ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Coors Beer is a company operating since 1873 across the United States (“About Us,” n.d.). Coors’ policy has always emphasized the need to use the best procurement practices and brewing strategies that would help maintain the taste of the beer, which affected the distribution and production potential. Recently, the company decided to invest in the reduction of its distribution costs. This paper will analyze the Coors case study and discuss the alternative solutions to the issues that impact the performance of this business. Diagnosis This company is doing well since apart from the workers’ strikes and some conflicts with the labor union, Coors was able to upkeep its operations, introduce new beers to the market, and increase the area of distribution for its current products. In the case study, the company’s plans to build a second facility for beer production and a bottling facility are detailed. Notably, Coors distributed its beer both through wholesalers and through direct distribution. However, there were restrictions regarding the number of states that the beer can be shipped to both due to costs and because of the company’s production policy. Moreover, according to the case study, in 1975, the company had extremely good sales in 10 out of 11 of its target states despite the general decline in consumption. Therefore, due to the fact that Coors was doing well in terms of sales, they needed to establish another factor, both to increase the geographical presence of their beers by distributing them to states that previously could not receive these beers and by increasing the production capacities, However, when examining the logistics issue that Coors case study shows, it is evident that the company’s policy to avoid pasteurization affected its distribution potential. According to the case study, the policy of not pasteurizing beer was linked to the taste that was adversely affected by this process. However, the case study also noted that the consumers did not report a substantial difference when trying Coors’ beer and that of the competitors. Hence, the non-pasteurization policy may be a marketing or heritage practice that the Coors management decided to maintain, but it does not necessarily contribute to the businesses’ development. Solution An alternative solution would be to consider the development of a new taste of beer that is prepared using pasteurization. However, the shortcomings of the alternative are the potential effect on the taste and the marketing challenge since Coors has prided itself on the premium quality and taste of its beer. Still, with the growing consumer demand and considering the company’s limited growth when compared to Aunhauser-Bosch and Miller, as seen in Exhibit 7 of the case study, Coors had to come up with a strategy
Introduction It is impossible to ignore the way that the world and society advance quickly in this century. That is the reason why the tactics towards shaping the economy and advertising change by getting new elements. The consequence of the world financial crisis impacts the conventional way to deal with the circle of advertising incredibly. These days, companies need to work on their advertisements to make them more appealing to the target customers (Angel and Sanchez 436). Under these conditions, Saudi Arabia, customarily being taken as reliant on the petroleum-based products, begins to make a few stages with a specific end goal to enhance and locate some other powerful sources of income for the budget. That is the reason why the movement towards a little business can be watched even there. These days, many customers have established an attachment to a particular brand. The loyalty of a customer contributes to the success of the brand (Jackson 13). Alteration in the marketing mix is a persuasive element that affects the behavior of the consumer. At the point when purchasers visit a franchise shop, the ambiance of the store can impact them. For example, the components such as the smell, music, shading, social settings, and virtual shopping circumstances are likely to influence the consumers. If the store’s physical environment is encompassed with a great atmosphere, the buyers may have a positive bearing, and they will tend to purchase the item from the shop. The consumer’s buying process is influenced by purchase decisions and psychological factors, as shown in Figure 1.1 below. Figure 1.1 Consumer buying process. The purchase circumstances can have an unequivocal influence on the purchaser’s responsive state. Additionally, time imperatives can change the purchasers’ examination of information. The buyers tend to settle on straightforward decisions than those in less strained circumstances because of time stress. If customers go shopping just before the shop closes, they do not have sufficient time to ponder and consider the appropriate product. Among the marketing mix elements, price generates revenue to the business, but promotion, place, and product incur costs (Kotler 42). Franchise business in Saudi Arabia For the past 20 years, many scholars have explored the issue of franchising business in developing markets. This has prompted the research in franchising business in countries like Mexico and the South American countries, the Asian market (Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Indonesia), and other parts of the world, such as Kuwait, India
