ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Summa Theologica, is one of greatest literature written by St. Thomas Aquinas. He focused on issues concerning philosophy and religion. Despite the fact that he cited principles from many religions, Summa Theologica is highly associated with Catholic belief. Decisive Treatise, was written by Averroes and focused on outlining Islamic laws based on philosophy. Averroes acknowledged teachings of Aristotle, but criticized works of Plato. Notably, Decisive Treatise has been described as a commentary that is not in complete agreement with Islamic laws. The essay will focus on comparing Summa Theologica with Decisive Treatise . Nature of doctrine, names of God and His existence are among the questions that will be analyzed in Summa Theoligica. On the other hand, Decisive treatise will attempt to answer why religious scriptures are not interpreted to majority. Discussion According to Aquinas, sacred doctrine is essential in life of a person, since salvation is based on divine revelation. There are critics that, scriptures advice people not to worry themselves over what is beyond their reach. According to teachings by Aristotle, theology is founded on the intellectual reasoning and reflection on beings and God, the same concepts emphasized in philosophy. In this regard, there is no need for further knowledge on Philosophy. However, Aquinas states that men are guided by God who reveals to them hidden truth. There are postulations that sacred doctrine is not a science, since it lacks material evidence. Further, it talks of individual actions like in instance of Abraham while sciences talk of general issues. Aquinas states that sacred doctrine is a science, since it presents moral principles that are practical. He talks of sacred doctrine being higher science and not guided by human reason. Contrary to this perception, Averroes argues that religion dictates on the use of reason and intellect to study the unknowns using the known. While Aquinas argues that knowledge about God can only happen within the level of human understanding, Averroes believes that with an understanding of the existing demonstrations about God, man can acquire all knowledge about the Originator. Concept used by Aquinas and Averroes, is to make people comprehend essence of eternal life (Leaman 45). In addition, there are postulations that sacred doctrine cannot be described as one science, since it talks of different objects that are not in same category. According to Aquinas, sacred doctrine is one science since it talks of God or objects related to Him. Aquinas states that, sacred doctrine is a practical and speculative science. As a result, sacred doctrine is more complex than other sciences. Religious scriptures advise believers to act according to divine teachings. Notably, divine law entailed in doctrine shows that it encourages believers to be practical and not only theoretical. Aquinas postulates that, existence of God is self evident. He provides two meanings of self evidence. First version is that we may be aware of existence of som
Introduction Consumers are the greatest resource that any business can have. No business exists in the absence of consumers. For a long time, business owners have tried to come up with ways to access as many consumers as possible since this is the only way to not only sustain but also expand their businesses. In recognition of the significance of the role consumers play in the business world, the European Union has not left them out in its promotion of electronic commerce (Zappala & Gray, 2006, p.ix). Despite the great effort that has been dedicated to the problem of insufficient access to consumers, the issue continues to be a big hurdle for businesses. This paper will analyze the problem of marketing to consumers, examine the causes and consequences, and then suggest a solution. A time frame within which this solution can be put into action will also be suggested. Main body Working on the assumption that the marketplace has people who need what is being offered by a company, the inability of the company to reach these members in the marketplace who need the goods or services is an obvious problem. It cuts both ways because both the customers and the company that has what the customer needs are missing something, but the company is in a bigger problem given that resources have already been invested in not only the incorporation of the organization but also the production of the goods or the preparation of the
The peculiarity of the law system in the United States is a difficult thing due to the versatile nature of different precedents of the English-American law system. There are too many precedents that US Courts observed and provided trials. Some of them were with direct implementation of trial actions due to classical cases of murders, felonies, manslaughters, etc. Today the society needs new boundaries for living and feeling the protection of the law in their everyday lives which do not disturb physically others or do not hurt them. The social issues of America seem to be more difficult as they appear in public discussion. Still, such aspects as race, culture, gender, and ethnicity play a great role in disturbing communities in any state of the US. The historical framework of America does include those times when slavery was a core element of Americans’ policy, trade, and economy. Racial segregation and discrimination were even harder and harsher after World War II. Such examples of the Main Law of the country and the Declaration of Peoples’ Rights violation as in the case of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. were terrible for the equality of rights between white and black parts of the American society. The challenges of those being oppressed became stronger and stronger when