ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle, prescribed three modes of rhetorical persuasion – ethos, pathos, and logos. An outstanding rhetoric persuasion should have an ethical appeal, an emotional appeal, as well as a logical appeal. In the Declaration of Independence document, and Thomas Jefferson’s account, the founding fathers not only aired grievances, truths, and the denial of liberty, but they also artistically embroidered all the elements of rhetoric persuasion in their assertions. The Declaration of Independence appeals to ethics, emotions, and logic – the three fundamental elements of rhetoric. The Declaration of Independence’s appeal to ethics is undisputable. In the opening paragraphs of the declaration, there is an ethical appeal for why the colonists needed separation from the colonizer. The first paragraph of the declaration read, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth […] decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation (“The Declaration of Independence”). In the statement above, Jefferson and the founding fathers were appealing to ethics. It was necessary and essential to have an ethical explanation for that desire to gain support for their need to be independent. The founding fathers needed to explain why they needed to separate as decent respect to the opinions of humankind. In the second paragraph, the declaration continued on the ethical appeal stating that humans bore equal and unalienable rights – “to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” (“The Declaration of Independence”). These statements are moral, ethical, and legal overtones that the audience can associate themselves with. If someone were to ask, “Why is this separation necessary?” The answer would come right from the second paragraph. Jefferson and th
Conveying necessary ideas to the specific audience requires knowledge of particular techniques that allows the author to deliver their opinion effectively. A subject is an essential part of any text addressing the author’s expertise in the theme chosen (Fawcett, 2013). For example, many professional writers correlate their publications with personal experiences (Penguin Teen, 2016). As for the audience, the potential trades of the readers are necessary to evaluate to create an understandable literary piece. For instance, academic articles are written in a specific manner in order to cater to the readers (Zemach & Rumisek, 2016). Finally, the purpose of the paper allows the author to choose the tone and the approach that will benefit the work’s effectiveness. Many political leaders created written works to persuade the intended audiences (Partington & Taylor, 2017). Overall, investigating the primary ideas and future readers is crucial for creating a successfully written piece. In the examples described, the writers neglect the notions of subject audience and purpose, creating an incoherent text that hinders the readers’ clear understanding. In the first writing, the ideas presented do not correlate with the structure of the article, as constructing a resume requires utilizing certain language and writing capabilities. However, the author addresses a broad audience instead of a professional employer, failing to produce a clear subject for his message. Moreover, the purpose of the text seems
Introduction David by Donatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi) is a legendary Renaissance sculpture that holds its historical significance as being the first known free-standing statue created since antiquity. Donatello is a classical Renaissance sculpture who used classical sculpture to develop new styles of his period. Donatello’s most prominent creation is the bronze David, representing a metaphor for the victory of moral values over cruelty and irrationality. The statue is dated back to the early Renaissance between 1430 and 1469. Donatello’s work may be subjected to the High Renaissance Sculpture style. Cosimo de’ Medici ordered it for the courtyard of his Palazzo Medici. The statue is now standing in the Bargello museum in Florence, Italy. Summary David – the protagonist of a statue, was prototyped after the hero of the biblical story in the Book of Samuel David and Goliath . In the tale, young and weak at first sight David defeats a Philistine giant Goliath on his first try. David is initially a young shepherd who first rose to prominence as a singer before killing the Philistine champion, Goliath. He becomes King Saul’s favorite and a close friend of Saul’s son Jonathan. David is eventually elected king of all of Israel, conquers Jerusalem, making it his capital and bringing the Ark of the Covenant into the city to serve as the Israelite religion’s center of worship. Therefore, David is a prominent Biblical figure representing the humbleness and persistence on the life pat, proving that wittiness and intelligence are the greatest assets of all. The fact that a miniature young shepherd with a sling could defeat a massive, experienced warrior with the best weaponry is an excellent metaphor that each person is only as strong as he thinks. Thus, the man was depicted in multiple art installations, and the literature symbol of David became a cult that, with Donatello not being an exception. The depiction accuracy of Donatello’s David may be discussed from various points. Initially, he took inspiration for the statue’s design from illustrations found on Greek vases, with Brunelleschi’s impact also evident. The sculpture did not significantly deviate from the Biblical depiction of David. However, in the story, David is introduced as an average young man; Donatello chose to make him a child due to several reasons. Goliath’s head lies at David’s feet, and he is depicted as almost godlike, which highlights the significant deviance between the two protagonists. Such a choice was made to represent David’s superiority despite his size and age. Notwithstanding David’s size, he seems to express power as Donatello needs people to realize humanity’s strength. He does not want people to forget that they are the ones who created cultures and societies. What prevents mankind from conquering life itself, the sculptor conveys, if little David can destroy a giant? For humanity, this statue is a sign of confidence and faith depicted through David’s inner strength despite the appearance of a weak child. Identification of Visual Elements Donatello’s David has a unique composition, where each eleme
