ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The field of business is a very complicated branch of our life. Each company has its nuts-and-bolts and which are extremely difficult to overcome. The difficulty the company undergoes is the outcome of various factors, such as human, social and psychological. Besides, the business sphere always involves a constant decision-making process in order to solve tricky problems. This process is quite important since the effect of that decision can be unpredictable and may even lead to a company crash. Still, a rational way of thinking is the most effective approach in business because it excludes emotions and subjective meaning while handling the company. Further, it makes business more organized and well structured, and, finally, it contributes to the higher competitiveness of the company. Rational thinking denotes the ability to sort out logically the pure facts out of the source. It shows your capability to single out the most important components out of the deluge of information. Next, rational thinking also implies a thorough analysis of those extracted components by using some deductive methods and statistic analysis. Finally, rational thinking means the ability of a person to describe the obtained data to publicity. In general, the role of rational thinking is rather concrete for the reason that it only helps a person discriminate ideas out of wrong presumptions and gives the opportunity to define veritable evidences (Klein, Gary 260). The business policy covers many issues of our life. It is the source of money and power. The more powerful company you have the more possibilities you meet on your way. Running the company success is not an easy matter since sometimes you should scarify your personal principles in order to promote your company to the advanced level and to enhance its competitiveness. The above-mentioned idea proves the obvious connection between the business field and rational thinking. To prove that, it is better to explain that by the rule of contraries. First, business without rational thinking does not right exist because business is mostly an analytical field where figures and tablets dominate. As a result, the ability to sort out and analyze is in greater demand. Second, exclusion of rational thinking will distort the actual state of affairs that may lead to an overestimate attitude to the business procedures. Many companies consider rational analysis as the crucial point in decision-making process and objective assessment of company’s potential. Thus, a famous global training and consulting company, Kepner-Tregoe strictly follows rational thinking strategy and has incredible results. This company is known all over the world due to its great achievements in the business field. Kepner-Tregoe’s high quality production is the result of concentrating on the facts and information, rather than on emotions. Always making constructive decisions, Kepner-Tregoe continues to create research programs and propose three training courses to master rational thinki
Introduction A conflict is a form of disagreement between parties leading to a confrontation. This arises in most cases due to people’s difference in ideology or lack of mutual interest in a certain activity. Settlement of conflicts has to take place amicably in order to play down the harmful impacts that they may cause in an organization (Jellison, 2006). The paper highlights conflict using a “job interview” scenario, where the person is supposed to solve a conflict arising due to unexpected challenges. Convectional wisdom is an essential requirement when solving conflicts of any magnitude to ensure sustainable relationships regardless of change. The Thomas Kilman conflict model consists of five modes used when managing conflicts and changes. It based on human behaviors of assertiveness or cooperativeness as a form of action in adjusting to changes caused by conflicts. Competing being the first mode, involves assertiveness and self-centered actions when handling conflicts. The intention is to use all channels available to triumph in a scenario. It can engage individual using their rights in obtaining power of control in a situation. This action has a score of five in a continuum (Jellison, 2006). Accommodating is not assertive, contrary to competing, the next party is considered in a conflict. It engages another’s point of view, normally awarded a score of nine in a continuum. Avoiding, which is the third mode, also has a score of five is not assertive and is usually uncooperative. A conflict to be solved is neglected in this case either temporary or permanently. Collaborative is a mutual mode of solving conflicts where both party’s interests are looked into (Jellison, 2006). It involves self-sacrifices where necessary when handling issues analytically, normally given a score of five, which translates to 40% using percentage. Lastly, compromise is an intermediary form of conflict management, the agreement made satisfies both parties. Compromise addresses issues directly and is normally in a score of six. Compromising mode is the preferred style of conflict management in the scenario above. There has to be mutual agreement amidst the parties involved due to unexpected situations. The interview is of much benefit to one party while solving the accide
