ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In this article, the writers focus on the changes that have been brought about by the emergence of digital technology. Principally, the authors articulate that marketing trends are an important part of marketing. This, they say, is majorly based on the fact that they determine the best strategies for the marketers to take, and the returns that the marketers expect from their investments in marketing. For this reason, it is important for the people in the marketing section to know where the world is coming from and where it is going. In addition, they have to understand the basics of transparency, cost efficacy, good services, and staying at par with the current trends of marketing and sale of various products as well as services. Even more importantly, the authors articulate that most companies are appreciating the role played by the social media networking tools and they have either implemented marketing through the social media or are in the process of implementing. According to them, the social media networking also serves the non-profit organizations by engaging the public and general awareness of the activities of these organizations. Another important trend in the market is the need to aesthetically appeal to the public through products and services. If organizations are to progress; the authors recommend that companies should implement these new trends. Essentially, the paper serves to educate marketers in any given industry. In other words, every organization, both for profit and not for profit, has to make a decision on allocating the business budget to maximize returns and minimize risks and in order to do this, great consideration has to be made on the fitting marketing trends to use. This is very crucial since the world of business is highly dynamic thus necessitating the need to find apt ways of predicting and successfully operating various businesses. To support the importance of marketing trends, the authors provide many cases including global companies like Nokia which, reportedly, uses social media like Facebook and Twitter in marketing its products and services. Other cases like the one of Poppy Line of handbags, given by these authors, also provide a fitting example for the relevance of ma
For any successful learning-teaching endeavor, it is always best to consider the variation in human and/or cultural diversity. This is because we are living in a very big world where lots of nationalities, cultures, traditions and personalities collide and interact with each other. Maintenance of a harmonious human diversity flow inside the classroom can easily be maintained if the teacher – student good relationship is also maintained. But because the teacher is the key holder in this aspect, he/she must also know how to initiate the harmonious environment inside the classroom. The teacher himself must know how to deal with different cultural background, beliefs, personalities, qualities and capabilities of the students. Her teaching styles, approaches and classroom management techniques should vary with every need of the students – considering their ages, emotional stability, teaching/learning preferences, knowledge and skills etc. Eventually, the students will soon realize that their differences with their classmates and even with the teacher is just another learning material for them – for they now have to teach themselves to adapt and cope with different people and maintain a positive approach to dealing with different people. This is what I like the most in this school – Huntington High School. The school administrator, the teaches and even the students have all recognized that there really is a diversity in the students as there are people from different nationalities, beliefs and even religions. Not only are the students interact with each other in the classrooms, there are also a number of organizations, clubs or committees where all the students, however varied their nationalities and backgrounds are, can become active members. By having this diversity in the school, more and more students are enlightened by the differences of personalities of the people to and from different countries. The students can even acquaint themselves with the traditions activities and norms from the other country just by talking with their classmates. In the same manner, the students with different backgrounds will not feel insecure because they can see that they are being accepted by the people around them. Needless to say, racial discrimination is prevented. There is a fair treatment given both by the school administrators and teachers to each and every student. Asians, Latinos, African-Americans, or pure Americans are treated as
Freedom Riders is a documental movie describing the huge movement of civil rights activists in the United States in the middle of 20 th century. The black community was faced with various types of discrimination and segregation. They formed several organizations and initiated the civil rights movement in different states. Members of these organizations held protests, marches, and meetings to attract the attention of the general public and government. They achieved some significant changes in legislation. However, some methods were not effective. In addition, the media played an important role in this process. The main goal of this paper is to discuss the impact that the media had on the progress of the civil rights movement and highlight strategies implemented by civil rights organizations. The Civil Rights Movement At the begin
