ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Longenecker (2005, p.3) pointed out that the modern aroused public consciousness regarding the corporate scandals with ethical failures has concerned the business leaders as well as governments to keep spotlight on the morals of the corporate world. Such awareness has concentrated strapping social pressure on the legislators to reform the existing law and to set up more control on the corporate bodies to endure ethical behavior and to bring into trail for any ethical failure and it resulted different new legislation in different territory for instance USA has introduced SOX 1 to protect corporate fraud. Most of the times, corporate managers’ pact with the management and drive to involve with unethical issues to ensure profit maximization while the medias are proactive to bring such evidences into pubic view thus it is essential for the business leaders to understanding the nature and scope of ethical issues. This research paper has aimed to investigating with the topic: The ethical failure in the modern corporate worlds – A case study of Milk Powder producers. Rationales of the Research The recent scandals with milk powder has evidenced some unethical practice due to developing disease and death of children consuming milk powder with melamine contamination and the skimmed milk powder market is going to serious threats to boycotting milk powder by the consumers worldwide and raised question to the compliance of ethical issues by the milk powder producers. With such background problem, this research paper has aimed to investigate the standard of ethical compliance of the milk powder producers, their moral dilemmas, negative utilitarianism practice, emergence of modern virtue, and to draw recommendation for their business ethics. Literature Review Theoretical framework of Ethics: Hypothetically, business ethics is a discipline of business management where analysis of the business standard or principles has illustrated to draw harmless business operations. Framework of the business ethics has strappingly consistent with the economics, efficiency of the business performance and stakeholder’s usual decision making policies. Key limitation of business ethics is that typically, phases of the ethics has worked to define the modes of current market structures as well as business operations. However, the key issues of ethics have assigned to draw correlation among stakeholder’s crucial preferences and norms reflect from these outcomes. Several business holders have argued that standard of business ethics have hampered typical business flow. Alternatively, ethics is a significant constriction of business behavior towards few business people to executing illegitimate business goals and vision or commercial business movements (Barry, 1998). Theory of justice Rawls (1970, p.87) presented the theory of justice in context equality of social virtues distribution a
In the mid 19 th century, there was an increased fear of political instability in form of Chartism and labor unrest and the appalling public health among the Victorian middle class. Therefore, this class had to look for a means of countering all these problems, hence resorting to the idea and practice of leisure. The poor health of the public was evident when one-third of the urban recruited in the service for the Boer war proved to be unfit. The middle class embarked on a mission to reform the social and economic status of those above them and below them in society while at the same time formulating a new leisure activity of their own. The leisure activity was supposed to be respected as well as being productive i.e. a leisure activity that was good for the soul and the country as a whole. Above all, leisure and recreation were supposed to be rational. “The Bible, teetotalism and rational recreation were deployed to polarise culture by offering in mechanics institutes, prayer meetings, temperance parades and concerts of sacred song a use of recreation for social as well as individual redemption,” (Devine & Finlay 1996, Pp 210). The class of leisure set by the middle class, however, started to fade at the beginning of the 20 th century since the activities were becoming redundant, due to increased living standards among the urban poor thus eroding the classes in the society. This meant the social life was leveled among all the community members. It henceforth eliminated the working and middle-level classes in the society, thus eliminating the rough culture as a whole. But it has been shown that the whole rough culture was not eliminated but some were carried into the century that followed. Influence of rational recreation on the provision of leisure. Different sectors of the economy have mixed ways for the provision of leisure. This has made leisure to be a very volatile activity that is very receptive to new ideas in establishing itself as a distinct field of operation (Clarke, Cochrane & McLaughlin 1994). The distinctions between public, private, and voluntary sectors have helped to differentiate the various approaches that guide the provisions of leisure. The private sector provides services in the market that gives back profit to the provider of the services. The voluntary sector (also known as non-profit) is usually organized around enthusiasm, and there is a mutual supply and demand for the activities. The public sector on the other hand is usually concerned with the provision of facilities than services. Leisure has often neglected the provision of social services. According to Clarke, Cochrane, & McLaughlin, (1994), There is a popular view that leisure is no more than a marginal set of activities that are not essential to our lives and as a result, leisure services are regularly dismissed as not being as important as
