ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Alexis de Tocqueville was a French citizen who was a historian. He wrote a historic documentation by the name democracy in America in the year 1835. This paper clearly describes the three distinct races that lived in America in the 19 th century. According to the documentation, the three races were; the Native Americans, Africans and Europeans. The three races The whites were the most dominating race in the 19 th century. They considered themselves to be more superior and intelligent than the other races. They dominated and forcefully used other races as slaves. The Negroes and Indians were the second group just below the whites. One common feature shared among these two races was unhappiness. The Negroes and Indians purely shared equal level of misfortune. Notable to mention is that, they both occupied an equal low class status in the country. They were also exposed to severe suffering by their tyranny. This was a clear indicator that the whites were the dominating race in the entire country. Negroes originated from the African continent. They were taken to America to work as slaves. Regardless of the communistic dependency within the three races, it was evident that the level of hostility was very high at that time. It was also clear that the only reason as to why they lived together on the same soil was because of fortune. Each race had to participate fully and fulfill their assigned duty apart. As a result of this oppression, most Negroes and Indians lost their originality. Most of them were denied their rightful privileges. That was why up to date they cannot trace back their original language. They also lost their forefathers resemblance, culture and religious practices. Alexis de Tocqueville view on the three races According to Alexis de Tocqueville, the Negroes were the most isolated race living in America in the 19 th century. This was because they were sold to the whites as slaves. The Negroes at that time had no family. According to the Europeans, a woman in the Negro community was considered to be a temporal companion to the man. Everyone in the Negro community was equal to the other. This also included new born babies. Despite the fact that Negroes tirelessly tried to insinuate themselves among the whites, their effort always ended up being fruitless. The most daring effort was the attempt to mingle with whites through intermarriage. This failed and the Negroes were isolated and declared to be naturally inferior. The oppressive slave life for Indians was more similar to the Negroes. However, life for Indians had less different end effects. Long before the whites discovered America, the land was fully occupied by the Indians. The Indian communities were harmoniously living together on their own until when the whites came and dispersed t
Introduction Cicek Olcay was a 53-year-old Turkish woman who presented at the Day procedure unit at 7 a.m. for laparoscopic cholecystectomy following a history of an acute right upper quadrant pain with fever and chills occasionally for 2 months. The Senior Surgical Registrar and the Surgeon had seen her in the previous week and diagnosed cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Elective surgery had been planned after the investigation results had been obtained. She had fasted from midnight before surgery according to the DPU nurse’s notes. Her consent was signed. A pre-anesthetic checkup had been done. She had the test results for Full Blood Examination, Urea and Electrolytes, and Liver Function Tests. She had the MIRI too. After admission, she was transported to the operation theatre for removal of the gall bladder. Liver function tests were not normal. The diagnosis of hepatic damage was indicated by the liver functions tests. It was expected due to the obstructive disease of the gall bladder as the two were closely involved with the digestion of fats through bile production and bile storage. The excessively high bilirubin in blood at 78umols/L raised from a normal of 17umols indicated severe hepatic cell damage. The hepatic cells produced the bile for the digestion of fats (Clavien and Baillie, 2006). The bile had 2 functions of absorption of fa
United States Case Study The television was invented around 1925 but became popular in 1950s, and in America, there were more than 50million television sets in use during that period. Nearly every living room in America had a TV. Questions were then raised about the content, whether to regulate it or not, and how to regulate it. The television and radio were similar in some ways: both were broadcasted through airwaves (before cable), and both were regulated by the federal government. This paper shall discuss these issues in depth. Since the beginning of broadcast regulation, there were not enough channels for all who wished to broadcast their information, the electromagnetic spectrum had been deemed to be a publicly owned natural resource. The “scarce public resource” then made simple come up with broadcast regulation basis. Both television and radio broadcasters operated under the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). With this, broadcasters applied, for licenses, to use a section of the “public property”, a definite frequency (UCSB SexInfo Online n.p.). Broadcasters, on the other hand, had a duty to serve the society’s interests. The obligation requires a licensee to ascertain the society’s needs and then provide a service to cater for those needs of the society. The FCC has the right