ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Case Facts Payton v. New York – 445 U.S. 573 (1980) involved two cases. In the first case, New York City police raided Theodore Payton’s residence to arrest him as a key suspect in the killing of a gas station manager. The police knocked on Payton’s door and later broke in after waiting without any response. Although there was nobody in the house, some evidence linking the suspect to the murder case was seized by the police during the house inspection. Payton sought to suppress this evidence in court on the grounds that the police inspection was not warranted. The trial judge declined to grant Payton’s plea, asserting that warrantless house inspection was recognized by the New York Statute under certain circumstances (Rabasca, 2012). In the second case, New York City police raided the residence of Obie Riddick in 1974 and arrested him as a robbery suspect. Although the police did not have a warrant to inspect Riddick’s house, they inspected it and seized some narcotic drugs. Riddick was sued for being in possession of illicit drugs but he sought to suppress the evidence on the grounds that the inspection was not warranted. The trial judge declined to grant his plea. Payton and Riddick also lost appeals and referred the matter to the Supreme Court (Rabasca, 2012). Case Issue The Supreme Court was to determine whether the New York Statute that recognized unwarranted inspections and arrests contravened the Fourth Amendment or not (Rabasca, 2012). Legal Reasoning The appellants claimed that the warrantless inspections infringed on their privacy as founded in the Fourth Amendment. However, the police asserted that they acted with probable cause as guided by the New York Statute (Rabasca, 2012). In the dissenting opinion by Justice Stevens, the Fourth Amendment was used to overturn the findings of the court of appeal. Stevens said that the findings of the lower courts were only based on the fact that the New York Statute recognized such inspections. He claimed that in the absence of exigent circumstances, the warrantless intrusion was illegal even if there was probable cause. According to Stevens, a probable cause should lead to the acquisition of warrants before inspections and arrests are done. Since the lower courts did not consider exigent circumstances, there was no way they could have arrived at the decision to convict Payton and Riddick. Stevens quoted Mapp v. Ohio – 367 U.S. 643 (1961) case in which the Supreme Court asserted that evidence obtained in contravention of the Fourth Amendment by unwarranted inspection could not be accepted as evidence (Long, 2006 & Zotti, 2005). In another case, Wolf v. Colorado , 338 U.S. 25 (1949), although the supreme court did not rule in favour of exclusion of evidence obtained through unwarranted intrusion, it agreed t
Widespread prevalence and use of social media have had a significant impact on the way people approach crisis situations. Gaining significant userbase and surpassing the traditional media outlets in recent years, multi-media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and others have become a steady tool in addressing emergencies. Through using social media, relevant information can be quickly sent and distributed, foregoing the formalities of standard television. There are several advantages and downsides to using this approach and determining if the use of modern media in extreme circumstances can be difficult. The main advantage social media provides is that the affected people and victims can use it to make providing support and understanding the details of a situation easier ( How to Use Social Media to Communicate in an Emergency 2018). Stakeholders in natural disasters and cataclysms can provide the rescue efforts with their location info, and the authorities can use social media to organize a centralized help system. Overall, the use of social media can severely improve communication speeds and overcome barriers that cannot be managed by standard means of contact. On the other hand, this approach also has significant downsides. Misinformation can easily spread, increasing civil unrest, and potentially doing harm to many people (Munis, 2020). Because of the large number of people involved, the authorities have to put significant emphasis on spreading the correct narrative and keeping the situation under control. Although it is a significant problem that hampers the effectiveness of crisis response, the communication possibilities, and the speed of social media outweighs the negative consequences. With the joined effort of the authorities and the community, it is possible to effectively utilize the modern platform to aid more people. Works Cited How to Use Social Media to Communicate in an Emergency . ePACT. (2018). Web. Munis, T. (2020). Advantages and disadvantages of social media in crisis communications . Web.
