ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Directed by Ron Howard, A Beautiful Mind is an inspiring American movie, which explores the story of a successful young Mathematician, John Nash. In the story, Nash tries to find an original idea while in a graduate school where he interacts with many people most of whom he does not like. He later gets a high profile job where he falls in love with Alicia whom he later marries. Nash begins to have a problem of paranoia and he later discovers that he is suffering from Schizophrenia. He tries to cope with his medical condition. At one point, he attempts to pluck out an implant in his arm. At another instance, he refuses to take medicine because he claims that the medicine has side effects. This condition brings suffering in Nash’s life as he watches in pain how much his condition burdens his wife as well as his friends. The rest of the movie talks about Nash’s abilities and achievements as he tries to overcome his condition while he brings out his genius self. By using the events in Nash’s life and his condition, the movie accurately depicts schizophrenia, which will be the major subject of interest in the review of this movie. The Review Schizophrenia is a mind disorder in which the sufferer experiences periods of hallucinations and delusions. The movie successfully manages to create global awareness about Schizophrenia, a mental illness, which people had hitherto considered a mystery. The movie effectively underscores different issues about Schizophrenia including what happens in the sufferer’s mind by handling it as one of the major themes. Nasar argues that the decision of Howard to showcase Nash as a sufferer of Schizophrenia who is able to overcome this mental disorder is quite admirable since besides encouraging the sufferers of this mental illness, he also overshadows the world wide myths about this condition (1998, p.78) . The film shows how Nash suffers from his childhood, gradually learns to overcome this condition and manages to bring out his genius self as a mathematician. According to Goldsman, the hallucinations and delusions experienced by Nash as this condition plagues him from his childhood is an attempt by Psychiatrists to guide and educate people about the symptoms of this mental illness ( 2002, p.52). Like Nash, everyone, if not most of the people suffering from Schizophrenia are bound to experience hallucinations and delusions. The violent nature of Nash that causes his wife to flee with her baby in fear of her security further shows that choleric is another symptom of Schizophrenia. There may however be small variations in the intensity these symptoms amongst the sufferers. After undergoing insulin therapy, the Physician gives Nash antipsychotic drugs that after taking part of the dose he experiences damaging fallouts that sever emotional and sexual links with his wife. This prompts him to stop taking the drugs, which affects his intellect. By painting this picture of Nash, the director tries to create awareness about the side effects of schizophrenia medication. On the other side, many myths exist in the public domain about this condition. One such myth asserts that s
Introduction Abraham Lincoln was the 16 th president of the United States of America. Abraham Lincoln played a significant role in the abolition of slavery in the United States of America. After the election of Abraham Lincoln as the president of United States of America, many southern States that were mainly engaged in plantation farming receded and formed a new federation of Confederate States. The reason that motivated these states in receding was that the southern States were aware that Abraham Lincoln does not support slavery and they were sure that once elected as the president, he would enact a policy that will make slavery illegal in the United States of America. Some of the countries that receded after the election of Abraham Lincoln as the president include; South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee and Mississippi. Lincoln fight for the end of slavery started a way long before his election as the president in the United States of America. In 1854, Lincoln contributed greatly in the enacting of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 that mandate States to decide whether they will support the idea of slavery. Although at the moment Lincoln was not for the abolition of Slavery, he was opposed to the expansion of slavery to new States. He claimed that the constitution did not support the ban of slavery in the States it already existed, but it could stop slavery in the regions where it had not proliferated. 1 Abraham Lincoln in a strategy to end slavery, had proposed to make it illegal for the spread of slavery in new States. At the same time, Abraham Lincoln had proposed for compensating those slave owners who were willing in voluntarily ending slavery. This move was supposed to motivate slave owners to end slavery on their own. Abraham Lincoln played a major role in shaping the destiny of Cuba through his superb administrative skills that supported unity of purpose. Spain Interest in Cuba Cuba was strategically located and was easily accessible from Africa, America and Europe. However, Cuba was not able to perform exceptionally good in commerce despite its strategic positioning. The reason behind its failure to prosper in commerce was Spain monopoly of Cuban trade. 2 Spain had established tight trade regulations that highly restricted Cuba from trading with other foreign ships. This resulted in the stagnation of Cuban economical development. Spain had anticipated that with the continue degradation of the soil in plantations in the southern States, that slave trade with emerge. Thus, Spain had aspired on controlling the slave routes in case slave trade emerged, it was to benefit from it. 3 However, the eruption of the American Civil War resulted to the consecutive banning of slavery in all the States in U.S. When Spain opened Cuba’s port for foreign ships in 1880s, the port performed exceptionally well as the region was perfect in growing sugarcane because of its rich soil and adequate rainfall. Many Americans had invested heavily in Cuba. This is the reason why the southerner looked forward in purchasing Cuba from Spain to increase the slave States. Spain abolition of slavery in Cuba in 1820 negativel
