ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Code of ethics and moral values are integral components of criminal justice system and both lawyers and their clients have to comply with these components for justice to prevail in courtrooms. The basic legal ethics call for lawyers to prioritize the interests of their clients as they guide and consult over legal issues. Since clients are independent, the legal ethics guard them against unfair treatment or representation by their lawyers. Therefore, in legal ethics, lawyer-client relationship is fundamental in administration of justice by the criminal justice system. Banks asserts that, “the progress of lawyer’s work should be evaluated at regular intervals in the context of the lawyer’s aims and interests, and relationship should be client-centered, involving shared decision-making responsibility and the mutual participation of both lawyer and the client” (2004, p.81). In essence, the lawyer should always advocate for the interests of the client. Given that the interests of the client take precedence, it is utterly unethical for a lawyer to reveal his/her client’s confidential information for monetary gain. It is legally unethical for a lawyer to reveal confidential information relating to a client. In view of this, there is a case scenario where a lawyer with immense experience of over twenty years in law revealed confidential information of client to the media to get monetary gain. According to legal ethics, lawyer has ethical duty of ensuring that client’s information is confidential and thus should always advocate for the interests of the client. Banks argues that, keeping client’s information confidential “is a fundamental ethical duty imposed on lawyers … breach of this would run afoul of other principles such as acting in the client’s best interests and not personally benefitting from the information given by the client” (2004, p.82). Therefore, the lawyer went against ethic’s fundamental principle of acting in the best interest of the client and further revealed client’s information for personal interests. In this case, the lawyer is liable to prosecution for breaching legal code of ethics. Moreover, given the experience of over twenty years in practicing law, it means that the lawyer deliberately breached the code of ethics, the experience and clear ethical stipulations notwithstanding. It further means that the lawyer did not want to act in the best interest of the client because revelation of confidential information is an insult to the client. The lawyer pursued selfish interests over ethical requirements of duty, implying that the act was quite unethical and unprofessional. Banks further argues that, “disclosure is permitted to the extent necessary to prevent a client from committing a criminal act that the lawyer reasonably believes is likely to result in imminent death or substantial bodily harm” (2004, p.83). In this case scenario, the client did no
The cultures of America and Lithuania have been shaped over many years, combining languages, religion, eating habits, and much more. There are fewer immigrants in Lithuania, therefore, more cultural variations can be found in the US. In America, the English language is predominantly used for communication, while Lithuanian is used in Lithuania. In both cultures, there are also many other differences that researchers noticed when comparing. Americans are more open, while Lithuanians tend to be distant and unemotional. Americans believe that politeness and creative reactions are one of the prevailing factors for successful communication, while in Lithuania it is less important (Jakucionyte, 2020). Values in the US are often passed down from parents to children and depend on the religion the family adheres to. A few common factors are altruism and mutual assistance, as well as the desire for fulfillment in the profession (Smith et al., 2021). In Lithuania, the value of the family as an integral part of life is expressed. In Lithuania, the generally accepted religion is Christianity, while in America there are various preferences, but the predominant group is Protestants. At the same time, the population of Lithuania is in general less religious (Jakucionyte, 2020). While restaurant fast food is best known in the US, homemade food is popular in Lithuania (Pranskuniene et al., 2018). Americans use words of gratitude and apology in everyday life, while in Lithuania this happens less often (Jakucionyte, 2020). In Lithuania, aesthetic preferences are more noticeable in the historical style, while in the USA the modern one is more common. In conclusion, the comparison shows that the culture of these two countries is very different from each other. At the moment, it is believed that Americans are very hospitable and generous, they try to be thankful even with unfamiliar people. At the same time, in Lithuania, many people themselves admit that they lack politeness. The countries highlight different values, religions, and are representations of significantly different cultural groups. Reference Jakucionyte, V. (2020). Cross-cultural communication: Creativity and politeness strategies across cultures. A comparison of Lithuanian and American cultures. Creativity Studies , 13 (1), 164-178. Web. Pranskuniene, Z., Dauliute, R., Pranskunas, A., & Bernatoniene, J. (2018). Ethnopharmaceutical knowledge in Samogitia region of Li
