ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Communication is rather a science than an art Communication has always played an important role in human’s life. According to Means (2009) the main purpose of communication is “to obtain and share information” (Means, 2009, p.6). This definition explains why communication is one of the major tools in the development of various fields. People share ideas and work out new strategies to improve their lives. There can be no surprise that communication is referred to as “inherent to the conduct of business and businesses” (Forsyth and Kay, 2008, p.3). Of course, in the modern age of information the success of business depends on the effective communication strategies between a company and a customer, an employee and an employer, a company and a partner. Fortunately, people have understood the importance of communication long ago and have developed numerous effective patterns and techniques. By all means, the study of new possible ways to improve business communication never stops. Many people become successful in business due to exploiting the most effective communication strategies. Of course, some can talk about the art of communication since there are individuals who feel what strategy to use in this or that situation, however, it is more relevant to regard business communication as a science which provides various effective options to reach numerous business objectives. Anyone can be taught and become an effective communicator To begin with, it is possible to note that many people admit that one can be and should be taught to be a successful communicator. For instance, Guffey et al. (2009) points out that the abilities to communicate effectively are not “inborn” and to become “an effective communicator” it is essential to have “meaningful feedback” (Guffey et al., 2009, p.4). This feedback is the entire scope of knowledge of the nature of communication formed on the basis of numerous surveys, researches and business experiences. People have worked out lots of effective patterns of external, internal and personal business communication. Nowadays students are taught useful skills in different kinds of communication: verbal and non-verbal. Thus, more and more people become successful communicators facing new challenges. These obtained skills become essential since modern business has changed their management styles from “command and control” to “coordination and cultivation” which, in its turn, has brought new “greater communication challenges” (Guffey et al., 2009, p.5). Nowadays every employee has to reveal progressive skills in various types of communication. Fortunately, many people have access to the necessary information about business communication due to the availability of helpful literature on this subject. Guffey and Almonte (2009) stress that many companies pay special attention to training their employees in terms of developing effective communication skills and this results in successful development of these companies. On balance, it is possible to admit that business communication is a science which is extremely helpful in the real life since many people learn how to act on various occ
Accounting plays a significant role in the collection, analysing, and communicating financial information to society. Nevertheless, to create a broader understanding of the term accounting and on its primary purpose, we have to consider it from a social perspective. In any society, people coexist by the creation of relationships with each other (Walker, 2016). Besides, there are three significant areas in a community; the categories are economic, social, and political arenas. Therefore for the community sections to effectively function, the communication among them must be active. However, it becomes impossible to achieve interactions without proper accounting. Studies show that accounting information serves multiple essential purposes. This paper focuses on analysing accounting purposes through the identification of various users in the societies, and the implications drawn from accounting needs and functions as this discipline serves the interested parties. The Purpose of Accounting Accounting helps in communicating the financial health of an organisation or a business to all parties interested in the information. The role helps in assessing all liabilities, assets, cash flow, or the entity for both current and future investors. Accounting acts like the lifeblood of sensible businesses that provide central information to ensure various organisations get their jobs done. Financial statements are an excellent example of information generated from accounting work (Sherman & Young, 2016). The goals and objectives of private and government organisations depend on informed decisions regarding adequate scarce resource allocations. Interested parties connected to a given institution like the suppliers, employees, investors, government, researches and many others remain eager to acquire different information about the financial position of the organisation. As a primary function of accounting, various reports are used to update the stakeholders. Updates make it easy to identify and predict the financial status of the organisation and formulating economic policies for upcoming activities and appropriate course of action. However, the reliance of stakeholders in an organisation on accounting information such as financial statements when making decisions is only wise in ideal situations. Sherman and Young (2016) warn that dependence on accounting information has limits in the real business world. Accounting information may fall off the mark because the generation of financial statements relies on estimates and judgments that are sometimes subjective rather than objective. Conflicted interests amongst managers and executives incentivise them to inject errors into accounting information such as financial statements. Another role of accounting is to enhance accountability. According to the objectives of responsibility, accounting functions in a principal-agent model. The agent – the accountant – pr
