ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Order and stability are two very vital aspects of peace and economic development in any given society, whether modern or ancient. In this essay, we will endeavor to explain how ancient Indian and Chinese societies used either laws or government to attain order and stability. In ancient India, the Kshatriya judges undertook the role of administering justice under advice from the Brahman evaluators. There were set standards to be met to qualify as a judicial appraiser. The administration structure existed in various levels, for example, in the villages, all the resolutions were taken by the village council, and such decisions would bind all the villagers as required under dharma . The villagers, however, were dormant figures in the village parliament with limited rights of speech at meetings. They were expected to obey the raja , their religious father with whom they had less religious ties. The raja was expected to record and enforce laws and decisions arrived at with sternness. The villagers could also propose laws for passage by the king if such laws were viewed as capable of promoting order among the subjects. Ancient India had various forms of government with many kingdoms with diverse forms of governance. Archaeological and historical evidence depict a highly developed civilization in ancient India that flourished in the third millennium BC. The civilization brought concern about people’s welfare and good governance, especially as the population began to increase. Since the ancient government was simple in structure, there was a need to cope with the increase in population to ensure sanity in public life, and this is where laws came in handy. Concepts of ancient Chinese laws and orders are categorized as lizhi and fazhi , shortened to li and fa respectively. The difference in the two beliefs is in the perspective of li and fa : while li customarily stood for rite or ritual, fa was identified as the absolute law. However, the dissimilarity between li and fa was considered trivial as both laws were considered core to the progress of the society and in maintaining law and order. The two belief systems used different approaches in ensuring order among members of the ancient Chinese society. While one system used the approach of traditional beliefs and standards, the other one concerned with the legal approach where set laws were followed in delivering justice, the authorities also used psychological tacts to instill order were people who disobeyed the authorities would be put to shame. The authority also used religious approaches to maintain peace by making sure that appropriate religious virtues were inculcated among the population to eliminate immoral practices and social conflicts. The government used legal processes that seemed friendly to their subjects to increase its influence and to implement policies. As the population increased, the government developed a system that aimed at perfect
Introduction A very interesting and pertinent study on the relationship between lobbying and corruption was done by Nauro F Campos and Fransesco Giovannoni in a discussion paper in September 2006. The paper titled Lobbying, Corruption and Political Influence studies the situation in 24 countries and almost 4000 firms before arriving at their conclusions. This paper is intended as a critique of the work done by the duo mentioned above. Before analyzing the lobbying, corruption and firm performance in transition economies let me brief on lobbying and corruption and transition economy. Lobbying can be defined as the act of influencing government leaders for the alteration of law or the creation of new legislation that will support the interest of a particular group or organization. Lobbyists are those people who do lobbying. Corruption is the act of employees, politicians, government officials in which they are dysfunctional for their illegitimate personal gain. These actions include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, embezzlement. A transition economy undergoes economic liberalization which leads to ownership of resources by private parties than the government. Thus the economy became a free market rather than a structured economy. The basis of lobbying and corruption is to influence the authority to make a change in favor of. But there are significant differences between these two. One of the major differences is that corruption is prohibited by law and is a punishable offense but lobbying is not. But these differences may vary from country to country. In some countries, extreme lobbying may be treated as corruption but in some countries, it may be just the opposite. If a country is under the reign of an autocratic leader he can legalize corruption. So the difference may be described in terms of transparency. Lobbying is transparent but corruption is not as it has secrecy with it. Lobbying is done publicly within the pre-set legal network. Corruption is done with secrecy and there will be an agreement between the corrupter and corrupted but is not enforced by law. As lobbying is public, the after-effect can be predicted. Those who oppose the influences are getting time to react and thus get a chance to create an equilibrium between the opposition and support. But in the case of corruption, the public gets no chance to know the consequence it may produce. Lobbying can melt out competition between different interest groups as it is transparent and it creates a low entry barrier for new entities. But corruption intensifies competition and creates a strong entry barrier for new entrants. Corruption includes the transfer of wealth from one party to the other. Lobbying does not involve the direct transfer of wealth but pressures the authority to altercate or formulate legislation. Salient Points in the paper The paper bases its assumptions on two major studies and frequent references have been made to these papers throughout the whole length of the paper Corruption and lobbying: A
