ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction History, as well as memory, is the bearer of experience. The past often contains such events that can be compared with nightmares. Human memory usually chooses to forget them but in most cases it is hardly possible. The same goes with history, there are a lot of events, whose ugliness history seems to be unable to bear, but it has to. So, both, memory and history suffer from evil deeds that occur because of human cruelty. These nightmares that occurred in reality found their embodiment in literature and works of art because neither human memory nor history could cope with such burden alone. One of such awful atrocities against humanity was the Holocaust, the nightmare that became reality for thousands of people during World War II. The Holocaust left its brand on the whole subsequent history of humanity as well as on the memory of its victims. Thousands of people were put to death; they lost their lives because of the Nazis’ hatred. Still, many people survived and they paid for the Holocaust with their memory, the memory that was infected with enormous grief forever. Carl Friedman and Anne Michaels write about people “infected” by the Holocaust and the way the authors render their response to grief and sorrow of this awful man-made catastrophe deserves special consideration. Both literary works have characters that are direct witnesses and victims of the Holocaust and the representatives of the second generation, the children of those victims. Their attitude to the awful atrocity is different, it is natural. Its analysis promises interesting results. Thus, let us consider the attitude to grief, pain and horror of those who witnessed them: the survivors of concentration camps, people who faced death, who remembered the face of Grim Reaper. The father’s attitude to grief and pain Carl Friedman presents a somewhat mystical character of the father, a survivor of a concentration camp. It is necessary to mention that the character of the man and the narrator’s character are autobiographical to some extent. This contributes to the impressiveness of both characters. So, the character of the father is the Holocaust incarnate. The presence of grief is evident in every word
Many people, including politicians, have made connections between science and politics in controversial areas related to “global warming, biological evolution, the chemical origins of life, global warming, and human cloning” (Strauss 1). Strauss observes that the new law encourages teachers to “present the scientific strengths and scientific weaknesses of existing scientific theories covered in the course being taught” (Strauss 1). This attitude of politicians toward established principles and definition of science has disturbed many scientists and the public. They believe that such an attitude is anti-science and it and could challenge the current accepted scientific theories, mainly in evolution and climate change. This essay argues that there is a grave danger when politics is allowed to define science. Scientific discoveries have changed how people view their worlds. Scientific methods provide means through which people can inquire and answer scientific questions through systematic observations and experiments. McLelland presents various stages of the scientific method, which are applicable in all studies (McLelland 1-4). This provides credibility in scientific inquiries because scientists must ask questions, conduct background research, formulate hypotheses, test their hypotheses, conduct data analysis, draw inferences, and communicate their findings. These stages result in fair scientific discoveries and new knowledge as scientists struggle to demonstrate how nature functions. Hence, they develop theories and principles that are fair, have solid evidence, consistent and logically presented, and acknowledge their weaknesses and rival theories. This leads to new knowledge. On this note, politics, which introduces new concepts and controversies, does not in
Introduction A supranational organization refers to a union or a group of companies that have membership in multiple nations. A single business that qualifies this description can also be considered a supranational organization. The nations relinquish part of their power through political, financial, and martial alliances with the view of advancing the core agenda of a supranational organization. This highlight suggests that organizations such as OPEC and NATO and unions such as the EU and NAFTA fit the definition of supranational organizations. This paper discusses NATO’s purpose, its current and most significant activities, and its membership. Purpose Supranational organizations advance the discourses of international relations that cover collective interactions that exist between international communities. These societies include homelands, persons, and even states (Nau 19). International organizations push the development agenda in different nations. Martin and Simmons present the subject of international relations as a political science component that deals with issues of foreign affairs, including the contribution of supranational, multinational, and nongovernmental organizations to advancing the global defense, political, money-making, and social agenda (732). North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which is also referred to as North Atlantic Alliance pursues international relations discourses. However, it focuses on enhancing collective defense of member states in response to any external inversion. NATO’s main offices are based in Brussels, Belgium. It was created following the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949. At its creation, its purpose was stated as maintaining general security around the globe. However, its purpose