ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
No one can deny the fact that food is the most crucial aspect of our life, and no culture, social and economic desire could be realized without our relation and identification with food. We eat food to satisfy our physical and emotional needs but there is more to it. At the crux of every of our social and culture activity, it is a food that makes us identifiable to the rest of the world and associated with the people whom we matter the most. During the time of feasting, we develop close intimate relationship with the others. Good food gives us ecstatic feeling and a feeling of fulfillment. There is no debate or controversy by anthropologists on the fact that food is a symbol of culture and identity and is a mirror of much of our activities and the relationships developed with the organizations. It is also the most important part of the economic activity especially among the economies based on the agriculture. Food also constitutes an important component in many religious rituals among many religions across the world and satiates our spiritual needs. Though anthropologists agree about the food as a national and religious symbol yet they differentiate on the degree of this relationship. For the cultural materialists, human beings preference for food is their natural responses to the materialistic conditions surrounding them, while for cultural idealists, their preferences for food are their own personal beliefs without any logic behind it. Both these theories are complete in themselves and explain the exact unbound relationship between the culture and food. Cultural idealists suggest that difference in the preferences of food by human beings is the result of the differences in their culture. Eating behavior adopted by the people is a part of their cultural code and expresses our relation and our unique cultural identity towards the rest of the world. Besides, cultural idealists give three explanations for the variation of the food behavior: one as the food culture as a resul
The Photo League and the FSA The Photo League was initiated as a radical Film and Photo league whereby its main artistic focus was of an aesthetic character and without much relevance to politics. The Film and Photo league collapsed due to a conflict concerning the integration of political influence into their art also due to the fact that it failed to cover the violent west coast strikes of 1934. The disagreement regarding the focus of the Film and Photo league served as the basis for the emergence of The Photo League in 1936 (Raeburn 52). The Photo League was founded by Sol Libsohn and Sid Grossman, and its main purpose was to uncovering people’s relationships and interactions, depict various institutions, buildings, and social activities and emphasize the social and political struggles. The works of the Photo League artists did not require any verbal explanation for the viewers to understand the story behind them. It is important to indicate that many individuals of that period suffered from high levels of unemployment and poverty during the depression era. The gap between the rich and the poor increased. This way, the photographers served as trustworthy educators and attention raisers, revealing the hidden and unknown sides of the social and political reality. The Photo League expanded rapidly to become an institution for teaching photography. The students there were taught basics in photography, but mainly they were encouraged to go to the streets with their cameras and take real-time photographs (Hulu). Later, many renowned successful photographers joined the League; among them was Eliot Elisofon, the photographer with a common perception of the camera as a visual expression unit. As a result, classic photography was achieved, which portrayed the state in which citizens were living in and how laborers were exploited. Child labour is also portrayed and how residents lived in congested neighbour hoods (Raeburn 92). Although the main picture was the dire living conditions that citizens suffered from the depression era, evidence of industrialization and diversity are also present.
Giuseppe Tartini (1692-1770) was a violin composer and expert who instituted a violin school in Padua. 1 He was one of the grand composers, violinists and theorists of the 18 th century as well as a contemporary of Pietro Antonio Locatelli. His contemporaries evidently considered him the leading performer in Italy. He was further a great violin teacher and one of Corelli’s pupils. This paper discusses Giuseppe Tartini and his violin sonata “Devils Trill.” Background of Giuseppe Tartini Giuseppe Tartini was born in the city of Piran in contemporary Slovenia on April 1962. 2 His family was among the oldest aristocratic families in the region. Tartini was introduced to basic music education at an early age. After getting his basic learning from priests at Capodistria he studied law at Padua University. 3 In 1710, his covert marriage to Elisabetta made him to acquire the wrath of the Bishop of Padua, impelling him to hide. 4 By 1714, he was working in the opera orchestra at Ancona. 5 A year later, he reconciled with his spouse and they moved to Padua. In 1716, he heard Veracini play in Padua and found himself lost in the world of virtuoso’s violin. As result, he secluded himself as he practiced to make his performance perfect. 6 In 1720, he became the “primo violin ecapo di concerto” at St. Antonio upon returning in Padua. He held this position until in 1765. Starting from 1723, Tartini worked at Prague before going to Padua. 7 Between 1720 and 1740, Tartini took pleasure in his work prior to the Bergamo accident where he was seriously hurt. In 1727 and 1728, he established his violin school whereby he taught how to play the sonata. 