ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What is socialism? When exploring the nature of socialism, the key idea to understand is that socialism is grounded on the collective ownership of world resources by society. This means that separate entities do not have a right to control resources beyond their possessions and that every member of the society is entitled to participate in the decision-making process regarding the usage of such resources. Therefore, socialism can be defined as a system of society advocating “collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods” (Merriam-Webster par. 2). Types of Socialism Socialism experienced its key stages of development in the nineteenth century. The most popular types of socialism were created to oppose capitalistic views and therefore present alternatives grounded on socialistic opinions. When discussing types of socialism, it is important to distinguish Democratic, Revolutionary, Libertarian, Market, and Eco-Socialism. The table below presents key ideas of each type of socialism: Democratic Socialism     Socialism is the main economic principle while democracy is a key governing principle.                                                                             Revolutionary Socialism  The need for a significant social shift using a revolution for achieving a socialist society.                                                                      Libertarian Socialism    A society without any hierarchical structures or relationships for equal
Introduction There are many reasons for modern students to learn and admire humanities. According to Martin and Jacobus (2019), this area of study is associated with creativity and rejects most objective and scientific standards. The arts are always present in human life in different ways, and their effect is unpredictable and motivating. Although some individuals think that photography, as one form of art, does not maintain control over the subject, its main advantage is the transformation of visual experiences into art (Martin & Jacobus, 2019). Modern people continue taking photos to memorize a moment without considering the deeper purposes of this process. In this paper, several photographs will be examined to prove the power of communication and reality presentation in the chosen art and understand the uniqueness of each offered element. The portrait of a migrant mother It is always exciting to look at photos made centuries ago and imagine lifestyles, immerse in those moments, and make guesses about human emotions and feelings. The portrait of a migrant mother with three children made by Dorothea Lange is defined by Martin and Jacobus (2019) as “one of the most poignant records of the Great Depression” (p. 289). The 1930s were hard for millions of people around the globe, and adults were challenged by the necessity to survive and protect their children against hunger and cold. The woman holds a baby-born child in her left hand and has two other older children, hiding their faces behind her shoulders. The right arm slightly touches her face, indicating her desire to find some hope. It seems that the photographer does not want to show the damage that children experienced, but their role in understanding reality is vital. The focus on the naked parts of the body, like dirty and scratched hands, necks, and faces, allows for learning about the terror and horror of that period. It was not easy to live, but family support and cohesion strengthened people. Looking at my collection, I decided to present the photo of my biological maternal grandfather, whom I have never seen. The older man sits on an armchair with his hands carefully placed on his legs. I know that he was a farmer and worked hard to feed his family, and this photo reflects his strength and tenacity, although challenged by time. The room is poorly furnished, and the quality of the photo is not great due to its age. Thus, all attention is paid to a well-dressed smiling man. I think that the goal of this photograph was to memorize a person as he was – kind and stylish for his time. Despite evident similarities in the styles and goals of the photographs, the chosen examples provoke different reactions. In the first photo, th
Diagnosis Being understudied currently, the concept of depression remains rather elusive as far as its definition and pathophysiology are concerned. Using specific criteria for determining the presence of depression, therefore, does not seem useful currently due to the huge differences between the symptoms possessed by various patients. Wicks-Nelson summarizes the problem in the following way: “It is not possible at this point to make definitive statements about the ‘correct’ definition of depression” (Wicks-Nelson, 2015, p. 145). Therefore, the disorder is quite difficult to determine and diagnose, especially in children and adolescents. To identify the changes in the patient’s well-being that may lead to the identification of the disorder, neuro-imaging tools along with post-mortem studies are typically used (Fekadu, Shibeshi, & Engidawork, 2016). The connection between the changes and the development of major depression, however, is yet to be explored in depth. Several approaches toward the explanation of the nature of the phenomenon currently exist. The neural circuitry of depression approach implies that the analysis of the brain processes involving the changes in the “mood, reward response, and executive functions” should be analyzed and used as the basis for diagnosing the problem. The approach implying the identification and assessment of the stress response circuits is also viewed as a possible tool for determining the development of major depression in a patient. The biogenic monoamine theory, in turn, implies that the change in the number of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin and catecholamine) should be defined. Inflammation, neuropeptides, and hormones are also viewed as possible depression factors. Finally, changes in the circadian rhythm may also be deemed as possible ways in which depression manifests itself and, therefore, can be diagnosed (Fekadu, Shibeshi, & Engidawork, 2016). Treatment At present, several options for treating depression exist, including pharmacology- and therapy-based ones. Pharmacotherapy, as a rule, implies the use of antidepressants, their severity depending on the stage of the disorder development, is required. As a rule, the following categories of antidepressants are mentioned when considering the treatment options: “Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin
Acknowledgment I would like to acknowledge my colleagues for their support as I was doing this report and their valuable criticism of my work. In addition, I would like to acknowledge my supervisor for the intellectual contribution to guiding me through the process of putting my report into perspective. Abstract This paper seeks to highlight the relations between Candie’s Inc which is a footwear manufacturing company and Ernst and Young an auditing company. In this write-up, I am going to highlight the importance of auditors to a company. Further, the paper is going to dwell on the two types of auditors; the internal and external auditors to a company. The paper will also explore the different roles of the auditors in their quest to ensure that companies employ financial accountability. Some of the roles will include monitoring the financial records and accounting systems. The paper is also going to mention some of the parties that depend on the auditor’s report. The conflict between Candie’s Inc and Ernst and Young is also going to be examined. The paper will also highlight the major concerns raised by the conflict between the two parties. Introduction Candie’s Inc. is a footwear company that specializes in women’s accessories and apparel. The company was established in 1978 by Charles Cole in Westchester, New York. Since its establishment, the company was able to make commendable profits that resulted in the launch of their global brands into areas such as Canada, Brazil, New Zealand, and some parts of Asia (Funding Universe 2011). On the other hand, Ernst and Young is an auditing company that was established in the early 90s by Arthur Young and Alwin Ernst (Ernst and Young 2011). They had a conflict with regards to the financial records of Candie’s and the role that each party played in the misrepresentation of revenue back in the late 90s. Literature review The question under study in this report revolves around the role of auditors in ensuring that companies accounting practices are in line with the stipulated law. To ensure that any company is run in accordance with the law and the expectation of society, most companies utilize the expertise of auditors who are tasked with ensuring that the financia
Introduction Yahoo! Inc. has placed itself in the top spot among Internet portals, by attracting approximately 232 million visitors each month worldwide. It not only offers a directory and search engine, but also features a collection of communications, commerce, and content services with over 25 international sites in 13 languages. Yahoo! produces much of its revenue from banner advertising and sponsorship ads, while also obtaining fees through subscription and business services, such as SBC Yahoo! DSL and Dial, Yahoo! Personals, Small Business Services, Yahoo! Mail, and Yahoo! Enterprise Solutions. Moreover, many customers paying fees rose to 8.4 million, from 4.9 million the previous year, reflecting enlargement in these services. According to the expert analysis Yahoo! is the number one Internet brand internationally and reaches the main audience universally. Furthermore, the service more than 232 million people each month universal. Yahoo! is global Internet communications, commerce, and Media Company that helps Internet users navigate the World Wide Web. Yahoo! has the main worldwide audience. No doubt, they also have the most breadth of wireless products and services of any web supplier. Yahoo! offers a broad array of communications, commerce, and content services that lead consumers to make them their homes on the Internet. (Chang, 2002) Background If we analyzed then we come to know that Yahoo! was founded by David Filo and Jerry Yang in 1994. Filo and Yang in progress they’re direct to keep a list of their attention on the Internet. As their list grows they would break them into subcategories. This is the basic core concept behind Yahoo. As word spread about their site more and more people started using their site. In the fall of 1994, the site celebrated its first million hit day. In March of 1995 Yahoo! was integrated. In April 1995 they received an investment from Sequoia Capital. Realizing that their company could produce rapidly they looked for a management team. Tim Koogle was employed as chief decision-making officer and Jeffrey Mallett was hired as leader operating officer. In April 1996, Yahoo! opens a highly winning IPO. In May of 1999 Yahoo! was reincorporated. Throughout the past decade, the Internet has grown necessary for approximately all people. Some of Yahoo’s closest competitors are Google, Excite, MSN, Earthlink, and American Online. Due to Yahoo being so wide and offering a broad range of Internet and technology products, Yahoo also has to vie not directly with companies such as Microsoft. When it comes to Internet providers and search and marketplace, Yahoo ranks in the middle of the top. Revenues for the fiscal year broken 12/31/2006 totaled $3.57 billion as Net profits totaled $839.6 million. Google’s revenues for the fiscal year ended 12/31/2006 totaled 3.19 billion; comparable to Yahoo’s, but the Net income was nowhere near Yahoo’s at $399.1 million. Earthlink, Inc, another Internet service provider, shows considerably fewer revenues and net income for the fiscal year ended 12/31/
