ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This research work will be based on John Grisham’s the chamber. It will illuminate the criminal justice system in American society that was struggling with racial bigotry characterized by widespread criminal activities fanned by criminal gangs who were championing the existence of pure race. Most of the wanton killings were perpetrated by the Ku Klux Klan against the African Americans and the Jews who were perceived to be minority races. Because of racial prejudice, a criminal gang plan to bomb the office of a Jewish lawyer- Marvin Kramer who was championing the rights of African Americans. Three people decide to execute this course. The first accomplice-Rollie Wedge was the person who was funding the operation, the second knew the location of the office to be bombed, and the third was an explosive expert who had a knack for vanishing without a trail (Bly, p. 10). Rollie Wedge said his death would only come from his fight for white supremacy. His father was a demolition contractor and a Klansman. After the Kramer bombing, the explosive expert went into hiding in Northern Ireland for 6 years. One of the reasons Marvin was targeted was his involvement with civil rights movements in Greenville where he attempted to register black voters. He received his first death threat when he was barely 26 and made it a routine to carry a gun and even bought a gun for his wife-a a Memphis girl and their African hose girl whom he advised to be carrying the gun in her purse. Marvin Kramer had two-year-old sons Josh and John. At first, the Klansmen alleged that he used his money to bail out freedom riders and civil rights activists. The lawsuits he filed attacked white-only facilities. He funded the reconstruction of a ‘black’ church that was bombed by the Klansmen. Moreover, he welcomed Negroes into his home and urged other Jewish groups in his speeches to engage in struggle. Kramer was surely toying with death. Jeremiah Dogan funded the activities of the Klansmen including the bombing of Marvin Kramer’s office. Another architect of the Kramer bombing was Sam Cayhall whose father was a Klansman. Unfortunately, Sam Cayhall had very little information about Rollie Wedge and never believed much of what he said. The bomb that the two accomplices had set went off killing the two Kramer twin boys and injuring others who were passing closer. Sam Cayhall who came back to ascertain whatever had become of the bomb ended up sustaining injuries. He decided to flee from the scene of the blast with the injuries he had sustained only to be arreste
Hospitality Review The Kingdom has a potential for tourism development. Top managers must understand what differentiates their hotels from others and must understand the need of the visitors in their hotels (market) (Abu-Nasr 19). If these two elements in hotel industry are clear, hotel managers will be able to develop a strategic plan for their hotels in the kingdom, thus creating a market niche for themselves. Each year, Saudi Arabia plays host to thousands and thousands of religious tourists who flock to the Kingdom to perform the yearly pilgrimage of Umrah as well as Hajj ((Hospitality Valuation Services International 18). In the next 10 years, the number of pilgrims arriving in Saudi Arabia is expected to increase to almost 15 million. With this, hotel industry will experience shortage in accommodating as a result of the large visitors coming into the Kingdom. An examination of Kingdom’s historical GDO and RevPAR reveals linkages between the kingdom’s economic performance and its hospitality industry (Hospitality Valuation Services International 23). A relationship nearing 100 per cent suggests that Kingdom’s hospitality sector is dependent on the local economy, whereas correlation of 50 per cent closer ties with the international market (Melikian 24). City Correlation between  Correlation between RevPAR and GDP City/Town                                                    Medina                    5.6 per cent                       Riyadh                    -15.0 per cent                     Jeddah                    65.2 per cent                      Makkah                    28.4 per cent                      Khobar                    19.3 per cent                       The above analysis discloses that hotels (restaurants) in Medina, Makkah, Khobar and Riyadh are dependent upon their source markets. While hotels (restaurants) in Jeddah are dependent on the local economy. For Medina and Makkah, hotels are dependent on high proportion of visitors that are largely composed of pilgrims which are not dependant on external financial forces (Hospitality Valuation Services International 25). Demographic and Political Background to tourism The population in Saudi Arabia is reported to increase rapidly. It is estimated the number of people in the Kingdom to have reached 21 million people. Half of the population is composed of indigenous people who are under the age of 18. At moment the country’s growth rate in terms of population is higher. It has been estimated that the tourism sector could generate revenue or income of 3 billion dollars within four years when the country’s rules and issuance of tourist visa are relaxed (Hospitality Valuation Services International 26). Currently, the Saudi’s government through Seventh Development Plan (2000-2005
