ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
One causal argument regarding Osama’s killing is an assertion that there is a connection linking the occurrence (his killing), to future peaceful coexistence and even possible retaliatory terrorist attacks. This shows the event as a precedent to other events. A causal assertion, for example, takes up the form of x-event causing a y-event. Here x refers to a source and y refers to a consequent. Consequently, Osama’s killing has sparked different reactions across the globe. This paper aims to show how one action leads to another, how people with a common interest can agree or disagree, and also how terrorist activities are viewed. On the 1 st day of May this year, an elite unit of the U.S. armed forces stormed a residential house in Pakistan. In the process, they killed a renowned terrorist, Osama Bin Laden (Wright 12). His killing was welcomed all over the globe as a justified end to a terrorist responsible for the death of thousands of innocent people across the world. This occurrence is also believed to be a positive and noteworthy turning-point on the war against terrorists, and related terrorist groups like al-Qaeda. Conversely, Osama’s killing was condemned by a number of his affiliates. These include “the Hamas, Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, members of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Taliban” (Sherwell, 7). They have gone to an extent of wanting a total withdrawal of Americans in the Middle East. Sources even reveal encouragements by Jihadists to retaliate his death by executing terrorist attacks. Generally, Osama’s killing has had beneficial effects. However, there is a need for precautionary measures to be taken citing retaliatory attacks to revenge his death by his affiliates. Because of his death, millions of people directly affected by his terrorist attacks have been in a way relieved believing that justice has finally been done. Because of his death again, we do feel that the war on terrorism is effective and terrorism can be dealt with. Another effect of his death is exposed in al-Qaeda, the biggest terrorist group in which he was a leader. By killing him, this group can be overcome. It is also seen that after his death, a lot of Muslim countries starting with Pakistan where he was killed, approved what the U.S. had done. This shows that the relationship between the U.S. and Islamic countries is not bad after all. This is contrary to popular belief that Americans and Muslims don’t quite see eye to eye. Politically, there is this belief that because Obama’s administration was responsible for his killing, he might get a second term in office. As a result, his killing has had diverse effects. Osama’s death has also had detrimental effects. These effects have come mainly from individuals and groups affiliated with him. Ever since his death, these groups have promised retaliatory attacks mainly against the U.S. government. Among these groups are the Al-Shabab militia group, the al-Qaeda, and the Muslim brotherhood among others. These groups are known to take up jihadist terrorist actions from anywhere and therefore maki
Executive summary The report entails an analysis of the process of new product development. Nike Incorporation which is a well established within the sports industry is used in analyzing the process of new product development in organizations. A number of issues are taken into account in the analysis. The introduction outlines background study in relation to the factors that have motivated organizations to consider undertaking new product. The aim of the report is also outlined in the introduction part. The second part entails a detailed analysis of the new product development process. The various stages of new product development as undertaken by Nike Incorporation are illustrated. The stages evaluated include idea generation, idea screening, concept development and testing, marketing strategy development, commercialization, product development, marketing testing and business analysis. The critical success factors for developing a new product are illustrated in the second part. These factors relate to ensuring effective product differentiation, conducting market research and building in on the customers’ voice, early product definition and planning the launching. A reflection on the product development process and the critical success factors is outlined in the conclusion. Introduction Global competition is one of the major challenges facing businesses in different economic sectors. To survive in such environment, businesses have to ensure that they become more reliable, responsive, customer focused and cost-effective. One of the ways through which they can attain this is by integrating the concept of value creation which entails undertaking new product development. This involves a substantial amount of financial investment which makes it to be a risky undertaking (Eekhout, 2008, p.67). Literature on market
North Korea’s nuclear program started in about 1962. During this time, North Korea (Officially known as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, DPRK) “committed itself to what it called ‘all-fortressization,’ which was the beginning of hyper militarized North Korea of today” (Pike, para. 4). The government established an atomic energy research plant, which the specialists who had studied in the Soviet Union used to train students. Due to the abundance of uranium in North Korea, the country succeeded in its nuclear programs but faced oppositions from other countries (Pak, 133). In 1991, North Korea and South Korea made an agreement to keep the peninsula free of all sorts of nuclear weapons (Graham and LaVera, 1269). This is what they called the Basic Agreement. In this agreement, the two countries committed to reconciliation, nonaggression, exchange and cooperation between them (Betz, 10). The two countries then formed four joint commissions to workout the specifics for