ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Solubility of Prodrugs An effective prodrug needs to be soluble so that it can reach the target site and affect the desirable pharmacologic effects. Prodrugs are designed to circumvent drug limitations such as poor solubility in the aqueous and lipid phases. Therefore, most prodrugs are soluble in the body compartment where they are expected to affect their pharmacologic actions. The solubility of prodrugs can be altered by the addition of certain functional groups. For example, prodrug esters are designed to augment their lipophilic properties so that water-soluble drugs can easily traverse the cell membranes (Zawilska, Wojcieszak and Olejniczak 2). Their solubility in the aqueous phases is also improved by using phosphate esters and amides. In some cases, hydrophilic hydroxyl groups contain pharmacologically active substances. Acylation with aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids is carried out to improve their solubility in the lipid phase. To improve the water solubility of prodrugs, the hydroxyl groups of the parent drug are usually esterified with carboxylic acid products with other functional groups, for instance, amino or hydroxyl groups. These groups confer hydrophilicity or increased aqueous solubility to the prodrug molecules. A novel approach to improving the solubility of prodrugs has been demonstrated in the hydrogenation of naproxen (an analgesic) to produce a hydrogelator, which improves its solubility and eliminates the need for a carrier molecule (Majumder et al. 10254). The Absorption of Prodrugs The efficacy of prodrugs is determined by their ability to be absorbed through oral and non-oral routes. The rapid absorption of the drug into the target cells is often necessary for a faster pharmacotherapeutic action of a drug (Okudaira et al. 580). Therefore, the absorption of most prodrugs is modified to match the anticipated action of the active drug. The advancement of oral bioavailability of drugs is among the most notable innovations since the discovery of prodrugs, which is attributed to improving their oral absorption (Zawilska, Wojcieszak and Olejniczak 3). Cancer treatment has also recorded immense progress by improving the absorption of anticancer agents. For example, Capecitabine (5′-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine carbamate), which is a tripartite prodrug undergoes fast and extensive oral absorption following oral administration. Liver carboxylesterases then act on the drug to yield 5′-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine that is further deaminated in the liver and cancerous cells by cytidine deaminase (Zawilska, Wojcieszak and Olejniczak 8). Ultimately, thymidine phosphorylase converts the metabolite to an extremely cytotoxic 5’-fluorouracil within the tumors. Biostability of Prodrugs The active drug is liberated from its dormant form before, in the course of, or following the absorption of the prodrug. Certain drugs can
Roses International a skincare product company established by Marie Jane in 1998. It manufactures a wide range of skincare products to match the various needs of its customers. The products range from anti-acne cremes, moisturizers, skin toners, cleansing agents, scrubs and oil regulating crèmes. The products are designed to meet varying skin requirements and are classified on a gender basis. Men products vary from women products. The customer base is limited to the marketing processes of the various branches the company has. Its branches are in 12 states of the US and 16 countries across the globe, but plans are underway to expand its establishments. Marketing is a very important aspect in ensuring the progress for Roses International. There is high competitiveness in the market, and there is a need to widen the demand for our products. There are many skincare based firms targeting the same population as we are, and to stand out, we have established a strong marketing department. Marketing involves advertisement, effective research, promotional sales as well as direct sales. Roses International organizational chart Vice presidents head the human resources, production, marketing and purchases departments. Managers who are responsible to the vice president in their department head the strategic, communication and product departments of the marketing departments. Under them are marketing assistants who perform their roles diligently according to their areas of the profession. Those in strategic planning establish plans that are to be undertaken depending on the information available from the market research. In the communication department, assistants disseminate information to clients to promote sales. For the product department, assistants determine the products design, its marketing and when or how new products
