ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nathaniel Hawthorne is characterized as a writer deeply concerned with the Puritan values instilled in him as a result of his upbringing in nineteenth century New England. Although the area was no longer dominated by the Puritans of the past, many of the same ideas still surfaced and became the primary themes of Hawthorne’s novels and short stories. In the short story “Rappaccini’s Daughter”, Hawthorne examines the concept of sin and evil as he tells a relatively simple story of a young man and the young woman he falls in love with. In this story, Dr. Rappaccini is a mysterious sickly man who keeps a garden filled with unearthly beautiful flowers that contain deadly poison. In this environment, he has brought up his lovely daughter, who has become a deadly poison herself. Giovanni Guasconti is the young man who comes to Padua to study and falls in love with the girl and the garden he sees from the window of his apartment. These three characters, Dr. Rappaccini, Beatrice and Giovanni, each represent a different face of sin and evil within the story. From his first introduction, Dr. Rappaccini is presented in terms intended to link him with concepts of evil. He is described as a “tall, emaciated, sallow and sickly looking man, dressed in a scholar’s garb of black” (Hawthorne). Although his face appears intelligent and well-educated, his expression is further described as one that “could never, even in his more youthful days, have expressed much warmth of heart” (Hawthorne). As more is learned of him, it is discovered that his life study has been dedicated to producing the most deadly poison in the world. His studies have not prevented him from conducting cruel experiments on even those who might be expected to have been most precious to him, like his own daughter. Professor Baglioni tells Giovanni that Dr. Rappaccini’s patients “are interesting to him only as subjects for some new experiment. He would sacrifice human life, his own among the rest, or whatever else was dear to him, for the sake of adding so much as a grain of mustard-seed to the great heap of his accumulated knowledge” (Hawthorne). His willful imprisonment of his daughter by making her poisonous and attempted kidnapping of Giovanni through the same methods prove Rappaccini’s evil nature in that he is willing to destroy life for no purpose other than because he can. In Beatrice, Hawthorne illustrates the concept of original sin. Althou
The single-payer healthcare system aims to enhance equality in the United States, primarily through improved health insurance availability. The proponents view that the proposal will boost preventive care while the opponents feel that it will propagate inefficiencies. Regardless, the single-payer method has benefits, which outweigh its disadvantages, especially concerning accountability, justice, cost, and healthcare quality. Exorbitant medical bills are among the leading causes of bankruptcy in the US since treatment expenses have hiked, whereas the medical covers are expensive and unreliable. Consequently, the single-payer structure will ease the health-associated economic burdens among Americans. The single-payer framework will boost healthcare management through centralization, thus, raising the accessibility of quality clinical services among all individuals who need them. Furthermore, the new scheme will facilitate medical administration efficiency, flexibility, and affordability, leading to a decreased disparity. The single-payer methodology supports adequate infection protection since it heightens access to preventive care, mainly the screening services. Nonetheless, critics claim that the single-payer technique is ineffectual due to the possibility of lengthening the waiting time and trigger adverse economic and political outcomes such as job losses and political divisions. However, most of the perceived limitations are the current principal setbacks in realizing excellent and productive healthcare. Notably, the single-payer system will incorporate all the existing medical securities and streamline healthcare operation to increase the Americans’ realization of superior services despite their diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, ultimately reducing bankruptcies, fatalities, and upgrading disease prevention.
