ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction   * Importance of skin-to-skin contact.   * Supported by international organizations.   * Contributes to the infant’s thermoregulation.   * Reduces the risk of jaundice.   * Reduces stress at birth.   * Favors successful breastfeeding. The issue of early skin-to skin contact between a mother and an infant is a popular topic for discussion in contemporary medical science. According to the World Health Organization and the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, skin-to-skin contact (SSC) between mothers and newborns should be established as soon as possible after the child is born (Stevens, Schmied, Burns, & Dahlen, 2014). SSC can be defined as “placing a naked infant onto the bare chest of the mother” (Stevens et al., 2014, p. 456). Application of this technique within one hour after birth is considered to have benefits for a baby including maintenance of the infant’s thermoregulation and stimulation of breastfeeding (Stevens et al., 2014). Description of the Ace Star Change Model ACE Star Model. One of the models for change that can be applied in evidence-based practice is the ACE Star Model, also known as the model of knowledge transformation, developed by Kathleen Stevens (White & Dudley-Brown, 2012). It comprises all aspects necessary for the successful change implementation. The model includes five stages: knowledge discovery, evidence summary, translation into practice, integration into practice, and evaluation (White & Dudley-Brown, 2012). During knowledge discovery stage, the existing information regarding the change problem is investigated. During evidence summary stage, the evidence that proofs of the problem significance are discovered. Translation onto practice stage presupposes the definition of ways that help to apply evidence to practice while integration into practice includes practical steps of change implementation. Finally, the evaluation of the activities is provided to assess its efficiency and make alterations in case of necessity. Practice Issue   * Infants placed in radiant warmer after delivery.   * lack of education on the benefits of SSC.   * necessity of discovering the effect of early SSC. The practice issue identified for this change project is that babies are frequently placed in a radiant warmer after delivery and then assessed, weighed, foot-printed and medicated, then wrapped in a blanket and given to the mother without skin-to-skin contact. This happens due to a lack of knowledge concerning the benefits of SSC. The significant question for evidence-based practice to answer during the change project implementation is: What is the effect of skin-to-skin contact within the first 10 minutes to one hour of birth? On a broader range in the field of health care, the issue of early SSC can be meaningful in problems involving nutrition and the related problem of obesity. Scope of the Problem   * Breastfeeding 56.6% more successful in case of early SSC (Aghdas, Talat, & Sepideh, 2014).   * Early SSC to achieve thermal control (Nimbalkar et al. (2014).   * Reduction of hypothermia incidence (Nimbalkar et
Introduction In the contemporary business world, the market has become extremely competitive. In order for any business to survive in such an environment, it needs to be in a position to make the most effective decisions . For a family owned small bicycle retail shop business, this kind of business environment calls for the firm to come up with effective decisions in order to maintain its profitability in such an environment. Key Success Factors in Family Owned Small Business In order for a small business to maintain high level of performance in a competitive market, it needs to adhere to a number of success factors. These are aimed at increasing the competitiveness of an organisation in the market. In this case, there are several similar businesses that are involved in selling similar products in the same area. Therefore, there is a very high level of competition in such an environment. In this case, the porter’s five forces can be applied in order to have a clear understanding of the industry and hence make appropriate decisions. One of the porter’s forces is the bargaining power of the suppliers. In this case, the bicycles parts are brought by specific suppliers. The cost of these items can have a critical impact on an organization’s level of profitability. When the bargaining power of the suppliers is high, then the industry is less attractive (QuickMBA Par 8; Porter’s Five Forces). Another aspect discussed by Porter is new entrants. New entrants into an industry increase the level of competition. This decreases the attractiveness of the industry. This understanding is very important in making critical decisions in the organisation. It is helpful in making any future decisions. For instance, the business may choose to expand its market in areas where there is no threats of new entrants. It is also necessary for an organisation to consider the threats of any substitutes in the industry. The threat of substitutes can significantly affect the profitability of a business in a certain market. Another aspect of the porter’s five forces is the rivalry. The intensity of rivalry is determined by the number of competitors in the market. It is also determined by the level of differentiation among other factors. Measures to Overcome Competitors in Family Owned Small Business The above discussion has revealed that the porter’s five forces analysis will be very useful for the small family owned business. After identification of the possible threats in the market, the business will be in a position to come up with the most appropriate solutions. One of the ways through which the organisation can improve on its performance in the market is by minimizing its operational costs (QuickMBA par 3; Market Share). For instance, an organisation must be determined to reduce its overhead costs. For exa