In modern world, ideas of tolerance and equal attitude to people which represent different layers of society and different nationalities are proclaimed to be of a great value. It is stated that all people are equal and there is no use separating someone. However, all these ideas are not always observed and people still suffer from racial, cultural and gender prejudices. Moreover, nowadays another practice obtains more and more popularity. Very often, tying to guarantee fulfillment of the right to equal attitude, some people run to another extremes. There is a tendency nowadays for the class-based affirmative action. It means that representatives of some racial minority, depressing class or a group which suffers from discrimination are treated differently and some special support is given to them. Primary, there are some special terms for study in educational establishments which are characterized by lower costs or some preferential terms of entering. Being rather disputable decision, these measures have already introduced national conversation about the morality and legality of racial preferences (“Richard Kahlenberg: Time for class-based affirmative action”, 2012) and debates whether they should be accepted or not. Analyzing this problem, it is quite logical to start with the main advantages of this practice. First of all, it should be stated that very often these measures are really needed, as it is a well known fact that representatives of different racial groups on the average have lower incomes and live under worse conditions than representatives of the majority. That is why, very often this practice can help them to improve their state by obtaining education and getting a well paid job. Another obvious advantage of this practice is that according to some research, class-based affirmative action improve racial diversity, though not as much as policies that use race as a criterion (Kahlenberg, 2009). These positive dividends cannot be ignored. One more advantage is that this measure can influence development of interracial relations between representatives of different nationalities in the country. As a result of this practice, great racial diversity could be observed in colleges and schools and students would have to build relations with each other in order to feel themselves comfortable while studying. However, there are not only advantages promoted by this practice. There is one great drawback which this issue obtains. “The problem with affirmative action is simply that it treats races differently” (McWhorter, 2011). With this in mind, it is possible to say that it is a kind of segregation which is now officially promoted. No matter what purposes this practice has, it still can be humiliating for representatives of different racial minorities or other discriminated groups (McWhorter, 2011). Trying to guarantee equality for all people, officials underline that some men still do not have the same abilities and facilities which the rest of the population has. That is why opponents of th
Introduction Diabetes is often referred to as the plague of the 21st century, as it causes massive long-term damage to individuals, communities, and countries. The disease renders a person’s body unable to properly use and store glucose, causing the blood sugar levels to rise too high. High levels of blood sugar can damage organs and blood vessels, causing internal bleeding and cascade organ failures. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 (which prevents the body from producing insulin) and Type 2 (which causes a resistance to insulin’s effects) (American Diabetes Association, 2017). Both of these types are the leading causes of kidney failure in the US, with the total number of victims in the country ranging between 1.6 and 2.2 million a year (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). The purpose of this paper is to identify diabetes as a health disparity, with the application of health promotion concepts to develop a treatment plan. Diabetes and the Nine Determinants of Health Diabetes affects all nine determinants of health as determined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in a negative way. The list of determinants and their relation to the disease is as follows (WHO, n.d.):   * Income and social status: Treatment of diabetes requires time and money to treat properly. Families of low social status and below-average income are more endangered by the disease;   * Education: The development of diabetes is closely associated with the consumption of certain products, obesity, and a low-mobility lifestyle. Individuals not aware of diabetes and the ways of personal maintenance are more likely to contract or develop complications
It is the opinion of this paper that economic pressures are the most important factors that influence international migration flows. To prove this point, it is important to first use the Philippines and Mexico as examples to showcase the general attitude people have towards migrating towards other countries. Based on an analysis of the class readings, it can be stated that economic pressures within developing countries often come about due to a lack of economic opportunity. Simply put, potential immigrants within their respective developing countries perceive that there is a distinct lack of opportunity within their native country and, as such, make the decision to migrate to developed countries to take advantage of the supposedly “limitless” opportunities that these countries possess. One manifestation of this comes in the form of “the American Dream” which has convinced many potential immigrants in Mexico to go to the U.S. where they believe that the “land of opportunity” will be able to give them the sort of life that they do not have within their home country. It should also be noted that from a demographic perspective, developing countries do have significant hurdles for people attempting to make a better life for themselves. For instance, countries such as Mexico and the Philippines do not have the same Federal loan program that allows high school graduates in the U.S. to take out a loan to pay for their college education. As a result, high school graduates within these