ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Asthma is a disorder that affects the airways. As a result, asthma patients experience cough, short breath, and chest pain. Asthma could be diagnosed using specific test examination. The features of the air passage include the bronchi, alveoli and the bronchioles. As a result, clinical manifestations of asthma include wheezing, short breath, cough, and chest blockade. The pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic and acute asthma exacerbation The feature of asthma obstruction includes inflammation, mucus, hypersecretion, and angiogenesis (Huether & McCance, 2012). However, inflammation is influenced by cell interaction with various mediators. The pathophysiological feature of chronic asthma includes bronchoconstriction, airway edema, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling. The pathophysiology of chronic and acute asthma exacerbation describes the process and stages that lead to airway obstruction (Barnes, 2013). Bronchoconstriction The major physiological event that causes clinical symptoms is airways obstruction and interference. However, in acute asthma exacerbation the physiological even includes muscle contraction and airway obstruction. Various irritants cause the bronchial contraction. As a result, the irritants catalyzed immunoglobulin to release dependent mediators. Mediators such as tryptase and prostaglandins cause airway obstruction. However, aspirin, cold air, and allergen trigger the hyperresponsiveness of dependent mediators. In acute asthma exacerbation, stress may influence the severity of clinical symptoms. Airway Edema At this stage, clinical symptoms become persistent and progressive. As a result, inflammation and other features of chronic and acute asthma exacerbations are activated. The patient may experience persistent inflammation, mucus secretion, and changes in airway muscle. Airway hyperresponsiveness The severity of airway obstruction causes hyperresponsiveness. Thus, the degree of responsiveness is assigned to the stimuli. However, contractile responses determine the severity of acute asthma exacerbation. The change mechanism is influenced by inflammation, neuroregulation, and morphological changes. Airway remodeling It is a feature of asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Airway remodeling can be reversible. Thus, changes in airway obstruction include membrane thickness, hypertrophy, and blood muscle dilation. We will discuss the process and stages of airway inflammation. Inflammatory cells Lymphocyte subpopulation describes the mechanism of airway inflammation in chronic and acute asthma. Thus, the displacement in helper 2 cells causes eosinophilic inflammation. However, the production of Th2 helper cells explained the development of airway obstructions. The interaction of lymphocytes and other T helper cells describes the severity of airway modeling. Another feature of airway remodeling is the mast cell. The generation of mast cell secretes bronchial mediators. The changes in the arterial
Support of entrepreneurs The government of Kuwait has predicted that by March 31, 2016, its budget will have a deficit of $23 billion. That is due to a significant drop in the price of crude oil, the major source of income that constitutes 94% of Kuwait’s revenue (Backus 12). The drop in the revenue from oil sales has compelled the country to use different strategies to align its economy with its income. Among the short and long term strategies that the government of Kuwait should adopt to enable it to adapt to the reality of low oil prices includes creating an entrepreneurial environment or ecosystem that provides the foundation for self-employment. The entrepreneurial ecosystem is about formulating and implementing appropriate policies that stimulate economic growth by investing in research and development and technology transfer. A paradigm shift that factors entrepreneurial activity as a government priority by stimulating natural growth, the growth of low, mid, and high technology companies, and provides leadership could develop and enhance a business environment that favours and drives entrepreneurial growth. An active and well defined entrepreneurial environment that is characterized by low bureaucratic obstacles fosters government policies that support the needs of the entrepreneur. In addition, it is necessary to change the cultural bias towards starters of new business by sharing information among stakeholders and fostering new business ventures. It is also imperative for the government to create interconnected business clusters to stimulate innovation and entrepreneurship by reinforce existing business structures. The entire process and environment should support capacity building, new and existing business ventures, and address the risks that arise when stating new businesses in order to enable the entrepreneurs make sustainable profits. Besides, the government should create programs to train aspiring entrepreneurs on how to exploit new and existing opportunities. That is in addition to developing the ability of identify business opportunities, write business plans, innovate, and take risks. Launching fund to support small and mid-scale business According to Kilian and Murphy, the duty of the government is to support entrepreneurs by providing them with venture capital or seed funds
