ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Arguments for notifying community Megan’s death changed the way things were perceived by U.S. Supreme Court and therefore just one month after Megan’s death, community notification law was passed by the Assembly. After undergoing through umpteen critics, the law initiated a new debate whether notified or not to be notified. Whatever be the debate, U.S. Supreme court understands the concern for community’s protection; therefore the state considers it a necessary measure to inform the community members if any child sex-offender is living in the neighbourhood. New Jersey v Timmendequas case has opened up new concerns for security and protection of the children of which the most fundamental one in the eyes of the federal state is to notify community about the offender. Following are the reasons that highlight the arguments for notification: There are only two conditions to consider for the sex offender, either he is dangerous or not dangerous (Janus & Prentky, 2003). Now, if we consider the first position that means he is harmful enough to conduct any crime. This is also evident from the fact that despite taking measures for the security, up till today child sex offenders’ rate is recidivist. ‘Harmful offender’ must be treated accordingly and if living in community, community members must be notified about the presence of the offender, so that they could take necessary measures for the protection of their children. This would at some time make the offender vulnerable enough to conduct or repeat any crime. At least this would make him think twice before conducting or planning sexual crime. If, the offender is not dangerous and is new to crime or has not committed any crime, the court provisions, punishments, setting up of national Criminal Records Bureau and the use of the Sex Offenders Register will make him vulnerable to conduct the offence, in fact it is possible that he quits the decision to commit crime. However, this still leaves the problem of abusers who have never been prosecuted and are therefore not listed on any register. This could therefore lull the community including children and young people to some extent about their safety and security concerns. Research suggests that 50 percent of the sex offenders after subjecting to notification laws, relocated to less intrusive states. (Bonnie, 1995) This indicates that in most cases sex offenders keep changing their locations to prey easily. Notification not only keeps the community updated about such offenders, but also provides them with a sense of security, s
Introduction Zika virus disease outbreak in 2014 created lots of turmoil among the healthcare organizations worldwide. Many countries and territories were involved in the process of virus localization, which is claimed to occur in Brazil and spread over large territories by infected mosquitoes. As Musso, Nilles & Cao‐Lormeau (2014) state, Zika infection carries potential danger for everyone especially pregnant women since it can cause serious complications during pregnancy and even lead to brain defect of an infant called microcephaly. Naturally, the problem could not remain unnoticed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC): the Big Cities Health Coalition (BCHC) was formed to take measures regarding the virus and combat the consequences caused by it. The coalition is known to act on behalf of the US government healthcare department. Analysis The main purpose of the professional coalition is to understand and better control Zika virus. As to its objectives, the coalition operates to collect and compare data from 28 big cities of the United States in order to figure out a gross appearance of the incidence (Waltz, 2016). The Big Cities Health Inventory data platform currently serves as the major tool of data collection and objectives fulfillment. It shows data regarding all the infectious diseases and epidemic bursts that currently take place on the controlled territories. The platform is the first of its kind to provide data analysis on a city level since previously those were only represented at a state or country level only. A professional coalition consists of the 28 largest urban public health departments. The departments represent approximately one in every six Americans involved in a public health community. Waltz (2016) highlights that with an introduced platform providing a large-scale monitoring of the biggest cities it has become even easier for users to find out how exactly city populations are faring on one of the biggest health challenges of the present. Such an unprecedented level of citizens’ involvement forms a formidable background for the coalition expanding and including more clinicians and healthcare organizations into its number. The Big Cities Health Coalition has established rigorous clinical monitoring to detect Guillain-Barre Syndrome or any other infection reoccurrence and act with no slightest delay. Considering that a transfusion-related virus transmission is a huge risk, molecular screening was implemented for blood donors throughout the biggest cities of the United States. It should be noted that back in spring 2016 US Senate voted for issuing $1.1 billion to the coalition to f
