ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has emerged as one of the most powerful diagnostic tools in the radiology clinic. The chief strengths of MRI are its ability to provide cross sectional images of anatomical regions in any arbitrary plane and its excellent soft tissue contrast (Sunders 4). MRI has the ability to provide functional as well as anatomical information. The nuclear energy states of certain atoms interact with incidence radio frequency photons in the presence of a statistic magnetic field. The radio frequency emission by tissue that follows the absorption of photons can be exploited to generate images (Sunders 4). MRI has become a vital diagnostic tool during the screening of the pathophysiology of brain related illnesses. This paper discusses the application of MRI in brain imaging. Advantages of MRI in Brain Imaging MRI has much strength as a brain imaging technique. Unlike Computerized Tomography scan (CT), MRI requires no ionization, and it has no known physical hazards in human beings (Andreasean 56). The pictures of the brain produced by MRI are reminiscent of the postmortem brain slices seen in neuroanatomy laboratories and neuroanatomy atlases. This technique provides excellent resolution between gray matter and white matter, permitting visualization of tiny structures, such as cranial nerves, nuclei of the basal ganglia, or limbic structures such as the hippocampus (Andreasean 56). Magnetic resonance imaging can be obtained in three planes: sagittal, coronal, and transverse. As a consequence, MRI provides a much greater potential for three dimensional reconstruction of the brain. Not only does magnetic resonance permit visualization in new planes, such as in coronal sections, but it is also free of bony artifacts (Andreasean 56). Bone, in fact, cannot be visualized well with MRI. However, with MRI it is possible to look into the posterior fossa, a region that is obscured by bone artifacts on other diagnostic regimes such CT scan (Andreasean 56). Further, with this technique, fine shades of tissue abnormality can be identified very well. Basic Principles Magnetic resonance employs principles which govern electricity and magnetism. This technique exploits the inherent magnetic field produced by the nuclei of some atoms (Andreasean 56). By far, the most common of these is hydrogen, which is composed of a single proton. Because hydrogen is widely distributed in the body, it forms the basis of MRI. In addition, hydrogen produces a strong signal. MRI induces a magnetic field to the nuclei in one plane, thereby creating a non random magnetization that is strong enough to measure. Protons have their own specific spin and wobble, which can be excited by a radio signal broadcast at their specific frequency known as Larmor frequency, by a radio field transmitter. The gradual decay in this resonance is then measured by a radio frequency receiver. The radio frequency signal can then be converted by computer to shades of gray, white, and black corresponding to the strength of the signal, and used to make ima
How do pay-day lenders integrate their communications? Pay-day lenders use a website to promote their offers. This is the most widespread communication way as the target audience primarily includes young people and even underage ones. Also, some companies offering pay-day loans use TV channels to communicate their advantages. This promotion attempts to embrace adults and the elder population that watch TV. However, TV ads also call people to visit a pay-day lender’s website, get acquainted with the detailed information, and apply online. As a rule, a website provides some information about a lender, safety issues, and loan periods. There is also an opportunity to call and discuss any details with a representative of a pay-day loan company. Thus, pay-day lenders use the integrative method of communication that includes TV, the Internet, and phone calls. Why do people ignore much of the information on the pay-day lenders’ websites? Many people usually ignore some information presented on the pay-day lenders’ websites as they are in stressful situations. Usually, people are in dire need of cash when they apply for such loans. Therefore, they lose the ability to consider such things as the due date or high interest. Besides, many people who take pay-day loans tend to be financially uneducated, thus falling into a trap. For example, they ignore small print or think that even after reading they will not be able to understand financial terms. As a result, they have considerable debts and cannot understand how this situation might happen to them. How might pay-day lenders avoid the risk of government intervention? Government intervention into pay-day loan companies’ operation is usually caused by the misunderstanding between customers and lenders. On the one side, it can result from either ignorance or lack of information provided by a lender regarding the financial terms. This was described in the previous question. On the other side, some of the lenders do not follow the regulations established by the government. For example, sometimes they prefer not to identify the annual percentage rate of interest, stating that it depends on a certain loan. Another possible violation of loan regulations is the fact that some lenders do not point out that their pay-day loans are short-time and used in extreme situations. The government may interfere in the work of such companies and even ban them. Thus, it is important to eliminate the described issues to avoid government intervention. How might the use of TV advertising affect people’s perception of the product? It is not a secret that TV advertising has a huge impact on people, and those promoting pay-day loans cannot be an exception. These advertisements apply different strategies such as funny, serious, cozy, and so on. Focusing on people’s emotions, TV advertising creates positive attitudes towards a product. Therefore, many de
