuals and communities encompassed within the Deaf Culture (DC). According to the author, the word “deaf” refers to individuals who use ASLs. According to the book, “such individuals are critical members of the deaf culture or society” (Holcomb 38). Many deaf individuals also “encounter delays or difficulties in language development” (Holcomb 39). A deaf person can have some hearing abilities. The individual can also be able to use various sign languages” (Holcomb 40). Such individuals should also have deaf friends. Such attributes are necessary towards ensuring these individuals are part of the deaf community (Holcomb 42). Four common labels exist within the community. These labels are “hearing impaired”, “hearing”, “hearing-but”, and “hard-of-hearing” (Holcomb 42). Such people want to be called “deaf”. The author also explains why the deaf “want to be informed about individuals who have succeeded in life” (Holcomb 52). The society should not view deaf people as disabled or incapacitated. The fourth chapter “Deafhood: A Personal Journey Toward Self-Actualization” presents a new scenario associated with the Deaf Culture. The second scenario is that “a culturally deaf person will undertake a long and difficult journey in order to discover his or her identity” (Holcomb 60). Many deaf people in our country are working hard in order to achieve their personal goals. This journey is necessary because the society is unable to take care of their needs and expectations. Many people in our world treat every deaf person as incompetent and incapable of having a better life. Deaf people have decided to embrace their lives. They have also focused on better ideas towards self-actualization. This journey is not easy. Every deaf person must go through certain stages in order to have a positive identity. Such journeys and ambitions make it easier for the author to identify the variations associated with the above culture. Every deaf person should take a personal journey in order to have a better life. According to the second chapter, the Deaf Community has decided to take its journey in order to achieve its goals. This is the right path towards self-actualization. The author presents the best findings and analyses about the issues encountered by these deaf people. I strongly believe that our society has a duty to protect and support these people. Our society should support the Deaf Community in order to undertake its vital journey towards self-actualization. The challenges encountered by these individuals make it impossible for them to realize their goals. The “culturally deaf population continues to encounter numerous challenges in many parts of the world” (Holcomb 63). The progression of their identities has resulted in different variations among these people. This analysis is relevant because it makes it easier for the reader to understand the plight of this community. Such insights are critical
Introduction The Coca-Cola Company was established in eighteen eighty six by a pharmacist named John Pemberton of Atlanta, Georgia. His initial ingredients (kola nut and coca plant) were meant to make a tonic for managing migraines and headache but not soft drink. He then liaised with Atlanta’s drugstore manager, Frank Robinson in which the syrup was sold and was given a brand name Coca Cola and was marketed throughout Atlanta. In the drugstore, carbonated water was incorporated in the drink which it better and people liked it more although the returns were less in the first year. When Pemberton became ill, he sold the business shares before his death in eighteen eighty eight. One of the shareholder was Asa Candler who became the sole owner of the business by buying all the shares from other members and he established the Coca Cola Company in eighteen ninety two (Bell, 2004). His marketing enthusiasm accelerated the sale of the product and its expansion started with branches in Dallas, Texas and then to all states in America. The product began being bottled in eighteen ninety nine where its sales increased dramatically. Currently, the carbonated beverage market itself and networks in close to two hundred countries globally and emerge the leading beverage manufacturer. Their diversified products have a large market although competition from other brands of soft drinks have increased with the company selling four hundred and fifty brands globally with the leading brand being Coca-Cola® (Bodden, 2009). General Environment With Chief Executive Officer Muhtar Kent, and with it’s headquarter in Atlanta, Georgia, the company has become an acknowledged multinational with more acquisitions such as the current acquisition of Fuze Beverage in two thousand and seven. Its beverages are sold worldwide have a high consumption rate of about 1.6 billion beverages sold daily. The brand name has sponsored many games and TV programs. From the company’ official website, (2010), the company aims to “foster Sustainable communities through economic development, philanthropy and the creation of economic and social opportunities.” It is aware of the dynamic nature of the world’s demographic trends today hence, it aims to cultivate more success by not only targeting the future but also making the necessary adjustment. The future trends of the business are promising considering the fact that world’s population is rising thus, more and more products are targeted to be sold in the future. This is part of the vision 2020 and is the roadmap where the industry hopes and is working to achieve more success together with their partners such as the bottling plants. This guides the company in everyday policy making in the endeavor to fulfill its mission; “to refresh the world, inspire moments of optimism and happiness create value and make a difference” (‘The Coca-Cola company’, 201
Man’s Search for Meaning (1946) is a truly remarkable book in all senses. It is a story about hidden human strength, irrepressible will for survival, and ability to find hope even in the darkest moments of life. The book had a powerful impact on many peoples’ lives and was one of the ten most prominent in the United States. Since it was published, the book had been translated into twenty-four languages and sold millions of copies all around the world. Viktor Frankl was an outstanding neurologist and psychiatrist in Vienna when the Holocaust came and destroyed his life as well as the lives of millions of others. Frankl’s family was killed, and he was imprisoned in different concentration camps, including Auschwitz. As he was trying to cope with the horrifying reality of the camps, Frankl started to develop his own philosophical views regarding the meaning of life, which eventually formed into the new type of existential psychotherapy called logotherapy. The key idea was his belief that a person can overcome all the challenges if he or she can see the meaning behind them. Summary The first part of the book is devoted to the author’s reminiscences about his experience as a prisoner in Nazi camps. He used to observe the other confined and their way of dealing with the terrible conditions. The author describes the daily routine of the prisoners and analyzes how the difference in the mindset may affect a person’s ability to endure the most difficult challenges. They worked hard from dawn to dusk, suffered from exhaustion and hunger, and dwelled in a constant fear of the unknown. However, the most horrible kind of torture was not a physical, but a psychological one. One of the purposes of the guards was to destroy