ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Secularization refers to the process through which institutions lose their religious, traditional and social practices. As the world moves into the new dispensation, societies tend to shun their traditional and religious practices overtime. Every state including both developed and developing ones have experienced metamorphosis in their attempt to march into the new political world. With the people’s changing social as well as political organization, traditional set ups and structures have become irrelevant. This paper takes a critical look at secularization process as has been experienced by three Middle East countries i.e. Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Lebanon. (Willem van Kemenade, 1995) The Middle East countries refer to the most unstable in terms of development, both social and political. In fact, the rising of Iran and Iraq as powerful manufacturers of weapons of mass destruction and drastic outburst of Islam in the Middle East have been seen by the western nations as a possible emergence of another super power. This has actually been exacerbated by secularization for the last fifty years in the Middle East. (Richard, 2006) Secularization in the Middle East Lebanon Today Lebanon still remains the most adverse among the countries in the Middle East with numerous sub tribe communities as Sunni, Shia, Christian, and Druze population. Most of the scholars admit that Lebanon is more secular than other Muslims in their own country. The studies reveal that Muslims in Lebanon do not actually value Islam as a religion as other Muslims in countries like Pakistan, Morocco, Turkey and Indonesia. Secularism is quite important for the country, because it means democratization for it. The political powers have signed an agreement in December 1985 which called for the secularization of Lebanon’s political life (according to this agreement, the militia were disbanded and the powers were transferred to the Prime Minister). Modern scholars still see secularism as a salvation for the country. Israel Secularization in Israel took place in three main periods. During the last third period (late 1950s), people’s ideas about their state started to be shaped on the basis of their understanding and perception of religious symbols. In the 1970s there emerged such a notion as civil religion, and namely this type of religion was affected by secularization. Secularization in Israel was initiated by Zionist movement; it resulted in Israeli religion spreading far beyond the bounds of the state. After the war (around 1967) and the occupation of certain territories of the state, it was hard for Israeli people to maintain their Diasporas, which resulted in the polarization of religion between public and private sectors of the institutional order. Turkey Turkey is one of the few countries in the world that has experienced the highest number of political coups. The opposing theories taken by different leaders who belong to different political affiliations, and fueled by secularizations has made Turkey to under go long periods of political instability. Ranging
The modern environmental movement The history of the environmental movement includes several important milestones. For example, one can mention the publication of Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring because it raised people’s awareness about the effects of ecological problems. Secondly, one should speak about various legislative acts that were largely prompted by the work of environmental activists. For instance, one can refer to the Endangered Species Act or the Water Quality Act. Additionally, it is important to focus on the internationalization of the environmental movement (Wright, 2014). This process was reflected in the adoption of various international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol which is aimed at limiting climate change. The effects of individual choices on the natural ecosystem Individual choices can profoundly influence the natural ecosystem. For example, a person, who chooses to buy vehicles with greater fuel-efficiency, decreases the emissions of CO2 in the air. In the long term, this person can contribute to the changes in production practices of many automakers. Furthermore, an individual can purchase products that can be better recycled. As a result, the neighborhood will be less littered. Certainly, this person cannot lead to profound changes at the global level. Nevertheless, he/she can improve the natural ecosystem within a certain small community. Thus, the choices of a separate person should not be overlooked. Reference List Wright, R. (2014). Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future . New York, NY: Pearson Education, Incorporated.
