ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Psychotherapy and counselling is a kind of treatment at which the basic tool of influence on the patient’s behaviour is the word of the doctor. Although there are some minor differences between counselling and psychotherapy, these terms resemble each other, and will be used in this paper in the same context. Psychotherapy in a broad sense covers all the area of dialogue of the doctor and the patient. Practitioners of any profile, communicating with patients, inevitably have a psychological influence on them. Optimum psychological contact and individual approach to the patient, considering the life experience, features of personality and concrete social conditions, is very important. Counselling is, first of all, is a diagnosis and treatment by words. In the course of verbal interaction between the practitioner and the client, an extensive search and identification of the internal latent senses, underlying in the basis of psychological problems is carried out. Counselling has a wide spectrum of methodical receptions and ways of work. Depending on the problems and the conditions psychotherapy can be individual, family and group, and counselling in that sense is a one-on-one treatment. Nevertheless, a major point in counselling is the diagnosis based on certain events known or narrated by the patient. In this paper, a counselling plan will be developed based on a given case study of Rajinder Singh, highlighting any considerations or actions that should be taken to support the subject of the case study, i.e. Raj. The Problems Identification Analyzing Raj, it could be said that the first and the main disorder is depression. This depression could be caused by the termination of the Raj’s relation with his girlfriend Shania which lasted for a year. Depression is an emotional disorder, displayed in such symptoms such as hopelessness, feebleness, guilt, self-criticism, and decrease in the interest to external activity. These symptoms can be accompanied by a decrease in mental and physical activity, indifference to the surroundings, weariness, absence of appetite, and sleeplessness. From the symptoms of Raj, the increase in alcohol drinking could be caused by his loss of confidence and the interest in life. The absence of activity could be apparent in his ignorance to his studies. From the psychoanalytic point of view, frequent if not a universal sign of depression is the infringement of the regulation of the self-estimation. A basis for the development of such vulnerability is the absence of acceptance and emotional understanding from the mother. The internal psychological structures, capable to regulate a self-estimation are not formed in the child; a constant acknowledgement from the outside is necessary for that. Depression can be developed with persons with unstable self-estimation, losing the external support necessary for the maintenance of
The review of the thematically relevant materials, with respect to how augmented reality (AR) affects the domain of public relations (PR), did provide us a number of preliminary insights into the concerned subject matter. Probably the most prominent of them is that there are indeed many objective reasons to expect the continual incorporation of AR-technologies, within the context of how companies and organizations go about striving to ensure the systemic integrity of their functioning. The rationale behind this suggestion has to do with the fact that the integration of AR into the very philosophy of PR is fully consistent with the most fundamental principles of the human brain’s functioning (Kaul 2013). Consequently, this implies that the process in question is predetermined by the logic of historical progress. As it is seen by Hilken et al. (2017), the most apparent advantage of investing in AR-technologies, on the part of managers, is that their willingness to do it will result in strengthening the organization’s competitive stance. After all, many studies indicate that one’s exposure to AR reduces a decision-making uncertainty in the individual by mean of presenting him or her with the personally relevant and spatially sound context. In turn, this naturally prompts the person to engage with the latter in an emotionally-charged manner – something that has a strongly positive effect on the organization’s ability to reach out to people. Yet another advantage of incorporating AR in the PR-paradigm of a commercial organization is that one’s positive managerial decision, in this regard, is likely to result in providing consumers with a strong incentive to think of this organization’s products and services as such that represent a high “perceptional value” (Bulearca & Tamarjan, 2013). The explanation behind such a seeming phenomenon has to do with the fact that, for as long as the functioning of a person’s limbic system (in charge of assessing the actuality of the externally induced stimuli) is concerned, there is no difference between the simulated reality and the factual one. What it means is that the deployment of AR technologies in organizational settings will enable the practicing organization to provide its clientele with a powerful incentive to remain loyal. Therefore, it does not come as a particular surprise that, as Pedro, Stoyanova and Coelho (2018) noted, “Augmented Reality interface produces a higher emotional response” (p. 7493). Evidently enough, by ensuring that their organization keeps up with the ongoing progress in the field of AR-technologies, managers are able to take practical advantage of the fact that, despite people’s ability to indulge in the cause-effect reasoning, their behavior is driven by purely biological motivations. This can be seen as yet another indication that, as time goes on, the “augmentation” of different PR-activities will continue to gain an ever higher momentum. At the same time, however, some authors suggest that there is still much ambiguity about the concerned practice, in general, and its organizational implications, in particular. Among the foremost contributing
