ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Caffeine is a chemical stimulant that naturally happens in beverages including coffee beans and cocoa among others. This substance, which is chemically referred to as trimethylxanthine, is not only present in beverages, but it is also found in both prescribed and non-prescribed drugs. Chemically, this substance is represented as: C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 . Its corresponding molecular formula is as shown below: The literature in this paper is biased towards beverage coffee and its health impacts on consumption. The health impacts arising from the consumption of coffee continue to elicit mixed reactions among consumers. Initially, ten decades and beyond, the consumption of coffee had been tainted for it was believed to be associated with negative health impacts. As such, studies revealed that the health risks associated with its consumption include among others “severe blood sugar swings, acid imbalance, exhausted adrenaline glands, and essential mineral depletion” (Superko 599). In the year 2004/5, pundits’ findings suggested that coffee was associated to health beneficial factors. To this, their studies revealed that consumption of coffee is responsible for reducing ones vulnerability to cancer, diabetes, gallstones, and Parkinson’s disease in men. Coffee is consumed far and wide around the world and it has the potential of attaining addiction levels if excessively consumed. This presents a budding problem among people with hypertension. Consequently, these people are advised by the doctors to use decaffeinated coffee so as to avoid putting themselves at risk. This is the alternative used by coffee addicts who are perhaps cautious about their health. However, studies have revealed that this beverage is not 100% caffeine-free thus; the big question that lingers at the back of the people’s minds is: what is the minimum level beyond which caffeine concentration present a significant health effect? To complicate matters further, it is argued that decaffeinated coffee is associated with other health risks that include increasing the levels of fatty acids and enhancing the chances of miscarry among pregnant women. This prompts the question: what could be the risk factors associated decaffeinated coffee? These two questions present the skeletal through which the hypothesis of this research paper is coined from. Hypothesis This paper is framed around two null hypotheses: first is, decaffeinated coffee is not caffeine-free, and second is decaffeinated coffee is associated with health risks. Decaffeinated coffee is not caffeine-free As Professor Bruce Goldbeger puts it, the normal brands that are present in the market contain some traces of caffeine. As such, he compares the quantities of caffeine present in decaffeinated coffee to those in caffeinated brands and reveals that: a cup of caffeinated coffee is equivalent to five cups of its antonym. This study was a shocker to thos
Introduction The Second Vatican Council was the twenty-first ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church is considered the brainchild of Pope John XXIII. The council commenced on the October 11 th 1962 with an inaugural speech given by the Pontiff (Comby and MacCulloch 56). From this speech, he outlined some of the major issues that he hoped the council would address. Germane among them touched majorly, but not exclusively, on the pastoral aspect of the Church, ecumenism with other Christian Churches, hierarchical structure of the Church, et cetera. Other challenges that bishops faced in their profession included technological challenges, social change, political instability and financial challenges. Accordingly, there was need to equip them with a common knowledge that reaffirmed the Church’s position on such issues. Pope John XXIII saw the need to convene an ecumenical council three months into his papacy, something that surprised members of the curia, though was widely supported across the secular and religious sanctums. In fact, the Pontiff used to say before the commencement of the council that it was high time the windows of the Church were opened to let in fresh air. He further surprised the curia when he invited non-Catholic Christians to send their observations, to which the Eastern Churches accepted together with some Protestants. However, his death on June 3, 1963 marked the end of the first session of the council to be continued by the second session, which was called by the new Pope Paul VI. This paper attempts to discuss the features of this council and defends its teaching. The Major Concliar Documents The Council Fathers explained very well the constitution on the divine revelation, the Roman Catholic understanding of the Bible as a direct communication from God, the tradition, and the magisterium (the Church authority) as an integrated divine economy that forms the basis of her faith. The church council took a biblical understanding of the church in its constitution rather than a peddled judicial model. The Church was termed as the ‘people of God’ thus stressing the servanthood of the presbyterian offices, the collegial or shared responsibility of bishops for the whole Church. Moreover, the new concept called upon church members to holiness and p