Separation of Powers The constitution of the United States is considered one of the most stable in the world because it provides a system of checks and balances. This means that no arm of government in the United States is superior to the other. Montesquieu is one of the scholars behind the idea of separation of powers. He feels that one arm of government, particularly the executive, can abuse its powers in case it is given the power to act unilaterally. John Locke is a classical scholar who advocates for separation of powers and the establishment of the system of checks and balances. However, Thomas Hobbes opposes the idea because he is of the view that inclusion of other arms of government in making sensitive decisions, such as those related to foreign policy, is very dangerous. Under the separation of powers and the system of check and balances, the congress has the major role to play, which is to legislate laws for the government. In fact, the US constitution provides that the congress should not delegate law-making role to any other arm of government. In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in a case involving Clinton and the City of New York ( Clinton v. City of New York ) that the line of veto could not be delegated to the head of state. In an earlier case involving Wayman and Southland ( Wayman v. Southland ), the Supreme Court established that the congress had erroneously delegated the legislative role to the judiciary (Welch 16). The constitution provides that the executive power be vested in the president of the United States of America. In this regard, the president is the commander in chief of the armed forces and the head of government. Apart from being the commander in chief, the head of state has the power to appoint government officials and to enter into treaties that are beneficial to the people of the United States. The chief justice is the head of the judiciary. The judicial arm of government has the major role of deciding cases and offering arbitration on controversial issues that might affect the normal functioning of the government. The system of checks and balances As earlier noted, the system of checks and balances exists to ensure that one arm of government does not abuse its powers. The legislature ensures that it makes laws, which are to be implemented by the executive arm. Moreover, it enacts laws related to taxation implying that the executive cannot engage in taxation without the approval of the legislature. The legislature may veto the president’s decision to declare war since it has the sole power to declare war. It also checks on the powers of the judiciary because it may investigate the conduct of the judge, including the conduct of the Supreme Court judge. The executive on the other hand may veto the laws that the legislature makes. Regarding the emergency powers, only the president has the power to executive prerogative powers. The head of state appoints judges of the Supreme Court
Threat Agents Threats can come from those parties that have access to the data especially if it is not controlled or is poorly protected. In addition to that, even the possibility to reach backups of the discussed information can increase vulnerability. Threats can come from the very organization or from the outside, which makes the number of potential threat agents greater (“Security testing – Sensitive data exposure”, 2017). Attack Vectors Attackers can get into the conversation of two parties and obtain access to the information they were willing to share with one another. It requires real-time processing, which is not very convenient but can give attackers a chance to send some information as well (DuPaul, 2017). It is also possible to steal data right from the server. Such attack can be maintained without waiting and does not presuppose the necessity to target another party as an additional source of information. Security Weakness Rather often professionals who provide crypto do not do their best to make it difficult to break. In general, they just add the easiest and the most simple key or a common algorithm that can be easily approached by a hacker. What is more critical, many professionals just think that that in is not critical for them to encrypt data because no one else needs it. In this way, internal attracters can reach sensitive data without any obstacles. Fortunately, external ones tend to face some issues when focusing on server side flaws. Technical Impacts If attackers manage to get into the system and reach sensitive data, its loss will be observed. As a rule, they steal some information about credentials, health records, personal data, or credit cards. It is also possible that attackers add some information they would like to share with others. However, people’s privacy prevent this from happening. Business Impacts When some sensitive data is exposed, it usually leads to dissatisfaction of the involved parties and makes the representatives of the second party resort to the court because their privacy was affected. In this way, companies tend to lose their loyal clients and partners, as sensitive data exposure proves that they do not value these relationships enough. As a result, organizational reputation spoils, which affects company’s reputation and a range of benefits it provides. In fact, small players are the ones who tend to be affected by sensitive data exposure the most. Being focused on particular event or activity, they tend to lose client attention. Big companies also face this issues but they can shift the focus on those areas one is able to deal with (Särud, 2016). Vulnerability Those organizations that use applications with poor sensitive information make its users more vulnerable even though they realize where the attack is predicted ( GitHub Security , 2017). To find out whether company’s sensitive data is affected or can
