ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The supply chain in the plan is designed to deal with problems of low profitability and lack of physical resources in Amazon. It will also address the need for personalization of services and greater consumer reach for Mobil. The plan The new integrated network between the two firms will be focused on offering consumers sales services for twenty four hours. Although, Amazon was already doing this, now Mobil will also get the opportunity of providing such services as well (Miliotis, 2010). Additionally, this new supply chain will be focused on offering direct sales to clients. Mobil will not just focus on its traditional supply chain partners such as wholesalers, retailers and the like. Now the firm can get a chance of dealing directly with consumers and hence be better able to personalize its services as well as customize some of its offerings. The plan will involve the collection of information from a variety of sources so technology will be playing a critical role here. The amount of time needed to get material from either firm to the market will be substantially reduced. Amazon has traditionally been managing supply chains for other companies so it would greatly benefit by adding yet another outlet to its business. Amazon will use a huge share of its resources in order to sell Mobil’s good and then deduct a portion of its profit. To this end, Mobil will be saved from excessive inventory and will be exposed to a wider client pool than it would have been through its traditional outlets. Mobil on the other hand already possesses warehouses. It will therefore provide Amazon with yet another opportunity to increase its physical supply chain network (Exxon Mobil, 2010). Also, because transportation costs have always been a problem for Amazon then the latter organization will tap into the resources already possessed by Mobil. Little information structure investment will be needed because Mobil will take advantage of what Amazon has set up for itself. It should be noted that bo
Introduction In every given country in the world, there are set rules and regulations that have been set to control and regulate the activities of individuals. This is done to protect the rights and properties of individuals and the state. Crime is an act that results from the breach of these laws (Cote, 2002). For an action to amount to crime, there has to be a breach of law followed by the administration of punishment by the state to the accused. There are a number of factors behind any criminal activity. It is due to this fact that several theories have been advanced to determine the nature, extent, cause and impacts of crime to an individual and the society at large. In this respect therefore, this paper shall focus on murder, analyze several theories that can be used to describe this crime and finally conclude on the importance of theories in criminology. The Crime On the night of October 28 th 1993, Willie Earl Pondexter, His cousin, James Lee Henderson and two other men broke into the house of Martha Lennox in Clarksville, Texas. Once inside the house, the men climb up the stairs to Marthas room. Having ransacked the house, taken money from her purse and the car keys, they commence on a game of who has the guts to shoot her dead. Henderson took the gun first and shot Martha on her head. She died instantly. Henderson gave Willie the gun who shot Martha through the jaw. The United States of America has one of the highest homicide rates in the world. However, this rate is declining.
With the growth of the music industry and the struggle by musicians to outdo each other, so have music videos become a powerful medium to capture the attention of music lovers. These have led to the inclusion of a high number of women in these videos and of interest are; how they dress, how they relate with men, the roles they have been assigned, their behavior, how they are treated by men, and how they relate to each other in the songs and videos (Rose, 2005). Hip hop songs and videos have over the years had the inclusion of women in particular scenes of the video and sections of the song that has generated a lot of debate on the role women play in these songs and videos. Nevertheless, it’s not only hip hop that has influenced viewers’ perception of women, other music genres like rock and R and B have also their fair share in influencing the perception of listeners and viewers towards women although they do not have as much analysis as hip hop receives. This may be because hip hops’ influence is more widespread than the other genres and its origin and association mainly with the black community as compared to rock and R&B and other genres of music. The roles women play in these songs and videos have influenced the listeners’ and viewers’ perceptions of women (Robert, 2008). Most of the hip hop songs and videos like; Make it rain, done by Fat Joe and Lil Wayne which they also did a remix with other musicians like R-Kelly and T.I and was a huge hit among the youth all over the world serves as an example on how women are portrayed in songs and videos. In the video of the song the women are dressed in bikinis, are shaking their treasured bodies, money and alcohol being splashed on their bodies, and how they relate to the musicians in the video can is a typical example of how women are being downgraded in songs and videos. In this song, most of the scenes degrade women and portray them explicitly as objects in an obviously sexual way that can be acquired by a
