ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The concept of solar system has had several changes in its theories throughout thousands of years. Majority of people thought that there was no solar system. Ancient astronomers believed that the earth was the center of universe and the sun moved through the sky (Nine Planets, 2011). Ancient astronomers saw points of lights moving through the skies and named them planets, with specific names after their gods, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Venus and Saturn. Heliocentric reordering was proposed and later, Galileo discovered the solar system. Invention of the telescope led to discoveries of 3 more planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto in the 17 th century. Examples Scientific concepts that changed with time   * The earth is thought to be stationery at the center of universe and the ethereal objects moving through sky.   * Aristarchus proposes heliocentric reordering of the cosmos.   * Nicolaus develops the first heliocentric system.   * Galieo, Kepler and Newton develops the current the understanding that the earth revolves around the sun and rotates about its axis Historical event that changed scientific aspects of natural world The Chernobyl Disaster Historical Context   * Chernobyl nuclear reactor suffered a catastrophic power increase which caused explosion of its core.   * Occurred in Ukraine on 26 th April 1986.   * Occurred during the test of a safety emergency core cooling.   * The plant was under direct jurisdiction of the central Moscow’s authorities Effects   * Released numerous quantities of radioactive fuel and core materials into the surface.   * Ignited graphite moderator which increased emission of radioactive particles into the atmosphere.   * Health of plant workers and local people affected.   * Rivers, lakes and reservoirs polluted (Harti, Hoffman & Fleming, 2005), p. 1). Impact on scientific understanding This accident led to discoveries of more effects of radiation on health and environment such as thyroid cancer, beta burns and mutations, among others. The understanding nuclear technology and its effect took a new turn, with its emerging influence on global worming and environmental effects researched. Examples This accident led to a new understanding of impacts of the adverse effects of radiation. Further research ware initiated by UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific of the Effects of Atomic Radiation) on treatment for thyroid cancer, down syndrome, chromosomal aberrations, neural tube defects etc. The Chernobyl disaster led to a new twist to the understanding of its real effects on health, leading to a series of research on the risk observed. Extensive research and screening were done , for cancer along with other diseases and other environmental effects. The natural world is usually known to be safe and eternal, but disaster witnessed changed our understanding of nature, that it needs to be conserved. Chernobyl Nuclear disaster became a revolution in scientific discoveries and clearly led to numerous changes in our conception of the natural world. Ecosystem   * A specific ar
Introduction Background Today, in schools and colleges around the whole word, there are many intercultural programs which support the idea of international understanding and the exchange of knowledge, experience, and attitudes. Some people, like Oliver Goldsmith or Walter Lewis, share their own interpretations of international understanding and explain it as the ability of people to behave properly irrespectively to their own nationalities and become the members not only of a State but of the World (Swastik n.d.). Globalisation and interdependence predetermine different aspects of human life, and education is the field where appropriate competence is integral for students and teachers (Portera 2017). People want to learn their opportunities and investigate their academic chances in a short period of time. Multiculturalism is a frequently used term in the academic field in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This country has already opened its doors to many different cultures, languages, and people from different parts of the world. In Sharjah, there are many schools which support the ideas of multicultural education. Students and the academic staff are ready to share their traditions and cultural norms with all people. However, some students admit that they do not know what international understanding actually means, and teachers do not find it necessary to discuss the peculiarities of multiculturalism in education. Problem Statement There are many students who do not understand how they can use the ideas of multiculturalism in their education, and there are tea
An exhibition is a planned staging and demonstration of selected items such as attires and garments which occur in an educational or cultural setup. It may be carried out in museums, exhibition halls, art galleries, parks, or libraries. All exhibitions are short-term; hence they are scheduled to occur within a set timeframe. For an exhibition to be successful, it has to be assembled and implemented by a team of experts such as the curators whose work is to select items to be displayed and presented. It involves activities such as commercially focused trade fairs and expositions, art in major museums and smaller galleries, and interpretive shows. Christian Dior: Designer of Dreams show scheduled from September 10 th , 2021 to February 20 th , 2022 is an example of a presentation illustrating several aspects of an exhibition. Thesis and Themes of Christian Dior’s Exhibition The exhibition on Christian Dior sightsees the intelligence behind Dior’s theatrical creations that rejuvenated the entire Parisian haute couture industry after the desolation of the Second World War. In 1947, the revolutionary “New Look” and the establishment of the new couture house swept away the manly wartime silhouette, making Christian Dior’s postwar fashions wanted, worn, and imitated by women around the globe (Bowles). Drawn from the Royal Ontario Museum, the Christian Dior fashion design collection is perfected by a dozen attires from the McCord Museum’s fashion, dress, and textiles collection and loans from Dior Heritage, Paris. The exhibition emphasizes on the epoch from 1947 to 1957. It offers a fascinating insight into the inventive process and the mechanism of the Parisian haute couture industry during the 1950s (Bowles). It examines Dior’s luxury textiles, romantic embroideries, and iconic lines that laid the basis for the fashion house’s international success. Presenting magnificent fashions from daytime to sunset attire for grand events, the exhibition invites guests to discover the gorgeous artistry, sophisticated feature, and brilliant luxury designs by the amount from the Golden Age of haute couture. Presented are galleries dedicated to Dior and the creative directors who thrived him: Marc Bohan, Yves Saint Laurent, John Galliano, Gianfranco Ferre, and Raf Simons. A latrine room, an acknowledgment to the Ateliers, and contiguous galleries of tailoring garments display Dior’s petite mains (Bowles). The chief foyer of our Beaux-Arts Court has been restructured as an enthrall