Introduction Psychologists and researchers have argued that an individual can develop stress based on the type of food that is taken. The rationale for this topic is to investigate the truth behind this claim. It is necessary to determine if it is true that the type of food that one eats may lead to stress. The two variables that are used in this study are stress and eating. Eating is the independent variable that naturally takes place in one’s life. Stress is the dependent variable that is triggered by the type or quality of food taken. Scholars have argued that although there are other causes of stress such as the social environmental factors, food can be one of the most common factors that may cause stress. Some of the effects of such health complications include stress. The purpose of this study is to investigate this claim and come up with an explanation on the relationship between stress and food. The researcher hopes to come up with a comprehensive explanation of any possible relationship that exists between the two variables, and eliminate any misconceptions that exist when defining the relationship of the variables. Literature Review Researchers have been interested in analyzing the relationship between stress and food. It is important to start by defining the two variables used in this study. According to Taylor (2005), stress is an emotional feeling of deep and prolonged sadness that may be directly associated with physical harm, biological problems, or social stressors. Mosier (2011) defines food as a substance that is eaten in order eliminates hunger and provides nutrients to the body. Scholars have developed theories related to the two variables in different contexts. Behavioral and cognitive theories are closely related to stress. On the other hand, food has a number of theories, some of which have not been scientifically proven. The theory that organic foods are healthier as opposed to genetically modified foods is very common. There is another theory which claims that an individual’s blood type predicts how one should eat (Daniel & Yun, 2007). Most of these theories about food have not been scientifically proven, while others have raised massive controversies in the society. For instance, the issue about the genetically modified foods being unhealthy to the body still remains a controversial debate that is yet to be proven. The major studies that the researcher used in the literature review were specifically focused on factors that contribute to stress. Studies about different types of food and their effect to the body and mind were considered useful. The researcher also analyzed literatures that directly linked food and stress. However, these stu
Abstract The right to a fair hearing is one of the most invoked articles during appeals relating to taxation laws. The varied nature of this provision makes it diverse enough to support grounds that may be presented for the rejection of particular rulings and time and again a clause in the article may be used to illustrate an infringement of the law. The varied nature of this article also makes it fit in most legal presentations covering both criminal and civil cases. The clause however, has no direct application in cases involving taxation infringements. The article can however be technically used to complement rights accorded by the law to individuals irrespective of the nature of their case. This essay seeks to illustrate how the right to a fair hearing clause applies to taxation cases. To this end, an analysis of the provisions accorded by the article shall be discussed followed by case examples illustrating how the provision can be used to lay grounds of appeal in taxation cases. The cases presented are actual cases that took place in various courts in Malta. The cases have been presented in the same way they appeared in the courts. Introduction The right to a fair hearing is entrenched in Article 39 of the Constitution of Malta. It is also wholesomely encompassed in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). This article is considered an autonomous right and is also one of the principle guarantees for the respect of the democratic rights of an individual. This part of the law is very appropriate in the distinction of the powers accorded to the state by the constitution and helps guide how these authority can be exercised when the state is involved in a legal tussle with individuals who fall under its general supreme authority. This article serves to steer the state towards the positive application of the law in order to reduce incidences of the state having an upper hand when faced with a case against an individual. This right to fair trial as applicable in the law involves both criminal and civil cases. The Constitution is considered to be the supreme law of the land and as stated in Article 6 of the European Convention (EC), “ …if any other law is inconsistent with this Constitution, this Constitution shall prevail and the other law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void” (Mowbray 2007). This merely means that the provision has more legal authority than statutory legislation. Components of the right of fair hearing The right to a fair trial includes the right to access a court, the right to be present at proceedings, the righ
Introduction To work in a team is not an easy task because a number of goals have to set and achieved, and certain issues should be considered. A good project manager has to be prepared for various situations, make fast and reasonable decisions, and pay attention to each detail and person in a project. Conflicts are hard to avoid in life and work. People try to use different methods to succeed in stress management and conflict resolutions. The project manager should usually take responsibility for the work, develop a stress management plan considering such factors as motivation, teamwork, mentoring, and communication and synthesizing the sources of stress and conflicts, personal traits, and dysfunctional organizations, and help all team member to pass an adaptation process successfully. This paper aims at creating a stress management plan to help people pass through the Office 2010 transformation process. Important Factors in Stress Management The project management environment undergoes numerous changes and improvements almost every minute (Kerzner, 2013). The project manager has to be ready to meet and communicate with people, create oral and written reports, resolve conflicts, mentor employees, and develop plans A, B, C, etc. The presence of stress situations is evident and cannot be neglected. Some organizations address the experts to develop appropriate relations within a team and with stakeholders (Mills, 2008). Still, many project managers prefer to develop plans independently regarding a number of issues. The current stress management plan depends on the following factors: Motivation The team should be properly motivated to accept the Office 2010 transformation, and the manager has to understand what kind of strategy (personal styles, career stages, professional values, or situational considerations) is more appropriate (Flannes & Levin, 2005). The current project is based on the identification of career values. Communication The project manager should understand that organizational and conflict communications differ considerably and should be properly organized (Rahim, 2010).
