ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the 21st century, Americans live in a world of powerful, ubiquitous media. Children and young people spend much of their time in front of the screen. According to Common Sense Media (2019), the screen time for American children (8-to-12 years) and teens were 4 hours and 44 minutes and 7 hours and 22 minutes on average, respectively. Consistently, research shows that children and adolescents are increasingly bombarded with vast amounts of information from various sources (Elmore et al., 2017). Exposure to these messages significantly influences the audience as they may interpret the content in a particular direction. For example, an image or message and how it is presented in a commercial advert can be biased and cause the audience to take a specific position on the issue depicted in the promotion. Consequently, it is imperative for students and people, in general, to consume media content objectively and to analyze the message portrayed in the news. In this context, media literature becomes integral to the active consumption of media messages. The term “media literacy” denotes the ability to decode media messages and critically evaluate the influence of those messages on how people think, feel, and behave. The concept also entails the skill to create and use media content thoughtfully and consciously. A literate audience is able to scrutinize media content and decipher the intended message. Informed viewers analyze the content to determine whether it reflects both sides of a story or argument fairly and accurately. Media consumers need to examine the source of the information they read and understand the particular goal the creator sought to achieve. This level of keenness can help viewers to establish the authenticity and reliability of the source. For instance, it is pivotal to remain alert when reading adverts on the Internet because some sites which advocate for a certain stance firmly, especially on controversial subjects, may not present factual information. Such websites are hardly objective in their depiction, as they often seek to sell their idea, product, or opinion. It is also imperative to observe that media messages are often created with a specific audience and purpose in mind. Media literacy is the ability to understand the underlying meaning of that message. The most essential skill needed for media literate people is critical thinking. Such people can evaluate the received information; they discern whether the content makes sense, what and why specific details are included or omitted, and the underlying ideas. They use facts to support their reasoning, and they can make a well-informed decision about the information based on prior knowledge. Furthermore, they can recognize, interpret, and construct different perspectives on real-world processes. Such people create and consume media content actively and responsibly. They can realize the author’s purpose and distinguish credible information from straight propaganda. In this context, media illiteracy is a
Introduction Charlotte’s web is a book written by the author White E.B. and was initially printed in 1952. It is demonstrated by Garth Williams. This book begins when John Arable’s sow gives birth to several piglets. Mr. Arable finds out that one of them is a runt and makes a decision of killing it. The piglets name is Wilbur. The book gives a story of a spider by the name Charlotte and her acquaintance with Wilbur, the piglet. The story rotates around Wilbur’s rescue from being killed for food by Charlotte and is regarded as the best of children’s writing. Charlotte’s web contains some fascinating characters playing different roles for different purposes. This paper will focus on two characters in the story, that is, Wilbur and Charlotte A. Cavatica. It will determine their overall purpose in the story, their impact on the themes and any development that takes place in these two characters over the course of the narrative. Wilbur loves life though he at times feels abandoned and fearful. Charlotte A. Cavatica, on the other hand, initially appears blood thirsty due to her way of obtaining food. Discussion Development of Wilbur Wilbur is the favorite piglet of Fern Arable, a young girl. He is to be killed by John, Fern’s father, on the morning after his birth. This is because Wilbur is a runt in John’s litter of eleven piglets. He is extremely small in size at the time of his birth. Fern persuades her father to permit her to take care of Wilbur for a period of six weeks. Wilbur survives and grows into a mature pig. Fern is now obliged to take Wilbur to the Zuckerman’s homestead, where he is to be prepared for a feast. Seclusion looms around Wilbur’s life and Wilbur’s hope shrinks. In the process of losing hope, Wilbur is noticed by a remarkably expressive spider, Charlotte A. Cavatica. Charlotte’s voice surfaces from the shadows asking Wilbur whether he wants a friend. The author of this novel refers this as a story of friendship and rescue in the farm. Wilbur accepts this friendship and becomes the best friend of Charlotte’s. Wilbur’s character changes throughout the story. This is seen in the fact that he changes from a minute weak and h