Topic Selection The topic selected for this assignment is the problem of energy-wasting. The rationale for the choice of this topic is presented by various studies in the field that outline the significance of the issue. For instance, Murray et al. (2016) report that the world’s population contributes to the inefficient use of energy regularly due to inappropriate habits, the use of kitchen appliances in particular. Many individuals are not aware of the impact of their actions on the environment, which results in the adverse effect of their behavior. Jabłońska, Jursová & Billewicz (2015) add that there is a significant need for change in the global population’s perceptions and habits as many people are not concerned about energy conservation. The purpose of this report is to identify the options for making a change in the field and minimizing the effects of the problem using appropriate evaluation tools. Research and Definition To explore options for making a change, it is necessary to utilize systems thinking approach. The initial perception of the problem’s impact on a sustainable world is that energy-wasting and overuse contribute to the accelerating of climate change and global warming. The reason for it is that, for instance, electricity generation consumes much coal, natural gas, oil, and other sources of energy. The use of each type of energy, in its turn, results in a higher level of greenhouse gas emissions (Shan et al., 2016). It is evident that these factors do not allow for sustainability and affect each individual, too, causing increased costs of energy and a shorter lifespan of appliances. To resolve this problem or minimize its effects, sustainable design should be implemented ( Your roadmap for sustainable design n.d.). The primary e
The article is written by Klempner George, a philosopher, and metaphysics. It is entitled “Ethics and Advertising” and have been severally published in peer-reviewed journals such as Ethics, Law, and Society (Klempner). The article was commissioned for writing by the Cardiff Centre for Ethics, Law, and Society, in 2004, and has been republished since then in the other journals (Klempner). The article offers an interesting perspective of the morality of advertising, from the viewpoint of a philosopher. His main claim is that it is very difficult to keep an absolute level of morality and ethics simply because in the world of advertising. This is because in the world of business, “normal ethics is suspended” (Klempner). He proceeds to tell us that the business world has an unfair trait, brought about by the use of advertising. Advertisers have three main evils:  1. “They sell us dreams, entice us into confusing dreams with reality.  2. They pander to our desires for things that are bad for us.  3. They manipulate us into wanting things we don’t really need” (Klempner) In his article, he devotes much of his time to analyzing these three. He summarizes with an interesting example of a real-life moral choice that an advertising team would face. His conclusion is that it is very difficult for true moral standards to be applied to this field (Klempner). However, this does not excuse them from not practicing it because “no one escapes ethics” (Klempner). The article, in summary, is enlightening as it offers a perspective that is rarely given: the philosophy of advertising and morality. He introduces the article from a philosophical point of view. He does this by showing how philosophy and business coincide. Additionally, he validates his participation in the advertising argument by stating that he is an “outsider” to the world of advertising and business, and can, therefore, see the issues from a fresh and more revealing perspective (Klempner). This validation is very philosophical, a point that comes from his professional philosophy background. The sections that deal with the evils of advertising are as impressive. They give a good argument, starting off with a question, and leaving the subject answered in a satisfying manner. I had thought that it is a philosophical paper, it would leave us with a few questions to answer for ourselves. However, the conclusion of the paper is a bit abstract. He rightly concludes that the business world has a different measure of ethics from the rest of the world (Klempner). He does not answer, conclusively why he thinks that it is so. Additionally, the argument that advertising can never be truly ethical is as debatable as to why we go to war. He has no business insight into the importance of advertising a
Scarlett and the Sinkhole by Padgett Powell provide a mixture of sobriety and humor. It is told in the third person. The narrator’s point of view is, however, limited. This Way, he keeps a lot of information away from the reader. This contributes to sympathy towards Scarliotti. On the other hand, his exploits bring out a sense of humor and depth. Scarlett is in a sorry, pitiful, and bleak state. The tone that the narrator uses is a complete contrast to this sad condition. The narrator should have used a more appropriate manner that is evidence or characteristic of Scarliotti’s situation. However, to some significant extent, this limited point of view enhances the story as we get a trip through Scarlliotti’s twisted experiences and thoughts. Scarliotti also looks unperturbed by the sinkhole below his trailer, something that would definitely disturb many people. The narrator relies a lot on Scarliotti, making the other characters rigid and static. The reader is led to believe that his worldview is either inherent or as a result of Tomos, which is what he calls his brain condition.