What is occurring in the patient? Weakness, visual disturbances, fatigue, and nausea are complications that indicate about two medical issues. The first indication that requires diagnosis is the side effects associated with the recent prescription of Lisinopril. It is important to explain that Lisinopril has side effects that comprise weakness, nausea, and headaches. As such, by presenting these complications, Elliot could be experiencing the side effects of Lisinopril. The second diagnosis that requires attention is a condition known as hypokalemia, which transpires due to low levels of potassium. When the levels of potassium in the blood fall below 3.5mEq/liter, the person is likely to suffer from the complications presented by Elliot. Allan, Ivers, and Padwal (2012) allude that when one uses drugs like Thiazide and Digoxin, there is a high probability that the drugs will inhibit the overall secretion and utility of potassium in the body. Therefore, the level of potassium drops below the optimum scale and triggers hypokalemia. In the context of Lisinopril, the precise mechanisms that lead to the complications presented by Elliot revolve around the processes initiated by the medication. When the drug inhibits the conversion of angiotensin from I to II, it impairs the functionality of vasoconstriction. Some of the side effects that develop after using Lisinopril, which include coughs and weakness, take place after the drug triggers hypotension, a scenario characterized by the low pressure of blood. The diastolic and systolic pressure of blood drops below therapeutic levels and leads to an eventuality of the issues presented by Elliot. Consequently, the scenario that relates to low
The problem of falling patients in the hospital analyzed in this work requires immediate practical intervention. This issue is the visible result of an overall lack of patient safety in the hospital. The solution to this problem seems to be subservient to each separate employee of the hospital, rather, it requires a plan and an in-depth understanding of the problem. In the process of analysis, the problem of patient security is presented in a historical context and is proven to have its own practical methods of solution. Based on a strategy of evidence-based medicine and drawing theoretical material into action, this sequential problem-solving program will be proposed. In order to establish whether the strategy proposed for implementation is successful, special tests will be offered. Any practice used in such serious professional fields of activity as medicine and nursing definitely requires a knowledge base as a source of recommendations. Practical medical assistance cannot but be based on a cumulative database, theoretical constructions based on carefully collected statistics. Before prescribing a particular medicine, course of therapy, or the use of medical practices, it is required to focus on the existing evidence of the effectiveness of the decision made. Guided by fundamental ethical principles, such as patient non-harm and patient care, physicians and nurses should be able to use the concept of evidence-based medical practice. The problem of this issue is obvious since the falls of patients result in injuries of varying degrees of significance and, in general, are a tragic burden of hospitals, especially institutions of the geriatric direction. Touching upon the history of this issue, one cannot fail to note the statistics according to which every hundredth patient falling in the United States dies as a result of this accident (LeLaurin & Shorr, 2017). Falls are so common that 250,000 people in the United States are injured in this way every year (LeLaurin & Shorr, 2017). Emphasizing the need for its solution, it should be noted that at the moment, in medicine, there is a relatively large gap in the study of falling patients. The calculations and developments that scientists offer are for the most part theoretical and their real effectiveness in real life remains largely unproven. The evidence-based practice relies on the principle that any independent step of a practicing physician should be based on existing factual material proving the necessity or possibility of a particular practice. It is a scientific direction that is subdivided into a certain number of b
Socrates According to Socrates, it is the man who does not know himself who cannot accurately judge his own capabilities and his own unique path to the greatest good based on accurate use of his strengths and knowledge of his weaknesses. Socrates takes this another step by suggesting that knowledge of oneself will instruct from within regarding those things which are good (moral and ethical) and those things which are not. He suggests this by claiming that things that are good will make us feel happy inside while things that are bad will be immediately recognizable to the man who knows himself because these actions will cause internal degradation and spiritual deterioration that will be immediately apparent. Socrates offers his own history as an example of coming to know oneself and of finding true wisdom and knowledge. As he recaps within his defense speech in Plato’s Apology, after being told by the oracle that he was the wisest man alive, Socrates insists he did not allow this distinction to go to his head. Instead, he went to the streets and began questioning those individuals he had always considered wiser than himself (Xenophon, 1990). In each case, he found that even among those who possessed a little wisdom tended to take that knowledge to the outer extremes and assume they knew everything there was worth knowing, without any further examination. “At last I went to the artisans, for I was conscious that I knew nothing at all, as I may say, and I was sure that they knew many fine things; and here I was not mistaken, for they did know many things of which I was ignorant, and in this they certainly were wiser than I was. But I observed that even the good artisans fell into the same error as the poets; because they were good workmen they thought that they also knew all sorts of high matters, and this defect in them overshadowed their wisdom” (Apology: 947). From his account, it