ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The annotated bibliography on impacts of community based corrections on the criminal justice system covers the issues discussed below. Thesis Statement The proponents of community based corrections argue that there is need to find an alternative to imprisonment of nonviolent offenders which is low cost given the financial constraint the federal government is facing and the increasing jails populations. This alternative to incarceration has been widely adopted in United States of America and other countries in the world. This can be attributed to its ability to punish, rehabilitate, reintegrate and counsel convicted offenders. The results are safer and more productive communities. Therefore, community based correction programs have had positive impacts hence its wide adoption. Introduction Community based corrections in the criminal justice system are programs that offer an alternative to jail term for convicted offenders. This is based on the fact that convicted offenders will eventually return into the community and therefore the need to repair the damage done to victims of crime and reform the offender in order to reduce the risk of re-offending potential. The proponents also believe that only a small percentage of these crimes committed necessitate capital punishment or incarceration. The petty offenders can also be punished using more humane and productive modes that consume fewer resources. The history of community based corrections The roots of community corrections shall be discussed. Criminal justice was seen as a harsh system especially to minor offenders. In the Nineteenth century judges had powers to delay sentences to offenders as long as they continued to behave well. This was eventually adopted and developed to incorporate a variety of community based sanctions. Administration of community based correction programs  1. This part discusses the roles, positions and assumptions on which the criminal justice system is operated and how community corrections fit correctional goals.  2. The actors in the community based corrections are also discussed and their roles in the criminal justice system  3. The future of the community based corrections shall be discussed The role of community based corrections at the three major decision points After the arrest of an offender community based corrections play a crucial role at the decision points. The three decision points which are bail, sentencing and reentry will be discussed in details. The goals of community based corrections The main goals of community based corrections are punishing the offenders while at the same time ensuring the safety of the public, addressing victim’s needs and curbing future acts of crime. This is done through various ways which will
There are many ways to learn more about hip hop, its impact on people, and its development through different decades. In the United States of America, hip hop is defined not only as a music style with its own characteristics and features. It is a style of human life, an explanation of people’s thoughts or even the ground people try to rely on. Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes is a documentary movie that helps not only to understand the nature of hip hop but to connect a single style of music with the necessity of such crucial issues as social identity, inequality, and the necessity to meet the standards people set and expect to be fulfilled. There are many educative and provocative scenes in Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes ; still, the scene from the photo session with hip hop artists such as Busta Rhymes, Mos Def, and Talib Kweli remains to be remarkable due to the possibility to understand that social identity is not what a person actually is but what other people want to see in this person. Every scene of the documentary movie Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes has its meaning and goal. Byron Hurt, the director and producer of the movie tries to choose the most interesting moments from the interviews with celebrities, who share their points of view about hip hop and how it may influence the style and quality of life. The scene with the photo session of several famous hip hop artists shows that people are diverse, and even their passion to one music style should not be a criterion according to which all people can be divided into several groups. Many people accept hip hop as a harsh and tough style where people promote the ideas of violence, sexual diversity, masculinity, and man’s power. Busta Rhymes underlines the necessity to look “tough” and consider the importance of “tough position in everything” ( Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes ). His words mean that people expect hip hop to be tough. There are no options for artists except following these expectations. Still, it does not mean that they have to stay harsh in their real family lives. They can smile, make jokes, have fun, and even be kind to everyone around them. In fact, this scene helps to understand that the issue of social identity should be a kind of personal decision made by a person regarding their own feelings, emotions, dreams, and needs. Being an international student from China and living in Seattle during the last several years, I have already realized that it is not always necessary to choose social identity in regards to the expectations of people around. Still, as soon as the choice is made,
