ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Educational researchers should understand the philosophy of scientific inquiry. By having a deep understanding of different epistemologies, educators will be able to use new research methods. It will allow them to find new knowledge and better explanations for important academic issues. Therefore, future educators should understand philosophical bases of the following elements of research: ontology, epistemology, paradigms, and methodology. The paper will present three questions related to the preparation of educational researchers. Discussion One should have a coherent view of truth in science because it will help them to assess the results of their research. Current philosophical approaches to truth fall into three broad categories. The first approach has been proposed by realists and positivists who believe that a true statement is always connected to reality (Efinger, Maldonado, & McArdle, 2004). That is, words are just reflection of the external world. Another view of truth is known as the coherence theory. Proponents of the theory believe that scientific explanations are true if they correspond to already existing systems of knowledge (Efinger et al., 2004). The third view of truth is utilitarian. According to this view, truth should be evaluated with respect to its usefulness. Thus, truth is a concept meaning of which depends on its context. This approach to truth is known as the Jamesian conception of truth (Boncompagni, 2016). A question that should be considered by the class is which theory of truth is the most appropriate for educational research? After discussing the nature of truth, it is necessary to consider how a researcher’s perspective influences the objectivity of their inquiry. According to Drew (2006), the effect of researchers’ lived experiences can be seen in every study. It happens because researchers and their projects cannot be separated from their social contexts. In other words, it is impossible to achieve full objectivity in scientific inquiry. The exploration of scientists’ daily experiences can help them to better understand and control initial phases of their studies. Drew (2006) argues that by providing readers of a study with a brief biographical story, it is possible to show them possible biases of the inquiry. The same is true for ethical underpinnings of the study. The scholar’s argument is consistent with the utilitarian view of truth. It should be mentioned that many members of the scientific community believe that researchers’ backgrounds influence results of their studies (Frapolli, 2012; Gorfein, 2012). These backgrounds can be social, ethnic, professional, and personal. Therefore, it is necessary to consider whether or not a biographical narrative can help readers of a study to
After the September 11 attacks in the year 2001, President Bush announced that his country would crack down on those involved, and later war was launched against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban leaders identified as terrorists (The Times, 2001). Therefore President Bush chose to approach it with a ‘war on terrorism. However, there have been other efforts aimed at counteracting terrorism by the U.S. Although the administration of Bill Clinton as the president for eight years was criticized for failing to end terrorism, there were proper measures put in place to deal with the vice. These included efforts to pass the Omnibus Counter-Terrorism Act of 1985 and preparation of the Presidential Decision Directives to enable deal with domestic and foreign terrorism (‘President Clinton’s Efforts to End Terrorism’). The measure by president Bush to fight the terrorist has been challenged, and others like the Green Party think that adherence to UN laws on Human Rights should be observed and that there should be a shift away from the use of militarism and self-interest to attack terrorism (2001). Terrorism activities today are based on the “kill one, frighten a thousand phenomena,” and although people may feel that Osama Bin Laden and his co-workers have done the worst in the attacks against the United States, others, including the US citizens who participate in abortion also take the face of terrorism (Kevin, n.d.). Terrorism may take the face of international terrorism, right and left wings, domestic or may be based on special interests. There is an indication that Terrorism is an old venture; for example, Narodnaya Volya is a terrorist group indicated by the authors to have operated from 1878 to 1881 in Russia and insisted on the toppling of the czars. This alone may be an indication of how much deep terrorism is and that stringent effort and measures should be put in place to end the vice. Terrorism can not only be seen to be a problem of the United States but has affected other nations as well. The terrorist may use various types of weapons like nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons to do his job. According to Turk (1982), innovative policing mechanisms are required to counter-terrorism. Terrorism is a time, for example, the right-wing, came up as a result of paramilitary training sponsored by the Christian Identity Movement, and counterfeiting and bank robbery was the main source of their funding (Smith, 1994). Right-wing terrorism constitutes small groups trying to fight to solve the feeling of victimization. Tuck (1984) has found out that American terrorists of the 1960s and 1970s seemingly came from upper-class and urban areas, and their class structure performed a role of preparing them in making up their
