ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The use of power is essential for the work of many organizations that can be engaged in various activities. Very often the success of individuals and groups depends on their ability to influence the decisions and attitudes of other people. However, in many cases, power can be abused especially by people holding the positions of authority. Therefore, it is necessary to speak about the ethical norms that should govern or regulate the use of power. This essay is aimed at determining whether power can be applied ethically in organizations. This issue should not be overlooked because it can affect such stakeholders as employees, local communities, and even societies. On the whole, it is possible to argue that power can be regarded as a tool for achieving certain objectives, and it can be consistent with ethical principles. Yet, this goal can be achieved if there is a system of checks and balances that prevent people from abusing power. Furthermore, much attention should be paid to the sources of power since it should be based on the trust of other people, rather than coercion or fear. These are the main issues that should be examined. The definition of the main concepts Overall, it is important to remember that philosophers and scholars can provide various definitions of power. According to Lucas, this concept can be defined as “the human force for achievement or obstruction that can be used individually or collectively for the constructive good, or destruction” (Lucas as cited in Alberti 2007, p. 36). This definition is important because it indicates that power can be viewed only as a means for attaining a certain goal, but one should not assume that it inevitably results in corruption or compromise of integrity. There is another concept that is closely related to power. In particular, Marturano and Gosling (2008) define leadership as the ability of an individual to influence the actions and attitudes of other people so that they try to achieve the goals identified by the person. Moreover, the concept of leadership includes such elements as responsibility of a person and his/her accountability to others (Marturano & Gosling 2008). Finally, it is important to speak about ethics since it is also essential for individuals and organizations. This notion can be understood as a set of principles that govern people’s interactions with one another. One should bear in mind that ethics cannot be perceived as some universal phenomenon that is similar in various cultures or societies. Such an assumption can hardly be called accurate. Nevertheless, despite possible cultural differences, it can significantly reduce the potential negative effects that public or private organizations can produce on societies. These terms will be important for describing the relations between power and ethics. Discussion The links between power and ethics have long been attracted the attention of researchers and thinkers. One of the concerns is that power inevitably leads to corruption of a person. Such an argument has been expressed by a historian Lord Acton (Acton as cited in Society for Human Resource Management 2006).
It would be wrong to reduce the commercial success of a business to a single formula, the use of which would unambiguously guarantee high results. On the contrary, any business is a collection of many factors, the harmonious balance between which can — but does not have to — lead to the desired goals. Thus, some of these fundamental driving forces are trust, commitment, and employee effort in relation to the manager. In this context, it is paramount to recognize that organizational leaders rarely work in isolation from the workforce, and moreover, such a scenario can lead to a fatal outcome for the company (Prasad, 2018). On the contrary, only those professional teams in which the leader is not isolated but fully involved in management have the potential to succeed. Trust is perhaps one of the most important criteria for an effective team. Trust in relation to the leader should be seen as a belief in the sincerity and integrity of his or her intentions (Engelbrecht et al., 2017). In this sense, it must be emphasized that the leader himself or herself can be an infinitely strong-willed and robust individual, but without genuine trust on the part of his or her subordinates, he or she is unlikely to achieve operational results. Trust forms a favorable relationship between the leader and employees, showing mutual reliability and protection. It is noteworthy that trust cannot be bought: a manager can assign employees a large salary or let them go home early, but it is unlikely to form a trusting relationship between them. It is very likely that such bribery will have adverse effects because employees will use such a leader for personal enrichment. Consequently, trust must be built on good faith and benevolent personal motives. Thus, the importance of trust in a leader cannot be overemphasized. Commitment, or interest, is also a fundamental driving force that can lead a company to commercial success. Commitment should be understood as the employee’s sincere willingness to work for the company to improve economic performance, sometimes even at the expense of personal time (Irfan & Marzuki, 2018). Commitment, in general, unites employees and fills them with the fundamentals of the company’s corporate culture. However, it is essential to note that a leader can develop this commitment through the implementation of incentive programs. More specifically, to encourage an employee to be more committed, an effective leader can offer the team a system of rewards for individual results and meeting — and even exceeding — the plan (Samuel, 2021). In this way, an employee who knows he or she will be rewarded is more likely to want to perform better himself or herself. In turn, this increases commitment to work processes. Finally, the thrust of the effort is the third driving force within the task at hand. Terminologically, effort should be defined as a mental or physical activity aimed at achieving results (Sherman & Shavit, 2018). Since business is always goal-oriented, much depends on effort
