ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction During education and practice, every nurse inevitably experiences some ethical challenges regarding patient care. Working with patients implies engaging in interpersonal communication, where the nurse needs to act with respect and regard. Several ethical issues, in particular, are relevant to the topic of obesity-related diseases observed in the course project. To some extent, those ethical considerations shape the approach to resolving specific problems, so they should be a priority in decision-making. Main body An ethical conflict, in general, occurs when there is a dilemma between the values and norms of different sides. In healthcare, the sides are usually represented as patients and nurses or other healthcare institution workers. The study by Aitamaa et al. (2016) identifies the most common ethical challenges: the lack of appreciation, disregard of problems, and inadequacy in practical situations. Noticeably, those conflicts arise from both the patients and staff. While some ethical issues have well-established procedures of resolution in specializes nursing guidelines, others include intense controversies in terms of human rights and require constant reconsideration. Regarding obesity, there is a long-lasting ethical conflict since the concept itself is somewhat unclear. According to Hoffman (2016), some theories do not consider obesity a disease, while others state that it is at least a risk factor for other diseases. The definition and categorization of obesity are essential because they heavily affect the medical approach to this condition: whether it should be treated or not. Additionally, recognizing obesity as an abnormal health condition might enhance stigmatization and discrimination of people based on appearance (Hoffman, 2016). Currently, obesity is considered a factor influencing population health, but every person’s perception is still different. Summary To summarize, ethical challenges are an inevitable part of healthcare and nursing practice. While working with patients, a nurse must consider their problems and priorities as well as specialized guidelines. The concept of obesity in healthcare is also presented somewhat controversially, which impacts social perception and treatment. Generally, ethical questions require extreme cautiousness and precision because many nursing practices and treatment strategies depend on them.
Introduction A community portrait is a detailed description of the important social, economic and other demographic characteristics of a group residing within a particular locality. The aspects covered in the portrait include population patterns, education, employment, households, housing community as well as the community’s cultures. A community portrait is used mostly as a tool to enhance understanding of a community or to provide information on changes that have taken place within a certain community. This paper will outline a portrait of Hispanics living in California. Ethnic backgrounds of Hispanics The government of the United States adopted the name Hispanic during the 1970s. This name was used to refer to those Americans whose origin was Latin America or Spanish-speaking countries. The Hispanic population in the United States is distributed unevenly. However, according to the US census bureau in 2006, it was noted that the Hispanics are highly concentrated in the following five states; Texas, Florida, Arizona, and Illinois (US census bureau, 2006, p.15). It’s also worthy to note that California is the second leading state where Hispanics live after New Mexico. The originality of the Hispanic population in the US can be traced to different ethnic groups comprising of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cubans. Generally, Hispanics living in the United States today trace their lineage to over twenty-two different countries. It is believed that these Hispanics migrated to the United States at different times. Census statistics reveal that forty percent of the entire Hispanic population in the US is immigrants from Hispanic countries with the majority being Mexican (US census bureau, 2006, p.30). Many ethnic groups are found in California today, this includes African Americans, Asian Americans, American Indians, Alaska Natives as well as non-Hispanic whites. Before the year 2005, states like California, Hawaii, and New Mexico had already attained the majority-minority status. This means that the non-Hispanic whites were no longer the dominant population group. This is because census results revealed that the populations of African Americans and Latinos were at par with that of the non-Hispanic white population. Future projections indicate that Hispanics will become the dominant group shortly (Kraemer, Newell &Prindle, 2008, p.31). Language Two main methods are used in the United States to provide education for immigrant children. In the first one, young immigrant children are taught all their school subjects in English together with their peers of the same age group. In the second method, the children are taught their subjects in their native language. Spanish as an instructional language is used mainly in teaching foreign-born Hispanics who can’t speak English. Hispanics in California can be divided into three groups based on language use and proficiency. The majority are English dominant, the second group is bilingual (speaking both Spanish and Engli
