ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A healthcare manager is a person who organizes the work of a certain number of employees in a market economy based on modern management methods. He or she is a specialist in managing and controlling processes in the health promotion and system. It is necessary to consider many nuances related to employees’ activities in the workplace to master this profession successfully. A professional in this field can properly keep performers under control and motivate them by the manager’s desires and goals. The manager forms communications between people and determines the individual contribution of each employee to the overall result. There are two main bases of influence that encourage the performer to cooperate: personal and organizational (positional). Below is a description of these abilities and the sources of their development by managers in healthcare organizations. The sources of a manager’s power base in the healthcare organizations on a personal side include the following elements and aspects. First of all, a healthcare manager has that method of leadership under a certain level of education, knowledge, experience, skills, and abilities. The performer believes in the influencer’s special knowledge that will allow the subordinate’s needs. This is influence by reasonable faith in the skills of the leader. Secondly, the right of the head to power is conditioned by the measure of recognition of subordinates. There is a desire to influence other people, which is manifested in the desire to strengthen one’s reputation, give persistent advice, and offer help (Gopee & Galloway, 2017). Thirdly, a manager has access to the necessary information and the ability to use it to influence subordinates. The power of information can become a source of influence, both for the manager and assistants. Thus, it is ba
Introduction Before the World Wars, the international system was characterized by non-interventionism and multilateralism. States tried as much as possible to avoid hot spots because the conditions could not allow aggression. In Europe for instance, the international system was characterized by the balance of power where each state armed itself in order to keep off external aggression. After the First World War, France and Britain allowed Germany to rearm itself in order to bring back the balance of power that had characterized the system for many years. Britain and France feared that Russia could cause destruction due to a revolution in its leadership. The Bolsheviks had taken over power and the economy of Russia was doing well. This was interpreted to mean military stability hence other actors had no option but to allow Germany to equip itself with necessary weapons. In the US, the condition was the same since the state never intervened in any major conflict. After the Second World War, the US policies were guided by the Truman’s doctrines, which emphasized on containment. The US had to come up with policies that could counter communism and its effects. In other words, the US policy makers employed the tenets of realism in their foreign policy formulation strategies. As regards to humanitarian assistance, policy makers came up with two theories to explain foreign aid. It is observed that states utilize foreign aid and humanitarian assistance to further their interests. This is according to realists, such as Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth Walt. On the other hand, liberalists argue that states may intervene in a foreign state to restore peace and democracy and not necessarily to achieve national interests. The same theories can be utilized to explain the situation in Timor-Leste in 1999. States intervened military to restore peace and democracy. States went ahead to provide humanitarian assistance, though their national interests were not fulfilled. Realist Approach According to scholars holding this theoretical framework, the state is the unit of analysis. The theory does not open the black box meaning that domestic variables such party politics, public opinion
Abstract This paper will be a case study of News.com.au. The objective will be to use this site to explore some of the factors mentioned above. It will show that the success of online broadcasts relies on more than just the readers. The paper will also take into account the thoughts of the readers on their role in that success, and members of the site’s staff on the news and the new developments they wish to adopt. This will be done through a questionnaire. The paper will also explore the organization and structure of News.com.au website, and how this helps it sell itself to the readers. Introduction With the prevalence of online media today, more and more media houses are going online. Not only are new media houses adopting online broadcasting, but the ones that are already online are increasing their online portals. These media houses hope to retain their customers. Their adoption of online media is an attempt to chase after their customers who are already on line, as well as winning new online users. The participation of readers is pivotal for the success of the sites (Cushion 2001; Cameron 2000). Based on their perceptions on the sites, the readers could inform other people; their friends, families, workmates, et cetera. Although getting more people coming in is a good thing, the real question is not whether a person logs in, but whether he/she keeps returning to the portal. Retaining old customers makes it possible to identify the new readers, and to evaluate whether the portal is popular amongst readers (Emmerichs et al 2004). Background News.com is an organization of