The Things They Carried’ is one of the short stories in the book “Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing.” The story was written by Tim O’Brien who, according to his military life experiences between 1968 and 1970 served as an infantry fighter in Vietnam. Though the characters of this story are fictional, O’Brien obviously created a realistic setting in the story based on his personal experiences in combat. By doing so, he was able to depict the harsh realities and emotional problems that soldiers go through in war environments. This analysis became evident in the story as depicted by the actions of the principal character, Lieutenant Jimmy Cross. Lieutenant Cross carried a heavy burden within himself after failing to concentrate in the war. Consequently, he lost his sense of reality by constantly daydreaming about a girl known as Martha. The beginning of the short story is a simple one explaining the things soldiers carried as they went to war. O’Brien found it difficult to discuss most of the topics in the story hence he employed a distant way of telling the story of the Vietnam War. His intention was to convey the message that the war did not affect him much. However, the structure and the feelings created by the events starting from noble events to distressing ones are important in the story. They form the basis of the discussion of emotional experiences that affected the soldiers in combat. In the end, it was clear that the things that soldiers carried were not at all ‘things.’ The soldiers had to deal with the emotional feelings of men who were exposed to the risk of death. Things like terror, love and fear were not tangible but the weight they had on the soldiers was tangible. The author says that the soldiers carried with them shameful memories and a feeling of cowardice (O’Brien 21). The presentation of such passages causes the reader to share in the grief of the soldiers. The author gives details that compel the reader to look at the soldiers as fellow human beings and people who go through the experiences of normal human beings. Just like other human beings, the soldiers had their troubles and emotions. Fear, cowardice and shame were some of the burdens they carried while at war. These were burdens that troubled them contributing towards their character change. O’Brien uses characters like Mary Anne Bell and Mark Fossie to show how the soldiers were changed from innocent people into savages. As the author gives an explanation of the things soldiers carried, he presents the major themes of imagination and memory in the story. O’Brien succeeds in showing how these two themes can facilitate mental escape. For instance, Lieutenant Cross always thought of Martha even as he performed his normal duties during the war. He did not have memories of her but only imagined of their romantic trips together. These imaginations of Lieutenant Cross are described by the author as full of pretence. The importance of the deeds of Lieutenant Cross is shown when O’Brien gives information about the pho
Abstract Saudization is a popular and well known process in Saudi Arabia that advocates for employment to the locals as opposed to foreigners. Nonetheless, it has not been successful and the private sector seems to be reluctant to replace the foreigners in order to hire the Saudis despite the government orders and inducements to do so. This has been due to the negative image and attitudes associated with the Saudis towards certain kinds of jobs and there is therefore a large percentage of foreign employees in Saudi Arabia despite the fact that Saudi Arabia is densely populated and expected to be self sufficient in terms of provision of labor. This piece of work discusses in detail, after thorough research from various documented sources, the causes of failure and effects of the Saudization as well as the measures taken by the government to foster the process of saudization. The causes of failure of saudization include lack of appreciation of the private sector jobs by the Saudis, low wages, abrupt introduction of the aspect, and preference of the foreign workforce by the private sector employers, among others. Some of the effects of saudization are; emphasis in education and training among the locals, appreciation of the private sector jobs by the locals and unemployment levels increase due to increase in population. Saudization is a good aspect to be adopted as it empowers the locals and however much it is good, it should be introduced to the people in a good manner without use of force. Introduction Saudization is a Saudi Arabian policy that entails the process of gradually replacing the foreign employees in the private sector, mainly from south and southern east of Asia, with local employees from Saudi Arabia. The private sector is put under pressure to increase the employment opportunities of the locals through inducement and punishment policies and some