Over the past centuries, the world community has divided drugs into the ones that are legally acceptable and the ones highly hazardous for society. However, when it comes to such drugs as marijuana, people cannot still give a definite answer on their impact on society. Since its appearance thousands of years ago, marijuana has come a long way from a healing herb to an illicit drug, still widely used by the world community. Marijuana, which is also known under dozens of nicknames such as weed or pot, is now the most widespread illegal drug across the US (Levinthal, 2014). People tend to use it for a simple recreational purpose or in order to relieve muscular pain on an almost daily basis. Moreover, the vast majority of marijuana abusers claim pot to be safer than alcohol or tobacco. People who abuse alcohol are at a higher risk of death than those who consume marijuana on a daily basis. The patterns of marijuana abuse are now extremely popular in pop culture, especially when it comes to American TV shows, so people see TV characters using marijuana almost as often as they observe cigarette smoking. The popularity of cannabis across the country is no more impossible to ignore on the governmental level. It is now especially crucial due to legal drugs causing severe harm to US residents while being regarded as “safe.” Thus, legislators should decide whether the abuse patterns should be embraced as an inevitable part of American social life, or there should be more severe regulations in terms of marijuana consumption and spreading. Moreover, would society benefit more from making marijuana legal instead of alcohol or cigarettes? Why or why not? Reference Levinthal, C. F. (2014). Drugs, behavior, and modern society . London, UK: Pearson Education.
Introduction My therapeutic perspective is the client-centered approach, which Carl Rodgers suggested. I believe in the inherent ability of human beings to improve themselves. Certain therapeutic approaches tend to use a paternalistic strategy in which it is assumed that the therapist knows everything. As such, the client develops a dependence on the expert whose presence may not be sustainable in their lives. I believe that the client has a capacity to understand his situation, and thus develop a course of improvement. As Rogers explained, all individuals have resources to direct their behaviors, so these should be utilized as much as possible (Rogers, 2003). For instance, a person who has just lost a close relative may have difficulty in coping with the issue at the beginning but will have improved greatly after several months or years. This does not, in any way, prove that a therapist is irrelevant. The counselor’s role is to direct or facilitate this self-actualization. Discussion I adopted a humanistic school of thought because I believe that therapists should be as genuine and as open as possible. Rather than trying to hide one’s identity, it would be more effective to use one’s humanity as a tool in therapy. I was particularly drawn to the manner in which therapists in this school perceive their clients. This attitude is respectful and unpretentious. I liked the idea of treating the client like one would treat a friend; therapeutic sessions would involve listening and nudging the person as he decides what to do with himself. This concept of relationship-building is quite authentic to me. It seems that a lot of progress can be made when the client-therapist association is personal in nature. Further, a focus on relationships appears to be more sustainable than skills. This is because skills are too technical and only work in certain circumstances. However, if one alters one’s attitude, then this can apply to almost any situation (Cooper et. al., 2010).
