ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction China is among the world’s nations with rich historical backgrounds that perhaps every historian seeks to understand. Endowed with a strong political history that interrelates perfectly with its cultural, social, and economic developments, China has attracted the world’s attention due to its unique developments in different spheres. Socialists and historians have found it imperative to record the literature of China in several forms of writings including books in a bid to enrich the world with this unique historical matter. The work of James Lee and Cameron Campbell is a good example of a book that examines the social and population history of the conventional rural China with regard to social arrangement and behavior of the Chinese living in Liaoning. With regard to such issues concerning social organization, this essay explores the major themes and concepts articulated in the book, Fate and Fortune in Rural China: Social Organization and Population Behavior in Liaoning , by James Lee and Cameron Campbell. China and the province of Liaoning Liaoning is a small Chinese province that has its history connected to the ancient capital Shenyang, which existed during the Qing regime of 1644-1911 (Lee and Campbell, 1997). Literature describes this region in the form of a conventional Daoyi landscape that greatly contributed to the development of the modern Liaoning province. The village history was initially much of a family history rather than a community development history, with Daoyi termed as ( tun ) being a military community form that prevailed during the Qing dynasty. Through examining the archives of Liaoning province, Lee and Campbell (1997) perused through a series of long-preserved household data and population registers, which revealed that the Daoyi and surrounding communities in Liaoning were initially 12, 000 people. Although little sources substantiate the population density of the contemporary Liaoning, the initial sources of the imperial period reveal that Shenyang had 500,000 people, Baodao had 10,000, and Daoyi tun had 20,000 and these three regions form the Liaoning province. Major themes and content of the book The book aimed at examining the social arrangement and population behavior of the Daoyi and the surrounding communities that resided in Liaoning back in the Chinese history (Lee and Campbell, 1997). The book contains primary research on the Liaoning province and it investigates four fundamental issues in the social organization and population behavior of the Liaoning communities. The book describes the Daoyi landscape, the history of a flood and the development of a bridge, and the social organization and mobility of communities around the Liaoning province (Lee and Campbell, 1997). The historical legacy documented in the book about Daoyi, its neighboring communities and their social arrangement around this province are the only events that occurred between 1774 and 1873 (Lee and Campbell, 1997). It portrays the long history of the Daoyi, surrounding communities and their form of settlement ar
Different Perspectives on Dworkin’s Ideas Dworkin’s remark can be considered in terms of three theories. Notably, the three theories focus on different aspects and this leads to different conclusions. According to hedonists, the major aim of a human’s life is being happy and the best way to become happy is to have lots of pleasures. Noteworthy, hedonists do not think pursuing sensual pleasure is the major goal. On the contrary, hedonists believe that “intellectual and artistic pleasures” are at the top of the pleasure list while “sensual pleasures” are at the bottom (Shafer-Landau 24). Importantly, life, for hedonists, should be full of pleasures and there can be no misery. Thus, it is possible to assume that a hedonist would not agree with Ronald Dworkin as the latter notes that a person who enjoys his/her life cannot be happy. Dworkin claims that even if a person enjoys a life that is deprived of major goals and commitments, he/she cannot be happy as this life is incomplete and rather meaningless. However, if a person has some intellectual pleasures with no definite goals and accomplishments, a hedonist will still say that the person has a happy and complete life. Being happy, for hedonists, is trying to get more pleasures and avoiding misery. According to hedonists, there is no need in having certain life plans and accomplishments to enjoy life. A hedonist would argue that the individual in question can be totally happy as his/her life is full of joy. Though, it is necessary to note that Dworkin addresses one of the major issues which are regarded as the hedonist theory flaws. Hedonists simply ignore everything but pleasures and joy in life. A desire satisfaction theorist would have a bit different standpoint. There are two possible viewpoints on Dworkin’s remark. First of all, it is necessary to note that desire theorists believe a person can be happy only when his/her desires are satisfied. Thus, even though an individual gets some pleasures, he/she cannot be happy until his/her desires are satisfied. Hence, if the major desires of the individual mentioned by Dworkin are concerned with getting pleasures and living without accomplishments and close friends, this person can still be happy, according to desire satisfaction theorists. Therefore, if a person desires not to strive for goals or commitment, he/she is happy if his/her life contains joys. Of course, this viewpoint is contrasting with Dworkin’s remark. In other words, desire satisfaction theorists stress that if a person does not want to adopt other people’s ways and lifestyles, it is but natural that they can be happy in their ways (Shafer-Landau 45). On the other hand, desire satisfaction theorists can also agree with Dworkin if an important premise is met. For instance, if the person mentioned desires to have close relationships and some achievements, he/she cannot possibly be happy since, irrespective of having some joys, the person cannot be happy unless his/her desires are satisfied. From this perspective, Dworkin’s viewpoint complies with the desi