Introduction Communication climate is a phrase that is used to mean the “social tone of a relationship,” (Johnson & Phillips 2003, p. 190). It does not entail to a great degree the types of activities that people get involved in but rather the kind of feelings they have towards each other as they execute activities together. Communication climate exists in all interpersonal relationships whether at home, social gatherings or in the workplace. Communication climate can either be positive or negative. Positive Communication Climate A positive communication climate is one that communicates confirming messages (Ander & Rodman 1999). Confirming messages are messages that show the message recipient that he or she is important and valued by the message sender. There are three levels of confirming messages namely: endorsement, acknowledgment and recognition. Recognition Recognition is the most basic form of confirming messages (Conville 1991). It refers to the act of being aware of other people. Although it is the easiest way of confirming others, it does not imply that it is always done. Recognition entails acts such as returning calls, replying to a text message or email sent by someone else, waving to a neighbor, smiling at a loved one, maintaining eye contact with a familiar person and visiting others. While such acts are simple to perform, many times people avoid them. For instance, it is common to turn the other way when one sees a former classmate approaching, pretending not to see a neighbor while parking your car in the neighborhood, going about your duties when your husband arrives home from work rather than meeting him at the door with a smile and a hug, and avoiding eye contact with a boss at the workplace. All these acts of failing to recognize others may be done either intentionally or unintentionally. However, if the recipients of the message have the perception that the message senders are avoiding him, the message would become disconfirming to them (Goodall & Goodall 2002). Acknowledgment Acknowledgment is a stronger form of confirming messages. It entails not only recognition of others but also going a step further and listening to them, interpreting what they say, asking them questions, and infrequently giving them advice when required or appropriate. Acknowledgment of others shows that we have a genuine interest in them. Listening is the most common form of acknowledging others. Listening entails paying in-depth attention to what others are saying without interrupting them (Johnson & Phillips 2003). It involves understanding both what they verbally say and what they do not verbally say; that is, reading between the lines. It also entails understanding their feelings about the issue at hand. Acknowledgment at home can be shown by a h
Introduction Balanced literacy is a cluster of instructional literacy procedures, which include techniques for teaching individuals, small groups, and the entire class depending on interest and need. For this paper, we shall define balanced literacy as follows. “ Balanced Literacy stresses the essential dimensions of reading through explicit teaching of phonics, phonemic awareness, fluency and expressiveness, vocabulary, and comprehension. Daily read-aloud, writing and reading workshops and systematic word study instruction are key aspects of the approach. Teachers express the practices and strategies of effectual reading and writing through different structures ” (New York City Department of Education, 2011, n.p.). This definition includes the use of instruction in learning words as well as reading and writing. Both the writer and the reader use words. Therefore, an efficient balanced literacy program should include understanding of phonetics, morphology and semantics. Besides, the definition recognizes the teacher’s role in transmitting knowledge and skills to the learners so they can be independent. The history of balanced literacy traces back to the days of picture writing. Prior to the invention of letters, picture writing was rampant (Cheesman, McGuire, Shankweiler, & Coyne, 2009). Picture writing involved the use of symbols to represent words. After the invention of the alphabets, reading became less difficult. Beginners had to learn just 26 letters and their sounds unlike in the past where they had to learn many symbols in picture writing. Later, in 1950’s, educators decided to introduce a new method called look-say. Look-say method involved guessing words by their shapes, first letters and context. The method ignored the use of 26 methods and their sounds (Cheesman et al., 2009). Besides, look-say method failed to recognize that learners had limited memory capacity and that they could only maintain a few amount of words in their memory. Apparently, several children discovered how to read out words individually while others did not. In the 1980’s, look-say evolved into another method called language experience. Language experience then evolved to psycholinguistics and later to whole language. From whole language, the method evolved to balanced literacy. Balanced literacy is the modern day practice that uses instruction in learning words, reading and writing with the intention of helping learners to understand phonetics, morphology and semantics (Brown & Fisher, 2006). Listening The first recognized strategy that teachers use to help learners become better listeners is reading aloud. All balanced literacy programs have a room for listening to literature (Cheesman et al., 2009). Through listening, the learner can tell when a sound does not sound correct. Besides, listening to literature increases a learner’s vocabulary. During reading, learners display listening comprehension. Learners can also make conclusions about characters and plots as t
