ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The film, Pride, by Lionsgate entertainment is a glamorous documentary about African-American competency in sports. The movie shows the potentials of blacks in sports, particularly in swimming, that is perceived to be for whites. Pride was released in 2007 and features a true story of James “Jim” Ellis, Bernice Mac, Pride stars Terrence Howards, and Kimberly Elise. The movie addresses the issues of race, ethnicity, culture, race constancy, social identity, self-esteem, and institutionalized racism. These are paramount issues that are deeply rooted in the society and are mostly exhibited in cosmopolitan societies like in the US. The film is commendable due to its appeal in overcoming racial barriers of prejudice, racism, and stereotype projected against African-American by proving that blacks are equally capable to the whites. Essay Body The film has addressed the themes of racism, cultural prejudice and stereotypes in western cultures where blacks are rarely accommodated. The term race refers to categorization of people into distinct groups based on geographic ancestry, history, physical appearance, social status and culture. A clear distinction between African-Americans and whites is shown through the prejudice, stereotype, poverty, and crime, which is projected to the blacks. Jim and Elston are struggling to help African-American kids to overcome the chains of racism by enabling them to succeed in swimming. Ethnicity, which refers to people with a common language, culture, and dialect, has been featured in the film. In this case, a clear division between blacks and whites is manifested in the film based on the issue of ethnicity. The cultural differences and ways of life between blacks and whites are featured in the film. Whites are viewed to have a more sophisticated and civilized way of life as compared to the blacks. This is a clear description of the prejudice and stereotype subjected to blacks regarding swimming and other sports perceived to be for whites. Alongside the issue of cultural differences, the film has clearly manifested the concept of institutionalized racism. This term refers to systems of inequality on the basis of race. As observed in the film, African-American are discriminated in lucrative jobs simply because of the color of their skin. Racial identity is what matters in employment rather than academic qualifications. Race constancy means that an individual’s race does not change during is life. This concept is used in the film to empower people of different races to embrace tolerance and diversity. The film is well developed and clearly captures different scenes showing racial hatred, prejudice and conflicts. The film has apparently demonstrated the obstacles and challenges faced by African-American in day to day life. By featuring the life of Jim, the film highlights the issues of oppositional culture, social role theory, social identity, and illusory correlation among others. Based on the film, life is simply not easy for African-American due to their racial and social identity. African-Americans are associated with poverty and crime, whic
Introduction Directed by John Mulius, the film The Wind and the Lion is a masterpiece that tackles both social and political historical issues in a dramatic way. This movie explores real life events that took place in Morocco in 1904 when Raisuli, a Berber chieftain kidnapped Ion Perdicaris, an American. Interestingly, the kidnapping resulted to the two becoming friends, something that saw Ion Perdicaris’ unscathed release. Running from power conflict between France, Britain, America, and German in Morocco in 1904, through President Theodore Roosevelt bid to win a re-election, to the eventual war between Americans and Germans, The Wind and the Lion is a howling, politically incorrect film that fetes martial virtues, the ultimate victory of good over evil and honor. It also celebrates the United States of America bid to become a super power in the face of the world. Critical Response It is important to note that, John Mulius has always been politically incorrect. “John Mullis is a proud member of the National Rifle Association and has on occasion described himself as a ‘Zen fascist’, no doubt to needle his more liberal acquaintances” (Whittington Para. 6). From a critical contemporary standpoint, this movie resonates well with the current situation between the United States of America and the Middle East. For acting reasons, Mulius changes the real life story a little bit by changing Ion Perdicaris from male to a female called Eden Perdicaris. Eden has two kids and they are caught in swoop pioneered by Raisuli. John Mulius uses Raisuli deliberately as a symbol of his fascism. Raisuli is against the Moroccan authorities and this is why he kidnaps people especially women and children; men who cross his way are unlucky for he simply chops their heads. In his dealings, Raisuli realizes he has a big problem to deal with when he realizes he has crossed the path of the United States of America President, Theodore Roosevelt. Due to the insatiable urge of the United States of America to wield world power, Roosevelt offers military support to deal with Raisuli. He sends a message saying, “Perdicaris alive, or Raisuli dead” (Mulius). By chipping in this act, Mulius is celebrating the power wielding nature of the United States of America. Taking into consideration that the movie was released in 1975, “when the fall of South East Asia had cemented the conventional wisdom that all military intervention was folly” (Byron 19), Mulius fetes how the United States of America rose to super power. It has taken a very short time for Americans to run out of patience and intervene by throwing in their military support. The reason why Raisuli kidnaps women and children is not to anger the Americans; he only wants to protest against the European rule in Morocco. However, the Americans have a different agenda and despite the fact that French and German soldiers are on the ground, Americans move to offer their suspicious support. As aforementioned, in 1975, military intervention was unwelcome; nevertheless, the U.S c
