ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cell phones or mobile phones, tablets, and other personal communication devices have become ubiquitous. During 2007-2016, more than seven billion cell phones have been sold. Depending on the user’s desire for changing products, and the amount of damage it can take, a cell phone has a life of 2.5-4 years, after which it is discarded (Statista). Some phones of premium brands such as Apple and Samsung are resold in the resale market, while other brands are scrapped, adding to the electronic or e-waste. The amount of scrap salvaged, where workers manually extract copper, gold, and other metals from the motherboard and electrical circuit are, very low. The rest is discarded, melted, crushed, and disposed of in landfills. Discarded phones and the supply chain for cell phone parts manufacturing create substantial levels of pollution (Yin et al. 518). About 41 million tons of e-waste is generated annually. A direct correlation between the GDP of a nation and the e-waste generated is established (Kumar et al. 39). This pollution in the form of hazardous waste, fumes of vehicles used for transportation, discarded plastic, dead lithium batteries, and other components, diffuse into the soil and water bodies. Cell phone towers generate harmful radiation, and toxins enter the food chain, and the environment causing long term harm (Logan). The thesis statement is excessive use of cell phones leads to health problems, and scrap metals, hazardous chemicals must be collected and recycled to yield profits, and for environment safety. Types of Environmental Pollution Caused by Cell Phones Electromagnetic Field Radiation Electromagnetic Field Radiation (EMF) is generated by some electrical and electronic devices such as TVs, refrigerators, microwave ovens, transformers, cell phones, and cell phone towers. The amount of EMF generated, measured in watts per meter square (w/m²), by cell phones is in the range of 0.08- 4.439 w/m² for frequencies of 1800 MHz to 50 GHz. Cell towers that act as reception and transmission units radiate more than 100,000 w/m2. The safe level of exposure to EMF is 0.09 w/m², while higher doses of exposures are acceptable when speaking on the devices for a short duration (Gowd et al. 284). The problem of EMF exposure is twofold. The first problem is the exposure caused by prolonged use of cell phones for more than an hour when people speak continuously on their devices. Danger also comes when users keep the phones in their shirt and pant pockets or keep them under the pillow when they sleep. Continuous exposu
The above is one of the thin film processes where Frank-van der Merwe (herein referred to as FM) has adatoms stacked on its interface. The end result of the process is the formation of complete layers with smooth surfaces. Two-dimensional structures of layers are formed. The formation is an indication that original films are created before the subsequent layers. 1 Frank-van der merwe process proceeds through three different phases. The three phases include volume – weber growth and Stransky-Kravtsov process. All the processes work together to realise specific processes in thin-film formations. 2 Film formation has different structures, especially with reference to the dimensional structure. Frank-van der merwe process is realised in the formation of two-dimensional processes. The measurements of a film range from a monolayer to a few micrometres as far as thickness is concerned. The Frank-van der merwe process, as such, is the growth of mini-atoms to realise specific surfaces that are made of complete layers. 3 Bibliography Chen, G, Nanoscale energy transport and conversion, Oxford University Press, New York, 2005. Kittel, C, Thermal physics, Freeman and Company, New York, 2012. Sze, S, Physics of semiconductor devices, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2012. Footnotes  1. Chen, p. 53.  2. Kittel, p. 51.  3. Sze, p. 28.