Introduction: General Overview of Afghanistan in the 19 th Century During the Anglo-Afghan wars, Afghanistan experienced the recession of traditional authority and the advent of new models and state regimes in the end of the nineteenth century. The governors of the country found themselves under unusual circumstances when becoming more reliable on the British sway because they made the Afghan nation to take anti-foreign orientation. The domestic policy of the rulers was oriented on a more powerful central government, but it failed to fulfill this policy until the advent of Amir Abdur Rahman in 1880 (Barfield , 2010, p. 12). During the reign of Abdur Rahman, the Afghan population did not participate in ruling the government since the Amir believed that that all rules should hold the power apart from people. Although his model of government has long been dead, it has still perpetuated in the history of the country. In this paper, it is necessary to analyze the sources related to this topic in terms of limitation and benefits, biases of the sources, and the extent to which authors manage to disclose the topic at issue. Opportunities and Limitations as Presented by the Style Sources Much research and analysis is dedicated to the life and reign of Abdur Rahman, Amir of Afghanistan. Paradoxically, all of them reveal historical background with regard to history of other countries and geographical location of the country. However, there are few sources dedicated to the significance and consequences of the model of government established by this notorious ruler. In particular, certain sources present exhaustive information about chronological events taking place on the territory of Afghanistan in the 19 th century to explain reasons and underpinning of Rahman’s regime. A quite comprehensive and reliable source is a biographical narration presented by Abd al-Rahman Khan published in 1900 where the Amir of Afghanistan provides his outlook on the political system in the country as well as policies we implemented to enhancing the power of the nation. A particular attention deserves Chapter 4, A Few Details in My Daily Life where the rule discloses the scope of his reign as well as the routine of his life. The narration is of great value for the topic because Rahman’s reflections on the political system and on the creation of the new form of the government provide us with veritable reasons and historical explanations why it was necessary to establish this regime. The book also uniquely represents Rahman’s attitude and vision of future government and, therefore, it permits to understand the events taking place in the end of 19 th century from his point of view. Importantly, the narration is presented in the first person so that readers can pursue the autobiography of the Amir who contributed to the rapid transformation of the history of Afghanistan. It also allows to evaluate his attitude to foreign and domestic p
A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation. It is most widely recognized as a light particle but ranges across the whole electromagnetic spectrum, from the longest radio waves to the shortest gamma rays. Since its discovery in the early twentieth century, the photon has contributed greatly to the understanding of the fundamental physics, was used in the multitude of experiments to prove the dualistic nature of light, served as a basis for the conceptualization of the quantum mechanics theory and has found its application in the wide variety of human life, ranging from theoretical concepts of analogous computation and information techniques to the basic utilization of its zero rest mass and speed. The idea of light as a sum of particles has predated the wave hypothesis for several centuries, mainly because of Sir Isaac Newton’s influential Hypothesis of Light of 1675. However, certain properties of light, primarily the refraction and diffraction, and, to a lesser degree, birefringence, aligned poorly with this idea, and, as a result, the wave nature of light has been suggested instead. This hypothesis, confirmed experimentally by Thomas Young and August Fresnel and further strengthened by the detection of radio waves by Heinrich Hertz, finally became generally accepted in the late nineteenth century. Paradoxically, the wave nature also did not explain some of the characteristics of light. For instance, some chemical reactions require the light of certain frequencies to be set in action. If the light is assumed to be a wave, the frequency does not determine the energy of the light beam. Instead, the intensity is the only relevant parameter. However, the intensity of light does not matter when it comes to triggering the said reaction. Besides, the photoelectric effect, which was well studied and documented at the time, produced similar results, where the electrons produced by exposing a metal plate to the light source differed in their energy depending on the frequency of the source, not the intensity. Thus, in the early twentieth century, Max Planck suggested that the energy carried by light was transmitted by discreet amounts, called “packets.” This was partially confirmed by the experiments of black-body radiation studies, where the energies observed inside a cavity at a certain temperature exhibited an uneven distribution, forming a bell curve, with a peak in certain frequencies and a decline in higher and lower values (Bortz 24). This bell curves aligned well with the similar curve of the velocities of molecules of the ideal gas, where certain median velocities dominated while both higher and lower values occurred significantly less frequently (Bortz 24). This correlation has drawn the attention of Albert Einstein, who, in 1905, has suggested that light waves are carrying energy in discreet amounts, or quantized, much like particles. The quantization of energy was initially thought of as a result of some material obstacle that interrupted the ener
