ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Definition Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a NASA multipurpose spaceship tailored to carry out surveillance, reconnaissance and explore Mars in the course of its orbital revolution around the planet Mars. Its inception fostered the exploration of Mars with the introduction of more data collecting instruments than the ones formerly used by other spacecraft like the Mars Express, the Mars Global Surveyor, the Mars Odyssey, and the twin Mars Exploration Rovers (The planetary society 1). The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter was valued at US$720 million and is believed to be one of the most operational spacecraft within the proximity of Mars. Having been mounted by Lockheed Martin in conjunction with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter was launched on August the 12 th of 2005 and consequently attained its Martian orbit on March the 10 th of 2006. Soon afterward, it was ushered into its final science orbit and immediately started the elemental science stage of data collection. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter comprises innumerable scientific appliances, of which cameras, spectrometers, and radar form part, which is essentially engineered for the analysis of landforms, stratigraphy, minerals, and ice of Mars. It also does the robust function of laying a firm foundation upon which future Martian explorations and discoveries would be based; it basically accomplishes this by studying the daily weather and surface patterns, identifying potential sites for spacecraft landing, and by integrating a modernized telecommunication system among its scientific instruments (Stathopoulos 1). The new version of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s telecommunication system serves an invaluable function of transferring enormous amounts of scientific data back to the Earth; with its telecommunication system being rated at higher effectiveness than the aggregate effect of all the previous Martian spacecraft, and thus MRO is the cornerstone relay satellite for upcoming space missions. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is under the direct watch of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, at the California Institute of Technology, within the domain of the Directorate of NASA Science Mission in Washington D.C. Historical Development The historical development of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is anchored on the dual mission which was targeted for in the 2003 Mars launch window; nonetheless, within the course of the drafting the proposal the MRO was overtaken by what was later to be referred to as the Mars Exploration Rovers (Dowdey and Lamb 1). In 2005, the launch of the Mars orbiter was yet again rekindled with NASA giving it a new tag – Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on October 26, 2000. The high level of success attained by the Martian surveillance of the Mars Global Surveyor was a precursor to the mount of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The initial design of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter comprised of an extensive camera with a characteristic feature of high resolution necessary for clear Martian pictures. It is upon this feature of high-resolution cameras that, Jim Garvin, the Mars exploration program scientist for NASA, dubbed
Health has always been people’s key priority, which encouraged the humankind to conduct the most daring experiments. One of the most recent concerns, the choice between the social and the medical justice, has emphasized once again the importance of the biological approach to the needs and wants of people. Because of the biological element within human beings is strong enough to dominate the social one and often predetermines the latter, it is essential to draw the line between the social and the medical justice. It must be admitted that the two models, the social justice and the medical one, concern different aspects of people’s lives. In contrast to the medical one, which touches upon exclusively medical and biological issues, the system of social justice concerns the sphere of the social life of the individuals. Therefore, it must be admitted that the two models offer different viewpoints of one and the same problem – people’s activity. Hence, considering the basic aspects of human’s life, one can claim with certainty that the structure of the social model offers the consideration of people’s life together with a number of social factors that influence it, whereas the biological one presupposes the specifics off human body firsthand (Stewart 6). It is also essential to realize that the majority of the humankind has few chances to succeed. Taking a closer look at the table suggested by Kronenberg (618), one can see that the social injustice is obvious and shocking. There is no doubt that something has to be done to prevent such things as the inequality, the lack or absence o medical service, poverty and famine from occurring. In spite of the fact that such reforms might take hundreds of years, something has to be started straightaway, otherwise the situation will grow increasingly threatening until people finally give in and stop the fight. For this not to happen, the current situation in the world must be reconsidered and the necessary measures are to be taken. Since at present the social injustice as well as the medical one hinders the career of the challenged people, the aspects of the medical and social justice touching upon the social acceptation of the disabled people must be reconsidered. This is where the profession of the OT, or the occupational therapist, stems from. As Braveman explained, “occupational therapy’s vision is to promote social justice by enabling people to participate as valued members of society despite diverse or limited occupational potential” (8). Aimed at helping people with physical and mental disparities to enter the society and live a full life, this profession is of paramount importance in the modern society. Helping to level the social and the medical justice in the society, the profession of the OT proves one of the most essential at the moment. Unfortunately, the need in the OT specialists is evident. Despite the common understanding of the complicacies that the disabled have to face, the society is not
