ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Foreign policy analysis is an integral part of the larger international relations theory which enables us to know the various causes of conflict, domination, cooperation and the submission outcomes among the different actors in global politics. There are multiple international relations theories and in the following, it will be argued that international relations theory has the tendency to ignore foreign policy analysis. Foreign policy analysis being ignored and thus, the scholars and policymakers do not clearly understand global politics. The study of international relations theory is important as it addresses real-world puzzles that face states as well as their leaders e.g. it explains how leaders can come up with high quality decisions and thus avoid sub-optimum effects in managing conflicts. The end of cold war was a complex time as far as international relations aspects as international trade, interactions among once isolated people, and other issues concerning state borders required immediate attention were concerned. International relations have various theories, each with their own perspective; the underlying assumptions of each theory are usually quite different. The international relations theory and foreign policy is significant as a result of the interconnection that exists between foreign policy on one hand and the classical, realism theory on the other hand. I will use the various underlying perspectives of international relations theory to argue that international relations theory has tended to ignore foreign policy analysis. The first theory with regards to international relations is the rational actor model. The rational actor model of international relations holds the view that a country is an independent actor, able to make rational decisions that maximize its own value. A state thus adopts a rational decision making that has the following processes: setting objectives, considering available options, assessing possible consequences, and profit maximization. In accordance with the rational actor model, state leaders are only concerned with their own survival. For instance, Europe during the post-Westphalia period was characterized by religion wars. The religion wars were based on selfish dynasties, geopolitical and commercial gains instead of ideological reasons. This model usually does not consider various political variables such as bureaucratic procedures. The rational decision making perspective holds the assumption that the international environment affects the actions that a state takes. Spanner (1998) suggests that assumption
Abstract Formal education offers the best ideas and skills to learners with different educational needs and expectations. Educationists and researchers should be ready to address the educational needs of every disabled student. This discussion offers my experience after attending a lesson for learners with autism. The essay identifies the instructional methods used by the teacher during the exercise. I have also included the ideas and concepts learned from the field experience. Class Setting The exercise targeted learners with different learning disabilities. The students learned how to divide and multiply fractions. I selected this group because it would equip me with the best practices for teaching learners with disabilities. The teacher portrayed the best skills and competencies. This explains why the teaching process was informative and successful. Brief Description of the Program The program targeted students with different learning disabilities. Most of the learners had autism. Most of the learners were aged between 12 and 16 years. Most of these students encountered difficulties during the learning process. This explains why “students with different conditions such as autism encounter various difficulties in mathematics” (Kluth, 2009, p. 37). The most promising thing was that the teacher was competent. She offered the best ideas and skills to her learners. This explains why the experience was inspirational and meaningful to me. Instructions Used to Teach Mathematics The teacher used the best instructions to teach her students. The teacher used both visual and graphic representations to instruct her learners. The approach helped the learners solve most of the mathematical problems. The teacher also guided the learners to solve the mathematical problems using different visual objects. The students were also guided using explicit and systematic instructions. The teacher presented the best plans (or methods) to deal with various mathematical problems. The teacher used different visual methods and objects during the learning process. The teacher also encouraged her learners “to verbalize their thinking processes” (LePage & Courey, 2013, p. 65). The learners used the best steps during the problem-solving processes. The teacher encouraged the learners to work as teams and share their ideas. The educator used peer-assisted approach to encourage the learners (Baker, Gersten, & Lee, 2002). The teacher used a multi-modal approach to help her students access the core standards of the lesson. She also taught the learners how to master every mathematical skill or concept used to solve the problems. The use of visual aids and explicit instructions made it easier for the learners to solve the problems. The class setting portrayed the best practice for teaching students with disabilities. Methods Used to Assess Learning: Assessment Data The experience equipped me with the best approaches to assess learning. The teacher analyzed every answer given by the learners and encouraged them to work as teams. The teacher used an Assessment Comparison Chart (ACC) to review the learning process. This chart identifies “the learner’s disability, inst
