ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
When hearing a word “rabbi” an average person might imagine an exceptional personality, which in some mysterious way can solve our personal problems, read our thoughts and foresee the future. However, if to take a closer look at the history of Judaism it can be seen that rabbi is not some unfathomable cleric, but a preceptor for all those who seek wisdom, a teacher of virtuous life. In Hebrew language rabbi means “my master”, “my teacher”. Originally, this term referred to honorary teachers of traditional laws of Tora and Talmud. Jewish sages started to develop Rabbinic Judaism after the destruction of the Second Jerusalem Temple by Romans in 70 AD. Rabbis were to preserve and transmit religious knowledge regardless of presence or absence of any particular place of worship, thus making the religion more personal and independent (Avery-Peck and Neusner 126). The institute of rabbis in its modern form traces its history from the in the Middle Ages. Its formation is associated with the decline of Babylonian Jewish communities, which were the primary subjects of Jewish diaspora responsible for rabbis’ appointment to local communities around the world (Stefon 162-169). With the growth of Jewish communities in different countries, the role of local rabbis had become more significant. Rabbis could occupy different positions starting from the regular master of Jewish laws and morality to heads of judiciaries and presidents of local communities. Unlike rabbis of the last two posts, ordinary rabbi-teachers were not paid and had to combine some other work with voluntary educational activities (Singer par 4). From the beginning of the 14th century, rabbis started to receive salary and became more like civil servants. Their time was now dedicated solely to the religious and educational matters. Moreover, in European Jewish communities rabbis were required to obtain diplomas confirming their qualifications. The concept of the rabbi as a principal scientist, mentor and local spiritual leader receiving a reward for his services was also developed during 15-16th centuries in European communities and gradually accepted by the religious structure of Israel. The status of the rabbi as a supreme educational and spiritual figure in Israel was later reflected in the institute of Chief Rabbinate (Homolka and Schöttler 314). At the beginning of the 19th century, “the necessity and value of a well-rounded, general education has been recognized” (Stefon 163), and the role of the rabbi was substantially revised. That was the period of significant reforms in Judaism, with Germany and the United Stets being the major centers of progressive religious movements. German Jews, characterized by liberal views and nearly protestant spirits, were at the forefront of scientific, literature and cultural development. Such prominent figures as Abraham Geiger, Israel Jacobson, and Leopold Zunz were among the leaders of the reformist movement in Germany. The United States proved to be an even more favorable place for the implementation of Reform Judaism. A newly reformed rabbi wa
Bullying is aggressive behavior aimed to abuse others. Recently it has become a common thing for children and adults, which is sure to be not normal. It is claimed that every sixth child reports suffering from bullying in America (Barclay & Butler, 2010). It can happen through physical contact, verbally by teasing or flinging dirt at somebody and via technology by messages or calls. The problem occurred to be so severe that government ministers “announced ‘behavior and attendance’ program, with the main aim being to combat school bullying by funding and providing in ‘anti-bullying strategies’, with special consultants employed to help local authorities tackle the problem” (McLaughlin, 2008, p. 107). As a rule, bullies are people who come from families where often occur quarrels, and poor parenting is present. These can be individuals who are narcissistic and want to show their supremacy or those who are/were bullied themselves and now want to pay back. The victims usually are children and adults who lack confidence and social skills and come from bad families. Bullying makes their lives unbearable and quite often victims even commit suicide. That is why it is important to pay attention to the reasons why bullying occurs and ways in which it can be reduced. No matter
The major convenience store in the town is 7-Eleven chain. Its products include mainly the goods of everyday use that can be purchased quickly and conveniently in a store near a home. 7-Eleven has various costs that can be associated with the product, such as delivery of goods, their storage, customer service, maintaining its stores, store cleaning, etc. In order to compete with large supermarkets, 7-Eleven can cut some of its costs. The major type of cost to cut is advertising cost because the chain does not need much advertising. It has stores all over the US and people use them mainly due to their convenience and being located close to homes and offices. There is no need in attracting customers with advertisements located everywhere. 7-Eleven can just provide advertisements related to current discounts and special propositions, as they help to attract more customers. Convenience stores can use various accounting software tools that can help to identify non-profitable products. The possible software to use includes SalonTarget, Acme Point of Sale, iRetail, CashOrCardPOS and others (Software Advice, 2019). iRetail is among the best software tools because it is suitable for businesses with many stores in a chain. It helps to assess an item’s profitability because it shows all costs and revenues for each item sold. I think it is beneficial for 7-Eleven and other convenience stores because it has many functions and can be applied to many stores in a chain. In my career, I had a situation with unnecessary costs in a fast food restaurant where I worked. The manager cut costs by analyzing all costs for each product purchased. He found out that some of menu items had high costs but did not bring high revenues because they were rarely ordered and often spoiled. They were removed from the menu. Reference Software Advice (2019). Retail Accounting Software . Web.
