ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The principles of marketing are nowadays taught in many educational institutions. This knowledge is believed to be crucial for entrepreneurs or managers. Overall, the importance of marketing for modern organizations can be explained by looking at various definitions of this concept. To a great extent, they explain why this activity is relevant to companies. Moreover, one can argue that marketing is vital for competitive strength of a company, its relations with clients, and its profitability. In the long-term, marketing can shape the positioning of a business or its pricing policies. First, it should be noted that there is no universally accepted definition of marketing because various scholars may emphasize different elements of this term. For instance, in their book William Leader and Nicolas Kyritsis (1994) argue that marketing is the analysis and implementation of various programs in order to transfer goods or services to the customers (22). Moreover, these authors point out that the concept of marketing includes such components product development, promotion, pricing, and distribution of good or services (Leader & Kyritsis, 1994, p. 22). Their interpretation attached more importance to the specific tasks or activities that companies should cope with. In turn, it is possible to offer a different explanation of this term. For instance, James Burrow and Jim Bosiljevac (2011) believe that marketing is “the creation and maintenance of satisfying exchange relations (p. 9). According to these authors, their definition has several important implications. First, they suggest that marketing should be related to product creation, and establishing long-term relations with clients (Burrow & Bosiljevac, 2011, p. 9). On the basis of these interpretations, I can provide my personal definition of marketing. I think that it is the process that involves the creation of products, explanation of their value or promotion, and the delivery of these products to the customers. In order to illustrate the importance or marketing, one should look at the policies and practices of different companies. First of all, marketing is closely related to the design of products and services. It can also influence the very process of manufacturing. For instance, one can mention such a model of product development as Kansei engineering which is adopted in many manufacturing companies nowadays (Nagamachi & Lokman, 2010, p. 89). It is based on the interaction of designers and marketing professionals. In this case, the main task is to interview potential buyers about such aspects of products as usability, physical appearance, or reliability (Nagamachi & Lokman, 2010, p. 89). The responses of interviewees are later codified and on their basis, engineers make necessary modifications in the product. Thus, marketing professionals help to link customers and producers. They provide valuable information that managers should use. Additionally, marketing greatly contributes to the cost-efficiency and profitability of an organization. As it has been noted before, marketing includes such an activity as
Effective human resources management is one of the premises for the success of any company. Global firms have acknowledged the value of talent development that is regarded as the central factor contributing to the sustainable evolvement of the organization (Sosik and Jung 176). Multinationals have extensive resources to create and implement numerous leadership development initiative, but many of these programs fail due to various reasons. It is necessary to consider some of the most successful incentives in order to understand the elements of efficient leadership development program. It is possible to start with a brief note concerning leadership development initiatives at GE. This company is legendary in terms of its talent development and retention (Sosik and Jung 176). One of the reasons behind this success is the fact that the organization made staff development its priority or even “a way of life” (Sosik and Jung 176). GE’s numerous incentives involve the involvement of senior leadership, the provision of feedback, mentoring and support, as well as collaboration and the alignment of organizational goals and leadership development. A brief review of the existing literature shows that these are all elements of successful talent development. Strategic orientation and goals alignment are seen as the key components of a successful leadership development program (Davis 108). Salicru et al. note that Wärtsilä, a European company, has managed to achieve its high position in the marine and energy markets due to their adoption of an effective talent development program (13). This program called LEAD is characterized by the alignment of the initiative with organizational goals (Salicru et al. 13). Trainees should acquire leadership skills that will be successful in certain contexts and within the boundaries of specific norms and objectives. Other elements of effective leadership development incentives include a careful selection of candidates, proper preparation and assessment, as well as coaching and mentoring (Salicru et al. 16). Of course, the balance of these components is the key to the successful implementation of any initiative. The involvement of senior leadership is also an essential element of talent development. Davis stresses that executives should share their experience and show their interest in their employees’ performance, success, and concerns (110). GE’s top management is involved in the process of leadership development, which translates into trainees’ compliance with the program’s major aspects (Sosik and Jung 177). Another important aspect is the provision of feedback, which is closely related to senior management engagement (Davis 110). One of the unsuccessful leadership develop
