ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The specific macromolecular structure of polymers remains a challenge to study because of the complexity and potential heterogeneity of molecular distribution. In turn, the demand for these data is high because of the direct influence of polymer structure on its physicochemical properties. In this context, the study of the linear, water-soluble polymer polyvinyl acetate alcohol (PVOH) synthesized from vinyl alcohol monomers is of high interest. In normal synthesis, the polymer exhibits a weakly branched and ordered structure, whereas the use of methanolysis of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) yields a configuration with a reversible monomer arrangement, as shown in Figure 1 (Shoemaker et al., 2018). Figure 1. Schematic structure of the PVOH molecular chain, where x corresponds to the functional hydroxy-group. The ratio of frequencies of direct and reversible monomers is determined by the formula: In this formula, S corresponds to the steric coefficient, which determines the probability that straight and reversible monomers will form bonds and no obstacles will be created for this. The present experiment takes advantage of the fact that the formation of a direct monomer in the chain, actually 1,2-glycol, can be detected by periodate action, using the Flory and Leutner method (Kanda et al., 2020). Thus, by measuring the molar mass of the PVOH samples before and after treatment, it becomes possible to statistically determine the macromolecular distribution. This is done using the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer and the time it takes for it to pass through a vertical capillary. In particular, treatment with periodate is expected to break the macromolecular chain and produce smaller fragments whose molecular weight is lower than that of the untreated solution. Experiment/Procedure This experiment was performed in strict accordance with Experiments in Physical Chemistry (7 th ed.) by Garland, Nibler & Shoemaker unless otherwise noted (Shoemaker et al., 2018). For this experiment, a pre-prepared PVOH polymer solution was used, or, if not available, a working solution was prepared according to the methodological instructions. Six solutions were prepared, two of each concentration: in each pair, one and the solutions were subjected to cleavage by the action of periodate, and the other was not. A vertical capillary and a timer were then used to measure the time each of the solutions flowed out of the vessel at 25°C. In total, considering the control measurement for water, seven lines of experiments were performed with three attempts in each. Conclusion The purpose of the present experiment was to study the phenomenon of the reversible ordering of monomers in the polyvinyl acetate alcohol polymer. During the synthesis of PVOH by methanolysis, some parts of the macromolecular chain have molecules arranged not “head-to-tail” as is normal but “head-to-tail.” As a consequence, chemolysis of such polymers with periodate allows obtaining sections of the original chain of different lengths, which directly affec
Introduction Every organization needs to improve its market competitiveness in the 21 st Century. It needs to embrace flexibility and improve its responsiveness to the ever-changing market demands. Flexibility and responsiveness are closely linked to information technology. Al Tayer is a company that operates in twelve countries within the Middle East and also in other parts of the globe. It has approximately 8150 employees all from different countries. Its headquarters are in Dubai. The Al layer group is a service providing an organization that deals with businesses focused on automobile, sales and services, and cosmetic distribution. Al layer is, therefore, a service industry that deals with the sales of different brands across the globe. The group has outlets in approximately 180 places in the Middle East. Application of the information system in this kind of a business organization leads to cost reduction and the improvement of customers’ response in the supply chain. The management of the information system in a supply chain (SCM IS) is used in the coordination of information from different sources involved in the supply chain. Step 1: Identifying challenges One of the greatest challenges that the Al layer group is faced with, is the management of change. Change is a constant factor in our daily lives and certain cases; it also affects our day to day business activities (Willis, Mastrofski &Weisburd, 2003). The ability of this organization to serve a large market base is both advantageous and challenging to the firm. This fact is because of the frequent changes in the market and hence the need for change in the management of information systems used by the organization. For the organization to deal with this challenge, there is a need for future planning. This aspect involves identifying what kinds of changes are expected as well as when the changes are expected. Any organization needs to know the compatibility of both the new and the old system and how the transition from the old to the new management system can take place in the process of changing the management system. During this transition process, time management should be greatly considered. Investing in information technology is challenging especially the installation of software. Information technology also involves workforce and capital investment. Change in any organization may lead to resistance from the employees to adapt to the new management information system. This fact may be necessitated by the fact that employees may not be well acquainted with the change of the information system in the workplace. The adaptation of new management information systems requires that certain employees within the organization acquire new skills for the transition process to flow without any difficulty. The complexity that involves the management of supply systems about buyer-seller interaction may also cause the employees to become reluctant in embracing the system. This resistance by the employees may lead to slow implementation of the information systems. Another challe
