ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background With the development of technology, every business is continuously evolving quicker than ever before, and such sectors as music and filmmaking have been significantly influenced by the ever-developing internet. Two decades ago, none of the streaming services that are ubiquitous at present were available to the public. While people started downloading music to their portable players, they still had to rely on acquiring individual tracks or albums in order to listen to music. In the last ten years, the music industry transformed completely, following the introduction of online subscription-based platforms. Now, many people do not own music but have access to an endless supply of old and new tracks if they have an internet connection. Although the time period seems small, it saw a significant amount of competition and race to accommodate customers’ needs that were rooted in innovation and business strategy. One of the reasons for developing streaming platforms was piracy which, in turn, grew due to the availability of the internet. In 1999, Napster, an online website for sharing free downloadable music, introduced people to the concept of peer-to-peer sharing. The site challenged labels with new ways of bootlegging their products (d’Astous, Colbert and Montpetit, 2005). Despite the ethical issues, the development of Napster was significant for the industry – it needed to offer its customers a better deal than piracy that would still generate revenue. First, such brands as Apple introduced online stores for purchasing downloadable music (Kwong and Park, 2008). As such, tracks could be bought online, but the capacity of the devices and the internet quality did not allow for music to be streamed. However, this change was not enough to combat the appeal of piracy and people’s lack of motivation to purchase separate tracks – the value of purchased and pirated downloadable tracks was too similar to create a reliable customer base (Borja, Dieringer and Daw, 2015). At the same time, computer algorithms suggesting new songs were becoming better and online radios allowed people to forego downloading songs and conserving their memory space while getting songs that they would enjoy. Thus, the second change happened in 2008, when Spotify combined the benefits of online streaming, personalisation and legal access to thousands of songs (Lin, Hsu and Chen, 2013). Other platforms followed the same path, offering subscriptions that would charge clients monthly to get access to the full library of tracks without advertisements as well as free options with advertising and some curated playlists. Now, people can not only listen to millions of songs without downloading, but they can also create their own playlists, share and recommend tracks and choose between several platforms. This change was monumental in impacting the ways people consumed music and engaged with labels and artists. First, the relationship between platforms that provide access to music and artist
Monitoring and control are two important stages in project management. They cannot be neglected by managers because they help to understand how to treat, overcome, or mitigate the risks if possible. As a rule, a properly developed risk management plan has to be established; monitoring and controlling actions are the last ones in the list. These actions define the metrics according to which the required risk response strategies can be offered (Kerzner, 2009). However, even these simple and evident actions require a good plan. The current paper aims at identifying the essence and quality of monitoring and controlling actions, describing the challenges like the necessity of time, attention, and forecasting skills, and explaining how the knowledge gained during the course help project managers work better. Some people think that monitoring and control are the same activities. Though, the work during the course helps to understand that monitoring differs considerably from the necessity to control the risks. Monitoring is usually a number of activities within the frames of which managers gather information, document their findings, and then report on everything found about the risks. It is a kind of initial stage that has to be complete (Heldam, 2005). As soon as monitoring is over, control has to be considered. To control means to develop mitigating or risk-reducing strategies in regards to the information gathered about the risks. In fact, it is hard to imagine risk control without monitoring, and monitoring is useless without control. Therefore, these two activities usually come together. Kerzner (2009) identifies risk monitoring and control not as a problem-solving technique but as a proactive strategy to reduce the negative effects of risks. The author identifies the following factors according to which the success of risk monitoring and control can be defined: earned values, program metrics, performance, and TPM (technical performance measurement) (Kerzner, 2009). In case all these factors are properly defined and organized, the success of monitoring and control in a risk management project is expected. Risk monitoring and control is the stage tha
