ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nowadays, hardly anyone has any illusions concerning police and how police officers perform their duties. Certainly, police do provide the citizens with decent protection, offering enough security, investigating crimes, and even preventing ones. But saying that police is one hundred percent flawless and has no corruption among the officers would definitely be a lie. Despite the fact that legally, police are supposed to make sure that the law is being complied with, often, police appear on the other side of the barricade. According to the recent records, police brutality and misconduct still exist, and its “legacy” seems to have been going on for years. A case study simply known as SOS takes the readers eight years back to 2005 and tells a story of police officers involved in “aggravated kidnapping, theft, burglary, home invasion, armed violence, and false arrest” (Hagedorn et al ., 2013). Another case study deals with a similar issue, yet approaches the problem from a slightly different angle. The case study notoriously known as Guerrero and Martinez reports about a group of policemen who were helping a gang steal from the residents of the city. As the report says, policemen were simply “using their authority to pull people over or enter houses” (Hagedorn et al ., 2013). According to the case records, the two officers were accused of multiple thefts, multiple previous concerts with a group of persons, and covering up the latter. The given case study shows that the availability of “big money” often leads to officers breaking the law. As it is mentioned in the case, the corrupted policemen got what was coming to them: “Martinez pleaded guilty in December 2011 to charges of conspiracy and racketeering, and Guerrero pleaded guilty to similar charges in July 2012” (Hagedorn et al ., 2013). The given cases show that, sadly enough, power abuse among the members of the police department is still an issue, and it is probably going to be as long as the means to coordinate the actions of policemen are going to be provided. Alternatively, the means to enhance moral values among policemen should be provided. Despite the attempts to eliminate the possibility of police corruption, there will always be loopholes that will help avoid the rules. It could also be argued that restricting policemen’s ability to use weapons or mere physical force can backfire greatly. For instance, during arrest, a criminal can possibly maintain armed resistance, which leaves no other choice than to use brutal force in response. However, in the cases described above, police officers were clearly abusing their power, which means that police corruption and misconduct have to be stopped. Therefore, it cannot be denied that corruption rates remain just as high among the present-day police as they used to be several years ago. Although the situation does not seem as deplorable as it might have, the harm is still obvious, and the situation needs to be addressed. At present, it is clear that some regulatory measures must be undertaken by
The future of space tourism is a hot debate today because the resent studies show that it is a phenomenon that the wealthy corporate as well as individuals such as the Californian Multi-Millionaire: Dennis Tito, are venturing into with the aim of reaching the Low Orbit Earth (LEO). This is an indication that the venture is going to be a well paying tourism sector. In addition, a large goal for the many developing space ship companies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). They hope to shuttle cargo and the astronauts through a Commercial Orbital Transport System (COTS) to International Space Station (ISS). Companies like “Scaled Composites, Blue Origin, and SpaceX are developing” space commercial crafts as well as programs to enable people tour the earth’s orbit. The critics behind this industry are the costs involved. Millionaires such as Dennis Tito, Mark Shuttleworth, Anousheh Ansari, Charles Simonyi and, Greg Olsen have spent approximately $20 million for a couple of days tour to space aboard the ISS. In line with Laliaberte Guy (1, 2009), he was the seventh private client to take a space adventure in September 30, 2009 in a poetic special mission to create public awareness regarding the “ONE DROP” foundation. For this reason, the characteristic of the playground is for the rich since there are strong indications regarding the costs involved. The future aspiration is on making space tourism available at affordable rates for the middle class. Just like the rush for space was a couple of years back, the race for space tourism is currently at is boiling point and thus this tourism industry has high growth expectations. Background information of the space tourism predicament The capability for space transportation has over the years seen very little advancement if any to facilitate a solution to the big obstacle of space development. New programs and equipments are essential requirements to facilitate space development and access. The reasons why people suffer from high space tourism costs is lack of proper space ships. This means that companies launch space ships that are highly volatile and thus the disposals after only a few usages. Today, there is urgent need for an approach that will move to a more rational and affordable space visit program. The biggest challenge is the ability to come up with a more robust, highly reliable but frequently reusable space ship: Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV). Thesis/Problem statement “Future expectations of the space tourism,” is a research investigating and analyzing patterns and available perspectives into the key themes of the proposed innovative developments concerning infrastructure, technological advancement, reusability to ships and, partnership between the government and private sector. The collaboration enhances the existing capabilities to make the development affordable and available to more willing participants. Hypothesis Statement The future for Space tourism is a program for the rich. It is a common believe among most people that, space tourism is for the rich with because one of the key contributors for its developmen