By definition, the cost of capital is the expected rate of return that the market requires in order to attract funds to a particular investment. In economic terms, the cost of capital for a particular investment is an opportunity cost – the cost of foregoing the next best alternative investment (McMenamin, 1999). The term “market,” in this definition, refers to the investors who provide the funds for a particular investment. Usually, capital or funds are provided by cash or by other assets. The cost of capital is usually expressed as a percentage: the annual amount of dollars that the investor needs to be expressed as a percentage of the amount invested. Thus, the cost of capital is the return a company must promise in order to get capital from the market, either debt or equity. A company does not set its own cost of capital, and it must go to the market to discover. Meeting the cost of capital is the main measure of a company’s performance level (McMenamin, 1999). Bond ratings are a qualitative measure of credit risk performed by independent rating services. This is independent of the interest rate risk associated with bond price fluctuations resulting from interest rate changes (Chew, 1986). There are firms that perform bond rating services. Three such primary rating agencies are Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s, and Fitch Investor Services in the United States. They do a formal evaluation of a company’s credit history and its ability to repay bond obligations. Ratings are then published as a measure of risk associated with those bonds. The bond rating is primarily a judgment of the investment quality of a firm’s long-term obligation (Chew, 1986). It reflects the raters’ expectations and estimates of the relevant characteristics of the quality of the investment. Historically, bond ratings have played an important role in determining a firm’s cost of capital and in assessing the potential risk of a firm from an investments perspective. Bond ratings are used to determine how well a company can repay its debt obligations. This is measured differently by the major rating agencies. Each agency weighs the relevant variables differently depending on their “optimal” model specification. According
Introduction It is necessary to note that transculturation is a topic that has been actively discussed over the last few years. It can be described as a process of merging several cultures at once. This concept was introduced by Fernando Ortiz and ethnologist in 1940, and it began to spread at a rapid rate and has gained several meanings (Tlostanova, 2014). Nowadays, it can be applied to several areas, and its meaning is rather broad. It is necessary to mention that it is a rather slow process most of the time. Also, it needs to be said that this approach can be used to adjust several aspects depending on the needs of a particular culture when applied to media translation. The fact that the role of it has been changing over time should not be overlooked, and it is evident that it has become a vital part of the modern world. Transculturation needs to be applied to media translation because it has an enormous influence on the population and can be regarded as one of the most important aspects of culture. Body One of the core aspects that should not be disregarded is that the translation of media requires a tremendous amount of knowledge and resources most of the time. It is imperative to have an understanding of numerous cultural norms and aspects and how they are represented in the media. Also, it is necessary to mention that one of the reasons transculturation needs to be applied to media translation is that this approach has proven to be extremely successful and was met positively by a significant percentage of audiences. It needs to be said that some forms of media require different approaches, and transculturation may not be applicable in some cases. It is also interesting that several tools that have been developed specifically for media translation are present. They may help with the process and can be viewed as incredibly useful most of the time. However, it is imperative to say that each case should be reviewed to make sure that there are no critical mistakes that could lead to numerous issues and severe complications. The importance of media for culture is another aspect that needs to be discussed. It can be perceived as a powerful tool that has an enormous influence on the population, and the demand for some types of media has been increasing over the years. It is understandable that some of them would not be available without transculturation, and it helps with expansion. The translation should be viewed as one of the most important instruments that support the process, and its quality is highly valued and appreciated by audiences. The role of transculturation should not be overlooked by every sing
Introduction Have you ever wondered why human life is the most precious asset in the modern world? Even though the answer seems to be simple, not all people comprehend it. This misunderstanding results in wars, terrorist attacks, and other adverse events. Among them, murders and homicides are said to be the most dangerous phenomena because they mean that almost every citizen is under the threat of being killed. It is believed that this state of affairs is present because guns are available for many people. Now, firearms circulate among ordinary citizens, which is dangerous because these gun owners can harm others. Different kinds of weapons are used by criminals to kill others. Thus, the United States needs specific laws that would prevent some people from owning and using handguns since it will contribute to higher overall security and decrease the murder rate. Defining the Problem Even though depriving another person of life is considered the severest crime, both religiously and socially, these tragic events tend to happen. While it is believed that assault rifles, such as AK-47, are responsible for the adverse phenomena under consideration, the real state of affairs is different. According to Op-Ed, approximately 200 people are killed with assault rifles per year, while other guns, mostly handguns, resulting in 12,000 deaths annually. The situation becomes even more dangerous when one notices that in California, for example, “over 2.9 million handguns were purchased in the last 9 years” (Callcut et al. 5). Thus, it is necessary to understand why numerous people own handguns, with Saturday Night Specials being among them, and what possible consequences this ownership can hav