Out of a variety of inequality types existing, gender discrimination is probably the most aggravating one. Historically, women used to be considered as a weaker sex, and up until recently, they were not allowed to participate in political, social, and economic affairs at the same level and to the same extent as men. Even nowadays, some females suffer from a gender pay gap in many offices or experience discomfort at being treated as merely beautiful adornments to their husbands. However, for the majority of women, the situation changed considerably after the initiation of the suffrage movement in the 19th century, which found its reflection in the women’s rights movement of the 20th and 21st centuries. One of the most prominent and inspiring activists of the latter is Gloria Steinem. Steinem is a feminist, a liberation leader, and a role model for many women whose right to equality she has been defending ardently for many years. Steinem’s activity as a female rights activist began in 1960 when the USA started to be involved in a new wave of feminism. Numerous speeches, writings, and programs prepared by Gloria allowed her to challenge “many of society’s injustices” (Attebury 13). Through her active participation in the feminist movement, Steinem succeeded in highlighting the miseries of those living “on society’s fringes” (Attebury 13). Despite other important achievements, such as fighting for professional and racial equality, Steinem has become most recognized for her work on defending women’s rights. Many people consider it Gloria’s accomplishment that a modern girl can grow up “to become anything she wants to be” (Attebury 13). While Steinem is one of the pioneers of the women’s rights movement, she was not the first one in her family to be a radical feminist. Gloria’s paternal grandmother, Pauline, used to be an ardent supporter of women’s right to vote. Pauline was born in Poland, and she insisted on going to school despite her parents’ objections (Wittekind 21). She moved to the USA in 1887 after getting married, and there, she served as a leader in various community groups and organizations. It is possible to assume that the eagerness to help the less fortunate was inherited by Gloria from her grandmother. Another reason for the girl’s obsession with freedom was the lifestyle led by her family, the father of which enjoyed living on the road rather than staying in a conventional house (Marcello 11). Thus, Steinem’s determination to be independent and gain the same privilege for many others was nurtured in her since childhood. Steinem became known as a fighter for females’ rights in her thirties. In 1968, when she was 34, Gloria attended the Democratic National Presidential Convention. In the next year, she became a “staunch” feminist after participating in the abortion speak-out (Marcello xiv). After these events, there was the acquaintance of
Socialization, as an important aspect of personality formation, enables one to acquire the behaviors, beliefs, and accumulated knowledge of the society. For hermaphrodites or intersex individuals, fitting into the society is usually a difficult task. These individuals have both the male and female sex chromosomes. Therefore, they are not easily distinguishable as either male or female. On looking at the mirror, it is straightforward that we are either male or female; however, there are individuals waling around each day who have the same physical features like us but are hermaphrodites from birth. Intersex people, who do not have a clear-cut difference of their sex, have to live a life of pain and uncertainty as they try to find their right place in the society. Because of this, some of them feel ashamed and hide their real identity to people. Currently, there are thousands of people born with this condition who need our help to be regarded as part of the society. If I found out that one of my family members or close associates is a hermaphrodite or intersex, I would recognize him or her as a fellow human being who is capable of feelings and worthy of respect. I mean it is not right for me to regard the fellow as an outcast simply because s/he is neither a man nor a woman. The society has been shying off from discussing this subject. Most families prefer to keep it a secret when one of their members is suffering from this condition. But one thing is for sure, as much as I can be compelled by my other family members or close associates to keep it a secret, I won’t shy off from sharing with other people on how I can assist him/her so that s/he can not feel left behind in the cultural consciousness. This is because understanding the condition is crucial when one wants to accept them. Moreover, it would remove any fears that I might be having about the hermaphrodites. In the article, The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female and Are Not Enough published in 1983, Anne Fausto-Sterling lays out her vision of sexual multiplicity composed of five different sexes: male, female, merm, ferm, and herm. By her definition, she calls the male pseudohermaphrodites, who have testes and some elements of the female reproductive system, the “merms.” The female pseudohermaphrodites, who have ovaries and some elements of the male reproductive system, she refers to as the “ferms.” And lastly, the “herms” are the true hermaphrodites having a mixture of male and female attributes. She proposes that the three subcategories among “intersex” deserve to be regarded as additional sexes besides male and female since they posses varied characteristics and their inner lives have not been explored by science. This article has failed to affect the view I have about intersex people.
