ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The modern competitive environment stipulates the appearance of numerous diverse approaches to business which are introduced to attain improved outcomes and preserve leading positions. However, some traditional forms that have proven their efficiency remain topical and are used along with innovative approaches (Belker, McCormick & Topchik 2012). The bureaucratic structure is one of these. It could be described as a method of organizing a particular business that presupposes a hierarchical or pyramidal structure which is implemented to achieve the most efficient operation and decrease costs (Lindner 2017). Therefore, today we could observe a number of agencies, companies, and organizations that adhere to this structure. This evidences the ability of bureaucratic forms to meet challenges arising from the coherent complex setting and guarantee positive results. In this regard, the comprehensive investigation of the given structure is fundamental to the enhanced understanding of its peculiarities and applicability to the existing business environment. Looking for the organization for the analysis, we decided that the U.S. Military could be considered an appropriate option because of the several aspects. First of all, it is one of the most ancient institutions of the modern society which has been preserving its bureaucratic traditions for an extended period of time (Dan-Cohen 2016). For this reason, using it for the analysis, we will be able to acquire fundamental pieces of data needed for improving our understanding of the issue, its basic peculiarities and other vital facts. Second, the use of the bureaucratic model is justified by the need for strict hierarchy and subordination along with the comparatively low cost of its management (Koppell 2006). That is why, we will be able to assess both strengths and weaknesses of the method, its practical applicability, etc. Therefore, the primary aim of the essay is to investigate the bureaucratic form of organizing activities using the U.S. Military as the background for the investigation. Moreover, another objective includes the enhanced understanding of such concepts as centralization, formalization, and complexity regarding the real setting and their implementation to the existing organization. Finally, the paper aims at investigating coordination mechanisms that are used to regulate the functioning of the selected unit and to align cooperation among its members. Bureaucratic Organization Purpose The United States Army is one of the oldest and well-known bureaucratic organizations. It remains an integral part of the state and guarantees its further evolution by protecting it from external enemies and internal wreckers ( Telling the army story n.d.). The nature of this institution and the fundamental character of goals stipulate an incredibly high significance for the further evolution of the nation. Therefore, the Army is a governmental organization. For this reason, the main aspects of its functioning are preconditioned by the U.S. Constitution, Senate, and other legislative acts ( About the army n.d.). Its current goals are
Summary The reading represents the immersion of a person into the aspects of yoga and its comparison with Lent. The key emphasis is on human intellectual and spiritual practices. According to the author, “the core solution to life’s problem is a changed attitude to our very experience” (Valkenberg, 2017, p. 31). This means that only through knowledge, a person can control one’s life. The author also draws parallels between Christian and Hindu approaches and notes that “Christ and Yoga are not at odds” (Valkenberg, 2017, p. 34). The general principles of avoiding physical irritants and clearing the mind bring two religious doctrines together. However, when highlighting each practice, the author argues that immersion in oneself takes effort and says that “yoga is a doing, not a blog writing” (Valkenberg, 2017, p. 39). A number of sutras are presented and explained to reveal yoga practices. Among others, attention is paid to “posture, the control of breath, and the indrawal of sense” (Valkenberg, 2017, p. 45). Meditation practices are an important part of Hindu culture, which overlaps with Christianity in many ways because “one can keep practicing without any urgent deadline to meet” (Valkenberg, 2017, p. 54). Thus, many features bring these two religious doctrines together. Reflection As a Christian, I have not tried yoga meditation practices; nevertheless, I am familiar with the concept of Lent. In my culture, immersion in oneself means seeking truth and identifying problems in an internal dialogue with God. Practicing yoga is not only a convenient but also a useful approach to answering oneself to pressing questions by separating from the outside world physically and connecting with it spiritually. Such an experience would be valuable to me, and I would try individual meditation exercises. Question After reading the text, I had a question: what principles of immersion in oneself exist in Christianity? In churches, at mass religious events, and elsewhere, pastors usually do not talk about this. Therefore, I wonder if there are other forms of going into the inner world and getting closer to God in addition to praying. Summary Aspect Yoga and Lent are closer to each other, which may seem at first sight, and the reading reviewed proves this. Different sutras are examined, and such terms as “ignorance, ego-centeredness, desire, aversion, and longing for continuity” are discussed from a religious perspective (Valkenberg, 2017, p. 27). Many Hindu texts highlight the value of “a determination to change what can be changed” (Valkenberg, 2017, p. 27). In other words, a person’s desire to make one’s life easier and clearer depends on oneself. To do this, people may refer to yoga as a potential alternative to the Christian teaching, which, however, does
