ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Sustainability applies to different facets of any society. Therefore, terms such as sustainable development, sustainable community, sustainable industry, and sustainable agriculture among others have become so common. Sustainability consists of the present moment of a certain concept as well as its future. Although sustainability applies to different aspects of a society, sustainability manifests in the well-being of members of a society. In other words, how do different activities in different aspects of a society impact on present and future well-being of community members? Such impacts can either be positive or negative. This essay looks at sustainability in different aspects of society. Definition of Sustainability Sustainability manifests in the quality of life of community members, which arises from different aspects including economic, social and environmental. Indicators of economic sustainability include availability or lack of job opportunities, increased or decreased poverty in households, and ability or inability to own homes. Socially, sustainability includes aspect of crime levels, volunteerism as well as choice of working places i.e. whether citizens prefer public work or community based work. Environmental sustainability focuses on air quality, pollution or lack of pollution in water bodies as well as quality of water (Sustainability Measures, 2013). Generally, sustainability refers to the ability to live within particular parameters, understanding relatedness among economic, social and environmental aspects as well as equitable sharing of resources and opportunities in the society. In particular, sustainability applies to different aspects as earlier seen and therefore acquires specific definitions as discussed below. Sustainable development refers to enhancing the quality of human and animal life through available resources in a given locality. In addition, a sustainable environment demands utilizing what the earth can provide without getting diminished with an aim of enabling future generations to access such resources (Sustainability Measures, 2013). Further, sustainable development is the process of creating equitable, participatory and yielding structures to enhance financial empowerment of community members. As such, sustainable development involves pursuing economic improvement, social equity and environmental quality. Sustainable development posits positive transformation which does not affect environmental or social systems negatively. In this regard, sustainable development calls for proper coordination between policy making and implementation, which involves community participation as well as in
This essay proposal intends to review the book “Globalization and the Indian Economy” written by Satyenda Nayak: Routledge, New York, 2007. Dr. Nayak Satyenda is a Ph.D. holder in international economics and finance from the University of Bombay, India. He is also a lecturer at ICFAI Business School in Mumbai. In this book, Dr. Satyenda looks at globalization and its consequences on the Indian economy. Globalization is a phenomenon that cannot be ignored as it influences world economies directly, through improvement in communication, capital mobility, transport, and communication. It also enables countries to integrate in order to reduce tariffs. The Indian economy, just like any other has been directly affected by globalization. In this book, an economics and finance scholar is able to learn the effects of globalization on the Indian economy in depth. This book delves deeply into issues such as trade, investment, and finance, how the balance of payments and currency exchange rates are affected by globalization. The role played by the United States of America through its capital market in driving the globalization process is enumerated. Furthermore, it critically discusses the 90’s Asian financial crises and the lessons that came out of it, for instance, the importance of having strong financial systems, and having regulatory and supervisory systems that assist financial institutions to manage risks effectively. Dr. Satyendra describes globalization broadly in the context of India’s development.During the Asian crisis in the ’90s, Dr. Satyendra argues that India’s Reserve bank’s caution on holding off on rupee conversion assisted in avoiding the crisis. To this effect, the book discusses gradualism in the context of this crisis. The author looks at the beginning of economic reforms and liberalization in India. According to this book, the theme of the reform process has been gradual, cautious, and carefully integrated into the Indian e