Introduction During Nathaniel Hawthorne’s lifetime, there was a tremendous advancement in science and technology. People began believing that all of life’s unanswered questions would soon be answered in the laboratories of the scientists if they would just have the patience to wait long enough. It was felt that with just a little time, all the evils of society would be ironed out and all imperfections would be cured. These are the issues examined in Hawthorne’s short story “The Birthmark.” The story is essentially the story of a scientific man who cannot stand a small birthmark visible on his wife’s cheek and which she agrees to attempt to remove in a process that eventually kills her. In this story, Hawthorne illustrates through the symbolism of the birthmark science’s approach toward ‘perfecting’ society, society’s acceptance of this approach and the true nature of this type of imperfection. The brief basic plot of the story Hawthorne uses the symbol of the birthmark as a way of illustrating science’s approach to the aberrations of nature as a problem that needs to be fixed. Aylmer’s wife Georgiana has a tiny hand-shaped birthmark on her face that shows most clearly when she is pale and upset and tends not to show at all when she is happy and rosy. As Hawthorne points out, there were generally two approaches taken toward this small defect in her otherwise perfect face. “Georgiana’s lovers were wont to say that some fairy at her birth hour had laid her tiny hand upon the infant’s cheek, and left this impress there in token of the magic endowments that were to give her such sway over all hearts.” On the other hand, “some fastidious persons – but they were exclusively of her own sex – affirmed that the bloody hand, as they chose to call it, quite destroyed the effect of Georgiana’s beauty, and rendered her countenance even hideous.” This was the approach taken by Aylmer to such a degree that his only consideration of it was to find a means of removing it, regardless of the dangers this process might present to his lovely wife’s ultimate health or future. Aylmer feels the wife of a scientist as prestigious as himself should be absolutely free of any perfections nature might have bestowed upon her. Because he is unable to accept her ‘imperfections’ as signs that she is a natural and very human woman, he is unable to enjoy the life of happiness the couple should have otherwise enjoyed. It is through the actions of Georgiana that the attitudes of society toward science are reflected in this short story. When Aylmer first suggests that Georgiana could have the birthmark surgically removed, she is shocked and reluctant to even consider the possibilities. “To tell you the truth it has been so often called a charm that I was simple enough to imagine it might be so,” she tells him. However, his continued horror at the sight of the mark works on her spirit as does the continued calls of science, shocked and dismayed at the rest of society’s reluctance to experiment where it is perceived only God should go, work on society itself. Finally, Georgiana gives in to Aylmer’s suggestion,
Apple Inc.’s pricing discrepancies that existed between Australia and the U.S. before 2011 Various factors can explain differences in the pricing of the same Apple products in two countries Many factors would explain this difference in pricing for the same product in the two regions. The same factors, however, would not be used to explain the case for physical commodities which normally attract transportation and distribution costs, and products such as iTunes music, as in this case, which is marketed directly over the internet. Economic variability According to Jun (2010, pp. 49), economic variability is one of the key factors which can greatly affect the pricing of the same brands and products in different countries (Jun 2010). Different delivery channels and mediums Unlike the users in the U.S., who would have direct access to iTunes, Australian users may only access the product through other marketing channels on the internet, that are paid to market and deliver the products to the users in the region. This is much likely to result in an increased price of the product in the Australian region. Trade barriers and costs The presence of trade barriers and costs, as enforced by relevant trade rules and regulations, is also likely to cause pricing discrepancies between two countries (Choi & Meek 2011). The factor of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) The purchasing power parity (PPP), widely applied in economic, is another factor that would determine the product’s pricing in the two countries. The PPP concept is likely to apply in determining the pricing here, concerning the relative value of the currencies of the two countries. Tax minimisation as a part of Apple Inc.’s operating strategy Apple Inc has fully adopted tax minimization as part of its paying business strategies Apple is a good example of how technology companies can develop strategies that would help them sidestep taxes (Wolcott & Lippitz 2007). Among the tax-dodging strategies applied by Apple is its successful attempt of establishing corporations in regions with lower tax rates. The transfer pricing concept has offered a favorable basis for the company in matters regarding taxation By applying the friendly rules of ‘transfer pricing’ in trying to encourage corporations to pay taxes, the U.S. government has created favorable business conditions for Apple Inc., who has over the years succeeded in sparing substantial amounts of money, in what they give as federal tax bills (Sikka & Willmott 2010). Through this approach, the company has shifted over seventy percent of its overall profit out of the U.S., whe