In the society it is very common to see that people interact well with some society members and not all. It is therefore, not a miracle to see people always walking and enjoying in groups and chatting while laughing their lungs out. Every person in the world has someone with whom he or she is close to and will be ready to talk his or her mind without fear when they are together. At institutions of learning or places of work, there are people who are seen always together and closely monitoring each other’s moves. Friendship is more than just being close to one another and entails among other qualities devotion, care, emotional attachment and above all, honesty. Friendship is an in depth personal interrelationship that is more intimate than an association and in many cases involves emotional attachment. Friends will always desire the best for each other and are ready to take care of each other under any circumstances. A good friend is not just somebody with whom one shares happy moments but also the person who in case of crisis will be the first one to render a helping hand. Additionally, friends should be ready to share whatever they have with each other and have as minimal secrets as possible that are kept from each other. Though one may have various weaknesses, a good friend points them out honestly and if possible tries to find ways of rectifying them. Friendship does not mean covering up of one’s mistakes and irresponsible behavior; instead it requires direct tackling of any vice that may be present for the benefit of both parties. A person who is ready to take advantage of any opportunity that may arise as a result of friendship for his or her own selfish motives is not a good friend, because the person is an opportunist and that is a vice as far as friendship is concerned. Trust is another vital quality of friendship and friend will want to be assured that in case of anything their friends will be able to act on their behalf. It is said that a friend in need is a friend indeed and many people tend to put it that a friend is only that person who can help in times of financial problems, therefore they select their friends based on their social status. On the contrary, true friendship has been known to be one that is not based on some social issues such as castes and family relationships. As a matter of fact, some of the problems people faces are complicated and financial support is not a solution. In conjunction with that, a person who remembers friendship only when he or she is in need is not a good friend and should be avoided. Furthermore, friends are concerned about the welfare of one another and will stand by each other during the most difficult times. Friends should be people who are sources of happiness to one another and will not forsake each other even when everybody around is against them. Though friendship can be demanding at times, true friends stick together through thin and thick a
Introduction Risk is an inherent component of projects. A wide array of approaches and techniques are available that can decrease uncertainty and mitigate undesirable outcomes. With these techniques in place, it is reasonable to expect a positive effect of risk on project cost management. The following report details the mechanisms behind the interconnection of the effects of risk and project cost management. Risk To establish the connection between risk and project cost management, it is first necessary to define both concepts and outline their key characteristic features. The first concept is a risk, which is commonly understood as a likelihood of the occurrence of a certain undesirable event. Risk is a broadly defined concept used in multiple domains outside project management. In the majority of cases, the risk is considered a potential source of hazard, either in the form of inflicted damage or deterioration in quality (Dionne 2013). The literature on project management typically utilizes a definition given in the PMBOK guide, according to which risk is an uncertain event or condition that has the potential to impact some of the elements of the project (Roseke 2015). As can be seen, the definition differs from the generally accepted version in one important dimension – namely, the explicit acknowledgment of its negative impact. Instead, risk in project management is viewed as a threat to certainty. It is also important to acknowledge the possibility of the phenomenon’s positive effect. From the economic perspective, the risk is commonly associated with the accompanying concept of reward. Some project management theorists go as far as considering risk an essential part of the economic activity (Hopkin 2017). Generally, the risk is inherent to more profitable opportunities due to the lack of certainty associated with them. In the simplest terms, the possibility of potential yield is inseparable from the possibility of a negative outcome. It is also worth mentioning that in some cases the definition introduces a possibility of misinterpretation. Specifically, the linkage to the project’s objectives opens up the possibility of excluding certain risks by ascribing them to external stakeholders. This aspect can be used to downplay collateral damage or capitalize on the secondary benefits of the project outcomes. An example of the former would be the exclusion of interests of the impacted individuals from the equation, whereas the latter can be exemplified by an unexpected application of a relatively unsuccessful outcome to a suitable area. Thus, it is possible to specify the definition of risk used in the project management field as accounting for the possibility of both negative and positive impacts on project com
