ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive summary Like in any part of the world, Arab youths are currently experiencing dramatic cultural changes caused by current globalization, social, political and economic transformation, education as well as technology. Culture is described as the natural actions of society. Essentially, culture is the daily activities, actions, practices, or the manner in which society is arranged and functions. Moreover, culture is a product of both individual hard work and collective behaviors that form the societal values, customs, and traditions. In most societies, cultural norms are taught and ingrained into the younger generations by the older age groups. As such, Arab older cohorts have a greater role in ensuring that Arab culture is sustained, promoted, and practiced by the upcoming generations. However, this can only be achieved by acknowledging the kind of cultural practices and norms that are supposed to be respected. Therefore, the paper tends to examine actions and practices that Arab youths should currently undertake to promote cultural or value awareness not only in the Arab world but also globally. Essentially, the paper examines values that Arab youths are supposed to respect and analyses the cultural or value awareness as well as self-esteem both at the local and international scale. Moreover, the paper looks into the contributions of contemporary and traditional values to current cultural awareness among the Arab youths. Acknowledgment Foremost, special thanks go to the immediate supervisor or instructors for the valuable and constructive suggestions from the planning to the undertaking of this study. In particular, the willingness to offer time so generously has been highly appreciated. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to my research supervisors for their patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement, and useful critiques of this report. In addition, I would also like to thank the department for continuous advice and assistance in keeping my progress on schedule. Grateful thanks are also extended to the fellow Muslim students for their greater assistance and contribution in this paper. I would also like to extend my thanks to the department library assistances for their help in my search for the secondary resources that were helpful in completing the report. Finally, I wish to thank my parents for their support and encouragement throughout the production and writing of this report. Introduction Understanding cultural values in the current environment is one of the major challenge
Kuwait is a small Middle East country that has vast crude oil reserves. The country has approximately 100 billion barrels of crude oil reserves. Kuwait’s crude oil reserves account for approximately 7% of the world’s reserves. Petroleum accounts for 48% of the country’s GDP. In addition, it accounts for approximately 90% of the government’s revenues and 95% of export revenues. The Kuwaiti Dinar (KWD) is the legal tender of the country. In 2012, the GDP of Kuwait was $165.9 billion. In 2012, the GDP of the company grew by 6.1%. Kuwait generally has a budget surplus. In 2012, the country had revenues of $106.9 billion and expenditures of $69.18 billion. The government had a budget surplus of $37 billion. Kuwait’s government uses two reserve funds to invest the budget surplus. These include the Fund for Future Generations and the General Reserve Fund. The government invests the surplus in stocks, bonds, fixed yield instruments, and real estates in the U.S., U.K. Japan, France, and Southeast Asia (Lehman 150). The creation of the National Bank of Kuwait in 1952 enabled investors to trade in stocks. Thereafter, the government passed several laws to regulate the trading of stocks. This culminated in the formation of the Kuwait Stock Exchange (KSE) in August 1983. The duty of the KSE is to regulate and organise trading activities. In 2010, the government established the Capital Markets Authority to take over some of the previous functions of the KSE (Al-Bashir 43). Kuwait is an Islamic country. Therefore, its laws conform to the teachings of the Quran. Kuwait’s economic model focuses on wealth distribution. The conventional economic model focuses on wealth creation. It is the duty of wealthy Kuwaitis to offer a certain percentage of their income to the needy. The government does not prohibit financial institutions from engaging in conventional business activities. The Central Bank of Kuwait (CBK) is the main body that regulates Kuwait’s monetary sector. The CBK requires all financial institutions to have anti-money laundering measures. In addition, it requires the financial institutions to circulate guidelines of their money laundering procedures. The CBK also regulates the financial transactions of all financial institutions to protect the public (Stella and Lönnberg 31). The Capital Markets Authority (CMA) is the independent body that regulates the KSE. The government established the CMA is 2010. The Capital Markets Law (CML) mandates the CMA to regulate the KSE. The CMA requires companies to obtain consent from the agency prior to undertaking mergers or acquisitions. In addition, the CMA requires parties that buy more than 30% of the voting rights of a company that is listed in the KSE to make a similar offer to all shareho