Pornography is a rather controversial issue and the scholars will hardly ever agree on the effect it has on those who get access to it. The article under analysis deals directly with the issue of pornography. Additionally, it considers the sex-seeking behaviors of males and females, as well as their attitudes towards pornography as such. At this, the author stresses that “gender differences have been found related to both the amount and type of sex-seeking behaviors in which men and women engage” (Albright, 2008, p. 175). Though the article is more focused on seeking partners (sexual as well) online, it still pays much attention to the issue of pornography. Pornography has certain results on its viewers leading to lowered self-esteem in case with women and becoming more critical of the partner’s body in case with men; besides, the pornography has an effect on people’s intimate relationships serving as a means of refreshing relationships for married couples and decreasing the interest in actual sex for singles. To begin with, women suffer from the effect that the pornography has on the men’s perception of the female body. Taking into account the current situation in the fashion industry and different beauty standards, more and more women suffer from low self-esteem even without pornography. However, when they watch video with the participation of women who have perfect bodies, their body image gets even more lowered. Besides, they face another problem; those of them who have partners often live under the “pressure to perform acts seen in pornographic films” (Albright, 2008, p. 175). In addition, women who view pornography, as a rule, have less actual sex. Therefore, the effects that pornography has on women are mostly negative. As far as men are concerned, the effect produced on them is also negative, though it is more related to their perception of women, rather than themselves. In the study presented in the majority of men have reported that the pornography “made them more critical of their partner’s body” (Albright, 2008, p. 183). Just like in case with women, men who view pornography tend to lose interest in actual sex. Albright (2008) notices certain symmetry in the effect of pornography on males and females: “Women are more likely to report being negatively judged and having less sex; men are more likely to report making negative judgments of their partners and losing interest in sex” (p. 183). Thus, the effect of pornography on men is not as negative as that on women. Finally, intimate relations of married couples and single people are affected differently by pornography. As mentioned earlier, the singles who view pornography rarely have an interest in actual sex. Married couples, however, use pornography “as a way to bring ren
How Data Mining Discriminates By definition, data mining is always a source of rational discrimination. Adverse effects associated with data mining are hardly traceable to human bias, conscious or unconscious. There are five mechanisms that may support the emergence of ill outcomes. Defining the “Target Variable” and “Class Labels” Target variables define the outcomes of interest data miners are looking for, while class labels assign all the variables into exclusive categories. During the decision-making process concerning employment, the managers want to know who the best candidate is. The focus on different variables may lead to various suggestions, since people who have higher sales may have lower assessment grades. Therefore, irrelevant choice of target variables can lead to discrimination against worthy potential employees. Training Data The data that functions as an example for a data mining model is called training data. Biased training data may lead to discriminatory models leading to two common outcomes. When a model treats examples with prejudice as valid, it is prone to reproduce the preconception. If the sample of a population is biased, the model can discriminate against those who are under- or overrepresented in the sample. Labeling Examples All the examples need to be manually labeled by the users or data miners. All the errors that occurred during labeling will be reproduced in the model and may lead to unintentional bias. Mislabeling may lead to inheriting prior discrimination or reflecting the ingoing prejudice depending on what dataset is used. Data Collection If data is collected from sources that fail to represent various groups in adequate proportions are prone to bias. This can lead to failure to serve the needs of entire socially protected classes. Both over- and underrepresentation classes may lead to disproportionately high adverse outcomes for members of protected classes. Feature Selection Feature selection is the process of choosing attributes that influence the outcomes. This process may harm socially protected classes if the features fail to represent the factors that better account for pertinent statistical variation. Even though data miners and managers may be aware of the situation, they may be willing to use the features based on their availability. Proxies When criteria for making a rational decision is also a proxy to class membership, the model may be prone to discrimination. Therefore, decision-makers’ prejudice is often not due to their beliefs. Instead, they unintentionally reproduce the injustice that is present in society. Masking Decision-makers may discriminate intentionally and mask their prejudice by exploiting the mechanisms mentioned above. Employers may prefer to hire data miners to reinforce unjust beliefs by providing a biased data sample. However, data mining and is a costly procedure, and employers are unlikely to spe
