ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Moral Rights Barry & Shaw (2013) offer an insight into the determination of the wages of an employee. However, it is difficult to select and determine the best wages for certain employees. There remains a gap between the employers and the employed concerning employee compensation. It is important to observe that whereas most employers feel that they are paying the best rates in the market, many employees keep complaining. The authors mention economic, institutional, and behavioral and equity considerations as the main factors towards determining the wage bill for a particular employee. For instance, companies operating at huge profit margins tend to pay relatively higher than those operating at a loss do. On the other hand, in cases where there is a lot of labor supply, employers tend to pay less. For this reason, the trend for both companies and workers is that companies try to establish themselves in areas where labor supply is high, whereas the workers shift to areas where there is a lot of demand for labor and thus high pay. In summary Shaw and Barry summarize wage level determinants into three categories, which are the employer’s ability to pay, the employer willing to pay, and lastly, how much the employee accepts the wages. However helpful the authors’ contributions to the wage level determination for a particular employee are, it is still difficult to answer the question of whether a particular wage is fair or unfair. Since most companies do not disclose their ability to pay to their employees, it is difficult to express their willingness to pay, and hence the employees will feel cheated by their employers. Most companies are increasingly adopting corporate social responsibility initiatives as a way of establishing goodwill to the communities in which they operate and as a way
Introduction Thomas Jefferson was one of the few American presidents whose administration was characterized by irony. Ironically during Jefferson ended up giving his presidency to his greatest rival. He was elected into office in 1800, and that was his first term. Although Jefferson had spent years in researching on how to be a principled leader in governance, his administration had a lot of controversies. He and James Madison opposed the enactment of the alien and sedition act. They believed that the act was intended to intimidate and suppress the democratic –republicans rather than the enemies of United States of America. According to Jefferson the Sedition was the source of revolution and was leading the country into war. In his quest for declaration of independence, one of Jefferson’s controversial decisions was Louisiana Purchase. It is imperative to note that Jefferson was very much interested in the west. According to him, expansion towards the west was the county’s future. The purchase was done during the Napoleonic war in France. This was a significant land acquisition from France which was almost double the size of United States of America. His negotiations to purchase the land were faced with criticism. To a large extent, Jefferson’s actions were regarded as contradicting especially because of the inexistence of contrary a clear Constitutional authority. He forced the congress to sign the treaty so that he could seize the opportunity. He acted without consulting the relevant authorities. The land was finally not secured by the Americans, leading to Jefferson to impose an arms embargo to the new states that had acquired the western hemisphere. This proved difficult for France to recover from the effects of Napoleonic war. When Jefferson was sworn into office in 1802, he preached peace and reconciliation, but his political program was biased. Jefferson’s main objective after getting into power was to abolish the federalist’s system of government. Additionally, Thomas Jefferson increased the controversy by making controversial appointments, as well as releasing prisoners who had been detained under the alien and sedition acts. He went ahead to repeal the judicial act which saw the removal of almost all the ‘Adam’s judges’. The removal of these judges influenced the Supreme Court to make a quick judgment on the case involving Marbury and Madison. It is also worth noting that the repeal gave power to the judges of the Supreme Court to travel all over the country so as to serve as circuit judges. Jefferson is known for using a large amount of government revenue to pay down his Hamilton debt. As the governor of Virginia, Jefferson had proposed the removal of Cherokee and Shawnee tribes from the areas that were west of Mississippi river. When he became president, he advocated for military removal of these tribes from the west part of the United States. This was ironical since the United States had signed a treaty with the Cherokee nation. Expelling the Cherokee people from Georgia was a violation of the treat signed between the United States and the Cherokee nation. Jefferson also owned any slaves. This showed how Jef
