ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Conflicts are part of every management. According to ALICE Training Institute (2015), close to 700 people are murdered in the various places of work, and between 1992 and 2012, approximately 15,000 cases of violence at the workplace that were recorded were all homicide victims. Several cases of violence at workplaces have led to serious fatalities. Nonfatal cases remain common with the CNN reporting 572,000 cases of nonfatal crimes in 2009 at various workplaces (ALICE Training Institute, 2015). Largely, the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OHSA) put the estimated value to be approximately 2 million cases of workplace violence per annum – ranging from physical and verbal abuses to homicides. Organizations, therefore, have to put in place necessary conflict handling mechanisms to help in averting conflicts from degenerating into violence. Cross-cultural misunderstanding is one key factor that if not well handled can result in workplace violence (Perkins & Arvinen-Muondo, 2013). Various organizations have to make unrelenting efforts to resolve differences considerately while factoring in the cultural considerations. The cultural difference comes up with communication challenges. Communication is in two distinct forms: verbal and non-verbal communication. Tones of voice, gestures, facial expressions, body language, and posture have an immense impact on communication ( Resolve cross-cultural misunderstandings , 2008). The difference in rules across varied cultures affects the ways of communication whether verbal or nonverbal. Notably, the rules are particular to every culture and must not be underestimated. For instance, in some cultures, when a person maintains continuous eye contact in a conversation, he/she is interpreted as being disrespectful. The scenario is the true position for the aboriginal cultures. In the current global world, organizations first have to appreciate the rules of communication in different cultures before learning how to communicate with employees from other cultures. In addition, the different managements at the workplaces have to be aware of the most common obstacles to effective communication across the different cultures within the workplaces (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, 2016). This initiative will eliminate instances where one will be highly likely to judge an individual from another culture based on the cultural values, which do not tally with those of the former. In this manner, cases of workplace violence will be reduced or eliminated. Appreciating the concept of individual differences is another way of preventing violence at the workplaces. By the management explaining to members the strength of having people with varied cultures as well as differences, employees will be in a position to learn to accommodate each other in order to build a strong team (Doherty & Guyler, 2008). In this aspect, the unity and understanding at the workplace will help curb the cases of workplace violence.
Introduction Herne Organics is currently rethinking its business strategy; the company needs to assure its stakeholders that it will continue to be successful upon expansion of the organic business and selling off of its restaurants and hotels. The feasibility of such a decision can be adversely affected by external market forces which will be analysed through a PEST analysis Political environment Taxation policies will actually serve as a disincentive if the government gets more involved in the organic industry. One cannot predict whether this will happen or not as all this depends on the type of leadership operating in the UK. Conservative governments tend to create situations in which small or medium enterprises find it difficult to operate. In close association with these is the VAT charged on goods. The company has stated that it intends to invest in restructuring its premises, purchasing new equipment and building a greenhouse complex. There may be tax changes and these may have to be involved in future estimations. Additionally, international trade may pose a serious threat to the expansion of the company’s products because EU partners are operating on a level playing field with UK organic growers. Therefore the company must ensure that its commodities surpass those of other EU member countries. Herne Organics is operating in North Kent and this has constantly been referred to as England’s garden. The government would therefore have no hesitation to offer support to this kind of production. Since organic farming is subsidized in the UK, then chances are that Herne organics will reap greater benefits from this subsidization once they expand their organic farmland as the government has acknowledged that the external benefits of organic farming are quite important to the UK population. (Gillman, 2009) Competition laws have been put in place within UK and the wider EU region. Therefore, the latter company must ensure that it adheres to directives written by the Competition Commission as this expansion will lead to greater scrutiny by the latter group and the government in general. Economic factors Studies have shown that a substantial share of Kent’s agricultural resources have been turned into service and industrial ones. Consequently, the overall trend is towards other sectors of the economy. This implies that those who stick to agriculture may face less competition and making their names known will be an easy task. In 1995, the total amount of activities attributed to agriculture in North Kent was 3.1% and this changed to 1.7% and 1.6% in 2000 and 2003 respectively. On the other hand, the services sector accounted for 65.5% of the economy in this county in 1995 and it grew to 68.1% and 70.5% in 2000 and 2003 respectively. (Kent Country Council, 2009) Herne Organics will have more room to establish themselves as a national leader in organic products since only a small portion of its p
