ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Machine-learning algorithms offer immense possibilities in the development of several cognitive applications. In fact, large scale machine-learning classifiers now represent the state-of-the-art in a wide range of object detection/classification problems. However, the network complexities of large-scale classifiers present them as one of the most challenging and energy intensive workloads across the computing spectrum. In this paper, we present a new approach to optimize energy efficiency of object detection tasks using semantic decomposition to build a hierarchical classification framework. We observe that certain semantic information like color/texture are common across various images in real-world datasets for object detection applications. We exploit these common semantic features to distinguish the objects of interest from the remaining inputs (non-objects of interest) in a dataset at a lower computational effort. We propose a 2-stage hierarchical classification framework, with increasing levels of complexity, wherein the first stage is trained to recognize the broad representative semantic features relevant to the object of interest. The first stage rejects the input instances that do not have the representative features and passes only the relevant instances to the second stage. Our methodology thus allows us to reject certain information at lower complexity and utilize the full computational effort of a network only on a smaller fraction of inputs to perform detection. We use color and texture as distinctive traits to carry out several experiments for object detection. Our experiments on the Caltech101/CIFAR10 dataset show that the proposed method yields 1.93x/1.46x improvement in average energy, respectively, over the traditional single classifier model.
We have discovered a new H$_2$CO (formaldehyde) $1_{1,0}-1_{1,1}$ 4.82966 GHz maser in Galactic Center Cloud C, G0.38+0.04. At the time of acceptance, this is the eighth region containing an H$_2$CO maser detected in the Galaxy. Cloud C is one of only two sites of confirmed high-mass star formation along the Galactic Center Ridge, affirming that H$_2$CO masers are exclusively associated with high-mass star formation. This discovery led us to search for other masers, among which we found new SiO vibrationally excited masers, making this the fourth star-forming region in the Galaxy to exhibit SiO maser emission. Cloud C is also a known source of CH$_3$OH Class-II and OH maser emission. There are now two known SiO and H$_2$CO maser containing regions in the CMZ, compared to two and six respectively in the Galactic disk, while there is a relative dearth of H$_2$O and CH$_3$OH Class-II masers in the CMZ. SiO and H$_2$CO masers may be preferentially excited in the CMZ, perhaps due to higher gas-phase abundances from grain destruction and heating, or alternatively H$_2$O and CH$_3$OH maser formation may be suppressed in the CMZ. In any case, Cloud C is a new testing ground for understanding maser excitation conditions.
We use minimal area metrics to generate all nonorientable string diagrams. The surfaces in unoriented string theory have nontrivial open curves and nontrivial closed curves whose neighborhoods are either annuli or Mobius strips. We define a minimal area problem by imposing length conditions on open curves and on annular closed curves only. We verify that the minimal area conditions are respected by the sewing operations. The natural objects that satisfy recursion relations involving the propagator, which performs both orientable and nonorientable sewing, are classes of moduli spaces grouped by Euler characteristic.
