ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The main role of a family is to bring up children despite their conditions; whether they are challenged or not. Most families diligently take up their parental roles. However, there has been a sharp rise in grandparents acting as caregivers for their grandchildren. The recent increase in single parenthood and infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS has led to a sharp increase in grandparenting. Grandparents chip in to help their children in balancing between work and parental responsibilities. However, grandchildren who are disabled pose a serious challenge to their caregivers. They not only need frequent medical attention but also special needs like education, housing, and food. Additionally, society’s negligence on children with disabilities has led to an increase in their number. Parents might cause disability in their children either before or after birth. Drug abuse and parental negligence or abandonment is the main cause of disabilities. Sadly, there are frequent occurrences of disabilities in poor families due to either genetic problems or other calamities. The common health challenges affecting children include cerebral palsy, autism, epilepsy and other physical disabilities like polio (Force, Botsford, Pisano, & Holbert, 2000, p.9). However, due to poverty, single parenthood, parents’ disability and epidemics like HIV/AIDS, grandparents end up with the role of parenting. HIV/AIDS is a world epidemic that is currently wiping out the young generation. Consequently, there is an increase in the number of orphans and grandparents take over parenting responsibility. The recent increase in divorce, unwanted pregnancies, teen pregnancies, and separation has led to single parents who are unable to balance between parenting roles and their career; therefore, grandparents decide to act as caregivers. Sometimes, grandparents take care of their grandchildren to prevent them from going into children’s homes or being brought up by foster parents. Currently, there is limited financial aid put in place to support grandparents with disabled grandchildren. Additionally, statistical analyses of the population do not consider grandparenting, single parenthood, and children with disabilities. Therefore, medical attention to children with disabilities is low hence the high rise in disabled children. There has been a “sharp increase in children living with grandparents from 3.2% to 5.6% in 1997” (Heller & Ganguly, 2008, p.5). In 1998, the US Bureau of statistics recorded an upward trend in grandparents taking care of their grandchildren, however, this is regardless of whether the biological parents are alive or not. On the other hand, more than 70% of the grandparents are women while slightly above 50% of them are married. Grandparents who take care of their grandchildren face many challenges. They find it
Introduction International assignments are an integral part of the current state of the world due to globalization. Businesses and companies seek to expand their territory across boundaries and thereby target a larger market share. The development of technology has actually made the whole process easy as it is very easy to communicate with subsidiary managers as well as move from one country to the other. International assignments are however not assigned to any employee but are mainly given to managers and executives who demonstrate a high level of competency with regard to the assignment and working in a multi-cultural context. This is a very interesting topic as it gives insight into the process of expatriation, it advantages as well as the challenges faced when one goes on an international assignment. This paper will focus on discussing precisely these issues so as to gain a better understanding about international assignments. Discussion The process of international assignment takes place in three distinct stages as indicated in the figure below (Bonache, Brewster, & Suutari, 2001): The first stage is the pre-assignment stage and involves selection and preparation. This phase entails the use of four types of variables that are paramount in contributing towards the success/failure of an assignment. They are technical competence on the assignment since the expatriate will be very far away from the mother company thus cannot readily consult peers and superiors. This way, the individual should demonstrate a very high degree of technical competence in relation to the task at hand. The other selection variable is personal traits with a focus on the individual’s ability to effectively relate with his/her peers, superiors, business associates, subordinates and clients. This is a very significant variable with regard to working in a multi-cultural context. During the selection process, the expatriates should show their ability to amicable handle environmental variables. The expatriate is required to show a high level of competency in coping with governments, customers, unions and competitors. Despite the fact that the environmental systems in a foreign country may be different from that of the expatriate’s home country, understanding the systems first is very necessary so that the expatriate can operate in accordance with these systems. In case the expatriate is required to move with his/her family, during the selection process, it will be very necessary to ensure that the expatriate’s family is willing and ready to adjust to the living conditions in the host country. This is especially very complicated when one of the spouses is forced to give up their career so as to accompany their partners in the foreign country (Reiche & Harzing, 2009). After thoroughly and carefully selecting the expatriates, they are prepared by engaging them in diverse cross-cultu
