ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Fast food and chain restaurants provide Americans with unhealthy food, which has an adverse influence on people’s health conditions. They gain undesired weight and suffer from various nutrition disorders that also cause complications. Of course, these companies are guilty of such outcomes, but the responsibility that lies on the buyers is undeniable. They make their choices to accept junk food and consume it instead of cooking healthy meals. Americans seem to be too lazy and too light-minded to evaluate the issue and prevent it. Not that long ago fast food and chain restaurants became extremely popular among Americans. They attract an enormous number of the general public and encourage them to come as often as possible using colorful advertisements, providing special bids, and being hospitable. They are targeted at children and minority youth as the most vulnerable population. Their marketing seems to be aggressive, and their tactics look immoral, but can we claim the companies to be guilty and deflect blame away from ourselves? I believe, no. People are well aware of the fact that junk food is unhealthy, but they continue eating it. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that “two-thirds of American adults and 15 percent of children are overweight or obese” (Wartman, 2010). Mostly such data is reported because adults treat fast food and chain restaurants to be acceptable. Many American children ask their parents to go to McDonald’s instead of having a meal at home. I believe that such behavior is normal. They see a clown, balloons, bright setting, and eat tasty food. Kids are just yet not able to realize how dangerous the burger they eat is. But these are their parents who bring them to fast food. They understand that their actions are likely to cause problems with nutrition and overweight and still manage such actions. I think it is time to take responsibility and prevent possible difficulties and not just react to the outcomes. In a free country, the population has an opportunity to make their own decisions. Fast food and chain restaurants sell their products, but they do not force people to buy them. Many individuals resist temptation and eat an only particular food. They choose healthy products and cook very often to improve their health conditions and be sure that nothing threatens their children. I do not see a reason why others are not able to do the same. Do not buy junk food and soon it will not be sold. Americans seem to be too lazy. They follow the easiest way and choose cheap food that tastes fine not to waste time on cooking delicious and healthy meals. Of course, junk food is not recommended by healthcare providers. According to the research, five days of consuming it provides a very negative effect on the organism (Mercola, 2015). People can eat unhealthy food and remain fit and sound, but
Introduction When the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was introduced, one of its key goals was to cause increased competition among companies providing health insurances. By 2017, the government has not managed to achieve this purpose. Furthermore, the Health Insurance Exchanges currently provide less choice and competition than ever before. The failure of the reform makes critics claim that the state-based marketplaces where citizens can purchase personalized health insurance are on the verge of collapsing (Kaestner et al. 620). The paper at hand aims to investigate its current status to identify whether this statement is true. Current Status of the Health Insurance Exchanges Operation in the US Contrary to all the previous expectations, insuring companies’ participation in the exchanges initiated by the government is now at the lowest level during the past several years. As a result, customers are deprived not only of their insurance choice but also of even of their insurance opportunity (Antonisse et al. 25). Although some companies are still considering the option to enter the program, the majority of them have already decided to limit their participation to 2-5 states only, which puts people living in other states in a disadvantaged position. The ACA was initially meant to expand on Medicaid, the program for the poor; yet, in 2012, this expansion was made optional by the Supreme Court. As a result, 19 refused of it, making people who earned less than $12,000 per year non-eligible for subsidies to purchase an individual insurance on the exchanges (Antonisse et al. 42). Since people with a low level of income tend to suffer from a bigger number of diseases, it becomes a challenge to provide all of them with insurances in other regions (Center et al. 119). This makes insurers’ operation in non-expansion states more expensive, which forces insurers to quit the program. The situation is aggravated by the fact that more than 3 million people lost their employment insurances since their companies found it more cost-effective to pay the required penalty for allowing their workers to choose any plan that seems the most suitable for them on the exchanges. 30 million people who relied exclusively on their private health insurances were deprived of their plans since the companies that provided them failed to cover 10 crucial benefits outlined for the exchange (Center et al. 122). Replacing these plans was excessively expensive. By the present moment, the total health care costs have increased dramatically due to the fact that a lot of people received medical examination for the first time in their lives and now the