Clarifying the Situation: The Possibility of a Failure. Analysis According to the case study offered by McKeen & Smith (2012), the Minitrex Company suffers from considerable imperfections. Because of the unresolved IT problems and the unwillingness of the head of the company to improve the work of the IT specialists, the quality of the services offered by the company and, therefore, Minitrex’s entire reputation among a variety of clients is in peril. Analyzing the way in which failures occur in Minitrex on a daily basis, one can possibly come to a certain conclusion about the nature of the above-mentioned imperfections and the means to fight them. First of all, it is necessary to mention that the company maintains a constant contact with the customers, allowing the latter to learn about the slightest changes in the company policy or the new services that the company comes up with as soon as possible. With such an efficient system, Minitrex can always feel certain that the clientele will have the offered services and will be satisfied with the company’s high standards. However, because of the unstable work of the IT personnel, the company sometimes fails to mark certain clients as those who have already been informed about certain news, which leads to the fact that people receive two and more calls from the company’s officials about the same news, which is quite irritating. Moreover, according to the research, the сcompany departments are quite detached from each other, which means that each department focuses on their own needs: “’The company is always promising better systems,’ thought Degas, ‘but when it comes down to it, no one can agree on what to do’” (McKeen & Smith, 2012, 234). Hence, it can be concluded that, with the IT services which Minitrex has at present, the possibility of problems with informing the clients on the company news grows increasingly high. However, according to what the researchers say, the company can possibly avoid the problems by implementing a new CRM strategy. The Steps towards the Implementation of the CRM Model As it has been mentioned above, the only possible solution that can help the company solve the complexities within and function efficiently is to implement the CRM model (Stone & Woodcock, 2000). However, according to what McKeen & Smith say, there can be considerable obstacles on the way (McKeen & Smith, 2012). Hence, a specific implementation tactics should be developed to introduce the new model of functioning in the most efficient way. To start with, a plan for each department to act should be drawn (Raju & Parthasarathy, 2010). It is important that each department had a clear task and a plan on how to complete this task. Moreover, the standards for task evaluation should be presented (Cant, Strydom & Jooste, 2009, 27). Further on, Bettman should make the company processes more integrated (Cobb, 2005). Establishing closer relationships between the departments, Bettman will be able to prevent such misunderstandings as double or triple calls. Finally, each of the department
The article by Posada et al. (2010) focuses on the investigation of the effect produced by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on patients’ neurobehavioral symptoms. Researchers note that despite the attention of scholars to neuropsychological deficits of HCV-positive individuals, little regard has been paid to behavioral manifestations. The study involves two groups with the almost identical number of participants (35 HCV- and 36 HCV+). To evaluate findings, Posada et al. (2010) have employed the multiple regression. The paper offers the analysis of the research methodology, variables, and the study design. Also, the strengths and weaknesses of research are discussed, and improvements for the research design are offered. The research methodology used by the authors is the quantitative self-report approach. This study design has presupposed the respondents to complete the self-report version of the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) (Posada et al., 2010). The FrSBe contains 46 statements enabling the generation of a total front dysfunction score and three subscale scores, the latter including disinhibition, apathy, and executive dysfunction. The ratings of the FrSBe are on a Likert-type scale fluctuating from 1 to 5, where 1 means “almost never,” and 5 means “almost always” (Posada et al., 2010, p. 639). The higher the rating, the more abnormal behavior they denote. The hypothesis of the study has been that HCV influences the central nervous system “in a subset of infected individuals” (Posada et al., 2010, p. 638). In order to test this hypothesis, the independent and dependent variables have been used. The behavioral symptoms of the HCV+ patients compose the independent variable. The dependent variable is represented by the “FrSBe T scores (after) for the total score and the three subscales scores,” where T stands for apathy subscale mean (Posada et al., 2010, p. 639). The authors emphasize that while the primary aim of the FrSBe is the evaluation of behavioral change in neurological conditions with a distinct onset, this approach has been widely exploited in the conditions without a clear onset. The results of research indicate that HCV+ patients have significantly higher T scores on the FrSBe total as compared with HCV- individuals. The same results are reported for the disinhibition, apathy, and executive dysfunction (Posada et al., 2010). Meanwhile, at the group level, only one indicator, apathy, is clinically elevated in HCV+ participants. In the dimension of neuropsychological functioning, HCV+ patients have a significantly higher overall neuropsychological shortage than HCV- individuals. The study’s major strength is the analysis of a previously under-examined factor related to the effect produced by HCV on individuals’ neurobehavioral symptoms. The biggest weakness is the sample size that is quite small. Sti