Psychology researchers frequently encounter data management problems due to social desirability bias. Social desirability bias is the methodical mistake that is caused by the intention of participants in a study to respond to interview questions in a manner they believe protect their social interest. The main concept in the theory is that the respondent is not meaning to be unhelpful or dishonest, but is troubled to disclose thoughts that the community may criticize them for. The theory might affect the results of study on how much time the diverse group of part-time postgraduate master students gives to charity (Fisher 1993). The university researchers should consider that the bias is usually common with personal questions that pertain to highly sensitive life matters. Matters such as race and sexuality behavior are examples of issues that are frequently regarded as sensitive. The level of sensitivity differs from one individual to another depending on the background of the individual and their culture (Yang 2003). The researchers should therefore determine the aspects that the group considers sensitive. Moreover, since the members of the group come from diverse backgrounds, they should try find out the opinions of each of them on the subject. To lessen the impact of the bias in the study, the researchers should apply the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale (Fisher 1993). The scale incorporates a chain of questions intended to forecast the probability of members of the group responding in a social desirability mode, instead of responding in a truthful and objective manner. The questions incorporated in the scale are about personal traits and emotional positioning. The team can use the scale to identify students who fail provide any negative answers concerning them. They can then create two groups, strictly for the purpose of the study. Respondents who cannot reveal at least some insignificant negative information about them should be grouped together and deemed as unsuitable respondents. On the other hand, those who disclose some information regarding their private lives should be grouped as valid participants. Ultimately, the researchers might reduce the margin of error outstandingly by using the scale to select the appropriate respondents. A part from the scale, the researchers should consider that their clients study on part-time basis and have other duties to take care of. They should devise interview programs that do not conflict with the students’ programs. This might reduce the impact of social desirability bias on their report by increasing the opportunity for the students to prepare psychologically. The students are social beings and require adequate levels of privacy. Despite using Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale and making appropriate arrangements, therefore, the researchers need to take further action to address privacy concerns. The researchers should adopt the use of in-direct questions during interviews. Indirect questioning can be used as a forecasting methodology that asks participants to respond to well thought-out questions from the point of view of another person or group. The indirect que
Introduction Management is an important part of any organization. All successful organizations employ successful management procedures in all their functions. The application of operations management in the areas of quality control, human resource, and supply chain is an important practice in management. According to Mentzer, the control of quality in an organization is influenced by the existing structures that are intended at serving these functions (9). The quality of products and services produced in an organization dictates the success that the organization enjoys in comparison with its competitors. Areas such as human resource and job design management constitute other aspects of an organization that determine the level of organizational success. Human resource management ensures that an organization has employees who are devoted to the aims of the organization. Such employees have the skills that are necessary for operating in the respective industry (Mentzer 21). The third area of management that contributes significantly in determining success in an organization is supply chain management. The distribution of goods and services to and from organizations should be managed efficiently. One of the organizations that enjoy success in management of the above areas is the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC). This essay looks at the operations management in the areas of managing quality, human resources and job design, and the supply chain. Managing Quality Management of quality contributes to the output of organizations. The output is only significant when the quality control and management are utilized. ADNOC is located in the mining and distribution industry of petroleum in Abu Dhabi. It is considered one of the global leaders in the petroleum technology. This company is a leader in the provision of petroleum services, with quality control being key in its operations. According to Gitlow, quality control entails putting in place measures that are aimed at enhancing the output in organizations (23). This process begins with setting up a department that is charged with the mandate of overseeing the success of the organization. ADNOC has a quality control department whose objective involves the provision of standard petroleum products and/or the provision of services along these lines. ADNOC has branches and subsidiaries in different parts of the country. The ancillaries keep the necessary quality control procedures written in the policy statement of the company. After its establishment in 1971, ADNOC set out to establish many companies, affiliates, and subsidiaries, all