Unemployment problem is rising in most parts of the world. Economic crisis and spiraling prices, in an age of cost cut and job cuts, unemployment is on the rise. Similar case has been noted in Spain where the unemployment rate has reached a 15-year high (Brat, 2011). The article discussed in the essay was published in Wall Street Journal in October 2011 (Brat, 2011). The article used for the essay is an online version of the printed newspaper. The aim of the paper is to summarize the article on unemployment and establish a connection between the article and the economic theories unemployment. The article reports the increase of unemployment rate in Spain and the situation it has created for the unemployed people. Spain’s government spending has reduced greatly that has reduced the unemployment benefit given to the employed families. However, due to building pressure from international financial organizations to reduce budget deficit, the government was compelled to reduce its spending that subsequently reduced the unemployment benefits. One main reason cited in the article for this 15-year high unemployment situation is due to three-year-old economic crisis that has left a high unemployment rate in Spain. In order to face the situation Spanish government has decided to boost up spending on job development. However, this may rise to increasing cuts in many areas, especially when the Euro zone is trying to reduce the spiraling debt situation. The unemployment situation in Spain has become so dire that food assistance has to be increased. Many people are homeless, are moving to shelters, and have no money for food. The unemployment benefits are drying up for many and they are still unable to attain jobs. In such a situation, what economic reforms must be undertaken by the government that would bring forth a possible solution to the problem of unemployment in the country? The Spanish unemployment demonstrates a job cut situation due to shrinking economic growth and recession. As the economic crisis has been looming over the country for almost 3 years, there has been a lack of economic growth and spiraling prices i.e. increasing inflation raises the rate of unemployment in the economy. Figure 1: 20 year data on GDP growth, Unemployment rate, and Inflation in Spain. Source World Bank Databank (World Bank, 2011) Figure 1 shows that the unemployment rate, GDP growth and inflation in Spain since 1990 through 2010. For the last 20 years unemployment rate is found to have a similar trend as the of inflation and GDP growth. In other words, as there is a decline in GDP growth, there is an increase in unemployment rate as is observed in 1993, 2002, and then again in 2009. The figure shows that there is a continuous rise in unemployment rate since 2007 and it has reached the highest in 2010, supporting the observations in the article. Economic crisis in Spain is evident as there is a continuous decline in GDP growth in the country since 2007. This demonstrates that unemployment rate as a negative relation
Neoliberalism Background For the past two decades, the concept of neoliberalism has been a subject of intense debate in many political and economic arenas. Scholars argue that we live in a world shaped by the ideology of neoliberalism. The term ‘neo’ means new or recent, therefore by its own definition, neoliberalism is a reincarnation of liberalism; meaning that the ideology of liberalism has undergone a complete transformation; a cycle that all ideologies seem to undergo. This process includes the following stages: formulation and growth of the ideology, succeeded by a decline and finally emerging as a new and redefined ideology. Though neoliberalism stems out of liberalism, the two concepts are not identical (Wolfson 2004: 34). Classical liberalism is an ideology that advocates for a free market economy, where the state has limited influence on the day to day business of its citizenry. Definition In an attempt to define and shed light on this phenomenon, neoliberalism can be termed as: “A theory of political economic practices that proposes that human well-being can be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills with an institutional framework characterized by strong property rights, free markets and free trade. The role of the state is to create and preserve an institutional framework appropriate to such practices. The state has to guarantee, fir example, the quality and integrity of money. It must also set up those military, defense, police and legal structures and functions required to secure private property rights and to guarantee, by force if need be, the proper functioning of markets. Furthermore, if markets do not exist (in areas such as land, water, education, health care and social security) then they must be created, by state action if necessary. But beyond these tasks the state should not venture. State interventions in markets (once created) must be kept to a bare minimum because, according to the theory, the state can not possibly possess enough information to second-guess market signals (prices) and because powerful interest groups will inevitably distort and bias state interventions (particularly in democracies) for their own benefit” (Harvey 2005: 2) This definition views