Introduction Human beings will grow from one stage of life to another. The final one is that of old age and it is characterized by sagging skins, spots, and dull tone. While this is a natural process, this paper explains why people use the word “aging” in a derogatory manner. Aging and Use Aging is a natural process that human beings should appreciate. Nikolaev and Pavlova (2016) refer to this natural occurrence as the accumulation of psychological, emotional, physical, and mental changes over a period of time. All people will undergo the process and eventually die. Normally, the word is used to describe individuals who are above 60 years of age. People can also use it to examine and describe how old age is associated with various illnesses, such as arthritis, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. Several reasons explain why many people continue to use the above word in a derogatory manner. Firstly, the norm has emerged whereby elderly persons receive little or no support. In many cases, individuals will apply specific terms to explain how aged individuals are incapable of pursuing their goals (Giasson, Queen, Larkina, & Smith, 2017). Secondly, the negative image many people associate with aging explains why they use the word in a derogatory manner. Thirdly, labeling aging as a risk factor for diseases also explains why this is the case. Fourthly, the absence of powerful strategies to encourage more citizens to live harmoniously with the elderly complicates the situation. Conclusion Human beings should appreciate the idea that they will eventually age and learn to respect all senior citizens. They can benefit from guidelines aimed at promoting positive relationships between the elderly and the young. The use of the word in a respectful manner will empower more senior citizens to pursue their aims successfully.
The main values for the young women in the nineteenth century were their successful marriage and family. This fact can be explained by the dependent economic position of a woman in society. Thus, to receive the economic security, a woman should be married or inherit the income from her male relatives. Traditionally, girls and their mothers became preparing for the further marriages in advance because it was the major event in the life of a young woman. In spite of the predominance of this vision of the marriage and the woman’s role in society, Jane Austen in her Pride and Prejudice proposes several possible variants of realizing the scenario of meeting the further husband and the marriage which can be considered as rather controversial from the point of the ideals of that period. Although marriage in the nineteenth century is the guarantee of the woman’s definite social status, Jane Austen accentuates that the happy marriage cannot be based successfully on the other factors differed from the mutual love, respect, and understanding. The social status of married and unmarried women in the British society differed greatly, and mothers used any opportunity to help their daughters marry a noble man with the income. Thus, “it is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife” (Austen 1). These words open the novel written by Austen and reflect the opinions of the majority of the women in Britain of that period. This idea was also interesting for Mrs. Bennet who could think only of her own unhappy marriage and successful marriages for her daughters in the future (Shapard). Mrs. Bennet’s example emphasizes the viewpoint that marriage depends not only on the amount of money and status but also on sincere and deep feelings. However, Mrs. Bennet’s personal vision is quite opposite to this statement. That is why in
Introduction The Oedipus complex is a psychological phenomenon introduced by Freud after the mythical character Oedipus known as the killer of his father in order to marry his mother. Freudian psychoanalysis identified the complex under consideration as the one which is related to children of three-five years. The Oedipus complex is considered to be analyzed through the view of various cultures; this is the main reason why this phenomenon underwent a lot of interpretations. The Freudian school contributed a lot to the research of the psychological processes of children. The development of Freudian conception resulted in changes in Oedipus complex meaning and impact within the psychology; the form of the Oedipus complex may vary depending on the culture, but in general, this complex is global characterizing all aspects of human behavior at the early stages of their development. Research on Oedipus complex The analysis of the Oedipus complex was disclosed by many scientists and medicals. T6his phenomenon means the desire of the child to be with a parent of the opposite sex killing the one of the same sex. Freud identified different poles of the complex: the positive and negative ones. So, the positive pole discloses the desire of parent’s death and hatred to this parent of the same sex, at the same time the child expresses love and strong attachment to the parent of the opposite sex. As to the negative pole of the complex, it is aimed at the death wish of the opposite sex parent showing love to the parent of the same sex. Modern psychology does not perceive this complex as pathology but just a quite normal step in children’s development and psychological formation. The variability of the complex perception is dependant on the particular culture developed in the society. Oedipus complex is especially centralized by Western cultures. According to Freud, this complex can be considered a key element in the development of gender identity and roles. He stated that the conflicts of boys and girls lied in penis envy and castration anxiety. The consequences of the Oedipus complex sufferings can be different; for example, such phenomena as pedophilia, neurosis, and homosexuality can be developed. According to the interpretations of the Oedipus complex by many scholars, this phenomenon went through different stages of formation and development in the society:   * At the beginning of the complex identification it was named as “Oedipus” but not Oedipus complex;   * The state of neurosis was initially named by Freud as nuclear complex, and only later Oedipus complex;   * The considerations of incestuous wishes towards the mother and the father;   * The notion of “Complete Oedipus complex“ was used in psychology; Freud makes bisexuality and identification considerations more evident in his works;   * The development of Oedipus theory and its introduction to the religion and culture;   * The concentration on the females’ sufferings of Oedipus complex (Jacques, 1999) The Oedipus complex is cons
