ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Martha Helen Stewart is the founder of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, L.L.C, a leading multimedia company (Sellers, 2005). The company grew and become very successful, thanks to Martha’s autocratic leadership style which gave her unlimited supply of power and authority. Quite often, she would use coercion, intimidation and even exploitation in her bid to achieve her goals. She would often make decisions and implement them without consultations. She was so meticulous that she would not allow any detail to escape her attention. She was also quite demanding and keen on perfection, much to the discomfort of employees. This however saw her business expand and remain profitable. It is accepted that her success in the very competitive entertainment industry was credited to her autocratic leadership style. Apart from her autocratic leadership style, Martha pursued her business with purpose and passion. She also espoused values, which made her concentrate more on giving her customers quality products and services. Her focus was on customers who had the desire to use products and services in the improvement of their style of living. This gave her an edge over her competitors. Martha also valued team rather than individual work. This is how she won her employees’ commitment. The company was also keen on building loyal and lasting relationships. This way Martha chose to stick with Kmart even with bankruptcy staring at it and was able to help it emerge successfully. It is also evident that self-discipline played a role in MSO’s success because the company was able to remain focused on its products and services and consumer demands. There are a number of leadership practices and approaches which could be better utilized at different times of the organization; whether the organization is going through times of success or a crisis. Times of organizational success will usually be content with convectional leadership because there are few environmental challenges. There might be no need to revise the way things have been happening due to lack of threats. Quite often, there will be a lot of emphasis on hierarchical relationships as opposed to task-driven initiatives. Leaders might insist that employees follow prescribed procedures, rules and regulations that dictate organizational activity (Kouzes, & Posner, 2002). In times of organizational crisis, there is likely to be constant environmental shifts, hence calling for a leadership that co
Introduction The purpose of this essay will be to evaluate the logical problem of evil and free-will defense. The aspects that will be focused on in the essay will be the logical problem of evil where the concept of God and the key attributes that are in conflict with the existence of evil will be discussed. The free-will defense as a response to the logical problem of evil will also be covered in the essay as well as how the free-will response demonstrates the existence of evil to be logically inconsistent with the existence of God. Objections to the free-will defense as a logical solution to evil will also be presented in the discussion. Logical Problem of Evil The problem of evil according to Inwagen (188) is defined as the label for an intellectual problem that is contrary to emotional, spiritual, psychological and theological problems. The prevalence of evil in the world or the logical problem of evil can easily be used to form a basis for an argument that is against the existence of God or any other omnipotent being. The logical problem of evil states that if God really existed he would be an all powerful and morally perfect being who would not allow any evil or immorality to exist in the world. But since there is a lot of evil in the world, God does not exist and this basically forms a basis for the logical problem of evil. According to the logical problem of evil, the continued existence of evil since the beginning of time is a prelude to the fact that God is non-existent (Inwagen 188). The response to the logical problem of evil is the existence of a morally perfect and omnipotent being that has the relevant knowledge of evil and how to deal with it. God is an omnipotent being who is pure, good and morally perfect and can be able to deal with evil. The concept of God is basically made up of Him being an omnipotent being, His knowledge of evil and His moral perfection. God is seen to be a morally perfect and omnipotent being meaning that he can do anything as long as it is not an intrinsic impossibility. Because omnipotence and moral perfection are the non-negotiable components of God, the implications of this is that if the universe was made by an all powerful being and that being was less than omnipotent then the atheists would be right in assuming that God did not exist. A morally perfect being would not allow evil to exist in the world and him being omnipotent would mean that he has the power to control the existence of evil. The implication of this statement is that such a being is either false or is wholly ignorant to the occurrence of evil (Inwagen 192). One of the key attributes that is in conflict with evil is moral scorn which according to Inwagen (191) is the safest kind of evil because it is easily taken for granted by most people. Scorn which is generally a form of moral insensitivity is a type of evil that is committed against a person’s emotional and spiritual feelings. It is meant to belittle the actions, opinions or comments that individuals make towards something of common interest. Moral scorn conflicts with general scorn because it can be
