ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Phylum Angiospermae is known to dominate the land because it consists of the highest number of species in the kingdom Plantae . All angiosperm plants have true stems, roots, leaves and flowers. Angiosperm plants are classified into two broad categories which include the Class Dicotyledone and Class Monocotyledone. It is believed that species of the Phylum Angiospermae are widely distributed to all ecological zones due to their exceptional nature of adaptation (Carroll & Reiley, 2004). Different Angiosperm species exhibit different root and stem structure depending with the ecological conditions in their natural habitats. Moreover, Angiosperm species exhibit different modes of reproduction. An example of Angiosperm species that have evolved to survive in extremely adverse environmental conditions is the Beavertail Cactus ( Opuntia basilaris ). Beavertail cacti species belong to the Genus Opuntia in the Family Cactaceae . These Angiosperm species inhabit the desert environment. Members of these species are found in the dry and rocky desert slopes, in the United States of America. They are found growing naturally in Sonoran and Mojave deserts of Southwestern Utah, Southeastern California and Western Arizona. Beavertail cactus has of short bristles, and they grow up to about 12 inches in height. The bristles may spread on the ground for about 6 feet wide. Stems of the Beavertail cactus are usually oval in shape, and they grow clumped together in a jointed structure. Beavertail cacti produce brilliant red flowers which bear brownish grey oval fruits with numerous seeds (Dutta, 2001). Beavertail cactus exhibits several structural modifications in the leaves, stems, roots and flowers. These structural modifications enable it to survive in the harsh desert environment. To start with, Beavertail cactus plant exhibits extensive rooting system. It bears deep roots which penetrate into the deep moist ground layers. In addition, these plants bear superficial roots lying immediately beneath the ground level. Deep rooting systems enable the cactus to draw water from underground soil layers during the dry season. On the other hand, numerous superficial roots located just below the ground level ensure quick absorption of moisture from the ground surface during light showers. The extensive rooting system of the Beavertail cactus is one of the most striking structural modifications essential for the plant survival in the desert environment, where precipitation is extremely low. The second structural modification observed in Beavertail cactus is the stem structure. These species have thick, waxy succulent stems. The succulent stems store water for biosynthetic functions in the plant, such as photosynthesis. It is believed that he thick, waxy layers that cover the stem and the leaves reduce water loss through evapo
Introduction Health is a fundamental component of national sociopolitical systems of different countries worldwide. Consequently, politicians make attractive promises during election times concerning the plans they have in place for their national health care systems. Unfortunately, their promises are usually based on false assumptions that they know what is best for their health care systems. Health is also a major issue of the emerging international political system led by United Nations whose World Health organization (WHO) agency manages global health affairs in member countries. World Health Organization defines health system as the organization of people, institutions and resources (both financial and non financial) whose purpose is to offer health care services to meet the health needs of target populations (Sharma & Atri 2010, p.386; Johnson & Stoskorpf 2010, p.3). It is important to note that health according to WHO refers to a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing of an individual or group of individuals and not absence of an undesirable physical condition that requires medication as most people assumes (Johnson & Stoskorpf 2010, p.3). Health care system like any other constructed human system is complicated and requires qualified staff, finances, information, supplies, transport, communication and general management and direction (Johnson & Stoskorpf 2010, p.3). Health care systems operate within unique social, cultural, economic and political environments. There are as many health systems as the number of countries in the world which differs considerably in size, form and scale. Consequently, health systems have organizations, procedures and results that differ considerably from one country to another (Johnson & Stoskorpf 2010, p.3). The purpose of this essay is to establish similarities and differences between Saudi Arabia’s and Romania’s healthcare systems. Similarities and differences between Saudi Arabia and Romania health care systems in the light of major national factors Saudi Arabia is a Muslim Kingdom located in West Asia. It is the home of Islam and its population is entirely of Sunni. Saudi Arabia is a perfect example of a country where Islamic system of law or Sharia is sternly followed. Saudi Arabia’s economy is mainly dependent on oil which accounts for over 85% of sales abroad (Shoult 2006 , p.19).Currently, the country is pursuing policies of economic diversification and is striving to raise the role of the private sector at a time when the rate of unemployment is recognized at four percent. Shoult argues that since Saudi Arabia boasts a quarter of the world’s oil reserves, the Kingdom is expected to hold on to its position as the world’s largest oil producer for the near future. Crude oil represen