Introduction This paper explores the issue of language barrier in the advancement of academic exchange programs across the globe. Academic exchange programs have become common with the growth in the pattern of interactions between countries. The patterns of cross-national interactions in diverse fields are being enhanced as a result of globalization. One notable area in global interactions is the growth in socioeconomic exchanges between countries. It is now common to find people of different nationalities spread in a number of countries around the world. The trends in the education sector denote growth in the academic exchange programs. However, it should be noted that different countries have diverse lingual dimensions, which makes it hard to achieve the objectives of academic exchange programs. In this paper, it is argued that language is one of the main impediments to the efficiency and effectiveness of academic exchange programs between countries. The paper begins by expounding the problem of lingual variation in education. This is followed by the development of possible solutions to the problem of language in cross national academic exchange programs. Kallen (12) observed that globalization has paved way for various developments. From the last quarter of the 20 th century, exchange and the mobility of people have become a common phenomenon in the academic field. Among the most critical developments of globalization is the reduction in cross-national transactions. One sector that has attained growth as a result of globalization is the education sector. The global education sector has largely expanded due to economic globalism. It is critical to note that the number of foreign students in the world today is higher than it has ever been recorded. With academic institutions working to ensure that they put in place modalities of increasing efficiency in cross national education, the issue of language has come out as one of the main impediments to the attainment of the desired results in such programs. It is critical to explore the nature of problems that are brought about by lingual variations in the contemporary globalized world. The exchange and mobility in the academic realm is highly impeded by the difference in national languages (Kallen 14). National languages have been restricted to people from given countries for a relatively long period of time. Most of the national languages that are spoken and used for making transactions in a substantial number of countries were derived from international migration and colonialism. These languages va
Ancient Egyptian Design Picture A. Ancient Egyptian Picture B. Ancient Egyptian Pictures A and B perfectly represent the main attributes of the Ancient Egyptian- inspired interior. Picture A demonstrates the inclusion of Ancient Egyptian wall frescoes and decorations, as well as hieroglyphics, into a modern setting at Shaquille O’Neal’s Orlando mansion. Beige and brown tones are balanced by brightly colored curtains and the lighting of the aquarium room. As for Picture B, a wall niche displaying Ancient Egyptian vases is surrounded by vivid blue tones. The outlined elements in the two pictures create a unique combination of motifs that manifest the Ancient Egyptian design style. From my perspective, these features add a distinctive “ancient” look to the interior, revitalizing otherwise neutral color schemes. Ancient Greek Picture A. Ancient Greek Picture B. Ancient Greek In picture B, the materials that characterize the Ancient Greek aesthetic become even more evident in this Malibu estate featured on Houzz.com. The Abundance of stone, white and Gray colors and sculptured surfaces highlight the simplicity of ancient Greece interiors. Another distinct quality is the mirror resembling copper design, a prominent feature of Greek homes and culture. The wooden surface, the prominence of light, and the surrounding green environment perfectly display the elements that were often present in ancient Greek homes. I think that these pictures present a perfect combination of modern advancements and ancient designs that create a more rural atmosphere, perfect for many contemporary buildings. Ancient Roman Picture A. Ancient Roman Picture B. Ancient Roman Picture B demonstrates how Roman elements can be included in a contemporary setting through the use of a mosaic ornament on the table. The inclusion of neutral, yellow, and beige colors perfectly coincides with the characteristics of an ancient Roman interior design. I believe that this style can be an excellent addition to modern homes, especially the mosaic effect, which revitalizes the neutral colors and brings the artistic element into the environment. Ancient Chinese Picture A. Ancient Chinese Picture B. Ancient Chinese The incorporation of white colors was also prominent among ancient Chinese residents. Very often, bright creme and beige colors were contrasted with dark wood increments that revitalized the atmosphere. This characteristic is highly prominent in picture B, which portrays the interior environment inspired by ancient China. Moreover, the inclusion of Chinese figurines in white and blu