Introduction Heart attack is a leading cause of death for both men and women in America. It is not a contagious disease. This makes this health issue very interesting and at the same time so devastating because it is preventable and that there is no need to die prematurely. This means that a heart attack can be prevented provided that the “at risk” individual is willing to change his or her lifestyle – particularly those pertaining to diet, vices, and physical exercise. Prevention can be achieved using health education and intervention techniques. Yet it is not enough to bombard the public with health messages; there is a need to deliver health education and intervention methodologies using community based resources. Overview According to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), “A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a section of the heart muscle becomes blocked. If the flow of blood is not restored quickly, the section of heart muscle becomes damaged from lack of oxygen and begins to die” (NHLBI, 2008). Below are the other names for a heart attack that were used interchangeably in journals and periodicals consulted and these are listed as follows:   * Myocardial infraction;   * Acute myocardial infarction;   * Acute coronary syndrome;   * Coronary thrombosis; and   * Coronary occlusion. Heart attacks occur mostly due to coronary artery disease (CAD) and less frequently due to severe spasm or tightening of a coronary artery (NHLBI, 2008). Coronary artery disease or CAD is due to the build-up – after a long period of time, of a fatty material called plaque – on the inner walls of the coronary arteries. Plaque build-up is due to the presence of cholesterol which in turn is due to maintaining an unhealthy diet such as frequenting fast-food restaurants and consuming meat products with heavy fat content. There is therefore a need to educate the American public with regards to the consequences of nutrition and that eating is not merely an act to deal with hunger pain but it is an activity that will help nourish the body as well as prevent deadly diseases. In the case of the circulatory system, the consumption of unhealthy food rich in fats will significantly increase the chances of acquiring CAD. It must be added though that even if the individual is following a strict diet there is still a possibility that he or she will die prematurely from a heart attack. As mentioned earlier the second major cause of a heart attack is severe spasm or tightening of the artery. It is not yet clear what really causes coronary spasm but experts say that it is related to the following (NHLBI, 2008):   * Drug abuse e.g. cocaine;   * Emotional stress o
Marketing is a complex endeavor that accounts for various factors in order to succeed within a designated business setting. The so-called marketing mix, or a foundation model for any organization, comprises eight primary constituents: product, price, place, promotion, people, principle, process, and performance (Reny & Prasada, 2018). As far as the healthcare sector is considered, some business owners fail to recognize healthcare products as a marketing tool, as it primarily works not for the sake of profitability. For this reason, nowadays, researchers aim at transcreation of the initial marketing mix according to the sector’s values, comprising product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical evidence, packaging, partnership, and policy (Lim, 2021). However, despite the existing discrepancies, the core values and principles of marketing are somehow homogenous for health care and other sectors. The first critical principle for the health care market is people, as human lives are assets to the whole sector. The modern tendencies in clinical practice shift from evidence and medicine-based approaches to the patient-centered focus, creating the demand for personalized marketing services (Agarwal et al., 2020). The second significant principle in today’s context is, by all means, the notion of product, as the final product in terms of health care may vary from a medical device to a positive patient outcome and recovery from a physical condition. As a result, this principle encompasses process and performance as key indicators of a quality outcome. The third relevant principle is price, as financing care is one of the most challenging aspects of health care today. For this reason, modern approaches to marketing should promote price reasonability, realistic price expectations, and transparency in terms of medical services charging (Agarwal et al., 2020). Finally, the notion of principle is of paramount importance to health care, as it ensures the providers’ intentions exist beyond profitability and benefit. Having considered all the aforementioned principles, one may conclude that while some medical providers may prioritize some principle