The emergence of E-commerce has profoundly influenced customers’ shopping habits in behaviors. While online shopping has plenty of benefits for the customer, it has also become potentially detrimental to offline retail stores, causing a phenomenon called showrooming. According to Greene (2012), showrooming is defined as a practice in which consumers visit a store to inspect a physical product and then opt to buy it online, often at a lower price. Although the prevalence of showrooming could potentially put real-life businesses on the verge of extinction, there are specific strategies to retain customers and revenue. Showrooming poses a threat to physical retailers as it drains the store’s resources without offering any financial interest. The owner of a conventional store should relocate their funds to pay for the maintenance of a physical location, including bills, rent, and staff (Greene, 2012). Moreover, repeated examination of physical products can damage the goods and result in financial loss. Essentially, when a customer browses a store to examine the merchandise and then purchases the intended product online, the online store grows at the expense of the resources of the brick-and-mortar shop. One way to combat the effects of showrooming is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the customer. Employing new technologies across multiple channels to identify the target audience and customer’s individual needs is essential to achieve a smoother purchase journey. If all the data about prospective and current clients are gathered into a single data set, the analysis of such a holistic overview could give the physical stores an edge over their online rivals (“The issue of showrooming,” 2015). Using the so-called single customer view, the data gathered from multiple sources, can be helpful in many departments, such as marketing, product design, and sales, to better target the appropriate segments. As a result, this information can be used to create a better engagement campaign with the customer. The approach mentioned above can be advanced by improving the customer experience by making it easy and seamless. Bridging the gap between offline and online should be central to the development of a customer-centric approach. For instance, retailers could implement a store pick-up strategy, in which a customer purchases products online but is then able to pick up their order at the physical location. A carefully crafted product layout could then persuade the customer to buy additional goods. Alternatively, a shop could introduce a bonus system where a customer gets credit for purchasing online. The key to addressing the negative consequences of showrooming is ensuring the happiness of the customer. Conventional stores can introduce new technologies
Introduction Environmental Scanning is one of the tools and phases used in the strategic planning of an organization. There are many tools such as the PESTLE analysis, SWOT analysis, Porters Five Forces analysis and others. This paper provides an interview and discussion on PESTLE analysis. Interview for PESTLE Analysis The interview was conducted with John Doe who is a business analyst for my organization. John is responsible for the strategic planning and looks after the planning, research, business intelligence and implementation. Myself: Hello John, can you please tell me about Strategic Planning. John: Strategic planning is very important for an organization to achieve its short term and long term business goals. Marx. (2006) has suggested that the strategic planning process is made up of different phases such as Mission, Objectives, Environmental Scanning, Strategy Formulation, Implementation and Control. These activities have to run one by one and results from one phase are taken as inputs for the next phase. Myself: Can you please tell about Environmental Scanning. John: Cook (1990) has suggested that Environmental Scanning is the process of getting an understanding of the business environment in which the company operates. What we attempt in this phase is to define and understand the internal and external forces like market size, political situation, technology impacts, weakness that our company faces, etc. Identifying these forces helps to understand how our company is placed, what are the market forces that it must overcome. Myself: Can you tell about PESTLE analysis. John: PESTLE analysis is a tool that gives an understanding and scanning of the macro environmental forces in which the company operates. There are six factors in this tool and they are: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental. Myself: Can you please elaborate on each. John: In PESTLE analysis, the Political factor relate to factors such as government rules and regulations, tax policies, employment and labour laws, trade restrictions and tariffs, political stability, etc. of a region. Economic factors refer to the purchasing power of the target customers and include factors such as the economic growth, interest rates and exchange rates, rate of inflation, etc. Social factors are the demographic factors and the cultural factors that may impact the organization. These include health consciousness, population growth rate, ethnic distribution, career attitudes, etc. Technology factors include factors such as the technology of competing products and companies, how quickly the technology changes, R&D facilities required, etc. There are two other factors that are optional and these are the Legal and the Environmental factors. Legal factors include the legal hurdles that organizations may face such as lawsuits, litigation, legal liability, etc. Environmental factor includes the impact of the organizations activity on the environment. Myself: How exactly does PESTLE analysis he
