ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A drawing by Paul Berry (1988) of the Rotunda at the University of Virginia shows the elevation and the first-floor plan, which is a redrawing of the original design sketches by Thomas Jefferson. The Rotunda at the University of Virginian was designed by Thomas Jefferson, which construction had begun in 1822 and ended the year Jefferson died, 1826. Additionally, the drawing shows the source of Jefferson’s inspiration – Hadrian’s Pantheon of ancient Rome. The Rotunda name was taken from Leoni Palladio, in which it is stated, “Of all the Temples which are to be seen in Rome, none is more famous than the Pantheon at present call’s [sic] the Rotunda…” (Fletcher 15). The redrawing by Berry remains faithful to the original drawing by Thomas Jefferson, with some exceptions. The most notable exceptions in the elevation plan can be seen through the placement of the locations of the windows and the front gate, the top of the dome, and the clock on the pediment, whereas the rest of the elements remain faithful to the original design by Jefferson, including the proportions. There are other differences, nevertheless, which can be seen through Jefferson’s passion for mathematics and geometry and the initial choice of the Pantheon as a source of inspiration for the Rotunda. Such differences in the elevation drawing can be seen through the use of basic geometrical figures, e.g. circles, squares, and triangles, to construct the figure. The original drawing by Jefferson can be used to re-construct the drawing stages of the design, with the circle being the first and the main phase of constructing the Rotunda. Berry’s redrawing does not indicate such a pattern, however, it adds a great level of detail that surpasses the original design. The levels of details include the material of construction, which is native red brick. Although the use of natively fired red brick was Jefferson’s idea which reflects “the nation’s new democratic character” (Fletcher 39), in his original design Jefferson was faithful to the Pantheon in which stone was used, and thus, did not specify the materials at the time. In the first floor plan, in addition to the differences in details, some of the differences reflect the changes that were made to the Rotunda, reflecting some of the functional areas in the building. The original Jefferson’s drawing of the first-floor plan did not include an indication of cloakrooms, the washroom, the elevator, and the fireplace location. Other design eleme3nts can be seen in the entrance stairs, which in Berry’s drawing were expanded to cover the furthest columns at the sides. In the original drawing, those stairs were narrower covering only the four columns in the middle. Such difference can be explained by the fact that the exterior of the Rotunda was rebuilt after it was severely damaged in 1895. There are other changes that were later added, and thus, were not reflected in the original design. The additions are represented in Berr
Introduction The Social Conflict Theory has been explained by various scholars and even though they had different interpretations, their aim was to offer an elaborated explanation about the events happening in the society (Dillon 11). Thomas Hobbes, Karl Marx, Emile Rousseau, and Plato have presented various discussions about the causes, effects, and solutions to conflicts in society. This essay describes the similarities and differences between their perspectives regarding the function of conflict in society. Background Sociologists define conflict as a state of misunderstanding in the society caused by the desire to control or have resources that are scarce yet valuable (Ritzier 12). Therefore, conflict can be defined in terms of the struggle to get wealth and power that are usually the main issues that propel people to fight. Sociologists present different views about how conflict occurs and how it is managed in society depending on their experiences and backgrounds. Thomas Hobbes He believed that social order was possible in all societies irrespective of whether they were developed or not. He claims that people give themselves first priorities in various issues and this means that they place their interests before those of society. In addition, he claims that people have rights but sometimes these privileges are given up to achieve a stable society; therefore, they must sacrifice some aspects in their lives to live in harmony with other members of society (Dillon 27). That is why a lot of human interests are regulated and governed by laws and not negotiations. His theory is based on the belief that families are not harmonious and that people must manage their differences to attain a stable society. Therefore, his main idea revolves around the need to solve conflicts that make or break societies. He believed that societies and families that were stable in case they had conflicts but knew how to manage them to ensure members cooperate in various issues. Therefore, the absence of wars does not mean that a social group does not experience conflicts. Karl Marx Most people regard him as the father of the Social Conflict Theory because of his contributions to discussions about the order in society. He argued that society consisted of different groups that competed for similar interests that were usually wealth and power (Ritzier 23). This theory differs from Hobbes’s in explaining how conflicts exist and are managed. He argues that people maintain social order through domination and not consensus. This means that those that have the greatest economic, political, and social resources control a huge part of the society and have power over their counterpart. On the other hand, the poor are always strug
In Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights , there are numerous instances of depicting character’s communication by means of looking rather than speaking. The power of human gaze is not always given sufficient attention in literary works, but Brontë employs this effect quite often in her novel. Both men and women in Wuthering Heights express their passion, fear, strength, pain, apprehension, and a range of other feelings and emotions through looking at other characters. The power of gaze as depicted in the book makes a compelling impression and helps the reader to understand the characters’ true intentions and sensations better than any utterances could. The passage selected for close reading refers to the narrator’s (Lockwood’s) depiction of the time he met a young lady and did not dare speak to her despite being attracted to the girl. There is much symbolic meaning behind all the ‘gazing’ words in this excerpt. By saying that the young girl was “a real goddess in [his] eyes,” Lockwood reveals that he is extremely captured by her beauty (Brontë 7). However, the narrator immediately follows this thought by remarking that he has been looking at the girl only when he remained invisible – “as long as she took no notice of me” (Brontë 7). Remarking that he was “over head and ears” indicates that Lockwood is deeply fascinated by the object of observation (Brontë 7). Further, he notes that despite the absence of a verbal expression of his feelings, even “the merest idiot” would have realized what was going on at that moment “if looks had language” (Brontë 7). Indeed, they had language, for the girl perceived Lockwood’s thoughts and gave him a returning look – “the sweetest of all imaginable” ones (Brontë 7). However, as soon as the narrator realized that the object of his passion detected his emotions, he “shrunk icily” into himself and became “colder and farther” with the girl’s every next look (Brontë 7). In this sentence, there is no description of the narrator’s gazing practice, but it is obvious from the context. At that point, instead of looking at the girl, the young man looked away to hide his feelings. As a result of such a sudden change in the man’s conduct, the lady “was led to doubt her own senses” and decided to leave immediately
Probably the most provoking idea expressed in Terry Tempest Williams’s article “A Shark in the Mind of One Contemplating Wilderness” is that people have ceased to treat nature as it is in their attempt to preserve it for the future generations. The problem is that such preservation is artificial, and it does not, in fact, involve any real actions aimed at saving rare species or lands. Williams notes that her mind “becomes wild in the presence of creation, the artist’s creation” when she sees sharks or whales being put in large aquariums from which they can never escape (4). When discussing her encounters of sharks in different environments – first in the Monterey Sea Aquarium, then in the American Museum of Natural History, and later in the Brooklyn Museum of Art – Williams regretfully concludes that people have forgotten about the true essence and significance of preserving nature. Instead, humans choose to conserve the dead bodies of animals in formaldehyde so that the future generations might see what some species used to look like (Williams 3). Another issue is keeping those types of rare species that are endangered in special close places, like zoos or aquariums. None of these approaches, according to Williams, is a bona fide way of preserving (3). Instead, according to the author, people should think about the ways of not letting the wilderness become endangered. Williams mentions that it is difficult for her to switch her mind from thinking about the shark she is watching “in the context of art, not science” (3). It seems impossible for the scholar since she has spent many years working as a naturalist. However, the opinion expressed by Williams is difficult to agree with since modern nature and its “children” – animals and plants – have indeed become something of an art. Some species, just as valuable pieces of art, can be seen only in particular “collections” and in particular locations. Thus, one needs to pay much money to be able to observe these rare
Free speech is the natural way of expressing ones ideas or feelings without any limitations by either the government or any other party for that matter. It revolves around the social life of human beings. Free speech differs from freedom of speech in that it does not only involve delivery of a message through words but also involves the understanding of the message being passed across by considering the interests of the audience. Free speech may not always be words but may as well be practiced in form of pictures or painting to put across a certain message. Others may pass on information through performances such as plays or through a song video. The main idea of free speech is to communicate through whatever means of expression (Robert, 1991, p. 55). Speech is protected by the constitution in the First Amendment. This paper compares and contrasts commercial and political speech, which are types of legally protected speech. The First Amendment provides for the protection of commercial speech. The commercial speech protected by this amendment is normally in form of advertising. However, the degree to which the First Amendment protects commercial speech is not the same as that for other forms of speech protected by the Amendment. Commercial