Introduction The book by Cheikh Hamidou Kane called “Ambiguous Adventure” tells the reader about the cultural dialogue that pushes the main hero to question the significance of cultural identity. It reveals how a person may consider abandoning their faith and roots when faced with a new environment. The first edition of the book published in 1972 is being analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to review the book by Cheikh Hamidou Kane critically and discuss how the author revealed an interaction between Western and African cultures through the main character. Summary The main hero in the book is a boy named Samba Diallo, who is preparing to become a spiritual leader. In particular, he has to learn everything his teacher Thierno knows to be able to replace him one day. The main character studies Koran intensively because his teacher is very demanding, which often leads Samba to exhaustion; however, he is unwilling to give up (Kane 71). In the region where the boy lives (Diallobe), people have to overcome poverty and other limitations, which are an inevitable consequence of French colonialism. The French culture and its traditions are being imposed on the Senegalese population through schools. Many people, including Samba’s spiritual teacher, do not approve of that; however, the boy’s aunt, the Most Royal Lady of Diallobe, insists he goes to school. She says the foreign school “is the new form of war which those who have come here are waging, and we must send our elite there, expecting that all the country will follow them” (Kane 37). She continues: “If there is a risk, they are best prepared to cope successfully with it, because they are most firmly attached to what they are” (Kane 37). She is confident that this experience will be beneficial for Samba and the people of Diallobe since the boy will be able to pass his knowledge to others along with teaching them the European ways. For that reason, Samba finishes his spiritual training and enters the school, and this is the point where the main conflict in the book starts to manifest itself. Samba believes that his people will benefit from the cultural dialogue. When he is done with his studies at school, he decides to continue his academic path abroad. The knight (Samba’s father) is against this decision because he thinks that it might lead to his son forgetting about his roots. Nevertheless, Samba has the support of Father Lacroix because he is sure that the boy needs to find his way (Kane 80). The tension
Executive summary According to government statistics, single parenthood is on the rise in all developing countries. The same statistics also reveal that there is an increase on the number of single mothers enrolling as students in different academic institutions. The biggest number is in community colleges and universities. There are several reasons why people end up as single mothers. They include divorce, early pregnancy, death of a spouse and in a few cases, it is out of choice. Challenges facing college single mothers are classified into financial, psychological, emotional and time. From the study, it is evident that single parenthood is a hard task for every single mother whether they are students, full time employees or not. It is also evident that school posses as a significant stress to their lives. 90% of the single mothers who participated in the survey agreed that school is a big source of stress for them both financially, psychology, emotionally and a big challenge when it comes to time management. 60% of the participants noted that they struggled with their fees, suffered higher levels of stress during exam times and were not able to work as many hours as they would want to. Viable solutions offered in this study include counseling, education on how to deal with the challenges facing them, financial help from the government, better legislation to allow more rights for single mothers in college, and more flexible academic schedules for them. The report also proposes further research on the subject to allow concerned authorities understand how such a situation could impact a nation in the long run if the students are not accorded all the necessary help. Single parenthood Introduction Single parenthood is on the rise in many nations especially the western region. The trend is expected to continue as divorce rates go up and people’s lifestyles change. The United States Department of Health and Human Services recently reported that 30% of children in the country are living with single parents (Office of National Statistics, 2010). This number is expected to go as high as 50% by 2050 if nothing is done to influence the trend. Statistics reveal that at any particular time, the number of single mothers is bigger than that of single fathers. From past research, it is also evident that single mothers face bigger challenges than those faced by single fathers. As Family Service America (2009) puts it, “raising a child or children single handedly in the modern times is a very difficult task both financially and psychologically”. There are several reasons why people end up as single mothers such as divorce, early pregnancy, death of a spouse and in a few cases, it is out of choice. The are many single parents today enrolling in high schools, community colleges, universities, and other academic institutions in their quest to further their education and make the future easier for them and their children. Major challenges facing single mothers can be categorized into four groups; emotional, economical, psychological and time. Research reveals that du
