Historical background of the Hypoparathyroid Disease Bilezikian, Khan & Potts et al. (2011) indicate that hypoparathyroidism is caused by the reducing levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body, which is generated by parathyroid glands located around the neck area. The PTH controls the calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the blood. Therefore, if the secretion of PTH reduces, a patient is likely to generate minimal calcium amounts in contrast with the excess phosphorous content (Henderson & Mahony, 2005). Calcium is a vital necessity for human bodies since it is serves three primary functions. First, it supplies electrical energy to the body’s nervous system; thus, acting as a conductor of the electrical impulses of the messages throughout the body system. In addition, it provides energy for the muscles enabling their expansion or contraction. Variations of the calcium can cause muscle cramps (Bilezikian, Khan & Potts et al, 2011). The bones have storage systems to allow for absorption of calcium meaning that damage to parathyroid glands can result from injuries during surgical procedures or the genetic history of a person. Madam A is likely to suffer from similar conditions. Consequently, this paper will compare her symptoms and experiences with hypoparathyroidism. Laboratory and radiological findings of Patient. Patient Case table Laboratory test results Na 134 meq/L                                Plt 260,000/mm3        Mg 0.8 mg/dL              K 3.5 meq/L                                 RBC 4.2 million/mm3    PO 4 5.3 mg/dL            Cl 100 meq/L                                WBC 8,400/ mm3         PTH 4pg/mL                Ca 6.8 meq/L                                AST 36 IU/L            Uric acid 3.9 mg/dL       HCO 3 25 meq/L                              ALT 56 IU/L            Glu, fasting 94mg/dL      BUN 9 mg/dL                                 Alk phos 83 IU/L       TSH 2.9U/mL               Cr 0.8 mg/dL                                GGT 114 IU/L           Folate 120ng/mL           Hb 9.8 mg/dL                                T bilirubin 1.1 mg/dL  B12 63 pg/mL              Hct 31.7%                                   Alb 3.4 g/dL           PO 4 , urine 0.2 g/day    MCV 110 fL                                  T Protein 5.9 g/dL     ECG Prolonged QT interval  Causes of Hypoparathyroidism According to Henderson & Mahony (2005), hypoparathyroidism is caused by various factors, which can lead to the destruction of parathyroid glands. Initially, the underdevelopment of the parathyroid glands or possible omission in one’s body may cause the ailment. Underdevelopment means the efficiency of the PTH secretion will not be optimal; therefore, the calcium production will not be sufficient. The incomplete development manifests itself in the branchial arches bringing about varying secretion of parathyroid and thymic hypoplasia (Hendy, Cole & Bastepe, 2011). Secondly, injury from the surgical treatment in the parathyroid gland can affect its functionality; hence, preventing the satisfactory production of PTH. Another cause could be medical conditions, for instance, cancer, neck trauma, which can impair the suitable conditions necessary to allow PTH production. Madame A’s report indicates that she had multiple scars from previous surgeries. This is a causal factor since she might have experienced injuries from these surgeries, which contribute to the suffering. If the previous surgeries were around the neck, the excision could have damaged the parathyroid glands slightly. However, it became grim as time elapses. Symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism According to Bilezikian, Khan & Potts et al, (2011), hypoparathyroidism is rare amongst individuals.