ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Baptism is one of the issues with the greatest consensus among Christians in general terms. Many Christian denominations consider baptism to be an essential part of the expression of the Christian faith. However, the agreement seems to end there. There are all manner of views relating to the significance, power and the appropriate mode of baptism. This paper addresses itself to the modes of baptism within the wider context of the debates relating to baptism. 1 The paper raises the contextual issues that help to clarify the debate relating to the different modes of baptism. In particular, the position of this paper is that baptism is by immersion alone. This position comes from a review of the practice of baptism through out the life of the church. The debate is not recent, but has been the subject of many discourses throughout church history. It seems to be intensifying with time as proponents of the various modes of baptism find new ways of looking at the issue. This notwithstanding, it is the position of this paper that the accurate mode of baptism is immersion and no amount of debate can change this position because of the overwhelming evidence available in and out of scripture to confirm it. Definition Of Baptism The debate about baptism starts from the definition of the word itself. This definition is important for all sides of the debate because it provides the basis for the thinking that surrounds its practice. The most accepted definition of baptism is “to immerse” 2 as opposed to “washing, wetting, and drenching” 3 which are the result of immersion. However, there are those who concentrate on the ritualistic value of the observance and hence include all modes proscribed to achieve this end. 4 In this sense, the decision to stick with the primary meaning of the word baptism, which is to immerse, or to use the wider ritualistic meaning brings about the two main streams of though surrounding the use of the word. The bible speaks of at least five kinds of baptism. There is the baptism of John meant for the Jews, Christian water baptism, the baptism of Jesus in suffering, the baptism of the holy spirit and the baptism of Jesus by fire. 5 This paper deals exclusively with Christian water baptism since it is addressing the specific subject of baptism by immersion, which is only possible through water baptism. There are indeed a number of baptisms in the New Testament. Distinction is necessary to maintain their uniqueness. 6 The Significance Of Baptism To The Christian Faith In order to argue out the correct mode of baptism, which is immersion 7 , there is need to explore the greater meaning of the rite. The logic behind this line of
There are many ways to motivate employees to perform highly. Amongst the common approaches used to motivate employees perform well is financial incentive. It is the common belief of employers that high salaries and commissions motivate employees to perform highly. This theory has worked in some cases since pay increases have generated desirable outcomes such as high performance, low turnover rates and high demand in the labor market. When employees perceive that they will be well remunerated for performing in a certain manner, they strive to achieve the targets set by their employers. The theory that ‘pay generates motivation in employees’ originated from the belief that workers go to work so as to earn money. This means that the primary drive for laborers is money since that is the reason why they go to work. What has been established so far from past studies is that pay indeed motivates employees to perform highly (Cameron, 2006). Pay does not however guarantee that there will be high performance from all employees since people react differently to stimuli. Whereas some respond favourably to pay packages, others want job security, recognition or improved working conditions. Pay therefore without a doubt motivates employees to perform highly but it does not work a hundred percent on all workers. It cannot be used as the only motivational factor that is applied so as to bring about high performance in the workplace. Pay does not successfully bring about desired outcomes because it shifts focus from the job to money. If employers make it a rule that high performance is rewarded with increased pay, employees perceive that the only reason why they work hard is to receive high income. Hence those employees who are contented with their pay get no reason to put in additional effort in their jobs. Pay as opposed to other sources of motivation is money centered and not job centered. Even though pay increases performance in the short term, it cannot be relied upon for long term sustenance of performance. Eisenberger, Rhoades and Cameron (1999) brought out that if performance reward expectancy is to be relied upon, there must also be high levels of job satisfaction amongst employees. If employees do not show interest in their day to day routines, then only those who desire to remain controlled will respond to pay incentives. This is not desirable for companies that try to instigate employees to practice self leadership. The motivating effects of the organization’s compensation programs can be measured through a three stage action plan that includes: setting standards, measuring employee performance and giving feedback (Neely, 2001). Measuring the effect of a motivational program starts with the setting of objectives and standards against which performance can be compared. Comparing performance vis-a-vis standards should be done regularly and accurately so that the results can be reliable when used for rewarding employees.
