ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Personality is hard to define; it is an attempt by man to summarize an individual. It means describing and understanding other people. More than five different perspectives are employed in the study of personality and include the trait, learning, psychoanalytic and biological perspectives (Carver & Scheier, 2000). This paper aims at highlighting the major characteristics, similarities and differences between the psychoanalysis theories of Freud, Jung and Adler. It will lay a particular emphasis on the stages of Sigmund Freud’s theory, major Freudian defense mechanisms and their application to real life scenarios. The Psychoanalytic Approach This was an approach to the study of personality developed by Sigmund Freud in late 19th century proposing that the human mental activities depended on his unconscious mind. Freud was a neurologist at a hospital in Italy where he dealt with psychiatric patients. Over the course of his career, Freud was faced with a major challenge, he realized that most of his patient’s nervous symptoms lacked a physiological explanation and that neither science nor rational laws could explain phobias and other physical complains. Faced with these problems, Freud developed his now famous theory on personality and child development that helped him in solving neurotic disorders. Major aspects of the Freud’s theory are: 1) the unconscious mind contains hidden memories and is in most of the times responsible for our actions and manners, 2) That we are born with certain instincts that govern our behavior, 3) what we experience at childhood influences our development of emotions and personality, and 4) Id, ego and superego are three vital biological elements that represent our inherited instinctual drives. Jungian theory (Jung’s analytic psychology) divides the human mind into three:- – The ego (conscious mind) – Personal (unconscious) ego- things forgotten but can be remembered, – Collective unconscious (e.g. immediate love). This is the part of the mind that differentiates his theory of analytic psychology from Freud’s psychoanalytic approach. This part of the mind according to Carl Jung’s theory is the inherited psyche (Boeree 2006). It keeps an individual’s experiences but he/she is not aware, it influences ones emotions. His collective unconscious mind is believed to be deeper and made of emotional symbols he called archetypes. Jung postulated that these symbols are universal and are found in all of us. They are passed down generations through repeating events. These archetypes make individuals respond similarly to common stimuli (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). Unlike Freud’s theory, Jung’s theory was not focused on sex, was more on history and leant on spiritual. Alfred Adler experimented with the inferiority complex and the importance of the society. Adler’s Individual psychology laid much importance on the uniqueness of individual’s motivation and the importance of each individual’s place in the society. His emphasis was on the goal directedness of every individual nature and
Introduction My research area of interest is Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI). This entails the study of how the brain, neuro-endocrinal process, health of an individual, and the immune system, as well as behavioral characteristics, interact with one another (Maier, Watkins, & Fleshner, 1994 p.7). Western medical science has long maintained a clear distinction between the physical and psychological domains. This dichotomy between the mind and body is based on a fundamental claim of the French philosopher, Rene Descartes (Webber, 2010, p.160), who is widely remembered for what has come to be known as Cartesian Dualism. This concept brings us to one of the central doctrines of the Meditations and the lasting legacies of Descartes’s work, which is the real distinction between the mind and the body. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to describe Descartes’ philosophical contexts of the mind-body link that relates to PNI, to analyze the major positions, develop the philosophical background of the issue and describe its implications as well as to explain how the portrayal of the topic will add to knowledge development in nursing. Who is Descartes? This should be the initial research question when doing this study. Descartes was a mathematical genius who worked out the first treatment of negative roots (Rodgers, 2005, p.1). He was responsible for the development of Cartesian coordinates and Cartesian angles. Descartes can be said to be the founder of analytical geometry where he made numerous optical discoveries dealing with reflection and refraction of light. Being a philosopher, Descartes attempted to apply mathematical methods to every aspect of life. He disapproved of the existing scholastic beliefs and teachings and went further to found his system based on universal doubt (Rodgers, 2005, p.1). Descartes argued that the mind was a separate entity from the real body but happen to share some things altogether. Descartes reasoned that this dualism was made viable by the pineal gland which is a tiny piece of tissue found in the central brain. According to him, the soul was granted access to the body through this gland (Rodgers, 2005, p.1). The Major Proposition The present Western healthcare system concurs with Descartes’ principle that there are two distinct and separate substances in the world. These are matter, which acts according to physical laws, and spirit, which is immaterial and has no dimensions (Rodgers, 2005, p.1). For example, when specific microorganisms induce disease in a human being, the physicians interview the patients to ask for their signs and symptoms. After which they order laboratories to carry out diagnostic procedures, and then prescribe a specific drug to fight and destroy the offending pathogen. Descartes believed the mind and the body interacted in the
