ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
People with disabilities are an integral part of any society. That is why they should be given precisely the same attention as all other persons. This attitude should apply to all areas of human life and be consolidated at the legislative level. The aim of this essay is to research the law that protects the rights of people with disabilities in the context of sporting events. In most countries, there are various measures to protect the rights of persons with disabilities; however, applying similar principles in sports can be difficult. Nevertheless, sports can be of immense value to humans as a means of self-fulfillment (Weston, 2017). That is why one of the most important laws in this context is the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the UN in 2006 and entered into force in 2008 (United Nations, n.d.). By ratifying and signing this document, the participating countries agree to abide by the described guidelines and make every effort to implement them by creating their laws and systems. The full text of this document is pervasive and includes a detailed analysis of all aspects of human life. However, in the context of sports, the most important is the fifth paragraph of the thirtieth article, which speaks about the equal participation of people in sports activities. According to the document’s text, signatory countries are obliged to “encourage and promote the participation, to the fullest extent possible, of persons with disabilities in mainstream sporting activities at all levels” (Weston, 2017, p. 9). In addition, this Convention calls for giving people the opportunity to participate in specialized sports events for people with disabilities. This Convention is important because it applies to all countries that have ratified it. Such an international agreement makes it possible to apply the force of international law to regulate the rights of people. Therefore, the effect of this document on the lives of people with disabilities can hardly be overestimated since it creates the basis for the formation of an inclusive society. Although the states are responsible for creating specific systems on their territory, the presence of a large-scale international law makes it possible to consolidate the fundamental rights of people with disabilities in sports. Since this structure right unites all countries, the entire international community monitors situations with human rights, which is a solid guarantee of their observance.
Doctrine of the Enlightenment The innovative ideas of American enlighteners have determined some of the beliefs that are relevant today. The essence of the presented theory is that the human mind has almost unlimited possibilities. Realizing all the potential that he or she possesses, any person can develop the ability to plan the life correctly, to think big and to do the right things. As Thomas Jefferson claims, tyranny over the mind of man is unacceptable, and nothing should limit the potential of our consciousness (Baym 703). Such an appeal to the mind is an attempt to prove that the possibilities of the mind have no limits. Jefferson’s works likely exemplify the concept best as this figure put much effort to develop such ideas. Perhaps, there is something problematic in this doctrine, for example, its interpretation. It is about the creative potential of consciousness, while someone can suppose that the essence of this theory is the call to actions on the reformation of the surrounding world. Thus, this idea of American Enlightenment has become widespread and quite obviously deserves attention. Native Americans in the Enlightenment It would be unfair to assume that the texts of Native Americans did not influence the formation of the era of enlightenment in the New World. In addition to the ideas borrowed from European enlighteners, the great American figures that developed philosophical theories about the essence of people and their purpose in the world also turned to the texts of the Indians. For example, Benjamin Franklin explored the essence of a humble person who was able to achieve success due to the mind (Baym 459). Something similar can be observed in the texts of the Indians, who highly appreciated human modesty and paid much attention to the development of the spiritual side. Another example is the work of Thomas Jefferson, who often wrote about the development of Indian society and noted their hig
Today the world has become upwardly mobile and it helps if we can remain in touch with the world around us all the time, whether we are moving, sitting in a cafe or just enjoying the afternoon in a park. The globalization forces have made a real impact on almost all aspects of our lives. Information technology is a key driver of the process of globalization. The changes in the IT field has brought revolutionized the world around us to such an extent that whatever we do today has an element of IT in it, be it banking, traveling, gaming, education, entertainment, business, communication, or media, everywhere we find the influx of technology in a big way. The e-elements like e-business, e-banking, e-gaming, etc. are such applications, which necessitate having a computer with us all the time. Therefore, some of the causes which can be listed for owning a laptop are;  1. To remain upwardly mobile with the world in my laptop  2. To be able to work on college assignments even when outside of the home or college, access mails on the move, etc. This allows for better time management, even when someone is waiting in the departure lounge of the airport.  3. Availability of wireless networking (w-fi) facility at many more places all around us at reasonable prices.  4. To remain in touch with the university, friends, teachers, and near and dear one’s all the time.  5. Financial activities like online banking and online share trading can be done even while on the move.  6. There are a host of features like net banking, IT enabled services, business process outsourcing, online ticket purchase, online retailing from supermarkets etc. which are the components of e-business activities. We need to have a laptop to make use of these features.  7. Now the use of the internet covers real-time computer conferencing, audio broadcasting, video broadcasting, real-time telephony, and of course real-time business. Having a laptop is a prerequisite for making the fullest use of such features and services.  8. Rates of laptops have drastically come down in recent years. Now a high configuration machine is available at reasonable rates.  9. Technology is changing really fast. Follow the trend, the desktop is now a passé. 10. With the availability of multi-colored lightweight laptops, it has become a fashion statement now. 11. As compared to a desktop, a laptop also leads to huge power savings. This helps in conserving our energy resources so that we can have the all import energy available for many more years to come. 12. Let’s have one before it goes extinct, and taken over by handheld devices or even smaller devices so that we don’t feel like having never used the laptop. Let us not forget Moore’s law, ‘The number of transistors on a chip will double about every two years. And the IT companies have indeed kept pace with these technology trends over the years.