Abstract State and local governments are responsible for regulating land issues, and the federal government can only stimulate certain initiatives to regulate land use. One of the many factors that Australian authorities are held accountable is when it comes to planning is the flood risk. There is no doubt that the possibility of damage that comes from flooding should be taken into consideration; that is why this research aims to create new solutions that can help with this issue. The relevance of this topic comes from the fact that such risks are primarily caused by climate change, which is a big environmental problem that needs to be addressed on a global level. Nevertheless, locally it is still possible to avoid floods or reduce the probability of them happening. First of all, it is important to note that the strategies of flood management can be divided into preventing floods, restoration activities, and ways to respond to such emergencies. However, it would be the most beneficial to implement these methods while planning the use of the land; for this reason, management is important. In Australia, many institutions are involved in resolving this issue, including even parliament. The need for changes in local policies regarding protection from the negative effects of floods has long been discussed in Australia. Measures for engineering protection against floods are inevitably accompanied by a wide range of negative consequences, the full compensation of which is not economically justified, and sometimes it is not technically feasible. At the same time, due to the threat, it is irrational to abandon the use of all risky areas with resources. Therefore, flood protection measures should be comprehensive, and all possible consequences should be taken into consideration. To create a sufficient management plan, it would be important to consider flood behavior during the first stage. Professionals create plans that include special zones where the risks are the highest; however, such documents need to be constantly updated to reflect the current land use situation. The dow
Aimee Semple McPherson is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the United States, especially at the beginning of the twentieth century. This woman has been regarded as a saint or sinner by a great number of people who lived during that time. It is important to determine why people used this conflicting rhetoric while speaking about Aimee McPherson. One can argue that these conflicting viewpoints can be mostly explained by the incredible charisma of this person and her ability to influence the audience. In some cases, this influence could be perceived as manipulation. Nevertheless, such words as saint or sinner do not accurately describe the personality of this woman who had various interests, goals, and values. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward. First, it should be noted Aimee McPherson was born to a very religious family. In particular, one should pay attention to her mother who was an active supporter of the Salvation Army (Cauchi unpaged). This upbringing strongly influenced her later life, especially her values, beliefs, and attitudes. One should bear in mind that at the beginning of her career she was engaged in the so-called faith healing (Cauchi unpaged). Certainly, it is difficult to prove that she did cure people who asked her for assistance. In some cases, the positive effects can be explained to self-deception, rather than any significant change. This is some of the main points that should be taken into consideration. However, her faith-healing campaign did earn her reputation of a saint who could almost perform miracles, even though she had some failures. Nevertheless, many people were skeptical of her healing abilities, and they viewed her only as a swindler who gave only false hopes to people suffering from various diseases. This is one of the reasons why she was often perceived as a saint and a sinner at the same time. So, from the very beginning people looked at her from different perspectives. Additionally, one should focus on Aimee McPherson’s preaching and her ability to appeal to large audiences which was almost unprecedented at that time. It should be noted that she founded the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel in Los Angeles. The performances of Aimee McPherson could be visited by more than five thousand people at the same time. This popularity was not matched by any other minister. There were several things that greatly distinguished her among other missionaries. In particular, she was able to combine preaching with theatrical performance. She often relied on the assistance of decorators, ar
The proper selection of the sample size and probability distribution techniques is crucial to epidemiological studies because the two factors significantly influence imperative variables such as variability, frequency, p-values, and significance level in a statistical study. Statisticians combine an array of mathematical models to guide the estimation of the chief factors used to test the hypothesis in a statistical experiment. Collaboration between clinicians and biostatisticians enables clinical experiments to provide feasible results. The essay will analyze the relationship between the fundamental variables in clinical statistical experiments. The width of a confidence interval depends on the sample size, population variability, and confidence-level in a statistical experiment. Variability describes the difference between data points in a population. It decreases with the increase in the sample size because a small sample provides limited information for statistical analysis. A visual depiction of data in interactive media enhances the analysis of variability levels for different datasets. The visualization of the sporadic distribution of data provides either a representative or distorted picture of the population. Variability introduces challenges in the estimation of the sample size because statisticians can only determine the true variability of a population after conducting