injustice occupied even local law bases of the states with absurd trials having aimed to blame and punish those who once had to decide to use his/her right for a free choice of a minion of fortune. The story of the Lovings’ couple with the mixed color of skin (Richard Loving a white man and Mildred Jeter a black woman) occurred in the late 1950s. Their location at that time was in Virginia State, Caroline County. They married in the District of Columbia according to the local laws of this administrative-territorial unit of the country. After a short period of living together, they were charged for violation of Virginia law prescription as of the restraint for interracial marriages. The jury of the Circuit Court of Caroline County sentenced a punishment of one year in jail. This story has a continuation, but this paper is aimed to work out all pros and cons of this case and outlines other such-like social issues supported by the 1 st , 4 th and 14 th amendments of the U.S. Constitution. First of all, it is useful to work out the essence of the above-mentioned amendments in their law nature and prerequisites appointed. One should recognize before the discussion the highest role of the Constitution, as the Main Law of the country, and its priority above separated statements prescribed by some people showing their social, political or economic interests. In other words, it is a universal document for resolving internal law cases. Though, the amendments needed
Introduction Prior to undertaking this investigation, we should provide a definition of asthma and benign tumor. First, we need to say that asthma is a systemic disease, affecting several, for example, bronchial tubes, lungs, heart, diaphragm, etc (Brown, 2003, p 125). It is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, associated with the following symptoms: variable airflow obstruction and enhanced bronchial responsiveness to a variety of irritants (Brown, 2003, p 2). In turn, a benign tumor is a local pathology, which normally does not usually influence the entire body; this pathology can be defined as any abnormal swelling or tissue that does not lead to cancer (p 172). Some benign tumors are asymptomatic, which means that there are no signs, indicating this disease, whereas others can be characterized by anemia, pain, and dysfunction (Yabro et al, 2005). These are the key issues we should bear in mind. Observation Asthma During asthma attacks patients normally cough, wheeze, and experience pain and shortness of breath (Levy et al, 2006, p 25). These observable symptoms may vary depending on the type of attack which may be either a mild or a severe one. In such cases, particular symptoms include fast exhaustion, the inability of the lung to function properly, headache, sore throat, nasal congestion, cough, runny nose and sneezing, frequent cough especially at night, shortness of breath and wheezing or coughing after exercise (Levy et al, 2006, p 34). Benign tumor The symptoms of benign tumors are much more difficult to detect. Some types of this pathology can be entirely asymptomatic, for example, Warthin’s tumor (Hatch & Shah, 2005). Additionally, the symptoms, which are typical of benign tumors, are often confused with those of other diseases. Patents, who are diagnosed with benign tumor, can suffer from excessive blood loss, headache, obstructed breathing, intestinal obstruction, and compression of organs and blood vessels (Kaufman & Wolchok, 2007). In the majority of cases, patients are seldom aware of their existence. To a large extent, the symptoms depend on the location of the tumor, its type and age. Pathophysiology Asthma  1. Fluid: a patient, suffering from asthma, has an increased level of fluid in lungs (Murphy, 1998).  2. Irritant: an asthma attack can be triggered by a large number of irritants, for example, tobacco smoke, dust, the pollen of some flowers, air pollutants, insect repellants some antibiotics, and even psychological stress. These are the most common stimuli, which may give rise to an asthma attack (Murphy, 1998, p 52).  3. Volume changes: normally, asthma is characterized by acute reduction of lung and flow volumes (Murphy, 1998).  4. Pressure: asthma is often associated with low blood pressure, especially if we are speaking about acute cases of this disease (Levy et al, 2006).  5. Patient fitness, flexibility, mobility, activity level, cognition: The patient’s fitness and mobility depends upon the severity of the attack: if it is severity, he/she will be hardly able to move. (Levy et al, 2006). Cognitive processes are not usually affected. Benign tumor  1. Fluid: Benign tumors sometimes affect t
Introduction The issue of proper nutrition during pregnancy is always discussed with the patient. Nonetheless, sometimes, patients do not follow the given recommendations due to financial reasons, time constraints, cultural differences, or critical views of medical advice. A clinician needs to notice if the pregnant patient’s health is changing due to nonadherence and take action to prevent long-term adverse effects on her health and the condition of the fetus. Signs and Symptoms Essential eating habits for women during pregnancy include a healthy diet with fresh fruit and vegetables and multivitamin use to maintain a stable level of folic acid, iron, and calcium (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). Another important aspect is weight gain to support the growing baby. Thus, possible conditions occurring from nonadherence include vitamin and mineral deficiency and malnutrition. First of all, weight changes that are too fast or insubstantial for the woman’s term are the first symptom that can be considered by the nurse (Tharpe, Farley, & Jordan, 2017). Low weight gain can be a sign of undernutrition if the woman cannot access protein-rich foods. The patient’s presentation and concerns arising during a physical examination reveal other issues. For instance, such symptoms as pale skin, tiredness, dyspnea, dizziness, elevated pulse, and the overall lack of alertness are related to anemia (Tharpe et al., 2017). Depending on the mineral, the patient may have iron deficiency or folate-deficiency anemia. Folate deficiency is also defined by tongue swelling and mouth sores (Tharpe et al., 2017). The signs of calcium deficiency are muscle spasms or cramps, mood changes, weak nails, bone fractures, numbness in the extremities, and memory problems (Tharpe et al., 2017). These symptoms have to be analyzed during each visit to see whether the patient’s diet is sufficient. Impact of Nonadherence Nonadherence to nutritional recommendations can negatively affect the patient and the fe