Introduction India has experienced a GDP growth that has been nothing but impressive, to the point that many specialists predict that it will become one of the leading economies of the world in the near future (Abramyan, 2009). The country is the second largest democracy, making its market rich enough to handle all sorts of goods and services, ranging from luxury items to low-class items. India enjoys an extremely vibrant democracy, which gives it the political stability required to do business. Its market, as confirmed by most entrepreneurs, is quite lucrative, giving it a position at the top of every other Asian country in terms of purchasing power (National University of Singapore, 1995). Nevertheless, the businesspersons claim that the law enforcement agencies on business are corrupt and have a tendency to drag contract procedures, which deprives the country of the glory that it would otherwise have like an excellent business empire. The article below is a discussion about several issues that affect the business world in India, giving a focus on how much the political landscape has helped shape the business environment of this country. The article also shows the kinds of motivations that drive international organizations to do business in India, citing some of the multinationals that have invested as FDI’s in this area. We also get a presentation of the main features of the national innovation systems of the country. Finally, the article suggests some of the needed strategies that will assist someone in taking advantage of the peculiar nature of some of these systems. Impact of Political and Legal environment on Businesses in India After independence, the economy of India adopted to the socialist nature of some leaders of the world who were very influential at the time. Such leaders as Nehru imposed laws that would allow the then government to run the key industries in the country, in an effort to safeguard the little that remained from the British colonialists (Sabhlok, 1998). Such ideas, though convincing, would backtrack the economy of the country, leaving most of the population to leave under poverty. In 1948, the enactment of the Industrial Policy gave the government even more strength, since it now had the power to monopolize the energy industry, the tr
Introduction The post Second World War was characterized by many political challenges in Europe. In Germany, the government struggled to consolidate its political power through various mechanisms. In August 1961, “a fence was erected by the German Democratic Republic that is popularly referred to as East Germany” (Rose & Bailey 2004, p.34). The wall demarcated the West Berlin territory from East Germany. Watch towers were also erected strategically at various intervals along the wall with an aim of checking on illegal intrusion or exit from East Germany. The Eastern Bloc contended that the barrier would save its masses from the fascist influence that was likely to jeopardize the development of socialism in the nation. Ideally, the wall was meant to suppress mass departure of citizens from East Germany after the Second World War. It was also meant to prevent the citizens from supporting fascist ideologies. This historic wall was formally known as the Anti-Fascist Defense Fortification. Reasons for Berlin Wall Construction Prior to the creation of the Berlin Wall, it is estimated that over three million citizens breached the stringent immigration codes and moved into Western Berlin territory (Tilman 1990, p. 78). From this place, they relocated to other Western European countries. These massive emigrations were proscribed in 1961 upon the creation of the Wall. The ban lasted until 1989 when the wall was flattened and it paved way for the reunification of Germany (Buckley 2004, p. 56). After World War Two, the war torn Germany was split into four sub territories that were under the control of the Allied forces. The capital of Berlin that acted as the main operation zone of the Allied powers was also partitioned into four territories despite being situated within the Soviet territory. After one and half years, political rivalries ensued between the occupying forces and the Soviets. One of the key disputes was the failure of the Soviets to accept the reconstruction strategies for revamping the economy and political stability of Germany. “Britain, France, the United States and the Benelux countries later combined the non-Soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approved the extension of the Marshall Plan” (Waters 1990, p. 89). In post 1945, Joseph Stalin governed an amalgamation of countries in the Western Border. He also desired to take control of the weakened Germany that was at that time under the management of the Soviet. Stalin, therefore, informed the leaders of Germany that he was planning to gradually destabilize the British occupation of German territories. According to Stalin, this was the most viable way to get rid of foreign powers and reunite Germany (Tusa 2008, p. 237). The most important mission of the Leninist Party in the Soviet region was to direct Soviet instructions to both the government machinery and the other alliance parties. Leninist ideologies would eventually be exercised as internal procedures (Pearcy 2009, p.123). The teaching of Marxism ideologies was made mandatory in learning institutions (Morton & Adl