Abstract Nurse retention is a significant challenge to the US healthcare industry. Hospitals are under-equipped with nurses, missing a good portion of their vacancies due to increasing demand and low retention of employees. Approximately 35% of new nurses drop out of the profession during their first two years of service. Some of the major reasons for high-turnover rates in AMRTC include poor safety, low salaries, and static schedules. In order to improve retention in the psychiatric hospital, the proposed plan includes improving nurse safety by implementing a 3-colored code of danger for risk assessment, a buddy system for nurses, and emotional therapy after verbal assaults. Other solutions include general payment increases and loyalty programs, as well as the introduction of flexible schedules, allowing the employees to vary between 8 and 12 hours when necessary. Introduction Background The US healthcare system has been known for its chronic shortage of nurses. As it stands, the country has over 3.9 million nurses and midwives employed in the hospital system, which constitutes 13.5% of all nurses in the world (Haddad, Annamaraju, & Toney-Butler, 2020). At the same time, the country is already facing a crisis, with nearly all hospital systems experiencing a shortage of personnel between 5%-25% (Haddad et al., 2020). Reasons for nurse shortages are multiple, with the primary cause for alarm being the increasingly aging population. By 2029, the last of the Baby Boomers will reach retirement, increasing the aged population in the US from 41 million in 2011 to 71 million in 2029 – a dramatic increase of 73% (Haddad et al., 2020). At the same time, the current nurse shortage is estimated at approximately 180,000 individuals, which would only increase as older nurses retire and newer ones are not trained or kept fast enough to replace them (Haddad et al., 2020). Nurse retention plays an important part in contributing to the ongoing shortage of employees in the US healthcare system. It is stated that the majority of hospitals suffer from a high turnover rate, ranging between 8.8% to 37%, with the highest turnover rates being found in psychiatry, emergency medicine, resuscitation, and other acute care settings (Haddad et al., 2020). Approximately 35% of all newly-graduated nurses are said to leave the profession within the first two years of employment, unable to cope with various difficulties that surround them (Haddad et al., 2020). Common contributing factors to the problem include poor schedules, overworking, low compensation, lack of proper communication and leadership, as well as a lack of retention-focused programs for stress relief. Violence against nurses has also been a
ABM is a management technique employed in an organization in order to streamline an organization’s production activities towards meeting the objectives and goals of the organizations. This technique incorporates activity based costing system, which provides valuable cost information. This information enables managers make sound and informed decisions in the course of managing of the operation of all the functions of an organization. Introduction Technological advancements have compelled many companies to update their production methods. The information systems have brought a paradigm shift in the business field. These technological developments have given rise to activity based management. Indeed, companies are evaluating their manufacturing techniques in order to thrive in the business. There is a need for customization of the commodities produced by various companies in order to diversify the risks of low demand of products. According to Ansari (2007, 45), the processes and the quality of the products produced are very essential in the success of a company’s performance. The inventory system adopted by accompany ought to be cost effective. In this regard, stock turn-over should be very high in order to reduce eth stock holding costs. The policies of the work force ought to be employee-friendly and result-oriented. The determination of accurate information in an organization is important given that this information is used in the evaluation of the productivity of the systems of the firm. This evaluation is used to improve on variances and inefficiencies found. The aspect of costing is tedious yet it ought to give correct and accurate position of accompany. Most organizations are still applying the obsolete traditional cost accounting techniques. Howeve
Introduction The influence of the Greek revival on American architecture is contained in the book, The Antiques of Athens , which Stuart and Revett published. [1] It lasted for about 30 years (the 1820s to the 1850s). [2] Other historical works give a wider window of influence by saying that the Greek revival spanned from 1810 to 1850. [3] Some researchers say it was adopted best in America (compared to other parts of the world) because they applied in different types of buildings, including churches, courthouses, office buildings, residential buildings, government buildings and such like architectural works. [4] Therefore, compared to other architectural influences that affected America before the civil war, the Greek revival emerges as the most prolific. Its numbers and geographical spread across America demonstrate this fact. Indeed, CRT says, West of the Appalachians, Greek Revival buildings represent a great many communities’ earliest architectural heritage. And in a poetical sense, if there were an architectural stamp to mark a young flourishing America, still largely agrarian and Jeffersonian, where the greatest minds were still engaged in perfecting society, rather than in commerce, it would