Introduction A revolution is a political phenomenon that calls for change of political ideologies, freedom and democracy. In addition, it is a collective behaviour characterized by unrest which is carried out by the masses under oppressive or tyrannical regimes. The uprisings that undertook place in the Middle East and the Northern Africa region in 2011 were popularly known as the Arab spring (Asheley 2011). The uprisings started in Tunisia and were executed using some of the popular social media sites like Facebook and Twitter. The masses used the social media as a tool to portray their displeasure against autocratic leaders in the Arab world (Faris 2010). It should be noted that even before the major uprisings took place, demonstrations and protests had been going on in countries like Iran and Iraq. However, the 2011 revolts were very intense as the entire world watched in disbelief the toppling and execution of powerful and dictatorial leaders. The revolution in Egypt happened at a time when the country was experiencing mounting pressure from various western countries, key among them the United States. The Obama administration was very vocal in calling for the respect of people’s voices and in encouraging the leaders to exercise democracy. The Arab uprisings swept across the entire MENA region in the beginning of 2011. The uprisings were successful in Libya, Tunisia, Yemen, and Egypt and are still going on in some countries like Syria. The revolution led to the death of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, the toppling of President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt and the ousting of Tunisia’s President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali (Haas 2012, p.271). In both Tunisia and Egypt, democratic elections have recently been held for the first time with the newly elected democratic leaders assuming office. Revolutions do not just occur; they are influenced by several factors. According to Colombo (2012, p.1) and Pollack (2011, p.2), the movements that led to the Arab spring were triggered by several causes that had been simmering for a long time and they include social, economic and political dissatisfaction. The dissatisfaction resulting from the aforementioned pillars of society culminated in the repression of civil, media, and political freedoms, economic malaise and poor governance compounded by nepotism, corruption, increase in food prices, lack of opportunities and increase in the levels of unemployment (Colombo 2012, p.1; Hislope & Mughan 2011). Similar sentiments have also been echoed by Malik and Awadallah (2011, p.2) who acknowledge that the Arab revolution was fully based on economic underpinnings and were mainly fueled by poverty and lack of economic opportunities. Lack of response by the ruling class and governments made people to despair and as such, ta
Introduction The human body can be compared to a computer system. In this analogy, the mind acts as the central processing unit. To move forward, individuals have to make decisions with positive outcomes. Failure to do this means that no progress is made. The first thing one should do to achieve this objective is to master their mind. There are several ways through which this can happen. Failure to adhere to the strategies identified may lead to deterioration of the brain. Possible consequences of deterioration include exhaustion, loss of memory, and sleep problems. In this paper, the author will analyze the impacts of information overload on decision-making processes. Organization of homes, time, and the social world will be evaluated. The importance of these activities in the life of the individual will be reviewed. Also, the problems associated with the failure to achieve the said objectives will be analyzed. Organizing the Mind and Thinking Clearly: An Overview From an abstract perspective, the mind can be regarded as a tool or a device. It is used by human beings in thinking, making judgments, and storing memory. Over the years, scientists have studied the brain to understand how it works. However, the question of how the mind relates to the physical brain and the nervous system still lingers. Besides, it is unclear whether the concept of the mind is unique to humans or not. There are those who believe that other living things, such as animals, also have a mind. The 21st-century human being is bombarded by large volumes of data daily. The mind is required to make snap decisions using these provisions. At times, the same mind is ‘overloaded’ with information. The number of data humans had to deal with a millennium ago is less than what individuals in to
The military has one of the most advanced technologies in the world, as soldiers have to face one of the harshest conditions in their service. Guided missile has become one of the widely used weapon systems and has proven to be very effective. It creates many possibilities of attack and lowers the risk for people using such weapons. The first guided missiles started to appear at the end of World War II. Germany was the country that has made its existence possible but the first types did not have a power system, so it was a predecessor of the modern guided missiles. During the War years Americans had many prototypes and working versions of the guided missile but did not have an opportunity to test and use them all. After the war ended there were a number of experiments that allowed a closer familiarity with the possibilities and strategic advancements of the missile. The United States have focused on the development