Introduction The Mi’kmaq people are indigenous to the northeastern part of New England. They occupy the Atlantic province and precisely the Gaspe Peninsula of the great Québec. The great nation of Canada has an estimated population of about forty thousand people; eleven thousand of them belong to the Mi’kmaq community. This community has a long history that dates many years back. The territory of this community was believed to have been separated into seven distinct districts; each of them having completely independent governance and boundaries. The administrations of these districts were made up of numerous chiefs who had a council of elders as subordinates. This council of elders comprised of the respectable people in the society, band chiefs and other proclaimed elders (Poliandri, 354). It was the sole duty of the council of elders together with the chiefs to carry out all the administrative functions and maintain law and order in the community. They exercised justice and prepared their warriors in the event that there was war. The seven districts were:  1. Kespukwitk  2. Sikepnékatik  3. Eskíkewaq  4. Unamákik  5. Piktuk aqq Epekwitk  6. Sikniktewaq  7. Kespékewaq Aside from the council of elders, the community also had a grand council (also called the Sante Mawiomi) which comprised of captains (also called Keptinaq). The captains were given the title of district chiefs. In addition to the district chiefs, the hierarchy of leaders also included the Putus, grand chief and women council. The grand chief was a very important member on the Mi’kmaq community and he was appointed from one of the existing district chiefs (Zimmerman, 241). The sitting chief had to be a representative of the Unamaki district or Cape Breton Island in order to qualify as a grand chief. It is important to note that the title of the grand chief was hereditary according to the laws of the land and was always handed over to the eldest son of the sitting grand chief in the event that he passed away. The council of elders that was charged with the responsibility of restoring order to the community held their meetings in Cape Breton at a small island named Mniku. This was a reserve that has today seized to be called Mniku and has shifted its name to Chapel Island. Others have also called this island Potlotek. It is amazing to note that the council of elders still meets at the same point to this day (Choyce and Rita, 120). It is believed that the human habitation of the Gaspe Peninsula dates
Overview It s indicated in the literature that the fundamental objective of hospital education is to enhance practice through learning (Hotvedt & Laskowski, 2002) and that a commitment to lifelong learning, also referred to as continuing medical education (CME), is not only a physician’s duty but also an ethical obligation and an integral component of professionalism (Fletcher, 2001). In this context, the current paper assesses how physicians within a Geriatrics Department in a Level I health facility are committed to the concept of CME, with the view to developing a more complete appreciation of education and research in healthcare settings. Area of Education & Research The department of veterans health affairs in this health facility was established after the realization that the number of the elderly people in the United States was beginning to surge, yet the available practicing internists and family physicians lacked familiarity with much of the evidence-based knowledge about the medical and functional problems of the older adults and their management (Thomas et al., 2006). From its establishment, therefore, the major objectives of this department have been to educate primary physicians on the processes involved in delivering care to older adults, contribute to the advancement of aging research through undertaking numerous medical studies that are done collaboratively with the institution’s affiliated university schools of medicine, and also to provide leadership in educating healthcare providers about the special needs of older persons (Supiano et al., 2012). Managed by a program coordinator, the department of veterans’ health affairs draws its members from the internists, general family physicians, geriatrics researchers and teachers at the affiliated university schools of medicine, as well as medical professionals and administrators manning homes for the elderly. It supports other departments and facilities (e.g., clinical care, gerontology, geriatrics, counseling, home services care and also homes for the elderly) by providing evidence-based practices on the treatment of the elderly, acting as an incubator of translational research in aging, as well as developing and evaluating innovative clinical demonstration projects to improve the clinical care of older adults (Supiano et al., 2012). Conversely, the department of veterans’ health affairs is supported by other departments in terms of collecting data on the factors that seem to hamper the elderly from leading a healthy life, including psychological, medical and
Foreign Exchange Exposure The current challenges facing Baker Adhesives are foreign exchange exposure risk. The risk arises when a company trades with another company that settles the payment in foreign denominated currencies. Due to fluctuations in foreign currency, Baker Adhesives may gain or lose on translating the foreign-denominated payment into local currency. If the dollar has strengthened against the Brazilian Real the company will get more dollars and if the dollar rate is lower than the current rate in the future the company will get fewer dollars incurring a loss. The company, therefore, needs to have hedging strategies to counter the foreign exchange exposure (Bokhonok, 2010) Loss/Profit on Baker Adhesive’s Original Sale The costs of original order The company will receive BRL 104,338.30. The current exchange rate is 0.4368($/BRL) therefore BRL 104,338.30*0.4368= $ 45,574.The profit the company gets is $45,574-$44812.5=$761.5. This is a loss. Baker Adhesives should have gotten BRL 104,338.30*0.4636(If the exchange rate had remained constant) = $48,370.The loss due to foreign exchange risk exposure is $48,370-$45,574=$2,796. Overall the company will receive a profit of $887.5 however in terms of the anticipated profit the loss incurred is $2,796 as this is the amount their profit has been reduced with. The firm could have avoided the loss by hedging strategies. They should have entered into a forward contract with the Novo Company by ensuring the invoice is denominated in dollars at the current rate of 0.4636. *1/4 *$32,500=$8,125. The cost of raw