ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Methodology Introduction Methodology is a very important aspect of any research. As Anderson (2009, p. 45) states, research methodology defines the entire research. In a research process, a researcher sets forth to determine a spefific issue of interest. It is important to understatnd that primary data is very important in confirming or dispelling the issue of concern. Secondary data gotten from the review of literature is also important. However, it is good to undrstant that secondary data only act as a guiding path. Murray (2006, p. 13) says that it informs the researcher what the previous researchers did and their findings. They also help the researcher avoid duplicating what other researhchers conluded. This would help in the advancement of research in a particular field. However, the current research is heavily dependant on primary data. This chapter focuses on various aspects of research development. It includes methods of data collection, analysis and presentation. Every research project applies a certain research method to achieve its objectives depending on its goals. The methods used to conduct research in this project compared closely with the methods proposed in the project proposal (Anderson 2009, p. 89). In research, design deals primarily with aims, uses, purposes, intentions, and plans within the practical constraints of time, location, money, and availability of staff (Earl 2009, p. 31). In this study, respondents were briefed in advance. The officials of Oman Oil and Oman Shell Companies were given relevant notice by the researcher. The study population was also amicably informed in order to get t
Introduction Dealing with people is the skill individuals start developing in their early childhood, and this process usually never ends. Every person has certain communication and behavioral styles that have an influence on the way they interact with others. Some try to exercise power and control everyone while others are submissive and let others lead them. In this entry, I would like to concentrate on such areas as influencing people. Dealing with Family Members I have always been a sociable person who has many friends and tries to make everyone happy. When dealing with my relatives, I tried to make sure that I never question their authority and never make them dissatisfied. This is especially true in my relationships with my parents. I have to admit that I did not always think that their recommendations were really what I needed. I also use this communication style with teachers, peers, neighbors, and other people I meet. The class discussion on dealing with people made me think about the weaknesses of my behavior. Something I Learned I would like to note that the class discussion helped me understand my style better. Previously, I never thought I was that submissive and relationship-oriented. I believed I was an illustration of analytical style associated with the focus on details, information, routine, and decision making. I thought my empathy was a manifestation of my democratic leadership style. Obviously, I was wrong as I am an exemplary amiable person. Other people’s views and attitudes are often more important than the task. I remember myself criticizing this approach, but I realized I had mainly used this style when dealing with different people. Due to my style, I often used such forms of influence as liking, social proof, reciprocity, and authority. Fortunately, the discussion involved the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the styles and influence forms we mentioned as well as recommendations that could help us to become more effective communicators. The Way to Apply My Knowledge During the class, we were encouraged to think about the ways our knowledge could be applied in our personal, academic, and professional lives. From now on, I will try to acknowledge and make visible all my contributions. I will also be the one to choose who I will and should repay and why I should do this. This rule will mainly apply to my relationships with peers and friends. I will not be shy to mention my input and its effects. As for my relationships with my parents and other people who have authority, and I will check the credentials of experts and question people’s authority. I will ask questions and express my viewpoints, I will also try to pay more attention to establishing my own authority. I am often an expert for my relatives in cert
Summary Student’s Strengths Being one of the youngest students in the classroom, James (4 years) demonstrates a variety of strong qualities, specifically in building blocks and retelling stories. These two directions contribute to the overall development of the child and strengthen his communicative and wiring skills. For example, the boy likes to play with magnetic shape tiles, LEGOs, and other blocks that can be re-organized, changed, combined, and knocked over with time. These games help James improve his math skills, learn colors, and differentiate shapes that fulfill the environment. Multiple observations are necessary to show how visual literacy is improved with age. Children have to interpret meaning from visual images and navigate the world independently (Lopatovska, 2016). Another important skill of James is related to his listening and retelling activities. The teacher admits that the boy moves fast around the classroom and sometimes distracts other students during language time. When he is asked to share the content, it is not difficult for him to mention the necessary details. This strength is properly developed due to the involvement of James’s parents. They read stories every night, discuss local traditions, and focus on their cultural background. Communication within a family is a crucial factor in James’s education. Students’ Areas of Needs As much as the student has positive progress, some gaps need to be addressed to understand the worth of a tangible learning experience. One of