Change is a common factor in human life and also in organizations. Based on this similarity several researchers and managements have studies the growth and development of various organizations. Organizations go through different phases of growth. Different researchers have put forward several stages of development linking it to growth and development of a human being. Some of them have classified these stages into 4 stages and others have divided it into 5 stages. It is very essential for leaders in any organization to understand this concept of life cycle (Johannsen n.pag). This paper discusses various aspects of organizational life cycle. As in the case of human beings who go through infancy, child-hood, early-teenage and adult-hood, organizational development is also characterized by similar phases. During the early stages of development lots of rapid growth occurs and often the founders of the organization or program and its various members have to do whatever is necessary just to stay in business. There will be several strategies formulated to accomplish the goals and leaders make highly hasty, half-baked decisions. This kind of activities can sometimes be productive or it can be counterproductive. This analogy is pretty clear as it can be compared to the human life cycle as children make several mistakes while growing up and through several success and failures they learn the facts of life. Leaders in the initial stages may fear taking the time to slow down and plan may delay or reduce the productivity (McNamara, 2007). Just as we go through different life stages the organization also do the same. And industry or a organization have a start-up or the birth, a time of growth and development, a period of maturity, then either stagnation and demise, or renewal. The only difference here is that if an organization continues to replenish itself, it can continue to perform till the mission is significant and the company is sustainable. This mean to say that there are several companies that at the stage of stagnation. closed down and undergo the process of death, but there are several companies that do not give up at that stage and try to restart all over again. Therefore not all the organization undergoes a complete death or stagnation. Organizations grow, mature, decline, and eventually pass away in a normal case. There are also some differences from the human pattern of life cycle such as the duration of each stage is less precise than that of human beings. In human beings, physiological growth reaches its climax at about the age of 2
When I interviewed Joseph in regards to value systems or philosophy in life, he responded that throughout his life, there is nothing superficial as honesty in an individual’s character. In fact, he emphasized by saying ‘honesty is the best policy’. Joseph also informed me that honesty shapes the entire character of an individual. Even though being honest may land someone into troubles at times, Joseph was emphatic that we should not be tired of doing the right things in life. He mentioned that there are instances when honesty had cost him dearly especially when putting his trust on some people. According to Joseph, betrayal may go a long way even as we attempt to be honest with ourselves and other people. The old man cited some reasons why he holds this philosophy in life. To begin with, Mr. Joseph insisted that an individual’s character affects even the generations to come. When we opt to become dishonest, we instill bad character in our children, which eventually leads into their failure in life. In fact, Mr. Joseph attributed his long life to being honest. He has lived to see his grand children grow into young adults. His desire for healthcare has also been influenced by the level of honesty in his life. Mr. Joseph told that he has always been honest about his health condition even as he is aging up. When I requested him to explain this further, he smiled a bit and then stretched himself before he could respond. To begin with, Mr. Joseph pointed out that he never takes his aging body for granted. He has always been honest enough to seek medical attention whenever he feels a little unwell. According to him, this is one part of being honest with oneself. If you can handle your body well, then it amounts to dishonesty. When I asked him whether his philosophy in life was influenced by his ethnic or cultural background, he quickly interjected and elaborated that several factors had contributed toward shaping his value system in life. For instance, he asserted that he had a strong religious background and like any other religion with honest teachings, the value system of being honest was instilled in his life at a very tender age during the Sunday school days. In addition, he informed that his parents were staunch believers in Christian faith and therefore, he was brought up in a family background with strict Christian values. In other words, his religious culture immensely contributed towards his character development in life. Secondly, Joseph highlighted to me that his father used to be a strict disciplinarian who instilled the value of being honest in life. Hence, two major factors namely religious and cultural backgrounds contributed towards his philosophy on honesty. Since Mr. Joseph has children and grand children, I also inquired from him whether there were specific values he desired to be passed onto his generation. The old man nodded almost immediately when I asked him that question. He started by explaining that he indeed desired his children to be honest people in life. Secondly, he talked a lot about the value of being industrious in whatever someone opts to do whi