Introduction The field of medicine is very sensitive and very critical in the lives of people around the world. Medical practitioners are supposed to uphold high standards of ethics in their practice. There are many areas in medicine that have received a lot of views, opinions and criticisms from stakeholders of whether their involvement in them is ethical. Furthermore, public debate on the medical issues happening has also intensified with different people airing their view point on the same. One of the critical areas is on the making of decisions pertaining to minors. Medical decision making concerning minors should be left in the hands of specialized practitioners. There are a number of ethical issues that arise in the medical decisions involving minors. These issues include the scope or the extent to which parents have authority over their children, autonomy for any of children to make their own decisions, and the extent to which state should be allowed to interfere or intervene with the decisions reached by parents (Rosato, 2008, p. 196). Even though these issues are often debated, there has been no clear consensus reached to revolve them. In general, parents are deemed to poses the right to provide care for their children and therefore, presumed to know what is best for their children. The society has entrusted the parents of minors with this authority to ensure that they provide care and any other material support for the minors. Therefore, the parents make decisions on the medical situation of their children. The federal and state have limited interference on the parents’ decisions except in circumstances where minors are subjected to harm, abuse or neglect. There are a number of medical concerns among children which requires making of decision by the parents. For instance, the case of transplant of kidney, separation of conjoined twins, gene therapy and sexual surgery on babies among many others need parent’s decision. Technological advancement has necessitated these surgeries raising the question on who has the mandate to make the final decisions about such medical complications and how the minors should be treated. For instance, in case parents object to such decisions, is it ethical for the doctors or the government to intervene and make the final decisions? To solve the stalemate, some federal governments have exemplicitly identified minors as vulnerable and therefore regulate the ways in which children are supposed to access to clinical services and protect them against any harm (Hickey, 2007, p. 100). In the approval of drugs that minor should use,
Introduction According to The World Health Organization (2011), depression is defined as a disorder in the mental health system that is presented with feelings of guiltiness, low concentration, and a decrease in the need for sleep (WHO, 2011). Depression can be classified as a type of mood disorder. Depression has been noted to be quite chronic. Chronic disease is often present in a long-term period and usually takes a long time to treat though the cure at times does not work out successfully (AIHW, 2010). Moreover, evidence shows that depression is usually associated with mental and physical illnesses such as cancer, heart disease and osteoporosis (Gerrig et al. , 2009). As a result, The World Health Organization claimed that by the year 2020 depression will be the second disease in the world that leads to health problems (WHO, 2011). This essay will discuss the causes, symptoms, and effects of depression. It will also discuss how medical practitioners can work to treat this disorder and how they can involve other community members to contribute to the same. Depression Causes of Depression Depression can be caused by several factors. These are known as risk factors and include biological, physiological, environmental, and social. Environmental and social factors include poverty, family issues such as divorce or abusive parents among others. Biological factors include temperament, anxiety, family history of depression, and negative thought patterns. These can be overcome by creating good relationships, good family, and taking part in extracurricular activities (Profile of Depression in Australia, n.d.) Types of depression A person can suffer from different types of depression: major, typical, dysthymia, or seasonal affective disorder depression. The first type is major depression which makes a person unable to enjoy life as it has a tendency of frequently recurring. The second is a typical depression; this is mainly noticed when a person changes moods from time to time and situation to situation; mood is affected by the external environment. Dysthymia is the third type of depression. It does not have pronounced symptoms but is recurrent and mild. Lastly, is the seasonal affective disorder which is caused by the change of seasons. The rainy and misty days characterize this category of depression (Smith et al ., 2010). Symptoms of Depression Depression affects the social life of a patient in a negative way; for instance, it can break down relationships leading to divorces. This may create homelessness, social break down and affects people’s motivation and self-management, for example, a patient may threaten to commit suicide and also may harm other people around him/her (Smith et al ., 2010). A patient with depression is likely to suffer from weight problems. Their weight might increase or decrease by up to 5 percent in one month (Smith et al ., 2010). Physical activities usually carried out by a depressed person are likely to decrease as the person is likely to be weak due to improper eating which mostly occurs due to lack of appetite for food. They may take a long time to finish doing somet