Introduction Syphilitic aneurism of the aortic arc refers to a syphilis induced abnormal bulge of the aorta. This occurs when a weakness emanates from the wall of the thoracic arc of the aorta. The disease manifests itself during the tertiary stage of syphilis when the patient has not been treated. Etiology of the lesion As the name suggests, the lesion emanates from syphilis; however, the disease should be in its tertiary phase. At this point, the sections of the aorta known as the vasa vasorum and the adventitia inflame. This causes weakness of the media and the formation of an aneurysm. The aneurysm comes after the medial muscle fibres have been scarred. The lesion may manifest as a cylindrical swelling on the arc of aorta or may also occur as a saccular distension. Macroscopic and microscopic findings Diagnosis and evaluation of the condition aims at analysing the features (morphology) of the aorta and the structures surrounding it. It also entails examining the size and character of the aneurysm as well as the characteristics of the blood vessel. Radiographic illustration of a normal thoracic aorta Patients need to do a CT scan of their thoracic aorta in order to assess the thickness of their walls and detect the presence of aneurysms. The radiologist ought to examine the mean, maximum and minimum diameter of the aorta. Usually, the arch of aorta is approximately 2cm. If it is abnormally large, then a syphilitic aneurysm should be suspected. Once the aneurysm has been detected, one must determine the part of the aorta that it belongs to. If it occurs on the arch, then the condition should be further expected. The nature of the aneurysm must be studied by looking at three layers: the intima, adventitia and the media. If these three layers do not exist, then the aneurysm may be a false one. The intima should have a nodular shape like a tree bark, and it should also look irregular for positive confirmation of the disease (Taufiek et al. 1258). The media has a high degree of vascularisation for Syphilitic aneurysms. The pathologist must also look at the relationship of the blood vessel to others as well as the effect on other structures. In this regard, one must determine whether new complications arose such as ruptures. A rupture often arises when the size of the aneurysm is quite large. Laplace’s law states that wall tension is proportional to an aorta’s diameters. Therefore, the larger the size of the aneurysm, the higher the chances of rupture. A rupture will be seen in the CT scan through a highly attenuated hematoma. Alternatively, an aneurysm that is just about to rupture may be seen as a crescent within the mural thrombus. A contained rupture may also be seen as a draped aorta. With regard to the pathology of the aorta, a person with this condition may have scattered plasma cells as well as lymphocytes. In other words, infiltration of these cells will occur. Sometimes the cells may collect on regions that are close to blood vessels. Adventitial vessels w
Introduction Mental illness describes conditions and disabilities that impede a person’s capabilities to handle themselves during everyday life. The severity of the ailments can range from intermittent anxiety to suicidal tendencies. Fortunately, modern psychological assessments and treatments, including therapy and medication, can often help those suffering a mental condition if identified in time. An example of this is Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), which tends to externalize as emotional unpredictability and imprudent actions taken by the patient (Davidson et al., 2010). BPD is a psychological condition that makes individuals highly erratic but can be treated with dialectical behavior therapy. Description of BPD and a Sample Mental Status Exam Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental condition that tends to manifest as emotional instability, recklessness, and impulsive behavior. Symptoms incorporate but are not limited to, high volatile contractions to changes in mood, binge eating, and intentional endangerment of self (Krawitz & Jackson, 2008). The individual with BPD tends not to have a stable self-identity and often perceives the world dichotomously. Approximately one percent of people living in the developed world suffer from BPD, with seventy-five percent of patients being female (Krawitz & Jackson, 2008). There is some evidence that BPD can be related to genetics, as it tends to appear in family units. Furthermore, because of the range of patient responses to BPD, worldwide statistics may suffer from overdiagnosis, and many might be undergoing issues such as substance abuse (Morrison, 2014). Overall, borderline personality disorder generally manifests as swift, unpredictable mood swings, sometimes culminating in aggressive behavior. A mental status exam is required to determine if the patient has BPD, during which a specialist will ask questions and note the behavior and appearance of the individual. Generally, such an exam will include assessments of clothing and general self-care to determine self-destructive disorders and lack of personal maintenance. Attention to eye contact and the specialist’s openness level is also relevant (Norris et al. 2016). BPD can, at times, be suppressed, so it is essential to look for signs of erratic behavior outside of the exam, including scars and lack of grooming. It is important to note that mental disorders are not exclusive, and the specialist should be aware that an individual may suffer from more than one condition. Furthermore, the specialist should reserve diagnosis until the end of the exam, as the manifestations of many disorders overlap, for example, BPD and manic de