Summary The solution glutaraldehyde has adverse side effects on employees who work with it that need to be checked. Although it is very handy as a sterilizer in the health care industry, glutaraldehyde exposure levels need to be regulated to decrease risks facing workers. By assessing the samples of air collected from within the workplace where glutaraldehyde is frequently used, levels of exposure that were recorded reveal that the levels are high thus the need for less exposure levels. Additional research methods ought to be carried out to attain more reliable methods of air sample collection to verify the levels of exposure to glutaraldehyde. Foreword The chemical solution (C 5 H 8 O 2 ) has diverse industrial purposes globally. In Australia, among many examples of uses of glutaraldehyde include its use in x-ray film dispensation as a solidifier, in histochemistry as a tissue adhesive and in the industry of health care as a cold disinfectant. It may also work in the treatment of water as a biocide, as a solution for sanitation in transferable restrooms and airplanes, aquaculture; as well as a chemical additive in oils; and a fixative in leather processing. As useful as glutaraldehyde may be, exposure to it, as has been reported, leads to health problems (Reese, 2003, p497). This raises the concern, as Erickson observed on “control measures and monitoring of exposure to glutaraldehyde so as to avoid health problems that are resultant of exposure to glutaraldehyde (Erickson, 1996, p 187). This paper will talk about glutaraldehyde and the health tribulations experienced by workers in health care whilst working with this solution in the course of disinfection of apparatus. The paper will go on to elucidate on the average exposure and methods of sampling that can be carried out to check exposure to glutaraldehyde at the workplace. It will conclude with measures of control required to guarantee safe exposure levels for personnel. The chemical solution glutaraldehyde The solution glutaraldehyde (1, 5-glutaral or pentanedione) CAS number 111-30-8, is a dialdehyde which exhibits a prospective for sporicidal, fungicidal, virudical, mycobactericidal and bactericidal actions. Glutaraldehyde is found majorly in aqueous solution and is an oily colorless fluid with levels of concentration that range from 50% w/w to less than 1% w/w (Finucane, 2006, p295). Because of its highly volatile characteristics, it is classified as a dangerous solution of which a considerable concentration that is airborne can be created at room temperature in some situations. Glutaraldehyde was brought into the health care industry in the early 1960’s and was used as an implement disinfectant. 55
Introduction Reading more and more contestable information about the affect of cell phones, I decided to conduct personal research in order to understand whether they are harmful for human health or not. I searched for necessary information online, I considered forums and read research papers and reports devoted to the problem of cell phones and healthcare. Having studied much information I can say with the whole responsibility that cell phones are harmful for human health. Many people underestimate this issue, however, it is very important to remember that such thing as a cell phone may harm human health. It would not be a problem if people have not used cell phones constantly. There is a tendency that each year younger and younger users of cell phones are noticed. When these devices emerged, only adults with particular level of income could have them. Now, more and more people with average and even low level of income buy cell phones. This device has become an inherent part of human life, therefore, many scientists began to express their concern. The use of cell phones increases the chances to have acoustic neuroma, to develop brain cancer ipsilateral and to get deep trauma and injuries which may lead to death. Cell Phones Are Safe There are many ideas which state that cell phones are safe. Looking at the controversial factors, it is almost impossible to support this opinion. Nevertheless, people continue expressing their thoughts and present relevant arguments to support this belief. I managed to find the following information to confirm the fact that cell phones are safe. Those who say that cell phones are dangerous refer to the information they have ever heard without any facts. Gossips which have occupied the Internet and human mind lack grounds. According to research conducted in Canada there “is no convincing evidence of increased risk of disease from exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields from cell phones” (Schmidt A.7). The same point of view is supported by “the World Health Organization, the International Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and the European Union’s Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks” as Schmidt announces (A.7). The opinion of negative effect of cell phones has been developed by those who always find something negative in innovations. There are many conservative people who got used to particular way of life and who cann
Abstract Human resource is one of the vital resources that organizations require to remain competent. Organizations should have favorable motivation and reward systems to retain their employees. The two-factor theory holds that tangible rewards do not act as the main motivators. Expectancy theory maintains that employees are motivated if they realize that their effort will lead to material or tangible rewards. The stewardship theory focuses on managers in the upper stratum of an organization. Social cognitive theory focuses on self-efficacy and concurs that employees are motivated to pursue certain projects after realizing that they have the capacity to achieve the goals in question. The fifty-fifty principle asserts that fifty percent of employees’ motivation comes from within while the other fifty percent comes from people that the employees interact with and the working environment. Organizations use varied rewarding systems to motivate their employees. Some organizations believe that extrinsic motivation plays a significant role in promoting employee motivation. Such organizations have monetary reward systems to reward employees according to their performance. On the other hand, some organizations trust in the power of intrinsic motivations. Such companies have policies that enhance employee growth and development as one of the motivation mechanisms. Introduction