ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Despite covering the period of World War II, the novel A Separate Peace , the author of which is John Knowles, does not narrate about military campaigns and battles. Instead, it seems to draw a parallel between an external war and an internal struggle within an individual. This essay will give a summary of the novel, describe its main characters, dwell on the issues raised in the book, and provide a personal opinion. The Summary of the Novel The events of the book are set in the Devon School during World War II. The narrator, Gene Forrester, was 16 years old at that time and had a friend, Phineas, or Finny for short. Finny liked to jump from a tree into the nearby river and encouraged Gene to do the same even though he was scared of it. Finny was so excited about this activity that he organized the Suicide Society. To join it, other boys had to jump from the tree into the water. Perhaps, this occupation was attractive because the school rules forbade it. Finny was the best athlete in Devon, and Gene wanted to be the most successful student to resemble his friend. Gene, therefore, contributed much time and effort to his studies, but as he was continuously distracted by Finny, he thought that his companion intended to thwart his progress. Gene’s grievance against his friend led to deplorable consequences. When Finn asked his friend to jump from the tree with him once again, Gene impulsively shook the branch, on which they were standing. Finn fell off the tree and damaged his leg, which brought an end to his athletic career. While Finny was in the hospital, Gene befriended Brinker Hadley, who jokingly accused him of injuring his mate on purpose. However, this new friend turned out to be an enemy. One night, when Finny was already out of the hospital, Brinker gathered him and Gene in the Assembly Room and conducted a trial, during which Finn became convinced of his friend’s blame for his injury. He rushed out of the room angrily, but fell on the stairs and broke his wounded leg. The following day, Gene managed to talk to his companion and explain to him that he had made the accident happen due to an impulse, not on purpose. The friends made peace, but after a while, Finn died during an operation. Gene returned to Devon 15 years later and remembered all the described events. The novel ends with his reflections about enemies, peace, and war. The Characters of the Book The first main character of the novel is Gene Forrester, the narrator. In his youth, he was “a somewhat athletic, shy intellectual” (S tudy guide , 2015, p. 1). Gene admired his friend’s sports achievements and the ability to talk others into ventures, and it inspired
British economic control meant for Egypt the development of lucrative sectors to support external debt financing. However, the surplus was also managed by foreigners, making it impossible to use it domestically. The country’s visible account until 1914 was positive, while the invisible account was negative, which proves the exploitation of the country’s economy for foreign purposes. Although various leaders tried to improve the country’s post-independence situation, their actions led to a new debt trap. In 1883-1884, two foreign controllers in Egypt were replaced by one British financial advisor. He had supervisory control over all revenues and expenditures of the country and set a ceiling on government spending (“Egypt (1882-1914)” 2). The surplus after debt service was kept in the reserve fund; in 1885, the Egyptian government was allowed to take half of the money from it to implement infrastructure projects. The British paid considerable attention to the development of agriculture and industry in order to quickly increase the income of Egypt, while the social sector was left unattended (“Egypt (1882-1914)” 5). Until 1914, the country’s exports and imports increased significantly, due to agricultural products’ export. Thus, the visible account was positive due to the increase in Egypt’s ability to pay for imports. However, the invisible account was negative due to a net outflow of interest and dividends to private foreign investors and public debt stockholders (“Egypt (1882-1914)” 22). Moreover, there were still massive debt obligations and profit reparations by foreign investors. Additionally, mortgage companies, Armenian and Jewish landers, and shopkeepers sent profits abroad. Great Britain used Egypt as a source of income, exploiting its agricultural and industrial sectors. However, the negative economic balance was not as bad as in Anatolia (“Egypt (1882-1914)” 24). First of all, important sectors of the economy such as trams, electricity, and railways belonged to the Egyptians. In addition, Egypt excelled in servicing debt, unlike Anatolia, which did not allow for increased economic control over it. Since the 1930s, Egypt has been striving to implement Import Substitution Industrialization strategies. Policies aimed at liberalizing the economy, reducing imports, and increasing exports have proven ineffective for Egypt (Afifi 8). Failed economic reforms resulted in the current country’s balance of payments that is s rapidly deteriorating due to economic stagnation and foreign investment. In the period after the Second World War, under the ru
