ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
To date, breast cancer remains one of the most complex health issues that may easily lead to the terminal stage of cancer development ( Breast cancer – health professional version , 2016). Although the causes of breast cancer have not been fully identified yet, it has been proven that overexposure to heavy doses of radiation, chemicals, etc., as well as heavy smoking, family history, alcohol abuse, exposure to the sun, viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (i.e., DNA and RNA viruses), etc. may lead to the development of the disease (Richardson et al., 2015). As a rule, the process of disease diagnosing includes carrying out a biopsy. However, at the earliest stages of cancer, detecting the disease is possible with the help of the breast MRI or a mammography. In contrast to the MRI, which presupposes that the image of the tissue should be retrieved with the help of magnetic fields, the mammography tool involves the use of x-rays ( Breast cancer diagnosis , 2016). Therefore, a mammography is likely to have adverse effects on the patient’s health and, possibly, the further treatment process. The choice of the treatment type is restricted to three ones, i.e., the local therapy, the systemic approach, and the adjuvant therapy. The treatment process often presupposes a surgery, i.e., the systemic method. In this case, a surgeon makes an incision, through which the cancerous cells are removed together with a part of the regular tissue. The treatment does not presuppose a complete removal of the breast tissue; the postoperative appearance may include a small scar and an indentation ( Breast cancer , 2016). Apart from surgery, the rotation therapy is often suggested at early stages of cancer development. The chemical therapy is typically suggested as the means of managing the disease prior the surgery or in the cases when the latter cannot be performed. Chemotherapy, as well as radiotherapy, permits shrinking the tumor to the size at which the surgery can be performed. In addition, the hormone treatment can be viewed as an opportunity for breast cancer patients to recover ( Breast cancer , 2016). The concept of adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy has recently gained popularity among the people fighting breast cancer. The specified type of treatment is typically viewed as a supplementary one after the major issue has been addressed and the tumor has either shrunk or been removed. The treatment method in question implies addressing the possible instance of recidivism and is, therefore, aimed at preventing cancer from occurring again ( Breast cancer , 2016). Although the phenomenon of alternative therapy is not viewed as a legitimate treatment tool by most therapists, it still exists and, therefore, deserves being mentioned as a concept. However, one must bear in mind that alternative treatment leads to lethal results in most cases and is disregarded by most experts and scholars as an inefficient tool ( Breast cancer , 2016). When detailing the process of addressing cancer, one must also mention that the process of cancer treatment is very painful and excruciating. Since it also takes an impressive
Introduction In the context of a medium-sized NHS trust hospital in the UK, detection and solution to problems are as easy as discovering weaknesses and strenghts. Transformation of an organisation by implementation of changes in the system can be a challenging task (French & Bell, 1999). Eventhough management and employees are aware of the positive impact of change, transforming an inefficient business operation, to one that is a model of efficiency, may invoke resistance to proposed solutions. In NHS Trust hospital, the recommended changes were anticipated to be minimal. But in the attempted implementation of the new work programme hospital officials were not prepared for the hostile reaction of employees. Drafting the transformation was easy. A pilot program was designed to affect a small percentage of the 2800 staff. The proposed change was focused like a laser beam to 250 people. An overview of the plan created the illussion of efficiency to managers, however, the reverse was true. People were frustrated and upset as to why management tried to fix something that was not broken. Initial conclusions by hospital officials appeared to be substiantiated by facts. Aside from the insignificant number of people involved in the programme the change required a simplification of the process. All workers, regardless of roles and responsibilities received training thereby equipping everyone to do similar job. Management viewd it as a simplified change, subordinates viewed as complicating their jobs. Only a few people who viewed the new proposal as a positive development to the working environment. Arguably the porters benifitted because of the anticipated increase in revenue from the proposed change. Alternatively it can also be argued that the porters were not contented with the new deal because the task they were required to perform were demotivating. This includes cleaning the premises and rooms, a job they consider to be appropriate only for female workers. Transformaton’s consequence is unpredictable in nature. Thus, management was faced with the challenge of convincing employees of the positive effect of change (Morgan, 1998). In this case, change was viewed as a process that can cause “unanticipated delays, costs, and instabilities” (Chew, Cheng, & Petrovic-Laza