Introduction The augmenting importance in sobering the national and international governance has increasingly become a contemporary issue that has consumed the global political realm, with studies focusing on national civilisation and democratic development processes. For several decades, the world has undergone a transition within the political paradigm with human beings coming to the realisation of their political freedom and rights that remained undermined from the traditional political regimes. Literature confined to international political principles has evolved and managed to identify systems of governance employed in the modern national governance with distinct characteristics, their divine strengths, and explicit weaknesses, thus enabling citizens to classify their political bosses. Each of the systems of governance has proven equally imperative in managing human resource, based on certain conditions or structure entrenched in organisations. Despite comprehensive literature existing in systems of national governance, much remains unknown. Authoritarian political systems have distinct characteristics and like other systems, they have strengths as well as weaknesses. China and authoritarian rule Authoritarianism is a concept that is traditional to many countries with a majority of them having it at a given period in their history. As opposed to libertarianism and individualism, authoritarianism is a form of leadership where the subjects submit to authority constituting of a handful of people exercising the authority. 1 One of the states that have long preserved its authoritarian rule is the People’s Republic of China, with the Communist Party here exercising the authoritarian rule. Policies in this country are created without consulting the public, and this aspect makes China a modern day authoritarian state. With this form of a political system, China has experienced the negative and positive effects of the same with the most remarkable one being the maintained economic boom. The freedom of the citizens remains a major challenge in the country and this element constitutes the biggest problem for them. For the Communist Party in China, the moral and ideological standings hit an all-time low in 1989, “in the wake of the crackdown on prodemocracy protesters in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square” 2 . As is common with authoritarian rule, complaints of corruption in the system were the major contributing factor to the social outcry with some people even claiming that the elite enjoyed special privileges at the expense of the ordinary people who struggled to earn a living. 3 The suppression associated with the system even led to the murder of some protesters by the so called “people’s army” in the same square, and this move demonstrated the ease with which the government could kill its own people 4 .
Introduction With the advent of extensive space exploration and advancement of telecommunication, the technological development has swarmed the world in the very years. It is now a matter of seconds that a person from a remote part of the world can connect to another at the other part. In this way telecommunication has benefitted a great deal from a number of technological advances in antenna development. Henceforth, the present paper is a thorough investigation of advanced antenna technology. The paper investigates the issue at hand with an in-depth insight and also touches upon the existent research and future directions of the research in antenna technology. The paper discusses major developments in the antenna technology domain. Background It is the receiving and radiating of the electromagnetic waves that the devices called antenna are used for. In military operations and surveillance activities these devices have existed for quite a considerable time; similarly, at present, in the day-to-day life antennas are used for a number of diverse functions and activities such as commercial telecommunication; a number of telecommunication application like PCS and cellular find antenna as the major device for operation today. To date, antennas are available in a variety of sized, shapes, and provide for a number of operations; their geometry is designed by the use of varying level of electromagnetic computational functions. At present, the available antenna technologies use superconducting and magnetic materials in forms of bulk and thin films in the process of antenna fabrication; these materials are also used in other devices and elements related to antenna such as switches, delay lines, filters, and so forth. However, as the antenna sizes are getting smaller, it is observed that data loss is being reported because of electromagnetic dispersion that takes place in different materials used; this has a direct effect on the performance and also on the gain obtained or intended to obtain form current antenna technologies and devices. There are a number of reasons for data loss and reduction in gain. For instance, “In the area of mobile communications, material properties of filters used in the communications network directly govern the signal transmission and reception at base stations and mobile units” (Dtic.mil, p. 1, n.d.). Moreover, commonly found problems are cross talks and traffic interference that are seen as the common of all problems that all cause in the loss of data materials. However, at very present, the research in the area of antenna technology has considerably increased that focuses on manufacturing small size smart antenna devices which uses phased-array technology; the designs of antennas are also under great scrutiny and today we see research developing sophisticated geometry designs so that improvement can be brought into the directivity of the signal. What has, none the less, not picked up increased
