ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Creating the ethical framework that the organization’s decision-making processes will be based on is imperative to maintain credibility in the target environment and gain the trust of the audience. Therefore, it is imperative to consider different ethical frameworks that can be applied in the context of the identified realm. The Integrated Social Contract Theory and Universalism are traditionally viewed as the options from which the leaders of a project must choose. Since there is a need in the multicultural and diverse environment to take the needs and cultural specifics of all stakeholders into account, the corporate ethical standards should borrow from the Social Contract Theory instead of the Universalism principles since it is essential for creating solid ethical standards that the decision-making process will be based on and catering to the needs of the diverse company members. Among the key differences between the theory of Universalism and the Integrated Social Contract Theory (ISCT), the environments to which their postulates are applied need to be mentioned first (Thompson et al. 294). Universalism, reasonably enough, appeals to all domains of people’s interactions, therefore, controlling the choices that people make on any level. ISCT, in its turn, divides the environment in which people communicate into the micro- and the macrosocial ones, setting very specific rules for each of the domains. Whereas the macrosocial area (e.g., the processes related to the communication with business partners of an organization) is guided by the universal principles, the microsocial one (e.g., a team of employees with specific backgrounds) implies building relationships that are in chord with the beliefs of its members (Thompson et al. 295). It would be wrong to claim that the two groups are independent; instead, the macrosocial contract implies the recognition of the microsocial one and the rights of the people that constitute it. The flexibility with which both theories provide the members of organizations can also be interpreted as a criterion of differentiating between the two philosophies. Indeed, although seemingly aimed at promoting global well-being, the Universal philosophy does not give the participants of the communication process much room for making choices. Instead, it points directly to the option that they must choose (Thompson et al.291). ISCT, in its turn, gives enough space for ethical maneuvering so that the process of negotiation could lead to satisfactory outcomes for all parties involved and that the needs of people from all backgrounds could be recognized. In light of the fact that ISCT provides more chances for cross-cultural communication and the promotion of corporate ethics simultaneously, it seems to be the most reasonable choice for a company operating in the global economy environment (Steverson, Rutherford, and Buller 74). Because of the necessity to take the needs of the representatives of numerous cultures into consideration when shaping the corporate ethical framework, and at the same time make sure that it should uphold the foundational principles of ethics, one should choose
The origins of slavery in the American territories and why it came to be From 1526 until 1776, complex pressures shaped the structure of slavery in the United States, and historians have proposed multiple ideas to explain how slave trade evolved. Slavery was strongly related to labor demand in European colonies, particularly in the Caribbean and South America’s labor-intensive sugar plantation industries of Great Britain, Spain, France, and the Dutch Republic. Slave ships transported captives from Africa to the West and indigenous peoples were enslaved in North American colonies on a smaller scale (OpenStax, 2019). However, Indian slavery effectively stopped in the late eighteenth century. How slavery was handled differently in each colonial territory of British North America Enslaved people worked in various sectors, including breweries, shipyards, plantations, and timber yards. In the regions north of Maryland, slavery would gradually give way to free labor. The slave population in the North progressively fell throughout the 1760s and 1770s with slaves in Philadelphia reducing to approximately 700 in 1775 (OpenStax, 2019). Antislavery activism was rife in the city, with nationalist pamphleteers handing out antislavery booklets to blacks and whites. The presence of antislavery groups facilitated the spread of manumissions thus slavery became less viable in the North. New York had a high percentage of slaves who acquired valuable trades such as masonry and goldsmithing working alongside artisan masters. All slaves in New York were freed in 1827 (OpenStax, 2019) despite the liberation sentiment in the North during the Revolutionary battle. The contrasts between indentured servants and slaves Indentured service varied from enslavement in that it was a type of debt servitude where an agreed-upon period of unpaid service that often covered the servant’s costs of immigration to America. Indentured workers were not awarded incomes, although they were housed, clothed, and nourished in most cases. Slaves were deemed property and were only awarded freedom on rare occasions despite several years of strenuous labor (Gabor, 2021). Slaves were sold, exchanged, negotiated for, and even utilized as property in a will.
