ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The research paper is a critical examination of the concept of school-based management. It is no doubt that public schools have in the recent past rethought and redesigned the manner with which they opt to operate effectively and efficiently via the process of restructuring or systematic reforms (Fiske, 1995). To show that the matter is a serious issue, various countries across the globe have initiated such approaches in order to uplift national education. An example of such is Indonesia, where the central government came up with a commission of national education that was back in 2001; this decentralized education. This was realized by formation of school councils which were later realized to bring democratic leadership translating to higher level of parent participation in issues relating to governing the schools as well as improved national education level (Bryk et al., 1998). In the wake of 21 st century, it is worth noting that all Indonesia public schools had adopted school-based management. It is thus very important to emphasise the importance of balancing between centralization and decentralization of policies regarding school-based management. In the strictest terms, school-based management has been thought of as the mechanisms used to decentralize decision making authority to the school site which is a popular approach that gains momentum in early 1980s thanks to school reform movements (Weiss, 1992). As noted, majority of schools have make efforts in trying to implement this approach in managing budgets, curriculum among other issues in schools. The various advantages of the approach brought forth by proponents include the following; learners will be offered best programs since resources are wisely allocated; better decisions are arrived at since it is made by a group and not individuals and it also results to enhance communication between and among the relevant stakeholders. To address the issue of SBM the paper will develop systematically and defend with sound reasons and arguments a version of SBM together with its associated accountability mechanisms that would be appropriate for a school in the United Kingdom. Additionally, the successes associated with SBM are also of importance. The challenges that will be faced in trying to implement the proposed approach will be tackled. Lastly an explanation of how best SBM can be used to promote improvements in students learning outcomes will be covered. A version of School-Based Management As noted previously, SBM main objective and aim is to bring about positive change. It is worth noting from the onset that SBM seeks to transfer a number of responsibility and decision making with regards to operation of schools not only to teacher and principals but also to parents, students, and business people among other stakeholders. Nonetheless, such decen
The Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the world’s biggest and most favourable automobile manufacturers (Borowski). It is the leader in environmentally friendly and technologically advanced cars. The official start up for Toyota was in 1937, as Kiichiro Toyoda launched the Toyota Motor Company. In 1952 Toyota exponentially grew to become successful. The company started to export cars to South America. Five years later the company gained ground on the North American market. Entering the US – market was for a breakthrough for Toyota in terms of automobile – exports. In 1982 Toyota Motor Company and Toyota Motor Sales Company joined forces to Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC). The company now has 522 subsidiaries, over 320 thousands staff worldwide and is producing not only in the 12 Japanese factories but also in 51 other locations in 26 countries. Toyota Motor Corporation had the highest share price value of all car manufacturers in 2007. In 2008 Toyota had total unit sales of 8.972 million cars and had an annual turnover of 239.4 billion US – Dollars. In the same year it adopted the status of “The biggest automobile – manufacturer” (Borowski). Today Toyota is no longer the No. 1 automobile manufacture because of the financial crises since 2007 and their image has been damaged due to massive global recalls over sticking gas pedals (Borowski). Internal environment The internal environment of an organization is based on elements within the organization. It contains things like the organization’s structure and culture, its human relations policies and procedures and the skills and experiences of the staff. The Board of Directors in Toyota’s executive body and consists of 26 directors that comprise of the chairman, the vice chairman, the president, 8 executive vice presidents, 13 senior managing directors, an honorary chairman and a senior advisor. The Toyota Motor Corporation has achieved a lot of goals throughout its history, but to retain its success they have to become more of a team. For that reason TMC developed a lot of techniques to production and employees, these techniques are often used in other companies or countries. Toyota is manufacturing its cars with the Toyota production System, it is based on “just in time” principles. So they have to trust every employee (Morgan and Jeffrey). The employee is of importance b
Type of disaster: Hurricane (Elsa) Location: Caribbean Sea Beginning/end dates : June 30, 2021 – July 9, 2021 General causes of this hazard : Hurricanes commonly form over the tropics and warm ocean water. It will rise as soon as cooler air replaces its warm, moist counterpart. With a decent amount of warm water, the cycle will continue and cause the hurricane to form due to the generation of speedy winds and storm clouds. Characteristics/causes of the disaster : Hurricane Elsa was preceded by 74 mph winds recorded near Barbados. The wind damaged the southern parts of the island, leaving floods and power outages (Hurricane Central). Therefore, Hurricane Elsa became a textbook example of a hurricane, being destructive and unpredictable as well. Economic loss and damages : Numerous tornadoes caused by Hurricane Elsa caused great damage to the southeastern part of the United States. Many property damages became irreversible due to the destruction of numerous buildings. According to Sill Public Adjusters, the overall property damage estimations reach almost $300 million. Human casualties : Four total fatalities and nine missing individuals are the outcomes of Hurricane Elsa in terms of human casualties. The southern coasts of the Dominican Republic and Haiti suffered the most damage, with three people killed. In an article by Orlando Sentinel, it was noted that walls collapsed on a 75-year-old and a 15-year-old boy, and one person deceased in St. Lucia. Mitigation : The local authorities proposed a thorough schedule of activities, with resource allocation being the primary objective. Updated measures of providing food to shelters and disposing of garbage were introduced to limit the amount of money required to mediate the effects of Hurricane Elsa (Insurance Journal). The cost of mitigation procedures increased after the end of the calamity when all the damages were identified and recorded. Sources of information Hurricane Central. “Hurricane Elsa Recap.” weather.com , 2021. Insurance Journal. “Hurricane Elsa Insured Loss Estimated to Be $290 Million.” insurancejournal.com , 2021. Orlando Sentinel. “Pictures: Damage from Tropical Storm Elsa.” orlandosentinel.com , 2021. Sill Public Adjusters. “Hurricane Elsa Caused $290 Million in Damage.” sill.com , 2021.