8 His students included Nardini, J.G. Naumann, Panganelli, J.G. Graun and Pagin. Tartini’s Treatise came into public after his death, although it is likely that he had begun the work earlier than 1756. 9 Tartini documented his findings when handling sonatas in the Treatise. 10 He used terzo suono as his hypothetical system. Allegedly, he had discovered it earlier on. 11 His compositions include a few sacred vocal pieces that were printed in the last year of his life, 125 violin concertos, concertos for other instruments, several trio sonatas and 175 violin sonatas, including the “Devil’s Trill.” The actual dates of this composition are unknown, although the work could not have been composed after 1750, since Leopold Mozart quotes the whole of the first “devil’s trill” in his Violinsc hule of 1756 as an illustration of an accompanied trill. 12 Similar to most composers who lived during the middle years, Tartini was a man of compelling character and obsessive artistry. As a teacher, he introduced several impulses in the creative empire. Tartini took the violin into a heroic phase. Though recognized deeply for the great and technically demanding “Devils Trill,” sonata (unpublished during his lifetime) Tartini developed a highly communicative method of playing, noted for its cantable style, sensitive ornamentation and a particular pre-Romantic pathos (mirrored in the poetic mottoes at the start of most of his works). These were traits inherited and embellished by his beloved learner, Pietro Nardini (17
Introduction The Umayyad Empire existed between 661 AD and 750 AD. It was the first Islamic dynasty. The Umayyads first rose to power through the third Caliph after Prophet Muhammad’s death (Johnson 34). The third Caliph was known as Uthmann ibn Affan. Uthmann’s assassination led to the outbreak of the first Muslims’ civil war known as the Fitna (Agha 45). Muawiya, who was the governor of Syria, emerged victorious in the Fitna. He proceeded to establish the Umayyad Empire. It was one of the most powerful and stable Islamic empires. A number of Muslims considered the Umayyads’ regime controversial because they lacked a direct relation with Prophet Muhammad. This paper discusses the rise, growth and fall of the Umayyad Empire. Founder of the Umayyad Empire The Umayyad Empire was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan. He was born in Mecca. His parents were known as Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Hind bint Utbah (Hawting 45). They were members of the Banu Abd-Shams sub-clan (Hawting 56). The Banu Abd-Shams was the most influential clan in Mecca. Both Muawiya and Prophet Muhammad were descendants of Abdu Manaf bin Qusay (Hawting 60-61). Abdu Manaf bin Qusay had four sons called Hashim, Muttalib, Nawfal and Abdu Shams (Johnson 73). Muhammad was the grandchild of Hashim. On the other hand, Muawiya was Abdu Shams’ grandson. Muawiya and his clan’s men were opposed to the spread of Islam in Mecca. The Abdu Shams opposed Islam because “they were threatened by the radical changes brought about by Islam” (Johnson 54). In 630 AD, Muhammad managed to conquer Mecca with the assistance of his followers. As a result, a good number of Mecca residents including the Abdu Shams clan, were converted to Islam. The new converts surrendered officially to Muhammad. Therefore, the conquest of Mecca led to the conversion of Muawiya to Islam. After the conquest of Mecca, Muhammad appointed a good number of his officials from the Quraysh tribe. “During Muhammad’s regime, Muawiya served as a scribe” (Johnson, 66). Later on, Muawiya joined his eldest brother, who was known as Yazid to conquer Syria. In 640 AD, Muawiya succeeded Yazid as the governor of Syria. As a governor, he earned great respect from his soldiers due to the successful conquests against neighbouring empires. Muawiya became more powerful when his uncle, who was known as Uthman became the Caliph. Ali succeeded Uthman as the fourth Caliph. However, Muawiya was opposed to Ali’s rise to the Caliphate position. This led to a conflict between Ali and Muawiya. “The conflict culminated to the first Muslim civil war known as the Fitna” (Berkey 78). Eventually, Ali was assassinated, and Muawiya succeeded him as the new Caliph. The Growth of the Umayyad Empire When Muawiya became the Caliph, he created a strong centralized government (Berkey 77-78). Additionally, he embarked on a massive expansion of the Islamic empire. Within a period of one hundred years, the Umayyads had expanded their empire into Asia, Africa and Europe (Hawting 56). The Umayyads also extended the empire’s eastern boundary into Persia (Hawt
Our group of three was working to design and fabricate devices that will be used to protect the forearm between two joints. This is the area between the elbow and wrist joints. The orthotic aim of this device is to protect the forearm post-fracture. Thus, it would be specifically designed for post-fracture protection. The device will cover two important bones of the forearm, namely, the radius and the ulna. The primary purpose of the device is protected and the secondary purpose of the device is to prevent any kind of movement in those two bones mentioned earlier. There is a need to stabilize both the radius and ulna because the sudden movement of the fractured area will cause pain. The project was started with the measurement of the area: below elbow joint and the above wrist joint. After that, the team measured the largest circumference of the forearm. The next step is casting and modifying. Three casts were made and then the best two were selected. There were only minimal modifications. For instance, there is a need to relieve bony prominences and also we need to have a medium load on areas with softer tissues. The next step was to fabricate. The foam liner was the first part that was created. And after that, the outer shell was fabricated using vacuum bag lamination. The final