Introduction In relation to the Yonkers case study on the point that is apparent is that ethical dilemmas often arise due to conflicting responsibility (Cooper, 2012). This is the issue that causes a supposed conflict of interest, given that Mr. Cousens is the president of the Education Board and also an advisor to the board. While acting as Board President, Mr. Cousens is an individual who has the right to use the services of firms such as H&S. It is important, however, to note that in some cases, self-interest and responsibility toward the organization are synonymous (Davis & Stark, 2001). In this case, it would appear this is the case as submission of a resume is normal for anyone seeking career improvement. Based on such situations, it is required that a high standard of proof is required to demonstrate a clear conflict of interest (Davis & Stark, 2001). It is based on this position that this paper supports the statement that there was no conflict of interest in Mr. Cousen’s dealings with H&S. Discussion In relation to the case, it has been observed that the primary mechanism used to ensure order and efficiency in an emerging market is transparency. The application of transparency in an organization is critical to corporate social responsibility (Ihlen, Bartlett & May 2011). Transparency can be defined as the degree to which information is available to outsiders that enables them to possess adequate information to aid in decision making and assessing decisions by the organization. Transparency thus operates as a security device to reduce risk and promote a stable environment within the organization. According to Turner, one appropriate approach to ensure that transparency is maintained within an organization is the application of disclosure rules (Turner, 2009). These rules though commonly used in the management of financial institutions, can also be used in managi
Introduction Industrialization is seen as one of the major milestones in the history of humanity as it shaped the way societies developed. Industrialization enabled many countries to become highly developed and prosperous, and the USA was one of the countries that benefited most from this period, as it turned from a colony into one of the most important players in the world arena (LaFeber, Polenberg & Woloch, 2015). It is possible to note that industrialization turned the United States into a corporate society where different groups differently contributed to and benefited from the development of the country’s economy that evolved at an unprecedented pace. Major Aspects of Industrialization It is possible to identify a number of major aspects of industrialization that had an impact on the development of US society. Industrialization shaped the country’s geographic features and removed major geographic obstacles as railroads united the most distant parts of the country. Railroads were important for the development of the industries and commerce as raw materials and goods could be easily delivered to numerous destinations (Schultz, 2014). Thus, the demand was increased, and mass production ensured that it was satisfied as Americans got the products they needed irrespective of distances. The development of industries facilitated the creation of the corporate society as entrepreneurs developed new revolutionary business models. For instance, Andrew Carnegie was one of the first business people who created a corporation as he removed his competitors through acquisitions and mergers (Hillstrom & Hillstrom, 2007). His corporation included many businesses that ensured Carnegie’s leading position in lead production. Corporations turned into bodies that were seen as participants of legal operations with certain rights and responsibilities. Thus, the person was not the only subject when it came to various legal issues. The political life of the country was also affected immensely. Americans started trusting the government that expanded its powers to new territories. Politicians could bring their agendas to distant parts of the country due to railroads. Politicians could reach more people. Clearly, large capitalists tried to affect decisions made and laws enacted, and they often succeeded in these undertakings (Hillstrom & Hillstrom, 2007). Nonetheless, it was clear that the government started focusing on many issues, including conditions of working people that translated into regulations and laws. The Way Industrialization Affected Different Groups of Americans Clearly, industrialization had a significant impact on Americans who were affected differently. A has been mentioned above, and entrepreneurs were becoming wealthier and more powerful. This was achieved at the expense of bankruptcy and the arduous work of millions. For instance, farmers can be seen as a group that was affected in the most significant w
Introduction/Justification Though not new, the issue of bullying will never wear out its welcome in discussions and is unlikely to ever disappear from the social agenda (UNICEF 2016). Despite numerous measures undertaken so far to address the issue, it continues to be a significant problem in the school environment that inhibits the learning process and creates major impediments for bullied learners to develop the necessary communication patterns, achieve personal growth, and succeed in their academic life. At present, the total number of students that have ever experienced bullying constitutes 21.5%, which is an excruciatingly much. The 5,386,000 students out of the total of 25,013,000 reported being bullied in 2012 globally (U.S. Department of Education 2013), which is already a huge number. Given the fact that a lot of students prefer silencing the situation for several reasons (e.g., fear of being laughed at, humiliated, etc.), the situation is getting out of control. Problem Herein lies the necessity to address the issue. Much to the credit of educators and child psychologists around the globe, a range of programs and projects for putting a stop to school bullying have been created, such as StopBullying.gov (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2016). The technological breakthrough that was witnessed in the late 90s and the early 2000s also contributed to the development of the phenomenon, sparking the concepts such as cyberbullying and online bullying (Kowalski, Schroeder, & Guinetti 2014). The situation is just as dire in Australia. An analysis carried out lately has shown that 10-20% of children get bullied on the Internet (Australian Institute of Family Studies 2014). At school, the statistics are