expanded to include curtailing the exploration of weapons of mass destruction, defense against terrorism following September 11 attacks, and addressing issues of cyber attacks (U.S. Economy par.5). It has also extended its mission to work as a political and military alliance to meet the changing battlefield demands. In this extent, although its main purpose is to ensure security of the member states, it also serves the role of addressing any aggression that emanates from non-member states since any violence threatens peace and stability of North Atlantic region. For example, during the 2014 NATO’s summit, Russia’s inversion of Ukraine was among the organization’s agendas, although Ukraine is not a member of the alliance. Current and Most Significant Activities Since its formation, NATO has engaged in various activities that are consistent with its purpose. One of its most significant activities was its response to the threat of terrorism to member states by Al-Qaida and Taliban revolts. The efforts of NATO to engage Taliban and al-Qaida insurgents in the war resulted in the spreading of the war into the North West parts of Pakistan. In 2004, NATO forces launched attacks to flash out and kill Taliban militia and al-Qaida ins
Security Components Sound business management is based on critical elements of which security is fundamental. Bearing that in mind therefore the required support from the management must be provided and at the highest level. Incidences of robberies and threats increase the risk of operating retail stores. Security begins as a state of the mind and for any organization, it must be based on certain accepted concepts and principles. Good security practice involves everyone in an organization knowing and obeying the security rules. Sometimes the practices and procedures can cause personal discomfort because it is perceived to be restrictive, regulatory, and beaurocratic. (Boyce and Jennings) Security practices procedures and resources have to be cost–effective to the organization. Potential threats must always be viewed from the worst scenario perspective bearing in mind the probability, extent of threat, and severity of the harm that can be caused. Security is an issue that requires risk management whereby information and resources are safeguarded against misuse, espionage, fraud, and any other mal practice. Risk management can be achieved by continuous implementation if of the safeguards which include physical, administrative, personnel, environmental procedural, communication, and information system security. Components of security within an organization are comprised of a list of practices that can help an organization have better management of security and reduce the associated losses. To help reduce this risk and create a safer working environment for staff and reduce theft cases appropriate security components have to be installed. Most of today‘s security and surveillance installations are built to be used after a crime has been committed. Common strategies to prevent retail theft or robbery involve environmental changes to the property. The first and most important component of the security system is to identify the risk first. This can be done by identifying the assets first if the risk involves important information which needs to be protected. ( Boyce and Jennings)The next practice is to get the chief executive officers involved in the planning for security. A good security policy starts from the top management as it flows to other employees. Security is a complicated policy and cannot be handled by many people. A good practice
Introduction Education and the learning process can arguably be stated to be the foundation of man’s modern civilization and for this reason, educational institutes have been given a lot of relevance in modern day society. However, this tremendous attention and significance has mostly been focused on childhood education and it has not been until fairly recent that adult learning has been given closer attention. Swanson and Holton (2009) propose that part of the reason why adult learning has gained new respect is the realization that adult learning is a powerful tool in developing better institutes as well as individuals. This has resulted in more research on adult learning and a marked increase in the knowledge base on adult education and training. One of the areas of adult education that is of great relevance is adult learning and motivation in the human resource setting. This are has especially become significant in modern times whereby new technologies necessitate employees to undergo learning processes so as to remain effectiv
For a long period of time, Black people in the history of humankind have not been treated evenly. Eslanda Robenson, a writer and political activist who lived in 1896-1965 in the USA, traveled to Africa in 1936 (Culley, 1985). Eslanda spent some time with the local, which she described in her diary. She wrote that the locals asked her questions such as “do black people and white people go to the same schools” or “are black people allowed to do every kind of work” (Culley, 1985, p. 239). Eslanda’s diary shows that even at the beginning of the XX century, there was a difference in the acceptance of race. An important aspect of looking at this difference is whether Black women were treated differently from Black men and how Black women learned to stand up for themselves. Black Women in History: Origin More often than not, Black women have been looked overlooked. African women arrived in the territory of modern America in the XVI century. Although history barely mentions their presence, those women were free upon their arrival (Berry & Gross, 2020). However, in the XVII century, more Black women were forcibly brought there due to the transatlantic slave trade. Unwillingly