Introduction Crosby’s argument is hard to fully grasp without taking a step back and looking at the book as a whole. The theme of population explosion enriches Crosby’s argument throughout the book, as it raises the veil on the historic mystery of the Eurasian success and ultimate supremacy of the world we know today. This revolution, which started in the Antilles caused by Columbus’s first voyage in 1492, began the “Columbian Exchange” which in effect brought on the explosion of economic prowess, population growth and cultural reform. This was done through the transfer of biota, pathogens, and people. The process of Columbian exchange had an essential impact on almost every society on the planet. This was the reason of spreading new diseases (European in America, and American in Europe), and because of the lack of immunity among indigenous people, these diseases became real epidemics, and depopulated numerous peoples. The inhabitants of the earth are affected by the Columbian Exchange in a great value, and as a result of such effect, new diseases appeared and the problem was that indigenous people did not have immunity to those diseases. As a result, the diseases had depopulated many cultures. On the other hand, this exchange originated the circulation of crops and plants between America and Europe. The new agricultural plants were brought to Europe such as maize and potatoes, which later became the key products in Europe and Asia in 18 th century. Africa was offered manioc and the peanut. Europeans flourished and supported growth in populations on soils, but all these attempts did not give large yields (Crosby, 1972). Biological Consequences To begin with, there is strong necessity to mention that the exchange of customs and traditions within these civilizations has essentially changed the ways of life of the countries on European, American African and Asian continents. The fact is that, of 26 most important crops, eight originated in Americas. America continues to influence the value of the crop all over the world, especially that which was first grown in the Americas (to consider the numbers, the activities will be of one third of all crops produced in the world). In the light of this fact, it should be stated that the economic prowess of the biological exchange of two worlds became the reason of improving the economic relations among continents. Thus, various crops and other agricultural plants started to be produced for the internal needs of European and Asian countries, and then, the trade processes were adjusted. Consequently, all the economic prowess and processes were based on agricultural successes (Crosby, 1972). As for the matters of population growth, there is strong necessity to emphasize that the new foods became the bases of new diets. People of all the continents achieved an opportunity to extend their rations. Crosby (1972), in his research, emphasizes the following fact, South America was the only country which grew potatoes before AD 1000. The situation has changed lately and alrea
Introduction The histories of racism and negative stereotypes directed at Black Americans are often discussed in the CBS Sunday Morning and Jim Crow Museum shows. For instance, the CBS Sunday Morning Segment video demonstrates how minstrel shows allowed black and white performers to paint their faces black generating racism (CBS Sunday Morning, n.p.). Conversely, the Jim Crow Museum video helps disclose the history of Blacks’ racism through various artifacts (Jim Crow Museum, n.p.). The essay analyzes how racism arose through Blackface minstrelsy and imagery. Reaction to the minstrel show I believe that the minstrels put pressure on white Americans to change their skin color artificially. At the same time, black Americans had to darken their skin more. According to minstrel plays, black Americans were lazy and stupid, and their images often became objects of ridicule (Jim Crow Museum, n.p.). These shows made black Americans appear inferior and uneducated, and they took less essential roles in society. This generated adverse stereotypes and beliefs that yielded continued slavery and the emergence of segregation and discrimination against Blacks. Blacks as minstrels and different from whites Ideally, it was different for Blacks to be minstrel performers as opposed to Whites, as they demeaned themselves and showed how less important they were in society. The black minstrel performers misused themselves by being inferior to keep the audiences happy (CBS Sunday Morning, n.p.). Like the Blacks on buses, black minstrels were compelled to participate in their own victimization by choosing to demonstrate their weaknesses and how they were different from the Whites, leading to widespread racism. Did objects of intolerance help achieve tolerance? Racial understanding and race relations in America were developed and improved by using objects of intolerance to teach tol
In the article “The influence of peers during adolescence: Does homophobic name-calling by peers change gender identity?” the authors claim that negative name-calling among peers can lead to a change in gender identity. Firstly, this is because negative experiences with peers of the same sex result in the need to identify with peers of the opposite sex. Secondly, during the period of growing up, the adolescents’ identity is not yet fully established. Therefore, they are constantly re-evaluating whether the identity formation is going in the right direction. DeLay et al. (2018) recognize that homophobia can be directed at homosexual and heterosexual adolescents. This is presumably because the purpose of victimization is to hurt someone’s feelings, not point out real flaws. Gender identity development is a critical stage in developing a personality occurring during adolescence (DeLay et al., 2018). Since homophobic name-calling is a form of victimization, this practice should be frowned upon or banned in schools. Ioverno et al. (2021) note that “bullying GNCV may represent a defensive reaction to demonstrate bullies’ gender conformity” (p. 215). Therefore, work with bullies should be carried out competently and with the participation of a psychologist. Interestingly, Ioverno et al. (2021) highlight how this statement is especially true for male bullies. That is because their “own gender conformity can affect the selection of victims based on their gender conformity” (p. 216). It is critical to understand this mirror interaction to resolve the issues of gender victimization. Equally important, victimization of adolescents, including LGB, trans, and heterosexual high school students may lead to “anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders, especially among sexual and gender minority youth” (Valido et al., p. 602). This is another valuable observation that indicates the need for concomitant prevention practices of substance abuse among adolescents. No less important, substance abuse should be perceived as the consequence of psychological problems.