Religion is considered a group phenomenon because of certain aspects that should be understood in sociological terms. In many societies, including western cultures, emphasis is always placed on beliefs, even though other aspects of religion are also important. In this case, religion is considered as a group phenomenon because it entails educating children on what constitutes the belief system. For instance, children are always exposed to literature that exposes them to catechism, which is the testimonial that any believer should consent. In other communities, children are expected to study the scripture in a certain stage of his or her life, which would help such a child in giving a sermon. Islam and Judaism are some of the religions that encourage their children to learn the fundamentals of the belief system. Christianity and Judaism insist on academic and formal belief system whereby children need to undertake religious courses to equip them with the basics of belief system. Other aspects of religion that makes it a group phenomenon include customs, religious experiences, and the sense of community. These facets do not refer to the individual religion, but instead they refer to the manner in which religious groups restructure themselves in society as far as focusing on shared meaning is concerned. Religion is a group phenomenon in the sense that it has an indispensable cognitive feature. In other words, it shapes the knowledge and the skills of the believer in a number of ways. Sociologists observe that the skills and the knowledge gained through religious customs organize personal opinions into a certain system, which serve as the basis of action. For instance, if an individual beliefs that some form of influential wicked spirits surrounds him or her, he or she would generate evidence regarding the presence of these spirits and would consequently adopt some measures to protect him or herself. In particular, an individual would resort to prayer, which would be conducted in accordance to the religious customs. In western societies, beliefs are treated as mere opinions that do not have substantial effect on the third party. In such societies, people rely on empirical evidence that can be tested scientifically. Empirical evidence is referred to as scientific knowledge. In this regard, the existence of evil spirits is only real to an individual who believes in the faith. This belief shapes an individual’s experiences and actions. Therefore, an individual who believes that spirits cause sickness and the other individual who believes that germs cause diseases are similar in the sense that they both base their arguments on a certain body of knowledge. Religion is also viewed as a group phenomenon because of the
Broader issues of the lighthouse identity Lighthouse identity is recognized as a vital credo in Morgan’s four stages, in the journey of a challenger. There are several broader issues to consider when considering the Lighthouse Identity. A challenger brand is not successful in a mature classification, because it is more trustworthy or convenient. On the contrary, it is successful because it delivers an emotional brand or relationship, to the extent that the Establishment brand never matches. This implies that the consumer’s emotions are realigned. It is imperative that the challenger brand has an emotionally- based and stronger link with the consumer, as opposed to the Brand leader (Duncan & Moriarty, 1998: 12). It is worth mentioning that a Lighthouse Identity not only defines the brand, but also the business that the brand belongs to. In mature brands, a brand’s planning role is adding, as well as extracting value. Being a Challenger, success is achieved through having a clear sense of what and who you are as a business/ brand, and why. Consequently, the identity should be projected saliently, consistently, and intensely, just like a lighthouse (Chen & Xie, 2008: 486). This is aimed at ensuring that the consumer notices them, although they may not have been looking out for them. Irrespective of the fact that goods have always been considered as a way of communicating, the present brands are more than goods. They are more than a communication form, and are navigation. Brand leaders should treat communication publicity and ideas as assets, which are high- leveraged (Duncan & Moriarty, 1998: 9). Moreover, they should maintain this notion within the company. Over- commitment means considering barriers and focusing on avoiding them prior to their occurrence. To achieve over- commitment, it is crucial to identify irrefutable causes of failure in core marketing tasks. Consequently, there should be brainstorming on the most effective ways to reverse or neutralize the failures. B2C and B2B marketing communications B2B (Business- to- Business) and B2C (Business- to- Consumer) are commercial transaction forms. B2C involves the consumers buying products directly. On the other hand, in B2B, services and products are sold to other businesses. Purchasing Process: in B2B buying, there is an extremely complex purchasing process. This is because business purchasers buy services and products for use within the company (Ray, 1973: 160). On the
