ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Social security Administration also known by the abbreviations, SSA is an independent body that administers social security insurance to the aged, accident victims and the disabled. Employees are usually expected to pay the social security taxes so as to benefit from the scheme and the benefits usually depend on the contributions. The program has more than 62,000 employees across the country. Besides its head quarters, it has 10 regional offices, 8 processing centers and more than 13, 000 field offices. The Social Security Board now known as the Social Security Administration was started by the social security Act so as to oversee the administration of new projects by the social security program. The board is composed of three executives that are appointed by the president. The Board merged into the Federal Security Agency which was mainly made up of the Public Health Service, the Civilian Conservation Corps and the board itself together with other agencies. To tame the inflationary effects on fixed incomes, the Cost of Living Adjustments were incorporated into the SSA programs. During its inception, the program only targeted workers bellow 65 years as long as they were within the states that were in its jurisdiction. The age restriction was later eliminated. Those employees that are not provided with a pension plan are particularly encouraged by the government to join the Social security program so as to benefit. This paper focuses on the programs of the SSA, the financial analysis and the future projections. Some of the aspects analyzed include the financial rations like the liquidity, activity, leverage and profitability ratios. The case study also uses the strategic audit worksheet, SWOT analysis, IFAS as well as SFAS so as to analyze the current state of Social Security Administration and possible future implications. Social Security Administration Background Social security Administration was started as an independent body that would help people have social security and get social insurance. The applicants are expected make contributions to the scheme and the benefits that a person gets depends on the contributions made. This scheme was started by the law and it was meant to ensure that people have a decent life even after loosing their jobs or their ability to earn their livelihoods for instance through accidents or illnesses. The scheme has programs that target the old people, the disabled as well as victims and family members of those who had registered with the scheme. It gets most of its funding from the contributions that the employers and employees get remit to the scheme each month. The social security scheme has various offices spread across the country which are meant to ensure that its members throughout the country get their services without much difficulty. Th
Introduction In recent years, resistance movements, political advocacy groups, and social justice organizations that focus on civil rights and gender equality have significantly influenced modern society. This essay presents the research of the Feminist Majority Foundation, a social justice organization that focuses on women’s rights. The paper describes the group’s history, principles, mission, methods of work, political activities, achievements, and opposition to emphasize the importance of the organization’s activity. This work includes a personal opinion concerning the Feminist Majority as well. History and Current State Feminism has a rich history, and it currently strengthens its positions. As the ideology and movement that established the equality of men and women, feminism appeared in the 19th century. 1 In the United States, the woman movement pursued the idea of social and political equality. The priority of motherhood was rejected in favor of “women’s common human identity.” 2 Feminism has retained its positions until the 1960s; along with political and economic equality, women claimed control over reproduction. 3 Over the next decades, the situation has dramatically changed, and the 1980s represented the decline of the feminists activity. 4 The interest in an independent woman, built by mass media, vanished almost completely, and feminists were frequently forced to mute their implications. Nevertheless, this “backlash” encouraged the reinforcement of the movement against the attempts to stop women’s liberation. 5 In 1986, Gallup, an analytics and advisory company, and Newsweek conducted a public opinion poll. 6 According to this survey, 56% of American women identified themselves as feminists. 7 This majority gave the name to a new organization – the Feminist Majority Foundation. The Feminist Majority Foundation (FMF) is the largest non-profit and tax-deductible education and research feminist organization. It was established in 1987 with a headquarter in Arlington County, Virginia, and it currently has offices in Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles, Californi
