ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“Sula,” a novel written by Toni Morrison, is based on race, hatred, death, friendship, betrayal and reconciliation. In Medallion, Ohio, the Black community is regarded as the lowest or bottom of the rank. A black slave was given a gift by his master but the gift later became a trick. Being given a poor hilly land by the master, the slave was convinced that it was closer to god since it was hilly. The black communities are considered ignorant and they are easily convinced to believe a lie because of their lack of knowledge, they settle for handouts thinking that it will benefit them in the future. In “Sula,” two girls grow up as friends to become women and later are separated by different beliefs in their lifestyle. The author illustrates how the root and background can affect one’s belief when growing up. In the text, Toni Morrison describes the character Nel Wrights as being raised in a contemporary lifestyle by her parents while Sula Peace was raised by a loose parent and grandmother. Sula ends up running away from the bottom community to have an independent lifestyle of prostitution. Betrayal is demonstrated by Toni Morrison when Sula decides to abandon her conventional lifestyle subscribed by her community (Morrison 12-23). Despite of the differences of how Sula and Nel were raised, when they were young they became very close friends. This portrays the innocence that comes with being a child. The differences between them did not become a hindrance to their friendship. It also portrays the stages of friendship. When one is young, the demand for friendship differs when one grows up. There are no boundaries that separate friendships because all you have in common are toys and companionship. They began to separate when an accident occurred in the community. Sula was playing with a neighborhood boy called little chicken as she was swinging him by the hand. She lost grip and the boy fell in a pool of water and drowned. They kept the secret to themselves and the tension between them began to grow. One of the hindrances of friendship is tragedy. I am sure every time they disagreed concerning an issue the event concerning Little Chicken came up. Even if it was unrelated to their arguments, the tragedy had a way of cropping out. This is normal in issues that are unresolved and they are often called untied loose ends. Their failure to deal with issue of the accident allowed the ghost of little chicken to haunt their friendship. Opening up to such incidents not only helps the victim emotionally but also gives psychological freedom to the one that allowed the accident to occur. Unfortunately, Sula loses her mother through a fire accident where her dress catches fire and she dies of burns. When the two completed high school, Nel decides to get married and live to play the role of a conventional w
Introduction What is insurgency/counterinsurgency Even though that the end of the Cold War marked the time when world’s ongoing insurgencies started to grow increasingly autonomous, which should have affected these insurgencies’ effectiveness, in many instances this proved far from being the actual case. Partially, this can be explained by the fact that, just as it used to be the situation during the course of ‘classical insurgencies’ era (1945-1970), many of today’s politically-driven insurgencies do sublimate people’s political will. This is the reason why, despite the fact that during the course of recent decades, in world’s many parts the very concept of insurgency has undergone a qualitative transformation (the rise of insurgencies, fueled by Islamic fundamentalism), classical definitions of insurgency continue to represent a discursively legitimate value. The foremost aspect of these definitions is the fact that they stress out the insurgency’s actual goal as such that is being primarily concerned with the insurgents’ intention to take over the political power, “Insurgency is a protracted struggle conducted methodically, step by step, in order to attain specific intermediate objectives leading finally to the overthrow of the existing order” (Galula 1964, p. 4). While being aware that, due to a number of different factors, their indulgence in the conventional political struggle will not bring about the government’s downfall, people who oppose the existing political order decide in favor of challenging it militarily. In its turn, this effectively converts them into insurgents. However, it is important to understand that, even though insurgents often prove themselves being endowed with the strongly defined violent-mindedness, their commitment to waging war on the government is being reflective of their commitment to one or another political cause. That is, the terror instigated by classical insurgents cannot be thought of as being their actual strategic objective. As it was pointed out in U.S. Army Field Manual, “Each insurgency is unique, although there are often similarities among them. In all cases, insurgents aim to force political change; any military action is secondary and subordinate, a means to an end” (2006, p. 1-5). Given the fact that insurgents do seek to overthrow the existing political authority, it is being only natural for this authority’s representatives to actively oppose insurgents, in this respect. Hence, the conceptual essence of classical definitions of counterinsurgency, “Counterinsurgency is military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency” (U.S. Army Field Manual 2006, p. 1-1), “(Counterinsurgency) is those military, law enforcement, political, economic, psychological and civic actions taken to defeat insurgency, while addressing the root causes” (UK AFM Code 2009, p. 1-6). Essentially, the counterinsurgents’ foremost objective is creating objective preconditions for insurgent activities to grow progressively less effective, which is eventually supposed to lead to the particular insurgency’s complete uprooting. What is FARC The