Introduction Organizations encounter challenges in solving the dilemma of choosing between ethical practices and benefits. Organizational leaders understand that telling the customers the truth may result in a company losing clients. In return, it can affect the business’ profit (Giacalone & Thompson 2006). It becomes hard for organizational heads and staff to choose between lying to clients to preserve a company’s profit and telling them the truth, which might result in the business losing the customers. In many cases, organizations find themselves engaging in unethical activities to preserve and improve their profits. Such predicaments lead to internal and external tension in an enterprise. Currently, the responsibilities of organizations have changed (Giacalone & Thompson 2006). Organizations are no longer responsible for making profits only. Giacalone and Thompson (2006, p. 271) maintains, ‘Organisations not only have to answer to shareholders but also the stakeholders within their communities’. One wonders if ethical organizations can make significant profits. Research shows that organizations that engage in unethical activities get short-term returns. However, ethical organizations can adopt lasting business models. Consequently, they establish business relationships that enable them to achieve long-term profits. Numerous organizations have proved that companies can be moral, sustainable, socially accountable, and beneficial simultaneously. Context of Unethical Dilemma In 2011, San Francisco’s board of supervisors came up with a campaign that prohibited fast-food joints from giving away toys to encourage children to eat junk food. McDonald’s Company was notorious for happy meals, which was a promotional instrument that sought to encourage kids to purchase the company’s fat-laden foods (J
Introduction The Untold Story of Emmet Louis Till is a film documentary that revolves around the cruel murder of an African American boy for insulting a white woman. The film is based on a true story that happened in the 1950s about the killing of Emmet Till in a brutal manner. The film brings out various aspects of society particularly those relating to ethnic and cultural diversity. In essence, the film exposes the rottenness within society by manifesting the divergent perceptions of people. No wonder the movie was a great success in motivating the American civil rights movements. The contents of the film had a greater impact to the level of spearheading the reopening of the case almost fifty years after the murder. In its best, the documentary successfully captures the ethnic and cultural perceptions which hinder harmony in society. This is best portrayed by the outcome of a simple act of whistling by the young boy. The theme of the film Throughout the entire film, one aspect seems to dominate the whole story. Therefore the theme of the film as portrayed through its successive sequence is ethnic hostility and injustice. Right from the start of the movie the aspect of hostility amongst the different ethnic groups, in this case, blacks and whites come out clearly. The movie illustrates the level to which this hostility can reach by the eventual and cruel murder of Emmet Till. The aspect of double standards as far as justice is concerned further exposes the manner in which one’s ethnic background has a lot of weight on his/her social life. The film brings an ethnic conflict between the blacks and whites (Nelson 21). The issue of diversity Diversity is not an issue to be taken lightly; it carries a lot of weight in the day to day living. For instance, the movie is about a clash of two ethnic groups who coexist side by side. Diversity, therefore, is portrayed as a complex scenario bearing in mind people’s different cultural perceptions. The Main Characters The film’s main characters are portrayed according to the manner in which they respond to the turn of events. Tills mother for instance responds by exposing the brutality of her son’s murder to the shame of authorities. Her action forms the basis of the American civil rights movement. Till the on the other hand is portrayed as mischievous when he meets a white woman and whistles at her. Reaction to the Conflict The reactions elicited by the various characters and other people are diverse in nature. Till’s mother for instance takes this as an opportunity to expose the rottenness in society to the shame of the authorities (Grindy & Houck 78-82). The authorities on the other hand respond by concealing the brutality of Tills murder. The conflict attracts different responses from the many characters of the film. However, one thing that comes out clear is the ethnic and cultural background of the characters. This background forms
The issue of professional athletes’ salaries has been discussed for many years now. Are they being overpaid or not? Arguments show that their wage is indeed higher than a wage of a common citizen in the US. Nevertheless, this paper aims to demonstrate that not all athletes receive multibillion or long-term contracts, the athletes’ wage is bound to their age and team, and their wage depends not only on their performance but also on fans and media. Age plays an important role in the world of professional sports. Studies show that younger players are usually rather underpaid than overpaid: “older players are either overvalued or fairly valued, while younger players are undervalued” (Pearce 13). The reason behind it is the younger players’ inability to take part in free agency or active negotiating the contracts, Pearce notices (13). Younger players are also underpaid because of the risk they bring. It is unknown if they are going to perform well in this particular team. That is the reason why “hitters within their first three seasons are grossly underpaid, while hitters in the later years of their contracts are overpaid on a whole” (Pearce 22). As compared to veterans or superstars, younger players sign short-term contracts since they have not yet acquired a reliable reputation: they are both underpaid and at risk of not signing the next contract. Young players normally do not possess rare skills, so “star players receive long-term contracts while mediocre players tend to receive short-term contracts” (Scott 8). However, veteran players who are getting closer to the end of their career, although more experienced, have to compete with the ‘young blood’, and this competition does not always end successfully for them (Scott, 10). Both young and old athletes have their own struggles that they must overcome to be paid fairly. The results show that professional athletes (if they are not superstars) are usually underpaid, especially if they have just started their careers. Team success and players’ performance have an impact on the salary. The first goal every of every team is to win as many games as possible. This can help the team to engage in big championships and promote it to fans and in media. A player can perform well in all of the games; however, if the teammates were not as good and the team lost the game, this will influence the salary of all players with no exceptions. Unique skills, although helpful, are not the basis of successful teamwork: “an NFL team will acquire a group of athletes who improve each others’ performance and result in a higher winning percent