At the beginning of the 20th century, American society was preoccupied with the development of cultural cohesion across the state, thus undermining the cultural peculiarities existing among US citizens. As a result, a policy of the so-called “alien citizenship” was introduced, where the nonwhite citizens of the US were excluded from the population quota (Ngai 26). According to this decision, all nonwhite residents who were born in the state were not considered as full-scale citizens due to their immigrant ancestry and potential negative influence on the cultural identification within the country. In the mid-century, the commence of WWII initiated various sociological changes in terms of the perception of immigrants. The vast majority of nonwhite American residents were enlisted in the army, and their overall number was significantly higher than that of white citizens. Prior to the war, various nations were excluded from the population as a threat to cultural integrity. However, in the midst of WWII, Chinese, Filipinos, and Mexican residents were promised legitimate US citizenship due to the state’s urge to find military alliance. For example, when speaking of the Chinese alien population in the US, local authorities were willing to nullify the legislation on the immigration ban by introducing quotas for immigration. The same approach was applied to the Filipinos, but the quotas were relatively smaller. Moreover, when speaking of military involvement, nonwhite American residents were motivated to join the US army in order to become full-scale citizens. As a result, only a part of the promise was brought into life, as some war veterans were eventually deprived of the supposed benefits. Another significant aspect of the Asian and Mexican Americans in the mid-century was the labor policy applied to the residents. During the time, Filipino and Mexican workers played an extraordinary role in the development of US agriculture across the West Coast. Although such a contribution to the state development was perceived beneficial for the economy, the approach itself was rather discriminative in terms of payment and perception of the labor force. Moreover, associating this process with the Chinese immigration to California in the 19th century, local authorities and white residents were preoccupied with the fact the immigrants constituted the majority of the workforce. Hence, the overall process of cultural integration after WWII rapidly experienced decay due to the governmental and social worries concerning immigrant descent in the US. Considering the aforementioned information, it
History New York is believed to be the world’s oldest city and this aspect makes it a historic place that attracts tourists and locals. The booming economy of this city is anchored on its well established infrastructure and the availability of social amenities that attract investors from across the world. Most people were attracted to this city because they believed it was cosmopolitan and thus there were high chances that all products and services were available in its business establishments. 1 In addition, this place is located in the heart of America and surprisingly lacks political interests. Therefore, it was able to attract stakeholders in the business field because of its peaceful environment. Historians believe that this is the only city in America that experienced less workers’ strikes even though it was the hub of its economy. Most analysts are usually puzzled by the magic effect of New Yorkers that ensured they protected their city with zeal and zest. 2 This discussion explores the historical and architectural aspects of the Empire State Building. The great depression of the 1920s that America experienced gave few investors opportunities to expand their business operations and this is where the history of this building starts. 3 Most rich people suffered a significant loss after the market rice of their shares in the stock market slumped. Most people had bought shares on margins and the results of the fall of the Dow Jones Stock house meant that they lost their money. The economy of America was devastated and it was impossible for people to make a major investment in the construction industry. In addition, America was involved in conflicts with other countries like Germany and Japan and its citizens were reluctant to invest in real property. Lastly, the Second World War was beckoning and it is very surprising that despite the destruction suffered during the First World War, nothing held back the construction of this building. 4 The building was constructed on a farm that housed a hotel frequented by the elites of this city. This was a very prestigious place and only the rich and influential New Yorkers were allowed in the hotel. It was a ‘members only’ recreational center and this earned it public scorn for open discrimination and creating classes in New York. Most of these rich people came from Indiana and that i
