ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Since historical times, human beings have been on a quest to finding a remedy or cure to mental disorders that affect them. For instance, some traditional methods of therapy were highly based on cultural rituals of healing that have now been phased out by modernization. Also, different religions had devised their means of treating mental conditions through methods such as meditation, religious lectures, philosophical lectures, and resting among others. Nonetheless, some of these methods, for instance, meditation, are still highly valued, even though they lack a supportive scientific basis. However, under the current practice, patients who suffer from mental disorders are expected to contact a professional therapist to help them in treating their mental condition. Therefore, psychotherapy can be defined as the treatment offered to persons who suffer from mental disorders. A key aspect of psychotherapy is to teach people or provide people with tools to help them in tackling their unhealthy thoughts. Therapists are trained to work with the affected individuals to help them in devising a viable solution to the existing core problem. Psychotherapy is done via various approaches. However, no single approach has been shown to provide perfect results. At times, therapists are forced to include elements of different therapeutic approaches into their patient’s clinical process or strategy. Additionally, the approach used on a patient is highly dependent on the underlying needs. The paper provides an overview of three types of psychotherapies, namely, patient-centered treatment, existential psychoanalysis, and gestalt therapy. The psychotherapies are commonly used in practice today. The paper compares them based on their assumptions, models of personality, clinical process and strategies, targeted areas of therapeutic change, and limitations and/or weaknesses exhibited by each of these psychotherapeutic approaches. Person-centered Therapy Person-centered therapy is a humanistic approach that focuses on an individual’s self-perception, rather than a therapist’s interpretation of a person’s unconscious ideas and/or thoughts. The theory was first formulated by Carl Rogers, an American psychologist whose interest was centered on the conscious attitudes of a child towards self-idealization. Therefore, the theory was instituted on the principal concepts of attitudes based on three elementary conditions, namely, correspondence, categorical positive regard, and compassion. The approach is not concerned about the source of the problem but rather focuses on finding the best possible solution. The approach is humanistic in the sense that it is designed to foster an open and truthful client-therapist relati
What are the arguments for FDI/MNCs? Be specific FDI/MNCs promote benefits relating to the growth and development of capital, technological transfer and integration, and the development of international trade agreements. MNCs, help to create a competitive business environment by initiating economic activities and financing projects that foster capital growth in various sectors of a country’s economy. In addition, MNCs engage in joint ventures and collaborations that ensure the host country meets various capital requirements. The nature of the operation of MNCs requires that they import capital to fill the gap associated with new investments. As a result, they contribute to the improvement of the standards of living in the host country. MNCs create platforms that expand the spectrum of opportunities relating to trade. In this regard, the host and home country enjoy benefits relating to exports and imports. MNCs foster socioeconomic growth by increasing opportunities for skill improvement and employment through the expansion of industrial units in various sectors. MNCs largely depend on outsourced knowledge and thus facilitate the transfer and integration of technology in the country of operation, which ensures the alignment to standards of managerial and technical expertise. In this regard, technological advancement occurs through a pragmatic approach that promotes various production strategies, which necessitate the acquisition of a variety of technical equipment and technologies. What are the arguments against FDI/MNCs? Be specific The negative impacts of FDI/MNCs relate to pricing transfers, imperfect competition, and inappropriate distribution of income. MNCs determine the prices of goods and services using systems and procedures that disregard the local market structure. Multinational corporations use sale systems that allow them to manipulate market prices to favor international business operations at the expense of the local market. Through the adjustment of income taxes and tariff, MNCs expose host countries to price-transfer risks, which increase poverty. MNCs promote imperfect competition by modeling their strategic goals and objectives to exploit the economic advantages in the host country. In this regard, MNCs create market structures and systems that solely favor the advancement of their goals because they have immense financial capabilities in comparison to local business enterprises. MNCs promote firm-specific advantages by creating products and technologies that lead to the attainment of various marketing objectives but encourage the inappropriate distribution of income by concerting economic advantages to a few entities. Host countries face numerous difficulties in controlling the income of MNCs to favor local social and economic needs. MNCs enjoy the moderate impacts of laws aimed at ensuring that business entities channel