For ages, philosophers, poets, novelists, dramatists, and several literati have attempted to device their own definition of humanism and what it means to be human. The humanism of sixteenth century defined it to be the process of learning, discourse, and reasoning. Poets during the Elizabethan renaissance have created extraordinary, thought provoking works that explores human nature and the human desire. Often dubbed as the golden age for love sonnets, this essay dwells into the definition of human nature delineated by the three great poets of the time – Christopher Marlowe, Phillip Sydney, and Edmund Spenser. The sixteenth century works analyzed in the essay are Amoretti by Edmund Spenser, Astrophil and Stella by Philip Sidney, and the poem “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” by Christopher Marlowe. These works are analyzed to unravel the humanist philosophy that the three poets explained. For example, according to Marlowe, humans feel the beauty of the nature and get a pleasure from observing such the nature as “valleys, groves, hills, and fields, woods or creepy mountain yields” . Thus, being able to feel the beauty is very important . Philip Sidney provides an insight into what the poet believed to be humanness in his poem Astrophil and Stella . Sydney shows the presence of love as an individual theme and how it helps in addressing challenges of life . For Edmund Spenser, to be human also meant to be free. The poet states that humans should not “suffer tyranny”. He notes that it is very important for a human to be free and this freedom . I believe the study of these three poems help in understanding the various aspects of humanism as portrayed in the sixteenth century literature. These three poems provide a complete answer to the questions. The three poets believe to be a human is to understand the beauty of nature and imagine life. However, it is difficult to overlook the ethical and moral issues associated with the definition of humanism that these three poets present. This essay undertakes an assessment of the philosophy of humanism that Marlowe, Sydney, and Spenser present through their poems and the ethical issues pertaining to the definition they present. According to Philip Sydney, poetry holds the power to move righteous individuals and create virtuous action . Sydney’s philosophy was based on the Horatian formula that the main purpose of poetry was not to delight, but to teach. Most of the renaissance poets emphasized and realized the discursive power of poetry. Sydney even stressed it to the extent that poetry held a greater discursive and tutorial power and object than philosophy or history. The sonnet sequence that we study for this essay, Sydney’s Astrophil and Stella , is one of the finest specimens of Elizabethan love sonnets. In this sonnet sequence, Sydney presents the dialectic processes and the literary effect of the poem. In the first sonnet of the sequence, Sydney poses and answers the rhetorical question of the importance of art as an inspiration to good writing. The very begi
Apart from lunch, recess is the most favorite time that kids love while in school. While the time for lunch would be unquestionably created, time for relaxation and breaks is rapidly diminishing. Some institutions recognize the importance of free time out of regular class lessons and thus giving it more time and value. Unfortunately, its negligence is being witnessed in several schools. Playing is traditionally the most effective means for children to learn. Visual spur and stability are achieved in the games that children play. These benefits prove valuable in the future. Everything that a child does plays a role in shaping the future and giving the satisfaction that books cannot afford. Striving to reach academic excellence is one of the reasons which has resulted in the shortening or prohibition of recess time. Some principals believe that recess time or concentrating in the arts may deprive a student time to give consideration to books. The purpose of rest in clearing the mind cannot be measured. Conversations with friends and building team skills through games which involve groups enlighten a child on the necessary social skills. Several physical activities in recess keep kids healthy, thus helping reduce obesity cases in children. Physical activity and minor workouts like running and learning how to cycle give a character a positive outlook on life. Experiences in the field lead to brain development and increase sharpness in children in a way that cannot be compared to school work. They may be more fascinated to read and understand more about topics they have physically observed while in recess. For example, if a child sees a dog while playing, the level of comprehension about how it barks or why it is manned best friend would be much higher in class than a student who has never seen one. Several modules aspects can be incorporated in a single game. Learning to ride a bicycle gives lessons in math, physics, art, and even literature. Nurturing a kid to learn at an early age is unquestionably the best gift that can be received from a parent. Picture games can slowly introduce kids into difficult concepts in nature. For example, identifying how numbers total up or divide. Identifying animals engraved on cards with their habitat would easier remain in the child’s mind. The fact that recess is not often homework acts as motivation for some kids to learn. The enjoyable learning activities interest them from the TV and computer and create a significant bond between the child and the teacher or parent. Children will always have the desire to learn, so long as they understand that learning is not only done in the classroom but anywhere they find themselves. Information on colors and shapes
