ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Crime rates are increasingly becoming a serious factor in society, either developed or developing countries. Institutions have raised alarm regarding the number of people who have turned to criminal activities. Several reasons that contribute to the increasing crime rates have been forwarded. However, there is no universally accepted method through which people can effectively be prevented from committing crimes. Alarmingly, the number of young adults and adolescents that are involved in criminal activities is on the rise. This has made parents, guardians, law enforcement personnel as well as the state to be concerned about the future of society. As a result, various ways that can be used to prevent juvenile delinquencies have been proposed. While others have proposed tough sentences on all those found guilty, there are others who argue that the youth can be guided and become responsible citizens. In this regard, there are several juvenile diversion programs that have been established in the state of Oklahoma among them, Juvenile Crime Prevention Program (JCPP) and First Time Offender Program (FTOP). Though the two perform almost the same functions, they have several differences. Description First Time Offender Program, is a twelve-hour education program for the youth who have committed crimes that are not serious enough to warrant the actions of the courts (Roberts, 2004). The ideas behind the exercise are both diversionary and preventive. Besides ensuring that the youth do not go back to their criminal activities through teaching them and enhancing their skills, the program also aims at improving the decision-making skills of the participants. The youth in the program are usually referred by the courts, the district attorney, the police, and any other party concerned with criminal activities. The program usually requires the parents or guardians of the youth to accompany them during the sessions. This is because it is believed that youths turn into crime due to a lack of proper family care. On the other hand, JCPP is a program that was instituted to help curb crime by emphasizing the importance of education. The program mainly works by showing young people the disadvantages of associating themselves with criminal activities and the benefits one can get by getting a degree and a certificate in any field (Rich, 2011). It is not specific to those who have committed crimes alone but all youths who can attend the program. Major Goals The two programs approach the subject of crime prevention from different angles thus they have relatively different goals and beliefs. While FTOP believes that crime rates are high due to a lack of proper parental guidance, JCPP beliefs that crime rates are high because the youth have a lot of spare time during which they are idle. Consequently, the main goal of JCPP is to make the youth aware of the importance of the education system, how harsh prison life is, and also engage them in different physical activities. The main belief here is
Introduction Public order means a social control of public life and activities of individuals in order to ensure favorable conditions for citizens. Thus, the main disadvantage of public order is that it implies a total control of life and behavior of individuals and their personal relations. This situation violates privacy rights and personal freedom of citizens and established surveillance over social and public life. First, public participation in this effort, while likely to create some initial dissension, would ultimately lead to public acceptance of the rule (Schmalleger and Petersilia 2001). Second, the rule likewise would seem to have some attraction for the police as it does give them some discretion to decide when an assault has occurred, and the rule is simple, precise, and easily administered and monitored. Third, the rule reflects sound substantive policy by recognizing that the assault statutes are designed as “order maintenance” offenses. For instance, public order implies that the society will know that you have eat on breakfast and what TV programs you prefer to watch in the evening. The system may illustrate the difficulties which are inherent in an autocratic system. having no representation of the interests which an order creates and which, to a greater or lesser extent, are ensured by parliamentary representation (Robinson, 2001). Main body The disadvantage of public order is that it protects rights of the society but violates rights of individuals. This problem is the fundamental inequality of power between the individual and the state. Human rights embody standards for the relationship between the rulers and the ruled against the backdrop of their basic asymmetry of power which is inherent in the state system. These standards are rooted in the belief that the human being does not exist for the benefit of the state but that the state exists for the benefit of the human being.The possible reaction of important public groups could not be well gauged by the government. Furthermore, a public harmony of interests could only be achieved after a fundamental alteration of the autocracy’s powers (Schmalleger and Petersilia, 2001). These are perfectly sound principles for public relations but are corroded by the offensive term engineering of public opinion that connotes manipulation of the public, a manipulation that most public citizens innately fear; a fear that makes them wary of the work o