Federal Reserve informally called fed is an independent organization established by the government of United States of America through Federal Reserve act in [1913], to act as the Central Bank of the America (Flaherty 40). The Federal Reserve was formed at a time when there were numerous problems that were associated with the banking sector that made the Americans’ lose faith with the banking system. Just to mention a few; before 1913, there were more than 30, 0000 currencies, banks had problems in moderating these currencies since there was no unifying value currency. The existing banks at times were not able to meet their customers’ withdrawals rate due to fund deficit that was experienced frequently. These problems led to frequent collapse of the banks hence having negative impact on the economy of the United State of America. Generally, the main reasons why the Federal Reserve was established was because, they wanted to reorganize the banking system and come up with more stable and standard monetary system that could be used in the united state of America. Federal Reserve was also formed to control both the prices of commodities and currency flow in the market. So from all this reasons we can see that it played a major role in the inflation and recession prevention (Wueschner 23). Federal Reserve is a non-profit making entity that performs both public and private functions .However, any profit generated by the Central Bank after the payment of all employees and giving 6% of divided owned by the Capital Investment to the members’ banks. The remaining money is plowed to the government treasury. For example, in 2009, Federal Reserve generated a profit of 45 billion dollars that was plowed into the treasury (Colin 1). There are seven members who make up the Board of Governors in the Federal Reserve’s (Flaherty 42).They are usually appointed by the President to run an independent Federal Government Agency which is based in Washington D.C. and serving a non-renewable period of 14 years. Their main functions are to set up Monetary Policy and managing the government money. It has also 12 Regional Reserve Banks which does the function of implementing policies and managing the financial institutions with the help of their own directors that is composed of the bankers, general public and business people (Epstein & Thomas 45). The directors run a term of five years. Regional Reserve Banks act as intermediate between the banks and the Federal Reserve as they offer banking services lik
It is not a secret that humanity is very interested in such questions as: “Where did we come from? And when?” Mankind tries to find the answer to these important questions. It is a universal truth that there is a great number of tales and stories which transmits from one generation to another generation. And such ancient works as The Epic of Gilgamesh , Genesis in the Bible and The Metamorphoses of Ovid are such shining examples. In these books, the flood interpretation has a very deep meaning and pays attention to many people during much time. Though these three interpretations of flood are separated in some details and have been written at different times, but they have also similarities. And they are very important for all generations up to this day. And we can make a parallel between them. The most significant similarity in these stories is their plot. And there is one approval that Genesis in the Bible was written on the basis of The Epic of Gilgamesh, or vice versa. “Noah’s Ark is based on the story of Utnapishtim’s flood” (Lawal 657). And it is not surprising, because these two stories and we can add to them The Metamorphoses of Ovid, are very similar. So, the aim of these three stories was to warn the next generations to be moral, kind, not violent, in order not to ruin their lives. The one similarity in all these three stories is the symbol of the water as the purification of the land from the evil and the resolution to a new generation to live without crime, harm, but only in love and peace. That is why in three stories the flood is the symbol of rebirth and renovation. To my mind, this is the main similarity which gives rise to understanding that these stories differs only in some small and insignificant details. The similarity is in the reason of the beginning of the flood. In all these stories gods were not satisfied with the humanity. In The Epic of Gilgamesh the god decides to destroy mankind because they are very loud, numerous, and people prevent him from sleeping. In Genesis in the Bible the god makes up his mind to renew the world because people became very angry, crafty and cruel, and lawlessness dominated the earth. God pointed out that people were sinful. In The Metamorphoses of Ovid the god destroys the generation because of their disobedience and immorality. The author writes that Jupiter decides to punish the humanity, because they do not respect him, and Lycaon even has tried to kill him. And they implement their plan with the help of the flood. In The Epic of Gilgamesh the god saves Utnapishtim’s family and allows him to build the ark and take with him somebody who is eager to come with him. In Genesis in the Bible the god allows Noah and his family to build the ark, and then he asks him to bring two creatures of both sexes and six species of each clean animal. In The Metamorphoses of Ovid Deucalion and Pyrrha become the survivals, because the god has mercy on them. All these people were warned beforehand about the gods’ plan to send a great flood. And