Table Table 1. Certification Process Stages (see page 5) Stage                   Characteristics                                                                                                              Pre-Contract            The stage covers the certification process from the submission of an application till the certification proposal is designed Contract                The stage includes the processes of singing the contract and submitting it to the Certification Operations Department        Pre-Audit               Preparations for audit works including planning, scheduling, and budgeting                                                   Audit                   Conduct of the audit work including the processes of certification, surveillance, and re-certification                       Post Audit              The audit report is issued, the digital files are uploaded to the client                                                     Maintenance of Clients  The process of multiple re-certification and surveillance procedures                                                          Table 2. ISO Standards (see page 5) Standards      Characteristics                                                                                                                                                    Implications                                                                ISO 9000:2005  Defines the whole set of standards used by the ISO and serves as the complete list of the basic terms and notions defined                                          Created mainly for reference, used by ISO and its partner organizations     ISO 9001:2008  The standard assessment that helps evaluating the organization’s capability to meet the regulatory and customer requirements and provide customer satisfaction     The third party certification is carried out with the help of this standard ISO 9004:2008  The standard that regulates the activities directed at the improvement of the Quality Management Systems (QMS) for the purpose of sustained customer satisfaction  Created mainly for reference, used by ISO and its partner organizations      Introduction The world of business is regulated not only by the rules of economic and financial activities but also by the quality standards that are attributed to organizations by the so-called ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and its representatives among which the TUV Nord Group takes one of the prominent places. The basic topic of the current report includes the certification activities carried out by the TUV Nord Group about the ISO standards and conformity assessment regulations. Accordingly, the report is structured to provide the reader with a clear understanding of the topic. It includes the background of the organization involved in the report, i. e. TUV Nord, followed by the analysis of the data gathered in the context of relevant theories, the conclusions from the analysis, and the respective recommendations that are sure to help the organization in achieving effective performance.
Social stratification refers to the hieratical arrangement of persons according to the amount of wealth, power and position they have in the society. This relates to the criteria used to grade individual’s worthiness and discrimination made based on gender, religion, age, generation and ethnicity. This varies depending in the order of societies’ stratification or slavery history. In most industrialized nations, the gap between the poor and the rich is evidently seen (Exploration in Social Inequality, n.d.) The future of a child is largely determined by the status or the environment (Exploration in Social Inequality, n.d.). The circumstances in which a child is born does affect it in that, a child from a rich family has a high potential of getting employed and earn a good income easily than one from a poor family because of the social ranks of the parents. Modern society today gives a lot of respect to those who have high ranks in the system. The poor continue being poor while the rich continue being more rich. It’s estimated that in most of the countries the percentage of those living below the poverty line are many compared to those of higher level. Social stratification is caused by the imbalance in income distribution among the rich and the poor (Turner &Lowith, 1867). This is mostly demonstrated when there is inequality in education, health opportunity for social and political participation, employment and gender. This inequality brings about a greater marginalization in the society. The rate of growth in these areas is rampant in economically powerful nations. Migration of people from original countries to a new settlement in a different country also causes social difference. The language barrier they face in the new country usually limits the Immigrants. The differences between this nations or people can be reduced by introduction of organizations that will encourage people to interact and promote social understanding. Introducing major sporting activities, events and international tourism can be a way of making people work in harmony. Inequality faced in wealth distribution, political participation, water and energy distribution, education and healthcare services will be reduced by having a common resource and market. By observing this, good and peaceful relations