Introduction According to the case study of Bob Knowlton, Knowlton was the leader in the Photon laboratory. He seemed quite happy of his job and was also proud to be a leader. His feelings concerning Fester who joined the Photon group after him shows that he was a team player. Therefore, he appreciated all contributions made by each member of his group. Fester was brilliant and preferred working individually. Festers complained that members’ contribution was low. This affected many workers such as Knowlton, Davenport and Oliver who were not able to work with him. As the group’s leader, Knowlton felt threatened that Fester might be promoted. He could remember Jerrold’s words after he was promoted that ‘the person who produces gets ahead in this outfit.’ Therefore, he decided to look for employment in another company where he got a higher salary and maintained his position as a leader. Discrepancies between Knowlton’s actual feelings and the messages he communicated to Fester and Jerold In the case there were some discrepancies between Knowlton’s actual feelings and the message he communicated to Fester and Jerold. At first, after Fester visited him in his office they had a discussion with Jerold and he appreciated the idea of Fester joining the Photon group. He commented that Fester was productive and he would be glad if he joined his group. However, this was not his actual feelings towards the idea. He felt that Fester should not join his group. Secondly, in the group meeting Fester presented his research and members of Photon appreciated because Fester had a solution to the problem that was considered to have no solution. Fester presented his ideas logically and clearly and Knowlton was annoyed about it. After the meeting, he thanked Fester for his efforts towards getting a solution to the problem. However, this was not his actual feelings because as the leader of Photon group he felt threatened. In addition, during his discussions with Jerrold, he talked of Fester’s abilities and capacity for work. However, he did not discuss with Jerrold his feeling towards the decline of group members’ cooperation while carrying out the research. In addition, he failed to tell Jerold on how Fester has contributed to the group’s team spirit. Thirdly, during the preparations of the special meeting Knowlton felt that he could not present the ideas that Fester had researched. This is because he was worried that he might not present them logically and clearly and also fail to answer the questions asked appropriately. Therefore, he told Jerrold that Fester should present the ideas so that his contributions could be recognised. He also added that it was an opportune time for Fester to be rewarded as one of the productive member of the laboratory. The social norm concluded from each discrepant message for each situation The discrepant message of Knowlton on the idea of Fester becoming a member of Photon group shows that he did not want to competitio
Summary of the Case The client is a 29-year-old woman, Sophie, who was brought in for a consultation by her colleague after she burst into tears at work and shared a story of domestic violence. Sophie has two children from her first marriage who stay with her every other fortnight. Recently, her new husband, Brian, began to express anger about the children’s stays. Brian is dissatisfied with his job. He constantly tries to control Sophie through frequent phone calls and monitoring her movements and degrades her by calling her stupid and cheap. Last night, Brian tripped Sophie and did not let her go to hospital. Explaining Sophie’s Situation by Using the Socio-Ecological System From the point of view of the socio-ecological system, Sophie’s case belongs to the individual and relationship level. Sophie’s problems are caused by the relations within her family. Her husband constantly undermines her self-respect by saying that she is not clever enough or that she dresses badly. Moreover, Brian does not allow Sophie to communicate with her children, which is absolutely inappropriate. They are her children, and she needs to take care of them. The individual level of the socio-ecological system presupposes dealing with the developmental experiences and personality issues that form the client’s reaction to stressors. In Sophie’s situation, such issues are:   * depression due to being stigmatised and underappreciated;   * anxiety because of Brian’s attitude towards her children;   * the impossibility of sharing with someone (her husband controls her every move and phone conversation);   * the inability to obtain medical help when needed (when he caused her to fall, her nose bled, and her wrist was swollen, but he did not allow her to go to hospital);   * a serious threat to her own health as well as her children’s wellbeing. All these issues demonstrate the relationship problems existing between Sophie and Brian. Potential Risk Factors for Domestic and Family Violence (D/FV) The outcomes of gender-based emotional abuse may be as serious as those of physical offence (Petrakis 2018). Emotional abuse involves excessive control over a woman’s life, frequent insults, preventing the female partner from meeting with her friends, not allowing her to visit a doctor, and trying to making her stop going to work. In the current case, issues are present that threaten the safety of Sophie and her children. Brian may get too aggressive and hurt them. The emotional risks include social alienation, gaslighting, and the loss of self-esteem and confidence. Social alienation may develop because Brian does not allow Sophie to communicate with her friends. Gasl