a test. Although statisticians can estimate variability using previous tests, assumptions regarding similar trials can lead to poor experimental results. The practical sample size is essential to the determination of the effect of a treatment. An Overestimation of the sample size leads to a clinically or economically unviable outcome. On the other hand, underestimating the sample size leads to insufficient evidence to demonstrate the effectiveness of a test. Insufficient evidence is likely to influence the abandonment of treatment or healthcare policies that could benefit the healthcare sector. The calculation of a probability distribution helps to determine the likelihood that an event will have the expected outcome. Statisticians can estimate a probability by dividing the frequency of observation with the total number of observations (sample size). Similarly, multiplying the sample size with a probability produces the expected frequency. Statisticians can modify important variables and obtain the desired value using the mathematical relationship between frequency, probability, and sample size (Faltin, 2012). For example, a high frequency of alleles enhances the probability of determining the risks associated with DNA mutations. When the alleles under study are rare, biostatisticians can increase the sample size accordingly to gain the desired frequency to detect the risks of diseases. The p-values are significant in hypothesis testing. The values illustrate the probability that the results of a statistical experiment are due to a chance rather than an effect. A low p-value indicates a high probability that the observed outcome is due to a substantial effect. The stat
Introduction Telescope is an instrument used to observe minute objects. It has the capability of collecting and analyzing radiations from objects that are at a distance. It has an electromagnetic spectrum that helps to magnify the size of an image when taking a photograph. Information is also collected/ gathered through image sensor. There are various types of telescopes that are operational but the most common one is called optical telescope (Dupre 2008, p. 250). This category of telescope has mirrors / lens that are used to magnify objects that are at distance or help to increase the brightness of objects that are faint. Furthermore, optical telescopes are classified under three categories. One of them is called refractors. This kind of telescopes use lenses to magnify objects also called dioptics. The second is called reflectors and use mirrors for magnification also called catoptrics. The third category is known as catadioptric. This uses both mirrors and lenses to magnify objects. Background information The history of telescope dates back from 1608 when the first refracting optical telescope was invented. The telescope recorded for the first time in Netherlands. The invention is credited to Lippershey Hans and Janseen Zacharias in Middelburg, who used to make spectacles. Another important contributor who was also a manufacturer of instruments as well as optician was Metius Jacob came from Alkmaar. Later on, Galileo improved these inventions. He was later accredited as the first person to use his telescope in astronomy. In his telescope, he adopted the designs that were used by Hans. Hans’ design had used a concave eye lens and convex objective lens, which he adopted. His new telescope therefore was an improvement to that of Hans and it was popularly known as the Galilean telescope. This was not to be end of the journey in terms of improvement of the telescope. Kepler Johannes came with a proposal that sort to improve on the Galileo telescope. His new design was to be made using convex eyepiece. The telescope was also named after the founder – Keplerian telescope. The invention of achromatic during 18 th century brought about great development as refractors were used in the telescopes (Consolmagno & Dun 1989). This kind of telescope solved the problem of chromatic aberration that was witnessed in the Keplerian telescopes. The new telescopes had the potential of functioning in shorter instruments that had large objectives. However, this was not to be the end of the road as new ideas cropped up among scientists. Important figures such as Giovanin Sagredo, Isaac Newton and James Gregory worked on various studies to improve on the telescopes. Improvements in reflecting telescopes saw the parabolic mirror improved in 18 th century, and then silver-coated glass mirrors were adopted in 19 th century. The invention reached its peak in 20 th century when the mirrors were
Employment at the company is in strict accordance with the International Labor Standards (ILS) and the company has set up a group of senior executives to implement this program. The group oversees the direction and the assessment of educational and monitoring efforts by the company team. The company is well aware that “effective education and training” of the employees is important and accordingly lays emphasis on “communication and cooperation” through meetings and training sessions. The company has hosted “thousands of training sessions around the world” in groups, large and small and even one a one-to-one basis to ensure that the training and development of employees occurs efficiently and effectively. There is no mention of an explicit mentoring program by the company to its employees, with regard to training and development. An explicit mentoring program enables employees to gain new skills and knowledge and acquire valuable insight regarding the different planning and procedures of the company. It also enables employees to learn through role models so that they can enhance their performances and thereby be additionally productive for the company. Through explicit mentoring programs, employees are also able to increase the status and reputation of their company and are motivated to succeed in their respective fields. These programs enable companies to learn corporate values and gain cultural knowledge, which have become important aspects of global businesses today. Explicit mentoring programs also enhance the communication skills of the employees of an organization which is an important criterion for success. The company does have a management succession policy and the Board of Directors are responsibl