Introduction Lester Pearson was a former prime minister of Canada. His life was coupled by success and achievements that were not only recognized in Canada but also in the entire world. Among the achievements of Pearson include academic achievements that earned him recognition in the diplomatic world. He was also a statesman and Nobel peace prize winner. This paper seeks to discuss the achievements, both as an individual and as a leader, of Lester Pearson that qualifies him to be considered as a hero in the publications of History-Dominion Institute. The paper will look into the life of Lester Pearson. It will also discuss the various achievements of Pearson in academic, political and international arena. Lester Pearson Lester Bowles Pearson a diplomat and political leader was born in the year 1897 in Ontario. His father was a devoted Christian who ministered in a Methodist church. Pearson together with his brothers received their early education from the towns of Ontario such as Peterborough and Aurora among others. He then joined the University of Toronto for his undergraduate in Bachelor of Arts. Pearson was at the university between the years 1913 and 1915 before he joined a Salonika military service as a medical orderly. Two years later, Pearson sought and succeeded to get a transfer to Hendon to study. During his time of training in an air school, Lester was involved in a plane crash though he escaped unhurt. Another accident was to surprise him later in London when he was hit by a vehicle during a power failure. The car accident led to his return to Canada after which he continued with his university education. After his first degree from the Un
Anon. (2008). Eating hints for cancer Patients: before, during, and after treatment. Web. This journal outlines the dietary patterns which can be used to reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases. It provides tables of how people should add proteins, ways to add calories, quick easy snacks that help people to gain appetite and also a list of foods and drinks that are easy to chew and swallow. It has a table showing that high fiber foods can reduce constipation and weight loss while low fiber foods increase diarrhea. It also shows tables of full liquid food that help people deal with vomiting and reduce nausea. This journal can be used for research on dietary patterns which assists cancer patients. Fleischauer, A., Poole, C., & Arab, L. (2000). Garlic consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1047-1052. This article outlines that garlic contains active ingredients that can be used to prevent cancer. It indicates that garlic consumption can eradicate the risk of cancers of the colon, head& neck, stomach, breast, lung and prostate. Garlic can be consumed in many forms- as raw garlic, cooked garlic or both. It shows that high intake of garlic at its both forms offers an extreme reduction of the risks of stomach and colon cancers. This book also indicates that other types of vegetables can reduce the risk of other cancers such as cancer of the larynx and rectum. It can be used for research work. Koretz, R. (2007). Should patients with cancer be offered nutritional support: does the benefit outweigh the burden?. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 19(5), 379-382. This book outlines that nutrition is one of the support which can be given to cancer patients. There are two forms of nutritional supports which are explained in this book. Parenteral and enteral are the nutritional supports which are supposed to be provided to patients who are dying due to malnourished states. For cancer patient, preoperative parenteral nutrition has been useful and has also been discussed in this book. This is useful to patients who have attempted a curative surgery for cancer of the upper GIT (gastrointestinal tract) and this is a recommendation to such cancer patients. This book can be used in cancer of the gastrointestinal tract research work. Lomangino, K. (2008). How strong is the evidence supporting new diet and cancer recommendations? Clinical Nutrition Insight, 34(1), 4-7. This article recommends that the new dietary patterns can be used to reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases. It shows that vegetables, fruits and other types of foods with low levels of acidity can reduce cancer. Vegetables can be used to reduce the occurrence of stomach cancer and colorectal cancer. This article explains that the vegetables used should be having a pH level which is higher than 7.4 which can overcome the alkalinity level of the dormant cancer cells. Muenstedt, K., & El-Safadi, S. (2010). Nutritive supplements – help or harm for breast cancer patients?. Breast Care, 5(6), 383-387. This
My personal perception of organized crime comes from movie enactments of Sicilian and Italian mafia, which portray it as the activities of a large group of criminals who join forces to plan and commit crimes. These criminals have one leader who instructs them on their activities and even makes decisions concerning the sharing of the loot. The gangsters make a large sum of money from peddling illegal drugs, setting up brothels where under-age girls are also prostitutes and harassing legal business owners for what they term as protection fees. Moreover, these gangsters manage to operate with little interference from the police because they often have the law enforcement authorities in their payroll. Organized crime also involves brutality and torture that often leads to the murder of people whom the gangsters disagree with. Finally, the gangsters involved in organized crime are territorial and are constantly at war with rival gangs for the powers to control certain territories. According to Paul Nesbitt of Interpol, organized crime refers to the dealings of any group that has a business-like structure whose main aim is to make monetary profits through engaging in illegal activities and thriving on corruption and fear. This definition concurs with my