ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Polypharmacy is most frequently characterized as the use of multiple treatment sources, usually five or more prescriptions daily. Polypharmacy has been linked to greater adverse medication responses, drug reactions, the prescription cascade, and increased costs (Wastesson et al., 2018). Polypharmacy is generally related to worse life quality, including movement and cognition issues. Considering the formation of a policy to reduce the practice of multiple drug prescriptions, I suggest implementing Information and Communication Technologies, including databases and support systems. In my opinion, by utilizing database applications, it becomes possible to analyze statistical data and monitor the number of prescriptions. In this case, specialists will be able to connect with individual doctors and, considering the recommendations of each of them, create a group of necessary drugs, excluding unnecessary ones. The main aspect is maintaining the technical condition of these programs and regular verification by experts in order to ensure information transparency and the velocity of processes. What concerns the specific tools that might be included in the design phase of the policy process to increase the probability of success, the use of decision support system software can be proposed. To save time, I propose to elaborate a digital solution that automatically analyzes medication checklists while also giving the necessary screening tool for client prescription warnings and facilitating predefined reporting (García-Caballero et al., 2018). Decision support systems represent a set of software applications designed to monitor and evaluate substantial amounts of data to create structured databases. These programs are ubiquitous, which means the results and statistics figures can be viewed at any time and regardless of location by people who possess access. To my mind, referring to the research from other countries that could help address this issue, it is possible to emphasize the evidence from Slovenia. The study represents a polypharmacy assessment in primary healthcare community settings, using a collaborative care method involving general practitioners and medical assistants (Stuhec et al., 2019). According to the researchers, the results of a retrospective cohort research indicate that implementing a collaborative care strategy is a smart option (Stuhec et al., 2019). In this case, the experience of the collaborative method will allow experts to assess all the risks and probable drawbacks in creating a concept and guidelines.
Marketing has been recognized as the core element that can either break or make a business. However, while domestic marketing poses myriad of challenges to marketers; international marketing is even more challenging owing to the fact that foreign marketers have to override numerous economic, social, legal, political and cultural barriers which are present in foreign locations. On the same note, whereas the aforementioned factors are equally important, culture is the pinnacle in international marketing since overlooking cultural differences may lead to poor performance of the adopted marketing strategies. Nonetheless, Czinkota and Ronkainen (66-72) have identified various cultural strategies that a marketer must take into consideration before venturing into international marketing. To begin with, a marketer can adopt culturally congruent strategy whereby marketing strategies do not deviate from the norm so as to minimize cultural resistance. However, this strategy ignores the idea of product differentiation without which a product might not achieve a competitive edge in foreign market (Czinkota & Ronkainen 65). Secondly, is the culturally distinct strategy whereby a marketer introduces some minor changes to commonly practiced market strategies with an aim of achieving product differentiation (Czinkota & Ronkainen 65). Contrastingly, this strategy might not work if the differences are rejected by the consumers especially in conservative markets (Czinkota & Ronkainen 66). Finally, a marketer might decide to adopt culturally disparate strategies by ignoring the underlying marketing norms available in foreign culture. Instead, a marketer uses advertising and communication avenues to sell the different idea (Czinkota & Ronkainen 68). However such a strategy is highly risky since it is difficult to speculate the kind of attitudes it is likely to yield among consumers (Czinkota & Ronkainen 68). As epitomized above, cultural factors come into play in foreign marketing. For this reason, foreign marketers must always exhibit some form of cultural empathy while designing marketing programs. Czinkotaand Ronkainen (71) underscore that cultural empathy is important because by putting themselves into foreign customers position, marketers are able to understand and appreciate the cultural disparities that exist. Moreover cultural apathy eliminates any form of cultural apathy and ignorance and consequently shields international marketers from obvious mistakes. In addition, foreign mark
