ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The decomposition of state land tenure led to the weakening of the Japanese state and the strengthening of the economic and political influence of the local feudal nobility, relying on the samurai. The fragmentation of the provinces and the military confrontation between them led to forming a new social and political structure. At the same time, it was this hierarchical model that was the limitation of the authority in Japan. The social consciousness of samurai was focused on creating small decentralized associations and did not allow the creation of large corporations. In the crucible of internecine wars, a new order emerged, which relied on wealth and property as a fundamental social values. It was determined by the independence of the rule of law from formal institutions as a way of political organization. In these new systems, rulers sought and valued their vassals and allies most of all for their military and economic efficiency and personal loyalty, and the ability to keep their vassals under control became the greatest merit. Analysis During the period of the feudalization of Japan, centralized state control began to weaken, and the hereditary allotments of soldiers and middle and senior officials began to turn into domains. During the period under review, the texts reflect that relations built on loyalty to the lord of his vassals arose and began to cover both the peasantry and the layers of the provincial bureaucracy, as well as samurai with a multi-level social and legal hierarchy. The leader’s primary duty in such a relationship was to protect his population from outside encroachments on his estate. Since the re-registration of the allotment into the fief required the participation of the governor, they became, as it were, symbolic centers of such commendation relations. The main issues of state activities, such as land distribution, taxes, and military service, were transferred to the provincial level. The new social support for the formation of power by the feudal leaders was the samurai warrior class, who constituted a substantial class of feudally obligated warriors. Minamoto’s Kamakura bakufu was a complex structure of the highest political power centralized around military commanders. Under the shogun, all the already existing institutions of imperial power were preserved, but their role in governing the country was minimized. The establishment of the bakufu Kamakura led to the gradual transition of civilian powers to a new military administration. Yoritomo empowered local rulers to administer justice themselves, weakening the centralized system of government. He understood that it was necessary to sacrifice part of his power to maintain control over the country. The emperor ruled nominally; the actual ruler was the shogun. The bakufu soon took on all the features of a bureaucratic apparatus, with officers overseeing military affairs and officials controlling everything else. With an unimaginably large number of purely nominal position
Introduction This paper begins by establishing the gist or the main idea in the problem presented. This will be done by analyzing the facts as they are given. James and Percy are partners in a law firm. One day they walk into a garage of a second hand car dealer. They want a vehicle, a Rolls Royce Corniche make. They examine the vehicle in the presence of a salesman who assures them of the good quality and superb condition of the vehicle. The partners, believing in the statement of the salesman agree to buy the vehicle. Having bought the vehicle they leave the car dealer and walk into a Universal Computers, a firm that deals with hiring out of office computer systems. They are offered a computer system for relatively low price and they decide to buy it. Later the vehicle develops a problem and so does the computer. However upon James and Percy lodging complaints with the two firms the both firms refer to the contracts the partners signed with the respective firms. Main body Looking generally at the facts of the case, we realize that there are several legal issues that arise in this context. Firstly, there is the issue of misrepresentation, caveat emptor, uberimae fidei, mistake and various contractual issues. Having established the issues arising within this context, this paper shall proceed and discuss each and every issue, show how it arose within the context and most importantly show the legal impact of the issue in this case. In the law of contract, a representation is a pre-contractual statement made, with the main intention being to persuade someone to enter the contract. It then follows that a misrepresentation is a breach of a representation and consists of a set of untrue statement of facts, made by one person to another, intended to induce someone to enter a contract. Misrepresentation could either be express where it is made verbally through the word of mouth, or implied where it is made by way of conduct. It is important to mention at this point that misrepresentation is one of the factors if found to exist can invalidate a contract. The court requires that for any party to claim misrepresentation, he must prove that the statement made to him was untrue, that the intention of the untrue statement was to induce the aggrieved party into entering the contract and that the injured party, relying on the untrue statement entered the contract. However, not all pre-contractual statements although untrue are classified as misrepresentation. A statement of opinion though untrue