form of restrictions, for example, high charges of work permits and visas for the foreigners making it difficult to hire them. It is however a process that has faced a lot of difficulties and hence have not been successful (Al-Yaum, 2006). This paper discusses the causes of the failure of Saudization and its effects. Government Measures in Enhancing Saudization To promote and speed up the process of saudization, the Saudi government took up the following measures; insisting on adoption of the stipulated resolutions on saudization and enhancing strong implementation strategies, disseminating information concerning the vacant job positions to the Saudi job seekers and to employers pleading them to employ the local unemployed workforce and using the Human Resource Development Fund to support and facilitate Saudization programmes and initiatives by providing employment chances and training. Another step was to strengthen the agencies in charge of training and employing the local workforce by fully supporting the people working for the agencies and supporting advances in technology. There was also a link between the foreign labor recruitment and the saudization policies with an aim to ensuring that the recruitment of foreign employees
Introduction The filmmaker, James Redford, describes how dyslexia has impacted several families around the world. He devotes much of the production to children who suffer from this condition and utilizes the works of two healthcare professionals, Sally and Shaywitz Bennet (HBO Documentary Films, 2017). Notably, this film surpasses the contributions of other productions concerning this mental disorder. This essay reviews as well as reflects on the contents of the movie. Review In addition to using the experiences of students at different levels of schooling, James Redford interviews powerful public figures, such as Richard Branson and Charles Schwab, who suffer from this reading disability. By utilizing these individuals, the film describes their difficulties and the mechanisms they have employed to cope and succeed in their lives. For example, the audience learns that Richard Branson could not distinguish between ‘net’ and ‘gross’ principles in elementary bookkeeping. Thus, the filmmaker tries to demystify that this learning condition is a rare medical phenomenon; one in every five individuals in the global population suffers from it. One of the strengths of the movie is the incorporation of medical professionals, Sandra and Bennet, who work at the Yale Center for Dyslexia and Creativity, and they bring the positive aspects of the mental disorder to the public. These two experts explain dyslexia using research findings in a sophisticated way that drives home the fact that this disorder has several sides, some of which the public does not know (HBO Documentary Films, 2017). For example, a significant number of people think that dyslexics combine alphabetic letters and, consequently, cannot read or write properly. Although this could be true, it is a generalized assumption (International Dyslexia Association, n.d.). Bennet’s research shows how affected brains work, unraveling the processes of interpreting letters and words as well as their related sounds. Therefore, dyslexics can also excel in creativity, problem-solving, and decision-making. Reflection Reflecting on the film, dyslexia is a common learning problem that affects many individuals in the population. There is credible evidence in the production that dyslexics can be renowned intellectuals who succeed in other fields in life (HBO Documentary Films, 2017). For instance, Richard Branson is a powerful businessman who has a chain of successful organizations across the world (HBO Documentary Films, 2017). What people lack is evidence-based information about this disorder. Parents should be encouraged to know that if their children are dyslexics, they can emerge victorious in the future. Individuals should not be held back in their lives by this mental reading disability. Redford has highlighted many ways of helping children living with this condition to improve how they learn to read. One of the best strategies to assist a suffering child is the use of the Orton-Gillin
Introduction Darwin’s theory of evolution posits that living things are constantly evolving in response to selection pressure. As the environment changes, the native species adapt to their habitat conditions by evolving new inheritable physical/behavioral traits. This lab report focuses on an experiment that demonstrates an evolution in action in finches. Darwin finches comprise of over 13 passerine bird species native to the Galapagos Islands, South America (Grant and Grant 135). Darwin’s finches show remarkable evolutionary changes that allow them to occupy different niches in similar habitats. The finches evolved distinct beak types to adapt to different diets in response to selection pressure. The beak type determines each bird’s access to a particular food source available in its natural habitat i.e., the Galapagos Islands. While some evolved long, slender beaks suitable for eating insects, others developed shorter, thicker beaks for feeding on seeds of different sizes. The evolution of different beak sizes/types ensured that up to 15 different species of finches could coexist in the islands. The theory of natural selection dictates that organisms must adapt to their habitats to survive (Grant and Grant 135). It produces heritable biological variations that could be favorable, deleterious, or neutral. The accumulation of advantageous