ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The relationship between Native Indians and European settlers in America has always been rocky. This began with the Europeans’ arrival on American shores and their assumptions because they had ships and guns that they were the superior race. In the early years, relations were unstable as the Europeans struggled to determine whether they would treat with the Indians as equal human beings or if they would simply destroy them as they would any other beast that interfered with their founding of civilizations. By the time of the Revolutionary War, Indian tribes had already been decimated by foreign diseases such as smallpox brought by the European immigrants who also slaughtered the Native Americans so as to steal the lands they occupied. The Europeans went further in spreading misery amongst the Indians by eradicating what once were millions of buffalo that provided food, clothing, shelter and weapons for the tribal peoples in the western areas. As the country moved into the mid-1800s, the plight of the Indian was becoming dire with the famous “Indian Fighter” Andrew Jackson presiding over the White House. Attempting to call attention to the gross injustices that were taking place against the Indians, several individuals wrote of their experiences and their feelings, providing the modern day with an indication of the degree of racism on an individual and group level that raged during this time period. Main body Some of the most famous documents of this type are called the Cherokee Memorials. These documents were drafted in order to appeal to the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Congress who were, at that time, anticipating a bill that would forcibly remove all Cherokee from their settled and treatied lands in Georgia where gold had recently been discovered. They attempt to remind the U.S. Government that the Cherokee are not subjects of the United States but are instead a separate people, integrating with the U.S. population but citizens of an entirely separate and equal nation in and of itself. Both the nation’s independence as well as the U.S. tendency to infringe upon this nation are suggested in the statement, “The power of a state may put our national existence under its feet, and coerce us into her jurisdiction; but it would be contrary to legal right, and the plighted faith of the United States’ Government … Our sovereignty and right of enforcing legal enactments extend no further than our territorial limits, and that of Georgia is, and has always terminated at her limits” (1266). In spite of amble precedence in treating with other countries and in spite of stated laws within the federal government, the document provides a great number of examples in which the state of Georgia has continued to refuse these rights to the Cherokee people and infringed upon the rights they should have had. Rather than attempting to argue that the Cherokee should have rights as the new Americans had in fighti
Available literature demonstrates that many employees and courts in the United States have attempted to use the implied contract doctrine to redress and deter unfair employee terminations from the workplace by imposing norms of fairness on employers (Fineman, 2008). This paper aims to illuminate the implied contract doctrine by identifying three criteria that relate to the doctrine and describing how the criteria apply to McLain versus Great American Insurance case, which was tried in California in the mid-1980s. Implied contracts are mutual obligations arising from relationships between parties (e.g., employer and employee), with available labor scholarship showing that these obligations are often triggered by a multiplicity of issues, including duration of a relationship and patterns of interaction over time (Carrigan, 2009). This paper uses three criteria of the implied contract doctrine, namely (1) making a specific promise to the employee, (2) the employer’s entire course of conduct, and (3) exhaustive listing of dischargeable offenses in a handbook (Walsh, 2013). The author further notes that an implied contract case may be valid if a specific promise was made to the employee, if the employer’s entire course of conduct (e.g., policies, practices, statements, industry practices, employment tenure) is consistent with the promise made to the employee, and if the offense for termination is not listed in a handbook containing comprehensive listing of dischargeable offenses. In justifying the selected criteria, it is evident that the issues listed above are often present when both the employer and employee engage in mutual obligations that give rise to unstated and highly subjective understandings between the parties (Carrigan, 2009). In the McLain versus Great American Insurance case, comprehensively cited in Fineman (2008), Robert McLain sued his employer (Great American Insurance) “for wrongful termination in violation of an implied contract” (p. 346). The employee had been terminated from employment in 1985 due to distributing a confidential memo to colleagues in what the company labeled as insubordination. The employee went to court and accused the company of breaching an implied contract that he had previously signed with the company insinuating that he could only be terminated from service due to a just cause (Justia US Law, n.d.). Using the three criteria mentioned above, it can be argued that the employment of McLain was contractually binding, and hence, the employee was not terminated due to a good cause. First, a promise had been made to the employee that he would transition from temporary basis to permanent employment upon completion of his initial probation period, not mentioning that the company had promised the employee long-term career advancement opportunit