Introduction Speech disorders refer to a broad group of health-related conditions that disrupt the normal child’s speech. According to many sources, that is the most common reason a child needs to see a language therapist (Oliveira, Lousada, & Jesus, 2015; Ruscello, 2008). The prevalence of speech disorders differs from country to country but still remains very high. Considering the long-term consequences that speech disorders can possibly bring, they should be addressed with the help of interventions as soon as possible, regardless of their severity or the age, in which a child gets diagnosed. Defining Speech and Phonological Disorders The Definition of the Concept The term speech disorder covers a varied group of conditions characterized by the difficulty in creating speech sounds, which an individual faces during the communication process. This group encompasses articulation and phonological disorders, voice disorders, disfluency, and so on (Kaneshiro, 2014b). This paper will focus mainly on phonological disorders. That is a condition when a person does not use (change, substitute, or miss) particular sounds and does not follow some speech rules of his or her native language, even though children are expected to acquire these skills naturally by a certain age (Kaneshiro, 2014a; Spivey, 2012). Examples of Phonological Disorders The phonological disorder can manifest itself in many ways. Most commonly, children change, substitute, or miss sounds that are too complicated for them to pronounce. As an example, kids often have difficulties with consecutive consonants; in this case, they just simplify words, skipping something: friend becomes fiend , truck becomes tuck , and so forth (Kaneshiro, 2014a; Spivey, 2012). Another example encompasses too complicated words with several syllables: nana instead of banana (Spivey, 2012, p. 1). Sometimes children also omit the endings: juice changes to joo , book changes to boo , etc. (Spivey, 2012, p. 1). The latter becomes even more complicated when it comes to the past tense with regular verbs or possessive and plural endings. Another common manifestation of the disorder is the substitution of one sound with another. The prime example is the difficulty with s , f , ch and sh ; children tend to ignore those sounds and just use t instead: tin instead of chin , tire instead of fire , and so on (Spivey, 2012, p. 1). When to Become Concerned? Admittedly, almost all children face difficulties in forming correct speech sounds. That is normal since their speech is developing. However, all of those difficulties are expected to be overcome by a particular age. For example, when the child is growing, at first, his or her speech is only understood by parents or siblings and is not intelligible to a complete stranger. Still, by the age of three, all children are expected to develop their skills to such an extent that strangers can understand at least half of the words they say
National Health Service refers to England’s publicly funded healthcare system. Like other government arms such as the police, this program is funded with revenues from the general tax system. The members are given a card that they use to access free medical services in the UK at “free at the point of use” basis. The National Health Service has thousands of employees and it comes fourth after the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Wal-Mart and Indian Railways. These include general practitioners, nurses, ambulance staff and dental staff. The number of workers is approximated to be more than 1.7 million people. Costs Associated with Supplying the Drugs The number of people in England who suffer from dementia (Alzheimer) is approximated to be about 800,000 people with 500,000 of the cases occurring in the most common form. Under the NHS and Community Care Act 1990, these people qualify for National Health Services. The cost of transporting drugs for dementia and all other related costs are estimated to be about £23 billion a year. The increase in the number of patients per year is estimated to be 60,000 people, which means that the cost of taking care of affected people is bound to increase significantly over the years. This is costly to the government given that the National Health Service spends an estimate of about £800 to £1000 per year on each patient. The total cost figure will therefore increase by 60,000 each year and yet the disease is not curable. This factor has necessitated rationing so that funds are also available for other programs. Benefits of the Program Even though it is costly,
Introduction The process of aging is accompanied by many changes. Some changes are significant while others are less significant and can not be easily detected. One of the most significant changes which occur as a natural part of aging can be seen in a decrease in cognitive abilities. These decreases are seen in the absence of any disease process which may affect the brain. These disease processes can include legions in the brain as a direct result of brain injury which may occur from the prolonged abuse of alcohol as in the case of Korsakoff’s syndrome. Barring injuries such as this, there is a decrease in cognitive abilities which is seen as a direct result of changes within the brain structure as well as adaptive compensation in the aging population. The changes occur on many levels and are evident in the changes in the levels of neurotransmitters, myelination of the individual neurons, processing speeds and performance on various tests. The changes