Introduction A social worker is a professional who organizes the provision of household, material, moral, and legal assistance to vulnerable parts of the population. The obligations and objects of the social worker are associated with constant communication with people (Thompson, 2016). Their primary responsibilities include identification of families, individuals, population groups in need of social assistance and services, and providing counseling and specialized support to clients (Thompson, 2016). Since regular verbal interaction is the central part of the job, a social worker must show professionalism throughout the whole process of communication. They must understand and be able to apply professional ethics, theory, and methodology of social work, and the basics of social assistance and welfare (Thompson, 2016). Both clients and professionals face challenges when having the first encounter and it is critical to overcoming them in order to achieve successful and effective communication. Social Workers’ Concerns During the first contact, a client might be reluctant to start transparent communication. It is the first concern any social worker must overcome because effective verbal interaction is the basis of social assistance (Thompson, 2016). To have a psychological effect on the client, the social worker needs to possess both verbal and non-verbal techniques (Hepworth, Rooney, Rooney, & Strom-Gottfried, 2016). They also must observe the client, paying attention to their oral and gestural reactions to see how the client perceives them. The second concern is the negative impact the client’s problems might have on the social worker. At first encounter, the worker might experience a shock which may impede the further process. A professional must be able to avoid having negative emotional states that may arise from learning about the client’s issues. These psychological conditions may have a direct impact on the performance of social workers. Clients’ Concerns Clients, too, have their own reasons to be concerned about the first interaction with a social worker. They vary from one person to another, but the most common ones are related to trust: an ethical dilemma regarding confidentiality, and doubts about the competency of the worker (Thompson, 2016). At the first meeting, the client and the worker do not know each other well, so the client may feel uncomfortable about sharing their problems (Thompson, 2016). On the other hand, if the client chooses not to share, the social worker may not be able to help (Thompson, 2016). Uncertainty about the skills of the worker also may pose hindrances to effective communication (Hepworth et al., 2016). These challenges may disrup
Born into Brothels: features that impact the children Numerous dimensions affect a child’s development. The psychological feature, which includes self-awareness, emotions, and cognitions affects the formation of the child’s personality, activity, communication pattern, and self-determination (Hutchison, 2012). If children live in difficult psychological conditions like in the movie, they can either start reflecting the outside world or vice versa to distinguish themselves from it and strive for developing their inner world (Briski & Kauffman, 2004). In such situations, each new social contact will change the self-perception of the child contributing to its versatility. The result of psychological features can occur in conscious behavior because of the child’s self-representations (Parrish, 2014). Also, another aspect of personal development is the spiritual feature, which is based on the accumulated thoughts of the young person. The desire to cognize the meaning of life involves the quest for the internal integrity and constancy of the personality. In the process of development, children are involved in various activities and constantly interact with the environment. The child is born in a concrete culture, and he or she gradually becomes a member of this cultural society (Hutchison, 2012). The culture can influence the child greatly and calls him or her to either reject or accept the cultural norms and postulates. The fact of belonging to a particular cultural group, in which there are standards and its social and substantive features of lifestyle, acts as a source of personal development, and it influences the developmental potential of the individual and influences the child’s choice of different types of activities (Parrish, 2014). Based on the assimilation of socially evolved modes of behavior in a particular culture a child can accept or reject the postulates propounded by it. The formation of the child’s intellectual powers takes place as a result of the orientation process. The physical environment (water, sun, landscapes, architecture, living conditions) plays a crucial role (Hutchison, 2012). The body of the child is constantly exposed to a variety of environmental effects (positive or negative ones). The conditions inevitably affect the physical and mental development of each child. As evidenced by the end of the movie, all the dimensions are interconnected, they overlap and correlate with the child’s evolution and define his or her strivings (Briski & Kauffman, 2004). Philosophical approach to explain poverty in America Oligarchy is the philosophical approach that reflects the gap and relation between great wealth and inequality in society. However, this worldview reverberates with the question of ideology, in the first place. The oligarchy is built on the foundation of the classical liberal ideology, the basis of which is the acceptability of the accumulation of wealth and inheri