Introduction The Minh Long manufactures high-grade of raw materials that is selected locally and most famous mines in the world. Prior to marketing its products are tested for impacted with thermal shock moreover other physical parameters. Raw materials: Ceramic Minh Long Co. Ltd mainly produces four types of products such as (a) Structural, including bricks, roof and floor tiles, (b) Whitewares, including tableware, wall tiles, and sanitary ware (c) Refractories, such gas fire radiants, as kiln linings, steel and glass making crucibles and (d) Technical, is also known as Engineering, Special and Advanced, Fine Ceramics. Such items include tiles used in ballistic protection, the Space Shuttle program, nuclear fuel uranium oxide pellets, jet engine turbine blades, and bio-medical implants. Minh Long use different raw materials for different product. Often the raw materials do not include or required clays. Tableware ceramics are formed with Earthenware, Bone china which is often made from quartz, clay and feldspar. Ceramic are often made from stoneware and kaolin. (Wikipedia, (2008), the free encyclopedia, Ceramic , Web.) Minh Long Co. Ltd most of the time uses hard, porous, and brittle raw materials. Prior to being use Minh Long carefully check and analyze the characteristics and to accentuate the strengths of raw materials. However, Minh Longs products mainly produced from cadmium free and lead-free materials. The colours are fired at high temperature have a high-quality protective layer of glaze which protect consumers from being poisonous by serious metals releasing. Manufacturing Process Consists of heating raw material to a temperature its melting point to liberate material or other undesirable gases and to bring about structural transformation to make the desired composition and phase product. Calcining usually is carried out heated fluidized beds and in rotary calciners or by heating static bed of clay powder in a refractory crucible. Sometimes liquid dispersion of ceramic powders is used to make slurries. Slurry processing facilitates minimizes and mixing particle agglomeration. The liquid must be removed prior to firing the ceramic is the primary disadvantage of slurry processing. Granulation is accomplished by direct mixing that consists of introducing a binder solution by spray drying or during powder mixing. On the other hand dry powders often are granulated to improve flow, packing, handling and compaction. Spray dryers normally are gas-fired and operate at temperatures of 110° to 130°C [230° to 270°F]. Mixing Minh Long produce high quality products and it order t
Introduction Consumerism refers to customers’ social and economic tendencies that encourage them to purchase goods and services in huge amounts. Consumerism is an unhealthy economical habit that often results from economic influence among peers. Studies show that most Americans go for shopping not because they are in need of what they want to buy, but mostly due to influence by other shoppers, most of whom are friends and peers. Middle-income earners are the worst hit by consumerism. They spend a lot of money on goods and products that they do not necessarily need or rather they do not require at a given time. Rich people, on the other hand, mind about the necessity of what they spend their wealth on, and thus they are not easily influenced by the trend of consumerism in the society. Consumerism affects poor people negatively in various ways. Poor people depend on middle-income earners and the rich for their economic survival. On the other hand, middle-income earners fall victims of consumerism and often diminishing their ability to support the poor. Hence, there is an increased enlargement of the economic gaps between the poor and the middle-income earners in the United States. This paper highlights other factors that negatively affect poor families due to consumerism. Consumerism Consumers ought to be informed decision makers before they get to the market place. However, the majority of them do not make decisions prior to getting to the market place, and thus they fall into consumerism behavior. Sellers are fully aware that a majority of the people make decisions upon what to buy once they get to the market place. With this insight, sellers initiate and propagate product promotions and advertisements of their goods and services in the presence of a consumer who has a high chance of purchasing a product that was previously unknown to him or her. This ideology led to the emergence of opportunistic market players, often producers of low quality products, with assurance of selling their products to the buyers. Hence, leading to the arising of consumerism protection acts and policies designed to protect consumers from dishonest sellers and producers, which indicates the high degree of consumer’s ignorance, and hence failure to make decisions of the goods and services that they need before getting to the market place. The majority of consumers rely on the product information given by the manufacture and they care little about the test results of the same product (Tyagi &Kumar, 2004). Advantages of Consumerism Economic Development Consumerism leads to economic growth and development of the world’s economies. It leads to increase in demand for goods and commodities in the market, hence attracting new producers and suppliers. Consequently, there is the creation of many job opportunities and improved living standards of many citizens in an economy (Goyal & Goyal, 2011). In addition, consumerism leads to globalization due to increase in demand of goods and services in the international markets. Globaliz
