ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Organizational change is necessary for promoting business to higher levels of profitability, productivity, and performance. An organization’s performance may be high, but it cannot be improved without implementing change to organizational processes (Haines, 2004). The major challenge, therefore, is associated with empowerment and the barriers that organizational behavior imposes on effective change management (Robbins and Coulter, 2007). This was the scenario at the Regency Grand Hotel, whereby employees were accustomed to the hierarchical form of management and, as a result, they had difficulties in adjusting to the new flat leadership approaches. Reluctance of employees to introduce innovative ideas was explained by the fear of being punished for their mistakes and initiatives. Moreover, motivation and creativity were discouraged because all employees should follow instructions diligently. This paper provides an executive summary on the case study relating to the Regency Grand Hotel and a review of managerial dilemmas with respect to organizational behavior concepts. Executive Summary The Regency Grand Hotel was successful under the old management and hierarchical leadership, whereby all decisions taken had to be approved by the management. Careful observance of all instructions was highly rewarded by the managers who considered employees’ welfare a priority. However, the acquisition of the Hotel by the American hotel chain led to serious shifts in the management system. The appointment of John Becker as the new general manager provided new managerial strategies of empowerment to motivate and encourage creativity and innovation among the employees. Particular emphasis was placed on a guest-oriented approach to enhance the quality of customer service. Specifically, the manager considered it necessary to empower the employees with decision-making authority and make them take the initiate in difficult situations. The general manager realized that organizational reconstruction was quite challenging because the decision-making power had previously been possessed by superior managerial department. Therefore, Becker had to spend a great amount of time interacting and communicating with employees to understand the problem and provide possible solutions. His main purpose was to make his subordinates understand that minor issues could be solved at lower levels of management without approval of higher authorities. Despite Becker’s attempts to introduce n
Introduction The universe is composed of an exceptional community of life, humanity being part of it and other ecological systems. Existence in this source of life to many creatures, plants and other organisms is vital, demanding and uncertain, probably due to the forces of nature. In the process of acquiring survival techniques and well-being, depletion of the earth’s ecological system becomes increasingly irrepressible. This depletion is detrimental to life and is ever more becoming dangerous to the environment, thereby reducing survival chances on earth. This is mainly due to flexibility of the society of life and welfare of humanity, which lies upon preservation of a healthy biosphere as well as its ecological systems, such as clean air, fertile soils, affluent mixture of animals and plants, and pure waters, among others. This paper will try to define environment and describe the effects of global warming on it. Environment and Global warming Our environment encompasses all that provides the fundamental conditions of life, without which, survival ceases. The natural environment is therefore critical in ensuring survival for humanity and other ecological systems. It entails all the aspects of the world that is found outside artificial constructs of man and is essential to our continued existence. These include ecosystems, biodiversity, the atmosphere, plant life, water and animal life. Humanity therefore, relies on the ability of earth to support it, yet it concerns to see how much humanity has eroded other living creatures by altering the balances of the atmosphere. This, combined with other natural causes, has led to climatic change, which have in-turn resulted in global warming. Global warming refers to the increase in the mean temperature of the air near the surface of the earth and oceans, which started in mid-20 th century as well as its anticipated prolongation. During the 20 th century, assessments have shown that global temperatures of the surface increased by 0.74 degrees Celsius. This is believed to have been caused by human activities like deforestation and burning of fossils, as well as the ever-increasing concentration of green house gases such as carbon dioxide, among others. Effects of Global warming Global warming has had a great impact on the environment with the future survival of the earth’s habitat put in jeopardy as a clean environment signifies better life and vice versa. The environment has undergone various transformations due to increasing temperatures. These effects include: Rise in Sea Level Since global warming raises the average global surface temperatures, this causes polar ice caps and glaciers to melt, thereby leading to expansion of water bodies. In essence, sea levels continue to rise and predictions point to the fact that it could rise as much as 88 centimeters. Reduction Sea Ice With the expected melting f ice caps and glaciers, it is expected that about 60% of glaciers and Ice caps will melt. This is likely to be of great concern in Greenland and Antarctica. Ocean Acidification Due