step of the process was finishing and fitting. The device was tested on the patient. It was fitted and the team did not only consider how comfortable the device was but there was also a need to find out if the straps work fine. We attached straps at the proximal and distal ends of the device. This project is an attempt to create a highly functional device that will not sacrifice comfort. The most important goal is to create a mechanism that will prevent the radius and ulna from moving. It is not only about the pain but also the need to prevent unnecessary movement so that proper healing of the fractured bone can commence. This is an important project for the team because it gave us the ability not only to the created device that will aid in the treatment of a broken bone but also to learn the intricacies of modification and interaction with the patient to design, develop, modify, and fit a device. This is a good starting point for tackling more complex problems later on. Without a doubt life with only one hand i
The affordability of housing especially by low income people is an issue that has received great attention in the recent past. High housing prices may at times expose an individual or a family to a chance of homelessness especially when their earnings are not enough to cater for both housing and other basic requirements. In the United States, individuals whose incomes are constant cannot afford to pay for the rising housing costs. Therefore, persons looking for affordable housing are faced with barriers that more often turn out to be insurmountable. As a result of this, low-income people experience unequal and unfair access to affordable housing. Moreover, the complexity of different housing policies makes it almost impossible to get affordable housing (LaBella & Waggener).This essay looks at barriers of affordable housing for people on low incomes. Affordable housing has been measured by the ratio of house incomes to the price of available housing. For more than a hundred years, it has been an advocated measure for housing affordability that families should spend less than one-quarter of their earnings for housing disbursals. Many economists such as Ernest Engel in Norris and Decland (2008) have been wary concerning the issue of affordability. Engel has projected an economic law which states that the ratio of a family’s earnings used for housing is fixed irrespective of the earnings of the household. This law focuses on food as the most important expenditure in a household. Of importance, food prices would shift based on the size and age of the members of a household and the power to provide for oneself. This ratio could be employed in the making of decisions for reducing risks in leasing a house or giving mortgage to a particular household (Norris & Redmond 2007). The difficulty of the housing process has created many barriers to access for low income applicants. Furthermore, the costs involved in the operation and maintenance of homes have some effects on the affordability of housing for the low-income persons. Utility costs such as those of natural gas and heating fuels have gone up, thus, these fluctuations affect the affordability of housing (Franko 2009). The local government policies that raise the costs of construction and place restrictions on the provision of housing are another major reason for the lack of affordable housing for the poor. Impositions of fees as well as inclusionary zoning are especially pricey. If the government was to cut down these prices,
Home run is a unique company focused on offering a range of services relating to the home. They range from doing shopping, helping families relocate, paying bills on behalf of clients, temporarily handling children when their parents are not available and any other related tasks requested by clients. It was formed on the simple understanding that in the modern day, adults are finding less and less time to take care of personal errands and at the same time to spend with their close relatives. By doing shopping on behalf of parents, children can enjoy more time with their parents. Again, taking charge of relocation both at home and at the office frees up time for the client to take care of other matters, which may be urgent, or of even bigger importance. Still picking up a visiting friend or family member from the airport on behalf of the client is a better and more hospitable option than asking them to take a taxi. The market is very receptive to the ideas put across by the business. Of great importance is the fact that the sales team focuses on growing the client base while the rest of the departments ensure that services are offered in the best way possible so as to gain customer loyalty As can be seen, the services offered by the business involve a great deal of interaction with clients. The most important value in the business is integrity. Anytime a client asks that a specific task be handled in a specific way, the instructions given have to be followed to the letter. Minimum or no deviations at all are entertained. The greatest asset is customer satisfaction. In this regard, the mission statement is developed to capture the delicate but potentially fulfilling tasks handled by the firm. The mission statement is “to offer the best configured personalized domestic services in the US”. Best configuration refers to the fact that the company ensures all the different elements requiring consideration are carefully considered and taken care of before executing the task. The main aim is to offer services as smoothly as possible. Due to the relative absence of businesses offering the wide range of services as home run, the vision statement not only focuses on growth prospects in terms of the number of services but also the geographic element of expansion. The vision statement thus reads, “To be the leading and most trusted home services provider in the US”. The basic values adopted by the firm are integrity, civility and excellence. Both the vision and the mission statements are crafted bearing in mind the intention to expand and cover the entire America and the urge to become the leader in offering the services. These are core to the strategic direction to be taken by the firm. However, other guiding principles have been incorporated to take care of the heavy ethical, social and cultural considerations associated with the service provision. The words “most trusted” in the vision statement is very heavy and intended to pass a very important message about the operations of the firm. A busy professional who may not have the time