Introduction The United States’ constitution was created in during the constitutional convention of 1787 and has served the nation since then. The country has also changed in many ways in those two centuries since the constitution was made such as population increase from 1 million to 300 million today yet the constitution has remained unchanged. This makes the US constitution the oldest in the world, where 159 countries of the world had a constitution by the end of the 20 th century. Some countries have had more than one constitution for example France, which have had ten different and distinct constitutions (Cato Institute, 2002). Some other countries have adopted the US constitution with various degrees of success but not as nearly successfully as the US. This then leads to the question of what makes the US constitution to survive for that long and why attempts to adopt it by other countries have not been successful. The discussion that follows answers these questions in details. The US constitution has the principle of clear and balanced separation of powers in the three structures of the government, that is, the legislature represented by the congress and is
Increasing environmental awareness emphasises numerous situations in engineering where there are possible harmful environmental effects ( Geotechnical Engineering n.d.). The techniques and information relating to environmental geotechnics enable engineers and construction planners to choose the appropriate courses of action that offer the best practices from both the engineering and environmental perspectives (Sarsby 2000, p. 12). Currently, there are various ground and geotechnics fundamental principles relating to engineering practices, which go a long way into interacting with the environment. Thus, Environmental Geotechnics combines the current frame of environmental aspects knowledge of ground engineering (Van Impe 1998, p. 163). This includes landfills and polluted land. These are significant areas for engineers de
Introduction The article “A Study of the Impact of Fatigue on Human Raters when Scoring Speaking Responses” was conducted in 2014 by Guangming Ling, Pamela Mollaun, and Xiaoming Xi. Informed by a research gap on the impact of time-related fatigue on rating quality in language testing, these authors set out to examine the effects of fatigue on human raters’ scoring performance within the context of the TOEFL iBT Speaking Test. The authors succeeded in showing how rating accuracy, quality, and consistency vary across time due to fatigue-related effects. Summary The study employed a quantitative experimental research design to “examine the effects of fatigue on human raters of audio responses by comparing rating accuracy and consistency at various time points throughout a scoring day, under shift conditions that differ by shift length and session length” (Ling, Mollaun, and Xi 479). The authors consulted other sources to show that the burden placed on raters’ concentration and cognitive capabilities in scoring speaking responses may trigger time-related fatigue and also aggravate scoring accuracy and consistency. Overall, the findings proved that (1) scoring productivity and quality differ widely across hours irrespective of shift conditions, (2) shorter scoring shifts (e.g., 6-hours shifts and those that switch to a new speaking task every 2 hours) enjoy higher rating accuracy, greater hourly productivity, and greater rating consistency across time than longer scoring shifts, and (3) longer scoring sessions and expanded scoring length are positively associated with increased fatigue. Critique The main argument of the study is that fatigue occasioned by longer scoring shift length and session length affects the human raters’ rating quality, accuracy, as well as consistency. The writers’ perspective is embedded in the fact that scoring shift length and session length in language testing may indeed occasion undesirable fatigue-related outcomes. This perspective is consistent with that of other authors, who argue that exam proximity (time between cognitive tasks) has a powerful impact on performance due to cognitive fatigue (Fillmore and Pope 12). Drawing from this comparison, it can be argued that the writers’ ideas on fatigue are similar to those of other writers. Indeed, their ideas are effective in demonstrating how scoring shift length and session length affect the rating quality, accuracy, and consistency in language testing. The authors do not show any bias and are qualified to write in this area based on their affiliation with the United States Educational Testing Service. Their main ideas are easily agreeable based on the experiments done in the study to prove them; however, the authors fail to discuss how
Driving under the influence is a serious issue, which affects not only the driver but also puts other vehicles and their passengers at risk. Aside from the fact that consuming alcohol for teens is illegal in the first place, moreover deciding to drive while impaired puts them in four times bigger risk of getting into the car accident than adults (Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia). Alcohol seems tempting for adolescents, and it is no secret that most teenagers consume alcohol while in high school; thus, some neglect being responsible and end up driving cars when drunk. According to the statistics, the leading cause of death among teenagers in the United States is motor vehicle crashes, with one in three deaths caused by impaired driving (Hafner et al.). Therefore, because of such high rates of fatal accidents, there is a vital need to find a way to decrease the number of car crashes involving drunk teenagers. In this proposal, I would like to reach out to the local school principal with an offer to