ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Birth control should not be given to teenagers. This is a fact that should not be taken for granted neither by seniors nor by any government or private organizations that cater to teenage needs and other issues related to adolescents and/or youths. There are many different reasons why birth control should be advocated for teenagers. For one, it should be noted that women’s reproductive health is very important; hence it must always be taken into consideration. Various studies and researches were done which are all aimed at informing all concerned individuals on how to properly take care of women’s reproductive health as well as the means and ways of preventing women from different kinds of problems (e.g., unwanted pregnancies, abortion, etc.) and diseases (AIDS, etc.). However, if the idea of birth control is presented to teenagers, this would only mean that the idea of unwanted pregnancy will also come up … and this will surely present more and bigger problems. One of the most imminent issues related to women’s reproductive health is unwanted pregnancies. According to the article printed in the United States, consequences of unintended pregnancy can be serious, even life-altering, particularly for women who are “young or unmarried, have just recently given birth or already have the number of children they want.” An unplanned pregnancy can be a barrier to obtaining timely prenatal care because it may take weeks or months for a woman to realize or accept that she is pregnant. Lack of prenatal care —along with poor birth-spacing or giving birth before or after one’s childbearing prime —can pose health risks for the woman and for her newborn (Bishop, 1984). In addition, an unintended pregnancy can interfere with a young woman’s education, limiting her employment possibilities and her ability to support herself and her family. Largely for reasons such as these, half of the women who become pregnant unintentionally decide to have an abortion, which can be a serious decision in itself (The Guttmacher Report, 2007). All over the world, the rate of unintended pregnancy is unacceptably high. The means and ability to prevent unintended pregnancy is well known among healthcare professionals and education providers, but apparently, not among the public or ordinary civilians (MacLean, 2004). This is the very reason why various methods of contraception were introduced. However, as the need for contraceptive methods is continuously rising, the number of issues concerning co
“The Book of the City of Ladies” was written by Christine de Pizan in 1405. In this book, the author constructs a symbolic city of women and reflects on the misogynistic attacks of men on women. Several exciting allegories help the main character, Christine de Pizan, free herself from misogynistic self-conceptions. These allegories are presented by three ladies, in particular by Lady Reason, who, with tenderness and nobility, explains to Christine the reasons for her delusions. In the first allegory in Section II, Lady Reason notes that philosophers who ridicule and blaspheme women often contradict and criticize each other (Pizan 38). She also invites Christine to consider such written statements using the tool of antiphrasis, which is applied when the author means that things are good by calling them bad and vice versa. Lady Reason argues that although men often criticize women’s behavior in marriage when women abuse men, in reality, there is hardly a man who allows his wife to do this; therefore, such accusations are false. In Section VIII, Lady Reason develops her thoughts and lists four reasons why men attribute all kinds of vices to women. Lady Reason explains to Christine that sometimes men try to keep each other out of immoral and dissolute women. In other cases, their attacks are deceitful and are due to men’s depravity, physical disabilities, jealousy, and slander. When men endow women with negative characteristics because of their vices, they do so because they repent of their sins of youth, and at the same time, they do not want others to enjoy the pleasures once available to them. Further, Lady Reason notes that some men have physical disabilities but sharp and malicious minds; they defame women so that no one can enjoy what is inaccessible to them. Those men who say bad things about women out of jealousy suffer from the idea that many women are superior to them. Finally, some men take pleasure in slander and attack everyone, as they are unable to be grateful. Reference Pizan, Christine. The Book of the City of Ladies . Penguin UK, 1999.
