ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Torture is the process through which individuals inflict mental or physical pain to manipulate or break the will of others. Various forms of torture have been used to coerce uncooperative individuals to divulge information or submit to preset conditions. However, regardless of the results, torture is morally unjustified because it goes against the preservation of basic human rights. This paper shall offer justifications as to why torture is morally wrong. Over the years, the use of torture has been debated extensively. In the interest of upholding the law and preserving human dignity, torture has been deemed as an unjustifiable course of action for legal and moral reasons. However, there are cases where torture is being used despite the presence of laws against the practice. Under extreme circumstances, torture is morally justified if it leads to the protection of human lives. When dealing with moral issues, various ethical theories have been utilized to judge the validity or wrongness of the actions taken (Johnston 90). When a nation faces the imminent danger, torturing uncooperative culprits may be justified if it leads to saving lives. This is in line with the utilitarianism theory, which states that the collective good of many people is more important than the rights of an individual. This means that torture is permissible if it safeguards the lives of many (Johnston 76). Since torture is perceived as a necessary evil in cases where lives are in danger, then it is morally justified. Similarly, the consequentialism ethics theory holds that any action taken towards solving a problem is justified by the consequences it generates (Evans 201). With this in mind, torture is justifiable because it prevents the death of many people or provides information that can avert future crimes. On the same note, the deontological ethics states that duty should be the determining factor for all moral actions regardless of the consequences. As such, more emphasis is placed on assumed duty rather than the consequences of the given actions (Forsythe 467). Regarding torture, this theory can be used to prove its use because a nation must protect its people from danger. On this note, if torture yields the expected results, then it is justified because the duty of the government is fulfilled regardless of the consequences of taking such actions (Hersh 58). Over the past years, social, political, and ideological perspectives have significantly changed. As such, it is important to come up with stronger measures to tackle the vices that characterize modern society. At the end of the day, our denial of the fact that torture exists and is in most cases effective should not make it unjustifiable. To facilitate equality, torture should be allowed. Simply stating that torture is not morally justified does not make it so. Its effectiveness far outweighs its moral implications (Bowden 54). This paper was set out to evaluate whether torture was morally justifiable. To that end, ethical theories have been used to support the notion that it is permissible in extreme circumstances. The increase in terrorism and
The Sensuous level The song “As I lay me down” captures the emotive senses of the listener purely by the introductory combination of the guitar and the piano. The musical ‘power’ in the song – its ability to draw one to pause and listen to the song even when the listener is engaged in other matters, is almost tangible. The tone of the music almost sounds like a pleasurable lullaby that an adult would want to get soothed by. The song begins by the sound of guitar strings followed by a piano that captures the listener’s attention. The melodious vocal voice of the singer then follows, complementing the introductory instruments mentioned in synchronous harmony that makes it almost natural to want to sing along to the song. A dedication to her father’s memory, the song’s reflective tone makes it even more captivating. The Expressive or Emotional Level “As I lay me down” invokes the feelings of memory for departed loved ones. As mentioned earlier, the song is the composer’s dedication to her late father. The song thus generates memorial feelings for loved ones the listener may have lost, either a family member or close friends. This was clearly the intention of the composer and this intent is clear in the musical lyrics of the composition as well as the tone the song creates, and the mood the song evokes. Paradoxically, the song does not create the feelings of loss and heartache because of the feelings of memory of the dearly departed, but induces feelings of love and appreciation for those dearly loved who are still living. It makes the listener appreciate his or her loved ones who are still alive and close. Depending on the state of mind of the listener at the particular time of listening to this composition, the emotions created in the listener tend to swing from memory of the departed loved one(s), to love and appreciation for the living loved one(s). The song can be especially important in giving the listener a sense of appreciation, with the message generally being that those around us should be shown love and appreciation while the listener still has the privilege of enjoying the loved one’s company. The song dwells on the special love that exists between a father and his children (especially daughters), and the singer magnifies the seemingly ‘simple’ role – powerful in the eyes of the daughter – the father used to play in ‘laying the daughter to sleep’. The song is able to pack a lot of emotion in the act of a father laying his child or children to sleep. The song has been used as a soundtrack in many movies that seek to express the paradoxical emotions of saying goodbye to a loved one, and welcoming back a loved one after years of being apart. The song has been regularly touted as one of the best soundtracks for a movie. Musical Content Level The piano and the guitar are the major instruments that are used in this composition. Sophie B. Hawkins’ unmistakable voice then follows the introduction, and many of her ardent listeners can easily identify her slightly husky and powerful voice as she begins to sing. The piano and guitar, which play short notes, have been slightly tweaked and str
Introduction Throughout our lifetime, we often find ourselves in situations that challenge us physically, mentally or both. How we perceive and subsequently react to these challenges differs and in some cases, our reaction may have detrimental health implications to our lives. Considering that life is full of unknown, everyone is bound to get anxious or stressed out at one point in time. Both these conditions pose a serious threat to the mental as well as the physical well being of a person. This being the case, it is a worthwhile endeavor to take some time out to explore the causes effects and solutions to these conditions. However, this paper shall specifically shed some light on anxiety disorders. Under this topic, the types, causes symptoms and possible solutions to this disorder shall be duly addressed. Anxiety disorders: A brief overview Imagine a situation whereby you suddenly feel as though your heart is pumping faster, every muscle in your body muscles is tightening, surrounding walls are closing in on you and everything around you is falling apart. You experience shortness of breath and start perspiring rapidly. This is a classical example of an anxiety attack. Bernstein (2010) defines anxiety as a situation/state of discomfort, worry, fear or nervousness that results from the anticipation of a potentially risky or threatening situation. According to Bernstein (2010), anxiety disorders have in the recent past been classified as being among the most prominent psychological disorders in the United States. This bleak reality can be attributed to the fact that most people experience compromising situations in their lives. For example, during a job interview, giving a speech in an unfamiliar or crowded place, or even meeting a long lot friend after a long time. While such situations may seem as moments of weakness, they are life threatening to a person suffering from an anxiety disorder. Types of anxiety disorders It should be noted that while it is not uncommon for a person to feel on edge or be afraid and uncomfortable in different situations, anxiety disorders often represent different experiences to the person suffering from them. According to Comer (2010), common symptoms of anxiety disorders include but are not limited to chronic and exaggerated levels of fear and uneasiness that in hinder an individual from leading a normal life. In his book, the author sheds some light on the four main types of anxiety disorders. They are; generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic attacks, Phobias, and obsessive compulsive behavior (OCD). Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD) GAD can simply be described as a frequent and continuous form of anxiety that lasts for a month or more. According to Comer (2010), people with this type of disorder are always uneasy, worried and in most cases, preoccupied with feelings that things are about to go wrong (feelings of doom). In addition, the author states that such people often worry about everything even without having a logical justification for such worries. As a result, they experience high levels of stress and are unab
Introduction Deconstructing means dismantling or breaking up what was once constructed either to analyze or to destroy it, hence, deconstructing universal sisterhood could mean tearing apart of universal sisterhood. Among the people that live globally than less one a dollar a day, 70% of them are women (Mohanty 2). The wars of today also affect many women: some are molested sexually and displaced. It is good news that there are women’s movements that are international, such as “Sisterhood is Global” that airs their voices. Sisterhood means solidarity based on their experiences, etc. Deconstructing Universal Sisterhood Differences in age, looks, body shape, class, sexual identity (heterosexual, homosexual), ability and race based upon skin color tend to deconstruct the universal sisterhood. Another difference includes: regional and ethnic distinctions, arising from national origin, religion and culture. Regional difference brings distinction among wealthy nations, i.e. Europe, America and third world countries. Another distinction between women is access to resources and opportunities based on the first world, second world and third world. Based on this, some women may oppress others, and these are shortcomings of the universal sisterhood. Women face the consequences of colonialism and imperialism in their daily experiences of marriage like sexuality, family, work and health in their colonized nations. Imperialism and colonialism could also mean economic and military dominance (Mohanty, p. 13). The different forms of imperialism like capitalist imperialism use cheap inexpensive female labor due to capitalist expansion across nations (transnational). Western Feminists Feminism is not well understood by capitalist and brings tensions to them. They do not acknowledge feminist activists fighting for equality. There are western feminist and third world women. This division between the two groups limits them from working with each other and this is usually the case among western feminist (whites) and colored in the USA. It is in this perspe