Introduction Judicial activism is defined as a form of judicial philosophy that motivates judges to move away from strict adherence to judicial precedence in preference to progressive and new social policies which are not always consistent with the restraint of appellate judges. Judicial activism decisions in some circumstances therefore may be intrusions into the legislative and executive affairs. According to the Merriam Webster’s dictionary of law, judicial activism is the action of protecting or expanding of an individual’s rights through the enforcement of decisions that are not in line with the established precedence or such decision which are opposite to the constitutional or legislative intent (Mane, n.d.). Discussion Conservative View : The principle of judicial activism has been constantly opposed by conservatives since they consider it as a process of selecting a particular freedom as a scheme to hand down rulings that can have the effect of expanding personal freedoms. Consequently, there is a fear that the stare decisis doctrine can sometimes be applied to erode the original word or to change the intention of the text so as to make it more malleable. The opponents of judicial activism argue that it goes beyond the normal constraints that the constitution, which is a supreme law, gives to the jurists regarding the right to water down any legislation that is perverse to the constitution. Consequently, those critical of judicial power argue that it can displace and override existing laws or may lead to unnecessary legal uncertainty. The principle of judicial activism can violate the principle of separation of powers since it has been interpreted as legislation from the bench which amounts to judicial tyranny or judicial dictatorship (Mane, n.d). Liberal Perspective: The liberals argue that any living constitutions should be flexible and any constitutional philosophy endorses any ruling as long the judge is able to justify that the particular ruling can contribute to the growth and the evolution of the constitution. Notwithstanding this argument, judicial activism amounts to blatant violation of the judges’ oath of office and their sworn allegiance to uphold the constitution. Any judge who administers a ruling by applying the principle of judicial activism is an explicit indication that such a judge is not interpreting the constitution and it will in turn lead to the public perception that the judges are writing their own constitution and this has the net effect of creating skewed and unpredictable rulings (Chemerisnsky, 2010). The epitome of judicial activism was the Brown vs. Board of Education. This ruling was considered activist in form because all the laws that required racial segregation were declared unconstitutional and all the precedents that had upheld such laws were overruled (Chemerisnsky, 2010). The most recent cases decided by judicial activism were the District of Columbia vs. Heller which was a gun ruling case. In this case, the Supreme Court considered the provisions of the second amendments regarding the right to bear arms as an individual right as opposed to a right tied t
The menace posed by poverty is a gross challenge affecting both the underdeveloped and developing economies. This paper specifically explores the subject of poverty as a modern social challenge by examining the causes and solutions that have been proposed to minimize the growing economic disparity among the rich and poor nations. Rugina, A. N. (1998). Dehumanization of modern civilization and a new, schumpeterian explanation of poverty. International Journal of Social Economics, 25(5), 661-692. Rugina (1998) attributes the modern trends in the growth and development of poverty to elevated levels of capitalism that is being practiced by several economies across the world. The author asserts that the challenge being posed by the high poverty levels has not been addressed adequately especially by policy makers and those who describe themselves as thinkers. One of the most outstanding thinkers of the 21 st century was Schumpeter Joseph. The author has pointed out that the latter managed to expound the inherent reality of the modern trends in capitalism. While poverty has often been perceived as a localized problem in some poorly performing economies, there are myriads of underlying complications that are yet to be unearthed by modern economists. Schumpeter attempted to describe the nature of capital formation in relation to the manner in which new projects are funded. Although some developed economies have propagated both local and foreign direct investments as the core solutions to eradicating poverty, Rugina (1998), through the arguments posed by Schumpeter Joseph, reiterates that members of the modern society have been compelled into “forced savings” in the pretext of alleviating poverty. The author adds that the benefits that might be derived from such investments are redirected to those who are economically empowered instead of uplifting the standards of people living below the poverty line. On the same note, the actual incomes of people are ingeniously reduced due to forced savings as compared to voluntary savings. Any other surplus value generated by an economy is shared out among the capitalist individuals and governments. In any case, the surplus value may not be generated by the private sector due to stringent economic regulations that are often capitalist in nature. Ana, C. C. (2002). Life chances and modern poverty. Urban Design International, 7(3), 223-224. Ana (2002) tends to offer a unique perspective on the concept of poverty by maintaining that economic conditions of individuals should be used as the only benchmark of assessing their status of poverty in society. It is vital