Oil and gas industry First of all, the increased research and exploration by the oil and gas industry of Canada (1950s) resulted in breakthroughs in the industry. It resulted in the formation of Pan-arctic Oils Limited and the discovery of a huge oil field at Prudhoe Bay in the years 1967 and 1968 respectively. The Canadian Diamonds Mining projects are an example of successful ventures in the mining industry. The high value of the produced diamond, sustainability of the project, environmental friendliness, and creation of employment opportunities is a measure for the success. The Ekati Diamond Mine which was the first diamond mine in Canada has had no significant adverse effects on the environment, while at the same time, provided 39% of aboriginal employment. Therefore, the benefits that have accrued from the project are numerous and include; creation of employment opportunities, improved infrastructure, and development of urban areas. Self-reliance has been achieved in these areas because the local population takes part in the mining activities and earns a living to support their families. On the other hand, numerous future challenges are associated with the oil and gas mining industry. As seen in case study 1: Nanisivik 1976 – 2002; Polaris 1981 – 2002; and Lupin Zinc mines, most of the mining establishments may run for a limited time. Therefore, it is quite unrealistic to engage in a mining operation that will affect the current developments such as towns, yet the operations last for only a decade or two. Furthermore, other mines have a history of over-riding problems as depicted in the high-rates of seepage in Colomac Mine Dam (Case 2) and environmental risks posed by the Giant Mine. In the future, such occurrences are expected but should be addressed in an economical and environmentally friendly way. For easier transportation of minerals, efficient infrastructure should be provided to link the mines to destination markets. A present example in case 4, shows remotely located Zinc Mines that need efficient rail and road infrastructure. This present condition means that future oil and gas mining operations may be faced with the need of opening up remote mines at an extra cost. Also, the construction of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline was linked to the construction of enormous roads, airports, towns, and a maintenance base to serve the facility. As such, the developments are associated with negative impacts on people’s settlements, animals, and possible land dereliction. Some of the issues that arise revolve around territory trespass, displacement, and environmental pollution which are major drawbacks even in future operations. Investigations should be condu
Introduction Health systems in the United States of America, especially access to reproductive health, have been majorly affected during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic. In resulted in the shutdown in health economic sectors and a change in individuals’ day-to-day sexual and reproductive life. As the virus spreads rapidly, the ongoing situation has exposed how government systems are not well prepared. The most significant impact can be observed regarding women’s ability to access reproductive health services. As the globe’s actions are focused on containing Covid-19, there is a gap in how reproductive health is being handled currently. This existing gap shows the need to employ an approach that involves dealing with health care in all aspects long after the Covid-19 pandemic ends. As Covid-19 strikes havoc across the USA, the existence of inequalities and discrimination is not new during the crisis for women (Matias et al. 879). In the USA, individuals are locked up in their homes because of the Covid-19 policies needed to avert the virus, which has led this to be a major barrier hindering reproductive health care. Because of the importance of the coronavirus pandemic, the presented paper focuses on the experienced impacts regarding reproductive health access and problems women might face today. Limited Access to Healthcare for Women Because of the Covid-19 pandemic, individuals are required to stay in their homes to avoid being infected with the coronavirus. Marginalized groups, including women, are the ones most affected during this period. One of the factors explaining it is the existence of discriminative practices that might influence the given group (Matias et al. 879). Regardless of all attempts to improve the situation, women remain vulnerable during serious conflicts or crises because of the absence of robust mechanisms to protect their rights and freedoms, including the right to the appropriate reproductive health services (Matias et al. 879). The statistics prove this fact, as females have been reported to be the most affected cohort in terms of reproductive healthcare because of the Covid-19 restrictions (Bass 264). Women in toxic relationships continue to face the effects of the pandemics and lockdown as violence rates in households and families increased (Burton et al. 774). For this reason, the issue acquires the top priority today. Contraceptives are not easily accessed by women in the US, mainly during the current Covid-19 pandemic. Many women who need to consult with a specialist to select an appropriate contraception method face barriers stipulated by the lockdown, which negatively influences their reproductive health (Bass 266). Some women prefer the installation of IUD and hormonal implants, but the scheduled procedures are limited by person