editors based in Sydney. It has a large number of online editors who manage its work in many cities and mast-head sections all over the world (Burden 2008; Chappel 2000, p. 12). It has reporters and newspapers that contribute greatly in many states including territories all over Australia and goes further to include correspondents from different parts of the world (Chaston 1999, p. 34). In Asia, it has correspondents from various cities that include Beijing in China, Bangkok in Thailand, Tokyo in Japan and Jakarta in Indonesia. In Europe, London takes the lion share and takes the representation of United Kingdom and the larger European continent. In the United States, the cities of Washington, Wellington, New York and Los Angeles have been inhabited by the correspondents of this organization (Chaston 1999, p. 30). It has in the last decade drawn its global power of incorporating news and the act of gathering parallel news from News Limited. This is the largest new gathering network in Australia (De Botton 2002; Denu 2011). Within its rank, is an out-and-about team of online reporters who work hard to contribute their daily reports to the millions of the Australian population (Little 2007, p. 41; Alysen 2002, p. 35).It presents the content it gathers from the vast network of the News Limited network which has in its ranks news on a range issues such as business, weather, entertainment, and sports. The portal makes almost minute to minute update of its news. For example, it can be noticed that the Breaking News column in the News.com.au bears headlines only minutes apart (
Since the reconstruction period, many developments have unfolded in the United States. There have been periods of tranquility, war, diplomatic tension, and so on. In particular, the 1960s marked a time of heightened hostility between the Soviet Union and the United States, especially with respect to nuclear development (Tindall and Shi 11). The period came to be popularly known as the Cold War era. Due to the belligerence between the two hegemonies, the Soviet Union’s nuclear programs posed a great danger not only to the U.S. but also to the world at large. In 1962, the world’s attention was drawn by the crisis that surrounded the building of a Soviet Union nuclear facility in Cuba. Missiles launched from the facility would have the capacity to reach almost every part of the U.S. and other parts the world. This development created so much tension that the world was on the threshold of one more war. This brief discourse examines this crisis through the lenses of the documentary, Cuban Missile Crisis: Three Men go to War. The documentary depicts the crisis as being so threatening that many people thought humanity would be annihilated ( Cuban Missile Crisis ). The events that took place during this time in history were quite intense, bringing the world to a literal standstill. The crisis started when U.S. U-2 planes captured images of a Soviet missile placement in Cuba (Tindall and Shi 56). As already noted, the missiles were capable of reaching almost every part of the U.S., and as such, they posed a direct threat to the U.S. and the whole world. In fact, one of the Russian nuclear bombs was over seventy times more powerful than the two nuclear bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WW II. Apparently, Fidel Castro wanted the Soviet facility to be in an open place, but his Soviet counterpart, Nikita Khrushchev, insisted on making it clandestine. The latter believed that after its completion, the U.S. could do nothing to harm the facility. However, the missile facility was discovered prior to its completion. The discovery forced President Kennedy to start launching a preventive attack, which would have inevitably caused a retaliatory action by the Soviet Union. Moreover, since the Soviet Union was equipped with nuclear weapons, it would certainly employ them in retaliation. The possibility of such attacks threatened the whole world. The missile facility was discovered on October 15, 1962, and the thirteen days that followed that day were some of the most anxious and fear-filled days in the history of the world. The standoff ended on October 27, the same year, a day is known as “Black Saturday.” The name resulted from the shooting down of a U.S. military plane sent to check the situation in Cuba (Tindall and Shi 60). As illustrated by the documentary, the three leaders, Fidel Castro, Nikita Khrushchev, and John F. Kennedy, were under intense pressure. The fate of humanity depended on their decisions (Allison and Zelikow 51). In essence, one may conclude that the fear
For many people, being together with another person is important. The vision of a perfect couple, when two partners are equally committed to maintaining the relationship is displayed as a norm in many cultures. However, in reality, a relationship is not always without flaws. Some people may see a relationship through the prism of their desires and judgments. If taken too far, some of these thoughts may lead to a person becoming obsessive. Author Jonh D. Moore (2010) explores the topic of stepping over the border between affection and obsession in his book Confusing Love with Obsession . The purpose of this paper is to explore the main characters of this book, define the types of obsessive love proposed by the author and evaluate the knowledge this book can give to its readers. Love Style of the Characters Some scientists distinguish relationships by comparing them to multiple styles of loving, a theory presented by John Alan Lee (Miller, 2014). According to this idea, there are six types of love, and each type has apparent characteristics and traits. The