ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Design of the Study The study falls into a descriptive research design because its main aim is to examine the influence of the transition to online education on student achievement. It may be further reduced to the correlational type, as it helps establish a cause-effect relationship between different variables. The research does not have an experimental part because it observes already naturally formed groups of students and teachers on the specified platform without manipulating them in any way. The examined variables involve the number or regularity of online classes and their influence on students’ satisfaction and accomplishment. The study may combine quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods, providing surveys with closed-ended questions and interviews with open-ended questions, respectively. The mixed approach allows both to test the hypothesis and provide its interpretation and possible suggestions. Instrumentation – Dependent Measure(s) The quantitative analysis of the research is based on the questionnaire. The first part includes students’ and teachers’ profiles (age, gender, years of study/service) necessary for background information. The second part focuses on performance and satisfaction levels, requiring examinees to provide answers in correlation with their traditional educational experience. The number and quality of online classes present an independent variable influencing the dependent variable of students’ achievement. The qualitative information may be gained with the help of a non-directive interview. As the study is mainly focused on the objective results acquired with the survey, the interview questions may provide subjective information concerning the examinees’ perception of online education. It allows examining the variables of feelings and concerns of the matter. Statistical Procedures The main objective of the survey and interview is to determine whether students have improved feelings of achievement and satisfaction after the transition to online education. It is a cross-sectional study examining the defined groups at one given point in time. Sample selection for the survey should include only students, while the interview may target teachers as well. As the study is conducted within a particular organization, the number of examinees for the survey may not exceed a few hundred. Pearson’s correlation coefficient may be used to determine the statistical relationship between variables. According to Shober et al. (2018), it is “a dimensionless measure of the covariance, which is scaled such that it ranges from –1 to +1” (p. 1763). This formula is used to determine whether the correlation is strong between variables. The positive or negative impact of this relationship may be later assessed with the help o
Abstract The proponents of the study described the first Brain-to-Brain interface experiment. The focus is on the feasibility and workability of the interface, with respect to transmission times in all stages of signal transmission, creating a basic framework for the creation of and advancement of B2B technologies. The proponents of the study utilized EEG and TMS technologies to record a signal from the “Sender’s” motor cortex, and send it via the Internet to the TMS device placed on the “Receiver’s” motor cortex. The sender’s signal is superimposed upon the brain of the receiver, causing a response that satisfies the principle condition of the game task. However, it is important to point out that the experiment was merely a sophisticated version of the well-known knee jerk reflex experiment. There was no meaningful interaction between “Sender” and “Receiver” to warrant the claim that one human being was able to communicate to another human being without using any form of linguistic device. Nevertheless, the said experiment was a major stepping stone towards the creation of a brain-to-brain interface technology that would allow complex actions, such as, the efficient knowledge and skill transfer between a novice and an expert. Goals of the Experiment The proponents of the study described an experiment by which they test the functionality of a brain-to-brain (B2B) device. This experimental setup involves the use of the technologies of Electroencephalography (EEG) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) respectively to record, and send encoded brain signals via the Internet. The proponents of the study crafted a proof of concept experiment where they test the question: is it possible to create a connection between two human brains, and therefore create a B2B device? The Model To test their hypothesis, the proponents of the study devised a relatively simple experiment whereby three pairs of respondents were connected to each other using a BBI setup comprised of EEG and TMS. They engaged in a cooperative task in the form of a game. This setup enables the experimenters to not only determine if their prototypical B2B device is a success, but also to assess its performance. The game features either a rocket or a friendly plane flying across the “Sender’s” screen, requiring the “Sender” to move the receiver’s hand by using the B2B device. This enables the sender to decide to use the receiver’s hand to click a button to shoot the rocket. If the “Sender” understands the significance of the supply plane, he refrains from taking any action therefore preventing the transmission of the “shoot to destroy” signal to the “Receiver.” This simple experiment is a manipulation of a response test in which a subject responds to a prompt by clicking the correct button as fast as they can. In this case, it tests the re