We have recently completed a 64-night spectroscopic monitoring campaign at the Lick Observatory 3-m Shane telescope with the aim of measuring the masses of the black holes in 12 nearby (z < 0.05) Seyfert 1 galaxies with expected masses in the range ~10^6-10^7M_sun and also the well-studied nearby active galactic nucleus (AGN) NGC 5548. Nine of the objects in the sample (including NGC 5548) showed optical variability of sufficient strength during the monitoring campaign to allow for a time lag to be measured between the continuum fluctuations and the response to these fluctuations in the broad Hbeta emission, which we have previously reported. We present here the light curves for the Halpha, Hgamma, HeII 4686, and HeI 5876 emission lines and the time lags for the emission-line responses relative to changes in the continuum flux. Combining each emission-line time lag with the measured width of the line in the variable part of the spectrum, we determine a virial mass of the central supermassive black hole from several independent emission lines. We find that the masses are generally consistent within the uncertainties. The time-lag response as a function of velocity across the Balmer line profiles is examined for six of the AGNs. Finally we compare several trends seen in the dataset against the predictions from photoionization calculations as presented by Korista & Goad. We confirm several of their predictions, including an increase in responsivity and a decrease in the mean time lag as the excitation and ionization level for the species increases. Further confirmation of photoionization predictions for broad-line gas behavior will require additional monitoring programs for these AGNs while they are in different luminosity states. [abridged]
Hot massive stars present strong stellar winds that are driven by absorption, scattering and re\-emission of photons by the ions of the atmosphere (\textit{line-driven winds}). A better comprehension of this phenomenon, and a more accurate calculation of hydrodynamics and radiative acceleration is required to reduce the number of free parameters in spectral fitting, to determine accurate wind parameters such as mass-loss rates and velocity profiles.   We use the non-LTE model-atmosphere code CMFGEN to numerically solve the radiative transfer equation in the stellar atmosphere and to calculate the radiative acceleration $g_\text{rad}(r)$. Under the assumption that the radiative acceleration depends only on the radial coordinate, we solve analytically the equation of motion by means of the Lambert $W$-function. An iterative procedure between the solution of the radiative transfer and the equation of motion is executed in order to obtain a final self-consistent velocity field that is no longer based on any $\beta$-law.   We apply the Lambert-procedure to three O supergiant stars ($\zeta$-Puppis, HD~165763 and $\alpha$-Cam) and discuss the Lambert-solutions for the velocity profiles. It is found that, even without recalculation of the mass-loss rate, the Lambert-procedure allows the calculation of consistent velocity profiles that reduce the number of free parameters when a spectral fitting using CMFGEN is performed. Synthetic spectra calculated from our Lambert-solutions show significant differences compared to the initial $\beta$-law CMFGEN models. The results indicate the importance of consistent velocity profile calculation in the CMFGEN code and its usage in a fitting procedure and interpretation of observed spectra.
In this paper, we propose an end-end model for producing furniture layout for interior scene synthesis from the random vector. This proposed model is aimed to support professional interior designers to produce the interior decoration solutions more quickly. The proposed model combines a conditional floor-plan module of the room, a conditional graphical floor-plan module of the room and a conditional layout module. As compared with the prior work on scene synthesis, our proposed three modules enhance the ability of auto-layout generation given the dimensional category of the room. We conduct our experiments on the proposed real-world interior layout dataset that contains $191208$ designs from the professional designers. Our numerical results demonstrate that the proposed model yields higher-quality layouts in comparison with the state-of-the-art model. The dataset and code are released \href{https://github.com/CODE-SUBMIT/dataset3}{Dataset,Code}
We offer a generalization of a formula of Popov involving the Von Mangoldt function. Some commentary on its relation to other results in analytic number theory is mentioned as well as an analogue involving the m$\ddot{o}$bius function.
We discuss possible observational manifestations of static, spherically symmetric solutions of a class of multidimensional theories of gravity, which includes the low energy limits of supergravities and superstring theories as special cases. We discuss the choice of a physical conformal frame to be used for the description of observations. General expressions are given for (i) the Eddington parameters $\beta$ and $\gamma$, characterizing the post-Newtonian gravitational field of a central body, (ii) p-brane black hole temperatures in different conformal frames and (iii) the Coulomb law modified by extra dimensions. It is concluded, in particular, that $\beta$ and $\gamma$ depend on the integration constants and can be therefore different for different central bodies. If, however, the Einstein frame is adopted for describing observations, we always obtain $\gamma=1$. The modified Coulomb law is shown to be independent of the choice of a 4-dimensional conformal frame. We also argue the possible existence of specific multidimensional objects, T-holes, potentially observable as bodies with mirror surfaces.