of strategic missiles that could deliver an atomic charge to the enemy’s deepest territories. The missiles are labeled as “ASM” air-surface missile or “AGM” air-ground missile. The missiles differ in their specifications and purposes in several things. The distance of attack is one of the key roles of the missile, as well as its speed and mass.. The characteristics of flight also differentiate types of guided missiles used in combat. The navigation system itself gives a unique use to each missile, not to mention the propelling forces and several other parameters. The missiles differ in their purpose and qualifications. Tactical guided missiles are used for an attack of targets in the tactical zone of the enemy. Usually, stealth planes and bomb carriers have this type of missile. The distance is around 100 kilometers and the mass is from tens to hundreds of kilograms. The navigation and targeting systems are based on video targeting or self targeting. Operational-tactical missiles are used for important targets in the far off territory of the enemy. They are used in the frontal combat but also in strategic bombers. These have a larger distance of flight and mass, comparing to tactical missiles. The distance is several hundred kilometers and the mass is one to two tones. The targeting system uses many and almost all kinds of systems. This type of missile is also used on battle ships a long distance away. Strategically, guided missiles have the largest distance of operation, more than 1000 kilometers and weigh more than one ton. The primary load is atomic, which gives them an important privilege and function. The guided missiles are differentiated according to the targets they were made to hit. Those used against battle ships have larger mass and d
Introduction Nature describes natural things as well as its relation to the causes of laws of nature. Wide ranges of views have been postulated to understand the impact and meaning of nature. The theme aimed at understanding significance of nature as well as its meaning has traversed centuries in the fields of theology, science, epistemology and metaphysics. Moreover, the need to understand nature has brought about major debates in the field of philosophy. This paper will try to explore and define nature. The paper will also examine our relation to nature (Oelschlaeger, 1991). Nature Nature refers to the things, which are natural. Additionally, it refers to the laws of nature. In the ancient Greek, the term nature was utilized to refer to natural growth of plants. However, in philosophical terms, nature refers to the ways in which things happen naturally, that is, things happen by themselves. Additionally, human nature refers to an individual’s natural self. That individual is influenced entirely by genetic inheritance. In this regard, those who argue for nature believe that everything that occurs in human being is inborn. In this regard, the theory posts that every mannerism, whether monstrous or good is acquired naturally. This has posted several arguments as other theorists think otherwise. It can be observed that nature encompasses everything that grows naturally. In essence, understanding nature tries to explore origin of both plants and animals. Humans are therefore closely tied to nature in many ways namely growth and origin, among others (Callicott & Roger,1989). According to nature belief, human beings are controlled by their inborn contributions. Nature, therefore, emphasizes that fact that people reflect only their biological factors throughout their lives. This belief has brought about numerous debates. These included debates on nature versus nature, the role of nature in human growth, among others. However, on my part, I believe that the environment as well as nature has a role in human development. Nature exposes the natural, which we have less control over while the environment presents a sphere in which we can control. For instance, some behaviors are inborn while others are acquired through interaction with the environment. Nonetheless, nature plays an important role in our lives because it explains our natural self. To this extent, nature can be defines as a term that defines laws of nature as well as the causes of laws of nature. From this definition, it is observable that we rely on nature to define ourselves (Gruen
Psychodynamic theories and perspectives give human beings an understanding of what goes on in one’s mind. In a health care setting, psychodynamic perspective helps health practitioners to develop insights on what a patient’s mind believes, in addition to behavioral characteristics. Understanding an individual’s mind helps people to solve personal problems that may cause trauma and psychological torture. This involves assisting affected persons to accept hardships and events; the results are improvements in an individual’s welfare and relational behaviors, both private and interpersonal. Psychodynamic theories are limited by the fact that they rely on assumptions to analyze situations and behavior (Feist & Feist, 2009). The assumptions include belief that every behavior has a cause and the aspect that unconsciousness affects emotions. Assumptions also include conviction that childhood has an impact on personal behaviors and future emotions and that identity, as well as ego, makes up one’s personality. The defense mechanisms in case of a problem include defiance, regression, desire, repression, and unstable reactions. Psychodynamic theories affect individuals’ character in a number of ways. For instance, one may link obsessive hand washing to childhood trauma that results to such behaviors in adulthood. Other behaviors in adults that are interlinked with childhood include fear, nervousness, hair plucking, sexual compulsions, and neurotic behaviors. This may be realized