ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The patient is experiencing the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Thus, appropriate modalities and interventions should be applied to manage the patient’s condition. The big behaviors observed by the girl include nightmares and lack of sleep, constant self-blame, and depression that make her stay at home. Consequently, the current goals for Marylyn’s treatment are to be able to leave the house without fears and to sleep without nightmares. The treatment plan for big behaviors, developed with the consideration of patient’s needs and strengths, is concentrated on minimizing the existing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and elimination of nightmares, thus providing normal sleep and getting the patient back to normal active life. Interventions for Nightmares and Lack of Sleep With the problem of nightmares and the related lack of sleep, the unmet need of psychological stability results in the interruption of sleep because of traumatic thoughts and nightmares. One of the opportunities to manage this behavior is the application of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. This modality is aimed at defining the relations between the patient’s behaviors, feelings, and thought. In fact, it is a useful modality for managing posttraumatic stress because it reveals negative thoughts that cause stress and influence the patient’s behavior. One of the interventions with proved efficiency for posttraumatic nightmares if imagery rehearsal therapy (Nappi, Drummond, & Hall, 2012). It is “a short-term treatment that integrates psychoeducation on nightmares, instruction on and experiential exercises of imagery, and a cognitive restructuring imagery technique” (Nappi et al., 2012, p. 578). The essence of the intervention is that the patient “rescripts” the nightmare in a way to avoid a distressing culmination. The rehearsal of this script during therapy at daytime reduces the negative context and gradually normalizes sleep. The efficiency of the method is proved by some studies. Thus, imagery rehearsal therapy “contributes to clinically significant reductions in nightmare frequency and psychiatric distress, including daytime PTSD symptoms, among trauma-exposed patients” (Nappi et al., 2012, p. 578). Moreover, this intervention is suitable for the patient because this young girl has an ability to concentrate on her actions even under stressful situations which can be helpful in creating the script. In addition, her love for theatre can be beneficial due to her previous experiences of creating and acting out scripts. Another intervention applicable for managing po
Duopoly The word oligopoly is derived from a word in Greek, ‘oligois’, meaning few and the Latin word ‘polis’ which may mean few (Mandal, 2007). In microeconomics, oligopoly is a term that refers to a situation in which there are few firms in the market. Owing to the fact that the number of firms is small, there is often a significant degree of interdependence between the firms. This interdependence is seen in the fact that each firm must consider rival firms decisions with regard to price and output policy (Mandal, 2007). The simplest case of oligopoly is that represented by a duopoly where there are only two sellers. In the case provided the two sellers are the only competitors in their respective business. Based on the point noted above it is clear that these two have a strong interdependence with respect to prices and outputs. It has been observed that based on their decisions with regard to operation the two could significantly change their profits. Given that if one cheats and another cooperates, the cheater would earn $1.2 million and the cooperator would earn $200,000 we can assume that this option is unlikely to succeed. If both cheat, they stand to generate $500,000 each and if they cooperate they stand to generate $1 million each. It would appear that the two would opt to cooperate and generate $1 million, with each partner acting as a monopolist in their business. This position is reached due to the fact that it is not uncommon for oligopolistic firms to reach an understanding that promotes their common interest (Mandal, 2007). This comes about because of the fact that the primary objective of business which is profit maximization. Due to the presence of a small number of competitors it is likely that through cooperation the two firms will collaborate to create a monopolistic environment. Unregulated Monopoly It has been observed that certain industries operate best as monopolies given that to allow for competition would negate the main economies of scale associated with the nature of such industries (Musgrave & Kacapyr, 2009). An example of this is seen in plants that generate electricity which require massive generation plants and transmission/distribution networks. Most monopolies are regulated so as to maximize their utility to the consumers. However, there are instances where a monopoly may operate unregulated. In this case, this monopoly acts with the objective of profit maximization. In such a scenario the organization will determine prices and output at the level of output where Marginal cost is equivalent to marginal revenue (Musgrave & Kacapyr, 2009). The absence of regulation reduces output and increases product prices
