ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cricket is a sport that involves two teams, each with eleven players. A cricket game can last from a short time as a few hours to as many as several days. It is claimed to be one of the oldest games worldwide, having begun back in the 16 th Century (Zingari, 2014). The once children’s game graduated to an adult game in the 17 th Century. It also drew the attention of gamblers in the early years of 1660, leading to the Gaming Act legislation in Britain. The English people took cricket to North America during the colonial period (Purdue, 2009). The game was spread to the rest of the world in the 18 th Century. Cricket is one of the most-watched games in today’s world. The International Cricket Conference (ICC) is the body that oversees cricket globally. The latest edition of cricket is the Twenty20, which originated in England. According to the Cricket Romania Council (2009), cricket is played by all groups of people, including children, teenagers, and adults, comprising both men and women. Cricket has six major components; batting, bowling, fielding, catching, wicket keeping, and scoring run. During the play, team A has to bat first and make efforts to have many runs. The opponents do bowling, as well as fielding in an attempt to prevent the other team from gain points through runs. The teams will swap the moment team A is out, following the set rules. This paper will look into the details of the game of cricket in terms of the materials needed to play the game, the rules and aim of the game, the effects of the game on different age groups, the various benefits of cricket, and the comparison of cricket to other games like baseball, soccer, rugby, and volleyball. Materials needed to Play-Cricket One of the materials required for this game is the cricket ball (Jenkins, 2003). This is usually a hard and durable ball that is covered with leather. The weight of the ball is about 156g to 163g while its circumference ranges from 224 to 229mm. Although the ball was traditionally made in red color, today’s cricket ball is mainly white to improve visibility, especially during the night under artificial light. Picture 1: protective clothing Figure 1: A complete wicket used in a cricket game A cricket bat is also needed. The bat is a strong bar with one flat side that is called a blade, while the opposite side has a hump. This blade, whose maximum width is 4.25 inches, is attached to a cane handle that is durable (Jenkins, 2003). The length of the whole bat is 38 inches (Purdue, 2009). In a cricket game, there are normally two wickets that are made of wood. Three stumps with bails at the top make the wickets. The stumps have a height of 32 inches, with spikes on the lower side for securing the wicket. The players protect themselves by wearing various protective items like a helmet and knee pads. The set of protective clothing is commonly worn by the batsman to prevent him from injury caused by constant hits by the ball. It is a norm to see cricket players wearing leather shoes that are fitted with spikes for a better grip on the ground (Hickey, 2006). Other general cloth
Business risks may have a negative influence on the welfare of an organization, and it is extremely important to develop strategies that would help to minimize it. The most serious threats to business in Peru include economic, political, and social risks. Furthermore, environmental challenges may also be regarded as a threat to international business. Risk management involves a lot of practices that may be used to increase the company’s prospects of success. During the preparatory stage, it is important to define the types of the identified risks connected to the ways of how they can be addressed. To begin with, economic risks that exist in Peru are connected to the fall in prices of natural resources and inequality between social classes. Such risks exist in connection to a great number of factors. The strategy to mitigate them may involve increasing taxes for wealthy people, promotion of health and education among vulnerable social groups, and establishing special funds for poor people. There are also environmental risks represented by deforestation and pollution (The World Factbook, 2017). There is no doubt that these problems may affect business, and this is why it is necessary to monitor the information about the buildings that will be demolished and to avoid locating the plants in recently deforested areas. Environmental issues are connected to additional financial expenses; because of this, it may be necessary to sell the products at a higher price and contribute to the development of new technologies, allowing businesses to produce goods without imposing risks on the environment. As for the risks connected to the political situation in the country, it is known that the government tends to accept ideas proposed by the business leaders of the country. Such a situation may turn out to be disadvantageous for All-Star Company as there are a lot of business competitors that possess greater power and may manipulate the market and encourage the government to tighten the reins and control smaller businesses in a stricter way. Due to that, the company needs to develop a strategy that allows it to outshine all the competitors. This business risk can be mitigated with the help of new advertising techniques, changing the package design to make it more attractive for the customers, and decreasing the price of the product. As for social and cultural risks, there are certain issues connected to educational inequality and corruption. These risks are extremely difficult to be mitigated as they depend not upon the performance of the particular company but the policy orientation of the government. To decrease the influence of corruption in All-Star Company, it may be necessary to create a special committee responsible for the development and implementation of the strategy, allowing it to recognize and curtail abuses within the company. Furthermore, the company may collaborate with various charity organizations to promote edu
