ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary Emergence of new technologies has culminated into a transformation of the information processing. To improve efficiency of information processing, innovation on these technologies is conducted from time to time. These improvements are result into emergence of different social threats and opportunities. As a result, there has been increased consideration of ethics associated with new technologies. According to philosophers, ethics entails how people relate or associate with each other by considering issues such as justice, fairness, rights and duties. Various approaches have been advanced in defining ethical acts. For instance, utilitarianism asserts that ethical acts are the ones which create the highest value for the largest proportion of individuals. On the other hand, the right and duties act is of the opinion that ethical acts are the ones which acknowledges other individuals rights and duties imposed by such rights. Alternatively, fairness and justice approach assert that an ethical act is one in which all individuals in a given situation are treated equally by considering the process and outcome. In relation to technology, the utilitarianism approach to ethics has been greatly incorporated. This is due to the fact that approach puts more emphasis on the value of the outcomes. As a result, individuals should be concerned on the effect of their actions to other individuals. This means that the individuals should consider both the positive and negative effects of their actions. For instance, with the emergence of new technologies, some of the individuals are utilizing these technologies for their own pleasure. An example of this is evident in the Information Communication Industry (ICT). Some individuals develop viruses and worms which are computer programs which affect the normal operation of a computer operation system. These programs harm a large percentage of individuals and business firms. The magnitude of the resultant harm cannot be compared with the pleasure that they derive. Another illustration of ethics in new technologies is linked to file sharing which entails distribution of digital information through the internet. The music industry is one of the economic sectors which have been negatively affected by unethical practice of free file sharing. As a result, the artists and composers have experienced significant financial loss. Such losses can result into the artists ceasing from continuing to produce the music. The effect of such a decision is felt by a large percentage of individual consumers of their music products. This illustrates that the resultant damage is high compared to the joy these parties experience from free file sharing. New technologies have also negatively affected individuals’ right to property. Right to property asserts that any individual can own intellectual or physical
Introduction Second European War began when Germany invaded Poland in 1939 and divided countries into Allied and Axis powers. The Eastern front fought against the Western front, demonstrating various air and land campaigns. In this paper, special attention will be paid to seven remarkable operations:  1. Battle of Britain.  2. North Africa.  3. Operation Barbarossa.  4. Sicily.  5. Stalingrad.  6. D-Day.  7. Battle of the Bulge. Battle of Britain When the French army left Britain exposed to the Nazis, it was important to begin new protective tactics. A new Prime Minister Winston Churchill motivated people and used new ideas not to lose leading positions. The radar to detect incoming German attacks was used by the commander Hugh Dowding as the eyes and ears of the RAF. Keith Park was one of the brightest representatives of the British RAF with good tactical and leading skills. He personalized Hurricane, while other soldiers used Spitfires in the battle. Hitler wanted to assault Britain frontally, but Göring recommended using air attacks alone demonstrating the power of light bombers and fighters of the Luftwaffe (Barley 2004). The regular bombing of London reduced the resources of the Nazis and destroyed many local buildings. Still, the British held out, and Germany lost the battle. Battle of Britain: Impact The Battle of Britain was one of the turning points in WWII because of several reasons. The battle proved air superiority of the RAF over the German Luftwaffe. The technological progress in Britain was properly used by its commanders to predict the Nazis’ attacks (Barley 2004). Communication during the battles was an effective tool to control the events and predict mistakes. Within the frames of the battle, Britain demonstrated good technological and strategic concepts to be implemented during the way. The possibility to predict Nazi’s attacks and not to land on their territory made the British able to prove their superiority. The defeat in the battle was the first Hitler’s mistake that challenged the Luftwaffe and recognized its technological weaknesses. North Africa The North African campaign was one of the longest operations on the lands of Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Algeria characterized by colonial interests. The goal of Germany and Italy was to exclude the Allies from the Mediterranean (Paxton and Hessler 2012). Mussolini and Graziani invaded Egypt and established the line in Sidi Barrani that was soon destroyed by the British troops led by Wavell. To support Italy, Hitler sent Erwin Rommel to reinforce the situation in Libya. Cooperation among Britain (Montgomery, Alexander, and Auchinleck) and the US (Eisenhower and Clark) strengthened the position of the Allies. No evident technological advances were observed during that campaign. Both parties had a number of tanks and fast planes for attacks. The batteries of the Axis and anti-tank guns with hydroplanes of the Allies