Introduction Genes and the environment are powerful forces in building the brain during the development of a child. They help in ensuring normal brain functioning. These powerful forces can also be the root causes of psychological problems. The way in which brain architecture is built before birth and in childhood determines how susceptible we are to such diseases as depression, anxiety or attention disorders, which can severely disturb brain functioning. For these reasons, brain controls such aspects as weight gain in a psychological perspective (Pat & Keel 2006). A preoccupation with ones’ weight is as a result of eating disorders. There are a number of eating disorders that can jeopardize the health of an individual. Several cultural aspects that view weight loss as an advantage to attractiveness are also some of the factors that bring about such eating disorders. This paper discusses some of the eating disorders in both infants, early childhood stage and in adults. It also discusses such factors as demographic aspects and gender in determining particular kinds of disorders. Defining and classifying eating disorders There are those essential features of rumination disorders that are defined in the DSN-IV-TR category. They entail the rechewing and regurgitation of food repeatedly flowing a period of feeding. A child or infant often develops this habit following a normal functioning period. The child or infant may not even show signs of gastroingenital disorder before regurgitation the partially digested food (Dziegielewski 2010). Bulimia nervosa is also another eating disorder in which the symptoms include bouts of overeating and subsequent troublesome methods of controlling weight. It is important to note that such eating disorders are mostly prevalent in females of the ages between 14 to 26 years. Culture and increased personal pressure may also have some effects that induce this kind of behavior. For this reason, men may find themselves getting depressed especially when the effects of these disorders encourage them to engage in such exercises as excessive weight lifting. This eating disorder also occurs much frequently in women, and in particular, Caucasian women. In the situation involving African American women, body image is much more of several factors that include how others react to them, comparisons of their bodies with those of the others in the same environment, and comparison of social and cultural ideas. In Caucasian women, some of these factors are overlooked. These women view body image as a major component of attractiveness (Dziegielewski 2010). Anorexia nervosa is also another kind of disorder whereby the essential feature is refusal to maintain a minimum body weight. This can lead to death due to starvation. Thus, it is not uncommon to find out that the most common psychiatric disorder that causes mortality is anorexia nervosa. Another characteristic trait of anorexia nervosa is the sense of denial. This situation leaves
In this article, Walter Evans discusses the narrative style of Edgar Allan Poe and speaks about the peculiarities of such a short story as The Fall of the House of Usher. This novella occupies a distinctive place in the creative legacy of this writer, and it is included in many collections or anthologies. This literary work has always attracted a close attention of many literary critics who intend to study the literary elements and techniques used by Poe. On the whole, Walter Evans believes that this literary work does not comply with narrative principles advocated by Poe in many of his critical articles (Evans 137). Moreover, in the author’s opinion, Poe adopts a dramatically different narrative approach which was virtually unprecedented in the nineteenth century. Thus, the readers should consider this issue in order to assess this short story. These are the main arguments that this scholar tries to elaborate in his discussion. In his critical works, this writer lays stress on the necessity to create the “preconceived effect” by inventing or combining the so-called “incidents” that enable the author to grasp the attention of a reader and produce a specific impression on the audience (Evans 138). In this case, the word incident is used to describe various elements of the narrative that help the writer to achieve his/her goals. This writer believed that every literary element had to be subordinated to the main effect that the author tried to produce. This method was advocated by many writers in the nineteenth century. Poe applied this approach to many of his short stories. Yet, Walter Evans believes that Poe does not use this principle while writing The Fall of the House of Usher. The scholar describes this short story as “a series of vivid and superficially disjointed images” (Evans 140). Apart from that, in Evans Walter’s view, the narrative elements do not play an important role in this short story. There are some important events that are critical for the development of the narrative, but Edgar Poe does not pay much attention to them. For instance, one can mention the alleged death of Lady Madeline (Evans 140). Furthermore, the readers know very little about the factors that contributed to the downfall of Roderick Usher. This is the major distinctions that the scholar identifies. Overall, in this short story, Edgar Poe uses literary elements that help him create vivid imagery. In particular, one can speak about the use of metaphors that are necessary to create striking descriptions of the house in which the main character lives (Evans 143). These descriptions produce a strong impression on the readers who want to know why this house is depicted in this way. This is why this detail should be taken into account. Additionally, these literary devices are importa This description help readers place