Introduction There has been a great deal of debate over time as to whether language is acquired or inherent to the infant. One fact is certain though, and that is the fact that children mimic their elder’s learning daily, new ways of dealing with obstacles they face. Observation is a key role in what they later perceive the world to be. This is one reason, for example why children growing up in abusive environments sometimes begin the same process in their own homes as adults, with their own families. Nature and nurture, split into its two parts refer to what is instinctive and what is ‘nurtured’ (taught). Cognition (mental processes) refers predominantly to the following non-behavioral processes: memory, perception, attention, language, and the making of decisions/solving of problems. Main body Perhaps the best-known theorist in terms of cognitive thought processes is Noam Chomsky. Chomsky believes that language is a central process, where ideas are turned into tangible form via the language process. 1 While wanting to ‘speak’ is a natural instinct to a child in order to express his/her wants and needs, how that language is formed is a ‘nurtured’ response. Where Chomsky believes language is inherent and natural, the possibility of having to learn a language is entirely a new debate. Malia Knezek uses the following example to describe genetic inclusion into language acquisition: “Why do some children build towers with blocks, cry when they scrape their knees, and shout, “Choo-choo mine!” when a sibling takes away their favorite toy train? Why are some children able to perform entire piano concertos or master complex mathematical concepts, while others cannot even learn to communicate in the normal way?”(Knezek, 1997). The question raised is, therefore: if language were dependent on how a child is taught, then surely the majority of children would be on the same linguistic level across the spectrum? Indeed, this example shows that in fact, there are more levels to the learning of language than meets the eye. Given that the initial response of an infant at birth is to scream, this is documented as being the first instinctive method of expression and gaining attention. However, whether are not the skills needed to communicate on a deeper level are learned or not, can be put down to genetic predisposition and intelligence as revealed in Sternberg’s Triarchic Approach. Why a mother speaks to a child in what is termed ‘motherese’ may have more to do with a natural response too, than with something a mother is taught to do at ante-natal classes. “Infants begin babbling not too long after birth, and the sounds produced during this period contain the basic sounds they hear spoken around them as well as phenomes not present in their native tongue. This is strong evidence for an innate language faculty.”(ibid.) If this is to be understood correctly then there are two aspects at work in the language acquisition process:  1. Language is inherent to some degree (nature) and  2. While lang
The primary “take-away” message demonstrated by the Smith-Jentsch et al. reading is basically that, with more motivation during training, a trainee tends to perform better post-training The reading also puts emphasis on the fact that there is a relationship between specific negative pre-training events that a training program is designed to prevent, and post training performance of the trained skill in a behavioral exercise. Taylor (67) stated that negative events have been described as those that have “the potential or actual ability to create adverse outcomes for the individual”. Quinones (226) demonstrated that “the manner in which a training assignment is framed (i.e., advanced or remedial) can influence training motivation and ultimately training outcomes through self-efficacy and perceptions of fairness”. The reading also shows evidence that conceptually relevant pre-training negative events, account for individual differences in learning and retention, and that these experiences affect training outcomes through their influence on motivation or willingness to learn. Several factors have been hypothesized to affect training outcomes through motivation to learn. Suggestions by Noe (736) are that diverse factors that a trainee perceives, give them the motivation required to perform well. Therefore, the aim of this reading is to show that high levels of career planning and job involvement are directly related to higher training motivation and training outcomes. This theory is applicable in the initial and most vital of stages of training in that, creating a perceived need for training in an apprentices mind should be the first step in the process of training. A trainee’s post training performance is greatly influenced by previous experiences, since the trainee had increased motivation to learn during training. Mathieu, Tannenbaum & Salas (828) stated that pre-training motivation is projected to ready trainees to learn by enhancing their attention and increasing their receptivity to new ideas. Therefore, trainees who are motivated to perform well in training are more likely to grasp the content or principles of a training program than the less motivated trainees There are two main features of experimental designs namely the use of a control group and the assignment of evaluation participants to either intervention or control groups through randomization. This is a practice in which participants are assigned to groups in an unbiased way Quasi-experimental design has several strategies. These include adding a control group, taking measurements prior to and subsequently to the intervention implementation and then staggering the introduction to the interventions amid the groups. Addition of a turnaround of the intervention and use of the additional outcome measures is the closing strategy (Martin 273). The advantages of the quasi design are that by adding a non-randomized control group to the simple before and after design, this automatically reduces some of the threats to internal validity. Interference by external circumstances is reduced because they will often apply to both the control gro