Communication plays an important role in people’s lives. For instance, Japanese people who suffered from the quake were terrified because they felt isolated without any communication (Fackler 2011, p.A11). Reportedly, people who were deprived of electronic means of communication relied on such means as announcements from loudspeakers, or sirens. Admittedly, verbal and non-verbal communication is essential for every individual. It goes without saying that every situation requires specific ways of communication, otherwise the major aim of communication will not be achieved. Thus, even informal private communication should be effective, and this can be achieved if the major principles of effective communication are taken into account. In the first place, it is necessary to point out the major communication objective. Basically, communication objectives “include the effective exchange of ideas and opinions” (Tonn 2010). People are sharing ideas in the workplace and in their personal life. For instance, the conversation between David Carr and A.O. Scott who commented upon Oscars ceremony can be regarded as a private conversation (Oscars: Youthful Audience n.d.). The interlocutors feel free. It is important to note that both of them pertain to one culture (they are Americans) which simplifies their communication since no cultural barriers exist between them. In fact, culture plays a very important role in communication since culture shapes individuals’ values and beliefs which influence greatly people’s behavior, which in its turn is essential when communicating. Witsel (2009, p. 170) also stresses that cultural differences influence the effectiveness of communication greatly and it is essential to take into account these cultural peculiarities when sending and receiving messages. The present conversation is free from issues concerning cultural differences. The communication between Carr and Scott is effective since the interlocutors manage to share their ideas. They send their messages waiting for the feedback, and they get the feedback since the interlocutor is an active listener. Both, Carr and Scott, support or refute arguments of each other, which is a very effective technique when communicating (Ulrich 2009, p.583). It is necessary to point out that sometimes the interlocutors interrupt each other, so certain barriers or, so-called noise appear. They do not listen to the speaker attentively because they start talking and articulating their ideas (Oscars: Youthful Audience n.d.). The noise can lead to miscomprehension and it can also lead to less effective communication (Witsel 2009, p.135). However, there are only two cases of interruption, so it does not prevent interlocutors from communicating their ideas. The present dialogue is a valuable example of the significance of non-verbal communication. For instance, the interlocutors use illustrators, “gestures that go along with” speech (Witsel 2009, p.170). Carr and Scott laugh and nod, they make direct eye contact and these non-verbal means of communication (whi
Introduction Social norms are the rules and regulations that govern the behavior of the members of society. Different social groups and institutions may have varied norms that govern the interactions amongst the members. Formal norms are rules and regulations which are well articulated and must be followed by a specific group of individuals; these are put in place by a formal authority; punishments for their violations are also well-articulated. The informal norms are rules and regulation that just guides the interaction of individual but do not attract severe punishment. In most cases, informal norms are never recorded and their violation attracts informal sanctions. Norms for Student Behavior Both the formal and the informal norms are applicable to high school students. The use of both norms contributes to ensuring that students do what is required and also gives them some freedom to choose what to do and not to do during certain times. There are rules and regulations that must strictly be followed by all students. The rules create the institutional order; all teachers are required to help the administration to enforce these kinds of rules and are also allowed to punish any form of violation to the formal norms, appropriate punishments are also well spelled. These norms include but are not limited to attending all classes, attending the assembly, being in school uniforms and class on time as specified in the school rules, arriving in school, respecting all teachers and other school staff members, and being smartly dressed and kempt. The informal norms are also crucial in guiding students’ behavior (Tuomela 1995). These require them to use their common sense. It is important to recognize that students are themselves a social group and need to set a culture of behavior guided by their own norms which must be consistent with the formal norms of the school. For instance, at games time the students should be left to choose what type of games each is interested in; th
