ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The technological advancements of the last decade have brought about many changes to the lifestyle and the use of everyday items. Technology is now an inseparable part of everyday life, which makes it faster and easier. Not only has it become possible to have smaller mobile devices, but it is also now manipulated by the sense of touch. There are several advantages, as well as disadvantages in such ability to give commands to the devices. The invention and use of multitouch technology have solved several problems. It has given a chance to people with disabilities or certain conditions to communicate. Before it would require the use of a mouse or keyboard to use the devices and not everyone has the same ability in using such physical objects. The easiness of the sensor pads resolved this issue. The easy manipulation using fingers makes the control of on-screen information practical and accessible by a great number of people. Another benefit that touch technology offers is the quickness of access. Several actions can be performed simultaneously with a low number of steps. The use of sensor screens has made it possible for children to use for educational purposes. It is very useful for tourism, in the sense that it gives a chance for people to navigate through unknown places faster and easier. Airports, banks, and payment kiosks use touch technology to provide products and services to customers. But there are also possible disadvantages that exist with the use of multitouch technology. Some people might find it harder to use. Those who are used to the functions of the mouse or buttons will not have a chance to use the payment terminals or kiosks. It could take more time to get acquainted with such a system (Laudon, 2012). Also as the screen becomes the keyboard, it would decrease the amount of visible space on the screen, so the image would be smaller than usual. Any malfunction in the sensor pad could lose the ability to recognize the point of touch and become very frustrating to use. There are many instances of life where such technology can be used and business is one of them. Companies that offer products will make browsing through the catalog very easy. The ability to flip pages, as in a regular book, will lower the wait and increase the number of products seen. The kiosks at the airports and hotels make the pre-registration easier, faster and create an opportunity to avoid line-ups and long waits. As it is visual, more people will be able to use the technology and thus, increase the number of customers for the business. In a business meeting, a large screen with a multitouch option will allow for all members to use it at the same time, contributing and sharing the ideas. And of course, there are some issues that the business could encounter with said technology. If a member has some information that is stored on the device, which is necessary for the job, a malfunction would make all the information inaccessible. The complete breakdown of the screen or damage to the pad will be set back in time and finances. The management would have to cr
Although the 2011 census in Canada revealed that there were over 60 aboriginal languages, it may still be difficult to establish the actual number. For instance, census data in the past few decades never revealed the existence of such a large number of aboriginal languages in Canada. As it stands now, it may not be easy to accurately establish the number of aboriginal languages in this country. Nonetheless, it is imperative to mention that unique and indigenous languages are found in Canada. Some of the native languages found in Canada have never been spotted anywhere across the world. As it stands now, there are clashing viewpoints on the actual number of aboriginal languages in Canada. The latest census statistics reveal that Canada is endowed with more than 60 different indigenous languages that are yet to be recognized. Therefore, there is a need to classify the aboriginal languages in terms of their expected survival periods. Indigenous bands used to experience multilingualism even before the onset of the colonization era. The indigenous ethnic groups were often temporary settlers moving from one place to another. Nonetheless, quite permanent stationary bands have been created by the reserve system. Perhaps, this is an important historical period when the most accurate number of aboriginal languages can be established. Due to the increasing Anglicization, there is a deliberate effort to preserve ancestral languages that are at high risk of fading away. It is agreeable that Algonquian is the largest aboriginal language found in Canada. The number of reported mother tongue drawn from Algonquian stands at 144,015. One aspect that cannot be disputed is that Canada has one of the most diverse profiles of aboriginal languages. From this diversity, three languages namely Ojibway, Inuktitut, and Cree stand out. However, there is still a lack of adequate data on the ground regarding the distribution and permanency of these languages. As much as they are dominant languages through which the aboriginal languages are spoken, it can still be cumbersome to determine their life spans. The contribution of Quebec cannot be ignored when discussing the distribution of aboriginal languages in Canada. Before the close of 2011, about 21% of the population speaking aboriginal mother tongue was residing in Quebec. Other regions such as Saskatchewan and Manitoba shared about 33.7% of the population speaking the aboriginal language. From the study materials,