Introduction Scholars have developed script wording over the years. Consequently, academic students have been cautioned against irresponsible writing. Therefore, students have had to extend their phraseology skills for superior scholarly writing. An advancement challenge was imposed by a demand for best academic writing practices. Scholarly script writing has been observed as a critical section of philosophy and knowledge. As a result, wording proficiency was developed into an instrument for academic and societal improvement. Most academic professions were required to abide by the regulations. Specific writing styles have been created to uphold uniformity in educational scripts. International academic organizations have instituted standardized writing techniques that guide scholars in written scripts. Documents must have adhered to the required regulations prior to presentation as academic writings. Scholars that have produced documents to be shared were obligated to conform to scholarly regulations. Academic papers rejected by regulatory institutes were not accepted by other scholars. Unwarranted scripts were disregarded by peer group professionals. If academic scripts adhered to regulations and students must conform to the set rules then quality of a student’s academic passages ought to be evaluated based on writing expertise. Literature Review Academic writing knowledge has assisted scholars in script classification. Quality writing styles recommended in most learning institutions originated from the acquired skills. Ill-equipped learners might be demoralized by practical work on academic writing assignments. Therefore, informed knowledge of the required writing technique must be established by students. Students that opted to learn academic writing techniques were considered better placed. Scholarly scripts were regarded as fundamental facets of human existence. Quality text accounts must be properly phrased as qualified in a specified writing technique. Inefficiently written text accounts have resulted in disappointed students and educators (Richards, 2009 p. 1). Completed educational assignments that have not maintained the specified writing style were worthless to the student and teacher alike. Document quantity and length are judged as irrelevant if the writing style was faulted. Academicians must have concentrated efforts in learning scholarly scripts techniques as opposed to enlarged documents. Scholarly scripts were characterized by an applied academic writing technique. Higher learning educational institutions have developed specifications to be utilized in script writing. Modern advanced learning institutes have adapted a general scholarly technique. Writing tasks based
Introduction Staff training is essential in correctional facilities such as prisons and other rehabilitation centers. The training is conducted and offered to new recruits and to the old staff members. The programs which are incorporated during training enable the staff to deal with prisoners emotional and psychological problems that they may be going through. Correctional facilities are in most cases viewed to be hostile especially to those under rehabilitation. As a result, the prisoners tend to react violently, and their emotional state is volatile. (Kaslow, 2000) In addition, some inmates feel that they don’t deserve to be in correctional facilities and might attempt to escape, behave aggressively towards others and in extreme circumstances commit suicide. It therefore becomes vital to take the staff members through CTP (Correctional Training Program) to enable them handle the inmates in a way that is understandable and reasonable. (Kaslow, 2000) Training Processes and the Effects CTP (Correctional Training Program) is both an original program for new recruits and a refresher course for all correctional staff. All new recruits must be taken through the program to introduce them to all the procedures that will be encountered in their work. (Richard, 2005) For example PFW (Prison For Women) has put in place some refresher courses on how to improve personal safety and the overall skills of correctional staff including courses in control and arrest. (Eisler, 1997)This enables them to control violence in cells and prisons. Prison for women provides training on non-violent crisis intervention programs. For instance, Shakopee correctional centre was trained by NCPINCI (National Crisis Prevention Institute in Non-Violent Crisis Intervention). NCPINCI has conducted training on correctional staff such as police departments and correctional services to both juvenile and adult, fire fighters, airport security, private industry security and security at health care centre. The officers are taken through, psychiatric courses due to the high number of offenders who have psychiatric problems. NHQ contributed to courses in non-violent crisis intervention. The very first course was in February, 1995 which included around 217 staff members’ drawn from PFW, and 10 staff members who were drawn from Regional psychiatric centre. (Hammond, 1995) Despite the fact that most officers are trained social workers, and have taken studies in psychology, the refresher courses are mostly meant to produce qualified guidance and co
PICO question: For developing countries experiencing high rates of hospital-acquired infections (nosocomial infections), will the use of preventive measures as compared to many antiseptic scrubbing solutions decrease the rates of infections among patients. Population (P) – Hospitals in the developing countries The target population in this project is based on the fact that it is well documented that nosocomial infections, which contribute to high rates of morbidity and mortality, are a major problem in hospitals around the world, particularly in the developing countries (Hugh, 2007). According to the World Health Organization (2012), hospital-acquired infections cause preventable diseases such as urinary tract infections, diarrhea, maternal and newborn infections, pneumonia, post-operative infections, and even death in developing countries. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (2012) notes that the rates of nosocomial infections are high in developing countries due to poor infection prevention strategies and lack of supervision, among other factors. Therefore, nosocomial infections still remain to be a major problem in developing countries, which should be addressed accordingly. Intervention (I) – The use of infection prevention measures Following the foregoing discussions, it is notable that one of the majo