There are a lot of different philosophical theories which are applied into modern life. Considering realism as a philosophical trend, it may be defined as the ability to perceive things as real ones. Nowadays, there are to approaches to realism, extreme realism and moderate realism. Extreme realism is closely connected to Plato’s theory which considers universals to exist both in the mind of a human being and in the perception of a particular thing which is discussed. Another vision of realism is a moderate one, where universals exist only in God’s mind as of the only creator of all things. The epistemological realism considers things as independently existing in our mind and perception. On the contrary, idealism, considers things existing only in our mind. Modern consideration of the issue is as follows, the theory of knowledge (the term stands for idealism) considers the whole universe as the existence of the separate objects which and we perceive them directly involving our senses. This particular understanding of direct perception has another notion, direct or naïve realism. Trying to define the notion of direct realism, it is necessary to refer to the theory of perception as these two notions are closely interconnected. This theory explains our ability to perceive physical objects as they are, in normal conditions, directly without referencing to subjective entities. For example if sugar tastes sweet, the sun seems orange and the snow feels cold, so the sugar is sweet, the sun is orange and the snow is cold. Therefore, the direct realism is explained via human feelings and perceptions of specific objects without direct or indirect affect of other particular conditions and situation. For example, the sun seems orange, but if to look at it through colored glasses, the sun may get another color, but it does not make sun of another color. The reality remains the same, but the perception under specific conditions has changed (Dretske 336). Perception is the central issue in understanding the theory of direct realism, therefore, it is important to keep in mind the central aspects of this notion and only then try to understand the theory of direct realism. Perception is defined as “a process which involves the recognition and interpretation of stimuli which register on our sense” (Rookes and Willson 1). People cognize the surrounding world by means of their senses. It is not a secret for people that they have five central senses, sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. These senses are important for people and in case one sense is absent, people are able to cognize the world utilizing the remaining ones. This, most of the things which surround people they cognize using their sight. The surrounding reality is recognized by people through what they see, however, it is essential that people have other senses as sometimes we are unable to see and the use of smell, hearing, taste and touch are essential. People are unable to see the gasses and other invisible substances which exist in this world. Applying to smell people are able to understand what surrounds them. Touc
Introduction Depression is a mood disorder, that is, a complex of mental disorders associated primarily with the emotional sphere. By applying PICO (patient, intervention, comparison, outcome) as a tool to analyze the underlying issue, it is possible to understand the full scope of the problem. The given methodological tool allows an analyst to conduct a systematic and structural review of the current data on a particular issue, such as depression. In addition, depression can be characterized by certain disorders in the field of thinking. People with the given disorder are more prone to suffer a severe form of depression and find it difficult to concentrate and carry out a targeted mental activity, which is associated with concentration. Thus, cases of depression can be prevalent among older adults, non-Western cultures, and people with cardiovascular diseases. Pico Analyses of Research Topic Depression has such physiological manifestations as sleep disturbances and intestinal functions. In patients with depression, the general energy level is disturbed, and they feel tired. Intervention is depression somatization and it occurs when a person experiences high discomfort in the body. In comparison with other mental disorders, a person’s behavior can show a serious passivity, where he or she attempts to avoid contact with people with refusal from entertainment. The outcome is that depression is often accompanied by increasing abuse of alcohol or other psychoactive substances that are used to improve mood. The main question is how depression is formed and developed, and what are the primary triggers. Therefore, the question is: in older adults, non-Western cultures, and people with cardiovascular diseases (P), how depression screening and detection methodologies (I) compared to conventional scoring systems (C) affect the relevant treatment procedures (O)? Search Strategy Direct resources will be used in order to access information from primary researchers of depression. Search terms and criteria will include using the word “depression” and “systematic review”, and Boolean search string setting will focus on the publications since 2014. Five resources will be used from SAGE publications from which the relevant articles will be selected. The main exclusion criteria will be indirect sources and date of publication because articles written before 2014 will be considered as non-viable. The primary inclusion criteria are the presence of the keywords in the papers and their direct relevance to the subject. Analysis of Literature Table 1. Literature Analysis. Author(s)                                            Conceptual framework/theory                                                                                                                      Main finding
