ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction “Salem Possessed” is a book written by Paul S. Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum which focuses on Salem Witch Trials. The writers explain that the problem began in the year 1691 and was marked by the behaviour of some girls in the same village who were involved in fortune telling. They were using a makeshift crystal ball to foretell their future and were aided by a slave couple which had come from Western India. The first trial began on February in the year 1692 after the arrest of three women who were being accused of witchcraft. The women were inclusive of Sarah Osborn and Sarah Good who did not did not agree to the charges and Tituba who voluntarily agreed to the charges and did not plead innocent. Around one hundred and eighty five people had been accused by the time the trials came to an end of which one hundred and forty one were women while the rest were men. The same study explains that out of the total number of the accused, there were fourteen women and five men. Those who faced trial were fifty two women and seven men and finally, those who were convicted were twenty six women and five men (Linder Para. 6). Since Salem was a religious community, the trials came to and end following a sermon by Increase Marther. The preacher was for protecting innocent people from being persecuted. With that background in mind, this paper shall describe the Salem witch trials and narrow down to women and property in relation to the same. The Plot Summary The introductory part has highlighted the main points of Salem Witch Trials and it is equally important to discuss the summary of activities which were taking place to be in a position to analyze some themes of the same. The plight of Salem started when one of the church elders by the name John Putman invited Samuel Paris to preach in the village. Paris latter agreed to become the minister of the village after he was given a better remuneration which included a better salary, privileges as well as allowances. During that period, studies indicate that people were divided into two groups of people: the Porters and the Purtnams and all were competing for political as well as religious leadership (Boyer and Nissenbaum pp. 124). Witchcraft accusations were stirred by the sickness of a young girl who was known as Betty Paris. The girl was complaining of pain and fever and although there was a likelihood that the symptoms were as a result of a disease or some condition like child abuse, it was not possible by then to know the cause of the misery. Nevertheless, some people in the village suspected witchcraft to be the underlying cause. Villagers started to think more about witchcraft when close friends of the sick girl started to experience the same symptoms. The three girls who were experiencing similar symptoms were known as Mary Walcott, Mary Lewis and Ann Putnam. Although a doctor was consulted t
The main advantage of bilateral investment treaties is that if the host state is alleged to breach the BIT, the investor does not need to ask the government to accept a claim. Although investors are not parties to BITs, they nevertheless give them the right to admit host states to international arbitration, and they should not exhaust any domestic remedies. The investors do not need to involve their government. The host State must not agree to arbitration as this process is mandatory as soon as the investor calls for it. There is also no risk that the dispute will become the only one on the list of bilateral disputes (including other commercial issues) between the investor and another state. If the argument is resolved in favor of the investor, the BIT requires the arbitral award to be enforceable in the host state’s courts. If the host state does not legislate for this or intervenes in the enforcement process, this will lead to different investor-state demands. Still, it will negatively affect the host state’s position in other states and their investors’ eyes. BITs have such an effective dispute resolution mechanism that the initiation or mere threat of an arbitration process can persuade the host State to resolve the dispute without having to go to court. Most investor states have model BITs that they adhere to in varying degrees, depending on the host state’s negotiation strength (Ye, 2019). Although the obligations are expressed as mutual, in practice, both parties are a developed state and a developing state, the former representing the investor and the other one being the receiving state. No two BITs are identical, but they usually have relatively similar definitions of “investor” and “territory”, and fair and equal treatment provisions; national or most favored nation (MFN) regime for taxes, repatriation of investments, payments, income, profits, expropriation, settlement of disputes. Moreover, the provisions are similar regarding the BIT duration and its further application to investments tree made before its termination. It should also be said about those investments that are protected through the conclusion of a BIT. BITs protect assets made by citizens of one state in the territory of the receiving state. Citizens are defined as individuals holding the citizenship of the investor’s condition, and legal entities are corporations, partnerships, firms, or associations created or established by its legislation. Reference Ye, F. (2019). The impact of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) on co