conduct a unique program that should influence teenagers regarding the topic of adolescent driving under the influence (DUI). Such devastating statistics about deadly vehicle crashes that involve drunk teenagers’ urges to serious actions for prevention of adolescents from sitting behind the wheel while under the influence. In 2016, 2,433 Americans died from getting into a car accident in 2016; among them, a quarter of the fatal incidents occurred because of driving under the influence (Hafner, et al.). A school is a place where teenagers spend most of their time during the weekdays, where it is easy to influence them. I encourage the principle to join the initiative with a goal to prevent teenage DUI as much as possible because it is an important issue that has to be addressed. With creative and innovative methods, it is possible to influence the high schoolers and show them the correct models of behavior. Various methods are used for the prevention of teenage drunk driving; they vary from strict administrative laws to psychological influence. In the article by Perri Klass, it is stated that adopting more restriction policies for DUI overall is generally associated with less fatal incidents (Klass). Undeniably, that restrictive policies must exist, and violating them must have an according punishment; however, it is not that simple. Such policies must be individual to not only each state but also every town due to their specific characteristic: like lengthy highways, amount of vehicles, etc. Adding a single policy to the regulation would not change the overall situation drastically; it may decrease a small percentage of the accidents, and thus, will not show a significant result in the general picture. Klass said, “It’s really the collection of them all that seems to be effective”. Therefore, creating more restriction policies is individual to every town and would not make a significant impact on the problem as a whole. One more proposed solution to
Introduction The novels of D. H. Lawrence and James Joyce reflect mainly the family relationship as existed in their society; though they also embrace various other social, philosophical, and religious matters. They are the greatest novelists belonging to the twentieth century. Lawrence, a crusader against the conventional attitude to sex, is more forceful in depicting the blood relationship. The revolt of Stephen Dedalus begins in Joyce’s The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man with his rejection of the blind religious attitude found existing in his family. With a focus on the novels, Sons, and Lovers and The Portrait, this paper makes a critical comparison to see how the novelists have handled the family relationships. Sons, and Lovers and The Portrait Sons and Lovers depict the growth of its central character, Paul Morel, through many negative experiences, mainly the experiences generating from his relationship with his mother. As a child, Paul witnessed a bitt
Introduction No one can avoid being evaluated by society, where society includes oneself, at least once in a while. There are guidelines and benchmarks against which a person is considered ‘suitable’ or not. Formal education is not just a platform for the understanding of society and life at large as it is also a place for people to learn about themselves, who they are, love and eventually help them decide what they would like to do from a broad perspective for the society or the world especially in this era of globalization. But it is hardly one’s place to decide where one can fit for whatever role. Although such cases exist for example Steve Jobs, Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg, college drop-outs who have succeeded without having a university certificate to prove it, but such people are very rare. Otherwise, people are meant to be tested at every level of education; failing one level by not doing well in a test means that one is not fit for the next stage. Evaluation through Standardized Tests (STs) is only one of the ways through which people’s knowledge are quantified before they are considered ‘fit’. Definitely, STs are not the best way for doing the job, as they do not reflect the truth about one’s ability to learn. Discussion STs have been criticized for being too simplistic (Smith, 2011); given that they assume that the one who scores highest is the smartest. For instance, through STs one can find out if a student knows the year that World War I, for instance began. While the student may know the exact year, he/she may not know the factors that led to it or how it came to begin. One’s capability to learn is much larger than performance in STs. STs only measure one’s ability to pass exams, which requires that one can remember the ‘right’ answers within the set time: “they reward a student’s ability to answer superficial questions that don’t need actual thought” (Fairtest.org, 2007). This ability to remember answers may be as a result of continuous drilling and rote learning, as well as the ability of one to cram small bits of facts. It does not cater for those who have the answers but are slow in catching up with the time deadline. Another limitation of Sts is their emphasis on the ‘right answers’ (Engine4ed.org, 2011) since STs insist that that there’s only one right answer to every sin
