ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This chapter discusses the history and realization of Bolivar’s plans. Each region of South America, on its way to independence, experienced various challenges. Some campaigns turned out to be successful, and others were not. From the Age of Change chapter, the following facts could be obtained:   * Bolivar’s revolutionary campaign inspired the past century’s events, including the American independence and French and Haitian revolutions. Bolivar was motivated mainly by the Haitian revolution; however, the American scenario seemed more attractive (278).   * During La Guairá’s rebel conspirators distributed the French-inspired title “The Rights of Man and Citizen” to support revolutionary plans (280).   * The elites of Vila Rica, pressed by the royal tax demand, decided to follow the idea of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution. Twelve prominent citizens created the plan to kill the royal governor forming an independent U.S.-style republic (280).   * Bahian rebel was the one that required independence from Portugal, highlighting the importance of free trade and freedom of religion, as well as aristocratic designation and total abolishment of slavery (281).   * Hidalgo, a leader of the Mexican revolution, was captured and found guilty for his views after the Guadalajara conflict (282).   * The chain of independence referred to the cycle of events in the 1810s when the countries of Central America started to declare their status. In 1822 the unity between Spanish South American countries seemed possible, as Bolivar extended his authority in Peru (283).   * The first resultative campaign on the way to independence of Spanish South America emerged in the Rio de la Plata region, where local leaders created Buenos Aires after defeating “a rogue British force” (286).   * The freedom of Venezuela was mainly facilitated by two persons, Francisco de Miranda and Simon Bolivar. Miranda occupied Caracas’s government and captured royalists, while Bolivar continued his campaign in Colombia, Haiti, and Jamaica (286).   * The independence of Latin America was an entirely local, accidental, and cynical process manipulated by the local elite (282). Works Cited Part four. The age of change. (n.d.). Essay.
Introduction Although the last decade witnessed a proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), the debate surrounding them has not taken any deep. Opponents have rejuvenated their effort to discourage these organizations giving various reasons. On the other hand, the proponents have continuously called for more agreements arguing that this would accelerate development within developing countries. Among the countries that have engaged in such agreements is New Zealand. To stimulate their economic development, they have signed several trade agreements and are on the verge of signing more. This leaves the question; are Regional Trade Agreements signed by New Zealand helping in the economic growth or are they contributing to its lagging behind schedule? Considering that the government intends to sign another agreement with Malaysia is there an advantage to this agreement or should it be abolished? Highlighting the fact that well-organized Regional Trade Agreements could be of great economic benefit while poorly organized agreements could be detrimental to the economic growth of New Zealand; this paper intends to point out that New Zealand should be engaged more in such agreements to have economic strength. Therefore, it should go ahead and sign a trade agreement with Malaysia to increase its advantage over the country. Discussion & Analysis The most important way of identifying the importance of RTAs on the economy of a country can be ascertained through the contribution of liberalization of their trade policies through slackening of some specifications. On the other hand, the countries will also examine the probable benefits associated with the removal of barriers to trade and hence widening of the market to their products and services. In addition, the negative impacts and the extent of their impact can also determine whether a country should participate in an agreement or not. Finally, the relationship between the agreement and the bilateral system will also determine the outcome of a decision to participate in an agreement. Therefore, an agreement must be in line with the country’s bilateral system to be successful (Scollay, 2001). Several suggestions exist on how to analyze an RTA benefit. This section of the paper will try to identify the methods and how they might be applied to the New Zealand case. One of the suggested analytical approaches is the traditional Vinerian analysis. In this approach, the benefits associated with trade agreements depend on the type of agreement made. The advocates of this theory argue that member countries of an agreement could benefit if the agreement is unilateral or multilateral. However, if the agreement is done on a preferential basis, there is a hood of failure. For instance, if carried out on a preferential basis, a country will be forced to import or
