ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The study was mainly concerned with looking into the neurophysiological and to some extent the behavioral measures utilized in self regulation particularly in children suffering from attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and those who are developing. Moreover, the measures were assessed basing on the cognitive task that ensured alternation occurred across the reward and no-reward conditions. The study utilized several hypotheses. Firstly, it denoted that children suffering from ADHD will have an increasingly high tendency to make errors while exhibiting diminished post error slowing when compared with control children. Secondly, diminishing ERN and Pe amplitude will be observed more in the suffering children than in the control group. Thirdly, an improvement in the performance, post error slowing combined with early error detection (ERN amplitude) and error evaluation (Pe amplitude) will be recorded across the two groups. Fourthly, rewards will result in higher effects in the suffering children when compared to the controls. Fifthly, the suffering children will be more affected by negative feedback when compared to the developing children (FRN). Thirty children who included 24 males and 6 females ranging from the age of 10-12 years were included. In addition, the participants must be suffering from ADHD-combined type while a control group of 25(6 females) of similar age range. In ADHD group, the children exhibited not less than 6 symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and functional impairment (score of 3 or greater) with a diagnosis of ADHD-combined subtype. For the control group, exhibition of less than 4 symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention coupled with less than 3 ODD symptoms and fewer than 2 CD symptoms coupled with negative diagnosis on all DISC-IV parameters. Children with IQ less than 80, parent comorbid development disorder, clinically elevated self reported anxiety were excluded. The children attended a singular 3 hour session after discontinuing stimulant medication for 24 hours. Assent and consent forms were reviewed, explanation of ECG application procedures before completion of the cognitive task. The stimuli used during the Eriksen Flanker Task comprised a series of arrows facing in similar or opposite directions. Identical and non-identical resulted in congruent and incongruent trials respectively with interference leading to errors of omission and commission. Electroencephalographic (EEG) and the response locked ERPs represented the independent variables included mean reaction time, N2 amplitude, post error slowing, and post-Too slow speeding formed the dependent variables. The psycho physiological measures were well justified with supporting methodological and empirical evidence. Repeated measures of ANOVA proved useful during the analysis of the two groups’ relation with the parameters. The results showed a shorter response deadline for control p
Central banks hold significant power over financial institutions and business enterprises. Their decisions, especially the interest rate movements, can influence the value of assets and affect already undertaken liabilities. Usually, the central banks operate from the macroeconomic perspective and take steps to solve problems on the national level. As a result, their decisions might be beneficial for the economy as a whole, but particular entities may suffer severe losses. In addition, financial transactions may be negatively affected by various factors not related to interest rate movements. Those risks should also be taken into account by financial analysts and business owners. Interest Rate Risk Interest rate risk comes into consideration when the entities acquire interest-sensitive assets or undertake interest-sensitive liabilities. For instance, the central bank’s movement of the interest rate can affect such assets as municipal or national bonds. A bond dealer who uses their equity to buy Mexican debt risks losing funds if the Bank of Mexico or the Federal Reserve moves the interest rate. Investing in a municipal bond portfolio might pose a risk as well since those bonds would be significantly affected by intervention from the central bank. The central bank’s decisions can also influence mortgage loans, making them a risky investment. Credit Risk Credit risk emerges in transactions that involve giving or taking out a loan. There will always be a risk of a commercial loan not being returned in time. For example, entrepreneurs might face difficulties in establishing new businesses and not repay the loan in time. A purchased entity might have financial liabilities which can be risky to undertake for the new owner. The risks related to credit are common, so the banks usually have security departments, which evaluate the client’s financial metrics. The level of scrutinizing depends on the scope of the deal. Foreign Exchange Rate Risk Foreign exchange rate risk becomes a factor in international transactions when the procedure requires the currency exchange. This type of risk is common for companies working on the global markets. For instance, the