Introduction Being successful is one of the main objectives of every person in life. Research has established that the ability to accomplish an objective, aim, or purpose has a therapeutic effect on an individual. Success is often associated with elements such as positive results, prosperity, respect, and favorable outcomes (Garcia & Heckman, 2014). This phenomenon is necessitated by a strong desire to make the most out of opportunities and to live a comfortable life. Studies have established that the more one pursues success, the happier one becomes (Gerstein & Friedman, 2016). Although the meaning of success applies relatively, money and being powerful or famous are considered major accomplishments. Reason for My Interest in the Topic One of the most researched elements about success is the factors that drive people to pursue it. According to psychologists, success results in positive effects such as high self-esteem and ambition (Gerstein & Friedman, 2016). It has generated great interest and a strong desire in me to have a deeper understanding of the concept. Since my childhood, everyone who was involved in my life kept stressing the importance of being successful. To date, I am very passionate about succeeding, learning factors that lead one to it, and understanding the viewpoints of various people that have great accomplishments across the world. Studies conducted to establish different comprehensions of success have concluded that people consider themselves successful when they manage to meet their basic needs in a sustainable manner (Garcia & Heckman, 2014). Once the basic needs have been met with certainty, they strive to achieve more success by elevating their living standards. To people who are in business, receiving large profits makes one feel successful, while people in leadership positions consider having power and influence as a major accomplishment (Garcia & Heckman, 2014). This means that people have different driving forces behind the accomplishments they make. Purpose of the Research This research paper is focused on establishing the different factors of success. The motivations behind the success achieved by teachers, doctors, engineers, law enforcement officers, and business people are obviously different. However, there are certain common elements that drive every person to progress in life. By the end of this research, I hope to have identified the factors that make people excited about what they do and remain focused on important matters despite enduring hard times. Literature Review History and Background People strive to achieve success at everything they do. It makes one feel confident and, most importantly, brings change to the world. Success, whether in the workplace or in one’s personal life, entails accomplishing the desired vision and a planned goal (Gerstein & Friedman, 2016). One of the distinguishing elem
Background For a long time, England wanted to rule Ireland and its territories. However, it was not easy to rule Ireland without an acme of sophistication in terms of enacting new acts disenfranchising the normal scenario. In 1367, England enacted an Act, Statutes of Kilkenny, to thwart ancient England from adopting what was a Gaelic culture. Further, in 1494, the enactment of Poynings Law paralyzed Irish parliament rendering it useless as compared to the English side. During English Reformation from 1533 to 1538, English administration under Henry VIII made new religious mandates, which affected Ireland-England relations further. Consequently, from 1539 onwards, persecution Protestant followed until summating the formation of the Kingdom of Ireland. However, on his son’s reign, Edward VII allowed and supported Protestantism in entirety. Between 1553 and 1558, Queen Mary imposed a pure Catholicism policy commanding everyone to observe Catholicism (Treaty of Augsburg). The territorial rules continued further even as Queen Marry married King II who later became the king of Spain. (Anderson, 1898, pp. 3-23). Religious conflict continued between the two countries during Queen Elizabeth’s reign (1558 to 1603). Nevertheless, the hierarchy of the Catholic Church excommunicated her citing heresy as the main reason behind. Later on, the Irish Catholics became annoyed by the move. A controversy among Catholics brews because some Catholics supported Queen Elizabeth while others supported Pope’s verdict. In the 1570s and 1580s, Philip II ruled the kingdom in Ireland under the support and direction of Gaelic chieftains. Towards the end of the 16th century, Engine land promulgated colonial laws especially in the plantations of Ireland where anti-Catholic legislation on took precedence. Presbyterianism, Catholicism, and Protestantism Presbyterianism in Ireland gained ground as from 1610 when James I ruled England. Presbyterians from England moved into Ireland to form the Church of Scotland. In 1642, under their leader Cromwell, Presbyterians multiplied creating more churches. Astonishingly, England administration rewarded those who observed Presbyterianism. William III paid more homage to these Presbyterians more than what James II did. Nevertheless, many of them remained rich, owning large tracks of land. Thus, during the period of legal disabilities (penal laws), they opted to remain conscious. Nevertheless, Catholicism was the majority religion in Ireland. Protestants, on the other hand, constituted a minority that mainly observed Anglicanism. Catholics were rich citizens, who envied Protestants. On the other hand, Protestants were poor and relied on church tithes for survival. Overall, the Catholics owned large tracks of land more than Presbyterians and Protestants. Consequently, Protestants proselytized to turn Catholicism into Anglicanism (Protestantism), for economic survival. However, the plan failed to lead to Protestant Ascendancy hence; penal laws. Introduction Even without denial, the elitist and affluent class in both England and Ireland constituted the clergy and professional members, who were members of the Rom