speech therefore enjoys substantially less protection as compared to the other forms of speech. Basically, the kind of commercial speech that is protected by the First Amendment is the one that is not misleading, and it has to be true. The speech must also advertise activities or goods that are legal, and that are not harmful to the public. The amendment provides that restriction of commercial speech should be subject to proved furtherance of a certain government interest. However, in certain cases where the furtherance of government interest is in doubt, commercial advertising is protected by the First Amendment (Robert, 1991, p. 37). Protection of political speech by the First Amendment was motivated by the fact that formerly, political activists were subjected to torture and even executions for speaking in public. The amendment therefore provides for protection of dissident speech so that political minorities are protected. Unlike commercial speech, political speech enjoys substantially more protection. However, like commercial speech, political speech protection by the First Amendment also has its limits. For instance, speech that is meant to advocate for illegal activities is not protected by this amendment. In the same way, subversive speech is strongly prohibited and it does not enjoy the protection of this amendment (Franks, 2011, p. 1). However, it is important to note that such speech is prohibited only if it is meant to cause the public to be involved in lawless action. From the above discussion, it is apparent that commercial speech and political speech have some similarities and differences as legally protected forms of speech. One similarity is that t
Introduction Managers of Samsung appreciate that the company is one of the leading dealers in electronic items globally. At the same time, they acknowledge that the company faces threats. The management has proposed and implemented a number of reforms in their marketing strategy to solve these issues. Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Samsung uses market segmentation and related product differentiation strategy to have a commercial advantage. Samsung has directed its managers in North America and Europe to market and sell a new brand of its products. It targets to reach out to the high-income earners, youths, business users, and hobbyists dwelling in the region. In addition, it has strategic selling points that serve the rich. The rich are highly loyal to the brand. The younger generation, on the other hand, keep trying new products. Samsung had endeavored to meet the needs of these different market segments. Strategic Marketing Management Samsung has plans to overcome its internal and external weaknesses. The company also intends to take advantage of its strengths. Samsung has the ability to satisfy the needs of its customers by selling modern digital cameras, computers, and business applications. It utilizes several retail centers, including its office supply store, to make more profits. Further, Samsung h
Introduction The Australian Labor Party is one of the central political forces in the state which impacts its policymaking. It is also one of the oldest parties as it originates from Labor parties founded in the 1980s in Australian Colonies (Rolfe 2014). Since that time, the given political actor has always been associated with workers and their interests. It used the support of this population group to guarantee its powerful positions in the government and impact decision-making in the country. However, drastic alterations in the structure of population, society, capitals, and political environment preconditioned the evolution of the party, the shift of priorities, and disregard of traditional values. Additionally, the altered mechanisms of influence peculiar to modern society demanded new approaches. For this reason, the contemporary Australian Labor Party (ALP) is no longer a workers party. It can be explained by the fact that the ALP has been going through an identity crisis that emerged because of the critical divergence between the traditional labor values that has been topical during the bigger part of the partys activity and new conditions of evolving Australia (Bramble & Kuhn 2009). The given controversy promoted an adverse impact on the ALPs functioning. First, its voters noted the alterations that happened to the party. Correctly realizing the necessity of change, they, however, did not accept the existing course and disregard traditional values (Berg 2016). Second, the weak strategic planning and inability to outline the final course impacted ALPs development and deprived it of chances to preserve its powerful positions (Berg 2016). For this reason, the paper delves into the existing features of the ALP and reveals why it is no longer a workers party it used to be in previous decades. Body Loss of Connection with People As it has already been stated, the Australian Labor Party was founded by workers with the primary aim to protect their interests and promote welfare. For decades, its functioning had been impacted by this very goal. It ensured powerful support and the partys ability to interfere with policymaking by appealing to the interests of numerous workers. The given pattern was efficient because of the leading role this category played in Australia in the 20th century and the topicality of ideas cultivated by the party (Rolfe 2014). However, due to the radical changes of society at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century, the party was forced to take the middle ground and step aside from its radical program aimed at the restructuring of economy and improvement of workers position. It also lost the capacity of interest of pushing the government to ensure public good for all. Another central concern that is considered disputable is the ALPs focus on th
