ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Innovation involves creation of new customer value by developing solutions that satisfy emerging needs, unarticulated needs, as well as, existing market needs in a different manner. This can be achieved by introducing new products, processes and technologies. Change, on the other hand, involves initiating and managing the consequences of new business processes, organizational structure and culture. In most organizations, change and innovation often occur simultaneously. Thus, the two can be conceptualized as two sides of the same coin. Change and innovation can be realized if the process is guided by effective leadership. This paper presents a critical review of various innovation and change theories. An assessment of my leadership skills will also be discussed. Critical Review of Innovation and Change Theories Theory E The aim or purpose of this theory is to facilitate creation of economic value inline with the expectations of the shareholders. According to this theory, creation of economic value is the most important objective of the firm. Thus, it is the only objective that should be pursued. Additionally, financial incentives are used to motivate members of the organization to achieve the sole objective of creating economic value. Leaders using this theory focus on changing the organization’s strategies, structures, as well as, systems. Since these aspects of the organization can readily be changed, quick financial results can be achieved. Since market expectations drive change, the change process must be pragmatic and well planned. In order to develop these plans, the organization has to engage large consulting firms for professional advice. This is expected to enable the organization to realize rapid and outstanding improvements of its economic value. The main strength of theory E is its ability to facilitate high returns on investments. In this regard, it promotes sustainability since the high returns can be used for further investments and programs that benefit all stakeholders. However, the theory has several drawbacks. To begin with, the focus on strategies and systems is less likely to be effective, especially if employees are not involved in the process of changing the organization’s structures. This is because the employees are not likely to identify with structures that are imposed on them. Besides, ignoring the ideas of employees prevents innovation. It is apparent that not all organizations can afford the services of large consulting firms. Besides, the solutions developed by the consultants can be ineffective if the needs of the organization are not clearly understood or the solutions are not properly implemented. While financial incentives can motivate achievement of change, skill-based incentives have to be implemented to facilitate innovation. Skill-based incentives will promote acquisition of advanced skills which must exist if meaningful innovation is to be achieved. Finally, the theory provide
It would not be wrong to say that teachers have dual responsibilities in our society, to reshape and put an influence on the moral development of children and to meet parents’ expectations. Since parents entrust their children to teachers with hope and believe that teachers groom their children, therefore, the foremost responsibility of the teachers is to behave ethically in the classroom so that they transmit values upheld by society, and serve as moral models for their students (Rest & Narvaez, 1994, p. 71). As a role model, the significance of morals and ethics is essential to teach children the difference between ethical and unethical treatment. This happens whenever teachers after analyzing their vulnerability behave in front of the children, this way children usually learn whatever the teacher tries them to learn and since teachers usually work in isolation, children portray them as role models. It is a matter of common fact today that with the increasing influence of schools and teachers there is a decreasing trend towards the influence of family, church, and community. There is no doubt that the way United States today is considerable for the debate over personalities and moral values, it has never been so considerable in the past. The reason is simple; though theorists have dedicated to a scientific approach there is no similarity whatsoever among their proposed techniques which they employ to collect the empirical data on which to base their model. Such methodological differences, along with the fact that the younger generation is getting low on the moral developmental aspect, have influenced the nature of theories in important ways. For example, today’s teacher no longer believes that those materials on which Freud relied while erecting his psychoanalytic theory were primarily dreams and memories of childhood that neurotic patients in his medical practice recounted to him during therapy sessions. Similarly, Piaget’s model was there who put time and effort in building on the answers children offered to questions an experimenter asked about the rules of games and about what should happen to people who committed various kinds of misdeeds. Gilligan proposed a unique theory derived from interviews regarding how personal moral conflicts were perceived by college students in a class on morality and political choice (Thomas, 1997, p. 11). Children’s nature with ethical reasoning In order to evaluate the influence of teachers over children, we first analyze children’s nature in the light of various sociologists, and there is a reason for it. The question that arises before us is that why children are supposed to be influenced by their teachers? Since children according to 18th-century social critic Rousseau (1955) are born innocent and morally good, therefore they are just like blank paper unless and until they learn from society. It is during the process of their learning with growing years that children’s