Olfactics is essential for all living beings, as it has an immense influence on their lives. The very word “olfactics” makes the majority of people believe that this is a complex phenomenon. However, it is the thing we all know perfectly well and even use every day. It is the sense of smell. It is familiar to all creatures in the world, as they have and produce certain smells. But what is more significant when we are talking about the sense, they can also detect a variety of smells. In other words, it is a full-duplex operation, which unites the production and perception of smells. In scientific terms, it deals with the way creatures’ sensory cells perceive information concerning different chemical components. Still, you will never understand what a smell is if you think only about chemicals and sensory cells. There is something more than facts, something that exceeds the scope. Even the connection of ink and feather allows us to forget about the details and gain the opportunity to write. So try to consider the smells in another perspective. Try to think of the most pleasant ones for a moment. Recall the sweet scent of the rose in the early morning, or the heavenly smell of the ocean, or the delicious bouquet of chocolate. Maybe some of you will think of the crispy smell of their morning newspaper, the milky aroma of their child, the heady odor of their beloved. Others will recollect the fresh smell of the mown grass or unforgettable bouquet of the elegant wine. Thus, it can be seen that that the smell is a real magic. These memories transferred you to other places and reminded of some events and emotions. In this way, they make the world bright and complete. Smells unite what we see with what we feel and think. Let us consider the role of olfactics in animal life. All animals are surrounded by various smells, which help them to learn about this world. Even the smallest insects, reptiles and the biggest mammals detect smells and understand what is in front of them by dint of them. For instance, insects that seem to be inutile use their tiny palps and antennas to identify food, other creatures, and even danger. With the help of sensory cells reptiles can identify where their potential food is and catch the prey with the help of their tongues after defining its location. It all happens extremely quickly, which allows them to be satiated and avoid starving. Mammals detect pheromones to search their prey and can find it even if it i
Ibn Ishaq wrote a book that elucidated the life of Muhammad. The work can be counted as a hagiography, as it is a biography of the saint. The saint, in this situation, is Prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islam. The work encompasses large numbers of episodes related to the life of Muhammad. The work validates the status of Muhammad as the spiritual leader of Muslims. They look upon Muhammad as their master. The devotees derive lessons from the life of the prophet. The work commends the spiritual power of the prophet. At the same time, there are episodes that can be deemed as worldly. Despite this, it is not possible to take the work as a historical text. The work refers to the account of the birth of Muhammad. His foster mother recounts the story of her experience with the Prophet. His foster mother aspired to offer milk to Muhammad, but she did not have milk in her breast. In the meantime, there was a miracle. Muhammad’s foster mother could give milk to the baby. Camels of the family of Muhammad also produced large quantities of milk. This episode reveals the exceptional powers of the Prophet. Interestingly, camels of other tribes could not produce milk. Milk was adequate to not only the Prophet, but also other members of the family. The foster parents of Muhammad comprehended the godly qualities of the child (Gentleman and Stuart 71). The book avers that Muhammad obtained the divine message, and he preached the same to his disciples. He also endeavors to educate various Arab tribes concerning the need to pursue his path. The Prophet encountered resistance from polytheists who did not believe in monotheism preached by the Prophet. The outcome was the clash between Muhammad and the antagonistic group that challenged his religious beliefs. Muhammad had complete faith in God, and he motivated his followers to fight for the righteous cause. In the end, Muhammad achieved his mission. Muhammad heeded the hostility from a few relatives. For example, his uncle did not accept his religious views. Muhammad interacted with his uncle, and convinced him to follow his path (Gentleman and Stuart 119). Mohammad is called the “apostle”. He is the disciple of the God, and he obtains the message from the God (Gentleman and Stuart 650). The inference is that disciples of Muhammad need to obtain guidance from him while taking vital decisions. They can learn lessons from the life of Muhammad. A disciple named Abdullah recounts an occurrence related to the life of Muhammad. Abdullah is invited to Mecca by the apostle. He is asked to execute a victim in the temple at Mecca (Gentleman and Stuart 650). This episode reveals that Abdullah admired the Prophet, and he would not disregard the orders of the master. Prophet Muhammad demonstrates the importance of pilgrimage, hajj, to his disciples. Devotees are persuaded to pay attention to the voice of God. He offers pragmatic advice to his disciples. They are encouraged to abstain from usury, even though they are permitted to retain their capital. The Prophet also counsels men concerning their rights over property and family members (Gentleman and Stuart 650). This discourse is noteworthy,