Introduction The gay marriage debate has been going on for a very long time. 37 % of voters in the United States of America are of the opinion that gays and lesbians should be allowed to marry legally. In addition, some proponents of gay marriages oppose a constitutional amendment to illegalize gay marriages (Pinello 35). On the other hand, 25 % of voters oppose gay marriages. 33 percent of voters support gay unions but disagree with such relationships being termed as marriages under the constitution (Pinello 35). Despite varying views among American citizens, gays and lesbians deserve to be treated like normal people regardless of their sexual orientations. Therefore, America should consider amending the constitution in order to allow gays and lesbians to marry legally without alienation or discrimination. Discussion Gay couples should enjoy the same privileges and public acknowledgement as heterosexual couples do (Schuh 42). As such, any constitutional attempt to bar gay marriages is an act of constitutional discrimination. In the United States, gay marriage has been banned in 31 states by means of constitutional amendments. On the other hand, gays and lesbian marriages have been legalized in nine states (Pinello 37). This disparity in the number of states that allow and those that have banned gay marriages is a direct indication that most people do not support gay unions. According to Schuh, “Legalizing gay marriages will enable gay people to enjoy basic rights such as inheritance rights, access to health services, and protection in case relationships end” (Schuh 42). Above all, the American constitution is committed to ensuring liberty and justice for all (Pinello 51). This is regardless of an individual’s race, ethnicity, religion, color, or sexual affiliation. It is important for presentation to be one-faced instead of two-faced as it currently is. According to the constitution, every American citizen is equal and bound by the same constitution and laws. Therefore, sexual orientation should not be an obstacle to justice and equality for all. “Sexual orientation should not be an obstacle to awarding justice and equality to everyone” (Stockland and Reichert 66). The government should loosen its grip on governing marriage the same way it does to activities that do not directly affect the proper functioning of the state. Every citizen should be allowed to marry depending on their sexual orientation and not based on what the state thinks is right for them. In addition, a constitutional amendment allowing gay marriages will be a positive leap towards giving full rights, recognition, and acceptance to gay people (Stockland and Reichert 68). “The fact that the constitution does not include marriage as a protected right is a good enough reason for a constitutional amendment allowing gay marriages” (Pinello 53). Exclusion of marriage as a protected right in the constitution has led to marriage being considered a privilege that is given by the states. In addition, with the ever-changing world, allowing gay marriages is important and inevitable since gay people are now more accepted and recognized than in past decades (Stockland a
Golden, Colorado, is considered to be a small town situated at the foot of Rocky Mountains, being separated by South and North Table Mountains from the Denver Metro. The analysis of the basic natural hazards observed in this area is considered to be centralized in the report; the paper will investigate the risk factors for the hazards and the level of damage produced by each hazard. The central point will be also dedicated to the examination of the principle rock types to find out the nature of the hazards and the way they operate. It is necessary to underline the fact the report will be a valuable contribution to the comparative research of natural hazards on the basis of investigation their risks within other geographical areas. The report will use the valid updated resources for the natural phenomena presentation through the qualitative and descriptive techniques usage. The Golden Valley, Colorado, has the following basic rock types to be analyzed:   * Igneous;   * Sedimentary;   * Metamorphic. The first type is characterized by a magma; that is hot melted rock erupting from volcano being called lava. Speaking of sedimentary type, it is necessary to stress that the rocks are formed from the sediment layers; these are the rock pieces covering mud, clay, sand and pebbles, which used to be hardened into sedimentary forms with the time. And, finally, metamorphic rocks are considered to be changed from sedimentary and igneous rock; they are created under the influence of heat and pressure. (Geologic Hazards, 2009) It should be stressed that geologists identify the type of rocks in accordance with the character of the materials they are formed of; considering these factors, Golden Valley has the following five basic rock types: coal (brittle and blackish rock being composed of plant remains); breccia (cemented rocks formed of non-rounded rock fragments); conglomerate (rounded rock fragments, cemented pebbles); limestone (marine life fossils, having grey or dark color); and sandstone (silica small particles). The analysis of the hazards observed at the Golden Valley, Colorado, is to be based on the following types: rockfall, flooding, landslides, and swelli