We derive conditions in the form of inequalities to detect the genuine $N$-partite entanglement of $N$ systems. The inequalities are expressed in terms of variances of spin operators, and can be tested by local spin measurements performed on the individual systems. Violation of the inequalities is sufficient (but not necessary) to certify the multipartite entanglement, and occurs when a type of spin squeezing is created. The inequalities are similar to those derived for continuous-variable systems, but instead are based on the Heisenberg spin-uncertainty relation $\Delta J_{x}\Delta J_{y}\geq|\langle J_{z}\rangle|/2$. We also extend previous work to derive spin-variance inequalities that certify the full tripartite inseparability or genuine multi-partite entanglement among systems with fixed spin $J$, as in Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states and W states where $J=1/2$. These inequalities are derived from the planar spin-uncertainty relation $(\Delta J_{x})^{2}+(\Delta J_{y})^{2}\geq C_{J}$ where $C_{J}$ is a constant for each $J$. Finally, it is shown how the inequalities detect multipartite entanglement based on Stokes operators. We illustrate with experiments that create entanglement shared among separated atomic ensembles, polarization-entangled optical modes, and the clouds of atoms of an expanding spin-squeezed Bose-Einstein condensate. For each example, we give a criterion to certify the mutual entanglement.
We have analyzed the Swift data relevant to the high mass X-ray binary Swift J1816.7-1613. The timing analysis of the BAT survey data unveiled a modulation at a period of P_0=118.5+/-0.8 days that we interpret as the orbital period of the X-ray binary system. The modulation is due to a sequence of bright flares, lasting ~30 d, separated by long quiescence intervals. This behavior is suggestive of a Be binary system, where periodic or quasi-periodic outbursts are the consequence of an enhancement of the accretion flow from the companion star at the periastron passage. The position of Swift J1816.7-1613 on the Corbet diagram strengthens this hypothesis. The broad band 0.2-150 keV spectrum is well modeled with a strongly absorbed power-law with a flat photon index Gamma~ 0.2 and a cut-off at ~ 10 keV.
The microscopic magnetism in the helical, the conical and the ferro-magnetically polarized phases in an itinerant helical magnet, MnSi, has been studied by an extended 29Si NMR at zero field and under external magnetic fields. The temperature dependence of staggered moment, M_Q(T), determined by the 29Si NMR frequency, nu(T), and nuclear relaxation rate, 1/T_1(T) is in general accord with the SCR theory for weak itinerant ferromagnetic metals and its extension. The external field dependence of resonance frequency, nu(H), follows a vector sum of the contributions from atomic hyperfine and macroscopic fields with a field induced moment characteristic to the itinerant magnets. A discontinuous jump of the resonance frequency at the critical field, H_c, between the conical and the polarized phases has also been found that suggests a first order like change of the electronic states at H_c.
We present first results from a program of Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) CO(2-1) observations of circumnuclear gas disks in early-type galaxies. The program was designed with the goal of detecting gas within the gravitational sphere of influence of the central black holes. In NGC 1332, the 0.3"-resolution ALMA data reveal CO emission from the highly inclined (i~ 83 degrees) circumnuclear disk, spatially coincident with the dust disk seen in Hubble Space Telescope images. The disk exhibits a central upturn in maximum line-of-sight velocity reaching +-500 km/s relative to the systemic velocity, consistent with the expected signature of rapid rotation around a supermassive black hole. Rotational broadening and beam smearing produce complex and asymmetric line profiles near the disk center. We constructed dynamical models for the rotating disk and fitted the modeled CO line profiles directly to the ALMA data cube. Degeneracy between rotation and turbulent velocity dispersion in the inner disk precludes the derivation of strong constraints on the black hole mass, but model fits allowing for a plausible range in the magnitude of the turbulent dispersion imply a central mass in the range ~(4-8)x10^8 Msun. We argue that gas-kinematic observations resolving the black hole's projected radius of influence along the disk's minor axis will have the capability to yield black hole mass measurements that are largely insensitive to systematic uncertainties in turbulence or in the stellar mass profile. For highly inclined disks, this is a much more stringent requirement than the usual sphere-of-influence criterion.
