ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The concept of utility takes an important place in the economic theory. In context of marketing, the theory of utility is used in practice in order to facilitate the sales of the company and to adjust the business plan with the market demand and customers preferences. The concept of utility plays a vital role in the small firms functioning as well. “Utility is the use or satisfaction a person gets from a product” ( What is marketing? , n.d., p.14). Taking into account that the search and satisfaction of customers needs are the fundaments in the profitability and overall effectiveness of the business, the efforts should be made by the firm to find the market segment in which it can provide utility to the customers. In this respect, it would be logical to quote John Mackey, co-founder and CEO of Whole Foods Market, who says “For us, our most important stakeholder is not our stockholders, it is our customers. We’re in the business to serve the needs and desires of our core customer base” (Boone, 2012, p. 39). The theory usually defines the four types of utility: form, time, place, and possession. However, the task utility is sometimes marked out by marketers. It assumes providing some service to the customer. In order to define which types of utility are relevant to the small firms, we need to consider the market structure in which they mostly operate. Boone (2012) states that the “traditional economic analysis views competition as a battle among companies in the same industry (direct competition) or among substitutable goods (indirect competition)” (p.65-66). The majority of small businesses function under the conditions of monopolistic competition defined as the market structure with the numerous competitors selling differentiated products ( Monopolistic competition , n.d.). In order to survive, the firms must differentiate their product to make it stands out on the market by emphasizing the benefits it can provide to customers. There are four types of utility relevant to small businesses: form, time, possession, and task. The place utility may also add value to the small firms’ products but its role is substantially lesser in comparison with the other four and it rarely contributes to the good or service differentiation of the small businesses. Form Utility assumes that “a product must be processed into a form that the customer wants or needs” ( What is marketing? , n.d., p.14). For example, bakeries, delicatessens, or cafes benefit consumers by selling them products ready for use; they turn the separate ingredients into the integral product. The customization of good is one of the features of the form utility (Winsor et al., 2004). That is why the form utility prevails in the monopolistic competition. Possession utility establishes legal ownership of a product which is supported by the receipt ( What is marketing? , n.d., p.15). For instance, a lot of small businesses operating in e-commerce provide the customers with the opportunity to use the debit electronic payment systems such as PayPal. The use of the system simplifies the process of payment, thus creating benefit to the customer. “Time Utility could be described as be
Epidemiological are studies concerned with the causes of the health occurrences, their patterns and consistency in the wellbeing of the population. This is usually done in a predetermined population under a specified environment. The purpose is to influence public policy decisions through the consideration of; disease spread, risk aspects and preventive measures to be taken. The study is done to improve public welfare (Dyckman, 2006). There are various factors that hinder the development of epidemiological studies in chronic diseases. The level of data protection tendencies in the highly developed countries is a major concern. An example is the UK where legislation is enacted by replacing the law on the confidentiality of the doctor to the patient with the data protection Act 1998. Unfortunately, this is the idea of the government, while it is necessary for the government to protect citizens from intruders to information it is counterproductive to the well being of the society to enact such a law. This has highly affected the research activities by hindering the access to information (Dyckman, 2006). The next major factor is finances to carry out these studies. In most cases, these studies involve a lot of scientific research which can safely be done in laboratories and other technical facilities. However, these facilities require enormous capital to establish. To most countries, this is a major setback as they cannot afford this kind of facilities. For example, finances required in the development of genetic or atomic engineering laboratories used in studying cancerous growths like brain tumors. This will always undermine research activities in most countries (Hester 2012). The technical expertise required in these studies is sometimes a major factor. In some countries, like the third world countries, there are insufficient doctors to treat patients in hospitals let alone those that can carry out the research. Most of these countries rely on secondary information from previous research activities. Unfortunately for the health profession, some of these diseases are among the highly ranked killer diseases in the world like cancer (Michael, 2004). Next is the problem that involves insufficient man power in some countries. In most of the third world countries, there is insufficient skilled manpower to carry out these studies. This is because of insufficient remuneration to the skilled personnel leading to a brain drain. Where by skilled and talented individuals migrate to better paying countries like the western countries. This has resulted in a serious shortage of skilled personnel in these countries (Michael, 2004). The time is another major constraint in carrying out research. In most cases, research is carried out under a predetermined time frame but the time is rarely enough. The ethics of some of the doctors involved in the research is wanting to a point that the state has to interfere. This has highly affecte