Abstract On January 25, 2011 a grand piano appeared on top of a sand bar in Florida’s Biscayne Bay. No note or explanation accompanied the piano, and no other objects or debris inhabited the sand bar alongside it. This essay presents and analyses three different forms of coverage of the same news story, with an eye to how one version differs in portrayal from another. Each network offered a version of news coverage that contained a slightly altered slant evident in segment presentation. In one case, a clear bias appears, most notably in portrayal of members of a social group, as well as in the sensationalist presentation of the story. Introduction The inferred goal of news reporting, according to Lee (2005), remains to present accuracy, balance, and fairness in any and all stories (Lee, 2005). Accuracy refers to adhering specially to the facts of the story, balance measures and presents approximately an equal amount of coverage to each party privy to the story, and parties who encounter an impact from the story (Lee, 2005). Fairness refers to perspective; in Lee’s words, fairness results when “when all involved parties’ perspectives are represented, and no more favorable treatment of any side – either qualitatively or quantitatively – exists. Therefore, fairness reveals itself as a form of balance” (Lee, 2005). Media bias therefore becomes any obvious or subtle “form of preferential and unbalanced treatment, or favoritism, toward a political or social issue” (Lee, 2005). Media bias might be avoided “by remaining impartial and unprejudiced, which is the norm in the journalism profession in the United States” (Lee, 2005). Shaw (1991) asserts that media bias remains largely accidental, and claims that those who point to bias in the media often do not “understand the dynamics of the journalistic proce
Introduction The recent research on the public opinion concerning wealth and employment in Korea has shown that there is a general dissatisfaction with the job market in the country. Thus, the majority of young people have to work part-time in order to pay for their studies. In the meantime, they fail to find a well-paid job even when they receive a degree (Joy par.2). Whereas the social opinion might be treated as a subjective estimation of a real set of things, the statistic shows that there are valid reasons for that sort of disappointment. Thus, the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs reports that the unemployment rate among the young people is rising steadily (Joy par. 5). As a result, the question arises concerning the factors that determine these economic problems. Some specialists believe that one of the causes is the dominance of large conglomerates or “chaebols” (Baek, Kang and Park 300). Large conglomerates tend to have a significant influence on a country’s economy. The extent of this influence is critical as it determines the extent of the economy’s self-dependency and, as a result, its competitive capacity. There is a widespread assumption that huge corporations take up the dominant position in Korean national economy, depriving small and middle size businesses of an opportunity to develop and extend (Feenstra and Hamilton 286). In order to evaluate the impact that chaebols have over Korean economy, it is essential to perform a thorough analysis of their structure, background, as well as their strengths and weaknesses. Thus, the paper at hand is aimed at examining the chaebol phenomenon and its role in the national economy of Korea. Corporate Governance Before analyzing the chaebol phenomenon, it is essential to get acquainted with the notion of corporate gov
Macroeconomic underpinnings of the increase in Samurai bonds The increase in samurai bonds was mainly to investment by foreign investors who were earning money for their treasuries. These could affect the Japanese economy because the intention of lowering the interest rates was to increase the marginal propensity to invest among the Japanese national and corporate organizations. This however did not happen as individuals continued to increase their savings in bank accounts that paid a low-interest rate. Corporate organizations’ shied off from taking advantage of the reduced interest rates mainly due to the economic booms experienced in the 1980s and early 1990s. The effect of this increase in samurai bonds may not be felt by the Japanese government and the governmen
The studies about the history of Korea and the history of Old Chosŏn are usually focused on the idea to prove the territorial location of Old Chosŏn and its connection to Korea. In Noh’s article, there are three main hypotheses about the possible location of Old Chosŏn. One of them supports the idea that Old Chosŏn was a Chinese state (Liaoning hypothesis), another idea was created to introduce Old Chosŏn as the Korean state (P’yŏngyang hypothesis), and the Transfer hypothesis proved the possibility of having Old Chosŏn as a part of China before 3 B.C. and as a part of Korea after 3 B.C. Each position has a number of shortages and powerful reasons for accepting the idea. In order to prove that Old Chosŏn was a Korean state, the author addresses the archeological discoveries during different epochs. For example, the metallic artifacts found on the territory of Old Chosŏn had a number of similarities with “typical Korean-style bronze daggers” (Noh 130). In addition, the records of Shiji and Hanshu were also used as the evidence to prove that Old Chosŏn was a Korean state. According to that portion of the material, it was clear that the western boundary of Old Chosŏn was the river Ch’ŏngch’ŏn or the river Taedong (both were the rivers in North Korean). Besides, the Transfer Hypothesis mentioned by the author in the article helped to clarify that Old Chosŏn never was the Chinese state or political entity. It was the Chinese ethnic group (Noh 133). Therefore, it is possible to believe that Old Chosŏn could be a Korean state. Works Cited Noh, Tae-Don. “Current Issues and Problems in the Study of Old Chosŏn.” Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 1 (1988): 127-136. Print.