Introduction This possibility stems from the finding that the main reason that white women now work closer to home than men is their greater responsibility for child care and domestic work (Hooks 65). The freedom to work farther from home is likely to change the work women carry out and may contribute further to eroding the gender divisions of labor. Clearly, we need to know more about who telecommutes within the household and how that affects the distribution and location of paid and unpaid work. Question Will male presence at home and women’s reduced involvement in housework lead to women working farther away from home? In sum, clearly, we see geography at the heart of the reasons why Information Technology might be a stimulus for change in the gender divisions of labor. The shifts of paid work away from fixed work locations into the home, along with the advent of the Internet, potentially have implications also for the role of networks in shaping work and communities (Hooks102). Information Technology, Networks, and Community In our study of gender and work in Worcester, Massachusetts, Gerry Pratt and I have documented how the place-based and rendered personal contacts and social networks of employers, employees, and potential employees shape highly localized, distinctive, and gendered labor markets. They have also shown how these local labor market practices are interwoven into the fabric of the community (Hooks 86). Social Capital At the same time that many people are gleefully announcing the advent of a location-free existence in cyberspace, others are busy demonstrating the importance of social capital, which is, or at least has been, deeply place dependent. Robert Putnam sees social capital as referring to “features of social organization such as networks, norms, and trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit” (Aronson and Kimmel, 215). In her definition, Patricia emphasizes the importance of the group by noting that social capital “resides in the relations between members, not in individuals who compose it” (Aronson and Kimmel 216). Conclusion Social capital emerges from repeated social exchanges that are usually—and necessarily—face to face, exchanges infused with the expectation of ongoing interaction. Social capital requires, then, a certain level of residential rootedness in real places in order to develop; the nature of a person’s social capital depends to a large extent on geographic and social location. Works Cited Aronson, Amy and Michael, Kimmel. The Gendered Society Reader. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. Hooks, Bell. Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. Brooklyn, New York: South End Press, 2000. Print.
The American Revolutionary War started with the conflict between the colonies and Great Britain over compromises that the British were unwilling to make. At that time no one would expect that the American colonies would end this conflict as an independent nation with a centralized government. There are several key factors that determined the success of the American colonists in the Revolutionary War. Undoubtedly, James Madison is the first factor. Oakes et al. stress that he understood the importance of the concepts of liberty and order for the Americans and was able to develop a system that was based on these concepts and the principle of consent: “He became a leader in the Nation that he helped create and whose Constitution he helped write” (184). After the first battles, which began in 1775 on the advice of Thomas Gage to “isolate the colonial Revolutionary elite” (Oakes et al. 185), the Americans realized the need for national consolidation at all levels. Thus, according to Oakes et al., to fight the British “despotism” (187), to “defend their liberties” (188), and to create their own “permanent national government” (189), in the following years the Americans adopted the Declaration of Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms, the Declaration of Independence, and the Articles of Confederation. These documents, as well as Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, inspired the Americans with national unity. Although the consolidation of Americans under strong leadership was important for the revolution, one cannot deny the fact that Great Britain’s strategic mistakes favored the success of the American colonists. The British strategy was based on their confidence in their military forces and the loyalty of most of the Americans to the Crown. The British wanted to isolate the northern states but failed. Then they turned to the South, choosing to use the slaves against their masters. World Turned Upside Down reports that the British issued two proclamations “offering protection to slaves who ran away from their masters,” but this did not help the Empire to turn the course of the revolution significantly. Oakes et al. state that the confidence in the Americans’ loyalty was “a flawed premise about how to win the war” (190) because only one-fifth of them remained loyal, with all the rest being disappointed with Great Britain’s actions. One more factor that allowed the Americans to fight the British Empire was the help of a foreign power. France entered the war and loaned the Americans almost $8 million in aid. Previously, France had lost to Great Britain in the French-Indian War. N.A.M. Rodger, in Oh Fatal Ambition, explains that the French “felt that they had lost their honor” and had “intense, bitter yearning for revenge”; that was the motivation for France’s decision to support the American rebels. With the support of the French, the American leaders
Abstract The purpose of this study is to discover the composite action of bondek slabs by studying laboratory experiments on the behavior of composite material under the action of different forces. The results are used to perform deflection calculations which provide analytical results that have short term and long-term implications on the design and behavior of composite materials, used to construct structural components and systems. The study investigates the behavior of composite materials at the points of interaction with the composite materials to understand the effect caused by the forces of shear stress, shear strain, flexural failure, and other forces that act on structural systems. That is in addition to the study of the thermal effects on the mechanical, frictional, and chemical behavior of composite materials. The finite element method, PSC, and FRP methods are used to compare experimental, theoretical, and industry standard values to determine the most appropriate design factors for composite slabs. The values must be compliant with the Australian codes