ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Politics is an essential part of our life. People need the departments which would govern them, and every country has such. The political structures make our life easier, as they take up the difficulties of governing the state. Political structure has many different spheres, but today we are going to talk about education. A new president Barack Obama makes up his government and it touches, of course, the department of education. Main body A new Secretary of Education is Arne Duncan. He was born on the 6th of November, 1964. He graduated magna cum laude from Harvard and sits on the Harvard Board of Overseers. He has experience of governing the Chicago Public Schools where he was a chief executive and where he “has earned a solid reputation for confronting pressing issues in public education, like how to raise teacher quality, how to transform weak schools and when to shutter those that are irredeemably failing” (Dillon 2008). Duncan also directed the Ariel Education Initiative, a philanthropic effort with a small staff that seeks to create better schooling opportunities for poor children on the South Side of Chicago. He was director of magnet schools and deputy chief of staff to the Chicago schools chief, Paul G. Vallas, from 1998 to 2001.” (Dillon 2008). He did much for those establishments and he was elected as the Secretary of Education for his merits. So, his school experience and governing skills will help him during his work in the Department of Education. Sport plays an important role in Duncan’s life. He was a professional basketball player from 1987 to 1991 in Australia. “He and President Obama have played pickup basketball games together in Chicago since they met in the early 1990s through Michelle Obama’s brother” (Dillon 2008), and made a good acquaintance since that time. As it was said, Arne Duncan is the United States Secretary of Education from the 20th of January, 2009. Confirmation hearings were held by Senator Edward M. Kennedy the Secretary of Education Arne Duncan. Arne Duncan announced to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions his plans in the sphere of education. He said in his speech: First, we must invest in early childhood education… Second, we know that teacher quality must be addressed on many levels: recruitment, preparation, retention, and compensation… Third, we know that only about 70 percent of high school students graduate… Fourth, we must make sure that our citizens have the means and the encouragement to aim for education and training beyond high school. (Sweet 2009). Arne Duncan in his program makes notice of these three points. He emphasizes the necessity of paying much attention to kindergartens and parents’ support, especially if they work and have small children. The second point touches on the “teaching residency programs” (Sweet 2009), which work if to take into consideration Duncan’s experience in Chicago school. The other point is the education of teachers, lifting the level of their knowledge. One more problem is higher education. It becomes a problem as
Introduction Leadership is a significant issue in any sphere of work, but it is particularly important in education. Without appropriate prioritizing of values, one cannot become a good leader for an organization. Additionally, reflection helps to promote leadership and find the most viable solutions. In order to make wise decisions, a leader should first of all be able to determine what issues are the most challenging and what solutions can help to mitigate these challenges. Reflection Fowler, who established the eight key values that all people “care about,” remarks that the difference between people is in their attitude to prioritizing these values (Alexander, 2015, p. 11). The values are as follows: individualism, efficiency, liberty, equality, order, fraternity, economic growth, and quality. For policies in education, the most important values seem to be fraternity, liberty, and equality. The next value in the priority list is individualism, and it is followed by order. The economy-related values (efficiency, quality, and economic growth) occupy the lowest places on the importance scale. The rationale behind prioritizing fraternity is that a leader in the system of education should make sure that students feel comfortable and know that they can treat their peers as family. The value of liberty is manifested through the absence of restrictions on actions. This quality, along with fraternity, will promote a socially just allocation of opportunities for each student in the classroom. The next value that seems to bear a particular prominence is equality, the application of which will promote fairness among all the participants of the learning process. Following the group of qualities related to freedom, there are the values of individualism and order. Individualism is highly important for students’ self-actualization. The reasons why it is ranked lower than fraternity, liberty, and equality is that these three qualities prepare the ground for students to realize themselves. Without knowing that they can rely on their peers’ support, learners will not be able to actualize their abilities. Order, which follows individualism, is necessary to govern all the processes within the classroom to make sure that the primary values are maintained at the sufficient level. The set of values which seems to have the least priority is concerned with economic principles. Efficiency involves making sure that no resources are being wasted. Quality, which is characterized as “nebulous” (Alexander, 2013, p. 12), may be viewed as the provision of schools with experienced teachers and classrooms — with good materials. Finally, economic growth is the least connected with education, but it is still important as one of the pillars of any society. Conclusion: the relation to views on education The described prioritization of values is associated with my views on education. For me, the most vital aspect of bringing up smart and independent individuals is treating them as equal and allowing them enough independence for expressing their uniq