Although the United States is currently faced with a multiplicity of challenges to its security as well as in ensuring the prevalence of global peace and stability, that of terrorism cannot possibly escape unnoticed due to the solemn obligations demonstrated by the U.S. Administration towards protecting the security of the American people. Today, terrorism is stated as one of the main challenges to security and stability, not only in the U.S. but also globally (McLoughlin, Noone & Noone, 2009). The events of 9/11 abruptly shattered the expectations of invulnerability previously held by the U.S. and boldly underlined the fact that terrorism is deeply entrenched in the society, thus the need to come up with various multidimensional measures to curtail terrorist attacks in the future. The Defense Science Board has developed some defense imperatives that are critical in solving the multiple security challenges facing the country. This paper wishes to discuss and analyze the imperative on thwarting terrorism and bringing terrorists to justice. In particular, the analysis will focus on assessing the integrity or efficacy of the imperative in addition to suggesting various recommendations that may fast track the fight on global terrorism and bring excellent outcomes. The imperative on the prevention of terrorism exposes some of the challenges that America continues to face in its counterterrorism strategies. In particular, this imperative decries the lack of critical information needed to develop intelligence regarding terrorists such as their identity and location, ideologies and rationale, financial sources, and their weapons and destructive capabilities (DSB, 2008). McLoughlin et al. (2009) are of the opinion that terrorists have mutated into global networks of stateless dissidents advantaged by the ongoing globalization trends and the convergence of technology in the 21 st century. Importantly, it is the same technologies that the U.S. must rely on to connect the dots that so far are missing if counterterrorism efforts are to bring the desired outcomes. In its presentation, the Defense Science Board underlines the importance of acquiring usable information against terrorists not only to enhance collaboration among allies interesting in the fight on global terrorism but also to effectively rearrange organizations tasked with the responsibility of fighting terrorism in a more effective way. In the Boards view, having comprehensive information on equipment, materials, financial sources, communication networks, training facilities, potential targets and motivational paradigms of the terrorists may boost counterterrorism efforts (DSB, 2008). This view is bolstered by the recent killing of Osama bin Laden, who is said to have been cornered after American intelligence systems were able to track his communication networks through a trusted courier. It is correct to assume that terrorists will have a limited capacity to pursue a
The Significance of Web Representation In the 21st century, the company’s website became its face in many ways. Potential clients, vendors, and partners now can find the organization on the Internet and make judgments about its characteristics using the presented information. Consequently, created web image not only impacts consumers’ opinions and their experience with the product or services but also profoundly influences the company’s reputation and ultimately, its success in business. Web resources are also useful in the process of searching for a prospective employer. In the past few decades, human resource (HR) procedures moved toward new technologies creating a range of innovative HR activities (Bratton & Gold, 2017). However, the data regarding the compensation system displayed on the HR page is often scarce or absent. This issue could be seen on many websites, and it creates obstacles for the employee in the process of evaluating the position information, despite the idea of the company’s interest involved. Human Resources Pages Analysis For the assignment analysis two companies have been chosen: Tesla and Amazon. Both websites provide a job search option for the candidates’ convenience, but the Amazon’s search is much more extensive. Amazon’s page also suggests a few subsections, such as Student Programs and Remote Career opportunities (“Find careers,” 2018), which expands the applicant’s ability to find the desired position. Besides, there is a possibility to check the status of the application. A person can easily browse job categories on Amazon’s HR page. The Careers page of the Tesla website does not contain the information about the compensation range of any role (“Careers,” 2018). It could not be found in the detailed descriptions of positions as well. Concerning possible employees’ benefits, the company denotes only its willingness