Introduction The American Revolution had a remarkable impact on slavery and women in the United States. Although slave trade and its associated activities continued to flourish in the south, continued protests by northern abolitionists instigated a campaign against detainment and oppression of captives. This situation led to liberation of more slaves from the constraints of slave masters in the south. The American Revolution ushered a new phase of feminist reformists who advocated for women’s rights. After independence, many slavery abolitionists and women rights activists brought about a transformed society. This research paper analyses the impact of the American Revolution on slavery and women. Impact of Revolution on Slavery The American Revolution remarkably brought about significant changes to the institution of slavery. Firstly, it played a great role in ending captivity in North America. According to Marsh (2004), slave owners in Northern America were willing to free their slaves after the revolution. In addition, they agitated for the abolishment of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. They considered slaves as beings who deserved dignified treatment as humans. However, the freeing of slaves in the north did not guarantee them freedom from slavery (Marsh, 2004). The southern economy was rapidly flourishing due to large cash crop plantations that demanded more laborers. Therefore, freed slaves from the north were sold to the southerners to work in the plantations. However, anti-slavery activists from the north together with some of the unrestrained detainees initiated an ‘underground railroad’ revolution that freed captives who were working in the southern plantations (Marsh, 2004). The idea of ending servitude was first initiated in Britain before it spread to other parts of the world such as Northern America. Many activists and feminists supported its abolishment. In his speech “No Compromise with the Evil of Slavery” in 1854, William Garrison regarded slavery as an insensitive treatment of fellow humans and was against the Law of God. He sharply condemned slavery and advocated for its immediate abolishment (Marsh, 2004). After his speech, many other activists and abolitionists ascended to fight for the rights of blacks and women. Freed slaves and other opponents of the slave trade in the north agitated for release and freedom of slaves in the south. This situation led to freeing of between 40,000 to 100,000 slaves in the 1830s (Marsh, 2004). Furthermore, the American Revolution led relocation of slaves to new lands. During the upheaval, slaves were engaged in real fighting (Schweninger, 2014). Both slaves and blacks sided with the British and continentals. The British promised them liberty and land. As a result, some freed slaves were relocated to new lands in Sierra Leone, Canada, England, and Australia. About one-eighth of those who fled their masters were women. Most women together with their children, were forced to leave their husbands (who were in were fighting the colonies) behind as they sought liberation. However, relocation of the slaves did not guarantee them better lives. The American Revolution
Introduction The political importance of music can be hardly underestimated. Music has been used by the representatives of different political groups and formations along with the representatives of different social layers to express their ideas and share their thoughts and feelings since the very beginning of human civilization. These people also used music as a way to affect the minds and hearts of other people using strong emotional appeals that music features. Main text First of all, evaluating the political importance of music on the example of the history of the United States, music’s role in defining ethnic or racial communities is to be addressed. Evaluating several music genres and styles, it appears that many of them define specific ethnic and racial communities. For instance, blues initially contrived by African-American people as a means to express their pain on the reason of discrimination and racial prejudice was applied for political aims (Kubik 161). This kind of music affected the masses of the African-American population in the United States and inspired them for fighting against their hardships. The history of the formation of the African-American community is closely connected to the history of blues. This music was born as one of the most significant characteristics of the newly developed African-American culture. With the duration of time, it helped these people recognize their position in the American society, and occupy their niche in it as fully legitimate citizens of the country. Beginning from the nineteenth century and ending in the 1960s, blues went through a period of forming a particular way of thinking between African-Americans (Kubik 163). It helped them feel like well-deserving citizens of the country able to fight for their rights and freedoms. This illustration makes it evident that music is crucially important for the formation of national and ethnic values within communities. The other examples showing that music often plays an important role in defining ethnic or racial communities are soul, funk, jazz, and rap. The soul which became a “descendent” of blues continued to shape the minds of African-American people and inspire them to continue their fight for their rights as American citizens. Nowadays, such role is played by jazz, funk, and rap. These music styles developed from their predecessors of blues and soul and occupied their position in shaping the minds of African-American people and helping them be inspired for perusing their political aims as a community. Next, discussing music as a way to support or oppose military efforts, it should be stated that its strength in this area is more than mind-blowing. There are many examples of this phenomenon in the history of the United States. For instance, during World War II, songwriters put a lot of effort into exalting American soldiers’ bravery. The results of such a strategy were considerable. From day to day, more and more soldiers kept showin