Fifteen Ethical Principles of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights presented by Melnyk & Fineout (2019) is considered a significant record that will redesign the nature of exploration internationally and advance high moral principles in numerous countries where no guidelines exist as of now. The report presents 15 standards, including regard for human pride, common liberties and basic opportunities, and the need for individual interests and government assistance over science and society’s interests (Melnyk & Fineout, 2019). The specific theme which is crucial in providing high-quality care after patients is informed consent on healthcare. Clinical practice is not easy due to different components impinging on the physician-patient relationship (Hammer, 2016). Shared trust shapes the establishment of a significant connection between caregiver and patient. Today, patients will, in general, are poorly educated about healthcare (Hammer, 2016). Internet accessibility makes people confused regarding the proper treatment and the development of a disease. Hence, giving sufficient data and teaching the patient about actual factors, and getting educated consent before exposing a patient to any medical procedure is fundamental. The idea of consent emerges from the moral standard of patient self-governance and fundamental everyday freedoms. To guarantee ethical scientific research, a specialist should complete a clear, educated assent for the individual concerned prior to the experiment. The data ought to be sufficient, given in an intelligible structure, and must incorporate conditions for assent withdrawal (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2016). To ensure a legitimate and moral discussion, most medical workers agree to an absolute following of several fundamental components during educated assent conversations. For example, the leader ought to have the mental and physical ability to settle on choices, and the doctor ought to unveil adequate details for the patient to settle on an educated decision (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2016). This way, a patient has all the opportunity to choose what can or cannot be done to their body and gather data before going through any methodology, particularly medical procedure.
Introduction In the modern world characterized by fierce competition, organizations can hardly afford to be unethical or behave unethically. Main body The unethical behavior of an organization may take different forms and be manifested in different areas. For example, companies may try to manipulate customers’ knowledge and preferences. The provision of incomplete or erroneous data is another example of unethical conduct (Duane Hansen et al., 2016). In 2008, this kind of behavior contributed to the onset of a global financial crisis. The cases of such global leaders as Apple or Nike, as well as other companies, show that reputational losses may lead to financial losses (Ebert & Griffin, 2017). The outcomes of companies’ human resources policies often become a topic of heated debate. The environmental input of businesses is another area of contemporary customers’ concerns. People are willing to buy from and use the services of the organizations that are corporate citizens (Park et al., 2017). Important shifts in customers’ needs and preferences, as well as marketing, took place in the 1980s when people started more concerned with social aspects of the products they buy and consume (Ebert & Griffin, 2017). The focus on the environment and human resources practices can serve as bright illustrations of these changes. Customers want to buy from companies whose environmental input is minimized while social responsibility is constantly increasing (Park et al., 2017). People want to feel they are making this world better through their daily activities such as shopping. Clearly, authorities are also important actors as they can initiate legal actions if some regulations are not followed. In addition to such external factors as customers’ preferences, the performance of companies depends on their workforce as well. Employees also pay substantial attention to the ethical aspect and perform better if they feel that their leaders and organizations behave ethically (Saha et al., 2019). Employees are motivated to perform better if their higher-level needs are met. Employees, similar to customers, want to feel their contribution to a rightful endeavor that makes the world better. In many cases, employees are also guided by their interests and professional goals, but modern leaders tend to create an organizational culture based on ethical principles. People are encouraged to behave in specific ways, which results in favorable outcomes for the organization that often receives a competitive advantage. Some still believe that some instances of unethical behavior, especially if they do not lead to major adverse effects or if they are concealed, can be acceptable and can hardly influence a company’s success. However, the modern world is characterized
The psychological theories for discussion The two psychological theories that are used here are;   * The presence of people around us   * Whether we are influenced to help them or not In explicating this connection, I will make use of a concept known as the bystander effect in psychology. This concept explains scenarios in which people fail to give help to a person.   * The chances of assistance are inversely linked to the total number of bystanders around someone.   * The more the bystanders are, there are reduced chances that any of those individuals would offer any kind of assistance. A number of variables are used to elucidate why the bystander effect happens. Such variables are uncertainty, togetherness, and lastly the dissemination of responsibility. Incorporation of research In 1964, a man called Kitty Genovese was murdered. This made two psychologists make a demonstration of the bystander effect in an unknown library in 1968. Through several of the research studies that they started, a very potent and most believable outcome in social psychology was reached. In an archetypal study, the participant is placed on his or her own or in a certain grouping of more people who are participating in the study. A crisis situation is then made to occur and the psychologists take recordings of the length of time used by those used as participants to make an intervention. The studies proved that the presence of people around a person hinders help, many times by a very gaping margin. For instance, in one of the researches conducted, a crisis was staged of a lady in the problem. At least 70 percent of the individuals chose to assist her after believing that she had actually gotten injured. However, the presence of other people in that region reduced the percentage to just 40 percent of those who saw a need to help the lady. Connections between the theories to research findings discussed Clearly, a theory of persuasion could be used to explain the connection between the theories been connected here. It is obvious then that people are affected to respond depending on whether a situation is an emergency one or not. Through previously conducted research to analyze bystander conduct in non-emergency scenario
Luka Magnotta, a star of adult video industry has become famous because he was charged and treated as the perpetrator of crimes with psychopathic and sickening nature (“Luka Magnotta, accused in infamous body-parts case, faces preliminary inquiry Monday” par. 1). In 2013, the trial that looks at the matter has begun and is continuing today. The potential story is as follows. On the 25 th of May, 2012, Luka has invited his lover, Lin Jun, a 33 year old student from China. Luka then tied Lin to the bed, turned on a video camera and started stabbing Lin with an ice pick into the chest. He then commenced sexual acts on the dead body and allegedly ate some flesh of his victim. The video was posted online for the public to see. The body was severed into limbs and different parts were sent into several institutions, including a school. After this Luka Magnotta went into hiding (“Luka Magnotta preliminary hearing suspended for the day”). On May 26 th 2012, the police were notified of the video that showed the murder and following acts. The police decided it was a fake and disregarded the report. On May 29 th 2012 a torso was found in Magnotta’s home in a bag. At this time, Lin Jun was reported missing. The same day Conservative Party of Canada has received a parcel with a severed human foot. The note in the parcel stated that six body parts were sent to different addresses and that the killer will not stop. At this time, Interpol became involved. On June 4 th , 2012, Luka Magnotta was arrested in a café in Berlin while he was reading an article about himself (“Disturbing specifics of Magnotta case a secret to all Canadians … except these people” par. 3). On June 5 t
Gun control refers to proposals, policies, practice, and laws that govern use, sale, shipment, importation, production, and ownership of fire arms like guns by private citizens. Gun control refers to limiting or restricting personal ownership of firearms, especially long guns, shot guns, automatic weapons, and hand guns. Laws and policies governing ownership of guns vary from one state to another. For instance, in the United Kingdom, ownership is governed by strict rules whereas in the United States most of the citizens own personal guns for self-defense at their homes. Gun ownership is legal in the United States with about 40% of the population owning guns. Despite this, legalization of guns has remained a hot debate because of its associated negative effects like accidents, which causes injuries and deaths. The issue of gun control is a debatable issue in many countries with its proponents arguing that gun ownership is dangerous whereas opponents hold that it is an effective tool for self-protection. Gun control is an effective tool for controlling crime although like drug prohibition, no country has controlled successfully the use of guns mainly because of availability of guns in the black markets (Bijlefeld, 1997). Reasons in Support of Gun Control According to Bijlefeld (1997), gun control reduces suicide, homicide, and crimes related to gun use. For instance in the United States, guns use is the main cause of most of the suicidal and homicide cases. The estimated number of children, men, and women dying annually because of gunshot wounds is 30 000 out of, which 1500 deaths are caused by accidental shooting. Many Americans think that limitation of use and ownership of guns in the United States would reduce homicide and gun violence. Gun use is associated with series of assassinations in the United States. For instance in 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. Other violent incidents involving gun use include the 1999 Columbine High School Massacre, and the 2007 Virginia Tech Massacre. In both incidents, students, teachers were shot dead. Gun control makes it easy for the government to manage use of fire arms. The government is in a position to tell the kind of guns used is a particular area. This is important, especially in cases when the government wishes to recover some kinds of fire arms like assault rifles. Gun control prevents the occurrence of accidents. Children are likely to injure themselves or others when they get hold of guns and begin playing with it. It also prevents suicidal cases. People may be tempted to shoot themselves, especially when they are emotionally, mentally, and physically stressed. This does not imply that gun owners get more depressed than other people but because suicide through the use of gun is considered quick,