Introduction The previous century, especially the first half, was a turning point for many aspects of human civilization. The massive concentration of theoretical knowledge and technical inventions developed in the 19th century led to significant cultural and technological changes and shifts in approaches to foreign and domestic politics, economics, and social structure. Xin notes that “in the first few years of the beginning of the twentieth century, all ancient concepts on the physical world were overwhelmed by the tide of scientific revolution” (20). However, things and ideas that could lead to the global prosperity of humanity have been corrupted and used for mass destruction, the extermination of entire populations, and religious, gender, ethnic, and economic discrimination. Two devastating world wars and the depressive interwar period could not but lead to a subversion of expectations and a subsequent reaction both in intellectual circles and society, especially in the Western one. Hope for the humane aspect of humanity was shattered, the modernist worldview was rejected, and a new one, postmodernism, arose. People began to turn to postmodern concepts and personal experiences to find new truths, the meaning of life, and understand the causes of things. Viktor Frankl was one of them; he was a man who did not turn his back on the horrific side of civilization but met it face to face, found a new meaning, and won (“Viktor Frankl Interview – 1979”). Nowadays, he is considered one of the first thinkers of the postmodern movement and a pioneer in the practical application of its concepts in psychiatry. Man’s Search of Meaning , his most well-known writing, is not only a book about his experience of survival in the inhuman conditions of a concentration camp and unique psychiatric therapy methods. It also represents how the previous century changed the global civilizational worldview. This work will explore Frankl’s book’s ideas, namely aspects such as originality and value, a
Introduction to Freudian Perspective to Dream Functions A wide spectrum of views and opinions has been held as to the purpose of dreams to one’s psychological wellbeing. One of the most influential contributions in this discipline has been put forward by Freud, bequeathing laboratory psychology with varied hypothetical situations which have triggered extensive debates on the functions of dreams. Although the contemporary thought on the function of dreams is more refined, dynamic and with an open focus on environmental impact to dream function- envisioned in the trio perspectives of problem solving, information synthesis and ego consolidation- It does however derive its roots from the Freudian mechanistic and drive reduction approaches to dream function. Function of Dreams according to Freud Freud held that dreams have a dual compromise purpose in one’s life. In this perspective he proposed that latent instinctive and unconscious drive demands the expression of a consciously deplorable impulse. The reduced conscious self-control mechanism evident in sleep paves the way for a symbolic expression of the repressed conscious desire – otherwise known as a dream. Thus the manifested elements of the dream show the resultant compromise between the instinctive desire yearning for expression and the repressive power of conscious self-control. One of the key assumptions which Freud considered was that the latent power is enormous, rather greater than the conscious power, such that if it were not for the dream which provides a safe avenue of symbolic discharge, the instinctive energy would always disrupt one’s sleep by awakening the sleeper. In this respect, therefore, dreams not only serve the biological role of preserving sleep but also the psychological duty of easing one’s psychological faculties by relieving them through the discharge of unacceptable impulses- which may be detrimental to the conscious life. It is quite apparent that Freud’s psychological analysis on the function of dreams rested on the distinction between the conscious and th
Speed limits are set putting into consideration the type of road and the time of the day. A speed limit of 70mph has been proposed in the United States especially in rural areas and those that have low populations. The main aim of increasing the speed limit is to improve transportation services and increase the rate at which goods and services are delivered. It should be viewed as a measure to get traffic to move fast as a result of a uniform flow of traffic ( 1 ). This would make the roads safer since there would be no competition between the fast and slow moving vehicles. When cautiously implemented, increased speed limits would result to low rates of accidents because drivers tend to be more attentive when driving at high speeds and as result, there would be low insurance claims. The small changes occurring in form of toxic emissions from automobiles do not affect the environment. The most common pollutant, nitrogen dioxide may exceed the target emissions only in city centers but not on highways. Another major pollutant is airborne particulates that results from large diesel engines especially of buses and transit vehicles. The amount of this pollutant is not affected by any change in speed hence an increase in speed limit to 70mph will not cause any negative effects to the environment ( 1 ). Many other pollutants including carbon dioxide are emitted in large amounts at low speeds hence raisin the speed limit would be an added advantage to the environment since low levels of pollutants would be released at high speeds. Increased speeds would have negligible effect on the occurrence of traffic noise. This noise is created by the friction between the road surface and the tires of the vehicle ( 1 ). A high contribution to noise levels result from the weight of the vehicles and the quality of the road surface. More so, most highways are remote and  1. McDonnell, Roberts. Gov