Introduction Different subjects are taught in different courses at different levels. Some of the subjects are definitely better than others depending on personal interests or the method and mode of presentation of the subject. Sometimes someone may be faced with a chance of choosing between two or more options of subjects or class. Sex and science are some of the most widely taught subjects in all levels of study. Given a week of study in either sex education class or science class, would you prefer the sex education class as opposed to the science one? This paper justifies why sex education class is far much worthwhile as compared to science class. Sex education class are better Have you ever imagined a world without moral integrity, where everyone does what he or she wants in terms of sexual immorality? The whole world would be full of sick people and everyone would be suffering from either one or another sexually transmitted diseases. The population would increase at an alarming rate, young girls will drop out of school before they even become scientists, and the worst of them all how many people do you think will die of HIV and AIDS? Would there be any importance of science in a totally rotten society? You will definitely agree with me that a minute spend in a sex education class is by far more valuable than years spend in a science class. 1 st Argument Given one week I would prefer the sex education class due to all the benefits that are to be gained within such a short time. Sex education classes are rare as compared to science classes that are common in all levels of study starting from elementary level all the way to university level. This makes the sex education class very important and therefore it is very advisable for someone to take the golden opportunity and attend the sex education class. It is also possible to argue that science is always present in our day to day learning with most of the subjects taught in schools having some percentage of science in them and as such it would be a total waste of precious time attending such classes only to be taught things that we already know or are currently learning in other subjects. You agree with me that sex education class is most preferred (Jones 1). 2 nd Argument Sex education is absolutely important in that it empowers people with information about sexuality, relationships puberty, adolescence, and intimacy. It also gives lifetime skills that enable the young to make wise decisions and choices in regard to life issues. As they say information is power and as such this education will enable one to deal with issues to do with sex abuse and harassment, exploitation, early marriages and unplanned pregnancies. Everyone definitely needs this kind of information if he/she is to achieve their dreams and aspirations in life. It is hard and very difficult to attend a science class when suffering from sexually transmitted infection (Avert 1). 3 rd Argument It is evident that most of the issues affecting the society today arise from lack of sex education and empowerment of the community. A report by UNESC
Introduction The Bible offers timely guidelines and verses that guide them to remain religious and pursue their spiritual aims. The passages, stories, and events described in different books make it easier for believers to get a clear image of the world, how and when God created it, and their responsibilities as followers of Christ. According to many religious scholars, those who consider the teachings presented in the Bible and follow them will have increased chances of becoming part of God’s kingdom. This discussion paper uses the Bible and other sources to describe various religious events, thoughts, and views from a Christian perspective. First Rain on Earth One of the contentious questions many Biblical analysts try to answer is whether it had rained before the flood recorded during the time of Noah or not. It is evident that the Bible does not mention the presence of rain before this period ( The English Standard Version Bible , Gen. 7.4-12). It identifies rivers and streams as the major sources of water on earth during that period. Some scientists have gone further to argue that groundwater might have been responsible for replenishing such rivers ( Ham and Hodge 83 ). Prior to Noah’s flood, the earth was characterized by stable weather conditions that made it impossible for human beings to experience rain. Additionally, the Bible reveals that Noah had been warned about new events and happenings that humans had never seen on earth before (Heb. 11.7). God’s promise of such floods might be a clear indication that rain had not been experienced on earth before the completion of the ark. Noah’s Ark The Bible does not give the exact period Noah took to build the Ark. However, some verses provide insightful information that can guide readers to make an accurate estimation. For instance, Noah gave birth to his first son when his age was around 500 years (Gen. 5.32). It is further indicated that Noah had to build it for himself, his wife, and his sons. His sons’ wives would also be aboard it before the floods (Gen. 6.18). Noah was aged 600 when it started to flood. Considering that Noah’s family took some time to load the ark and gather adequate food, it would be appropriate to indicate the ark was constructed for around 50-70 years. This is a clear indication that the period of 120 years mentioned in the Bible (Gen. 6.3) is not part of the ark building process. Pentecost and the Holy Spirit Before the Day of the Pentecost, 120 people were present in a meeting aimed at replacing Judas as a disciple (Act.