to provide “reasonable accommodations to individuals with disabilities” (“Careers,” 2018, para. 9). The page has the contacts for those who might need such services. The Amazon’s Find Careers page also does not display the information regarding salaries. The individual position descriptions are very detailed but do not contain the wage ranges either. Following the prevailing trend, both companies present their online image as regardful and caring employers. The research suggests that this strategy might be effective in attracting new employees. According to Jones, Willness, and Madey (2013), corporate social performance influences the level of the company’s attractiveness for the candidates. The statement regarding equality displayed on Tesla’s Careers page also brings a certain value: it has been proved that the older applicants are sensitive to the information containing age-related bias (Lyons, Wessel, Tai, & Ryan, 2014). The absence of such information could lead to the employee’s choice not to pursue the role if he or she feels vulnerable. The Amazon’s Find Careers page provides a whole subsection about Amazon culture and an article about the benefits for full-time employees. Implications for Improvement There are a few ways to improve the content for both companies
Introduction Community development is necessary in every community. It is the process through which change is achieved. Old and obsolete activities and practices are abandoned and other upgraded and better practices are adopted. It is because of community development that communities improve and grow in various sectors. Community development entails the joining of various forces to help in promoting the well-being of a community. It should be effectively planned out to avoid failure and wastage of resources. This paper will give a practical view of community development with regard to helping the youths in Clunes with the intention of attaining community development. Discussion The word community may have different definitions but, the definition that a community is a group of two or more people with a common goal/interest befits the definition of Clune’s community. Clune’s community is situated in Clune’s village and is within the local government area of Lismore. Clunes is named after an early engineer in the dairying industry going by the name Robert Mortimer Clunes. The median age of Clune’s community is 36 with aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander as the people believed to reside in this village. The highest population comprises of those aged between 40-59 years and they account for 28.8% of the total population, those aged between 0-14 years are 24.8% of the total population, those between 15 and 24 years make up of 10.7%, those aged 25-39 years make up 21.8% of the entire population while those with more than 60 years are 13.85% of the total population (Shantz, 2004). Clune is situated on a hilly but attractive countryside where macadamia and coffee are widely grown due to the enabling factor of volcanic soils found in the nearby Mount Warning. The figure below shows a view of Clunes during the mid afternoon and it is no doubt that the region is indeed attractive (Your information guide to Clunes, 2008). The various fine but ancient Australian churches in Clunes have led to the nicknaming of the village as the “Holy City”. There are a wide variety of ideal local services within the region that include a petrol station, general store and an antiques shop. The area witnesses a large population due to its numerous and attractive North Coast federation houses (Shantz, 2004). Lismore is the regional centre of Northern Rivers in New South Wales and has got a population of around 43,386 people. People in surrounding areas come into Lismore
The Heart Asks Pleasure – First is one of the amazing poems written by Emily Dickinson. Many people believe that this poem is too short to have any meaning and believe it to be useless for deep consideration. However, I strongly disagree with this opinion as looking at the poem with a quick glance it is impossible to notice anything. Only closer reading of the poem helps understand its main idea. Additionally, I would like to state that there are a couple of interpretations which come to my mind. It can be presupposed that the poem explains a process of soul existence, from the very first desire up to the death. However, the process may be considered from different angles. This problem is going to be the central idea for discussion in this paper. Rhyme, Rhythm, Structure, and Language Dwelling upon the rhyme the author uses in The Heart Asks Pleasure – First , it can be noticed that it is impossible to see identical rhymes there. In this poem Dickinson uses imperfect and partial rhymes, however, it does not make the whole poem sound awkward or lack of melody. Poem rhythm does not impress with something specific. Commonly used repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables is implemented. Paying attention to the specifics of rhyme, it seems that it is rhythm that makes the poem sound melodic and easy for perception. The poem consists of two stanzas which contain four lines each. The length of the lines is short that makes the poem reading easy and fast. Still, one should not read this poem to fast as for better understanding, each line should be considered in detail. The language of the poem is simple, however, it is possible to notice several symbols. Saying ‘Inquisitor’ (quoted in Vendler 359) Dickinson means God, and having understood this specifics of the poem, it becomes obvious that talking about ‘sleep’, the author wants to say the desire to die, which is possible only when Inquisitor wishes it to happen. Themes Reading the poems by Emily Dickinson, including The Heart Asks Pleasure – First and many others, it comes to my mind that she wrote about several specific themes, such as person’s inner world, religion and faith, love, pain, death and nature. All the problems mentioned above, except for nature, are dwelt upon in the poem under discussion. The Heart Asks Pleasure – First may be considered from pe