Internet memes as a new means of communication on the web are of broad interest for several interdisciplinary studies. Philologists and anthropologists consider memes as a manifestation of folklore; psychologists are interested in the origins of the attractiveness of memes and their impact on human consciousness and journalists are trying to figure out how to create them. Since a meme has become an essential part of the Internet, there is a need for scientific reflection on this phenomenon, and hence in recent years, there have been works which were aimed at a meme. However, it is important to add that the exhaustive characterisation of memes has not yet been presented due to its incomplete study and complexity. In turn, this leads to a number of significant hypotheses, the probability of which will be determined in this paper. First, memes are most likely to have a high degree of variability and semantic content. Second, it may follow that, due to their multifunctionality, memes may replace the usual communication format. This research project discusses the phenomenon of memes in terms of digital communication and describes their short history and role in maintaining interaction between users. Literature Review Currently, there is a lack of scientific knowledge in the academic world about the use of memes as a communication tool. In greater detail, the phenomenon of Internet memes is being explored in global network sources, while journal articles have a much more conservative view of them. Although the study of the new means of digital communication is relatively recent, most researchers agree that memes have become more prevalent in recent times. This may be due to their multifunctionality and variability. Among the authors who have paid attention to memes, it is worth noting Hoey (2019), who stated the defining task of memes – the transmission of information. A significant contribution to the development of this issue was made by Yus (2018), who studied in detail the role of memes in digital communication. The critical result that the researcher came to was the ambiguity of the functions of Internet memes. On the one hand, memes certainly play a humorous role, but their other tasks also include the influence on the personality of the user. It is logical to suppose that this fact can be used for malicious purposes. From this point of view, the Kulkarni (2017) research is of interest, stating that modern politicians do not neglect memes to promote their interests. It is not uncommon for innocent images found on a user’s news feed to be obscured by propaganda (Gutierrez, 2017). The most unobvious information described by Phillips and Milner (2019) shows the reader the dangerous nature of memes. Phillips and Milner (2019) argue that, in the pursuit of entertainment, authors can create posts that generate segregation
Problem statement When offered the chance, several teachers often opt to leave learning institutions that serve below average, dismally-performing, and non-white students (Boyd et al., 2011). Even though a wide body of research has already addressed this aspect, minimal research input is directed towards comprehending specific characteristics of working conditions that compel a higher turnover rate in some learning institutions. It can be remarkably detrimental and costly for schools that experience excessive teacher turnover. For instance, such schools are highly likely to encounter the challenge of instructional cohesion. As a result, there are several policies that have been set up to control or manage the impacts of teacher attrition, especially in learning institutions that face high teacher turnover. Examples of such policies include retention bonuses and mentoring programs for teachers. Nonetheless, these approaches have not been effective as anticipated owing to know the age gap between the existing retention initiatives and pragmatic reasons why teachers depart learning institutions. According to Grissom (2011), recent statistics obtained from the US education system reveal that on an annual basis, an estimated 500, 000 teachers depart their schools for reasons that are not known. It is alarming to note that retirement accounts for approximately 16 % of attrition cases among teachers. The other 84 % comprises of teachers who either abandon the profession completely or seek transfers to other learning institutions. There is a need to develop a study that can articulately address the association between school contextual factors and teacher turnover. Such a study should corroborate or build on the past knowledge on this subject by providing better and more viable alternatives to curbing the current high rate of teacher turnover. Pertinent factors that have not been addressed by past studies include facilities, safety, student behavior, staff relations, and efficacy of school administrators.