Introduction There were moments in American history that became critically important in the road to the national government and new constitutional dispensation that would guide it. It is noted that The Revolution was not just the Declaration of Independence, neither was it the War of Independence as some may argue but a continuous process that continued after these events. Some people like Wilson (10) argue that real revolution was “the radical change in principles, opinions, and sentiments, and affections of the people.” The periods involved the reign of the Articles of Confederation, followed by the Constitutional Convention, and then into the turbulent politics of Jacksonian America and the 1840s and 1850s. During these times, the general sentiment was that political power could not rest on tradition but only on consent. There was serious doubt as far as the national government was concerned. This paper seeks to elaborate on why ambivalence became a common feature among many American people during those times of political troubles. The Article of Confederation Immediately after declaring their independence, the thirteen former British colonies formed what would be termed as a loose alliance under the Article of Confederation. However, this alliance did little to support the colonies in their war of Independence. The arrangement created turmoil, uncertainty, and fear among the people of America between the time of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the signing of the Constitution (1787) (Wilson 11). It was a tough decision for General George
Although the virtual environment of the global network is a comparatively new concept, it has already been inundated with cybercriminals (Yar, 2013). The phenomenon of a cybercrime dates back to 1971, when the web was first invaded by the virus notoriously known as Creeper ( The evolution of the computer virus , n. d.); it was very simple by the present-day standards, yet it managed to cause havoc across the Internet (Ruiz & Winter, 2015). Unfortunately, viruses and other tools used by cybercriminals are only getting smarter and becoming increasingly more sophisticated, causing a global concern regarding people’s personal information and companies’ business data. A similar situation can be observed in the UAE (Enzer, 2011). Although the recent introduction of updates to the cybercrime law impose a set of rather severe penalties on the offenders, including a life sentence, the specified regulation is not going to have a tangible effect on cybercriminals as it does not allow for a willing acceptance of proper behavioral patterns and the recognition of cybercrime as an intrinsically negative phenomenon. Therefore, the development of programs aimed at changing the target audience’s concept of cybercrime is crucial. The fact that the current legislation reinforces the significance of the letter of the law, however, should be viewed as positive. For instance, on the city scale, the regulation regarding cybercrimes has affected Dubai to a considerable extent as the police persuades people to report about the cybercrimes that they have witnessed or fallen victims to: “Dubai Police have urged victims of online social networking sites to approach authorities because their hesitation encourages suspects to target more victims” (Najami, 2010, par. 1). Nevertheless, the lack of information regarding the concept of cybercrime, the ways of inhibiting it, the tools that every single member of the UAE society can use to prevent cybercrimes, etc., is obvious seeing that the number of problems created by hackers and crimes committed online is getting increasingly larger in the UAE, in general, and Dubai, in particular (See Fig. 1). Figure 1. Cyber Crimes in Dubai (2011–2013) (Hasbini, 2014). According to the chart provided above, the introduction of the new legislation has contributed to a minor drop in cybercrimes. However, the specified measure is also likely to spur the further identification of new ways to evade justice as it does not allow for a conscious change of the target audience’s behavioral patterns (Najami, 2010). Therefore, it would be adequate to suggest that the focus should be shifted from providing penalties to reinforcing knowledge promotion among the target denizens of the population. In addition, it can be suggested that programs should
The following paper will discuss the effects of penalties for convicted rapists and how they affect the rate of rape crimes. Introduction The lack of severity in the penalties for rape boosts confidence of rapists encouraging them to become repeat offenders and it spawns new breeds of offenders (Juvenile Rapists). Until the penalties are swift and severe, the rate of number of rapes being committed would unlikely reduce. Rape and its Technicalities   * Rape is difficult to prove, as they perceive consent from their victims and the victims tend not to report the cases.   * Self help and counseling help victims to cope with their regular day-to-day life.   * Even then the visibility of rape and its victims has improved drastically.   * The consistent number of rapes being perpetuated exhibits the inefficiency of the penalties in curbing the offense.   * First offenders are dealt with less severity thus it boosts their confidence to commit such acts again.   * Society and community do not gauge the seriousness of rape as a crime due to the ties between the victims and the offenders.   * The penalty depends also on some factors such as the victims do not report the crime and even if they did they may or may not be prosecuted after being arrested (if they are). Even after prosecution they may or may not be sentenced to any jail time.   * The option of mental institutions enables convicted rapists to skip the jail time and instead take some therapy sessions over hard jail time.   * Statistical findings by Rainn (2005) prove that a rape acts is committed every two and a half minutes somewhere in America. It was also found that only 40% rapes were reported.   * Victims suffer severe emotional and physical trauma and are not in the capacity to go out in public and go through the tribulations of the trial.   * Since community does not hold preconceived notions towards rapes they often tend to advocate the reduction in the sentences.   * These reductions in sentences spawn new criminal offences such as rapes being committed by minors towards children younger than them, peers and also older people.   * The reason for the minimal jail sentences is because the law enforcement agencies are taxed down with restraints on resources (limited jails and existing ones are already overcrowded) and due to restraints in manpower (the number of rape crimes cannot be dealt efficiently with the low number of existing law enforcers who have limited time).   * Death penalty which would prove the severity of the crime and discourage anyone from even thinking about such a crime is deemed too harsh by humanitarian values.   * The U.S. Department of Justice has shown that after serving penalty from the current system convicted rapists have been arrested within 3 years for committing similar acts. Conclusion   * Rapists are the dregs of society who prey on the weak and defenseless and they have a clear understanding of the law and know that even if they were caught they would likely be prosecuted.   * When first time cases are received the punishment should be swift and severe to create the notion to the society and the
There are many descriptions of leadership, but not many of them seem to apply to social work effectively. Lawrence (2005) states, “new leadership may be seen as an attempt to imply greater individual freedoms within a practice more constrained than ever before,” implying the common term of leadership restrains the individual expression (p.137). Social work leadership is different from generally perceived leadership, which is more related to business. Social work does not need the hierarchal ruling but management where everybody is free to discuss their thoughts and are inspired to work for the wellness and prosperity of others. The reading by Shields (2004) suggests that social worker leaders should not use a transactional approach where the leader rewards or punishes the follower for his or her action but need to be transformational. This way, the colleagues would be encouraged to work on the shared motive without having a sense of obligation but more of a personal will. Leadership incorporates vision, collective methodology, critical thinking, and the capacity to impact others’ perspectives, activities, and to motivate and develop change (Holosko, 2009). Iachini, Cross, and Freedman (2015) develop this thought further by proposing that the best model of leadership in the social work area is by following the Social Chane Model. This method allows the intervention of several leaders and allows the exchange of information and feedback between workers. I agree this is the best type of administration in social work since the area itself requires the reliance on equal rights, evenly distributed duties, and consideration of different opinions to help society. During my last project, our team used this approach, where all the leading tasks were divided between experienced workers. I had to teach the new recruits and dive them into the process. It helped our team to meet all the requirements on time. Moreover, when there are several leaders in a group, they can learn valuable skills and knowledge regarding the subject from each other.
Reputation Effects In Peer-To-Peer Online Markets A reputation effect in peer-to-peer online markets study analyzes the relationship between online markets and reputation systems. The system allows traders to comment on the behavior of each other and their attributes through ratings and text messages. The ratings given account for the seller’s reputations signaling their trustworthiness and competence. The reputation effect was drawn from a theoretic game framework, and statistical analysis was used to correlate results from several studies involved in research for the same topic. A Critique of the Research Article’s Analysis Section The researchers used quantitative data, which is the most appropriate one for the study. This is because, the study compares seller reputation which is measured by their ratings and their performances measured by final commodity prices. Ratings and prices can only be expressed in numerical figures (Snijders & Matzat, 2019). Secondly, the researchers analyzed the data statistically using statistical models including the Pearson correlation coefficient model and multiple linear regression coefficients model. Then, the obtained data were presented comprehensively using figures and tables, making understanding of the analyses less complex. A Critique of the Results Section The result conclusions are logical because they stress the significance of seller reputation in promoting buyer trust. This makes sense because most people buy commodities from the sellers they know and trust to provide them with genuine products. On the other hand, a seller with a damaged reputation scares off the buyers (Lindenberg et al., 2020). Implications for further research are included because results show a correlation between seller reputation and their performance, whereby positive ratings imply better performance and negative ones mean poor performance. The implications are relevant to the current study because they showcase the importance of sellers having a positive image to build buyer trust. Also, they are appropriate for furthering literature since past studies concerning the topic present incoherent results leading to disagreements on seller reputation’s meaning and how substantial it is (Snijders & Matzat, 2019). This makes it a bit complex to interpret the reputation effect with seller performances in the market. I believe this study qualifies to be the primary data source for the investigation of the relationship between the reputation of the seller and their performance in the market. I would recommend this article for all business individuals to shed light on how their reputation impacts their businesses. It can help many business people change their attitude and build their reputation to gain customer trust.