Informed consent is a legal doctrine or condition where a person has given permission based upon an approval and understanding of the facts and the resultant effects of such an action. In this case, the person involved needs to have all the relevant facts, be of sane mind, without mental impairment and of sound judgment at the time of consenting. Vulnerable populations refer to those populations that legitimately cannot be able to competently understand information and make valid or reasoned conclusions. These populations include people with mental disorders, children, and elderly, medically or chemically dependent, and drug abusers. It also includes those in institutions that bounds them and are not free to make decisions without coercion or undue influence and research with children or incapacitated people, that puts them in danger and offers no direct benefit to them must secure the consent of their parents or surrogates. Atkinson, J. (2006). In medical terms, informed consent is the communication process that involves the patient and the doctor that results in the patient’s willfully agreeing to undergo particular medical intervention. The physician should disclose and humbly inform the patient matters concerning the patient’s health such as the patient’s diagnoses, the nature and reason of a recommended treatment or modus operandi. The patient or the person concerned should be made to understand with no ambiguity, the benefits and the risks associated with the proposed treatment, procedure, action and cost associated with such an operation. Should also understand whether there exists alternative, and the extents to which those alternatives can be compared to the proposed treatment. The risks and benefits of the alternative treatment procedure compared to the recommended treatment and the associated benefits or risks of not taking or taking that treatment procedure. Dunn LB, Nowrangi MA, Palmer BW, Jeste DV, & Saks ER. In informed consent, the patient should be given a chance to ask all questions that concerns his or her health. This will the patient to draw out a better understanding about the treatment and its procedure, so as to make sound and informed decisions whether to accept or refuse a particular procedure or treatment. A patient’s competency is very important as it means
Introduction This paper presents the case of Wal- Mart stores, a large retail company that runs different warehouses and departmental stores in different parts of the world. From the case study, the paper presents the significance, scope and magnitude of the phenomenon and identifies the dilemma faced by the management through the use of the Management-Research Question Hierarchy. A management research question hierarchy is a process through which solutions to a particular situation or management dilemma is sought (Doane & Seward, 2010). Significance, scope, and magnitude of the phenomenon The research study was carried out to include all Wal-Mart stores in the US. The company, during these harsh economic times, is facing a serious reduction in sales, with a record of a 2.6 percent reduction in store visits. The 82.8 million drop in visits, during the first 5 months of this fiscal year, comes at a time when the company’s competitors, such as the Dollar General Corp and the Kroger Co., have recorded an increase in sales (MMR, 2011). Management Dilemma This defines the existing problem that needs to be solved (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). The current issue faced by Wal-Mart is that of reduced traffic of clients in their stores, hence, a reduction in sales. Management Decision This identifies the final decision made on the action to be taken to solve the existing dilemma (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). Wal-Mart needs to ensure that they address all the current demands of their clients as a way of ensuring customer retention. It is important that the management rebuilds the company’s leadership in prices as well as delivers all that its clients require. According to the CEO, Bill Simon, the company is working towards ensuring that providing a range of quality products at reduced prices all the time. Conclusion Wal-Mart’s management dilemma has been described as being reduced sore traffic that has, in turn, reduced sales. By identifying this dilemma, the management-research question hierarchy has identified the management questions research questions, investigative questions and the measurement questions. The management decision has also been identified to provide a solution for the management’s dilemma.
Introduction This study presents health care ethics as an instrumental element in the practice of medicine. In this regard, the contribution by religious bodies, particularly the Catholic Church, cannot be underscored. However, the conservative and inflexible ethical opinions on various subjects by the Catholic Church have resulted in conflicts between the cathedral and policymakers. One such controversial subject is the issue of abortion. Consequently, this study tries to investigate the role of the Catholic Church with respect to its contribution to biomedical ethics, including a highlight of how its opinions clash with those of policymakers and scientists. Among the various elements being scrutinized include the reasons why the church holds its firm position on abortion, the effect of abortion on human dignity, which the church is trying to protect, and the consequences that the world may face after ignoring its (church) recommendations. The article supports the church’s stand on illegalizing abortion since the act infringes on human dignity and life. However, the paper also prompts the need to legalize abortion on medical grounds, such as when the life of the mother is at risk. Background Medical ethics refers to a set of principles and rules that govern the conduct of health professionals. The principles are formulated by the government in consultation with medical experts and other relevant bodies. In the past,