Central phenomenon, concepts, or variables under study The central phenomenon for this study is the concept of shared governance in clinical practice and especially in the nursing profession. This concept adopts a model that underscores the role of shared decision-making amongst all health professionals. In addition, “the model is based on the principles of partnership, equity, accountability, and ownership” (Anderson, 2011, p. 200). The tool adopted for the aforementioned model in this study is the RN-focused Index of Professional Governance (IPNG). The healthcare profession has been facing challenges of staff shortage. However, reports indicate that the available workforce is mismanaged and underutilized. Therefore, this tool seeks to highlight the best way to apply the concept of shared governance in a bid to address the management problems facing the nursing profession. The study purpose and the research questions or hypothesis The study purpose of this research was to validate IPNG further by exploring the construct validity. The general hypothesis tested was, “the construct of shared governance depends mainly on the leadership and the mission of the institution and not on the individual who assesses the level of governance” (Lamoureux, Judkins-Cohn, Butao, McCue, & Garcia, 2014, p. 71). The IPNG gives room for group scoring by unit, and thus the researchers used this aspect to include a validity hypothesis, which stated, “Units with intrinsic differences in their governance would score differently on the IPNG” (Lamoureux et al., 2014, p. 71). A review of the related literature The researchers used numerous sources of related literature review. Even though the researchers did not place any section under the title “literature review”, they quoted many sources to support their arguments. They used seventeen sources for their literature review. Out of the seventeen sources, fifteen were scholarly journals, while two were from reliable departments, viz. the International Council of Nurses and the US Department of Health and Human Services. The available literature indicated that whereas there is a record of 13 million nurses across the world, the nursing profession continues to face workforce shortage due to mismanagement and underutilization of the available nurses. However, given that IPNG is considered as “the most reliable and valid tool for measuring governance as a multidimensional concept” (Anderson, 2011, p. 201), the problem of mismanagement can be addressed effectively. The theoretical or conceptual fra
4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid As it is known, plants are capable of unlimited growth throughout life, which is mainly due to the peculiarities of the molecular organization of cells. In particular, the main growth hormone of plants belonging to the group of auxins is indoleacetic acid, whose structure is shown in Fig. I. Human agricultural activity determined the demand for high production volumes, which, in turn, led to in-depth research in the field of artificially synthesized alternatives for indoleacetic acid. Although most of the analogs could reasonably copy the physiological actions of the target molecule, special attention should be paid to the three main compounds with high auxin activity. These are 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (Fig. II), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-D (Fig. III), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-T (Fig. IV). Moreover, the biological effect of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T is so great that it produces irreversible plant growth, causing its death. This phenomenon has been used to create
The period of absolutism refers to the exercise of monarchial power which was never questioned by other social institutions like the legislature and the church. The monarchs mainly reigned from the early period of the seventeenth century up to the end of the nineteenth century. Absolutism entailed ending the feudal partitioning, emergence of state power, harmonization of state laws, and there was also a decline in the power of the nobility. Many scholars contend that the French Revolution marked the end of the monarch in Europe or the early modern European period. This paper seeks to analyze the monarchy with specific reference to France and Mughal Empires respectively. The paper will explore the development of absolutism in each case after which there will be a conclusion to contrast the practice of absolutism in both cases. The exercise of absolute monarchy in the French territory began in the16th century, and it was preceded by the era of renaissance monarchy that was exercised on the basis of political consensus among the social classes and the monarch. France during the sixteenth century experienced numerous conflicts that occurred due to the establishment of Calvinism. During this period, French kings struggled to increase their power and this culminated to the rise of royal absolutism. In 1661 Louis XIV took over the French monarchy. He was in power from 1643 till 1715. During his reign, France became the most influential nation in the whole of Europe after supplanting Spain. The long reign of Louis XIV marked the pinnacle of royal absolutism, and he encouraged other monarchs to embrace his way of leadership. The beginning of French absolutism is associated with Henry IV’s reign. He ruled from 1589 to 1610. Before 1589, France had been plagued by a series of religious conflicts especially between the Catholics and their Protestant counterparts. Other political factions also engaged in these wars. These wars greatly affected the stability of France. Therefore, when Henry started exercising his authority, he was determined to end the chaos and restore stability in France. In this regard, Henry IV formulated new plans that would foster social economic prosperity. He also made arrangements on how to secure France from external aggression. Nonetheless, he was assassinated in 1610 when he was planning to attack his rivals. Marie de Medicos’, who was Henry IV’s wife reigned for several years as a regent for Louis XIII who was then their young son. Marie was able to challenge her opponents, but she did very little to strengthen the monarchy. In 1624, Cardinal Richelieu was appointed chief minister and he soon begun wielding his authority behind the throne. He had a twofold plan for developing a supreme royal power
