ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The traditional and formal employee training comprises the acquisition of new skills and knowledge. The people, who acquire these skills and knowledge, utilize them in different fields of gainful employment. This means that gainful skills acquired in training, should be applied in employment. Formal training programs are meant to enlighten, but not to be applied in employment. Only a tenth of the knowledge gained from training is taken back to the office. The expenses incurred during training are extremely high, and there is need for the employers to maximize on the knowledge gained. The non-transfer of training can amount to billions being wasted annually. Transfer of training means that the skills and knowledge gained by trainees should be applied throughout in their jobs. Cognitive strategies and behavior should also be transferred. The primary factor for the transfer and its aspects of success are a query of debate. The process of training transfer has challenges involved in its progression. After assessments, training and application, transfer of training should be planned. The design, characteristics and job environment are key aspects depicting transfer of training. The primary factors that play a role in the success of transfer of training process A positive transfer of training is the level at which the trainees apply gains from the training context to their work experience. The laxity in the linkage between performance and training defines the problem in the transfer of training. The transfer of training can be termed as near or far to situation. This is determined by the similarity and dissimilarity in training conditions respectively. The stakes of transfer of training are high. Considering these facts, it is necessary to improve the outcome from all training programs while minimizing losses in transfer. The knowledge of this concept can be traced to the 1990’s, but the implementation of transfer of training in formal organization emerged in the 1970’s. The transfer of training holds that the generalization and maintenance are both utilized. Generalization incorporates application of learnt capabilities, while maintenance involves the use of the material for a period. Managers and supervisors need to adopt competences in order to improve transfer agents. These competences are grouped into two categories. The first is influence and transfer support. Here, the managers establish transfer goals, challenges, and offer incentives to encourage transfer. The managers are also entitled to offer training to their employees. The second one is the result-oriented transfer. Here, results are analyzed, transfer issues diagnosed, and learning transfer process improved by managing its elements. Challenges of the aspects of the transfer of training The methods of evaluating transfer of training are numerous, and they vary. These methods also require intensive labor. The methods of improving entry level for motivation are also vast and numerous. Relationship between trans
Introduction The issue of the link between mind and body is one of the things that always fascinated the peoples of all over the world, of all cultures and religions. This fascination lasted since the very appearance of philosophy and lasts till nowadays because of the many insinuations of this matter. Currently, the issue is becoming more sufficient due to the progress of science and of its capability to understand, with its tools, their neural origin, behavioral expressions, and also the artificial reproducibility of such materializations and, at the genetic modifiability of the neurophysiological origin of the same psychical purposes. But still, there is no single answer, and the scientists follow two directions, taking into account these questions: dualistic point of view and non-dualistic. Dualism The relations between mind and body from the dualistic viewpoint go on to be a troubling matter for both philosophy and psychology. Nevertheless, whereas philosophers have generally acknowledged it, in psychology, the matter of this relation has largely been disregarded, and its ongoing significance is covered by the manners in which the very notion of mind-body relations is parted. So, for instance, we have neuropsychology and biological psychology; and the psychologies of cognition and approaches, on the other hand. One setting of sub-disciplines deals with the brain (body), the other ‑ with thoughts (mind): but these two sub-disciplines stay entirely dissimilar from each other. They are taught in separate elements, and their followers apply extremely different research plans, attending conferences and issuing researches almost entirely within the limits of the sub-discipline. The key assert of dualism is the matter of how the immaterial mind and the material body interact, while these are two different substances (material and immaterial). This is a notion that features important in non-European philosophies. Mental processes cause physical processes and vice-versa. And this statement raises the very question of the dualistic approach: how mind and body interact if these are diametrically different substances. This is called the “problem of interactionism.” (Baker, 1996). The key considerations on the matters of dualistic approaches are attributed to philosopher Rene Descartes, whose “Meditations” of 1642 demonstrate our culture’s characteristic realization of this matter. Descartes stated that human intelligence is a matter which is split from the body, and it is spaceless (in the meaning that it does not occupy any space). And it is constantly in close junction with the body, which is a space-occupying matter. The mind interrelates with the body (via the pineal gland) but stays split from it.
