ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Peter Pan is a story about a boy who refused to grow up. The book depicts awful feeling experienced by those who are going through a transitional stage of development, from childhood to adolescence and from adolescence to adulthood. Escaping responsibility and various changes that accompany maturity are the central themes of an original story. Hook , the movie version, reminds the continuation of a story about Peter Pan. Point of view plays an essential role in the story and in the movie, therefore, the difference becomes more visible. There is also a major difference in the atmosphere evoked during the story retelling and in the attitude or the way the storyteller presents the participants of the action. The moral impact on the audience is also varied. As a result, one who watches the movie has to alter his or her interpretation of the story. Therefore, the movie does not stay true with regards to the context of the original text. Thus, considering the point of view and the atmosphere in the book and in the original text, the major differences may be captured. The first major difference can be found in the perspective used to tell the story. In the original text the story is told from the perspective of Wendy and her family. Peter Pan is the most compelling character in the original text, but he shares main roles with Wendy and her family. Peter Pan’s story makes sense because of the interaction of the main character with Mrs. Darling’s family (Barrie 12). Escapism is the main idea of the original story. In the movie the story is told from the point of view of a middle-aged man who searches for the means of recapturing his glory days. The protagonist in the movie is performed by a brilliant comedian, who is able to portray the role of a middle-aged man who comes through a mid-life crisis. The mere fact that the producer of the film framed the story through the lens of a middle-aged man makes it difficult to stay true to the spirit of the original story. As a result, the movie is connected overwhelmingly to middle-aged audience who watches it, and the impact on children can be interpreted as minimal. The middle-aged men who watch the movie are referred emotionally t
Introduction During the 19 th Century, life was greatly affected by the Industrial Revolution. The British society was extremely differentiated into the rich, poor, lower, middle, or upper social class, and ideological perspectives. People were supposed to understand their place and adhere to standards associated to that class. Even the church encouraged people to be satisfied in their classes. Social class favored those in the upper levels only as the rest were compelled to believe that they deserved their situations. The ambition to improve one’s life was easily inflated by the upper grade that focused on dominating the system at the expense of the suffering majority. During this time, Britain was one of the fast growing regions in the world. In the early 19 th Century, Britain experienced elite dominance in all influential fronts. The minority had little to change the status quo in terms of influence and resources. This discriminative nature describes the social welfare of the 19 th Century Britain. This paper will show that the 19 th Century Britain presented minority groups with limited opportunities and it ultimately failed to offer lasting socio-economic and political changes by excluding minorities from the right to vote and make decisions on policies that affected their lives. The paper draws examples from Jane Austen’s masterpiece, Mansfield Park. Society and the essence of class in the 19 th Century In the 19 th Century era, humanity was motivated by personal interests to develop oneself, and thus individuals became very distinct with the weak being exposed to all forms of negativities such as prejudice, racial discrimination, ethnicity, gender bias, and class affiliation. Discrimination was experienced in areas including work, voting, religion, education, transport, sports, access to power, and social amenities. In her book, Mansfield Park, Austen highlights discrimination in the way Fanny is treated when she arrives at the Bertrams. Mrs. Norris abuses Fanny while Maria and Julia are indifferent to her simply because she comes from a poor background (Austen 14). The 19 th Century age underscored a period of self-centered human beings. People were strictly layered across classes, which they were expected to associate with in life. Women and minority men were excluded from voting. Voting rights were granted based on one’s race and social class. The white men had absolute rights to vote unlike their black counterparts who were allowed to vote based on their social status. In 1882, the situation improved as more men were granted the right to vote. Campaigns to allow voting for all were orchestrated by civil rights movements. Those in power expressed a lot of authority and command to the lower and middle classes. Zimmerman argues that human experiences during this time initiated many contradictions among the rulers and the ruled (347). Class differentiation was deeply entrenched in the social fabric. According to Zimmerman, the entire issue of class affilia