Conventional financial organizations such as banks focus on creating a profit by diverting surplus funds from savings accounts and offering them to borrowers as a loan. Income is earned by offering higher interest rates to borrowers than dividends paid to depositors. Additional income is brought in through fees (Abdullah, 2018). Meanwhile, Islamic finance institutions are guided by a set of religious guidelines and ethical principles. Zakat is an obligatory donation to a charity that is paid annually, usually consisting of 2.5% from the available balance. The money goes towards the philanthropic activity. Furthermore, Islamic finance adheres to specific regulations on loans. It is prohibited to collect interest on any loans. In the Islamic economy, a loan is considered a non-profit activity that can only benefit the borrower (Al-Suwailem, n.d.). The primary difference between Islamic and conventional institutions can be characterized by the approach to risk-sharing and the collection of interest. In conventional banking, interest serves as insurance for loan repayments and protects the financial institution. All risk is transferred to the debtor. In Islamic banking, deposits are safer because profit is created through successful investment. There are no investments in projects where the return is not guaranteed, and banks have a significant concern for their clients’ success (Cerović, Nikolaj, & Maradin, 2017). Islamic banks are not as cost-effective but have better capitalization and stability during crises due to better asset quality and intermediation ratio (Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Merrouche, 2013). Overall, Islamic finance is guided by a moral code with social considerations. Financial and investment decisions must always create social value and follow ethical considerations. This includes ensuring social responsibility and environmental protection (Ayaydin, Bejaoui, Dorsman, & Shahzad, 2016). Islamic and conventional finance can co-exist with a certain flexibility, thus allowing to serve a wider variety of populations and financial needs. It would require overcoming challenges in legal frameworks and market practices. However, it shows promise since Islamic and conventional finance do offer comparable products regarding suitability and pricing (Ahmad, 2015).
Introduction The exchange rate refers to the “rate at which one nation’s currency can be exchanged for that of another” (Beardshaw 45). There are two types of exchange rates namely; the fixed exchange rate and the floating exchange rate. Under the floating exchange rate, the demand and supply forces determine the rate at which the currency of a country is exchanged with that of another country. The government usually determines the rate at which its currency can be exchanged with a foreign currency in the case of a fixed exchange rate. The factors that cause changes in exchange rate include “inflation, balance of trade and the real interest rate” (Beardshaw 46). The changes in exchange rate have both positive and negative impacts on economic activities. It particularly influences the level of import and export in a country. This paper will focus on the impact of changes in exchange rate on imports and exports in an international business. Impacts on Exports and Imports Prices of Commodities Changes in the exchange rate can result into either an increase or a decrease in the prices of imports and exports. In the context of exports, an appreciation of the local currency will result into an increase in the prices of the exports in the international market. This is because when the currency of the exporting country becomes stronger than that of the importing country, traders in the later purchase the currency of the former at a high rate in order to pay for the goods (Case and Fair 67). This means that the traders will be spending more on the goods even if their actual prices have not been increased. Thus an appreciation of the domestic currency will make the business’s products to be more expensive in the foreign market. However, a depreciation of the domestic currency will make the exports cheaper (Lipsey and Hurbury 23). This is due to the fact that the customers will purchase the local currency at a low rate in order to pay for the products. An appreciation of the domestic currency will make the imported goods to be cheap. This is because the business will purchase the currency of the country from which the goods have been imported at a low rate (Thurbecke 113). This means that importers will spend less money to import the goods and this translates into low prices. On the other hand, a depreciation of the domestic currency will force the business
Introduction Credit and financial managers face difficulties in making monetary decisions. Applying business ethics and trying to meet the interests of the business at the same time proves difficult. In most cases, conflictions arise in the struggle to adhere to moral ethics, legal considerations, and the interests of the business. Adhering to ethically correct actions would most probably lead to the demise of a company. In this case, the essay considers Elaine, a senior finance manager of United Banc Corporation (UBC) who holds her ethical standard so high. Elaine is in charge of signing off huge loans that range from $500,000 to $40 million. The vice president has to be involved in signing off loans exceeding $40 million. Elaine has more often declined to sign off loans because of her moral stand. At first, Elaine was applauded for her moral outrage, but a time has come