ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Annotated Bibliography Snell, M., “The Dream of the Rood”, About.com . The Article provides a comprehension discussion on the poem titled ‘The Dream of Rood’. The origins of the poem in the article are stated to be in the early eighteenth century which was actually unearthed in the late nineteenth century. The context of the poem as per the article is based on the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and used symbolism to describe his execution. The criticism against the poem has been highlighted pertaining to the use of pagan beliefs and values as symbolism for Christianity. Moreover, the article also discusses the concept that the poem was a deliberate attempt to bring Christianity closer to the pagans and attract them towards the religion in order to convert them. “The Dream of the Rood | Introduction”, ENotes.com . The article is very organized and structured, depicting an introduction to the poem, the major plots of the poem as well as the characters in it as well as providing the contextual history of events that take place in the poem. The article also discusses the specific criticism raised for the poem pertaining to positive as well as negative reception of the poem. The positive reception related to the themes of the poem and the literary quality while the negative reception relates to the last few lines which seem to have been written by someone other than the author as they are inconsistent in quality, literary sense as well as style when compared to the rest of the book. The article also discusses the themes of the book which pertain to battle and triumph which is described as the result of the event of the crucifixion. Scylding, “The Dream of the Rood is a poem about transformation”, Germania , 2004. The article by Scylding reveals the prom titled the dream of the road in a slightly different light. According to the author, the poem provides us with the passion of Christ as well as his crucifixion. The detailed description of the events leading to the crucifixion of Jesus more enhanced with the use of symbolism creates the literature an interesting read. The article also states the occurrence of the specific events which in the proem are to lead to the Day of Judgment and the rise of Christ again. The perspective of the article however is specific to Anglo Saxon culture and religion, i.e. how the poem depicts and symbolizes the Anglo Saxon traits and heritage in its context. The author of the article also discusses in his works that the poem depicts the desired characteristics that should be present in a hero/warrior, through the traits and characteristics represented in Jesus Christ. According to the author, the weak figure of Christ has been transformed into a very established and heroic [personality through the works in the prom titled The Dream of the Rood. Treharne, E., “The Dream of the Rood”, The Literary Encyclopedia , 2003. T
Introduction In Polish politics, ethical leadership plays a crucial role in enabling and enhancing effective performance and interaction between social institutions and agents. At the highest level in the society, the vision and strategic goals of ethical leadership determine if the society will actively nurture ethical principles, or tolerate them with indifference, or “search out and destroy” it. Ethical leadership that is effective for ethical principles satisfies the expectations of ethical individuals, fulfills the demands of ethical work, and integrates the ethical effort with the goals and values of the society. The Polish political leader, Lech Walesa, is one of the best examples of ethical leadership and effective management. Political values of participation and citizenship are lost from the equation, as is the central political concept that civil society is an autonomous sphere of social activity. Under such constraints, citizenship may help to build social capital, but it may not enhance or strengthen an autonomous civil society. Analysis of Personal Ethical Leadership Style Lech Walesa is a political leader and human rights activist who made a great contribution to social changes in Poland and the new agenda of Polish trade unions. His personal expectations that have to be satisfied by ethical leadership are rooted in these “core” abilities and orientations, which fall into two broad categories: cognitive and personality-motivational (Stefoff, 1992). The main cognitive expectations to be met are: being allowed to make full use of superior intelligence; having the opportunities to apply superior intelligence; having the opportunities to apply specialized knowledge as well as acquire new knowledge, receiving acceptance for idiosyncratic styles of thinking; seeing value being attached as much to “problem finding” as to problem-solving; and respect being shown not only to analytical and rational arguments but also to intuitive and aesthetic judgments (Stefoff, 1992).. For all these reasons, there is a widespread belief that political leadership is exercised from the center. Only political leaders at the central level have the authority to take the initiative and to exercise leadership. Therefore, both constitutionally and politically, the remit of political leaders at the central level is both legitimized and unbounded by territorial constraints. At the same time, while in a formal sense, center-periphery relations are similar to those found in a presidential democracy, in practice, the role of local government is more influential than its presidential democracy counterpart. Kantian ethics In terms of Kantian ethics, moral action is based on reason. Lech Walesa followed this principle and developed a unique approach to politics based on moral principles and virtues. Walesa’s ethical leadership style can be described as transformational leadership based on motivation and the ability to inspire others. The main personality- and motivation-related expectations to be met are appreciation for perseverance and self-motivated, hard work; scope for curiosity and inquisit
