ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Poverty traps can be defined as a condition created by tax laws and income related societal security benefits that prevent people from getting out of welfare dependency. This means that if these people try to increase their income, they shift into an upper tax bracket and they end up paying additional taxes which results in, decreasing their disposable income. Situations of poverty traps may also exist in cases of lack of savings. Saving may not be possible when the income is insufficient, so to avoid such a situation, it is desirable to accumulate enough wealth earlier before implementation of tax laws that lead to poverty traps (Fafchamps, 2003). In the underdeveloped countries, poverty traps may be caused by factors such as limited, or lack of, access to credits and capital markets, corruption and bad governance, poor education systems, political insatiability and poor infrastructure. Access to Credit Credit facilities are provided by banks and other financial institutions in form of loans and overdrafts. Access to credit is regulated by the central bank of a country where by, it increases and decreases lending rates to fit the desired economic conditions. Credit markets are limited as a result of increased lending rates. The available lenders usually require collaterals from their borrowers. Most people lack the collaterals and hence are unable to take these loans (Agenor, et al., 2007). This in turn results into slow establishments of businesses and low productivity of an economy leading to poverty trapping of the economy. Due to limited access to credit, investors undertake income generating activities that require low start-up costs which are usually in small scale. Research carried out in Senegal and Ghana has pointed out that, lack of access to capital is one of the major causes of poverty. This is because poor households are less likely to receive loans than non-poor households. This situation is different in the case of countries such as Malawi, Peru and Nicaragua (Akhter, 2007). In order to increase accessibility of credit in an economy, the government has to reduce lending rates and improve access to domestic capital markets. Like in the case of Mexico, numerous reforms have been undertaken to improve access to credit by enforcing security market laws so as to increase the number of companies listed in the stock market (OECD, 2005). Unemployment This is an economic condition where individuals have adequate
Introduction For one to succeed in any area of life, one needs to have the self-assurance that you can perform the intended goals and be persuaded that no matter the limitations that may come forth you are going to pursue the goal.Quite a number of people miss it when it comes to believing in themselves as they tend to think that there is nothing they can do on their own unless they rid on the shoulders of their colleagues and this is a bad habit which can hinder the progress of an individual (Wolak et al, 2006). For instance a student may not feel confident in his work and think that his friend is the one doing it best simply because the colleague has the confidence and believes that what he is doing is the right thing, they both end up doing a mistake simply because the person has a strong believe and determination so the one who has the right answer ends up messing up only because one cannot believe in himself. Limitations and building of confidence Here are a few of the most common emotions that burrow into the subconscious and impede our confidence as individuals Hurtful memories can stifle any development and growth.; Anger and sadness drains you from the start, sapping your will to move on. Resentment is another deadly killer and as I said earlier life is not always fair. It is unrealistic to feel any other way and holding on
With its total assets equaling 27 billion dollars, the Al Rajhi Bank is the third-largest Islamic Bank in the world. It is owned and operated by one of the wealthiest families in Saudi Arabia. The four brothers, Saleh bin Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi, Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi, Mohammed bin Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi and Sulaiman bin Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi operate the Al Rajhi Bank. In 2007, the Al Rajhi Bank was given the Best Islamic Bank Award by Islamic Financial News (IFN). In Islamic nations, IFN is the leading provider in information, training, seminars, and more. In recognition of Al Rajhi’s development of innovative business policies, the Bank also received three additional awards from the IFN. In comparison, Arcapita, a small bank based in Bahrain, shows strong profitability, satisfactory capitalization, sound liquidity, and a well-diversified portfolio. The CEO of Arcadia, Atif A. Abdulmalik, said in a message to the shareholders that they have been successful in creating strong returns for investors and that the Bank’s net income has grown tremendously in the last several years. Arcapita’s net assets are currently worth 3.6 billion dollars. In 2006 Arcapita’s net assets equaled 2.8 billion dollars. With a growth of just under one billion dollars in 12 months, Arcapita is well on its way to becoming a competitor of the larger banks in the Mid-east. The Al Rajhi Bank was first developed 50 years ago by the Al Rajhi Family. When the Al Rajhi Family was starting out in business, they owned a trading and