African American culture is rich, vast, and varied, with deep historical roots. It includes many symbols that permeate the entire African American heritage: from the church to literature, movies and TV shows, music, and many other types and genres. Many attitudes and symbols present in this culture are in one way or another connected with the plight of the people and, of course, racism. Thus, African American culture is heterogeneous and cannot be precisely defined towards the pole of traditionalism or non-traditionalism. For example, on the one hand, in the upbringing and life path, the church is of the utmost importance, which can be considered as a sign of traditional culture. On the other hand, African Americans create and develop innovative cultural movements and items that can break with established rules and regulations. For example, the genre of rap and hip-hop can serve as examples of nontraditional cultural manifestations, especially at the dawn of its development. These artistic genres demonstrate the heterogeneity of cultural perceptions of African Americans: conflict related to cultural appropriation can occur within the same community. When the hip-hop subculture was just forming, their main opponents were middle and upper-class African Americans. In their opinion, loud and cheeky youth discredited them in the eyes of whites. Gradually, hip-hop became native to the broad masses of African Americans – and was literally “appropriated” by them. As Hofstede states, power distance is “the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally” (2001, p. 98). Since African Americans have a long history of oppression and their own experience of unequal distribution of power and resources, the people tend to believe in this statement, and thus, the culture in question belongs to the pole of high power distance. The same goes for the uncertainty avoidance defined by Hofstede as “the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations “(2001, p. 161). Much of the sense of a high level of certainty is dictated by the presence of institutional structural racism that affects the lives of African Americans. For example, when hiring or discrimination in the workplace, especially when gender discrimination is added to it. It seems that the orientation of the culture in question to the pole of collectivism is inextricably linked with these provisions. While America as a whole shows a strong orientation towards individualism, African Americans are more inclined to show mutual assistance. In addition, it is also noticeable in more extended families and the connections within them. As for culture-bound syndromes, there are at least two of them which are very specific to African American
Examples of the performance objectives of the London Eye from the point of view of the operational performance, for example, the customer requirements London is a stunning city with varied architectural beauty suggestive of the ancient world. In addition to the architectural beauty of features like the Westminster Bridge in the backdrop and the Westminster Abbey, we have the London Eye. London Eye offers a breathtaking spectacle view and experience, which makes it a popular fixture in travel schedule to any person visiting the city of London (Hess, 2010, p. 66). David Marks and Julia Barfield was the architect couple that pioneered the idea of London Eye. Their initial idea envisioned a Ferris wheel where persons could sit and take pleasure in a stunning view of London. The financial funding of the London Eye project was by British Airways and the Tassauds Group, which were also the managers from since then. The project of London eye came to be by the contributions of other people and construction companies, which include steelwork contractor, Mace, consulting Engineers Tony Gee, & partners who had the responsibility of designing the foundations of the project. The designing and construction of the London Eye project took seven years to be completed having its formal opening on the December of 1999. The then Prime Minister Tony Blair overseen the opening ceremony, and it was later became open to the public in March 2000 (Paolo, 2010, p. 96). London Eye as a tourist attraction tool in London city has several performance objectives from the point of view of the operational performance. Performance objectives refer to the ideology of carrying out things in the right way, which includes provision of error free services and goods, which will ensure customer satisfaction. The customer satisfaction in terms of quality goods and services can come in different perspectives meaning that performance objectives come in five main dimensions. The London Eye is tourist attraction equipment in London and that effect; it has certain degrees of operational performance that it has to meet while serving its customers. Operational performance refers to the company’s performance evaluated against prescribed or standard indicators of efficiency, effectiveness, and environmental obligations like productivity, cycle time, regulatory compliance, and waste reduction (Kester, 2003, p. 81). First, we look at the dimensions of performance objectives, which explore the customer satisfaction in terms of the goods, and services a company offers their customers. Customer satisfaction will come from the speed aspect, which refers to the responsibility of doings things fast to reduce the time between the availability of the product or service and the ordering of the product that gives the consumer of the product a speed advantage (Dowd, 2008, p. 73). In the case of London Eye, the performance objective dimension of speed is abundantly put to mind by having fixed schedules of the
