ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The development of capitalism has often been discussed by historians who focus on the factors that could lead to the decline of the feudal society and emergence of the new socio-economic system. Much attention should be paid to the so-called Brenner debate because this discussion can throw light on various models that can explain the transformation of European societies. This debate revolves around the claims made by Robert Brenner who emphasizes the idea that new class and property relations resulted in the development of capitalism. In turn, this debate is critically evaluated by other historians. On the whole, it is possible to argue that a single approach cannot account for the dramatic transformation that different countries underwent. Much attention should be paid to the arguments advanced by Guy Bois who combines the elements of the demographic and class models. On the whole, it is vital to focus on such factors as the property relations between various economic agents, demographic trends, as well as the increase in the productivity. These are the main issues that should be examined in great detail. It is possible to examine the arguments put forward by Robert Brenner who argues that the transformation of European societies can be explained primarily by the changing class structures 1 . In his opinion, much attention should be paid to the property relations. The capitalist system of production could emerge provided that economic agents such as peasants could secure their property rights. This privilege can be viewed as a good incentive for increasing the volume of production. One should keep in mind that Robert Brenner rejects the demographic model according to which social and economic breakthrough were driven by population fluctuations. It is vital to remember that demographic patterns could significantly affect wages and the demand for prod
Learning process functions in a dynamic but systematic process that is greatly influenced by the main objective, sub objectives, and the environment in which learners are subjected to in the process of knowledge acquisition. According to Slavin (2006): Students differ. They differ in performance; level, learning rate, and learning style. They differ in ethnicity, culture, social class, and home language. They differ in gender. Some have disabilities, and some are gifted or talented in one or more areas. These and other differences can have important implications for instruction, curriculum, and school policies and practice. (p. 98) Thus, the educator should be attached to the lesson objective and learn from the students especially on cultural differences and language in order to create a friendly and inclusive environment. Reflectively, the conceptual idea of this treatise is an in-depth analysis of the aspects of social environment and objective and their influence on quality of learning, self-evaluation, goal setting, decision making, and inclusive education as means of building confidence and self esteem among learners irrespective of cultural background (Slavin, 2006). In addition, the treatise describes practical approaches employed by instructor to build confidence in a class of learners from diverse backgrounds. In the elementary class video, the instructor is keen on approaches used in affirming confidence among learners. Since this class consist of relatively young population from diverse background, the teacher adopts inclusive methodology and encourage total participation by assigning duty to the seemingly minority group. Notably, inclusion of bright color in the learning process is apparent to attract attention of the young learners who prefer practicality as opposed to theorizing of the objective. Besides, it is apparent that the instructor is awa
Introduction The organization’s strategic plans must consider the business related issues that affect the external as well as internal environments in order to create an effective strategy that will help the company survive in future. The strengths, weaknesses as well as threats should be considered together with the available opportunities. PEST, PESTLE, SWOT and group mapping are some of the strategic management tools that assist in assessments plans. The PESTLE, SWOT Tools In strategic management, these two tools are important due to their ability to create a product that has responsibility and capability to deal with the resources and sources of capital. The PESTLE as a fundamental tool of strategic management plays a major role in analysing the external environment of the organisation. It first looks into the political factors that refer to the political environment existing in a given country (Arnold 2005). The political factor of this tool analyses the country political history whether it is conducive for future investments or not. The second aspect is that of the economic environment in which the organisation is located. It considers the buying power of consumers, levels of employment income levels as well as the capability of the organisation. The other tool is the social cultural environment, which refers to the culture, the way of life, the beliefs and values of people around the organisation. This factor is of importance because it determines how the organisation codes its messages, which are designed to influence the consumer behaviour. The other factor of importance is the organisation technology and innovations and their implication on the future of the company. It considers the competitors use of technology as well as how the organisation can use technology to deal with business issues such as efficiency of operations. Other than technology, the other factor is ecological environment. The company must assess the effect of its operations on the environment, as well as predict the climatic trends and their effect on the operations (Drucker 1980). Example The organization that will serve as an example of this PESTLE analysis is the JC Penny stores in the United States of America. The political environment of the country is conducive to the retail stores as there are few restrictions on the entry into retail store businesses. The political environment favours this company especially in the attempt to nationalise, move, and establish branches in other states provided they have the capital. On the economic aspect, the American economy has been facing economic recession that has made the company reduce its prices thereby affecting the profit margin. This shows that the economic environment is influential in the business performance as it affects prices and increases competition as the business has to find new ways of attracting and retaining customers. On the social cultural factors, the retail stores serve as major social activity whereby families come together for shopping. The media played major role in popularising this phenomenon as part of family social activity. This is an added advantage to the retail stores