The flow of capital across borders has increased dramatically since the 1970s, so much that some say we are witnessing the “financialization” of the global economy. Overall, has the explosion of global finance benefited or harmed developing countries? Why or why not? What can states do to better manage the power of finance? It is difficult to dwell upon the benefit or harm of the “financialization” of the global economy to the economies of different countries as the way the capital market functions in different countries are different. It should be stated that the Eastern countries were less dependent on the global flow of currency in comparison with the Western countries. Both Dani Rodrik and Joseph Stiglitz agree that those countries which contributed more to the development of the organizational economy win more now. Eastern countries were those countries who “invested a larger share of GDP and maintained macroeconomic stability” (Rodrik 307). This statement helps to say that those countries who had difficulties in the countries wanted to involve the global economy as a helpful source of finances. Therefore, contributing to the world economy these countries expected to get more in the future. This is exactly what happened. The explosion of global finance contributed to the developing countries in the way that they have been present at the international market for many years while the developed countries have realized the importance of the international capital market when the globalization of the economic relations became obvious. Therefore, the developed countries hoped for their finances, but the increase of the flow of capital across borders has not left them any chance. They were to make their financial relationships international. The political situation in the world also contributed to the globalization of finances. The modern world has changed since the 1970s. Modern economical and political relationships are directed at globalization and this is correct. The tendency in the modern world is in uniting or at least making the economies of the countries subjected to global economics. The priorities of such relationships in the financial aspect are numerous. The global market created additional opportunities for international companies that have been created all over the world. The currency has also become an international destination and the prices of different countries depend on the financial situation in various counties as well. The advantage is the dependency as it presupposes cooperation and mutual support. The cross order finances have promoted the growth of the countries which could not hope on their finances. The contribution to the economies from other counties made it possible for the developing countries to improve the education, health care, and other social institutions that could not be reached based on the personal county’s finances (Stiglitz n.p.). Therefore, the advantages of the globalization of the financial market and the flow of the finances across the broad are contributions for the countries which are
Each dawning day, we read or watch news about entrepreneurs who have managed to build successful businesses amidst unbelievable circumstances. Top in this list are prominent names like Bill Gates, Richard Brandon and Steve Jobs. Apparently, such incidences generate several questions about whether their success could be due to timing, luck or some other hidden factors. However, the reality that only a few individuals have succeeded signifies that they possess some intrinsic personality traits, which predisposes them towards success. For the case study, Gavin Macmillan possesses some key personality traits that endorse him as a successful entrepreneur. To begin with, Macmillan is highly innovative. Having succeeded in saturating mobile bartending market in Canada, he is thinking of expanding his businesses to other regions by recruiting new faces in his franchises. Apparently, Macmillan realizes that his franchisee idea would only succeed if he shared it with other like minded individuals. Secondly, Macmillan is a very patient man. Even after failing miserably in the first trial lessons, he does not give up. Instead he comes up with new ideas. He realizes that entrepreneurship demands a great level of patience before one can yield positive results. Thirdly, Macmillan is exceptionally adventurous and this trait, albeit risky, might attract the desired results, if effectively executed. His idea of building a yacht with a helicopter pad on it is quite adventurous. Similarly, his flexibility enables him to change course when one idea proves to be untenable. For instance, when he realized that the initial idea attracted huge losses, he came up with a new idea. On the other hand, the perfectionist personality is a risky element in entrepreneurship. Macmillan must realize that not everything is likely to go as planned especially while dealing with different players. Consequently, Macmillan motivation can be classified as both intrinsic and extrinsic in nature. Macmillan motivation can be termed as intrinsic because he seems to have an internal desire to stretch his bartending ideas beyond unbelievable limits. The fact that he is willing to train new players indicates that he gains pleasure from bartending. This personal pleasure could be termed as intrinsic. On the other hand, Macmillan is in bartending business for money. Apparently, the main reason why he is willing put up with the slow process of exploring new territories is because he targets some monetary rewards. Macmillan dream of building a yacht appears like an untenable idea that may never be realized. Such an idea demands for a great level of skills and resources. However, by setting up such an enormous and unbelievable goal, Macmillan is likely to stay motivated even when events attest to be too challenging along the way. Moreover, this goal will apparently stretch his innovativeness to the maximum. He has to steer his businesses towards profitability in order to garner enough resources to fulfill the major g