Physical education should be an integral part of the curriculum. It is amazing that schools can compromise physical education with all its benefits. Schools in particular know the benefits of physical education in a student’s life and should be able to fight for the children’s rights. Physical exercise promotes blood circulation in the body especially in the brain and such activity works to reduce stress and improve on mood and attitude of the student as work without play makes Jack a dull boy. Moreover studies have proved that physically active children achieve more in class. The national association for sports and physical education recommend at least sixty minutes of exercise daily or for most days of the week. Statistics show that over ten million children aged between six and nineteen are overweight in the United States. Among the adolescents, the number of the over weights toady is four times than in the last decade; a very alarming rate. The dangers of being overweight are too adverse to be true. Some of the health risks associated with obesity and overweight are polygenic disorders like pre-diabetes and diabetes, heart diseases, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, apnea and many more. Additionally, nutritionists say that an obese child is likely to be an obese adult. The fact that fat cells are capable of increasing in number during childhood but in adulthood the body system can only work to fill the existing ones and not to form new ones supports this claim. Obesity is a major health concern in most of the countries and especially in the US as aforementioned. Obesity is hard to manage not mentioning its health related risks; it calls for specialist medical care, which is very expensive to a given country; therefore, nations cannot afford to cut down the programs that help to manage and/or prevent obesity. With most foods working to accumulate fats in the body and the changes in lifestyle, policy makers cannot ignore this pertinent issue. Physical exercise in schools should draw their support from family members, the society and the government. The government should set aside money for physical exercises in particula
Introduction Network governance (NG) is a form of governance that is likely to be continually used in the future for the solution of complex contemporary issues that require the coordination of actions of numerous actors. The present paper is aimed at gaining insights into the notion. It includes the definition of the term, the discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the phenomenon, and the analysis of its key aspects supplied with relevant examples. The critical analysis of two theoretical articles is used to make assumptions about the related research, and the conclusions about NG are made. Network Governance: The Notion Definition A network can be defined as a group of interrelated but legally autonomous units that are united by a common goal or aim (Provan & Kenis 2008, p. 231). The term ‘governance’ describes the structures, which shape the ‘rights, rules, preferences and resources that structure political outcomes’ and individuals’ actions aimed at it (Bogason & Musso 2006, p. 5). NG can, therefore, be defined as a network that is united by the common aim of influencing varied aspects of public policies (Poocharoen & Sovacool 2012). The forms of NG are numerous, and they can be related to various environments (Hansson & Longva 2014). For example, an NG can appear business (Provan & Kenis 2008; Poocharoen & Sovacool 2012), politics (Bogason & Musso 2006; Elson 2015), or environmental protection (Sandström, Bodin & Crona 2015; Van Buuren et al. 2014) settings. The Strengths and Weaknesses The strengths of NG include those that allow it to perform its mission (achieve a common goal) and positive side effects. The former incorporate the improved problem-solving and planning capabilities and enhanced flexibility, adaptability, and efficiency due to the increased number of thinkers and perspectives. For example, Bogason and Musso (2006, p. 8) explain that the NG carried out in the Ghent region through the increasing engagement of local governments provided additional viewpoints of the people who possess more extensive knowledge about the specifics of local problems, which led to the mentioned advantages. The ‘side-effects’ of NG include the empowerment of the people involved and enhanced understanding of the issues. For a business, additional advantages include the improvement of competitiveness and customer satisfaction; for the politics, arguably, the democracy might benefit (Bogason & Musso 2006; Provan & Kenis 2008; Sandström, Bodin & Crona 2015). The disadvantages of NG include relative instability (the downside of flexibility) and the need to balance between excessive and insufficient control (Sandström, Bodin & Crona 2015). Similarly significant is the issue of acc
Introduction Conflict Management refers to a systematic process of finding quality-satisfying outcomes between conflicted parties. Conflict management aims at resolving interpersonal conflicts through effective interpersonal negotiation skills in an organization. This paper is a critique and summary of the journal article titled International Journal of Conflict Management written by Mary C. Kern and Richard A Posthuma. Critique and Summary Conflict occurs in an organization if a group or individual feels negatively affected by the activities of another group or individual. This happens when individuals or groups consider the behavior or activities of others incompatible. In addition, the article says that in an organization, conflict may arise because of differences in power, competing over scarce resources, and tendencies to differentiate other than converge. Further, the article says that an organizational conflict can occur between two or more people in small work teams or groups as well as temporary coalitions. The chapters in the journal article tackle a variety of large and small disputes and conflicts that take place in organizations and groups. There are some chapters in the journal article that look at conflicts existing at micro levels between two people sharing an office or between two people competing for scarce resources (Tjosvold, D 2006). However, other chapters study the organizational conflict that takes place in teams. Some team members may feel that management is favoring others by giving them higher salaries and allowances. This journal has four parts that tackle the issue of organizational conflict and performance in different ways. The first part deals with the relationship that exists between performance and conflict management. In addition, this part views the conditions that come with conflict management, as being productive to an organization and its groups. The second part looks at the conflicts that exist between teams and examines the principles and processes that make it a useful tool in an organization’s decision-making process. On the other hand, the third part looks at group competition as well as conflict. This part offers an insight into the conditions that hinder and foster the process. The last part of the journal article makes an outline of how to develop interventions based on the knowledge presented in the first three parts (Tjosvold 2006). The journal has managerial advice for those who engage in the organizational conflict as well as those who assist in resolving the conflicts. The aim of the managerial advice contained in the journal is to make conflict beneficial to all organizations and groups.