Introduction Bela Bartok heard an authentic Hungarian folksong for the first time in 1905, and it changed his life–not to mention the course of 20th Century music. Until that moment he believed that the Gypsy melodies popularized by Liszt and Brahms accurately represented the Hungarian folk idiom. But here was something wholly new: raw, uncompromising, and exhilarating. Fascinated by what he heard, Bartok made several excursions into the countryside (sometimes accompanied by his friend Zoltan Kodaly) to collect and preserve these unique melodies. More importantly, he quickly began to incorporate folk elements into his compositions. Bartok’s earliest efforts betray the influence of Liszt, enhanced by the modernism of, Richard Strauss. After discovering folk music, his compositions took on a different and far more original flavor. Irregular meters and off-beat accents were employed to generate unprecedented excitement and vitality. Rapid, unexpected changes of meter added further unpredictability. The folk song also freed Bartok from what he called “the tyranny of the major and minor keys”. While he never abandoned tonality, Bartok nonetheless employed every resource available to him: ancient modes, pentatonic and oddly irregular folk scales, 12-tone rows, polytonality, and even quarter-tones or other deviations from standard tuning. Main body Simultaneously Bartok began to use conventional instruments in exciting new ways. He transformed the piano into a veritable percussion orchestra, most remarkably in his first two piano concertos. Sometimes he even used stringed instruments percussively–as in the quartets, where pizzicatos are often plucked with such violence that the strings slap back against the fingerboard. Meanwhile, the percussionists themselves get quite a workout in such works as the Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion, Piano Concerto 1, and Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celeste. Bartok combined these innovations with strict formal designs gleaned from Bach (fugue, canon) and Beethoven (sonata), a shimmering orchestral palette that rivaled Debussy’s, and deeply personal response to events in his life and the world around him. A lost love (Quartet 1), the loss of his homeland to Nazi sympathizers (Divertimento, Quartet 6), and even the loss of his health (Concerto for Orchestra: III) are all reflected in his music. Even in his most brutal and difficult scores, Bartok’s essential humanity shines through. Toward the end, his work took on a new depth and richness of expression. The creations of his final years–such as the Concerto for Orchestra and Piano Concerto 3–remain among his most popular. As he lay on his deathbed in 1945 Bartok told his
Aside from issues of Civil Rights, the problems of Native Americans can be seen in the lack of recognition. The best way that characterizes this statement can be seen in the reaction of Americans watching the evening news o television on November 21, 1969, when Indians occupied the abandoned federal prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. The reaction was their surprise that Indians still existed at all (Weaver). In that regard, a figure such as Russell Means with his activism, biography, media appearances, and popularity, where the L.A. times described him as the most famous American Indian since Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse (“Russell Means – Home Page”), is truly a confirmation that Indians not only exist they also have a voice to be heard of. Russell Charles Means was born in the reservation of Pine Ridge on November 10 th , 1939 and he is the older son of Harold Means and Theodora Means. Means attended the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) School, and later a normal school in Vallejo, California. He was a good student grade in English language and History considerably above averages. Means was also a good athlete and were an active member of the organization of the American boy scouts. At the age of 16 years transferred from the mixed in racial proportion school in Vallejo to an all-white San Leandro High School. Every day facing the barrier of racial prejudices from schoolmates, it can be said that grievance and anger on a white society arose in Means at that time (UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography). Means changed several jobs, where he worked as a cowboy, a day laborer, and at an advertising firm, but it was his position at the directorship of the government-funded American center in Cleveland, Ohio, which started his active participation in the Indian movement. This facts of his biography that cover this participation include organizing the branch of the American Indian Movement (AIM)in Cleveland, the participation in costumed protests in Plymouth, a symbolic demonstration in Mount Rushmore, the protests In Nebraska, and planning a mass demonstration in Washington D.C (UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography). Russell C. Means has been an outspoken Indian rights activist for more than two decades. The organizer of numerous protests against the U.S. government’s treatment of Native Americans and a major figure in the American Indian Movement (AIM), Means is perhaps best known for leading a 71-day siege at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, which drew national attention to Indian-rights issues in the early 1970s. The head of the American Indian Anti-Defamation League since 1988, Means continues to fight for the unique identity and independence of Native Americans (UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography). Contribution to Ameri