exchange company. It expanded when individual establishments merged into the company. Then ten years later, the corporation was converted into a joint-stock company. This joint-stock company was then developed into the Al Rajhi Banking and investment corporation three years later. Today Abdullah Sulaiman Al Rajhi is the Chief Executive Officer and partial owner of Al Rajhi Banking. He was formerly the Deputy General Manager for Investments & Foreign Relations, and in 1994 he became the First Deputy General Manager. In 1996 Mr. Al Rajhi was given the position of Director & General Manager of the Bank. Finally, in 2005, he took over the position of Director and CEO of Al Rajhi bank. The Deputy CEO is named Saeed Al-Ghamdi and has over 16 years of experience in the banking industry. He has held many important positions within the Bank, including Chief Information Officer, General Manager of IT operations, and Head of Retail Banking. Saeed was also the GM of retail banking; he was responsible for leading projects across the retail business, including major projects in the areas of IT and CRM development, until he became the DCEO of Al Rajhi bank in 2007. The Board of directors consists of 11 very experienced professionals who make well thought out decisions based on the legislation of Saudi Arabia and the policies of the Bank. The Board of directors includes Abdullah Abdul Azziz Al Rajhi, Mohammed Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi, Ali Ahmed Al Shudy
“A Haunted House” is a short story highlighting the experiences of a couple who bought a house only to experience the voices of ghosts, earlier owners of the house. Virginia Woolf carefully interplays an unconventional love story with a ghost story as they are murmuring, “Here we left it” (Woolf, 2013, p.3). The ghosts’ conversation reveals a couple looking for their treasure, love, and the author creatively lets the reader intermittently shift between conscious and subconscious moments to the very end of the story. At times, the story does not sound like a ghostly narrative, but in some other instances, it does. Indeed, from a different viewpoint, “A Haunted House” is a visual illusion, which hugely demonstrates what it means to feel something beyond mere immediate comprehension – love. Although it does not have a clear beginning, middle, and end, the story’s plot takes the reader through subconscious dreaming and absolute consciousness. It is during the subconscious states that the narrators closely feel attuned to the imaginary ghosts. Woolf’s net of brilliance captures the slippery concepts, and the reader feels the ghosts are real, which makes the reader feel the imaginary murmurs. Although “A Haunted House” is a short story, it has a prose-poem language, which gives it a rhythmical touch. For example, the narrator repeatedly says, “safe, safe, safe” (Woolf, 2013, p.4). The ghostly couple is so much in love, illustrated by how they move together, in the curtains, near the walls, and upstairs, holding hands, looking for their treasure. At times the coupe speaks in unison, and Woolf’s aim is to show the couple’s affection for one another. Additionally, they are looking for something they left here before, although the house has new, living occupants, indicating that they were here before. In conclusion, a close analysis of the story rules out the possibility of it being either an unconventional love story or a conventional ghost story. Woolf creatively maintains the genre in between these two categories. Early on in the story, the reader feels the story would be explicitly scary. However, with time and the author’s poetic devices and experimental narrative style, the reader forgets about the expectation. Instead, the focus shifts to discerning what treasure they really are looking for. Thus, in “A Haunted House”, Virginia Woolf uses the ghost story pretext to write how important love is. Reference Woolf, V. (2013). A
President Richard M. Nixon Francis Anthony Nixon was the father of Richard Nixon. Francis Anthony was staying in Yorba Linda together with his wife Hannah Milhouse when she gave birth to Richard M. Nixon. Yorba Linda is located in California, U.S.A. (Kelly 1). Nixon was married to Thelma Catherine Ryan. He grew up in Yorba Linda which was also his hometown. He escaped death when he was in the Navy during a typhoon incident and also when he was attacked by Pneumonia. His brother died of tuberculosis thus making him face the great challenge of living without his brother (MultiEducator 1). At 27, he married Patricia Ryan with whom they raised two daughters namely, Patricia and Julie. Patricia was commonly known as Tricia. School Life and Education Nixon went to Fullerton and later Whittier High School where he graduated as a top student. Nixon later attended Whittier College in his late teens. He was later admitted to Duke University Law School after coming second in a class of 85 from his college. In addition to excellent academic performance, Nixon was also the leader of the student’s body in the college. At Duke University, he was able to finish second in his class. The class had 37 students who included some of the high ranking government officials he would, later on, rub shoulders with. That was in the year 1937. His career path In 1937 Nixon gained entry into the Californian legislature where he began practicing law. Nixon also had a business plan. He was one of the partners who opened a company for manufacturing orange juice in 1940. After