Firstly, it should be noted that the website appeals substantially more to women than men. Both in terms of page views and sessions, the former achieves a statistic that is nearly double that of the latter. As such, it would be reasonable to direct more resources to female-specific marketing than male-oriented options or those that appeal to both sexes. With that said, it would not be reasonable to direct all of the marketing effort and expenditure into appeals to one specific category. While a 2:1 ratio is substantially skewed, it is not overwhelming enough that the dismissal of the smaller category would be a reasonable option. In terms of age, it is possible to see a progression that approximates an inverse mathematical function. With increases in age, visitors are showing reduced interest in the site, which is reflected in the number of page views. As such, as in the case of genders, it would be logical to apportion a plurality of the marketing budget to people aged 25-34. With that said, this category does not occupy a majority of the overall page views in the same way that the female gender does. Combined, the other age categories outweigh it, and budget funds should be apportioned to reflect that fact. The younger visitor categories should receive increased attention, but the rest should not be dismissed. In terms of channels, two dominate dramatically over the rest: direct visits and organic searches. The former somewhat outweighs the latter and exceeds all the other categories combined with a substantial margin. Substantial marketing should not be allocated to users who visit the website directly beyond improvements to its design and operations. For organic searches, continuous effort should be devoted to keeping the link at the top of the search results. The other categories do not contribute many page views, but they successfully generate users and should be maintained. Lastly, social media and email are valuable engagement tools, and the company’s lack of their utilization is an issue that should be rectified. In terms of devices, desktops dominate the pageviews, with mobile device usage nearly an order of magnitude lower and tablets, another order of magnitude below them. The value of this insight depends on the nature of the website and its intended purpose. If it is conducive to extensive unhurried browsing as one chooses from a variety of options, desktops would be the natural choice due to the convenience of their large screens and advanced control options. However, it is also possible that the mobile version of the website is not optimized and is uncomfortable to use, and the view disparity with tablets is explained by their overall low prevalence. Further investigation is needed before any specific conclusion can be reached. The bounce rate for the website varies between days, but on average, it appears to be confined be
Executive Summary Tourism has a number of social benefits to the host communities. From one end, it assembles people of different cultural affiliations together. The act of sharing and learning from each other’s culture fosters cultural understanding. This understanding is an incredible ingredient towards embracing the spirit of multiculturalism. However, when cultural inferiority and superiority complexes exist between the host communities and the visiting people, embracement of multiculturalism suffers a great deal. The perceptions of the host people about tourism also play pivotal roles in determining the social impacts of tourism. When tourism serves to introduce some lifestyles that are not acceptable within the ethical and moral domains of the host communities, they may perceive it as a means of deteriorating their cultural beliefs and norms. Therefore, rather than tourism serving to highlight and reinforce the need for global cultural integration, it serves to produce cultural conflicts. The paper notes that some of the things that cause the cultural conflicts are only undue indulgences by some specific persons but not the entire society from which the tourists come. Unfortunately, chances exist where the host communities may tend to over generalize the behaviors of an individual tourist to use them to define the entire society from which she or he comes. This leads to stereotyping, which is another social impact of tourism. The paper also argues that tourism has the social impacts of creating public awareness of the host communities’ cultural artifacts coupled with their needs to the international community. More often than not, such awareness has the implication of attracting the attention of the global community to the societal needs. Introduction Across the globe, tourism constitutes an industry that is growing rapidly. It affects communities both socially and economically. This means that it is a source of livelihood to many people living within tourism destinations. However, even with these advantages, tourism creates a perceived fear among the residents of the tourism