Background Together with Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the Sultanate of Oman, The United Arab Emirate make up the Gulf countries, located at the Arabian Gulf. Conventionally, the UAE was focused on maritime activities such as fishing, thought this changed in the mid 20th century, when it discovered oil. This discovery changed the country’s economy, influencing its wealth and advanced state among the Muslim countries. The discovery also made the UAE a favourite destination for new businesses and investment from international individuals and companies. Currently, the UAE has a large foreign emigrant population, making it the most liberal amongst the Middle East countries. The country is full of economic opportunities following its diverse and rich culture as well as historical and religious influences, making it an ideal and unique business destination. Business Structure The UAE has been a sought after country because it is the federation of the seven distinct Islamic entities. Several years of European interaction led to various friendship treaties with Britain. This friendship facilitated the formation of the “Trucial Sheikdoms” in 1853. Following the oil discovery, the UAE has attracted international business interests, making it a thriving business centre, with vast opportunities for economic growth and foreign investments. Because of this international interest in the UAE, one is most likely to deal with an expatriate when interacting in the UAE, who make close to 80% of the country’s population. Because of this, it is important for foreigners to know whom they are dealing with and know who the final decision maker would be (Peck, 1986, p. 49). Most Emirati companies have a vertical hierarchical management, run and owned by powerful individuals, who are the sole decision makers. To have a flourishing business relationship, it is important to respect these powerful persons. Age, family and money are key influential factors of an individual’s status. The official working week in the UAE starts on Saturday, through to Wednesday while Thursday and Friday are resting days. In some cases, people work on Thursdays and rest on Saturdays. The working hours are likely to be 0900 to 1300 and 1630 to 2000. Most family owned family businesses have family members in key positions while multinational companies are controlled in regard to their headquarters in their countries of origin (Terterov, 2006, p. 56). Management style UAE’s local management style tends to be paternalistic and directive. A manager is expected to provide direct and clear instructions to subordinates who carry out the instructions in exact details. A poor or vague instruction from a manager demonstrates poor managerial skills and leadership. In UAE, status is important, hence must be recognized by everyo
Introduction Today, a number of different objects and areas of life are of great importance in a person’s life because they give the elements of fun and entertainment to that individual. Entertainment and pursuing lines for relaxation, fun, and excitement have been with a human being for as long as we can look back. As such, music, in all its popular form and genres, has always inspired humankind because of its soul-touching and soul-soothing quality. Humankind has always sought to play and listen to music in times good or bad; excited or sad; of loneliness and collective gathering. In the context of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, music and development in music production and creation have taken high strides with regard to music as both entertainment and as an industry. Today, a number of genres exist; a number of music legends have made their way to the top because they simply won the hearts of their fans by producing and creating music that soothed their listeners and took to their hearts. One of the important genres of today’s music scene is Electronic music. Among the numberless list of the legends in the music arena such names as John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Alvin Lucier stay alive with their marvelous hand in electronic genres. These three artists can simply be regarded as big shots of music and have a huge circle of fans internationally. The present paper, as such, looks at the electronic genre of music and undertakes an analysis of the three above listed artists’ work both examining their works and creation and cross-examining their live performances that came to pass in recent times. Moreover, the paper links these artists’ works with electronic music and its development. The paper begins with the pursuit of electronic music and how it exists today, then it moves on to critically examine the three artists: John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Alvin Lucier. Electronic Music: History, Present It was way back in the year 1897 that a patent of an invention was registered in the United States of American’s patent office. The patent number was 580.035. The person whose name was registered with the patent was Thaddeus Cahill. That very invention has now become a mere page of history “but in several respects, it was to prove as significant a landmark for electronic music as the more celebrated phonograph patents of Edison and Berliner registered some twenty years previously” (Manning, p. 01, 1994). It was at Holyoke, Massachusetts that a fully developed model sound-generation system that was electrically operated was presented. It was named Dynamophone, which was “about 200 tons in weight and some 60 feet in length, assuming the proportions of a power-station generator” (p. 01). It was regarded as a substitution for the conventional keyboard instrument. In the days to come, electronic music made its place in the hearts of music fans. In the 1950s, the coming into being of the transistor gave great strides for the development of electronic music. From here the evolution of a number of different devices began which were characteristic of “thermionic” valves (p. 117). However, the complications such as size, fragi