There are several cases which have been brought before the Supreme Court that deal with relationships between policing and the bill of rights. These rulings have set precedents on the way police officers are expected to apply the law in their duties. In the United States v. Jones case, the placement of a GPS device under a suspect’s car was interpreted as a violation of the Fourth amendment by the Supreme Court. Judges argued that the surveillance done by police officers was unlawful because they trespassed on Jones’ personal property which violated his privacy (Chechak). They relied on the United States v. Katz case to rule that the officers should have observed reasonable limits of privacy before carrying out the surveillance. The Howes v. Fields case focused on how the Miranda principle is applied by law enforcement officers when they are questioning people. Fields, the defendant had been questioned by sheriff deputies who did not read him his Miranda rights before his incarceration. Supreme Court judges ruled that confinement of a person by police officers does not mean he has officially been charged with a crime. In the Smith v. Cain case, the ability of a witness to recollect crucial facts accurately in a homicide trial was put to the test (Chechak). Juan Smith had been charged as the main defendant even though the prosecution’s main witness, Larry Boatner had written a testimony that stated he did not remember how the assailants looked like. Boatner’s verbal testimony during trial hearings was contradictory because he claimed that Smith was one of the people who attacked him that night. Judges ruled that the prosecution had violated the Brady principle because they failed to produce Boatner’s written statement in court. In the Messerschmidt v. Millender civil case, the defendant argued that a police search on her property violated her Fourth Amendment rights to privacy. Officers involved alleged that the doctrine of qualified immunity shielded them from any legal liabilities related to the search on Millender’s house (Chechak). The Supreme Court reversed an earlier ruling and argued that the principle of qualified immunity shielded the police from the civil suit. Judges ruled that the officers were enforcing a legal warrant as required by the law. In the United States v. Alvarez case, the defendant was charged with making false statements. In a speech, he had claimed he was a genuine Congressional Medal of Honor recipient. The court ruled that even though his comments were false, they were not defamatory because they did not harm anyone. Works Cited Chechak, Kevin. “Supreme Court Cases.” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Nov. 2012. Web.
The Internet permeates all aspects of people’s activity today, being an indispensable component of professional and social lives. In this regard, social media networks have become one of the primary characteristics of the 21st-century Internet. The access to unimpaired communication has attracted the intense of adolescents, for whom social media presence has become a matter of paramount importance. While such networks demonstrate evident advantages, their use is also associated with certain risks, which range from minor to highly serious. The aim of this essay is to analyze the risks and opportunities, which emerge for adolescents using social media in the 21st century. Self-expression is a recognized need for a modern person, which is universally established and acknowledged by Maslow’s pyramid. According to Eleuteri et al. (2017), social media has become an essential means of self-expression and identity building for adolescents. Young people have access to global communication, allowing them to extend their range of acquaintances and find like-minded people. This aspect is especially important for those who live in small, remote communities where certain groups may be ostracized for their views and lifestyle. For example, Eleuteri et al. (2017) refer to social media as one of the most important means of self-identification for adolescents willing to explore and accept their sexuality. This way, adolescents feel prompted to become more sociable and open in terms of their personalities, positively affecting their mental health. Recognition, support, and acknowledgment Nevertheless, the range of social media users is not limited to kind, understanding people who provide support to others. Eleuteri et al. (2017) discuss important risk factors, which follow social media presence. Adolescents, who freely explore their interests, personalities, and sexuality online, may face intense cyberbullying, entailing dire clinical consequences in some cases. In addition, social media networks often occupy a considerable portion of their users’ time. As a result, the implications may include dissocialized behavior and failures in other aspects of one’s life, including studies, thus damaging their relationships with peers and families. Social media does require considerable effort, making it one of the easiest and, therefore, desirable means of pastime. Finally, the Internet, including social networks, often possess graphic content not suitable for It is essential to consider these risks, as they may leave a lasting impact on the course of a person’s future life. In conclusion, social media is deeply embedded in the contemporary lifestyle, which is especially true for the youth. Its influence is undeniable, and the Internet has largely become a necess
