ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Throughout world history, numerous criminal injustices have been witnessed. In most parts of the world, security officials have been blamed for perpetuating injustices against human rights. However, India is prone to criminal activities due to the harsh economic times. As a result, the security system always faces the challenge of implementing the law and respecting human rights. In as much as some human rights activists often complain of the violation of the rights by the justice system, India’s criminal system has faced significant changes since colonial times to the present. The Indian criminal justice field reforms were closely associated with social changes that shifted the focus from archaic rituals to more modern regulatory principles, with the introduction of an updated criminal justice system with juries and credible representatives; the law was the significant advancements. History of Criminal Justice System Religious Governance Initially, the natives relied on religious laws to govern themselves. For instance, Muslims were punished according to the Islamic laws while Hindus were punished according to their customs. Nevertheless, Ahmad illustrates that Muslim rules prevailed over other religious practices because it was the most popular religion. 1 However, criminal justice was modified by the regulations and customs of the Mughal administration. British Colonial   * Queen Elizabeth granted a royal charter to the English East India Company to enact laws in their territory; however, the rules were not supposed to contradict England’s.   * The subsequent charters of 1609 and 1661 empowered the company and allowed it to make its laws without England’s interference.   * The 1726 charter empowered the councils and governors to make by-laws that could control the activities taking place within their territory. The laws also allowed them to instill penalties and pain to those who disobeyed the regulations imposed. 2 However, the pain and punishment would be reasonable and conform to the laws that governed England. The charter also introduced the mayor’s court in several towns within India.   * The criminal laws
Introduction A lifestyle can be described as the regular activities that people engage in everyday that can be used to describe their routine. It comprises the major activities that dominate a typical day of an individual. The activities have a certain consistency that can be attributed to the given person. Lifestyles can be categorised into two: healthy and unhealthy lifestyles. Healthy lifestyles are the occupations that enhance the wellbeing of an individual by keeping the individual’s body in the right condition. On the other hand, unhealthy lifestyles are those that expose the body of an individual to some forms of degeneration in that the body is exposed to conditions that are not good for its wellbeing. Therefore, individuals are usually advised to maintain a healthy lifestyle for the sake of keeping their bodies in the right condition. The paper presents a detailed discussion of why people prefer healthy lifestyle to the unhealthy occupation. It is good for Health A healthy lifestyle as the word itself describes is good for people’s health because it enables them to keep their bodies in good health. Good health simply means living without diseases and other complications that usually arise due to bad health. The human body is made in such a way that it must be kept in a certain position that would ensure that all the body organs are functioning without strain. The body has different organs that perform certain activities in the body to about some balance. According to Mei (2011), a human body is made to consume some elements for its growth. At the same time, it is supposed to expel some elements to maintaining so that it is not poisoned (p. 259). Therefore, a healthy lifestyle will ensure that the body elements are balanced in a way that will not strain the body organs. A healthy lifestyle will ensure that only the required elements get into the body in the right amount for it to use them optimally. This checking will enable the body to remain disease-free and in the right mode. Unhealthy lifestyles expose the body to conditions that will inhibit it and its organs from executing their duties in the right way thus leading to complications that come about from unwanted elements being in the body (Mei 2011, p. 259). It is Economical A healthy lifestyle is economical to maintain. When a body is in good health, no one would need to spend money on issues such as medication or on visits to a physician. Whenever people feel unwell, there is a need to go and see a doctor who is supposed to diagnose them and find out what is ailing their bodies to them give them a prescription that they can use to contain the situation. Every visit to a doctor costs money. The more frequent the visits, the more the money that someone will end up paying (Cheah 2012, p. 144). Medication also costs money. The frequent the prescriptions, the more money it will cost. Therefore, it will be prudent to keep the body healthy as a way of avoiding getting into medical costs. Although the body will always ail