Risk management is a process through which an organization reduces costs that are linked to potential liability claims and minimizes harm to its workers and clients (Mastrofski, Jonathan-Zamir, Moyal, & Willis, 2016; Walker & Archbold, 2018). Across all firms, the process is typified by the following steps:   * Step one: Establishing risks, their frequencies, and the extent to which they can harm a corporation and clients.   * Step two: Determining methods to handle the identified harms.   * Step three: Choosing the most appropriate solution to manage the identified liabilities.   * Step four: Implementing the chosen solution to manage exposure to harm.   * Step five: Evaluating the responses or effectiveness of the implemented method to handle potential risks. In the context of police, top managers can identify the use of force during arrests as an action that can result in liability to a police department. The harm could be due to loss of confidence in the department by the public due to the harassment or physical injury that can lead to loss of finances when challenged in a court of law. The second step would involve the determination of several solutions, which can be changed in policies, supervision, organizational procedures, and training of police officers. The third step is where the management should evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the identified methods. The step would also involve selecting the best solution based on its rank in terms of suitability to handle the identified risk. The fourth step would involve executing the chosen method to handle the potential liability, while the fifth step would be typified by evaluation of the implemented strategy to determine its effectiveness in managing the issue of the use of force when arresting individuals in a community (Jochum, 2017). The rapid advancement and adoption of technology have improved how organizations operate across the world. Police departments have been positively impacted by the use of technology in their operations (Lum, Koper, & Willis, 2017; Coudert, Butin, & Le Métayer, 2015; Morgan, Murphy, & Horwitz, 2017). According to Walker and Archbold (2018), the use of technology has affected accountability by police officers. For example, members of the public videotape police activities, and some of the recordings have been used as evidence in courts of law. Since police officers know they can be videotaped by the public when they are discharging their duties in communities, they act in ways that demonstrate accountability. Another example is the utilization of a free app on smartphones in New Jersey that allows citizens to record both video and audio activities of police officers, which are saved to the user’s phone and also sent to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in the State of New Jersey (Walker &
Restrictions on government revenue may be imposed on governments for several reasons. First, establishing a revenue ceiling for governments is a guaranteed way to ensure governments operate efficiently (Dollery, 2006, p. 32). Obviously, imposing a revenue restriction on governments, limits their revenue and resources, and therefore, almost by default, they will be forced to use effectively the limited revenue in providing crucial services to the citizens. Governments which do not have a revenue ceiling are more likely to misuse their funds, when compared to governments that have a revenue restriction. This is true because such governments are likely to go on a spending spree, just because they have the money to do so. Introducing restrictions on government revenue therefore ensures that, government spending is checked. For instance, in Australia, the NSW legislation was introduced to limit government revenue with the sole aim of improving government efficiencies (Dollery, 2006, p. 32). Another crucial purpose of imposing restrictions on government revenue is protecting the citizens from the excesses of government (Lee, Johnson and Joyce, 2008). Here, protection may be accorded to individuals or businesses. For instance, the government may impose unethical taxes on its citizens to finance its projects by ignoring the economic circumstances of the time. Often, this is unethical. It is therefore crucial to impose restrictions on government revenue to ensure there is a good relationship between the government and its citizens. This is also the reason several states peg their restrictions on their gross domestic products (GDP) because the GDP is a measure of the economic performance of a state. If the GDP is high, the ceiling on government revenue may be raised. This is an ethical way of undertaking or financing government business and ensuring the welfare of the citizenry is taken care of. Alternatives which may be pursued by governments when faced with such budgetary restrictions are often two-fold. One, governments may embark on lobbying all relevant stakeholders to lift such strict restrictions. Lobbying is a more direct way of handling the situation, but its success mainly depends on the justification given by the governments. Secondly, governments may decide to increase their revenue base so that they do not seem to be highly taxing one sector of the economy. This is an indirect way of handling the situation. It is also a complementary strategy to the lobbying strategy. The formulation of new policies is often a tricky issue, especially when it comes to implementing them. Due to this fact, it is crucial for policy makers to include all stakeholders while formulating new policies. The community is one such stakeholder. As a result, we cannot underestimate the importance of aligning revenue policies with community values. This is because aligning revenue policies with community values is crucial in realizing a general sense of acceptability to the revenue policies (Besser, 2000, p. 2). Revenue policies that clash with community values are likely to face resistance from the community, and in extreme cases, they may be r