Background In the wake of the increased pace of climate change caused by the enhanced rates of fossil fuel burning and the rise in CO2 production, the importance of selecting sustainable development has been amplified (Hickel & Kallis, 2020). As a result, green policies and the shift to the use of resources that are deemed more sustainable than fossil fuel have been generally approved as the right choice (Khan, 2019). However, the transition to the green approaches in a range of industries also has significant ethical implications due to the lack of consideration of the possible side effects of the specified alternatives (Zografos & Robbins, 2020). This paper will consider the questionable green options such as lithium mining and green strategies’ implications, such as water pollution, child labor, challenges faced by local farmers, and the sue of coal for electric vehicles. Significance Given the current focus on environmental sustainability and the pursuit of transitioning from the oil-based resources, as well as any energy sources requiring fossil burning, the evaluation of some of the alternatives and the side effects that they may entail is likely to be biased (Rigg et al., 2020). As a result, a large number of adverse outcomes that the described options entail may be overlooked (Sovacool et al., 2021). Since this paper will seek to shed light onto the specified issues and point to the opportunities for resolving them, thus, raising awareness, its significance can be described as moderate. Methodology Since there is no need to quantify the research outcomes, and since the primary goal of this study is to examine the existing issues associated with green economy, the study will be based on the qualitative approach. Specifically, the interpretivism paradigm will be utilized to evaluate the data that will be obtained for the study. Additionally, the inductive approach will be applied as the basis for developing a theory based on which the further strategy for addressing sustainability issues will be developed (Mohajan, 2018). The research will be based on the method of the grounded theory since a framework for managing the problem observed during the implementation of green strategies will be designed. To encompass the full complexity of the issue, a cross-sectional study will be performed. The key data will be collected by considering the available reports and literature on the integration of green approaches and the side effects of these endeavors (Lin et al., 2018). The sample size will consist of 15 cases, with the organizations facing ethical challenges during green strategies’ implementation being the target population. The randomized sampling technique will be used to ensure that the sample contains enough diversity. Expected Outcomes It is believed that the further analysis of the issue will reveal the presence of multiple adverse effects of the proposed green strategies that advanced companies utilize. For instance, the problems such as child labor, water pollution, lithium mining, and the impact on local farming communities, are believed t
At present, people do not even try to prove that technology has changed their lives significantly as this is obvious. It is possible to think of a variety of effects of technology. These effects can be divided into two major groups: positive and negative changes in people’s lives and in the life of the planet. It is possible to single out major positive and negative effects which can help define one major effect in the long run. In the first place, it is possible to focus on positive effects of technology. Undoubtedly, technological advances have enabled people to improve people’s quality of life. Now machines complete a lot of hard work and people can focus on other tasks (e.g. further development of technology, development of humanity). People have also managed to develop numerous tools to overcome diseases. Medical advances have contributed to the increase of people’s lifespan. Apart from this, development of technology led to various advances in the agricultural sector. Now people can grow more food to feed more people. Availability of food also adds to the increase of people’s lifespan. Finally, development of technology has made the world shrink. Now people can ignore lots of boundaries. Thus, distances cannot be a problem now as people can interact irrespective of distances. Such availability of human resources contributes to cooperation, which, in its turn, leads to further development. Nonetheless, all these benefits have quite a high price. One of the major negative effects of technology is the impact it has on the planet. The Industrial Revolution and further technological development have led to a variety of environmental issues. Now people face such problems as air and water pollution, shortage of resources (water, farming land, fossil fuels, etc.). Notably, people’s activity also contributes to global climate change. All these environmental issues have impact on people’s health. It is necessary to note that lots of serious diseases appear and people have to work out more sophisticated tools to overcome these diseases. Furthermore, globalization, which can be regarded as one of the products of technological development, often leads to a rapid spread of viruses and pandemics can become frequent. Finally, people try to solve these problems with the help of technology, which leads to even more serious issues. However, it is necessary to mention another effect technology has. Thus, people heavily rely on technology these days. People are alienated from the nature. Decades ago, people could create lots of things, but now machines do it, and people are becoming more and more helpless. This trend can be traced in different spheres of people’s life (science, medicine, education and even everyday life). Contemporary children rarely use imagina