Standard policy regarding confidentiality for a police psychologist Police psychologists are behavioral scientists with specialized training and they hold a very important position in modern law enforcement agencies since, they can efficiently support law enforcement officials and management thus, enhancing their everyday functions and overall performance of the individual departments. Confidentiality and privacy are among the major ethical standards that are to be followed by a police psychologist and it represents responsibilities and forms the base for enforcing sanctions. Police psychologists are primarily committed and responsible for their clients and have to take sensible precautions in order to protect their confidential information. The extent to which confidentiality needs to be regulated is either determined by law or established through institutional rules. They have to discuss with their clients the relative limitation of their confidentiality and can discuss private and confidential information regarding a client only if necessary for professional purposes, with the client’s consent, and with people concerned about related matters. Police psychologists create, maintain, handle, circulate, retain, store and dispose of records as and when professionally required, with the consent of the client adhering to the appropriate terms and conditions. They need to handle the client’s confidential records in such a way that provisions for further services either by them or other police psychologists exist. They have to ensure that the records are accurate, comply with the law, and meet the appropriate institutional requirements. Since the police psychologist responsible for the client is himself responsible for handling all records, if someone, other than the police psychologist wishes to access the records for professional reasons, then the police psychologist must secure the client’s consent to release the confidential information. (Smith, 2008) The role played by a police psychologist is very different from that of an evaluator since the latter only evaluates a session with a client and estimates his or her quality and importance. On the other hand, a police psychologist is a counselor responsible for an individual or group in solving a particular or more than one issue. A counselor works for the welfare of others by interacting with them, nurturing their individual developments, and directing them so that they recognize their potential. Evaluators may or may not interact with the clients at a personal level but counselors do as long as their private sessions are not superficial. Police psychologists need to have a positive and kind attitude towards the problems and issues of their clients while evaluators simply need to assess their clients. They must be attentive, cooperative, introspective, and directive. They should respect staff harmony and try to make an agency function pleasantly and effortlessly. (Bull, 2008) A critical incident debriefing is a common practice among law enforcement agencies and it allows the officers to discuss
The article ‘Crocs’ and ‘Style’ in the Same Breath deals with the new advertising campaign of Crocs, which is supposed to “establish Crocs as a brand” (Newman B4). Crocs was founded only eight years ago, but proved to be a successful company since it has sold approximately 120 million pairs of shoes. Advertising methods of Crocs. The article under consideration also highlights the ways used by Crocs to improve the sales. For instance, Crocs shoes have been sold not only in the footwear shops or in sporting goods shops, but also in kiosks and malls. Another method is advertising on TV, websites, magazines, posters, etc. And finally the article depicts the advertisement which reveals the company’s tagline: “Feel the love” (Newman B4). The main issues of the article under consideration. Thus, the article highlights one of the issues not only of Crocs but of all the companies: how to sell its products more. Crocs has its opponents who blame this brand for its strange look. But Crocs argues and suggests that “Ugly can be beautiful” (Newman B4). But this kind of criticism, of course, doesn’t determine company’s revenue loss, and so Crocs finds the ways to gain its profits in different ways. One of which is wide advertising campaign, and another one is taking “outside-the-box approach”, which consists in selling Crocs in malls and kiosks (Newman B4). Main advantages of this advertising campaign. To my mind, Crocs represents an example of a successful company which uses all possible methods to sell its goods. First of all, they understand the importance of a good and thoughtful advertising campaign, so they point out and even stress the main advantages of their products telling about them to the customers via te
Head Start Program specializes in the delivery of high-quality education to children from low-income families. Nonetheless, it remains apparent that it tends to focus on the children’s educational opportunities while offering them the possibilities to improve academic performance ( Head Start: School readiness , 2015). In this instance, it monitors children’s development and provides a safe environment to reach higher academic results. The primary goal of this paper is to evaluate whether Head Start Program actively employs the theory-based motivational strategies and determines the ways of their usage. Additionally, the potential application of the motivational theory is discovered, and relevant benefits are described. Lastly, the probable modifications of the program can enhance the learning outcomes and knowledge-delivery practices. Theory-Based Motivational Strategies The theory-based motivational strategies tend to be present in the Head Start Program. In this instance, the program inclines to motivate children by using continuous evaluation and individual assistance. In turn, it focuses on setting and achievement of the particular educational goals during the program ( Head Start: School readiness , 2015). It could be said that the application of these principles complies with the elements of ARCS motivational theory, as it portrays the integration of attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction (Bhoje, 2014). The program offers high interest of the given classes and promotes the significance of the chosen materials to enhance the achievement of the individual objectives and goals. The theory is used to maintain a high involvement of the students in the classes to highlight the significance of education in reaching success. Lastly, confidence and satisfaction are also measured by determining particular methods for the measurement including observations and checklists ( Head Start: School readiness , 2015). Another theory, which is actively exploited in the Head Start Program is cognitive evaluation theory, which implies the necessity of self-confidence in the interactions (Heckhausen & Dweck, 2006). In this instance, the program also pays substantial attention to the quality of interaction, as they contribute to the children’s ability to communicate in the modern world ( Head Start: School readiness , 2015). In the end, it could be said that both of the theories are applied to enhance the educational outcomes and prepare children for functioning at school while being active members of society. Application of Motivational Theory
