ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Dr. Faustus was a play written by Christopher Marlowe and it was first published in the year 1604, the play gives an amazing description of how human beings sell their soul for the sake of getting power and knowledge. Christopher Marlowe has made use of the Chorus as seen in any other play of the Elizabethan Plays; the chorus introduces the characters and also helps in concluding the play. The chorus does not interact with any other characters present in the play. This paper will throw light upon how the deadly sin of pride of Dr. Faustus can be compared to the sin of pride of Hamlet written by the legendary Shakespeare. Main body Dr. Faustus came of age in the play and became a Doctor of Divinity; he was a genius who could do extraordinary things by making use of his brains. But all this was about to change, he turned his attention towards black magic to attain Magic and powers so that he could become a powerful human being. “Waxen wings did mount above his reach” (l. 21). Faustus turned to magic to become a demi-God and this is where the sin of pride comes into the picture, he thought that he would use his knowledge to conquer the whole world; this was where he made a blunder and overestimated his power. The sin of pride provokes Faustus to even ignore the good angel who advises him to put the black magic book aside. Heedless of all warnings Faustus continues his pursuit of power, ignoring the fact that the sin of pride had completely taken over his senses. Faustus asks for books for the evil spirits, he wanted to conjure up as many things as possible, this only goes to show his sin of pride ignoring all the warnings of the good spirits he chose the wrong path because of his sin of pride. Faustus fails to realize that his sin of pride gave rise to other abnormal tendencies in him. In Christianity, it is firmly believed that a downfall of a man starts with the sin of pride, and Faustus’s case was no different. He became more prone to other evil things like Flesh, spirits, etc because of the sin of pride which he committed. Had he not committed that then he would not have got into all those other sins too. Comparison with Hamlet Shakespeare is a household name; he was a creative genius and produced more masterpieces than one. His popularity knows no bounds, even to date people hold the highest regard for his work. His work constitutes a part of the syllabus in major Universities and colleges. Hamlet is one of his masterpieces, Hamlet is a tragedy and in a tragedy, the tragic hero s
Development of the Android operating system is one of the recent successful projects. Android is an operating system developed in 2003 for mobile devices and tablet computers (McWhwerter and Gowell, 2012). The project was launched in 2007 to counter market domination by Apple, create a better and more efficient operating system, and improve standards of software development. Android is open source software that allows developers and manufacturers to customize it to their liking. Therefore, device manufacturers and software developers can modify and sell it or customize it to specifications of customers. The project was very successful because of four main reasons. First, the operating system was compatible with many software applications. In 2012, the Android version available was compatible with approximately 700,000 applications (McWhwerter and Gowell, 2012). Second, it was the first time affordable phones that operated on open source software were available in the market. Third, Android is open source software. Anyone can modify it to personal preferences or specifications. As a result, many software developers abdicated other operating systems that were only used in accordance with specifications of developers. The number of users is a sign of its success. For example, android has dominated the Smartphone market because it controls over 75% of the Smartphone market. As of 2012, it was installed in 750 million mobile phone devices with an average rate of 1.5 million activations daily. Fourth, Android was lightweight software that could be used in high-tech mobile gadgets. It was lighter compared to operating systems such as Symbian (McWhwerter and Gowell, 2012). As a result, many developers have used it to develop projects that improve its application in various devices. Examples of PMBOK areas of project management include project scope management, cost management, time management, human resource management, communications management, risk management, quality management, and integration management. Project scope management involves defining required features and work requirements of a project. Android was meant to provide a platform for touch screen mobile devices and tablet computers. It was aimed at providing a more efficient platform than the one provided by other operating systems (McWhwerter and Gowell, 2012). Project quality management involves development of quality products and maintenance of a quality project process. Developers involved in the project ensured that they used the most advanced source codes to develop the operating system. Project risk management involves assessment of opportunities and threats that are encountered while undertaking a project. When Android was being developed, several risks were apparent. Other established phone operating systems such as Symbian, Bada, Mobile Linux, Windows Mobile, S60, and IOS were available in the market (