Summary The case concerns the development of a flavor prediction innovation (neural networks) by a leading British brewing company, Coors Brewers Ltd. Although a large amount of chemical and sensory data is available, techniques for determining the relationship between the two variables are lacking. Neural networks offer a quicker prediction method than the test panels traditionally used to test beer flavors 1 . Coors, motivated by the need to expand its market presence, set out to find a technique that would determine beer flavor based exclusively on analytical (chemical) data. The technique would enable the firm to create brands that could meet the diverse tastes and expectations of drinkers. Coors developed the technique in a three-phase project. Initially, Coors used a single neural network to determine how chemical composition influences flavor based on sensory and analytical data it had collected. To implement it, Coors trained the MLP neural network using different combinations of sensory and analytical data. This enabled the firm to analyze each quality and sensory output individually. Normalized data allowed the network to compare different outputs and minimize network error. However, the technique could not define meaningful relationships between output and input data because only a single quality was analyzed at a time. This limited data variability. In addition, ‘noise’ created by extraneous inputs affected the technique’s effectiveness. Coors developed an improved version that included a software switch to eliminate the effect of insignificant inputs and reduce the network error. The method was exhaustive as it evaluated all input combinations. However, it yielded a large dataset (combinations) that could not be solved with the available computational methods. To overcome this limitation, Coors developed a genetic algorithm to determine the input/output combination that could yield a lower network error and thus, predict flavor more accurately. The results indicated that the trained genetic algorithm could accurately predict a number of flavors using trained chemical data. The current technique can only predict a few flavors. Moreover, it does not take into consideration other sensory factors. Why is beer flavor important to Coors’ profitability? Customer beer preferences and choices are never constant. A customer’s drink choice often depends on the occasion, settings, and psychological state 1 . Coors, as one of the leading firms in the British brewing industry, intends to expand its flavors to reflect the changing and diverse customer preferences and needs. The beer flavor is one way the company can differentiate its products in order to provide customers a broad array of drinks that suit all situations. The beer flavor is an important quality that drinkers take into consideration in choosing a brand-appropriate for a particular occasion. The traditional testing metho
Introduction “A & P” by John Updike and “Soldiers Home” by Ernest Hemingway are stories of two young men facing different situations in their lives. Krebs Harold had gone to war at a young age and had a rough experience all through. When he returned to his home community, his motherland did not appreciate his values and he found it very hard to cope with life. He was living a life without joy. He was not able to love or appreciate the values of his community. This made him not to be appreciated since his age mates were already settling with good jobs and getting married. He lived an alienated life. On the other hand in A & P, Sammy has a life that was filled with sarcasm and humor. He was always sarcastic and interested in girls. Setting and Character Development In A & P, a nineteen year old boy Sammy had just completed his secondary education. He started working in a supermarket. His views about life were shaped in this place. His daily activities in the supermarket brought him across many girls. His encounter with them revealed his thoughts. The writer gave a vivid description of the girls: In walks these three girls in nothing but bathing suits…She was a chunky kid, with a good tan and a sweet broad soft looking can with those two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit, at the top of the backs of her legs. (Updike 1) Sammy’s life was filled with humor. The writer used the first person and this gives the reader a direct message from the protagonist. Sammy was a young man whose transition from childhood to adulthood was posing challenges that made him wonder what life was all about. Initially, he had aspirations that he would become a greater person in the supermarket. The most striking thing while working was the presence of these girls who came in bathing suites. The presence of the girls at the supermarket confused Sammy and at one time this confusion led him to make a second call to a customer that he had already called. The author used imagery to describe the situation at every given moment. He described the dressing of the girls as “They didn’t even have shoes on…the lips bunched together under here no se…With black hair that hadn’t quite frizzed right” (Updike, 1). Sammy is seen to be a very complicated person as everything mattered to him. He was very hard working and looked forward to a great future in his career. He even aspired to hold a higher position in this job. However, after some time Sammy was seen getting bored with the job and he found it to be quite boring. Although Sammy’s parents en courage him to work harder, it was clear he had lost hope o