Definitions Theory of Reciprocal Demand holds that demand and demand interact in international trade, but not just demand and supply. Countries trade based on their demands. Ricardian Trade Model illustrates comparative advantages and benefits from trade in a typical equilibrium environment. The model alleges that countries opt to trade with one another due to comparative advantages. Comparative Advantage is an evaluation of the opportunity cost of one product for other products across countries. Factor Endowment Theory holds that states are likely to be rich in varied types of resources. Therefore, a state will enjoy a comparative advantage in products that utilize the resource with which it is greatly gifted. Factor Price Equalization asserts that the costs of similar factors of production like wage fees will be equalized across nations due to worldwide trade in merchandise. Stolper-Samuelson Theorem explains the correlation between comparative costs of output and comparative factor rewards. Inter-industry specialization refers to a situation where states produce and export their products, while at the same time import products from other industries based on factor endowment. Intra-industry specialization refers to specialization in products that belong to the same industry, such as motor vehicles. It arises when industries that produce similar products trade with each other. Domestic production subsidy is a reimbursement made by a government to enterprises in a particular sector based on the degree of production. Tariffs A tariff is a toll enforced on exports and imports. There are two kinds of duties enforced on imported merchandise. These are specific tariffs and ad valorem tax. Specific tariff refers to tax charged based on an established fee per the quantity or weight of items. Ad valorem tax applies to tax that is computed as a percentage of the cost of an article. Offshore Assembly Provision, Bonded Warehouse, and Foreign Trade Zone Offshore Assembly Provision leads to an overstatement of protection accorded to value-added in domestic industries. Offshore Assembly Provision may lower the effective tariff rate since the tax charged on particularly imported products depends on the value of such product minus the value of integrated domestically manufactured components. Tariff levied on products stored in Bonded Warehouse depends on the nature of outputs. For the case of the Foreign Trade Zone, the effective tax rate depends on the time of appraisal. For instance, the tariff may be low if it is evaluated when products are entering the Foreign Trade Zone. Large-nation model According to the large-nation model, a change in tariff may affect the demand and supply of a product. An increase in tariff may influence the price of a product in the local and foreign markets. The price in an international market may decrease, benefiting the consumers. Eventually, the increase in tariff may worsen the terms of trade of a foreign country, leading to a significant loss in business. Below is
Introduction Reading is a vital skill necessary for successful studying. Reading is not simply the ability to recognize signs and know their meanings. It is a complex activity that requires attention, memory, knowledge of the language, and motivation. The acquisition of this skill may become rather challenging for students. The task of any teacher is to do everything possible to make the process of learning reading easy and pleasant. The role of the teacher should not be underestimated when it comes to teaching reading. A teacher is a coach who is expected to provide efficient guidance necessary for becoming a successful reader. In the following paper, a graphic organizer that categorizes the seven pillars of effective reading instructions will be created. Graphic Organizer Seven pillars of effective reading instructions may be regarded as a framework that guides the teacher’s activity in teaching reading skills. The teacher should rely on those pillars to choose the most efficient strategies for students to overcome reading challenges. Teacher Knowledge According to Reutzel and Cooter (2011), teachers should be aware of various approaches to teaching reading skills. I realize the significance of this pillar. My current practice in this area concerns following the Common Core Standards. Also, I read different kinds of research about helpful ways to improve the reading skills of students. Assessment In this area, I prefer following some of the practical recommendations suggested by Denton (n.d.). For example, I make notes on every student’s speed o
The role of education is to provide all people with an opportunity to gain the necessary baggage of knowledge and develop personal skills in a variety of methods. Individuals have to get a chance to be educated and get prepared for work in different spheres of life. Unfortunately, not all students are able to get education in time, and there are different reasons of such inabilities. Still, the conditions under which students have to study and teachers have to educate have to be investigated in order to understand better the peculiarities of the process of education and the challenges people may face. In this paper, the attendance policy for De Anza College classes will be analyzed. As a rule, attendance policy is predetermined by a variety of factors; still, the college budget undergoes a number of changes which lead to both positive and negative outcomes. The budget is usually allocated to the vast majority of campus programs and influences considerably the conditions under which students have to study. Even though economical difficulties like budget cuts may deprive students of the possibilities to get proper education and be provided with the comfortable conditions for education, such challenges may have positive impact on education as they can improve the attendance policy of De Anza College and define the students who are ready to solve problems and prove their rights to be the students of the chosen institution. De Anza College provided many Californian students with the most successful opportunity to get their education and rely on the existing budget of more than 1 million dollars for a long period of time. Students from different schools could attend the chosen classes of the college and follow the set of norms identified. Unfortunately, certain problems with budget cuts made many students change their plans within a short period of time. The official bodies admit that they face a number of problems and cannot “accommodate the sheer mass of students who are coming to use with the funds that we have… The state will recognize that we need growth dollars in order to lighten our deficit” (Sterling). There are so many students who cannot get education because they just cannot pay for it. Although books and campus fees require certain money to be spent by students who have to miss classes in order to earn money, it is very important to make the government solve the existing