Situation You are the owner of a small jewelry store. A customer leaves a family heirloom with you for cleaning. By mistake, a salesperson sells the ring to another customer. How would you handle the situation? Now, imagine that you were the customer who purchased the ring for your fiancé. When the owner calls you to tell you about the situation, what do you do? Solution There are many types of behavior in special situations when people mislead each others’ words. In this case, all the attention should be paid to the beneficiary part of the changing deal because if one side of the agreement will be unreasonably punished, then all the process of changing the status quo will be failed. Turning to the concrete issue, it is important to define all the aspects of misunderstandings correctly. Firstly, the salesman will be punished due to his neglect attitude to customer’s jewelry. Secondly, the family that bought the ring is in the beneficiary situation, as from the judiciary and moral side, they are innocent. Finally, the family who lost the heirloom is in the worst position, as this was their property, which they cannot take back without any losses. When the owner of the ring calls me, I will describe the situation as it is and offer him or her free service, which will help in handling the situation. To find a possible approach to take back the jewelry, I should make a proposal that cannot be declined due to its benefits for all sides of the agreement. To begin with, based on emotional intelligence principles, I will immediately create the proposal for the family who bought the jewelry (Goleman, 2005). After that, I will call them and explain the situation that happened. After the general description, I will offer them 50% less price for all of the jewelry in my shop. In addition, I will make all the processes as easy for them as possible by delivering and taking my products by myself. After that, when they deny my proposal because the item has pleased them fully, I will try to make the price as beneficial as possible because this is the only logical stimulus to take the jewelry back. In the case of a “purchaser” role, I will be empathetic to the shop owner. On the other hand, I will request the same proposal as I would make in the shop owner’s situation: 50% sale on the specific jewelry items that were too expensive for me the previous time. As a result, the shop owner will receive his ring back, the other family will be happy to see their item again, and my fiancé will be pleased by the more interesting ring. Ov
The poems ‘sex without love’ by Sharron Olds and ‘She being Brand’ by E.E Cummings both epitomize the theme of sex and sexual encounters. Both make use of imagery to develop this theme. In Cumming’s poem “She being brand”, he expresses his sentiments towards sex through metaphors. To him, the act of making love is like driving a new automobile and he personifies this using the image of a woman. He sees the act of sex as devoid of any feelings just like driving a new car. The woman in the poem is a virgin as seen in the title of the poem ‘She being Brand’ and he expresses sex with this woman as ungraceful, awkward and unskillful. The persona in the poem is selfish and inconsiderate and he does not care about the feelings of this woman. He engages himself in the act to satisfy himself. He says, ‘I went right into it, flooded-the carburetor cranked her up, slipped the clutch (and then somehow got into reverse she kicked what the hell)’.Cumming portrays sex as something that is of no importance. For him, it is an insignificant act and his wish for it is just out of lust. The poem seems to illustrate male dominance in the society where the woman is inferior and are tools used by men to satisfy their sexual desires. In Sharron Olds “sex without love,” similes, metaphors and analogies vividly illustrate the theme of sex and sexual activity. The poem talks about the short-lived beauty of sex but unlike Cumming’s poem, the act occurs between two experienced lovers. The act of sex in this poem unlike the Cumming’s poem is graceful, organized and elegant like two ice skaters gliding over the ice. She describes the act as “Formal as dancers, gliding over each other like ice-skaters over the ice, fingers hooked inside each other’s bodies, faces red as steak”. In fact sex in Old’s poem is a normal activity devoid of any feelings just like any other sport. She is cynical about this and she questions this by saying, “How do they do it, the ones who make love without love?” In Cumming’s poem, the author is trying to portray male dominance and the speaker is quite happy with himself as this act pleases him. Sharon Olds on the other hand angrily expresses disgust with the idea of having sex with someone whom one is not in love with. In lines 8-10 she says, “How do they come/ to the come to the come to/ the God come to the still waters,” Her anger expresses itself through the use of repeated words such as, ‘come to the.’ which she uses to sarcastically refer to the lovers. In ‘she being brand,’ Cummings presents the theme of sex in lines 6-8 when he describes and personifies his new car into a woman. He uses the image of a radiator to represent a man relieving his sexual desires. In line 8, he says, “her springs were “O” and this is very suggestive. The capital “O” represents female orgasm and this line suggests the theme further. The theme of sex is further seen in lines 28-33 where Cummings uses ‘expanding and contracting’ metaphorically to mean the act of making love.