Introduction Currently, the world is facing the challenge of terrorism every now and then. Terrorist attacks have been on the rise since the 9/11 incident which made terrorism a global concern. Terrorist cell groups and organizations are continually recruiting more adherents through radicalization. This has enabled them to keep perpetuating their crimes even though there are numerous arrests being made. The recruitments are intended to ensure the continuity of terror in the world. Nonetheless, the government is trying to contain the impacts of terrorism in the country through undercover operations by police detectives and intelligence operatives. This paper seeks to discuss the three models of terrorism, the effects of international terrorism locally, and the impacts of international terrorism on local cell groups. Models influencing American terrorism Terrorism is a major challenge in the world today. The effects of terrorism and its implications are not only a setback in the United States but also to the entire world. The three models of terrorism allow us to understand the structure and rationale used by terrorists to carry out their activities. These models are Rural Revolutionary Models, Urban Cellular Models, and the Uncoordinated Violence Model. Rural Revolutionary Model American modern terrorism is mostly associated with Fidel Castro (Combs, 2003). Fidel used the rural revolutionary model to defeat General Fulgencio Batista in 1959 (Combs, 2003). This model involves controlling the rural areas
1. What is the difference between a criminal case and a civil cyberlaw case? A criminal case constitutes a situation where a person or an organization is being charged with as an action that goes against the state, the country, or the society, and the prosecution is conducted by the government (i.e. cyberterrorism). The victim does not have to file a case for it to initiate proceedings. In a civil cyberlaw case, two or more sides using a civil procedure to resolve a dispute. The offending side files the case, and if it wins, it can receive a monetary remedy, have the losing side fulfill its responsibilities, or stop an offending action ( The Differences between a Criminal Case and a Civil Case , 2016). 2. Which type of case has a stricter burden of proof, civil or criminal? Why? Criminal Case has a stricter burden of proof because it implies much more serious consequences if the defendant is found guilty, and usually require the prosecution to prove the defendant’s guilt “beyond a reasonable doubt”, in accordance to the Fourteenth Amendment (U.S. Const. amend. XIV, par.1). 3. Why are constitutional cyberlaw cases critical to follow for business managers and IT professionals? Due to the rapid advancement of technology, new rules and regulations are constantly being developed to better regulate the Internet and the activities online. For example, the area of IP and Copyright is in a state of flux due to vaguely defined regulations of Fair Use. This puts the burden of responsibility on the business managers and IT professionals to be able to protect their business from becoming the victims or perpetrators in criminal or civil law cases. 4. What is an expert witness? Expert witnesses are witnesses who are permitted to present their opinion or analysis in court, based on Rule 703 of the Federal Rules of Evidence ( Rul
Food safety has always been a major constituent of the US healthcare system. Millions of Americans nowadays struggle with food poisonings, whereas the biggest part of the accidents takes place in food service facilities. Approximately 800 foodborne illness outbreaks are reported in the US on a yearly basis, with most of them being related to restaurants (CDC, n.d.). In order to take proper control over the quality of the food served in facilities, the Us Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has implemented the system of regulatory inspections. Hence, the inspectors are able to do a full-scale examination on the level of the food’s safety. However, the food safety control system has some drawbacks in terms of the peculiarities of meal preparation and the customers’ attitude toward them (CDC, 2017). For this reason, many restaurants are now eager to launch a ‘self-inspection’ approach by introducing inspection results made by kitchen managers directly to the FDA. Although such an approach may be understandable, the idea is not quite well-considered in the context of nationwide health safety. Food safety inspectors assigned by the government are not interested in the facility’s income rates, and for this reason, unlike kitchen managers, dependant on the employer, public inspectors serve as the disinterested party. Kitchen managers, however, should be a part of the establishment’s staff, as the statistics show that their presence improves the quality of both products and services (CDC, 2018). The inspections are also beneficial in terms of collecting the data on the topic and management of the facilities required to prevent poisoning outbreaks. Speaking of my local community, for example, there are few accidents related to poor food quality in the area’s restaurants, as many business owners today are afraid of the consequences a single violation may bring. Additionally, nobody from my surroundings has experienced any foodborne illnesses lately. However, it should be remembered that there is no such thing as luck when it comes to nutrition quality, and the consumer has the full right to be informed about the meal suggested.