Dear Mr [Supervisor’s name], I am writing to get your approval on hiring an additional staff member to work in the medical records department. There is a need for an IT specialist to create and maintain a sustainable network of computers and other electronic health records devices. Our department’s assessment has shown that there is a lack of a shared ecosystem of personal medical records. I want to improve this by hiring a specialist who could develop new software for the department’s computers, which is compatible with electronic applications on the staff and patients’ devices. Another problem I would like to address by hiring an IT specialist in the department is the delay in real-time data entry from patients. Clearing the backlog would improve doctor-patient communications, as well as encourage patients to enter their data into our system. Moreover, I would like to make this position a permanent full-time job rather than an ad-hoc one. The reason for this is the lack of technical support in our department. We need a person who can carry out both the maintenance of a shared data network and provide its smooth operations. We currently outsource technical support; however, it is rather inconvenient because it adds up time delays in the department operation. In terms of potential candidates’ evaluation, I will focus on two points: qualifications and experience. The primary relevant qualifications will be a high school diploma and professional certification. The competitive advantage of an employee is a comprehensive understanding of medical terminology. The latter will save the company money and time since there will be no need for medical terminology training. The employee will be guaranteed a standard average wage of 18$ per hour and eight working hours a day ( IT Specialist Salaries , 2020). Moreover, they will be informed about the Company’s health and safety policy and be included in its implementation immediately after hiring. The potential employees will be informed that the Company complies with The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) (2018). I will personally ensure the absence of any form of discrimination in the first step of the candidate’s selection process and in the final stage of choosing the candidates. According to the U.S. Equal Employment (2009) and the Company’s rules, any form of national origin, pregnancy, race/color, religious discrimination will be strictly prohibited. For further information, please find attached the job description. Thank you for your time and consideration. All the best, Head of the medical records department. Job Description   * Position Title: IT specialist in the medical records department.   * Supervisory Duties: Ensuring a safe and healthy work environment and implementation of work standards, setting deadlines, and monitoring the specialist’s performance.   * Title of Immediate Supervisor: Head of the medical records department.   * Job Description: Full-time job in the medical health records department. Job-Specific Duties and Responsibilities: Creation of a new medical records software; develo
Introduction The Central Intelligence Agency emerged during the reign of President Harry Truman in 1947. Truman signed the National Security Act (NSA) which led to the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency amongst other entities. This replaced the existing Central Intelligence Group (CIG) formed by the State’s Secretary in conjunction with secretaries of war and navy in 1946 under Truman’s orders. By replacing CIG, the CIA absorbed most of the components like the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE). The functions of ORE were diverse; creation of the national, economic, scientific, and technical intelligence, and coordination of the national estimates. The CIA introduction faced much hostility particularly from the military who considered that it is a tremendous threat and competitors for their operations and resources, respectively (Richelson, p. 40). This paper examines the CIA evolution and development including descriptions of how the organization could have been more effective. CIA Evolution and Development The evolution of the CIA did not take place haphazardly. Likewise, others systems such as the National Security Council, CIA development is understood based on three interrelated dimensions. These are the initial design, political actors influence and the exogenous events. The structural laws contained in the 1947 National Security Act removed of the development options at the expense of others. In addition, the political influence of the president, bureaucrats as well as the policy makers helped in narrowing further these possibilities. Furthermore, the events acted as a reinforcement which entrenched the whole agency alongside the route. All together, these dimensions ensured that the concealed capabilities of CIA prospered while the coordination capabilities lapsed (Richelson, p. 39). Internal Design CIA development emerged from the schizophrenic design. The CIA provisions in the NSA provided the foundation upon which the agency evolved. With these provisions, the covert activities developed as the coordination capability and functionality diminished. This prevailed as the NSA concealed the whereabouts of the covert activities. Interestingly, this was boosted by additional of two other vital provisions by the NSA. To begin with, the act empowered CIA to take control of common activities that are of concern since the NSC worked more in centralized, manner. Next, and most important, the act authorized it as a new agency mandated with power to perform functions and duties about intelligence touching national security as NSC would recommend from time to time (Richelson, p. 48). Political Actors Influence The original CIA’s design ensured ease in creating of covert capabilities but experienced hardships in centralizing the intelligence analysis. In this respect, the political actors influence changed this into reality.