Methane is one of the greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases contribute to a condition known as global warming in which temperatures of different places around the world rise above normal values. Global warming has raised a lot of concerns among most environmentalists around the world because of the effects of global warming are not addressed at their early stages then the lives of plants and animals living in the world are at very high risk of ending (Beauchemin & McGinn, 2005). Global warming and its effects can only be controlled if the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is minimized as much as possible. Methane is a major contributor to greenhouse gases and thus its emission into the atmosphere has to be reduced as much as possible. Livestock farming is an agricultural practice that contributes to the high production of methane. The production of methane gas can be controlled by controlling the ratio of feeds that are given to ruminant animals. This is because the amount of methane produced by ruminant animals is proportional to the ratio of nutrients that are available in the animal feeds (Ellis, Kebreab, Odongo, Beauchemin, McGinn & Nkrumah, 2009). It is highly believed that if methane emission to the atmosphere especially from byproducts of ruminant animals is reduced then global warming can effectively be dealt with. Understanding the variability of methane production about diet that is fed to ruminant animals especially cattle is a very important factor in decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. If the emission of greenhouses into the atmosphere is reduced, the variability of temperatures around the world will be a thing of the past. It is on this basis that most countries such as Canada and Australia are now committed to reducing the emissions of greenhouses by about 6% of the amounts produced by the year 1990 (Beauchemin & McGinn, 2005). Studies have shown that methane emissions take place in the rumen of ruminant animals during the fermentation of feeds which is aided by microorganisms in the rumen. It has also been established that the emissions of methane from the rumen of ruminant animals represent the loss of productive energy which should be used by the animals (McLean & Tobin, 1987). The level of methane in the meat of beef cattle kept under intensive feedlot systems is usually lower than the level of methane in the meat of cattle under extensive grazing systems. This implies that the amount of methane available in the rumen highly depends on the diet of an animal (McLean & Tobin, 1987). It is therefore important to appropriately quantify the number of feeds given to cattle in feedlots to minimize methane emissions. Previous experimental results showed that the digestibility of dry matter content (DMC) during the background phase of heifers was less than during the finishing phase. If the production of methane in the rumen is aided by microbial fermentation, then the dry matter must also affect methane production (Ellis, Kebreab, Odongo, Beauchemin, McGinn & Nkr
Among the many companies that have been listed with the Australian Security Exchange are those that have invested in ordinary shares, preference shares as well as those who have issued convertible notes. Among these is Suncorp-Meta way Limited, a company whose Australian Security Exchange code is SBK. The company enlisted in the Australian Security Exchange on 7 th July 1988. Suncorp Group deals with insurance and banking services (Suncorp, 2012). These services are divided amongst five businesses namely: Suncorp Bank, Suncorp Life, Personal Insurance, Commercial Insurance, and Vero New Zealand, all of which are incorporated in the group (Bond, & Meghir, 1994 ). An example of a company, whose securities are ordinary shares, is Country Road Limited. The company was officially listed in the Australian Security Exchange on 2 nd July 1987. It was issued with the code, CTY. The company is mainly a retailer in the textile and clothing industry. It is rooted in Australia and therefore its major market is that of the citizens in Australia. However, the company also exports its merchandise to various regions in the world. They make deliveries of orders to consumers internationally. Being enlisted in the Australian Security Exchange provides a good platform for potential investors to take up the responsibility of funding the institution and hence large economies of scale are enjoyed. These, in turn, translate to more profits. Convertible notes are also issued and traded in the Australian Security Exchange by companies such as Beacon Hill Resources Plc. It carries the code BHU in the Australian Security Exchange. The company engages in activities that deal with the production of steel. Most of its undertakings are usually short-term contracts. Some of the current projects include the Minas Moatize Coal Project in Mozambique and the Arthur River Magnetize Project in Australia. The share price in the Australian Security Exchange is 0.20. The company has also been listed on the London Stock Exchange. While trading securities, the interaction between buyers and sellers, prompts expenditure by both parties. These costs are either explicit/direct or implicit/indirect. A direct cost incurred by an investor who is either buying or selling securities