Introduction The world of commerce is always concerned with maximizing output while keeping expenses at the lowest level. The interchanging of workers forms one of the arrangements that organizations can adopt to increase their productivity. This plan requires a carefully designed employee-sharing agreement between employers of departments that are willing to share the particular employee. The agreement should focus on both time and job distribution for the employee. This paper will present a proposal of how two departments can effectively share the same employee for the best utilization of company time and to ensure cost-effectiveness. Employee sharing is a relatively new field with little research. Hence, the literature review available is limited in scope. A lot of information presented will be obtained from web pages and other sources that the writer will find useful for this study. Problem Statement Employers who rely on either full or part-time employees characterize the current practice. Full-term employees are costly to maintain for an employer. Employee sharing is one way in which employers can ease the burden of maintaining full-term employees in terms of certain aspects that include expenses such as wages, insurance, social security, and employee training costs. Another benefit of shared employees to a business is that of maximum utilization of the shared employee. Organizations often find themselves under-using their employees, especially where the firm’s workload is seasonal to the extent that at times an employee has little or no work to do. Sharing will allow the employee to be useful in another department or organization whose workload is high relative to other units. Significance of the Study This study aims to identify the various advantages and benefits of employee sharing for both the employee and the organizations (departments). Two employers who are willing to engage in employee sharing will have numerous objectives in mind. The first objective is better utilization of the existing labor in the particular organization. This goal may be in view of reducing costs incurred in hiring, training, and compensating employees. Secondly, employers will have the shared employees acquire expertise in various fields by working in different environments. The skills obtained from one department may be useful in another department. The third objective relates to organizational costs. Sharing employees will also mean splitting the wage bill and other expenses between the employers, which effectively minimizes expenses for each organization. Lastly, employee sharing may be looked at as an opportunity to strengthen career growth for the employees through working in a diverse environment. Literature Review Orsi argues that full-time employees are expensive to hire and manage for an organization, especially where the said organization is a small business (par. 1). A firm may be willing to hire employees on a part-time basis. However, not all candidates
Today the successful development of many modern industries depends on the effective advertising. That is why advertisers try to use all the opportunities to present the information about their goods to the public. Tendencies of using the Internet resources as a source for setting ads are in a constant progress. Thus, the Internet and online technologies changed the ordinary meaning of the notion ‘targeted audience’ and began to use all the advantages provided by these innovations. However, new approaches to advertising also revealed such controversial issues as the question of privacy and consumer trust which are widely discussed nowadays. What makes people buy this or that product? What is the role of the targeted audience for effective selling definite goods? The answers to these questions are significant for those people who are involved in working out targeted advertising with the help of the Internet resources. The possibility to use the information which is fixed in the websites when persons visit certain pages and click the links made the revolution in the advertising industry. It was the chance to use the current data about the preferences and interests of the public, work out and extend the ads according to this information. Thus, the effectiveness of this method is supported by the statistical evidences provided by the advertising companies. Nevertheless, in spite of the obvious efficiency of targeted advertising, this phenomenon depends on definite social and legal issues connected with the problem of consumer’s privacy. Thus, when you visit your favorite site and observe the ads which can prevent you from the effective and quick search, it is necessary to remember that it is you to whom the information is addressed, and it is you on whose data the ads are based. However, was it the consumer’s desire to present such type of the information to website publishers and advertisers who have used it for developing their ads? The problem of privacy is discussed on different levels. Nevertheless, it is impossible to state strictly if the consumers’ concerns about their privacy have the base because of the peculiarities of the programs used for the interpretation of the information provided by consumers. Targeted advertising can be considered as beneficial for consumers when we focus on such aspects as the appropriateness of ads for different groups which can be classified according to a number of criteria. The use of targeting advertisements may be both beneficial for the customers and sellers when customers are searching for the necessary item, and sellers are ready to propose it with the help of the advertisements. However, trying to organize all the strategies in the company on the principles of targeting, advertisers can use the private information accessible in the sites inadequately, without paying much attention to the ethical issues. In this case, such a policy can be considered as ineffective and dangerous