implementation of the basic agreement. However, North Korea went against this agreement, carried out secret nuclear programs, and denied South Korea access to the country for inspection. In 1993, North Korea pulled out of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, an issue that led to its first crisis (Niksch, 18; “Timeline,” para. 3). Despite sanctions from western counties and the UN, Korea went ahead and produced its nuclear weapons by 1994. During this period of the basic agreement, North Korea had poor relations with other countries but had some relations with China, the Soviet Union and was struggling to form diplomatic ties with South Korea. In 2002, North Korea faced its second crisis. This county engaged in a gun battle with South Korea in June that killed four of South Korea’s sailors. Japan stopped its food aid an issue that made the UN WHO to cut its food supplies to North Korea. Korea admitted that it was secretly carrying out nuclear processes and promised to stop if the US signed a non-aggression treaty and it also engaged in ambassadorial overtures. Consequently, it restarted talks with some other countries. Some of these included Japan, the U.S. and South Korea. North Korea conducted its first nuclear test in October 2006 (Kristensen, para.1). This underground explosion test registered a 4.2 magnitude tremor. Prior to the test, North Korea had announced that it was ready to do the test. They also notified China of the test twenty minutes before they carried it out. According to Lankov, the test “was aimed at impressing the outside world in order to manipulate it and get what the North Korean leaders wanted to get” (para. 1). During this time, North Korea had poor diplomatic relations with many countries and this test helped it revive its relations. Thereafter, the United States decided to make important special considerations. As a result, assistance to North Korea was started again. North Korea has a poor history of international relations especially with the western countries. However, the country held a good relationship
Introduction Chemicals or substances in one way or another have been part of human life, maintaining many of the daily activities, controlling and preventing illnesses and improving the production in the agricultural field. However, if the utilization of these substances is not proper, they may have detrimental effects in our health and pollute the environment. All chemicals are harmful but the difference is in the degree harm that depends on the dosage. In simplicity, the level of harm that any chemical can cause on a person or an organism depends on the quantity of the chemical or the level of exposure. The effects or harm caused by the chemicals range from minor effects like irritation to effects that are more serious like kidney or liver damage to even more severe and lasting disability like liver cancer or liver cirrhosis. Toxicology refers to the study of the undesirable effects of substances on human beings or any other living organism. Individuals may be at risk due to exposure to different chemicals in their places of work or in the environment. The main aim of toxicology is to know the properties of chemicals that are lethal so that one can prevent and control the detrimental effects by the formation of suitable exposure or management guidelines (Schrager, n.d, par.1). Main body This paper criticizes an article that deals with toxicological applications, which are relevant to the occupational health and safety. As toxicology has developed into the current world of science, however, it has advanced to capture all types of detrimental health effects, which chemicals might produce that are extremely harmful and have fatal effects. Environmental and occupational diseases or illnesses are detrimental health effects, the incidence and severity is mostly associated with the period of exposure to the risk factors at the work place, or an environment that is not work related. Examples of occupational illness include memory loss, lung scarring, anemia, headache, abdominal pain, hearing loss and hepatitis B among others (Williams, James & Roberts, 2000, p.499). Some of the substances that may have adverse effects both to the living things and the environment include; Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), some fungicides, herbicides and pesticides among others. The most devastating thing is that, though some of these substances have been prohibited by the developed countries because of the dangerous effects, some countries, organizations and agencies continues to advice people to use them. For instance, the United States prohibits the use of DDT because of its adverse effects on the environment and human health. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) supports the utilization of DDT for vector control for indoor residual spraying in malaria endemic countries like Africa (World Health organization, n.d, p.5). The various types of data that could assist one to re-assess the WHO policy based on the toxicology include; quantity of the DDT applied, individual exposure period to the chemical, effectiveness of the DDT, routes in which DDT may get into the body of the individuals and t