Introduction The Boeing 787 has been praised as the most fuel efficient airliner by its manufacture. The Boeing Dreamliner has two engines, which are of medium size and has the ability to travel for long distances; it is manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. The plane has a carrying capacity of about two hundred and ten to two hundred and ninety passengers depending on variations in the size of the plane. The Boeing 787 is mainly constructed using composite materials, making it the first airplane to be constructed using this type of substance as the main one. Boeing has also stated that the 787 dreamliner fuel consumption is twenty percent less compared to other previous models of the same size like the Boeing 767. The features that make the Boeing 787 stand out from other airplanes include its smooth nose contour, four-panel windshield, and exceptionally silent engines fitted with noise reducing chevrons (Vos & Henk 2011). Executive Summary The technological advancement witnessed in the Boeing 787 was meant to address some of the challenges faced by airline transport industry. One of the common challenges faced by airlines is high operating costs, which is a factor of both labor expenditure and the fuel expenses incurred to keep it running. This has made most airlines to make meager profits of about one to two percent. The Boeing 787 addresses some of these challenges by using twenty percent lesser fuel to cover a greater distance, and to enable the transportation of more cargo. This reduces the operating costs of airlines because fuel is the second largest expenditure incurred by airlines. The increase in cargo transportation increases airlines’ revenues. The technological advantages of the Boeing 787 made various airline companies to procure the 787 Dreamliners shortly after its launch. Economics in the Airline Industry The airline industry needs huge capital to run and this makes it a capital intensive service industry. This high cost is associated with the fact that airline companies require specialized and expensive equipments such as maintenance hangars and flight simulators. The vast capital required by airline companies is obtained through selling stocks and loans. Regardless of how an airline finances its capital needs, it must make consistent profits in order to stay in business. Airlines are labor intensive businesses because most airlines require a wide range of personnel for them to operate, and this can consume more than one-third of the daily revenue they get.
The Aeneid is a mythical poem by Virgil. The myth is elaborated with the presence of Gods, the supernatural, and the mortal as characters. The Aeneid is a struggle between the mortal and God in the pursuit of the mortal to set up a newfound land. The struggle becomes intense with the wrath of God on the mortal. Further, the wrath of God itself faces challenges from other Gods who also enter the plot to assist the mortal. In the Aeneid, the anger of the queen of gods, Juno, serves as the basis for struggle throughout the epic. The following lines suggest that the poem is about struggle and war: I sing of warfare and a man at war. He came to Italy by destiny. Aeneas struggles to unleash the fury of God. The incidents that depict the struggle are interconnected to the work of the divine, supernatural, and mortal. The incident begins when Juno, the queen of God realizes that Aeneas will one day overthrow her favorite city of Cartheage in his pursuit to set up the newfound land in Rome. The anger of Juno is further increased because of her anger towards the Trojan for not voting her as the most beautiful of Gods. As the Trojans set off to find a newfound land, the first incident that indicates the beginning of struggle is when Aeolus takes the order of Juno and the fleet of Trojan ships is caught in the storm (Book 1). The meeting of Aeneas with Dido is another point of struggle because Aeneas involves in an emotional and physical relationship with Dido. Though destiny beckons Aeneas in Rome, the emotional relationship holds him back in Cartheage. At this point, Aeneas struggles to cope up with the direction of Jupiter but he continues his mission to set up Rome leaving behind the much worried Dido (Book 3). The third incident that depicts the intense struggle of Aeneas occurs when the Trojan land on the shores of Latium. Though Aeneas received a warm welcome from the King of Latium, Juno set a new plot to at least delay the setting up of new land. The struggle is evident because the Trojans lose a massive part of their troops when Aeneas is away to set up a stronger troop to fight against the natives (Book 8). Aeneas struggle in leading the Tr