Cyert and March’s analysis of organizational decision making Cyert and March’s analysis of organizational decision making is mainly concerned with the strategies used by business organizations to come up with economic decisions. They lay a lot of emphasis on the microeconomic factors affecting the organization in relation to the internal operations within the organizational framework. In making these allegations, they argue that “one way of understanding modern organizational decision making is by supplementing the microeconomic study of strategic factor markets with an examination of the internal operation of the business firm – to study the effects of organizational structure and conventional practices on the development of goals, the formation of expectations and the implementation of choices” (Cyert and March, 1963 p.154). In their research, Cyert and March came up with a model with focus on the following. First, focus is emphasized on the few key economic resolutions being made within the organization. Second there is a development of models which are mainly focused on the internal processes in the organization. Third is to ensure that there is a linkage between the models in the organization and the pragmatic observations. Fourth and last is to come up with a general presumption on the organization under review. From this, Cyert and March were able to develop a theory that takes the organization as an independent unit. This model ensures that the prediction of the organizational behavior goes hand in hand with the decisions such as price determination, output determination and resource distribution. In order to achieve this, the model is broken down into four subsections comprising of goals, expectations, choices and control. In order to increase revenues and subsequently profits the management of Sony managed to adopt Cyert and March’s analysis of decision making in that they were concentrating on the microeconomic factors in the organization. From the case study, Sony was a failing strategy since in a series of eight years; seven were a failure since the organization was unable to attain the forecasted profits. This failure was attributed to poor planning and occurrence of unprecedented challenges and or failure to execute the laid plan effectively. Either way, the bottom line of the entire problem was with the management processes especially in decision making. This came at a very crucial economic time in the whole world, since most economies were undergoing a recession hence cutting down on spending. This would mean worse outcomes in the years to come and this therefore called for drastic measures to be taken in order to save the organization. Plans to reorganize the operations of the company were announced at the beginning of 2009 and this was just one of the reorganization plans since 1994. The previous one’s had been short-lived and the management therefore anticipated for different results in this
Executive summary This report discusses the elements to be considered when developing a contract with a potential vendor. The aim is to protect the company and ensure that there is fairness in the contract. The report is based on the analysis of available data on outsourcing in the information technology topic. When developing a contract, the parties should consider analyze the management, structure, vision and goals of the parties, transitional issues, measurement, sustainability, security, termination of contract and quality of services. The impacts on employees and their qualification can be discussed. Careful consideration of the elements and appropriate policies will lead to the success of the outsourced function. It is recommended that the parties should make an effort to have a win-win situation. The parties can negotiate to have a common goal and vision which will be used throughout the contract. Good communication skills and an agreement on the measurement of the goals will lead to success. Introduction Competition in businesses leads to innovativeness of ideas and change of strategy. Companies have engaged in outsourcing to save on cost and to deliver quality at a subsidized cost. Outsourcing has been effective in improving services and increasing efficiency in some businesses (Vitasek 2011, p. 11). Malarvannan (2008, p. 1) argues that outsourcing has economic benefits for all since services are given at condensed prices. Consequently, some employees have been displaced. Outsourcing is the process that involves handing over a particular business function to another company. The two companies involved enter into a contract where the services are offered at a particular cost. The terms of agreement are discussed and signed before outsourcing. In this report, the information technology operations and management will be considered for outsourcing. The aim of the research report is to ensure that the companies involved get a win-win situation while protecting the business. The company will have headquarters overseers and a local presence. Issues that emanate from employee displacement, their consequences and possible solutions will be discussed. This report will discuss the elements to be considered when developing a contract with a potential vendor while ensuring that the business is protected. Elements considered when developing a contract Business representation Vitasek (2011, p. 11) notes that the goals of both parties can be shared. This will enable them to collaborate with common interest and form a sustainable relationship. The outsource buyer and provider can work hand in hand after stating the desirable outcomes. They also state how the companies will team up to achieve the coveted outcomes. Different cultures in different companies can be addressed. According to Platz and Temponi (2007, p. 1661), the goals should enable the company to effectively compete with othe