Introduction Isolation is a form of punishment inflicted by various administrations on violators of various criminal justice systems or prisoners of war. It has proved to be the cause of harm in several forms. This harm takes account of a certain syndromes which has been articulated by many practitioners in a range of backgrounds, all of which have common attributes of scarce, deleterious and/or constrained environmental and societal stimulation. In more rigorous events, these patterns are allied with disturbances, self-destructive activities and explicit psychotic ineffectiveness. Additionally, isolation often leads to severe aggravation of formerly subsisting mental states, or in the emergence of mental ailments which had not been detected before. Even amongst convicts who do not exhibit evident psychiatric disorders as a result of isolation, such detention almost inexorably inflicts major psychological harm at some stage in the period of isolated internment and often radically harms the prisoner’s ability to successfully get used to the broader prison atmosphere. Discussion In addition, even though many of the severe ailments experienced by these prisoners are expected to cave in upon end of isolated confinement, many — counting some who were not explicitly psychiatrically harmed during their detention in isolation — will possibly suffer long lasting harm on account of such imprisonment. This damage is most frequently evident by a sustained intolerance of social dealings, a disablement which often puts a stop to the inmate’s capability of effectively readjusting to the wider social surroundings of general populace in prison and, perhaps more notably, often rigorously spoils the inmate’s ability to reintegrate into the wider community upon his liberation from imprisonment. In a lot of cases, inmates kept under such severe settings are particularly scared of admitting or in some cases recognizing the psychological damage or strain they are undergoing in consequence of such captivity. This unwillingness of prisoners in isolated confinement is in considerable measure a rejoinder to the insight that such imprisonment is an evident effort by the system to “ break them down ” (Zimbardo, 1) mentally, and in some cases, tends to be additionally rigorous when the prisoner undergoes the str
Reasons why Social Media Marketing has become exceedingly popular among businesses The use of social media marketing has experienced a significant increase in the past few decades. The application of social media promotion of organizations’ businesses has led to the diminishing trend in the application of traditional forms of marketing (Dobele et al., 2005). Studies show that the social media attract millions of people who visit the sites every day. On this note, websites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Blogging among others have become major destinations for business organizations in posting their services, website links, photos as well as assessments (Dobele et al., 2005). As such, businesses have been able to share with the global community and interact with the clients. Consequently, the contacts create a large pool of online society that is customer-driven thereby making it influential. In addition, through social media marketing, an online community trust and common interest is achieved. Moreover, with social media advertising, the companies are capable of publishing highly accessible information that allow the clients to share and read the news contents of the companies’ services (Li & Bernoff, 2008). As a result, many firms have increased their spending on the social media advertising and there is anticipation of further increases in the coming years. In the recent past, many businesses have embraced the use of social media not only as a means of connecting with their customers but also as a significant tool of marketing the organizations’ activities and their services to the target customer base (Mangold & Faulds, 2009). In essence, the business organizations are able to take into account the needs as well as the opinions of the clients. Noteworthy, social media being a viral channel for prompt information, the organizations are able to study the clients’ changing trends of preferences and tastes. Further, the business organizations are provided with a forum of interacting with their clients thereby capable of seeking and sharing the customers’ knowledge, views and information. Just to begin with, social media promotion has increased in popularity among businesses because it serves the significant role of influential societal listening instrument (Mangold & Faulds, 2009). In other words, the companies using social media are able to gain an opportunity for collaborative communication with the clients. In this regard, the clients are able to access the companies’ websites. On the other hand, the companies are capable of seeing the customers’ views towards the organizations’ brands. Consequently, the fi
Introduction Utilitarian way of thinking and decision making presupposes consideration of all the ethical principles and aspects possible. In general, utilitarian reasoning is closely linked with making the least harmful decision independently of the actual origin of reasoning. The necessity to decide which patient will receive the heart for transplantation requires the thorough analysis of all the factors available, as well as clear reasoning on the matters of importance of these factors. Decision Making Act and Rule Utilitarianism Considering the possible consequences of the choice, it should be emphasized that independently of the decision made, only one person will benefit (regardless of the families of the patients), hence, the heart should get a person who needs it most. (Stein, 2001) As the decision should be taken quickly, the best solution would be to give the heart to a person who would endure the least without a new one. Hence, all the medical risks of dealing transplantation for other patients should be considered. If the risks of post-surgical complications are equal, the transplantation should be performed for a person who has the least time before the heart can be transplanted. The rule principles are not applicable here if you consider the happiness of the patients only. However, considering the happiness of all the persons who are involved into the case (relatives, friends, colleagues), the entire social survey will be required in order to define who has the larger amount of friends and well-wishers. Two-level The solely intuitive approach is not suitable for the medical practice, as clear choice parameters are required for the report. However, a critical reflection level of the utilitarian approach presupposes the clear definition of the selection bias. This is the general rule of providing the clear solution of the case. On the one hand, it