Introduction In the world today, many countries are turning to private rather than public health care system. Although it seems acceptable to many, it is subjected to disagreements that may be economical, political, and ethical / medical. The focus, however, is mostly on ethical issues given that it is concerned more with human life. Albreht (448) defines privatisation as the process of shifting the ownership as well as functions of the government from being managed by public institutions to being controlled by private organizations that may be either non profit making or for profit. In most European countries, discussions relating to the concept of privatization are very hot and more often than not, they play a big role in determining political agendas. T
Gnosticism is contained in the Gospel of Judas The early Christian church believers practiced Gnosticism whereby there was a general belief associated with personal spiritual and Godly revelation during different times and under varying circumstances. The practice of Gnosticism is well seen in the gospel of Judas. This is traced back to the times when Jesus had his earthly ministry when He preached the good news to believers alongside exercising miracles that were beyond normal human understanding. In the first scenario of the gospel of Judas, Jesus was engaged in a verbal conversion with his disciples between the significant and spiritual value of thanksgiving and the Eucharist. This dialogue took place when he was with them in Judea. Jesus was amused when he found his followers offering a thanksgiving prayer (Kasser 34). However, the disciples wondered why Jesus was amused by the practice of thanksgiving whereas it was the normal thing they had always done. In his submission, Jesus answered them by saying that the thanksgiving prayer they were undertaking was not within their wish but rather they were doing so to make the gods happy. His disciples in return replied to him by saying that he was indeed a son of God but Jesus vehemently replied to them by saying that no generation would sincerely understand him. In another incident, Jesus spoke to Judas confidentially. It happened that Jesus knew that Judas was reflecting on a more supreme being. Jesus ordered Judas to set himself apart from the rest so that he would be informed of the great wonders of the kingdom of God (Kasser 36). Judas was further informed that it would be likely to attain the kingdom of heaven but this would not come without pains. Indeed, another person would substitute Judas so that the disciples of Jesus would accomplish their mission with the gods. Judas then inquired from Jesus when he would reveal the great wonders to him as well as the time when the generation will come to understand Him. Nevertheless, Jesus did not answer him at all. In the second scenario, Jesus spoke to his
Introduction In many cultures and religions, Gypsies are considered as wondering peoples that spread over the entire European continent in medieval times. Over the centuries, they have been shaping a rich cultural inheritance thus gradually transforming into a distinct national identity (Fraser 1). Their incredible possibility to survive and to adapt to difficult situations helped him to bear their traditions and adages through time. Many scholars were trying to penetrate into the holiness of Gypsies traditions and rites and to feel the air of freedom. One of them was Jan Yoors who lived among the Gypsies for about ten years, shared their hardships and wandering life. His book The Gypsies conveys his fascinating experience of living in the Gypsies’ camp thus learning their intrinsic philosophy of life. This narration breaks all the stereotypes perpetuated and acknowledged by many people. Stereotype number one: “Many people wrongly associate these nomads exclusively with Spain, Russia, Hungary and Romania” (Yoors 14). It is not weird that many people believe that Gypsies have Russian and especially Hungarian and Romanian past. Gypsies, also known as Roma, invaded the above-mentioned regions from Northern India. Some sources state that their roots are derived from the time of Alexander the Great. However, according to the official sources, the first emergence is pursued in the Hungarian region (Crowe 9). However, Yoors’ first encounter with Gypsies is marked by the first discovery that Gypsies can speak “broken German”. The fact that the Romanic tribes somehow relate to Germany distorts the romanticized stereotypes. In fact, “German consciousness indicates that, during the generations that Gypsies lived in Germany, like Jews, they turned from being unknown strangers into a familiar other and thus became an integral part of the German homeland” (Margalit 12). As these nomads were traveling through time, their own culture is saturated with the notes of other traditions and languages. Despite that the Yoors discovery, Gypsies are still considered as free and charismatic people whose actions and thoughts are hard to predict. The diversity in language is not restricted by German and the reason lies in the that their native language, Romani, derives from Sanskrit, the mother of all languages. Therefore, the opportunity to travel empowers them with the knowledge of other languages thus giving an opportunity to penetrate other cultures (Yoors 13). For Gypsies, language and religion serve as a persuasive attribute of their cultural identity despite being affiliated to the cultures of different countries. Stereotype number two: “Gypsy family are uncivilized… They are mysterious and romantic, harmonizing with nature in a way which members of civilized society cannot” (Sibly 102). Together with his new friends, Jan traveled from one country to another being always in a desperate search of adventure and survival. The ignorance of their traditions and social orders propels people to compare these ethnic grou