The U.S is known all over the world as a country whose citizens are drawn from different races. Immigration has led to many ethnic groups in the U.S. The race and ethnic relations have been affected in a great way by the increasing number of ethnic groups migrating to the U.S. Studying ethnic and race relations in the U.S helps a great deal in understanding those ethnic groups that have resulted from immigration. Two groups of people with biological differences are said to belong to different races. Racial differences can be external or internal. The external appearance is what is normally used to distinguish one race from another. The U.S has four main racial categories that include whites, blacks, Indians and Asians. This paper will highlight the various racial and ethnicity issues in the U.S. There are other categories of people in the U.S that are not considered as races. These groups include the Hispanic, Asian Indians, Arab Americans and Bi-racial people. It is not easy to define race by phenotype (external features) because of the phenotypic variations that exist within a particular race. Different phenotypes have continued to emerge as a result of racial intermixture. Phenotypic variations within races appear to be greater than those that exist between different races. The differences in appearance within a particular race make it difficult to distinguish one race from another based on physical appearance. The people who claim to differentiate one race from another based on physical appearance only do that through cultural perception. The use of genotype (genetics and heredity) is another way of classifying people by race. It is also a great challenge to classify races using genotype because many ordinary people do not understand the difference between phenotypic and genotypic elements. Experts such as physical anthropologists and biologists have not been able to find significant genetic differences between different races because human genetic variation is very small. Genetic studies show that the genetic variation within a particular race supersedes the variation between two different races. Genetic differences between races can not be used to determine the innate abilities of people within a particular race. A particular race can appear to do certain things better than other races but this is not linked to genetics. The fact that race can not be classified using both external and internal features has left many people wondering why it is so significant in the human history. This controversy leads to a conclusion that race is a social construction and not a biological reality. The social perceptions and beliefs that people have on human physical differences lead to the racial issues being experienced. The social perception on the issue of races is culturally relative and has been changing with time. An ethnic group is composed of people with a common culture and racial descent. Ethnici
This work is a commentary review of the article “Consumer ethnocentrism: an integrative review of its antecedents and consequences by Mahesh N. Shankarmahesh. This article has justified the inclusion by the fact that it has achieved its objective. In this case, the article has given an integrative review in regards to the antecedent and the impacts of consumer ethnocentrism (Shankarmahesh, 2004). Furthermore, Mahesh gives a historical overview of how customers’ antecedents and ethnocentrism have affected the rate at which world trade grew and developed. In this regard, he used an international focus to evaluate the impacts of globalization and the convergence of economic ideology. Moreover, the review has used quotes derived from old sources such as that of Summer and Murdock which are quite useful in the entire and analysis. This has enabled him to have a historical context on consumer antecedent and ethnocentrism. In the review, the author provides the reader with several suggestions especially with a keen focus on future research. This has been done by incorporating ideas derived from an individual discussion about the antecedents and consequences (Shankarmahesh, 2004). Contrastingly, the review has also met the justification for exclusion from the fact that the information provided has been critiqued by scholars. More explicitly, the review has also distinguished between what has been done and what needs to be done through his research findings. This can be analyzed from his categorical findings. In the review, Mahesh has identified four categories of antecedents. These include socio-psychological, economic, political, and demographic factors which are all vital in the entire analysis (Shankarmahesh, 2004). All the named types of antecedents have been gathered from the literature through some succinct analysis of the article provided. However, it is clear from the review that there is a need for further research on the direct and indirect consequences that occurred due to consumer ethnocentrism and antecedents. From the review, the author confirms that scholars need to equally scrutinize whether there are better means of increasing effectiveness while reducing consumer ethnocentrism at the micro-level. In this case, the author gives a clear confirmation that companies in foreign countries have not successfully been able to liberate
APA Format Several mistakes as pertains to the APA mode of referencing can be observed in the paper. Foremost, the running head should be placed on the cover page only. The writer makes a grave mistake by allowing it to appear on all pages. Secondly, all subtitles that have been used in the paper should be centered. They should also appear in a regular font. In this manuscript, the alignment of the subheadings is not regular. It should also be noted that some of the subtitles are bold while others are typed in regular font but italicized. Another shortcoming is the use of different font types in the header. Lastly, a keen look at the reference list reveals a number of sources that have not been arranged in alphabetical order. Strengths The literature review presents evidence of a researched document. This is evidenced by the fact that the authors cite several sources for every concept that is advanced. In addition, the relevance of the content is guaranteed, since a numbers of writers have coauthored some of the references cited. Since nothing is published without the consent of the stake holders and regulating authorities, readers can trust that this is valid material, which may be implemented at any level with satisfactory results. The discussion section of the manuscript is well argued. It is evident that the writers have relayed the challenges they encountered and issued a fitting response