Why consciousness is useful Consciousness is defined as ”the state of being aware of the an individual’s feelings and the external environment” (Kalat, 2014, p. 56). Consciousness helps us to be aware of the surroundings around us and about our inner beings. This state helps human beings to execute actions that they could feel assist them. In addition, the state of the mind enables persons to avoid situations that could lead them to undesired destinations or actions. Thus, it could be expected that people who have high levels of consciousness have high chances of avoiding risks that could be in the environment or which could be caused by their own actions. How blood brain barrier helps brain The blood-brain barrier is important in protecting the brain from rapid changes of the external environment, which could be caused by rapid variations in the composition of the blood and concentrations of body chemicals. Rapid changes could result in altered brain functions. The functioning of the brain blood barrier is determined by its structure and takes many forms. Thus, the barrier ensures that the brain is maintained in a healthy state and that human beings behave in a normal way (Kalat, 2014). How neurotransmitters affect behavior Many neurotransmitters have been shown to be involved in the regulation of human behavior (Kalat, 2014; Sukel, 2012). Abnormally low levels of epinephrine have been shown to cause depression in man. Endorphins are essential in making persons feel contented in life. Norepinephrine controls the behaviors of feeding and sleeping. In fact, elevated levels of the chemical cause much appetite and sleep (Kalat, 2014). However, in normal levels, neurotransmitters are programmed to control human behaviors based on the physiological requirements.
Introduction Many companies encounter various issues when they run their business in foreign countries where there are different environments. Some of the issues that they face are ethical and legal. Questions that arise include following the laws of a particular country, e.g. environmental laws, which do not exist in the home country. Ethical Issues in International Business Each country has different ethics which are influenced by differences in cultures. This is the main reason why most business people find it challenging to start a business in a foreign country. It is therefore important for companies to develop a sense of responsibility when operating their business internationally to avoid conflicts (Litka & Blodgett, 2009). There are various measures that have been taken to reduce the challenges faced by foreign companies. Some of these measures include the formulation of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). The aim of this agreement is to promote harmony and cooperation in the international trade. Ethical Issues in International Business Gift Giving and Bribery Many multinationals do not know how to differentiate between giving a gift and bribery. When a person in authority is given a gift in exchange for a favor, that is termed as bribing (Whalley, M. & Semler, 2007). However, gift giving is considered to take place when there is no favor expected for giving a gift. International bribery slows down economic growth. This is caused by the lack of competition which contributes to the production of low quality products. Bribery interferes with justice and enhances violation of laws by multinationals such as environmental pollution regulations. It is also unethical to pay customs officials to avoid taxes on imports. In addition, bribing a person in authority with the aim of facilitating requests like visa applications constitutes unethical business practice. Labor Costs Saving It is unethical to close down a factory and open it in another country in order to save labor costs. This leaves many people who were working in that plant jobless. Although labor costs in some countries like the U.S.A are expensive, saving labor costs should not be a reason for manufacturing firms to close and open in foreign countries. It is important for companies to be socially responsible instead of focusing on making profits alone. Firms are therefore advised to learn different socio-cultural forms and socioeconomic conditions so that they can run their business in a proper and fair way in foreign countries. This includes understanding different cultural traditions of people in those countries they are operating in. Legal Issues in International Business Legal issues that mostly arise in foreign countries include protection of the intellectual property, payment issues, taxation among others (August, Mayer & Bixby, 2009). The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) gives out rules