How could Campbell Soup have prevented the problem of dispute with migrant farm workers? Just like any other organization, employees, employers, and labor unions relationships in Campbell Soup is essential for its success (Mondy & Gowan 2005, p. 4). According to the case study, the company’s reputation and productivity could have been affected if the industrial disputes persisted. In this regard, the company’s management team should have prevented this problem way before it materialized. After being pressurized by the Farm Labor organizing Committee (FLOC), the company agreed to conduct an election to determine whether the farm workers could be allowed to be represented by the committee. It is alleged that during the Election Day, the company brought in some local laborers to participate in the voting process. Similarly, the company prevented some of its labors from participating in the process. Therefore, if the company had not meddled with the voting process credible election results could have been obtained. As such, FLOC could have known whether the farm workers preferred them or not to be their representative. Since this group aggravated the current disputes, it is apparent that the company could have prevented these disputes if it had not meddled with the election process. Similarly, the company could have avoided the industrial disputes if it had employed a neutral third party to mediate between the antagonizing parties when the disagreements emerged (Aswathappa 2005, p. 34). Through this, a third party group could have listened to both parties’ grievances and come up with appropriate recommendations. Equally, the company should have adopted codes of discipline in their operations. Codes of discipline require both the employees and the employers to abide by certain norms. If these norms could have been adhered to, incidences of child labor could not have arisen. Similarly, if the norms could have been adhered to the company could have made some effort to improve the deplorable status of its farm workers. Internal and external stakeholders in this situation This industrial dispute affected both internal and external stakeholders. The internal stakeholders affected by the disputes were the shareholders, management team, and the employees. On the other hand, the external workers affected by these disputes were FLOC, human rights organizations, government, ministry of labor, and consumers. In the case study, the shareholders annual meeting was going to be disrupted by members of FLOC. This implies that the effectiveness of planned meeting was going to be compromised by the disputes. On the other hand, the management team has to work relentlessly to end the disputes as they undermine their reputation. If the management team fails to end or solve these disputes, other competent individuals might have to be brought in to solve the dis
Mobile marketing or marketing through cell phones is a relatively new but fast-growing concept in the marketing sector (Flew 126). Since the inception of mobile phones and the short messaging services, (SMS), it has given rise to a new contemporary form of marketing that has revolutionized the whole marketing industry (Sheehan & Morrison 3). Probably this is because in marketing, the first principle is to strategically reach as many target markets as possible, and since it is estimated that more than 4 billion people all over the world use mobile phones, and that “the value of the global mobile advertisement market could reach $10 billion by 2010”, it was observed that this method of advertisement would revolutionize the whole marketing sector if well structured and coordinated (Few 6). Other than SMS, there has been a more interactive way of mobile marketing that involves the use of Multimedia Message Services (MMS), where different brands are in a position to send as well as receive different rich contents through the application-to-person (MMS A2P) or even person-to-person (Parasuraman 34). Motorola has effectively applied the MMS marketing in their House of Blues campaign. Others used are in-game mobile marketing, mobile web marketing, mobile marketing via Bluetooth and via infrared, and location-based services (Parasuraman 35). It’s the response and success of its use that has made mobile marketing gain a lot of interest from both scholars and sales professionals all over the world. According to Smith & Krugman (233), mobile marketing has gained popularity due to two main reasons: interactiveness; this involves getting some permission from the mobile owner to receive and respond to some interactive messages mostly in the premium way involving personalization of the message. Secondly, it has become the consumer-controlled method of marketing where the consumer chooses to pay attention or not to the advertisements (Smith & Krugman 134). It is also said that consumers are more positive towards interactive marketing communication than toward one-way communication (Sheehan & Morrison 4), a concept that eludes marketing agencies who have strictly stuck with the traditional marketing channels like outdoor billboards and television. The above findings have been reinforced by more recent findings published by Kelsey Group , that mobile advertising revenue is predicted to hit $ 3.1 billion by the year 2013, from a mere $160 million in 2008, while on the other hand the local newspaper advertisements, direct mail, television, radio, outdoor, magazines, yellow pages, a