Introduction Background The business world today is going through a painful metamorphosis of financial meltdowns and economic upheavals. Big multinational companies such as the Lehman Brothers, Morgan Stanley, Bear Stearns, Washington Mutual, and Merrill Lynch have been left gasping for survival by the current wave of financial crisis, with some already falling into the doldrums of extinction (Pitzke, 2008). This unpleasant wave, coupled with competition for customers in an ever-shrinking market, calls for businesses to come up with new and innovative ways of maintaining old customers while at the same time developing strategies aimed at bringing new customers to the staple (Renee, 2007). Customer loyalty translates to profitability for the company. According to Rese (2003), a general relationship exists between customer retention and customer satisfaction, and subsequently to the level of profitability of a business enterprise. Firms will most likely record impressive profits if customer satisfaction is integrated in everyday day running of their activities as a key business strategy. Business managers need to realize that their customers are their most valued assets. According to Thomson (2002), no business entity has ever been known to exist without customers. Businesses in all sectors – retail, manufacturing, financial, service, and technological – have to deal with customers at one point in time. Ensuring their satisfaction therefore becomes a core strategy used to propel firms and enterprises into profitability and growth in today’s competitive market. Renee (2007) argues that customer satisfaction entails a holistic understanding of how a customer feels after buying a product or service from a dealer and, in particular, whether or not such a product or service satisfies the client or customer according to his or her own expectations. If used effectively, it has the ability to offer sustainable competitive advantage to businesses. The Study Context Located in the Middle East, Saudi Arabia occupies just about 80 percent of the Arabian Peninsula. The 2006 provisional population estimates positioned the country at 27, 019,731, with yearly growth rate of 2.18 percent (“Library of Congress,” 2006). According to provisional estimates by the CIA, the population would have surpassed 28, 686, 633 in July, 2009 (CIA, 2009). The population is distributed mainly along with major cities around the country, providing the much-needed clientele to local and international companies operating in the areas. The telecommunication industry for instance has recorded monumental growth due to the concentration of people in cities. Riyadh, the capital city, has 3.6 million residents; Jeddah, 2.9 million; and Mecca is third with 1.6 million residents. The city of Dharam has 1.6 million residents, while Medina has around 854, 000. The country has a healthy economy that experienced enormous growth from 2003 through to 2005. However, the economy still remains largely reliant on the production and exportation of oil. Saudi Arabia has made profound advancements in
Judge J. Clifford Wallace, in the Judges on Judging: Views from the Bench speaks about the concept of judicial restraint – precisely, its theory and practice as well as its philosophy. He argues that judicial restraint is concerned with uniformity, predictability, and judicial economy, as well as with liberal and democratic values. Wallace states that returning to the moorings of judicial restraint would be of benefit to the Republic. The author starts by stating that the Constitution provides for various measures to protect citizens. For example, dividing the powers among the federal government and the states reduces the risk of the government violating rights since there is more than one power center. Wallace notes that the framers have developed a division of power between a few branches with the same goal in mind. The separation of powers itself diminishes the danger of oppression, as does the separation of powers between the federal and state governments. In addition, however, the framers had in mind that the judiciary would have a particular role in the protection of the rights. One reason for this might have been mistrust of other branches of government. Judicial harassment of its powers did not arouse such fear among the framers, possibly because, in their experience, the colonial and state courts were relatively lenient. This may explain why the Constitution does not explicitly refer to the judiciary or restrict its authorities. Wallace points out that the framers intended for the main forms of the federal government as well as the state governments to be essentially democratic. That is, decision-making responsibility was on citizens, whether they were about to make them directly or indirectly. Wallace himself believed that democracy is something inherently valuable. The opposite theory, however, is that democracy is merely an instrumental value. According to the instrumental theory, democracy is only valuable to the extent of it provides essentially better solutions than any other decision-making policy available. The author’s argument for democracy being legitimately valuable is that democracy is the expansion of liberty into the sphere of decision-making in society. In its turn, the assumption of liberty being intrinsically valuable is entirely consistent with American philosophy. Consequently, one cannot simultaneously believe that democracy is an instrument and that liberty has an intrinsic value. Evidently, democracy and liberty can conflict with one another. There are laws that happen to restrict individual liberty unwisely – but the problem is defined unwisely. Wallace states that in such cases, judges simply cannot act as if they know better than the legislature does when it comes to the issues of policy, as they cannot be justifiably certain of being in the right even