This is a picture of a cow used to advertise cheese. This advert picture demonstrates various advertisement elements used to design it. The power of persuading has been employed in designing this advertisement. This picture can attract people to read it due to outstanding graphic and color use. This way the advertiser has effectively created awareness of this particular product. The use of bright color (yellow) makes it more attractive and pleasing for people to read it. The advertiser has used a large clear picture, which makes it possible for viewers to see it more clearly without having to strain to spend more time. Black, white, and yellow colors have been used in the advertisement to create contrast. The advertiser has used the element of uniqueness and picture simplicity, which have made this advertisement stand out. The advertiser has ensured that he did not use large writing fonts, for easy viewer’s interpretation. In addition, it makes it simpler for viewers to understand the message in the advert more easily (Lilienfeld, Namy, Lynn, Woolf, Cramer, and Schmaltz 164) This advertisement picture can attract viewer’s sight easily due to its bright yellow color. In addition, the contrast between various colors that are black white, and yellow can attract attention easily. The use of small text writings is to make the viewer curious to know more about the advertisement post. The advertisement has been placed on a classified website frequently visited by young people. It is targeting young people who are the main consumers of cheese. “Conditioning has big role in persuasion. Viewer’s interests are caught through scientific method, advertising, presentation, imagination, seduction, selling technique among others. Neurobiology persuasion it is a form of persuasion targeting on attitudes among the central issues of social behavior” (Siew, Swee and Heng 193). Persuasion influence population through various forms, which include;  1. Reciprocity –This is whereby people tending to return favors on goods and services. It is a form of advertisement where the advertising agency offers the customers a free sample of their product as an incentive.  2. Commitment and Consistency – this a scenario whereby people keep on going for something even after the withdrawal of the offered incentives.  3. Social proof is whereby people will buy commodities to their popularity or because other people are simply going for it.  4. Authority; is a form of persuasion whereby obeying the available law involved in the advertisement.  5. Scarcity for a particular commodity will increase its demand without even the need for advertising.  6. Other people are persuaded by their role models to like and purchase the particular commodity. An advertisement article is supposed to explain the nature of competition in a business. It also helps the advertise
Define educational partnerships Educational partnerships refer to the collaboration of individuals in order to promote the common good of schools or to improve student learning. Participants in such partnerships include individuals who are interested in improving the educational experiences of students, communities, families, and schools. Partnerships can be formed between students and teachers, or between families, professionals and communities. In a partnership, decisions are made collaboratively, and stakeholders overcome various challenges that originate from cultural barriers, language, and priorities. What are the basic principles when planning or building educational partnerships? The basic principles when planning educational partnerships include the creation of an action plan, location of potential partners, and the determination of the type of involvement. In creating an action plan, individuals should describe the program they want to develop, explore the types of involvement to include, identify partners, choose assessment methods, outline partnership goals, recognize barriers, and create a timeline of events. Types of involvement include parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, shared decision making, and community collaboration. Steps on how to assess educational partnerships The first step in the assessment of educational partnerships is an evaluation of the presence of key qualities that characterize educational partnerships. For instance, educational partnerships should have shared common goals, respect, and appreciation of cultural and linguistic differences. The second step is an evaluation of whether the parties involved benefit from the agreement. For instance, in a family-school partnership, parents, teachers, and students must benefit in some way. The third step is an evaluation of the existence of action plans and teams. All educational partnerships have action plans that outline the process of how they are developed, implemented, sustained, and assessed. The fourth step is an evaluation of the type of collaboration involved. Explicit, implicit, and null partnerships lead to specific types of collaborations, including no-collaboration, one-time, arms-length, and hand-in-hand collaborations. How to sustain good educational partnership? After implementing an educational partnership, it is important to take several measures in order to achieve the desired goals and outcomes. In that regard, god educational partnerships can be sustained by creating an action team, “selling” the partnership to other people, encouraging ongoing communication, and encouraging involved individuals to embrace active participation. The functions of action teams include needs assessment and the implementation of plans. It is also important to formalize the roles and responsibilities of each partner and create liaisons within the community. Finally, successful educational partnerships are based on effective communication, which includes the collection of feedback and frequent evalua