Introduction The meaning that people give to life and death affect how they conduct their lives and see death when it occurs. Death has an impact on the way people live. People who have been in a long relationship and family members can be affected by the death of their loved ones and need assistance to deal with the loss. According to Epstein (1), people often feel they have lost the person physical and spiritually. This paper discusses how the different ways in which our everyday encounters with death are mediated. Different ways in which our everyday encounters with death are mediated Mediation can be in the form of religion. Hockings (9) states that Buddhists prepare for death when living. The state of mind plays an important role at the time of death. Those who spend time thinking about death have a likelihood of approaching death with calmness. Death can occur at any time in one’s life. Buddhists meditate about own death and the death of others. They meditate on the death of those close to them while noting the feelings of death. The meditation helps them deal with the loss of their loved ones when it happens. When they are aware that they will die, they maximize on living in the present as they await death. Everyday encounters with death are mediated with counseling. Encounter with death causes people to become emotional. Emotions range from anger, revenge, remorse, guilt and regret, among others. Counseling enables people deal with the loss and resolve pending issues. The counselor gives counsel on death before it happens. The counselor assists the aggrieved deal with social issues that emerge as well as psychological issues. The counselor prepares to assist the grieved with unresolved issues that emerge after the loss. According to Epstein (1), counseling is preferred since the legal system is viewed as victimizing by those grieving. Communication is a way of mediation. Making people understand the reality is necessary. Talking to people who have come close to death may give one a different perspective on life. Those who have experienced being close to death claim to have felt calm, separated from the body, seen others who died, seen beautiful environment and returned. According to Hockings (20), near death experiences make those who experience it not to fear death and see life as important. Counseling can be effective in mediating a case of sudden death and wrongful death. Wrongful death implies the loss of a child. The victims of sudden death have difficulties predicting the implications of the loss. Their capability is tested and may seem unsettled. The grieving person is usually in a state of shock, denies the reality and then becomes angry. Thereafter, they begin bargaining and recalling what happened. The aggrieved goes into depression before finally accepting death. Epstein (1) notes that in the case of anticipated death, the aggrieved has increased ability to cope with the changes that happen. Remembering the lif
Introduction For any nation to prosper there is the need to prioritize the education sector. This calls for quality and adherence to standards to ensure that the results of the education system are beneficial to the growth and development of any nation. With this focus in mind, there should be sufficient corporation of all stakeholders in the different sectors to ensure success and quality services in the education system. In this case, the National Commission on Excellence in education established in 1981 was deliberated the task of reviewing the quality of the education system in America. The commission came up with different findings and stipulated various recommendations. In regard to this paper, a summary of the report on “a nation at risk of 1983” will be highlighted alongside the impacts of the report on the educational system to date (Stedman, 1983). Main body Specifically, the commission was mandated with outlining the educational problems in America and providing solutions for the problems, not scapegoats. First, the commission was to assess the quality of learning and teaching in all learning institutions. Secondly, to make a comparison between American schools with those of other developed nations. Other tasks of the commission included identifying programs that can lead to success, accessing the impact of social and educational changes on students’ success. Finally, the commission was also mandated with, reviewing potential problems which may hinder success and indentify the relationship between admission in colleges and high school students’ achievements (Stedman, 1983). Importantly, it was noted that the nation was at great risk since competitors throughout the world had overtaken their preeminence in commerce, science, technology, and industry. From the report, it is evident that the American educational foundations were gradually being eroded by strong tides of mediocrity. Worse still, the achievement identify the educational systems were being suppressed with the new generations thus pu
Transfer of knowledge also known as transfer of learning is a notion that refers to the ease of performance of new tasks owing to previous exposure to a similar situation or a situation that shares similar characteristics to the current one. In this regard it is generally expected that mastery of one cognitive skill will influence another related one. By the end of the 19 th century various views on transfer had emerged. Key among these views was the Doctrine of Formal Discipline (Ormrod, 2004). This doctrine explained improvement in mental power using the correlation that exists between physical activity and muscle power. It was held that cognitive function could be improved by mental exercise. Study of subjects regarded as difficult was therefore, expected to improve learning of simpler subjects. Other influential views on this area are the associations approach and the meaning theory. The associations approach asserted that problem solving is achieved through a quick mental trial and error. In this context thinking is a process in which all possible solutions to a problem are mentally tried until one that is appropriate is identified. The identical