when her morals have negatively affected UBC’s bottom line. Dennis, Elaine’s husband, also faces a great financial challenge where he rejects a proposal that would earn him millions of dollars because of his highly esteemed ethical and legal considerations. In this view, this paper analyzes Elaine and Dennis’s decisions, their ethical and legal considerations and the implications they have on UBC and their family. In this context, Elaine makes a number of decisions in disapproving loans. Each decision is associated with advantages and disadvantages as discussed below. Disapproval of the $10 million loan request by Graphco Inc   * Advantage: Elaine stood to defend her moral stance. This shows that her interest is not on the associated monetary benefits, but she is has reservations regarding the morality of being involved in hazardous and addictive tobacco products.   * Disadvantage: Elaine rej
The article under consideration dwells upon integrated delivery systems. The author states that these organizations are often regarded as a more efficient alternative to the existing care delivery systems (Frakt par. 6). The author notes that proponents of the approach emphasize that integrated delivery systems are more cost-efficient as the can save money due to integration and provide high-quality services due to proper coordination. Nonetheless, the author also emphasizes that the recent research shows that integrated the delivery system is not cost-effective as the prices turn out to be higher while the quality of services similar to the one provided in more conventional health care organizations. The article in question is a valuable source as it provides important insights into the peculiarities of integrated delivery systems. Frakt notes that the integrated delivery system is a health care organization that includes several units, employs different physicians and can even have a nursing home or other facilities (par. 6). The author also mentions that these organizations are thought to be a way to reduce hospitals’ costs and prices for health care services. At the same time, it is clear that these systems are associated with high prices and similar quality. The article has manifold implications for practitioners as well as policy makers. First, it contributes to the ongoing debate on the matter. It is vital to share ideas and make people involved in the discussion as they will potentially use the systems. Furthermore, the author unveils existing drawbacks of the new approach. Importantly, the researcher notes that officials tend to be rather excessively optimistic as to integrated delivery systems. They encourage health care organizations to adopt the new approach and become integrated entities. Nonetheless, the efficiency of the systems is almost intangible. One of the major pitfalls is employing physicians as it is associated with higher costs. The articl
Which side of Saturn’s moon “Iapetus” should be hotter? Saturn’s moon “Iapetus” has a “very bright” and another “very dark” side. Although the two sides receive an equal amount of heat from the sun, the darker side should be hotter because of its “low reflectivity”. Darker surfaces absorb much heat than brighter surfaces. The moon’s slow rotation makes heating more effective. How would the Earth’s temperature structure change in each of the following cases? If the sun was producing no X-rays The sun emits electromagnetic radiation. The radiations warm the earth’s surface. If the sun did not produce X-rays, the earth would be a frozen planet. However, these X-rays have short wavelengths. This explains why such rays do not play any significant role in the earth’s temperatures. The earth’s temperature graphs would therefore remain the same if the sun was producing no X-rays. If the sun was producing more ultraviolet light One thing to understand is that ultraviolet rays do not produce heat. However, if the sun produced more ultraviolet light, this would change the earth’s temperature structure. Ultraviolet radiation is invisible but closely linked to increased global temperatures. The earth’s temperature graph would show an increase in global temperatures if the sun produced more ultraviolet light. Imagine a newly discovered planet with the following characteristics 0.8 earth mass planet, 1 AU from its star, N 2 (70%) and CO 2 (28%), 3 bars H 2 O oceans, and rotates every 8 hours. Should it have a troposphere? The characteristics of the newly discovered planet indicate that it is an “earth-like planet”. The planet is within its star’s habitable location. It also has surface water in liquid form. That being the case, the newly discovered planet should have a troposphere. This layer occurs above the planet’s surface. The planet will have an atmosphere because of the favorable temperature, gravity, and composition of atmospheric gases. Should it have a stratosphere? This planet should also have a stratosphere. The planet is similar to planet earth and will have an ozone layer. This is also determined by the planet’s proximity to the sun. Will it has more or fewer climate zones than earth? From the provided information, it is notable that the planet will have fewer climate zones than plan