Introduction We live in a society that is constantly evolving with changes having to be made to accommodate the present time realities. A society is defined as an “enduring and cooperating social group whose members have developed organized patterns of relationships through interaction with one another” (Merriam-Webster dictionary). Our society is defined by the differences in roles played by the various members who constitute the society. These roles are based on cultural views, traditions and in most cases, these roles are differentiated by gender. However, these gender roles are not static and they have experienced significant changes in the last few decades. This paper shall set out to articulate the roles that women play in modern day society. These roles shall be viewed under the backdrop of the roles that women played in traditional times so as to demonstrate the differences and similarities in the same. The reasons behind the apparent differences or similarities shall also be provided. Classifications of Women The changing of roles for women from the traditional ones can traces its roots to the colonial period. It was in the colonial American era where the traditional role of women was reinvented due to the realities of the new world. Prior to the colonial era, the roles of women were greatly limited by the traditional attitudes of women as the “weaker sex”. As the “weaker sex”, their roles were restricted to taking care of the bringing up the family and settling household chores. These previously clearly defined roles began to be blurred mostly as a consequence of the labor deficit in colonial America which led to a state where the contribution by the women was most vital for the survival of the family. The roles of women in today’s society are therefore more diverse and include both traditional and non-traditional roles. Women’s role in today’s society can be classified under 3 broad categories which are: the housewife, the working women and the entrepreneur. The prevalence of women in each of these 3 categories has changed significantly with there being a shift from the prevalence of women in the housewife role to more women joining the working class. As such, modern society is characterized by a scenario whereby women are increasingly joining institutes of higher learning and joining the work force at higher rates than ever before (Carter, Corra & Carter, 2009). Roles of Women in Society There have been significant changes in the roles of women in society over the last few decades. The reasons for these changes have been varied ranging from affirmative action to the economic realities of the time. The changes ha
Identifying Information Client K.M is an an18-year-old Hispanic teen in the 12 th grade with a history of domestic violence exposure. She lives with her family – a bio-mother, stepfather, and four siblings – in a family house in Los Angeles. The presenting concern entails symptoms of heavy breathing and incoherent speech triggered by an exercise in theater class. Biopsychosocial Assessment Biological Client K.M has no history of medical problems and no biological predisposition to chronic illnesses or allergies. She has no sensory/motor impairment but wears glasses. She has no reported medical issues except weight or appetite change. Client K.M has no developmental issues. However, she has a history of social withdrawal in latency and anxiety attacks in adolescence. She reports no unusual reproductive or physical health issues. Psychological Health/Symptoms K.M’s psychological health was affected by a traumatic event – sexual abuse by a maternal uncle at the age of six. She also witnessed chronic domestic violence between her parents as a child. Client K.M suffers severe anxiety that is affecting her sleeping and eating patterns. She has maladaptive coping skills (cutting) and persistent avoidance associated with trauma (dissociative amnesia). The client could not remember parts of the events. She is easily distracted, is unable to communicate her feelings, and reports poor social skills and isolation. The trigger factor appears to be the exposure to theater class exercises. Her depressive symptoms are sleep disturbances, distraction, sadness, and altered eating patterns. S
The Problem of Violence Against Healthcare Staff   * Violence against healthcare staff is underreported in the majority of organizations;   * There are four types of workplace violence based on the associations between perpetrators and victims (Phillips, 2016);   * Nowadays, risk prevention guidelines provided by OSHA are not mandatory (Phillips, 2016). Today, nurses and other hospital staff members all over the world are subject to workplace violence. The first problem with violence in healthcare is its being underreported or even ignored. As is stated by the Joint Commission, even the safest healthcare organizations started experiencing an increase in workplace crime rates recently (Phillips, 2016). There are four forms of workplace violence that help to differentiate between violent acts committed by non-patients with intent, patients or clients, current and former staff members, and people in personal relationships with healthcare providers (Phillips, 2016). The cases with patients acting as offenders are overrepresented when it comes to statistics, but unfortunately, there are no mandatory nationwide guidelines for the reduction of risks. Violence in Healthcare: Statistics and Risks   * Three-fourths of all physical attacks against healthcare professionals are committed by patients;   * In the United States, more than 70% of all workplace violence cases occur in healthcare settings (Phillips, 2016);   * The highest risks exist for ED nurses and psychiatric staff (Phillips, 2016);   * Known “triggers” of workplace violence: long waiting times, low nurse-to-patient ratios, service quality, patients’ social/economic position (Ridenour et al., 2015). Continuing on the scale of the problem, it is pivotal to say that healthcare specialists present the group the most vulnerable to workplace violence in the United States. The main source of risk, as is clear from modern studies, is an inadequate behavior of healthcare clients who may have psychiatric issues or be mentally healthy. The risks of being assaulted by patients are extremely high for specialists working with emergency and psychiatric clients; for instance, up to 100% of emergency department nurses experience violence at least once (Phillips, 2016