elements theory gives further insight to this approach (Schunk, 2012). The theory advances that transfer can only occur when the new task and learned task share identical elements. The identical elements are thought to be stimulus-response pairs. Transfer of a skill increases with increase in the number of identical elements. It can therefore, be said that transfer is functionally related to similarity and difference between stimuli and responses in an original and a transfer task. Gestalt approach and meaning theory presume that thinking is a process of relating a problem situation to another resulting in understanding (Ormrod, 2004). In such a scenario a transfer is achieved by reorganizing ideas to gain an insight into the problem to be solved. Two forms of transfer emerge from these approaches; the near transfer and the far transfer. Near transfer denotes a transfer process in which there is overlap between situations. That is, the original and the transfer situations are analogous. For example, learning how to drive a saloon car and transferring that to acquiring skills necessary to drive a truck. In far transfer there is little overlap between situations. For example, learning problem solving in school and later using knowledge gained to solve problems outside the classroom setting. Mechanisms of transfer Two mechanisms of transfer exist. They are the procedural overlap and scheme-based transfer. Procedural overlap transfer is of the view that production sequences gained during training are applicable in performing a new task. A greater overlap in
Modern vision of art differs drastically from the concepts and views, held in the previous centuries. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, art “is a process or product of deliberately and creatively arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions” (Danto, 2003, p.32). Therefore, a piece of art is characterized by creativity, or elements or features the artist produces on their own, and by the property of inciting emotions and appealing to senses. In my view, there is also one relatively subjective criterion, aesthetic value of the work, which also defines art. In the present paper, I will argue that the installation by Gonzalez-Foerster belongs to art, as well as the work “Embankment” by Rachel Whiteread, as they both imply new and unexpected creative concepts and go beyond pure aestheticism by putting the guest into extraordinary, unusual atmosphere and making them derive pleasure from the thoughts and emotions they are experiencing in this psychological environment. Gonzalez-Foerster’s apocalyptic installation, TH.2058, is composed of a set of items, cobbled together and disposed in a peculiar order in the huge Tate’s Modern Turbine Hall. It is noted that there is no element in the installation, which the author produced by herself. On the other hand, I believe that in order to create a piece of art, the author should not necessarily make all components on their own: for instance, when a talented florist creates a composition out of flowers, embellishments, vases and ribbons, the result of the work can be referred to as art. Similarly, the installation by Rachel Whiteread, also exhibited in the Tate Museum, is composed of 14, 000 white cardboard boxes, of which the author made a gigantic labyrinth, which seems from a distance like a mountain of ice cubes. In addition, the author managed to create a kinesthetic effect, so it looks like the installation is moving “from inside”. It is clear that the author produced neither paper for these boxes nor the boxes themselves, she created a miracle, which appeals to a multiple emotions and mesmerizes its viewers. Gonzalez-Foerster designed the interior in a specific way for the purpose of creating atmosphere and impression, and ingeniously put all items in order so that the necessary effect on the viewer is achieved. This atmosphere is not material, one cannot touch or see it, but it exists and is represented through the strong emotions and sensations visitors have. I also have to note that the creation of artwork necessarily involve artistic imagination, or conceptual novelty, communicated through the work. Whiteread’s “Embankment” underlies the ideas of intimacy and purity, as her “paper labyrinth” is associated with using the paper as a means of expressing emotions (writing books or diaries), so the boxes have a relaxing effect on guests and make them recall those pleasant personal experiences which they sought to share with paper. Similarly, Gonzalez-Foerster’s intent is to show the idea of public safety as she envisions it for the future. The place actually looks like a shelter, which can
Introduction American Apparel is a large clothing retail company based in the United States. As opposed to most either clothing companies in the U.S, American apparel had chosen to take on a vertically integrated production system. In a vertically integrated system, one company controls the entire supply chain and hence has the ability to dictate terms of production and distribution to its own advantage. Vertical integration however presents a higher scale of complexity in operations management for the parent company. There are a number of costs to keep in mind and to strike a balance against in such a system. Grant (2010) outlines the scopes of vertical integration under three general groups; vertical scope, product scope and geographical scope. In American apparel, the three different levels of scopes had been adopted prior to their major growth success. On a product scope, they had expanded their lines of merchandize beyond cotton t-shirts and knitted clothes. At the initial start of the firm, Charney had managed to expand the firm’s geographical scope to a collective 34 stores operating in different parts of the United States. By 