Films are an essential part of our life. We watch different films for different purposes. There are a lot of factors which influence our taste and according to this, we form our point of view whether we like it or not. Different people use different criteria in evaluating films and the points of view about films always appear to be different. There are some films that are recognized to be perfect by all, and these films are recognized as masterpieces of cinematography and nobody wants to oppose this point of view. While watching the film we use different criteria in evaluating the film quality. Some people watch on the cast and the number of special effects, flashes or others point which they think are very important. We tend to think that watching films is a passive activity. Let me disagree with this. When we watch films we “catch clues and cues, anticipate events, react to characters and notice things and meanings” (Murray and Moore, 2003, p. 160). As for me, my points of view about evaluating film quality have changed. Now I watch not only on the cast and special effects, which are also important, but I watch on technical achievement, personality cult, auteur, humanistic genre, political gender, psychoanalytical, and eclectic. It is going to be explained how these different approaches can influence our opinion about the film. People who are lucky to understand the technical side of the film can evaluate it deeper. The modern world has come into the phase of technological achievements and these achievements have touched the film industry. People began to notice how the film was made and these technical characteristics influence our opinion about film greatly. The cast is also a very important part of the film. Knowing who is in the film we may say whether this film is worth seeing or not, especially if our primary interest is in the actors (Boggs and Petrie, 2006). People usually use personality cult in evaluating film quality as the main, as actors who soot in the films give their salt in film. “An auteur is a complete filmmaker” (Boggs and Petrie, 2006). The idea of the film, the script, and the concept in the film are the main factors that make the film a masterpiece. Considering the auteur approach people “focus on the style, technique, and philosophy of the film’s dominant creative personality of the director” (Boggs and Petrie, 2006). The humanistic approach is closely related to the auteur approach. The film is the creation of the person so the human factor is predominant there. The Director’s views, opinions, and visions of life are seen in the film and it is not a surprise it must be so. When we know the director of the film we understand the direction in which the film is shot. The modern world pays much attention to politics and in many films, we may see the symbols of political features. The political topics in the film may be very important for other people but not for me. Political gender is not the main in my evaluation of the film. The psychoanalytical approach is very important in film evaluation. Accordin
A staffing crisis is a serious challenge for many healthcare organizations. It may result in different outcomes, and the nursing shortage is one of the most expected problems that have to be solved (Carter, 2015). Blumberg’s Nursing Home (BNH) is a 100-bed facility where patients with Medicare and Medicaid can receive help and medical services. It is located in Philadelphia, PA. Recently, this organization experienced significant staffing changes and faced a crisis because three positions were terminated. First, it was the Director of Nursing (DON). Then, it was the position of a receptionist, and, finally, a dietary aid was fired. All of them demonstrated inappropriate conduct and involved in purchasing and using various illegal substances. The problem is that not only the facility staff, but also many lucid residents are aware of the case. Immediate Staffing Needs The situation under analysis is complicated due to the level of awareness and the necessity to take immediate steps and fill the unstaffed positions. Three new people should be hired by the administrator of BNH. The priority should be given to the DON position. The nursing director’s job is to focus on high-quality care and services (Moore, 2016). This job cannot be taken by a charge nurse. According to the federal nursing law, a registered nurse only has the right to become the DON. It is necessary to find a good leader with strong background knowledge and nursing experience. The next step that has to be taken is the choice of new dietary aid. This position is crucial in providing services to people. As soon as the facility has patients with some dietary restrictions or other feeding problems, the modifications and improvements have to be offered by a professional worker. The search for a receptionist is the last need to be considered. Though some people think that any person can take this position in the interim, there is no need to delay this task because the organization of the facility’s work and communication with patients require an expert to be in charge. Inappropriate Conduct in the Workplace In this situation, three workers demonstrated inappropriate behavior and used illegal substances at work. To address that inappropriate conduct, the administrator made a good decision to gather the staff and discuss possible changes in BNH’s code of ethics. The changes should influence the work of every employee and define the qualities that are crucial for BNH. A new HR policy should determine the code of conduct in BNH. The mission of the organization is to promote health to al