Critical Analysis of the Making up of a Business’ Total Carbon Footprint The sustainability of the environment is a key concern the world over. This is because of the huge amounts of carbon dioxide and other green house gas emissions that humanity has produced in the last century, which is thought to be the key culprit in global warming. Any business that hopes to survive in the current age must address the issues of environmental pollution related to its activities. In fact, being a green organization is fast becoming a distinct selling proposition in a very competitive global market place. As Hill (2010), states, “Many companies really do understand that their long term success is based on a sustainable business policy and environmental sustainability”. The concept of carbon footprint arose as a subset of the larger ecological footprint, which forms a core part of life cycle assessment. It refers to the whole set of greenhouse gases emitted by a person, process or organization in the course of its activities. The unit of expression of the footprint is commonly in tones, and in carbon dioxide equivalent. “All the gases are represented as carbon dioxide equivalents”. A primary footprint refers to carbon produced directly by a person or organization while secondary footprint refers to the footprint produced by others on an organization’s behalf, when they produce demanded products and services. The life cycle of these goods and service contributes towards the secondary footprint. Determination of Carbon Footprint The process of determining the carbon footprint of a business requires an appreciation of the life cycle analysis of the various products the business produces and those that it consumes. In addition, a business engages in various support activities including advertising, transport, catering, and participation in conferences among others, which may not directly add to the carbon footprint of the products they produce. These too need consideration. The assets a business owns have an effect on its carbon footprint therefore there is a case for their analysis for inclusion in the tabulation of the total carbon footprint. The process of carbon management requires that an organization determine the boundary within which they want to calculate the carbon footprint. “For successful carbon management, it is advisable to expand the system boundary from the production site to all of the life cycle stages, including suppliers of parts, use, and end of life”. The most visible source of a business’ carbon emissions
In the essay offered for discussion, Clare Wenham reflects on the hot topic of civil rights discrimination against specific categories of society who do not have green passports from COVID-19. Vaccination has indeed become a sensitive topic of the last year, and the trends in this sense, as Wenham pointed out, are indeed dangerous. The societal threat is that people who have not been vaccinated because they are unavailable, delayed, or generally unwilling are exposed to global discrimination. They cannot re-integrate into society, attend public spaces, and, roughly speaking, be normal. The passage offered for reading is a compelling piece reflecting a sensitive maturing social threat. It is not challenging to be convinced by Wenham’s arguments since the author has expressed thoughts resonating with many individuals all the time. Wenham uses Pathos as a tool of rhetorical persuasion, provoking the reader to think about the justice of green passports. For example, the author relates the pandemic to the prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis, which are relevant to a large group of people: as a result, this stimulates the reader to emotion through a sense of belonging to the audience for which Wenham is broadcasting. Wenham emphasizes the theme of social injustice through an argument about different levels of medical accessibility and even different recognition of vaccines. Put another way, communities do not have equal access to the vaccine, which means that some categories of citizens will always remain more privileged while others are more vulnerable. This is not hard to agree with, given the objectively perceived differences in the availability of medicine. Although, in reality, most of the vaccines used are equivalent, political lobbying and hidden economic benefits make some of them ineligible for green passports. In addition, Wenham points out that not agreeing to be vaccinated is also a reason for discrimination. It is hard to disagree with this since practice shows that anti-vaccinationists are a vulnerable group. Indeed, some people may consider unvaccinated individuals to be vulnerable, but the author shows that at the heart of this problem is a fundamental choice that is given to everyone. However, it is fair to admit that not all readers may find Wenham’s view correct. The vaccination problem has made society bipolar, so proponents of green passports may see Wenham’s words as impulsive and exaggerated. This is not surprising since the author speaks of discrimination and the victimization of social groups when there is no particular basis for it — it is up to each individual to choose which cohort to belong to. In fact, one of the reasons for introducing certificates is to want to end the pandemic as soon as possible, and advocating against them may seem like the opposite action. In addition, Wenham is irrelevant in his data since vaccines are gradually becoming available to pregnant women and children, which means that social differentiation will be minimal. However, discrimination w