The “General Maritime Treaty” signed in 1820 by the United Kingdom, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain, Sharjah, Abu-Dhabi, and the island state of Bahrain, was the final stage and the result of a dragged-out punitive action of the British Empire against the al-Quawasim. This paper is concerned with the research of the background, the details, and the outcomes of this Treaty, including the historical facts and their analysis. Al-Quawasim, or Quasimi, in the singular, was an alliance of Arab tribes living on piracy, which in view of poor economic conditions and lack of major political forces, were seemingly chaotic and often frayed with the British forces, displeasing them with their naval activities in the region. Kourosh Ahmadi, the author of the book “Islands and International Politics in the Persian Gulf: The Abu Musa and Tunbs in Strategic Context,” expresses an opinion that at the beginning of the nineteenth century, an absence of a distinct and dominant power in the Persian Gulf, as well as the constant inner conflicts and a few territorial claims that the French tried to make in the region, forced Britain to seek the incorporation of Persian Gulf into its sphere of influence in order to protect its Eastern colonies (6-7). After a few years of slow-course conflicts, the battles began in 1808 and continued until 1820, when the Quawasim surrendered, and the sheiks, along with the British officers, eventually sat down at the table of negotiations. General Keir, of the British Army, signed a separate treaty with each surrendering ruler, namely, Sheikh Sultan Bin Saqar, the ruler of Sharjah, followed by Hassan Ibn Rahama, the ruler of Ra’s Al-Khaimah then the legal guardian of Mohamed Ibn Hassah, the boy Sheikh of Dubai, Sheikh Shakhbut Ibn Dhiyab and the Sheikh of Rams, Hussein Ibn Aly (Al-Otabi 154). The negotiations were held in Ra’s Al-Khaimah in January 1820. The Treaty was aimed at pacifying the Gulf States of that time. It was intended to ban the piracy in the waters of the Persian Gulf, prohibit slavery, cut off the slavery trade, and set the strict requirem
Introduction In the business world today, organizations aim at gaining a competitive edge against their competitors. In so doing, organizations are pursuing all the possible avenues that would ensure the achievement of the desired edge in business. The goal is to make the organization the most preferred by the consumers and the other stakeholders, such as financials and donors as the case maybe (Zaltman, Duncan and Holbek, 1973). In doing this, organizations then turn their efforts in managing innovation and entrepreneurship. Here, organizations aim at formulating innovation strategy. Formulation of innovation strategy is closely related to value innovation concept. On the other hand, value innovation is unique to each organization as each organization formulates its value innovation concept according to its line of specialty. Of worthy, to note here is that value innovation concept is aimed by the organization at improving its production capacity and quality (Kleinknecht, 1996). To this end, therefore we need to understand the meaning of the whole concept of value innovation in an organization. In addition, how an organization can use value innovation in formulating its innovation strategy (European Commission, 1995). In order to understand the concept of value innovation, the world innovation will refer to any activity done on an object or a phenomenon aimed at improving the appearance or the overall product of the same object or a situation aimed at getting more output in terms of quality and quantity. In other words, innovation in the business world will insinuate all activities done in the organization aimed at achieving renewal or improvement of the organization’s production processes. If then this is so about innovation, the concept of value innovation will imply the improvement of the organization efficiency. This will be through for example, the people engaged in the production process changing their thought system in all matters pertaining the working of the organization. These too will include changes in the way decisions are made and making choices out of the ordinary (Porter and Stern, 2002). In business economics and entrepreneurship, the concept value innovation is often associated with the output of the process. Value innovation therefore comes to be understood as the adoption of any idea aimed at being transformed into something useful. An organization aiming at applying the concept of value innovation in its production then aims at not at staying ahead of the competitors, but reducing the cost structure. The saved cost is then passed over as benefits to the customer. Here, the organization achieves a competitive edge by p
