ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Testing Scenarios and Treatment Objectives Business continuity planning (BCP) provides a plan for the recovery of business after an emergency. To improve the effectiveness of BCP, it is important to test these plans to see how helpful they are in an actual emergency and to detect their weaknesses. An asset-based scenario A mid-latitude storm may lead to flooding of the area (Engemann & Henderson, 2012, p. 275-276). It can damage the assets of businesses located on lower stories of buildings, lead to prolonged power and communications failures even after the flood, and block access to the firm’s facilities. A BCP assessment scenario might include testing the enterprise’s ability to function while only using mobile communications, without the facilities located in the lower stories of buildings, and on its power generators. Treatment objectives may include enabling access to mobile communications and purchasing a power generator. A vulnerability-based scenario A power failure in an IT company can lead to the loss of valuable information and to the inability of staff to do their work. A testing scenario might consist of abruptly cutting off the power in the office. Treatment objectives: it may be reasonable to have the programmers work on laptops (with batteries) rather than on stationary PCs, so the information is not lost when the power is cut off. Purchasing a generator and enabling access to the wireless Internet might be useful if the prolonged power failure is a risk. A process-based scenario Some businesses take orders from customers via specific websites. If the server on which the website is based fails, or the website suffers from a cyber attack, customers may be unable to make orders, which is a disrupted operational process. A test BCP may include temporary “turning off” the website and assessing the firm’s ability to process orders via other means (e.g., phone, e-mail). A possible treatment objective is creating an alternative website (on a different server) via which orders can also be made. Objective-based strategic perspectives The growth of sales of international business may be completely disrupted by political circumstances such as a boycott. A testing scenario may include assessing the ability of the company to function without using the costs obtained from sales in the re
Introduction All over the world, the security of individuals, societies and states is increasingly threatened by environmental degradation. These threats are majorly man made arising from the way man misuses the natural resources. The threats are many and they are varied across the globe. The developing countries face severe problems for example drought, desertification, flooding among others. The industrialised countries on the other hand have been forced to do with acid rain. Those nations geographically placed at the north and south poles are threatened by the continuous deposits of organic chemical pollutants. It is estimated that climate change will continue to affect humanity for the next 50 to 100 years. Sturges et al. (612) notes that the mechanics of climate change are rather simple; as the sun shines on the earths surface, it is reflected back in form of infrared heat into the space. However, with climate change, the infrared heat is prevented from escaping into space by greenhouse emissions in the space (methane, carbon dioxide and trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride). The IPCC (par 2) reports that the Greenhouse emissions are causing global warming at rates never seen before. Environmental scientists use Radiative forcing in the comparison of human and natural factors that drive climate change. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC), carbon dioxide remains the leading anthropogenic greenhouse gas. Globally, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has grown from 280 ppm to 379 ppm cubed in 2005. The past decade has witnessed the highest growth rate in carbon dioxide emissions averaging 1.9 ppm per year between 1995 and 2005(IPPC para.1). From the days of pre-industrial revolution, carbon dioxide is produced mainly from the use of fossil fuels; this is followed by the change in land use which also emits significant levels of carbon dioxide. Human activities have given rise to emission of four major green house gases; nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide and the halocarbons (fluorine, chlorine and bromine). The continuous emission of green house gases to the atmosphere through human activities has led to the accumulation of the gases in the atmosphere thereby increasing their concentration over time. Greenhouse Gases Muller (66) notes that the earth is warmed with the light from the sun. Such warming could be catastrophic if the earth lacked an internal system that absorbs the heat. He explains the name “green house gases”; in a green house, the sun light through the glass warms the soil which in turn emits infrared gas. Because the green house is protected with glass, the infrared gas cannot escape into the atmosphere, as a result, the inside of the green house becomes warmer and warmer. The global carbon dioxide concentration is largely attributed to the over reliance on fossil fuels as a source of energy in transportation, house heating, cooling and in the manufacture of several goods. In addition, deforestation tendencies have promoted the release of carbon dioxide as there are n