Introduction What could happen when someone calls 911, and there is no response, or the ambulances arrive too late? The healthcare system in the United States has been subject to many critical issues, one of which involved the shortage of personnel. Much of the current focus in research and policy-making is on such aspects as nursing and access to drugs, which means that other areas of shortages go unnoticed. The paramedics and Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) are facing the same situation where acute declines in their numbers are affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of the entire system. The problem has not been approached the same way that nursing or other healthcare personnel shortages are, especially in healthcare research. Therefore, it means that the only way that the problem has been made public is through the news media. A growing number of publications and online news channels have raised their concerns regarding the issue. After a closer examination, it emerges that the concerns are justifiable and that the state should attempt to develop appropriate remedies. As a cofounder of Acute Medical Services, where I currently serve as the President and Executive Chairman, I would like to express that the issues outlined in this paper are professional and personal observations made throughout the 27 years of emergency medical services (EMS). Most importantly, the paper will outline the need for developing the capabilities of and creating an enabling environment for private practitioners to ease the shortage. Such recommendations are not from an entrepreneurial perspective but from a practitioner’s point of view where the overall wellbeing of the Americans is prioritized. Both public and private sectors are currently unable to meet the demand. Therefore, this paper is an expression of the need for the Senate to address the problem and facilitate both sectors to operate effectively in serving Americans. A few recommendations will be discussed after the nature and extent of the EMS shortage have been discussed in detail. Why the Shortage? The EMS profession is hardly recognized as part of the broader healthcare system in the United States. However, it does not mean that the challenges regarding the personnel shortage are dissimilar in the two contexts. As mentioned earlier, the shortage of EMS and EMT personnel is a concern being addressed in the media without much scholarly interest. However, an experienced expert in the EMS field can also make informed and expert observations, which is a
Introduction High-performance work systems’ can generate positive results for workers or employees by addressing their interests. The concern of employees in any given organization is to have an efficient, predictable, and systematic working environment. Several surveys have been done on employees. Statistics have shown that there exists a positive correlation between HPWS and the high performance of employees in organizations. HPWS contributes positively to the working environment of employees (Lewis & Roehrich, 2009). The labor process theory (LPT) can be used to explain the positive outcomes and relationships that exist between the HPWS and the workers or employees’ work experience. Certain studies have shown that there is a mediating effect within the working environment and the likelihood of association of several HPWS practices, emotional exhaustion, satisfaction, and commitment of the employees. This fact has highly supported the argument that HPWS can be applied by integrating it into an organization because it addresses the welfare of employees (John, 2010). Arguments on the Influence of HPWS on employees’ work experiences The HPWS is defined as a collective method employed in labor management. It majorly involves work participation, enhancement of employees’ skills, and strategies that can motivate the employees towards the achievement of their organizations’ objectives. However, there is still debate on what exactly constitutes the HPWS. Several sociologists have argued that HPWS components are conjointly reinforced and work as a single unit. Here, the employees can utilize the opportunity to show their skills, be motivated, and effectively make their decisions. This fact is due to the enhancement of their effectiveness (Fry, 2001). Recent research on the impacts of HPWS on employees has shown that the implications of HPWS on employees have lately been polarized. Mainstream accounts have clearly shown that HPWS produces a positive impact on employees. HPWS tends to promote employees’ skills and discretion. This aspect, in turn, contributes to their commitment and work satisfaction as well as improving organizational performance. Two arguments have been advanced in support of the accounts of HPWS. According to sociologists, the practices of HPWS are considered to be ‘window dressed’ and have neither negative nor positive outcomes. Barrow (2005) advocates that the HPWS practices can have negative outcomes on employees. The advocate argues that the HPWS practices are normally associated with work intensification and a change of responsibility in employees from higher authorities like managers. Rigorous research and studies have been done, which either oppose or accept the arguments on HPWS practices. Certain surveys have shown negative outcomes on the use of HPWS on employees’ work experiences. Others have discovered both positive and negative outcomes of HPWS on employees. Certain scholars of sociology have shown that there exists no association between H
Introduction Modeling the demand and supply of crude oil in international and regional markets has many benefits. The models provide policymakers with information to predict the fluctuations in supply and demand, and adopt policies to cushion the local economy from external shocks. Moreover, the models give vital information regarding consumer demand and the impact of energy prices on consumer income (Bayar 67). Such information helps determine the past and future trends in demand and supply, the determinants of consumer demand, and the relationships between energy supply and demand. While consumer income, tastes/preferences, and market prices determine energy demand, supply is determined by processing costs, transportation costs and technological factors. In modeling, the theoretical relationships between energy demand and supply are converted into equations or models. However, the fact that demand is determined by market prices makes this transformation difficult as prices keep on fluctuating. Moreover, the varied number of energy pricing approaches, including “two-part tariffs, seasonal pricing, average rates, and block rates among others” complicates the modeling process. Also, variation in sampling, data collection and statistical analyses affect model estimates of demand and supply. Thus, a model’s suitability is determined by its theoretical foundations, period/season under