Introduction Globally, IBM is among the leading firms in technology. It operates in more than 170 countries and deals with the invention, development, and integration of computer software and hardware provisions. Additionally, its services seek to improve the efficiency of various organizations for enhanced competitiveness and growth. IBM’s products have transformed many organizations in Australia for nearly 80 years. In the Australian market, it promotes digital connectivity, the development of sustainable cities, and the use of novel resources. It also invests in the Australian community and offers diverse employment opportunities to many Australians (IBM 2012). This paper provides an overview and description of IBM’s website. Concurrently, it considers features of the website, discerns both positive and negative aspects of the website, captures opinions of other parties regarding the usability of the website, and provides appropriate recommendations relevant in this context. It gives an in-depth evaluation of IBM’s website to determine its suitability for public use. Additionally, it examines the features of the website about computer-human interaction. IBM uses its website to communicate its activities to the general public. Due to the diverse nature of its activities, it is recommendable for the mentioned website to exhibit all its activities and also show its technological advancements (Lopuck 2012, p. 77). Main Features The main features of the website incorporate the provision of key words (for navigation) and appropriate links to other areas. This enables clients to access important information with ease. The words that have been made bold and clear on the homepage include IBM, Solutions, Services, Product & Support, and Download. These make it easier for IBM and its website users to interact considerably. The other key feature is the use of large pictures on the website. This has the effect of creating curiosity. Pictures and appropriate color codes can attract the attention of users. Appealing visualizations are also informative and easy to understand (Cards, Mackinlay & Schneiderman 1999, p.562). Another vital feature is the presence and use of li
Donna visited the nurse practitioner with a prolonged history of having the watery nasal discharge with a range of associated symptoms. The woman’s vital signs are normal, but her eyes, nose, and throat are red and swollen. Donna’s condition and associated pathophysiological processes should be discussed in detail in this case. While referring to Donna’s history, it is possible to state that the possible disease causing the observed symptoms is allergic rhinitis. In response to the allergen, Donna’s T-cells release IgE antibodies that cause the production of such special chemicals as histamine in order to attack allergens (Greiner, Hellings, Rotiroti, & Scadding, 2012). These chemicals usually provoke such symptoms as the nasal congestion, itchy eyes, sneezing, and coughing observed in Donna’s case because of making the special muscles of the airways narrower and tightened (Hellings, Fokkens, Akdis, Bachert, & Cingi, 2013). As a result of this process, the secretion of mucus becomes increased due to histamine effects, and this chemical causes nasal congestion and the intense watery nasal discharge. The mucosa becomes red and moist, and the pharynx becomes erythematous, as it is in the case of the young woman (Rondon, Campo, Togias, Fokkens, & Durham, 2012). It is important to state that these processes also cause Donna’s night cough. In addition, it is necessary to note that the observed polyps are typical of allergic rhinitis because of the reactions of mucosa to histamine (Greiner et al., 2012). Donna states that she has such “colds” in spring and fall. Thus, it is possible to speak about the seasonal allergic rhinitis (Rondon et al., 2012). However, the additional test is required in order to determine the group of allergens that can cause Donna’s allergic rhinitis. From this point, the assessment questions that need to be asked in Donna’s case are about her personal history of allergies and asthma. It is also important to ask about any allergies and “cold” symptoms that are observed not only seasonally. In addition, it is necessary to ask about the family history of allergies because allergic rhinitis is usually observed in persons having the relatives with this condition (Rondon et al., 2012). The answers to these questions will provide the additional information on the case to propose the effective treatment for the woman. In spite of the fact that Donna’s symptoms can be associated with a severe acute infection, the woman has another disease. The reason for not focusing on the infection as the cause of the problems is that the woman’s vital signs are normal, she has no fever, the respiratory rate is normal, and lungs are easily auscultated (Greiner et al., 2012). While assuming that Donna has allergic rhinitis, it is possible to state that Type I or immediate hypersensitivity is observed (Greiner et al., 2012). Donna’s rash as an example of the atopic dermatitis is also associated with Type I h
Introduction The United States of America has the most monitored economic system in the world. Few people have been able to run and/or sustain a scheme to rob other people’s money. Among them is Bernard Madoff who managed to create a scheme to enrich himself at the expense of his clients for over 15 years. This individual managed to embezzle billions of dollars using a fraudulent scheme. His confession shocked the public, thus necessitating a number of auditing measures. This paper analyzes the Madoff case in an effort to establish what went wrong and what should have been done differently to prevent fraud. Regulatory Oversight Regulatory oversight was in place to predict, prevent, and deal with fraud at the time that the Ponzi scheme was in place. The US’ Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was providing regulatory oversight at the time (Knapp, Rittenberg, Johnstone, & Gramling, 2012). This organization was in charge of preventing cases of fraud. However, it failed to do so for a number of reasons. SEC had received warnings from individu