The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World , written by a Harvard professor Niall Ferguson, provides a detailed historical overview of money as a means of trade and other related phenomena such as finance, credit, and risk. In particular, Chapter 4 The Return of Risk tracks the origins and development of private insurance and welfare state and examines the limitations of different risk management practices. Since risk, in one form or another, has always been present in human life, people attempted to insure themselves against it since as early as the Middle Ages (Ferguson 185). One way to do so is the insurance model where people provide voluntary contributions to a fund from which they can receive compensation, should the insured event occur (Ferguson 195). However, private insurance remained limited in scope until one realization came to light: while calamities are uncertain, they are nevertheless not random (Ferguson 183). Modern insurance is thus based on six statistical measures that allow to estimate the insurance risk and, consequently, the coverage with enhanced precision. These factors are probability, life expectancy, certainty, normal distribution, utility, and inference (Ferguson 188-190). As payouts became more predictable, the insurance business grew into a large industry (Ferguson 196). However, since private companies do not cover certain groups of people or events, state insurance, an alternative risk management model, is the second major element of Ferguson’s analysis. The welfare state, based on the redistributionist model of taxation, was designed to provide universal coverage for the state’s citizens, including those who cannot afford private insurance (Ferguson 199). The rationale behind a mandatory state insurance is based on both social (achievement of social equity) and economic arguments: a large actor such as the government can take advantage of the economies of scale and provide relief for calamities that private companies refuse to deal with (Ferguson 204). The system enjoyed an unprecedented success in the 20th century Japan, significantly reducing the citizens’ vulnerability to risk. However, it did not prove to be a universal solution as cultural and social differences made the model unsuitable for Britain (Ferguson 209-210). The changing demographics and consequently increasing costs of state insurance present a new challenge to the welfare state as the model becomes unsustainable in the 21st century (Ferguson 220-221). Ferguson’s examination of risk management practices is particularly valuable because of his detailed coverage of historical events, supported with empirical evidence and analysis of cas
Introduction The belief and worship of natural forces is referred to as religion. In all religions, ritual performance plays an important role. In many regions, rituals are performed by specific people and at specific places. Statues, pyramids, pharaohs, gods and temples were significant images in Egyptian religion, which played important roles in the religion. Religion was a serious matter in Egypt. Religion acted as a unifying factor to Egyptian people. It brought them together during important rituals and practices where they shared their resources. Morality was enhanced by religion because through religion, people learned the process of interaction with each other. Egyptians were polytheistic; they had as many as 700 gods and goddesses some of whom were worshipped throughout the country like Osiris and Isis while others were worshipped within individual societies. In many cases, the representations of the gods were half-human half animal. The Horus god referred to as the sky god posses human and animal characteristics the head is like that of a hawk while the body figure is like that of a human being. Among the Egyptians, a cat, crocodile and a bull were considered holy. They held the belief that gods were present and in-charge of the forces of nature. The society held rituals and practices to appease their gods and get favor from them. Life after death was a common belief among them. They believed that after death people had a better life. They preserved their bodies to give room for the spirits after death through a process called mummification. During the burial ceremony, individuals were buried together with their personal properties like food, clothing, utensils etc. The rich were buried with valuable objects like jewellery, and furniture. In Ancient Egyptian religion, religion and life were intertwined. People were so much devoted to religious ways of life. During important rituals and religious practices like offering sacrifices, all people showed up. They obeyed the instruction delivered to them through pharaoh their mediator by their gods (Baines and Hornung 105). Discussion The Statue These gods played different roles in the society. Egyptians performed daily services in honor of the statue gods. They washed, clothed and used perfumes to anoint it. Foods and drinks were placed on the feet as a sour
Introduction Learning is a key part of the business environment, various complexities usually introduce themselves in the course of business operations and without continuous learning and development programs employees may be faced with a lot of ambiguities that may compromise the quantity and quality of their output (Kourdi p.144). Without the necessary knowledge and skills, it would become impossible for commercial and non- commercial organizations to carry out their intended operations successfully and even capitalize on strength and opportunities while at the same time minimizing on threats and weaknesses. Learning and development activities are very paramount within various functional areas of an organization and are carried out by the L&D function together with the human resource department. It is through the learning and development process that employees and managers can know how to efficiently carry out their tasks with the highest degree of efficiency thus putting the organization at a competitive advantage (Raelin p.4-7). Better informed and knowledgeable employees, who are aware of the total requirements that are required to carry out critical organizational processes that are core to the main objective and mission of an organization, are more likely to come up with high levels of high-quality work output (Smith p.234-275). In contrast, the existence of ambiguity and limited skill sets by employees will always compromise how well they perform their tasks as by their job descriptions and required tasks within