Obesity that Causes High Blood Pressure Obesity is associated with excess body weight than what is deemed normal for a given height. Presently, millions of youngsters and adults are suffering from obesity. It is notable that obese people are more likely to suffer specific health problems such as heart diseases, high blood pressure (HBD), and breathing difficulties among others (Freedman 21). The force with which blood circulates in the vessels connotes blood pressure. It is notable that when the pressure increases and remains high for some period, it may harm the body in diverse ways (Freedman 21). Individuals’ who have more body fat normally have a corresponding high weight. Notably, obese people require additional oxygen than non-obese individuals in order to survive. The blood vessels must supply additional blood to the fatty body tissues. This has a direct impact on the heart. The heart is overworked because it is required to pump sufficient blood to the extra vessels (Freedman 21). This increases the strain on the artery walls and other blood vessels as they also circulate more blood throughout the body. The increased strain on the artery walls escalates blood pressure. High blood pressure does not present any signs or symptoms and people can live normally with the condition without their knowledge. This presents more challenges because sometimes it can damage several body organs such as the heart, blood pathways, and kidneys among others (Freedman 21). The heart rate also depends on the size of an individual. Individuals with excess weight have a higher heart rate. This decreases the ability of the body to transfer blood via the vessels (Freedman 21). Solving Obesity Problems The efforts to solve obesity predicaments must focus on tackling the notable issues that causes it. Technology has emerged as a contributory factor to the escalating obesity cases. The link that technology has with sedentary lifestyles must be broken in order to find the first solution to obesity issues (Bouchard and Peter 119). It is crucial to note that technology cannot be eliminated. Therefore, there is the need to encourage people to engage in physical activities by setting aside an hour or more daily on their busy schedule to participate in different exercises. The notable physical exercises may range from sports, cycling, running, and walking (Bouchard and Peter 119). There is also a need to encourage people to combine physical activities with healthy eating habits and maintaining body size. It is notable that people participate in these three areas effectively and routinely in order to reduce the incidences of obesity challenges (Bouchard and Peter 119). Remaining faithful to the routine of doing these healthy choices, activities can have immediate impact on minimizing the health risks people face when they avoid them. They can assist in lessening high blood pressure, high body cholesterol, and gaining weight a
Introduction The women’s lamentation in Richard III played a political, social, and moral role in this play. It propagated feminist concerns through the women’s intelligence and sensitivity in their period of mourning; it challenged the political status quo through their pleas, and it highlighted the moral decadence of their society through their losses. How their lamentation brought out Richard’s weaknesses and women’s strength Sensitivity, intuition, and alertness distinguish the women in Shakespeare’s Richard III. This serves to bring out the dishonesty inherent in the King’s character. The dialogue he has with these women during their lamentation is symptomatic of his view of them. To Richard III, they were nothing but mere objects. However, it is this attitude that reveals his flaws. The women’s mourning is an exemplary depiction of their sensitivity and intuition. Act one, scene two, starts with Lady Anne following the coffin that carries Henry VI’s body. She is going for his burial and is clearly bitter and angry about it. She calls Richard III all manner of names and swears and curses haphazardly. Lady Anne describes him as a hedgehog, toad, devilish slave, and a dreadful minister of hell (Shakespeare 1.2. 44-170). She seems so engrossed in her lamentation that one might be tempted to think that she is enjoying it. After this swearing, Lady Anne then explains the source of her bitterness. Richard does not deny that he killed her husband’s father as well as her husband; he only adds that love motivated him. It is at this point that one first realizes how selfish and arrogant Richard was. Instead of empathizing with Anne’s grief, he turns the matter around and asks her to marry him. This individual makes the matter about him rather than about a bereaved lady. Furthermore, he mocks Anne by telling her to kill him. He even gives her his sword to achieve this. It is not difficult to detect Richard’s treachery; he was aware that Lady Anne was incapable of executing him (Shakespeare 1.2.171), so he was simply trying to downplay her emotions. At the time, Richard took advantage of a grieving woman to achieve his own aims. One may be tempted to take Richard’s side when he confesses to the murders because he is trying to be sincere. However, after Lady Anne leaves the scene, Richard immediately remarks that
The Enron Corporation was once the most dominant energy trader in the world. Enron was formed in 1985 through the merger of two Texan gas pipeline companies ( http://www.socialismtoday.org/63/enron.html ). Its figures of sales, stocks and profits were sky rocketing at a very high rate in the year 2001. The Enron Scandal was a very well known scandal which was revealed to the world in the year 2001. The company had gone bankrupt and it had to finally file for bankruptcy on the 2 nd of December, 2001. After the revelation of the bankruptcy of the company, its shares started dropping tremendously. Their prices went to some less than 50 cents from $90. This event was disastrous in the history of the United States of America. Some of the debts and loses that the Enron Corporation had gone through had not been included in its financial statements. As a result of this, the accounting firm of the Enron Corporation suffered great loss in its reputation. The company finally dissolved which at that time was one of the top five accounting firms in the United Stated of America. On October 17, 2001, Enron