ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract An executive order is a powerful policy aimed at implementing a specific treaty or provision. Such orders are critical because they encourage the American President to address specific issues affecting the people. This paper describes the issues surrounding these executive orders . The paper will also examine the limits of this presidential power. Every American President can use his or her power to issue an executive order. An executive order is relevant because it makes it easier for different government agencies to manage their activities. Such “executive orders have the full force of the American law” (Shear, 2014, p. 2). Such orders can affect the internal affairs of the state. Where the President Gets the Power to Issue an Executive Order The American Constitution does not permit any executive power or order. However, the American Constitution uses the term “executive power” in Article II. This term is used to denote the title of the American President. However, a large number of “executive orders rely on different constitutional arguments” (Snider, 2014, p. 4). For instance, the president might such powers to do something. This practice is necessary because the president has a duty to accomplish several tasks. The president can also use his or her position to promote the welfare of the people (Covington, 2012). Sometimes the president might be removed from office for failing to safeguard the rights of the people. It is acknowledgeable that “many executive orders usually receive some support from the Constitution” (Covington, 2012, p. 5). For instance, some clauses in the Constitution grant the American President some unique powers. This situation encourages the president to support the needs of the people. According to Covington (2012, p. 5), “some executive orders should not be approved by Congress”. This fact explains why the president can use such powers to support certain policies. Such “policies will make it easier for the president to avoid opposition or public debate” (Covington (2012, p. 6). This fact explains why the president can use such orders to direct several activities. An executive order was used “to put many Japanese-Americans in internment camps throughout the Second World War” (Covington, 2012, p. 4). For very many years, executive orders were used as administrative strategies. Such orders have always supported the operat
Introduction Written by Margret Mitchell and first released in 1936, Gone with the Wind is a diachronic and sentimental fiction novel. Mitchell mainly focuses on the lifestyle of rich and gender biases of the indigenous people of Atlanta and Georgia immediately before the Civil War in 1961, through the war, to the Reconstruction epoch that ensued. The author uses the main character Scarlett O’Hara to discuss the negative impacts of war, gender inequality and how to overcome hardships in life. Scarlett gets married when she is sixteen years; unfortunately, two months later her husband dies. However, her character is scandalous, amorous, and aggressive; will she be able to survive the impact of the war and gender discrimination that the society subjects to women? The major points in the story Gender inequality and oppression of women is the norm in Georgia. The character of Scarlett’s mother is submissiveness, timidity and graceful towards her husband. Scarlett’s mother takes care of the farm’s accounts and gives her husband the feedback. This phenomenon underscores the gender roles of the society whereby, the ownership of property is to men while women act as managers of the farms and other family enterprises. The women carry the burden of work while their success and achievement go to their husbands. The role of women is to fulfill the heart desires and be attentive to their husbands’ needs. Similarly, society forbids women from either taking charge of their own lives or owning property. Also, society forbids girls from mingling or playing with boys, and each of the groups has different games. In return, men despise and look down on women as inferior in society; they are selfish and demand ceaseless favors from them. Finally, when the war breaks out, all the young men including the newly married ones go to the war. Ashley leaves his newly married wife, Melanie, while Scarlett moves to Atlanta to live with this departed newlywed. However, Scarlett spends most of her time with old married women and widows. Due to the war, the laws defining gender roles are lax, and no one seems to care about what happens to women. Widows like Scarlett work in hospitals as volunteers where they attend to wounded men, yet the old rules do not allow that. Moreover, Scarlet does not put on a black veil to show that she is a widow and mingles with single men, dancing and partying with them. Therefore, the war gives women a chance to explore their heart desires as nobody concentrates on gen