The given case study illustrates how highly enthusiastic employees can lose motivation under management that does not praise creativity. Rohit, after joining Apex Computers found himself in a situation where his boss Aparna does not show any interest in the opinions of her subordinates. Initially, Rohit was working for Suresh, who would reward every attempt and innovative solution. He would also allow mistakes to occur without severe punishment. In the end, Rohit loses all of his motivation due to the lack of self-expression. Discussion The case study demonstrates a motivation loss of Rohit who used to be highly enthusiastic and energetic. The absence of positive reinforcement led to his discouragement and decreased performance (Giancola 30). Suresh was highly positive in terms of letting the subordinates come up with their ideas and solutions for the problems. Although both Suresh and Aparna were completely disengaged from their employees’ activities, they possessed different attitudes towards giving feedback. Suresh gave constant input in terms of appraisals and recognition, whereas Aparna was simply disinterested in her subordinates. She did not provide them a creative playground, but only correct answers to the issues. In the process of using intangible incentives, it is necessary to use, first of all, recognition of the merits of employees. It stimulates everyone and always aids the management when no resources are available for material rewards (Chlpeková et al. 26). Therefore, companies, such as Zen, often have the practice of awarding the best workers of labor. However, it must be remembered that this practice should apply to all levels, and the excellent work of a department employee should not go unnoticed (Chlpeková et al. 41). Another approach that effectively motivates employees is the introduction of a floating ward-to-office schedule to and from the office or flexible working hours. In addition, advanced training courses can develop personal and business skills and strengthen motivation (Chlpeková et al. 38). This is made to directly satisfy Maslow’s self-actualization need, which is located at the top of the pyramid of necessities. Furthermore, people with the need for self-development, such as Rohit, must be prepared in advance for taking managerial positions. The requirement for success is satisfied by the process of bringing work to a fulfilling conclusion (Chlpeková et al. 35). Such people risk moderately, like to take personal responsibility for finding a solution to a problem. Therefore, it is necessary to motivate these people by giving them tasks with a moderate degree of risk or the possibility of failure. The bosses can also delegate to them sufficient powers, and encourage them regularly and specifically by the results achieved. Key Concepts The key terms of the given case study
Introduction The Ford Company is an American-based automaker. The company’s headquarters is located in Michigan. The company was started by Henry Ford and was incorporated later, in 1903. The company trades its commercial vehicles ad automobiles under the Ford brand. The company trades its luxury cars under the name Lincoln (Reuters, 2013). The company also produces tractors, heavy trucks, and automobile parts. The Ford Company controls some stake in the Japanese company Mazda and the UK Company Aston Martin. The company is listed on the NYSE and is managed by the Ford family (Reuters, 2013). The Ford Company introduced models of large scale car manufactory, and the large scale management of productive resources, based on elaborately designed manufactory sequences. The sequences are characterized by moving assembly models. During the 1914, these sequential models were globally known as Fordism (Reuters, 2013). Brief History of the Company Ford Motor Company was launched in 1903, starting with a capital base of USD 28,000 contributed by twelve depositors. In the early years, the company produced on
Introduction The increasing rate of drug use and drug abuse has been a matter of growing concern in the United States. The U.S government has undertaken a large number of preventive measures, altered legislations and even made constitutional amendments to tackle the ill effects of drug use among its citizens. However, how far these drug enforcement and control strategies and tactics, and preventive measures have been successful is debatable as one does not find any positive changes in the nation. This situation has forced many to advocate legalization of drug use rather than its deterrence in the nation. The paper tries to analyze the effects of the fourth amendment of U.S Constitution on the drug prevention in the nation and it tries to judge whether legalization, decriminalizing drug use and drug treatment could offer a better solution to the issue of drug use and drug abuse in the nation. The question should be raised as to whether drug treatment programs work and whether legalization is really the answer in terms of individual harm, societal harm, and economic harm. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, federal and state laws all play a vital role in maintaining the balance between individual freedoms, government interference and the protecting the rest of the community/society. The fourth Amendment of the U.S Constitution paid special attention to drug testing as a means of identifying drug users among government officials, fire arm people, and railroad employees; it also aimed at deriving “some useful information for an accident investigation” and promoting “deterrence as well as detection of drug use.” ((n.d.), Drug Testing ). Main Text The Drug detection policy also aimed at deterring drug use by the school children of the nation and made it mandatory that all the student athletes undergo the test. It considered the drug usage by children as important as that of the engineer or firearm men. There have been many tactics and strategies formulated by the government for the prevention of drug abuse and the Effective National Drug Control Strategy of 1999 assumes primary significance in this regard. It proposes the need for a new model of drug control in the nation that emphasizes on the need to preserve the public health of the nation and it draws the conclusions that “the current model of drug control: 1) does not reduce adolescent drug use; 2) does not reduce the supply of drugs; 3) does not reduce the harm caused by drugs.” (The Effective National drug Control Strategy 1999: The Need for a New Model of Drug Control). The vastness and the complexity of drug abuse in the United States is so high that it necessitates multifaceted tactics to prevent it: for this, traditional enforcement practices such as “street-level enforcement, mid-level investigation, major investi