The ongoing Arab spring caught many governments and dictators in the Middle East and the North African regions unaware since it was unexpected given the political culture of the region. The uprising turned bloody in many countries and several factors explain the situation. In Egypt, those optimistic of the better future had to reconsider their positions as the death toll increased meaning the revolution had started claiming the lives of many. One of the reasons why the uprising turned bloody was the presence of the terrorist groups, including the world’s deadliest, Al-Qaeda. In Libya and Syria, the militia groups and the terrorists coordinated the attacks against the western powers and their local supports terming the activists the puppets of the west. Since the authoritarian leaders never expected the population to rise against them, they ensured that the uprising turned bloody as one way of punishing the dissidents. In fact, the dictatorial leaders and the repressive regimes in the Arab world were reluctant to relinquish power because they viewed the uprisings as a western tactic to deprive them of their opportunity to enjoy the proceeds of oil. The revolution was bloodier in Libya and Syria as compared to Tunisia and Egypt because of the interests of the activists. In Egypt and Tunisia, the human rights groups were simply demanding representation and introduction of changes that would improve the conditions of living. The two countries had considerable developments as far as the respect for human rights and provisions of freedoms are concerned. In Libya and Syria, the regimes were so brutal to an extent that anyone expressing a divergent view is believed to be an enemy. Additionally, the government recruited the services of militias groups and terrorists having noticed that their positions were under serious threat. This made the democratic process through revolutions a nightmare leading to the loss of lives. In Tunisia and Egypt, the academia played a role in coordinating the protests since they were in a position to organize the activities of human groups through the social media making the revolution less bloody (Beinin, & Vairel, 2011). The two countries are different from the rest of the Arab countries that have witnessed the revolution since the levels of education are high. For instance, Egypt is one of the countries in Africa with the most learned population. In fact, several students were willing to take part in the demonstrations having accused the government of relative deprivation for several years. The issues raised in Egypt were different from the demands of activists in Syria and Libya. In Tunisia, the despotic leaders were open to negotiations since they were not in touch with the majority having ruled the country for several years without initiating changes. In the case of Libya and Syria, the foreign powers were accused of destabilizing the government with the sole purpose of acquiring oil cheaply. The Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi, was the people’s darling and many individuals, as well as his soldie
Criminologists have been working tirelessly to establish the relationship between gender and felony as great emphasis has been placed on other factors rather than sexuality. Female sex is of particular interest to criminology because historical propositions have failed to establish its correlation with a crime as opposed to feminist criminology. The study of the association between felony and gender has enabled criminologists to establish a link. Various theories on female offending have failed to understand its nature. Some historical conjectures of criminology developed a general bias towards women, and the females were deemed to be less likely criminals and this resulted in gendered prosecution patterns (Siegel, 2017). Ancient studies on female criminality based their research on quantitative data and assumed that gender disparities in registered crimes were static (Van Der Heijden et al., 2020). With the generalization of biases against women, historical theories could not establish female criminality. Feminist forensic science has conclusively addressed many biases against female offending. First, feminist criminology has drawn attention to females in the criminal justice system and debunked the ancient olden assumption that they benefit from the chivalrous interpretation of their behavior (Van Der Heijden et al., 2020). Secondly, feminist criminology has opened research study areas, especially in previously hidden crimes like domestic violence and sexual assaults (Siegel, 2017). The major contributions of feminist criminology have placed females at the center of crime research. In conclusion, crime historians failed to recognize females as susceptible to criminal offenses, but their notion of women’s involvement with felonies changed due to feminist criminology. As activism in forensic analyses became entrenched in crime studies, public views about women and malfeasance changed immensely as the former was placed at the center of research on the misdemeanor. Consequently, an elaborate association between offense and gender has been discerned.