should be stated that it is impossible to bring pleasure to everyone, as there are three patients, and one heart only. (Scarre, 1996) On the other hand, considering the principle of “the Greatest Happiness”, the solution will depend on the usefulness of a person for the society, as well as the amount of people who wait for the recovery of a person. In accordance with Mill’s concepts, the highest value is placed on mental pleasure but not a physical one. Additionally, subjective pleasures have lower rank in comparison with the common satisfaction, hence, friendship and proper work should be valued the most. Applying all these factors to the case, it should be emphasized that the only factor that needs to be considered is the successful outcome of the surgery. Negative Concept Regardless of the fact that the negative concept of utilitarianism requires producing less harm. In fact, it is almost impossible not to produce harm leaving two persons without a heart for transplantation. Moreover, it i
Brief History The novel coronavirus called Covid-19 has killed more than 280, 000 people and has spread to 177 countries all over the world in less than four months (Taylor, 2020). Its history has begun in China, where the first infected person was detected on December 8, 2019. Beijing confirmed to the WHO that its healthcare authorities are dealing with patients who contracted a new type of virus. In January, the first death in China was reported, whereas the virus transferred to South Korea, Thailand, Japan and the US. The WHO declared a global health emergency and the Chinese government isolated Wuhan City, while other countries restricted travel from China. The coronavirus pandemic still adversely affects not only the health of people but also brings negative consequences for economic and political life. February was marked by the first COVID-19 death in Europe (France) and the rapid growth in cases, particularly in Italy. At the end of the month, Italy became the leading area of concern with 800 people infected (Taylor, 2020). At the beginning of March, the US officials decided to close the country to stop travelling from Europe, as the WHO declared the global coronavirus outbreak a pandemic (Ravelo & Jerving, 2020). It was a time when authorities initiated restrictions on their citizens to decrease the pace of coronavirus dissemination. For instance, France postponed elections, imposed a nationwide lockdown, while the EU leaders decided to close their external borders. On March 19, for the first time of the pandemic, China reported that there are no new local cases. Then the UK, India and other countries announced the isolation measures. At the end of March, the US became a leader in terms of COVID-19 number of infections, overtaking China and Italy. On April 2, the novel coronavirus reached its first million cases worldwide, killing approximately 51,000 (Ravelo & Jerving, 2020). At that moment, the rapid outbreak of the virus was seen in Russia. In the mid of April, European countries started to lift some lockdown restrictions by reopening particular stores and industry sites. On April 19, Europe reached 100,000 deaths caused by the coronavirus pandemic, while the US continued to lead the world in terms of reported deaths. However, more and more countries presented their plans to ease the quarantine. Despite facing criticism from the US government, the WHO extended the global
Introduction For the entire existence of humanity, the world has fought against several pandemics such as SARS, H5N1 avian influenza, Ebola, and swine influenza. Nowadays, the world’s whole population is fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic, which was caused by globalization and advanced methods of distant communication. Each pandemic caused irreparable damage to the population and economies of many countries. Effects on global economies Pandemics and epidemics of the 21st century, such as Ebola, H1N1, and COVID-19, negatively affected the global economy, and lingering economic problems appeared. According to Garibaldi, Moen & Pissarides (2020), the average loss in global outputs is approximately 2,6%. Pandemics that started at the beginning of the century still affect the global economy, and total output is still 3% below the pre-pandemic level. Percentages of production depend on the location, and they might vary at a high rate. For instance, the East and South parts of Asia have low percentages of output loss, about 1,22%, while Europe and central Asia have around 5% of output loss (Garibaldi et al, 2020). Tackling uneven economic losses is a top priority for the global economy. Actions of national and global healthcare systems Analyzing the COVID-19 pandemic, World Health Organization urged every country in the world to take such measures as lockdowns, mask and gloves wearing, creation of distance education, and working. The coronavirus restrictions differ according to governments’ expectations and beliefs in the healthcare industry. Acting to stop the virus’s global spread, most countries closed their borders, and tourism traveling became almost restricted. Governments did not stop cooperating, and rescue aircraft with doctors globally help in peak locations. Differences in methods Many countries put their own conditions to fight against the virus. For example, in Japan, medical professors decided that people who have light cases without any symptoms should stay at home and not be tested. Controversially, Indian experts believe that everyone should be tested even if they had minimum contact with the coronavirus carrier (Tanne, Hayasaki, Zastrow, Pulla, Smith & Rada, 2020). In some countries, hospitals changed their working methods, and many planned appointments were canceled in order to prevent the adverse outcome of COVID-19. Impact of economics and healthcare systems on each other The spread of viruses has resulted in a massive slowdown in economic development. Brodeur, Gray, Islam & Bhuiyan (2021) stated that the development of economics is becom