Brief Summary The victim was a teenager (under 18 years old) when she started the relationship with the perpetrator who was in his mid-20s. Before beginning the relationship with the victim, the perpetrator had several police records including arrests for ‘caring an offensive weapon,’ ‘threats to kill,’ ‘possession of a controlled drug,’ and ‘common assault’. The victim changed places of living several times including houses of her and the perpetrator’s parents from 2008 to 2012. The victim and the perpetrator had three children. The woman terminated the pregnancy when she was pregnant in 2012. The victim addressed the police several times when the instance of domestic violence took place. She reported that the perpetrator was abusive, strangled her, hit her and did not let her see her family. There were several contacts with Children’s Social Care after 2010. In 2010, the victim reported to the police about the perpetrator’s actions who had taken the children to his father’s house. The care managers carried out certain procedures including the Initial child protection conference, and the responsibility to take care of the children and report any instances of violence was put on the victim and her mother. The victim noted that they separated with the perpetrator. However, when it was his birthday, she went to his father’s house where they started fighting about her pregnancy termination. The perpetrator hit the victim with his knife several times in the taxi when they were going to her mother’s house. Key Events It is possible to note that the authorities undertook some measures appropriate in such situations. However, a number of mistakes were made. It is possible to consider four key events that led to the death of the victim. The Initial assessment was held inappropriately, and it later led to the increased tension between the perpetrator and the victim. The major mistakes were the presence of the perpetrator, the absence of the communication with the GP, family members, police, Landlord services. The second key event took place in 2012 when after the decision of the social worker to close the case and place the complete responsibility on the victim without the support of the corresponding authorities and organisations. The third key happening was the conference that was held with both perpetrator and the victim present throughout the meeting. Major decisions were made, but the victim had to provide her assessments and agree to many things as she was intimidated by the perpetrator. The fourth event was the absence of assigned programs for the perpetrator and victim to help them develop certain skills to develop proper relationships. Analysis of the Key Events First, it is necessary to state that women are often victims of domestic homicide. Monckton-Smith and Williams (2014) claim that more than 80% of victims of marital homicide and 70% of non-married victims in the USA were women. More importantly, it has been acknowledged that domestic homicide never occurs abruptly as it becomes a result of many events that take place prior to the tragedy (Monckton-Smith & Williams 2014). The case in questi
Introduction Various theories have been developed with focus on their link to global poverty, education and development. These include modernization, human capital, liberation, dependency, democratization, globalization, diversity and postcolonial theories, among others. The theories present numerous links between education and development in developing countries. For instance, human capital brought about specialization, which in turn led to increased human capacity. Case studies presented from Latin American education systems convey links of education theories to critical development theories. Moreover, 20 th century has seen tremendous improvement in education system. This includes primary, secondary and post-secondary education. However, despite this, poverty is paramount in these areas. This paper will compare and contrast links between education and development in two of the theories discussed in modules two and three. In addition, it will endeavor to establish the differences in major theories of development (Altbach, 1985, pp. 469-484). Education and development Education has been of great significance in developing countries in the 20 th century. This is not to say that there was no education before the coming of colonialists. Instead, education systems took a new twist since their arrival. Education systems changed from informal to formal systems that included use of classrooms, books, practical, research and technology, among others. These changes improved quality of education, its effectiveness as well as efficiency. However, the system has not achieved its full objectives, which included eradication of poverty and accelerated development. Moreover, these countries experienced increased institutional difficulties namely, educational frameworks, financing, human capacity, dependency, modernization and neocolonialism, among others. These theories have therefore drawn criticism as well as consistencies with objectives of education. Theories examined in this module presents education as complex in its relation to development. To this effect, it is important to note that education does not achieve development. Instead, education is a pr