The findings by Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2012), after conducting a study stated that most doctors, over 85% of the sample, indicated that it is crucial for doctors to be able not only the medical aspects of a patient but also the social needs. It was the wish of the doctors that to fully treat the patient, they are able the social requirements of the patient. Doctors felt the need to be in a position to eliminate social challenges that affect their patients, some of the factors include proper transportation, proper nutrition, and house assistance. The doctors felt they should be able to offer social prescriptions just the same way they offer medical prescriptions. The doctors felt they need the ability to be able to connect the patients with these resources (Ardishanson, 2012). The survey was instrumental in providing information that doctors need the power to address the social needs of the patients but this is not possible as the current health care system is not in a capacity to offer this. Food, housing, and proper heat are some important basic social needs that have a direct effect on the true healing of a patient. Just like drugs for an illness, these social needs play the same role. Many primary care physicians are not well trained to address the social needs of their patients. Many physicians have no time to address the social needs of the patients. An example of a challenge is an asthma infection in children. The problem will return due to the poor living conditions in their house. This may be caused by the growth of molds in their house or the presence of insecticides that have been sprayed in the surrounding. Doctors need to sensitize policymakers in the community on the need of addressing the social needs of the patient (Downie, 2012). There is a need for changes in the health care system in the United States; this will enable health care to address the costs necessary to connect the patient with the
Introduction Learning a foreign language not only involves students’ interaction and enables them to communicate proficiently but also provides them with an opportunity to communicate while learning and utilising grammatical knowledge. While learning a foreign language, two types of approaches are used:  1. A deductive approach  2. An inductive approach A deductive approach is used under the influence of any suggested rule by the teacher. That clearly indicates it is a teacher-centred approach while an inductive approach is devoid of rules and grammatical concerns; therefore, it is student or learner-centred. Both the approaches are followed with many merits and demerits (ELT, 2007). However, let us discuss the merits in the light of PPP (Presentation, practice and production) teaching. PPP (Presentation, practice and production teaching) PPP being a deductive approach enables the learners to practise the language through controlled activities set by the teacher. While going through the stages of presentation, practice and production, the learner learns grammar as a product (not as a process). That means the learner is abode by grammatical concerns, and as a product, the learner is bound to represent his lessons in numerous ways, e.g. as learning, teaching, reference or linguistic grammar, there is the underlying assumption of grammar as being static, i.e. as analysable and describable. (Pachler, 1999, p. 95) In teaching methods reliant on a structural syllabus (e.g., grammar-translation, audio bilingualism and situational language teaching), grammar held pride of place. However, being a deductive approach, PPP finds the opportunity to help the learners learn with real freedom, freedom of expression without any concern for grammar as teaching grammar does not correlate with acquiring grammar. (Hinkel & Fotos, 2002, p. 17) Theoretical Merits Practical problems often arise in such circumstances where learning is not teacher-centred. However, this provides and equips the student with confidence and courage to make mistakes and learn from them. Often students fail to take on this responsibility in some attempts, while later on, with the passage of time, they tend towards responsibility. Yet underlying these practical matters is the hidden fundamental moral paradoxes of the teaching profession. In this context, teachers find themselves as a supporter who helps learners to discover and learn. This helps the teachers towards betterment because they personally involve themselves in the successes and failures of learners. Therefore it is difficult to figure out where the responsibility of the teacher ends, and that of the learner begins. Clearly, it is inevitable that learners do make errors. But is this a good or bad thing? At first sight, it appears self-evident that errors are a very bad thing and signal a breakdown in the teaching and learning situation. (Broughton et al., 1980, p. 134) TBLT (Task-based language teaching) TBLT (Task-based
Description of the Case Study Rachel , a 15 – year – old girl , was diagnosed with cyclothymic disorder. The disorder is considered as a relatively mild type of bipolar II. Rachel displays a wide range of symptoms, including mood swings that could appear normal. Rachel often show mild depression, a low-level mania and certain emotions (periods of extreme creativity, energy, and/or irritability) associated with hypomania. While cyclothymic disorder may remain undiagnosed or persons may be unaware of their conditions and possible treatment options, Rachel was successfully diagnosed with the condition. Nevertheless, changes in the mood were observed throughout her condition, and Rachel was never free from one or more of her symptoms. Clearly, Rachel requires both short-term and long-term management of cyclothymic disorder because her condition is a lifelong disorder that