Introduction Basically, immigration reform pertains to policies and programs that aim to improve the development of the quality of life that will aid in the adjustments of the immigrants. Immigration reforms help change the ethnic and financial aspects of both immigrants and the welcoming community or country in plenty of manners that most of the time vary from their assumptions (Borjas, p. 4). Main body More often than not, immigration reforms target the process of helping the immigrants in adjusting to a new culture, and this works together with immigration which pertains to developments of existing attitudes and inherent behaviors in a person whose organization is altogether facing cultural adjustments. A victorious achievement of the reforms of immigration needs tremendous cooperation between the immigrants and the welcoming community. The resistance to all developments of the welcoming community transforms immigration reforms into possible failures. Immigrants need to face developments to plenty of factors which include physical. This involves changes in locations, governance, financial adjustments, customs, and communication systems. They would need to adjust to the community’s leadership, kinds of job opportunities mean of communication, literacy views, religion, and other aspects of the society. Even mentally, the immigrant would possess alterations of attitudes, beliefs, skills, goals as well as profiles and identities. Immigration reform is normally quickly accomplished but with several delays in implementation, composed of significant developments and needing extreme adjustments leading to increased pressure on the immigrants. The tremendous level of life alterations that immigrants need to face can result in the development of the idea of discrimination and helplessness which can hinder their motivation in attaining their objectives in their new environment (Laham, p. 3). Immigration reform and its application in various countries
Resistance and collaboration in the World War II took various forms in Europe. The war led to the death of very many people. Some countries, most notably Yugoslavia, resisted the urge of supporting the Germany and Italian invasion. Marshal Petain led one of the most memorable official collaboration in France called the Vichy regime. The Third Reich signed several alliances with Denmark, Greece, Norway, and Hungary after Germany military occupation. Other countries, such as Austria were politically inclined to Germany because of the strong Nazis support by her citizens. Countries that collaborated had to hand over Jews to the Nazis to be killed. In Poland, three million Jews disappeared in camps (Merriman 29). France was another example in which the Vichy administration handed more than seventy-five thousand Jews to the murder fields in Germany, including Auschwitz. Other countries like Denmark showed mixed signals where the government refused to enforce certain laws against the Jews while at the same time yielding into some of the demands by the Jews. Civilians in the nations that collaborated did odd job like washing clothes for the Germans to get food for their families. In addition to working for the Germany soldiers, the civilians were expected to give information about the Jews and other betrayers who resisted the Germany authorities. Others were recruited to form paramilitary militias, which were used to consolidate mass murder. This was particularly in Ukraine, for instance, where the recruited civilians together with the police mercilessly killed more than thirty thousand Jews. The citizenry resisted Germany and Italian occupation in some countries. The citizens used different means of resistance. These methods could be divided into two. There were those that used the peaceful means, for instance the Railway workers in France. These methods included bureaucratic, obstruction, go-slows at work and small-scale sabotage groups among others (Merriman 64). These methods were more effective in countries that never experienced armed resistance. Other groups took up arms in resistance. However, they were few and existed in Spain, Greece, and Yugoslavia. The biggest of them all were the Soviet forces in Ukraine that used guerilla tactics to fight fascism. The White Rose was another resistance movement formed by students in Germany to oppose the Nazi regime. Resistance was met with brutality from Hitler. The Grand Alliance was signed in June 1941 and lasted for four and a half years. By the end of that period, it had succeeded in a few areas. It had brought down Hitler, his lieutenants had been charged in Numberg, and Germany was d
It is possible to say the movie Memory of Murder directed by Bong Joon-ho lacks closure because the viewers do not learn the identity of a person who committed horrible murders. More importantly, at the very end, the main character discovers that the serial killer might have recently visited the crime scene. To a great extent, this ending contradicts the conventional canons of detective stories in which the names of the main villain are usually disclosed. This is why some of the viewers may feel disappointed. It should be noted that this movie reflects the trends which were widespread in the Korean cinematography. In particular, one can speak about the rejection of traditional plot structures. For instance, traditional thrillers enable the audience to see how a conflict is resolved. In turn, this approach to narrative structure could often be rejected by Korean film-makers. Additionally, many of them adopted different attitudes towards archetypical characters such as police investigators who are usually depicted as confident and competent individuals. In turn, the characters lack these qualities. They can deserve sympathy, but they cannot be idolized. To some degree, the authors seem to be ironical about the characters who often seem virtually helpless. This is one of the details that should be considered. To a great extent, this movie represents some of the techniques which were typical of the post-crisis Korean cinema. Much attention should be paid to the exploration of such themes as uncertainty, insecurity, and irrationality. Similarly, the film Memories of Murder also throws light on these motifs. In particular, the film highlights the irrationality of murders. This is one of the details that completely puzzle police detectives who cannot resolve the horrible mystery. Korean Cinematography: Memories of Murder There are certain cinematographic conventions that shape the expectations of the viewers. Sometimes, these peculiarities are related to the genre of the movie. In turn, sometimes film-makers reject these rules. This argument is particularly relevant if one speaks about the movie Memories of Murder. It is a thriller depicting the efforts of police officers to investigate serial killings. The main issue is that the authors do not disclose information