Introduction Most governments have always taken principal responsibility in ensuring that the environment is protected and managed well for the safety of the people. Private business sectors have always been encouraged to adopt processes and behaviors that appear friendly to the environment. These are ensured through various rules and regulations, incentives, and sanctions. In many cases, it is the public sector that always suffers the responsibility of preventing environmental damage on behalf of the private sector (Nelson and Trevino). Extreme use of natural resources has hurt human development and the world as a whole. This has led to global warming and the effects felt in various sectors of development within different economies including biodiversity. Corporate Social Responsibility has helped in the coverage of environmental implications brought about by operations within business companies. These activities include the elimination of wastes and maximization of the use of resources with present and future generations in mind. The analysis focuses on the ethical concerns faced by Virgin Blue Holdings which is one of the major airline company’s in Australia, and how the management deals with these issues within the environmental setup (Wagner and Schaltegger 95-108). Synopsis Virgin Blue Holdings is one of the largest airlines in Australia; it provides air transport services domestically and internationally to travelers. The company started its operations in the year 2001 and since has offered travelers convenient means of traveling owing to their excellent services from experienced staff (Wagner and Schaltegger 95-108). The company regarded by most passengers as high profile recorded average profits in recent years; through the company’s website, the financial performance has not been stable with net profits after tax being as low as 2%. Virgin blue enjoys a well-recognized brand and excellent management, at the same time its financial records show that it operates on low debt hence has high-profit growth annually (Richardson 12). However, the company is faced with the issue of operating on high costs due to charges imposed by the environmental regulatory authorities on the level of carbon emissions. The company currently operates several flights to various destinations all over the world. The several trips the aircraft make, contribute to a fairly large percentage of greenhouse gas emissions which is considered a potential source of damage to the environment. Virgin Blue has to strategize on how to develop energy-efficient low carbon fuels to concur with the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (Virgin Blue Holdings Limited). Statement of the view Concerning environmental issues, many business companies have the problem of identifying their responsibility on global environmental issues and the strategies they need to implement to cope with the level of impact caused. The difficulty results from poor objectives derived from values the company stands for, which ultimately affects both
Introduction Over the recent decades, film has become the primary form of both art and entertainment, engaging audiences with a complex arrangement of narrative, visual presentation, special effects, and music. As a creative medium, it is one of the most creative and versatile avenues for the human mind. The multitude of different tools developed over the years allows unleashing human creativity upon the world fully. Cinema gives people an opportunity to share something with others, and create a unique and unified vision of reality with varying degrees of accuracy. Widely recognized as a form of entertainment, films can also be deeply moving at their core and affect people in various ways. Due to the ability of humans to derive understanding from what they see and a capacity for empathy, movies can be used to make individuals feel particular emotions, and think or act in certain ways. The power of film as a medium and as a form of expression is exactly why each film has its own identity. Every piece of cinematic media has something to say, both intentionally and unintentionally, being born due to the unique perspectives, thoughts, and experiences of the people that made them. In addition, the way such messages are perceived and understood by the audience largely depends on the film. Through its use of storytelling, camerawork, musical composition, and editing, a movie finds a way to offer a comprehensive way to understand the world around or a particular part of it. This ability can be understood as cinema’s inherent role as a vehicle of ideology. Films that a person views present information in a pre-determined, specific fashion, offering an outlook on particular subjects from the point of view of their creators. In recent years, with cinema being recognized as a thought-provoking form of art more than ever, individuals are able to translate their perspectives on life into a creative medium. Ideological perspectives in film make people think, and make them question the preconceptions formed during their lives and the way they can be interacting with the environment. This phenomenon can be best explored using particular examples, and for this work, Bong Joon-ho’s Parasite and Sofia Coppola’s Marie Antoinette will be discussed. What Is Ideology? Ideology is a complex and important term for understanding all aspects of human life. By definition, it is a collection of beliefs and ideas that shape and contextualize a person’s understanding of the world (Martin, 2014). As the material reality people live in is viewed by each person exclusively through the lens of their own experiences, perspectives, and circumstances, a completely objective outlook on the world cannot be formed. The inability to fully understand and the desire to get as close as humanly possible to this ideal drives many ideological positions. They allow people to direct their decision in life and the main a