be the Greek Revival. [5] The revival permeated the American society through instructional pattern books, which provided new architects with all the information they needed to design new buildings that replicated the architectural style. Some of the notable books, which inspired a new generation of American architects, include The American Builder’s Companion, the Builder’s Assistant, and Beauties of Modern Architecture. This paper argues that among the greatest motivations for the adoption of Greek architectural styles in America was the association of Greek architecture with democracy, nationalism, and American prosperity. [6] Furthermore, the adaptability of Greek architecture made it easy for Americans to replicate it in their country. This paper argues that the Greek revival influenced American architecture because the United States (US) valued freedom and tradition that manifested through Greek architecture. In this regard, they put their inspiration into architecture. From this background, this paper demonstrates that the Americans see the Greek revival as a symbol of their identity. Furthermore, it shows that its adoption was unlimited to America because other countries also adopted the same depiction of Greek architecture (as a symbol of their identity). Origin of Greek Architecture from Europe The Greek revival influenced American architecture because the US started to learn about Europe’s success in the same discipline and replicated its values and designs in architecture. [7] A typical
The rapid development of the modern world demands companies to adjust to this dynamic. One of the strategies that can help organizations become more malleable is a flexible workforce. This term can be defined as employment relations not tied to a fixed place, schedule, and instructions (Minbaeva, 2021). Indeed, flexible workers are hired to perform different tasks of various complexity during a specific period. The most important advantage of this type of employment for firms is the vastness of new ideas that will allow their businesses to flourish (Vogel et al., 2021). Furthermore, this work is usually done better and faster, requiring less budget because there are no additional expenditures for personnel support. However, it may also challenge HR professionals who struggle to manage a fluid environment (Minbaeva, 2021). Flexible workers also benefit from having convenient schedules, but it makes their resumes vulnerable by creating questionable employment histories (Vogel et al., 2021). Still, this mode of work appears to be helpful in the digital age and especially at the times of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. A flexible workforce is known for the range of skills that these people possess and the tasks they perform. In fact, many of these individuals became a part of the platform and gig economy (Vogel et al., 2021). For instance, a person that performs delivery service for several online stores can deliver a broad range of goods to customers. Another example is programmers that can do different digital jobs, like website creation and support, remotely. Freelance writers and editors can help researchers polish their manuscripts and prepare them for publication. If I were to choose a flexible job, I would prefer to be a remote science tutor. This work would allow me to teach students from various places without leaving my house while maintaining the full course load in college.
The continually growing shortage of nurses especially in terms of future projections in comparison to current trends is indeed a growing challenge in healthcare sector. Since the second half of 1990s, significant drops were observed in admission of nursing students to nursing colleges (Benner et al., 2009). As long as the current workforce is aging, severe shortage of nurses is expected to reign given the previous trend. Therefore, there is dire need to address this issue with immediate concern by admitting bigger numbers. Besides, nurses undergo normal-setting preparations in their course of study. Care deliveries within varied settings like homes, communities and ambulatory settings are not taken into consideration. A call is therefore made to address this issue by redesigning nursing education in preparing nurses to deliver healthcare services within these challenging settings (Benner et al., 2009). Federal funding for nursing schools is unpredictable at its best, thereby implying that there is reduced room for resource expansion. Owing to changing times and ideologies, new resources are imperative in influencing knowledge-acceptance. Consequently, public and patient trust on new nurses dwindles greatly when nursing education is considered outdated. This, coupled with usual notions arising from the presence of majority female nurses, contribute to another impression that nursing is basically a female and semiskilled profession; affecting nursing negatively. There is need to increase funding for updating nursing education and resources and thus gain new skills and good public perception (Jenkins & Lea, 2005). This report greatly impacts contents of incorporation into nursing schemes. To begin with, there is acknowledgement of outdated practices in nursing profession due to scarce funding. This report, therefore, highlights the significance of updating resources and expanding room for extra funding for these new resources and thus bringing nursing skills up-to-date. Secondly, facing the drops in numbers, redesigning of curricula should consider strategic increment in numbers through scholarships and other offers. IOM Teaching IOM: Implications of the IOM reports for nursing education There is recommendation for improvement of nursing education through delivered reports made by IOM. These reports are prepared after thorough researches in the nursing profession, schools and centers. To begin with, there is importance in placing foundational proficiency in the forefront due to ongoing anxieties for patient safety (Finkelman, Kenner & ANA, 2009). The reports produced recognize errors and risky practices in healthcare industry and thus give recommendations for improvement practices. Continuous quality improvement can be integrated into teaching practices through devising new teaching policies and course material for our nursing courses and institutions. Evidence-based performances can be realized by integrating r