The Business Case Performance appraisal is part of performance management, and plays a critical role in encouraging employees to adopt desirable performances. Virani (2012) defines a performance appraisal as the “systematic and objective way of judging the relative worth or ability of an employee in performing his job” (p. 1). This report analyses the performance appraisal at Samsung Electronics – a Korean company. As a player in the competitive information technologies (IT) industry, Samsung strives to hire and retain some of the best IT talent available globally. Like most businesses, however, Samsung seeks to retain the best performers, encourage the average performers to enhance their performances, and fire employees who do not perform well (Samsung, 2013). To do the foregoing, the company has a performance appraisal system that involves self-evaluation, competence evaluation and performance evaluation. One of the main benefits of performance appraisal at Samsung is that, the company is able to adopt a performance-based compensation approach (Samsung, 2013). Performance-based compensation is, however, awarded in bonuses, and/or promotions, because as Samsung (2013) indicates, its payment system is non discriminatory. As such, employees working in the same position receive equal pay regardless of their nationalities, age, gender or other points of diversity. Samsung (2013) however, underscores the importance of individual performances, because they determine the reward that an employee gets. Such rewards are given in the form of merit-based pay. Bae, Rowley and Sohn (2012) indicate that at Samsung “merit pay increases individual compensation based on competence and performance” (p. 155). In order to determine personal competences and performances among its employees, Samsung conducts annual performance appraisals. Impact of performance appraisal Performance appraisal methods used at Samsung Samsung uses the ‘absolute standards approach’, which, according to Lunenburg (2012), provides a “detailed description of the actual behaviour necessary for effective performance” (p. 3). Specifically, Samsung uses checklists, which are a common method in the ‘absolute standards approach’ of appraisal. Checklists are used in three methods, namely: self-assessment, competence evaluation, and performance evaluation. Self-assessment In this method, employees are given the mandate to gauge their own performances. They are required to fill the self-appraisal forms annually, and send them to their supervisors. The supervisors then use an ABCD grading system, where ‘A’ denotes excellent performance, while ‘D’ denotes poor performance (Bae et al., 2012). The results obtained from self-assessment are used in education (specifically in training and development programs), and in job rotations. Through self-assessment, employees understand whether they are meeting job-related expectations. Additionally, self-assessment enables employees to assess their contribution to a job. Moreover, employees are able to identify their strong areas of performance, while pinpoint
The Red Convertible is a story of two brothers and main characters: Layman and Henry Lamartine. Henry is well built, with a muscular body and a strong profile (Erdrich, 2009). Before he joined the Vietnam War as a Marine, he was easygoing, impulsive, and had a sense of humor. However, he returned home after three years as a soldier with a changed character. Henry became moody, silent, detached, jumpy, and rarely smiled or laughed (Erdrich, 2009). Layman maintained the same character throughout the story. He had great admiration for his older half-brother and enjoyed being with him. Layman described himself as being ‘lucky’ with money as he started working in childhood and was a restaurant owner in his teenage years. The Joliet café was ruined in a tornado, but he enjoyed his short time success (Erdrich, 2009). When Henry returned from the war, all changed; Layman remained optimistic that he would soon return to his old self. Just before Henry walked into the river and drowned, Layman had thought that the laughing and smiling meant he was returning to his old self. The reader comes to know the story’s characters by telling as Layman narrates it. The Red Convertible uses the first-person point of view. The description of all the characters is in Layman’s view and understanding. Nevertheless, his voice is reliable and trustworthy as he exposes his emotional and sensitive nature to the readers without a shred of shame. The reader learns about Layman and his brother Henry through Layman’s eyes. Layman Lamartine is a static character, whereas Henry Junior is a dynamic character. Layman’s character remained stable throughout the story, but Henry drastically changed after spending three years in the war. Henry transitioned from a happy and innocent young man to a moody, silent, and unhappy ex-soldier. The chaos and disaster he experienced during the Vietnam War wholly altered his being, leaving him empty and lonely. Layman remained the same happy and vibrant young man throughout the story. Everything the reader knows about Henry is told from Layman’s point of view. Therefore, to a great extent, what is known about Henry depends on the knowledge of Layman. For instance, it is known that Henry had been a happy young man before he joined the war because he took a road trip with Layman and enjoyed every bit of it (Erdrich, 2009). Additionally, his later self i