Introduction Chris Hondros is one of the most famous US-based photographers who dwelled on the military situation in the Middle East during the beginning of the 21 st century. Hondros’ biography seemed to precede his professional successes in war photography due to the fact that both his parents were child refugees after World War II. 1 The photographer’s works developed over time, leaving the audience with mouths open wide because Hondros was never too scared to participate in the war process and stand in the middle of the battlefield to take the most thought-provoking and thrilling pictures. The feelings of presence and participation that are characteristic of Hondros’ photography allowed him to convey important messages about human life and situations that cannot be ignored. The most common process for Hondros was to capture live emotions, which required the presence of people in the majority of photographs. 2 Chris Hondros’ typical photographs tended to focus on distinct war situations, and the current paper is going to review the common topics that allowed the photographer to capture the most important split seconds of history by permitting the audience to relive those moments through unique imagery and style of photography. Discussion Before getting to the three most common topics in Hondros’ camerawork, it may be indispensable to evaluate Hondros’ contribution to war photography. The famous motto that you cannot do war photography from a distance served him well, because Hondros always tried to push the boundaries in terms of how close he could get to military actions. Hondros died to a mortar attack in Lybia but he never backed down from the challenges of war photography, as he aimed to capture the moment as-is. This unrepeatable bravery made Hondros a living legend among other photographers due to Hondros’ dynamic preparedness to share the brutal realities of war with the Western citizens who might have been unaware of the factual situation. This leads the author of the current paper to discovering the key three topics that have to be covered in order to evaluate Hondros’ contribution to war photography during the first decade of the 21 st century: the image of war, human emotions and suffering, and the lives of the innocent during the war. The Image of War Hondros had always had an interesting approach to picturing the war in his photographs and the war in Iraq was not an exception (see Appendix A). The image of a US Marine taking down the portrait of Saddam Hussein is one of the most famous pictures of 2003. The fact that the action takes place in a school shows how the allegedly sacred places become unsafe during the war and then serve as the last resort of hope for those who are defending. Hondros carefully places both the Marine and the portrait in the middle of the scene in order to focus on their virtual fight. Defeated Saddam Hussein has no chance but to descend, as there is no one else in t
Introduction Jainism is an ancient faith put forward by a Jaina (Titze & Bruhn, 2008). A Jaina is not a specific immortal being or an incarnation of such supernatural being, but rather a normal human being who, through his or her strenuous endeavors, has managed to triumph over worldly passions. A Jaina is thus a normal human being who has outwitted internal forces and is therefore considered victorious. It is purely of human origin with no signs of affiliation to supreme beings, having emanated from the mouth of a mortal individual, preferably a dignitary who has perfected the art of self-control. This religious movement originated in eastern India in ancient times, but precision on its timing is indeterminable. Speculations about its exact origin suggest that the movement could have begun during the pre-historic culture roughly beyond 5000 years ago (Shah, 1998). Foundation, basic beliefs, prayers and customs The main principles of Jainism are founded on basic beliefs and tenets regarding self-control and the dignity associated with this victorious achievement or the Tirthankara. Those who achieve this and teach others on their struggles and efforts on achieving are known as Tirthankara, and thus, Jains believe that there have only been twenty-four such teachers. It is believed that the latest of these, refereed to as Mahavira or in English; a great Victor was born in India at around 600 B.C (Shah, 1998). Subscribers of this religion also believe in a world that has no beginning nor an end in itself since they do not recognize a beginning or an end in them or the world. Jains believe in the cyclic nature of the universe, whereby the universe is considered to have only one cycle (Shah, 1998). Cosmologically, they believe that the universe is independent of supernatural forces and is thus thought to be limitless in existence. They classify cycles as either progressive (Utsarpinis) or regressive (Avsarpini. During the former’s half cycle, there are associated with better conditions of happiness, age, body, region, and progress. During the latter, there is associated deterioration of these conditions from best to worst. There is no believe in the supernatural being or mortal, and thus there is no specificity in this religion’s worship but rather worshipping of great Victors and Jaina. They also believe that to conquer the inner passions; one must detach from the material world and then exercise a peaceful lifestyle, full of discipline. There is also basic believe on non-violence to all living things and therefore practice a strict balanced diet in avoidance of causing harm to other living things. This diet includes only vegetables and fruits to avoid harming animals and microbes (Thomas, 2010). They also believe that the soul should completely be isolated from all matter for it to become a pure soul. Thomas (2010) argues that salvation of Jainism only happens in the complete segregation of the pure soul from matter which would be considered impure and thus prefer this condition where they believe that all the suffering which adhere to earthly personality all are dismissed. Their view of the universe is different fro