Technical progress in the automotive industry has led to the fact that the car has ceased to be a luxury item today and is an indispensable attribute of most people’s lives. However, because of the interest in increasing vehicle capacity and the spread of machinery, more and more road accidents began to occur. The reasons for them are different, and the consequences of accidents also differ; therefore, it is possible to describe the most common causes of crashes on the roads and the effects that they have. Drunk Driving Drunk driving causes accidents quite often and the fact that many cases are fatal is sad. When sitting at the wheel in the state of alcohol intoxication, the driver puts at risk not only his or her life but also the lives of pedestrians and other road users. Laws against drunken drivers are toughened annually; nevertheless, it does not stop some people from violating them. Various cases of death through the fault of such drivers occur quite often, and the consequences of these disasters can be utterly unpredictable since drunk people often do not realize what they are doing when sitting at the wheel. Lack of Driving Experience Those people who do not have much driving experience quite often become involuntary participants in road accidents. The consequences of crashes can be different: it can be both a minor damage to someone else’s vehicle and a serious disaster. The fact is that the lack of experience is often a severe problem in situations that require immediate solutions. The person who has spent many years at the wheel has a good chance of reacting to an unexpected obstacle and avoiding a crash. At the same time, an inexperienced driver can inadvertently provoke a traffic accident and become its culprit. Therefore, the less experienced the driver is, the higher the risk to get into a crash. Excessive Self-Confidence in Personal Driving Skills In addition to the lack of experience, excessive self-confidence in personal driving skills and disregard for simple safety rules can also become the causes of accidents. As a rule, it applies to those people who have been driving for a long time and believe that they do not need to worry about their lives. An unfastened seat belt, the absence of a fire extinguisher and other violations can lead to irreversible consequences, and not only the perpetrator of a road accident but also a pedestrian or other driver can suffer. It is important to remember that it is essential to be vigilant on the road and not to assume that
Introduction The process of innovation planning and designing plays a significant role in making an organization gain a competitive advantage. This process requires creative and competitive ideas from many individuals. It is employed in different functions such as production, inventory, and marketing. Organizations need employees with diverse sets of competencies. They enable organizations to develop, test, as well as commercialize new products. Managers provide employees with resources that are necessary for a company to accomplish its objectives. Innovation does not only involve taking products and services to the market, but also emphasizing on quality products and services. A good plan ensures high quality products and services, as well as enhanced employee performance. This paper addresses the innovative planning and design process within an organization. It analyzes the internal and external factors related to designing innovation strategies. It also discusses he importance of innovation systems, as well as the steps involved in the process of innovation planning and design. Internal and external factors related to innovation planning and design There are various internal and external factors that determine organization’s innovation strategies. The internal factors include the creativity of individuals in an organization, communication, relationships between employees and managements, and employee motivation (Rowe, 2008). In addition, employee perceptions of organizational change, innovation plan efficiency, and organizational assumptions determine the innovation strategies used by an organization. Communication is a significant factor that determines the success of designing innovation strategies. Organizations that set up and nurture efficient communication channels excel in their innovation strategies. Efficient communication ensures effective coordination of different business units in the organization. Furthermore, it ensures that products and services are made available at the right place and time. Good employee-management relationships also contribute largely to efficient designing of innovation strategies. Employee relationships enhance sharing of an organization’s goals and eliminates constraints to organizational performance. It is also easy to influence employees to perceive organizational change positively, and hence accept and implement innovations in an organization without pausing barriers. Employee motivation also contributes to efficient designing of innovation strategies (White & Bruton, 2011). Organizations that employ reward systems in their operations inspire employees and motivates them to become more innovative in the workplace. This is because employees get encouraged to present new ideas and potential innovations relevant to organizations. An effective plan and design of innovation strategies is also a determinant factor in organizational performance. If poorly planned, an organization cannot achieve or accomplish its goals. In addition, organizational assumptions also determine the success of designing innovations. Consistent monitoring helps organizations to focus on base a