Introduction The passenger is one of the best science fiction or sci-fi movies of the year 2008. It is very interesting in that it carries very comparable themes and plots into a far distant future of the year 2818. This twist is certainly not uncommon to the genre, but the ease with which the story flows, and the plot woven together with the main story in In this case is very interesting. Summary The story starts with the main character Jim waking up from cryogenic sleep or suspending the animation. He then realizes from the onboard robots and androids that he woke up about a century before his expected time. At first, he doesn’t understand the malfunction that leads to his sudden awakening, but later on, in the story he does. He leads a hopeless life for over a year regularly drinking with his newfound best friend, the Android Arthur. He then finally decides To rig the cryogenic pod belonging to Aurora, whom she has admired all along. The action sets the course of the drama that follows. Aurora believes that it was fate that brought them together developed feelings for him, she later has the rude awakening to learn that fate had nothing to do with the circumstances that led to them ending up together. She and Jim break up and stay about a whole year without proper communication only the occasional arguments here and there when they did meet. At some point towards the end of the year, the story changes as we see Aurora losing her interest in writing, and even her painting become quite depressing. Jim on the other hand also undergoes a behavioral transformation as she seeks to patch things up with his former lover. He rigs up the golf cart adding more battery power and installing bigger wheels. He drinks less and is very receptive to the woman whose heart she broke just as he thought to propose to her with a golden ring he had made her. On one day as they were on their routine, the intercom came alive, and a third human voice ran through the public address system. Gus had also awakened from suspended animation. His pod had also suffered the same catastrophic failure as Jim. Jim and Aurora meet him, and he opens the command center explaining the impossibility of turning the spaceship back to Earth. He then describes his role in the ship and his history as a space
Reading Summary The chapters from 30 to 40 turn out to be a symbolic end of the story where faith, war, truth, and duties have to go hand in hand. The main character, Captain Lee, has to live through his last trials and prove his own positions and ideals. It is not an easy task for him to convince the other people to follow him, still, he is not ready to leave them. The chosen chapters of the book “The Martyred” by Richard Kim prove that religion can define the way of life considerably. Through these chapters, it becomes clear that Mr. Shin is not fascinated with the idea of being a religious man. “All my life I have searched for God… but I found the only man with all his sufferings… and death, inexorable death!” (Kim 159). Mr. Shin seems to be frustrated with all his actions and beliefs, but he has nothing to do but stay with the other people, who are looking for some support and explanations and provide them with the required portion of help and “the illusion of hope” (Kim 160). In his turn, Colonel Chang proves his loyalty to his duties and the desire to be helpful. He died to prove his ideas and the correctness of his decisions. Park’s death and his decision to be buried as a Christian proves that the power of faith may be huge, indeed even over the people who have not believed in it for a long period of time. In general, the chapters under consideration describe the struggle between the necessity to follow certain duties and to have faith. The majority of characters (Mr. Shin, Chaplain Koh, and Major Minn) prove that their faith in God and their responsibilities are stronger than anything else in their lives. And such characters like Mr. Lee and Mr. Chang demonstrate how it is
Introduction The majority of activities in a work environment occur within the context of a team. Team leaders’ emotions are contagious and influence how team members feel and their resulting performance (Lyons, 2014). Studying the effect of a leader’s emotions and how they affect team performance could help us understand how to utilize the leadership role to improve team performance. Conflict resolution in the workplace has already been extensively studied by various scholars such as Van Kleef (2009), Myatt (2012), and others. Yet, there is a lack of research on the impact of a leader’s inner conflict on a team. Therefore, this study aims to answer how a leader’s inner conflict affects a team members’ professional and personal conflict resolution on a team level. The relationships and interactions between people identify their behaviors and feelings. The modern corporate environment strongly relies on leadership and teamwork, so there is an increased responsibility put on leaders for guiding a team towards the achievement of the set goals while preserving uplifting attitudes, respect, and effective communication among employees. According to Sy, Côtè, and Saavedra (2005), a leader’s positive attitudes tend to increase the mood of separate employees as well as the impact of a team’s overall performance. The research conducted by Johnson (2009) concluded that the way a leader behaves at work is directly related to a team’s productivity and spirit; the researcher called such a relationship the “emotional contagion” (p. 814). Thus, it is commonly accepted that a team’s attitudes positively correlate with the mood of their leader. There are three basic assumptions as to why leaders play such a defining role in establishing positive attitudes within a team. First, a leader possesses a high level of authority over other employees. Second, a leader serves as a role model, being an example of how workers should behave and treat each other. Third, team members depend on leaders to a large extent (Volmer, 2012). This means that the effectiveness of employees’ performance is primarily driven by a leader. Emotional contagiousness is an integral part of any team. According to the study initiated by Volmer (2012), previous research on the issue has found that mood dramatically impacts the way leaders act and subsequently affect employees. For instance, Sy et al. (2005) stated that a positive mood is transmitted to followers. Another example was provided in the research by Lewis (2000) that found that employees of a lower rank are much more susceptible to the mood exhibited by workers of a higher rank. By following this logic and applying it to a directly opposite context, it can be hypothesized that the negative mood of a leader will subsequently lead to a bad mood among followers. This hypothesis appeared from the idea of mood contagion, an unconscious transfer of mood between individuals interacting within a given environment (Neumann & Strack, 2000). Mood contagion among employees is an expected phenomenon since individuals in a working environment follow similar processes of socialization, a