Introduction Vaccination remains one of the most controversial public health issues in contemporary medical experimental science due to effectiveness and safety concerns. While governments attempt to push for scientific prevention methods for infectious diseases, vaccines emerge as a viable option for preventing and controlling infections. However, as much as vaccines prevent diseases, an ever-going debate seems to consolidate and gather various fears and concerns about contemporary medicine and man’s future regarding medical experimentation (Hausman, 2019). Vaccination, having stemmed from medical experiments, faces differing views from the public, most of whom believe in myths and misconceptions about immunization. Generally, vaccination raises the question of the role of illness and disease in our lives and how history and human motivations can interfere with trust in governments and scientific establishments. Contrary to the commonly perceived dangers of vaccinations, such as the use of Thimerosal and potential side effects, vaccination provides overwhelming benefits such as disease prevention and mitigation of disease severity and disease control through herd immunity. Vaccine Use of Thimerosal Vaccination is necessary for preventing, controlling, and eradicating children’s infectious diseases. In achieving this outcome, countries have been impacted by using a concentrated Thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs) schedule in expectant mothers and children vaccines. Changes in metabolism during early development have been demonstrated to be a risk factor for ethylmercury (EtHg) impacts on infant neurodevelopment. Similarly, Thimerosal exposure significantly sensitizes susceptible persons to permanent contact dermatitis. Conversely, Thimerosal-free vaccines indicate a substantial decline in contact with dermatitis (Dorea, 2017). Vaccine skeptics point to the dangers of vaccination by highlighting the use of Thimerosal, an adjuvant used in vaccines to be a toxicological risk. Besides, Thimerosal is an active compound that can act on neurological and immunological systems of young children across all levels and gets utilized in pediatric vaccines. However, research indicates that TVCs in young children lead to neurodevelopmental issues, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In addition to that, TVCs have been linked to increased risks with several conditions, including language delay, hyperactivity disorder, attention deficits, childhood obesity, emotional disturbance, premature puberty, speech disorder, and developmental delay (Dorea, 2017). These findings have galvanized skeptics in exposing the use of Thimerosal in vaccines as a significant threat to human existence while also pointing out the potential side effects of vaccinations. Side Effects and Adverse Events Moreover, skeptics argue that vaccines lead to side effects that endanger
Introduction Providing affordable and reliable healthcare is one of the key goals of many nations. In the United States of America, the signing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which is simply referred to as the Affordable Care Act (ACA), in 2010 was a crucial step towards the realization of this goal. The main purpose of the ACA was to enhance the quality of health care services and ensure that as many people as possible can have access to these services. Other goals of the ACA included introducing checks and balances to the insurance industry and reducing health care expenditure (French, Homer, Gumus, & Hickling, 2016). Consequently, several provisions were made to facilitate the realization of these objectives. Additionally, healthcare organizations were required to change some of their operations to align with the objectives of the ACA. The introduction of the ACA led to significant changes in the day-to-day operations of the health industry. The purpose of this paper is to address organizational preparation and strategic response to at least three provisions of the ACA. Prevention of Hospital Acquired Infections Section 3008 “Payment adjustment for conditions acquired in hospitals” under part 1 “Linking payment to quality outcomes under the Medicare Program” of Title III “Improving the quality and efficiency of health care” seeks to reduce payments to hospitals that report a high incidence of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) (Office of the Legislative Council, 2010). Pay for performance was announced to motivate hospitals to invest in quality projects to enhance patient outcomes. The Medicare prevention of hospital-acquired infections program under the ACA has set up hospital payment for performance based on scores that consider the incidence of HAIs. Hospitals that record the lowest performance (the bottom quartile) have their revenues from Medicare reduced by 1%. Thus, the burden of costs implicated in quality improvement is borne mainly by health care providers, even though payers and patients also suffer the consequences. The purpose of the financial penalties is to enhance the quality of health care services by urging hospitals to factor the fiscal repercussions of poor quality in their investment decisions. The rationale of this provision was that if payers reimburse providers for the extra treatment costs that accrue from poor quality services, then there would be no motivation to enhance the quality of services. Organizational Preparation One of the major aspects of organizational preparation with respect to this provision is a focus on evidence-based research to find and implement recommendations to prevent hospital-acquired infections. It was noted that educating staff members and patients about hand hygiene were the first crucial step because most HAIs were a result of the transfer of infectious microbes from one person to another. Therefore, there was a need to invest in more comprehensive infection prevention program