Over the years, Florida has experienced massive changes in the business environment. This is due to a medley of factors such as the effects of adverse weather conditions, political environment, government legislation as well as unique market dynamics. Authorities in Florida aim at making the business environment attractive to spur business sustainability for economic growth. Florida has one of the most business-friendly tax regimes in the United States of America. This is coupled with consistent efforts to amend business legislations to support businesses (ADG 1, 2). Regardless of this, businesses are affected differently depending on the nature of business. For the purpose of this paper, two interviews are conducted with two senior executives with two major businesses operating in South Florida. The purpose of these interviews is to highlight the business climate in Florida and how companies utilize opportunities there in. From the interviews, it is evident that depending on the nature of business companies engages in, businesses are affected differently by the prevailing business environment. Florida East Coast Railway Corp, FECRC, is a large investment company based in Coral Gables, Florida. It plans to establish a class B railway transport worth more than US 1 billion dollars. According to FECRC spokesperson Christine Barney, the company envisions Florida’s friendly tax environment as one of the most viable development opportunities for its current project (Gale par 4). Based on Florida’s zero-rate on income tax, FECRC does not have any future liabilities on income tax. FECRC also stands to benefit from government sponsored property tax rebates which come in form of $22.8 million grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation. This is to be used to improve rail facilities in the greater Florida (FECI 10). Nevertheless, FECRC’s project comes at a time when Florida’s Governor Rick Scott rejected a $2.4 billion federal grant earmarked for the development of a high speed rail system. This, according to Barney, negatively affects FECI’s ambitions to provide high speed rail services (Gale par 4). According to FECRC’s spokesperson, the project is likely to generate 6000 new jobs. This increases the company’s cost of business. The company offers its employees a number of benefits which include medical, dental allowances, professional development as well as performance appraisals (Plunkett 450). With an added 6000 employees, the company’s economic performance is likely to be curtailed. Additionally, the company spokesperson indentifies the recent financial meltdown as having negative effects on FECRC. FECRC seems to be suffering from the ripple effects of the recession in the construction industry, wh
Aside from deciding whether one’s research will be experimental or observational, cheap or expensive, qualitative or quantitative (or mixed), one must also decide whether one’s research will come from any number of theoretical approaches (Kelly, 2008; Creswell, 2009, 4-20; Cavallo, 2005; ThinkPhD, 2009). Many theoretical approaches are context and subject-specific: Feminism, socialist or Marxist, Foucaldian, etc. But there are at least four major theoretical approaches that are generally applicable across many domains: Post-positivism, constructivism, advocacy/participatory and pragmatism. These four approaches differ in many ways, but their key distinction is the objective of the research and how the approaches imagine research should be done. Post-positivists tend to want to investigate the truth, insofar as truth can be discovered, reducing things to their essential characteristics and understanding them atomistically (Creswell, 2009, p. 7). This perspective is called post- positivism because, unlike more traditional philosophical positivism, there is a recognition that there can never be a positive verification of fact in an inductive world after Hume; instead, there can be increasing verification that a theory is likely to be true. Post-positivists tend to think deterministically: That is, they believe they can find rules that determine the shape and behavior of the universe, even when it comes to social behavior. They thus tend to deny, at least as a broad fact (if not philosophically), free will. Post-positivists are likely to publish research that they might have ethical concerns with or view as going against their advocacy because they feel that the researcher’s role is to be as objective and truthful as possible. Social constructivism, meanwhile, argues that people want to seek narratives that are useful for their lives, not merely true (Creswell, 2009, p. 8). Obviously, true narratives are useful, but for social constructivists, it is vital to understand how people relate to facts. They thus tend to want to look at the phenomenology of a phenomenon: How people relate to it, perceive it and feel about it. They seek out subjective meaning. Advocacy and participatory theorists, meanwhile, argue that research can’t be understood except in the context of social advocacy (Creswell, 2009, pp. 9-10). They do not argue that researchers should allow their biases to distort truth, nor do they claim truth is unimportant. Further, if the facts suggest that an opinion should be changed, they would concur that it should. But advocacy theorists argue that there is no true neutrality in any field, even apparently objective fields of science. People, even researchers, always have biases and agendas, and it is better to be honest about those biases and agendas than to try to cover them up under faux objectivity. Advocacy and participatory theorists wouldn’t argue that, once an experiment is done, the data should be cooked