which occur vary depending on the brain structure affected. For example changes in the prefrontal lobe affect the performance of executive tasks. Executive tasks are tasks that involve the utility of working memory and activities such as planning and scheduling. Main text In order for one to examine the natural changes occurring to the brain as a direct result of aging, it is prudent that this examination begins with a close look at the changes occurring on the neuronal level and taking place at the synapses. Synaptic changes are directly related to the speed at which humans process information and thus they have significant implications on cognitive abilities. Evidence of brain changes can be seen as early as the middle age in that there is a decrease in the number of neurotransmitter binding sites, as well as a decrease in the level of neurotransmitters present in the brain synapses. Dopamine neurotransmitters are responsible for the adjustment of movement in the basal ganglia as well as other very important systems within the brain. More specifically, the level of dopamine is directly responsible for Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is the resultant of a significant drop in dopamine. This drop is much more significant than the drop attributed to the normal aging process, however, it does account for the fact that there is a propensity for Parkinson’s to be seen in the aging population. In addition to the age-onset effects of Parkinson’s disease, decreased levels of dopamine and its effects on dopamine neurotransmission can be seen in higher cortical functioning. These effects are not readily evident, however, experimentation does illustrate that there are deficits that occur as a direct result of aging. Those deficits can be ameliorated by a change in lifestyle. This change in lifestyle was one that was illustrated by Kramer, Hahn, Cohen, Banich, McAuley et. al. (1999). Kramer, Hahn, Cohen, Banich, McAuley et. al. (1999) examined executive function among older adults. They studied 124 adults between the ages of 60 and 75 years
Latin America has been the central region within which drugs are manufactured and trafficked to other regions of the world for decades. For instance, cocaine is majorly produced in Peru, Colombia, and Bolivia. The drugs are then transported through the Caribbean Islands and Mexico to other parts of the world. However, the drugs have caused severe damage to these countries, especially to the youth (Indie, 2015). Drugs have been the major cause of the rise in the levels of corruption, disobedience to the law, and human rights abuses The selection highlights the key challenge of drug cartels in Latin America. Drug cartels have positioned themselves central to the economy and the money obtained through drug trafficking is used to finance violent activities across different parts of Latin America. The selection also depicts the problem of insecurity in Latin America caused by constant entanglement between the government and drug cartels. The problem has spread even to the regions near the border of the United States. The challenge at the border is contributed to by the violence characterized in Mexico as a result of the war on drugs. The situation has demanded the involvement of law enforcement officers who are engaged in a bloody confrontation with the drug cartels to contain the situation (Indie, 2015). The events also highlight the main idea of the selection which is to show the struggle between law enforcement officers and the violent activities propagated by the drug cartels. The selection has various points that raise interest. The main point of interest is the commitment of two police officers who have resolved to commit themselves to the war against drug cartels. Another issue of concern is the insecurity caused by the confrontation between the law enforcement officers. During a fierce engagement between the police officers and the groups organized by drug cartels, dangerous weaponry, especially guns. The general population is threatened during such combat because they are left to defend themselves. If not lucky, some people may die out of stray bullets. The third notable issue of concern is the proliferation of the drug war in Mexica up to the border with the United States (Indie, 2015). It has necessitated the deployment of soldiers to the border to ensure that the war does not cross over into the US. The three elements discussed above have been emphasized in the trailer and seem central to the recording of the video. The selection highlights two key themes in its presentation. The first theme is war, and the second key theme is death arising out of the war with the drug cartels. The selection is important in showing the negative effects of drugs. It also provides support for the need for governments to continue the war on drugs. However, the selection highlights violent situations that are not entertaining to all viewers (Indie, 20