Introduction Lion Dance is a form of Chinese traditional dance that was created more than ten centuries ago ( Chinese New Year Lion Dance par1). It involves the mimicry of a lion’s movements while adorning a lion costume and it is practiced in China and other Asian countries that share similar traditional practices and customs. The dance is usually performed during certain special occasions such as New Year festivals and other big occasions of critical importance such as cultural and religious festivals. It is also performed during events such as weddings and honoring of guests. The lion dance is usually performed using drums and gong instruments that act as accompaniments. In Chinese culture, the lion brings good luck, and therefore festivals that included the dance aim to bring good luck and scare away evil (Vasu par2). History The dance originated in China more than a thousand years ago. In traditional Chinese culture, the lion was a mythical animal because lions were non-existent in the country ( History of the Lion Dance par3). Lions were sent to Chinese emperors by traders to be allowed to conduct business in their territories. Only a few lions had been seen in ancient China before the emergence of the Han Dynasty. Later on, more lions emerge and because they were mythical in China, people were mesmerized by them and began to mimic their behavior and appearance during performances. These performances mimicking the actions of lions led to the creation of the lion dance in the Han Dynasty ( History of the Lion Dance par4). The Lion Dance became more popular with the spread of Buddhism in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and got to its peak during the Tang Dynasty. The rising popularity of the dance led to its embracement in Japan. In Japan, the dance was used in courts as a form of entertainment while in China it was used during celebrations. The dance later spread to Korea and Taiwan where it evolved into different styles but adopted similar symbolism ( History of the Lion Dance par5). Styles There are two main styles of the Lion Dance namely the Southern Lion style and the Northern Lion style ( Chinese New Year Lion Dance par3). These styles emerged as the dance evolved through the years and as it spread to other dynasties around China. Other styles emerged as the dance spread to other Asian countries. The Northern Lion style This style closely resembles martial arts and has two variations in which a young lion is mimicked by a young person and an adult lion is mimicked by two people (Green 42). Both performers wear costumes that resemble a lion. For instance, their lower bodies are adorned with trousers that resemble the color of the lion’s body. Their shoes are colored yellow and are resemble a lion’s claws. In the dance that the performers mimic an adult lion, one performer stands in the front and the other one behind the first performer with a bent waist to make movements easy. The first performer adorns the h
Abstract To contribute to creating and stimulating student engagement in online learning environments, it is important to focus on such factors as the increase of students’ motivation, focus on independent and inquiry-based learning, the active role of instructors, and the usage of contemporary learning management systems in order to organize online learning environments according to the set standards of learner-centered education. Creating Student Engagement in Online Learning Environment Modern learning environments provide students with a lot of opportunities to develop their potential and contribute to academic performance. Many students who are inclined to improve their education choose online learning courses or distance learning in order to use all the advantages of the online learner-centered education where instructors perform the role of guides. In spite of the fact that distance learning is popular among students, it is important to pay attention to specific aspects of the student engagement in the online learning environment because distance learning based on online technologies is the rather new approach to the study process and students engagement is one of the most influential challenges. To facilitate student engagement in the online learning environment and contribute to increasing students’ motivation and interest in learning, it is necessary to analyze such factors as students’ attitude to distance learning, management of online learning, and position of a teacher in the process. If face-to-face learning is based on measuring student engagement with the help of focusing on class attendance, the engagement of students in online learning can be measured only with references to their academic performance and online activities while posting and participating in online discussions. From this point, the concept of interaction should be also followed in online environments in order to contribute to the student engagement. Duffy and Kirkley state that online learning is the next step to the effective learner-centered education because distance learning provides resources for the inquiry-based learning focused on the students’ achievements and their independent efforts to learn new information and develop new skills (Duffy & Kirkley, 2004). As a result, the idea of student engagement should be discussed in relation to students’ readiness to participate actively in online learning in order to improve their knowledge, skills, and abilities (Beffa-Negrini, Cohen, & Miller, 2002). Student engagement can be facilitated with the help of strategies focused on increasing students’ motivation and confidence. Thus, changes in relation to student engagement in online learning can be influenced by instructors who develop online courses, choose and prepare the materials, and work out effective schedules. According to Sull, a teacher should provide students with all the opportunities to be act