Introduction The Census Tract 106.02 lies in Kāneʻohe, Honolulu, Hawaii. It is found in Koʻolaupoko, Oʻahu Island. The Census Tract includes Kailua town on the east, which is accessible through Bay Drive or Kamehameha Highway. On the southwest location lies Koʻolau connected by Likelike Highway through Kahekili Highway and Heʻeia on the southward. The Census Tract 106.02 map is shown below. Figure 1: Census Tract 106.02, Honolulu County, Hawaii The Census Tract 106.02 area is the largest among several area located in Kāneʻohe Bay. In addition, it is also between the two largest residential areas. The major commercial locations are found along the Kamehameha Highway. Traditionally, the area was agricultural zone because it received adequate rainfall. Today, however, the Census Tract 106.02 has been converted to a residential community, which has led to a decline in agricultural activities. Nevertheless, few plantations of banana crop may still be found. There are also some remarkable features, such as the botanical garden, tourist sites and the cemetery for veterans among others. The Census Tract 106.02 is accessible through roads, highways, waterways and the public pier. In addition, the Census Tract 106.02 hosts the Marine Corps Base Hawaii in the south end of the Bay. The area has three golf courses, which are private and public. An aerial view of residential homes at Census Tract 106.02 shows well-developed housing units with large streets for accessibility. Figure 2: Ariel view of residential homes in the Census Tract 106.02 Survey Analysis The Census Tract 106.02 data is based on census 2010 report and other recent statistics. There are approximately 34,597 people in the Census Tract 106.02 based on the census results. The population in the area has declined by -1.1% since the year 2000. The male consists of 47.8% (16,528) while the female is 52.2% (18,069). The census data show that the median age is 41.9 years relative to that Hawaii, which is 39.6 years. There are several racial groupings in the Census Tract 106.02. Asian community alone represents 36.6% (12,466) of the entire population while the population of white people alone is 20.0% (6,801). There are also two or more races, which form 24.1% (8,193) of the population. The native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders alone represent 9.9% (3,362) relative to Hispanic community, which is 8.3% (2,831). The black community alone is.9% (298) while American Indian alone is 0.1% (40). Other race alone is 0.1% (39). The estimated average household income in the Census Tract 106.02 was $81,354 in the year 2012. The average income has risen compared to the year 2000 when it was $66,006. The Census Tract 106.02 has higher average income than Hawaii, which has $66,259. The estimat
Most of Mankind’s operations have been characterized by instances of leadership from the ancient times to the modern age. Leadership and management are some of the most sort-after and highly regarded commodities, especially in the 21 st century. For most people, leadership is one way of improving their social, personal, and professional life (Northouse, 2009). Corporations and organisations have been on the hunt for not only good managers but also leaders who can bring meaningful change to their organisations. Researchers worldwide have made numerous attempts to fully understand the complex concept of leadership (Koestenbaum, 2002). They have employed both qualitative and quantitative methods in various contexts. Small groups, large organisations, as well as therapeutic groups have been commonly used for research purposes. Leadership, according to the researchers, has emerged to be a concept with varying conceptualisations. Some view it as a trait or behavior while others perceive it from an information-processing perspective (Northouse, 2009). The essay seeks to discuss the different leadership approaches and evaluate their situational suitability. Some of the strengths and criticisms for each approach will also be highlighted. Despite the different conceptualisations and definitions of leadership, there is a common component for most of them. Leadership is a process of an individual influencing others that enable groups of people toward the attainment of a given goal (Northouse, 2009). Northouse also proposes that leadership is a process that can be learned by anyone. He has identified several approaches to leadership that have been found to be instrumental in specific situations in life. Trait approach to leadership suggests that some people are born leaders. That they have inherent qualities which naturally qualifies them to lead and be great (Koestenbaum, 2002).Some of the personality traits that have been identified by the proponents of this approach include; self-confidence, intelligence, integrity, determination, and sociability. The five-factor personality model has also been associated with the trait approach to leadership. Extraversion ranks high in relation to leadership, followed by conscientiousness, openness, low neuroticism, and agreeableness (Northouse, 2009). Emotional intelligence has also been identified to play a central role in the trait approach to leadership. There are a number of merits associated with viewing leadership from the trait perspective. First it fits very well with the popular belief that leaders are special and great people. Secondly, research can be used to validate this perspective. The third advanta