The ideologies presented by Joan Robinson in her essay are tactical and pertinent in the field of economics. They provide thran ee-dimensional perspectives on the evaluation of capitalism. However, the broader essence of capitalism might reveal somewhat distinct outcomes if my opinions were to be incorporated in the assessment of capitalism. The purpose of this paper is to develop an argument that the original essay published by Joan would change while addressing various unconsidered issues in her arguments. Equilibrium While assuming that the equilibrium is restraining in a condition where suppositions are all practical, the ideas directed at the possibilities of attaining this state cannot be defined as illogical. In essence, the practical determination of “equilibrium” is not based on logistics but possibilities since it is set to weigh between two distinct sides. In perspective, the claim that the state of equilibrium is the operating conditions of the economy and market becomes imprecise for being non-methodological. Furthermore, the claim does not show how an equilibrium system can be likened to the economy. Therefore, the statements dictating that it is impossible to reach equilibrium and thus should change its base meaning is wide of the mark since attaining equilibrium is not a target to achieve anything. Distribution of wealth in an unequal way leads to the division of the rich and the poor sectors. The division leads to economic inequality, which is the difference in the distribution of investments and resources. There exist various types of economic inequalities. However, the major type is income inequality. The article on American Inequality in Six Charts by John Cassidy gives an analysis of the income inequality (Cassidy par. 7.). It analyses the income levels of the top earning families, which form one percent of the population and the low earning families, which form ninety-nine percent of the total population. It offers a closer look at the effect of economic inequalities in both the short run and the long run scenarios. There are arguments for and against economic inequalities. Economic inequality is not favored by all. Those against it argue that a more equal society performs better than an unequal society (Wilkinson and Pickett 57). However, some say economic inequality is beneficial to the economy because it increases the efficie
Introduction One of the fundamental functions of vendors is to influence customers’ buying behavior so that they choose the goods or services that the vendor sells. In the process, however, the vendor is ethically responsible to ensure that the boundaries of moral standards are not crossed because the consequences affect the vendor’s business to a great degree, besides having crucial significance for the other stakeholders in the vendor’s business. Ethics refers to a set of guidelines that determines what is right and wrong in any behavior. In business, from a vendor’s perspective, ethics is interpreted as influencing customers’ behavior by using legitimate and honest tactics, without resorting to deceit in any form. Business ethics assumes vital significance to vendors on account of five reasons. Firstly, it provides a safe, legal umbrella that shields the business entity as well as its employees from the danger of potentially damaging and expensive lawsuits. Secondly, the danger of adverse publicity being incurred is erased, simply because there are no mitigating grounds that could spawn such publicity. Thirdly, it helps the business entity to generate, maintain and enhance the goodwill of the community and business partners. Fourthly, it is conducive to generating healthy business results, as efforts are directed solely at honestly boosting the entity’s business activities. Lastly, the business entity enjoys consistency in its operations, there are no ups and downs or controversial incidents to mar the smooth running of its day-to-day operations. A professional Code of Ethics For vendors to follow business ethics while dealing with customers, they should adopt a Code of Ethics, also follow General and Specific Regulations, and then take Ethical Decisions. A professional code of Ethics lays down the basic assumptions and central qualities necessary to the functions of a certain profession. By adopting a professional Code of Ethics, vendors enjoy four distinct advantages. First of all, it enhances the process of arriving at ethical conclusions. Secondly, it helps to set up elevated role models of actions and behavior conforming to moral standards. Thirdly, it raises the level and volume of belief and esteem from the community at large. Lastly, it makes available a model or standard that would serve as a benchmark according to which judgments and evaluations could be carried out. General Regulations The vendor should follow a set of five General Regulations. First of all, a competent and sufficiently qualified corporate ethics officer should be employed in the entity. Secondly, a comprehensive set of ethical standards should be drawn up that apply to all employees of the business entity. Thirdly, it must be made mandatory for all employees to undertake training in professional business ethics so that they are well educated in what business ethics means, its importance to the business entity, and the role they are