Organic food Consumers currently have more food ranges in the market than in any era in history. Increased alternatives signify a broad scope of information about existing products. Nevertheless, the labels and details expressing differences in food choices, ingredients, and quality are more confounding than beneficial. The term “organic” is among the confusing expressions floated. Most consumers feel that the products labeled organic are healthier than their non-labeled or non-organic varieties. This is the feeling that manufacturers and marketers have been creating. The organic representation no longer represents food safety information, is false, and does not indicate the value of nutrition or product quality. ‘Organic food’ producers and marketers realized that the products’ high prices would put off consumers unless they established a way of making them fear the cheaper options (Wilson & Lusk, 2020). Apart from flaunting fictional health benefits, marketers have launched campaigns to make consumers believe that conventional food products are harmful. Dietary supplements Dietary supplements form an important topic because many children and adults worldwide continue to take vitamins and other such products in different quantities. Whether vitamins, amino acids, minerals, or enzymes, dietary products may give the body essential nutrients when moderately or suitably consumed. Nonetheless, dietary supplements may be harmful when consumed in large quantities since they cannot wholly replace the variety of nutrients in a healthy diet (Ronis et al., 2018). Although hyped by the media and to a great extent helpful in providing deficient nutrients in the body, one may experience fatal adverse events if an overdose of the supplements is taken or different forms are consumed simultaneously. Everyone needs to understand that some supplements raise the risk of bleeding when taken before a surgical operation or alter the body’s reaction to anesthesia. Reference Wilson, L., & Lusk, J. L. (2020). Consumer willingness to pay for redundant food labels. Food Policy , 97 , 1-10. Web. Ronis, M. J., Pedersen, K. B., & Watt, J. (2018). Adverse effects of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology , 58 , 583-601. Web.
Introduction Whenever people secure jobs, they have an obligation to sign contracts, which are legal documents that ascertain their agreement to the company’s policies. Some employees are lucky enough to secure permanent jobs, where their employers can only fire them if they prove to be incompetent or if they make serious violations. Moreover, the employees who obtain an employment contract are on the safe side, as their employers have no right to dismiss them until the end of the contract. However, cases have occurred where employees sign the employment-at-will documents unknowingly. Hence, this paper will give a stringent analysis of the employment at will doctrine, and evaluate some eight scenarios that occurred in a mid-sized company. Furthermore, the paper will give an outlay of the whistleblower policy that enables employees to voice their pleas at the workplace. Summary of the Employment-At-Will Doctrine The employment at will doctrine describes a principle that guides the relationship between the employer and the employees. According to the doctrine, an employer can dismiss an employee without necessarily having a decisive reason for terminating the employment. The employment at-will doctrine also allows employees to leave their jobs without any feasible reason, or even without giving some warning. In the United States, the law assumes that all employees are employed under the at-will terms, unless one can prove otherwise. In any case, employees should keep their employment documents safe, especially if they state that their jobs are protected. Nowadays, employers are finding it difficult to write their policies in the application documents as people are becoming enlightened. However, the employment at will doctrine may appear somewhere in the employees’ manual. Sadly, some employees understand the real meaning of their employment contracts after they have committed themselves to work for the organization. Essentially, employers can fire their employees for no viable reason and rely on the employment-at-will doctrine for protection. Employees who sign the doctrine, whether knowingly or unknowingly cannot take any legal actions against their employers. However, employees who are under the at-will terms have some protective rights. An employer cannot fire an employee using discriminating standards. Employees can sue their employers if they suspect that they were fired because of their religion, gender, or race. Secondly, an employee cannot be fired because of complaints about harassment, illegal happenings, or because of complaints regarding health and safety in the workplace. Lastly, employees have a right to obtain permissions to attend to genuine family matters, to serve in the military, to seek medical attention and heal, to vote, and to attend jury duties (Park, 2003). In case the employers decide to fire their employees for reasons related to the above-mentioned allegations, the employees can go ahead and file a case against them. Evaluation of the Scenarios  1. John criticizes a customer through his Facebook account. The alleged customer happens to be among
Introduction Oil and its associated by-products in the Arab world has played a pivotal role in shaping not just the economies of the various nation states in the region, but it has also influenced the establishment of social development programs and social activities among the member states. The research paper endeavors to explore the role of oil companies in the Arab region in providing models for society. In addition, oil companies all over the world have been instrumental in building government capacities. In this regard, the research paper explores the extent to which the oil companies in the Arab world have been involved in building government capacities. The sectoral associations dealing with the natural resources in the Arab world shall also be examined, whether private or state-owned. Moreover, the paper shall endeavor to determine how Arab oil companies deal