the most evident challenges in James’s behavior is his hyperactivity. He does not focus on his routine tasks like putting away his bag and lunch properly. He is fascinated about doing the things he likes instead of being involved in activities that a teacher asks. In fact, many teachers report attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a serious challenge when interacting with students and making them keep on task and optimize learning processes (Lawrence et al., 2017). As a result, such students need more time to complete their tasks and meet the deadlines set. The teacher must not punish or criticize the student, which leads to decreasing his desire to study and think creatively. James needs more time to finish each activity and get ready for new tasks. Another area of improvement for James is his disruptive behavior and the inability to listen to the teacher’s instructions. In the description of the student, the t
To enhance training and effective leadership in an organization, leaders have the main role of creating frameworks and environments that can enhance team learning. Learning is a continuous process whereby human resource intellectualism is improved via direct and indirect mechanisms. Learning facilitates products development and hatches invention and innovativeness within an organization. Team learning takes the shape of two main dimensions: to coach and to mentor staffs coaching involve the daily routines where leaders and managers interact with their staffs and help them recognize their talents and nature them (Crother-Laurin, 2006). As much as managers have the primal role of guiding their teams to the attainment of an organizations goals, they should realize that every step they make has a lesson that it give to the employees; they should always act in good faith of the company and encourage innovation, teams work and good human relations. When it comes to mentorship, it is a delicate training programs that are made by the management to address different areas that they feel that the organization has a deficit: training, mentoring and to some extent coaching offers and employee the basic knowledge required in doing something, however they do not build to positive results. To enhance team learning, management should go further than coaching and training, it should offer employees a chance to face challenges; this will enhance teamwork and team spirit. When a company has well managed team learning system then it assists in:   * New entreats appreciate the culture of the team (knowledge of organizational culture and quicker adoption of change.   * Leads to improvement of processes and products Creates orchestrate teams and high team spirit (Parker, 2009). Zellmer-Bruhn and Gibson Article In the article, by Zellmer-Bruhn and Gibson, called “ Multinational Organization Context: Implications For Team Learning And Performance,” the writers are of the opinion that MNC (multinationals) have a chance of exploring getting higher talents, experiences and intellectual capacity form the diversity of their employees. However, the approach they take to tap the human assets is what determines whether they will attain the objectives of an effective team learning strategy. The article is of the view that organizations that encourage and emphasis on knowledge management policy and respect for diversity, are more likely to build teams that are open to learn. The organizations have an emphasis on task-organizational culture and their teams are more goal-oriented teams that they are leader-oriented; however, they do not disregard the role that leaders play in enhancing team earning. On the other hand, those MNCs that adopt policies of globalization culture are less likely to grow team-learning spirit within their organizations; the writers are of the opinion that learning take place with respect among people and respect for each other’s opinion. Exp
Thinking Styles: Optimistic, Pessimistic, and Emotional One of the key avenues of concern in critical and creative thinking is the recognition, acknowledgement, and appreciation of the influence of human factor to the thought process of each individual. A broad spectrum of factors, therefore, exists bearing a mark on the manner in which human beings think. Examples of such factors are culture, emotion, stress, ego, among others. The discipline of critical and creative thinking strives to direct the attention of each person on the invaluable role played by these factors in making of decisions. This paper analyses, and compares and contrasts optimistic thinking, pessimistic thinking, and emotional thinking. Optimistic thinking is the type of thinking in which a person chooses to align his/her thoughts on the positive side of life regardless of how gloomy things look. People who have optimistic thoughts normally reassure themselves that all is well in any condition they find themselves. This, of course, has its advantages and disadvantages. Pessimistic thinking is the opposite of optimistic thinking. It refers to a style of thinking in which an individual sees the negative side of situations. In good and bad situations, such a person will always have something to get him/her worried. This obviously has its advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages is that such a person will be able to anticipate challenges, and plan on how to overcome them. Emotional thinking is the style of thinking that is driven by what a person feels at a particular point in time (Martin, 2010, p. 1). For instance, if a person is feeling depressed, this style of thinking will attract thoughts of hopelessness and other related thoughts. The three thinking styles are largely similar. One of their similarities is the fact that the three thinking styles stem from the disposition of the particular individual with whom they are associated. For instance, an emotional person is likely to have an emotional thinking style; a pessimistic person is likely to have a pessimistic thinking style while an optimistic person is likely to have an optimistic thinking style (Pritchett, 2007, p. 1). In addition to this, emotional and pessimistic thinking styles are likely to have more negative influences on an individual than the optimistic thinking style. This is because the thinking style of a person is a key determinant of the appropriateness and success of ac