destinations who associate with the perception of its capacity to erode the cultures of the indigenous people. Opposed to these negative social impacts, “as with any economic activity, tourism can have negative impacts on communities” (Surabaya, Tee, and Somme 57). Thus, it is critical for measures and steps taken to be taken to minimize all these negative impacts so that tourism can act to benefit the communities living within the locations of the tourism destinations. As an economic sector, tourism is peculiar in comparison with all other economic sectors. In the first instance, unlike many sectors, tourism remains a subtle industry whose employees remain not replaced by technology. Consequently, tourism will continue to act a major source of employment. It “aids in the conservation of natural spaces, avoids the migration of the local population, and improves the economic and socio-cultural level of the local population” (Haley 4). Tourism plays pivotal roles as a major employer in changing social interactio
Content (the what) Average Student The Pledge of Allegiance A student with Special Needs The students with special needs will also learn the Pledge of Allegiance. In this case, no specific modifications will be made. Process (the how) Average Student Memorize and present to the rest of the class. A student with Special Needs Several accommodations have to be made for students with special needs. In particular, learners who may have severe short-term memory impairments should be allowed to use the text of the Pledge while presenting it to the class. It may be difficult for them to memorize the text of the Pledge. Furthermore, learners with severe speech impairments may present the Pledge directly to the teacher. It may be emotionally difficult for them to speak out loud in front of the entire class (Ryan, Cooper, and Tauer 41). Product (the evaluation) Average Student Successfully meet all rubric criteria. A student with Special Needs Students with special needs will need to meet slightly different criteria. In particular, the grades given to students with speech impairments will not be lowered for the possible mispronunciation of words. Furthermore, the learners with memory impairments will not receive a lower grade for using the text while presenting the Pledge to the Class. These two groups have been chosen because they are more likely to experience difficulties while working on this task. Works Cited Ryan, Kevin, James Cooper, and Susan Tauer. Teaching for Student Learning: Becoming a Master Teacher , New York: Cengage Learning.
Introduction Equitable estoppel is a doctrine under the law of Equity that prevents a person from denying an earlier position he or she had made to another party. The second party relies on this position to execute other dealings. In most cases, these dealings entail monetary expenditure and it is for this reason that a dispute may arise between the parties. The primary party is prevented by the doctrine of equitable estoppel from denying the position—whether or not it emerged from a contract. As distinguished from the common law estoppel, equitable estoppel does not rely on the actions of the primary party. It could emerge from the implied conduct of the party or a promise made to the secondary party. It could also arise out of the relationship between the parties. The doctrine of equitable estoppel acts as a rule of evidence where matters in contention can be proved by demonstrating to the court how the rule applies in the circumstances of the case. If the court is satisfied with the proof, it enables the person raising the estoppel point to claim an equitable interest in real or personal property. Another distinction between common law estoppel and equitable estoppel lies in the fact that the former is only used as a defense mechanism while the latter can act as a defense mechanism and a cause of action. This contradicts the equitable maxim that equity ought to act as a shield and not as a sword. Just like all other rules, there are exceptions. Equitable estoppel is the exception to this maxim and its acceptance as a rule of evidence demonstrates its validity. A further contradiction of to this maxim is that equitable estoppel is a rule of evidence. Maxims do not constitute rules or regulations. They act as guiding principles to the application of equity in courts. However, equitable estoppel forms both substantive and procedural law. It can be enforced by the courts and remedies can be awarded. When equitable estoppel acts as a sword, it simply means that it can be used as a cause of action. The rule can be applied as a basis for beginning litigation in a court of law. This is yet another distinction of equitable estoppels from the principles of equity. Principles and doctrines are normally used to guide the court in the administration of justice. As such, they act as procedural rules. However, as far as equitable estoppel is concerned, it can also be used as substantive law. A party may