Introduction Contrary to the ongoing speculation about the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria being the major threat to the US cyberspace, China is still considered the United States’ biggest cyber enemy. ISIS simply does not have the technical capabilities to pull off a cyber-attack against the US interests (Jackson Higgins, 2014), whereas for China, “cyberwarfare is of critical and vital importance” (Bernik, 2014). Main body Although the Chinese traditional army is the biggest in the world, this does not grant it superiority over “the technologically developed armies, such as the U.S. army, and any other enemy that is financially and technologically better equipped”, which results in the offsetting on the world-web battlefield (Bernik, 2014). The biggest success of Chinese cyber-terrorists so far has been Operation Shady RAT. RAT (remote access tool) is a type of Trojan able to activate webcams and conduct audio and video surveillance, search for and exfiltrate sensitive documents, and initiate keylogging to capture usernames and passwords (Carr, 2011). The most massive cyber-attack in history, the Operation Shady Rat was registered in 2011; it affected 72 organizations, including the governmental networks of the US (49 organizations), Canada, India, South Korea and other countries, the United Nations, the International Olympic Committee, the ASEAN, and the companies executing military orders. The daring cyb
Introduction It’s the cumulative effort that yields success in form of victory but how do individual forces join hands to develop into a larger entity. The answer lies with just one word i.e., leader. It has been wisely said that a right leader in the right place at the right time has always been critical to victory. The whole entity of a leader gets evolved into a concept and vision termed as leadership when an institution such as Army or Military comes into the picture. This conceptualization of leadership skill describes a possible difference between individual leaders and institutional leadership. Modern age Military Organizations and Institutions have profound importance which has persisting political, cultural, and social values. Their success is the outcome of collective leadership founded on a system that transcends individuals into an ongoing process of collective responsibility and vision. So, the military in this 21 st century faces the most significant challenge which will transcend to the development of the leadership. The development must undertake the issues that would be faced in the future. The future challenges will require considerable qualities and skills. These are some of the vital issues that the current leadership needs to sort today. Now keeping up with the theory; according to John Maxwell, there are 21 irrefutable laws of leadership, which serve as the basis for any successful entity. It’s really worth taking a look at them. Names and explanations can be found in Table 1. Table 1. “21 laws”. (Adopted from the book “21 Irrefutable laws of leadership” John C. Maxwell) Law of                Short Explanation                                                      1. Lid                Leadership ability determines a person’s level of effectiveness        2. Influence          The true measure of leadership is influence nothing more, nothing less 3. Process            Leadership develops daily, not in a day                                4. Navigation         Anyone can steer the ship, but it takes a leader to chart the course   5. E.F. Hutton        When the real leader speaks, people listen                             6. Solid Ground       Trust is the foundation of leadership                                  7. Respect            People naturally follow leaders stronger than themselves               8. Intuition          Leaders evaluate everything with the leadership bias                   9. Magnetism          Who you are is who you attract                                         10. Connection        Leaders touch a heart before they ask for a hand                       11. Inner circle      A leader’s potential is determined by those closest to him             12. Empowerment       Only secure leaders give power to others                               13. Reproduction      It takes a leader to raise up a leader                                 14. Buy-In            People buy into the leader, then the vision                            15. Victory           Leaders find a way for the team to win
The problem of sharp disposal can be of great concern to the management of a hospital. Being a part of a general waste management, which might include biological waste and contaminated materials, sharp waste is of distinctive concern, due to the regularity of waste accumulation, regardless of the sizes of the hospital. In that regard, such problem is a top priority concern for the Joint Commission of the Patton-Fuller hospital, where the current disposal practices require improvements in terms of efficiency and cost-reduction. The present paper provides a problem-solving plan for a team of four members, commissioned to develop a plan to improve sharp disposal in the aforementioned hospital, as well as providing communication guidelines outlining leadership positions and eliminating competencies’ confusion. The first stage in the stages of decision making can be seen in defining the goal and understanding the problem, where in this case the problem can be seen in the organizational aspect, resulted in the improper division of competencies in the team and the lack of communication. Accordingly, the goals can be defined as raising the efficiency of the sharp disposal p