ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to explain juvenile delinquency using three criminological theories. These include the broken windows theory, the culture of the gang theory and the social disorganization theory. Criminological Theories Shaw and McKay (1942, pp. 89-102) developed the social disorganization theory, which explains crime in terms neighborhood dynamics. According to Shaw and McKay (1942, pp. 89-102), socio-economically deprived neighborhoods are socially disorganized. This is because such neighborhoods are characterized with ethnic heterogeneity, low economic achievements, and high residential mobility. These factors negatively affect the informal and formal institutions of social control such as schools, family, and churches. As a result, regulation of behavior declines and juvenile delinquency increases (Gary, 2003, pp. 10-25). Socially disorganized neighborhoods also promote the development of criminal traditions, which are easily passed from generation to generation of youths. In this case, young people learn pro-delinquent attitudes through regular interactions with older juveniles. Thus, juvenile delinquency rates will be high in areas where behavior control mechanisms are lacking and the transmission of delinquent values is high. Wilson and Kelling (1982, pp. 29-38) developed the broken windows theory to explain crime and juvenile delinquency. The theory compares communities to houses whose windows are broken over time. Houses whose broken windows are repaired immediately send the message that the owners are in charge and are likely to avert future attempts to break the windows. By contrast, houses whose broken windows are unattended to give the impression that no one is in charge, thereby encouraging vandals to break more windows. In this regard, juvenile delinquency is likely to be high in communities with weak or no social controls. Wilson and Kelling (1982, pp. 29-38) assert that juvenile delinquency rate is likely to increase if minor misconducts are allowed to evolve into serious crime. This gives the impression that there are no formal or informal social control systems to regulate the behavior of individuals. Ultimately, delinquent youths will flock in areas with no social order, whereas responsible and disciplined people will relocate to areas with low crime rates. This explains the difference in the level of juvenile delinquency in different cities or communities. Cohen (1955, pp. 173-177) developed the culture of the gang theory to explain the origin of juvenile delinquency. According to Cohen (1955, pp. 173-177), goal blockage is the main cause of juvenile delinquency. In particular, the youth aspire to become members of the middle class in their communities. However, when they fail to achieve this objective or aspiration through l
Abstract The preservation of the wildlife is necessary in order to ensure that the animals are protected from being killed hence they do not become extinct as many other animals have furnished due to lack of rules and regulations to check the activities of the hunters and hunters. Wildlife are very to beneficial to many African countries in that they are source of the foreign exchange through attracting tourists, source of food, hide and skins etc. However, many African countries encounter many challenges in their attempt to preserve wildlife. This include: lack of funds to establish game parks and reserves by fencing the area to avoid poachers getting in or the animals getting out of the reserves. Secondly, the invasion of wildlife habitats by farmers for grazing land or farming land has led to extinction of some of animal reserves in many African countries. In addition, the corruption in many African countries has seen the poachers bribing the wildlife wardens in order to obtain the wildlife products such as leopard skins, rhino horns and elephant tusks among others. However, the game reserves and p0arks have been established with the assistance of international; bodies and countries. Introduction Wildlife involves all untamed plants, animals and other living organisms. The main aim of taming this plants and animals is usually for the purposes of preserving and sustaining the environment. However, the preservation of animals has both positive and negative effects on the environment and the people’s life. The preservation of the wildlife in Africa has been affected by human activities in Africa such as farming, grazing of animals etc. The wildlife is preserved in game reserves and parks where they are guarded by the game wardens to ensure their safety from poachers. In addition, in many African countries special bodies have been established to oversee the preservation and maintenance of the wildlife for instance in Kenya there is Kenya wildlife services (KWS) that is served with the mandate to ensure that the preservation is up to the international standards and check on the animal rights. In addition, the preservation of the wildlife is not practiced by the government but there are authorized private bodies and individuals that also preserve this animals in their private lands for their personal benefits such as for food, game hunting sports and to attract tourists. The main body The preservation of the wildlife has many benefits to the people and the environment. For instance, wildlife is the source of food to many people in Africa. There are communities that still practice hunting and gathering as their main economic activities making game meat and plants source of their livelih