the failure of this company, Nixon joined the Navy in 1946. In the Navy, he rose in ranks to a lieutenant commander and served in the pacific especially in logistics during the Japanese campaigns. Political path After the Second World War, Nixon became interested in politics. Thus he contested and defeated Jerry Voorhis to become the United States representative from California. This was an ominous task because by then, Jerry Voorhis was a five-time democratic representative who coupled up also as the incumbent. Due to his charisma, Richard Nixon was able to contest and win a senate seat in 1950. during this period he excelled in political matters and in matters concerning policymaking thus winning the favor of General Eisenhower who nominated him to be his running mate. At this time Nixon was 39 years of age. When General Eisenhower contested for presidency, he won, becoming the 34 th U.S president. Consequently, his successful contest made Nixon become his vice president. In 1960, when he contested for his party ticket, Nixon was nominated for president by acclamation. Nixon however, lost narrowly to President John F. Kennedy because Kennedy was much stronger
RFID Definition Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) device is an object used for collecting information about a particular product or place minimizing the possible errors at this (Path, 2003). Such devices have become commonplace as hyper-accurate, contact-less, and quite a versatile system for capturing information from any item in which the chip is embedded. The RFID tag or “transponder” essentially consists of:   * An integrated circuit embodying data that may be permanent (an SKU, employee name, or ID number, for instance) or updates dynamically as purchases are made and credits replenished;   * A section “hard-coded” with the modulator-demodulator programming enables the device to accept and respond to radio-wave signals.   * An antenna and, optionally, a battery. How it works The components of the RDI devices allow them to transmit information and processing it according to the needs of a definite application. The data that an RFID transmits may be used to identify the place of a particular object, its characteristics (such as color), and even the date of purchase (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility, 2009). The nearby scanners can send a query signal to a chip-bearing product and read the return signal correctly identifying the item type, the size and variety (also known as “sales keeping unit”), the value stored with the item, and the user to whom an RFID card is assigned. Schematic of an RFID System That Integrates with Accounting, A.K.A: Advantages and Disadvantages Since the antenna can just be a loop of copper wire laid flat around the IC, RFIDs can be miniaturized to a fraction of thumbnail size (Figure 2). Such miniaturization means, among others, that RFID tags can be implanted in currency bills and casino playing chips. In the latter end-use, it becomes possible to detect anyone trying to exit the casino with any number of chips, no matter how well-concealed, as long as the covering material is permeable to radio waves. These RFID tags, affixed to the right ears of cattle, are large because they incorporate GPS to track down livestock that grazes over a wide range, besides needing to be weather-proof and sturdy  But RFID devices can be so small they have been mounted on ants:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Figure 1                                                                                                                                                                                            Figure 2
Amazon.com was established in the year 1995 with the objective of facilitating convenient shopping experiences on books and media products. Amazon.com specializes in the selling of books, CDs, DVD’s and online magazines. The company began with the selling of online books and later expanded to selling of music as well as movies. Amazon’s media segment accounts for the largest percentage of revenues within United States market. The company usually competes in the market based on product focused retailers, online marketplaces as well as merchandise retailers in the media segment. There are several competitors within the market which includes eBay and Overstock.com. However, Amazon enjoys superiority since it has capabilities of offering more innovative features, services and execution of logistics. Additionally, Amazon.com differentiates itself from these companies based on selection, convenience as well as online content. There are wider portfolio products offered by Amazon.com compared to online stores such as Wal-Mart, within its services there are product reviews as well as personalized stores for loyal customers. Their elaborate supply chain assists in effective delivery of numerous stock keeping units (SKUs) at affordable costs. Amazon.com was unveiled to cater for increasing demand for online media shopping services. The company does not only deal with management and shipping of its own inventory but also offers its services to other retailers hence granting Amazon.com economies of scale. Due to wide consumer base, Amazon.com sells its products through virtual stores hence not incurring extra cost on operational activities based on opening physical retail stores. The nature of their supply chain is attributed to company’s capability of carrying wider selection of