Introduction The aspect of public relations (PR) ranks amongst the most important components in the management disciplines. PR has been a subject of interest amongst different scholars, which has led to the emergence of diverse paradigms and theories on how to implement it. Westbrook (2014, p.106) affirms that the focus of PR has shifted from a single media relations to the integration of the diverse activities undertaken in order to ensure effective and efficient transfer and sharing of information with the target stakeholders. This essay evaluates the assertion that some scholars have regarded the excellence and asymmetry approach as the ‘dominant paradigm’ based on findings of other studies conducted by PR scholars. The approach adopted in the paper links the concept of excellence theory and the two-way symmetric communication in PR practices. The dominant Paradigm In his 1996 study, Kuhn defined paradigm to include the set of values, beliefs, and techniques shared by members of a particular society regarding a particular element (Bardhan & Weaver, 2011, p.84). Subsequently, paradigms refer to unified mindsets or worldviews regarding a particular aspect. Paradigms are subject to shift due to studies conducted to deal with possible anomalies associated with the old model. Additionally, new standards might arise due to the conceptualisations of some aspects outside the existing paradigmatic assumption. Therefore, it is possible for disparate paradigms, which are in tension with each other, to emerge without displacing the different paradigms. For example, the studies conducted by different scholars on the excellence theory have led to the emergence of new paradigms. The excellence/symmetry approach has been touted by different scholars, such as James Grunig, as the ‘dominant paradigm’ in PR. The validity of the excellence/symmetry approach Managing strategic relationships constitutes one of the fundamental principles of PR (Toth, 2009, p.80). Isaac and Ahmed (2014, p.117) assert that PR enables organisations to deal with possible conflicts that might arise. Furthermore, PR enables organisations to develop and maintain a long-term mutual relationship with the political and social environments. Subsequently, PR enables organisations to minimise the cost of operation by establishing a mutual relationship with the public. L’Etang (2007, p.14) contends that the excellence theory is focused on the role of PR in developing a robust organisational relationship. Therefore, organisations should perceive PR management as an essential element in their decision-making and conflict resolution activities. The ‘excellence approach’ is one of the views that have been formulated in an effort to explain the best p
Summary This book covers the American labor activism events that unfolded between 1865 and 1925, which were characterized by conflicting social classes. It analyzes the strikes that were experienced during the said period as workers struggled to achieve equality in the labor industry. Before the 1920s, the labor industry had three major categories of laborers with each class handling different tasks and earning different wages. The book highlights the events that led to the formation of workers’ unions and David Montgomery’s contribution to the revolution. It underscores the major labor strikes that were led during this period; for example, the Pullman boycott, the struggle for textile workers, and the steel strike of 1920 (Montgomery 1989, 2). Review David Montgomery wrote this book from the first-person point of view. Throughout the book, the author sought to underscore the employees’ struggles coupled with the birth of workers’ unions. He achieved this objective by giving firsthand accounts of what transpired coupled with chronicling his input and stood in the fight for labor unions. Montgomery worked in various industries for many years, and thus he experienced the prevalent culture. Therefore, he was conversant with the bane of the labor movements. His activism role continued even after he left the workforce to join academics. As a communist, Montgomery emphasized the formation of labor movements and he contributed heavily to workers’ plight alleviation. This book was written to cement Montgomery’s firm idea to change the labor history from an economic to a social issue. In the book, the author opposed the Industrial Workers of the World’s War I view that unions formed by unskilled laborers were unnecessary and thus they had to be dissolved or incorporated into the industrial unions (Montgomery 1989, 311). The author greatly opposed this view by voting firmly to support the independence of such unions. In the book, he emphasized the need to look at labor history as an issue comprised of human labor, as opposed to the economics of production as viewed by other scholars. He insisted that for an economy to thrive, human lives, both at the workplace and home, had to be improved. He also claimed that the existence of different classes of labor led to the downfall of the “House of Labor” in 1924 (Montgomery 1989, 460). His objective was to narrow down the gap between the three classes that he strongly believed were the key causes of problems in the labor sector. Montgomery presented a clear picture of the differences that existed amongst the social classes. He used his writing to show how workers were disregarded and diminished in their efforts to form trade unions. In his work, the author expressed discomfort with how employees’ rights were being infringed by their employers. He cited his efforts to educate workers on their rights, which played a significant role in encouraging them to join unions to enjoy the fruits of collective bargaining. He examined the different job groups by citing the shortfalls in the administrations. His analysis revealed a lack of uniformit