Introduction The arid and semi-arid areas have been experiencing serious food problems because of the poor performance of agricultural practices. However, the land is increasingly becoming scarce. Irrigation has been found to be the most appropriate way of reclaiming land in arid areas for agriculture. Given that in these arid areas water is a rare commodity, recycling of wastewaters has been considered as one of the ways that can be used to increase the amount of water for irrigation for such regions. According to Nasr, Doma, and Nassar (2009), wastewater that has been used domestically can be recycled for the purpose of being used in irrigation. This scholar says that although some harmful substances can be found in such water, it is becoming evident that some parts of these arid areas will be forced to use wastewater for agriculture. It is necessary to treat such water before it can be used for irrigation. When used responsibly, the problem of food insecurity in such regions can be eliminated. The paper is focused on recycling wastewater for agricultural use in arid and semi-arid areas. Background Wastewater According to Vasanthavigar, Srinivasamoorthy and Prasanna (2012), waste water refers to water that has been used domestically or in the industrial sector, and therefore, is released as waste. In major cities, the volume of wastewater can be considerably high because of the number of companies, and the population staying in such cities. It is important to note that industrial waste water may not be recycled easily because of the heavy presence of chemicals they have. This means that it is the domestic wastewater that is always recycled for the purpose of irrigation in arid and semi arid lands. Recycling Recycling refers to the process of reusing waste water for various purposes instead of disposing it. Recycling of wastewater is a comprehensive process that entails obtaining the wastewater and subjecting it to some treatment before releasing it for irrigation purposes. The chart below is a representation of the process that takes place when recycling wastewater. Chart 1: Recycling of Wastewater Source: (Hernandez & Uddameri, 2010) Increasing Water Scarcity There is a decreasing quantity and quality of water in the Thirumanimuttar sub-basin located in the southern part of India. A study carried out on this basin revealed that the poor water quality has adversely affected crop yields. It is apparent that even ground water may be adversely affected by human pollution of the immediate en
Locke, in his essay about property, uses a very logical thought process to try and understand what defines property. He proposes that all land and natural resources begin by being the common property of everyone. What makes something personal property, in his system, is the added value of labor, including one’s servant’s labor as well (Locke, On Property n.p.). This is a very straightforward definition. He repeatedly warns that this only applies where there is enough left for everyone. However, to a modern reader, it seems that he ignores problems like over-harvesting, pollution, and other externalities. However, Locke’s thinking certainly links non-western ideas about property to European laws and practices, by reducing the rights to property to such a simple level. This text also seems to be one source for Marx’s ideas about labor (Marx n.p.). It is not clear how Locke’s definition helps in solving the problems that Kenneth Guest refers to in the chapter on Class and Inequality (Guest 393-437). Kenneth Guest, in his chapter on gender, points out that the behaviors associated with one gender or another are often learned. Guest uses examples like anthropologists’ observation that hunting and gathering are done by both males and females, in various places, to demonstrate that these behaviors are not for just one gender all the time and everywhere. He asserts that gender is not fixed but built up by people in cultures. This chapter also addresses the issue of people who do not fit into the traditional categories of male and female, whether because of behavior or because of their anatomy (Guest 269-308). All this is quite at odds with the ideas of John Locke, who believed that men were naturally masters over women (Locke, Of Political or Civil Society n.p.). The Guest chapter challenges readers to look at the way people make assumptions about sexuality at every stage of life, from babyhood onward. He asserts that these assumptions affect the opportunities available for women, for women, at every stage of life (Guest 269-308). This is similar to the challenge that Marx offers his readers. Marx’s writing challenges readers to look at everything from the perspective of the conflict between labor and the bourgeoisie (Marx n.p.). The chapter from Guest on gender challenges readers to see everything from the perspective of assumptions about male and female roles (Guest 269-308). The chapter by Kenneth Guest on Sexuality challenges the idea that sexual behavior is natural or inevitable. Instead, he suggests that sexual behavior is more related to culture. What is manly or womanly sexual behavior is different from culture to culture (Guest 309-349). The author offers examples from Suriname, New Guinea, and Nicaragua. The author also demonstrates that what is defined as appropriate sexuality has been and still is related to power. For example, the writer discusses what he calls white weddings. The author notes that these have become a mark of status and privilege. As Guest notes, they have been reserved for white, heterosexual couples with a lot of money to buy dresses made by cheap overseas lab