The following document will look at the importance of affirmative actions and why the board should make a point of implementing these actions. It will also explain how affirmative actions relate to compliance with the provision of equal employment opportunities. Affirmative actions were very useful in the past but analysts say that it is not important today. Affirmative actions have always played an important role in the areas of education and employment and thus each company or organization should implement them. Introduction Affirmative actions are the policies that are geared towards the promotion of access to education and employment for non-dominant groups. It is a way of trying to redress the negative effects; actual or perceived discrimination which is regarded as unjust to some bodies like the legislative and the human rights watchdogs. They achieve this through targeted recruitment programs for applicants who are disadvantaged in society. There have been many proponents of affirmative actions; they argue that many forms of discrimination occur where certain social groups in the society are denied entry into schools or access to employment opportunities (Thomas D. Boston, 1999). Why the Company Board should Implement Affirmative Actions The role of affirmative action has always been to promote access to education, housing, and employment. This is to prevent the discrimination that takes place during employment because people tend to be emp
Introduction Supply chain management plays a pivotal role in any organization because a stable supply of resources is necessary for the appropriate functioning of most if not all, organizations (Seuring, 2013). The current paper examines the case of Fine Spirits Imports, a company that ordered a shipment of wine from a supplier, but numerous mistakes were made by virtually all the parties involved, which resulted in major losses. The paper analyzes in detail the legal aspects of the case and then proceeds to highlight certain supply chain management related to this situation. Legal Analysis of the Case It should be noted that in the provided case study, numerous problems are present; in fact, almost all parties involved in it made one or several serious mistakes or misconducts. These errors should be examined in turn from a legal point of view. First of all, Gus Garcia did not read the terms and conditions of the sale, and accepted the contract according to which the buyer (Fine Spirits Imports) “agrees to be liable for any loss which occurs after delivery of the goods to the buyer.” However, technically, the goods were never delivered to the buyer, and the wine was shipped FOB place of destination; therefore, it might be possible to state that the mentioned condition in the contract does not worsen the situation of Gus Garcia in virtually any manner, neither does it improve the condition of MontGras Winery. The next issue that should be considered pertains to the payment for the wine. It is stated that th
Introduction Cardiovascular disorders continue to be one of the main causes of death in the US and the world. In the US, more than 10 million people have coronary heart disease, a condition which leads to thousands of deaths every year (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2016). This and similar heart problems can be a result of various issues, including hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia (Rocca et al., 2014). In turn, these disorders are also caused by a variety of factors. In the first discussed case, patient AO has the diagnoses of hypertension (high blood pressure) and hyperlipidemia (elevated blood cholesterol). Moreover, AO has obesity and continues to gain weight as it has been determined during the last check-up. This progression of weight gain can be considered a factor that contributes to the patient’s health changes and negatively affects the outcomes of the prescribed drug therapy. Influencing Factor Obesity is listed as one of the secondary influences on hyperlipidemia (Arcangelo et al., 2017). While one can argue that rapid weight gain can be attributed to some genetic differences, many people become obese as a result of poor eating and behavioral patterns (Cho, Yoon, & Kim, 2013). The overwhelming prevalence of obesity continues to elevate this condition to one of the main worldwide problems. The discussed patient’s weight change suggests that AO has poor nutrition or fails to adhere to some physical activity program. Thus, behavior can be considered a factor that affects the individual’s therapy. The patient currently takes a number of medications, including the ones that lower cholesterol and regulate blood pressure. Obesity can have a significant impact on these drugs’ pharmacokinetics. For instance, oral drug absorption rates are enhanced in obese patients, as their blood flow increases to perfuse the gut (Cho et al., 2013). Although this difference is not as researched as other drug’s effects, it can affect the way the patient responds to treatment, especially if AO’s lifestyle does not change. Drug distribution is also altered as a result of obesity – one’s body composition (lean mass and fat tissue percentages) increases the volume of distribution for some types of medicine. Thus, some obese patients may respond to drugs differently than persons with lower weight. The effect of drugs may increase due to more active blood circulation and increased fat mass. Thus, a weight-based dosing system does not work for obese patients effectively because it does not t