The Vietnam War occurred in 1955 in the regions of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The war brought around rival countries that supported different ideologies. This is to mean that there was involvement of Soviet Union and the United States with all propagating the spread of their ideologies. This paper hence tries to illuminate the issues surrounding the war with the cause being its agenda. The aftermath of the Second World War had the South Vietnam controlled by the French and the North Vietnam controlled by Viet Minh. Viet Minh was considered an ally of the communist and received backing from communist China, Russia, and Eastern Europe. The French intending to reclaim the North in 1946 endorsed Bao Dai as ruler to the dislike of Russia and China who recognized Viet Minh. This led to the bombardment of Haiphong in 1946 that killed 6,000 people. They however did not win their endeavour. In 1953 the French still tried to overturn Viet Minh to no success leading to their withdrawal from Vietnam. This background plays a critical role in the understanding of the involvement of various countries. The Geneva accord stands out as one that epitomized the interest played by various countries. According to Brigham (1), it divided Vietnam into half and the participants of the conference were the United States, France, and people republic of China. The Non-communist according to (Simon 1) in the likes of the United States and its allies such as France were against division of Vietnam into half as this would make it fall into the hands of the communist. The alliance that was formed by the U.S and its allies was then meant to resist the spread of communism. The U.S on this front was adopting the policy of containment which meant to contain the communist in their existing boundaries; this marking the U.S involvement in the Vietnam War (Simon 1). The elections of 1956 were not to take place leading to division between the south and the North. The North led by Viet Minh intended to spread its communist ideology to the south that was led by Ngo Dinh Drem. The U.S felt the need to intervene and as early as 1950 had military advisors sent to the then French Indochina. The North who viewed the war as against the colonial masters and later a U.S puppet state used guerrilla tactics that was to be referred as the Viet Cong. The involvement of the United States was even intensified by arrival of more troops in the 1960 to 1962. This was to escalate to even international borders and led to bombing of Cambodia and Laos. The United States hence used its resources in trying to stop the spread of the communism to the South leading to the death of thousands of people. The fall of Saigon in 1973 saw the end of Vietnam War and the defeat of the United States to its endeavour and the victory of the communist in the region. It is outright that the U.S and the Soviet Union were using smaller countries to propagate their ideologies with the escalation of a war in the Vietnam being an example. To this end, Vietnam was a victim of the cold
The epic of Giglamesh and the Book of Job are classified as epic poems. These are ancient poems that tell of a hero and the challenges the hero faces towards making him a better character. These narrative poems were written in the ancient times. The epic of Giglamesh is a story from Mesopotamia. It tells the story of a powerful and dictatorial sumeric king and his quest for eternal life. The setting of the story is in a country known as Uruk characterised by forests and mountains. The story is written on twelve tablets by Giglamesh himself. The book was written in the second and third millennium BC. The epic of Giglamesh is in two parts. One part narrates the heroic conquests of the Sumerian kings while the second part is narrates his struggle with the issues of death and mortality. The book of Job is a poetic book with its origin in the bible. Several writers have written the story, analysing it and contributing ideas on the story. It is partly prose and partly poetry. In the prose Job is a persevering man but in the prose he comes out as defiant (Mitchell, 2010) It is not known who wrote the poem. In the bible it is also referred to as a book of wisdom in the same category as the book of proverbs. This is the story of a blameless man who lost everything he had yet he had done nothing wrong. It is a story discussing issues of justice and suffering. Comparative Review The two stories show certain characteristics of the people that lived at that time. In both stories the people believed in the supernatural beings and were religious. When Giglamesh faces a monster he approaches his mother to pray to the god Shumash that he may have victory in his battle. Job is a religious man who also devotes himself to his God. Giglamesh himself is described as one part human and three parts god. The story of Giglamesh is like a fantastical story with monsters, ogres and many gods. In the story of Job there are scenes of God and Satan discussing the life of Job. The Book of Job shows the existence of God and the evil Satan. This is a common belief in most religions that speak of the fight between good and evil. Enkidu is also told by the gods that he will die. These are stories emphasizing communication between the spirit worlds and man. The questions in the book of Job tend to be rhetoric though. The answers to Job’s questions are never answered directly by God. The answers God chooses to give which are in the question form tend to show God’s might and the limitation of man. Enkidu is made from clay and water showing that man is indeed common and not supernatural. It makes one who is not keen on spiritual matters to pause and wonder on the happenings of his life. Are the happenings in his life as a result of a decision taken by the gods? As humans we want to be in control of our environment and what happens in our lives. The stories show that the gods decide what happens in a man’s life. The human beings are not given a chance to contribute to conversations that concern t