Introduction The nursing profession is based on the care accorded to patients to enable the achievement of health in an enabling environment. In my experience as a nurse, many theories on care have been learned and gained in the practice. There are many suggested theories in the approach to nursing care with most of them being developed in practice. Along with nursing theories, various concepts have also been fronted with different nurses at different levels of practice using them to dictate their approach and philosophies. In my practice, I have developed a philosophy that is consistent with that of others besides establishing concepts that aid in practicing nursing. The following essay focuses on the personal nursing philosophy through a brief autobiography in the practice besides presenting a discussion on the four major meta-paradigms, the practice of specific concepts, clinical examples, and a list of propositions. However, it will begin by presenting the nursing autobiography. Nursing Autobiography In the brief clinical experience gathered in nursing, a personal background in Medical-Surgical Nursing and Utilization Review Nursing has been developed. As the subspecialty of medical surgical nursing, I have been able to work in the inpatient care of many patients. In the care of these adult patients, most of their experience has been in the wards where knowledge on the running of in-patient clinics has been gathered. In these clinics, I have been able to take patients’ histories besides augmenting the functions of the medical team. In addition, I administered medication. The specialty has also given insight into the management of patients in the Emergency departments, outpatient centers, and surgical cases at the surgical center. Medical-surgical nursing has also given me adequate knowledge on the administration of HMOs and Home-based care. I have also gotten an opportunity to participate in humanitarian relief work in the same specialty. In the specialty of Utilization Review Nursing, I have been able to participate in the management of patients admitted to various institutions. In this specialty, I have been able to follow the management of patients, ensure that the right decisions in their management are made, and ensured they are discharged in a stable state. I have also dealt with insurance claims of the patients who have been in my care and ensured that they made the right decisions. This involved a close relationship with them, which has also had a significant influence on the outcome of their health and illnesses. This specialty has also given me experience in social work especially for patients under my care. The specialties have contributed towards the development of nursing skills and personal philosophy as will be discussed below. The Four Meta-paradigms The nursing profession is based on the care accorded to patients in the effort to improve their health and recovery in an environment that they can relate to. Fawcett states and defines the four basic meta-paradigms of nursing as being health, human beings, Nursing, and Environment (2005 p. 43). As he states, this needs to be in
Introduction Fierce conflict between Islamic radicalism and the West has been one of the defining attributes of the first decade of the twenty-first century. The tragic events of September 11, 2001, in the United States and consequent attacks in Madrid and London, combined with the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, have exposed how the renaissance of Islamic fundamentalism has fostered among the Muslims the belief that a religious war ( Jihad ) is compulsory to fight against infidels, who are thought to be invading holy places or working against the Islamic faith due to Christian beliefs (kepel, 2006). However, it is believed that deserting Jihad is a factual source of the loss of self-respect and separation in which Muslims live in the present day. Meaning of Jihad Jihad means “to strive” or “to struggle” in Arabic. The term has a dual religious perception, involving an externally directed struggle against subjugation and tyranny and a secretly directed personal struggle for holiness (kepel, 2006). Terrorism and Jihad According to Kepel (2006) “the terrorism that has occurred from union of Islamic radicalism and violent jihad has led to powerful debate over whether the West and the Islamic world are engaged in a fight between civilizations”; it has also led to regime change in Afghanistan and Iraq, electoral overpowers of conservative governments linked with the United States in Spain and Italy, battle over the balance between civil liberties and security, abuse of human rights, and the deaths of thousands of people (p. x). Initially, the clash was perceived to be a battle against a specific group, al-Qa’ida. However, with the passage of time it has become increasingly obvious that the battle has developed into an ongoing struggle against an unstructured and rarely understood network of religious radicals who believe they are engaged in a holy war against enemies of Islam. Nexus between global jihad and Islamic radicalism The link between the global jihad and Islamic radicalism, including the use of terrorism was the root for restoring the caliphate. The term caliphate-al-khalifah in Arabic refers to a unified system of activist authority exercised by a successor to the Prophet Muhammad over the community of believers. During his lifetime, Muhammad was not only the Muslim political and military leader, but also the source of religious eye-opener as the Muslim prophet. All law and spiritual practice was passed from Muhammad. Most academic scholars agree that Muhammad had not clearly established how the Muslim population was to be ruled after his death in 632. Creation of the caliphate The caliphat