Introduction Professionals in the field of ESL, including instructors and curriculum developers, often face challenges in blending theory and practice. In the article, Outtakes from Reader’s Choice: Issues in Materials Development by Sandra Silberstein, the author, addresses these challenges objectively by pointing out her own experiences during the development of the textbook, Reader’s Choice, which she co-authored. This article gives ESL professionals an idea on how they can gain experiences in the process of instruction or curriculum development. Luckily, the ESL professionals already have an exemplary pacesetter in Silberstein, who honestly and objectively approaches the commonly avoided challenge of self-evaluation. Overview of the Article The article by Silberstein opens by noting that ESL professionals are adept at churning out pedagogical materials, but even so, they still encounter difficulties in adhering to the all-important philosophy, which holds that the process is more important than the product and instructors propagate it. She notes that this philosophy is a challenge to seasoned teachers who find it easier to encourage their students to adopt it, but they are not in a position to operate within its auspices. This inability manifests in the fact that although teachers encourage their students to share with others any failed attempts at adhering to the philosophy, they for their part fail to do so. Silberstein observes that when content developers remain silent on the difficulties in the course of their duties, teachers and authors miss so much, which could be brought to light through open sharing. The author thus encourages culprits of this undesirable conduct to take a different approach by recounting her experiences during the development of the Reader’s Choice. In developing content for the Reader’s Choice, Silberstein and her co-author were fully aware that there was a need to operate within established theoretical and pedagogical guidelines to capture the spirit of common dilemmas that had been raised by Karl Krahnke at the time. In an attempt in so doing, Silberstein notes that their focus was more emphatic on the criteria of passing judgment on what addressed their concerns and what did not. Their concern in that respect was to develop content, which granted both teachers and students a pleasurable classroom experi
Introduction XYZ Health Care System is an organization involved in service delivery (medical treatment) to more than 500,000 homeless million people. With its capital Oklahoma, it serves 4 other neighboring states namely New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. Since its inception in 1995 it has managed to cater to a wide range of the medical needs of its clients. One of the goals set by the organization in the year 2000 (to double its current number of health facilities by opening new branches in Virginia, Dallas, Oklahoma and Texas) is in the drawing board and the funds have been proposed as follows below. Justification The growing number of homeless people in the 4 new states calls for immediate action in terms of giving them medical cares since other hospitals require a medical scheme from any person seeking treatment. The homeless people do not have any medical cover (Wildavsky, Baskin, 1982, P.60). Secondly, facilities for medical care need to be set up in the following chosen 4 states: Virginia, Oklahoma, Dallas and Chicago. Thirdly, the above medical facilities will require medical attendants in the form of doctors, nurses and other hospital staff. Lastly, tax requirements by the laws of the 4 different states will call for funding. Demographics An estimated 50,000 homeless people in the 4 states is homeless and has no medical cover. This project aims to serve at least 95% of them in at least 4 states. Table 1. ITEM DESCRIPTION (PER MEDICAL FACILTY) Table 2. Medical Equipment. NB:  1. Total Number of Doctors (in one facility) X 4 Medical facilities = $9,436,800 $ (2,359,200)  2. Variances on tax estimated at a total of $30 M. annually for the 4 new facilities.  3. The salaries of the staff are for the first 6 year before the health facilities start generating income to pay their staff.  4. Grand Total Expenditure = $ 4,067,405,800 Table 3. Suggested Vendors adopted from (www.ssmedical.com). Table 4. ESTIMATED COSTS For the 4 new health facilities. Payback Period The project will cost a total of $ 5 billion and will thus take 6 years to pay back costs due to factors like tax, the current and foreseeable inflation rate (Dayananda D., Irons R., Harrison S., Herbohn J., Rowland P. (2002). Revenue Generation Though not a profit generating scheme, these health facilities will need to generate income so as to be self sustaining. Thus, aside from reliance on the states’ funding and NGOs, the facilities will have pharmacies that will be accessible not only to the homeless at reduced prices but to the rest of the public at normal prices (Moragl
Introduction Art is one kind of human activities, skills, creations and expressions that helps to attract an individual through stimulating human senses and mind by transmitting emotions and ideas. The art is also a quality that helps to make anything different and attractive. Art reflects the human imaginations and creativity, which is the parts of reality and an artist, recreates reality. Art also is medium of the thoughts, philosophy, views, values, attitudes and emotions of an artist. There are various types of art such as music, dance, movies, theatre, and literature, nobles, poetry and painting picture. The art is the use of proficiency and imagination in the formation of visual substance, environment, or knowledge that can be shared with others. Again, anything made by an artist is art. The person who is efficient to do any specific activity is called artist. An artist may be in technical and non-technical sector. An artist makes his or her creations so that