How does geography affect culture? The geographical location of any given society close to certain physical features may shape the social life of people. In the ancient African culture, some of the people associated mountains, trees, or hills to their Gods and their cultural practices. In extreme cases, some people, like the Africans, believed that the forest appeared where God stayed. As a result, some of them believe that the forest should never be cut down, and they go to the extent of protecting it against poachers and other forms of destruction. This fact shaped their beliefs in relation to moral upbringing and coexistence. The modernity of society critically influences the way people associate things. In the urban centers, there is a tendency among the youth to follow fashion and copy the way celebrities dress and behave themselves. In the course of time, their beliefs, as well as social values, may be changed as they want to copy behaviors they see in movies. It may further be determined how the youth relate to other people either positively or negatively. This may also influence the culture of the local people depending on the aspirations of young individuals. On the other hand, when people migrate from one location to another one, they may be assimilated through socialization. As a result, they may find themselves being influenced either through peer group influence or due to their own need to belong to a certain social class. Consequently, they may change their beliefs as well as social values in order to fit a specific social group. The geographical location influences the way people wear clothes. This may be observed by the way the Eskimos dress so heavily due to the excessive cold found in their area of origin. On the other hand, most people who live along with the cost dress scantily due to the hot weather. This has the effect of determining their cultural beliefs, either directly or indirectly. Can you think of any way that the unique geography of the Middle East may have affected the cultures of the Middle East? The Middle East is mainly associated with the dese
Introduction to Australian drugs laws reform foundation The Australian drug law reform foundation exists to encourage a more rational, tolerant, and humanitarian approach to the problem created by drugs and drug use in Australia (National Drug Intelligence Center). The foundation’s primary objectives are to promote unequivocal opposition to policies of prohibition with regards to illicit drugs of dependency and psychotropic substances and the nation under the adoption of drug policies based on harm reduction strategies (National Drug Intelligence Center). The foundation also promotes the acceptance of responsibility to reform drug laws, policies, and programs as well as the establishment of policies that can control the production, and distribution of drugs of dependence and psychotropic substances. This foundation aims to seek a national commitment to undermine the black market and illicit trade in drugs of dependence and psychotropic substances with its inherent problems by adopting long-term goals (McGregor C, et al, 2005). These goals include the reassessment of Australia’s commitment to its international treaties on illicit drugs and psychotropic and independent cost-benefit analyses of all policies which seek to resolve the problems of independence as substance issues. Further, this foundation also aims at the reform of drug laws and policies in planned stages with detailed evaluation of such laws at all stages and minimization of harmful use of drugs (McGregor C, et al, 2005). The availability of pseudoephedrine This business submission is geared to address the growing concern about the availability of and use of illicit drugs, ice, and methamphetamines of which their key ingredient is pseudoephedrine, and their impact on users. This is an effort to advise the federal government on what can be done to minimize the availability of pseudoephedrine for manufacturers of ice and methamphetamines Key Developments Methamphetamine which also refers to as Ice is a synthetic stimulant drug that is generally used for medicinal as well as recreational purposes (Rothman, et al, 2001). For medicinal use, the drug is utilized for the treatment of obesity and mood disorders among many other medical conditions. Methamphetamines can cause a strong feeling of euphoria (Rothman, et al, 2001). This condition can drain an individual physically and often makes the user, when the drug effects subdue, have a comedown effect. These effects can create a desire to consume more and thereby increasing the potential for dependence (McGregor C, et al, 2005). Methamphetamine given in hospitals and other health care facilities is normally available in tablets, however, illicit one comes in different forms. In the streets, methamphetamines are found as colorless crystalline solids, sold under a variety of names (National Drug Intelligence Center). Methamphetamine was first synthesized in 1919 and is related to amphetamine which was discovered in 1887 (Nagai N, 1983). During world war two this drug was distributed by allies and axis to troops as a stimulant study and research that Adolf Hitler received shots of these drugs from his doctor (D
Introduction Organizational change has become a significant factor in minimizing the cost of operation in organizations. Economic pressures are forcing organizations to implement cost-cutting measures, while at the same time being cautious not to compromise customer service quality. Organizational change requires a continuous restructuring of strategies. Organizational restructuring involves a change in organizational culture, which is quite demanding an organization. It requires full action and intervention of the human resource department of the organization. Organizational change programs are quite fragile at the initial stages thence need to be handled with caution (Ulrich, Younger & Brockbank, 2008). Overview of the case problem The healthcare industry is one of the industries that have operated under a single culture for a long time. However, institutions in the healthcare industry are realizing the need to change the way of working in order to