inventory, hence still able to maintain competitive advantage over other retailers. Supply Chain Amazon.com has continued to expand over the last decade leading to creation of a number of distribution centres. Some distribution centres were eliminated in the year 1999 due to various complications. However, challenge still remains in the growth of internal distribution centres based on required capacity. At the same time decisions concerning choice of items to store and warehouse designs has proved a great challenge. Application of ‘per order’ basis presents a challenge especially when it comes to deciding on whoever is responsible in signing an order. Customers make online purchases of which they require real-time delivery as per scheduled dates. Such method makes it cumbersome when it comes to operational costs incurred in delivery processes especially when items are stored in different facilities. Despite such challenges, there’s improvement in the fulfilment of costs incurred on all processes with
Introduction The company offers hotel services. The current situation has not been pleasing since it is marked by a decline in performance, occupancy, regular daily rate, and gross working profit. In the leisure market, the company makes extensive steps to attract a city get-a-way experience that will encompass entertainment and architecture currently lacking in their home operation. The company has identified the most attractive points that reserve the potential of increasing their performance are the city’s sports, arts, and entertainment settings. As such, setting up business near these settings will immensely contribute to increased sales. Customers seeking leisure would prefer to receive the best benefits of a center city hotel at an affordable price which may be at the market rate. On the other hand, the leisure market will be more attracted when offered rooms at premium prices (Schmidgall 2010). Tour groups are potential clients to the business. These customers visit the cities frequently to enjoy the festivals, schoolmates’ reunions, as well as, planned historical, tours. These potential customers are likely to consider rooms that contain two people so as to reduce renting or lodging cost. They would also prefer utilizing the meeting area for organizational meetings. The company reserves a significant product for the large groups to enjoy their interconnection. The groups need enough area for lodging and holding conferences. The company has diversified its products for these clients from meeting space, banquets, as well as, audio visual, services to cater for the conference meetings. Again, business facilities and decoration come in to cater for large groups holding ceremonial events like weddings (Jagels & Ralston 2006). The small groups have not been an exception. Hotelism ensures that its products cut across all markets, which show indication of growth, development and of higher frequency including the small groups. As such, the business provides products for small groups like families and couples on honeymoon. The market also includes in social gatherings groups, which collectively prefer enjoying meals and beverage as well as recreation outlets. Human Resources Hotelism is endowed with highly efficient computerized staff guide that facilitates display recommendation according the staffing stage of advancement for all positions. The staff are proportionately distributing among the occupancies with respect to their duties as indicated below. Position                           Staffing Guide           Front Office Supervisor            1 per 40% occupancy      Front Office Attendant             1 per ea 10% occupancy   Housekeeping Supervisor            1 per 40% occupancy      Room & Public Area Attendant       1 per 20 occupied rooms  Food & Beverage Service Attendant  1 per 40 covers per day  Food Production Supervisors        1 per 175 covers pe
Byzantine art is characterized as “dazzling in its virtuoso techniques and coloristic effects” and the art historians call it “a mirror of the pomp and splendor characteristic of Byzantium’s elaborate ceremonials at court and in church”(Laiou and Marguire 83). Unfortunately, time is merciless and we have been “robbed” of a considerable portion of the art and culture of Byzantium (Laiou and Marguire 83). However, the extant masterpieces created at the time of the Byzantium Empire can tell contemporary people a lot about social, economical, and political situation in the Empire. Thus, the works of art present the concept of the emperor as the embodiment of state and divine power, placing him below Christ in the hierarchy of power but above other influential personalities as, for instance, empresses. Since the predominant themes of art in Byzantium were religious and imperial themes, the importance of the emperor for art is unquestionable. Hoffman states that Byzantine artists expected the emperor “to conform to a number of revered models” and the most important and influential “of the virtuous prototypes was Christ himself” while the emperor’s duty was to imitate Christ on the earth (290). Since the primary source of divine power is Christ while the emperor is its secular bearer who has God-given right to rule (Kleiner 237), the emperor is depicted in lower status than Christ. Considering the example of the Barberini ivory, Louvre, (Appendix 1), it is possible to state that it demonstrates the power of the emperor Justinian riding “a rearing horse accompanied by personificati