This paper analyzes the work of photographer Shelby Lee Adams, using the 2002 documentary The True Meaning of Pictures , directed by Jennifer Baichwal, as its principle source. Shelby Lee Adams was born in Hazard, Kentucky in 1950 and grew up well known to many of the rural Appalachian families that populate his photographs. Familiar though he is with the living conditions of the poorest of the poor in Kentucky, Adams nonetheless did not live in that culture, but alongside it, as an observer from a middle class background (Baichwal 2002). When considering the question, is Adams an insider or an outsider in his Appalachian project, one must answer outsider. Why? Simply because socio-economically Adams grew up with the awareness of that poverty, but was not directly affected by it, as the subjects of his photographs have been. In Shelby Lee Adams’ work we see the impact of poverty in the lack of access to adequate food, health care, clean water and education (Baichwal 2002). Adams’ photos chronicle these affects, but he himself cannot speak to their impact from personal experience. In essence his work may give an indirect voice to the socio-economic conditions that the Appalachian residents face, but not from the authority of having lived through that poverty. Rather, Adams’ work exploits and judges his subjects from a classist point of view. Adams employs visual effects such as portraying the subjects consistently in black and white, utilizing consciously artificial staging, and making use of dramatic lighting effects to create exoticism in his Appalachian subjects. In the words of Variety critic Dennis Harvey, Adams’ work contains “posed shots that are classically composed and feature intricate, often chiaroscurogothic lighting. [The] result makes these “hollar dwellers” look grotesque and pathetic, like backwoods Diane Arbus subjects” (Harvey 18). The photos essentially turn the viewer into an ethnographer, but one who is neither sympathetic nor ethical, because the heightened exoticism of the photos intensifies the distance between the viewer and the subject, and the lurid lighting especially makes the subjects appear freakish, less than human, and in many cases inspire fear in the viewer. Documentary photography can be distinguished from other forms of photography via its commitment to the real. Unlike art photography or fashion photography for example which can be outlandishly staged and lit moodily and eerily, the basis of documentary photography is real life. Natural light does not appear to play much of a role in Adams’ work. Often it casts gloomy, heavy weight on
Risk management plays a critical role in any organization, for it is paramount to be able to cope with adverse events should they occur, or the consequences might be rather severe. Therefore, the process of risk assessment is crucial, for it permits developing countermeasures to address potential risks. This paper explains which variables should be considered when estimating the level of a risk, and what their relative importance is. Generally speaking, when carrying out the process of risk assessment, it is pivotal to take into account two main variables: the probability of occurrence of a risk and the severity of its impact (McNeil, Frey, & Embrechts, 2015). It is often convenient to create tables or graphs so as to be better able to assess the level of a particular risk, and, consequently, to develop steps and countermeasures that should be taken in order to decrease the level of danger that this risk poses (Linkov, Anklam, Collier, DiMase, & Renn, 2014). However, when creating such tables or graphs, it is important to decide the level of relative importance of the two variables. That is, it should be decided whether the probability of occurrence of a risk or the severity of its impact takes priority when assessing the level of the risk. However, even though the relative importance of each of the two variables may vary to a certain extent from case to case, the severity of impact of a risk plays a far greater role than the probability of that risk occurring (Erbschloe, 2003). This is due to the fact that when dealing with risks that are of high probability, but of low severity of impact, an entity (e.g., an organization) should be capable of dealing with that adverse impact without significant losses if the situation in question occurs (Linkov et al., 2014). On the other hand, even if the probability of a risk is low, but the potential losses are staggering, this risk should be considered a high-level risk, because it might be impossible to recover from its consequences should the situation take place. For instance, if there is a high risk of a blackout (e.g., due to windy weather) in a language school where teachers use printed books and blackboards for teaching, the impact will be minor: the teachers will still be able to give their lessons because they do not need electricity much. At worst, the school will have to cancel the classes in the evening, when it is dark. Nevertheless, if the risk of an adverse event is high, it would still be wise to try to decrease its probability, and/or to negate its impact. In the given example, it may not be possible to decrease the probability of a blackout, because the school does not control the weather or the resilien