Despite consuming double the recommended dose of internet aspirin there was no remedy for headache and ulcerous stomach problems started. There is a doubt about the authenticity of internet aspirin, whether it has any acetylsalicylic acid and antacid adjunct or none. Looking into the conditions it is hypothesized that internet aspirin lacked any acetylsalicylic acid and antacid ingredient. There is a semi-quantitative acid-base titration to evaluate the amount of acetylsalicylic acid in pre-weighed internet aspirin (placebo) considering being an acid (pK towards the acidic side) titration with NaOH would neutralize and end-point can be determined using phenolphthalein indicator subsequently by pH meter. For control purposes, a genuine aspirin tablet (Bayer Inc) with a prescribed amount of acetylsalicylic acid would be titrated in parallel. First, visibly the coating onto the tablets would determine whether antacid adjuvant is present or not. Both control and placebo tablets would be ground in mortar and pestle. About 0.5 g is then dissolved in 25 ml of methanol in two beakers, and 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator are added. Individually these solutions are titrated with 0.1 M NaOH solution prepared by adding 0.4 g dry NaOH pellets in 1 liter distilled water. NaOH solution is to be filled in a burette fixed to a stand until zero mark. Swirling the beakers, NaOH solution from burette is added drop by drop to the control and placebo aspirin solutions. Nearing the endpoint pink color starts to fade and then disappears leaving turbid and colorless solutions in the beakers. The volumes of NaOH solution required to attain the endpoint in each case are then recorded. It may be necessary to measure pH at the endpoint using a pH meter, and if it is pH 7.0 or a little above, we may conclude that the endpoint is attained. Addition of phenolphthalein indicator did not produce typical dark pink color representing acidic pH, and this means at neutral pH the placebo did not deprotonate. In other words whatever the substance is the pK value is not lower than the solution pH. Weak acids like acetylsalicylic acid have pK lower than 7.0 and hence deprotonate at neutral pH. Eventually, the release of protons changes the solution pH acidic. Further, just adding a few drops of NaOH (~0.2 ml) was sufficient to attain the end-point. If the material is not acetylsalicylic acid then deprotonation is not achieved and there would be no dark pink color from phenolphthalein, and insignificant alkali is sufficient to bring back neutral pH. The placebo had negligible acetylsalicylic acid. On the other hand, in control deep pink color of phenolphthalein appeared, and upon titration, it started to fade after 13.25 ml of 0.1 M NaOH was added. Verification of the pH at the endpoint revealed that the solution was neutral (pH = 7.0). A positive result of titration with alkali suggests the presence of acetylsalicylic acid in control tablets. Before calculation, it is nec
Executive Summary Smith must not overreact with the challenge posed by Lawry’s. He must keep in mind that A1 still dominates the market for steak sauce. Furthermore, Lawry’s has not yet proven its capability to take a major slice of the market share enjoyed by A1. Thus, the best course of action is to implement a reduction in price starting April 1. The price reduction can be increased a week before the Memorial Day and Fourth of July weekends. Problem Statement Lawry’s initiated an aggressive marketing campaign wherein they are offering a two-for-$5 promotional price. It threatened to erode market share because the current financial position of A1 precludes management to drastically reduce the profit margin of their product. However, Publix one of the largest grocery store chains in the U.S. hinted that they may give the Memorial Day ad to Lawry’s. A1 had to come up with an effective defence plan. Situational Analysis A1 enjoys market dominance in the steak sauce industry. The product enjoys a 54% dollar share. The most significant competitor comes at a distant second with a mere 16% dollar share. Furthermore, it boasts of high brand awareness. In fact, the company asserted that 9 out of 10 steak houses serve A1. Heinz 57 maybe the largest branded competitor but it tastes significantly different from A1. Thus, customers who are used to the taste of the A1 sauce cannot immediately switch to Heinz 57 even if Heinz decided to drastically lower the price of their product. Based on these figures, the strong reaction of Chuck Smith, the Senior Brand Manager on A1 was a puzzle to many people including those who worked closely with him. But there are other factors that greatly affected the point of view of Smith when it comes to the aggressive challenge of Lawry’s. There is one thing that weighed heavily on his mind. Smith was well aware of the fact that unit and volume sales had been flat in recent years. The reason for the stagnant growth when it comes to volume sales is the inability of the company to expand the usage of A1. The sauce is primarily used on steaks and nothing else. At the same time beef consumption in the United States had already stabilized. It can be argued that A1 had saturated the market and reached its highest level of growth. There is another major reason why Smith was worried when he received the news about the competitor’s bold marketing scheme. He realized that he was up against Unilever, one of the largest consumer products companies in the world. More importantly, Smith was well aware of the fact that Lawry’s sauce is similar to A1 in terms of taste and texture. It is the combination of product quality and price that compelled Smith to cancel his weekend plans and called a meeting with the mana