The 20th century was marked by new artistic movements and tendencies influenced by new social environment and ideas of freedom. Expressionism means a destroyed reality in order to impress viewers and appeal to their imagination and emotions. Expressionism means projection of the echo which experienced reality evokes in our soul. Whether the experience results from outside influences or from an inner vision, the true aim is always the emotional element, the mental excitation, the inner processing of the experience. In expressionists painting, the object itself is preserved, but it is freely transformed to intensify the expression. German Expressionism began in 1920s with the “Bruecke” group. The main prosecutors were Wolfgang Degenhardt, Reiter, Die Brucke, Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, Lionel Feininger, George Grosz, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, August Macke, Max Pechstein. The uniqueness of this movement was that artists perceive the life force as divided into instinct and intellect where intuition represents the element that unites these two forms of psychic activity (Arnason, 1986). German Expressionists regard life as a creative process. Motivated by a common desire to find their creative inspiration in life itself and to submit to the experience of life, three young students of architecture — Kirchner, Heckel and Schmidt Rottluff — form the group “Die Bruecke” in Dresden in 1905. Their aims were to depict free expressions and emotions. They depict impressive scenes of streets, cafés and music halls and those profound pictures which are permeated with the poisonous breath of the world and the atmosphere of encounters and adventures. The paintings portraying the mores and morals of pre-war Berlin are the exciting script of a soul fascinated by the temptations of the metropolis, and each stroke of the brush conveys nervous tension and emotional vibration. The unique features of German Expressionism are bright colors and unique themes such as life of elite and poor classes, luxuriant lives, interiors in the romantic mood, landscapes: the new knowledge and doctrines which revolutionized art so years ago and whose effect is felt to this day, are the source of inspiration for most recent works, richly gradated colors whose consistently mature style has replaced the impetuousness of earlier periods. They concentrated on the arsenal of their own imaginative powers for exotic masks and grotesque figures (Arnason, 1986). The softly-flowing flower and landscape watercolors introduced a new technique that was soon adopted by other artists. They depict the world as in sharply realistic manner of representation which shows the world as an arena of infernal madness and crime, where human fate is equivalent to human guilt. Most paintings depict the violence of his big-city pai
Cognitive Area  1. Two principles of communication to discuss are “we cannot not communicate” (20) and “meanings are constructed in interpersonal communication” (22). Every person experiences the first principle in his/her life. Once, for instance, I had to say something to a person who was in a hurry. After a minute of talking I noticed that this person was constantly looking around and distracting; though he did not tell me anything to me, I knew that he was not interested in the conversation at that moment. I also experienced the second principle when I was a high school student. My friend and I were discussing a new girl in our class and when I said “I do not like her,” he replied “Why, she is so pretty!” What I was talking about was her personality, rather than looks. This means that our ideas of “liking” people are different.  2. There are two people whom I self disclose to regularly: my mother and my best friend. I disclose to them because I can trust them and because each of them discloses to me in the same way. The main benefit associated with self disclosure is that one shares certain information thus easing his/her psychological burden; another benefit is that one can get advice in a difficult situation. The main risks, however, are that the person one discloses to may misunderstand you or even gain power in the relationship.  3. Self disclosure to my mother as I was a teenager made us much closer. I felt easier when I disclosed to her some information from my Hidden Pane and the fact that she was able to help me proved to me that we need parents not only when we are children.  4. The Internet increases self disclosure due to confidentiality it offers. One may share things with other people staying anonymous. The information from the Hidden Pane is disclosed easier than ever. Affective Area THE CONFLICT                                                                                                    HOW I MANAGED IT                                                                                                                                                    THE RESULTS                                                                                                                                 1. The conflict was with a person unknown to me. He bumped into me in a supermarket and started yelling at me  I felt reluctant to argue, so I just said “I am sorry” and kept walking my way. The style demonstrated: accommodating                                               The people around looked unwilling to interfere. On seeing that I was not going to argue, the man just turned around and walked away        1. The conflict was with one of my classmates who wanted to provoke a fight by calling me names                I felt angry, but not willing to fight. I said “Look, there is our principal” (who really was there) and the conflict dissolved. The style demonstrated: avoiding   The others involved wanted to see the fight, as usually at school. The final outcome: the offender left for he was afraid of the principal  1. The conflict was with a friend of mine