with society and the kind of programmes that they develop in order to improve society. Sectoral associations OAPEC (organization of the Arab petroleum exporting countries) was established by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Libya in 1968. In an effort to increase its membership, OAPEC, whose headquarters are in Kuwait, now includes such other countries as Egypt, Qatar, Bahrain, Algeria, the UAE (United Arab Emirates), Iraq, and Syria. Oman and Tunisia are the only two countries in the region who are not members of OAPEC. The main goal of the organization is to ensure cooperation amongst its members in the different economic activities within the petroleum industry (Mallakh 401). In addition, the organization also aims at helping the members to realize closer ties in the petroleum sector, and to safeguard the individual and collective interests of the members. Besides, the body hopes to also unify the members against possible eruption of conflict in the region, such as the 1967 Middle East conflict. Building Government Capacities Capacity building in governments enables the handling of social transformations, economic and environmental problems. When a government’s capacity has been developed, this leads to better governance and as a result, democracy and sustainable development can be achieved (Boe
Introduction Public opinion is considered to be extremely important in the modern world. It is impossible to imagine a democratic country which does not pay attention to the public opinion in the relation to a specific affair which concerns the whole society. Many different models have been used to make conclusions about the relation of the public opinion to the specific parameters and events in the society. To consider this problem, a specific situation should be taken into account. One of the most crucial questions which has been bothering not only the USA but also the whole world is the problem devoted to the war in Iraq. Different people have various points of view regarding the situation. It is important to state the personal opinions of people in different years have been changing. It may be predicted that the reasons for change in the public opinion are different, starting with those which have relation to the USA and the actions which are taken there and finishing with the actions which take place on the international arena and influence of the war on other spheres of the world life. The main purpose of this article is to consider the public opinion of the citizens of the USA which has been changing from one year to another which are gathered in polls and review and analyzes those public opinion polls about the importance of the attitude “public preference” of citizens toward a specific public policy. Iraq war polls Public preference in thermostatic model According to Soroka (2010) “the representation of the public opinion presupposes that the public actually notices and responds to what policy makers do” (22). Thus, from the first words it is seen that the actions taken by the government and the documents they accept as the legal influence public opinion. The change of the public preference may change either to the positive or negative opinion, like a thermostat. Thus, the model which dwells upon the change of public opinion as a result of the changes the policymakers do is called thermostatic. The public preference for policy is different in different regions of the USA as the public preferred level is different as well. People pay much attention to the laws and different policies which are accepted in the society, but at the same time people do not have the copies of those documents in their houses. Most people create their personal opinion on the basis of the public opinion and form their preference on the basis of the public preference. These processes are interconnected. People are not predicted to have detailed information about the event as well as they are not predicted to have a stated and perfectly formulated opinion about some specific fact. Public is also not predicted to be aware of different actions held by the policy makers. The only thing which is required is the changes of the public
Lady Ann Clifford is one of the most remembered ladies in British history. She is the only child in a royal family having lost her brothers at a very age. Her bravery and determination are outstanding and exemplary. During her lifetime she related to various people at various levels of association and as it is always, had her side of the story. Lady Ann is most remembered for having kept a record of events in her life in the form of a diary. She lost her father, Earl George and thus did not keep many records of him. This is because the father spent little time at home as he was both a soldier and a sports personality (Sackville-West 2009 p.36), but she kept a lot of records of her association with the mother and her marital life. From the daily event accounts as recorded in her diary, one can easily deduce that Lady Ann drew much inspiration from her parents. Her urge to keep the family wealth in proper custody and lead a noble life makes her appreciate her parents for what she has become (Snook, 2005). George Clifford, the father of Lady Ann spent a lot as she says, but had invested much wealth. However, before he died, he had chosen his brother Francis as the heir of his estates and property. It might be a set trap to test the daughter’s character as events unfold or a mere expression of security concern for the family property (Sackville-West 2009 p.72). This, according to the law, was