The Chinese business culture is vastly different to the Western one. The cultural differences present a serious barrier to entry. However, if handled correctly, the Chinese market offers an excellent field for expansion. The most important task at this point is to ensure understanding of the local culture and society in order to enter the market smoothly. Hofstede Value Dimensions for China According to the data from The Hofstede Centre, the Chinese society has several key differences compared to the Western societies. The first thing to note is the high power distance rating. It means that Chinese are generally accepting of others’ authority and are not used to questioning it (The Hofstede Centre, 2014). In the intercultural communication context, it means that Chinese administrators are not used to having their authority questioned and might react negatively to it. The other distinct point is the collectivism, characteristic of many Asian countries. Chinese tend to focus more on the interests of the group instead of personal gain. Combined with the low indulgence rating, it means that many employees and managers work obsessively, sacrificing leisure time and personal interests for the sake of their company which they treat in many ways like a second family (The Hofstede Centre, 2014). That is why it is extremely important to build close relationships with the Chinese partners. If our company is treated as a part of their group, it will ensure the most fruitful cooperation. Another thing to note is an extremely high long-term orientation index which signifies the focus on the future and high adaptability of the Chinese society. That is important to keep in mind because it means that the Chinese companies are likely to change their practices if we manage to demonstrate them the merits of our way of conducting operations. That fluidity can be highly beneficial in the later stages of market immersion. Suggested Market Entry Strategy As Chinese Business Review suggests the joint ventures are by far the top entry strategy for the Chinese market (Nelson, 2013). It is hard not to agree with that statement. The laws and the bureaucratic relations in China are incredibly hard to navigate for the foreign company. And the most important part of starting a joint venture with a Chinese company is understanding the culture. Den Leventhal, a market entry strategist with over 30 years of experience in the Chinese market, states that the most important part of the strategy is preparing the executives for what they are about to face (Huber, 2015). In the West, most deals are very to the point – hard and defined terms, quick resolutions
Augmented Reality Augmented Reality is one of the latest technological innovations that interweave virtual reality with physical reality. It is technological innovation that has the power to overlay computer graphics into reality; hence, help its users to see the real world and virtual imagery that is connected to the actual objects and places. The primary difference with Virtual Reality is that, unlike virtual reality, which replaces the real human perception of their world with a simulated one, this technological innovation will help to improve people’s perceptions of their immediate surroundings. Although this technological innovation has not been used in any learning environment, because it is partly real and virtual; hence, its ability to show required information at the required time and place using a special interface, this new technology is likely to be of great significance in the field of education. It is a simple technological innovation that will help learners to observe their world using a handheld or head mounted display, that has the potential of seeing through or overlay graphics inform of a video of one’s immediate environment (Billinghurst, 2002, Para. 1-3). In education this technology will be an import tool for most computer aided instruction, as they will give learners an opportunity to interact with the real world. In addition, this innovation is likely to encourage cooperation and engagement among learners more so in science subjects, as it will give them an opportunity of collaboratively observing 3-D models of any scientific information; hence, promote authentic and contextual learning. This technology is also likely to improve group communication patterns by making learning livelier and easy, as learners will be dealing with physical objects, which in most learning scenarios are theoretical. Another significance of this technology in learning is that, this technology will give learners an opportunity to learn from any location, so long as their portable electronic gadgets such as phones have the application. This technology will also give learners a chance of tracking their fellow learners or teachers in a crowd regardless of one’s location; hence, an important tool of facilitating learning (Billinghurst, 2002, p.1 and Shelton, 2002, P.1). The iPhone Technology Just like the Augmented Reality, the iPhone technology is like to revolutionize the education sector, because of the numerous applications that I-Phones have. The iPhone is one of the portable electronic gadgets with numerous internet applications that are underutilized. The IPhone is primarily an electronic gadget with a camera, multimedia player that is normally used for communication. It has a b