even worse – 20% male and 13% female students aged 8-18 report being bullied at school (Australian Human Rights Commission 2016). Thus, there is a need to address the delicate issue of bullying at school so that the students’ wellbeing could not be jeopardized. Since the subject matter is likely to not only prevent students from acquiring the necessary knowledge and skills but also contribute to the development of a range of psychological issues from depression to social phobias (Ranta 2013), it is crucial to evaluate the current situation and come up with appropriate solutions. Theory Definition Although the phenomenon of bullying has been in existence since the first semblance of society emerged (Hudson-Davis et al. 2015), it has not been paid due attention until recently. At present, the subject matter is explained from the perspective of the primitive instinct to compete for a higher position in the social hierarchy. According to the identified theory, two primary types of bullying can be isolated from the rest o
Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, which is also known as SABIC, is considered to be the largest and the most respectable non-oil company in the Saudi Arabia. It is also one of the world’s biggest petrochemical producers. The company is located in Riyadh; the government possesses 70 % of company’s shares and private investors hold the rest. SABIC headed by Dr. Fahd Al-Sherehy is a leading producing corporation specializing in four major areas: chemicals, polymers, fertilizers, and performance and engineering thermoplastic. SABIC supplies those materials to other producers who utilize them for making a relevant production (SABIC 2010). The main purpose of our project is aimed at improving the facilities and equipment of the company in order to increase the rates of production and reserve the image at the international level. In particular, “SABIC remains committed to its strategy of growth for the important European market” and, therefore, “all options such as the upgrading of the current asset base and supply from the global SABIC system” (Versteed, 2006, p. 19). Another aim is also to bring the most respectable software companies into play and decide which ones will perfectly meet the requirements. Finally, it is necessary to outline what software should be introduced and in what way it would improve the input of this non-oil company. The major dilemma the company faces, which will be also considered as the problem statement of the research, is law software quality. Saudi Basis Industries Corporation, known as “the main beneficiary of this massive industrial project, emerged as the major player in the international petrochemical industry scene,” can distort is respectable image by the absence of modernized computer technologies (AlSayyad, 1998, p. 618). The problem is aggravated when considering the fact that the country has entered the era of industrial and technological revolution. Another problem lies in the fact that software selection depends on numerous factors, such as quality, functions, and application (Maxwel et al., 1999, p. 787). Currently, SABIC major problem is connected with distributed control and operating systems, which should be replaced with the latest versions (Verteed, 2006, p. 20). A viable solution to the problem will be the introductions of Emerson AMS tools, which are considered one of the most reliable software that can considerably improve the system of data exchange within the company. This technology will also help “to establish a strategic competency in design and usability” (Parson 2008). By applying this computer technology to the production process, the company will benefit in several terms. First, the company will help to develop international partnership with other related companies. Second, this center has also introduced an innovative production line of digital multifunction projects. Thirdly, AMS technologies allow to create of beneficial software intensive complex systems (Parson). As for distributed controls systems (DCS), it is better to analyze the design and to carry out a profound research. It should be also stressed that
Introduction Political philosophy is a branch of knowledge that has its root in ethics and especially trying to figure out the kind of life that is good for all the human being. People are as expected social beings. Various philosophers therefore come up with philosophical discourses that revolve around politics in order to establish and broaden various ethical underpinnings in order to enable human beings to improve their lives. More often in the political realm, taking a utilitarian approach, people need to erect leaders as well as support institutions that would elevate happiness to majority of the people. Various philosophers have come up with various schools of thoughts with an aim of changing many facets of life in order to make the world a better place. These ideologies have been changing the world in one way or another. One of the most influential political philosophers whose ideas had taken a center stage for many decades is Karl Marx. The German philosopher lived between 1818 and 1883 (Tucker, 2001). He is an individual who has developed various principles that have influenced political and economic endeavors of any countries. This paper sets to identify and evaluate Karl Marx’s ideas that have continued to influence the world for many decades. School of thoughts In 1867, Karl Marx published one of his most powerful ideas concerning the development of the human societies. For instance, his ideas concerning hierarchical nature of the society have been central in the formation of various institutions. Marx influence on education Although Karl Marx never wrote straightforwardly concerning education, his ideas influenced many people including writers, intellectuals as well as educators. Mostly, the power of Marx’s ideas has continued to change the world especially in his analysis of the society. His ideas are significant in education in that Marx clearly confirmed that life should not be determined by consciousness, rather, consciousness should be resolute to life. In the in the 19 th century and before that, human consciousness was centered on the human activities instead of anchoring human activities on the human thoughts. This means that the way people carried out their activities as well as organized their daily life reflected their thoughts and their ideas about their world. People built institutions and adhered to the philosophies that were determined by the economic base. Political system, education system as well as the family were organized according to the nature of the class that people belong to which reflects the economic base of the people and it serves to produce it. Marx felt that various institutions that include education usually reflect the world that is created by the human beings’