is that of remunerating the stock brokers. In most cases, the buyer and seller are unaware of each other’s activities and they, therefore, need a broker to link them up. These brokers have to be paid. These payments are especially in terms of commissions (Charles, 1999). Spreads are also incurred. This occurs in cases where there exists a market maker in a dealer market. Spreads refer to the difference that will be formed between the price which a dealer pays for security and that price in which the same security will be sold (Charles, 1999). There are also levies imposed by the government and capital market regulatory bodies. Taxes are a good example of levies imposed on an investor by the government. The money acts as revenue for the government as well as a regulatory measure in the industry. Other regulatory bodies also are
Smallpox When exploring history it is often very easy to look at decisive moments in history where the actions of either a few or of many have changed the course of a nation. In these moments when battles have been won or lost or great leaders have made stirring speeches the effect of germs, parasites and viruses are overlooked. These small organisms have been shown to have as much of an effect on the course of history as the wars and great leaders have. Through this series of lectures, the effect of three of these diseases will be examined in order to determine the cultural, sociological, and historical impact that they had on America. These three illnesses will be traced from their first appearance in the United States to modern times. Due to the effect of some of the illnesses cures or vaccines have been created. In other cases, the research into the illness has spurred research into new directions resulting in other medical and cultural advances. The diseases that will be examined include smallpox, yellow fever, and AIDS. The effect of these illnesses had on the culture and politics of America becomes more interesting when studying the continuing effects of these diseases. Because of the susceptibility of the native population to European diseases the European settlers were able to uproot their cultures and replace those traditions with the European culture and religion (Oldstone, 4). These illnesses interfered with the formation of Canada and the United States making it impossible for these two nations to join into one country. The fear of the illnesses resulted in America being able to complete the Louisiana Purchase resulting in one of the greatest western expansions avoiding a conflict with France (Oldstone, 4). Additionally, the continued importation of African Americans into America allowed African viruses to flourish in a new environment often with a devastating impact (Oldstone, 4). The first illness that will be examined is smallpox. This disease is a serious and sometimes fatal infection. Due to the nature of the illness, no treatment other than vaccination exists for curing smallpox. Smallpox was first introduced to the Americas through the Spanish explorers who arrived in 1519 (Harrison, 73). The vessels that arrived were carrying slaves from Africa who had no immunity to the disease. When this disease was introduced to the Native Americans with no immunity to the disease created an epidemic that resulted in their inability to defend their homes from the European settlers (Harrison, 73). The Aztec culture had a strong belief in the power of their gods. When the Aztecs were able to drive the Spanish out of what is currently Mexico City the smallpox epidemic began. The epidemic was responsible for the death of many of the Aztecs, but that was n
In advertisements dedicated to the fight against using a mat, several effects of intense fear are effectively utilized. The use of human fears in advertising is effective since fear is a stress stimulator and a reaction to everything that can threaten human life. This is why fear-based messages are used in advertising: people will want to avoid the threat posed by a particular product. It is possible to assume that advertising warnings about the dangers of drug use cannot be soft and unobtrusive (Gunn, 2020). There is no better way to make people pay attention to something than to instill terror in them. This ad uses several types of appeals to fear, such as physical harm and social disapproval. Probably, it is the danger to relatives and family that will resonate with the target audience of young viewers. The family is one of the essential components of human life. Young people value their family members, feel strong emotions and affection towards them, and therefore, when they see what drug use can lead to, they will want to avoid it. The advertisement clearly shows how much the families of drug addicts suffer and how cruelly drug-addicted children behave towards their parents (Ooph, 2009). Probably, the young audience will be most impressed by how much they can harm their loved ones if they start taking drugs. It is possible to think of another example of advertising where the call to fear is used highly effectively. It was an advertisement about the harmfulness of smoking, where human lungs gradually turned into a muddy green slush. The person in the ad coughed terribly, constantly choked, but continued to smoke, not paying attention to anything around. The ad came out disgusting, but the main idea was conveyed to the audience qualitatively – smoking is harmful to health. Reference Gunn, J. (2020). Speech Craft (2 nd ed.). Macmillan Higher Education. Ooph. (2009). Meth project ads . [Video]. YouTube. Web.