Introduction This report is a review of the essay Death and justice by Edward I. Koch. This essay addresses the use of the death penalty as a way of deterring people from engaging in serious criminal offenses such as cold blood murder (Koch 1). Koch uses statements of some of the condemned murderers to show that killing a person is wrong. It implies that even the murderers understand how painful killing another person is and they still proceed to do it. For instance, the author gives an example of Mr. Willie, a convicted murderer, who testifies that no person deserves to be killed (Koch 1). Due to his vast experience in the criminal justice system, Koch is fit to write about issues of the death penalty and justice. He currently works in a popular TV courtroom show after serving as a mayor of New York for 12 years. Apart from Death and justice, Koch has also written other literary works such as Mayor (1984) and Politics (1985). Although the issue of the death penalty is quite controversial, it is the most effective deterrence and the fairest justice that can be done to the victims of the most serious offenses. Synopsis This book has a total of seven chapters. Chapter 1, “The Death Penalty Is Barbaric,” reinforces the need to create an injustice-free society. Chapter 2, “No Other Major Democracy Uses the Death Penalty,” supports the states that apply the death penalty to enforce justice. Chapter 3, An Innocent Person May Be Executed By Mistake, addresses the risks involved in wrongful executions. Chapter 4, “Capital Punishment Cheapens the Value of Human Life,” asserts that the death penalty promotes the value of life. Chapter 5, “The Death Penalty Is Applied in a Discriminatory Manner,” refutes possibilities of discrimination in the death penalty. Chapter 6, “Thou Shall Not Kill,” uses the Bible to support the death penalty. Lastly, chapter 7, “The Death Penalty Is State-Sanctioned Murder,” asserts that the death penalty helps to construct a civilized society. The Death Penalty is Barbaric The way the law and the criminal justice system work is intricate; this complexity makes it hard to understand the differences that arise in the different crimes and cases. However, the main argument about punishment is that anyone who commits a criminal offense deserves to be penalized. Retribution and deterrence are the main arguments on which punishment is based. Retribution asserts that punishment should be given out in form of vengeance. Criminals should be given a similar treatment such as the ha
Something has to be done when it comes to preventable diseases. There must be an added impetus in the fight to reinstate primary prevention in schools, hospitals, and communities. Although doctors and other medical specialists are major role players in the fight against diseases, the nursing profession is in the front lines of the battle. The nurses are the people that patients see on a regular basis. The nurses are the ones who are given the opportunity to conduct preliminary diagnosis even if it is as simple as asking questions about the patients problems, asking patients how they are feeling and what has happened to them recently. More importantly nurses are trained to handle equipment and other methods in relation to providing preventive care. If nurses are diligent and passionate about this specific aspect of their job then they can save lives and prevent health problems from getting worse. This means that patients will not only be saved from imminent death but prevention help them to improve their health without having to spend a considerable amount of money – as wise men say, an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. Background Health experts Larry Cohen and Sana Chehimi (2009) tells the story of a prominent individual who suffered a major attack and was promptly rushed to a nearby hospital. Although prognosis was bleak the patient was able to recover and because of the celebrity status of the patient the said hospital was in the centre of a media storm. The supervisors and key health officials of the said facility congratulated themselves and their staff for a job well-done but then somebody asked them about prevention – to which they replied by pointing to a stack of brochures entitled, “Staying Heart Healthy”, the said health literature was their answer to the need for primary prevention (Cohen & Chehimi, 2009). In the 21 st century more and more people are realising the absurdity of the health official’s reply but sadly there are only a few people in the medical field who are taking primary prevention seriously. This neglect will result in the premature deaths of many people as well as mounting medical bills. Prevention is the key that will help the healthcare industry cope with the problem of rising healthcare costs as well as the rising number of premature deaths related to preventable diseases. It is one thing to die from an accident, snuffing the life of a young man or woman. But it is another thing to see young people wheeled into operating rooms because of Type 2 diabetes, coronary heart diseases and many types of cancer borne out of eating unhealthy food and the lack of physical activity. This means that if these patients were educated
What is meant by the term “Nixonomics,” including wage and price controls? What was the overall effect of Nixon’s economic policies on the United States? Explain The Vietnam War and Johnson’s fiscal policy has led instability in the American economic system when Nixon became President, with significant price hikes and inflation. Nixonomics refers to general economic policy which Nixon applied during his presidency, that included a number of different approaches that he attempted to reverse the economic situation. At first, he attempted to use the Friedman monetary theory which suggested that prices could be lowered by cutting the money supply. This was unsuccessful and led to an even greater recession. Afterward, Nixon attempted to use jawboning, which sought to pressure businesses and trade unions to maintain low prices and wages but resulted in continuous stagflation (Moss and Thomas 2012, 163). With a lack of success, Nixon applied Keynesian economics to unbalance the budget with the purpose to stimulate demand and employment. However, the inflation and unemployment remained at high levels. In 1971, Nixon froze wages, prices, and rents, enabled tax cuts and introduced a 10 percent tariff (Moss and Thomas 2012, 164). Eventually, the freeze was removed, but guidelines were still in place. Such strict measures had a profound effect on ending the recession and rise of GDP, but eventually, the controls were undermined by businesses and inflation rose again. Unfortunately, Nixon’s erratic economic policies were shortcoming and led to more instability. His approach almost destroyed the US economy and believed to be the cause of