The present competition in the business world is compelling organizations to come up with reward systems that aim at enhancing employee motivation, thus boosting their performance. Currently, organizations are coming up with reward systems that reward employees according to their contribution to the organizational success. In most cases, organizations use rewards whenever they wish to achieve certain goals (Andrew & Kent, 2007). Organizations use both monetary and non-monetary rewards. Monetary rewards come as short-term or long-term incentives used to help an organization achieve short-term or long-term goals. On the other hand, non-monetary rewards include elements like promotion, development promises, and additional leave days. In today’s business environment, there exists four generations, viz. generation X, veterans, generation Y, and baby boomers (Andrew & Kent, 2007). All these generations are motivated differently. It becomes hard to motivate all these generations, especially if their opinions contradict (Andrew & Kent, 2007). This paper will focus on the various motivation and reward systems used by organizations today. To start with, the paper will give the definition of motivation and the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Next, the paper will look at the existing literature review on motiva
Introduction Intercultural dialogue is a recurring concern in the present social and philosophical debate on multiculturalism. The question arises as to whether and to what extent music could serve as a link and create interdependence between cultures in the environment of friendliness, care, and compassion. The history of music culture transference across and beyond the Asian continent counts more than one thousand years. However, the exchange has not been inherently positive: as noted by Appadurai, as a result of changing relationships between countries, kingdoms, and empires, trends and changes in music culture often reflected imbalances of power (193). From this perspective, interculturalism in music may be considered an act of resistance to a single culture’s hegemony. This paper discusses the role and the place of the Chinese musical band Dawanggang in the world that is still defined by the tension between the Occident and Orient. Music as a Vehicle of Cultural Dialogue Music has long been highly esteemed by philosophers as a phenomenon that not only helps with self-cultivation but also promotes mutual understanding between different groups of people through a shared experience of musicing together. McKimm-Vorderwinkel argues that music can be understood through the lens of the philosophical concept of hermeneutics (3). In its earliest Greek meaning, hermeneutics denoted an act of translation of something that is humanly unintelligible into the “language that everyone speaks and understands (McKimm-Vorderwinkler 5).” Ancient Greeks added a spiritual dimension to the human experience of creating and enjoying music. To them, music was a vehicle for bringing something out of the realm of gods into the world of humans. Hans-Georg Gadamer, one of the most prominent advocates for the hermeneutical dialogue, opined that the hermeneutical perspective was universal; it was able to expose human relatedness despite social, cultural, and language barriers. In other words, it is the language of art that was carrying the meaning that could be understood by anyone, which made it capable of uniting people. However, since this paper focuses on the Asian music culture, it would be incomplete to approach the subject matter only from the perspective of Western philosophy and art history. Scruton explains that music was at the very core of Confucian aesthetics (135). Philosophers of early China referred to music as a means for the harmonization of virtues and a device for self-development and sel
Provide a brief explanation of the major influences on business buyers Business buyers are concerned about the product and service quality, product prices and the existing relationship with the producer or the supplier. The quality of the products directly affects the buyers’ businesses and products. Services have a direct influence on the cost, profits and the sales obtained by the buyers. A profitable, satisfying long-term buyer-seller relationship is a key business asset that positively influences the perspectives of the buyers toward the business. What are the major characteristics of institutional markets? Institutional markets are mainly characterized by geographical concentration, number of buyers, size, purchase decision process and the buyer-seller relations. The geographical concentration of the institutional market helps reduce marketing costs. The institutional market customers encompass a large section of the business market. Schools and health care institutions make up a considerable fraction of the entire institutional market which includes colleges, national libraries, art galleries, universities among others. The institutional market purchasing process is often constrained by political concerns and directed by law. Many of the institutions categorized under institutional markets are controlled by the government while a few are privately managed. For example the government manages public schools and large firms are managed privately. Another key characteristic of the institutional market is that it supports diversity. For instance some small health centers assign duties for purchasing food to chief dietitian. All the other purchasing agents can only make the purchase through the chief dietitian. Describe the typical roles played by the various members of a buying center. Users: These are the people who do the actual purchasing and consumption of the products and services. Gatekeepers: These are individuals who control the information that is reviewed by all the buying center members. Influencers: These are participants who affect the buying decisions by giving information that guides the evaluation of the available alternatives. Deciders: These are participants who select a product or service while another person may have the official authority to do so. Buyers: These are participants who have the right to select a supplier and to follow the appropriate procedures to secure a product or service. Explain the four major steps in designing a customer-driven marketing strategy. Market segmentation: This entails taking the total diverse markets for a particular product and splitting them into smaller market segments so that each of which tends to be standardized in full significant portions. Market targeting (targeting): This entails assessing every market segment in order to establish the attractiveness of each segment and trying to identify one or more segments to penetrate. Market Differentiation: This entails distingui