Background Southern Company is a utility provider that has many devoted customers due to its quality-driven approach. The case describes the implementation of a new enterprise change management (ECM) suite by the company’s business excellence manager David Traynor for handling change requests better. Even though the department spent approximately two years designing and customizing the new system, the first phase of the change implementation process was not smooth. Issues The implementation of the ECM suite was associated with several issues. Firstly, the change process led to an increase in the number of change requests. The system produced almost three thousand additional change requests per year. As a result, many changes were processed without being reviewed, though the majority of them carried some level of risk. Secondly, the first phase of the change project was not implemented as efficiently as expected initially. Traynor faced significant resistance to change as employees were not eager to adopt the new system and preferred the usual order of things. The business excellence manager decided to implement the second phase of the project in a different way. In particular, he appointed change agents from each IT unit who took an active role in designing the system for change requests. Analysis One may state that Traynor could have used Lewin’s three-stage model of change for the implementation of the ECM. This framework applies because it would solve both issues identified in the previous section. If Traynor had utilized the given model, he would have performed the first stage of the change process in a different and more productive way. The business excellence manager would prepare the IT personnel to accept the change or at least inform them about it. The unfreezing stage of the selected model provides for the communication of the need for the elaboration of the new ECM suite to employees and outlining the benefits both for them and the organization. This, in turn, would allow for avoiding the issues that have been mentioned above. If workers had been told that the change was necessary, they would have been more prepared for leaving their comfort zone and accepting the new system. Also, they would have more time to reflect on the benefits of the ECM project. As a result, both active and passive employee resistance would be reduced, and the number of additional change requests would be lower. If the personnel had known more about the system that had been elaborated, they would have been less eager to doubt its efficiency, thus making more change requests. It is worth mentioning that the application of Lewin’s three-stage model of change would facilitate the implementation of the first part of the project. It was inefficient because Traynor did not utilize any communication strategies to deliver the new mission to workers. Had he created awareness in them about the extent of losses caused by a large number of change requests, perhaps the staff would have understood the logic behind the change. Therefore, views, attitudes, and beliefs of the personnel would be challenged, which would form the
Introduction Most countries have invested in expensive and sophisticated air transport infrastructure for a long time. Air transport includes passengers travel, air cargo, parcel transport, for hire freight carriers, private transportation, logistics providers, etc. Freight is a major part of transport sector in all economies. Other than moving goods and people from one area to another, freight industry has offered a lot of employment opportunities to a large population in the world. The economic advantages of the airfleight industry entail its contribution towards the development of economy of a country. It is generally agreeable that no country can survive economically especially at the current economic times without investing substantially in the air transport industry. The recent phenomenon in the air transport industry indicates a rapidly growing sector accompanied by a network of airlines that connect to every part of the world. Air transport includes all the activities that are carried out in transporting people and goods by air. It has been suggested that the air freight industry is composed of two major sectors: the civil aviation sector and the civil aerospace sector. The civil aviation entails all services related to passenger and cargo transport as well as facilities such as airlines and airports necessary for the provision of the services in the airfreight business; while on the other hand, the civil aerospace sector involves the manufacturing and maintenance of aircraft systems frames and engines as well as other aviation equipments (Air Transport Action Group (ATAG, 2008: p 2). Employment opportunities Airfreight industry provides employment for a large number of people. People are employed not only directly by the industry but also indirectly. The industry allows men and women to earn a living in manufacture and maintenance of aircrafts, air freight services (like pilots, cabin crew etc.), catering services and other support services like security departments, rescue department etc. this people are directly employed by the air travel sector. In addition a lot of people are employed indirectly by the airfreight transport industry including the people in firms involved in infrastructure construction and maintenance. Moreover O’Connor (2001, p. 14) indicates that air transport contributes significantly to the economic, social, cultural and infrastructural development in the economy. When more people are employed in any industry, they actively contribute in building of the economy through raising their living standards and also increased revenue collection through taxation. According to Andrew and Bailey (n.d., p.1) it is projected that with the rapid growth of the industry more people will be employed in the industry The research conducted in European airports indicates that an addition of 1 million more passengers will need 1000 workers to be employed directly in the industry (Andrew and Bailey, n.d. p 7