Introduction In the recent years, cases of students cheating in schools have become rampant at very high levels. The significant increase in this vice among high school students has become a bitter pill to swallow not only in this county but also in almost all other districts, states and countries throughout the world. This paper will discuss this issue from an ethical basis and the impact it has had over the academic standards of most institutions. It will also discuss probable causes, solutions and lastly give recommendations on how the issue of cheating within the student community can be minimized. The paper will be chiefly based on public schools within Jefferson County. Cheating in schools To start with, cheating within high school students has been chosen as an ethical issue. This is due to the fact that the students fail to play their part in the learning process and instead use other sinister means to make sure that their work is complete. It is commonplace nowadays to find students using the current sophistication in technology in making sure that their class work has been done to perfection. As much as the relevant authority is aware that this issue is recurrent within learning institutions, exposure to technology like the use of the internet has made the trade a lot simpler for the students. They are now able to access any material they want from the internet through websites which specialize in the trade, encyclopedias and thousands of other material. This constant use of current technology to enhance academic excellence is known as cyber-cheating (Josephson, 1998) Considering the behavior in a more ethical perspective, there ensues a very big debatable matter on the major roles that should be played by the school management and also the school’s staff in making sure that they get their student community prepared with the required information and skills to be better members of the communal workforce. This means that the approaches that have been erstwhile insisted to be used by various schools should thus be shifted from the traditional modes for the future success of the students. This can be through avoiding just traditionally transmitting facts to students but making sure that they get to interact with the systems through which they are learning or the material which is being fed to them (Fulton, 1997). This will instill some relevance into what the students are learning. Basing on rebellion towards academic integrity, many students have been found to have cheated in more than enough cases. This has ranged from copying internet material which on the other hand goes without proper citations among others. The ques
Introduction The global financial system has remained fragile since the global financial crisis of 2008. Since America was hit most, other economies across the world have remained on the path towards recovery and those in the emerging markets have been rapidly growing as opposed to the US economy. The trends that are considered fundamental in global business are mostly macro-economic in nature and are majorly the increasing number of consumers in the growing economies and secondly the shifts in economic activities within the regions (Becker & Freeman, 2006). This essay attempts to draw the global trends in trading especially in the light of the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. The essay will show the strategy that the US is using to survive in the international business as global competition continues to intensify. Global Trends In developing markets like in China and Brazil, rapid changes have been experienced, but despite this, majority of the investors still remain wary of investing in global markets. They argue that they have a lot of global exposure through the investments in US companies that transact business in the global environment. But business commentators argue that an investment in US or in a multinational company is not enough. Among the global trends that shape the strategies on international investing especially by US firms are discussed below. Reasons for Global Trends The global Gross Domestic product (GDP) in the recent times has been dominated by other countries from outside Europe and the US region. The emerging markets contribute to approximately 37 percent of the global economy but this number has grown to the extend that the emerging economies contribute to 46 percent of the global economy and it is projected that by 2014 they will be accounting for 51 percent of the world economy. This fact is as opposed to the US economy which now amount for 20 percent of the world economy and projected to shrink in the coming year. Consequently, 80 percent global market is dominated by countries that are outside the bracket of the developed economies (Junkans, 2011). Furthermore, the emerging markets have given rise to the emergence of global consumers. The growth and expansion of business opportunities and the emergence of middle class economies have led to the rise of global consumers. This is supported by the facts that there are more millionaires outside the United States of America, also there is more auto sales witnessed in the Chinese market than in US; Chinese consumers purchase a lot of phones than all other consumers of mobile phones lumped together in the globe. World Trade Organization has predicted that trade by emerging world economies has been increasing at a faster rate than the trade driven by the US and at a