Motivational factors affect employees differently, even if they belong to the same culture as they have individual characteristics. However, the risks associated with motivation increase significantly, if workers belong to different cultures, especially if they are at opposite ends of the individualistic-collective continuum. Therefore, this paper aims to determine the risks of using motivation factors in an individualistic and collective organizational culture. I suppose that the main risks of using motivational factors may arise if representatives of different organizational cultures work in my company. If employees belong to different but similar cultures, for example, Americans, British and French, risks also exist, but they relate more to the organization of work than to motivation, since employees have approximately the same ideals and desires. However, if Americans and Japanese employees must cooperate in the same company, then the application of the same motivational factors is complicated because of their different attitudes to values. Such a factor as praise from the leader can be equally useful for both the individualistic culture of the Americans and for the collective perception of the Japanese. However, in this case, the representatives of the first group want the recognition of their own contribution. The employees of the second group need praise for collective work, but individual compliments can be inconvenient for them. This aspect is related to the fact that in Japanese culture, workers see themselves as a part of the whole, whether it is a family, a team, or a nation, and the concept of individuality fades into the background (Kececi, 2017). This factor leads to greater shyness and timidity of a person (Kececi, 2017). For this reason, even if the team successfully cooperates with the Americans and the Japanese, leaders need to use different approaches to praise. Collective and individualistic cultures also pose a risk in the application of the annual prize. Americans who have an individualistic approach to work are likely to be interested in competition and the struggle for an award within their department. However, collectivists show great success if they compete w
Executive Summary The paper focuses on two economic theories that play a major role in international trade—the theory of absolute advantage and the theory of comparative advantage. The critical examination of these theories has been conducted within a framework of wine production with an emphasis on the Australian wine industry. The paper has outlined the differences between the two approaches to trade. It has been argued that it is economically beneficial for a country to specialize in the production of a good that is associated with the lowest opportunity cost. The ever-increasing internalization of wine production has been attributed to the application of the theory of comparative advantage. Transformation of the Global Wine Industry The global wine industry has been substantially transformed by globalization and changing patterns of international trade. The wine-production evolution is driven by latecomers in the market such as Australia and the US whose shares in exports of the product in 2015 were 2.9 percent and 0.7 percent, respectively (Morrison & Rabellotti 2016). Wine production in these countries was facilitated by resource endowments, scientific approach, and, in cases like Chile and South Africa, by cheap labor (Morrison & Rabellotti 2016). As a result, leading Italian and French wine-makers who have 17.5 percent and 29 percent of European market share are facing competition from wine enterprises that operate in the international context (Rossi, Vrontis & Thrassou 2012). This paper aims to critically examine the theories of absolute and comparative advantage of the Australian wine industry. The paper will also assess the large and continuing influence of these theories on the patterns of international trade. Absolute Advantage The theory of absolute advantage was developed by a Scottish economist, Adam Smith, in the late eighteenth century (Hill & Hutt 2016). In his magnum opus The Wealth of Nations , the economist exposed the shortsightedness of mercantilists who had regarded trade as a situation in which one party’s gains are equivalent to the other party’s losses. Smith proposed that countries were at variance in their ability to produce goods. At his time, French wine producers were a part of ‘the most efficient wine industry,’ whereas the English had the most efficient textile industry, which prompted the economist to argue that ‘a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it’ (cited in Hill & Hutt 2016, p. 164). From this v
When designing new clothes, the most crucial step to undertake is identifying the target market. Essentially, identification of the market target will enable the company to determine the needs of the customers. Understandably, the design should be informed by the requirements of the target customers in accordance to their age, material preference, and cultural designations that might affect the clothing behavior. Having identified the target customers, the firm should look for inspiration by exploring new templates from online stores in order to get an idea of new designs that can be introduced in Dubai. This will motivate the company before undertaking the entire venture because the templates act as the framework of design development. The company’s designers must not produce the exact types of design that have been identified during exploration. After obtaining different templates, the firm involved personnel should come up with a creative way of mixing different designs. This mixture enables the firm to provide the customers with a different product. If the designer uses a single design, there is a very high possibility of producing commonplace clothes (Walter 7). However, when the templates are mixed creatively and according to the needs of the target customers, the firm is assured of getting a unique and new design in the industry. Afterwards, the designers of the firm should add appropriate embellishments such as zips, buttons, and colorful ribbons to the new clothes in a stylish manner. These embellishments should be chosen strategically in order to ensure that the colors and sub-designs match with the entire product. In fact the embellishments should be followed by the addition of fabric in order to make a unique outfit in the market. For example, the firm designers should choose a colorfully matching hemline of a sport skirt to make it fit. Whereas the coloration of sport clothes might be considered as an unnecessary undertaking, it is important to make them lively and attractive. Finally, the deigning process should embark on the accentuation of the outfit and subsequent development of portfolio. The portfolio should be including a collection of outfits that will be released to the market. Conducting Global Activities The management of global activities is a crucial and a complex undertaking in any organization. When conducting these international activities, it is crucial to consider that coordination, interdependency of departments, and consideration of multifa