The resource based view of strategy explains that the performance of companies is impacted by the available resources and capabilities. This approach to strategy is advantageous to the firm as it enables managers to prioritize and effectively use the available organizational resources. It is indeed true that resources are scarce and limited. Organizations therefore have to use what is available according to the importance of tasks. This view of strategy enables managers to examine the order of importance of various organizational activities. Based on this list, the manager is able to offer the most important activities the opportunity to utilize resources first. Resources vary from equipment, money, time, personnel and skills. The resource based view forces the managers to strategize on how best these resources can be put to use in their companies. According to the business-level model of entrepreneurship, optimization of resources is very important. Optimization is defined as making the best use of what is available. The purpose of businesses is to make profits (Morris, Schindehutte and Allen 727). Profitability usually depends on the ability of companies to use their resources well. Resources such as time should be managed using schedules and plans of action. Personnel and skills can be managed by human resource management techniques and proper leadership. Equipment on the other hand can be managed through optimization whereby the most important activities are accorded the first chance to use them. This approach increases profitability by increasing effectiveness and efficiency in the use of resources. The resource based approach however undermines the firm’s ability to adapt to change. This approach was developed and widely used many years ago. There are newer challenges in the business environment that make it difficult for managers to achieve profitability simply by properly allocating resources. The corporate-level-model of diversification looks at the interests of the company as a whole on matters such as stability and growth (Rasheed 3). There are many aspects of an
To start with, Wehmeier et al. (2006), he defines postmodernism as “a style and movement in art, architecture, and literature, etc. in the late 20th century that reacts against modern styles, for instance by mixing features from traditional and modern styles”(p 113). This means that postmodernism is an outcome of modernism. Postmodernism as described by Hartman (1996), snubs the ideals of modernist thinking such as that of virility, individualism, rationality and is rather bound to radical social equality. He believes that everything is in the mind of the beholder and that anything perceived as a fact is just something that has been influenced by cultural beliefs — hence making it seem factual beyond any doubt. The BBC (2009) explains this term as a theory that tries to disregard many of the beliefs that religious people consider to be of paramount importance. Moreso, it claims that societies are ever changing and that there is nothing like absolute values or truths. Consequently, this has led rendered the “religions” fragile. The universality of religions in postmodernism is rather nonexistent; this includes ethical laws. Therefore the assumption of this ideology is that religion is wholly a man-made phenomenon. Postmodernism to a large extent tends to critique science in some interrelated arguments which are either epistemological or ideological. Wilce (2005), mentions that the human object subjectivity cannot be a science; this is according to the epistemological explanation. In addition to this, the ideological argument claims that objectivity is a deception and that it is aimed at undermining the minority groups in all parts of the world and especially in the third world nations. It is important to know the roots of postmodernism which have been clearly illustrated by many scholars who find this ideology rather interesting. Hartman (2006), for instance, traces its origin to the French-speaking community in the early 1960s and 1970s when structuralism and post-structuralism were taking root. Structuralism must have been the latter stage to modernism. Much later modernism paved the way for postmodernism. The theory has been divided into two broad categories which are affirmative postmodernism and skeptical postmodernism. The latter claims that the theory only needs a few minor changes rather than be rejected altogether. Affirmative postmodernism, on the other hand, states that the scholars are allowed to critique the theory severely or reject it once and for all. Some of the scholars who have gone the extra mile of critiquing this particular theory include Melford Spiro and Roy D’ Andrade among others. Postmodernism is a very important theory for various reasons. First and foremost, it has opened up people’s minds. This especially applies to the religious individuals or those subjected to spiritual beliefs they never wanted to part of. The theory explains that the truth has been shaped by man in various circumstances and environments and then labeled name truth. Since there are things that have not been proven yet, say for instance the existence of
Management practices and their specifics have always been a core component of the organizational culture, and the two are largely intertwined. As it evolved throughout the years, so did the methods of supervision across companies. Ways in which one’s work is supervised can be a significant influence on productivity, engagement, and overall level of satisfaction at the workplace. In this essay, I aim to discuss which organizational culture would allow me to thrive professionally and perform at the top of my abilities, and which would stifle me. Furthermore, I will characterize the supervision style I find the most effective and list three questions I would initiate on the job interview to determine the quality of the supervision. Organizational culture is the concept generally used to characterize the way different processes are maintained and perceived within the firm. It affects multiple levels aspects, including organizational traditions, ideology, day-to-day rituals, values, and professional jargon. It develops upon the combination of assumptions and unspoken rules a