traits makes a species fit to compete and survive in changing habitats. The underlying assumptions of this theory include a natural variation that produces desirable, unfavorable, or neutral traits, inheritance, and survival for the fittest (Podos and Nowicki 509). Therefore, Darwin’s finches evolved different beaks to feed on different food sources as an adaptive strategy. For this experiment, the aim was to demonstrate how different beak types/sizes, represented by normal pliers, curved pliers, large forceps, and small forceps, determine each bird’s access to seeds of variable sizes. We hypothesized that the small pliers would pick small-sized seeds (millet) more quickly than tongs, which would be suited for picking larger seeds (thistle). The underlying rationale is that each beak size (tool) is suited for picking a particular seed size, which would explain the variation in total seed collections at the end of the experiment. The experiment helped mimic how selection pressure drives evolutionary changes in organisms. Methods In the experiment, we simulated natural selection in finches, where the ‘beak’ type determined the ability to compete for different forms of food sources, i.e., sunflower, millet, and thistle. The differently shaped beaks would be successful in picking different types of seeds. The experiment involved four types of ‘beaks’ represented
The Concept of Connected Cars Ford introduced the concept of connected cars, and it entails the development of cars that can communicate with each other and the infrastructure around them (Turban par. 1). This concept aims at ensuring that there is an elimination of current issues being faced by drivers across the world, especially in the rush hours in different cities. According to the blueprint plan of the development of connected cars, the associated vehicles will be fitted with communication devices that will facilitate communication between drivers on the roads and also develop a communication network for different models and brands of cars. The essence of the communication system is to reduce traffic jam on the roads and to limit the number of accidents reported on a daily basis (Turban par. 2). While the technology required achieving the same is yet to be developed, Ford claims that the goals are attainable; hence, the company has developed a plan to meet the ultimate objective of connected cars in three main phases. Additionally, the company has also revealed that the connected cars will contain warning systems. The warning systems could be used to alert different cars about the best routes to follow when navigating to specific destinations. Ford Motors will facilitate this feature through the development of an autonomous function in driving its cars. The network will eliminate the reliance of a human driver on the roads to enhance the efficiency of the communication between the cars. Connected cars are expected to communicate and make decisions without the interference of the human entities in the car (Turban par. 4). This innovation will create a network of vehicles that can solve problems on the roads to enhance the efficiency of the transport system even as the n
A constitution is a set of rules that people of a certain nation have come up with and agreed upon. It is used for moral, political guidance and to govern the people. A Constitution can be written like that of United States or unwritten like that of Britain. In every sovereign state there are laws governing their political society, limiting the powers of the administrators and their subjects. Those laws are found in the constitution showing how the state is organized in terms of administration, judiciary and legislature. Countries have different ways through which their constitution came to existence. Some of them could be due to wars revolutions, gain of independence or any other major happening in the country. Canada was a colony, which formed its constitution after independence thus there was no comprehensive document instead there are many acts, orders, schedules unwritten documents and principles. Constitutionalism is ideology or orientation that advocates for a constitutional government, in that, authority is derived and limited by a body of fundamental laws. Constitutionalism supports government by rule of law and not arbitrary judgment and officials in public office are bound by the constitution in their actions. This idea is associated with political theorists such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes and has been criticized by some scholars because there are various questions that arise from it. The system supports limitation of the government using the constitution which is a set of laws made, implemented and adjudicated by same government. Canada’s constitution goes back to 1867 when Canada was formed through the British North America act but it was not until 1982 that Canada’s constitution was patriatised through the Canada act and the Constitutional act and she became completely independent from the queen. Canada’s constitution is written but also has some parts that are unwritten. It establishes the authority of the executive, legislature and the judicial arms of the government. It gives to the different levels of government found in Canada such as federal, provincial, and municipal, powers to create and implement laws. It also highlights the civil liberties and privileges and how the constitution can be altered. Canada’s constitution is very complex because it was not created from one draft instead many pieces were put toget