Introduction Jamaica gained its independence in 1962. The period covered between 1945 and 1962 is particularly significant in the discussion of the independence of this island. In this essay the independence of Jamaica is discussed and the people who fought for the same are brought to light. Brief background information is given to help make the topic easily comprehensible. Background Information It is reported that the very first people to set foot on Jamaica were the Tainos. The Tainos were said to be “Arawak speaking tribe that travelled throughout the Caribbean after leaving South America” (Pushing Ahead 1). It is reported that the Tainos left a huge influence on the island with the name ‘Jamaica’ originating from them. The Tainos are said to have stayed in the island peacefully until the Spanish arrival which is said to have caused a lot of unrest in the island. The Tainos were enslaved and subjected to a lot of torture which is claimed to have eventually wiped them out. To replace the Tainos, Africans were imported to Jamaica to work as slaves. Between 1596 and 1655 the British fought and eventually defeated the Spanish. The Spanish fled but equipped the slaves who were Africans. The British are said to have brought more Africans to help in the plantation of sugarcane. As the British developed the economy of the island the slaves were subjected to hard labour which led to many revolts. In 1834 the emancipation law was created which necessitated the import of more servants from India and China to help in the farms (Pushing Ahead 1). On Path to Independence The path to independence started when trade unions started to be formed. In 1938 there was a major workers strike which destabilised the island. One of those arrested for spear heading the strike was Bustamante. The Industrial Trade Union was found by Bustamante and later on Bustamante also formed the labour Party. Another influential person who surfaced at this time was Norman Manley. Manley formed the People’s National party which was also associated with Trade Union Council (Joining Together 1). In 1944 there was a significant change in the constitution of the island. Among the many significant changes the amendment brought was the right for the Africans to vote. This is said to have increased the number of voters from a simple figure of twenty thousand to seven hundred thousand voters (Joining Together 1). Two elections were held before the constitution was again amended in 1953 to give the ministers more power. It should be noted that power was continuously changed between Bustamante and Manley through their respective parties. More amendments of the constitution were carried out in the following years of 1955 which lead to a government which with many
Introduction Women have several health challenges that affect their normal lives in society. They often face problems that impede their role-playing. One of the health issues that women go through is associated with reproduction (Maruccio, Loving, Bennett & Hayes 2003, p. 29). Studies show that a strong society would be created through supporting a healthy reproductive system. A woman can never be pregnant if her reproductive system is subjected to unfavorable conditions, such as violence. Apart from affecting the population, challenges related to reproduction affect the general health of the woman (Dollemore 2005, p. 19). A woman would most probably go through emotional problems, which makes it difficult for her to enjoy sexual relationships. This has always been the main cause of divorce since issues to do with reproduction is interpreted to mean non-compliance. With improved medical systems, reproductive health issues can be corrected (Lee, Colditz, Berkman & Kawachi 2003, p. 116). This demands that a woman practices safe health tips, such as seeing the doctor and undergoing frequent screenings and checkups. Women are usually accused of neglecting their family duties, yet the major problem is dealing with reproductive issues. On the other hand, men are always reluctant to listen to the pleas of women since they do not understand the real issues associated with reproduction in women. Feminism is a new theory in the global society, which looks at the ways in which equality between the two genders could be attained. The theory argues that women should be given the power to make decisions touching on their health. This paper discusses the major concerns of women regarding reproductive health. The article goes a notch high to talk about feminist theory, as well as how it relates to reproductive health in women (Orth-Gomer, Leineweber 2005, p. 67). Women’s Health Based on the issues that women face, it is advisable that each female should learn her reproductive system in order to understand how it works. This would most likely help in identifying what is normal and what is considered abnormal. A woman would be in a position to tell whether medical attention is needed (Shuckit 2005, p. 10). Again, each woman is advisable to keep off from unnecessary utilization of substances and chemicals, which might be harmful to the reproductive system. The use of these chemicals may impede the chances of becoming pregnant for women who would want to bear children in future. As earlier noted in the introduction, a woman should develop a habit of seeing a doctor frequently to prevent the chances of developing a certain reproductive condition. Through frequent screening and checkups, a condition is easily identified. This would further be addressed with an urgency that it deserves. Some conditions might become chronic, making medical intervention difficult (Rimmer, Nicola & Riley & Creviston 2002, p. 293). Frequent screening would perhaps reduce the