materials increased by 10% and they had to purchase a quarter of the raw materials. The new cost of the raw materials, therefore, is $8,125*110/100=$8,937.5. Total costs= $8,937.5+ ($32,500-$8,125) =$ 33, 312.5 Revenue streams for the new sale Without any hedge The company may choose not to hedge against any foreign exchange exposure. This means the sale will be settled at the existing spot rate in September 2006. The cost of 1,210 gallons as calculated above is $44,812.5. The Novo Company wants 50% more gallons above the original order so the new order is for 1.5*1,210=1,815 gallons. The cost of the 1,815 gallons will therefore be 1,815*$44812.5/1210=$67,219.The company’s markup is at 8% therefore the invoice price will be at $67,219+($67,219*8/92) =$73,064.The current exchange rate for Brazilian Real is 0.4368. The Novo company will pay=$73,064/0.4368=167,271Real. However, due to changes in the currency exchange rates, the amount they pay on conversion will
Introduction This essay analyses Vodafone Group in relation to work motivation, power, politics and conflicts in the organization and finally organizational structure and organizational goals. Basically, management approach to employees determines how well they take to their work. Defining power balance in the organization, in the way organizational structure is set; helps focus resources on organizational goals as opposed to power struggles and derailing conflicts. Work Motivation Human behavior unlike animal behavior often has a rationale behind it. It is widely accepted that even our instincts are based on a belief system or collective thoughts that inform our interpretation of situations. Vodafone appreciates that workers are intelligent beings out to self actualize through their every day work endeavors. Fitzmaurice & Kuklewicz (2010, p.3) define employee motivation in terms of the liveliness, ingenuity and dedication that employees bring into an organization or company. In the wake of the modern work conditions, employee motivation is a major concern in many organizations. Employees feel secure, satisfied and ready to work if they are motivated to work. Psychologist Abraham Maslow advanced the needs theory, in which he indicated that employees have hierarchical needs. The hierarchy is organized in five levels of needs; the physiological needs, security and safety, belonging, self esteem and self actualization as the highest need in the pyramid (Armstrong, 2004, p. 108). Maslow emphasizes that the lower level needs are the basic human needs which must be satisfied first before the next need levels. The expectancy theory advanced by Vroom indicates that people tend to invest their efforts in order to attain desired performance. The strive to achieve desired level of performance because it leads to realization of personal expectations from employee (Armstrong & Tina, 2005, p.98). The theory spells out three factors that influence an individuals’ level of motivation. The factors are expectancy, valence and instrumentality (Sandi, 2008, p78). Expectancy is the measure of outcome that an individual perceives his or her effort in a particular task will result into. Employees become motivated to work on a particular task if the effort they invest yields an outcome equivalent to the effort. Vodafone appreciates that employees are the most important asset in an organization (Vodafone 2010). Therefore, it strives as best as it can to have operations streamlined in a way that they are a self actualization avenue for the employees. Secondly, in line with the expectancy theory, Vodafone provides a total package that is meant to satisfy the employee’s expectations materially and spiritually (Vodafone 2010). Further, Vodafone keenly seeks to find out employee needs through regular surveys and strives to address them. All employees are allowed to join trade unions that ensure employee rights are appreciated by management (Vodafone 2010). By doing so, Vodafone strives to both leg
Introduction The Tempest written by William Shakespeare in 1610 is one of the most famous works of dramaturgy in known history. The play draws its influences from a variety of genre characteristics as well as potential historic events and cultural motifs. The primary themes of The Tempest discussed in this paper are power dynamics, colonialism, and the concept of illusion and reality. Power Dynamics Power relationships are inherently at the core of The Tempest’s plot and thematic elements. The primary pursuit of power occurs at the hands of Prospero, who attempts to manipulate most other characters, including his daughter. At the same time, he has direct control over Ariel and enslaves Caliban. The power dynamics demonstrate an interesting perspective. Ariel demonstrates obedience and servitude, eventually earning her freedom. Meanwhile, Caliban enacts rebellion and attempts to find a new master in Stefano, which leads to a similarly abusive power dynamic (Jamieson). Prospero wields magic that presents with him an advantage on the island at demonstrating power by punishing or abusing those who have crossed him. This innately presents readers with a dilemma of whether power, even when wielded by a protagonist, leads to moral and fair decisions. The socio-political hierarchy in the play presents aspects of power dynamics from the first lines of the play as orders are given. Forceful acquirement of power, particularly related to political instability is central to The Tempest . One of the subplots is focused on internecine conflicts between leaders engaged in a power struggle for control over Milan, the island, and their servants, leading both sides to make regrettable decisions. Antonio and Alonso overthrow Prospero as the rightful Duke of Milan, banishing him to his death. On the island, Prospero overtakes Caliban who is the rightful native ruler which creates conflict. Antonio and Sebastian later plot against Alonso. In a way, Shakespeare demonstrates an unbroken cycle of power and violence that causes betrayal, revenge, and suffering. It is only broken at the denouement of the play as Prospero chooses a path