Wal-mart Analysis and Interpretation of Sales and Profit Figures Wal-Mart and Tesco operate within the retail industry. Wal-Mart Stores Incorporation has a number of retail stores under different formats which are distributed around the world. In the United States, Wal-Mart operates three main formats which include Sam’s Club, International and Wal-Mart US. Since its inception, Wal-Mart has been committed towards saving the customers money (EBIT Financial Analysis Center. 2011, para. 4). Over the past few years, Wal-Mart and Tesco have been successful as a result of effective management. On the other hand, Wal-Mart has incorporated a low pricing strategy which enables it to attract a large number of customers. Besides, the store stocks a large assortment of goods to as to be able to have a constant market for the different products. However, as a result of the 2007 economic recession, the firms experienced a significant reduction in their sales level. The table below illustrates Wal-Mart’s growth in sales over the past five years. Gross and Net Profit Margin According to Booker (2006, p. 34), these ratios are used to indicate a firm’s profitability. Wal-Mart has experienced a rise in its profitability for the past five years. However, Wal-Mart’s profitability has been relatively high compared to Tesco’s. Its gross and net profit margins have been on an upward trend as illustrated in table 2. According to Pinson (2008, p. 115), a high gross profit margin indicates the efficiency of the firm in paying for the goods. From the chart below, the rise in the firm’s gross profit margin indicates that Wal-Mart has been effective in paying for its goods. Operating Profit Margin This ratio describes the proportion of a company’s revenue that remains after the company has settled its cost variables. An efficient company should have a relatively high operating profit margin for it to be able to take care of its fixed expenses. Wal-Mart has been effective in improving its operating profit margin. On the other hand, its operating profit margin for the past five years has been fluctuating. Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Ratios Return on Assets (ROA) This ratio indicates a firm’s effectiveness in utilizing its assets to generate profits (Needles, Powers &Crosson, 2008, p. 210). For the past five years, Wal-Mart’s average ROA is 8.3%. Return on Equity (ROE) The ratio is used to determine the effectiveness with which a firm is utilizing the capital invested by the shareholders to generate profits (Dorsey & Mansueto, p. 23). Wal-Mart’s return on equity has been for the past five years approximately 20.9%. Earnings per Share This ratio is indicates the proportion of a firm’s total income which ‘belongs’ to each ordinary share holder. The ratio is very important in determining the value of a firm’s share. Wal-Marts EPS during its 2010 financial year was $1.67. Dividend Payout Ratio This ratio indicates the proportion of a firm’s earnings which is issued to ordinary and preferred shareh
Most people believe that everything they remember is true and happened in the exact way they remember. However, sometimes it might not be the case. For example, I clearly remember the day I was learning how to ride a bike for the first time. I can recall many details from the color of the bike, the location, or my dad teaching me. It was terrible training, as I remember it, with me injuring myself and crying over being so clumsy and unable to ride a bike even a few feet. However, I have no memory of managing to maintain the balance, and neither do I remember my major achievement when I was riding without my dad holding me. For years, I was convinced that I couldn’t ride a bike and started to learn it again as if with a clean slate. The problem of disagreeing with memories can be explained by a closer look at the process of memory acquisition. Memory processes are basically the mental activities we perform to put information into memory and make use of it later. Researchers identify three processes vital to the act of memorizing: acquisition, retention, and retrieval (Wingfield & Byrnes, 2013). Information that people will remember later should first be acquired in the form of a memory code. Disagreeing memories can result from an encoding problem such as a piece of the original information missing or wrong interpretation of the experience. The next stage determining the failure or success of the memorizing process is retention. Information acquired during the first stage should be stored for future use. Retention problems are problems connected with the storage of correctly coded information resulting, mostly, from the acquisition of new information interfering with the initial data. Problems may arise during the process of retrieval even if the information was properly encoded and stored. Sometimes people have a feeling that they definitely know something but cannot remember it. Such failure might result from the incorrect reactivation of the memory code. Memories are stored and processed in a particular way. According to the studies by Scripps Research Institute (2017), memories are stored in an area of the brain called the infralimbic cortex. To describe the way they have processed scientists use the three-box model. Sensory memory grasps the smallest amount of information perceived with the help of our senses to transfer it to the next level of short-term memory. Most part of the sensory information is not encoded due to selective attention. Short-term memory is also temporary. If the information is not processed further, it fades. To be transferred to the unlimited storage of the long-term memory information needs to be rehearsed.