The Internet as a medium of mass communication and source of news is gaining enormous popularity worldwide. For instance, the study conducted two and a half years ago suggests that almost 115 million Americans are active users of the Web news, about 58 percent of working citizens state that they regularly view e-news during the business day in order to stay connected to the world (dailysource.org, 2007, par.1). Before the advent of the Internet, a socially aware citizen used multiple sources of information in order to get a full picture of the day and listened to a radio broadcasts, TV news programs and looked through at least one daily newspaper (everything2.com, 2004, par.13). Nowadays, many experts (Shirkey, 2009, par.5; ejournalist.com, 2002, p. 5; Lilley , 2009, par. 3) believe that the Internet will replace the traditional print, but the present paper will argue that despite the obvious strength of the e-media as sources of information and advertising, traditional newspapers will not be discontinued in the next ten years, yet their popularity will fall. First of all, in order to understand the major tendencies in changing media popularity, it is necessary to look at the differences in technological processes of news production on the Web and in traditional newspapers. In fact, between the creation of the newspaper article and the appearance of the finished product there is at least 6-hour delay. At the same time, servers of the Internet sites allow publishing both long analytical publications and short news articles, but there is no delay between the production of the article and its posting. Moreover, news sites can display information of different types, including reports accompanied by beautiful full-color photos, which are not always available in predominantly black-and-white newspapers. Moreover, there is a fixed amount of information which can be placed in a newspaper, limited to eight, ten or sixteen pages of text, whereas the volume of daily newsfeed of certain sites can be equated to about 30-50 pages. It also needs to be admitted that the Internet, similarly to daily newspapers, is also a universally affordable medium of communication to both publishers and readers, at least in North America, Europe and partly in Asia. Therefore, the Internet obviously has an advantage over the traditional print. At the same time, the use of the Web implies at least two distinct prerequisites: first, the user should be physically close to a PC connected to the virtual network (mobile Internet is not taken into consideration, as it is still expensive for news “surfing”); secondly, (s)he should be PC-literate in order to use the browser. The second precondition often prevents older adults from using the Internet extensively, as they might be unwilling to try new sources of information if there is an opportunity to access the trusted newspaper, to which the person has been subscribed for the last twenty years (Bromley and Bowles, 1995, p.4). Thus, the audience of returning
Exercising the brain as always advertised in different media could be the basis of neural biology. A learning exercise experiment with rats showed generation of new neurons. These new neurons were presumably formed in a taxing situation of difficult learning exercises. The implication of this is that it is possible for those suffering from Alzheimer particularly when the condition is still at the early stages, have the ability of slowing it development by ensuring that they actively engage their brains. By the 1990s scientist showed that mature mammalian brain is capable of sprouting new neurons, refuting the fact that it was only reserved for the young developing minds. Elizabeth, then at Rockefeller University, demonstrated that new cells could arise from the hippocampus part of the brain, which is involved with learning and memory. This was supported in1998 when neural scientists in US and Sweden showed that neurogenesis also occurred in humans. This was carried out in rats by the application of BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine), which made it possible for the news cells to be pointed out. The new cells’ production could be influenced by several factors as follows: alcohol consumption, lack of exercise and eating blue berries goosed generation of new neurons. From the experiment on the rats, it seemed that the new neurons could be produced in a cognitive challenge, then fade away. Experiment was done to observe the effects and survival of newborn neurons. The scientist used an experiment called the trace eye blink condition likened to Pavlov’s dogs which salivated when there was a sound. At the beginning BrdU was used on the rats with more rats being included after a week. After some time, the experiment proved that learning was required to sustain new cells developed. In addition, by exercising the rats in one day severally rescued the new neurons from death. This showed that task of rescuing the new cells does not involve thought. Another experiment involving a difficult task using the same rats but with the duration of the tone lengthened; this resulted into more new neurons rescued than previous one. Another experiment where rats were tested for several weeks with MAM, which stopped dividing of cells, and put in training with untreated and treated were found to be poor students. This is the same with the human brain where chemotherapy impairs the cell division but antidepressant was found to be modulators of neurogenesis. With the case of people with Alzheimer, new neurons produced do not survive to become fully mature and those in early stage of dementia are suggested to take aerobic exercises. This shows that engaging the brain in some hard tasks is actually healthy to the mind and consequently can keep some diseases off. List of dislikes and likes and the way forward Likes  1. Learning new things could enhance generation of new neuron cells.  2. Difficult learning can help the new formed cells to survive.  3. Exercises could play a role in generation of neurons.  4. Antidepressants play a role in modulation of neurogenesis.  5. The mind robb