to censor or restrict content with obscene material, requires fairness in political programming and segment broadcast percentages for certain content, for example, content for “public use” (Kaarina 233). Obscene programming is considered whereby an average person, with contemporary community standards, finds the material appealing to the prurient interest; the content demonstrates or defines sexual behavior in an offensive way; the material lacks literary, political, artistic or scientific value. Indecent programming is whereby the contemporary community standards measures the broadcast medium and describes excretory or sexual activities and organs in the broadcast (Kaarina 231). Indecent material was prohibited in the 1950s but later it was only aired after hours when the children have slept. The meaning of “indecent content” has changed over time. The National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (Center for Media Education 5) then came up with ways to call for censorship whereby there was self-censor with decency standards and production codes. The first Amendment of the US Constitution declares that the congress shall not make any law that will abridge the freedom of speech or the freedom of the press (Perebinossoff 234). However, the state legislatures and the congress have tried to hold back speech that is considered indecent, harmful to minors, obscene or injurious to children, such as pornography (Perebinossoff 234). Common legislation seeking to regulate media content is seen mostly in an election year. The US content regulation differs by the medium of expression. The 1st Amendment projection has affected the print publications to the highest degree. Radio and Television, on the other hand, have enjoyed the least protection
The book can be considered a post-apocalyptic novel, containing a combination of short narratives and journal entries. The protagonist, who sometimes identifies as Dusty or Karen or Jane, is a bisexual, middle-aged woman with great adaptability and will. The novel is based on the life of a midwife from her origins in San Francisco as an ob-gyn nurse. The story follows the midwife’s life through her years, trying to survive in a world that is dying. An outbreak resulting from a deadly virus emerges, killing many men and women. It was reported that only one woman was left for every ten men. The unnamed midwife finds herself surrounded by danger while trying to search for food and shelter. The first stranger she encounters tries to rape her and, by reflex, she ends up killing him. The second and third men she meets are gay lovers, and a group of men she meets after that also try to rape her. The midwife finally decides to disguise herself as a man to increase her chances of survival. She cuts her hair and adopts the characteristics of a man before heading off into the wilderness. The midwife keeps her journal that not only contains the stories of her life but also of those she encounters in her travels. She either writes the accounts or allows them to write directly in the journal. An example is chapter three which contains “The Book of Roxanne”, who has narrated her own story. Furthermore, being knowledgeable about women’s health, she helps the few ladies left alive by administering contraceptives and first aid to them (Elison, 2016). The midwife tries to reclaim some sense of control in a world without order. The elements that stand out in the novel include survival in a lawless world, a female protagonist, and the post-apocalypse plague. The Unnamed Midwife is a tale of destruction and death that does not offer a specific course for the demise of the world (McClinton-Temple, 2011). Both the characters and the readers are clueless as to what is causing the ca
Though the information technologies seem to be insufficient with regard to the area of medical informatics, the project management helps to resolve the problems effectively. It is necessary to mention that electronic health records as well as infrastructure upgrades are some of the IT challenges related to medical informatics. All the problems should be solved with regard to long-term consequences in case of failure leading to inefficient use of available resources. Moreover, the project management involves staff that has some routine duties that should be performed regardless of the progress on the project. In this respect, the number of project management methods is aimed at coping with challenges in the context of resource shortage, focus on privacy and security, outsourcing, and other aspects that influence the overall perception of the problems and their solving. The most beneficial aspects of project management related to medical informatics include the opportunity to cope with tasks effectively using minimum of available resources. Besides, it is possible to resolve the risks that may occur in future before such a problem happens. As such, it is easier to involve the stakeholders while solving the problem in order to meet the needs of clients and administration as well as medical staff. Moreover, a high-quality product can be created at the first push which enables the project team to save costs, efforts, resources, and time that would be spent on remaking and improving of the rough model of the project. Project management enables the team to take into account all factors that may influence the outcomes of their work including the opinions of stakeholders to introduce an effective model/system that would work effectively within the given environment.