Research Question The research problem on Canadian feminist psychology is clearly covered in the article. It is intended to outline the representation of the female gender in the discipline of psychology in Canada. In particular, it is intended to look at the feminization of psychology in Canada and justifications of the psychology of women courses in academic circles. Introduction The introduction of the article gives the purposes of the research that include the historical and present condition of the psychology of women field of interest. Three sources are cited in the introductory part of the article. The early beginnings of women’s psychology and the setting up of women’s status in Canada seemed to provide the momentum for the primary growth of the feminist psychology field in Canada. Methodology There are several methods used in gathering materials in this research article. First, a large percentage of the article is acquired from published books, journals, and conference presentations. Secondly, research information was acquired from the lists of universities’ enrolment of students in the psychology courses (Fiksenbaum, 1998). The population used in the collection of data was the students enrolled in Canadian universities. This was particularly the group that was enrolled to pursue psychology courses in universities across Canada. They were not necessarily selected directly because the researchers acquired their list from the universities. The researchers obtained the list of both the male and female students registered in each university and compared them in terms of their numbers and courses they took. In particular, they put more emphasis on the number of universities that offered feminist psychology courses, and the total number of female students who enrolled in comparison to that of men. University calendars were used in the gathering of this data. Results The results clearly outlined how Canadian women were represented in the field of psychology in their country. These results are openly stated and are purely understandable because they are clearly detailed. Even though there are no tables or graphs used, the percentage figures given provide the real situation. From the record of sixty-two universities, institutes, and colleges reviewed in 1996, fifty-five of them had psychology programs, thirty-seven of which had graduate programs (Fiksenbaum, 1998). About sixty-two feminist psychology cour
The Historical Role Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title I deals with grants for the purpose of granting financial assistance to economically backward children in schools and other LEA’s (Local Educational Agencies). “This program provides financial assistance to LEAs and schools with high numbers or high percentages of poor children to help ensure that all children meet challenging state academic standards.” (Program description). Title I program provides four types of grants, namely basic grants, concentration grants, targeted grants, education finance Incentive Grants. This program was started 40 years ago by President Lyndon B Johnson as a part of an initiative named “war on poverty”. The program when it started only intended as a general assistance to schools and it did not have many of the current provisions existing today. “Initially, funds were sometimes used as general school aid. Amendments tightened up the program to require it to focus on disadvantaged students.” (Roza et al, 2005). The government would review the Act every five years. Changes, additions and new Acts have been introduced about eight times since its inception. There were two major Acts intended to improve the effectiveness of the ESEA and Title I. The first was the Improving America’s School Act (IASA) in 1994. The second one in 2001 was a major revamp by the Bush Administration bearing the name ‘No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)’.So now the Elementary and Secondary Education Act is known as ‘No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)’ From inception in 1964 till date, the government has spent about USD 130 billion for Title I. “The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is the current version of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the fundamental federal law governing K-12 education”. (No Child Left Behind/ESEA). The main criticisms in the implementation of Title I funds are that its directives are too complex and that there is no equitable distribution of funds according to actual needs. The effectiveness of Federal Initiatives under President Bush In 2002, the Bush Administration Bush brought forth extensive reforms in the US education through the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act with the purpose of improving general school quality and performance levels. Its main focus is on four areas of education.  1. Student knowledge: Schools are expected to give additional coaching to students who perform poorly in academics.  2. Flexibility. States and school districts now have more flexibility to transfer funds received, for programs to improve teacher quality, develop new programs, reduce the presence of drugs and use new technology for students.  3. Proven methods of education: Efforts have been made to identify or develop new proven educational methods and implement the same in schools  4. Choice: Giving more choice for parents to transfer students from p