Introduction Managers are often charged with the responsibility of steering organisations forwards towards the achievement of objectives. As they purpose to ensure that the organisation attains its overall objective, they plan, organise and direct the staff effectively according to their individual capacities and skill. This proper arrangement of specific works according to the appropriate skills available in the organisation eventually leads the organisation to accomplish its goals easily and with minimum use of financial resources. However, the manager also needs to continually develop his or her skill so as to be able to effectively supervise and manage the staff working under him. This paper covers in detail the personal development of the manager, looking in particular at the personal planning, resource requirements, evaluation of the development plan as well as the supporting and promoting of the welfare of the staff. Ability to Asses and Plan for Personal Professional Development Importance of continual self-development Continual self development is an important aspect of growth and improvement in executing managerial duties and performance because it improves on the capacity to fully meet and eventually even surpass the organisational objectives. This is important for my own growth as a manager as well as for the overall betterment and performance of the organisation through sustaining of skills as well as expertise in order to make change be realised (Armstrong, 2009). It will also make it possible to structure a self-approach to a continuous programme to sustain the development process. With this capability, it would be possible to take control of my future career, directing it accordingly through an action plan to ensure the ultimate objective is achieved. Thus, the continual self-development cycle if followed diligently will ensure a greater job satisfaction with even improved career flexibility (Boyd, 1976). Assessing skills and comparing with roles and organisation objectives Skill assessment is an integral part of the continual self-development programme because it would enable one to realise the weak areas that require improvement as well as the identification of strong points and capabilities. In skill assessment, a Personal Career Portfolio will be maintained based on flexible pro-forma system. This record will thus help in the systematic tracking of performance capabilities and failures as well as record annual performance of continual self-development exercise (While & Attwood, 2000). The skill assessment process begins with the setting of annual targets that aim directly at accomplishing the set objectives of the organisation. This initiative of proposing the appropriate targets lies with either the manager himself or a group of managers heading the organisation. Once the organisational targets have been set, the individual management, leadership skills and roles necessary for the attainment of these targets will need to be derived accurately
Job Design Approach It is incumbent upon intelligent business executives to strategically align organizational employees to its business strategy. Business organizations which thrive on success have tailored specific jobs for specific employees by tactically integrating efficient job design principles incorporated in functional job requirements reflected on an organization’s innovative strategy. Success could therefore depend on how the organization’s employees work efficiently and effectively in attaining the organization goals and objectives envisaged in its strategy and vision. This calls upon the organization’s business managers to innovatively set a benchmark for productivity and performance improvement. Therefore productivity and performance improvements could be witnessed in the organization based on an efficient job design for the relevant departments. Appropriate job design could be the key element in identifying employees with the required abilities and self motivation in propelling the organization to higher levels of productivity and performance based on performance improvement plans and benchmarks. Job design has the benefit of offering employees the possibility of promotions and future career developments incorporated in the organization’s strategic approach to human resource management. Cross Functional Requirements Once the job design component is integrated in the organization’s corporate strategy, its mission, vision, goals and objectives will be tailored to reflect the new strategy with clearly defined cross functional requirements. This strategic approach to change management initiatives calls upon the development of plans and programs for tactful implementation of the change initiatives. These initiatives should sustainably reflect the organization’s corporate responsibilities by incorporating a well defined ethical approach to the proposed business goals. This approach demands a dynamic involvement of employees in initiating change. In addition, the business leaders should identify the fact that human resources form a fundamental component for initiating change. Therefore, to induce change could rest on the tactical abilities of the