A talk on the reporter’s privilege cannot be complete without mentioning Vanessa Leggett, an unpublished author who was jailed for 168 days for refusing to reveal her sources. Leggett who was writing on a murder case in Houston was jailed for refusing to respond to a subpoena. As a matter of fact, she spent the longest period in jail than any other American journalist concerning the issue of a subpoena. The main reason why Leggett had to serve the jail term was attributed to the absence of the reporter’s privilege in the Fifth Circuit whose legislations included Texas. Furthermore, Leggett’s misfortunes increased when the US Department of Justice failed to intervene citing that an unpublished author, according to their stipulations, could not be considered a journalist (RCFP, 2007). Apart from Leggett’s issue, several other subpoenas have been issued to journalists from different media houses in America. A study by the RCFP dubbed Agents of discovery, revealed that in 1999 alone, more than 440 news organizations received more than 1,326 subpoenas. This notwithstanding, 46% of the respondent media organizations confessed to have received one or more subpoenas (RCFP, 2007). Controversy of the Issue A brief introduction on what a reporter’s privilege is can give an insight to a better comprehension of this topic. According to the Reporter’s Committee for Freedom of the Press (2007), the reporter’s privilege is defined as a reporter’s right “…not to be compelled to testify or disclose sources and information in court.” Although the privilege is widely recognized in most of the United States, there are variable differences in parameters within the different States. This means that a journalist in one State can get different treatment as compared to a counterpart with the same issue in another State. This difference in parameters has resulted into different states covering the issue of non-confidential information differently. While other States recognize the issue, others have failed to. In addition, freelancers have been recognized in some States while others don’t. As evidenced by the case of Leggett, the Fifth Circuit does not recognize reporter’s reporters’ privilege. Texas being one of the States that fall under the jurisdiction of the Fifth Circuit therefore could compel a journalist to reveal sources of information that is found essential in a court case. But this is not the same case for Illinois. In this State, a journalist is granted by the First Amendment, a constitutional right to refuse to reveal his sources even under the circumstances of grand juries’ subpoenas (Gunnarsson 2006). In addition to this, reporters also have a privilege under the common law evidentiary that allows them to conceal the identities of their confidential sources. In a case by Judith Miller, a former New York Times reporter, the District o
Introduction Muna AbuSulyman is considered to be one of the most influential and successful women in the Arab league of nations. She has achieved so much success in both her career as well as through her efforts to bring about prosperity, development and equality in the Arab nations. Her achievements are made even more phenomenal by the fact that she is a woman and she has been able to achieve so much in a society whereby the women are undermined and are constantly mistreated. She stands up for the rights of women and aspires to prove that indeed women can be able to achieve as much as their male counterparts can (Book, 2000). Her achievements and accomplishments are made even more admirable by the stigma that she is able to overcome in a society that has for a long time been known to have strong opposition to single mothers and divorcees in the community. Achievements Muna’s popularity has risen to a great extent and she is a famous figure especially in the Middle East region; she has also served as a television co-host with MBC. The social program that she co-hosted drew her wide range of admirers and her great sense of fashion has modeled her as a fashion icon amongst the women especially in the Arab nations. Her fields of work and interest are diverse and she works in philanthropy, the media, as aforementioned, as well as in the fields of international relations; in addition, she also has business interests. Muna was born in 1973 on the 16 th of May in Philadelphia in the United States, she spent her early years in the US whereby she attended and attained her elementary education as well as college education. Afterwards, she spent two years in Malaysia with her father who was working there; her interaction with the different and diverse cultures is perhaps one of the key contributors that helped to shape her personality (Carli & Eagly, 1999). Muna graduated from the George Mason University, her academic accomplishments include a B.A. and an M.A in English Literature, and currently she is pursuing her doctorate degree. Her career has spun around a number of fields and interests; she has lectured American Literature at the King Saud University. In the field of education, her contribution cannot be overlooked because she helped to formulate and oversee the successful implementation of courses in English Literature. Her achievements and accomplishments in both the education and the corporate worlds have seen her receive regular invitations to give keynote addresses in various conferences as well as gatherings. She has also received several awards and recognitions for her efforts and achievements alike; due to here public image and style, she has travelled to various parts of the world to spread her efforts to influence people and spread her values and the ideals that she stands for. Her recent achievements include being the first woman to be app