Starbucks As a corporation, Starbucks offers a potent appeal for any would be employees as well as a rich organizational culture. This organizational culture maintains values which get to each area of the corporation and covers areas far from its peripheries to the societies too. Looking at the organizational culture at Starbucks shows just how successful and desirable this type of cultural framework can really be. A Suggestion of the Key Elements of Organizational Culture At Starbucks Appeal Most of the business concepts in use at the corporation as well as its key attributes are considered quite appealing. To begin with, Starbucks has grown to be a renowned global player. This is a feat which has been attained through a properly planned product which depends upon its quality as well as special marketing tactics. Clients can always be sure of contacting vibrant employees who are pleased to serve anyone and fixed at the desires of the clients. Workers at the corporation are trained well. They possess sufficient knowledge about all the products sold as well. Great effort is accorded to quality management at the corporation. This is easily noticed by any person who interacts with the corporation. They struggle to offer a superior product and as is evident by their great achievements, not many of the patrons get out of the store dissatisfied. It is obvious that the values and mission statements which have been posited by the corporation indeed have an impact in developing a very strong cultural conduct. Values Most of the values practiced at Starbucks within their business model are mutually shared between clients and assimilated by other firms that closely study them. Starbucks enjoys the support and commitment from the immediate community. This remains an outstanding value. Starbucks is known to support several community projects and groupings. Conservation International, Save the Children, and Mercy Corps are among the many community organizations that Starbucks supports (Starbucks Corporation, 2008). Such values have developed a certain level of standard and convey messages which suggest profitable organizations have a mandate to the societies which prop their companies and to the requirements affecting the immediate environment as well as the world. Starbucks understands that in its principles, there is an importance of incorporating diversity. Positive reinforcement at the workplace for everyone is also important and respect is the main goal. Consumer satisfaction also remains the top goal for the corporation. Strength of the Organizational Culture The corporation has been able to develop a culture well known to everybody. Its good relations with suppliers, societie
Background of the Case Companies find themselves in a dilemma whenever they wish to outsource some of their services. They have to determine whether the move will be a benefit or counterproductive to them. The case study involves a company, namely Schaeffer Corporation, which has to decide on whether it should outsource information technology (IT) services. Schaeffer Corporation is a manufacturing company that has diverse product lines developed by its Colbert, Kinzer, and Reitzel divisions. Fredrick Scaeffer founded the Vilonia-based company in 1877. It has expanded its operations in North America, South America, and in ten European countries. Although Schaeffer has consistently made profits in the past and that the management has been satisfied with its profits and slow growth, the new blood of board members envisions higher growth. This growth is calculated to be delivered through the Reitzel division of Schaeffer Corporation, owing to its widespread operations, dynamic market, sales, and profitability. For Schaeffer Corporation, the division is projected to generate 10% growth per annum in revenue and 15% growth in profits for the following five years. Since this division is seen as the growth engine of the corporation, its management plans to achieve this goal through expansion into new geographical markets outside the US, acquisition of new companies, and diversification of its product lines. However, for this growth to be achieved, the human resource manager feels that there is the need for the corporation to outsource IT services since the current resource cannot match the anticipated growth. Although IT services have been centralized from divisional to corporate level and that they are efficient enough in the current standards, they cannot manage the high-anticipated growth of the corporation. The controversy lies on whether or not to outsource IT services as recommended by the human resource manager or to outsource IT services only for the Reitzel division. Although the human resource manager’s (Mr. Moreno) proposal was found to have merit by the corporate IT vice president, the larger management maintained a skeptic appeal to the report. Since the corporation has had a history of conservativeness, a taskforce that included Moreno was appointed to look into whether or not the corporation should outsource IT services. Since the taskforce had little knowledge on outsourcing, it engaged the services of a consultant who assigned it the duty to evaluate its IT position before outsourcing. Ramachandran and Gopal (2010) affirm that research on the existing systems guides IT experts in offering solutions. After the evaluation and scrutiny by the consultant, the consultant made recommendations on the firm from which the company could outsource. Two firms, namely ABC and DEF Corporations, delivered the proposals. After the evaluation, ABC won the preference. However, after going through the proposal, several managers began to develop and to voice contradictory opinions for and against outsourcing. Outsourcing Schaeffer Although Schae