Many news media outlets state that the USA has become a “surveillance state.” The realities of modern American life indicate that it is, indeed, the case. Practices of mass surveillance in the country have been around since the First and Second World War. These practices breach one of the core rights protected by the American Constitution, namely the right to privacy (Shields, Smith & Damphousse 2015). The Fourth Amendment provides that “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized” ( Fourth amendment 2018, para. 1). State-sanctioned violations of constitutional rights normally occurred only in times of great need for security. Tapping into telephones, surveying mass media outlets, and monitoring personal communications is justified by an alleged effort to stop terrorists. CCTV cameras are allegedly in place to prevent violent crime and theft. These measures are costly and are afforded on taxpayer dollars (Greene et al. 2014). The purpose of this paper is not to argue about the morality of the surveillance society, but to investigate how measures currently in place reduce crime and make the nation safer in terms of privacy, security, costs, and effectiveness. Surveillance and Security This section defines the domains of surveillance in the field of security. The purpose of surveillance, at its core, is not malicious. Its initial intent is to prevent crime from occurring, or, if it did happen, to provide evidence that would allow the law enforcement agencies to identify and punish the culprit. Surveillance has two purposes – prevention and detection of crime (Lyon 2014). These two purposes are intertwined, as prevention relies on detecting signs or leads of a potential crime, in order to interrupt it mid-way, whereas the presence detection serves as a passive deterrent against criminal activity – no criminal would willingly conduct a crime if they were aware that they are being watched. Surveillance plays heavily into the inevitability of punishment in order to dissuade citizens from breaking the law. Online surveillance is utilized primarily as a prevention tool by tracking conversations that utilize words such as “bomb,” “death,” “terror,” “shooting,” and other triggers that may indicate preparation of a serious crime (Lyon 2014). CCTV cameras serve as primary detection tools. They are placed in public spaces, supermarkets, parking lots, and other areas where the possibility of a crime occurring is high (Roubini 2015). Their purpose is to deter crime and to provide visual data in order to catch the criminal, should a crime occur. These measures, at least,
Abstract Many authorities have considered the occurrences of the 2008 financial crisis a historic occurrence that brought many challenges to the entire economic world and changed how the world does business. To date, the effects of this crisis still resonate in different parts of world’s economy. The number of people that lost their jobs, the number of companies that ran into bankruptcy and dwindled in self-destruction through foreclosures and closures, the amount of money that was pumped into the economy by governments as stimuli to guard investors and businesses and the amount of cuts that was done to most national budgets to cater for the crisis are elements of the crunch that make it one of the most outstanding in modern history. The US and Canada equally had its share of the challenge and it actually it is surmised now that the crunch was triggered by developments in the US market in the real estate and banking industries (Camiciottoli, 2009). The central focus of the paper will be discovering public discourse that are related to the 2008 financial crisis where it will determine the contents of these articles and analyze and consider them regarding the way they have been written and the theoretical concepts the authors employed in conveyance of the information contained therein. Introduction Public discourse under the financial crisis in the U.S and Canada The global financial crisis triggered by bankruptcy of the investment bank-Lehman Brothers – since September 2008 has been likened to a tsunami – or so commonly called the ‘financial tsunami’. The analogy is appropriate because just as a tsunami, the economic depression has a geographical origin (in the suburban housing market in the US) but spreading geographically over vast regions of the world. In doing so, the crisis has impacted significantly on global economies all over the world albeit it to a varying degree of intensity (Camiciottoli, 2009). Background of the study Financial crisis is a situation that is characterized by high levels of unemployment, a drop in prices of commodities and having low trade and investment opportunities. In 2008 the world suffered a
Nurse scheduling refers to the process of assigning working schedules or programmes to nursing practitioners in their places of work. The process entails giving different working schedules to a certain number of nursing practitioners who possess varied skills and qualifications, while at the same time conforming to important aspects that needs to be addressed such as personal preferences, existing working practices, rules and regulations, and ethical standards (Coomber & Louise, 2007). This, actually, is part of a larger capacity plan that needs a more effective implementation to ensure that the nursing role is achieved within various units of health care. Obviously, a well-planned nurse scheduling exercise is likely to satisfy the interests of nurses, thus generating a positive impact upon the services extended to patients in health care facilities. The many problems associated with the scheduling of nursing practitioners can be observed from vast areas of medical and health care application in both public and private sectors. In fact, these problems are of great concern to human well-being, and for that reason, have attracted the attention of numerous researchers from allover the world. The researchers are eager to develop appropriate systems that can successfully be used to undertake these crucial processes. This paper examines the literature research of nurse scheduling problem along with a general overview of some of the different techniques that have been used to address this complex issue of health care. Nurse scheduling problem is actually a major issue of concern in the health care department, considering