2009, this had drastically increased to 260 stores in 19 countries. The company’s vertical scope of integration was almost complete. They managed all other levels of the chain apart form the production of yarn which they had to purchase from cotton farmers before processing it into the greige fabric. Advantages of the system to American Apparel The advantages of vertical integration are seen when the costs associated with alternative methods of production are avoided. In American Apparel’s case, the administration costs may have been expected to sear higher than those incurred from market contracts with foreign suppliers. This is especially due to their working principles of providing their target market with quality products. To achieve this, they hired quality control supervisors to assure that the quality standards set were consistent for each batch of t-shirts produced. Nevertheless, the greatest edge that American Apparel had over its competitors was its ability to quickly respond to the market. Due to this factor, they managed to offset the heavy administration costs that came with their supply chain system by adding a price premium for the higher quality of their brands. Another angle for appealing to its different market bases in different locations was using prevalent cultural trends. The use of national differentiation as described by Grant (2010) allowed American A
With the shift to employees-centered policies within the majority of organizations, the issues of ethical behavior and both individual and organizational responsibility require special consideration. At present, a number of firms have vacancies for communication specialists who could train employees to behave ethically in both formal and informal settings. Ethical training has impact on employees’ judgments as to wrongness or rightness of their actions in working environment but the final decisions depend upon their personal views and priorities. Facing moral dilemmas, employees often hesitate before making a choice between their egoistic inclinations and altruistic values, following ethical norms or their own life views. The problem of these inner conflicts is rooted in mismatches between the ethical standards within a particular organization and individual’s system of values. “Value congruence (the similarity between individual and organizational values) between employees and their organizations has a significant effect on organizational commitment” (Shockley-Zalabak, 2009, p. 105). Obtaining a profound knowledge of ethical norms, an individual still can hesitate, deciding on a particular principle for finding the appropriate way out. Considering the issues of basic moral rights for solving particular problems, an employee notices that they can overlap and cont
In the movie “The Color Purple” there is a strong and realistic message pertaining to racism and discrimination. The scene where Albert pursues Nettie on horseback and tries to rape her illustrates the undeserving power of some people over others and how they use it to discriminate and manipulate others. Albert tries to make a friendly impression in order to lure Nettie in. The fact that he only acts nice while having completely opposite and disrespectful thoughts, shows how people can put on a mask of kindness, seeking something evil for their personal pleasure. It is possible to see how Nettie senses that something is wrong and right away becomes cautious. To the very last moment, she tries to deny Albert’s true intentions and helplessly tells him that she has to go to school hoping that he will let her go. Albert acts playful up until the last moment and pulls her into the bushes. But Nettie is determined to avoid this hurtful situation, hits him in the groin, and runs away. She is stressed and shocked by what almost happened. This can be seen when she is running away, swinging her purse for protection and losing books in the process, but not even caring for that. She knows that her sister is the only one who can offer her comfort and protection, so she runs to the house. While being comforted in the arms of her sister Celie unexpecting of what is about to take place, Albert arrives back. He tears them apart, picks Nettie up, and starts to carry her away from the house, shouting that he is kicking her out and that she should get off his property. Celie is heartbroken; she tries to hold on to her sister, grabs Albert to prevent him from kicking her sister out, but unable to stop him. She is then dragged down the stairs, which is very dramatic and life-like, showing how a person fights in desperation for their close ones. This makes her painful emotions and her weakness obvious, together with the love that she has for her sister and the refusal to be left without her. When Albert finally pushes Nettie behind the gate and lifts up his arm to hit her because she is trying to get back to her sister, she realizes that he will not let her stay. She is crying and asking “why?” not being able to understand what she did wrong and the reason she is being kicked out and separated from her sister. Both sisters are crying and they feel that this might be the last time they see each other. Celie tells her sister to write and Nettie says that nothing but death will keep her from it. This shows how much she loves Celie and intends to keep any contact with her. When she is leaving the farm, a piece of the sky in the background with the sun peeking through the clouds is seen, shedding a sunray of hope, representing a higher force that is looking over this dramatic moment. Both events from the movie draw attention to the good and evil sides of humans, which can be seen every day in real life. The scene where Nettie encounters Albert with the worst intentions and escapes unharmed, and the scene where she is parted with her sister