Sport and physical activity occupy a substantial place in the nation’s society and have various implications in numerous spheres of life. Besides, for a particular group of people, this area becomes a professional field that can impose multiple challenges and opportunities. Sport becomes an essential tool that can have an impact on social or political relations. More than fifty years ago, the president of the International Olympic Committee suggested that sport has “little to do with politics and the former has no place in the dealings of the latter” (Grix, 2015:1). However, the political environment is connected to sports development (SD) and its perception and management within a community. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how changing political, economic, and cultural shifts affect SD, what are the primary issues, and propose potential measures for its future sustainable development. First, it is crucial to understand the concept of SD and the approaches to it. According to Sam (2016), SD applies to new athletes’ recruitment, the careful maintenance of the existing ones, and all the aspects that can be derived from those points. The field of sport development can have different orientations and focus on various branches of society. Hence, it promotes the objective of sport being available for everyone, the identification of talents, and relating sport to numerous policies, such as “health or community regeneration” (Sam, 2016:228). In such a way, SD has several allegations and can be influenced by the modifications in political directions and procedures, and strategies. Still, another vital factor in sports development is the individuals’ attitude and perception of physical activity. One of the signalizing moments was the announcement before the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The Chair of the London Organising Committee for Olympic Games specified that it was time “to drive sports legacy” and boost participation in physical activities (Weed et al., 2015:196). Consequently, it was a call for action and the statement that the Games can positively impact sport development. It is possible to say that the authorities aimed to promote the sport with an example of participating athletes, which was considered to be an encouragement measure. One of the interesting points is the difference between the previous view on sports during the influence of the Labour government in the UK and the current Conser
Stephen Prothero Stephen Prothero, a specialist in American religion, is currently a professor at Boston University. He is known of writing good religious books. He is also remembered of receiving an award for his remarkable book The Asian Odyssey of Henry Steel Olcott. In addition to writing many books, Prothero also took part in writing religious magazines and newspapers. He majored in writing diverse spiritual books, magazines and articles with the intention of informing the Americans about the existence of many religious practices in the world. Despite of the diversity in religious practices, most religions share some common aspects. For instance, Prothero argues that all religions that exist in the world have faith on something; all religions believe in existence of either supernatural powers or supernatural being. Prothero also expounds on how almost all religions prefer peace, love and understanding to information pertaining to the love of God (Prothero, 9). It is also true that there is no religious practice that supports murder or sexual practices between parents and offspring’s. According to Prothero, it is also evident that all religious practices in the world have commandments and sacred books that govern their spiritual practices. In his writing, Prothero also claims that evil and good deeds in diverse societies have great relation with existing religions in the world. For instance, he argues that the assassination of Indira Gandhi, the prime minister of India was influenced by religious practice in India. However, he also used the case of Jim Crow in supporting the importance of religious practices in diverse societies (Prothero, 11). According to Prothero, religious practice played a crucial role towards ending Crow’s discrimination law. All religions provide not only broad explanation on the origin of life and death, but also expound on how diverse religions are organized into institutions that meet in sacred places. Despite of the existence of numerous factors that unify religious practices in the world, it is also evident that some factors contribute to existence of diversity among them. It is also evident that not all religious practices teach same doctrines. In addition to performing different rituals, religious practices have also different goals. For instance, Prothero argues that Christians do not visit pilgrims as Muslims. On the other hand, Muslims differ from Christians by not practicing baptism. Unlike Buddhists who believe in inexistency of God, many religions in the world believe in existence of diverse supernatural beings. For instance, the Jews believe in existence of only one God, whereas the Hindu believes in many gods. Religions also differ in opinions concerning the formation of God. According to Prothero, Mormons believe in God having a tangible body, whereas the Muslims believe that God does not have a physical body. Pop