A summary of the HR concerns and challenges of the division The key challenge for the company as a whole consists of the need for new recruitment methods. As stated in the case study, the ad hoc recruiting and employee referrals are not sufficient given the company’s expansion. The situation is challenging as any other transition case for all the departments, including the Manufacturing Division. Janine Woods confesses that the Manufacturing Division relies on referrals almost completely since, according to her, the peer pressure improves the motivation of employees. Janine is not worried about it, but she admits that if the company is to increase the output drastically, their methods will be insufficient. She is also concerned with the fact that the number of Hispanic employees in her division grows, but their needs may not be met since there are no specific recruitment plans for different groups of employees. Also, she points out the need for an emphasis on the cultural aspect of the division that distinguishes it from other workplaces. She believes that this is an advantage, but the issue of making it visible can be regarded as a challenge since she does not dwell on the plan of doing so. A recruiting plan for the division and the most important activities In general, an HR recruitment plan should include the aspects of defining the need for new employees, making the job offer, and selecting the candidates (Armstrong 221-228). The first aspect should involve the appraisal of the resources of the department, including the HR staff available for the recruitment. Janine Woods needs to define if her staff is sufficient for the situation in which more employees should be recruited. Apart from that, new recruitment activities need to be developed. The Manufacturing Division should reconsider its hiring techniques in several ways: the reliance on the referral hiring must be diversified by other methods (including external hiring activities) and the needs of diverse groups of potential employees should be met. The development of these new recruitment techniques is a priority since they presuppose directly responding to the issues. Apart from that, new recruiting techniques should be used to make the job offer stand out. As was pointed out by Janine Woods, the Department’s offer does not stand out in terms of salary, which requires commentary on the company’s culture. Also, supposedly, other aspects of the Department can be highlighted as a means of attracting the employees. The process of selection, according to Janine Woods, is simple (experience and teamwork readiness), and there is hardly a reason to make it more difficult. The issue of the possible shortage of HR personnel, however, can be mentioned again during this stage of the recruitment plan. Also, since Hispanic employees might need specific interview methods, this aspect needs to be further investigated. Possibly, it would make sense to assign a Hispanic HR to respond to this challenge. External recruiting activities for the division if the company needs to grow External recruiting should be considered by the Manufacturing Division due to its central role. Nowadays it app
Executive Summary Organisations are characterised by internal divisions, which take different dimensions such as social, economic and gender. Basically, the various groups have differences regarding the cultural affiliations of their members, including social, ethnic and economic backgrounds. This applies to the groups with primary objectives, values and other attributes. Since the workforce diversity is unavoidable, the company has a role in making sure that each employee has a chance to express his/her wishes in the group. Fundamentally, effective management of diversity increases the employees’ morale in their duties, while at the same time ensuring the suppliers’ confidence. Introduction Managing diversity in the organisation is really complex, especially as the company enlarges. A number of managers find it challenging to manage diversity as the people with different interests emerge in company. Therefore, managing workforce diversity is important because it improves the working condition despite the different interests and harmonious coexistence among the groups. This paper examines the various types of workforce diversity and the way they are managed at Starbucks Company Literature Review In the organisation, the workforce consists of people with different views. The extent to which the managers resolve the various perceptions contributes to harmonious existence between them and the general workers (Bell 2012, p. 1). The study shows the connection between managing workforce diversity and its impacts on managing motivation and managing the external environment, in this case, the suppliers. Avery & McKay pointed out that increasing the employees’ salary and use of incentives such as allowances and gifts are the major motivators for the workers (Avery & McKay 2006, p. 157). This motivational method helps in managing diversity because any issue in the company touching on salary increment would bring together all diverse interests in the organisation. Giving salary increment and other incentives assure the workers of the social good, so that they develop particular interest in their duties. Other researches conducted have revealed that there is a relationship between motivation and increased quality and quantity of the products, low absenteeism and the desire to improve the skills in the work (Avery & McKay 2006, p. 158). The only important thing that the company has to consider is the motivational factor that would influence the greatest number of workers (Avery & McKay 2006, p. 159). In this case, the company adopted workable strategies of bringing the diverse groups, with special interests so that it achieves a common end. Research has proven that many employees are aroused by the intrinsic rewards, in a greater extent than the use of salary, which is an extrinsic reward (Avery & McKay 2006, p. 167). However, the issue is relative and could