make profits. Healthcare institutions have well-furnished human resource management department, which help in overseeing work roles. Therefore, when organizational change becomes a critical need just as it is in the modern management era, the departments become crucial in structuring and effecting the needed change. However, this is not a simple task because the healthcare market is highly volatile and requires more proactive activities in effecting change. In embracing organizational change in the healthcare institutions which deals with customers who are fragile, a new culture has to be developed (Anson, 2000). The roles and responsibilities that go with the new culture must also be clearly defined and embraced by the organization. This helps in hastening adaptation to the new culture and system of functioning in the organization (Tyagi & Sawhney, 2010). Therefore, the greatest problem facing the world class Cardiac Center Hospital in New York metropolitan area is the need for effecting cost. This cuts measures in the hospital, and this helps in improving the general performance. These changes were necessitated by the shifting in the reimbursement scheme in healthcare; thereby piling pressure on hospitals which forced hospitals to come up with cost cutting measures. These needed organizational change, which had not been previously incorporated in the healthcare industry. The hospital needed to develop a culture that is adaptive, which would help in maintenance of a strong growth in spite of the challenges in the marketplace. Prior to the upheaval in the marketplace, the hospital enjoyed stability in financial transactions, which denoted financial success. The financial success was linked to higher customer service scores. As a result of the changes in the healthcare market, the human resource department of the hospital had to develop collaborative efforts with the top management of
What is the position taken in the Mythbuster? The aging population in Canada is increasing at a very high rate, following retirement of the baby-boom generation. As a result, there is allegedly excessive strain on healthcare as the older adults require medication than younger people. This necessitates increase in taxes or cut in services to the public. However, while aging population in the society may be considered a health care concern, Mythbusters (2011) suggests that factors that increase the costs of health care such as technological innovation cost should be given the primary consideration as they are more consequential. Why is this important issue? The issue of aging of the population is very critical, especially because it becomes worrisome when the health expenses increase and policymakers left with a dilemma on what to focus on in addressing the situation. They keep wondering whether the aging population per se is the real cause of the trouble, but it becomes important to consider the concrete cost drivers while charting out corrective policies. After all, experts’ evidence shows that the aging population’s contribution to the steadily increasing expenditure on health care is very minimal. It is therefore critical to understand the main cause of the health care expenditure increase rather than attributing it to aging population without much certainty or information. Furthermore, good understanding of the real factors that drives the cost of healthcare provision is very important when controlling the healthcare budget (Mythbusters, 2011). Do you agree or disagree? I strongly agree with the issues set out in this observation, mainly, the fact that the cost drivers require our foremost attention. Despite the disagreement in regard to the exact factor that requires greater attention, the cost driver that results from technology and prescription of drugs is a major factor that has increased healthcare expenditure for several years. Many experts have actually cited out new medical technology and drugs prescription expenditure as an overriding contributor to the swelling of overall health expenditure, notwithstanding the recent phenomenal decline in expenditure on drugs prescription. In addition, information technology (IT) is the other influential technological cost driver that has had dramatic impact on health spending. Increased use of electronic medical records (EMR) has been allocated hefty budget with the intention of improving efficiency of healthcare service delivery. This has actually been a central agenda in many health reform plans (Mythbusters, 2011). My opinion is fundamentally supported by the analyst’s declaration that application of state-of-the-art; expensive technological services as we
Andrew Bacevich. Professor of International Relations Andrew Bacevich’s book, The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism addresses the existing failures of our political machinery due to badly conceived notions of empire-building that have been prevalent since the end of World War II, and calls for the beginning of a distinctly American approach to repair the damages brought by these policy failures (Bacevich, 2008). He identifies three crises currently facing the country including economic problems, a government that suffers from an imperialist mindset, and endless wars to defend the present structure. The author is a professor of international relations at Boston University and through his writing, expresses his firm opposition to past and present episodes of American expansionism abroad. Bacevich criticizes overseas military ventures including the Korean War, Bay of Pigs, Vietnam, Lebanon, Star Wars, the Persian Gulf War of 1991, Somalia, Kosovo, and following 9/11, the protracted war unleashed on a nameless, faceless entity called Islamic terrorism (Bacevich, 2008). Bacevich believes participation in overseas ventures has not only been an exercise in futility but also violates fundamental American principles of non-interference in other’s (other nations’) affairs (Bacevich, 2008). This argument sounds plausible but remains inconsistent because the