The issue of human relationships has occupied authors for thousands of years. The misfortune that can arise in the soul of one person can be caused by another person. However, it is possible that a person artificially invents the cause of his unhappiness and blames the other for this, although the problem might not exist if he had a different attitude to it. Noticing the problem in oneself and not shifting responsibility to another actualize the necessity of analyzing literary works concerning such topics. The stories “The Birth-Mark” and “The Cask of Amontillado” are connected by a common theme that concerns a person’s destructive misfortune of which another one is unjustly accused. In regard “The Birth-Mark” by Hawthorne, its main character, whose name is Aylmer, is a scientist and a philosopher, who is unhappy and making his wife miserable because the mark on his wife’s cheek annoys him. Despite the desire to know sensual love for a woman and a warm relationship with his wife, he began to think negatively about her birthmark “very soon after their marriage” (Hawthorne 764). Because of his reaction, his wife Georgiana cried and felt terrible. Aylmer had a dream about removing his wife’s birthmark and getting to her heart. He looks for various ways to fix what he considers a flaw so that Georgiana’s perfection is not tainted, even though such attempts to remove it “may cause cureless deformity” (Hawthorne 768). In the end, his experiments bring his wife to death: she drinks a liquid that aims at eradicating the birthmark, but at the same time, she dies. Thus, the hero’s desire to eliminate a little imperfection in the world leads to his beloved’s death. The author describes a man who cannot be happy due to the reasons he created inside his mind, and these reasons are not connected with reality. Hawthorne describes a scientist with a brilliant career and a beautiful wife (764). The hero himself ruins his life and the life of Georgiana solely because of his own ideas about a perfect wife in an ideal world. Due to his manic desire to change his wife’s little peculiarity, he cannot enjoy life and destroys her life as well. Aylmer frequently makes mistakes in his experiments, but the only thing he wants to fix is a mole on his wife’s cheek. Thus, the author shows a character who does not realize his own imperfection and who seeks to correct another person. In others’ imperfections, he recognizes the cause of his unhappiness and kills the innocent woman, which does not lead to happiness. As for my response to the author’s thought, I think Hawthorne clearly expresses the idea of the destructive influence of a person’s desire to correct another in an effort to eradicate his own misfortune. The main character Aylm
Introduction People who are referred to as “historic figures” are often political or military leaders, even though they are not the only ones who make history. For historians, there is a risk that, by looking only at the actions of kings or presidents, they will overlook the influence of people who managed to launch processes of truly historic importance, even without having any formal political power. One such individual is Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of the famous 1852 novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin . By drawing the nation’s attention to the conditions under which slaves were living, Stowe inspired free states to oppose slavery more fiercely and provoked much indignation in the South. An abolitionist and a woman of strong humanistic beliefs, Stowe made a large contribution to the abolition movement and to the culture of a nation that eventually condemned slavery. For her outstanding achievement in raising awareness and convincing Americans of the inhumanity of slavery, Stowe deserves to be depicted on the U.S. twenty-dollar bill. Lighting the movement to abolish slavery First of all, Harriet Beecher Stowe is not only an influential person but also someone who represents the entire abolition movement, as she has become one of the most powerful symbols of the struggle against slavery. The abolition movement brought different people together based on their humanistic beliefs; it was not only a political movement (i.e., a movement to introduce a certain amendment to the U.S. Constitution or to promote certain political interests of northern Republicans) but also a movement guided by ethical principles. To understand the role of Stowe, it is necessary to examine the context in which she acted. Indeed, even though the existence of the institution of slavery was a major division between the North and the South, it was not the case that the entire North believed slavery to be inhumane, while the South was filled with sadistic slavers who liked to treat their slaves with cruelty. Many people in the North supported slavery, and even among those who did not, some recognized the right of the southern states to preserve the institution. Even newly elected President Abraham Lincoln, though not acknowledged as president by the southern states, called upon them in his first inaugural address to not let a civil war happen, promising that he had “no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists.” 1 At the same time, in the South, many people were discussing the advantages of slavery, and several books were published arguing that slavery was the most eff