Introduction Evidence from a crime scene needs to be presented before the court of law, without any alterations, and questioned to determine various facts of a given case. However, there have been instances where the evidence of a given case has been manipulated for various reasons before being presented in the courtroom. Thus, following the concept of chain of custody, it is essential for investigators to chronologically document the evidence that is present to determine how it was collected, the people who were in charge of its custody, its analysis, and the means through which it has been transferred to the court. With such a system in place, it will be difficult for anyone to manipulate or misrepresent any evidence in a criminal case. Therefore, the prosecution can confidently use this information to accuse or acquit an individual. Consequently, it will be difficult for an accused individual to deny that he/she had the substances that have been presented before the court of law as evidence after proper documentation and storage in police custody before being presented in court. Locard’s Principle of Exchange The application of forensic science in criminal investigations was introduced by different people who came up with techniques and procedures that made it possible to use physical evidence to solve a crime (Petersen 4). After the success of this concept, another group of individuals saw that it was necessary to arrange these principles and techniques into a single discipline; forensic science. Dr. Edmond Locard was one of the pioneers in forensic science. Through his work, he managed to contribute to forensic science by coming up with several principles and techniques. The principle of exchange is a prime example. According to this principle, a perpetrator will introduce a new element into the crime scene and at the same time, he/she will leave with some elements that were originally part of the crime scene (Petersen 5). In this regard, Locard believed that an individual could be linked to the crime scene by the dust particles and items of evidence that he/she might have carried from the scene of the crime. Therefore, this concept ties individuals with the physical evidence that they might possess, the victims of the crime, or specific actions that are associated with the crime (Petersen 5). Individual Identification Forensic identification can be used to identify individuals and place them at a crime scene. Investigators and forensic scientists use various techniques to identify individuals at a crime scene. Frictional ridge analysis especially with the use of fingerprints has been used to positively identify individuals and place them in a crime scene. This technique was developed during the 19th century when government agencies adopted the use of fingerprints as a means of personal identification. Sir William Herschel, a British administrator in India, made it mandatory for his employees to sign official documents u
The Symposium by Plato exposes a set of dialogues and speeches of the leading philosophers of that historical period. Giving specific attention to Diotima Speech is imperative to understanding to the role of ideas in real life. According to Socrates, the material world and the divine world are combined through a medium, which is possible through spiritual accomplishment. By understanding the actual role and definition of ideas, involving truth, the good, God, beauty, and justice, men can achieve immortality. In particular, Diotima deliberates on the concept of love and refers to other related notions, such as wisdom, knowledge, truth, and divinity to define the place of love in the material world. At this point, the philosopher gives tribute to Diotima’s assumptions because she accurately explains the place of ideas in both the moral and immortal world. In particular, ideas are much more real that people normally assume concerning what is actually ‘real’. What is more important, it is a mean between the material and divine world uniting both dimensions and creating communication channels. All these concepts about the importance of ideas are brightly revealed in Wordworth’s poem called The World Is Too Much with Us and Spenser’s Sonnet 79 . In particular, both literary pieces explore the importance of uniting the material and spiritual world through ideas to reach the harmony with nature. According to Socrates, specific actions and deeds can be realized through spiritual accomplishment. To find the harmony in a material world, there should be resources and tools that would help the human civilization reach the spiritual union with nature. In the speech, Diotima mentions that love “is neither mortal nor immortal, but a mean between the two” (Plato 39). In the poem called The World Is Too Much with Us , Wordsworth underlines, “Little we see in Nature that is ours” (202 line 3). To reach the harmony in nature is possible through addressing the so-called medium – ideas – that help humans achieve immortality. The concept of harmony is also revealed through explaining the concept of true beauty that is confined to the spiritual world of humans. The poet reflects, “Men call you fair, you do credit it, for that your self ye daily such do see