Introduction Great celebrities like Albert Einstein, General Charles de Gaulle, and Conway Twitty lost their lives as a consequence of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA). AAA was first defined in the 16th century by Vesalius. Since then, a number of medical interventions have been introduced to treat the disease, but all of them proved unsuccessful. Various methods, including aortic ligation, cellophane wrapping, and aneurysmorraphy, were also used in earlier days, but they all had poor outcomes. Effective treatment for aneurysms has just been introduced within the past 70-75 years. In 1951, the first AAA repair was performed by Charles Dubost using homograft. Later, homografts were replaced by nylon grafts and then finally by Dacron and Gore-Tex grafts. Silk sutures were replaced by Dacron, polyethylene, and PTFT sutures as they have higher tensile strength. The mortality rates for AAAs still remained high till the technique of endoaneurysmorrhaphy was introduced in 1962. Due to the introduction of this technique, the mortality rates dropped from more than 25% to 1.8-5%. Nowadays, open AAA repair is considered to be a safe treatment option as better grafts have been introduced and preoperative assessment, intraoperative techniques, and postoperative care have improved. Recently, techniques of endovascular repair have also been introduced, and they further increase the safety of the procedure for high-risk individuals. Considerations Indications: There are many indications of this procedure. The indications are different for elective and emergency procedures. The main goal of repair is to prevent rupture and increase the life expectancy of patients. For asymptomatic patients, the cutoff size of an aneurysm for an elective procedure is 5.0 cm. If the
Introduction The American Civil War stands out as the most devastating conflict ever to have been waged on American soil. In this deadly war, the Northern States went into battle against the Southern States for the sake of preserving the unity of the Union of States. The Southern States had threatened to break apart from the union and establish their own independent states. This threat was acted upon when eleven Southern States seceded from the Union in 1860 and declared themselves independent. The Northern States, under the Lincoln Administrations, therefore reacted by taking up arms to go into battle against the Southern rebels. The American Civil War therefore began in 1861 and lasted for the next 4 years during which hundreds of thousands of lives were lost. This war had a lasting impact on the destiny of the USA and Americans continue to commemorate the events of the Civil War through an array of public events inducing reenactments. This paper will set out to describe the American Civil War with focus being given to the causes of the conflict and the main outcomes of the war. The paper will also highlight some of the reasons why the Union forces emerged victorious in this historical war. Causes of the Civil War The election of the strong Republican, Abraham Lincoln as the US president triggered the start of the Civil War. The seceding states explicitly stated that Lincoln’s election was the reason why they decided to pull out of the Union at that moment. During his rise to prominence, Lincoln had articulated a firm antislavery position (Ford 91). Lincoln held the opinion that the phrase “all men are created equal” uttered by the founding fathers applied to both White and Black Americans. His convictions and ideals led him to make a pledge that he would stop the westward expansion of slavery that the Southerners were lobbying for and actively fi
Annotation This research paper by Fitzgerald and Schutte (2009) investigates an emerging concept in management studies that involves the subject of leadership styles; in this case the authors have focused on one such type of leadership style which is the transformational leadership. Basically, what the researchers in this study intends to investigate is whether transformational leadership is correlated with specific behavioral characteristics which in this case are emotional intelligence and self efficacy. The objective is to identify whether these personal attributes enhances transformational leadership or not by analyzing the nature of correlation that exists between these variables (whether positive or negative) and the resulting change in transformational leadership behavior. More specifically this study investigates the hypotheses that  1. emotional intelligence is critical/enhances transformational leadership in subjects,  2. expressive writing that is grounded on self-efficacy model can also enhance both transformational leadership and transformational leadership self-efficacy (Fitzgerald and Schutte, 2009). To do this, this research study applies the concept of “expressive writing” as the intervention strategy for the study; self-efficacy expressive writing for the case group and expressive writing that is not based on self-efficacy for the control group (Fitzgerald and Schutte, 2009). Participants were pretested and post-tested based on this variable and also based on the variable of emotional intelligence. The study utilized a sample of 118 cases that appears to have been purposively sampled from one line of retail industry in Australia and the study design used was experimental which utilized case-control techniques in investigating the phenomena. For both cases and controls, the subjects were pretested before the respective interventions were done and then post-tested after the interventions have been finalized. The findings of this study by Fitzgerald and Schutte (2009) is consistent with the study hypotheses mentioned earlier and generally indicates that both higher emotional intelligence and self-efficacy expressive writing exercise bolsters and enhances transformational leadership abilities. This is because on a range of scores that were designed to measure the outcome of transformational leadership, the case group performed way better than the control group during the research study beyond any statistical significance. The implications for these findings are several not to mention they are also groundbreaking; foremost, the study contributes to the numerous li
