ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Since the end of the 19 th century, the life of people has become faster and faster. Technological solutions and new modern conveniences create a new paradigm and new order to things. The impact of technology on socioeconomic conditions of society was perceived by three competing schools of thought: the subjective preference theory of value, the cost-of-production theory of value, and the abstract labor theory of value. Each was concerned with technology’s impact on socioeconomic activities as a way of understanding the valuation of human activity. Technology reduces prices for higher consumption through mass production and substituting machines for labor, and allows the individual to apply talents to division of labor. Time and History During the 1980s-1990s, nee technologies and emerged and create new way of life for many people. The appeal of these new options can be directly related to perceived virtues not to be found in the typical Tin Pan Alley product: an obvious spontaneity and informality in terms of musical process, an emphatic approach to rhythm that satisfied the important desire to dance, an intense and sometimes extravagant display of emotion, and the unapologetic treatment of subjects considered taboo as well as traditional subjects treated in a more realistic manner. The latter aspect became a special focus for guardians of public morals because of the sexual content of many songs, couched in blunt everyday speech or in suggestive double entendres inherited from the blues. The much bally-hooed breakdown in reticence about sexual matters during the early years was, of course, but a prelude to the free speech aesthetic that came to characterize the rock and roll repertory as the decades passed (Bell, p. 65). Time and Music The most conspicuous target for the would-be censor has always been the lyrics of rock and roll songs, which have been labeled from the very beginning as trivial, sexually suggestive, or even obscene. The difference in the nature of song texts, however, must be related to the traditions from which they spring. Song texts of mainstream America had long been influenced by the high culture of Europe, however watered down for middle-class consumption. Romantic love, the subject of the vast majority of all songs, was treated in a highly idealistic, typically sentimental manner. Although rarely profound, the language tended toward the poetic, preferring a high-priced vocabulary filled with euphemism and fully respectful of an unwritten, but widely sanctioned code of public propriety (Ashton, p. 43). Philosophy of Time By the 1950s, there was a rising concern ab
The movement in between time in a way that’s parallel to movement amid diverse places in space, like sending items back in time or likewise, sending the items to the future minus the experience of the intervening duration, is what is referred to as the impression of time travel. A time machine can be considered as a thingamajig used in achieving travel in time regardless of hypothetical or fictitious issues. Presently, its unrevealed if the laws that watch over physics would assent to backward time travel, even though the notion has been widely used in fiction and the row that “one-way travel is likely via the discernible fact of time dilation which is velocity based in the common relativity theory” (Hawking, 2002). One question that lingers like a bad smell, is whether or not traveling through time either practically or hypothetically is a possibility, of which circumventing paradoxes if proven achievable should be taken into account. Also factored, are the possibilities of imbalances being created as an effect by the traveler. Through calculations and stated principles, the overall picture is that paradoxes cannot be created by uncomplicated masses moving through wormholes of time travel. When time travel is introduced, preliminary conditions leading to paradoxes are left out. If the calculation results are taken generally, none of the imaginary paradoxes created by myths on time travel can be started at an exact stage physically. Certain incidents seem to generate machinery to facilitate communication or travel that is much quicker than light. In any case, some explanations deduce that there is an exchange of information among elements instantly so as to sustain association among particles. “This effect was referred to as spooky action at a distance” (Gott, 2002). Regardless of this, present day theories do not entertain the idea of time travel or any communication that is quicker than light even though causality that is conserved in quantum mechanics is a painstaking consequence of newer theories related to quantum (Nielsens & Chuang, 2000). Displays have been showcased by people presently to coerce so-called “future humans” who may very have well discovered technology that facilitates travel through time. But there has been lack of positive response and very poor turn-outs for such events as people have little patience for these affairs. Hypothetically, without the time machine, time travel back to before the machine was invented would be unattainable and impossible. They therefore have to invent a machine that would allow them time travel with less limiting factors. There have been a number of experiments that have been performed, which provide the idea of inverted outcomes and that are interpreted differently by scientists. The first experiment to be looked at is the delayed choice quantum eraser, carried out by Marlan Scully. In this trial, intertwined photons are alienated into ‘idler’ and ‘sign