Company Profile Emirati Today is intended to be an online-only retail store that will have its headquarters in the city of Dubai. When starting, this firm will target clients in Dubai who are interested in making their shopping on an online platform. However, it will expand its operations to other cities within the kingdom. The firm will have employees who will be managing the website and those who will be delivering products to the clients. It will be selling a wide range of retail products to the clients. Vision The vision of this firm may help in understanding the strategies that it intends to use in the market that already has established players. The following is the vision statement of this firm. To become the leading online retail store in the United Arab Emirates Mission The mission statement shows the path that the firm will take in its attempt to achieve the strategic objectives as stated in the mission statement. The following is the mission statement of this new company. To continue offering high-quality products to clients in a way that uniquely meets their diversified needs. Members The project will be started by the current team members of four students. The students have already identified a market gap that they intend to capitalize on as a way of entering the online retail market in the country. The members have agreed on what should be done and they have made a commitment to support this project both materially and in terms of their intellectual properties. The current members will also be the future shareholders of the company as soon as it starts its operations. Other members will be the employees of this firm. Objectives In order to achieve success in the market, it will be necessary to clearly define the objectives that will be defining the operations of this firm. The following are some of the specific objectives that the project will be intending to achieve when it starts the operations.   * To expand the operations of the firm beyond the city of Dubai   * To meet the specific needs of various online shoppers in the United Arab Emirates   * To gain financial strength that can support future sustainable growth in the market. Operation Planning Operation planning According to Friedlein, planning is very important when introducing a new project in the market (53). Emirati Today is intended to be a major online retail store that will serve the needs of customers who cannot find time to go to the brick-and-mortar stores because of their limited time. This market already has established players who have registered impressive performance in this industry. To ensure that this firm achieves success, it is important to come up with an effective operation plan that defines how various tasks will be undertaken to achieve the set objectiv
There is hardly anything as enticing as taking a time travel. At times it seems that there is nothing left of the old-time England in the present-day London; however, when looking closer at what it looked like a couple of centuries ago, one can possibly see the track of London progress. However, embracing the entire city in every single epoch is practically impossible; hence, the points of the time travel will be 1500, 1740 and 1880, while the key sights will be Borough High Street, the City, the Strand and Westminster. It is 1500 outside, it is the middle of summer, and it is unbearably hot. It seems especially hot in London; even the Suffolk Place, with its usually stone-cold walls, seems steaming. Just a single step is taken, and the Borough Street devours the traveler with its quietness and semidarkness. It is better not to make much noise here – well-known for its criminal masterminds, the street is quite dangerous (Elmer & Grell, 2004). Finally, the City appears in its glory, hassle and smell of fish and rotten food. In the middle of a working day, it is hard to stroll down the street in a nonchalant manner – merchants of all sorts, driving carriages or walking on foot, hardly seem to care about manners. Eventually, the City ends, and the brick walls of Somerset Savoy of the Strand shines through. Next goes the Westminster; and, though the brick wall is in the way, it is easy to imagine Henry VII dealing with his monarch issues and dreaming of Anne Boleyn. The next stop is 1740. Though nearly 250 years have passed, for a present-day city dweller, this is pretty much like travelling to prehistoric times. The Borough Street, however, has changed a lot – taking a great chunk of St. George’s Fields, it has stretched considerably. What is more important and pleasant, there are less people in there. Perhaps, built up to East Side, it has room for more criminals and their shady deals (Rule & Wells, 2003). And here is the City; to think that it used to be pretty much the entire London! The latter has stretched, squeezing the City to a size of a very small area. By the way, the virus of trade has entered this place as well: one out of eight families trades gin here now. The Strand has suffered changes as well – instead of a has-been first Somerset House destroyed by the fire, St. Mary le Strand is built, and the Westminster has acquired its famous western towers. At last, 1880 comes. Sir Horace Jones has taken over the Borough Street. There is no more place or the criminals, and the place is much cleaner. The City is now a small part of huge London. However, merchants are still there – every now and then, one can hear them lavishing their goods, and the Strand welcomes Gilbert and Sullivan’s The Pirates of Penzan . As for Westminster, it still remains just as glorious and grandeur, and somewhat corrupt (Stephen, 1996). Queen Victoria reigns now, and it seems that the women of England’s elite have never been as virtuous an