Introduction It is indisputable that language is a prerequisite for the existence of humanity. It provides a crucial platform for interacting and sharing people’s needs. In fact, in the contemporary world, its importance surpasses mere communication. Rather, it is a source of authority. Norman Fairclough (1995) asserts that the execution hegemony has grown to an ideology that is strangely propelled by the intervention of language. It shows how language and social structure are two intertwined components. Therefore, the relationship between the language and social structure should be an important consideration in language studies. Nonetheless, language is popularly viewed as transparent, thus ignoring the social context. On the contrary, discourse analysis creates a dais to discover the ingenious and aesthetic application of language through literature discourse. Books, particularly novels and textbooks, utilise language as an instrument for communicating to their audience. Literature provides an in depth reflection of the happenings in the society. Since authors are members of the society, they are likely to depict the realities in their community. Consequently, literature discourse can reveal race and racism in a given literature work through language expressions. Examining the topic of race and racism in language has not been a grave issue in the recent years, particularly because most of the discourse experts are whites. There has been a gap in literature discourse by the blacks. Hence, it is imperative that non-whites examine literature works authored by whites where blacks act as the targeted audience. As such, the objective of this study is to determine how English literature promotes racism among Africans. The objective will be accomplished through Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Schoolbooks are used to impart knowledge on learners through offering facts on a given topic and further instilling discursive practices on students (Rogers 2004). They boost and influence students’ cognition to an extent that they share what they leant through the primers as facts. Just like other discourses, the discourse of books such as political speeches and commercials adhere to specific values and practices when being developed or launched. Subsequently, the intention of utilising certain discourses or symbols is to influence the reader to approve conceptual inscriptions compressed in a book and accept them as norms (Pennycook 2001). The purpose of this paper is to decipher the level of manipulation that English written materials have on learners with respect to viewing individuals from
Introduction The Florida everglades boast of rare and indigenous species of snake, crocodiles, alligators and birds. Because of its rich biodiversity it has become a biosphere reserve, an important wetland of great significance internationally. Over the years however, most of the biodiversity has been lost through human-nature conflict. The need of agricultural land has led to land reclamation attempts resulting in loss of biodiversity. Restoration attempts are being made to simulate the current river flow to the flow before human interference. Climate and geology The climate of the everglades is mild as from December to April, this being a big asset that attracts thousands of visitors to the everglade park. The average temperatures in winter are highs of 77 0 F (25 0 C) and lows of 53 0 F (12 0 C). The warmer summers are hot and humid with temperatures averaging 90 0 F (32 0 c) and humidity of 90% (Mc cormick & Harvey, 2011). Tropical storms have effect on the area with most thunderstorms being experienced in the afternoons. Average rainfall is 60 inches per year. Rainy season is June to October, a period in which there is also an abundance of mosquitoes. The geology of the everglades comprises of black organic soils with deposits of limestone. The rock floor is composed of marine limestone and fresh water and partially indurates marl from the fort Thompson. There are deposits of Miocene which are found in a large extent of southern Florida. There is also evidence of erosion deposits of Pliocene which discontinuously appear. The most continuous appearance is found along the Florida coast. Biodiversity As an ecological hotspot, the everglade is home to various species of animals some of which are only found at the everglades. Many species of birds are wading birds such as roseate spoonbill. The species nearly facing extinction are such as the snail kite, wood stork and the Cape Sable seaside sparrow. The reptiles; the crocodiles and alligators, have great resemblance and are commonly mistaken for each other. The alligators inhabit the deep, fresh water sloughs while the crocodiles are common in the coastal bays of Florida. The species of snakes are above 27 in number. Mammals inhabiting the everglade are such as the bottle nose dolphin, the West Indian manatee and the Florida panther. The latter two are endangered species. The plant species found are either wetland plants such as the sa
The life of any person is paramount, the subsistence right is legally protected. The story “Hills like White Elephants” by Ernest Hemingway illustrates a situation where two partners have different visions of their future. The setting has a symbolic implication, emphasizing the contradiction of the characters’ views. It is used to demonstrate the stalemate in the couples’ relationships – the necessity to choose between an abortion and a breakup. The train station where the action takes place serves as an indication of the relationships’ status. It is not the ultimate destination, but a base point. Therefore, the reader feels that the characters are in two minds. The decision they are to make is, indeed, vital. It is not just the question of where to go, but the one of whether to continue their relationships or not. The dichotomy that exists between the barren valley and the white hills signifies the girl’s options -giving birth or having an abortion. The brown emptiness of the station suppresses the young woman. Her restless strolling is followed by some vague remarks about the mountains that “looked like white elephants” (31). The