Introduction Charles Ives is now internationally considered to be one of the most prominent American composers; however, his works did not receive much recognition especially during his lifetime. He had to cope with many challenges, relating to the reception of his music by his contemporaries (Garber, 2008). In order to understand the reasons for this unpopularity, we should first refer to the book, written by one of his closest friends Henry Cowell, who tries to assess the significance of Charles Ives’s compositions and most importantly explain why they did not enjoy cultural prestige in America. Cowells assessment of Charles Ives First of all, Charles Ives was firmly convinced that the audience, musicians should constantly widen their scope of musical boundaries. Cowell argues that many of them were not quite ready to do it therefore they did not manage to appreciate Ives works. He believed that “the impossibilities of today are the possibilities of tomorrow”, though only very few people agree with him or tried to follow his example (Cowell, 55). His style of tryouts and use of discord were not welcomed at the time, and most of the performers found his music to have complex rhythms that were discouraging (Cowell, 20). Nonetheless, Ives continued to ignore the people’s reactions and was concerned only with his personal stand. Cowell believes that this lack of attention is due to the fact that Ives did not want to comply with the rules of convention. His attempts to create original or even unique musical pieces were lost upon the audience (Cowell, p. 47). Henry Cowell was one of the pioneers who invited Ives to work with him in production. In his book, he views the composers works as an immense breakthrough in American orchestra music. It gives precedence to religious belief, societal morals, and communal impartiality. His music seems to pour in all bearings boosted by some invisible force to flow. The audacious octave design in the deep voice chord at the commencement of the motion is a shaping notion of the whole piece. Ives was influenced by European composers but he never emulated or imitated them, as his main goal was to create a new and unprecedented style (Cowell & Henry, p. 14). Henry Cowell says that Ives’s life was a constant struggle against conformity. Even at college, he was taught by his musicians who relied only on European classics and did not wish to deviate from this tradition. He, however, used his lessons to finish texts from German and French producers. This never made his compositions less attractive; in fact, they developed into a unique style of music (Cowell & Henry, 1969). On the whole, Cowell thinks that the work
Introduction Typical societies comprise individuals of different race, gender, ethnic group, disability status, religious belief, and level of education. Based on these differences, there maybe minority and majority groups in the societies. A scenario is often witnessed in the societies whereby one group of individuals exercise power over the other group, which is forced to be submissive even to very cruel orders or actions. Oppression is one area that currently attracts the attention of different psychologists. It refers to exercising authority and power on somebody in a cruel and unjustifiable manner. The oppression in this case can take different forms. It could be a physical oppression like physical abuse. It could also be psychological oppression following some strange event like earthquake, terrible accident, or sexual abuse. Oppression can pose adverse health problems to the victims. Whereas some forms of oppression are mild and can be tolerated, some kinds of oppression are severe and the victims may not overcome their undesirable negative consequences. The victims of such oppression in the societies are usually the minority groups in the society like those with disabilities. Females and children are other categories that are vulnerable to such effects of oppression. One of the effects of such oppression, especially on females, is psychological trauma. An individual is mentally disturbed following an experience of some oppression in this situation. A traumatic experience often translates into posttraumatic stress disorder whereby an individual is haunted by the experience. The condition is associated with various changes in the function of the individual’s central nervous system. Such individuals have difficulties in accommodating such events if they reoccur. The management of such situations requires an understanding of the history of one’s experiences. A psychologist is able to help such individuals to manage their emotions that are disturbed by the traumatic experiences. The psychologists must be able to understand how trauma manifests itself among different individuals. Proper therapy will then be developed depending on the identified causative factors. This paper focuses on the responses of females to traumatic experience like rape or natural disaster. It illuminates on the manifestation of this condition. It also focuses on how psychologists can intervene to help such individuals restore their normal emotions. Trauma and its symptoms Trauma is a condition in which an individual is mentally disturbed following some experience. A common traumatic experience that pose medical problem is rape committed by males on females. Sexual abuse by men is a kind of psychological oppression on women that