Introduction Earth is a unique planet in many geophysical, biological, and astronomical aspects. It possesses the perfect conditions for life. Although it is hard to find a planet similar to Earth anywhere near us, it is possible for life to exist in much harsher environments. Some planets and moons in the Solar system, such as Mars, Venus, Titan, and even Uranus, have the potential for life to exist on or under their surfaces. Out of all potential candidates, Titan seems the most likely one due to the presence of an atmosphere, water, and various organic chemicals on its surface (King 4466). Although the conditions on the planet would be too harsh for most Earth-based organisms, some have the potential of surviving even on Titan, providing us with a blueprint for the potential development of life. The purpose of this paper is to speculate about the existence of halophilic organisms in the salty oceans underneath the surface of Titan. The Conditions for Life on Titan Titan provides various conditions that could potentially sustain life. It has an atmosphere that shields the surface from excess radiation, it has water on and underneath the surface, and it possesses a wide range of organic chemicals that can be potentially used by organisms to form cell membranes and facilitate metabolism (Dyches and Bauer). One of the most likely places for halophilic organisms to exist is Titan’s vast underground ocean (Dickerson). Although the surface of Titan is frozen, its underground layers are warmed up by the moon’s core, which is evidenced by cryovolcanoes erupting water and methane. The ocean itself is hypersaline, meaning that any organisms other than halophilic microbes are unlikely to be able to live there. Dyches and Bauer state that methane and CO come from inside the moon, rather from the outside. Halophilic Organisms as Residents of Titan Halophilic organisms are extremely resilient lifeforms that could be found on Earth. They typically live in hypersaline environments such as the Dead Sea and various surface-based or underground salt lakes. They are resistant to radiation, high temperatures, and various other hazards. According to King (4465), extremely halophilic biota can utilize CO as an energy source in order to facilitate cellular metabolism. Since Titan possesses natural sources of CO and methane coming from inside the planet, it is possible for pockets of these gases to exist above the hypersaline oceans, thus providing solvents and energy sources for Titan-based halophilic organisms. Similarities and Differences to Earth Organisms Some of the similarities to Earth-based halophilic organisms would include utilizing CO as a source of energy for metabolism processes and possessing extreme degrees of halotolerance (King 4465). These are the qualities that Earth organisms possess and utilize to survive in the harshest environments on our planet. Some of the unique qualities that Titan-based halophilic organisms might possess would likely revolve around
Meaning and Definition   * One of the 4Ps of marketing.   * Consumers’ perception of a product or brand relative to that of competitors.   * Characteristics of positioning:       + Unique;       + Superior;       + Profitable;       + Not easily copied. Have you ever wondered how a company can establish a product in an industry that is saturated with other performing businesses? Then the marketers should think about developing a positioning strategy. Marketing positioning is defined as the process of establishing the identity of a brand or product such that the customers perceive it in a specific manner. Imagine a company like Apple. Most people would say that it is its excellent service and innovative products that have driven its excellence in a market saturated with other smartphone companies. However, it is its positioning strategy. Unlike other companies, Apple decided to specialize in specifically the high-end consumer segment. Examples of Positioning Statements The following are examples of positioning statements of some of the world’s renown companies. Positioning Process It is essential for a marketer first to identify its target market and understand their needs and preferences. This can be achieved by conducting either a formal or informal market research. Regardless of the method selected, the customer has to be at the center of the marketing mix. This is followed by identifying the Unique Selling Proposition (USP). Every product or brand is required to have a USP or in the least some distinct features relative to that of the competitors so as to gain a competitive advantage. This may include price, product characteristics, or benefit to the customers. To identify the USP, a marketer should generate a list of products different from the competitors and determine the one that has the most weight. It is preferable to create an advantage based on benefits to the customers as compared to the price, and product features as the competitors can easily undercut the latter. The third is the identification of competition. For a marketer to create a USP, they also have to understand the market environment, which constitutes their competition. Evaluation of competitor positioning can be facilitated through perceptual or brand mapping. The creation of a catchy tagline and employing the right themes for advertisements then finalizes the positioning process. Moreover, it is essential for companies to fulfill the expectations that they have given the customers. Positioning Strategies The various types of marketing initiatives that companies can undertake to enhance the target market’s perception of the product include price-quality, category, user, application, and attribute. Pricing is an essential element to customers, and it often goes hand-in-hand wit