Introduction For any country in the world, energy is one of the most critical sectors of the economy. Without this industry’s products, it is impossible to carry out technological processes and imagine everyday life. As a result of this circumstance, a close relationship is formed between the quality and standard of living and energy supply. In addition, there is an opinion that the way of providing energy determines the level of development of a society. Researchers state that even 100 years ago, 98% of the energy consumed was humans’ and animals’ muscular strength. The power generated by windmills, water wheels, steam, and electric machines was only a small fraction of 2% (Landsberg et al., 2016). Now, humanity is continuously looking for new sustainable ways of creating energy. Main text The energy complex is one of the most critical sectors of the economy, particularly those that are of great importance for India’s growth and development. For such countries, which are developing exceptionally rapidly along an industrial path, the energy sector is of vital importance. The reason for this is the continually increasing energy requirements, which require substantial investments. Any increase in energy potential is the survival, independence, and prosperity of every nation in chaotic globalization. India today uses all its possibilities to obtain additional energy sources. Great attention is also paid to renewable and alternative sources. This is because India is not yet able to meet its oil needs fully and is hugely dependent on export supplies. In the energy sector, the Indian government plays an extremely significant role through state-owned enterprises, federal policy, and market regulation, either indirectly or directly. Understanding how India’s energy policy is conducted requires understanding more than each institution’s roles, ministry, and government. It is also essential to consider their interaction and coordination with other players in the sector. India is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, yet some contradictions
Introduction Every year, a shopping mall known as Asian Garden Mall and located in Westminster, CA, hosts a festival in preparation for the approaching Lunar New Year. It is called the Little Saigon Flower Festival, and it represents one of the major traditions of Vietnamese culture. The event’s significance for Vietnamese-Americans is also notable as the festival attracts large crowds, fully occupying the located near parking spaces filling the area with music and chatter. However, the market, a central part of the Flower Festival, also has a practical aspect, providing not only entertainment but also supplies, decorations, and presents for the Lunar New Year’s celebration. Festival Asian Garden Mall hosts the festival annually, providing the territory around the main building to vendors and performers. During the rest of the year, the shopping center offers various products, including Vietnamese foods and items. It works during the festival as well, but the arriving guests and mostly interested in the goods from small outside kiosks. It should be noted that the festival is held for several days, and its primary purpose is to prepare the visiting people for the main celebration. That is why the Flower Festival usually closes two or three days before Lunar New Year. In 2019, the festival was opened from January 18 to February 3, inviting visitors daily from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. Market The center of all activities that bring the majority of the people to the Flower Festival in the market. It is a collection of small stalls, where people offer a variety of products. For example, flowers and trees are a significant part of all goods. In Vietnamese culture, such flowers as orchids, peach blossoms, or the so-called Mickey Mouse plants ( Ochna serrulata ) are traditional for this occasion. People can adorn their households with these plants or present them to others as gifts that bring luck in the upcoming year. Visitors seem to be ready to pay significant prices for some saplings since one can see offers go up to $1,000. Other types of plants are sold as well, and the selection is filled with flowers that usually grow in Vietnam. Some of the flowers such as narcissi and Mickey Mouse plants have not bloomed yet, but people still buy them for themselves and their loved ones. Finally, vendors showcase and sell small bonsai trees for decoration. These trees are often presented in a scene with figurines and other souvenirs. The smell of flowers engulfs the whole area where the festival takes place. Decorations and other items are offered to the visitors as well. There are large stands with souvenirs or traditional items for good luck, health, love, and prosperity. Children may be interested in a variety of toys, some of th
Introduction The movie “The Story of Us” by Rob Reiner can be acclaimed as one of the most successful romantic dramas released in 1999. This is no wonder as the film features outstanding play by actors, an interesting and thought-provoking layout, and good quality of its accomplishment. Overall, the film appears to be a great piece of film-making art representing the themes of love and affection along with a number of difficulties marriages may face after years of coupledom. “Erosion” of the marriage “The Story of Us” is an unusual story as Hollywood normally presents the plots depicting beautiful relations leading to marriage and everlasting happiness to the audience, and this film is a story showing what happens next. After the fairytale-like beginning, life confronts married couples with a lot of challenges weakening their affection. This is the situation shown in this movie. Berardinelli (1999, par.5) makes the following comment concerning this peculiarity of the film: For about 90% of Hollywood’s romantic comedies, marriage (or some other form of permanent commitment) is the natural climax to the tale. The Story of Us picks up where those films stop. For ab