consideration and robustness of the model. Types of Demand and Supply Models Statistical analyses for energy demand and supply use two kinds of energy models: time series models and cross-sectional models (Bayar 34). Time series models examine the trends in demand and supply over time while cross-sectional models explore the correlations among different factors over a specified duration. Thus, cross-sectional models identify the causes and determinants of energy demand or supply. In an industry, a cross-sectional model can be employed to determine the energy demand variables by considering economic factors (output rates and oil prices) and technical/engineering factors such as the size/number of boilers required. In this regard, these models give significant statistical information that is relevant and specific at a particular period. Therefore, their predictive ability is limited. On the other hand, time series models examine the demand or supply variables over a given period of time. Thus, past and future trends in demand and supply can be determined using time series models (Bayar 56). Time series models are important in demand or supply forecasting as they rely on historical data to make such predictions. Although they provide a useful approach for estimating the correlations between demand and supply, data availability reduces their applicability. The development of these models involves two approaches: the econometric approach and the ‘time series’ approach (Harvey 78). The first approach relies on the economic theory to measure the demand/supply relationships over time. It considers factors such as consumer
Introduction The merging and acquisition practices, which are generally practiced in business are regarded to be the inevitable processes of the development of companies, and the matters of improving the business performance, as merges of the companies, often cause changes in the stock market rates, thus, making the other companies analyze and assess the market situation. Moreover, it is an encouragement factor for the others, who wish to avoid the fall of their market shares and depreciation of their shares on the stock market. This paper aims to analyze the possible Barnes & Noble Inc merging or acquisition matters, as the valuations and variations of the stock market shares of this company appeared to be rather interesting. Discussion The possible scenario of merging or acquisition, associated with the variations of the stock market exchange, may be regarded in the context of the related feature of the multi-proof database. Originally, it entails the analysis of the company’s income rate (including the snapshot of the stock market rates), and is generally analyzed from the perspective of the proof history, which defines all the economic aspects of the company’s activity. In accordance with the generally accepted scenario, once the multi-proof database is implemented into the business practice, the merge process starts. Thus, in accordance with the possible scenario, the steady merge looks the following:  1. Merging of the model.  2. Creating of the new proof history, on the basis of the principles of analyzing the merging factors, associated with union proof history.  3. Creating new proof-history from the very beginning. Originally, these steps do not require the interaction of the entrepreneurs, who participate in the merging of the companies, thus, the person, who performs the merge will be able to review all the necessary data on the matters of the merge and the issues of the proof history. The initial negotiations on the matters of merging and the perspectives of acquisition scenario may be associated with the necessities to discuss the profitability of the organization. Considering the fact that Barnes & Noble rose $3.29 to $21.29 at 5:05 p.m., after the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, there is a strong necessity to discuss the matters of the merging plan. Originally, Barnes & Noble adopted the proper plan, which was aimed at performing the merging process in about three years. This plan gives the shareholders the right to buy shares of a new series of preferred stock if an investor increases its stake to more than 20 percent of Barnes & Noble’s common stock. It also would take effect if an investor holding more than 20 percent buys mo
Executive summary The real people marketing have been playing one of the most significant roles in the whole sphere of marketing and commerce, as it helps to lead the recruiting policy more successfully, and implement the policy of employee exchange, which is claimed to improve the level of experience exchange. The real people marketing in no way means slavery (at least in the uncovered form), and often occurs in the relations of the cooperating companies, in order the staff-members had an opportunity to change the work place. This has several advantages:   * The experience exchange.   * The surrounding change for the worker (psychological factor).   * Opportunity to suit the necessary personnel, or send a “spy”. Inspite of the novelty of this approach in the marketing sphere it has been widely studied and represented in lots of researches. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the marketing of real people and real decisions in particular in the context of real marketing sphere. Present situation and general trends will be regarded. Current situation on the market The current situation on the market of real people is mainly presented in the approaches related to the social marketing (as this sphere is closely linked with the real people marketing). It is argued, that huge companies implement this approach successfully in order to achieve goals mentioned above. It is necessary to mention, that these goals are general, and each manager, who resorts to the advances of real people marketing, chases his/ her own aims. The market size can not be evaluated precisely, as it is a kind of inter-corporative relations, and in its pure form correspond to slavery. But there are some particular data on the issue related to the expenditures of the American enterprises for attracting some particular workers: The data covers the period from 1995 to 2006 The financial turnover can not be evaluated on the same reason, moreover this data is confidential, and companies aim not to disclose it. It is also necessary to add, that the exchanges may take place, including providing some additional obligations to the relations. The anticipated benefits of the staff exchange make this approach no less than any other advance in the marketing sphere. Environmental analysis The external factors that influence the real people marketing include the legislation system in the areas of recruitment and labor, social sphere and civil code. Thus, the legislation defines the character of the relations among employer and employee. In some cases it may be stated in the employment contract, that an employee will be working