Introduction Governments develop superior programs and policies that have the potential to influence economic performance or development. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has been on the frontline to promote laws and initiatives that continue to transform the lives of many citizens. The region’s growth has increased steadily within the past two decades. This is a clear indication that most of the policies implemented in most of the member states are effective and sustainable. This paper describes the lessons and ideas that can be learned from different GCC states in an attempt to formulate effective policies. Saudi Women Driving and Impact on the Cars Market Policy Analysis One of the outstanding policies that have attracted the attention of many countries focuses on the empowerment of Saudi Arabian women and allowing them to drive (Al-Sharif 12). This announcement is seen as a new beginning for the state since the existing laws make it impossible for females in the state to achieve their potential. For many years, Saudi Arabia has been described as a country whose leadership style oppresses women and makes it hard for them to lead quality lives. In this conservative state, the new policy is expected to transform the lives of many individuals. According to this new policy that was stated in a royal decree, women were to begin driving from June 2018. The move is expected to improve the country’s international relations and reputation. After many years, the country’s top leaders have finally acknowledged the fact that women should be empowered and guided in an attempt to achieve their potential (Alamri 19). However, some skeptics have indicated that the policy might have detrimental effects. For example, they have argued that many women might get stranded or kidnapped after their cars’ engines stall. Impact on the Cars Market Over the past two decades, the economic performance of many GCC states has been impressive. Analysts and experts have acknowledged that most of the policies designed and implemented in such countries are capable of empowering people and encouraging them to engage in various economic activities (Chulov). With Saudi Arabia boasting of a rapid economic growth rate and mineral resources such as oil, the new policy is capable of maximizing women’s potential and stimulating different markets. To begin with, ma
Walt Whitman’s legacy is one of the sources that gave impetus to developing artistic literacy in American poetry. His innovative style opened up the possibilities of the poetic word in English. However, the national identity itself constructed in his poems seems no less valuable. His imagery and poetic worldview are probably why his heritage looks so important to all American cultures (Ahamed, 2021). For clear examples of the poet’s relations with their homeland, one should consider the poem “I Hear America Singing.” It is evident from the poem that his poetic virtues find their inspiration and nourishment on American soil. Whitman values human labor in close connection with the environment as an American national value. In this seminal poem, Whitman perceives the native land at a deep level of human unity with nature and, at the same time, mastering it, working within the spirit. “I hear America singing” depicts a land of harmony and boundless self-realization, and these settings form the memorable song-like narrative of this poem, organizing its plot. The composition and structure are centered around stereotypical representatives of the American people, the workforce. The poet hears the voices of Americans singing, and their songs are individual and, at the same time, consonant with their vocation and craft: “The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck” (Whitman, 1860). The poet does not give detailed artistic coloring for each song, but the reader can draw a few clues from this. First, it can be one single song of pride and celebration of labor, sung by each separately and together. Second, it can be concluded that these “songs” are the sounds of human production. In addition to feeling a deep connection between man and nature, Walt Whitman could not help but feel the delight of the industrial revolution taking place before his eyes. The continuous and constant employment of a person with work and devotion to his vocation could be interpreted by him as a song in itself. The song is a manifestation of harmony, and in the noise of life around the world, Whitman hears the most accurate music. Finally, it is noteworthy that the song sung by the women in the poem is somewhat different. Whitman emphasizes the lines about women’s labor in italics as if implying the delicacy with which they should be voiced: “The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing” (Whitman, 1860). The development of an unknown land, the realization of it as one’s own, and its cultivation lie at the heart of the American spirit, which is expressed through the symbolism of the song in Whitman’s poem. Each line of the poem shows a different facet of American life, touching day and night and showing time’s cyclical f