countries are often limited when it comes to their educational opportunities that go beyond the mandatory grade school and high school education that is set by their respective governments. Not only that, the unemployment rate in these locations often consists of 7 to 8 percent of the local population resulting in a considerable amount of competition for jobs. While skilled white-collar labor is always in demand within the Philippines and Mexico, the same cannot be said for unskilled blue-collar workers who just have high school diplomas. It is often the case that these individuals have to compete in an already overly saturated blue-collar workforce resulting in fewer instances where they can find decent jobs. Another example that showcases economic pressures as the most important factor when it comes to international migration can be seen in the case of the Central African States and the establishment of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (aptly named CEMAC). This organization dealt primarily with facilitating the migration of workers from one central African state to another due to the high demand for labor in one country and low economic conditions in
Industrial corn Michael Pollan’s book The Omnivore’s Dilemma has been in the limelight for a long time now. The omnivore’s dilemma arises from the fact that when human beings are capable of eating anything that is found in nature, it will then be hard to identify what you should eat, what is healthy for you and what is not. Herbivores like bears do not have to worry over what they will eat every day, they just have to find the leaves of a eucalyptus tree and their mean is complete. However, human beings and other omnivores like rats and pigs will eat unhealthily just because the dilemma of having to choose what to eat proves to be too hard for them, or because they have no idea on the contents of the foods that they are eating. In the first chapter of his book, Pollan argues that corn has been the order of today’s meals. Almost a quarter of all the foods there are in the supermarket contain corn. In this essay, my main focus is on the first chapter of his book, “Industrial Corn”, to explain what it is that we eat from all those products that use corn as one of its ingredients. Looking at the supermarket today, almost every product is linked to either a plant or an animal. From the vegetables and the fruit section where we find the carrots, broccoli, eggplant, cabbage, potato, onion, and cucumbers. The apples, pineapples, oranges, grapes and the bananas, some of which are even sometimes sprinkled with water, creating a sense of the fresh morning dew on fresh fruits, and attracting us to them (Pollan, 2007). Moving on to the meats section, you will find meat from lambs, cows, chicken, turkey, and from the different types of fish there are in the sea. In short, almost every food there is in the supermarket will have a link to the food chain, something that we the consumers think is none of our concern. Who cares what food the chicken, the cows, the lambs or the fish ate, or worse still, where it came from? We forget the wise words of Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, a famous French gastronomist who said,” show me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are.” Pollan continues to say that in his research and attempts to follow the food chains for the industrial foods, which have become the order of the day for the common American, he traveled widely to some places and states. During his travels, he always ended up at one commonplace, the American Corn Belt. It turned out that most of the products in the supermarket are a product of Zea mays, commonly known to the Americans as corn. Corn is the food for the cows, the pigs, lambs, the chicken, turkey, and fishes like the tilapia, cat
Six sigma has been developed to improve manufacturing processes and therefore has traditionally been used in this direction. However, the concept demonstrates its effectiveness in other areas, such as construction. This activity area poses severe risks to its employees, and therefore, they must improve their business processes constantly. DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control) is a data-driven problem-solving approach that helps gradually improve and optimize products, projects, and business processes. This paper considers the case of using the method to enhance ground works. Despite the emphasis on quality management, the use of the technique also contributes to the safety of workers. DMAIC consists of five interrelated steps, and each uses the information obtained in the previous stage. The define phase identifies the problem, for example, a number of incidents, employees involved, or reasons for harmful events (Karakhan, 2017). Analysts use different tools for faster and easier problems finding. In the case under consideration, the authors applied DMAIC to the building object located in Koło, Poland, and the process of creating the foundation (Nowotarski et al., 2019). At the first stage, a project map was created, which included goals, expected results, and a description of the problem. It had weaknesses such as foundation wells issues, a small number of employees, and equipment problems. Once a problem is identified, it must be carefully examined and evaluated. The second step, the measure phase, involves studying the severity of the issues (Karakhan, 2017). For this purpose, the Ishikawa diagram presented in Figure 1 was used in the case (Nowotarski