in an individual’s mannerism, way of thinking, and emotional relief. The traits exhibited include shyness, reliability, sociability, hostility, self-belief, and ambitions. The level of the impact on individuals affects personal feelings and self-motivation. This enables one to solve self-conflicts and relieve oneself from guilt. An individual’s personality is based on the possibility of viewing events, creating desires, and working towards the achievement of set goals and objectives (Leichsenring & Rabung, 2011). This involves unconscious motives, and terrible conflicts between desire and personal obligations. The persona formed involves arts, jokes, clear accidents, unstable word use and dreams, all which are subjective. In that case, the ability to balance all these systems and the objects of interests determine how successful one becomes. Personal identity and ego reacts to pleasure and personal conscience towards life’s activities and reality principles. The effects of psychodynamic theories on interpersonal relationships are felt greatly in how conflicts are reso
A brief background Themes brought out in the Gospel of Luke and Luke’s second volume (Acts of the Apostle) are very distinctive and dominant since they bring to a light explicit and implicit understanding of Jesus and how a Christian should live according to biblical principles. As this paper examines, Luke’s narrative puts its focus on the teachings of Jesus to lend a unique subjection to authority through teachings, passion, crucifixion, and resurrection. Themes Prayer Prayer is strongly brought out in Luke’s narrative as a unique and overriding theme. The subject of prayer features prominently in the life of Jesus as a major source of his strength. In the parables of the Pharisee and the tax collector (Luke 18: 9-14) and the persistent widow in Luke 18: 1-8, the essence of prayer intensely comes out as a distinctive tool that executes desired changes. Besides, Luke exemplifies Jesus as an individual whose daily plan and choices were developed and made effective through prayer. Indeed, what interests me is how Jesus sought time alone to pray (Luke 5:16), and even sought direction in choosing his close partners and individuals to continue with his work (Luke 6:12). I see the theme of prayer and its application as a critical component of strength and inspiration as I go through key moments in life. Stewardship Luke acknowledges in his narratives the quintessence of sharing among Christians. He introduces this theme in the hymnic outbursts and poetic statements by Mary (Luke 1: 45-56) whereby she claims that God exalts a lowl
An enzyme is a protein catalyst in a biochemical reaction(biological catalyst). We elaborate further to state a catalyst as a substance that increases the rate of reaction and is not used up in the reaction, the products of the reaction are different substances of the reactant. Enzymes are positive catalysts speeding up reactions by as much as a hundred million times. They are very selective, they typically affect only one specific reaction. Enzymes are essential for life and an understanding of how they operate is important for medicine and industrial biochemistry. For enzymes to operate they must be able to make contact with the substrate; the enzyme or substrate or both must be in solution, i.e. in rapid random motion in water. Our cells are about 90% water and water is the medium in which most of our biochemistry takes place. Basically this is what happens, the active site of the enzyme has a shape closely complementary to the substrate and the substrate locks into the enzyme’s active site. The shape of the active site changes slightly, gripping the substrate more tightly and straining it; an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. The substrate undergoes a chemical change – the new substance (the product) is released from the active site. The active site springs back to its original shape and is ready to receive fresh substrate. All enzymes are similar in action, therefore the enzymes that work in the liver work with the same conditions and at the same rate as the substitute that will be used in the experiment, that is if all the conditions are similar to that of the liver. These conditions are the pH, temperature and substrate concentration are constant. Enzymes are practical using enzyme catalase to decompose hydrogen peroxide to determine the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of enzyme action. Catalase is present in the cells of fungi, plants and animals. Hydrogen peroxide is poisonous and is a dangerous waste product of many different biochemical reactions that occur in our cells. Our cells produce the enzyme catalase which decomposes hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Catalase operates very quickly – one molecule of catalase can break down 40 million hydrogen peroxide molecules a second. I realized that the catalase greatly speeds up the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. l discovered the effect of enzyme concentration by altering the catalase concentration. The requirements (materials and apparatus) that were used are ;a potato, a Petri dish, a cork borer, a blade, hydrogen peroxide solution (20% ),pH buffer solutions, a water bath, thermometer, two identical boiling tubes and a ruler, test tube rack. Fresh potato tissue contains catalase a solid cylinder of fresh potato tissue using a cork borer is removed. Using a sharp one-sided blade I sliced the cylinder into discs 1 millimeter thick and place them in a Petri dish of water. I used different concentrations of catalase by using different numbers of potato discs – 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 discs for each of the six experiments, I kept the substrate, temperature and pH fixed. I set up the appar