Introduction Sexual misconduct is referred to as an act of engaging in any conduct with a patient that is perceived to be sexual, which may be either physical contact or verbal (National Council of States Boards of Nursing 11). Studies conducted reveal that cases of sexual misconduct by health professionals are rising significantly in many countries. Generally, patients can level lawsuits for damages based on of the following allegations: that, either the physician convinced the patient that engaging in sex was part of the medical treatment, or that physicians failed to exercise self-restraint and thus breached his fiduciary duty to the patient. Sexual misconduct entrails all sexual contacts between health practitioners and patients during doctor-patients relationship (Smith & Australian Institute of Criminology 118). The prevalence rate of sexual misconduct in physicians is estimated at 6-10 percent, but this phenomenon is likely under-reported in physician surveys and by patients. Generally, health care providers alleged of sexual misconduct are predominately male whose average age is 53 years; possess a history of personal life crises and they are in private practice. Further, the problem of sexual misconduct affects all medical disciplines and patients involved. However, most complaints of sexual misconducts are launched against practitioners, psychiatrists and gynecologists. Nevertheless, the case of consent does not apply between health professionals and their patients, mainly because of imbalance of power between the two parties (Smith & Australian Institute of Criminology, p.118). Internal investigating and self-regulation by health professional bodies have proved to be ineffective. Moreover, most medical boards lack independence and impartiality whenever handling cases of sexual misconduct from their members. This is worsened by the fact that medical boards assume that past offenders can be rehabilitated, hence they offer short license revocation periods or allow offenders to practice under supervision. This research study investigates the case of sexual misconduct among health care professionals and the corresponding effects to healthcare administrators and their insurance policies. Reporting of sexual misconduct Reporting of sexual misconduct by health professionals has significantly increased. According to Smith and Australian Institute of Criminology (1998), increased reporting of sexual abuse is attributed to increased awareness in the community. Additionally, some policies compel health practitioners to report any sexual misconduct from their colleague (Breen et al., p.162). However, ‘lesser’ sexual offenses are more tolerated by patients and go u
One of the great expectations of 2017, ‘The Great Showman’ received the majority of mixed reviews. Although it was generally positively accepted by spectators and even received some awards, not all critical reviews found positive commentaries for the plot, director, and the movie as a whole (Travers; Lawson; Collin). Premise Directed by Michael Gracey, the film is a biographical drama and a musical at the same time. It presents the story of how show business was born. In fact, the movie is a story of a visionary who created an amazing spectacle and became famous worldwide. The story begins with depicting the main character, Phineas Taylor Barnum, as a young boy who helps his father working as a tailor. He gets acquainted with a girl named Charity. Although her farther forbids him to come to the girl, they remain friends and marry when they grow older. Later, Barnum works for a trading company until it is closed. He attempts to work for himself and takes a loan to open the museum of oddities, but this idea fails. Still, he continues searching for unique people and renames his show as “P.T. Barnum’s Circus” that performs in America and abroad and becomes successful. Characterization The main character of the movie is a penniless but ambitious young man Phineas Taylor Barnum. His story is that of a man who made himself and achieved everything he desired. His beloved wife, Charity, is another significant character. She is a support for her husband and a keeper of their family. Phillip Carlyle, a playwright, is a character that brought in new ideas to Barnum’s Circus and their cooperation took the show higher level. On the whole, the acting of characters is good. Plot and Structure The plot is not too complicated and quite predictable, which can be considered a weakness of the movie. Still, unexpected turns are not characteristic of musicals. The typical structure is followed. The film opens with character presentation, then the plot develops to the climax, and the final scene brings the movie to the end. Dialogue The dialogues are well-written. The conversations are logical and sound natural. However, the major dialogue is found in songs. Some critics claim they are too simple, but still songs in the movie are emotional and suit the scenes where they are used (Hann). Moreover, ‘The Greatest Showman’ was nominated for Oscar for these songs. Thus, music is a strong point of the film. Originality The movie is sometimes characterized as “a good old-fashioned cornball PG musical,” which does not contribute to its genre originality (Gleiberman). Still, the plot itself attracted spectators and thus has a certain share of originality. Scenes The scenes are both well-played and well-shot. Still, there is some confusion in places where songs enter the plot. Nevertheless, the sequence of scenes is logical and represents the story well. Also, lighting is a significant element of the scenes because it underlines the difference between the show and life. Visual Presentation Critics wonder why the movie became so popular with spec