the prisoners morally, to kill the every bit of human inside and turn them into will-less primitive creatures, something the Nazis used to call “Untermensch.” Frankl was trying to determine why some of the prisoners could find strength to bear all the humiliation and physical suffering when the others gave up and often committed suicide. He discovered that the ability to resist depended on whether or not a person could find the meaning and the high purpose of the existing situation. Some of them, including Frankl, believed that such demoralizing treatment is just another reason to do one’s best to stay and behave like a human being. He was actively promoting his views among his fellow-prisoners. Frankl used to say: “Every freedom may be taken away from a man but one; the freedom to choose what attitude he will take towards his conditions” (97). The focus on the meaning of life as a key to survival eventually brought Frankl to creating a new therapeutic approach called logotherapy. The next part of the book is devoted to the thorough description of logotherapy. Even before the war and concentration camps, Frankl as a psychiatrist started to question the principles of Sigmund Freud that were based solely on physical experience and excluded the transcendent one. As a Ho
Women as victims of prejudice Wollstonecraft argues that women should have an education matching with their positions in society as they are important to the nation as teachers to their children and as companions to their husbands and that double standards hinder women from their full potential. She further argued that it was the education and upbringing of women that created limited expectations, she attacked gender oppression, pressing for equal educational opportunities and justice and rights to humanity for all. Mary Wollstonecraft believed that education was the key to the end of discrimination against women and that if women were given this education would make women and men equal in the field of education. This means that if women are given and encouraged to have the same level of education as the men than the society would be a much better place as both the female and male genders would both work for the good of the society at large. Double standards in the society should be abolished as it makes the women feel inferior when compared and contrasted alongside their male counterparts. According to Abernathy, (470-473) Martin Luther King Jr. was engaged in extramarital affairs and was obsessed with white prostitutes, King used church donations for sex parties. This shows that Martin Luther King Jr. was indeed a powerful man in his times and many women were attracted to his power. These extramarital affairs were at times recorded by FBI through bugs placed strategically in hotel rooms. King wanted women to hold positions of power so that they would not be attracted to men for the sake of their positions in society but rather for love. Martin Luther King Jr. fought for equality among the races he wanted all races to be treated the same way as none was inferior to another. His fight to end racial segregation, he won and all the races could sit anywhere they pleased in buses, buy food form any counter, use the same rest rooms in restaurants, and occupy the same sitting places. Comparing Wollstonecraft’s views with Martin Luther King Jr. about how women are victims of prejudice we see both scholar fought for equality and equity in the society, Wollstonecraft may have exclusively talked about women, but Martin Luther King Jr. fought for the same things collectively in the society and for both genders. According to Wollstonecraft, women are prejudiced against, education, decision making and they were seen as homemakers whose work was to stay at home looking after the children and taking acre of their husbands while their husbands made all the decisions concerning them, the family and the society at large. In reference to Martin Luther King Jr. women were discriminated due to their color, and the level of education. They were seen as inferior to men and confined to the homes. Similarities between Wollstonecraft’s time and King’s time Common things that can be seen in the women of Wollstonecraft time and th
Introduction The civilians of Colombia have been caught between fights and engagements between right-wing paramilitary groups and leftist guerrilla groups. This battle for supremacy has persisted over a decade, with the local people suffering from these engagements. In 2003, however, Alvaro Uribe, the President of Colombia, took the initiative to stop the violence associated with either of the actors (Hanson 2008). Thus, he signed a peace treaty with the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, also known as the AUC, as this was one of the largest paramilitary groups in the country. Hanson (2008) reports that after the peace talks initiation, at least thirty thousand AUC members have since left the group, with the top members relinquishing their positions. Despite all these efforts, a myriad of political scandals shows the depth in which the people have been engaged in paramilitary scandals and the infiltration and participation by the Colombian security forces. Moreover, the country is facing infiltration by new criminal insurgents whose mode of operation is similar to that of the AUC. For a long period, Colombia has received funding from the government of the United States. This was meant to propel the government in their fight against the illegal trade of narcotics. However, the country’s rate was involved in paramilitary scandals meant that the United States could no longer extend funding to the country. It further chose to retract its promise of free trade. Reasons for Establishment The origin of various paramilitary organizations dates back to the 1980s. It is assumed that
The most important lesson that I have learned from the peer review is that the article’s content takes precedence over its style. All ideas presented in the paper must be logically sequenced. Another lesson is that the thesis must be clearly articulated in the introduction, which presents relevant information to readers. When revising body paragraphs, it is necessary to ensure that they are coherent and do not introduce holes in a logical progression of mini ideas in the article. Also, a paragraph’s conclusion has to allow for a natural transition because all paragraphs must be positioned in a broader context of the article. The peer-review revealed that the findings of the study must be better articulated. It is hard to disagree with the results of the review. In order to revise the paper by next week, it is necessary to remove in-text citations and references at the end of the article. It will help to align the article’s format with that of the publication. Furthermore, to fulfill the original purpose of the article, the findings of the original study should be summarized in the introduction. It will help the readers follow the chain of logic throughout the article. The following steps have to be taken in order to improve and fine-tune the paper:   * revise the sentence and paragraph structure;   * add a title that delivers a main idea of the original study;   * elaborate more extensively on the impact of climate change. By following this revision strategy, it is possible to eliminate development and coherence issues, thereby making the article sensible in terms of its intentions. Also, the revision strategy will help to make the writing piece eligible for publication.