The term welfare state is often interchangeably used with social policy. However, it is considered derogatory in the socio-political studies and discussions to mean the attempts by the government to help those who are below the poverty line by providing a form of economic as well as financial protection. But what eludes this concept is the definition of who meets the criteria to be classified as poor and if being poor is relative, temporal, or both. The most outstanding fact is that the majority of those who benefit are well-off people. There is also a notion that the government does not justify its tax base and rates to raise monies for this program. The welfare state is often composed of two interrelated divisions. There is a visible welfare state and a hidden welfare state. Both are different in size and structure. Many adjudge the welfare state as a course to warrant the lowest acceptable and normal livelihood state of affairs. That it seeks to defend people from unforeseen dangers to sustainable revenues that they are not able to seek alternatives. This may be those insecurities related to forced sequestration, bad health, physical deformation, or even joblessness. Therefore welfare state has two sides, one of communal backing and another one of collective indemnity. To fully point out the beneficiaries of the welfare state then consideration of its purposes deems necessary. The main aims are to provide revenue assurance, well-being, job provision, and occupational guidance. These purposes have similar characteristics for example the call for the disruption produced by industrialization, the inclination towards adoption as a communal indemnity, and their positions as having been introduced first in America and the wider Europe. The other objectives cover shelter provision, utility servicing, and edification together with heroes’ projects. Since the underlying function of the welfare state is to ensure a balanced allocation of resources as well as wages, the previous practice in the United States has not been in tandem with the objectives. The welfare state’s work has been to reallocate earnings diagonally to age groups than to the income or wage groups. Another urgent issue that needs attention is the creation of special groups by the rich people and corporations to get tax relief. The startling observation is the way the government subsidizes tax for employers while on the other hand raising the minimum personal tax rate. This way a club of invincible corporations and individuals who enjoy what could be termed as a kind of a welfare consideration. Given the purpose of the programs, then the hallmark of equitable redistribution of earnings among the populace is not upheld. Those who greatly benefit from such tax cuts are the rich and the corporations and not the vulnerable poor under whose name the schemes were drawn to target. It is not clear who benefits from the tax provisions granted by the Treasury. The Treasury directory details and Joint Committee personnel record differ on the items that qualify for tax provisions. The main point of divergence is the descriptions of the taxable income and revenu
The reason why it represents the matter of crucial importance for the unions to seek into organizing the unorganized is that by doing it, unions increase the extent of their own bargaining power – hence, ensuring their continuous existence. Even though that unorganized workers may appear utterly powerless and unprivileged, the fact that they are being represented in great numbers implies their potential to exert a powerful influence onto the very essence of socio-economic dynamics in a particular society. According to Lee (2007): “As working-class interests are organized and channeled into political arenas, citizens are provided more realistic sets of political alter­natives, which drive heated contests between political forces seeking electoral power” (p. 592). Nowadays, the validity of an earlier statement appears particularly self-evident, because due to an ongoing introduction of technology into just about every sphere of industrial manufacturing and commerce, commonly referred to as ‘post-industrialization’, the representatives of a working class continue to grow progressively underpowered, in social sense of this word. Even as far back as in early eighties, Gorz (1982) was able to define the subtleties of such a tendency with perfect clarity: “Workers no longer ‘produce’ society through the mediation of the relations of production; instead the machinery of social production as a whole produces ‘work’ and imposes it in a random way upon random, interchangeable individuals” (p. 71). The reading of Reiter’s (1986) article, will confirm the full validity of Gorz’s insight. According to the author, the fact Burger King’s employment strategy is being closely associated with high turnover rate among workers does not even slightly undermine the extent of company’s overall competitiveness. On the contrary – it is namely because King Burger can well afford replacing employees with new ones, due to high standardization of work-related procedures (just about anyone can be trained to flip burgers within the matter of minutes) and due to the abundance of an unskilled workforce (newly arrived immigrants from Third World countries), which provides this company with the strong competitive edge: “Since the motion of the factory proceeds from the machinery and not from the worker, working personnel can continually be replaced. Frequent change in workers will not disrupt the labor process – a shift in organization applauded” (p. 312). Just as it used to be the case during the era of ‘classical capitalism’, today’s large commercial companies that feature high automatization of manufacturing processes, deliberately strive to ‘atomize’ employees so that they would not be able to unite, while pursuing some common professional agenda. And, an ongoing process of Western economies becoming increasingly technology-intensive and service-oriented (Globalization) helps corporate employers rather substantially in their attempts to