There are many ways to draw the line between order and chaos. By far the simplest one, however, would be to imagine that the links between all objects and phenomena are removed. What one will get will be chaos (Hayles, 1991). The truth of the matter is that every single object or phenomenon in the objective reality is somehow connected to several other objects or phenomena, whether directly or with the help of a specific mediator. Offering the theoretical foil for the given idea, methodological relationalism helps define the place that a specific object or phenomenon takes in the universe. In his article Interpersonal relationships and relationship dominance: An analysis based on methodological relationalism. Ho attempts at proving that Asian psychology in general and methodological relationalism, in particular, is based on the study of people’s common social behavior patterns rather than on the analysis of the behavioral patterns of the Asian society. Though the author also refers to cultural contrasts, the focus of the study is the analysis of social interactions within any cultural context. Ho also offers a unique construction of methodological relationalism. Ho means to “explicate methodological relationalism as a general framework for the analysis of human thought and action, informed by Asian views reflecting the omnipresence of self-other relations in all social life” (Ho, 1998, 3). Therefore, Ho restricts the possibilities of methodological relationalism to outlining the key factors that enhance people’s behavior, contribute to the development of specific behavioral patterns and influence the mechanisms of the decision-making process in people’s lives. However, the deciding point at which one can see clearly that Ho’s interpretation of the meaning and purpose of methodological relationalism is authentic comes when the author announces that he uses the given theoretical foil for analyzing interpersonal relationships (Ho, 1998, 3-4). According to Ho, the theory of methodological relationalism is also applicable in a multicultural context: “Next, cultural contrasts are explored, with reference to:  1. the formation of relationships,  2. cultural roots of how interpersonal relationships are defined in myths and legends, and  3. the dominance of specific relationships in different cultures” (Ho, 1998, 4). Also, Ho offers an interesting idea concerning the dominance of specific relationships in different cultures. According to Ho, “Cultural definition plays a role in governing not only the formation but also the termination of relationships” (Ho, 1998, 9). The means mentioned above that the ways of conduct that are established traditionally in a specific country define the patterns of behavior of the members of the given society and, therefore, presuppose that specific relationships between its members are encouraged. Ho’s research, therefore, is hardly groundbreaking, yet it offers an interesting perspective on people’s behavioral patterns. Also, it is essential to stress that Ho manages to overcome
The development of internet search engines has experienced tremendous growth in the last two decades. This is because of the increasing demand for internet search services all over the world. Internet is emerging as the most powerful information tool, thus the need to have powerful search engines to help internet users easily access information. Some of the most prominent internet search engines today include Yahoo!, MSN and Google. This paper will analyze Google Inc.’s success story evaluating its history and the organizational strategy it has in place for success. Goggle Inc, one of the most successful business stories in the modern world, is an internet search company that has only existed for the last 15 years. Its name Google coined from the term googol implies infinity. Originally, it was called BackRub, a search engine created by Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Larry was showing Sergey around Stanford University and the two could not agree on anything. They thus saw the need to develop an internet engine that would help people access information easily. BackRub initially run on Stanford University server but moved out on its own when its information traffic overwhelmed Stanford’s server. Google launched its first ten international language versions in 2000, later collaborating with Yahoo!, which became Google’s default information provider. By the year 2002 it had reach a milestone, three billion web documents. Google continued with its innovation and launched several product such as: Google Search Appliance, AdWords, Google Labs, Google Product Search, Gmail, Google Print, iGoogle, Google Local, Google Maps, Google Earth, Google Chrome among many others (Google, 2011) . It has grown to acquire an impressive 54% share in the internet search market, with about 80% of internet references provided by Google. Financial analysts report that goggle makes 80cents for each of the 1 billion daily searches (moving on up, 2011). Google has employed one of the most effective business strategies thus its increased domination in the world of internet search. To begin with Google employs relatively young and intelligent internet technologist. They are lead by Robert khan, a renowned internet technology scientist, in looking for, developing and buying the best internet technology for its consumers. All Google products are available to users at no cost. This has created an attractive and mammoth audience for advertisers, who pay to run adverts on Google. The ads are user specific thus making advertising on Google very lucrative (Gullup, 2010). Google has also developed a very satisfying experience for all the stakeholders involved. Google has one