The issues of unplanned pregnancy among the youth and the problem of sexual transmitted diseases among the students are rather controversial and require an immediate solution in the modern society. The process of working out, the development and analyzing of the district’s human sexuality-HIV/AIDS curriculum contributes to solving of the problem. That is why it is necessary to collect the required information for working out the curriculum. There are many ways to collect the information, and the most effective among them is the method of survey. The most frequently used variants of surveys are questionnaires and interviews. The peculiarities of collecting the information on the topic of human sexuality influence the choice of the right approach to the problem. The results of this survey can be limited by the people’s necessity of presenting some personal information in the answers to the questions of the survey. That is why it is important to follow obligatory rules when composing the questionnaire and providing the survey. It is necessary to provide suitable conditions for giving the anonymous answers to the questions because of the need to receive the most truthful information for the survey. Moreover, it is useful to pay attention to the adequate content of the questions. “For each question on your survey, ask yourself whether the respondent will have any difficulty answering the question truthfully. If there is some reason why they may not, consider rewording the question” (Trochim, 2006, Survey Research). To avoid any other difficulties in understanding the requirements to the questionnaire, it can be essential to use structured formats of the questions. “Structured formats help the respondent to respond more easily and help the researcher to accumulate and summarize responses more efficiently” (Trochim, 2006, Survey Research). There are the possibilities to choose the most appropriate structured format. Furthermore, it is more suitable to use dichotomous questions in the questionnaire according to the peculiarities of the topic (Trochim, 2000). The district’s human sexuality-HIV/AIDS curriculum should be worked out depending on such issues of the modern society as unplanned pregnancy among the young people, methods of preventing of teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and the lack of necessary information about the forms of contraception. The questions for the survey must reflect these problems and the results must be effective for working out the curriculum (Posner, 2003). Thus, the questions for the survey can be divided into several groups. The first group of questions requires factual information about the age, gender and status or class standing of the interviewees to complete the quantitative characteristics. This information is necessary for analyzing of the level of physical maturity of the interviewee. The second group of questions is given in the form of dichotomous questions which require yes/no answers. The answers to these questions are necessary for analyzing the peculiarities of the sexual behavior of the young people
Introduction The Grenfell Tower fire on June 14, 2017, exposed a number of issues in emergency response, governance, and safety regulations in the construction industry. The fire occurred in 2017, a time when the emergency response was expected to be exemplary due to the terrorist threats issued in London. The Grenfell Tower led to a total of 72 deaths (Spinardi and Law, 2019, p.2), even though there were speculations that this figure was altered due to the media clampdown on the anomalies surrounding the casualty reports. Nadij (2019, p.1) reported that more than 70 people were injured while 223 others managed to escape the building. The fire exposed lack of preparations on part of lawmakers in managing the flames and mitigating the risks, as well as the negligence in implementing construction laws. This term paper explored available literature related to failures in building construction, design, and maintenance that, if done appropriately, the Grenfell Tower fire could have been avoided. Organisations Responsible for 2015-16 Refurbishment Many organisations prefer refurbishing old buildings to demolitions for a variety of reasons, including costs and improving the building aesthetics. As part of an old building in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (RBKC), the Grenfell Tower needed regular maintenance, one of which was to add external cladding. The Grenfell Tower formed one part of the Lancaster West Estate envisioned in the 1960s and completed in the 1970s (MacLeod, 2018, p.467). In 1996, the state authorities sub-contracted the management of social housing, including the Grenfell Towers, to the Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation (KCTMO) (Nadij, 2019, p.2). Additionally, Nadij (2019, p.2) indicated that KCTMO was responsible for regular maintenance of the building, including health and safety regulations, which could have been invaluable in saving lives on the night of the incident. Therefore, failure to undertake their duties contributed to the fire disasters. The RBKC and the KCTMO advertised tenders for qualified contractors to refurbish the tower. According to MacLeod (2018, p.468), Leadbitter initially got the bid to refurbish and renovate the Grenfell Tower, which was estimated at £11.28 million. However, the quotation provided by Leadbitter exceeded the proposed budget of £10 million, a condition that forced KCTMO to re-advertise the renovation tender. As a result, Rydon won the contract quoted at £8.7 million, which was £1.3 million less than the proposed budget (Hills, 2017, para.5). According to Hills (2017, para.5), the scope of work for the two contractors, Leadbitter and Rydon, appeared similar because they were to replace the windows, add external thermal cladding, and install a new heating system. However, Rydon was able to provide these services for £2.5 milli