released its third quarter results which showed a negative result of $1 billion. Enron claimed that the negative results were due to investment loses. There were some very opaque transactions that Enron had not reveled. Due to this, later around October 22, 2001, the share price of Enron fell to $20.65 and even down to $5.40 one day. On November 2, 2001 Enron succeeded in securing an additional $1 billion in financing, but the news was not universally admired in that the debt was secured with the company’s valuable Northern Natural Gas and Transwestern Pipeline ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_scandal ). “Enron is now shorthand for the perfect financial storm,” wrote one editorial observer. It was estimated that Enron had about $23 billion as liabilities. There were several lessons that the banks learned from the Enron scandal. It was one of the most significant collapses in the history of the United States of America. The members of the company were not true to each other about how the company was fairing in its transactions and investments. This was one of the many reasons for the downfall of the Enron. Skilling and Lay tried to change the culture of the company and did their best to show it as the company’s progress. There were differences between the old and the new economy companies. The collapse of the Enron gave a
One of the major changes in 19 th -century American life was the establishment of mass public common schools. The article “Schooling and Poor Children in 19 th -Century America” by Vinovskis (1992) explores the development of 19 th -century education, the reasons behind the reforms, and the relationship between schooling and poor children. The author draws factual evidence to illustrate two theories explaining the developments: the industrialization theory and the idea that the changes were primarily due to the Puritan efforts. Compared to the textbook approach, the article focuses more on the contradictions between the supposed reasons behind the changes rather than their ideology and aims. According to Vinovskis, there are considerable disagreements on the origins of the educational reforms of the early 19 th century. One group of scholars believes that common schools were organized as a response to industrialization, while others see the changes as a continuation of the colonial Puritan activities to promote literacy (Vinovskis, 1992). The author regards the second hypothesis as more plausible and provides evidence to confute the industrialization theory. The evidence that the author draws to explain both points of view come from reliable sources. The industrialization hypothesis originates from the classic 1976 Marxist analysis of education Schooling in Capitalist America by Bowles and Gintis. In the book, the scholars express the idea that the education system reproduces social class inequality and aims to further strengthen the structure of the capitalist society. They claim that manufacturers and merchants spearheaded the public school expansion and reforms to instill in future workers the respect for law and authority necessary in the newly emergin
Healthcare is one of the professional fields affected by ineffective planning and multiple delays within the working process. This especially refers to bureaucratic aspect of the work which produces massive negative effects on both the healthcare providers and the patients. The former are affected when there is confusion caused by complicated data processing, slow process management or inefficient planning that creates clashes and misunderstandings among the specialists. The latter are affected when the confusion in healthcare process management leads to delays in healthcare service delivery or medical errors. Business process management also referred to as BPM has been explored as an effective way to optimize the work of hospitals and medical specialists. Hospital is a complex and multidimensional system which involves a variety of processes running simultaneously. These processes and multiple and hard to trace or systematize. Business process management aims to improve effectiveness while improving the quality of healthcare delivery process at the same time. Business process management has been used as a way to optimize working process in a number of different industries before it was recommended for healthcare. Some of the main benefits of BPM application in healthcare is are the increased transparency and measurability of the system which allows more precise evaluation of the progress, its monitoring and detailed analysis (“Clinical BPM Process Management for Improving Operational Efficiency in Hospitals” 5). BPM helps the administrators to plan for hospitals in a better way providing it with a power to adapt (react and adjust to changes faster), align (organize and optimize processes due to their visibility), and act (detect and respond to newly occurred actionable situations) (BPM (Business Process Management) for Healthcare and Life Sciences par. 2). Besides, business process management allows the so-called orchestration of process, which includes such feature as graphical modeling of the workflow that helps the planners to envision all of its parts and introduce the required improvements, re-arrange or re-assemble the whole picture, focus on the workflow integration (Business Process Management (BPM) & Workflow par. 5). Moreover, BPM does not only provide better transparency and visibility of the working process but also improves its financial sides such as billing, accounting, and legacy systems reducing the need for lengthy and complex bureaucratic procedures that slow down the working process and drive the clients away from the healthcare facilities (Breyfogle par. 2). Among the main drivers or triggers for business process management in a hospital are a large number of procedures that require participation of a great number of people passing control to one another, a need for estimations and planning within these transactions, a need for synchronization of the sequence of actio