Introduction The extent to which a given substance can destroy an organism or part of the organism is known as toxicity. A substance can harm an entire organism, an organ, or a cell. The effects of a substance on an organism are usually dependent on the dose taken, this is because everything is poisonous if taken in massive amounts. Toxins are classified as chemical, biological and physical (Davenport and Weatherspoon, 1999, p.7) Vitamin D Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in various forms mainly vitamin D2 and D3. The chemical formula for Vitamin D is C28H440 for vitamin D2 and C27H440 for vitamin D3. Vitamin D toxicity occurs when the concentration of serum in blood D 25(OH) D rises to very high levels. The LD50 for vitamin D has been found to be 42 mg/kg in rats, 42.5 mg/kg in the mouse, and 80 mg/kg in dogs. As far as the dose-response curve is concerned, the toxicity threshold level for vitamin D is 200-250 mg/nmol/L (500-750 nmoI/l) while the upper limit is 100 mg/L (250 nmoI/L). This leaves a safe margin of 100 mg/L (250 nmoI/L). The curve takes a sigmoid shape The NOAEL is the upper limit which courses no adverse effects and for vitamin D it is 100 mg/L (250 nmoI/L). The toxic dose for vitamin D is a consumption of more than 4000 IU (1000mcg) per day. It is recommended that vitamin D be taken in doses of less than 4000 IU (1000 mcg) per day. The acceptable allowance is the safe margin between the upper limit and the threshold which is 100 mg/L (250 nmoI/L). Vitamin D toxicity causes excess calcium in urine and blood. The body controls vitamin D intake from the sun hence toxicity comes from food supplements. Detoxification entails taking in less calcium and avoiding very hot sunshine. (Dowd and Stafford, 2008, p.57) Round up glyphosate This is a form of herbicide used to kill weeds. The LD50 of this herbicide is over 5000mg/kg in rats and rabbits. The chemical formula of round-up glyphosate is C3H8NO5P. The response curve is a sigmoid shape. The lethal dose for this herbicide is about three cups of nasty bitter round-up. The NOAEL is 6.4 (Harte, 1991, p.323) This is a poisonous substance and hence it is not recommended for daily intake. This chemical affects body weight and male fertility in animals. The target organ is the male reproductive system. Heterologous genes are used to detoxify it from the soil. This simply entails introducing a f
Introduction Early in the 1990s, the Soviet communist bloc experienced disintegration, but the Chinese communist regime survived the collapse. From this time, the Chinese authoritarian regime has attracted attention from people from across the world. Nevertheless, China has managed to sustain a rapid economic growth averaging 8% for the last two decades. 1 The Chinese rate of economic expansion poses a significant challenge to the United States especially in the technological advancement. In the recent times, China has experienced increased social protests characterized by university strikes and demonstrations held by the country’s civil society. Although these protests occur in both rural and urban areas, China continues to hold to the communist regime. The Chinese communist party is one of the world’s most versatile authoritarian regimes. The country’s contentious politics contribute to the stabilization of the authoritarian regime, which has eased political transition to the extent that the country has failed to achieve democratization. Political structure and authoritarian regime in China The collapse of the Soviet communism in the 20 th century was a significant milestone in the world politics. Apart from marking the end of civil wars that had rocked most of the countries across the globe, the collapse of the Soviet bloc heralded the democratization process and capitalism for most countries. 2 However, the case was different for China as the communist regime survived during that period and it continues in the contemporary times. Currently, the regime is facilitated through the China Communist Party that has adopted a market-oriented approach in building the country’s economy. 3 Although the party does not subscribe to the traditions of the previous communist regimes, it maintains an authoritarian leadership. Currently, the country experiences widespread contention as characterized by the hostility between the leaders and members of the public, thus leading to political instability. 4 However, the country has been keen to use some of the structures that arise from political decisions to dispense authority. For example, toward mid-1990s, political leaders reformed the Chinese fiscal and tax-sharing system to gain not only revenues, but also autonomy of the country. 5 Nevertheless, China practices fragmented authoritarianism that seeks to promote negotiations and consensus amongst the affected bureaucracies. From this argument, it is evident that for the authoritarian regime to survive, political leaders have to apply lengthy bureaucracies in managing the country’s central and provincial relations. Further, research highlights the differences in the national government’s way of controlling different provinces. However, differences in the way the national government controls provinces originate from the provinces’ bargaining advantage as characterized by the regions’ ambitio