Introduction The canon is a set of norms and rules that are not subject to revision. When it comes to art, the canon is a system of standards that prevailed within a particular historical period. Religious canon focuses on moral and behavioral norms and includes a strictly defined set of sacred texts. This paper aims to provide a meaning of the canon, summarize the main differences between Buddhist and Christian canons and give a brief description of how the Tibetan Buddhist canon evolved, formed, and developed through the ages. Buddhist Canon and Bible Canon, the Main Differences Bible canon is a collection of Bible books used in worship practices and recognized as God-inspired. The Bible canon was closed in the 3rd – 4th centuries, while the Buddhist canon is open and inclusive. In closed canon, texts cannot be appended or moved away from it; in contrast, an open canon allows further manipulations with its content. According to the doctrine of Christianity, only God could achieve a state of enlightenment and inspire the creation of canonical texts – that is why the Bible canon is a closed one. In Buddhist teachings, “all beings, not just humans, can achieve the highest state of realization, whether in terms of Arhatship or Buddhahood.” 1 Therefore, the Buddhist canon creates “canonicity extending from the works of Buddhas to the works of Buddhist masters and even below them.” 2 Tibetan Buddhist Canon Tibetan Buddhist canon mostly consists of Kangyur and Tengyur texts. Kangyur means “translations of the word” of the Buddhas and consists of sutras, tantras, and the root texts attributed to the Buddhas – Buddha Shakyamuni and later enlightened beings, like Guru Padmasambhava. Tengyur means “translations of the treatises” on the word of the Buddhas and consists of commentaries and treatises by Indian masters. Both collections appeared after being translated into Tibetan during two periods of translation. In the Early Period, from 779 to 842 AD, 44% of Kangyur and Tengyur texts or 103,000 pages were translated. Also, during the Early Period, translators created three catalogs, of which two are extant: the Lhan dkar ma and the ‘Phang thang ma catalogs. In 779, Emperor Songdetsen Gampo established an imperial academy for translators, a “Translation Department” at the Tibetan Monastery Samye. He invited the “renowned Indian scholars Śāntarakṣita and Padmasambhava as the leading teachers, while Vairocana, Kawa Paltseg, and Chogro Lui Gyaltsen served among the assistant mentors.” 3 Also, 108 talented and diligent young boys and men were invited to work on translations. Less capable young people were involved in the script translation, more capable were engaged in proofreading and editing. Adult scholars performed the role of chief editors, examining the translated texts for compliance with the Sanskrit original. The translation team’s work was characterized by attentiveness to the accuracy of interpretations and formulations. Translators also compiled translation manuals, dictionar
Introduction Today, the Olympic Games play a significant role in the world of athletic competitions. With the current rapid development in science and technology, it calls for the world sports authorities to put more effort towards the establishment of state-of-the-art stadia. One of the challenges is finding the most suitable places to locate the stadia. The Bird’s Nest Olympic Stadium started operating in 2008 (Broudehoux, 2007, p. 384). The stadium hosted both the Olympics and Paralympics games in 2008. Besides being hosting the Beijing Olympic Games, the stadium is also a symbolic building and acts as one of Beijing’s landmarks. The stadium is one of the major breakthroughs in the construction technology. It comprises unique steel structures being the pride of the stadium (Broudehoux, 2007, p. 399). Nature of the stadium Besides athletics, the stadium also hosts other games like football and numerous ceremonies. The Bird’s Nest stadium covers an area of about 258 thousand square meters (99.614 square miles) and accommodates 80,000 permanent seats and 11,000 short-term seats. The architects used big steel frames to curve out its current appearance (Zhang & Zhao, 2009, p. 254). The stadium has a saddle-shaped roof with the major axis being 332.3 meters (1,090 feet) long and the stub axis being 296.4 meters (972 feet) long. The highest point of the stadium is 68.5 meters (225 feet) above the ground and the lowest point is 42.8 meters (140 feet). The roof is covered with a transparent material, which allows sunshine to penetrate, thus facilitating lighting of the stadium. In addition, the field is covered with grass that grows naturally. The surface of the structure might appear simple. Nevertheless, the geometry used in developing the stadium is intricate to such an extent that it was hard for the architects to do their calculations manually, and thus they had to use software for effective calculations. Without software, it would have been hard for them to ensure that the steel bars used in constructing the stadium were in line with the surface of the structure. The stadium comprises a seven-storey wall made of concrete. In addition, the roof of the stadium and the steel structure are not intact (Jaeho & Jilly, 2008, p. 162). Nevertheless, the two share a common foundation. No matter how random the nest structure may appear, it observes all the crucial geometrical rules and comprises 36 kilometers of unpacked steel. The Chinese viewpoint of harmony and balance dubbed “yin yung” motivated the establishment of the nest structure. Two layers of transparent ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) casing make the stadium’s roof. The ETFE covers the upper part of the roof while the PTFE covers the lower part. I