Interatomic potentials have been widely used in atomistic simulations such as molecular dynamics. Recently, frameworks to construct accurate interatomic potentials that combine a systematic set of density functional theory (DFT) calculations with machine learning techniques have been proposed. One of these methods is to use compressed sensing to derive a sparse representation for the interatomic potential. This facilitates the control of the accuracy of interatomic potentials. In this study, we demonstrate the applicability of compressed sensing to deriving the interatomic potential of ten elemental metals, namely, Ag, Al, Au, Ca, Cu, Ga, In, K, Li and Zn. For each elemental metal, the interatomic potential is obtained from DFT calculations using elastic net regression. The interatomic potentials are found to have prediction errors of less than 3.5 meV/atom, 0.03 eV/\AA\ and 0.15 GPa for the energy, force and the stress tensor, respectively, which enable the accurate prediction of physical properties such as lattice constants and the phonon dispersion relationship.
We present a comprehensive study of 250,000 galaxies targeted by the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) up to z ~ 0.7 with the specific goal of identifying and characterising a population of galaxies that has evolved without significant merging. We compute a likelihood that each BOSS galaxy is a progenitor of the Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) sample, targeted by SDSS-I/II up z ~ 0.5, by using the fossil record of LRGs and their inferred star-formation histories, metallicity histories and dust content. We determine merger rates, luminosity growth rates and the evolution of the large-scale clustering between the two surveys, and we investigate the effect of using different stellar population synthesis models in our conclusions. We demonstrate that our sample is slowly evolving (of the order of 2 +/- 1.5% per Gyr by merging). Our conclusions refer to the bright and massive end of the galaxy population, with Mi0.55 < -22, and M* > 1E11.2 Msolar, corresponding roughly to 95% and 40% of the LRGs and BOSS galaxy populations, respectively. Our analysis further shows that any possible excess of flux in BOSS galaxies, when compared to LRGs, from potentially unresolved targets at z ~ 0.55 must be less than 1% in the r0.55-band (approximately equivalent to the g-band in the rest-frame of galaxies at z=0.55). When weighting the BOSS galaxies based on the predicted properties of the LRGs, and restricting the analysis to the reddest BOSS galaxies, we find an evolution of the large-scale clustering that is consistent with dynamical passive evolution, assuming a standard cosmology. We conclude that our likelihoods give a weighted sample that is as clean and as close to passive evolution (in dynamical terms, i.e. no or negligible merging) as possible, and that is optimal for cosmological studies.
In this paper, the form of the indirect interaction between local impurities in flakes and in graphene ring is analytically investigated. We calculate this characteristic in the framework of the tight-binding model for a finite nanocarbon system with periodic boundary conditions. A pronounced dependence of the bond value on the impurity position inside the graphene sample is found, which is due to quantum size effects. The influence of the flake size on the value of the indirect interaction constant is also studied.
The primordial abundances of light elements produced in the standard theory of Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) depend only on the cosmic ratio of baryons to photons, a quantity inferred from observations of the microwave background. The predicted primordial 7Li abundance is four times that measured in the atmospheres of Galactic halo stars. This discrepancy could be caused by modification of surface lithium abundances during the stars' lifetimes or by physics beyond the Standard Model that affects early nucleosynthesis. The lithium abundance of low-metallicity gas provides an alternative constraint on the primordial abundance and cosmic evolution of lithium that is not susceptible to the in situ modifications that may affect stellar atmospheres. Here we report observations of interstellar 7Li in the low-metallicity gas of the Small Magellanic Cloud, a nearby galaxy with a quarter the Sun's metallicity. The present-day 7Li abundance of the Small Magellanic Cloud is nearly equal to the BBN predictions, severely constraining the amount of possible subsequent enrichment of the gas by stellar and cosmic-ray nucleosynthesis. Our measurements can be reconciled with standard BBN with an extremely fine-tuned depletion of stellar Li with metallicity. They are also consistent with non-standard BBN.