a deep recession in 1973. Furthermore, it led to a discussion of how far the government should ultimately intervene in the American free market economy. What was “Watergate” and how did it affect U.S. politics? Explain After Nixon’s reelection in 1972, he felt empowered to drive the country into a conservative direction, both politically and economically. He reorganized the government to be more influential towards his authority and greatly conflicted with the Democratic Congress. Watergate refers to a political scandal which emerged that revealed Nixon, his administration, and campaign using immoral and dirty methods to maintain control and prevent leaks. From the start of his presidency, Nixon abused his power and engaged in illegal activities such as placing wiretaps and using the IRS to blackmail opponents and raise illicit campaign funds. The scandal is most known for the Watergate break-in to the Democratic National Committee. Afterward, Nixon engaged in direct cover-up efforts that led to a constitutional crisis (Moss and Thomas 2012, 171). Watergate led to a profound and deep impact on U.S. politics and society. First, it led to a significant
While Lorraine Hanisberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun is considered as being much ahead of its times in terms of depiction of black people’s daily life and the repression that they have to undergo at a time when considerable developments have taken place in the direction of giving them their due civil rights, A Rose for Emily is a short story written by William Faulkner about Emily, an old woman who lived in the small town of Jefferson. Faulkner has depicted several themes in A Rose for Emily but the most significant is that of decay which is evident in the entire story. This essay will analyze the two works and compare and contrast them in the context of what messages they have conveyed to people and society, and what issues they have highlighted in the viewpoint of the two authors. The aims of the play A Raisin in the Sun were shared by Hansberry with her husband in telling him that she desired to create a description by way of a social drama, of the lifestyle of Americans Africans, and in doing so she created an imaginary set up that appeared to be agonizingly real at times. The plot of the story centers on the way her characters go about doing things in trying to escape from their restricted surroundings. It is also known that a major part of the play bears some resemblance to the personal life experiences of Hansberry. Conversely, the story A Rose for Emily is written in the typical Faulkner style of flowing awareness and perceptions. The story primarily illustrates the theme of decaying which is demonstrated in the manner in which the town, Emily’s house, and Ms. Emily herself become decomposed over the years and decades. They no longer represent the pleasure and happiness one received when associated with them when Emily was young. The story, A Rose for Emily is set in the early years of the 20 th century and is narrated by an unidentified person who resides in the same town. The reader learns about Emily’s death in the beginning and about how she used to live in the town as a young lady with her father and lover. However, the end of the story depicts the disconcerting fact that Emily is not dead and was all along in hiding. In contrast, A Raising in the Sun is about a family and reveals to the reader the kind of life lived in tenement houses in bigger cities. The play depicts the struggle that the characters undergo in attempting to find a better future for their children. The characters in A Raising in the Sun are real in the sense that the reader can have a feel of a mother’s love for her family and for her children to succeed in life. The other characters can be perceived in terms of their aspirations. Ruth wants that her daughter Beneatha should become a doctor and aims at providing her with all facilities to achieve this end but Beneatha is frustrated with the traditional beliefs and ideas of her mother. Beneatha is not happy with the traditional marriage that her brother went through. Her character displays a high sense of dependence on dreams that should be fulfilled to make her feel contented. Walter is portrayed as an angry man who does not appear to get anywhere with such an atti
A mutation is a change in the genome of an organism. Most commonly, mutations are defined as changes in DNA structure that occur due to disruption of the sequence of genes or the emergence of new genes. In this paper, I would like to talk about spontaneous mutations. Spontaneous mutations occur by chance – for example if a sheep is suddenly born in a flock of sheep with shorter legs; such mutations can also occur in humans. The ADRB1 gene, for example, is responsible for regulating the amount of sleep a person needs each night to function properly. Most humans need eight hours of sleep or more, but about 5% of the population enjoys a slightly different mutant version. Tests done on a mother and daughter who had the mutation revealed the ability to sleep only 4 to 6 hours each night (Servick, 2019). This mutation refers to a type of genomic mutation. The protein encoded by the mutation is a receptor for norepinephrine. This mutation is dominant, autosomal, and beneficial in its effect on the viability of individuals. Changes in the ADRB1 gene occur primarily in humans. However, they can also be in animals, although no studies have yet been conducted. Such a mutation does not affect the human population in the general world. This is mainly due to the fact that it is not dangerous and is not life-threatening to its carriers. Thus, such a mutation is only a positive addition to the life abilities of a human carrier. This mutation is sporadic and is not a dominant trend in population genome changes despite its dominance. I find this example interesting because natural changes in the human genome open up new possibilities for the population. Thus, studying such changes is essential for human development and a deeper study of human capabilities. Reference Servick, K. (2019). This genetic mutation makes people feel rested on just 6 hours of sleep. Science. Web.