becomes possible to deduce that Socrates’ definition of wisdom entails not only knowledge, but also the knowledge of what one does not know. “I am called wise, for my hearers always imagine that I myself possess the wisdom which I find in others: but the truth is, O men of Athens, that God only is wise; and by his answer he intends to show that the wisdom of men is worth little or nothing” (Apology: 947). Descartes Descartes, who was both a mathematician and a philosopher, presented his ideas regarding how to combine mathematical concepts to the human thought process in his book, Discourse on Method. His goal in doing this was to find a means of attaining perfect certainty of philosophical concepts. To begin with, he bases knowledge not on what is thought to be known, but instead insists that one must call into question everything one thinks one knows that have been learned through the senses of the body. As it is presented, Descartes gives four main rules of logic that must be addressed. The first of these is that one can only accept as true those things that are clearly and distinctly known to be true. Things can be clearly and distinctly known to be true by breaking down the problem under i
Introduction Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses whose effects range from a common cold to potentially deadly conditions caused by strains such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). The symptoms of the coronavirus include fever, dry cough, tiredness, shortness of breath, breathing difficulties, and tightness in the chest. In more severe cases, the coronavirus can cause pneumonia, kidney failure, and even death. Globally, there have been reported 156,884 cases, 5,839 of which ended in a lethal outcome and 75,937 in recovery (Newey and Gulland). In March 2020, when the outbreak became pandemic, some countries with a concerning number of cases have gone on lockdown. This paper discusses the life of regular citizens during a lockdown and explains why it is not always the most appropriate solution. The Effects of the Coronavirus The question arises as to why governments decide to resort to such radical measures as putting entire countries on lockdown because of a virus with a 3% mortality rate. Indeed, the outbreak of the coronavirus is not the largest in history. The 1918 Spanish influenza (H1N1 virus) took the lives of as many as 50 million people. 575,400 people fell victim to a more recent pandemic of the same virus that took place in 2009 (Newey and Gulland). However, it should be noted that among coronavirus epidemics, the current COVID-19 outbreak has so far been the most prominent (Newey and Gulland). There is no official treatment yet, and the development of such is complicated by the virus mutating into a second strain. Among other effects, the coronavirus outbreak took a toll on the economy and social life. The sectors that were hit the hardest by the pandemic are leisure, airlines, and hospitality (Fraser). The operations of seasonal businesses are also disrupted without a flow of guests and visitors. Employees are struggling to work from the confines of their house. Not any job can be easily done remotely, and those working for a wage are facing an indefinite break and money losses. Further, the health systems of many countries prove to be not as resilient and equipped as they were seen to be. In this atmosphere of panic and desperation, the first goal that countries are concentrating their efforts on is stopping the spread through travel bans and lockdowns. Lockdowns and Their Efficiency While governments are fighting the virus and trying to recover the economy, citizens are trying to adjust to the changes. In his opinion piece, Parks describes what life is like during the Italian lockdown. A lockdown is defined as an emergency protocol that prohibits people from leaving a pa
Introduction   * Businesses that have expanded to foreign environments have often faced numerous political risks.   * Those risks have not only added complexities to their operations, but also impacted on their performance. Globalization has become a phenomenon that has driven many businesses to expand their operations in the global market to seek access to resources, new opportunities and lower costs. It is a move that has faced numerous hurdles of political risks in foreign environments and added complexities and less effectiveness to the performance of businesses. Different studies offering conceptual frameworks of sources and effects of political risks on a business almost unanimously and insightfully define political risks as political conditions and events in a country which impact on a business environment and cause investors’ profit margins to reduce alongside with a loss of a capital (Enescu & Enescu, 2011) . In order to appreciate how political risks may affect the operations of a business, the discussion in this paper has embraced an interdisciplinary approach. The latter will assist in studying management of businesses in a manner that can be easily understood. In addition, these risks have been approached from a point of view of a political system. This paper also analyzes political system framework and its functions and concludes by proposing remedial and proactive management policies that can be adopted and implemented by a business organization to manage political risk. Understanding a political system framework   * A political system through set institutions can limit effective business operations.   * Institutional and legal constraints are usually not the major limitations in most business operations.   * As a matter of fact, most states usually tend to create political systems that favor smooth operations of businesses. That definition makes it clear that such a political system has the ability to give a legitimate sanction that includes the legal power to punish, compel and enforce laws. In their book, International Business Theories: Policies and Practices, Burmester and Tayeb (2000) are of the opinion that this is true for political systems which depend on the consent of the ruled to rule and enforce decisions. In most cases, many studies that have tried to define a political system have related it with the application of coercion, mostly legitimate by a government, such as the use of authority, rule or power to allocate values. Functions of a political system in a global market   * One of the major functions of a political sys