Introduction “Mrs. Doubtfire” is a great comedy movie on how one parent wanted to be closer to his children. In fact, the movie is rather fun and has lots of episodes describing cheesy scenes (for instance, when her breast was burning or when in the bathroom). This paper is about finding out the way to counsel families and adolescents living within them. Thus, the critique of the movie touches upon social as well as moral aspects in counseling adolescents of different age seen on the example of Mrs. Doubtfire by Robin Williams. Main body First of all, it is necessary to touch on the divorce that came out to be in the Hillard’s family. Daniel (Robin Williams) is a father of three children who is an unemployed voice actor at the moment (Columbus, 1993). His tragedy is in the fact that loving his children and letting them do almost what they want he cannot reach out harmony with his wife, Miranda. That is a crucial point for Miranda to decide on divorce. Daniel is only allowed to meet his children on Saturdays. However, he wants to be closer to his lovely children. By chance, Daniel runs into the Miranda’s announcement as of hiring a housekeeper (Columbus, 1993). It is clear, because working all day long she needs to have somebody to keep an eye on her under age children. Daniel is an actor by profession, so, he follows artistic tricks and makes an old noble lady (Mrs. Doubtfire) out of him. Thus, he got closer to the point of his desire to be quite closer to children. Analyzing the theme and the main idea of the movie, one should pay special attention to the objectives that caused divorce of Hillards. First of all, it is a century-long problem of parents’ business and their indifference to what is happening in the family. It is up to be discussed in two features for observation: relation to children and relation to a spouse. The latter makes the whole story sad, because Daniel was wrong while maintaining relationships with children and Miranda. She was constantly annoyed with Daniel’s irresponsibility. Of course, she is a bit conservative and wanted to follow etalons of social life. However, Daniel did not mind it. In case with Hillards there are 3 under age children. It is fair to note Miranda’s inability to please all of them. Children are more likely to have their darling father at home. In fact, Daniel knew the way to speak to children and to treat them right as well. However, he scarcely used such methods formerly. One of the main points on adolescent development is seen in the episode when Mrs. Doubtfire prepared delicious dinner and, thus, pleased Miranda. In turn Mrs. Doubtfire acquired more respectful attitudes on the part of the children. Thus, it is noteworthy that one is better to follow the way Daniel uses for counseling his children (Kornbluth, 1993). In this respect Machiavelli’s words “the end justifies the means” are suitable to follow. It is an insanity to transform a man into a woman by means of make-up, artificial breast and woman clothes. However, Daniel dared do this. For the sake of children’s normal development he di not give
The shelter is one of the basic wants of man. Sadly, several people live without shelter. The state of homelessness is caused by factors such as the effects of war, poverty and the occurrence of natural phenomena such as earthquakes and landslides. In order to know exactly what is meant by being homeless, it is necessary to establish what should be counted as a home. We shall define home as a place of residence or refuge (Davis, 2004). This definition draws the slight distinction between a shelter and a home. It can be observed that one can have shelter without a home but not a home without shelter. A homeless person is bound to face other challenges that come with lacking a place to call his or her home. Among the many problems faced by these people is the problem of lack of proper healthcare. This problem is caused by either inability to afford the costs of proper medication or as a result of the congestion within the concentration camps of the homeless. Homelessness is a major cause of serious health problems. Most of the health problems are associated with poverty. The homeless population is devastated by diseases such as AIDS, malnutrition, tuberculosis, several dental problems among others. These diseases have claimed the lives of thousands of homeless people across the world (Glasser, 1994). They normally die after a short period due to the poor conditions that they are obliged to live in. In some cases, a homeless person can be suffering from a series of ailments and to make matters worse, he or she may be unaware of his or her pathetic condition. There are other health problems faced by the homeless population that exists quietly especially along the streets. Some of them are mental illnesses, diabetes, alcoholism, physical disabilities and hypertension (Kusmer, 2002). These deadly diseases are prone to the homeless population because they are easily exposed to frostbite, parasites, infections and violence. These are some of the ways through which they contract the above diseases. Even though they are desperately in need of good medication, the homeless population does not have any sort of health insurance or worse still, cannot afford to pay for medical care. This leaves these miserable people with no option other than to sit and let come what may. To make matters worse, most of them stay far away from the medical facilities they are in need of (Ogilvie, 2004). The homeless population focuses mainly on their immediate needs such as food and safety and tends to ignore minor symptoms of diseases until they become urgent medical emergencies. One of the ways in which the homeless population can be helped to achieve better health can be through the establishment of clinics that are specifically designed to get over the access problems faced by the homeless population (Ward, 1989). The clinics can pro