The spirit bear, also known as aka Kermode bear, is a unique creature that resides in British Columbia. According to Groc (2020), this is the unique species of all bears not only because of its ice-cream-colored fur but also because of its location and rareness. A single bear can weigh up to 200; knowing that bears generally possess from 80 to 600 kilograms, a maximum of two hundred seems to be low (Service, 2017). The Kermode bear is the American black bear’s subspecies, but what makes this animal so unusual is its recessive gene that colors the bears’ fur white or creamy (National Geographic, 2017). The rareness of this species attracts additional interest in these bears – only 400 spirit bears currently live in British Columbia (Groc, 2020). According to National Geographic (2017), their population locates in the Great Brain Rainforest, which represents a 6.4-million-hectare temperate rainforest and is a great environment for this species of animals. In addition, this living area provides spirit bears with appropriate sustenance, such as salmon and a variety of berries, insects, plants, fruits, and nuts (Service, 2017). Although the animal is massive, huge, and sometimes considered dangerous, it is shy and mysterious in nature; therefore, if not disturbed, the representative of this species poses no threat (Service, 2017). However, the animal is considered dangerous only by tourists; according to Service (2017), indigenous populations see the spirit bear as sacred or holy mainly because of its unusual creamy color. Based on the described characteristics, it can be concluded that spirit bears are some of the most unique and rare species on the planet; hence, they need to be protected and their environment preserved.
Obama, a new elected president in the US is different from many, who have been presidents before him. Most evidently he differs from the president, who preceded him and from his rival, John McCain. The elections have been uneasy this year as pursue of leadership was revealed up to the end of it. Many theorists consider it to be the fight of an old and a new order and the representatives of the parties to be the representatives of an order which is to be set within America. The fight between Republicans and Democrats is over. And Barack Obama among the two represents the new democratic order or regime and embodies the spirit of new time of 2008. First and foremost Obama is the first president, who is not white. This might be considered as a historical moment, USA adopted a black president. Since the foundation of the country it is the first success of the up of the black politics. Obama’s success interlaces with the ideas, embodied in the book by R. Thomas and Harmon Zeigler as democracy denotes the equality. Starting from the basic equalities in common and finishing with the racial equality in particular. This turn in the political course is most likely to bring another changes into the country. Then, considering the changes and directions, which Barack Obama is most likely to choose, it means that he will introduce something new in the politic direction of his country. This change might be called a one, which has the spirit of new time. The promises of the new president are really encouraging and Democratic as they rest on the principles of the democracy as Ideology, namely treat each other with dignity and respect, government works for people but not against them, the same idea is that it should rather help its citizens than hurt them. The following citation from the book “The Irony of Democracy” shows the principles and plans, which are close to Obama’s views on how the politics of the country should function. These are democratic standards: “every man is equally entitled to protection by law; but when laws undertake to add to these natural and just advantages artificial distinctions… and exclusive privileges, to make the rich richer and the potent more powerful, the humble members of society – the farmers, mechanics, and laborers, – have neither the time nor the means for securing like favors to themselves, have a right to complain of the injustice of their government.” (Thomas R. and Harmon Zeigler, 66) Moreover, a truly courageous statement about the end of the dependence on the oil also shows which way Obama is going to choose to develop the country at least for four following years. He looks far ahead of time, mentioning, that drilling is a short-term solution as one day, the Earth is going to run out of this natural recourse. The availability of the study and the availability of getting a good job on good terms is also reflecting the new type of thinking, which is inherent to a person, who is a self-made person. The big plans for the future, which Obama is hopefully to embody during his
The article discusses the critical approaches of teaching English and the appraisals of the ways English is being taught (Penny Cook, 1999). It can help professionals understand the complex ways TESOL occurs and offers a perspective on how to change and develop. Three main themes constitute a critical approach to TESOL, with the first being a transformative pedagogy. It discusses the critical approaches to education that would positively transform education. Another theme in the article is domain on interest, which explains to what level domain transforms the critical approach. The last theme is a self-reflexive stance on a critical theory which explains the extent to which work questions its own and common assumptions. In the article, critical domain is an important aspect of critical work that connects with TESOL relations both socially and politically through teaching approaches and interactions. Second Language Acquisition is important because it locates learning in the psychological dominion (Pennycook, 1999). Critical works in TESOL aim to teach English to non-English speakers because of political and social relations. However, there has been inequality and resistance to non-English African speakers. Critical thinking seems to be have been brought down by TESOL and leftist politics which need to be resisted. Depolarizing critical work advocates for critical thinking, which encourages a political version of critical work. Critical approaches to TESOL constitute how language education occurs and a pedagogical focus on transforming the conditions. It is in terms of urgency, reproduction, and structure and it aims to transform a negative approach in TESOL mostly through awareness (Pennycook, 1999). For TESOL to deal with complexity and diversity, they need to engage with the question of difference, which can be achieved by engagement and inclusivity. Reference Pennycook, A. (1999). Introduction: Critical approaches to TESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 33 (3), 329-348.