Overview of Hospice Care Hospice is an organization that provides multi-disciplinary support and care for terminally ill patients. Nowadays, hospices exist in almost all countries of the world. Even though care peculiarities may be different, the goals are the same. The paramount task of hospice is to provide care for people with a life-limiting illness or injury to living the rest of their life as fully and comfortably as possible. The philosophy of hospice care is built on the belief that patients and their families can live more fully thanks to the personal care and care of others. It should be stressed that such care cannot accelerate or delay death, but it helps to meet it adequately (Kirk & Jennings, 2014). Most of the care is delivered at patients’ homes, yet there are plenty of nursing homes, hospice centers, and other similar facilities. Hospice care is covered by Medicaid, Medicare, and so on and provided to everyone regardless of race, sex, age, and illness. Palliative care focuses on caring rather than on curing. In particular, the following care options can be received at hospice:   * provision of health and social services at a medical facility;   * improvement of medical care at home;   * symptomatic care for patients in the terminal stages;   * organization of qualified care with the use of psychotherapeutic techniques;   * necessary pain therapy;   * social and psychological assistance to patients and their families and the explanation to the latter of how to care for their relative. Ancillary Service Ancillary services refer to supplemental health care services that are essential to support a primary physician’s performance. In particular, these services help to support a diagnosis, improve treatment, or promote rehabilitation. There are three types of ancillary services, including diagnostic, therapeutic, and custodial (Bodenheimer & Grumbach, 2016). The diagnostic category focuses on laboratory tests, diagnostic imaging, etc. The therapeutic category involves a wide range of services, from physical and occupational therapy to massage and speech therapy. The third category of custodial services is directed to facilitate acute pain, urgent care, and hospice care. Thus, it becomes evident that custodial services are the most important for hospice. Among the additional services that are to be provided in the context of ancillary care, one may note monitoring of weight, dental and podiatry services, and nutrition control (Bodenheimer & Grumbach, 2016). An essential aspect of this work is also to meet the needs of patients associated with a religion that can relieve the suffering of patients. The main objective of ancillary services in hospice care is to support the state of well-being and enhance terminally ill patients’ general health. Therefore, the elements of ancillary care are to be implemented from the first days of care delivery. This is likely to improve the quality of life at all stages of the disease and allow patients to enjoy their lives. Having sufficient information about the course of the disease, a doctor, a nurse, and a patient in collaboration can choose a rational way to cope with its symptoms. Se
Caitlin Moran and A.G. Sulzberger are two writers who are passionate about the same topic. Both wrote articles regarding the freedom of women to choose abortion and consider it as a medical solution to unwanted pregnancy. It is indeed a controversial subject matter but Moran and Sulzberger found it important to speak against those who seem determined to shutdown abortion clinics one way or the other. They agree on the idea that women have the freedom to choose what they want with the fetus that is inside their body. However, they used different rhetorical techniques to drive their message across. As a result Sulzberger provided enough information to keep the reader occupied for days to come while Moran was able to appeal to the emotions of the readers, inspiring those who are on her side and making her detractors sympathize to what she was going through. Sulzberger made enemies while Moran gained sympathizers. Summary Sulzberger used an argumentative style to her rhetoric and utilized journalism techniques to provide facts and sharpened her arguments using a logical approach. The author appealed to the mind by stating facts, arguing about the law, moral principles, freedom etc. She was able to achieve all these by pointing to recent legislative activities affecting South Dakota. Sulzberger pointed out that in South Dakota women who had made up their mind to abort their unborn baby had to first undergo counseling sessions in a facility labeled as pregnancy help centers. The author asserted that the primary purpose of the said pregnancy help centers is not to help these women but to convince them not to go through the process of abortion. The author cried foul and began to present an argument complete with references to bill of rights and the danger of state sponsored coercive measures against abortion. Caitlin Moran on the other hand is a dutiful wife and mother of two. She phrased her argument in this context. She appealed to the hearts of the readers, inste