Demographics of the Company The Walt Disney Company is the most famous entertainment company in the world. The Walt Disney Company’s performance is realized in five segments. These sections include Media Network, Consumer Products, Interactive Media, Parks & Resorts, and Studio Entertainment ( Company Overview of the Walt Disney Company , 2015). Walt Disney founded it in 1923 and established the new are of the entertainment industry. The current CEO of the company is Robert Iger ( Walt Disney , n.d.). The Chairman, corporate, and business units present the c-suite breakdown. The corporate team comprises of nine representatives. There are three females on the corporate side. Their positions include Chief Financial Officer, Chief Communications Officer, and Chief Human Resources Officer. Six authorized members represent the business unit of the Walt Disney Company. Leslie Ferraro is the only female in this sector. She holds the positions of Co-Chair at Disney Consumers Products and Interactive Media and the President at Disney Consumer Products. In 2014, the total number of employees comprised 180 000 worldwide. The employee growth is 2.90 % per one year. The male to female ratio of the company is 31:69. The age of all employees is above 35 years ( Walt Disney Co Ltd , n.d.). The largest part of employees are located in North America. The level of income of workers depends on two factors — the type of position and years of experience. For instance, the salary of 3D artists varies from $49 240 to $118 239. A bus driver receives from $20 000 to $48 000, and the Information Technology Director — from $88 000 to $249 000. Most employees have experience of more than ten years. Their average salary is about $90 000. Those who have 5-9 years of experience receive $75 000. The income of less
Introduction The concept of social cognitive theory (SCT) is known to start as the social learning theory (SLT), which was introduced by Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura in the 1960s. In 1986 it developed into SCT stating that learning occurred in a social context where reciprocal and dynamic interaction of a person, environment, and behavior took place. The theory includes six major concepts: reciprocal determinism, behavioral capability, observational learning, reinforcements, expectations, and self-efficacy. When two or more concepts become related or joined together they transform into a proposition. Such propositions are called relational statements; they are usually helpful in understanding various theory assumptions. These assumptions are normally divided into the following: observing others, viewing learning as a behavior, goal setting, self-regulated learning, reinforcement, and punishment. Method The literature was selected using the Google Scholar database. All the sources are closely related to the problem of alcohol addiction and, therefore, are included in the research. The years of publishing were set from 2013 to 2017. As to the choice of the keywords, those were selected by the topic requirements. The search results were received using the ‘social cognitive theory alcohol’ word combination. Journal articles were given priority in the matters of reference list formation. Review of the Literature Table Author                                                                                             Journal                                            Year Published  Journal Abstract                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Target Population                                                                                   Health Problem                     Intervention   Setting               Selection Status                                                                  Best, D., Beckwith, M., Haslam, C., Alexander Haslam, S., Jetten, J., Mawson, E., & Lubman, D. I.  Addiction Research & Theory                        2016            This article focuses attention on the addiction recovery model based on patients’ self-determination. According to the authors’ opinion, recovery is simply a transition of socially negotiated identities. The researcher also suggests that behavior change of sufferers needs to be socially negotiated and subject to social influence.                                                    Patients of all ages suffering from alcohol abuse                                                   Alcohol addiction                  Descriptive    Clinic
Introduction This is a report on the SWOT analysis of the company prepared for the CEO for guidance in strategic decision making. Strengths Nike is regarded as a very a competitive organisation and as its CEO once said, “We, the management of Nike have a healthy dislike for our competitors” (Nike, 2013). This ensures that the company is always ahead of its competitors in all aspects. The company is also said to have a lean organisation structure as it does not employ very many employees. This is due to the fact that it does not manufacture products but outsources them. The company is only involved in the innovation and design of new products and marketing of finished products. The fact that the brand has a worldwide presence and is recognisable everywhere serves to market the company’s products at very low costs thereby ensuring that such costs do not eat into the profit margins. The strong research and development department helps the company to stay ahead of its competitors in terms of offering new and advanced products (Marketing teacher, 2013). Weaknesses The Company has not diversified its products to other areas and this may leave it in a difficult problem if the footwear market was to be affected. This would lead to a situation where the company’s revenues reduce as this is the sector that brings in the most of its revenue. The fact that the company does not have its own retailers results in a situation where the margins of its products are re