According to (Segal 2005), When people grow old, they usually experience complications that are either psychological or physical. In this situation, they need a professional counselor who can be able to guide them on how to go about different changes that happen to them. A psychologist who is endowed with these skills is referred to as clinical Geropsychology. For people to qualify to administer this therapy, they need to equip themselves with knowledge on aging issues which include; aggressive behavior, chronic stress, bereavement, and other age-related changes. In order to handle such persons in an appropriate way, a critical study of the patient should be taken so as to provide the required therapy. (Brewer, 2004) found that old age comes with many changes, some of which cannot be avoided. With professional guidance, these changes can be controlled, and the person helped to lead a normal life. A clinical Geropsychologist is able to identify the kind of exercise for the person and the appropriate food to be taken to maintain good health. By studying the family history of the elderly person, he is also helped to identify some of the health complications that he is vulnerable to and subsequently helped to take control and other preventive measures. These complications include; breathing difficulties, high blood pressure, high sugar levels, cancer, heart attack, kidney failure, and many more. If an elderly person is already a victim of the above, then he should be advised and assisted in getting medical attention and also taking precautionary measures to prevent adverse effects. It is important for researchers to take the initiative to find out the knowledge as well as the skills required in the study of specifics of geropsychology. Proficiency in Geropsychology defines psychologists as possessing a specific knowledge base that makes them be recognized. Recommendations are available on how to prepare and work with old people where practitioners restrict people who do not have in Geropsychology from practicing it until they get the formal training. A document is being revised to clarify the skills and knowledge required for one to work in an appropriate manner instead of having requirements for training processes to be carried out with guidelines involved in the practice. (Segal, 2005) (Brewer, 2004) argues that for neuropsychologists to be successful, they need to work together with m
Every team has the potential to be dysfunctional at some point and understanding the type and severity of dysfunction is crucial to improving a team’s performance. In this regard, Peduzzi and Agreli (2018) analyzed the five dysfunctions of a group to further guide in analysis of the disparities that could occur in a team. This paper aims at drawing lessons from the five dysfunctions by highlighting the lessons learned and how they can be employed in the health and medicine practice. The Absence of Trust dysfunction occurs when members of a team are unable to be open with each other and disclose their faults, shortcomings, or need for support. In the Fear of Conflict dysfunction, teams lacking trust are unable to engage in an unfettered, impassioned discussion concerning important subjects (Peduzzi & Agreli, 2018). The third dysfunction involves Lack of Commitment, in which Peduzzi and Agreli (2018) contend that members of a team find it hard to commit to decisions in the absence of conflict, and this generates a climate of uncertainty. In the Avoidance of Accountability dysfunction, even the most dedicated and determined professionals are inclined to call their teammates on actions and behaviors that may appear detrimental to the team’s ultimate good (Eicher, 2020). This happens when teams fail to commit to a defined action plan. Lastly, the Inattention to Results dysfunction dictates that when team members are not made liable for their actions, they naturally prioritize their interests over the team’s overall goals. In light of these dysfunctions, it is important to note that a cornerstone of trust cannot be built without familiarity with teammates. When a team chooses to operate without establishing a social contract or understanding each other’s flaws and strengths, it generates settings in which team friction can readily devolve into cloaked conversations and backchannel remarks. This hinders team members from openly expressing their concerns and when team members refuse to openly express their thoughts at work, it leads to poor decision making (Peduzzi & Agreli, 2018). I will therefore strive to establish a clear vision and understand my teammates strengths and weaknesses, give and receive constructive feedback and appreciate inputs from my teammates in the firld of medicine. This will help prevent my peers from becoming disenchanted due to a lack of vision and dedication. Clear visions prevent team members from placing their interests such as ego and preference in the way of the team’s overall goal and helps curb problems like loss of touch with the need for success. The field of health and medicine involves interaction with people from diverse backgrounds. It also involves complex tasks that require teamwork participation. Interactions among team members require that one understands the dynamics of coexisting with different people (Eicher, 2020). In my field of practice, team learning is encouraged by having regular team meetings and involvement of each team member in setting of a common overall goal for the team. This has helped to keep everyone focused on the common goal and elimin