Coca is a plant that is used as a raw material for producing cocaine, crack, and other hard drugs. It is supposed to be a dangerous source of social degradation in countries worldwide. Coca is associated with drug dealing and crimes based on its trafficking and distribution. The world society shapes this plant as extremely harmful for humanity. However hard and weighty the criticisms of coca, indigenous people living in Bolivia considers it their century-long occupation in growing plants. In this respect, the figure of the current president of this Latin American country, Evo Morales, is applicable in terms of the legalization of planting coca across Bolivia. The first representative of the indigenous entity, Morales provided a set of programs to defend the mastership of planting coca by the last heirs of Inca. Thus, the defense of rights on doing common activities within some small community of people provides a huge risk for the state of humanity. First of all, it is vital to take a look at the drug coca. It is a plant growing spontaneously in the Andes (Peru, Bolivia, Chile, etc.) (Botanical-Online, 2010). The plant itself is particularly small (thumb-shaped leaves). After being dried up, it is used for chewing along with slices of lime or “with ashes of cereal guinoa” or along with some specific sorts of cacti (Botanical-Online, 2010). As a result, the outcome of such mixture comes into the emergence of alkaloids quite strong and effective to put a person into the state of trance and euphoria along with the harmful effect on health. It is an effect of cocaine, particularly. Historically, tribes of Inca were planting coca to make it a feature of rites and rituals that were practiced long ago and are being practiced currently. Moreover, chewing coca is also an attribute of fraternity among the members of a tribe (Botanical-Online, 2010). It is considered among indigenous people of Bolivia that ordinary chewing of coca is not as dangerous as its derived, cocaine. However, cocaine can be simply extracted from coca leaves. In turn, it possesses too many hazards for the society that consumes it (Botanical-Online, 2010). In fact, it is not listed as a dangerous activity for people living in Bolivia. Evo Morales, as a former coca farmer, was the first to legalize such controversial occupation across the nation. The president of Bolivia, Evo Morales, invokes quite opposite attitudes toward the policy of “cocalero” throughout Bolivia. The thing is that he thinks such a century-long occupation of the indigenous entity in the country never did harm to the society. It should be considered as the activity going closer to what representatives of ancient Inca are good at. The question is that Morales is an Aymara Indian who shares interests in in
Laboratory National Patient Safety Goals (LNPSG) for 2020 is a set of guidelines for laboratory-related safety measures. It consists of three main elements, such as identifying patients correctly, improving staff communication, and preventing infections (“Laboratory services,” 2020). The goal primarily focuses on healthcare-related problems and the ways to solve them. The first major element is correct patient identification, which is essential for preserving the acquired data attached to the corresponding individual. The given section recommends using at least two divergent ways to conduct patient identification (“Laboratory services,” 2020). For instance, a healthcare professional can follow this recommendation by indicating a patient’s birth date and name. The second important element is enhancing staff communication within the healthcare facility. In order to do that, the result must be delivered on time. The LNPSG states: “Get important test results to the right staff person on time” (“Laboratory services,” 2020). Therefore, proper scheduling and time management plays a vital role in the communication process. The third element focuses on preventing infections, where LNPSG recommends to follow hand cleaning techniques (“Laboratory services,” 2020). The overall I following his particular National Patient Safety Goal on patient safety policies is paramount. The main reason is that it eliminates any possibility for false positive or false negative types of diagnosis due to improper patient identification. In addition, it emphasizes the simplest, but critical health preservation approaches, such as cleaning hands. The LNPSG also promotes correct scheduling to prevent time mismanagement within the healthcare system.
Introduction Walmart is operating in one of the most competitive markets in the world. The retail industry has become very competitive, and the only way a firm can survive is to become creative in its product offerings. The decision to introduce organic and natural foods into its stores will offer Walmart an opportunity to create an image in the market as a firm that is not only keen to listen to consumers’ needs, but also as one that is focused on avoiding negative controversy in its operations. The introduction of fuel and gas stations into many locations within the United States will offer Walmart an extra source of income. If successful, this product can give it a competitive advantage over its competitors in the market. It will also offer it opportunity to manage stiff competition that some of its market rivals such as Costco, Sears Holding poses in the market. To achieve success in this move, the firm must have a clear strategy that shall be used in enhancing its performance. According to Corbet and MacFadzean (2009), performance enhancement strategy focuses on introducing unique management approaches that would enable it achieve efficiency and effectiveness in its operations. Efficiency is necessary in ensuring that every activity is done within the planned time, while effectiveness helps ensure that that activity is done in the right manner. In its performance strategy, Walmart needs to focus on three main issues when handling this new product. The three issues include the productivity of the firm, quality of the products offered, and the manner in which service is delivered in these new areas of operation. Productivity Abraham (2012) defines productivity as “A measure of the efficiency of a person, machine, factory, system, etc., in converting inputs into useful outputs.” As demonstrated in this definition, productivity measures efficiency of factors of production. Organic and natural foods are increasingly becoming popular in the United States. This means that if Walmart introduces this line of products, it will receive a ready market. However, it must ensure that the productivity of its factors of production is efficient enough to help it achieve sustainability in these new products. Fuel and gas stations will introduce a new line of products to this firm. Diversification of products is always important in achieving sustainability in a firm. The management must determine the efficiency of inputs that will be invested in this new line of product. These two products must be treated independently because they need different approaches of management and marketing strategies. When dealing with the issue of productivity of organic and natural foods, the management of Walmart must consider the cost associated with the inputs that will be used to generate the desired output. In this case, the focus will be to determine the cost of the raw materials for the products. As Abraham (2012) observes, genetically modified foods are cheaper than natural foods. This scholar further clarifies that genetically modified