is complicated by high comorbidity and challenges of poor health outcomes. As such, primary care clinicians have a critical role to play in enhancing the quality of life of Rachel. On this note, the management plan for the condition, specifically for severe mood behaviors should aim for safety of Rachel. This process may entail immediate consultation when necessary. Moreover, Rachel may require an evidence-based intervention immediately, which should be extended to maintenance stages. In addition, the patient will also require long-term management to control mood, constant medication and further psychotherapy support to improve her quality of life. An Evidence-based Psychiatric Assessment Researchers have observed that misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents has become a common public health issue (Jenkins, Youngstrom, Washburn, & Youngstrom, 2011). While accurate diagnosis is vital, it is often difficult and thus leading to errors. As such, evidence-based assessment (EBA) methods are viewed as alternatives that could assist in enhancing diagnostic accuracy. A nomogram assessment has been effectively applied in assessing adolescent cyclothymic disorder. The nomogram shows that information regarding family history can be applied to assess the condition in a quantitative manner. In the case of the nomogram assessment, EBA promotes the application of Bayesian strategies for evaluating the likelihood of a person having the condition. Bayesian approaches usually link new data with the earlier probability of an assessment in order to approximate a reviewed, posterior probability (Youngstrom, Freeman, & Jenkins, 2009). The line located in the middle of the nomogram is used to quantify the outcome of the new pieces of data assessed. They are computed as “diagnostic likelihood ratio” (DLR), which theoretically indexes the observed variation in risk of cyclothymic disorder by gauging the rate at which the assessment procedure takes place. Usually, rates related to higher test scores or positive family history are compared against rates found in cases without cyclothymic disorder. That is, the DLR depicts
Introduction The Tail hook scandal of 1991 was military scandal in the United States. The implications of the scandal were quite enormous and have continued to be relevant in the United States military up to date. The scandal involved sexual harassment of a female officer by a navy male pilot at a Las Vegas hotel convention. This scandal generated heavy stigma for quite sometimes and it resulted to destroying careers of very many people. Consequently, the event attracted extensive attention from the public as it raised questions concerning the effectiveness of the justice system in the US military, as well as concerns on gender issues in the forces (Kammer, 1994). The scandal began during the return of naval aviators from Desert Storm missions in September 1991. There was a party for their return which involved several wild party activities by voluntary participants such as gross indecency and sexual suggestiveness. According to Faludi (1994(a), in the fateful day, a marine Corp captain according to Lieutenant Coughlin’s account, grabbed her from her back but an attempt to turn around to confront the captain were frustrated by another person who held her from behind making it easier for the captain to force his hands through the female officers’ tube top. Ethics Public official have the responsibility to ensure that in all their activities relating to their public office, they adhere to a code of ethics outlined in their line of duty at any one given point. Study shows that, there are a number of ethical statements that every public offer ought to observe (Cooper, 2012). These ethical codes include: integrity, selflessness, honesty, and accountability. In the Tail hook-scandal report on sexual harassment, there were clear violations of ethical standards by the military officers who sexually harassed their female colleague at the party. The incident that took place in September 1991 in the navy Taillhook convention witnesses a violation of ethical standards by several navy officers. This ethical violation was not only a disgrace to the navy but also to the US military as a whole. During the party, female officers as well as guests, encountered navy aviators who had their buttocks or breasts grabbed. Worse still, some of the men aviators attempted to force these female gests and officers to strip. Accountability The public officials involved in the Tail hook scandal were accountable to the Tail hook Association, the leadership of the aviation community in the navy, as well as to the general public. According to the Department Of The Army (1993), accountability was one of the most difficult issues to establish in relation to the 1991Tail hook scandal. This was because there were various forms of misconduct that come to light and the navy leadership tacitly approved them or permitted them to continue. For this reason, the people who were accountable to the Tail hook scandal were indeed the Tail hook Association as well as the leadership of the aviation community in the navy. An investigation in to the Tail hook-scandal revealed that not only were the individual officers responsible for violation of ethical standards in the fo