transported from home, those women were not aware that it was just the beginning of captivity for generations of their descendants. In 1662, lawmakers of colonial Virginia passed the law according to which “the status of a child would follow that of … mother” (Owens & Fett, 2019, p. 1343). Despite that, Black women were not only hard workers but did their best at protecting their families in their own ways. Journey Across the Atlantic Ocean At the beginning of the XVII century, African women were shipped across the Atlantic Ocean to become slaves in New World. Their lives were in danger before they got down to the shore, as they were physically and sexually abused on the ships (Berry & Gross, 2020). Consequently, they were suffering mentally, which essentially lowered their capability to fight back. Yet, the women did all they could to survive. Having memorized the ship’s structure, they would inform each other about the location of supplies and weapons and the daily schedule of the crew (Berry & Gross, 2020). The captives were ready to end their lives on board rather than lose their freedom on the shore. Labor Pains When a ship with enslaved people would reach the shore, the captives would be sent to work. Black women usually worked as servants or growing tobacco, rice, sugar, and wheat (Berry & Gross, 2020). Still, Black women were victims of physical and sexual abuse, which often led to pregnancy. As mothers, they wanted their children to be happy and did what they believed to be better for them. Sadly, in many cases, the women would infanticide their babies rather than bring them into the life of slaver
Introduction John Steinbeck’s book, ‘The Grapes of Wrath,’ is a standard book that is renowned for its interesting writing skills and expressive quality. However, the supposedly historical theme is generally projected to sustain socialistic hypotheses. The book concentrates on an unfortunate family of sharecroppers forced from their Oklahoma home by financial constrains, food shortage, and unproductively of the agricultural sector. As a result of the desperate conditions desperate, and partly since they were locked ion the Dust Bowl, the Joad started their journey to California. In company with other ‘Okies,’ they tried to find land, dignity, employment, and future for their children. Main body ‘The Grapes of Wrath’ begins with a representation of the Dust Bowl, the incident that brings about all that occurs in the other parts of the book and brings in Tom Joad, the main character. In the beginning of the story, Tom has just been paroled from prison after he was sentenced for a murder case and he went back to his family where he was accompanied by a former preacher on his return trip. When both arrived at the Joad’s home, they discovered that the house is vacated and was nearly falling down. They finally met their family at Tom’ uncle house, where they were ready to travel to California. It was found out that famine destroyed their family produce and when the bank closed out the farm of the Joad’s family, they were compelled to take refuge in Tom’s uncle house. Tom was among the people who were forced to travel to California, where they expected to find jobs and create a better future. When they arrived at their intended destination, they discovered their expectations to be insufficiently unachievable. The announcements concerning ample jobs for all are actually just tricks by the property owners to obtain inexpensive labour by driving in employees more than the available jobs. Slowly, the state of the family deteriorated as some of the family members depart. Rosasharn’s husband left her, even though she was expecting a child and Casy is detained by the authority, where he got separated from the rest of their members. The remaining Joad’s family members remained for a short time at a government structure, but jobs were not there for them. Therefore, they were caused to abandon the gover
Introduction It is normal for human beings to seek popularity in various forms of society, be it a school, workplace, club, or sports arena. Each person craves to carve a niche for himself or herself in society, to become a recognized ‘somebody’. Even here, dreams of superlative excellence are frequently engaged in, as people aspire to become reputed movie stars or famous sports athletes, in both cases becoming the focus of constant adulation from a huge number of adoring fans. To become a ‘somebody’ In her short poem, “I’m nobody! Who are you?” Emily Dickinson dons the mantle of the speaker in the poem and explores the various nuances involved in being the antithesis of a ‘somebody’, namely, a ‘nobody’. As a ‘nobody,’ the speaker takes on the role of an ‘outsider’ who does not have to be in the public eye. She does not have to endure prolonged intense examination or condemnation of other persons who are probably envious of her general appeal to a wide range of people. She does not need to engage in frivolous games, indulges in pretenses, or go on attempting to become a ‘somebody’. There is no restriction on her continuing to being herself, feeling relaxed, adequate, and experiencing well-being both physically as well as mentally. Most importantly, she is not isolated but grouped with others who are in a similar situation. The anonymity of a ‘nobody’ In the poem’s first verse, the speaker speaks of how she meets another person seeking the anonymity of a ‘nobody’. The speaker delightedly confers the title of ‘friend’ on her new companion. She is thrilled to have found another ‘nobody’ as it breaks the shackles of her hitherto lonely, unpopular world. Together, her friend and she, two ‘nobodies’ who come together, are now free to derive mutual pleasure from being with one another and from their shared freedom from identification and lack of distinctiveness. As a