ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Different fields use languages that have varying degrees of complexity. The complexity or simplicity of the language depends on the recipients of the information. It is vital to communicate in a form that the recipients of the information can easily comprehend. The legal profession has one of the most complex English. This makes it hard for members of the public to comprehend the content of legal documents. The business world also uses English that is only comprehensible to people within the precincts of the business world. When communicating to members of the public companies must use comprehensible language. This is because members of the public may not have the literacy skills that would enable them to comprehend information using complex English terminologies. The Plain Writing Act (2010) aims at making it easy for the public to comprehend various documents. The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) demands companies communicate with investors in an easily comprehensible language. The SEC has a guide that helps lawyers and companies reduce the level of complexity of the language in their documents. In 1998, SEC put in place a law that necessitates companies to use plain English in certain sections of their prospectus. However, companies can still write certain parts of the prospectus in plain English (Lehman & DuFrene, 2010). The SEC discourages companies from using complex English in their prospectus. The prospectus is a formal document that a company prepares when issuing new stock. The prospectus helps in promoting the new stock issue. It provides information on
Every country’s development depends on the hands of the youth. The children and their upbringing hold all the keys to prosperity. They are the base of any nation. In India, the base itself is prevented from solidification. Children are found working as laborers in construction buildings, factories, as servants in food stalls and houses. Begging itself is considered to be a $16000000 industry (Lamb, 2006). This is something to be concerned about. Making a movie like Slumdog Millionaire is not going to put the matter to an end. It only provides an ugly sight of India. To get rid of these grave problems charity is not going to help. People need to be aware and a combined effort should be put in. That is exactly what CRY (Children Rights and You) is trying to do since 1979 and they have been quite successful so far. It is an organization formed by Mr. Rippan Kapoor and even after his death in 1994, it is still going strong. They do not believe in charity, they do not do street teaching campaigns or build up orphanages, etc. Instead, they help grassroots level NGOs to work with and for the children, their parents, and communities to make them aware, so that the problem could be totally uprooted rather than giving a vague effort (Waller, 2008). CRY does not sympathize with children. They consider them as citizens who have their own rights but are just not aware of the rights. CRY works hard to make them aware so that they can fight for themselves. CRY also provides all the instruments as many as possible to support them in their battle. Here are a few examples of the gallant efforts of the Grassroots NGOs which are supported by CRY: ADHAR – A Cry project, done in the Bolangir district of Orissa proved a great success as they fought against the issues of malnutrition and migration of children and ensured that poor pregnant women get proper healthcare. “ASSOCIATION FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY” (Lamb, 2006) (APD) – Another CRY project, done in Kolar district of Karnataka where they addressed the issues abut disability of children, their care, prevention and raise awareness that they should not be treated as excluded from the society. They are not to sympathize but to be seen in equal light. “ASSOCIATION FOR INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT” (Lamb, 2006) (AIRD) – This was one of the biggest campaigns of CRY. They fought for the rights of the Palmyra workers in Tamil Nadu to force the Government to waive off the ban from the toddy tapping and form a trade union for the workers. AIRD communicated with over 250 villages to support this movement and made them aware of their rights and motivated the 47000 workers to fight for their own rights which they were unaware of. With this united effort, they compelled the government to fulfill their demands. ARAMBH – This program was once supported by CRY as well. It dealt with educational issues related to children in the slums and stopping child labor. What makes CRY different from other institutions that fight for child rights is their m
“The Trojan War: A New History,” written by a historiographer Barry Strauss depicts an issue that had been examined and studied widely for years; moreover, more and more studies are published in history works and belletristic narrations. The author made an effort to present the story of the Trojan War in a different light by giving inventive apprehensions and authentic assertions about the subject. The intentions of Strauss are displayed at once in the title of the book: the author claims to introduce an updated view of the Trojan War to the general public. The book is written in such a manner that both people involved in Trojan War studying and primers with broad interests would find it alluring and approachable without any doubts. In this review, we will determine the approach of Barry Strauss to the history and reasons for the Trojan War. Moreover, my point of view regarding the “The Trojan War: A New History” its strengths and weaknesses; we will try to conclude whether Strauss provides enough background information to allow us to understand the arguments of the author. Furthermore, the references to Homer and his theories about the connection between Troy and the Bronze