Introduction Cultural Background of Vancouver City; Canada Culture can be understood as the basic values, beliefs, and norms that help shape the behavior and characters of given people in a society. In most societies, and especially preindustrial societies, it takes the form of religion. The Canadian cultural policy of diversity has profoundly shaped the profile of this country. The Canadians, especially in Vancouver, have an extraordinarily rich culture. The culture of centric orientation is highly upheld in Vancouver. Therefore, the people’s believes are highly influential for the residents of Vancouver. The culture of centric orientation has promoted creativity in the City of Vancouver through various means; for instance, through artistry, diverse expressions, imagination and inclusivity. The combinations of these factors have seen Vancouver flourish culturally and economically. Creativity among the people of Vancouver has improved the living standards of the people. Creative City of Vancouver, which is culturally embedded, has promoted equal access to opportunities, businesses and the general community well being (City of Vancouver, p. 2). Creative City is conceived in Canada as a place where diversity, artistry, and culture are inclusive. This has facilitated local economic development (Bradford, p. 2-7). Here, the economy is driven by knowledge-based industries that are clustered and work through high levels of interaction and communication. In so doing, they avoid the earlier problems of raw materials that limited their geographical location or positioning. The warm and rich cultural climate in Vancouver has attracted many investors. These include investors from both local and external countries such as the USA, India, China, and Britain among others. The central values here include urban and economic sustainability, as well as the welfare of the people that is achieved through creative initiative and industrial development. Canada practices creative governance, a concept that favors its economic development. This is achieved through democratic governance that involves transparency, imaginativeness, adaptable city states, and inclusivity. Also, there is a strong and creative workforce, industry, networking, connectivity, and competitiveness that boost the economic well being of Canada. Collaborative governance, city regions, scale politics, and social inclusivity have also played a significant role in economic prosperity (Smith and Katie, p. 3). Vancouver’s population are people with different beliefs, values, visions and lifestyles. The Canadians are extremely close in their
The fifth period has just started. The casual teacher enters the classroom. He greets the students, explains what he expects from the students, and tells the students what to expect from him. He leads the students in reading and discussing the theories, offers some examples, and asks the students to give their own examples. The teacher gives the students some work to do. Some students start making noise instead of doing the assignment. The teacher discusses with the class the behaviour of the students, who are making noise, and seeks suggestions on how to deal with the students from the fellow students. The approach used during the class demonstrates appropriate leadership skills inherent to the tutor. Together with the class, the tutor decides to tell the students that they have to apologize and never try to repeat what they have done during the class as such behaviour influences the process of education as well as the relations between students and a tutor. Students have to understand that they are free to choose any behaviour, still, they cannot neglect some rules and take responsibility for everything they do, say, or even think. The teacher then discusses with the class the consequences of irresponsible behaviour such as making noise in class and explains how it is appropriate to solve the problems and what to expect at the end. Students should understand that each action has its consequences, and it is wrong to neglect certain behavioural norms set by a particular group. The teacher’s approach in my edited scenario is appropriate and better in comparison to many other possible solutions. This is because the positive leadership behaviour model advanced by Rodgers Bill aims at enhancing the rights of both students and teachers. The model used by the teacher in this case creates a kind of positive collaboration between the teacher and the class, and this positive relationship is a good decision for amble learning and moulding of the behaviour of the students (Rogers & McPherson, 2008). The teacher involves the class in evaluating the behaviour of students, who make noise, and thinking about possible punishing methods to educate students and explain them the worth of following the rules set. Such approach ensures fairness between people of different position and helps other students to learn during the process. The approach used by the teacher makes the teacher closer to his students and helps to improve communication that is crucial between the teacher and his students. The positive behaviour leadership theory requires that students have to become responsible for their own actions and clearly understand how the idea of choice freedom should be interpreted by students in different situations. Teachers do not have the right to control students’ activities and thoughts, still, they can always make a h