Over 23 million Americans are suffering from respiratory diseases. According to the health report published in the year 2012, an estimated 13.6 million adults are suffering from COPD. Treating the disease is increasingly getting expensive. Asthma, a respiratory disease, can cost the taxpayers an estimate of $ 20.7 million annually. It is worth noting that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is both preventable and treatable. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are the most common COPD. Both the diseases account for most of the deaths across the world. Statistics show that COPD rank as the fourth killer disease in the US. Both disorders are known to obstruct airflow. Credible sources indicate that the two conditions usually coexist together. However, there are other kinds of diseases that can cause obstruction similar to the one caused by COPD. Clinicians cite asthma as an example of such condition. However, asthma cannot qualify as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medical practitioners warn that asthma can as well result in a respiratory damage and an overall COPD (Fletcher & Dahl, 2013). Chronic bronchitis is the inflammatory condition that causes scars to the bronchial tube walls. Chronic bronchitis causes breathing difficulties. Physicians assert that infected bronchi are capable taking less air into and from the lungs. Also, coughing up of heavy mucus or phlegm characterizes the condition. Emphysema causes a severe damage to air sacs. Health experts warn that infected alveoli limits the rate of oxygen exchange in the lungs. This condition results in breath shortness. A number of tests are usually carried out during COPD diagnosis. In this literature, the tests that the study focuses on are: chest x-ray, pulmonary function test, arterial blood gases and D ­ L CO test. Chest x- rays may show some signs of diaphragm flattening. This condition indicates emphysema. If the patient test positive for broncho vascular markings, then it is advisable to treat the patient for chronic bronchitis. This test can as well indicate asthmatic condition. Physicians are advised to carry out several tests to assess the patient’s condition. Pulmonary function tests are usually carried out to evaluate whether the respiratory dysfunction is restrictive or destructive. Any healthy person has an FEV1 value of approximately 70%. If the patient is suffering from obstructive respiratory disorder, then the FEV values are significantly diminished, and it can get as lower as 30%. Restricti
Introduction These are the costs that are incurred by the employer for the employee services. They usually include salaries and wages paid to the employees and the money paid to other benefit schemes like the health insurance scheme among others (Brandi 2005, pp. 2-5). It also involves money paid to insurance schemes on behalf of the employees behalf. It also includes the employees’ taxes. It is very important for a company to continuously review its payroll costs given that it affects the net income of the company. The payroll costs are also subjected to various laws and regulations. Errors in the payrolls might negatively affect the morale of the workers which might cause lower productivity. This is because employees are always responsive to the payrolls. The payments should be timely and the remunerations have to be as accurate as possible (Ventrice 2011, pp. 66). The current business environment has been changing at a constant rate hence the need for companies and business enterprises to review the payroll costs. This is the only way for a business to remains viable given that the business environment is ever-changing (Cross 2006). Today’s employee is for instance prone to numerous deductions like taxes, benefit schemes, Medicare, insurance among others and if the payroll system is not reviewed, a company might easily run at a loss or underpay its employees. Employees are usually subjected to income taxes, social security, Medicare, and other local tax withholdings which include school taxes among others. The employers must therefore ensure that their payroll costs are viable (Edward, 1952). Some of the tax payments for instance are usually shared by the employer and the employee. In the Medicare as well as the Social Security Tax, for instance, each of them pays half of the total amount (Edward, 2003). The employer is usually obliged to pay his/her share of the employer’s payroll tax. He/she has to prepare reconciliation reports and give an account of the payroll cost by means of financial reporting. They are also obliged to fill the payroll tax returns. This is beyond the issuance of the employee’s paychecks. The payrolls are generated by companies frequently depending on the job grade or the company. They are generated daily, weekly, and monthly or even annually. Due to the co