group of colleagues has developed for themselves and can be frequently perceived as common knowledge within the company. Generally, researchers define 4 existing types of the organizational culture: clan, hierarchy, adhocracy, and market. Personally, I believe the clan culture would allow me to perform in the organization the most effective. Its core values are commitment, communication and mutual development, and this type of culture rewards the spirit of camaraderie and collaboration in the daily tasks. It would allow me to develop facilitation skills and engage in teamwork on a daily basis, getting access to the multiple perspectives of my colleagues. In the contrast, the market culture seems the most stifling to me. Although its orientation to productivity can certainly lead to extremely efficient work performances, its encouragement of inner rivalry could in the long run decrease my level of commitment. Despite the certain competi
Introduction: Reason/Rationale Living in today’s fast-paced urban environment is exciting yet challenging due to the time constraints and the numerous responsibilities that one must meet (Adler & Gordon 2013). When getting priorities straight, one may notice that a lot of issues are left unattended. Therefore, people need a person that would take care of some of their duties, and a personal concierge is a perfect solution for the identified problem. Description of Business The firm will be named as “Personal Concierge.” Although it might seem uninventive, it sums up the services in a nutshell. The organization will be located in the business area of the city. Increasing customer satisfaction rates and promoting Corporate Social Responsibility will be the primary goals of Personal Concierge. Thus, the firm will propel to the top of the market within a relatively short amount of time (Carroll 2015). Product & Services Arranging the schedule, managing personal and business correspondence, handling the paperwork, running errands, etc., make the top of the list of tasks that a personal concierge will be happy to do for their employer. However, the range of responsibilities with which one may trust a personal concierge is not restricted to the list above. A personal concierge may also engage in more complicated activities, such as the arrangement of the essential processes in which the employer engages in the workplace. Market Analysis The market for a personal concierge is, in fact, blooming. According to the latest information, the industry is very young yet very promising as far as the opportunities for professional growth are concerned. The 2015 data indicates that the total market revenue made $297,000,000 in 2015 and that the current growth rates reach 4.2%, with 2,646 people being employed, and 705 businesses registered (Ibis World 2015). Therefore, there is a range of chances that a company entering the target environment can pursue. Sales & Revenue It is expected that the organization will reach the mark of $400,000 in revenue in the next six months. Financials (5 Years): Pro-Forma Income Statement & Balance Sheets It is expected that the organization will be able to reach the net income of $3,527,878 (see Appendix A). The following annual increase in revenues will be achieved by deploying the principles of sustainable resource use in the workplace environment (Johnson et al. 2014). Reducing costs will become a possibility with the adoption of sustainability principles (Buddress 2013) (see Appendix B). Organization (5 Years) It is expected that the company will be managed with the help of a transformative leadership strategy. Furthermore, the company will be based on the principles of the Six Sigma framew
Introduction The Renaissance and The Age of Baroque are great epochs. It was then when people learnt to open up new horizons. People began living in accord with their restless minds. They also learnt a lot from nature. These epochs can be called the most passionate periods in the history of humanity. People living in the contemporary society have lost that spirit of the great epochs. However, modern people can still feel the greatness of their ancestors’ minds looking at the most remarkable works of the Renaissance and the Age of Baroque. Admittedly, if people ever find mysterious time capsule, they will find the best examples of the both epochs. The Renaissance When speaking about the art of the Renaissance, one often thinks of Leonardo da Vinci. This great master is considered to be one of the pillars of the epoch (Fiero, 2011). Of course, the time capsule would contain the famous Mona Lisa (circa 1510s). This picture is a manifestation of the major achievements of the epoch: shadow, perspective, precision and a bit of mystery. One more work to be found in the time capsule is one of the best works by another master of Renaissance, Raphael. Of course, this is his painting Madonna del Prato (1506). This picture is a manifestation of the ideas of the Renaissance: humanism, living in accord with nature, specific technique (perspective, shadow). As far as music is concerned, it is possible to state that Guillaume Dufay is one of the most remarkable figures of the epoch (Fiero, 2011). This composer created numerous works which were quite revolutionary at his time. He used harmony which was a great step towards the modern music. Ecclesie Militantis is a great illustration of the aforesaid. Missa de Beata Virgine is one more work which would definitely be in the time capsule. This piece was created by one of the most influential composers of the Renaissance Josquin (Fiero, 2011). The time capsule would also contain some drawings or descriptions of the best examples of architecture. Of course, Filippo Brunelleschi’s Santo Spirito (Florence) will be depicted. The Gothic architecture seemed too out-of-date and Brunelleschi “had to invent his own system” (Woods, 2007, p. 159). He combined the experience of antiquity, best elements of Romanesque style and added something of his own. Of course, his works are based on one of the major principles of his epoch: reliance on antiquity. Admittedly, Raphael’s work on the Papal Basilica of Saint Peter should be also highlighted in the depiction of the greatest creation of the epoch as the great artists followed the same principles of Renaissance while working on the great edifice. It goes without saying that the greatest philosopher of the Renaissance is Niccolo Machiavelli. Therefore, his work The Discorses on Livy