Introduction Internationalization of SMEs The concept involved in the paper is about internationalization of SMEs in the era of globalization and issues related to it. After these, the issues related to establishment of Austrian SMEs in China are the point of review in the context of internationalization of SMEs. The Context of China As China is a country that has large population as well as potential customers, the entrepreneurs from countries like Austria try to establish firms in China. However, the issues and impacts when an European firm is to be established in a developing country like China are a matter of concern. Globalization and Redtapism Thus, the international dilemmas related to laws as well as cultural practices in business in geographical region in which the company has to operate are issues to establish a firm. The difficulties in establishment of SME´s by foreign companies and difference in doing business in China when compared to Western Countries like Austria have to face hurdles to establish SMEs and to do business. This is one of the aspects that makes doing business difficult. The review then mentions the power structure and finds how it acts as an impediment in doing business. It further extends to loopholes in establishing a firm and investments necessary to start a business in China. In this section, the importance of investments to get a legal base in China, which is useful to start an SME are explored. While reviewing the investment opportunities, the restrictions and easements offered by China Government to foreign investors, as well as its measures to protect the interests of local investors’ are considered. Guanxi and cultural differences After getting enough investment and required legal base, the review now reviews about the ‘face’ (guanxi – 关 系 ), which can be termed as reputation that is necessary to do business in China. To get the above-mentioned ‘face’ or reputation to do establish and to do the business in China the paper suggests to enter into partnerships or to acquire a minor share in a domestic firm and then to expand the business activities. When the established SME is having enough reputation to do business, the control of Chinese government on corporate companies comes to the fore. The restrictions in China on companies to have control over them and the liberal nature of the governments in Western countries are compared and the paternalistic nature of the administration and its interference in the business activities of SME´s will be examined. The review continues to offer a way out for foreign investors in the form of M&A by investing in domestic companies as well as acquiring their assets. After successfully establishing an SME, the cultural aspects that pose a challenge to foreign owner of the SME assume importance as partnering with other stakeholders in doing business is crucial and cultural aspects play an important role in them. Moreover, the aspect of guanxi and networks on that name are reviewed to have an understanding about to what extent the western entrepreneurs need to deviate f
In philosophy, there is no right or wrong answer; it is all a matter of opinion. This statement is perhaps one of the most debated and controversial arguments in value theory in philosophy of ethics. The theory value gives content to some ethical claims about what “right” and “wrong” actions entail. Consequentiality of right holds that a person should always take the actions that will result into the best outcome. Prior knowledge or probability that some action will result in the desired outcome is necessary. However, the main question in this case is to determine what makes an outcome “good”. For instance, there are no logics in telling people to promote good without giving them a prior knowledge of what that “good” is or means. Non-consequentialists also recognize some moral duty for philosophers to promote good by first telling the people what that “good” entails. In addition, non-consequentialist view of duties to promote good shows that there is a need to prove the actions that are right and those that are wrong. For instance, these duties might make it possible to prove that an action with an overall good outcome is in itself wrong. For example, killing an armed person to protect the lives of ten people might be viewed as a right action in consequentialism. On the other hand, the action of killing the armed man is itself wrong because it destroys life, and one is not sure whether the man would have killed or not killed the ten innocent individuals. Therefore, none of these actions is either right or wrong. To determine whether the action is right or wrong is a matter of the philosophers’ opinion. For instance, if someone proves that the sky is blue because human perceptions provide the reality, then that opinion can be justified and therefore, not wrong. Given the success of science, does the world need philosophy? The success of science in proving old mysteries in nature has proved effective in undermining or upholding old philosophical explanations of various aspects of nature. The success of using science in solving problems has become so dominant that other forms of knowledge attempt to be close to the scientific discourse. In fact, scientific knowledge seems to be masking other forms of knowledge, including philosophy. However, this does not mean that other forms of knowledge, including philosophy, have become obsolete. In fact, it is worth taking science as a form of support to the modern philosophy. The emergence of the philosophy of science as a field of study proves that philosophy is still relevant and required in the modern context, despite the success of the scientific discourse. In this context, it is worth noting that humans orient their lives around the ideas of searching for the truth and reality. We desire to know how the realty should guide our behaviors. In this context, it is clear that metaphysical theory, moral and ethical theories develop the foundation for scientific research. By asking philosophical questions about human and nature, people are making foundations for further research, which in this case will involve scientific m