The cultural, economic, and political contributions of Muslims assisted the U.S. to gain power and sustainability. Nonetheless, the prolonged relations between the U.S. and Muslims do not assist in peaceful and moderate communication and understanding of Muslim culture and traditions among Americans and the Western nations in general. Therefore, the abuse and misunderstanding of Muslims’ communities and their representatives are based on mutual ignorance of both parties, where Muslims do not display and align their values and traditions with the U.S. society, while the other communities are reluctant to explore and learn more about Muslims and their customs. The conducted lecture by professor Grewal explains why Muslims are an integral part of modern U.S. society. Besides, she indicates that social and religious differences are exaggerated and usually based on stereotypes, fear, and misunderstanding. Grewal offers to analyze the Qur’an from multiple perspectives to understand that the Muslims’ Holy book has little difference from the Bible or any other religious text. Grewal also presented the images from Shadow Birk’s artwork American Qur’an . The idea is that Birk is not a Muslim but desires to attract Americans to the current social and religious problem – the Muslims’ haterade and abuse. What is more, Grewal tells that the images represent a combination of Holy texts from the Qur’an and the American realm to show how close these entities are. Grewal also highlights that Birk translates Qur’an to educate U.S. society and explain why the understanding of the Qur’an is needed to find common ground. From a personal perspective, the presented artworks have a substantial contribution to social development; however, they need more context to engage and attract ordinary citizens. Furthermore, the professor states that the issue is that U.S. society is focused on struggles and incidents, which appeared in the past. She provides several examples, how one event characterizes the entire Muslim community. Further, she asks whether one episode can describe the whole U.S. nation. 1 In this comparison, it is evident that led by stereotypes, the U.S. society lost focus on essential issues and problems, such as hatred and abuses toward innocent people. The National Geographic’s interview with Muslim community leaders and residents supports Grewal’s idea that the misunderstanding between Muslims and Americans is based on perceptions an
Introduction The collections of essays in this book are intended to identify the characteristics that have played crucial roles in global governance. These essays appreciate the dynamics of a changing world, how people interact with each other, and the results of such interactions. In the book, trust has been cited as one of the biggest problems in governance. The authors emphasize the structures and relations particularly the ground rules of sovereignty. According to the authors of this book, for global governance to be effective the consistency of change must be appreciated. In the current political environment, the looming question according to the book is about “who actually does the governing in contemporary politics”. But coming up with a conclusive answer to that question requires a clear understanding of global governance. Global governance is defined as authorities who exercise power across borders affecting intergovernmental foreign policies. Evidences in the article Such authorities are put in place by certain factors and the same factors influence the changes in the authorities as well. Non-governmental organizations and international organizations are some of the tools used to influence global governance. The authors point out that the extent of global governance by these organizations cannot be seen in their formation rather by their relationsh
Introduction Indexes that monitor the projects allow easy tracking and evaluation of the project progress by the project manager and the customer as well. Two performance indexes are involved in the measurement of the progress of a project. The first index, the cost performance index (CPI), evaluates the efficiency of the cost of the work completed to date with the value of one indicating that the project is in line with cost projections. The other index is the scheduling performance index (SPI) which evaluates whether the project is on schedule as planned or not. The percent complete index PCIC The determination of project completion progress involves the use of two project performance complete indexes. The percent complete index PCIB evaluates project completion about the original budget without the inclusion of the actual costs incurred in its implementation. The percent complete index PCIC, on the other hand, includes the actual costs incurred to date and the expected costs until the project is complete. Project management also involves the evaluation of the technical performance of a system, facility, or product. To achieve this, review of documents found in the scope statement or the work package documentation is necessary. Project performance measurement also involves frequent quality efficiency tests on the products or a system. The te