Introduction A professed abolishment of the caste system, heavy Buddhist influences, and a powerful president, who holds the roles of both head of government and commander-in-chief of the country’s armed forces, are all Sri Lankan realities. The specifics of Sri Lanka as a South Asian country with a tumultuous history of political and social conflict, which often goes back beyond even colonial times, create inherently unique developmental circumstances. Seoighe describes the country as having an “unhappy history of colonial rule, racial discrimination, separatist violence, and state atrocity,” outlining its poignant history, laced with conflict and ethnic disagreements (3). Therefore, describing Sri Lanka’s contemporary social and political structures allows achieving a better understanding of South Asian realities, which are rooted in history and developed in the modern world. The exceptionality of the Sri Lankan state stems from the presence of multiethnic relationships and destructive conflicts within it, thus, making an overview of its civil state of affairs and government establishments acute. Political Structure The declared structure of a government may allow drawing a variety of conclusions from its self-identification and Sri Lanka is officially a democratic socialist republic that is guided by a constitution. Therefore, the country separates its executive and legislative branches, which contingent and proportionally representative voting form respectively (Venugopal 197). Oscillations between authoritarian and resolutive tactics within the government body center themselves around the precarious national issue made acute by the multicultural makeup of the Sri Lankan state (Breen 28). The recently ended civil war makes the government wary of any ethnic conflict, forcing them to fall back on “white van” scare tactics, which allows outlining the government’s primarily repressive nature (Seoighe 111). Within the government structure, however, the instituted mechanism of checks and balances between different branches of government allows delineating the dominating role of Sri Lanka’s president. It is necessary to outline the lesser capacity of the nation’s parliament when compared with the powers attributed to the country’s president. The Sri Lankan Parliament is a unicameral structure that is elected once every five years, and the sole legislative branch of government, which is meant to balance out the capacities of the head of government (Venugopal 196). The main parties may be identified as the United National Front, the United People’s Freedom Alliance, and the Tamil National Alliance (Seoighe 67). Additionally, Venugopal states that the reforms of 2015 made the parliament a structure “more democratic… giving smaller parties and dispersed ethnic communities a commensurate share of legislative decision-making power” (196). Thus, the parliament becomes one of the most representative parts of the government for ordinary people, primarily due to the nature of the voting system. While the three branches of government are separa
Introduction According to the American Psychiatric Association (2013), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is caused by exposure to disturbing events. Such occurrences could include; injury, sexual assault, or death. As a result of the shock and trauma associated with these events, a person experiences mental disturbance, distress, and inability to function or interact normally. The American Psychiatric Association (2013) also acknowledges that traumatic events must be present for patients to be diagnosed with PTSD. Other symptoms associated with the disorder include; negative changes in mood, changes in arousal patterns, and differences in reactivity, evasion, and intrusion. Generally, the disorder affects the quality of life and social interacts of the individuals affected. Hoge, Clark, and Castro (2007) report that majority of previous research studies have concluded that women are more predisposed to PTSD than men. Research studies supporting these findings argue that violence incidences such as rape occur more in women. Additionally, they point out that depression, anxiety, and trauma incidences are more likely to occur in women. On the contrary, other researchers argue that there is lack of scientific evidence to support the claim that PTSD occurs more in women. Moreover, most of the research does not provide conclusive explanations for the gender variances in PTSD. Understanding gender variances in PTSD is likely to eliminate any misdiagnosis, as physicians will have evidence that men and women have equal probability of getting PTSD. Currently, physicians tend to concentrate more on diagnosing PTSD in women due to the misconceptions that women get PTSD more than men do. Furthermore, PTSD cases in men tend to be misdiagnosed. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to provide evidence that women have the same probability of getting PTSD as men. This research confirms that gender variations in PTSD are mere misconceptions. Gender and PTSD Breslau and Anthony (2007) report that epidemiological studies continue to provide evidence regarding gender variation in PTSD. In a research undertaken by these authors across the United States, young women were reported to have a higher probability of getting PTSD (relative risk=4.9) after exposure to violence compared to men. This means that women were 4.9 times more likely to get PTSD after exposure to violence compared to men. Similar to previous research, their study also concluded that sexual assault or violence in women was the major cause of PTSD. In an empirical research by Tolin and Foa (2006), the authors provide evidence that women are more like