Introduction Baptism refers to the act of immersing a person in water or simply sprinkling some water on a believer as a way of seeking forgiveness of sins (Spinks 2006, 213). Baptism follows faith and it is said to form the first act of discipleship. After baptism, one is deemed to have repented all his/her sins and s/he can inherit the kingdom of God (Dunn 2010, 23). Different churches have their different modes of administering baptism. Some do it by dipping a person in water while others simply wash the face with some water considered special for that purpose. Baptism is an important rite of passage amongst Christians though there is heated debate on who should be baptized (William 2010, 97). Some Christians believe that baptism is only applicable to infants, while others hold that it can be done at any stage in life. According to Christians, baptism creates a contract between the baptized and God and the latter commits himself/herself to Christianity (Stott 2006, 245). This belief has sparked heated debate on the ability of an infant to make a contract, thus raising questions amongst believers on who should actually be baptized. This essay seeks to answer this question and shed light on the nature of baptism in the contemporary times coupled with providing supporting evidence on the issue. It will analyze the purpose of baptism based on the biblical teaching and the believers’ point of view. It will analyze both the proponents and the opponents’ view and come up with a conclusion on whether baptism in the modern world serves its purpose. Who Should Be Baptized? The question regarding who should be baptized has attracted debate with some believers arguing that it is open to anyone who believes in the death of Jesus Christ and others asserting that it should only occur once in the lifetime of an individual, at infancy (McDonnell and Montague 1991, 54). Christian believers in support of child baptism base their argument on the teachings of the New Testament that support infant baptism (Ferguson 2009, 156). They normally cite Acts 2:39, which states that the kingdom of God is for those who act as “children” (Jeremias 2004, 53). However, to some other section of believers, the inclusion of the word “children” does not imply that baptism should only occur at infancy, but rather it should occur to all believers regardless of age. The question depends on the individual interpretation of the scripture. Those who oppose infancy baptism allege that there is no direct connection between baptism and infants in the N.T. They interpret the teachings of St. Peter in the aforementioned verse to mean generations to come and not necessarily children. Those opposing infancy baptism also argue that baptizing children at a tender age is dangerous since baptism creates a covenant between God and the infant, which may have adverse consequences on the kid at his/her old age in case he/she decides to abandon Christianity in favor of a new faith (William 2010, 132). This argument is based on the teaching of the scripture that views
Introduction Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant, by Anne Tyler, follows the lives of three siblings in Baltimore, Maryland. A major theme expressed in this work is in isolation, while another is the influence of family that a person cannot escape. Isolation, which is (debatably) a stronger theme in this book, is also a theme in Dylan Thomas’ Do Not Go Gentle Into the Good Night and Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken . Plot Summary The characters Cody, Ezra, and Jenny share memories and life experiences being raised by their mother following their father leaving the family. Throughout the story, the reader can see how the different siblings experience the same things in their way. The father, Beck, was a salesman often away for business while the three children were raised by the mother, Pearl. The character Pearl is considered a perfectionist, and when the father deserts the family, she is challenged in her attempt to hold the family together as strongly as it used to be. The children usually do not act with good behavior. Cody is the oldest sibling and is also considered to be the wildest. Cody is jealous of the supposed favorite sibling in the eyes of their mother, Ezra. Ezra is known as the mild-mannered and passive brother, who never seeks revenge for the actions against him. Ezra is employed at a restaurant and later is promoted to manager. Later still, Ezra inherits the restaurant. The main cook of the restaurant becomes engaged and later marries Ezra. Cody later becomes a wealthy businessman. Jenny’s life is somewhat difficult because she cannot find happiness with love, and finally, she gains stability with her third husband. The recurring scene in this story is Ezra trying to unite the members of his family at a restaurant. Pearl dies near the end of the story, and in the following dinners, there are conflicts. The family is never able to have a peaceful, happy meal at the “homesick restaurant.” Library research Summary The first article used is about the author, and is a summary of her life and her dedication to writing. Understanding this helps in the understanding of the story, while similar underlying themes are evident in other works by Tyler. Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant was arguably Tyler’s best book at the time it was published, and remains one of her best books today. Tyler was born in 1941 and is generally thought to be one of America’s most important writers that is still alive. Tyler’s writing was influenced by writers like Emerson, Welty, Faulkner, and Thoreau. Her writing is thought to carry some of these common well-known traditions (Encylopedia on World Biography 2009). Beginning in Minnesota, Tyler’s family would move often to a variety of Quaker communities in the South and Midwest. Finally they would settle in North Carolina. Tyler went on to college at Duke University, majoring in Russian language. Future novelist Reynolds Price taught (in the way of a mentor) and befriended Tyler during these college years. Price would encourag