The Introduction While analyzing John Locke’s philosophy through the eyes of Charles Mills, some fundamentals on both philosophers’ worldview must be considered. First of all, it should be pointed out that Mills is incapable of analyzing Locke’s conceptions from different perspectives. In other words, one can conclude that his reasoning seems to be unambiguous. For instance, Mills is of the opinion that Locke’s views on civilizations development are all influenced by race. However, the fact that Locke speaks about all men in his Second Treatise of Civil Government is totally neglected by Mills. Both of the philosophers – Mills and Locke are deeply concerned about moral equality; although they consider the issue in different ways. The thesis statement Charles Mills criticizes John Locke’s theory, relying on racial liberalism. He is unable to suppose that racial prejudices can be regarded separately from the social contract. According to him, Social Contract Theory cannot exist without racial injustice. It is evident that Mills interprets Locke’s arguments in his own way. The body Mills’s viewpoint on human moral equality To prove that Mills’s position is wrong, one is to read Locke’s arguments on the state of equality. Thus, according to the philosopher “all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another; being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions” (Locke 1-2). It seems to be unclear why Mills accepts the expression all men as the white population . There were probably Mills’s considerations on racial injustice, which he decided to analyze on the basis of human moral equality. As far as Locke’s work is closely related to the time when the basic principles of moral equality were established, it becomes evident that Mills decided to justify his positions relying on some general conceptions concerning human rights. Mills’s comparative approach towards Locke’s arguments Taking into account the fact that Mills associates racial inequality with slavery, genocide, etc., one can state that his vision of Locke’s arguments is distorted by a variety of themes political philosophy is based on. Thus, one can notice that Mills does not consider Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government in detail ; moreover, he does not provide readers with an opportunity to trace back the points which formed his position in relation to Locke’s argument. On the contrary, his reasoning on racial inequality is based on the so-called comparative approach: he compares racial issues of the modernity with those ones, which appeared in times, when the concept of moral equality was formed. The method seems to be rather doubtful, as no appropriate evidence is introduced. Some basic points on the State of Nature Generally, it is necessary to keep in mind the time period Locke lived within. According to the philosopher, a person’s right to be free can be regarded as one
The significance of professional development is especially emphasized in the modern reform movement; it was proved that this method positively impacts literacy instruction improvement. The process of reading improvement is rather sophisticated and intricate, requiring attention, observation, and careful learning. Reading scores improvement through professional development covers a number of methodological activities and systematic study of instructions; the method involves the participation of the qualified staff to raise the level of reading instructions. The program aimed at the increase of reading scores level should contain the following methods:   * The disclosure of instructional strategies and their theoretical knowledge;   * Constant practice of the learned strategies;   * Development methods aimed at the reading skills improvement;   * Literacy-oriented activities. The introduction and development of the mentioned issues in the program of reading skills improvement will bring effectiveness in the plan realization. The principal goals of the reading scores improvement program are considered to be worked out in accordance with the state requirements:   * To improve the induction and preparation level;   * To provide sufficient support for novice representatives involved in the program;   * The development of coaching and mentoring process;   * To provide involvement and support for community members as partners and administrators as instructors. (Improving Reading Achievement through Professional Development, 2003) The plan of professional development identifies basic activities, measures of success, and principle objectives. The data analysis of the program fulfillment will allow evaluating the gradual increase of reading scores. Professional development is focused on the following aspects: vocabulary reading, increasing reading fluency, unfamiliar words decoding, comprehension strategies reading. The involvement of the presentations in the plan will influence the effectiveness of reading instructions understanding. The problems and difficulties in reaching the necessary level of reading scores lie in misinterpretations of the principle pedagogic practices; the improvement process depends upon tacit and explicit assumptions. To raise the effectiveness of reading scores growth, the methods of professional development are to be included in the learning processes; the program should be developed in a way to encourage the reflection of teaching practices. (Wagaman, 2008) Professional development is also focused on the lecture methods of reading improvement; this allows promoting the adaptive means of teachi