to all of them. As a result, responses to most of the issues that are discussed in the paper have been relayed explicitly, thereby laying all doubt to rest. This also guarantees proper communicability of ideas since an in depth analysis of all the weighty issues brought up in the paper is carried out. It should be noted that matching figures and statistics have also been quoted for all problems that required mathematical solutions. The authors use analogies that persons can relate to when describing the tests they carried out in the course of study. For example, most of the key points have been abbreviated and in turn denoted like food items. These items are then presented as courses of meals. This makes it captivating and memorable, while laying emphasis on the key areas of study. Implementation procedures and methodologies are also depicted unambiguously in the process, minimizing the tendency of committing errors. Most importantly, the message passed across is the need for caution while undertaking the process. It should also be noted that the study should take place in a relaxed atmosphere, free from external pressures and other interferences. Weaknesses On the other hand, the rationale; therefore, relevance and applicability of the concepts are questionable. This makes the literature review debatable. This is because most of the apparent time span between the basis of the study a
Critical and creative thinking skills are important components of the modern labor market. The skills that are required by workers in order to improve their professional stature have changed greatly over the last few decades. According to Lee Weiser, future employees are not expected to conform to particular models of action. Consequently, critical thinking skills will play a major role in defining future employee-related abilities. The most pertinent skill in the modern work environment is the workers’ ability to interact with technology. On the other hand, employers are not only swayed by academic qualifications, but they also look into a person’s ability to ‘problem-solve and innovate’ (Weisser, 2012). Success in a team of employees depends on the skills of individual team members. Team members who have the ability to think creatively and critically are important to any team of employees. Furthermore, the professional growth of any team member is reflected in the team’s overall performance. Critical and creative thinking abilities are vital skills in the professional development of all workers. Professionals use creative and critical thinking skills to accomplish a number of goals. Human resource professionals are required to have mastered creative and critical thinking skills before passing them on to their teams of employees. Consequently, team leaders are tasked with the responsibility of instituting brainstorming and other methods of operation to invigorate employees’ critical and creative thinking skills. Other than the skills that are coerced by human resource professionals and team leaders, each team member should possess a specific set of creative and critical thinking skills. A worker should be able to explore all possible solutions to a certain problem with the view of seeking the most appropriate answer to a certain solution. Therefore, positive professional development does not depend on an employee’s ability to master pre-determined solutions for specific problems. Furthermore, critical thinking skills enable workers to explore how various solutions would impact their professional development. On the other hand, creative thinking skills enable workers to seek solutions in a “spontaneous but free-flowing manner” (Gray, 2007). During the process of critical thinking, team members are expected to have the ability to make connections between things that are unrelated. The ability to make far-fetched connections between disparate occurrences is important to the professional development of employees. In addition, employees are only able to come up with extra-ordinary solutions by thinking ‘outside the box.’ It is the responsibility of a team member to master “innovation through diversity of opinion and experience, openness to new ideas, and transparency of their learning objectives” (Weisser, 2012). In the modern work environment, team members are requir
The issue of the internationalization of companies is a phenomenon that has consistently attracted the attention of researchers in the field of management. In the last decade, the focus has shifted from considering the benefits and risks of internationalization to studying the strategies of international companies operating and developing. However, it should be remembered that globalization acts as a kind of institutional environment for global companies, characterized by high uncertainty and risks and a non-monotonous, dynamic nature. The main incentive for the globalization and internationalization of the company is a significant expansion of market opportunities, both production, and trade. This is also connected with the benefits gained from implementing an international strategy, namely the growth of the company’s market, economies of scale and learning, and, of course, the advantages of new locations. Many companies from developing countries such as China, India, and Taiwan are active in global value chains in high-tech sectors of the economy (Stallkamp & Schotter, 2019). However, this fact leads to the fact that there is the broadest range of problems inherent in international companies in these countries. For example, emerging markets often have inadequate government oversight and regulation levels, leading to global companies’ unethical and criminal trading practices. For example, a typical example of this is the exploitation of cheap local labor to make production more affordable for international businesses (Mashan, 2021). This is morally and ethically appalling in the extreme but will have dire consequences for the company in the future. Given the benefits of international diversification, some firms choose not to expand internationally for several reasons. The most common of these is the reluctance to go beyond the domestic market of their homeland (Paul & Mas, 2019). This suggests either an unwillingness to face the risks of globalization or an initial calculation of opportunities, taking into account only the company’s home market factors. Moreover, an important reason for the rejection of globalization may be the awareness of problems faced with a foreign market, its characteristics, and potential consumers’ culture, religion, and customs. Thus, the global strategy has its colossal advantages and disadvantages that can push the company away from this approach.