Introduction Several preparatory steps should be taken to successfully run a new implementation system in a hospital or a clinic. These involve such stages as healthcare providers’ training and the installment of new hardware. The preparatory process ought to follow a script, which is called the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). It involves stages of planning, analysis, design, maintenance, and implementation. A team of professionals should be working together, and various computer systems should be functioning efficiently with each other. A nurse informaticist whose key qualities are abilities to communicate, organize, plan, and support, takes leadership during the process (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2018a). His or her role is, therefore, crucial for the successful implementation of a new system. Planning and Requirements Definition The planning phase of the process is critical as it defines the direction in which the process will develop. At the planning stage of SDLC, a team of nurses has to understand which problems the system should address. These involve the client’s needs as well as functional and technical requirements. In order to adopt a new technological system within a hospital or a clinic, the nurse informaticist has to propose a management plan. This plan should involve not only the participation of the staff but also the engagement of the end-users (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2018a). The nurse leader is responsible for providing the team with a plan that ought to be implemented. Analysis The next step of the project involves a thorough analysis of the system and further evaluation of the workflows, algorithms, and possible alternatives. The nurse must be able to identify the areas of the planned process that might be at risk and subsequently organize a working plan in preventing potential problems (Tyler, 2018). The nurse informaticist can analyze the plan by comparing it with the workflows that have previously been implemented in similar scenarios. Design of the New System In the design phase of the SDLC, the particularities and details of what needs to be done and how are established. The team examines the programs necessary for the project, how they will work together, and the specifications of each one of these programs (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2018a). The nurse informaticist controls the design stage by assessing how the system will work and identifying the possible errors in the system. Implementation This stage of the process involves the actual coding of the programs as well as their testing and subsequent implementation. As in any other phase of the process, the goal of the nurse informaticist is to optimize thorough communication between all the staff members involved in the process (Bird, 2017). Under the leadership of the nurse informaticist, the team works together to install the system and incorporate it into the hospital or clinic environment. The specific computer language is chosen depending on the
Introduction The modern world has seen many fundamental changes in the field of education. However, the most critical change that has occurred concerns the learners themselves. Due to the higher life expectancy and our rapidly changing world, a growing number of adults find themselves in need of new skills in order to keep up with the demands of the job market. Thus, it has become crucial for educators to develop adult learning techniques. Adult Learning Theories   * Andragogy.   * Self-directed learning.   * Transformative learning.   * Experiential learning. The most important adult learning theories include andragogy, self-directed learning, experiential learning, and transformative learning. The concept of andragogy, developed by M. Knowles in 1980, pertains to the method of engaging adults in the process of learning by emphasizing the applicability of learned material, as well as triggering the learners’ internal motivation (Staff, 2011, p. 1). In self-directed learning, the student assumes both the roles of the learner and the teacher, selecting the necessary resources, organizing the study schedule, and devising the methods of evaluation. As for transformative learning, scientific literature offers many views on the matter (Staff, 2011, p. 2). However, a common understanding of transformative learning focuses on the sharing of a variety of viewpoints by the learners via group discussion. In essence, this approach entails a change in the students’ outlooks, frames of reference, and general perceptions of a particular subject. Experiential learning focuses on the educational process conducted via many different forms, including experimentation, games, entertainment, and adventure, touching upon every aspect of the student’s personality (Beard & Wilson, 2013, p. 5). Lessons Learned The idea of transformative learning has deeply altered my perception of adult education. It captured my attention by stressing the importance of comparing various perspectives and of encouraging students to participate and challenge each other through discussion. E xperiential learning has had a profound influence on me as well. As its underlying principle is experience in all forms, it enhances the learning process by developing every aspect of the human experience. These two theories have had a major impact on my personal understanding of adult education. Prior to taking this course, these concepts seemed applicable only to pedagogy. However, after this course, I find the idea of combining transformative and experiential adult learning extremely promising. Before completing the course, my understanding of adult learning theories was rather vague. Due to my lack of knowledge, the concept of adult learning seemed obvious. However, upon completion of the course, my perception has changed radically. Studying several theories and approaches to adult learning has helped me grasp the importance of the issue. While examining the extent to which my understanding of adult learning has changed, it is important to highlight the theories that proved most influential for me. Definitio