As second and foreign language teachers, we have to look for opportunities to improve the teaching process and enhance its effectiveness. Deepening our knowledge of the current approaches, strategies and methodologies, the educators are enabled to create personal opinion concerning the most effective principles of the language acquisitions. Reading of Nassaji (2000) and Nunan (1998) researches shedding light upon the issues of the form-focused and communicative approaches to language teaching was helpful for enhancing my awareness of the problem and strengthening my persuasion that the integrative approach incorporating principle of both of the theories is the most effective one. The primary goal of every foreign language teacher is to prepare the learners for real life communication. The form-focused approach deprives students of opportunities to develop the necessary skills for meeting this demand. Nunan (1998) noted that “We need to supplement form-focused exercises with an approach that dramatizes for learners the fact that different forms enable them to express different meanings; that grammar allows them to make meanings of increasingly sophisticated kinds” (p. 103). In other words, there is nothing wrong with the form-focused assignments though they should be coupled with communicative exercises for the purpose of filling the gap between theory (cramming the forms) and practice (expressing one’s opinion during the interpersonal communication). From my own experience of a language learner, it should be noted that the transition between the form-focused and organic exercises might be rather stressful. Being certain what form should be use in every particular case in form-focused exercises, a student might be confused trying to express one’s own ideas. This separation of grammar forms from the context of communication creates the feeling of discrepancy between the grammar norms and the communicative goals in the learner’s consciousness. The process of language acquisition depends upon the peculiarities of the learners’ perception of the course materials. It has been proven that learners remember not only things but also the context within which they were acquired. Thus, having learnt the table of forms by heart I must recollect the chart in which they have been represented for choosing the appropriate one, while choosing the words for expressing my thoughts at the same time might overcomplicate the process of communication exchange. For this reason, a teacher should allot time to diverse activities planning language lessons. Nassaji (2000) noted that “the most effective way … is to consider activities that result in attention to form while maintaining meaningful communication and using form for communication” (p. 244). Going from one extreme t
It is surprising that people living in condominiums do not have full control of activities in their home. The board that is elected to oversee the administration of the condominium has almost absolute power over the occupants of the condominium. This means that the board has the power to allocate anyone a unit whenever they find it appropriate. People living in condominiums are supposed to pay monthly fees despite being owners of the housing units. Failure to pay the fees can lead to allocation of a unit to another occupant. The condominium board has the power to arrange for repairs or changes to the unit without the owner’s approval. Another odd characteristic of a condominium is that it is more expensive to establish oneself as a condominium owner than to purchase a family house (Kiplinger 68). On the other hand, co-operative boards accept tenants who are shareholders in the board. It is also odd that condominium boards use unconventional methods to admit tenants. Some boards
Sophocles is among the three tragedians in ancient Greek whose plays managed to survive. Through his brilliant writings and creation in plays, Sophocles greatly influenced the growth of drama. During his life time, Sophocles managed to write 123 plays among them being The Theban Plays which consist of Oedipus the King , Antigone and Oedipus at Colonus . The Theban Plays are the most popular works of Sophocles as they apprehend Thebes’s fate after and during the rule of King Oedipus. The three plays were written in different years for festival competitions. These three plays have greatly moved readers and playgoers since the 5 th century. Among all the dramas that have ever been written, they are considered to be amid those which have managed to survive; they are considered as timeless dramas. Robert Fagles’ managed to translate The Theban Plays where he conveyed all Sophocles’ power and lucidity. Creon, one of the characters in the play Antigone clearly conveys power and lucidity in Sophocles. The following illustrates Creon’s relationship to power, how he influenced the people he ruled, how he used his power as a leader of Thebes and the result of his ruling. It also clearly states how the people of Thebes responded to his ruling and what can be learnt through other characters through the interactions they had with Thebes. Creon is Antigone’s uncle in the play Antigone . After Oedipus the former King of Thebes passed away, his two sons Polynices and Eteocles battled over the kingdom. Eteocles fought his brother back in order to defend himself and also the Kingdom. Polynices on the other hand collected massive army and attacked Thebes but unfortunately neither of them won since they ended up killing each other at the battle. This is how Creon managed to get power in Thebes as he was named the King of Thebes since he was Locasta’s brother. Creon gave Eteocles an honourable burial as he considered him a hero while Polyneices’ body was left to rot away and