Introduction Acculturation is often associated with a wide range of depressive symptoms that are characteristic of mild mental disorders. It refers to “a process of change on both the individual and group level, which results from contact between a minority and a dominant culture” (Aprahamian, Kaplan, Windham, Sutter &Visser, 2011). Acculturation forces immigrant communities to change their values, beliefs, and attitudes to conform to those of the dominant culture in the host country. Immigrants experience cultural transition, which comes with anxiety and stress. It has been found that acculturation has a greater impact on the immigrants’ mental health than the disturbance caused by migration. In particular, aspects of acculturation, such as the adaptation mechanisms employed by the immigrants, have a big impact on their mental health. Researchers have examined the effect of acculturation on the mental health of immigrants. Arab-Americans belong to a minority ethnic group that has been affected by acculturation. Currently, about 3.5 million people of Arab descent live in the United States (Jadalla & Lee, 2012). They share the same language (Arabic), beliefs, and cultural values. They immigrated into America in the mid 19 th Century, with the majority of them settling in Michigan, California, and New York (Phinney, Horenczyk, Liebkind & Vedder, 2001). The immigrants, since 9/11, are often victims of discrimination due to religious extremism and terrorism activities perpetrated by their compatriots. They suffer from negative stereotypes and prejudice, which prevents them from being fully integrated into American society. Moreover, recent political upheavals, including the ‘Arab Spring,’ are major sources of distress among Arab-Americans. Despite being vulnerable to negative stereotyping, not many studies have examined the effect of acculturation on the mental health of Arab immigrants. Aprahamian et al. (2011) examined the correlation between acculturation among Arab immigrants and their mental health using a sample of 1,016 participants. The study found that “religion, discrimination experiences, and age” affect the mental health of Arab-Americans (p. 88). This implies that social prejudice and discrimination have negative consequences on the mental health of this group. On their part, Jadalla and Le
The definition of success, in general, varies from person to person and the circumstances under which the success is carried out. But, if someone is able to make a way in a company that is held under high esteem by rookies like me, then the success becomes much more rejoicing and motivating. Under Armour (UA) has been relentlessly serving the sporting community with the mission of making ‘all athletes better through passion, science, and the relentless pursuit of innovation’. It is this passion and pursuit that has motivated me to experience the environment of UA. I am a junior George Mason University student with accounting as my major. Though accounting work may not bring me in direct touch with the customers, the backhand job has to be effective enough to provide a helping hand to the customer care executives. In these competitive times, the customer care executives are supposed to take care of the customer’s preferences and value his/her time while offering him/her the desired services. The entire team of executives is supposed to work like a cohesive team if the company is to expect loyalty from the customer/s. I fully realize the role an accounting intern can play in motivating the workforce to do well in serving the needs of the customer. I do have a US equivalent associate degree in accounting From Ethiopia. The 3 years of work experience in accounting from my country will also help me in learning the specialized techniques at UA in the minimum possible time. My experience includes recording entries to the journal, posting entries from the journal to the ledger, preparing financial reports using excel and peachtree accounting software, and preparing bank reconciliation. This will provide me enough confidence in handling the large volumes at UA. I am quite friendly with some of the routinely used computer programs like excel, word, PowerPoint, outlook, etc. which are a prerequisite for an accounting intern at UA.