Born in England on 20 May 1806, John Stuart Mill can be described as a philosopher, political economist, and social reformer who substantially directed the philosophical thought of the 19 th century (BBC, 2012). The son of James Mill, a Scottish philosopher, Mill was subjected to a thorough education right from childhood, beginning with the study of Greek at the tender age of three and progressing to study English, Logic, and Law, before spending at least thirty-five years working for British East India Company (Kemerling, 2011). Although philosophy literature correctly argues that Mill was hugely influenced by the classical utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, a long-time friend of his father (BBC, 2012), the philosopher credited the bulk of his intellectual and personal development to his lengthy and close association with Harriet Hardy Taylor, whom he married in 1852 after the death of her first husband (Kemerling, 2011). It is demonstrated in the literature that Mill and Jeremy were indisputably the two most significant utilitarians prior to Henry Sidgwick (Jacobson, 2008). Contribution to Ethical Theory & Significance to a Recent Event Although Mill contributed immensely in many spheres of philosophy, including logic, metaphysics, and epistemology, the philosopher is most famous for his political theory as well as hedonic utilitarianism ethics (Keele, 2008). In his ethical theory of hedonic utilitarianism, which is, in essence, a form of consequentialism, Mill postulated that the permissibility of actions is primarily determined by evaluating their consequences and comparing those consequences with what would have happened if some other form of action had been performed (Patterson, 2005). The primary thesis of Mill’s utilitarianism, according to this particular author, is that “…actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness” (p. 73). This presupposition forms the basis of Mill’s principle of utility, which suggests that an action is acceptable if and only if the outcomes of that particular action are as fulfilling as those of any other action that is accessible to the agent and which the agent could have freely undertaken. Mill’s ethical theory is significant to Ken Salazar’s (U.S. Interior Secretary) recent announcement, which limits oil exploration efforts in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (Eilperin, 2012). It is indeed true that the Secretary would have permitted oil and gas exploration companies to freely drill for oil in the whole region, but such an undertaking would initiate far-reaching environmental implications to the biodiversity equilibrium of the place. It can therefore be argued that Mi
Introduction: Feminism across Time The gender issue has been brewing seemingly forever, yet the problem has not been resolved even to date, sparking conflicts, and misunderstandings. Numerous attempts at considering the subject matter have been undertaken, the readings under analysis being a graphic representation of these endeavors. Shedding light on the evolution of feminist thought processes, as well as the philosophy of feminism, the authors of the excerpts in question point to the problems in the perceptions of the feminist movement, the obstacles that its proponents face, and the means of addressing the identified issues. Message: Exploring the Implicit and Explicit Ideas The issue of gender conflict, as well as the evolution of feminism, has been rendered in a variety of ways, yet the essential message regarding the necessity to establish the balance between the perception of men and women, as well as provide both parties with equal rights and responsibilities, has been on the global agenda for years. Platt, May, Showalter, Gilbert and Gubar, and Ehrenreich and English shed light on the subject matter, providing their opinions on the problems related to the development of feminism. Although each of the authors strives to get across the idea of equality as the foundation for relationships between the two genders as the only possible scenario, Platt setting the tone with her disturbingly real description of women held under social constraints, the underlying concepts, such as the political and social forces that create obstacles in the way of feminists, also shine through. For example, Ehrenreich and English reflect on the suburban environment as a breeding ground for stereotypes about the roles of women in society, thus pointing to the difficulties that women face when endeavoring to make a change. At the same time, the authors manage to convey the tension that has been building up in the environment of American suburbia up until recently: “A new genre of female literature developed out of the mounting domestic discontent” (Ehrenreich and English 308). Although the domestic environment, in which the three novels are set, contrasts sharply with the workplace setting described by Platt, it could be argued that the latter’s novel foreshadows the events that will occur in the novels by May, Showalter, Gilbert and Gubar, and Ehrenreich and English. For instance, by creating two side characters that will serve as the friends of the protagonist throughout the novel, Platt describes two coping mechanisms that women can use in order to put up with the unfair judgment of their abilities and the lack of opportunities. Thus, the authors point to the urgent need for change that contemporary American society experiences. Similarly, May explores feminism-related issues, particularly, the perception of the movement by society through the prism of social and political contexts, i.e., the lens of “domesticity” (May 18). At this point, however, the overall idea behind the analysis becomes somewhat convoluted. Because of the complexity of the relations