Introduction For geriatric patients, changes in health can lead to serious consequences that often impact individuals’ physical and mental health. Strong effects of chronic illnesses, medication, surgery, infection, and pain are especially prevalent in older people with frailty and lowered resistance to outside factors (Resnick, 2016). As a result, some patients may develop delirium – a condition that is characterized by cognitive impairment, emotional disturbances, behavior changes, and changes in spatial awareness (Holroyd-Leduc & Reddy, 2012). While delirium cases are often temporary, the treatment options for this issue have been researched to shorten the episodes and mitigate the results of mental abilities’ disturbance. This research aims to investigate the treatment options for dementia in older patients and perform a PICO analysis to determine the effectiveness of antipsychotics for the condition. PICO Analysis of Research Topic Delirium in the elderly is a serious problem that can have significant and long-lasting effects on their wellbeing. Thus, it is vital to research various therapy approaches, including the possible use of pharmacological options. The PICO framework requires one to define four aspects that will be taken into account during the study’s completion – “patient, intervention, comparison, outcome” (Eriksen & Frandsen, 2018, p. 420). In this case, the researched population is hospitalized patients with delirium, especially older adults. The intervention under analysis is antipsychotics, which are prescribed to lower the severity of delirium episodes and shorten their duration (Oh, Fong, Hshieh, & Inouye, 2017). The comparison is no pharmacological treatment or placebo to exclude the use of other medications, and the outcome is the reduction of delirium severity. Therefore, the final PICO question is, “In hospitalized older adult patients (P), is the use of antipsychotics (I), in comparison to no medication (C), more effective for treating delirium?” Search Strategy The search for appropriate data relies on the quality of selected databases and search terms. To gather information, this research utilized PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Reviews, and Google Scholar. Search terms’ selection was based on the fact that the studies needed to explore the effect of antipsychotics on older adult patients. At first, the terms included “age,” “elderly,” “delirium,” and “antipsychotics.” The criteria were to include English primary studies and systematic reviews not older than five years. However, due to the lack of results, later searches also added articles about the general adult population since their focus seemed to stay on geriatric patients. As a result, the Boole
Abstract The paper sought to analyze the physiologically-structured population models and their ordinary differential equations reduction. It includes the formulation of a physiologically structured model of the population as a non-autonomous linear integral equation of the population level birth rate (Diekmann et al., 2019). The study seeks to find out when the model that is structured physiologically allows reduction to an ODE that does not involve losing relevant information. Description of the Problem There are models which have been developed but have not considered the reduction of a population in a more detailed structured population. The paper seeks to solve the problem of understanding the conditions under which the individual processes against survival, growth, and fission do the developed equations lead to an honest representation of a cell-based model that is size-structured (Diekmann et al., 2019). The particular focus is on cell fission into two parts that are equal. The derivation of an ODE system through the description of the asymptotic time behavior of the population death, reproduction, growth, and depends on the environmental condition, and it is mainly through a single common factor. The developed problems are as below: Where:   * X(t) refers to the bacterial biomass and   * S(t) is the substrate concentration in the growth tank at time t The model was formulated while considering bacterial biomass and not considering issues concerning cells individually. It considered the assumption of results that are substrate in how cells grow and specifically not directly focusing on cell fission. In addition, the issue of ODE-reducibility was considered from different angles and while working under restrictions that are not similar. It analyzed the birthrate at the population level while considering the assumption of a number that is finite specifically for states-at-birth and also at dynamics which are at the individual state. Furthermore, the paper gives new examples, particularly working with division or fission into two parts that are equal. There is also the promotion of equation formation tha