Introduction The term German Chancellery is applied in two aspects. First, it used to refer to the federal agency that serves the administrative office of the chancellor, the chief of the German’s federal government that was introduced between 1871 and 1945. Its head holds the position of a secretary of state or a federal minister. The bureau’s main role is to help the chancellor to coordinate the activities of the federal government. Second, it connotes a building in Berlin that houses the office of Chancellor and the office’s personnel. It is the largest government construction across the world, and ten times bigger than the White House. The Foreign Affairs Ministry was introduced in 1870. The first appointed foreign affairs minister held the position of the secretary of state. Initially, when the position was introduced, the holder of the office was an assistant to the Chancellor. This visit focuses on understanding the objectives and strategic plans of the German Chancellery. In addition, it concentrates on finding out the similarities and differences in the German Chancellery. The visit will inquire the role of the German Ministry of the Foreign Affairs with regard to the roles it plays in helping the office of the Chancellery in collaborating with the UAE. Questions that would guide the writer during the visit to the German Chancellery  1. What are the objectives of this executive office with regard to the management of the country?  2. Being the executive office of the republic, what strategic plans have you put in place to ensure that the set objectives are achieved?  3. What opportunities does the office enjoy in relation to excellent work performance outcomes?  4. What are the similarities and differences between the objectives and strategic plans of the German Chancellery?  5. As an office, what methods have been put in place by departments in this office to support decision-making processes from various fields?  6. Regarding research studies and research reports, are they done by specialists, or by an independent department?  7. Are departmental needs considered during the writing of research report?  8. What are the pros and cons of systems utilized in th
There are numerous processes that simultaneously influence the current state of the global economy and environmental sustainability. Since these processes often have a more adverse impact than positive ones, it is possible to predict that in the future, bigger problems will emerge. This paper aims to investigate the scholarly literature on the identified topic to understand the most important controversies and debated in this area of concern and to review the arguments and common fallacies. It would be appropriate to begin the investigation of the identified topic by reviewing the article by Schaltegger et al., which is dedicated to the issues related to origins, present research, and future avenues of business models for sustainability (3). The authors suggest that the role of sustainability management in organizations and its contribution to the overall sustainability of society and the environment is well-recognized by the researchers (Schaltegger et al. 3). However, the concept of the business model only recently came into the focus of sustainability management research as the initiating factor of corporate sustainability (Schaltegger et al. 3). Considering the origins of the idea of the business model, Schaltegger et al. indicate that it derived primarily from work by Stubbs and Cocklin, and then later it was developed by numerous scholars and researchers (4). Another reason for such significant demand for a sustainable business model and management is the recent global economic and financial crises, which have imposed new challenges for nearly every stakeholder in the global economy (Schaltegger et al. 4). A business model is described by the authors as the instrument for value creation, and it also functions as the mechanism of capture and delivery. Overall, the origins of the business model concept are multidisciplinary. Further, it is essential to discuss the future of the implementation of business models and sustainability management. The article by Schaltegger et al. suggests that there is no currently established consensus on this topic, and thus it is not possible to determine the only right track for further development of this sphere (5). Therefore, the issue under discussion is subject to constant debates among scholars and researchers. Some theorist considers business models to be the new approach to technology development since they think that sustainability-oriented innovations will benefit the current business systems (Schaltegger et al. 5). However, othe
Negro poets are different in relation to white poets because Negroes differ from the white people not only in the color of skin but also in identity, vision of the world, and cultural background. However, Negro poets often want to write as white poets because of impossibility to see the beauty of their own personality with all its feelings, emotions, and experience. The theme of Negro poet’s beauty is discussed in the work “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain” written by Langston Hughes, one of the most prominent African American poets. In spite of the fact that Negro poets can feel uncomfortable in the literary world full of outstanding white poets, they should focus on their own beauty as unique personalities and individuals who have the incomparable identity, background, and cultural experience which make them special and beautiful. Langston Hughes discusses the idea of Negro poet’s beauty step by step, focusing on all the moments which can confuse young Negro poets and make them reject their past and identity. Moreover, the author discusses the concept of beauty in its connection with the notion of uniqueness which is an important feature of many great poets. Thus, Hughes states that the really talented Negro artist who can become prominent is “the one who is not afraid to be himself” (Hughes 2087). That is why, the Negro poet should not try to become like any other white poet because he has his own beauty which is in his individuality. The beauty of a Negro poet’s is discussed in the essay in its opposition to the American ideas of standardization. Negro poets cannot be confident in relation to their talent and abilities because they are inclined to compare themselves with the American patterns and models typical for the white society. From this perspective, many young Negro poets express the desire “to pour racial individuality into the mold of American standardization” (Hughes 2086). Hughes emphasizes the fact that any comparisons and imitations can be harmful for Negro poets because the single question that they should ask is “Why should I want to be white? I am a Negro – and beautiful” (Hughes 2088). Thus, Hughes intends to break the stereotypical vision characteristic for Negroes in relation to their role and opportunities within the white society. Hughes discusses the theme of the Negro poet’s beauty stressing on the fact that black people’s power is in their difference which forms their beauty. That is why, it is necessary to concentrate on their own visions of themselves instead of relying on the opinions of the white people. According to Hughes, Negro poets should express their “individual dar