Introduction Performance-based budgeting has been the center of reforms in both the private and the public sectors. However, a substantial ambiguity still remains on how to define and implement performance-based budgeting (Aristovnik & Seljak, 2009, p. 3; Robinson, 2007, p. 2). A somewhat close definition is that performance-based budgeting apportions resources in accordance with specific achievement or quantifiable results. Performance budgeting can also be defined as systems of planning, budgeting, and appraisal that focuses the link between budgeted funds and the expected outcome (Axelrod, 1998, p. 5). Therefore, performance-based budgeting links measurable performance and allocation of resources, with the capacity to state the level of achievable output with the injection of additional resources. Nevertheless, the output can never be measured accurately (Grizzle, 2001, p. 6). Performance budgeting is result oriented in that it holds different divisions accountable to specific performance standards. This form of budgeting enhances awareness of the kind of services expected by the taxpayer. This type of budgeting is flexible since it allocates resources in a lump sum instead of piecemeal budgeting, giving the managers the options in determining how best to attain results (Government Finance Officers Association, 2007, p. 2). Performance-based budgeting is also inclusive in that it involves all the stakeholders in the development of strategic plans, identification of preferential areas, and in the assessment of the outcome. Last but not least, performance-based entails long-term strategies. By acknowledging the link between strategic planning and allocation of resources, this form of budgeting is geared towards long-term goals (Hatry, 2006, p. 12; Hatry, 2006, p. 7). Performance-based budgeting versus the traditional budgets While performance-based information can provide a massive benefit to a country, it can not eradicate the political nature of budgeting. Performance-based budgeting can only provide benefits to a country once it is acknowledged that the connection between performance measures and allocation of resources is involuntary and are subject to political interference (Ingraham & Donald, 2001, p. 3; Joyce, 1999, p. 5). The traditional budgeting methods are basically tools for regulating and controlling expenditure. They spell out the amount of money to be spent for a particular purpose (Joyce, 1999, p. 6). As the financial year progresses, line-item budgets dictate that spending must be within the budgeted amount unless formal budge
Science fiction is a genre that is closely associated with the era of rapid technological development in history. Movies of Lucas and Spielberg have demonstrated throughout the 1950s that this genre could be highly profitable and as a result, the early 1980s saw a rush of science fiction films with the trend extending into the 1990s. During this period, there were science fiction movies discussing the impact of machine intelligence and robotic automation. The robot (or cyborg or replicant or android) played an important role in these films and through them, the movies were able to discuss two significant issues – the ability of technology to allow human beings to create replicas of themselves and the possibility that these beings might overpower the humans and take their place (Telotte, 2001). These concepts are explored in the two Terminator films (1984, 1991) and Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (1982).In science fiction movies such as The Terminator I and Terminator II and Blade Runner, by creating characters that are half-human and half-machine, the might of technology is explored as something to be both celebrated and feared Science fiction holds three kinds of fascinations: that dealing with extraterrestrial beings or aliens; the impact of science and technology on society and culture and third, “technological alterations in and substitute versions of the self” (Telotte, 2001, 12). The third category explores the applications of science and technology towards the creation of robots, cyborgs, androids, and other enhanced beings based on the human model as in the movies – The Terminator films (1984, 1991) and Blade Runner (1982). Movies such as these explore the boundaries between human beings and machines and reflect upon the dangers to humanity posed by unchecked technological developments. They also raise questions regarding what it means to be human and show that when humans create cyborgs they are also making and unmaking conceptions of their own selves (Bell and Kennedy, 125). They explore dilemmas related to the possible production of artificial humans through advances in robotics and biological engineering. In a broader sense, by exposing the threat of technologically created beings, these movies stimulate audiences to look inward and examine their own feelings about humanity and about human beings
Introduction Self-medication is an issue that health professionals and social workers continue to grapple with in different parts of the world. Experts study this kind of practice as a critical problem. Many scholars in the fields of public health and medicine have linked it to increased misuse of resources. Most of the beneficiaries of self-treatment procedures record higher levels of drug resistance. Parents and guardians are known to monitor health conditions of their children and offer both analgesics and antibiotics to manage them. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines pharmacists sell directly to consumers without any prescription from professional healthcare practitioners. People usually use such drugs to manage, prevent, or treat a number of diseases or conditions affecting them. Some of the leading ones include chronic pains, stomachaches, and malaria. These common conditions are also associated with OTC drugs: motion sickness, common cold, cough, fever, and headache. The purpose of this essay is to examine the prevalence and nature of OTC drugs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The emerging insights and ideas can empower parents and community health workers to address this challenge and meet the changing dental health needs of the greatest number of children in the selected country. Prevalence of OTC Drugs Effective self-medication is an evidence-based practice that can improve the healthcare system of different countries and transform the experiences of many citizens. Sharif, Bugaighis, and Sharif (2015) believe that OTC drugs have the potential “to help in the prevention and the treatment of signs and symptoms which do not require a doctor’s visit” (p. 429). Patients affected by different chronic conditions will benefit significantly from self-medication practice. However, the healthcare approach can result in drug abuse, cause adverse effects, increase drug dependence, and trigger drug-drug interactions (Sharif et al., 2015). In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the number of people using OTC drugs has continued to increase significantly. For example, Sharif et al. (2015) observed that the prevalence of self-medication among different pharmacists in this country stood at 96.6 percent. This study revealed that professionals in the field of health were embracing the power OTC drugs to manage various conditions. Other studies focusing on the number of young persons and adolescents purchasing OTC drugs to treat c
Upon assessing the correlation coefficient of the bivariate correlation, it can be concluded that there is a weak relationship between the two variables. Furthermore, it is clear that there is a positive correlation between A and B and it is statistically significant. In addition, the coefficient of determination is 1.44 percent. A person unfamiliar with statistics should be presented to the concept of correlations and its key characteristics. Correlation can be defined as “a statistical technique that is used to measure and describe the relationship between two variables” (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2014, p. 450). A numerical value of a correlation coefficient r can vary from 0 to 1, where 0 is indicative of the absence of a relationship between the two values. Given that r is close to 0, it can be concluded that a weak relationship is present. The positive sign of the r shows that there is a positive direction of the relationship. It means that when A variable increases, the B variable also increases and vice versa. It should be noted that there is no connection between a correlation’s sign and its strength. A statistical significance p of a correlation can help to determine whether results can be attributed to random factors (Triola, 2015). By comparing p to 0.05, it is possible to tell whether a probability of obtaining r is higher or lower than 5 out of 100 cases. Taking into consideration the fact that p is 0.01, r can be obtained by chance only in 1 out of 100 cases, which means that the correlation is statistically meaningful. Finally, by multiplying r by itself, one can arrive at the coefficient of determination, which measures the level of variability of a dataset (Triola, 2015). For the r , the coefficient is 0.0144. It means that only 1.44 percent of A can be predicted by B.
Challenges Expanding a small business into a large enterprise is associated with several risks that are worth taking if the returns are high and promising. A risk- return analysis therefore is mandatory before a small business gets into a new venture. A small business faces a number of limitations including inadequate funds for expansion and hiring of expatriates, inaccessibility to some markets due to government cartels and by-laws, poor management skills among shareholders, saturation of the home markets by many smaller businesses, inadequate information on markets and narrow networks of business (Quinn 2006). Government Policies Sandhurst Guitars is a small business that faces financial constrains when it comes to expanding. In order to go global, more workers, new offices and new business laws are required. This means that a foreign company may have to pay more tax to the government compared to the local companies. Because this is a global business, Sandhurst Guitars being an international market venture should consider sourcing for a loan from its federal government to boost its investments. Global businesses generate revenue to its country and create job opportunities to host country’s citizens. Labor laws and cost differ in different countries thus Sandhurst Guitars might have to spend more on hiring from employees agencies in the foreign state. Sandhurst Guitars will have to transport its product to the target market. By choosing the cheapest and most convenient means of transport, it will reduce its financial constrains. Insuring its products while on transit should also be prioritized to avoid losses and inconveniences’ to customers (Perry 2012). Target market Sandhurst Guitars will be shipping its products to foreign countries but this does not mean that the local market is fully exploited. It is difficult for a small scale business to exploit foreign markets intensively without assistance from its federal government. Sandhurst Guitars has to make sure that it has more permanent workers as compared to part time workers. Jo Satriani also has to get more information on management by attending seminars as well as workshops or alternative hire a manager who has required managerial