The fact that American citizens are guaranteed a right for privacy by the Constitution of the country is well known. In this vein, people cannot be searched or seizers by the representatives of law-enforcement agencies without a warrant in accordance to the Exclusionary Rule entrenched in the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. In addition, any evidences that are collected by means of the use of illegal procedures are considered to be inadmissible. The Exclusionary Rule is aimed for deterring any acts of misconduct by police or the other law-enforcement agencies. The Exclusionary Rule is connected to a number of issues including its inability to protect the rights of the citizens on the reason of exclusions, and its hidden costs for the law-enforcement agencies. First, speaking about the purpose of the Exclusionary Rule, it should be stated that its main priority is in guarantying American citizens their Constitutional right for privacy. The Exclusionary Rule was developed by judges in order to protect civilians from corrupt practices by law-enforcement agencies. It cannot be found in the Constitution itself; but it is based on the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. Creating the Exclusionary Rule was a judicial construction out of necessity. When a number of complicated situations with police misconduct occurred, a committee formed from judges had a decision that the only way to enforce the Fourth Amendment was developing and adopting corresponding regulation or rule ( Fourth Amendment, 2010) . In such situation, the Exclusionary Rule was first applied in the case Weeks vs. The United States in 1914. At first, this rule was only valid in federal courts, and after, in 1961, it became legitimate in state courts as well (Zalman, 2008). Next, the Exclusionary Rule has three exceptions including the Independent Source Doctrine, the Inevitable Discovery Doctrine, and the exception of Good Faith. The Independent Source Doctrine was added in the Supreme Court case of Segura and Colon vs. the United States in 1984. This exception states that if the evidences are gathered in two different ways, and the first of them is illegal whereas the second way is approved by the warrant, then these evidences may be considered legitimate (Grant, 1991). For example, if a police agent initially makes a photocopy of some document without a warrant, but then he or she performs the same procedure with a warrant, the evidence will be valid. The Inevitable Discovery Doctrine was added after the case of Nix vs. Williams in 1984. In this case, “the evidence is seized in two different ways, but only one being physical” ( Evaluation, 2012). For example, if the police enforced an individual to tell where the drugs were kept that would be considered illegal physical sei
Background Fresh Fries Hotel is a locally owned food and beverage company that is positioning itself as a major provider of food and beverage outlets in local and international festivals and events. The competition that has existed in today’s food and beverage industry has demanded us to practice aggressive marketing campaigns in order to continue enjoying the competitive advantage that we have previously had. As part of our sponsorship deal of the Venice biennial festival, we shall run an outlet at the Venice Biennial festival venue during the duration of the event, providing food and beverages to the visitors. The Venice Biennial festival is a contemporary exhibition that takes place every two years in Venice, Italy and during the festival, awards are given to outstanding persons in different categories (la Biennale di Venezia, 2010, para. 1). Our focus is to be a central attraction during the festival, offering three course meals to the participants and thereby attracting media attention and reinforcing our marketing position (Bplans, para. 1). The outlet will ‘emerge’ at the touch of a button from a standard shipping container that has been artistically designed with the help of professional architects. This container is a three-room structure consisting of a kitchen, dining room and a living room and transforms at the touch of a switch. It will be used throughout the event and the intention is to use such a structure in future events that are staged locally and internationally. During the first day of the event, the outlet will serve as a media event and as a centerpiece for a couple’s party later on and into the night, it will then operate as a food and beverage outlet for the remaining days and will be packed back into the shipping container once the festival comes to an end. The party will be open to all couple’s participating in the Venice Biennial festival upon registration. The designed container will be: Star-house.com. 2010. Product Center. Web. Couple’s Themed Party This event has been slated for the first day and will be a conclusion of the day’s events, beginning from around 6 pm until late in the night. Couples will be registered during the day and this is expected to be c