Introduction Educating members of a community using oral history calls for presenting the narrative in a manner that facilitates insight since oral history is sensitive enough to be interpreted differently by the audience. Despite the fact that technology has influenced the modern journalists to focusing on the technological aspect of the media, the journalists should also note that social issues related to communication are equally important. Thus, the procedures used by journalists while presenting oral history through the media can affect the perception of the oral history to the subsequent generations (Carey 32).This raises the key question: can effective use of oral history in the media be achieved through a clear understanding on how the modern society interprets the intended message? Problem Statement A majority of the modern journalists believe that effective oral history in the media can be achieved through technology advancement. It is believed that oral history in the media, however, is a powerful tool that aids in passing specific cultural values, customs, and beliefs from one generation to the subsequent ones. Nevertheless, oral history in the media has received mixed perception, as some psychological and cultural studies have already demonstrated that oral history yields to minimum effects on the society, and therefore the current generation as well as the subsequent generations cannot emulate its teachings (Eadie 47). Background. Case Study Journalists have endeavored to portray how education was perceived as a tool that created an avenue for the African American to achieve equal social as well as economic status with their white counterparts. The journalists normally do this by using oral history that narrates a collaboration of African American community activists in a bid to liberate the African American from racial segregation that played role in the education system, among other areas. Contrary to the psychological and cultural value models, the journalists believe that oral history reveals the advantages associated with it in a number of ways. One of the major roles that the oral history has played is demonstrating how the African American people have turned their dreams to reality, which were envisioned by the fore leaders, including Martin Luther King and Malcolm X (Hall 229). Thus, this case study prompts the media communication researchers to find out effective ways of using oral history in liberating the minds of African American of this generation. Literature Review The media communication discipline affirms that a number of ancestries can be used in outlining the modern communication theory. Communication theory started in the 1940s with adopting of the transmissional model, which was also known as the injection model (Eadie 47). This model alleged that information conveyed by
Marketing is very important to any business. For one to sell, people must have seen as the product and or service. For them to repeat the process, the previous purchase must have satisfied their need. Marketing is a process that the management initiates. The main purpose is to identify, anticipate, and satisfy the customer at a profit. There has to be potential for the business to make a profit. Therefore, the main role of marketing is to ensure that the customer is happy and that the happiness transforms to the business success through profit and continued trade. The organization needs to come up with a marketing team and formulate the market strategy and tactics. A good marketing plan puts into consideration the means and ways of how to tackle the industry and competitors. It also illustrates how to embrace the customer, partners, and the company. The organization needs to carry out a marketing audit. It includes a complete analysis of the market, the external and industry analysis. It has carried out the competitor analysis and customer analysis. The internal Strengths and Weaknesses and the external Opportunities and Threats make up the SWOT analysis. The internal strength is one of the qualities that enable a business to be better than others. The internal analysis would include the operating results, marketing capabilities, marketing intelligence, and the effectiveness of the marketing mix. It must also consider its weaknesses and find the best way to improve on them. There are many opportunities outside the company that it has to tap into to gain, expand and maintain its market. A business can use opportunities to gain acceptance in the market. The threats in the industry like competition are important because they make the management work hard to turn them into opportunities. Threats are fundamentals in the industry that are a disadvantage for the business. During the market auditing, the organization can make good use of the Product Life Cycle tools. It involves the life of a new product from the time of introduction through growth stages until it reaches its maturity and decline stage. Today the cycle is becoming shorter because of competition. Therefore, companies have to start differentiating and do market segmentation immediately. The Portfolio analysis and Porter’s five forces are also market auditing tools. Michael Porter’s Five Forces helps the business to understand the bargaining power. It helps to determine the competitiveness and the potential for profit based on the interaction of the five forces. The bargaining power of the organization as the seller to the market and as a buyer from its suppliers enables it to keep the market. The bargaining power also covers the buyers of the company’s products. Substit
From the case study concerning the shell company, organizations need to be careful whenever developing strategies to guide their operations. This means that they should have various stakeholders in mind before coming up with any active operation agenda. This is vital because reputation of any organization to its stakeholders marks the beginning of its success. Companies should make sure that they do not engage in activities that may end up affecting the society since this adversely affects their reputation. For example, Shell Company had its reputation affected as a result of events undertaken by some of its subsidiaries. These events angered various stakeholders hence affecting shell’s business in a great way. In fact, companies should not take anything for granted whenever making any deci