The article by Frazer (2013) is related to the condition known as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which is an autoimmune reaction causing a dearth of platelets (=thrombocytes) in an individual’s blood due to the use of the drug heparin. The article briefly presents a case in which a patient was suspected of having HIT after the administration of heparin. The author then provides some information on HIT, writing about the following: when HIT may take place, factors that predispose HIT occurrence, similar drugs which may also be related to this condition, diagnosing HIT in patients, the thrombosis as the most common complication of HIT, and HIT management. The article also includes three questions pertaining to the topic, together with the answer key and the rationale for the answers (Frazer, 2013). The Type of Article The article includes a succinct summary of a case, thus including a case study. On the whole, however, the work by Frazer (2013) is an educational article that provides general information about HIT. The Target Audience The target audience of the article by Frazer (2013) is, clearly, nursing students who need to learn more about HIT. The article, however, can be used by any individuals who need to advance their knowledge of medicine, for instance, by younger students of medicine. Still, the article is written primarily for nursing students, for it is published in a journal for nurses and provides the data that is most essential for nurses (without, for instance, going into details pertaining to the molecular mechanism using which the heparin affects a patient’s condition). Is the Article Easy to Read? To the author of the current paper, the article by Frazer (2013) was rather easy to read. This is due to the fact that the text is written in quite a simple language, is not overloaded with terms the understanding of which requires advanced knowledge e.g. in molecular biology, and describes HIT and the most important issues related to it in a simple yet effective manner. What Was Learned from the Article? The author of this paper already had had some basic knowledge pertaining to HIT, but the article by Frazer (2013) provided some additional insights into this medical condition. For instance, it was learned that HIT should be suspected in patients who were previously administered heparin in cases when the thrombocytes count is 30-50% decreased from the values obtained before administering the drug, even if these values are within the normal platelet count range (which is 150,000-450,000 thrombocytes for every microliter of blood) (Frazer, 2013). The new information also included the fact that testing for antibodies may serve as an additional confirmation of HIT, but that there are many patients whose blood tests are positive for HIT antibodies even when these patients are not suffering from clinical HIT (Frazer, 2013). After reading the article, it also became known to the author of this paper that the thrombocytopenia caused by heparin is only moderate in most cases, and that the thrombocyte count very seldom falls to values lower than 20,000 platelets p
Among the most important commodities used in the world today is oil. The product is used in many aspects of life, with notably the production industry and the transport industry having the biggest share of use of this commodity. Due to the high usage of this commodity, there is a necessity to ensure that the countries in production of them are bound by some rules so as to ensure that they do not take advantage of their ability to produce the product. However, the fact that the countries operate in such a way that they have formed a cartel leads to a scenario where a decision by the group leads to a state where the world is at times forced to take the price and the output agreed by OPEC. The decision by OPEC countries to maintain the oil production the same level that the prices were in existence has led to an economic concern all word over. It was the desire by the investors that the production of the commodity might be increased so as to increase the global economic growth. The decision by OPEC means that the expected growth might not be realized as the energy sources are limited and they are usually needed for any growth to occur (Shore Para 1). Growth of the global economy requires that there are the necessary ingredients that are required to enhance the growth. In case one of the ingredients needed is not there, such a move means less likelihood of growth occurring. As for this case, the fact that there was minimal production of energy, this minimizes the ripple effect it brings to the world economy. Such a move is a dangerous one as it reduces the capability of various sectors of the world economy, as they spend more on the commodity, hence having lesser money to spend on other production. The move by OPEC is a clear symbol of the interrelation of the various sectors of the economy. A change on one sector affects the other sectors either positively or negatively. In this case, the reduction of the oil production has affected most of the sectors in the world in terms of the production levels. For example, the delivery of Gold has reduced in value. It is also notable that the effect not only affected Gold, but other values of precious metals were affected by the less production of oil as a commodity. Depicting an opposite correlation, an example of how important oil affects other commodities is brought out. If there is no correction of the decision by OPRC, it means that there will be many changes not necessarily favorable to the Global economy. Other beneficiaries by the move of OPEC were the consumption sector where products like corn and wheat increased in price. Though some of the part of the increase in price may be attributed to th