The meditation on first philosophy is actually one of Rene Descartes’s most popular works. Thus, in meditation I, Descartes attempts to prove that the minimum epistemological assumptions, that is, assumptions about how we know require us only to accept indubitable processes of thinking as all else is eventually subjected to radical doubt. In meditation II,he urgues that whether there is a Great Deceiver, the subject can actually be quite certain of his own existence. The other key argument in meditation II is Descartes’s theory of dualism in which his analysis of candle wax actually leads him to the conclusion that bodies are better known by understanding rather than senses. Meditation I Of the things which may be brought within the sphere of the doubtful Descartes starts by confessing that, over the years, there are many false beliefs that had previously considered as true. Thus, for him to establish a genuine scientific basis, he had to rid himself of the previously held opinions as either being true or false. This is the only way through which he would establish a firm and permanent reliable super structure in the sciences. But he could not do this immediately as he had to wait upon some advancement in age to execute his thought. So he waited to attain this age so as to be able to leave himself no hope that at any one stage in the advanced age so that he could readily execute his plan. On this account, therefore, he delayed so as he could balance through careful consideration that he was doing no wrong at the time remaining for the final action. Now that he had freed his mind from all the worries, and that he was no longer disturbed by passions that could distract him from executing his plan uninhibited, he was in a much secure possession of leisure and in a peaceable retirement to apply himself earnestly and stealthily to discard freely all his former opinions. But to that particular end, it does not mean that it would not be important for him that the rest is false. This is a point perhaps he could never reach. However, his reason told him that he ought not carefully withhold the belief in whatever is not entirely in doubt from that which projected itself as being manifestly false. Otherwise, this would sufficiently justify his rejecting the whole, if all he finds in it is any ground for doubt. It would for that purpose not be necessary to deal with each belief individually. This would amount to a tedious and endless undertaking, since owing to the fact that the removal of any of the foundations of necessity did really involve the failure of the whole edifice. He would thus prioritize attacking the very foundations upon which all his former opinions rested. For a very long time, Descartes did accept to be true the fact that he had learned either from the senses or even sometimes, through the senses; though at times, it has come to his knowledge that senses do not pass the reliability test as they are at times deceptive. This makes it important for one not to trust them in entirety. This calls for wisdom to make this move since it is actually wise not to trust enti
Yogesh Ambekar is the author of the article “Monetary Policy” published on August 15, 2004. He describes monetary policy as a tool to manage the supply of money in an economy to attain price stability, maintain the value of money, dealing with unemployment, etc. He adds that the money circulation and short term interest rates prevailing in the economy determine whether the monetary policy is tight or loose. Ambekar further argues that short term interest rate is the elementary factor in regulating the monetary policy of an economy. He says that before applying the monetary policy, money circulating in the economy and the viability of open market operations are considered. According to the author, though monetary policy is used for achieving short term objectives, it also provides means to attain price stability in the longer run by shrinking the fluctuation range in the business cycles. While concluding his article, Ambekar emphasizes that the monetary policy shall be carefully designed as it has a vital part in building a country’s economy. Critical Reflections In this article, Yogesh Ambekar intends to develop an understanding among the readers the concept of monetary policy and how it is used by the governments and central banks to counter inflation, unemployment, etc. While discussing that the monetary policy may be set tight or loose, Ambekar does not mention how the policy works and what are the objectives of doing so. As for example, by a tight monetary policy the foremost objective is to obtain increased growth and employment by means of reduction in short term interest rates which improve the borrowing power of people leading to an increased aggregate demand and ultimately results in increased growth and decreased unemployment. On the other hand, the central bank aims to reduce the inflation prevailing in the economy by a loose monetary policy. In doing so, interest rates are increased and hence money supply is decreased to deter borrowings and attract investments. Both of these processes are shown below. Moreover, the author does not highlight the risks associated with the use of monetary policy as seen in the diagrams above. The tight monetary policy results in inflation whereas loose policy hampers growth and promotes unemployment. Another important issue which Ambekar does not discuss is the time lag related to the implementation of this policy. Time lag refers to the time it takes to identify the issues and appropriately design and implement a monetary policy. By the time this process is completed, the issues no longer remain the same and result in an ineffective mon