Introduction Sociologists define deviance as the violation of social norms (Henslin, 2012). Societies uphold social standards or cultural values (behaviors) known as social norms. Those norms vary from one society to another. This implies that deviant behavior in one society may be considered normal in another society. Therefore, when individuals choose to go against or stray from social norms, they are said to have committed deviance. Such individuals are referred to as deviants. For example, rejecting to follow traditions, religious beliefs, or formal rules result in deviance. According to Henslin (2012), people associate deviance with crime and criminals, which is not necessarily true. This is so because the deviant might be right while the society is wrong. For example, Galileo, the renowned scientist, claimed that the earth revolved around the sun and not the other way round. This principle contradicted the teachings of the Catholic Church. As a result, he was considered a deviant, and the Roman Catholic Church forced him to denounce his beliefs to avoid torture. Later, it was discovered that his claim was indeed right. In addition, Jesus, the Christ, claimed that he was the Son of God. Moreover, he claimed equality of God which puzzled the Jewish religious leaders and the Pharisees of his time. Of course, he was right, but the society of the Pharisees charged him with blasphemy. Last but not least, murder, suicide, and theft can be considered deviant behaviors (Henslin, 2012). Pros and Cons of Deviance Deviance has both positive and negative impacts on society. For instance, it leads to affirmation, adjustment, and reaffirmation of societal norms. This is beneficial in situations where people are fond of breaking cultural values. It also leads to clarification of moral boundaries as individuals exercise social control in defense of their norms. It builds societal unity and encourages social change such as the civil rights movement and civil disobedience (Henslin, 2012). Moreover, deviant actions such as riots cause social reforms, and innovat
Introduction Various scholars have studied leadership concept as a means of seeking to understand leadership better and improve on it. Organisations and teams are mainly interested in exploiting this subject matter because it plays a pivotal role in the attainment of goals and success (Marques, 2007). This paper analyses leadership as a subject matter, exploring on the servant and ethical theory, on the one hand, and the charismatic and transformational leadership theory. In particular, it singles out Abraham Lincoln who was a servant leader and Steve Jobs who was a charismatic leader as examples of leaders in each of the theories respectively. Servant and Ethical Leadership According to this theoretical framework on leadership, the most critical aspect about leadership is providing service to others (Russell, 2001). In other words, any leader is servant to the people he serves and those who follow him. The servant leadership theory revolves around four important principles, which every leader should posses to qualify as a servant leader. Service to others Servant-leadership is only practical when a leader takes up servanthood role as regards his interactions with followers. The heart for helping others gives birth to leaders who are genuine and justifiable. This is in contrast to leaders who are self-centred or leaders who amass power for their benefit. A servant leader, therefore, must derive the motivation to encourage others such that they may envision and feel greatness. While organisation success is an important feature of leadership, it remains to be servant-leadership’s indirect, derived outcome. Holistic approach The main viewpoint of this leadership model, as identified by Greenleaf (1996), is the fact that “work exists for the person as much as the person exists for the work”. In essence, the challenge on organizations is to rethink the whole connection involving the people, organisations, as well as the society, on a broader perspective. As a servant leader, much emphasis should be on encouraging others to become their real selves, both as professionals as personalities. This, in turn, benefits the long-term organisational performance and interests. Upholding sense of community Part of a servant leader’s most important role is to ensure that the sense of community is upheld. This particularly helps in knowledge acquisition and management, which is critical in any leadership scenario. The followers and the leader alike form the community, and maintaining the sense of community makes each of the members to remain jointly liable for the others (Maguire, 2012). Power sharing in decision-making A servant leader cultivates servant-leadership in others. This is done through encouraging followers and their talents, empowering environments, and nurturing participation of the followers. People who are led by servant leaders enjoy the opportunity to share the power that their leader has since a servant leader empowers his followers (Russell, 2001). Servant leadership causes the organizational structure to be inverted, where th