Introduction The world today is driven by a global economy that is based on demand and supply of goods and services. The situation has pushed manufacturers and producers of goods and services to work extra hard to satisfy the demands of the global economy. The manufacture of goods requires several inputs, which contribute to the goods coming out as final products for consumption by end users of the production chain. Production of goods and services has become the main driving force of many economic giants on the global stage, which export their goods and services to other nations that need them. Such giants include China. Production of goods and services in China is fully dependent on energy to run the heavy machinery in various industries. China is the most populous country in the world with an average population of approximately 1.3billion people (Index Mundi). The size of China as a country is approximately 9million square kilometres with a population density of approximately 140 people per square kilometre. China is the second largest economy in the world behind the United States of America. It was able to record a GDP of $8.28 trillion in the year 2012, which is a representation of about 12% of the world economy. This was at a growth rate of about 7.8% per annum. A concise synopsis of China Vs the US production and consumption of energy China and the US have become the largest consumer of energy in the world due to the demand for energy for its industry as well as for domestic use. The need for a lot of energy has driven China to use all possible means to produce it. So far, the available means for energy production are not environment friendly due to the amount of pollution they cause in the surroundings. China’s major source of energy is fossil fuels, which are oil and coal. The high dependence of China on fossil fuel is due to the easiness with which the fuels can be used to produce energy. Fossil fuels are some of the cheapest and economically viable sources of energy and hence their populari
The fashion industry is one of the most rapidly growing industries in the world. The trends in this industry are changing day by day. There are a lot of fashion designers throughout the world. “Vera Wang is an American fashion designer who is best known for her wedding dress collections” (Vercillo). Vera Wang has been in the fashion industry for a long time. She started her own business for wedding collections. Her business showed an amazing growth. She became one of the top fashion designers of America very fast. She was praised by people all over the world for her marvelous collections. “She is also embedded in the culture of Hollywood because of the fact that she has made wedding dresses for a number of celebrities including Mariah Carey, Jennifer Lopez and Sharon Stone” (Vercillo). Her career as a designer started with the design of bridal dresses and evening gowns. Her interest in sports helped her to design dresses for participants in Olympics which grabbed worldwide attention. Vera Wang’s contact with many of the leading designers helped her to enhance her knowledge in the area of fashion. The lack of fashion and good designs in the bridal wears forced her to bring new designs to the bridal industry. Vera Wang is known to be the best designer of wedding dresses at present. Vera Wang had presented her collections in many fashion weeks which won a lot of appraisals for her collections. For anyone who wishes to have a good design in wedding dress, Vera Wang would be the best option to consult. Vera Wang had now expanded her business to jewelry, shoes, fragrance etc. She is presently settled in New York with her family. Wide variety collection of wedding dresses is designed by the fashion designer Vera Wang. She designs the dress in particular manner that is mixed with both modern and traditional styles. Therefore the dress does not look so old-fashioned and very modern. Even she designs every dress mainly focused on wedding dress like bridal gowns, wedding dresses skirt etc. There are different kinds of wedding dress in different styles and in different shapes. Mostly the dresses are made with gorgeous and costly materials.Therefore there is always high demand for the Vera Wan dress in the market. Wedding is an important occasion in one’s life so people are ready to spend the money without any hesitation because they knew if they spend more money on their wedding dress it will never be a loss for them. There seems always a variety and change in designing the dress by this designer and each year she lau