perception of organized crime because business structure must have a leader who controls the members’ activities. In addition, the illegal activities such as drug peddling enable the mafia to make huge profits that sometimes rise to billions of US dollars. Moreover, organized crimes thrive on corruption which tallies with my perception that the mafia often has the law enforcement authorities in their payroll through bribery. They also create fear in people such as the legal business owners who have to pay protection fees for their businesses to escape adverse insecurity caused by the mob. Failure to pay protection fees could lead to constant break-ins and damage of business property, which is a way of compelling the business owner to pay the money or risk running out of business (Cressey, 2008). Schbenhart defines organized crime as complex and large-scale activity of criminals in a group for the participants’ enrichment without consideration of the community. Organized crime also flourishes through the ruthless disobedience of the law and connection to political forces. Organized crime being large-scale is the same as my perception of it comprising of a large group of criminals. However, this definition introduces a new angle to organized crime, which is in connection with political forces. This means that the mafia contributes to political campaigns to ensure that candidates of their choice get in into legislative offices to protect their interests. The mafia therefore remains untouched and continues to conduct organized crimes with littl
The Neo-classic era and the Romantic era have always had distinct differences in terms of features and characteristics. From political, moral, heroic and artistic themes, the distinction between these eras is always outstanding (Brion, 2003). Neoclassicism always emphasizes on precision, order, intellect and a rational mind as major themes. The main objective of neoclassicism is to achieve perfection in studying the human mind. The neoclassicism era was followed by the Romantic era that tends to oppose the neoclassic era (Palmer, 2011). Romantic era constantly focused on the forces of nature with an aim of sparking emotions and pleasure. This paper will highlight the differences between Watteau’s painting of the storm from the neoclassical era and Delacroix’s storm painting from the Romantic era. The two paintings by Watteau and Delacroix depict storms in different ways due to the different styles employed by the artists. Watteau’s painting titled the storm exhibits features of a Neo-classical work whereas Delacroix’s Christ on the Sea of Galilee is of a romantic work (Palmer, 2011). The characteristics within the two paintings show the difference that exists in the paintings in terms of style. Watteau’s painting has got some outstanding features associated with the Neo-classical era paintings. When the painting is observed closely, its profile is very clear especially people’s profile. Due to the clarity of the profile, an observer is able to see minute details such as facial expressions even without feeling the actual emotions of the people as depicted by the artist (De Almeida, 2005). The personality of people in the paintings is somehow subdued despite the profound facial expression. Neo-classicism era paintings are associated with enlightment and precision whereas Romantic era paintings are associated with highlighting the artist’s imagination meant to evoke the observer’s emotions (Cleaver, 1988). It is important to note these general differences before analyzing the paintings by the artists in order to bring out the differences. Watteau is known to prefer using the neoclassic style as opposed to Delacroix’s preferred Romantic style. The painting titled Christ at the Sea of Galilee by Delacroix appears to bring out the aesthetic effect in the storm meant to spark emotions and pleasure to the audience (Rosenblum, 1970). The Romantic painting by Delacroix highlights nature as major source of truth and pleasure. The two painting represent a storm in opposing contexts in terms of emotions and time. Watteau’s painting is more objective compared to the subjective nature of Delacroix’s painting of the storm. Watteau’s painting clearly highlights the actual time before the actual storm takes place. Although the painting is supposed to portray a storm and its dramatic effects, it focuses more on time and facial expre
In the world today, there are different types of world religions which include Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism, just to mention but a few (Lewis, p.87). Each religion has its own history or source of origin and individuals have the free will to choose which religion will best suit their belief or faith (Ibid, p. 88). This paper will concentrate on one of the major religions in the world, Judaism. Judaism is a religion which is embraced by individuals who believe Abraham to be Patriarch, and is also known as Abrahamic religion (Feiler, p. 258). In this religion, individuals believe that God’s chosen people are the Israelites, who are required to be a light to the rest of the nations (Ariel, p. 28). Judaism was founded in the Middle East by the Jews and is over 3,500 years old (Alen, p. 57). Abraham is believed to be the fore founder of Judaism. He is discussed in the book of Genesis in the Bible as having talked with God and God talking back to him (The Holy Bible 54). As a result, Abraham came to believe in God and left his old ways and traditions of worshiping idols (Ibid, p. 55). He also observed all the Jewish rules which included circumcision, Sabbath and the Jewish festivals (Feiler, p.269). Abraham’s descendants then took up from whence he had left and continued to impart this new belief. According to the book of Exodus in the Old Testament, Moses successfully led the Jewish people from the cruel hands of Pharaoh and was to lead them to the Promised Land (The Holy Bible, p. 125). It took them forty years for them to enter the Land and unfortun