couple, they cease to be ‘nobodies’ because if one ‘nobody’ has another ‘nobody’ at his or her side, then both of them automatically forfeit their individual ‘nobody’ titles – a fact that the speaker dreads. After all, she finds her position as a ‘nobody’ very comfortable and does not wish to be expelled or rejected by what she perceives as an extended social group of ‘nobodies’. That is why she exhorts her newfound friend to keep their friendship a secret that is to be strictly shared only between the two of them {‘Don’t tell/ They’d banish us, you know’}. Existence as a ‘somebody’ The pitch of the poem undergoes a dramatic and positive change in the second verse. The feelings of hesitation, concealment, temerity, and insecurity vanish. Those negative feelings are replaced by newfound confidence. The speaker’s confidence stems from having suddenly found out that there are many persons similar to herself who to are ‘nobodies’. The discovery makes her realiz
Introduction The construction of social reality within cities happens through the prism of urbanism. The various problems of cities and their communities as a socio-cultural phenomenon are one of the most difficult, controversial, and acutely relevant issues. The city integrates social ties and accumulates the cultural potential of the society (Barton and Tsourou 60). It can be stated that sustainable urban development requires the active participation of the public. Urban planning and urban development require an understanding of the political, economic, social, and cultural factors including the needs, requests, and opinions of citizens (Barton and Tsourou 60). It is worth noting that the current situation of the country and its populations are characterized by the lack of understanding and collaboration between municipal organizations and citizens on the importance of addressing the issues of local importance. The actual participation of citizens in solving the acute problems of the city, for instance, through local meetings is the key to the sustainable development of the country. The Discussion The neighborhood association meeting was held in Sara Guiterres and Jay Braun’s residence. It was dedicated to the coming Potluck event and the recurring problem with the standpipes that had to be addressed. In general, there were six people present throughout the meeting including Adam, Betsy, Ben, Sara, Lauren, and Jay. Also, Nina Solomon who is an artist for the event participated in the meeting. The meeting went smoothly, and the agenda was decided in advance so that the participants could think of their solutions or ideas about the issues beforehand. As the nature of the meeting was informal, the atmosphere was relaxed and friendly, and everyone could express his or her thoughts freely. Even though the meeting was unofficial, all of the participants were respectful of each other. Almost all of them were older adults that h
Introduction The book under the title “Fifteen Dogs” was written by Canadian writer Andre Alexis in 2015. It introduces a unique perspective on the state of affairs in the world where dogs are given the ability to think, analyze, and critically perceive reality as humans do. The author presents a well-built system of presumably relevant events that might take place if dogs obtained human intelligence. Their mindsets change and the character of reality perception shifts thus imposing hierarchical structure in their ‘society’ and the ultimate lack of happiness. Human intelligence that the gods give to the dogs does not make them happy but subjects them to continuous thoughtful considerations and emotional perception of the surrounding world that ultimately leads to suffering. The paper provides an analysis of the book from the point of view of dogs’ perception metamorphosis. Plot Overview The book presents an exciting plot discovering the characteristic features of humanity. Two gods Apollo and Hermes wondered “what it would be like if animals had human intelligence” and whether animals would die happier or unhappier if they were intelligent (Alexis 14). Their argument became the beginning of a year-long experiment at the end of which the gods would see if at least one dog died happily. One morning fifteen dogs in a kennel found themselves in a new condition, capable of seeing colors, thinking, analyzing, and feeling. Their existence completely changed leading them to escape from a kennel, organizing a hierarchical community, developing a language, and writing poetry. The Shift in Dogs’ Perception of the World A dog without the ability to think or use language is a happy one. Human intelligence brings danger and destruction to the animal world. Firstly, being able to project their actions to the future with the help of conscious thinking, the dogs start to reconsider their usual activities. For example, Rosie who had been a mother for many puppies in her life started thinking about the litter she gave birth to and where it had gone. The emotional experiences that intelligence implies are displayed in the form of Rosie’s sorrow and pain. The dog thinks how “grossly unfair” it is to be able to have puppies and lose them (Alexis 16). She does not see any sense in giving birth to any puppies because it will lead to even more suffering. Secondly, the danger of dying from hunger is also a significant threat that the dogs are exposed to as a result of obtaining the capability to project feelings and emotions on other creatures. A great example of this idea is Atticus’ dream about chasing squirrels and rats which he used to like eating so much. When he lived under the guidance of pure instinct, there were no difficulties in gaining food. Catching and eating “small, furry animals” was the most delightful activity for him that always ended with eating them (Alexis 16). However, now that