Introduction The Constitution of the United States divides the national powers and responsibilities in foreign policy between the President and Congress, allowing each of the six ways of carrying it out (Grimmett). The President is well placed to exercise foreign policy powers because of several advantages: being the sole elected national holder of the office, a political party leader, playing a unitary role, and having continuous sessions (CQ Press). The six ways allowed to the President are: Response to Foreign Events The President can create foreign policy if U.S. interest is put in danger by sudden developments in foreign nations. Congress usually approves his action, but they may request him to reconsider a few aspects or all of it. A good example is President Bush’s reaction to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. He immediately put in place economic sanctions against Iraq and, along with other countries under U.N authority, sent U.S. troops to force Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. Congress fully supported his action (Grimmett). While both the President and Congress share responsibility for the foreign policy, the share of the former is larger than the latter and the gravity of the responsibility is also greater as it involves a commitment of the country’s troops and resources. Administration Proposal for Legislation Some foreign policy programs require Congressional approval. In such cases, the President proposes the policy to Congress that has to give its approval before the proposal can become foreign policy. A good example is the Marshall Plan that President Truman proposed to Congress in 1947 to undertake an aid program to west European countries to help them recover from the destruction caused by the Second World War. Congress granted its approval and the Marshall Plan was followed during the next 4 years (Grimmett). The responsibility of this foreign policy shifts away from the President, almost totally resting on Congress. Negotiation of International Agreements The President has the power to enter into ‘sole international agreements’ without prior approval of Congress. The authority of the President is considered sufficient enough for such action on his part. Examples are the Vietnam Peace Agreement of 1973 and the Iranian Hostage Agreement of 1981. Other international agreements have to get Congressional approval before being signed by the President (Grimmett). While the President shares the responsibility in case of the latter group of international agreements, total responsibility is taken in case of ‘sole international agreements,’ whereby any bad effects in the future could be blamed squarely on the President. Policy Statements The
Psychologists have made tremendous progress in their attempts to explain how development occurs among human beings. Over a long period of time, developmental psychologists have been engaged in controversies in their understanding of development as either continuous or stage oriented (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008). Those who propose that human development is discontinuous argue that it involves distinct stages which are uniquely identified by significant behavioral differences. Psychological theorists who say that development is a continuous process have very contrary explanations. There are several theories that have been advanced in support of the stage oriented development. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast three major developmental theories as advanced by Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. The key concepts of the three theories are discussed in the paper. The outstanding similarities and differences of these theories are elaborated. Moreover, the interactions of cognitive, physical and emotional development on the overall development of the child are discussed. The paper also provides explanations of the importance of understanding the normal child and adolescent development as far as assisting each child to reach their full potential is concerned. According to Papalia, Olds, and Feldman (2007), theories that explain human development are characterized by models of how individuals undergo transformation (and stay unchanged) over time. Sigmund Freud is considered the pioneer of the psychoanalytic school of thought of human development. He developed this theory towards the close of 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century. Freud advanced the psychosexual theory of human development with emphasize on sexual drive being crucial in influencing behavior. According to Freud, human beings have sexual instincts that unfold in distinct stages right from birth (Zerucha, 2003). This sexual drive is referred to as libido. The source of the drive is peculiar to each stage and is called the erogenous zone and shifts with time. This theory has three major components. The first is the dynamic component or the economic concept. Freud too up the concept of energy and applied it to human behavior (Papalia et al., 2007). He identified the psychic energy which operates the different parts of an organism. This energy is biological based and always available in same form. The source of this energy, according to Freud, is instinctual in nature which implies that it is not learnt. The most powerful of the instincts are those dealing with creation and sustenance of life, the sexual instinct. He named them Eros. There are other instincts that were identified but the sexual instinct becomes a main life instinct which is necessary for the survival of species (Rayner, Joyce & Clulow, 2005). Sigmund also identified another class of instincts called Thanatos which represented death and aggression. Libido is the special form of energy used by the Eros. Freud believed that human behavior occurs unconsciously. This means that the development of human behaviour is out of awareness and the unconsc