Community service is an important aspect of giving back to the society since it enhances the existing relationship between parties involved. Community service is basically a voluntary exercise that involves touching lives of special members of the society. Among the special group includes orphans, old, physically challenged among others. The process is interactive and involves practicing moral values and religious inclination beliefs to identify with humanity. In the process of lending a helping hand, there are fundamental and pivotal factors and morals that control the process and give it its desired purpose. Generally, community service is meant to address social concerns and touch lives in the process. In Jewish tradition, several social concerns are notes in the Tenakh, Talmud, Midrash, commentaries, codes, and primary sources of this tradition. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts give an in- depth conceptualization of the aspect of community service as explained in the Tanakh, Talmud, Midrash, commentaries, and sources of Jewish tradition. These aspects are correlated to my community service activities at Berkeley Men’s Homeless Shelter. In addition, the paper attempts to identify the origin of these teachings and date them appropriately. My participation in the community service at Berkeley Men’s Homeless Shelter has been rewarding as the voluntary and well organized service at this expansive home has created a special attachment with a forceful and very clear opportunity to not only learn the Jewish contextual service provision, but also reaching out to the wider old generation practicing Jewish faith. As I offered free services as a cook, “the connection and desire to belong exceeded the physical work” (Nuesner 14). I felt a strong feeling of total connection as the faith based programs involved interaction with the old. As a result, I experienced a momentum growth in service delivery and sincere concern for the fragile members of the society. As a Jew, this experience presented an adept opportunity to practice the fundamental teaching by Baron to display and demonstrate inner commitment to “do good to the society which functions on moral value suasion” (Baron 354). Besides, the practice, when performed beyond the mere boundary of faith, impacts the humanity and creates room for soul searching into benefits of inclusivity. Thus, the practice help to lay bare leadership skills, foster intrinsic empowerment, and activate passion for total engagement between the spiritual and physical being. Therefore, this goes in line with the Rabbi Baron’s view that engaging young people in unique and new voluntary activities “encourages inclusive participatory and interesting learning process void of selfishness and disrespect to social values” (Baron 357) which define Jewish existence on the face of this planet. Community service also involves resource mobilization and optimal use of these resour
Thesis The article is intended on giving a fresh perspective on the counter-reformation through a series of case studies done on that era. It challenges the assumption that the Counter Reformation was characterized by authoritative/ state control and imposition and instead postulates that communities played an important role in the transformation of the catholic faith through their own kind of participation Summary The author commences by explaining that the counter-reformation has been misunderstood by a series of scholars because they did not look at social and cultural contexts of such communities. They merely stopped at observation of artifacts and their analysis. However, when one looks at specific communities, one soon realizes the counter-reformation was a mixture of participants. Historians who had done work on the Counter Reformation usually failed because they highly depended on accounts of archbishops and other religious representatives. However, as one looks at case studies such as a southern Italy study, one soon realizes that missionaries had to bend to demands of their communities by engaging in spiritual remedies. They furnished material culture through statutes and the rosaries in order to appear able to affect the laity’s lives. The rosary specifically was given a peculiar meaning by the rural communities of Southern Italy (Laven, 710). Also, in Speyer, a miraculous culture characterized by public weeping in sermons provided another interpretation of the counter-reformation which involved the public.; Although Catholic authorities tried to impose their rules, these often had their limitations because the public could defy them as was the case with mothers and rules imposed by the church on suffocation (Laven, 718); they simply chose not engage in confessions. Critique The major strength of the article lies in in-depth research. The author clearly has a good command of the subject and went out of her way to accumulate various studies on the counter-reformation. She looks at three areas in particular: Spain, Italy and Germany during the era. She finds a way of identifying commonalities in the expression of counter-reformation in all three communities. Furthermore, this author has challenged popular assumptions on the subject by reversing the idea that locals had little to do with the counter-reformation. She does this by questioning the reliance of religious leaders’ views on 17 th century counter-reformation. Laven (716) then supports her thesis by offering several incidences in which the masses controlled religious expression. Her strong reliance on evidence is definitely a good indication that the research is well done. However, she does not oversimplify matters by painting a black and