Introduction Etihad Aviation Group is a multinational company with a complex hierarchy and multiple departments. It is known that the organization sets forward the working principles that are not only beneficial for the company’s incomes and overall growth but carry value for the social, economic, and environmental development of the area where it operates. The fact this group is directly involved in the biofuel industry development characterizes the company as an organization making its significant contribution to the general welfare. Considering the factors leading to more effective cooperation with stakeholders and higher employees’ satisfaction (communication system, insurances, travel flights, and other motivation programs), one may suggest that the Etihad Aviation Group has all the potential for further development and overcoming the occurring challenges. Moreover, it can pave the way for working standards establishment. Organizational Structure The organization, Etihad Aviation Group, consists of a major department Etihad Aviation Group PJSC Board, which includes more than 13 employees. The detailed organizational structure is shown in Figure 1: Figure 1. The corporate structure of Etihad Aviation Group The current Interim Group Chief Executive Officer is Ray Cammell, whereas Kareem Nagy as Chief Executive Officer in Chairman’s Office. The majority of employees are accountable to the Group Chief Executive Officer. PJSC Board also consists of several committees, whose duties include audit, nomination and remuneration, and financial management. Six Key Elements 1. Work Specialization Each of the employees is responsible for specifically assigned duties, for example, support services (Harsh Mohan), corporate affairs (Amina Taher), or airport services (Chris Yolen). Interim Group Chief Executive Officer was responsible for the Emiratization strategy that helped the company create a performance-driven culture (Etihad Airways, n.d.). According to the company’s website, all employees work on the aim to make Etihad Airways the best airline in the world (Etihad Airways, n.d.). 2. Departmentalization The organization is separated into five different business divisions that focus on performing different functions: Etihad Airways, Etihad Airways Engineering, Etihad Airport Services, the Hala Group, and the Airline Equity Partners (Etihad Airways, n.d.). 3. Chain of Command All employees at the group are inferior to the Interim Group Chief Executive Officer Ray Gammel, who is responsible for managing and consulting all departments in the Etihad Aviation Group. Chief Executive Officer Kareem Nagy is not superior to other departments, even though he is a member of the PJSC Board. 4. Span of Control The span of control within the major business divisions is narrow since all inferior directors and chiefs are inferior to the Interim Group Chief Executive Officer Ray Gammel. However, due to the decentralization, each chief is responsible for hundreds to thousands of employees engaged in various services (airport services, engineering, etc.). 5. Centralization and Decentralization E
The congressional intent on tax exemption on the insurance benefits of terminally ill individuals is to alleviate the financial burden for long-term expenses on healthcare. The inclusion of accelerated death benefits in life insurance allows terminally ill individuals to receive part or all of the death benefits presupposed by the insurance policy and use the money to support their health (Burke & Friel, 2008). Death benefits and other proceeds relating to the purchase of policies for individuals with terminal illness are non-taxable death earnings. A terminally ill person can obtain the cash suggested by a policy with the associated gains being separated from the gross income, which means that s/he does not have to pay tax on the gains. Gains due the cancellation or sale of a life insurance policy before the death of the insured are subject to taxation because the tax exemption on proceeds from life insurance applies upon the death of the policy owner. The taxpayer treats the proceeds from a canceled or sold life insurance as an investment taxable on the principle of gains over the premium (Miller & Maine, 2010). Bob’s decision was inconsistent with the congressional intent to provide the tax exemption on his insurance because he exploited the policy to enjoy the benefits of tax-deferred growth on a pool of capital. Bob’s actions highlight a loophole in the federal laws on taxation, which individuals can exploit as a source of tax-free proceeds to offset the expenses incurred due to the taxation of other pools of capital such as fixed income, equities and mutual funds. He used tax exemptions to gain income, which he used for purposes unrelated to the expense on healthcare. The Income Tax Act allows the owner of a tax-exempted insurance policy to transfer and distribute the proceeds from the policy