Introduction Starbucks prides itself as the largest coffeehouse in the world. As a matter of fact, the company has more than 17800 stores. In this case, it has operations in more than 49 countries (Starbucks 18). Most of the company’s stores are located in the United States of America. The company offers a wide range of coffee products. These include; deep brewed coffee, cold and hot drinks, salads and other drinks. The company has an entertainment division that markets music, books and films. In this case, most of the company’s products are meant to suit a particular market depending on the prevailing season at that particular time. In addition, these products are developed according to the needs of that locality. As a matter of fact, it offers branded ice cream and coffee (Starbucks 38). The company has been expanding rapidly since it was formed. A lot of expansion was witnessed in the 1990s where the company opened a new store in every single working day. After opening its first store in Canada (outside USA), it has continued to open other stores in different countries. As a matter of fact, its overseas stores constitute a third of the company’s operational activities. It should be known that the company had planed to open 900 new stores in 2009 (Starbucks 21). These stores were to be located outside USA in a bid to consolidate its market and operations. On the other hand, the company had announced that it will be closing more than 900 stores in USA. Therefore, it should be known that the company has been subject to a number of protests (Starbucks 27). This has been in relation to issues that revolve around anti-competitive practices, labor relations, fair trade policies and environmental impact. This paper will try to look at the successful execution of human resource management practices and processes at Starbucks. In this case, the paper will try to evaluate how these processes have enabled the company to achieve its goals. This is because human resource plays and important role in ensuring that a company achieves its goals and objectives. Starbucks has been having a good human resource strategy to enhance its operations. As a matter of fact, the company has a recruitment department that ensures that it attracts the best talent in the market. Starbuck has a coffee master course that is supposed to be taken by all employees. All employees who have undergone this course wear black aprons. The company has also come up with a good mentoring program to ensure that senior and more experienced employees are
Abstract The recent survey in the UK and Europe reveals that majority is of the opinion that unemployed immigrant should be sent out from the country. Does immigrant is really adding any value and utility to the host country. Both skilled and unskilled immigrants are essential for UK’s growth in the essential sectors like software, medical and construction industry. This research exposes both sides of the immigrant issue and finally concludes that immigrant is essential in some essential sectors for the overall development of UK’s economy. The context As of mid- 2007, the resident population of UK is estimated about 6,975,000. The UK’s unemployment rate was at 6.5% for the quarter to January 2009 which is higher by 0.5% over the previous quarter and higher by 1.3 % over the year. The figure of unemployed individual increased by 165,500 over the quarter and augmented by 421,000 over the annum finally to reach 2.02 million. (Ethnicity 2009). The unemployment claimant benefit count was estimated at £1.40 billion as of February 2009 and it is higher by 138,400 over the quarter and reported an increase of 596,000. This is highest increase on monthly basis in the claimant count since 1971. (Ethnicity 2009). Majority of immigrant group are unemployed in UK than Whites. As far as UK is concerned, unemployment rates will be generally higher among the main ethnic minority groups. Two main reasons have been cited as the reason for the high rate of unemployment is the UK employers’ hiring decisions which discriminate on the foots of ethnicity and lack of good English fluency for success in the highly competitive labour market in UK. Several previous empirical surveys disclosed that those immigrants who reached UK at a young age had much better spoken and written skills in English than older immigrants. (Dustman & Glitz 2005). Literature Review White population in UK is found to be economically active rather than their colleagues in minority ethnic group. As of 2001-02, Bangladeshi had the highest unemployment rate of 20% as compared to the White. Indians unemployment rate hovered around 7 %. In all other minority ethnic group, the rate of unemployment was as high as three times as compared to White. Chinese and Pakistani group are self-employed than compared to other groups. In 2001-02, about 19% of Chinese and 22% of Pakistani were self-employed. Pakistanis are self employed in communication and transport industries whereas Chinese are self employed in hotel, distribution and restaurant sector. (Ethnicity 2009). Social Security benefit expenditure in 2002-03 in UK was £ 110 billion. This was distributed in the following ratios to various welfare schemes in UK. Benefits to elders are around 52%. Benefits to sick and disabled are around 26%. Benefits to Family welfare schemes are around 16%. Benefits to unemployed on the whole are about 4% and benefits to