The introduction People are familiar with UFO sightings very long ago. In the 19 th, century the most vivid observations were in Mexico, Venezuela, and United States. In the 20 century, UFO sightings were observed in Portugal, Russia, China, United States, Scandinavia, Sweden, Brazil, United Kingdom, Papua New Guinea, Canada, France, Spain, Iran, Poland, Australia, New Zealand, and Belgium. The most noticeable UFO sightings of the 21 st century occurred in the USA, Mexico, Crown Dependency, Turkey, United Kingdom, Russian Federation, Canada, Norway and Sweden. The thesis statement UFO sightings are mostly perceived as unusual supernatural phenomena. However, scientific point of view allows making a conclusion that supernatural activities are related to various meteorological phenomena and physical issues. The body: the most widespread explanations of UFO sightings Generally, there are many explanations of UFO sightings. Most of the people, however, believe that the phenomenon is related to alien civilization. The most widespread explanations are associated and compared with such issues as hoaxes, hysteria, or any other things, but the unique nature of UFO sightings is denied. They say that the phenomenon is not as unusual as people think; some individuals suppose that such sightings can be made by a human being. On the other hand, there is an opinion that UFO sightings are considered to be misidentified natural objects. The Planet Venus is recognized to be one of the most widespread explanations scientists rely on when analyzing UFO phenomenon. The planet can be “the brightest objects in the sky, and has even been known to be visible in the daytime under the proper conditions, making it a frequent explanation for many a mysterious bright light in the sky ” ( Danelek par. 2 ). The second widespread explanation I would like to share is the influence of meteors, comets, etc. Of course, the explanation fits almost all the observed facts, as “a fireball can be particularly impressive, as it would appear to be an extremely bright and slow-moving object that suddenly vanishes from view, much like a UFO frequently does” ( Danelek par. 3 ). On the other hand, those people who have never seen meteors and comets can make a false conclusion that the objects they see are UFO sightings. Another popular explanation is known as altocumulus standing lenticularis. In other words, there are special clouds, which can take a roundish or even an oval form. Of course, they seem to be unnatural and most of the people identify them as UFO. People do not understand that it is only a meteorological phenomenon. Ball lighting is another explanation I would like to highlight. It is “static electricity that can even take on a fluid silvery-like sheen that can be easily mistaken for metal, giving them a disk-like appearance ” ( Danelek par. 3 ). This phenomenon is recognized to be contemporary. The colors which appear due to the phenomenon range from red to orange. Weather balloons, satel
Map comparisons Chinese immigrants form the largest minority group in the Southeast Asia. Noteworthy, their arrival can be traced back to the eras between Ming and Qing dynasties. Nevertheless, the largest influx falls between the years 1870 and 1940, the last phase of colonial rule, evident by over 20 million immigrants thronging the region. Basically, they were motivated by the fact that, the European powers incorporated them into their system as administrators in their new colonies, and they too acted as trade partners. Eventually, they penetrated big cities, formed ‘Chinese town,’ and hence they were commercial kingpins. This did not auger well with the Europeans powers, who noticed the burgeoning Chinese population cum influence and hence; they were forced to restrain them but with the Second World War on the horizon they were unsuccessful. Hitherto, Southeast Asia is a home to majority Chinese immigrants (over 30 million). On many occasions they have been victimized by their hosts (Indonesian Muslims) with regard to their religious allegiance (Christianity), and their commercial superiority. However, the economic miracle that is enjoyed in the Pacific realm is owed to them. The colonial power (French) that ruled a quadrant of this part of the sphere had christened it Indochina. As such, this is a manifestation of Chinese influence in this realm. Buoyed by opportunities for settlement presented to them by European powers following the uphe
Introduction This marketing plan has been developed to enable Chappy’s Chiropractic Clinic to establish itself as a strong player in the chiropractic market segment. The target market is composed of patients who are looking for the services of a chiropractor. Chappy’s Chiropractic Clinic offers exemplary services paying special attention to customer service. The clinic aims to translate customer satisfaction into a source of competitive advantage. The electronic marketing platform will have attractive features to draw people to the site. The marketing mix will only focus on product and promotion. The main objective of this electronic marketing plan is to increase sales and market share. Moreover, the plan will help the clinic to take advantage of existing opportunities in the market. Product Offered Chappy’s Chiropractic Clinic provides a variety of services. However, the clinic specializes in the care of infants as its core service. In addition, the clinic sells pillows, orthotics and vitamin supplements are offered to the patients to generate revenue as part of facility’s augmented services. This marketing plan recommends the inclusion of acute care services, such as pain relief procedures for spinal disorders, sport injuries, and corrective medicine. In other words, the clinic should specialize in treatment and rehabilitation of chronic conditions. The services indicated above will be offered offline, in the brick-and-mortar facility. On the other hand, the clinic will provide online services, such as post treatment advice to patients and general counseling to the people who visit a clinic. By focusing on this wide range of services, Chappy’s Chiropractic Clinic will benefit from the advantages of the electronic marketing. Brannack (1997) observed that information technology was no longer there simply to support television. It became a dominant marketing avenue (Hoffman 1996). Attractiveness of Electronic Marketing Electronic marketing is an emerging trend in marketing. An increasing number of companies are using electronic marketing to increase their market share and grow their revenues. The first benefit derived from electronic marketing is that it allows companies to reach many people at once (Hoffman & Novak 1996). In this sense, the internet is superior to traditional mass communication models because it enables people to interact with one another. Other benefits of the internet are that it gives individual users the ability to upload content. In addition, the internet allows consumers to quickly and easily give feedback (Hoffman & Novak 1996). Electronic Marketing Mix Strategies The main issues that Chappy’s Chiropractic clinic needs to bear in mind is that there are fundamental changes in how markets behave because of the emergence of electronic commerce. According to Wigand and Benjamin (1995), the electronic commerce industry was projected to become a deathbed f