Mission Statement Passionately committed to integrating the jail inmates into the mainstream of society, so that the jail time is not merely seen as a time spent in a detention center but it is experienced more as an opportunity to reform. Key Objectives   * Keeping the inmates under strict vigil, so that no antisocial element can take undue advantage of the situation.   * Preserve the jail boundaries in compliance with the duties and responsibilities expected from it as a component of law enforcing mechanism.   * Taking care of the security and safety concerns of jail inmates as well as the jail workers.   * Providing the jail inmates an opportunity to reform so that they become better citizens once they are out of the jail.   * Putting in place a robust accountability mechanism so that the resources are not misappropriated by the officials and used only for justified purposes.   * Provide a facelift to the image of the jail, so that it gradually changes from ‘macho’ to more of a reform center.   * Doing away with the drug and alcohol abuse problems prevalent within the jail premises.   * Provide opportunities to the juvenile offenders for education and career-building.   * Taking inputs from experts and professional institutions to manage the programs for juvenile offenders.   * Provide counseling to the inmates who feel demoralized or de-motivated, so that they don’t fall into the category of repeat offenders.   * Assessing and analyzing the reasons behind the crimes committed by first-time offenders and preparing an objective and periodic report for the authorities to make appropriate changes in the legal framework or the policies. This will help in reducing the numbers of second-time offenders.   * Putting in place a feedback mechanism and making an objective assessment of the inputs received.   * Passing on the requisite feedback to the government, so that the government finds due justification in sanctioning more funds and resources for the jail administration.   * Implementing the desired changes in such a manner that the inmates or the employees do not feel unduly intimidated. If they start viewing the changes as intimidating steps, there would be efforts to resist the moves.   * Evaluate the need, timing, and viability of providing training courses to the jail employees.   * To make judicious use of the revenue and resources provided by the government from time to time.   * Aiming towards improving people’s lives.
The Department of Defense (DOD) currently relies on goods and services obtained from the private sector (GAO, 2005). The goods and services that are being contracted by the department of defense have doubled since the year 2000. Moreover, the current volume is still expected to rise. The total amount that was spent by DOD was close to USD$300 billion before the beginning of 2006. This is definitely a significant amount of finances being handled. Therefore, it demands a transparent and efficient mode of handling all the monetary transactions (GAO, 2005). This implies that a system has to be put in place. Such a system will ensure that all the purchases made by DOD are secured from reliable sources and in the most effective manner. The national defense Act that was enacted in 2006 requires all the DOD’s transactions to be reviewed with the aim of identifying any form of fraud, abuse, and wastage in the contracts. This Act was also keen in analyzing the efforts that DOD has put in place to addresses vulnerability of its contracts (GAO, 2005). The vulnerabilities in the DOD are found in five key areas namely acquisition personnel, senior management, pricing department, contracting techniques and approaches as well as in quality control department (Defense Science Board, 2
Introduction Malcolm Little was born on May 19, 1925, at Omaha’s University Hospital in Nebraska, and he was the fourth child for Louise and the seventh for Earl (Marable 23). As a child, Malcolm’s parents were in the Marcus Garvey Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA). They married on May 10, 1919, and decided to dedicate their lives and future to the building of the Garvey movement in the United States (Marable 16). As a child, Malcolm frequently went with his father to give guest sermons at local churches. Earl championed the teachings of Marcus Garvey and served as organizers of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) together with his wife. Earl’s pursuit of human rights and equality elicited aggression from white exponents. Despite the efforts to evade the Legion, “Earl’s Michigan home was burned down in 1929, and later he was found dead in the town’s trolley tracks, and police ruled the incident as an accident” (Haley 91). Malcolm’s life became much harder, but he stayed focused and purposed to pursue his father’s dreams. In 1946, the two were arraigned in a court of law and jailed on burglary allegations. Malcolm’s influence on social and cultural perspectives on the lives of many Americans is vivid even in contemporary times. His models and ideologies of violence to combat rejection and advance the accommodations approach of the radical resistance of Garvey’s U