Meaning of Mandate System and the Effect It Had on Zionist-Palestinian Relations The mandate system was the process in which the newly established League of Nations approved European rule over all colonies and countries created after the defeat in World War 1. The mandate system was run by the League of Nations, which disregarded the colonial connection proofs enforced in five different Arab states. When the First World War ended, European rule was documented. After the war, the new states were heavily influenced by Anglo-German law and had an extensive impact to leave new state charter, new currency and treaties beside new borders. This system had the effect of obtaining and retaining power by dividing more significant power concentrations into small parts. Such powerholders had less influence than those executing the strategy on Zionist Palestine relations. The British imperialism was woven through the mandate system’s invention through its decrees and promises, thus, setting forthcoming management in British errand. Settlement Patterns That Emerged in Palestine and the Information They Had in UN Resolution The settlement patterns that arose in Palestine beneath the British mandate indicated that Arabs were not going to take immigration effortlessly, and power usage was finally not the answer. Palestine forcefully wanted the Zionist land without listening to any explanations. The Palestinians were required to admit to the treaty and relocate the Zionists. In 1939, London issued The White Paper that backed an increase to new thoughts bringing harmony to the Palestinian zone (Bunton 2013). The Paper requested forming a unitary Palestinian government in which Arabs and Jews would exercise authority jointly. These settlement patterns pursued the UN to divide Palestine into two distinct states in expectations of conveying peace while anticipating to bond the Palestinians and Jewish. Historical Significance of Atzmaut and Al-Nakba Atzmaut and Al-Nakba’s historical importance lay on the region being wrestled. The mandate of Palestine expanded by 78%, becoming the sovereign state of Israel after the fighting arose (Bunton 2013). The Jews welcomed a radical co
For many people living in today’s Western societies, the human corpse is dealt with from the perspective that the dead body is nothing more than an empty shell as the true individual, the essence of the dead person has already left this realm and traveled to whatever lies beyond. According to funeral director Thomas Lynch, this approach is “proffered as comfort in the teeth of what is a comfortless situation, consolation to the inconsolable” (1999: 21). Even without the statement regarding a shell having been made, the corpse appears to be somehow lighter than it was despite its position as if the person were sleeping. The life force that previously kept the body animated is no longer there, leaving an obvious and irrefutable emptiness behind. This belief in the body as merely a shell is also assisted by the fact that the corpse in modern times is no longer prepared for disposal by the loving hands of the friends and family left behind. It is easier to bear the impersonal nature of sending the body away to a funeral home for preparation when one considers that the living soul has already departed and the loved one is only ‘symbolically’ present through the empty husk they’ve left behind. However, as a means of comforting themselves, mourners frequently purchase silk linings, pillows, mattresses, and other ‘comfort’ items that the non-living corpse will never enjoy, appreciate or even notice. These are the last gifts the living can ever bestow upon their loved one and, they hope, the spirit of the deceased will at least know they weren’t unceremoniously dumped into the ground like a pile of garbage. While the body as a shell remains a widespread perception, the actual belief is revealed to be much different in that the ‘shell theory’ of dealing with corpses simpl