The article under consideration dwells upon issues concerning violence in the USA. The website contains a lot of information that can be useful for victims, health care professionals, researchers, females, elderly people, families, adolescents, etc. The website is quite comprehensive and user-friendly (CDS, 2012). The data provided are presented in quite a convenient form. However, there are some shortcomings that should be addressed. In the first place, it is important to focus on the positive features of the website. The target audience of the website is very wide. Adolescents, females, males, researchers, healthcare professionals, officials can find information that can be useful for them. This is very good as the information is not scattered across the Internet and users do not need to spend hours to find the data they need. It is also necessary to note that the website is safe in terms of the information and links presented. The domain.gov denotes that the information presented is reliable as it is provided by a governmental organization. Users can be sure that the website does not contain any information that is advertising in character (no medicine (or company) is being advertised). The users remain on the given website, which is very good as sometimes websites contain links that prove to be unsafe. It is also very important that the information provided is identifiable. There is always a date of the last update. It is always clear whether the information presented is up-to-date. The website is quite easy to navigate. There is the necessary contact information in the right part of the screen. It is possible to see the address of the major office. It is easy to write an e-mail. It is also possible to e-mail a page to another person. Finally, there is a 24/7 support system available. The website contains telephone numbers, which is also very convenient for the users, especially victims. As has been mentioned above, the information is presented in a comprehensive way. In the left part of the screen, one can choose a topic on the issue: about the organization and the present website, child maltreatment, elder maltreatment, suicide, sexual violence, global violence, statistics, etc. Each topic has certain subtopics where a variety of information is provided. Notably, there are numerous reports on various topics. For instance, there is a link to a WHO report on violence against women (WHO, 2010). There are reports, articles, legal acts, and data from other reputable sources. It is possible to note that the website provides users with helpful and comprehensive information on the matter. Importantly, the website contains information that can be helpful for such vulnerable groups as children (adolescents) and elderly people. The website is very informative as it contains a lot of data on violence prevention. However, for a person in crisis, such information is not enough as professional assistance is needed. People in crisis can go to VetoViolence Facebook where people share experiences a
Executive Summary Countries around the world have embarked on major antismoking campaigns to try and resolve major health risks caused by tobacco use, as well as help millions of people affected by passive smoking. Cigarette smoking has been found to cause one in every ten deaths among adults, making it the number one preventable cause of death worldwide. The World Health Organization argues that tobacco use is responsible for decimating half of its users. As such, many countries, including the United Arab Emirates, have undertaken massive antismoking campaigns as a spontaneous reaction to the many health risks brought about by tobacco use in the country. Dubai is one city where smoking bans have been implemented to check the situation. The health officials around the city were concerned about the high incidences of coronary heart disease as well as lung-related infections. Cigarette smoking was viewed as the number one cause of these diseases. In respect of the developments, stakeholders kick-started the antismoking campaigns in May last year hoping to reverse the health worries. The Ministry of Health, the Dubai Naturalization and Residency Department, and Nicotinell have all been credited with the antismoking campaigns. The strategies for antismoking campaigns were targeted at all public places, minors under the age of 20 years, eating joints, and marketing strategies used to enforce the ban. Health experts in Dubai intensified the antismoking campaigns in the city owing to its commercial importance as well as its dense population. There were valid concerns about passive smoking and how it affected other people unknowingly in public offices, beaches, restaurants, among other public places. From May 31, 2007, stakeholders have been involved in implementing the anti-smoking bans in three phases, ending in December 2007. This research aims at evaluating the effectiveness of the antismoking bans by analyzing the core areas and individuals affected by the ban. Of particular concern is to evaluate the effectiveness of the smoking bans in public places, workplaces, health clubs, hair salons, internet cafes, educational establishments, food courts, and the strategies being employed to minors under the age of 20 years to help them out of the problems posed by tobacco use. This study would also evaluate the various marketing strategies used by stakeholders to sell the antismoking campaigns to the population. Literature review Introduction The war against tobacco use has reached a fever pitch in major countries around the world. Governments around the world, from the richest to the poorest have embarked on vigorous anti-smoking campaigns aimed at creating awareness of the dangers brought by tobacco use. Tobacco use has often been blamed for bringing more woes to mankind than the mere feel-good effect that tobacco products purport to offer to users. According to Ahmed (2007), cigarette smoking causes one in every ten deaths among adults, making it the number one preventable