Introduction Baxtern & Doll Construction Company is a registered firm operating in the UK building and construction industry. It has been a leading market player in the building and construction industry since its incorporation five years ago. It has an asset base valued at 1.3 billion pounds. Following the expansion requisition for the firm, it wishes to invest in a foreign country, whilst meeting its strategic goals at the lowest operational costs and maximizing on the returns. This report highlights the country’s background, the firm’s financial products and services, demand of the products and services, economic feasibility of the investment plan, and the effects of currency exchange rate on the business. Egypt’s Political, Economic and Cultural Background Egypt is an Afro-Arabian country located in the North-Eastern Africa with the majority of its populace being Muslims commonly called Sunni. It borders the Mediterranean Sea in the horn of Africa as well as acting as the bridge between the African continent and the Arabian states. Egypt has been a politically stable country with the most volatile moment being during the Mubarak era in which political clashes affected the country. Political stability of the state gives the firm humble investment time. With the current political stability state in the country, the investment is likely to out- perform investments in other potential countries. Egypt has a mid-sized economy mainly funded by the Agriculture, mining and industrial sectors. Its population is slightly over 68million people majority being under the age of 50 and a population density is 62 persons per square kilometre. Majority of its populace is also unemployed and a literacy level of 53.7%, as well as a 26.1 million-labour force. In addition, the economy has a GNP of about $80billion (51.6bn pounds), a GDP growth of 5.2% pa and an inflation rate of 12% pa. The economy has an opportunity cost of conflict valued at 106.5 billion pounds further rendering the growth rate low at only 5-6% per annum. The exchange rates for the main currencies are fair with the main currencies; the dollar and the British pound valued at 0.166 and 0.1065 respectively. The economy also has 57 banking institutions with 28 of them bei
Introduction Successful organizations are built through effective leadership, which stimulates a firm’s ability to outperform its competitors and accomplish its long–term growth strategies. Apple Inc., a globally renowned technology multinational, magnified the vital importance of visionary, adaptive, and strategic management in creating and fully exploiting the potential of a business. Following rapidly declining sales and loss of market niche, Steve Jobs returned to Apple Inc. and spearheaded aggressive transformations, which saw the company become the world’s most valuable in market capitalization (Heracleous & Papachroni, 2013). Additionally, the firm has been ranked as the foremost innovative entity, transcending the obstacles which characterize the computer industry. Apple Inc.’s remarkable turnaround has been attributed to Steve’s ambitious, inspirational, and effective leadership abilities, which fostered creativity, innovation, and change. Although Apple Inc.’s transformational leadership exerted monumental pressure on employees, it was highly effective in intensifying managerial effectiveness, establishing competitive advantages, and creating concrete growth strategies. Effectiveness of Apple Inc.’s Leadership Apple Inc.’s current success can be attributed to the organization’s effective management and leadership abilities to quickly adapt to a highly dynamic business environment. Upon returning to the company in 1997, Steve Jobs dropped 70% of the diverse products which he deemed redundant and expensive and intensified the organization’s focus on manufacturing better, customer-oriented goods (Heracleous & Papachroni, 2013). In the face of declining business fortunes’, an adaptive and strategic leader was required to identify the existing challenges, anticipate opportunities, and convert the opportunities to avenues of gaining competitive advantage. According to Rahman et al. (2018), effective leadership integrates the ability to make decisions in the short term, which guarantees the organization’s long–term viability. For instance, Steve’s plan to abandon some poorly performing or redundant products was an operational resolve in