Introduction ‘The Things They Carried’ by Tim O’Brien repeatedly lists specific tangible objects that soldiers carried during the Vietnam War in the Than Khe locality. Additionally, the author documents the heaviness of the objects to underscore the physical items the soldiers carried. At the beginning, the narration seems to be simple regarding the objects a legion of soldiers carried during the war. The narration actually focuses on the demise of one of the legion members and the horrifying conditions in Than Khe. Through repetitive documentation of the tangible objects carried by the soldiers, the author opens a leeway to allow him stress on the heaviness of the intangible items. This strategy allows the speaker to describe the battle experience. It also makes the speaker to deliberate on the very emotive issues. The intangible is the mental impact of war. Besides, the intangible created burden in the minds and hearts of the soldiers. O’Brien’s story “The Things They Carried” demonstrates how the author utilizes conventional repetitive form of things carried to treat the unconventional story subject of the impact of war on soldiers. Main Body When O’Brien opens his story, he lays foundation for the story’s central themes of recollection, imagination and the opportunities for psychological escape offered by the powers arising from the effects of engaging in armed combat. For instance, as Lieutenant Cross goes through the demanding daily activities of war duty, he is mentally occupied by Martha. Fundamentally, as he relives the moments with Martha, he not only remembers the memories but also imagines how a passionate camping expedition into the White Mountains would be like (O’Brien 1001). The author presents these desires by Cross as “pretending”. In this context, “pretending” emerges as a form of storytelling. He is actually narrating to himself. The author emphasizes on the significance of Cross’s actions by underscoring the items he had. These included Martha’s mails and picture. Upon introducing the characters, the author gives miniature details of the items soldiers carried to foreshadow the physical and psychological baggage soldiers have to contend with in their line of duty. However, it is imperative to note these items and extend specific attention to the details. The details foreshadow the central narratives that cover the novel. The technique O’Brien uses for listing the items the platoons carried simultaneously functions to generate completer fusions of the characters. By extension, the approach makes the characters appear to be very concrete to the audience. O’Brien develops his story by discussing the objects carried by the platoons as everyday items that a soldier carries. These are the objects that made life in Vietnam more tolerable for each of the platoon members. The initial list of items included munching gum, roll-ups, Kool-Aid and cigarette lighters. Pound cake, canned peaches and extra hygiene supplies are also included (O’Brien 1002). The letters Cross carried are also documented. Majority of these items are non-soldierly. They are effortle
Introduction The new “vitamin-enriched” bottled water to be launched in the market requires a critical environmental analysis to guarantee its success in the realms of sales and market penetration. Since the target market segment includes athletes aged between 10 and 30, the PEST (political, economic, social, and technological factors) analysis will facilitate the study of the market’s external environment (Birkholz 43). Fundamentally, any product, which intends to succeed in the market, must observe numerous micro and macro environmental forces so as to stay competitive. Evidently, numerous businesses globally have identified, scrutinized, and adopted their respective environmental forces capable of affecting their endeavors. These signify the aspects and provisions of PEST in a business venture, which relates to the aspects of identifying, studying, and ceasing opportunities in virgin markets with creativity, risk taking tendencies, and novelty. Political Factors Political factors affect businesses considerably. It is a critical necessity in setting up and operating a new venture. The prospected product must consider the political factors within the intended locality, region, or internationally in order to offer a relevant, legal, and meaningful business. Government policies and political forces tend to affect the nature and orientation of any product in the marketplace (Wiegel 163). A new product must consider what provisions the territorial government intends to offer for the businessmen and to what extent. Considering such provisions will ensure that the intended product (vitamin-enriched bottled water) thrives within the market and the industry at large. Considering such provisions will ensure that the concerned organization understands its environment better; hence, can make critical business decisions in regard to business trends and political requirements. Evidently, this factor considers the degree of intervention that respective governments allow within the market. Concurrently, this will allow the concerned business to know what business is legalized within a given territory and which ones cannot perform. These issues will help a new venture in making critical business decisions before investing massively in a business and introducing the new product (vitamin-enriched bottled water) in the market. As a macro environmental factor, political factors thrive to provide the market with the business frameworks and the recommended stipulations. Political factors can affect numerous business provisions and sales of certain products as indicated before. This includes infrastructure, the nature of the workforce, education within the territory and other social factors that are necessary for a new venture. A new product in the market requires viable infrastructural provision, which is a key factor in any meaningful business. The way the product will perform in t