Introduction This study evaluates an article by Chris Berg, which was published in a website titled, the Age. The article was titled, the Weight of the World. The article speaks against negative criticisms leveled against Wiki leaks and its founder Julian Assange (Berg 2010). The publication therefore advanced the fact that, wiki leaks was only upholding the freedom of the press in its publication of diplomatic cables about the US, and subjecting its founder to negative criticism, or trying to muzzle its activities, was nothing but an effort to muzzle the press. The core issue tackled in the publication therefore revolved around press freedom and the efforts, particularly advanced by the US congress, to muzzle it. The article further went ahead to stipulate the role of the press in the society, and in doing so, it categorically stated that, the press does not hold any responsibility to any government, to smoothen their diplomatic activities, or soften their relations with the world’s foreign leaders. Comparison was made of past efforts to muzzle the press and what is currently happening with wiki leaks. In this analysis, there was a clear effort made to associate the freezing of wiki leak’s activities with past efforts of governments trying to muzzle the media (Berg 2010). Moreover, the power of the US congress is identified to have the leading responsibility in trying to gag the media because of its immense legislative power. Generally, I concur with the main theme of the article, which is to show that, freedom of the press ought to be upheld at all times, and the freezing of wiki leaks is nothing short of gagging the media. In this regard, this study’s evaluation of the publication is positive and in subsequent subsections of this article, I will clearly demonstrate why. Analysis Julian Assange and his wiki leaks website represent the freedom to communicate and express oneself through media publications. His actions therefore truly define the freedom of the press because there is no clause in the freedom of press law that limits the publication of information such as diplomatic cables. Furthermore, wiki leaks activities are firmly entrenched in the bill of rights that touches on its activities because it states that: “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers” (Cornwell 2004, p. 21). The activities of wiki leaks therefore perfectly fit the privileges and rights of the press that are defined by the freedom of press clause and the universal bill of rights. Moreover, in order for the press to be truly perceived as free, it ought to be free from the interference of the state (Cornwell 2004, p. 21). Contrary to this view, the US congress seems to be interfering with the activities of wiki leaks by leveling charges against the organization and its founder. Moreover, its actions against wiki leak’s sponsors such as Amazon, MasterCard, PayPa
Investigated Disease Process Obesity is a chronic multifactorial condition that is characterized by excessive adiposity or morbid body weight. It is clinically defined as having a Body Mass Index (BMI), which is the ratio between a person’s weight and height, of 30 kg/m 2 or more (Jensen et al., 2013). In contrast, the BMI range for a pre-obesity condition called overweight is 25-29.9 kg/m 2 . The disease process (pathophysiology) follows an epidemiological model – an agent (not a microbe) is implicated in the development of obesity. Four modifiable risk factors are involved in the etiology of this condition: genetics, diet, exercise, and the environment (Jensen et al., 2013). They destabilize the energy balance in the body resulting in excess adiposity. Food is a primary etiological factor. The intake of fatty food or sugar-sweetened drinks coupled with physical inactivity elevates the risk of obesity. The excess calories are deposited as fat primarily in the adipose tissue and in some cases in the body organs (Haslam, 2014). The lipids have inflammatory effects on the arterial and muscular tissues, liver, and pancreas, causing comorbidities, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), endocrine disorders, and heart disease. Therefore, obesity is a significant risk factor for chronic conditions. The rationale for selecting this topic relates to the significant socioeconomic and psychological costs of obesity, especially in children. Obesity is linked to poor health and social outcomes, including stigma, depression, chronic disease morbidity – DM and heart disease – and mortality (Haslam, 2014). The public health impact of this largely preventable condition especially in developed countries is high. According to Myers, Slack, Martin, Boyles, and Heymsfield (2015), more than a third of the global population are either overweight or obese. Going by the present rate, it is projected that about 38% and 21% of adults will suffer from overweight and obesity by 2030, respectively (Myers et al., 2015). This paper analyzes the pathophysiology of obesity, available treatments, clinical guidelines, disease management, costs, and best practices. Pathophysiology of Obesity Obesity is associated with energy-balance dysregulation that impairs glucose and lipid metabolism. At a macro level, interactions between biological factors and the environment affect metabolic processes that increase the risk of obesity. Its pathophysiology is an intricate system that entails a central processing function – autonomous nervous system (ANS) – that controls caloric intake and satisfaction based on the signals it receives (Heymsfield & Wadden, 2017). Afferent signals originating from the endocrine system regulate appetite and satiety through their effects on the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus and ANS, which control energy expenditure (Heymsfield & Wadden, 2017). Interactions between hormones affect this process. At the horm