first three types: eros, ludus, and storge are identified as primary types of love (Miller, 2014). Eros is characterized by passion and desire to establish a strong physical and emotional connection with a partner. Ludus, on the other hand, incorporates the refusal to commit to a relationship in any way, limiting intimacy and emotional connection to a minimum. The last primary type, storge, resembles familial love. This type of love is expected to gradually appear after a long period of time on the basis of already developed friendship. There are also three secondary types of love: agape, pragma, and mania. First of all, agape is a form of altruistic love, where a person enjoys caring for a partner, while not expecting the same level of commitment in return. Secondly, relationships built on practicality and logic fall under the category of pragma. Pragmatic love is cooperative, as it promotes comfort and agreement for both sides of a relationship. Lastly, mania is a type of love filled with expectations from one partner towards another. It is often followed by feelings of anxiousness and jealousy and may lead to one of the partners becoming possessive or manipulative. Mania can describe the relationships presented in the book Confusing Love with Obsession . Main characters of the story have different experiences with their partners. However, all of these heroes have the same number of characteristics in regards to their relationships. They are possessive, either through controlling their partners or demanding their excessive attention. Secondly, the main characters tend to think about their relationship as a necessity to live. The thoughts about their partners fill the minds of the heroes to the extent of not being able to think about anything else. Ma
Schizophrenia: Treatment Approaches Schizophrenia or dementia praecox is a chronic mental health disorder that is characterized by the presence of delusions, hallucinations, erratic behavior, and the impairment of cognitive abilities (Patel, Cherian, Gohil, & Atkinson, 2014). According to the description of the disorder in the DSM-5, it is associated with the following diagnostic criteria: disorganized speech, delusion, hallucinations, grossly disorganized behavior, social or occupational dysfunction, duration of six months, schizoaffective exclusion, and substance exclusion (Tandon et al., 2013). The onset of the mental disorder usually occurs in the first half of life; however, many episodes of schizophrenia have been registered beyond the age of 60 years (Hafner, Maurer, & Heiden, 2013). The prevalence of the debilitating disorder in the US population falls in the range between 0.6 percent and 1.9 percent (Patel et al., 2014). There is no variation in the prevalence of schizophrenia between sexes. The condition is treated with the help of a large number of both non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies. Non-pharmacological therapies are used in conjunction with pharmacological approaches and target residual symptoms (Patel et al., 2014). Furthermore, non-pharmacological therapies such as psychotherapy are necessary to ensure that patients adhere to their pharmacological treatments. It is extremely important since the condition is characterized by high non-adherence rates. Psychotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of schizophrenia fall into three categories: individual, group, and cognitive-behavioral (Patel et al., 2014). Cognitive-behavioral approaches consist of cognitive-behavioral therapy and compliance therapy (Patel et al., 2014). Individual approaches are comprised of the following therapies: supportive, personal, social skill, and employment rehabilitation (Chien, Leung, Yeung, & Wong, 2013). This paper aims to review, as well as to compare and contrast, two peer-reviewed articles on psychotherapeutic treatment approaches to schizophrenia. The paper will also discuss theories associated with treatment interventions outlined in the articles. Cognitive Therapy An article by Grant, Huh, Perivoliotis, Stolar, and Beck (2012) describe the results of a randomized control trial on the efficacy of the application of cognitive therapy (CT) for treatment of “neurocognitively impaired, poorly functioning patients with chronic schizophrenia” (p. 122). The trial was approved by the University of Pen
The history of modern Chinese music dates back to the 11 th century when music was among the fundamental functions of the society including politics and morals. Music has been so important in China making it one of the few countries across the world that has had official music organizations and bureau in each and every dynasty that has passed. The Zhouperiod music is regarded as the foundation of the modern Chinese music. This kind of music was used in ritual ceremonies and education systems for purposes of education and entertainment (Hsia 394). The Zhouperiod music was characterized by a variety of music styles and a type of instrumentation that has been preserved until now. The Han Dynasty that was in existence from (206 B.C – 220 A.D) witnessed a cross-cultural influence from all the Chinese empires and other economic associates that were affiliated to the Chinese Empire. The original Zhouperiod music was played using the native court musical instruments before the cross-cultural influence came in place. As the music embraced external influences, new musical instruments such as panpipes, vessel flutes, zithers, bells and stick membranophones were introduced. The Zither and the Zheng were the only instruments that came from the region but the rest were adopted from foreign empires (Hsia 394). The Zheng later become very popular after the unification of the Chinese sub-empires to form the Qin dynasty. The end-blown di flute and the plucked