Eco-tourism commonly referred to as alternative tourism is witnessing substantial rapid growth globally in the tourism industry, generating billions of monetary income to various economies annually. This special kind of tourism involves eco-tourists traveling to discover, enjoy and engage the attractive and interesting nature, in a manner that does not degrade the environmental surroundings. Traveling to enjoy and engage with people in their indigenous setting in a respectful and supportive manner to the people is also an aspect of eco-tourism. This kind of tourism is greatly concerned with sustainable development within the society that is, it should promote and protect environmental conservation programs, empower local communities while entertaining and educating tourists (Carrier & Macleod, 2003, pg.315). Eco-tourism has failed in its social and environmental responsibility. Ways that have shaped the eco-tourist experience Modern society’s truth and reality have been disrupted by the modern fascination for “real life” and “authenticity.” The tourism industry has not been spared either. The modern man inclusive of ecotourists is experiencing a life that is inauthentic, unreal, and contrived. According to Fjellman (1992), the modern American imagination calls for the reality which is attained through formulating the absolute fake. Modern society is structurally divided into the front “staged authenticity” and the back “the reality.” Since tourists’ goals are not achieved through the front, they are turning to the back region in their quest for the real experience (Stuart, 1997). Inauthentic or false tourist’s attraction products are being masked and staged as true and real to entice tourist, who is perceived to be contented with inauthentic experiences. After the realization of this “staged authenticity,” the modern tourist is keener to search and experience the real tourist products, the real-life lived, the real natives, and their real practices (MacCannell, 1973, p.95). According to Fjellman (1992) ecotourist in most cases encounters a different experience from what is being represented in the tourist languages and signs. In the postmodern condition, these representations lose their connections with reality, hence the ecotourists end up experiencing what they did not expect, i.e. something surreal and/or hyperreal, at the postmodern tourist’s sites. The representation language and signs are exposed as commodities for tourists’ attraction and consumption, and what they experience is simulacra and simulation, but not the reality. Croton (1995 p.81) argued that wildernesses, which are tourist sites, are places whose ecosystems are still “untouched” and that their protection must be guaranteed. In the postmodern world, tourists should consume the wilderness, a “touristic commodity” with a sense of care and protection as they are part of that ecosystem. However, the civilized men and women in their perception there is nothing of more value wildernesses can offer their raw state. His ideas were supported by Vivanco (2001, pg 103) Urry (1992, pg. 172) argued that tourist experiences are mostly shaped by observing
The president is supposed to exercise the powers which are granted to him or her by the Federal Constitution or the Congress act in the interest of the public. However there have been divergent arguments among the people holding this presidential office arising from different references and reasoning. All the arguments insist that each is function best for the public welfare (Cronin and Genovese 43). In the above view, the president has the responsibility to act in the interest of the public, ensure all situations are right for the interest of his people and make right judgments because they directly affect the lives of the ruled. The president can at any time withdraw any entry into U.S’ public lands and put aside part for forestry, for irrigation purposes and water resources. Jackson Lincoln held the view that the president must be capable of forming judgments for himself and his juniors (Cronin and Genovese 45). Today’s presidency has both informal and formal leverage to command decisions at any time. They can certainly come up with personal initiatives and decide on whichever matters. Additionally, the role of presidents has seemingly become that of main agenda setters in the making of policies at federal level. The president is also surrounded with a bureaucracy that further extends his mandate and powers. In the modern days, presidents have the capacity to drive political systems in the way they wish because they are the main actors in the systems hence obscuring the role of their subordinates (Fine and Waterman 25). The president also has the power to take significant measures that can have dynamic implications on the nation. For example, the president can deploy tactical nuclear weapons. The impact of this executive power is magnified by the fact that their decisions have direct impacts on the general public understanding (Cronin and Genovese 54). The different views held come from the ambiguity in defining the role of the president. For many years now, presidential practices have varied. Roosevelt for example fostered palace politics, Kennedy concentrated on collegial informality, and Eisenhower assumed the role of building his staff. The ambiguity in defining presidential roles makes it easy for the office holders to shape their roles on personal basis. ‘Great’ presidents Both presidents that have succeeded and those who have failed are considered as great leaders. For example, most scholars claim that President Lyndon Johnson’s extraordinary legislative system has a record in success. Despite his success, scholars argue that Johnson highly contributed in the disastrous war in Vietnam. Additionally, Dwight Eisenhower is a president that most scholars consider passive during his reign. However, history credits him with very few significant accomplishments. It is in fact argued that it was during his time that Korea went into war and corruption cases within his administration increased. Woodrow Wilson is also one o