European expansion into Africa in the 19 th century transformed African history significantly. The European influence on the African continent began with the entry of missionaries and traders between 1808 and 1880, but the impact was minimal (Boahen 127). The drive behind Europeans’ presence in Africa is evident through the African countries’ reaction to the intrusion. Khapoya asserts that African states struggled to retain their political values through African nationalism (139). Accordingly, the need to enhance economic stability and European nationalism motivated Africa’s colonization, as demonstrated in this discussion. European countries identified Africa as the best market place to trade European commodities. Due to the rapid development, there was a “need for new markets for surplus manufactured goods caused by the spread of the industrial revolution” (Boahen 129). As many industries occurred in Europe, the producers required a place to dispose of the overproduction, and Africa was the right area. Thus, European powers encroached on Africa in search of a market to dominate to attain the supply-demand equilibrium. Europeans struggled to rule Africa to control the valuable raw materials to meet the manufacturing requirements. The pace of industries’ emergence introduced the worry of low availability of crucial resources. In this respect, the motive “was not so much on overproduction of factory goods in Europe as an undersupply of raw materials” (Boahen 129). Consequently, obtaining a colony allowed the colonizer to control raw materials in that territory for regular supply to the home factories. Industrialization in Europe lead to wealth accumulation, and nations required a place to invest the acquired monies. Consequently, Europeans expanded to Africa, looking for places to invest the surplus capital (Boahen 129). Although it was not straightforward that African countries are the best places to keep stakes, colonizing them could offer multiple investment opportunities. Thus, in the hunt for where to put the massive profits, Europeans opted to capture colonies as capital stores. European states fought for the African countries to supplement the territorial expansion in Europe. The creation of a power balance in Europe in the post-Russo-Turkish war was constrained European nations from expanding their political influence within the continent (Boahen 129). Appropriately, the rise of European nationalism forced countries to seek other spaces to govern. In this case, “the expansion along the line of least resistance was made almost inevitable by the second and the greatest of the operating political force, namely the force of nationalism” (Boahen 130). Therefore, going for African countries was a strategy to compensate for political growth. European powers battled for the African share to demonstrate their strength. Other parts of the world were resilient for the Europeans to conquer and rule, and African happened to be the less-resistive area. Subsequently, European nations began the race to administer as many African homelands as possible. “The
The design and management of complex engineering projects requires a combination of different disciplines to facilitate their implementation. System engineering is a very fundamental branch of engineering that is essential in project management. It is not an easy thing to coordinate teams and logistics in complex projects without adopting system engineering concepts. The work processes in a particular project are normally carried out using system engineering concepts. System engineering is very useful in risk management and project optimization (Blanchard, 2011). System integration is among the most notable aspects of system engineering. This essay will discuss the different aspects of system engineering and the positive role it has in the military. The success of many military projects and systems depends on the adoption of system engineering concepts. It is important to first of all understand the meaning of system engineering as an engineering discipline before highlighting the positive role it plays in the military. It is sometimes difficult to tell whether system engineering is a discipline or an approach (Blanchard, 2011). Recent opinions suggest that system engineering is a combination of a discipline and an approach. The system engineering approach is normally made formal through education, but the discipline keeps on changing through the discovery of new methods. Engineering fields are associated with research and identification of new opportunities which is also part of system engineering (Sage, 2011). The interdisciplinary nature of system engineering is what makes many people to have problems in understanding the discipline. System engineering is very holistic in the sense that it covers many aspects of project and system management. Engineering systems and projects and are in most cases very complex and therefore system engineers come up with new models and methods to address the complexities in engineering systems and projects (Sage, 2011). System engineering deals with various aspects of the traditional engineering scope which include the development of new physical systems through design and production (Sage, 2011). Functional physical systems in engineering are very complex and therefore system engineering comes up with new concepts and methodologies that are very vital when it comes to understanding complex systems. System engineering comes up with the necessary organizational structures that are used in the design and execution of engineering projects and systems (Sage, 2011). The system engineering discipline has been evolving with time and this is the reason why it has a broader scope when it comes to its application in solving engineering problems. System engineering deals with the design and validation of processes and systems (Sage, 2011). It is important to note that system engin