not right and Lady Ann sets out at a very tender age of fifteen to reclaim the rightful ownership of the family property. She is persuaded to drop the quest but she opts for legal procedures to have the uncle surrender the property to her. In her first attempt, the judge rules against her. The reason behind this is that she is still young, but this does not cool the urge in her. She still decides to take the matter to a higher level convinced that she is right in her pursuits. The youthful courage and fighting spirit are brought out through the father’s action. If the father could have bestowed her with the property as her rightful inheritance, then perhaps it could have been hard for one to realize these special traits in her. It thus turns out that her father dawns a great impact on the little girl by sparking off a legal tussle between her and the uncle (Sackville-West, 2009 p.88). Ann records that her first husband, Richard Sackville, was both a spendthrift and a gambler. He even goes to the extent of selling the family house to get money for g
Introduction The survival of any civilization hinges on the establishment of laws and codes of conduct and the subsequent obeying of the same by the society’s members. Due to the fact that not all members of the society are going to follow the law on their own accord, forms of punishment for wrongs done may be used both for retribution and deterrence purposes. In the United States, capital punishment has been used as the most harsh form of retribution for the society’s most vicious offences. However, not all people believe that the death sentence is justifiable notwithstanding the brutality of the crime that a person may have perpetrated. This paper argues that the death penalty is not only necessary but also the most efficient means for deterring future offenders. The paper will reinforce this proposition by delving into the merits of the death penalty. A case for the Death Penalty An article on “Public Support for the Death Penalty” indicates that the support for capital punishment has risen over the years with 77% of Americans supporting capital punishment. While this statistics do not in any way offer justification for the death penalty, they do show that many Americans are of the opinion that the death penalty is a just retribution for the evils perpetrated by the accused. In most of the states, capital punishment is only issued when the accused party is convicted of crimes such as first degree murder or treason. Capital punishment therefore affords the federal state with a means of dispensing justice. The public and the parties affected by the accused actions can therefore find some solace in the fact justice has been served. The most desirable function of punishments should be to act as a deterrence to would be criminals. In an ideal environment, punishments should never have to be executed but their mere presence should cause all to abide to the rules and regulations in place therefore peacefully coexist. Capital punishment presents the highest level of deterrence since death is indeed the ultimate punishment. This is especially so in cases where the criminal fee
Introduction The organization chosen for analysis is Habitat for Humanity International. It is a non-governmental, not-for-profit institution that provides housing services at an affordable rate to persons who cannot afford them using conventional monetary approaches. The company is located in Georgia but has affiliates all around the world; it started in 1976. The organization’s basic social, legal and political and economic environment The most pressing economic issue that this company deals with is variant inflation rates. For one to qualify for a home, they need to demonstrate that they can meet the obligations of the mortgage loan offered by Habitat for humanity. Usually, those estimates are made in such a manner that they would cover all the costs associated with home building. In the US, these estimates are made in the home currency; however, recipients of Habitat for humanity homes in other countries must include the adjustment for inflation. However, if those countries are going through periods of economic turmoil and high inflationary pressures, then the company’s estimates may not be as accurate. The company has also had to grapple with some financial inefficiency. In cases where staff members involved are located very far from targeted building projects, travel expenses and other staff needs may be much higher than anticipated and this implies that mortgage payments made are not comprehensive enough to cover them; resources are constrained. Also, the organization has to deal with access to funds for the projects. However, it has resorted to creative means to achieve this such as the habitat Restore arrangement in which building materials are donated and then used by the company. It has also used campaigns by musicians like Bon Jovie and prominent personalities such as former US President Jimmy Carter (Habitat for Humanity Intl., 2010). The social environment is also full of challenges and successes for this organization. Every time a natural or man-made disaster occurs, affiliate branches for Habitat for Humanity groups need to be revamped in order to be better able to meet the needs of their local communities. Sometimes housing needs can supersede organizational capabilities in such areas. To cope with those challenges, the company has used creative methods like assembling building materials in affiliate areas and then taking them to disaster-hit regions. The company is affected by