Introduction The world of today has found itself in the midst of an unprecedented turn of events. With the current pandemic having turned out to have a prolonged and profound effect on society, it is important to recognize its effects on the various professional areas. The need to abide by specific regulations, ensure one’s own protection and the safety of their loved ones, and other various considerations have imposed a number of considerations previously not accounted for onto people. The change is especially prominent in design and architecture, where professionals have to find effective ways of integrating change and appealing to their customer-base. Discussing interior design in particular, it can be noted that the profession has been impacted significantly by the events of the Covid-19 pandemic, and its existence can become the source of a palpable change in the development of this profession. The virus has had an impact on the way interior spaces are shaped, on the desires and needs of the customer-base, as well as the amount of work required for an interior designer. The questions of ethical rightness and proper response to the pandemic cannot be left unanswered, either. To best understand, evaluate, and discuss these changes prompted by Covid-19, this paper will seek to outline the current trajectories in interior design, and offer its own perspective on the matter. Changes Connected With Previous Pandemics While the effects and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic are relatively unique in their scope and specificity, previous pandemics have also impacted the way people approach interior design. Multiple choices in design and architecture were made explicitly as an answer to the healthcare challenges of the past. For example, the introduction of closets was a relatively early addition to room design, which served the purpose of making the space more easy to clean. Closets generally occupy less space than the armories that preceded them, making the task of abiding by cleanliness standards simpler (Yuko). The choices in floor tiling and covering were also in large part influenced by healthcare crises of the past. Seeing stains and grime of the dark colored floors can be a challenge, as the dirt blends into the color of the tiling. This can be especially dangerous when a space needs to be sterile or clean, such as a cooking area or a hospital space. That is why the change to white flooring was an important introduction to the interior design. It allowed people to better react and counteract the accumulation of dirt (Yuko). Furthermore, a general change in materials used can also be perceived. During the Victorian area, European countries had to deal with the outbreak of typhoid and similar diseases. The fabrics and materials largely used at the time were seen as a part of the issue, as they were textured and capable of harboring germs for a long period of time (Harrison-McAllister, 2020). A shift was then made to more sleek and smooth, preferring such solutions as tiles and linoleum. It can be su
United States of America is under intense siege from both its citizens and healthcare providers to adopt a new medical system that is affordable and acceptable by all. In order to achieve this goal, United States of America government is considering other medical systems elsewhere. One of those countries under consideration is of course Canada. Medics and politicians are at loggerheads in trying to accommodate Canadian medical system, which looks cheaper and better as compared to that of United States. On the other hand, Canadian government is studying United States medical system as a way of improving theirs. Canada has a medical system based on public while private insurance companies mainly run America’s healthcare system. Depending on one’s view, each system has its own advantages and disadvantages. The paper will examine critically, how these systems operate and whether each on of them fits its citizenry without complains. In order to make better comparisons, the paper scrutinizes why governments involves themselves in healthcare. Whether these medical systems are accessible to all citizens, its reimbursement, management and availability of finances is of great concern in adopting one of these systems. All Americans and Canadians need quality healthcare services no matter which medical system their country adopts. (Robert, et.al, 2001, Para. 2-6). Private and Government Roles in Healthcare Both the government and private sector have the capacity to offer medical services. Whoever is the provider of medical service, its quality must not be deniable. Therefore, countries and states will pump millions of dollars into the system for better service easily accessible and affordable to all. For example, in Canada, the government is the biggest player in healthcare provision. The government of Canada spends about 10 percent of its GDP on healthcare. This is about US$65 billion dollars. (Center for Consumer Medics, 2003, Para. 1-9). About 70 percent of Canadian funding is through local, provincial and federal governments and the rest fitted in through pocket spend out. Contrary, private insurance firms predominantly run the healthcare system of United States. Under this system, Ame
All people strive for development in one way or another, but for all people, development is different. For someone, the development is exclusively career-oriented; for another, physical development improves oneself through sports and physical exercises. There are those people who strive for spiritual growth. In the read story, the author mentioned two basic methods of development, which consist in the sense of spirituality and faith. The author begins his story with a phrase that clearly emphasizes that God exists. You’ll know God exists (Bissoondath). Faith gives people a sense of security, but each religion has its God, and there are many beliefs. Even though the author is not a believer, but a different feeling seizes him. Bissoondath claims that there is religious faith and spirituality, and they are unrelated and mutually exclusive. A new feeling begins to open up for the author – a sense of the spiritual. Spirituality is characterized by the presence of people’s abilities and opportunities to change the conditions of their life and themselves. Spirituality and faith give a person the opportunity to develop, see, and enjoy every moment of life. The beauty of a rose or hibiscus, the miracle of the birth of a child, and the fact that you can hold it to your chest and feel the beating of its heart, as well as see the beauty of the midnight sky (Bissoondath). For some, religion, and others, the feeling of all this in life allows developing and growing spiritually. Reference Bissoondath, N. Religious faith versus spirituality.