Step One: Gather relevant information Clinical indications Artificial Hydration and Nutrition (AHN) are applied to patients who cannot obtain proper nutrition by natural means due to various reasons. These reasons include the state of deep unconsciousness. In terms of ethical decision-making, three conditions are “particularly challenging: terminal illness, advanced dementia, and a persistent vegetative state” (Geppert, Andrews, and Druyan 79). In such cases, although patients need AHN for life support, the issues of initiating, maintaining, and withdrawing such nutrition have proved to pose a serious ethical dilemma. Patient preferences One of the main aspects of the debate over AHN is the patient’s will. If any preferences concerning AHN had been previously expressed by the patient before he or she lapsed into permanent vegetative state (PVS) or minimally conscious state (MCS), such preferences should be taken into consideration when making a decision on initiating, maintaining, or withdrawing life support. Quality of life The ethical dilemma of whether AHN should be applied occurs in cases where a patient’s quality of life is seen as very poor, sometimes to the point where a debate rises on whether it can even be called “life” (e.g. PVS and MCS). Organizational factors (policies, procedures, structure) Organizational factors include the policies of a hospital, nursing home, or another medical facility where the patient is placed. Professional factors (expectations, requirements) Professional factors include the considerations of medical ethics principles. Four main principles are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Financial and other resource factors One of the considerations in the ethical dilemma of maintaining or withdrawing life support of a patient in MCS/PVS is the amount of resources that a medical facility spends on AHN. Some people argue that these recourses could be used to help non-hopeless patients instead (Del Rio at al. 920) Legal factors and precedents Many cases of legal struggles over end-of-life care are known, including the Terri Schiavo case. A scholarly discussion has been going on for decades on the “ethical adequacy of the judge’s decision not to authorise withdrawal [of AHN from a minimally conscious patient]” (Kitzinger and Kitzinger 157). Social factors (society, family, culture, etc.) Social factors include cultural and religious considerations of the community, to which a patient belongs. Step Two: Identify the practical problem In case a patient has a disorder of consciousness and his or her state is deemed hopeless, should health care providers decide to withdraw AHN? Step Three: Identify the ethical issues and questions Formulate the ethical question you wish to answer. Should patients in MCS/PVS whose st
It is possible to assume that the patient might have an eating disorder due to their possible low BMI and interest in dieting and diet pills. To support or refute the assumptions, I will need to evaluate the patient’s height, weight, and BMI to see whether it is low or normal. Hair, skin, and lanugo will need to be examined as well; I will need to ask the patient whether they have noticed any hair loss lately or skin dryness. If the patient is female, she will need to provide information about her menstruation history. Blood pressure, pulse, and core temperature will be measured too. It is also advisable to ask the patient whether they experienced fainting, chest pain, and hands/feet numbness recently to see whether there are any cardiovascular issues. Repetitive sore throats and abrasions on fingers (visible when a patient is frequently trying to induce vomiting) can indicate recurrent vomiting. Intuitive eating if combined with trusting one’s body ability to indicate whether a person should continue or stop eating can be suggested as a health promotion strategy. As Denny, Loth, Eisenberg, and Neumark-Sztainer (2013) point out, the participants of their study who reported that they trusted their body’s ability to tell them how much to eat had lower odds of disordered eating behaviors and chronic dieting. The patient will need to receive detailed guidance about intuitive eating and learn how to trust their body to prevent any chronic dieting or binge eating. Atypical antipsychotics can be prescribed to reduce anxiety, obsessive thinking, and related anorexic conditions (Watson & Bulik, 2013). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are also used in patients with eating disorders. Nevertheless, there is no clear evidence of whether SSRIs can be beneficial when treating anorexia nervosa (Watson & Bulik, 2013). Non-pharmacological interventions can include exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, and family therapy. Sanchez-Carracedo, Neumark-Sztainer, and Lopez-Guimera (2012) point out that the patient and their family should pay less attention to their weight but rather focus on healthy dieting, encouraging exercise and physical activity, and talk about health interventions more often than about the patient’s health. The patient should be counseled about the influence of eating disorders on one’s memory, work performance, including concentration and other cognitive functions. The patient can be asked to monitor their thoughts, keep notes about any possible recurrent disorder episodes, and share one’s observation during a follow-up. I will need to evaluate the patient’s physical and mental state; I can also provide them with a questionnaire that is used to monitor the progress of treatment of an eating disorder. If the patient is not satisfied with the current therapy, self-help groups and nurse counseling can also be suggested as possible interventions. The patient should be instructed about the influence of media on eating disorders and the representation of these disorders in movies, TV series, and books/magazines. The patient should pay