Introduction Many communities have undergone various political, economic, and social changes mostly because of adopting the characters and values of the other communities they come in contact with. Early civilization and rulers used force against the weak communities they came into contact with for their own benefit. Communities that had a small population found it hard to compete with larger communities and thus found themselves being taken as slaves in the larger communities. The process of conquering one community after another had various consequences, both negative and positive. Several communities leaders used different means to ensure that their community members were at advantage over their neighbors. Spain is one of the earliest countries that used force against her neighbors to develop an empire for the benefit of her population. The Early Spain Empire Poverty has been a subject of concern for a long time in the memorial. According to Dinge, someone was identified as being poor if the person was in danger of becoming indigent. “Using this distinction, approximately 15 percent of the urban population could be classified as being poor, who were liable to fall into indigence in times of crisis,” (Elliot, 1990, 736). Many families have had to look for different means of survival to avoid falling into indigence, for instance through serving as buffers. In most cases, some political maneuvering and compromise that accompanies efforts to contend with subsistence and epidemiological crisis have had effects on the lives of the poor. To control poverty in the city, lack of funds and uncertainty about who is to bear the costs hampered a system that could have created a centrally organized relief. Such cases made those who were elite in the society to look for short term measures that would solve an immediate problem, rather than developing a long term solution strategy to help the poor. Poverty is one thing that made many people who were helpless to suffer in the hands of those who were powerful in the early centuries. This was through slavery and slave trade, as well as being put in forced labor. For instance, the Aztecs, alias the Mexican, underwent such cases. Aztecs was a small group in the Southwest United that lived a nomadic life. They were not welcomed in many societies and even served as slaves in some places that had more civilized people on the shores of great Lakes valley of Mexico (Landes, N.d). In that period, slavery was a school for war and power. Those in power had to get more slaves to work for them in places such as the mines, and in their farms. The working environment for the slaves was very tough and many of them received punishment from their masters if they did not work as supposed. Many of the punishments were very in humane. For instance, slaves were stripped naked, tied, and beaten. In some instances, they were even tied and left outside standing, or even tied upside down on rack structures wh
Post-dating a check is a popular practice used to circumvent certain financial limitations. However, when utilized on the organizational scale, the action has considerable ethical considerations and may be harmful to a wide range of stakeholders. The following paper analyzes the ethical issues associated with check post-dating and identifies the options available to Tabitha Andes. The main ethical consideration in this case is the issue of unfair accounting practices. Pete Wilson, the current treasurer of Southside Stores, persuades his assistant, Tabitha Andes, to engage in fraudulent activities by delaying the mailing of checks prepared net of discount. Two aspects of this practice raise ethical concerns. First, Pete Wilson instructs Tabitha to date the checks with the last day of the discount period. This action, known as “post-dating,” can be used for a variety of purposes, including the unlawful ones (Pritchard, 2018). Once such practice is detected by a business partner, it can lead to legal action. In addition, post-dating a check compromises the validity of financial information and, by extension, violates the integrity of the company’s accounting practices. Second, and, perhaps, more importantly, Pete explicitly states the intention of obtaining unfair advantage by delaying the delivery of checks beyond the termination of respective discounts. By postponing the mailing, it becomes possible for the company to cut the losses by retaining the interest on the corporate funds. According to the treasurer, the majority of the creditors are willing to ignore the incurred losses in order to retain a valuable customer (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, 2015). Thus, the delay can be attributed to the inefficiency of a post office. Several stakeholders can be harmed by the suggested practice. First, the recipients of the delayed check will lose interest corresponding to the duration of the delay. In the example used by Pete Wilson, postponing the delivery by four days will provide the treasury with four days of interest, with a corresponding loss on the part of the creditors. Second, Tabitha may be harmed by complying with Pete’s suggestion. As was explained above, once the intentions nature of the delay becomes apparent, it is reasonable to expect legal action from some of the creditors. In this scenario, Tabitha will be held responsible for the unethical actions and the incurrence of losses by the partners. The described scenario also introduces the risk of legal action against the entire treasury department. Pete’s welcoming message implies that unethical and unfair practices are not uncommon in the team. Thus, an investigation conducted by the auditors may reveal other fraudulent activities aimed at maximizing profits of the company. By extension, company’s reputation can be severely compromised once the issue is brought up in the media. Interestingly, according to the current treasurer, the practice is ultimately beneficial for the compa