Introduction Cadbury is the brand of a reputable confectionary company with a diverse assortment of chocolates, gum and candy. The company’s kernel stretches back to 1824 when the company’s pioneer, John Cadbury opened a chocolate shop in Birmingham (Watson 6). Currently, the company is dominant in the chocolate business and boasts an extended global presence and influence. On May 7, 2008, the American beverage businesses sector and the confectionary sector completed their separation and Cadbury became Cadbury PLC. SWOT Analysis Of Cadbury Plc SWOT analysis is a calculative strategic technique used in organizational planning to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a business project or the business as a whole. SWOT analysis entails the identification of targets of a project or a business venture. Once identified, the process in achieving the targets is examined together with the interior and peripheral influences that affect the process leading to favorable or unfavorable achievement of the target. In analyzing Cadbury PLC, it is imperative to study the organization’s performance against a similar scale to that of the competition (Leikin 3). The competitors in this case are other confectionary companies like Nestle which have over the years challenged Cadbury PLC. Strengths Of Cadbury Plc The first strength Cadbury PLC has is the advantage of numbers considering the organization has business units all over the world. The units are present in Britain, Ireland, Middle East, Africa, north and South America, Europe, Asia and the pacific (King 1). All the units have commercial inclinations as their principle driving force, but the units also do have supply chain and science and technology functions. The interior organization of Cadbury PLC creates room for four corporate functions in all the units. The functions are human resource & corporate affairs, strategy, information technology, legal and secretariat. This kind of functional structure allows for the business units to focus on commercial programs while aiming at internal growth (Leikin 1). Cadbury PLC also has the advantage of having internationally well known and respected brand names. The goodwill of the brands generates approximately 50% of the organization’s revenue and this implies that the brand bears hi
Executive Brief The proposed business is a LED-lights, TEG-powered jacket suitable for performing various sorts of outdoor activities in the dark. The estimated valuation of the product is $600,000. The sum needed to jump start TE business is a combination of the operational, admin, manufacturing, and marketing costs for the first year, which is a total of $300,000. As more people decide to move their workouts outdoors due to COVID-19 gym closures and restrictions, there is a rising risk of injuries associated with cycling and walking outside in the dark. The proposed jacket can solve the problem as it is a great, environmentally friendly, and non-chargeable way of keeping oneself visible to others, particularly drivers. The product is expected to be a hit largely due to its innovative design and existing demand for smart technology in the athleisure sector. The investors can expect a 20% share in the company. Background Information on the Product Technology and Need The technology chosen for the proposed product is thermoelectric power generation, which is an alternative and green option for harvesting heat that can be converted into energy with the assistance of thermoelectric generators (TEGs). On the contrary, this technology is able to convert electrical energy directly into heat energy (Chu, 2018). Thus, thermoelectric devices can function either off the Seebeck effect or the Peltier effect (Twaha et al., 2016). In the first case, gadgets can produce a voltage as a result of temperature gradient exposure. As for the Peltier effect, it implies that TE devices can generate a temperature gradient by exploiting the electricity they were exposed to prior. Thermoelectric technology is primarily applied for heat recovery purposes, which include “plant/district/water heating, direct power generation (TE and piezoelectric), absorption cooling, indirect power generation (stream and Rankine cycle), desalination” (Twaha et al., 2016, p. 699). It allows to transform thermal energy directly into electrical energy and Vice versa, which makes it an invaluable method of power generation. In addition, it is crucial to recognize that TE modules offer the market low cost, green energy. However, it is also important to note that the performance of such devices depends largely on the materials selected and the operation techniques implemented. The idea for the product is a versatile jacket, which includes LED lights powered by a person’s body heat through a small thermoelectric generator in the form of a bracelet located at the end of one of the sleeves. After an individual puts on their jacket and fastens the TEG bracelet around their wrist, the device is ready to begin to harvest thermal energy and concert it into electric energy, which, in turn, powers the LED lights (Freer and Powell, 2019). One can wear the jacket to conduct various activities, inclu