various functional areas. Thus, it is why managers and organizational leaders, especially in the human resource department, formulate organizational strategies that stimulate organizational learning within the organization. Such L&D programs take place throughout the organization from top to bottom and therefore improve the competitive advantage of an organization ( Yukl p.52). The rapidly changing and volatile commercial environment normally demands a lot from organizations day in day out as previously used technology, mechanisms and methods are rendered obsolete therefore making it completely necessary for the organization through human resource managers to come up with need-based and objective oriented L&D systems that with further the skill and competence of employees. L&D and need assessment (Identification and Analysis) Employees within various functional areas of an organization are driven by different motives which are both individualistic and collective. Theories of motivation such as Herzberg’s two-factor theory/Hygiene theory states that as human beings, the environment within the workplace is very important in defining the output and performance of employees within the workplace (Steers p.30-50). This simply means that the needs of employees as far as performing their intended task is involved makes it very important that leadership and management assess the needs of every employee at both a collective and individual level. If this stage of need assessment is carried out inaccurately then, the danger of
This study focuses on model application details in integration and acquisition, which includes various transactions. An essential educational recommendation is to grow the firm utilizing reduced costs. Its framework uses a flexible tool to model critical business thinking. CNN interviews reveal that leading physicians employ discounted cash flow (DCF) methods to measure Merger and Acquisitions (M&A). Firms often use cash-based methods to mark investment in projects compared to the required profit of supporting investors. Going from project to organization evaluation raises some crucial challenges: measuring end prices, estimating multiple businesses, and evaluating interactions. The assessed association value depends on the evaluation of the underlying business and assets. When it comes to the adoption of DCF, many first-rate companies have not made any money and are still in high growth/risk levels. When large affiliations were acquired, there was a unanimous use of DCF. For enterprises participating in multiple business lines, estimates can be based primarily on whether the corporation is being analyzed as a single entity or its total shareholding. While appraisals of big vocation utilizing a weighted average cost of capital as the discount rate are standard, a few firms applied the cost of value as a discount to merit approach in specific circumstances. In conclusion to the article, it is realized that while leading physicians apply DCF methods in M&A, where the application is often far from “process,” and it requires art and judgment where there will be uncertain business predictions, for example, those consolidation agreements around it. The results serve as a single reminder that analytical processes, for example, DCF, does not make selections but simply inform.
Overview We provide a service many people tend to overlook, dry cleaning. Now, when you hear dry cleaning you might be inclined to automatically think about your usual drop off Monday and pick up Wednesday deal; but what makes us unique is that we plan to offer something much more personalized, and much more luxurious. What is the one thing everyone wishes they had more of? Time. If you add up the time that it takes you to sit in traffic, drive to the dry cleaning spot and drop off your clothes, I bet you could think of at least five things you would rather be doing. Our service would be easy to access; you have the option of either scheduling on our website or using our App; either way, we can guarantee that your order will be treated in the urgent manner that you deserve. Our main goal is to help business people and their affluent cohorts who do not have enough time to do their laundry. We will have different deals and membership levels. We will also provide what is called “membership” which will include a varying number of full service 24-hour door-to-door calls and a lesser number of last-minute “red carpet services” that will allow the client their items to be laundered and dry cleaned in as little as 2 hours. The red carpet service allows our customers to call at any time day or night and have their clothes ready for their big meeting or event. In addition, we will be providing a free shoeshine service for “red carpet service” visits. We plan to offer group memberships to our most prestigious local corporate offices at a special group rate in order to extend our services to their powerful and affluent employees. Each employee would receive one free delivery service when they are boarded to the company. This will allow us to gain access to every employee’s personal data through our customer relationship management software, and have it filed into our market research database. Mission Statement Overnight Star Service has the mission to obtain leadership in our market of residential delivery dry cleaning and personal laundry services. Our excellence in service is based on innovative ideas that contribute with personalized solutions for our clients, offering them the safety of having, in that opportune moment, reliable service, and high quality. The absolute satisfaction of our service represents our main purpose, a difference that distinguishes us significantly from the competition, making this a virtue, we offer only the best presentation to our customers. For such purposes, we have an efficient team of highly skilled