The context of the journal article The journal article, Measuring Implicit Attitudes of 4-Year-Olds: The Preschool Implicit Association Test , by Dario Cvencek, Anthony Greenwald, and Andrew Meltzoff presented the results of two social cognition measure (IAT) tests using the preschool implicit association test (PSIAT) on several 4 years old children. The sample space for the research consisted of 65 respondents, consisting of 33 boys and 32 girls with the average age of the participants being 54.51 months. The primary aim of the research was to establish the effectiveness of PSIAT in evaluating attitude towards liked objects (first variable) and gender attitudes (second variable). Through the ANOVA test, the results indicated that there was a positive correlation between PSIAT and the two variables (Cvencek, Greenwald, and Meltzoff 189). Specifically, the measure of gender attitude variable indicated discriminant weight since there was a clear variance in the roles played by children based on their gender. From the findings, the researchers suggested how PSIAT could be used to study the development of socially important stereotypes and perceptions that children pick at a young age. This journal article is relevant to my career specialization since it examines gender attitudes and roles developed by children as they interact with society. As a specialist in children and adolescent development, I might use the PSIAT to carry out further research on how gender and other social perceptions affect development in children. The assumptions of the statistical test used in the journal article The underlying assumption in the use of the correlation test was that there was no implicit-explicit correlation between each of the variables as independent entities. This means that the implicit measure was carried out first after which the explicit measure was addressed. With the apparent absence of independent meta-analyses, the fixed measures were adopted to align two bipolar scales, which presented averages for upper (+2) and lower bounds (-2) (Cvencek, Greenwald, and Meltzoff 192). The positive values indicated correlation while the negative values represented no correlation. Research question related to the journal article Research question What is the effectiveness of PSIAT in evaluating attitude towards liked objects and gender attitudes among children? Hypothesis Null Hypothesis There is a correlation between PSIAT and attitude variables such as attitude towards liked objects and attitudes influenced by gender among children. Alternative Hypothesis There
Communication disorders have become prevalent in the current world. Almost every person in the world has a relationship, either a family relationship or friendship, with a person suffering from a communication disorder. Communication is an essential part of human life thus making communication disorders a real problem in the world. Communication abilities influence the educational, social, and economical capabilities of a person. Most of the communication disorders affecting people develop in the early stages of life. Medical research indicates that early medical interventions help reduce the severity of communication disorders (Duffy, Watt & Duffy, 2014). For this reason, parents and guardians should always examine their children to determine their communication abilities at a young age. The ability to learn alternative communication mechanisms among children is easier and faster than in adults. Duffy, Watt, & Duffy present a path analysis to determine the relationship between different causes of communication disorders. In their article, the authors present different impacts that each of the speculated causes of communication disorder has on human life. Communication disorders present themselves in speech, language, and the ability to articulate certain words. Communication disorders can occur because of many reasons. Brain injury is the major cause of language-related communication disorders. According to Duffy et al. (2014), brain injury affects an individual’s ability to comprehend and make sense of language and words. Additionally, brain injury affects one’s ability to interpret sounds, which in turn affects the ability to understand languages and articulate certain words. Brain injury in children is a common occurrence. Some babies develop such complications at birth while others develop brain injuries later in life. In either case, early diagnosis helps reduce the negative impacts of the injury, thus improving the communication abilities of a child. Mental retardation is the second major cause of communication disorders. A person’s cognitive ability greatly determines their abilities to interpret information and articulate words (Duffy, et al. , 2014). A mentally retarded person has low cognitive and intellectual abilities, which reduce the ability to interpret words effectively. Physical impairments such as cleft lip and hearing problems affect the speech ability of an individual. However, Speech and communication issues resulting from physical impairments are usually temporary; for this reason, they are easy to handle. Lastly, emotional imbalances can affect one’s ability to comprehend and articulate certain words. Emotional imbalance affects the brain, thus interfering with an individual’s ability to interpret languages and voices. The analysis presented in the article provides crucial information that can assist medical practitioners and