male protagonist is an American. The author portrays him as an intelligent man, who speaks, at least, two languages – English and Spanish. The American is capable of taking a hold on both himself and the situation – despite being confused, he still manages to keep a straight face. This character shows great skill and diplomacy while trying to force the girl to terminate her pregnancy. On the one hand, he says that “If you don’t want to you don’t have to. I wouldn’t have you do it if you didn’t want to” (55). On the other hand, he does his best to persuade her that the operation “is perfectly simple” (55). The female protagonist is the girl. Unlike the American, she expresses less certainty. The young woman shows some reluctance discussing the operation. Yet, she says, “I’ll do it. Because I don’t care about me” (64). The reader understands she is disconcerted when she cannot order drinks. Despite her desire to please the American, the girl seems to realize that even if the operation is performed, their relationships will hardly remain the same. This inner contradiction makes her say: “Once they take it away, you never get it back” (81). The white elephant embodies the unborn child. The narrator uses it as a symbol of something unwanted. In the beginning, the girl claims that the hills “look like white elephants” (9). However, after the man’s speculations on the forthcoming operation, she suddenly changes her mind saying that the hills appeared to look like white elephants, but, in fact, they do not
The shooting took place on February 27, 2016, in Salt Lake City, near a Somali refugee shelter. As a result of the incident, the teenager was injured. Abdi Mohamed (Abdulahi Omar Mohamed) is a Somali refugee who came to the US with his family in 2004. He was 17 years old at the time of the incident. Witnesses claim that Mohamed was involved in a confrontation with an elderly man and was holding a broomstick (“Abdi Mohamed: Teen Shot,” 2016). The police officers who would later shoot him reacted to call for another incident. A friend of Mohamed claims that when the officer asked the teenager to throw the broom, he did not have time to react to the demand, and the police opened fire (“Abdi Mohamed: Teen Shot,” 2016). However, the police refused to release video footage from police body cameras until January 2017. Two police officers Kory Checketts and Jordan Winegard, were involved in the incident. As can be seen in the video footage, which the police later released to the public, two police officers arrived at the scene. They soon spotted Mohamed and his friend and ran in their direction. The teenagers were armed with metal sticks, so the policeman raised his weapon and asked Mohamed to stop and drop the broomstick (The Salt Lake City Tribune, 2017). The video clearly shows that his friend fulfilled the officer’s demands and dropped his weapon, while Mohamed continued to move in the direction of the man, ignoring the demands of the police. This behavior led Officer Jordan Winegar to shoot the teenager four times. The footage also shows that the police officer did not kill the teenager but wounded him with shots. After the incident, the surrounding people began to resent what had happened. Later it will become known that the victim of the shooting fell into a coma, and his condition was critical. The incident sparked a widespread public outcry in the immediate aftermath of the shooting. Local residents of the area pelted the police with garbage and stones (“Abdi Mohamed: Teen Shot,” 2016). More than 100 police officers had to be enlisted to help restore order in the area (Gephardt Daily staff, 2020). As a result, the area was evacuated, and police officers from other areas. However, the police commented on the incident differently from the witnesses. Police say they responded directly to the attack by two men with metal sticks on an elderly man. I
Parental investment theory was introduced by Robert Trivers in 1972. In this theory, Trivers linked the levels of parental investment in their offspring with the potential of this offspring’s survival in the future, as well as the parental ability to invest in a new offspring once the current one is grown. In that way, parental investment was viewed as a direct connection with the processes of natural selection mentioned by Darwin (Trivers 52-53). Parental investment may differ in its degree between the representatives of sexes. To be more precise, in most cases, one of the sexes has a more obligatory investment in offspring than the other. The sex with a higher level of obligatory investment tends to treat the processes of mating and sex with more caution and carefulness, thoroughly picking potential partners. At the same time, the sex with a lower level of obligatory investment in offspring typically displays more aggressive sexual behaviors and is less selective in terms of choosing a potential partner. In particular, among mammals, females are the higher-investing sex in terms of parenting. In that way, as it was mentioned previously, the major implication from this tendency is a more selective attitude towards the choice of a mating partner among women. At the same time, men are the lesser-investing sex, and, as a result, they stereotypically are more sexually aggressive and are less choosy in regard to picking partners for short term relations. In addition, Bjorklund and Shackelford noted that due to the differences in the degrees of obligatory parental investment, men and women have different attitudes to their partners’ infidelity (87). To be more precise, men display stronger emotional reactions to the idea that their female partners could be having casual sex with other men rather than the idea that the women developing a strong emotional connection with other men. However, the perspective of women on the same two ideas is the opposite. Women experience a stronger emotional reaction to the idea that their long-term male partners could develop a strong emotional connection with another woman. This happens because, for women, the consequences of emotional infidelity of their partners usually meant the loss of resources that they provide (Bjorklund and Shacke