We demonstrate the potential of a periodic laser-pulse protocol for dynamic decoupling of hole spins in (In,Ga)As quantum dots from surrounding baths. When doubling the repetition rate of inversionlaser pulses between two reference pulses for orienting the spins, we find that the spin coherence time is increased by a factor of two.
We illustrate the adiabatic quantum computing solution of the knapsack problem with both integer profits and weights. For problems with $n$ objects (or items) and integer capacity $c$, we give specific examples using both an Ising class problem Hamiltonian requiring $n+c$ qubits and a much more efficient one using $n+[\log_2 c]+1$ qubits. The discussion includes a brief mention of classical algorithms for knapsack, applications of this commonly occurring problem, and the relevance of further studies both theoretically and numerically of the behavior of the energy gap. Included too is a demonstration and commentary on a version of quantum search using a certain Ising model. Furthermore, an Appendix presents analytic results concerning the boundary for the easy-versus-hard problem-instance phase transition for the special case subset sum problem.
We discuss the possibility of extracting energy from a single thermal bath using microcanonical Szil\'ard engines operating in finite time. This extends previous works on the topic which are restricted to the quasistatic regime. The feedback protocol is implemented based on linear response predictions of the excess work. It is claimed that the underlying mechanism leading to energy extraction does not violate Liouville's theorem and preserves ergodicity throughout the cycle. We illustrate our results with several examples including an exactly solvable model.
In this paper, we establish a scale invariant Harnack inequality for some inhomogeneous parabolic equations in a suitable intrinsic geometry dictated by the nonlinearity. The class of equations that we consider correspond to the parabolic counterpart of the equations studied by Julin in [10] where a generalized Harnack inequality was obtained which quantifies the strong maximum principle. Our version of parabolic Harnack (see Theorem 1.2) when restricted to the elliptic case is however quite different from that in [10]. The key new feature of this work is an appropriate modification of the stack of cubes covering argument which is tailored for the nonlinearity that we consider.
Fraunhofer FIRST develops a computing service and collaborative workspace providing a convenient tool for simulation and investigation of quantum algorithms. To broaden the twenty qubit limit of workstation-based simulations to the next qubit decade we provide a dedicated high memorized Linux cluster with fast Myrinet interconnection network together with a adapted parallel simulator engine. This simulation service supplemented by a collaborative workspace is usable everywhere via web interface and integrates both hardware and software as collaboration and investigation platform for the quantum community. The beta test version realizes all common one, two and three qubit gates, arbitrary one and two bit gates, orthogonal measurements as well as special gates like Oracle, Modulo function, Quantum Fourier Transformation and arbitrary Spin-Hamiltonians up to 31 qubits. For a restricted gate set it feasible to investigate circuits with up to sixty qubits. URL: http://www.qc.fraunhofer.de
Per-pixel masks of semantic objects are very useful in many applications, which, however, are tedious to be annotated. In this paper, we propose a human-agent collaborative annotation approach that can efficiently generate per-pixel masks of semantic objects in tagged images with multi-granularity supervisions. Given a set of tagged image, a computer agent is first dynamically generated to roughly localize the semantic objects described by the tag. The agent first extracts massive object proposals from an image and then infer the tag-related ones under the weak and strong supervisions from linguistically and visually similar images and previously annotated object masks. By representing such supervisions by over-complete dictionaries, the tag-related object proposals can pop-out according to their sparse coding length, which are then converted to superpixels with binary labels. After that, human annotators participate in the annotation process by flipping labels and dividing superpixels with mouse clicks, which are used as click supervisions that teach the agent to recover false positives/negatives in processing images with the same tags. Experimental results show that our approach can facilitate the annotation process and generate object masks that are highly consistent with those generated by the LabelMe toolbox.