Introduction Network security is an important concept of computer networks that is aimed at the prevention of network intrusion. The profound use of the internet in itself poses a threat of network intrusion by unauthorized hackers. One of the possible solutions towards the prevention of computer network intrusion is to subject the network under potential threats in order to evaluate the weak points (Fadia & Manu, 2007). Such approach usually involves ethical hacking which serves to evaluate the level computer security. Other approaches to avoid intrusion include the use of Defense-in –depth strategy and the implementation of appropriate intrusion detection system (Clarke, 2010). The objective behind the implemented Defense-in-depth strategy This strategy is primarily an Information Assurance approach which involves layering the defense security platforms for the sole purpose of increasing protection against potential computer security attacks. The major purpose of the Defense –in-depth approach to computer security is to delay the onset of the potential threat rather than prevent the hacker from breaking into the system. In order for the strategy to be effective, it must implement effective threat detection mechanisms and effective measures to counter the threats (Warren & Jay, 2002). The defense in depth strategy basically deploys the use of protection mechanisms, layered procedures and information security policies that serve the sole purpose of enhancing the dependability of a computer network through the division of the defense into multiple layers. The mostly ignored common phenomenon by majority of organizations is that major security breaches are usually from within the organization rather than by outsiders. Defense in depth mechanism does not only delay the onset of the threats, but also provide avenues that could be used to detect potential threats and help an organization to take necessary control measures to contain the threat, thereby decreasing the consequences that associated with the computer network security breaches (Warren & Jay, 2002). The underlying principle behind the functionality of the defense in depth strategy is that it creates multiple layers between the hacker and the organization’s information; in the sense that the deeper the attacker attempts to gain access into the information system of the organization, the more difficult it becomes for the attacker to have access to the information. The multiple layer approach serves to prevent direct attack to the organization’s network. Further more, the defense in depth approach offers natural platforms for the deployment of effective intrusion detection methods which could both be hardware oriented, software oriented or people orien
Introduction “Childhood, adolescence and adulthood are not simply direct descriptions of certain stages of life, but concepts whose meanings and applications shift contextually and politically” (Raby, 2006, p. 9). The motion picture Moonlight exhibits the introspect reality of this statement as it shows the development of a young African-American male transitioning through various stages of youth. The film uses a triptych storytelling format to highlight the contexts and events in the protagonist’s life, emphasizing potent socio-political and personal themes. Moonlight perpetuates the dramatic context of a vicious cycle of crime that apprehends racial and sexual minorities due to forced violence, discrimination, and lack of adequate social support structures. Summary and Incidences of Crime The motion picture is divided into three parts, each showing a period in the life of the protagonist Chiron. The first part shows formative childhood years where Chiron is bullied and alienated from his peers due to strange behavior. He is growing up in an inner-city neighborhood raised by a single mother who is gradually slipping into drug use. A chance encounter introduces Chiron to a local drug dealer Juan which becomes a mentor to him. Despite Juan’s good intentions for the boy, his drug dealing is impacting the neighborhood as Chiron’s mother ends up using; thus, unable to provide a supportive environment at home. The next part focuses on Chiron’s adolescent years which places him in a troubled psychological state. He is discovering his sexuality, realizing suspicions that he is gay. However, at home, he is faced with hate and abuse from his drug addict mother without a support system in place. Meanwhile, at school, Chiron is continuously bullied by another guy for his specific tastes and supposed homosexuality. Despite active threats, neither the school nor Chiron’s classmate’s act. Eventually, an incident occurs which leads to Chiron being violently beaten. The next day, Chiron comes into the classroom and brutally hits the bully with a chair, leading to him being arrested. The final segment transitions into Chiron’s young adult years. He now lives in Atlanta and is a high-l
The Herman Melville’Bartleby, the Scrivener is about a man who imprisons himself in his own office. The events take place in 1850s New York City on Wall Street and describe the life of most office workers at the time. Herman Melville criticizes the capitalism that has gripped America and made people feel alienated from those around them. There are many symbols in the story, the main ones being the walls. The author uses the latter’s image to show Bartleby’s isolation from society and his total loneliness. In the narrative, the lawyer’s office is divided into two rooms by a glass folding door, one where Bartleby works and the other where the lawyer’s station is. The lawyer installs a temporary wall between the rooms to provide privacy and avoid eye contact between him and other workers. Despite the office layout, walls symbolize the isolation people experience in their life since the office address is never mentioned. However, it is always spelled “No-Wall Street” in the text (Melville). This means that an isolated lawyer’s office is quite different from other business sectors in New York City. At the end of the story, Bartleby is shipped off to prison and held in a courtyard center, where he is surrounded by walls, despite him being alone. The wall has a more menacing quality to serve as a symbol of disconnected isolation. When the lawyer visits Bartleby, he sees murderers and thieves locked away peering down on Bartleby, although Bartleby can only look at people through cracks in the walls (Melville). The walls serve to isolate and disconnect the felons from each other, just like the lawyer and his worke