How and why did the events of the late spring and summer of 1914 ultimately move beyond the ability of government leaders to control? As a matter of fact, the events of the late spring and summer of 1914 went down in the history books as some of the major issues that would contribute to the First World War. The events occurred when pro-Serbian terrorists murdered the heir of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. However, what irritated Austria-Hungary most as far as this particular event is concerned was that it took place in a Province within Serbia. The event would lead to the revelation of a number of secret alliances that had been taking place between some European nations, and this was evident from the manner in which countries within the region had responded to the matter. The events of the late spring and summer of 1914, which included the killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, would probe Austro-Hungary to dispatch military troops into Serbia. On July 28, 2014, almost a month after the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne had been assassinated, Austria-Hungarian government officially declared war on Serbia. This move by Austria-Hungary saw some powers in the continent rise against Serbia by sending their troops in the region. Other several countries who were allies to the powers would also fall in the fray, either in support of or against Serbia. The invasion, which involved countries such as Germany, Russia, France, Belgium, and Great Britain, happened so fast that it ultimately moved beyond the ability of government leaders to control it (Gillette 49). As a result, these events played a significant role in setting the platform for World War I that would begin shortly afterwards. In this regard, the system of interlocking treaties or alliances between Europe nations was highly criticized for the spread of a global conflict from a localized problem. As a matter of fact, government leaders of the involved countries could have intervened to stop the impending conflict, but their capabilities as far as the issue was concerned were highly limited for they were influenced by the terms of the alliances bonding them. Considering the possible causes and events, was World War I inevitable? Why or why not? If inevitable, from what date or from what event was there no turning back? The First World War was inevitable, considering the nature of the various events that had contributed to its eruption. As it would be observed, territorial, imperial, and economic rivalries leading to the war between the Allies and the Central Powers were all inevitable causes. For example, there were various unavoidable and uncontrollable events that would take place between June 28, 1914 when Archduke Francis Ferdinand was killed, and August 2, 1914. Some of these events include the issuing of a blank check by Germany in July 23, declaration of war against Serbia by Austria-Hungary in Jul
Abstract Wildlife control in and around commercial airports is a major concern for civil aviation management authorities in the United States and various parts of the world. In this paper, the focus was to evaluate the magnitude of the problem and ways in which various airports are managing it. The goal was to find better ways of addressing the problem than what is currently in use. The study shows that terrestrial mammal incursion on the runways is a more dangerous threat to aircraft than bird-strike, but it is less likely occurrence. Many airports have developed security mechanisms to eliminate large objects on runways that may cause accidents. However, bird-strike is still a major concern. It is not easy to predict behavioral patterns of the bird or manage their movements. Some of them fly at planes cruise altitude, a fact that makes them dangerous even when an aircraft has safely taken off from airports. The study suggests structural changes on the design of some sensitive parts of the plane such as engines and windshield to make such impact less dangerous. The cabin crew, traffic controllers, security officers, and other relevant stakeholders should also be taken through regular training to learn how to deal with wildlife incursion using modern technologies. Introduction Managing the safety of the airports is one of the most important responsibilities of civil aviation authorities around the world. According to Stolzer and Goglia (2016), issues such as terrorism, criminal activities, and animal incursions pose serious threat to aviation security. The threat posed by wild animals has forced many airport authorities to find effective ways of dealing with the problem. Proper fencing has made it possible to keep off animals such as wild dogs, jackals, and other mammals from the runways. However, dealing with birds in the air has remained to be one of the major challenges in the aviation sector. Desoky (2014) explains that it is not possible to predict the pattern of behavior of some birds. Given that they are airborne, it is not possible to control birds using physical barriers such as fences. Numerous cases of bird strikes during landings and takeoffs have been reported in this century for decades. Some of these strikes ended in fatalities. Other than the loss of life, such intrusions often cause major financial consequ