Introduction During the first year of life upon the condition of the normal process of growth, the primary reflexes are developed into the postural reflex system. Nevertheless, in the case of some deviations, there may be problems with the motor or cognitive abilities in the future. The most common symptoms of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) are poor hand-eye coordination, problems with the motor apparatus, bad control of the balance, and bilateral integration. For newborns, the ATNR makes itself evident at the fact that they turn their head to one side. Main Body These problems become especially evident during the process of study when the differences between a child with certain deviations and his healthy peers are obvious. The process of studying is more complicated for those children because they have definite problems in reading and cognitive perception. It goes without saying that these children demand special attention. The children with the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex disorder are more likely to have difficulties with writing. This difficulty is caused by their poor control of limbs. Sometimes it is difficult for them to write on the definite side of the page. In the majority of cases, there is a divergence between their writing skills and oral speech. For instance, a child has good communication skills, but it is difficult for him to express his thoughts in a written form. The most striking instance of such a disorder may be observed when a child, in order to focus his attention on a definite object, turns all his body in this direction. This example illustrates the bilateral integration disorder. Due to the bad visual tracking, such a child is likely to have difficulties in the reading activity. In the process of reading such child as usual follows the lines with his finger. In case of his sudden interruption, he is likely to lose the necessary paragraph in the book. These children have problems with balance control. Every studying activity demands a lot of time and effort from these children. Sometimes they are characterized by the lack of concentration caused by the problems of the eyes movements. It is obvious that these children demand a special attitude. It is understood that in the complicated cases of the disorder, the special education program should be implemented and the child should be taught in the specialized educational establishment under the care of the professionals. If the form of this disorder is not complicated and a child attends a comprehensive school, it is strictly forbidden to emphasize the attention on his illness. The teacher should take into consideration all the aspects of the disease, and in any case, not to admonish such a pupil because of the bad results in studying. In both cases, the consultation of the specialist is required. It is of great importance to create a friendly environment for this child and not to focus the attention on his disorder. Conclusion Moreover, last time there exist a great number of medical centers, which propose different methods of treatment of this disorder. The major part of these methods is based on physical exercises. The correct choice of the proper m
Down history lane, the U.S has had so many outstanding presidents. Among them are George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Harry S Truman, George Bush and the current president Barack Obama. In their arrival to power, different administrations find that the socio political and economic issues of the nation differ. Examples of issues include the need for freedom of independence, world wars, world economic depression, cold wars among others.Thus the president will be considered strong or weak basing on how his admistration handled both the domestic policies in the state and foreign policies in the international arena. The president that leaves a legacy by offering a great credit in terms of preserving or protecting the U.S national interests be it domestic or the international arena through adopting relevant mechanisms or policies that suit the needs of the nation, is credited as the strong leader and vice versa. Consequently, this paper is largely going to look at one of the U.S’ strongest presidents and one who has been considered weakest basing on various assessment criteria that would be given in this paper. This paper will first kick off by looking at the strongest president and the assessment of why he is considered strong then later look at the weakest president and the basis of this consideration. As one of the world’s greatest orators, Abraham Lincoln once said, ‘’With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations” (Hanser 32). Therefore I will look at Abraham Lincoln as the strongest U.S president and the assessement of him being considered strongest president in the U.S.The assessment will look at how his administration managed the domestic and international affairs. A quick history reminds us that Abraham Lincoln was a self made leader who struggled to seek for knowledge until he became the country lawyer. Thus it is quick to note that during the Abraham Lincoln administration the United States was experiencing the problem of internal crisis of cession which was particularly manifested in the American civil war, his effort of uniting the union of the member states and the efforts of ending the slavery in the United States. The Abraham administration focused politically as well as militarily dwelt in re examining the strategies of how to u