During the whole period of American history, its core was mostly centered on the problem of racism and of its pejorative attitude to the racial minorities and Afro-Americans in particular. That had a great impact on the social and political life of that time. It was proved by fact that American history did not witness the representatives of Afro-Americans taking the President’s office. Today’s America observes a dramatic increase in population diversity which is still growing. That fact has been unequally reacted by the Republicans and Democrats. That was revealed during the elections of the last year when the Americans witnessed the first Afro-American taking President office. Hence, a great number of questions appear concerning the involvement of the race aspect in the election campaigns of Republicans and Democrats. It is explained by many reasons. It is necessary to mention that Republican ideology has always been deteriorative towards national minorities. Constant Republican policy focused mostly on the white people layer and that does not have any support among the Afro-American population. That is why the rise of the population diversity was negatively perceived by the party because of earlier negligence of Afro-Americans’ interests. Moreover, Republicans believe that the existence of diversity is the most dangerous obstacle on the way to liberty and integrity since it provokes many conflicts between people. They insist on the fact of necessity to include the idea of equality and cultural integrity. As it can be seen, the Republican ideology is rather contradicting in terms of racial aspects (Maynor, J. W. 2003). On the one hand, Republicans support freedom and justice and, on the other hand, their policy is mostly oriented to the rise of the white working class. It is wrong to believe that positive Republican policy toward national minorities was strictly motivated by the political outlooks only. To my mind, the Republican’s idea to involve more Latinos and Afro-Americans in order to be competitive with Democrats was an outright manifestation of hidden racial goals using it as a decisive moment during elections. The feeble outcome of the election for Republicans was explai
The early modern age had a significantly globalizing effect as it witnessed numerous explorations and discoveries, widespread colonization and trade. The activities of this era resulted in the interaction of people from different backgrounds and linked most parts of the world together. These events caused a significant change in people’s cultures and lifestyles due to exposure to cultures that were previously unknown to them. This period witnessed an extensive development of experimental science and improvements in various aspects of transport and communication. Furthermore, the period had a notable trend of extensive technological developments. The events of the early modern age marked the onset world’s transformation into what it is today. For example, Gutenberg’s improvements on Chinese printing techniques produced a new printing technology that enhanced literacy and communication. In essence, it motivated people to learn how to read and write. As European ships travelled around the globe in search of new trading routes and goods such as gold and silver, they encountered new lands and people that they never thought were in existence. In this regard, they developed new ship-sailing technologies and advanced astronomy to facilitate the exploration of new lands. Several modern age scientific discoveries established the foundation for modern science. Using a telescope created based on the modern age astronomy technology, Galileo observed that the universe was more expansive, and that the Earth was not its center as previously though. During this era, Isaac Newton came up with the laws of gravity that dynamically transformed the world of science. Leeuwenhoek created a microscope that facilitated the exploration of the world of microorganisms. This discovery also enabled the study of matter at atomic levels. The occurrences of the early modern age have a close correlation with the events in today’s world. Just as in the early modern age, the need to conquer in various aspects drives modern explorations and discoveries. These include the areas of commerce, transport and communication, military powers, medicine and engineering among others. The invention of the internet, which was a tool in military warfare, transformed the world into the global village that it has become today. It has linked almost all parts of the world just like in the search for new trade routes during the early modern age. The pursuit of better communication has witnessed rapid technological developments and the creation of high-tech gadgets such as mobile phones and laptops. Almost all modern day-to-day activities are technology based. These include communication, E-commerce and security. Concerning conquest, countries have developed sophisticated tanks, submarines and jets among other warfare tools. The exploration of new areas has extended to the outer space with several nations launching spaceships and satellites to determine the form of life in these areas. Some have even setup space stations for scientific experimentation. Just like in the early modern age, the occurrences in today’s world have transformed cultures and lifestyles. The ways that people dres