The video is called “Adrian Lamo’s Hacking”; it consists of six parts available from YouTube. As it usually happens there are two different opinions that can be suggested in this case. The first opinion suggests the idea of knowledge that can exist for knowledge. The example of Galileo introduces a theory about the construction of the Solar System that was the target of interest of the well-known scientist. In this case, he was regarded as a hacker because he explored the earth and its movement. This does not mean that he wanted to use this knowledge to raid a bank or crack security software of the governmental organisation. I find it interesting to compare the hacking activity with the cowboys of the Wild West when all people lived in accordance with their own lows and there was no universal punishment for some sort of crime. So, contemporary hackers that explore computers, telecommunications, and other complicated mechanisms of communication have established their own rules of ethical decision-making. In this respect, curiosity that makes a hacker crack the system is claimed to be of little danger whereas people that rob banks with the help of hacking should be punished. Telephones and their development from the hard-wired phones to the cell phones have become the reason for development of hacking skills necessary to hack the phone and to call somebody for free. This can be considered one of the damage-brining factors considering the hacking activity. Having access to all automated systems that store some information can be really dangerous in terms of consequences of those interventions. As hackers do not always know what type of information they change, they can alter some minor facts in the system causing environmental and even military catastrophes. So, hacking has become one of the most effective weapons for terroristic organisations in the contemporary global society. Being engaged into terrorist organisations’ activities makes hackers’ exploration of cyber-space unethical because they perform that for the only reason only; this reason includes cooperation with terroristic organisations for the purpose of cracking various security systems of strategic targets and various governmental organisations. So, as every concept in the world, hacking activity has its pros and cons. Pros stand for mere exploration of some construction, structure, the way something operates and finding some ways to improve its operation or increase productivity whereas cons include actions that are aimed at gaining personal benefits or at destructive activities that can be really damaging. However, some hackers try to cooperation with the national security offices that are in charge of the national security programs and various preventive methods. The only thing that ruins this light image of cooperation is that hackers warn the organisations responsible for security about vulnerability of some parts of the security network while they did not listen. To conclude, ha
Most of the legal declarations that make up the Bill of Rights, including the Fourth Amendment, were founded on the Common Law, which existed in the 16th and 17th century in England. As a matter of fact, three British law-related cases prompted the Fourth Amendment. Two out of the three cases were tried in England, and the other, adjudicated in America during the 17th century. The two cases adjudicated in England, Entick v. Carrington in 1765 and Wilkes v. Wood in 1763, were about similar issues. In both cases, Entick and Wilkes were accused “of seditious libel” for indirectly condemning the king by criticizing his ministers. The men disseminated written statements criticizing actions of the king. The king therefore passed a warrant that allowed his agents to search the residences of the men, and seize every written statement found. This action incited Entick and Wilkes to file lawsuits against the king for damages. They claimed that it was not right for the king’s agents to search their residences in a forcible manner and impounded all their written properties. Lord Camden, the judge in charge of the case, concurred with the plaintiffs and thereby made a pronouncement that the warrant issued by the king to carry out the search, as well as the actions of his agents were indeed wrong on the grounds that the issued warrant permitted the agents to confiscate all their written belongings instead of confiscating only the written materials that were pertinent to allegations, and that the warrant was passed in the absence of a reasonable cause. Also, the Fourth Warrant was inspired by the case between English Monarchs and American colonies. British Crowns imposed taxes on colonists in order to clear war debts. This action forced American traders to smuggle goods in a bid to dodge exorbitant taxes. As a result, the British crown issued General Warrant, also referred to as Writs of Assistance, to their custom officers, which empowered them to search and impound possessions of people suspected of smuggling items. The Writs of Assistance, permitted government officials to search and impound virtually anything without reasonable cause. Writs of Assistance attained loss of right in 1763, when the French and Indian War ended. This event led to the extinction of General Warrant. The Fourth Amendment was therefore incorporated into the United States Constitution in 1791 upon the enactment of the Bill of Rights. Even after acceptance of the Fourth Amendment, issues of search and seizure were not well recognized until 1914 when the Supreme Court case, Weeks v. United States, instituted the “exclusionary rule”. As determined by this rule, the court will not recognize any evidence presented by the government that is contrary to the Fourth Amendment rights of the suspect, and such evidence is not sufficient to declare that person guilty. In recent times, legal and political pundits have debated about the advantages of the exclusionary rule. Those against the rule argue that it abuses justice, and defends the guilty. Others in support of the rule are of the opinion that it prevents violation of human