et al., 2019). This tool helped group problems into categories to make them easier to study in the next phase. In the third step, Analyze Phase, a total of 23 issues were considered (Nowotarski et al., 2019). This stage is necessary for establishing causal relationships and establishing the roots of the problem (Karakhan, 2017). The authors applied tools such as Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Pareto chart (Nowotarski et al., 2019). The first helped establish problems with the most significant risk factor, and the Pareto chart found that 13% arose due to the wrong location of the foundation wells (Nowotarski et al., 2019). Other problems of importance included overloading of equipment and incompetence of workers. Figure 1. Ishikawa diagram. (Nowotarski et al., 2019) Based on the data obtained in the previous three stages, the improve phase is applied. Here, analysts consider potential solutions to detected problems, highlighting corrective and preventive measures (Karakhan, 2017). Since FMEA identified three issues with the highest risk factors, the measures proposed in the case aim to resolve them. In particular, the main focuses are highlighted – improving employees’ work, their training, and raising the quality of equipment. For example, one of the measures to solve the problem of the location of foundation wells is uninterrupted communication with the crane operator (Nowotarski et al., 2019). Finally, in the control phase, a tool
The Da Vinci Surgical System is designed to facilitate the performance of complex and delicate surgical manipulations. This system, created by the American Institute of Surgical, was first introduced in 1999 for cardiac surgery and was subsequently widely adopted and developed significantly for general, gynecological, urological, and thoracic procedures (Koh et al., 2018). The new robot was demonstrated with support from the University Medical Center and the Department of Surgery at the University of Arizona (Koh et al., 2018). Research suggests that long-term results are, as a rule, the same as open surgery outcomes, while robotic procedures are more expensive (Crew, 2020). Nevertheless, the Da Vinci Surgical System technology is widely used by medical providers. It is explained by the fact that this system provides explicit benefits for the patient associated with the condition during and after surgery and the recovery period, which is an essential aspect. Due to its conservatism, surgery remained, until recently, immune to the advances in robotics. A breakthrough in the quality of the creation of the Da Vinci Surgical System makes it possible to facilitate extremely complex surgical tasks, where the operator requires exceptional virtuosity in performing manipulations. Surgeons prefer to use the Da Vinci Surgical System because it provides improved visualization, flexibility in the wrists and arms, and a comfortable seated position for many hours of operation (Crew, 2020). The system’s three-dimensional image in front of the specialist’s eyes provides a complete illusion of operating in real space (Crew, 2020). Advantages of the surgeon’s work with the Da Vinci Surgical System logically create benefits for the patient. In particular, the possibility of damage to healthy tissues not affected by the disease as a consequence of increased surgical precision, dexterity, and enlarged range of motion, is prevented. In addition, the need for a small number of tiny incisions reduces blood loss and the risk of contamination and getting the infection into the patient’s body. Several studies report the safety and effectiveness of robotic surgery for a variety of diseases. In particular, research by Koh et al. (2018) confirmed the benefits of the Da Vinci Surgical System. They include smaller wounds and scars, less postoperative pain and discomfort, shorter hospital location, recovery, and return to normal
Summary The current chapter aims at discussing the essence and reasons of World Wars. The lives of millions of people had to be changed when a world war began. Such interruptions influenced people considerably, and Hamilton and Herwig tried to understand what led to wars and what people had to know about wars. The authors introduce a world war as “one involving five or more major powers and having military operations on two or more continents” (Hamilton and Herwig 2). They mention that there were eight world wars on the European continent with other countries from Asia and Africa and the Americans being involved. Each war had its reasons and outcomes. The issues of militarism, social Darwinism, imperialism, and nationalism and the inabilities to come to the same public opinion are identified as the main causal factors of wars. Still, regardless the presence of various reasons of World War I, as well as total wars, it is possible to provide a general conclusion for the majority of wars that is the initiations of the rulers to be dominant in the world and the necessity of others to respond. The authors use the example of the World War I in order to describe and explain the causes that make people fight and prove their ideas by means of weapons. That war, like many other wars, could be explained by a poorly organized decision-making process. The leaders of the countries made their decisions to involve their nations in wars. No more than ten people made millions of people fight against each other due to the existing authoritarian regimes. People were ready to die for their countries in case their leaders wanted