Walmart’s Success and NAFTA Walmart’s initial strategy and competitive advantage helped the company gain immense success because of the orientation at very low prices, thus creating a unique value proposition. Due to the extensive efforts to diversify and enter new markets through branching out into smaller stores, Walmart got access to new suppliers and destinations. Its strong system of distribution that allowed for an enhanced reduction of expenses subsequently helped the company to set lower prices compared to competitors. However, without the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Walmart did not present a threat to the largest retailers in Mexico such as Soriana, Gigante, and Comerci. This meant that prior to signing the agreement, the company’s message of “Everyday low prices” was impossible to fulfill. Also, there had been a high level of uncertainty when it comes to the demanded products, which
This article focuses on the implications of the process of calcification marine systems (Orr et al. 681). The authors assert that the calcium that is used in ocean calcification is obtained from living organisms that live in seawater. This article correlates calcium with oceanography because the process of acidification, which causes the ocean’s pH to decrease because of excess carbon from the atmosphere, has impacts on calcifying organisms in the oceans. Furthermore, decreased pH in the oceans affects some ocean organisms detrimentally, which results in coral bleaching. Coral bleaching significantly reduces the number of living organisms in seawater (Orr et al. 682). According to the authors’ estimations, ocean surfaces in the southern parts will have significant under-saturation of calcium-carbonate because of little aragonite, which is a major component of calcium carbonate (Orr et al. 685). Low concentration could be as soon as 2050 with the case extending to cover large parts of the oceans, including the Pacific Ocean by 2100. In the experiment, the researchers noted significant levels of dissolution on the exposure of live organisms to the projected levels of under-saturation. From the study, the findings highlight the detrimental impact of under-saturation on the ocean ecosystem, especially in high-latitude places. The article has practical implications for oceanography, and the authors highlight the impact of acidification and calcification on the survival of marine organisms in now and in the future. Works Cited Orr, James, Victoria Fabry, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, Scott Doney, Richard Feely, Anand Gnanadesikan et al. “Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms.” Nature 437.7059 (2005): 681-686. Print.
Data mining is a computer-based classification and summarization of a large set of data into grouped information based on the correlated data. The data mining tools present the information in a manner that is to interpret and predict. Data mining process entails the use of large relational database to identify the correlation that exists in a given data. Data used in this process is drawn from different sources that are related to the outcome of the target phenomenon (Chattamvelli 18). Experts use data mining software to predict the occurrence of various situations and events (Miner 35). This paper analysis how data mining is used commercially to earn money, optimize performance and improve service delivery. Business organizations use data mining technology to improve business management. These organizations use customized data mining applications to generate business trends and patterns from their vast relational database. The applications have specialized inbuilt software algorithm that performs correlation detection. The principal role of the applications is to sift the data to identify correlations. Eventually, the software presents the correlations as statistical trends and patterns. Various business departments use data mining for management as follows (Chattamvelli 27). Marketing departments use data mining to perform market analysis. Market analysis is the process of monitoring changes in marketing pattern and trends. Therefore, marketers use data mining applications to investigate the possible causes of changes in marketing trends (Miner 53). Research asserts that common changes in market analysisss include customer complaints, sales decline, and loss of customer’s loyalty. In addition, marketing departments use market analysis to monitor new products launched in the market. Specialized data mining applications display customer buying trends, post purchasing behavior, customer reviews, and demand trends among others. Marketers use the prevailing market trends to identify the best promotional strategy that will outdo the competitors (Rahman 68). Marketing departments also use data mining technology to facilitate direct and interactive marketing. Direct marketing is the process of developing a comprehensive business mailing list. The mailing list contains the addresses of the all the business stakeholders (Han & Kamber 56). Business experts assert that direct marketing is one of the most efficient ways of winning customer and supplier’s loyalty. On the other hand, interactive marketing is the process of optimizing the business web accessibility. The process ensures the business website provides the user with satisfactory information. Successful interactive marketing leads to improved customer l