Abstract The main focus of the study discussed in this paper is the analysis of the contact between English and Arabic languages in Egypt. Proliferation of foreign languages especially English and French can be traced back to the middle of the 19 th century when several missionaries arrived in Egypt. The position of English in Egypt gained recognition when British people occupied the country. Nowadays, Egypt is characterized by a variety of Arabic languages including Al-fusHa and other colloquial Arabic. However, there is a considerable increase of English language in the use among the Egyptians, and this fact is worries the representatives of the conservative party a lot. This influence is attributed to the social status attached to English language and the new generation of Egyptians who feel comfortable using English rather than their colloquial languages. Other factors include information technology, numerous opportunities associated with English language, globalization, and becoming English as the only well-known international language in the whole world. Introduction The role of language is considered to be crucial in civilization as it may define various sides of development of the disciplines including science, art and music. A number of languages that exist in the modern world is not very clear, but many linguistic experts estimate this number to be about 6800 (Agha 2007). Since there are numerous cultures with diverse languages globally, individuals are forced to learn other languages to be able to interact and socialize with different people locally and internationally. In addition, the world is increasingly becoming a global village as result of advanced communication technologies and globalization, thus people are searching for a universal language for communication and sh
Introduction The utilitarianism theory and Emmanuel Kant’s views on morality from the basics of philosophy are the most widely studied concepts in attaining an excellent understanding of philosophy. The theory of utilitarianism on normative ethics requires individuals to uphold actions that maximize utility while reducing harm. Utilitarianism is the most plausible ethical theory based on the belief that the greatest percentage of people benefit from morally upright actions (Rachels 43). Consequences from immoral and unethical actions clearly explain the morally right actions that individuals should adopt for their benefit as well as the benefit of others. On the other hand, Emmanuel Kant’s views on morality are clear in his moral law and his propositions on ethics. In his book, ‘The groundwork for the metaphysics of morals,’ Kant expands his philosophical research to cover morality (Allison 111). Unlike utilitarianism concepts, Kant claims that morality goes beyond outward vices and virtues. Therefore, the theory of utilitarianism is not correct in holding that individuals only maximize utility and minimize harms. Although the two approaches on ethics differ, they have a similar objective, which explains ethics. This paper compares Emmanuel Kant’s views with utilitarianism as the most potent approaches to ethics. Kant’s view of Utilitarianism Utilitarianism, as explained by Stuart, differs from Kant’s view on the issue of consequences. According to Stuart, consequences for various actions have a significant impact. Utilitarianism focuses on explaining that every choice undertaken has a consequence. Ethical decisions yield positive results, thus maximizing benefits while reducing harms. The utilitarianism approach explains that the decisions made by individuals rely on the consequences yielded to determine their ethical nature. The motives and reasons for carrying out any action play an insignificant role in determining if a decision is ethical or not. This claim is in opposition to Kant’s view that consequences do not entirely matter. Kant explains that only the reason and motive behind every action can
Introduction There are many films that depict an influence of a significant figure on the society through the lives of other people. These pictures often tell a better story than simple biographies, because they are able to show the audience a broader picture and a give closer look at the influencer and the people, who are influenced. This approach is used in the film Ben-Hur , directed by Wyler in 1959. This movie follows the life of Judah Ben-Hur and his journey of vengeance and acceptance. The primary conflict of the main character is created by his origin and environment, as Judah is a Jew that has to live in a land occupied by Romans. The topic of religion runs through every action and scene of the film, showing the rise of the new religion, Christianity. In the movie Ben-Hur , Wyler depicts the establishment of Christianity through the process of two separated worlds colliding in a life of Judah Ben-Hur. First Encounter of Judah and Jesus The protagonist’s relationship with religion is a recurring theme in the movie and can be described with a number of scenes. At the beginning of the film, Judah is depicted as a man who values peace more than freedom, as he does not openly protest to the Roman invasion. However, he loves his people and Judea, because, in the dialog with his old Roman friend, Messala, he expresses his true feelings towards the Empire and refuses to cooperate with Romans to find the rebels (Wyler). These scenes show that although Judah has not encountered the new religion yet, he is a man, who can open up to it. The next significant moment in the film and the protagonist’s life is the first encounter of Judah and Jesus. It should be noted, that during this scene, Judah asks God for help and Jesus comes to fulfill his plea in the moment of need. The audience does not see the face of Jesus but sees the faces of the people around him. By concentrating on the emotions of other people, Wyler shows that Jesus has already influenced the people around him and continues to do so with his kind deeds. The protagonist does not reflect on this moment in the beginning, although one could argue that it changed him. Second Encounter of Judah and Jesus After saving a Roman Council, Arrius, Judah accepts a new identity of a Roman man, although he retains his connection to Jewish culture. He becomes a fusion of the two conflicting worlds. However, Judah is restless. He is moved by vengeance through the course of the film. Only near the end, when he sees the death of Messala, Judah understands that he does not see an enemy in his old friend and that his feelings of anger and hate are directed at the corruptive nature of Rome (Wyler). Judah is still moved by these emotions before his second encounter with Jesus. During these moments, the protagonist shows compassion towards the man that once saved his life. This scene reveals that the teachings of Jesus affected Judah, which can be compared to the influence of Christianity on the peopl