Introduction Korean popular culture can be discussed as a strong tool of soft power because of the high attractiveness and popularity of this culture in the world. Thus, the topic selected for further close examination and research is Soft Power: Korean Pop Culture. The purpose of this proposal is to introduce the topic of the project, present central questions to research, discuss the reasons for choosing the topic, and describe methods for studying the phenomenon. Topic for Investigation Modern Korean popular culture is a product of combining national features and the impacts of other cultures, including both regional and Western ones. As a result of this hybridity, Korean culture is viewed as less nationally specific but more adapted to attract the representatives of other cultures (Jung 3). Therefore, being discussed in the context of soft power, Korean popular culture succeeded in spreading its values regarding music, media, cinema, and food. K-pop was developed as a genre of Korean popular music that became interesting to the world audience because of mixing Asian and Western elements (Shim 40). Thus, transcultural and transnationalization in relation to Korean pop culture became the result of globalization. Media also played a significant role in spreading Korean popular culture in Hong Kong, China, Vietnam, and Taiwan and then in winning fans in the United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western countries. This sharing of Korean cultural products became possible by means of YouTube and other
Introduction Preventive measures could improve these statistics:   * Noncommunicable diseases kill 41 million people annually (World Health Organization [WHO], 2018).   * It accounts for 71% of all deaths (WHO, 2018).   * 15 million are at age between 30 and 69 years (WHO, 2018). Most of the diseases that lead to fatal outcomes can be prevented, avoided or cured in the initial stages. However, people often forget about the importance of their own health, which gives the world scary mortality statistics (WHO, 2018). Nevertheless, preventive measures and self-checks can improve this situation. Education staff is among the most important workers in any country, as they educate the future of scientists, politicians, and people of art, thereby ensuring the future development of humanity. For this reason, teachers should care about their health and set an example of behavior for children. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) Top reasons for death in the world due to health problems, according to WHO (2018):   * Cardiovascular, or heart diseases (7.9 million people annually);   * Cancer (9 million);   * Respiratory diseases (3.9million). From year to year, the top three disease ratings belong to cardiovascular diseases such as stroke and heart attack, various types of cancer, and respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstruction of the lungs or pneumonia (WHO,2018). The fourth in the ranking is diabetes, which is also often the cause of premature death. Moreover, statistics are preserved in almost all countries, although the order at the top may vary. So in Hong Kong in 2016, cardiovascular diseases caused 20.2% of deaths, cancer was a reason for 30.5% and respiratory diseases for 3.5% (Surveillance and Epidemiology Branch, 2018). Thus, most of these death cases could be avoided with preventive measures, their early detection, and treatment. Causes of noncommunicable diseases in the world:   * Destructive habits– smoking, alcohol abuse physical inactivity;   * Unhealthy diet – eating of fatty, high-carb foods;   * Overuse of sa
Accusations against Jesus According to Mark 15:3, Jesus was accused of many things instigated by the chief priests. The following are some of the things that Jesus was accused of for which I am going to defend him.   * According to Matthew 26:61. Jesus is charged that he said “I am able to destroy the temple of God and rebuild it in 3 days”   * Matthew 26:65. He is accused of speaking blasphemy because he said he is the son of God.   * Matthew 27:11. Accused of being the King of the Jews   * Mark 14:61b. The chief priests accused him of being Christ the son of the “blessed one”   * Mark14:57. They said they heard Jesus saying “I will destroy this man-made temple and in 3 days will build another not made by man.   * Luke 22:66 and 70. He was accused of being Christ the Son of God   * Luke 23:1-3. Vs found subverting the nation by opposing the payment of taxes to Caesar and claimed to be Christ (Messiah) the King.   * Luke 23:13. Inciting the people to rebellion.   * John 18:30. A criminal.   * John 19:12. Opposing Caesar. Defense All these accusations are false as can be seen by the conflicting evidence, in fact, Judas who betrayed him died after hanging himself because of the guilt of betraying innocent blood. Although some of these accusations are true they have been misinterpreted in a way to show that Jesus was a criminal who he was not. The main accusation is that Jesus claimed to be the Christ (Messiah), the King of the Jews, and the son of God. Indeed, Jesus was the son of God, to prove this if you carefully analyze his genealogy, you will