these things made by him or her can create a centre of attention in the human mind. An artist is an important factor that helps to influence society, community and human moral values, ethics, living style, views, emotions, attitudes, culture, tradition and philosophy. Some times an artist becomes a leader of society with the help his or her art which leads the human mind and thought. As a result he she becomes a leader of society or community. The role of the artist as negotiators, whose manifestations, thoughts, emotional responses and capability can acquire a significant action on the world stage. Again the role of artist is to make a visual record of the places, people, and events that surrounds them and to give observable or physical form to ideas, philosophies, or feelings. An artist wants to express with the help of his or her art, the economic, political, social, cultural and religious or philosophical conditions of the moment of the creation of the art. Art helps to communicate, increase humanity and develop morality. Gormlie (2008) asserts that “[t]he role of the good artist is that of one who creates or helps to create good art that reflects reality, projects an awareness of the inhumane conditions of that reality, and ways to change those conditions”. A writer also is an artist who whites his or her thought, imagination, dreams, and philosophy in the art. A writer plays an important role to influence our cultures, traditions, values of society, to impact human thoughts, moral values and philosophy. The Statement of William Faulkner The Nobel Prize winning author Faulkner (2002) noted that “the writer’s only responsibility is to his art”. Since a writer can influence the society, community, humanity, the economic, political, social, cultural and religious or philosophical
The main objective of a free economic system is to utilize the resources of the country in such a way that the production of goods and services out of the available resources may be optimal. In essence, an economic system is characterized by the supply and demand of commodities which may be consequently affected by scarcity and choice as described in the following paragraphs. The market supply of a commodity is the total quantities that firms are willing to offer and sell over some time period. This implies that firms are economic agents responsible for supply of goods and services. Thus, the law of supply states that provided other conditions is kept constant, when the price of a commodity increases the supply increases and vice versa (Hardwick et al., 1999). In this way existing firms expand their outputs and new firms will join the industry so as to take advantage of increased profitability and consequently safeguard increases. When cost of production of any commodity rises, supply falls and vice-versa due to the scarce resources. Other factors that affect supply include the price of other certain goods, price of factors of production, state of technology, expectations, government policies, and tastes of producers. Demand is the quantity an individual is willing to buy at a given price over a period of time. It takes authority in the following: ability, time, and price specification. Furthermore, demand as opposed to want, need or desire is backed by purchasing power. For this reason, the law of demand states that provided other conditions are kept constant, when a price of a commodity increases the quantity demanded decreases and vice versa; there is an inverse relationship between the price of a commodity and quantity demanded (Hardwick et al., 1999). Demand and supply of a commodity are affected by the scarcity of resources and the choices made by economic agents. Scarcity is a relative term and it means less than requirement. The main cause of economic problems is the scarcity of resources at the disposal of human beings e.g. time, money, wealth e.t.c. A commodity is considered scarce when it is limited in supply. Choice is a selection of wants to satisfy from an ending list of wants that is necessitated by the fact that resources are
Introduction Answering the question about the importance of the Renaissance and the Reformation for the shaping of the European society, it is important to consider the background of these epochs. The Renaissance was the rebellion against the church-dominated life in the early Medieval Europe, which was reflected in the artistic masterpieces. The Reformation was the direct struggle with the church whose overall influence people could not stand anymore. Accordingly, the Renaissance and the Reformation were similar processes in the aspect that they freed the human beings from the religious dogmas and shaped the modern European society (Stearns, Gosch, & Grieshaber, 2005 ). Discussion “ The cultural rebirth or Renaissance did not take place in a vacuum. Prior to the twelfth century, almost all learning in Europe was under the control of the church, and medieval art and the literature reflected the church’s influence” (Brummett, Edgar, Hackett, Jewsbury & Molony, p. 399). In these lines, the whole essence of the Renaissance, as well of the Reformation, lies. Starting from the early 14 th century in Italy, the Renaissance developed due to the work of such geniuses as Dante, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and others. Further on, the Renaissance spread to other parts of Europe and the so-called Northern Renaissance developed in the Netherlands, Spain, Scandinavian countries and Germany. Humanism, presented in works by Montaigne (1533 – 1592) and other prominent scholars, was the main idea of the Renaissance. Accordingly, humanism was put by Martin Luther into the basis of the Reformation started in 1517: “…Luther denied the infallibility of the Pope and church councils, declared the Scriptures to be the sole legitimate doctrinal authority, and proclaimed that salvation could be gained only by faith” (Brummett, Edgar, Hackett, Jewsbury & Molony,, p. 418) Later, in 1536 – 1538, Henry VIII of England implemented the Reformation in his country, this time for the practical purposes – he needed his marriage annulled and Catholicism did not allow that. So, the Anglican Church headed by Henry was introduced as the major one in England (Brummett, Edgar, Hackett, Jewsbury & Molony, p. 420). Thus, the German Reformation and its consequences in other European countries led to the decrease of the Catholic Church authority and influence, and put it on the edge of collapse. Only the activities of Pope Paul III (1534 – 1549) rescued the church and established the modern state of things when the state and the church are separated and do not rule each other (Brummett, Edgar, Hackett, Jewsbury & Molony, p. 427). Conclusion So, it is obvious that the Renaissance and the Reformation are the processes of the same nature. Their uniform direction towards granting freedoms and rights to human beings is what leads this paper to such a conclusion. Masterpieces by such artists as Jan van Eyck (c.1395 – 1441), Albrecht Durer (1471 – 1528), Miguel de Servantes (1547 – 1616) and many other
Introduction This is the feeling that a person gets when he or she is confronted by two opposing ideas at the same time. It happens when one is persuaded to do something that is contrary to his or her beliefs. It can be explained as embarrassment, guilt, or an uncomfortable feeling. The strength of the feeling is increased with the increase in the importance of the conflicting matter and the inability to make a rational decision on the best way of doing something. As individuals, there is what we believe that we are, if I do something that is contrary to my beliefs then I will be faced with the dissonance feeling. For example, if I believe that I am wise enough to make an informed decision, but misleads somebody who had come for advice and leads to injury on the other person, I feel guilty of the action. This also happens when we are looking into the lives of others and find them doing the opposite of what we believe is the right thing. We are faced with dissonance (Cooper & Fazio, 1984). To relieve ourselves from the guilty feeling, there are things that we do that in turn affect who we are or the action that we undertake in life. This paper will discuss the action that we take as a remedy to the dissonance feeling and how they affect our day-to-day life. Change Our Behavior The attitude and belief that I hold today were instilled in me right from the time that I was born. In most cases, it is not as a result of deliberate actions but I found myself the way I am, it is through socialization, inherited aspect/ biological aspects. They may not be in line with other people’s beliefs and thus after I undergo a conflict of beliefs as I interact with others, there is the possibility of deliberate decisions to change my behavior so as to fit in the group. The change can be to a more socially acceptable behavior or it may change to a beh
Introduction Walmart Stores Inc. is one of the largest global retailers with over 11,500 stores operating in 28 countries around the world. In China, the retail giant opened its first outlet in 1996 in Shenzhen. By the end of 2016, the company was operating 439 retail units in 189 cities around China ( Walmart China Factsheet, n.d.). Given the extensive nature of operations, the management has to come up with an elaborate and efficient supply chain to ensure that customers’ needs and expectations are met. The management believes in local sourcing of products, and thus it has partnered with over 7,000 suppliers in the country to provide 95 percent of the merchandise in different stores ( Walmart China Factsheet, n.d.). The company’s distribution network and transportation have been successful because the management invests heavily in these areas to gain a competitive advantage in the market. This paper assesses the company’s supply and demands side of product flow to identify potential alignments that will keep cost and waste at a minimum. Demand Forecasting Supply and Demand Side of Walmart’s Product Flow Walmart’s supply chain has become effective by transforming it into the current customer-oriented operations. Initially, the adopted product flow model involved transporting huge quantities of stock units (sometimes up to 20,000 stock units) from its physical locations to customer locations across the country. Similarly, suppliers would ship products directly to the company’s stores. However, this model of shipping products directly to stores was inefficient in China. For instance, suppliers were required to transport truckloads of goods to the company’s extensive network of stores in the country. However, this model was impractical for perishable goods, and thus a huge number of goods would be damaged in the process. In 2015, Walmart introduced two models of transportation to address existing problems. The models were dry distribution and perishable distribution systems. By the end of 2016, the company had eight dry distribution and eleven fresh products distribution centers to handle general merchandise, consumables, dry groceries, and perishable goods respectively, with the help of cross-docking. Customer Needs One of the greatest customer needs is convenience when shopping in terms of accessing stores. Customers are also looking for affordability, quality products, and excellent services. Therefore, the senior management of the retail giant decided to create an extensive network of stores in major cities across the country. Given that the majority of the products are sourced locally, they are affordable and of good quality. Evaluation Suppliers’ Capabilities From 2012, the management of Walmart in China identified numerous loopholes that were constraining the suppliers’ abilities to deliver products. Therefore, the supply chain team came up with strategies to address this problem. Curre