The two items that have been misclassified can be used to misapply organization funds. This misclassification will be prevented by putting in place proper internal control. All items should be classified by the supervisor and counterchecked before recording. At the end of the week, there should be a reconciliation of the records. This will ensure that there are no items, which are misclassified. The three invoices, which are not initialized by the controller, can be used to misappropriate the company’s funds. To avoid filing invoices that are not initialized by the controller, it should be a requirement that all invoices should be initialized before filing. To ensure that this is followed, the controller should check the invoice file from time to time to ensure that all the invoices are initialized. If an invoice is found in the file without initials, the clerk responsible for filing should be made answerable and proper disciplinary action should be taken to any officer who is found to have filed such document. The misstatement in this scenario is that a document has taken a long period before being recorded. The internal controller should ensure that all documents are filed and recorded within a reasonable time. Assuming Jay Klein is a large corporation and has large transactions meaning that all receiving reports should be recorded within 6 hours upon receipt. No officer should be allowed to exceed this period unless with a good reason and still it should not exceed 24 hours. If a period is exceeded then proper action should be taken. Any invoice that is paid twice shows the existence of fraud and misapplication of resources. To ensure that no invoice is paid twice, the internal controller should ensure that all payments are made against original invoices. A duplicate invoice will only be used when there is proof that the original has been misplaced. The customer will be required to send a statement showing the amount owed. To ensure that the checks amount tallies with the amount in the vendor’s invoice first, the controller should counter-check the amount paid against the amount is in the check issued by the payment office. If the amount does not tally, the internal controller should communicate with the clerk responsible for writing checks. This check should be canceled. This means that before a check is issued, the vendors‘ invoice to be paid should be approved. Failure to approve may lead to the misappropriation of the company’s resources. Cash disbursement journal entries dates should reconcile with the date of the check. The related monthly general ledger summary entries shall carry the date of the month summarized. Voiced checks should be taken to the accountant or financial controller for inspection, then filing numerically will follow. This file should be checked regularly to ensure all checks that are void are recorded. In this case, there will be no void check that will go missing without being discovered. If any, it means that the financial controller does not check the work of clerks. All vendor invoices should be initialized once they are received and the item invoiced are confir
A person, who working in a professional business setting, has to have well-developed communication skills, in order express his/her thoughts clearly and persuade others. The ability to write effective memorandums and emails is also critical for administrators or entrepreneurs who have to interact with frontline personnel, colleagues, or senior executives. This paper is aimed at discussing the relevance of memos and emails to business communication and the reasons why employees should be able to write them properly. Overall, it is possible to argue that effective business writing is critical for the exchange of information within an organization and even the professional growth of an individual. This is why this issue should not be overlooked by students and professionals who take effort to elaborate their writing skills. This is the main argument that can be put forward. First of all, it should be noted that business communication is often affected by time constraints, and leaders often have to take urgent decisions that can profoundly influence the performance of their businesses. Therefore, an individual should be able to write in a concise and clear way so that other people could easily grasp the gist of his/her announcements, recommendations, or reports. This issue is particularly important when one speaks about memorandum or memos. These documents can serve several letters. For instance, they are supposed to describe the actions that were taken by the personnel. Secondly, they are aimed at identifying the difficulties or challenges that an organization faces (Stuart 204). Furthermore, in these documents business administrators can propose strategies that can solve certain problems (Kolin 133). These examples suggest that memos can be related to various organizational activities. Moreover, they can be intended for almost every employee of a company. Therefore, an individual, who wants to succeed in the business setting, should be able to write effective memos. Without this skill, many ideas of this person may not be understood by others, even when they are useful or innovative. Furthermore, the arguments of this employee can be misinterpreted, and this can lead to the adoption of poor strategies. Again, one should bear in mind that poor communication can have adverse effects on an organization, especially at the time when it has to resolve some urgent problems. Therefore, a good business administrator should be able to write effective memos in order to cope with his/her duties. This is one of the reasons why this skill is so important. Furthermore, one should not forget about the needs of readers who expect other people other to express their opinions in a clear way. If a memo contains spelling mistakes, typos or inaccuracies, they can come to the conclusion, that the writer is an irresponsible employee who cannot be relied on. Thus, it is important to consider that writing produces a powerful impression on the reader, and this impression is important in the business world. Apart from that, one should not forget about emails that are vital for the communication in a company. In this case, much attention should be paid to th