Introduction Change experienced by human beings comes as a result of a lack of desire for something. Technological growth in any society is always a result of what society needs. As long as the human being expresses a desire to be more comfortable in a certain area in life, he will forever search for a way to do so. It is simply because of this reason that technology came up from the Stone Age to where we are today. Not only so, but we have come to the point in life where “we want it better”. We want it faster than it currently is. Human beings are living at an age where they would want to simplify everything and if possible, they would get everything done by the push of a button. As long as there is some resource to make this available, and as long as there is someone out there who requires a certain good or service, there will always be a change in technology to the positive side. This combination gives technology its boost and therefore unless the society deliberately objects to the advancement of a certain technology, probably because of cultural or traditional reasons, then we will always expect exponential advancement in technology. This paper is a case study of some of the industries that have over the past few years experienced rapid technological changes, and also those that have experienced little growth. We are going to find out how technology has influenced the industry and why it has done so. Industries Experiencing Rapid Growth Computer and Electronics Production Industry With the constant requirement for more work getting done in a shorter time in most of our day-to-day activities, many have turned to the assistance of computers due to their numerous advantages. More than half of the world can in one way or the other have access to a personal computer currently and rising demand for this is having an impact on the industry. This industry over the years has advanced from the mainframe computers characterized by the huge size and slow speed to personal computers (P.C.) which are way cheaper, more advanced, and way faster to work with. The comfort of using a more user-friendly P.C. has now given an open door to the invention of cheaper machines with better features than previous ones. This industry though depends on small groups of people who collectively make up the computer that is now seen. (Carrier Guide, 2009, para.13). It may contain, in many ways, a scientist or physicist who discovers a new technology, a technician, an engineer, a web designer, a programmer, and so many other professionals. When all these come into play, there usually is an outstanding assembly company that does the final work for one to see the computer as we see it today. The competition to satisfy the consumers consequently gives the rise to the rapid growth that is currently being experienced in this industry. The demand for a new feature in the computer will always give millions of dollars in return fo
Elections Canada warned the public not to trust any calls that claimed change of polling stations. The announcement was made on2nd May, 2011 by the election agency which went further to inform the public that the automated calls were not made by the agency. The robocalls which mainly targeted the Liberal and NDP supporters gave misleading information to the public. The pranks and harassing calls asked voters to vote in other polling stations, claiming they were being made on behalf of a candidate. Among the first people to report the prank calls to Elections Canada was Frank Valeriote, a Liberal candidate in Guelph, Ontario. The robocalls were common in Guelph and Thunder Bay where the people received automated calls or live calls with misleading and mischievous information. Election Canada has evidence that the calls were from a number in Quebec which is no longer in use. The number is registered under a restaurant name in Guelph-Pierre Poutine. Further investigations indicate that the number was initially used to contact Racknine Inc. Robocalls are legitimate methods of running campaigns in several countries including the USA. The robocalls are automated calls that help a candidate campaign by giving messages about the campaign and information that is relevant to the voter. However, if the service is used to give false and misleading information then it is declared illegal. The conservatives agree that prank calls were made in Guelph, but the party did not have any role to play in the matter. On the other hand, the Liberal party and NDP believe that the ruling party may have used the robocalls to disrupt and mislead voters. Even though, there is evidence that misleading and harassing calls were made to the public, there isn’t a clear indication of the effects. The strategies and tricks did not have a lot of influence on the 2011 election results because voter turnout was higher than the 2008 elections. The ruling party i.e. the conservatives are not treating the issue as a matter of national interest instead they termed it as a lot of noise from the opposition. The conservatives choose to blame the opposition and Elections Canada. However, the ruling party should have involved itself actively to find the source and solution of the problem. In so doing, they would have convinced the public that they are interested in solving the issue. Before the issue is solved the conservatives do not have full consent of Canadian voters. The Liberal and NDP may be blowing the matter out of context. Though there may be some truth in the issue, the rate at which people are reporting fraudulent calls may weaken the issue. Some people view the increase of reports as mischievous and exaggerated. Elections Canada the agency with the responsibility of solving the issue is not reporting the process and how far the investigation has gone. The complaints submitted to the agency have not been investigated. No one is sure if Elections Canada has the capability and resources to resolve this issu