The modern business world is fast paced and as such firms need to keep innovating new products and services so as to keep up with the changing business landscape. One of the ways through which firms can keep abreast with the ever changing business environment is through training of staff. Firms must not only train staff to equip them with new skill and knowledge but must also train them in order to spearhead innovative growth within the companies. Training of a firm’s staff does not occur in a vacuum. It is a proactive process with explicit goals and in this case, training for innovations. This means that the human resource training development managers have a direct role to play in facilitating their firms to embrace innovations that will bring about much desired change. The human resource training development managers will attain this through developing programs that train employees on how to embrace and drive innovation. Furthermore, these managers need to focus on developing the employees to acquire innovative behavior. The development of staff cognitive abilities is one such method through which training professionals helps staff to acquire innovativeness. Such firms accrue such benefits such as competitiveness, enhanced business strategies and customer satisfaction. Therefore, training professionals play a leading role in innovation and change for business success. Professionals take the process of professional training and development as a continual process. This assertion is founded on the assumption that informal training occurs within the daily work flow. Professionals argue that the need for continued training and development is necessitated by many factors, among them technological changes in the work place, which require the acquisitions of new skills and knowledge’s (Armson 2008, p. 23; Poell et al 2006, p. 175). While little (2010, p. 38) argues that it is important for employers to train employee’s competences, Emsley, Nevicky and Harrison (2006, p. 244) assert that it is important to train professionals with the aim of achieving a balance in both radical and non-radical innovation. Moreover Bondarouk and Looise (2005, p. 162) assert that human resourced developers need to promote human-centered IT based innovations which will not replace human but support employee’s basic skills. In addition, training and development of professionals within a firm is creatively undertaken at individual levels since it is individuals who instigate successful innovations (Reilly 2010, p. 10). In this regard, it becomes important for human resource developers to focus on developing the cognitive abilities of individual employees. Emsley, et al’s assertion on the development of employees cognitive abilities is informed by the fact that cognitive development is a prerequisite to the acquisition of innovative behavior (2006, p. 245). Innovative behavior is necessary for the development of the right environment for innovation, which creates the n
Introduction One of the challenges that both the national and international forums face is observing all the human rights. If such forums could perfectly manage this issue, problems such as insecurity, racism, oppression, and injustice among other vices would not exist. As a result, some questions about human rights linger the minds of many people. For example, several scholars pose queries such as, “Can human rights ever be universal?” While a simple “yes” or “no” would do, the response needs an intensive and extensive analysis bearing in mind the various factors that play a crucial role is regarding human rights as global or relative. For this reason, this paper will provide well-researched rejoinder to the above question with the sole focus of unravelling the mystery that has befallen the subject of human rights around the globe. In addition, the paper will also compare the answers by pointing out the factors, for instance, religion and culture and schools of thoughts such as relativism and activism that influence the application of human rights. It concludes that such rights may be viewed as both universal and relative. The Debate on the Universality of Human Rights The issue of whether human rights are universal continues to attract debate from various stakeholders. Human rights are the privileges and freedoms, which everyone is entitled to enjoy unjustifiably. Their universality means making them common (accessible) to everyone across the globe. According to Tharoor (2000, para. 3), ‘The philosophical objection asserts essentially that nothing can be universal; that all rights and values are defined and limited by cultural perceptions…If there is no universal culture, there can be no universal human rights’. Tharoor (2000) argues against the rising ‘Western’ notion that presents human rights as a collective concept while ignoring the diverse elements that play a key role in determining the universality or relativism of such privileges. Hence, depending on the school of thought deployed, human rights may be universal as well as relative if the authorities responsible for their application use moral universalism. Risse, Ropp, and Sikkink (1999) present moral universalism as a concept that encompasses varied principles and values, which are common to all people, irrespective of their social, political, economic, historical, religious, cultural, and intellectual considerations and conditions (Eide 2000). The Role of Culture and Religion in Influencing the Universality of Human Rights The universality of human rights depends on the different cultures and traditions. For example, rights that promote the equality of both genders are very controversial. Fagan (2009) asserts that a commitment to the universal legitimacy of human rights is not consistent with the dedication to the principle of respecting cultural diversity. According to Fagan (2009), each community will have its point of view concerning the equality of both genders. Religion also affects the universality of human rights. For example, according to Christians, human rights will not be universal if they are not founded o