Introduction The Pleistocene era, or the last ice age, lasted from around 2.6 million to about 11,700 years ago. The prolonged period saw many changes to flora and fauna of the planet, with the Homo sapiens evolving for the first time around 200,000 years ago. Furthermore, the movement of the plate tectonics resulted in the geographic structure of the Earth as it is today. However, one of the most prominent debates that remain today is on the causes of the global mass extinctions of large mammals in the late-Pleistocene period. Possible Causes of the Extinctions As mentioned above, there are various debated explanations for the mass extinctions of large mammals in the Pleistocene era. Although North America is generally considered as the area most affected, other areas such as Australia, Europe, Asia, and South America were affected as well. With the arrival of the Homo sapiens in the latter part of the period, it is unsurprising that some scientists attribute the megafauna extinctions to excessive human hunting. Another major theory is that climate change was responsible for the mass vanishings of animals. Lastly, the least popular and yet also probable argument is that of the rapid spread of disease as the main reason behind these extinctions. Although the extinctions likely occurred as a result of a combination of all of the above reasons, this paper maintains the view that climate change was the most prominent cause. Human Hunting Although today there are numerous movements, from PETA to individuals following the vegan diet, that strive to protect animals from being killed for consumption, historically, this was not the case. Homo sapiens of the Pleistocene period were not an exception. Hunting was a primary source of nutrients for thousands of the human species for hundreds of thousands of years, which inevitably led to a decrease in the population of certain mammals and other animals. According to van der Kaars et al. (2017), evidence was found of human consumption of the eggs of the now-extinct bird Genyornis newton. Considering that Genyornis newton went extinct around the same time that humans appeared in Australia, the homeland of the giant bird, proves that humans had a significant impact on the extinctions. Furthermore, van der Kaars et al. (2017) state that the mass extinction of the megafauna, both mammals and other large animals, happened around 2000 years after the human dispersion. Moreover, according to the findings of Broughton and Weitzel (2018), there is a correlation between the increase in the human population in North America and the decrease in megafauna population. The study explicitly links the decline in the mammoth, horse, and saber-tooth tiger populations with human hunting activities (Broughton & Weitzel, 2018). Therefore, it is obvious that the effect that humans had on the decline and eventual extinction of the megafauna during the Pleistocene period is not trivial. Climate Change Another major theory, as mentioned previously, is that of climate change as the main cause of the mass extinction of mammals during the Pleistocene period. The Pleistocene era is also referred to as the last ice age, meani
When discussing ancient European civilizations, most people think of the Roman Empire and Ancient Greece, as the culture of the people inhabiting those lands, are very well-researched. However, in reality, many other developments existed on the continent during the time with their own interesting customs and ways of living. In particular, it is intriguing to theorize about the culture of the Etruscan civilization, which inhabited the Apennine Peninsula. While these people lived in close proximity to the Roman Empire and were even assimilated into it in the 1st century BC, they were greatly influenced by the Greeks as well. Many of the artworks and cultural findings that were recovered from ancient times relate to death and the different rituals this event entails. This is particularly true for tombs as they are monuments explicitly built for the dead and their journey into the afterlife. This trend is true for the Etruscan civilization as well. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Tomb of Augurs, one of the more prominent monuments of this culture, according to its appearance and cultural significance. The Description of the Tomb of the Augurs The city of Tarquinia is known for having many burial monuments. This collection includes one of the more popular sites of the Etruscan culture, the Tomb of Augurs (Kleiner, 2015, p. 170). The name comes from a Latin word pertaining to a type of priest who was mistakenly believed to be portrayed on one inside it. The particularity of the Tomb of the Augurs is the fact that it is one of the first monuments in Tarquinia to have “figural decorations on all four walls of its main chamber” (Kleiner, 2010, p. 34). It is also important to note that unlike other burial vaults that had mythological themes, the chosen cultural construction depicts burial rituals. One side of the tomb has a door that many researchers interpret as the symbolic entrance to the Underworld as the individual drawn next to it is shown in a position which signifies mourning (Kleiner, 2010). The right wall of the monument depicts a man in a purple gown who is believed to be of high standing and his attendees. While historians have theorized that this fresco could represent the deceased for who