and standards and those of other countries that have been deemed suitable for designing composite slabs. Notations   * Es = the steel sheet modulus of elasticity   * Ey = the vertical spring’s stiffness in the finite element model   * F1 = defection caused by the rotation of the concrete block   * F2 = deflection caused by the bending sheeting   * F c,cub = deflection measurement at the center of the specimen   * I s = the movement of inertial due to the steel sheet   * L s = the length of the steel span   * M s = moment due to the steel sheet   * P mea = external load used in the test   * P c = the load’s calculated value   * T = tension caused by the   * T flow = the shear flow that is normalized according to line of indentation   * Z = the level arm Introduction A composite bondek slab is made of cold profiled steel sheeting or steel deck and ordinary structural concrete. According to Abdullah and Easterling (2003, p.34), Abdullah and Easterling (2007, p.5) and other different authors, composite slabs are characterized by the existence of a bonding action at the interface of the composite materials that is produced by the action of mechanical int
This paper is aimed at discussing three paintings that represent such periods in the history of art as Romanticism, the Baroque and the Renaissance. It is possible to focus on such artworks as the Wanderer above the Sea of Fog by Caspar Friedrich, The Taking of Christ by Caravaggio, and Raphael’s The School of Athens. These painting have been chosen because they illustrate the main themes and techniques used by artists who represent cultural epochs. These are the main questions that should be discussed more closely. In his painting Wanderer above the Sea of Fog 1 , Caspar Friedrich depicts a man who stands among the ridges and looks at the fog-covered mountains. The face of this man is hidden from the viewers and it is possible only to see his hair flow in the wind. The person looks at the landscape, and one can discern the trees on the top of some ridges. However, the overall impression is that the entire landscape is filled with fog. This painting has been chosen because Caspar Friedrich to depict a typical Romantic or even Byronic character who does not seeks exile or solitude. Such a person pays more attention to nature, rather than social relations. It seems that Caspar Friedrich gives an excellent portrayal of such an individual. This is why this artwork can be regarded as a good example of Romantic painting. Secondly, one should look at such a painting The Taking of Christ 2 by Caravaggio who is viewed as one of the most prominent representatives of the Baroque art. This painting depicts Jesus who is captured by Roman soldiers. Moreover, one can see two of Jesus’ pupils, namely John and Judas. Caravaggio focuses on Jesus’ reaction to the arrival of soldiers. He seems to be impervious to the threat of arrest. In contrast, John attempts to flee. This painting represents some of the main techniques used by Baroque artists. Much attention should be paid to the sharp contrast between dark and light. This technique is known as chiaroscuro. Furthermore, Caravaggio paints a very dark background, and one cannot tell where the action takes place. Overall, Baroque painters also adopt this approach. Finally, one should mention religious theme play an important role for many Baroque painters or sculptors. These are the main characteristics that can be distinguished. Finally, one should focus on the famous fresco The School of Athens 3 created by Raphael. The author depicts the most important Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Aristotle, or Plato. The characters are located in a building that resembles the classical examples of Roman and Greek architecture. It should be kept in mind that in this fresco, Raphael depict
Introduction “The Dead” is a short story that was written by an Irish novelist James Joyce. It is a part of a collection named “Dubliners”. The author is best known for his use of dramatically different literary styles and narratives. This piece is an excellent example of usage of such techniques. Analysis The novelist makes sure that the theme of death is present throughout the whole piece. The descriptions of objects and dialogues are used to create the feeling of darkness and uneasiness. The colors also play a significant role, and they enhance the overall atmosphere of the story. It can be said that an absolute meaning and deepness are present in every line of this piece (Maher par. 5). The author explains the lives of the characters, and it becomes evident that there is some similarity between them. Their actions and behavior can only be described as unenthusiastic. It seems like they are stuck in a particular state, and there is no way out. They do not see another choice but to continue on with their lives without attempting to make any changes (Ostrander 61). All of them lack motivation, and it can be said that they are actually frozen. They are in a state that precedes death because they are not able to achieve happiness. It is paramount to address the fact that this collection was written during an extremely stressful period in the life of the author, and it has reflected in the content (Rendall 269). The way the author moves from another perspective to another is truly astounding. It creates an incredible effect and allows the story to flow very smoothly. Joyce wanted to recreate the feeling of the parties that were popular at that time. Certain events take place in different rooms, but everyone who is present will most likely know what has happened and will discuss it with each other. The novelist moves the story forward by describing corridors and movements of characters. Joyce also uses music as a way for a reader to get a better understanding of the setting and overall mood of the story. One could listen to some of the songs during the reading to comprehend the picture that is being painted b