Introduction The Goal , a 1984 book by Eliyahu M. Goldratt, is, no matter how strange this might sound, a novel on management. Utilizing the form of a literary work, the author exposes some common, but crucial mistakes made by the management of numerous companies of his time, that is, the attempts to increase productivity by maximizing efficiency of production in an incautious and thoughtless way. In this paper, we will address the notions of productivity and efficiency and explain how they work in the theory offered by Goldratt, exposing the mistake of the classical management that leads to sub-optimization. The Notion of Productivity In The Goal , Goldratt exposes, among others, the concept of productivity. Jonah, while talking to Alex, suggests that he defines this notion for himself in order to be able to see how to improve the situation in his factory. Having given this issue some consideration, Alex arrives at the conclusion that productivity of an activity measures whether the goals of the activity were achieved. Therefore, to determine whether an activity is productive, it is necessary to define the goals of this activity. As Alex thinks about this problem, he realizes that the goal of the UniCo’s plant he works in is not utilizing the newest technologies or capturing the largest share of the market; the ultimate goal is making money. The absence of profit is what is wrong with the factory on the whole 1 . While considering this issue further, Alex understands that the amount of money made can be expressed in an explicit form by utilizing three metrics: net profit, return on investment, and cash flow. However, it still remains unclear how to apply even these three notions to measure the productivity of a particular activity that takes place in the factory’s walls. Jonah reveals this secret to Alex during one of their conversations; he explains that the notions to be used for this purpose are throughput, inventory, and operational expenses. They are defined as “the rate at which the system generates money through sales”, “all the money that the system has invested in purchasing things which it intends to sell”, and “all the money the system spends in order to turn inventory into throughput”, respectively (Goldratt and Cox 66-67). Utilizing these three notions, it is possible to evaluate all the processes which take place in the factory. 2 The Notion of Efficiency In contrast to the concept of productivity, the term “efficiency” is not defined clearly in Goldratt’s book. However, it is frequently used in the text. Thus, it is possible to explain what is meant when the word is used. In our opinion, efficiency could be understood as the extent to which the present resources are utilized in order to produce the product. Therefore, a common-sense understanding leads us to think that to enhance the efficiency always means to improve the amount of money made, because common sense says that the more you produce, the more money
Introduction Reputable journalists around the world desire to disseminate news in an unprejudiced manner. They focus on furnishing the public with information about local or international occurrences through minimal personal interference. While the virtue, of reaching this goal is reasonable, the feasibility of attaining it is another matter altogether. Challenges of striving for objectivity It is possible for people to experience the same reality, but their understanding of the same depends on their perception (Brooks 2006). A microwave may seem like an indispensable device to a restaurant owner, but the same item may be perceived as a box or an awkward piece of furniture by a bushman in the Kalahari Desert. Alternatively, a person’s definition of intelligence may depend on that person’s cultural inclinations. Education, norms, and biases filter what people perceive in their worlds. It is these filters that cause people to have different religious standpoints, gender identities, personalities or economic opinions. For instance, a group of people may witness a mob lynching in a part of town. A lawyer may talk about the possibility of a lawsuit by the concerned assailant; a politician may consider strengthening the city’s security laws; a clergyman may talk about God’s role in sparing the victim from death. All these perceptions stem from old information that the viewers used to understand the new information. Since people subjectively construct the world, then even journalists perceive events against this backdrop. Methods or platforms used to convey information are quite unsteady in the field. Journalists need to use words in order to convey information, yet words can mean different things to different people. For instance, the statement “Mergina is an exotic location bursting with native energy” could mean different things to different people. Does the word exotic refer to something bizarre or is or just another way of demonstrating that the location is exciting and different? If it is different, then the author should specify his reference point. Native energy may be translated negatively by the people of Mergina who may assume that the term connotes primitivism. Therefore, journalists may intend on conveying factual information, but their choice of words and interpretations could betray them. Even the sheer notion of doing conflict war zone reporting brings the matter of objectivity into question. An employer cannot force a journalist to enter a war zone unless the correspondent consciously chooses to do so. This means that he or she must feel strongly enough about a certain story to put himself or herself in danger. At that point, the journalist will compromise on objectivity because he or she is passionate about the matter. Reportage requires detachment, but this is close to impossible to achieve when journalists already feel so strongly about something. When engaging in journalistic work, stakeholders must make numerous decisions on