Summary of the Case study   * The Blue Mountain Herbal Teas was established in mid 1980s by Bart Wilcox and Fred Easton.   * Its main distributing channel has been the Health food stores.   * However, the grocery supermarkets entered into its distribution channel recently.   * The above was necessary for the company because there was poorperformance of the health food stores.   * Besides, the company needed to expand its services. SWOT analysis   * Strengths:       + Products are positioned well;       + High demand for its products;       + A total of15 brands (variety);       + it is well known to the public (image) due to health food stores in the distribution channel.   * Weaknesses:       + The company deals with only one line of product (herbal teas).       + Lack of adequate marketing.       + Depending a lot on the health food stores.       + Conflict between supermarkets and food stores.   * Opportunities:       + Supermarkets have improved the distribution channel.       + The company has a wide opportunity of branding its products.       + Adequate source of raw materials that can be easily imported.       + Large market demand for herbal teas.   * Threats:       + Increasing competition from other companies such as Celestial Seasonings Herbal Teas.       + Conflict in the channel of distribution is likely to interfere with marketing of herbal teas.       + Reduced sales especially if the health food stores will not buy products from the company.       + Meeting the changing tastes and preferences of customers on a regular basis. Problem facing the company   * The health food retailers have objected the entry of supermarkets into the distribution channel.   * They have threatened to stop buying from the company if the supermarkets will take the right of distributing herbal teas on behalf of the Blue Mountain Company.   * Gary Penfold, who is the current director of marketing is in a dilemma on the best step of action to take.   * To begin with, it is profound to note that marketing is both an art and science that revolves around elements such as promotions, public relations, and advertising.   * The information generated from marketplace data as it is the case with the Blue Mountain herbal Teas is indeed vital in making relevant decisions (Khatri & Nanyang 2000, p.93).   * However, it is obvious that most firms often make several guesses on how to apply the information generated from marketing activities.   * Hence, the purpose of this report is to explore the marketing theories and options that the management at Blue Mountain company can make use of in order to come up with the best business decisions. Marketing theories Marketing revolves around data gathering, storage, analysis and retrieval so that the process of selling can be made smooth (Khatri & Nanyang 2000, p.92). In other words, marketing enhances selling of goods and services (Fama1998, p.300). Hence, information obtained from the marketing analysis of a particular product or brand can assist business enterprises to introduce new products into the market, boost the brand image of the product portfolio, make decision on the most effective
Assisted reproduction refers to a broad range of means that can be utilized in conception and child bearing other than the natural method. These means include artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, the usage of surrogate mothers and egg donation (Mundy 16). These processes have not been utilized for long because they were developed fairly recently with the help of technology. Despite the fact that they are recent, the stir their usage has caused has made both the medical fraternity as well as the government to get concerned. Reproduction has been a private matter for a long time in the United States. At no point has the government ever required that the parents in the country bear a certain number of children. But this does not mean that the state or federal authorities do not get involved in matters pertaining to conception and childbirth. This new field of utilizing technology in child bearing is grey in terms of government involvement. The questions that stand out even as the researchers continue to work in laboratories to better these methods include: Should the government at state or federal level be concerned with the usage of these methods of reproduction? If they should be involved, what role should they pay? If not, why should they not? These are the questions that this essay will attempt to answer. Both moral and legal issues arising from the utilization of these processes are to be considered in deciding whether it is right for state or federal level government to be involved. This essay shall provide evidence to support the position that state or federal involvement is necessary in assisted reproduction. To start with, surrogacy and other assisted reproduction processes that involve two or more parties have been a source of bother for the government when the involved parties fail to honor their commitments. It is easy to decide such cases on the existing law of breach of contract. However the fact that the life of the child resulting from the utilized process is involved makes it difficult for the courts to make decisions that are beneficial to all the concerned parties. What then will happen if the state or federal government is not involved in such cases? Chances are that bad decisions that may not be in the best interest of the baby will be made. With such possibilities, the best way to deal with assisted reproduction is to have the state or federal governments regulating it by spelling out the guidelines on what should be done by whom. This will assist in the smooth handling of the processes and the subsequent decision in a court of law if any of the involved parties chooses to breach the contract. An example of a misunderstanding that can happen in assisted reproduction is the refusal of a surrogate mother to give the baby to the egg donor (Reproductive Rights – Surrogacy and In-vitro Fertilization). Besides the above, there is the possibility of abuse of these technologies. Without government regulation, it is