Apprendi vs. New Jersey was a decision made by the highest court of the United States. The court passed that the sixth revision on right to judges’ trial introduced to the state by the fourteenth amendment denied judges the right to sentence criminals beyond what is provided by the law. It requires the judges to have clear information on what the case pertains before making their judgment. The decision has been important in the current revival of adjudicators’ trial rights. In dawn of December 22, 1994, Charles Apprendi fired numerous bullets into the residence of an African-American family that had migrated to his locality. Hours later, Charles was arrested and on questioning he accepted that he shot at the house because its occupants were not of his race. He said that he did not want them within his vicinity and that is why he shot at their house. Apprendi also pleaded guilty of illegally possessing a fire arm. Each of his crimes carried a sentence of between 5 and 10 years imprisonment. The court reserved the right of making the sentence more severe as the crime had been committed in a biased motive. This meant that the court had the discretion of doubling the period of each sentence. On the other hand, Apprendi had the right to challenge the alteration of the sentence claiming that it was against the constitution. The judge gave in to Apprendi’s appeal. At a later hearing, Apprendi and psychologists claimed that he did it out of alcohol influence. However, from evidence adduced, the judge found that his action was out of race hatred. Apprendi was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment which was two years more than what is supposed for illegally owning a fire arm (Cassella Par. 2-4). Appendi’s appeal was denied by the New Jersey court of appeal on the basis that increment of prison serving period was a sentencing aspect and not part of the crime. This case changed the rulings with matters pertaining criminal cases. It meant that from then, other than evidence of prior conviction, any other evidence that would lead to the sentence being made more severe had to be presented to judges and critically analyzed. According to Oliver Wendell, this case showed how law threatens criminals by inflicting severe punishment if they happen to be involved in crimes making them change their intentions. For instance the New Jersey law exposed severe punishment on Apprendi for illegally owning a fire arm and violating the law that prohibits racial discrimination (Standen Par. 1). Law protects criminal defendants in two ways against exploitation by juries. First, every accusation made against a criminal has to be later scrutinized by a panel of twelve persons from the defendant side. Second, the jury has to proof beyond reasonable doubt that the person is accountable to all accusations presented in court. People argue that sentencing enhancement needs also to meet the reasonable doubt condition. This is because it leads to people being subjected to severe punishment by considering other evidences that are not part of the crime committed. This would not be just as it would gene
Executive Summary The telecommunication industry in Spain is one of the steadily developing markets in the world. Telefonica is one of the leading telecommunication corporations aiming at assorted customer net. The consumers belong to various social strata and professions thus they estimate exclusive brand image and low charge, outstanding services, and customer contacts. Recent promotion campaign, “A New Spirit”, offers ideas of individual liberty and independence and is aimed at every particular client despite their education level or job and individuality. Telefonica’s clients live in a steadily changing cultural, social, technical, legal, and financial environment. Formed by the environment, marketing organizations and activities, in turn, influence it. (Aronauer, 2007). Telefonica’s consumers usually live in metropolitan districts, so the company makes a special accent to the effect of prolonged leisure time, suburban living, shopping centers, and pervasive geographic shifts on consumer wishes and requirements. The decisions on purchasing or choosing particular services are stipulated by the customer’s living circumstances. The standards and values that stem from the environment greatly impact consumer behavior, impacting purchasing and expenditure activities. Expenditure and buying are treated by Telefonica as detached and different activities. Nevertheless, from a structure’s perspective, the consumption process entails more than the definite use of goods and services and the actions of household customers. The change from rural to urban populations, the increasing number of women engaged in industry, the decrease in the length of the workweek, increase in productivity. Telefonica makes a special accent to the market capabilities which involve new marketing tactics and new consumer groups. To attract more customers, Telefonica should create special promotions for students and retirees. (SWOT Analysis, 2007) Introduction Company, Product, Industry The telecommunication sphere is one of the fast-growing industries in the world being based on inventive technologies and resolutions, creative ideas, and outstanding customer service. Telefonica Spain is one of the leading telecommunication corporations in the Spanish-speaking regions. The extraordinary attribute of this company is that it is directed on an assorted customer base entailing all social classes. Telefonica makes a particular accent to the market opportunities which involve four stages: acknowledgment of telecommunication market wishes, requirements, and advances; projecting them into impending markets; matching them with current and potential corporate capabilities; and defining selected target markets. Product’s Target Market Telefonica’s target market entails complicated consumers who estimate service superiority and low charges. Also, the majority of the clients appreciate the exclusive brand image and