its diverse constraints that are likely to affect the quality of nurse responsibilities in hospitals. Nurse scheduling simply entails the short-term timetabling of nurses in their work. This timetabling is a very crucial aspect of the health care department, since it ensures that proper and effective nursing care service is provided to patients in health care facilities around the clock (Azaiez & Al Sharif, 2005). In this regard, the implementation of the entire plan will depend on some key considerations that would include the period of planning, type of shift, soft constraints and hard constraints, work-related constraints, workplace regulations, and categories of knowledge or qualification, among other crucial aspects. As it would be observed, some of the various techniques that have been used to schedule nurses in their work have failed to offer credible results, thus making nurse scheduling one of the biggest challenges in health care matters. Numerous studies have shown the scheduling of nurs
Prominent transnational tobacco companies have hindered the implementation of public health policies and global tobacco control mechanisms. This has happened through various means as evident in the Malawian context. Such companies including Universal Corporation, BAT, Alliance One Cooperation, Phillip Morris, and others have devised methods allowing them to gain fully from their businesses while compromising the economy and public health of the tobacco producing countries like Malawi. By analyzing tobacco documents, it is crucial to understand that such companies have hindered the ratification of FCTC, an international treaty meant to guide the use and promotion of tobacco on health grounds. Such companies have also influenced governments (Malawian government for example) to lobby against the public health resolutions in the WHO and UN’s meetings (Otañez, Mamudu & Glantz, 2009). This occurs despite the devastative effects of tobacco on the public’s well-being. The public health problems addressed in the Malawian context incorporate inability to access clean water by most people, limited sanitary and health obligations within the region, cumulative health effects of nicotine, and public health concerns relevant in the area. Despite these concerns, tobacco processing organizations still continue to operate minus observing the relevant health and economic concerns of the victimized countries (Bernhard, 2011). Their efforts to hinder FCTC and other internationally recognized public health concerns are devastating when considered critically. Situation Analysis Causes of problems faced in Malawi and other tobacco producing countries are numerous. Firstly, the transnational tobacco processing companies (including Universal Corporation, BAT, and Alliance One Cooperation among others) have contributed massively in this catastrophe. Such companies have managed to hinder the establishment, ratification, and embracement of both local and international public health and economic policies. They lure the concerned governments to lobby against such policies pretending that such guidelines, if enacted, might reduce employment opportunities in the tobacco sectors and consequently plunge the economy. It is from this concern that the entire arguments lie with exactness. This occurs despite the malicious gains attained by such companies (Otañez, Mamudu & Glantz, 2009). Additionally, the concerned governments (including the Malawian government) have allowed these companies to interfere with the health and economic prowess. Involved governments have not ventured into other economic options to protect the public from further health damages fronted by tobacco and other related factors. Concurrently, the population at risk is the common people residing in the concerned countries. All the health and economic impacts fronted by tobacco usually affect the public and other vulnerable individuals. The concerned drivers to this situation incorporate poverty aspects, corporate malice, international influence, and the public ignorance on health issues related to tobacco. Mapping the stakeholders and
In this paper, I will discuss a movement of Eline kleine Nachtmusik by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart that was performed during a concert at Central Michigan University by euphonium and tuba ensemble on November 20, 2016. The ensemble was comprised of tuba family instruments: baritones, euphoniums, counter-tenors, and tubas. The performance was presented by junior and senior CMU tuba and euphonium studio ensembles. The ensembles performed a collection of some of the most recognizable orchestral arrangements. I was hard-pressed to recognize a piece from the program that I enjoy the most because the ensembles were able to convey an extremely wide range of articulations striking in their phrasing and musicality. The performance started with Achieved is the Glorious Work by George Frideric Handel that was arranged by Michael Forbes. The piece was lively and contained a lot of interesting lines for performers to play. The arrangement was excellent and set the tone for the whole concert. The following pieces were performed after the opening: March of a Marionette by Charles Gounod, And Can it Be? by Charles Wesley, Allegro from Eine kleine Nachtmusik by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Earl of Oxford’s March by William Byrd, Little Russian March by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Vaudeville , Op. 128 by David Uber, Bridge by Michael Forbes, Rondeau by Jean Joseph Mouret, Take Me Out to the Ballgame by Albert von Tilzer, and Malaguena by Ernesto Lecuona. The piece that I particularly enjoyed was Allegro from Eine kleine Nachtmusik by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Eine kleine Nachtmusik is a serenade in G major that was composed in 1787. It is an extremely graceful piece for a string quartet with double bass or chamber orchestra (“Listening Guide” par. 1). The musicians performed the first movement to Eine kleine Nachtmusik that is associated with a unique mix of unity and variety that helps a listener to feel the transition from seemingly simplistic exposition development to recapitulation recap. I enjoyed the simplicity of the opening that was underscored by the use of arpeggios and a melody that was generally monophonic (“Eine Kleine Nachtmusik” par. 2). The the