Imperialism has for a long time been associated with the British colonial government. Imperialism policy entailed the acquisition of colonies directly by the use of military actions. This was a strategic measure that Britain had adopted to bargain more political and economic dominance. Summary and Review Frankenstein, the book has a lot of controversies surrounding it. People perceive that Victor Frankenstein wrote it. Little is known about the original author, Mary Shelley. In 1816, while engaged in literacy and philosophy class, the author is compelled to write a ghost story that later formed the basis of the book. Since it is a ghost story, it is bewildering literature discussing supernatural power. The book may have many topics, but the main topic of the article is “imperialism.” Spivak affirms that the story tries to explain the origin and the evolution of man in society. He, however, refutes this claim and argues “imperialism surfaces in a curiously powerful way in the novel” (263). What the author sets out to do is to expound on the intensity of imperialism in the story. The author explicitly points out that there are rampant cases of what he terms as “incidental imperialist” feeling in the novel (Spivak 263). He argues that the novel is evident on the axiomatic of imperialism, and he feels compelled to explain it openly. There are several themes in the novel, but the central questions that the article seeks to addresses are the roles of male and female individualism in the creation of a society. The author remains skeptical whether the axioms of male and female individualism will address the two perspectives of “subject-production” and “sexual reproduction” respectively. The novel is not about gender individualization. Spivak iterated this point when he claimed that the “binary” misconception about male and female individualism is undone in Frankenstein’s experiment. He argues that if the experiment is anything to go by then the decision to give or deny the woman a phallus squarely lies on the man. On the contrary, the decision to give or deny the male a womb is the female’s fate. In saying this, the author seems to suggest that God is the unrivaled creator (Spivak 264). Personal Engagement My engagement with the text is that the book seems more of a metaphor. As the story unfolds, every piece of information appears to points out the colonization and conquest process that were witnessed in the mid 18 th century. For instance, Shelley mentions the conquest of the Americas. Part of her text seems to insinuate the discovery of the landmass and the imminent colonization and slavery. She laments that
Introduction The IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc. has been facing numerous challenges in the articulation of its different areas of the information system. According to findings by Browning, the current system lacks integrity because it is characterized by outdated manual processes that are likely to propagate errors at every stage of data and information manipulation. As revealed by the vice president and division manager in the case study, the company needs to forge a clear vision of how it intends to enhance the quality and efficiency of its information system. The vice president was looking for a long-term solution for these issues; hence, she contracted Browning to look into the current organizational needs in terms of the information system and to provide recommendations that will potentially solve the prevailing problems. This paper discusses the recommendations provided by Browning, with a close focus on the pros and cons associated with the respective recommendations. Pros and cons of the four options The first option presented by Browning is for the company to phase out older packages in the information system and adopt an exclusive application of the IBM computing environment. IBM provides a feasible platform to run all the logistic processes with the adoption of the relevant support software. According to Browning, this approach would facilitate cost-cutting in the development of an information system that integrates all the processes within the organization. Since the company is working on a low budget on upgrading the information system, this option is reasonably affordable. It is, however, apparent that the main disadvantage of this option is that it will introduce undesirable changes in the organization (Nelson & DeHayes, 2010). The page reveals that the engineers and other human assets in the company are accustomed to working with the outdated packages and their associated support systems; hence, they will be angered by the change. This option might result in high resistance to change by the human resources of the company; thus, it might affect the overall performance of the company, and this will have negative repercussions on the profit margins. The second option entails the development of a workstation computing approach through the introduction of a UNIX-based mainframe that is smaller than the current mainframe. The main idea is for the company to gradually invest in UNIX-based hardware and software to facilitate a fast speed network through LAN and WAN PC networks that would facilitate the integration of databases. One of the advantages of this system is that unlike the current information system, the option approach results in a comprehensive client/server platform. The development of the recommended system would take abou