Age will be discussed, and the accuracy of the book will be determined (Latacz 82). Barry Strauss is a specialist in the military progress of ancient times, who has a reasonable point of view on many hoary wars. He rewrites the history of the Trojan War within the frameworks of its experiences, culture, economy, and topography; nevertheless, despite the practical approach, Strauss keeps in mind the literary value of these historical documents. In this connection, the author works with various appliances that allow shedding new light on the subject of Trojan Was, such as freshly-interpreted written records of Hittite. These memorials provide proof of the significance of the Troy Empire during the Bronze Age; moreover, they concede the relations of Hittite with the Trojan nation as allies during the war (Bryce 73). This method of research gives the author a chance to establish the influence of Hittite on the life of Trojans, including their traditions, means of war, and their presumptions, the beliefs in divine powers, and contact with their gods along with the economic value and Greek’s interest in Troy. Moreover, the author uses a translation of the Iliad written by the Pope in 1720 as a confirmation of his theories. To be precise, the original Iliad state that the main characters Hector, Odysseus, and other characters, conduct themselves in ways that were inherent in the Bronze Age (Thomas and Conant 73). The literary work of Barry Strauss is enjoyable, entertaining and reachable, but controversial and informative at the same time. The new accession of the book, which gives an opportunity to look at the Trojan War at the new angle, is considered to be intriguing and provocative. While the traditional justification of the Trojan War submits the altercation over the magnificent Helen as a small flicker to inflame already exis
This paper analyzes current e-government trends in Latin America and the Caribbean. The authors also critically look into the problems and opportunities of using new technologies as a tool to transform the public sector. How do new technologies enhance democracy? How do they set up countries to compete in the networked economy? It analyzes knowledge-intensity and the fast pace of global economies. The authors find that the region is falling behind others in government preparedness and usage. Despite outstanding exceptions, the authors discover, e-government initiatives throughout the region have focused on front-end service transactions but little on innovation and institutional growth and change. This paper discusses the key policy challenges governments may consider in the future. It points out that e-government is essentially a political, not a technical project. Recognizing the political and institutional change nature of e-government provides the key to moving e-government beyond ‘window dressing’ and towards realizing the transformational potential of ICTs for governance and public service performance. The paper suggests key measures to harness this potential for public sector reform, including informed and committed leadership, a national consensus on ICT-enabled reforms, incentives for sustained institutional change and process innovation, ICT governance and institutional framework for interagency coordination, p
Abstract Pumpkin seeds were soaked in presence of three growth retardants and then germinated and planted. The plant height was significantly reduced in case of A-Rest and Sumagic but not Cycocel treatments. This suggests that the gibberellin-antagonistic plant growth retardants’ effects may vary depending on the species being investigated. Introduction and Objective According to Funkhouser, Plant growth regulators are chemicals which, when present in plants in extremely small quantities, considerably modify growth. When they are produced by plants themselves they are called phytohormones (72-77). These phytohormones are classified on the basis of physiological response that they elicit. Auxin, gibberellin, ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid are known as five “classical” phytohormones (Kende & Zeevaart 1197-1210). Plant growth is based on cell production in apical or intercalary meristems, and hormones regulate both cell division and cell elongation in this tissue (Francis & Sorrell 1-12). Auxins and gibberellins stimulates G 2 phase of cell cycle to enter into mitosis by modulating action of cell cycle regulatory proteins, serine/threonine protein kinases and cyclins. Cytokinins increase cell division by enhancing chromosomal replication events at S phase and transforming resting cells from G 0 to G 1 phase. These hormones especially gibberellins promote cellular water intake and extend the cytoskeleton, the transversely oriented cellulose microfibrils. Li further established that seed germination and root growth is facilitated by gibberellins (199). Ethylene causes thickening of stems by reorienting microfibrils to longitudinal/oblique position. Abscisic acid is a potent antagonist of gibberellin action and induces stunted growth. The other functional classes of plant growth regulators, mostly available as synthetic products, are: defoliants, anti-auxins, ethylene inhibitors, ethylene releasers, morphactins and growth retardants. Growth retardants like Sumagic, Cycocel and A-Rest are the synthetic formulations used for controlling the natural growth habit of plants in Nursery (Fig. 1). They regulate height and encourage branching and bushiness yielding a thick short canopy for ornamental purpose. According to Al-Rumaih & Al-Rumaih, these chemicals without affecting the foliar and floral developmen