“Dutch elm disease is a fungal disease that literally strangles elm trees by invading the tree,” (Burke 429). It is caused by ascomycete, Ceratocystis ulmi and spread from tree to tree by the aid of beetles. During its growth, Dutch elm tree produces hyphae from its mycelium that spread throughout its parts. The spreading of the produced hyphae enhances the tree to produce plugs that play a significant role in cutting off the xylem vessels which are responsible for movement of water within the plant. “The cutting of the xylem leads to branch wilt and eventually the death of the whole tree,” (Burke 429). Dutch elm disease did not originate from Netherland as its name may suggest. Its name originated from a female Dutch scientist who discovered it in early 1920’s. It has no scientific name, and thus, it is known as Dutch elm disease worldwide. Symptoms of Dutch elm disease The symptoms of Dutch elm disease are evident both externally and internally. During its early stages, it causes premature yellowing of the leaves that are near the crown. Its early symptoms are also associated with sudden or prolonged wilting of plant leaves, branches or sometimes the entire plant. “The wilted leaves of the plant affected by this disease appear not only curled, but also yellow,” (Agrios 273). The advancement of the disease makes the leaves turn brown, and eventually fall off from the tree prematurely. Most branches of the plants infected by this disease die instantaneously after defoliation. The disease spreads very first from one branch to another. Thus, a severely affected plant poses many dead branches. In some occasions, the disease leads to the death of the whole plant after affecting almost all of its parts. Usually, it infects elm trees during spring or early summer. However, those infected in late summer do not develop the symptoms so much; in most occasions they recover. Dutch elm disease also causes sapwood discoloration (Agrios 273). Plants affected by Dutch elm disease and immune species Dutch elm disease is one of the major pathogenic diseases in America. It affects almost all elm trees. However, it is evident that some species of elm are affected more than the others by this disease. “In America, this disease is caused by two types of fungi; Ophio
Introduction Built in the middle of the 27 th century BCE, the Pyramid of Djoser is the oldest pyramid in Egypt. It consists of six mastabas, rectangular structures with a flat roof used for building tombs, which were put atop each other. The height of the pyramid is 62 meters (203 feet), with the foundation of 109 and 125 meters (358 and 410 feet). The Step Pyramid is situated almost at the center of a large rectangular enclosure (37 acres) that is surrounded by a wall of white limestone 10 meters (34 feet) high and approximately 1,650 meters (5,400 feet) long. Although mastaba tombs had been built before the construction of the Step Pyramid, Djoser was the first monarch who began building stone structures (Bard 78). The architect of the pyramid was Imhotep, one of the most renowned figures in the whole history of Egypt. He served as a vizier (the highest official title in Ancient Egypt) to Pharaoh Djoser. Moreover, he is considered the first artist in human history whose name and activity were recorded. At his time, he was considered a man of great talent, and, apart from being the high priest, vizier, and engineer, he is also allegedly known as a judge, astronomer, poet, physician, and polymath (Jones 751). The pyramid was built at Saqqara, the ancient necropolis located in Memphis that was the capital of Egypt at that time. Being built of a series of mastabas that are progressively diminishing from bottom to top, the pyramid resembles the great Mesopotamian ziggurats. However, in contrast to a ziggurat, the Pyramid of Djoser is a tomb and not a temple platform. Furthermore, it had two functions, namely, to protect the mummified monarchs and their possessions and to symbolize their godlike power. Additionally, under the pyramid, there is an underground network consisting of several hundred galleries and rooms carved at the Saqqara bedrock (Gardner and Kleiner 113). This subterranean complex was intentionally made to resemble a palace, as it was meant to be a home of Djoser after his death. Elements At first sight, it seems that the pyramid is plain and does not have any prominent features that make it unique and that reveal the technique of the architect. However, even being such an old structure, the Pyramid of Djoser consists of certain elements that were selected by the architect for a particular reason (Hartwig 154). Thus, the most outstanding features of this pyramid that can be regarded as the definition of the architect’s style are the use of mastabas of different sizes and placing them atop one another, the use of ashlar (cut stone construction), and the underground complex beneath the pyramid. Mastaba is the earliest type of Ancient Egyptian tombs which is constructed in the form of a rectangular structure with a flat roof and sloping sides made of mud-bricks from the Nile River (Welc and Marks 127). The main peculiarity of this kind of a crypt was the chapel, and a false door inside that served as a portal for the soul of the deceased in order to partake in the meals in the pharaoh’s honor (Hartwig 163). The main feature of Imhotep’s pyramid is