Steps in Decision Making Decisions can be made at an individual or organizational level. Individual decisions may affect the decision maker, the people who look up to them or the organization they serve. Similarly, organizational decisions may affect individuals or groups associated with the entity. In this respect, different factors affect the process of decision making. Experiences, the level of information, the uniqueness of the situation and urgency of the matter are some of the factors that influence decision making (Dietrich 1). Having decided on whether the decision is individual or collective, the following guidelines are vital. First, one must identify the problem that requires a decision. In the second step, one ought to generate possible solutions to the problem. The third step evaluates the consequences of each of the decisions that are to be taken. The fourth step involves choosing the measure you have decided to undertake about the problem. The fifth step is implementation. Implementation may take place at once or may be done in bits depending with the situation. The sixth step involves evaluation of the degree of success of the decision (Lunenburg 3; Anderson 9). Making decision in the light of Ian Robertson, “Religion and Social Change”and Nicols Fox, “What are Our Real Values” Determining whether affective domains of mankind determine culture and social change or whether social and cultural changes determine the affective domains is highly contested. In this regard, affective domains refer to the human beliefs, attitudes, social philosophies, ethics, norms and ideals. Karl Marx held the opinion that culture is made of material and nonmaterial constructs. On the other hand, Max Weber agreed with the approach by Marx on material and nonmaterial constructs, but he held the opinion that the affective domains influenced social changes. According to him, the concept and principles of capitalism emanated from beliefs and other normative aspects (Robertson 10). A further synthesis of the material and non material paradigms reveal that as much as the positions held by Max and Marx were based on correct constructs, they were relative and contextual. The growth of England as a capitalist over Scotland is a case at hand (Robertson 11). The emerging modern economies in the East, especially China, complicate further, the view of Weber. Setting the ideals, believing in them and passing them on to the next generation is fast becoming an illusion. The ideals on the value of family, humanity and moral consciousness have become subject to media and celebrities (Fox 122). Lilian Smith: When I was a child The article is a classical analogy of racial discrimination in the south of the U.S. The parents talk of the goodness of God, of the virtue of their society, and of the value of life while at the same tim
Abstract This paper addresses the various issues associated with multicultural counseling theory. The pros and cons of multicultural counseling theory were analyzed with regards to factors that affect the work of multicultural counselors. People have ceased from being confined in their regions because of the scarcity of opportunities. People from various backgrounds are meeting in countries that have cultures that far much different from theirs. They encounter difficulties while trying to adjust themselves to the changes. The challenges affect them at varied intensity depending on their age, gender and religion. The multicultural counselors must be ready to tackle such difficulties in order to assist their clients overcome these obstacles. He/she should act as the role model of his/her clients. Both the counselor and the client must undertake their responsibility appropriately. The counselor must stick to the ethics of being a counselor. There are some personality traits that should be portrayed by a qualified counselor. The clients expect the counselor to be open minded rather than being reserved. Besides that the counselor should pay close attention to the progress of their client and if they realize that the problem has remained persistent they should consider other alternatives. These are some of the issues that have been analyzed in this paper. Introduction Counseling entails giving people advice concerning their problems and the professionals who offer this advice are called counselors. When one is faced with difficulties and he/she does not know how to handle it or what steps to take, they are expected to consult a counselor. A counselor’s job is very demanding because he/she must change the thoughts of the client. This job can further be complicated when the counselor deals with clients from all walks of life. Counselors are expected to deal with people from different backgrounds, cultures, and ethnicities, thus leading to the concept of multicultural counseling theory. This paper reviews the pros and cons of multicultural counseling. Today our communities have been mixed up because the increase in human population has forced people to relocate to other countries in search of work. This is owing to the fact that the resources in their nations could hardly sustain them hence when they secured opportunities in foreign nations they decided to settle there. Although they exist in foreign land they continue to exhibit their cultures which make them unique. However, multicultural counselors must be acquainted to the cultures of their clients because that way they will be in a position to understand their multicultural clients better (James, 2008). Pros and Cons of Multicultural C