Introduction In the academic setup, creating a sustainable environment and conducive atmosphere for oneself right from the start is a crucial and vital task for the student. A Student Survival Guide helps any student maintain not only the academic course performance but also helps in struggling with the onslaught of the day-to-day challenges of academic life which includes competition, time management, and developing other personal and interpersonal skills. Main body The first step in creating this survival guide would outline the basic, necessary actions that need to be taken during the course of the academic year. The first and most vital step in this process would be to see how to go about conducting successful library and internet searches. In today’s world of electronic access to information, it is often wondered if libraries are necessary at all. But despite the broad range of information available on the internet, libraries are often thought to be losing their importance. However, well-designed libraries serve a purpose that is much higher than most people imagine. They make technology available to the general population who cannot afford to have it at home. This universal access is often better because accompanied by librarians on site who can guide users through a maze of unknown sources (McNulty, 1999). The best way would be to get completely familiarized with the local or nearest university libraries before the term starts taking a harrowing pace. It is also helpful to stay in touch with an online resource for example JSTOR, ERIC, or any other journals’ database online. In the online university library, as in the case of the local libraries, it is best to acquaint oneself with the setup before the workload increases. Once the resource problem is dealt with, having clarity for judgment in evaluating the sources at hand is of great importance. Academic honesty is not just about submitting work on time or fulfilling the outlines. It is also about having the aforementioned clarity of judgment which not only enables the student to realize the potentials of the sources, the context from which the material is provided, but also enhances his understanding of the world of mass media and information. The writing of the assignments, reports, and other papers require this sense of honesty and clarity that discourages intellectual theft, which maintains Axia’s academic honesty policy. Citation skills can be easily developed with resources given online and in libraries. With practice and effort, all forms of intellectual theft and lack of integrity in academia can be avoided. In a distance-learning environment, there is a larger margin for lacking ineffective study skills, therefore a study guide helps students maintain a good pace in studies as well as maintain academic honesty. Students during the 70s and 80s had to rely on books, encyclopedias, newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets to gather research material. Today a student has full access to the internet where some cut and paste research information from a magazine article found in a library onl
Topic A Fresnel lens possesses a large aperture and a short focal length, which allows it to capture and focus more from a light source than a conventional lens, and project it over vast distances while needing less mass and amount of material than a traditional lens would for the same characteristics. This allows them to be much thinner and comfortable in their application. These qualities are achieved by dividing the surface of the lens into a large number of ring-shaped concentric sections. The effectiveness of the lens increases number rings on the surface. Nowadays Fresnel lenses have numerous applications in the modern society, and their value is hard to overestimate. Discovery Shipping played a pivotal role in the global commerce in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It was essential for trade between coastal countries, as well as intercontinental trade. Traveling at sea was a dangerous endeavor, and many lives and thousands of tons of cargo were lost due to crashing into rocks or shallows. To combat this problem, a lot of research began into more efficient lighthouse construction. At that point, they were still very inefficient, and could not always serve as an adequate the beacon. This led to the invention of the Fresnel lens. The concept of a more compact, thinner lens, with a surface covered in multiple concentric circular sections, has been circulating since the mid-nineteenth century and was discussed in the works of the French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc and mathematician Nicolas de Condorcet. However, it was not until 1823 that the first multipart lens was fully developed and utilizes. The credit for constructing this lens is attributed to the French engineer and physicist Augustin-Kean Fresnel, who built it for the Cordouan lighthouse on the Gironde estuary. Its light was focused and powerful enough that it could be seen from the distance of 20 miles (Beck par.1-4). Development The manufacturing process of the Fresnel lenses has evolved remarkably since their invention. In the eighteenth century, the process consisted of a continuous, procedural polishing of the glass by the workers themselves. The process was eventually simplified when the expertise became advanced enough that the lens could be developed by pouring molten glass into metal molds to give them the required shape. However, at that point, it was still very expensive and did not become a practical and widespread technology until the twentieth century, with the advent of high-quality plastic, applicable for optical purposes, and the creation of the injection-molding technology. As a result of these adva