Salvage Bid is a company that puts damaged vehicles up for auction. This organization operates in an online environment. Therefore, this firm has an opportunity to interact with a great number of clients. In this case, the buyers are price-sensitive people, who want to purchase a car. These individuals may not have enough money to buy a brand-new car. Moreover, some of these individuals believe that a damaged vehicle can be repaired at a relatively lower cost. However, one can also speak about clients willing to buy spare parts. This is one of the issues that should be considered because it is necessarily to understand the intentions of clients. In turn, the sellers are people do not know how to find potential buyers for the goods that they own. Additionally, it is possible to speak about people who may urgently need money for various purposes. These are some of the aspects that should be identified because they are important for understanding the functioning of this business. In turn, the company can be described as an intermediary that helps buyers gain access to relevant information about potential sellers or available products (Salvage Bid). This approach has been adopted by many organizations that try to benefit from the growing supply of used or damaged vehicles in the country (Pride and Ferell 238). On the whole, one can argue that this auction sites can be viewed as a micro-economic market. The functioning of this auction incorporates several elements. First of all, the buyers should be the registered members of this website in order to take part in the bidding. Moreover, the bidding itself lasts for a limited amount of time. The main benefit of this method is that it enables a seller to get the maximum price for his/her vehicle. More importantly, online accessibility of this auction increases the number of potential bidders who may compete with one another (Baye 103). Later, a buyer can take the car from one of the locations. It is important to remember that the customers able to assess the degree of damage (Salvage Bid). So, as a rule, they can make an informed decision about the value of a vehicle. This opportunity is also of great benefit to clients who want to choose the best product. It should be mentioned that the owners of this website do not disclose the information about the financial performance. They do not specify their net revenues or sales. Nevertheless, there are some data that can be very informative. For instance, every week its collection of vehicles is increased by 70000 new vehicles (Salvage Bid). Therefore, customers can find choose from a wide range of products. Additionally, this organization has approximately 700 locations (Salvage Bid). Furthermore, the prices for vehicles can range from $50 to $3000 (Salvage Bid). The eventual price depends on the type of damage sust
In the modern globalized world, immigration, especially for employment, is a common socio-economic phenomenon. Millions of immigrants, both documented and undocumented, come to the USA in search of jobs and expose themselves to occupational risks as an unprotected population. In particular, Latino migrant workers are a vulnerable population that sacrifices their health to obtain jobs abroad where they work in an unsafe environment, and further health services are inaccessible. Immigrants often work in service industries under unsafe conditions and inadequate recruitment policies. Their workplace safety is insufficient, and the environment is often polluted, which exposes them to occupational health-related risks. However, regardless of the increased number of factors contributing to the likelihood of chronic illness or injury, this population does not have adequate access to health care services. The reasons for this problem include the lack of language knowledge, inadequate awareness about health services accessibility, psychological constraints, misbalanced cooperation between stakeholders inside the system, and others. Due to inadequate insurance policies, Latino migrant workers in the USA are disproportionately exposed to inadequate health care access, which is why a complex solution including safety improvement, insurance, and recruitment policy changes is required. Problem Definition In the USA, migrant workers are predominantly uninsured and are employed under terms that neglect safety, which is why their health is at a high level of risk while access to health care services is diminished. As the statistical data demonstrate, “in the United States, there were 26.3 million immigrant workers in 2015, comprising 16.7% of the total workforce” (Moyce & Schenker, 2018, p. 352). Latino workers in the USA have diminished access to healthcare due to their under-representation in the current legislation. Indeed, the anti-immigrant agenda in politics that has been popular within the past decade adversely influenced the tendency of Latino immigrants’ interaction with medical system, leading their poor health (Luque et al., 2018). Thus, although migrant workers constitute a substantial share of the workforce in the USA, they are disproportionately exposed to health risks, and current policies are ineffective in ensuring their adequate access to healthcare. History of the Problem The problem of health disparities among immigrants has a long history, with its modern manifestations revealed within the past several decades. With the intensification of migrant workers in the 2000s, immigrants in general and the Latino population, in particular, were under-addressed by employment and immigration policies, leading to their limited awareness about access to health care. Health care legislation concerning insurance omitted undocumented migrants’ health vulnerability in unsafe US workplaces. According to Luque et al. (2018), although the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) simplified health insurance for the uninsured, “undocumente