This interesting article has three critical features, namely, there is criticism on gender, feminism, and gay and lesbian. The description in this article is profound and very enthusiastic to any reader. This is because the apt language used is perfect and the brevity in vivid description correlates well with the notable examples cited in the article. Let us look at the gender critic. The author in this article brings forth the different critic of masculine and feminine genders. The article starts by describing that both masculine and feminine are socially aligned and constructed. The determining of sex, that is, male or female, is determined in a different way. The article suggests that male or female is determined by simple biological and anatomical structures. However, gender is different, because it is culturally determined. Therefore, from the above description, matters to do with gender characterization are ideally determined and conditioned by social fabrics. In addition, the properties and functioning attributes of masculine and feminine are also determined by society. In generalized research, the article cites different criticism on gender by focusing on society and brings out different instances of feminism, gay and lesbian. Apparently, a researcher may look at the characteristics of the lifestyle of the people in the 1890s and critically analyze the matters stated above. Hence, gender criticism on sexuality seems to incorporate matters which are farfetched than merely focusing on masculinity, femininity, heterosexuality, and homosexuality. Whereas, gender criticism may be contentious because there is biological alignment in the argument by most of the proponents who criticize gender. Therefore, lets us examine the different criticism discussed in the article. Feminist criticism can be analyzed by focusing on literary excerpts that try to highlight the position of women in society. Marxist critics can analyze “The Story of an Hour” and look at what impedes women’s potential. A potential that would make them be at the same pace as men. Many feminists have analyzed literature writings by the lives led by the characters in the works and their respective writers. Special focus is put on how culture affects the difference in writing between men and women. In addition, feminist criticism on literature comes from different angles, e.g., their criticism may focus on history, psychology, sociology, and linguistic to decipher foremost issues affecting gender. A feminist critical approach on “The Story of an Hour” highlights the psychological aspects of marriage. Aesthetic feelings about the subject are evoked by Mrs. Mallard, who is married to Brentley. Chopin’s story highlights the different perspectives on male egoism. The woman in the story is referred to by the husband’s name which denotes “male”. The ‘weaknesses’ of the role of women are contradicted by the doctor’s suggestion about her ailment and death (Meyer 1549). The last part of the article highlights gays and lesbians. As stated earlier, the main defining aspect of such a critical perspective is determined
Introduction Hotel management is one of the key aspects of ensuring that a hotel retains its position at the market by delivering excellent products and services to its customers. Delivering customer experience depends on how the guests are treated through a process usually referred as guest cycle. This paper sheds more light on the concept of hotel management. The paper briefly discusses some of the duties carried out by different departments in ensuring that customers have a great customer experience when they book in to a hotel. The guest cycle This refers to the organization of all the processes that occur from the time a potential customer reports to a hotel to the time the client leaves the hotel. A guest cycle, therefore, can be viewed as all the time that a client spends within the hotel facilities. Pre arrival This is the beginning of the guest cycle whereby customers make reservations which can be online or by presenting themselves at the hotel. At this level the reservists either does the work online if the hotel has online facilities or processes the reservations when the guest has arrived (Henning 2008, p. 72). Arrival This is where the guest physically arrives at the hotel premises. The reception process is done by a concierge and the doormen who welcome the guest to the receptionist whose role is to carry out the registration by taking down the details of the guest and assigning the room or any other service the guest may need. The concierge also does the issuing of keys and handles the luggage while directing the guest to the assigned room (Henning 2008, p. 72). Occupancy This represents the period in which the guest uses the services and the facilities of the hotel which may include lodging and meals among others. The telephonist has the role of facilitating communication between the guest and management of the hotel. The concierge facilitates the efficient flow of information to and fro the guest and also delivers services such as mails (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011). The front desk cashier offers the services of currency exchange, does safe deposits and maintains guest accounts. The cashier may also facilitate processing of credit cards (Baker, Huyton and Bradley, 2001, p. 21). Departure This is the last cycle where the guest leaves the premises of the hotel. The cashier has the obligation of ensuring that bills incurred by the customer are settled. The concierge facilitates the baggage handling and transportation for the guest while the receptionist may do enquiries about how the guest found the service and welcoming the guest for a future time (Pitt, 2009, p. 1). Role of room division personnel and house keeping staff House keeping supervisor ensures that all the accommodation facilities are in order, well attended to and ready to use. The guest relations staff ensures that all personal needs, requirements and preferences of the guest are attended to. The concierge serves the guest in terms of handling the baggage, giving directions and other functions such as mail delivery; he can be seen as the overall caretaker of the premises. The porter’s role is mainly to handle the luggage and hotel supplies and m