ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The current essay provides an analysis of Machiavelli’s political and moral philosophy represented in his famous and influential political treatise “The Prince”. Machiavelli is widely regarded as the founder of the realist tradition in political philosophy representing the rise of the absolutist nation-state in Renaissance Europe. The realist tradition which put primary emphasis on the importance of firm state power necessary for defending national integrity and national interests developed a new approach to ethics, morality, and political virtues. The main purpose of current research is to understand the main points of significant departure Machiavelli’s model of politics, state, and ethics comprehension from Ancient Greek philosophy represented in the works of such thinkers like Aristotle and Plato. To this end, the primary attention will be drawn to Machiavelli’s central text The Prince, and some of his other works. There is no denying the importance of the fact that Machiavelli invented a new perception of politics as reflective action directed at achieving realistic goals of statehood and preserving national interests. This new approach is extensively developed iPrincipevelli’s concept of ‘principe noun whose main task is to strengthen the power of the state and maintain the stability of laws and social obedience to power. Experimental science by Machiavelli Machiavelli developed the notion of politics as ‘experimental science’ which means that it should be regarded as the practice depending on means and ends as well as different political conditions and contingencies. There is no denying the importance of the fact that this approach should be regarded as considerably distinct from the Greek ideal represented in the writings of Plato and Aristotle. As a representative of rising absolutist monarchy Machiavelli described politics in rational and utilitarian terms. According to Machiavelli it should be about achieving tangible goals but not about following some ideals. Using modern terminology Machiavelli’s approach to politics is opportunistic i.e. using all necessary means to achieve and stabilize power conditions. Besides this as many researchers, for instance, Jensen, claim Machiavelli changed the relationship between ethics and politics. He rationalized ethics to transform it into the mechanism of achieving and controlling power. Machiavelli excluded abstract and ideal moral and ethical values such as good, evil, just from political theory claiming that to be effective the Prince should follow the requirements of conditions but not abstract metaphysical meanings. According to Machiavelli, two ways of domination are open to the Prince: the option of law (consent) and violence. If the consent is maintained by-laws and no political competition is in place then Prince may use morally pure actions but when the power is at the risk he can do different things of evil nature (Chabod, 1958, p, 67). Machiavell
The amount of water flowing in a river system forms a tiny percentage of the total water. Oceans hold approximately 1370 million cubic kilometers of water, which reflect to about 97% of the Earth’s total water. Seventy five percent of the Earth’s fresh water is in the form of land ice while most of the remaining percentage is found in ground water. The lakes constitute about 125,000 cubic kilometers of the Earth’s water while the rest is found in soil moisture, the atmosphere and rivers, with the biosphere containing the least amount of water on the Earth’s surface. Rivers, streams and Lakes The words river and stream are used interchangeably in technical writing though they mean different things. While a river refers to a surface flow of water in a channel, the concept of a stream does not involve flow in a channel. Other terms used to signify small natural watercourses include creek, branch, burn and brook. Rivers are subjected to water loss through seepage and percolation into nearby aquifers. They also lose water through evaporation. As a result, the ability of a river or a stream to survive is dependent on the balance between water input and water loss. This paper looks at the various geographical elements of rivers, as well as, their relation to other water bodies and particulate matter. Water is in a constant cycle through various systems including river channels, ground water, lakes, soil and land ice. Oceans experience more evaporation than precipitation. As a result, the net difference of water vapor is conveyed over land, where it precipitates as rain. About 30% of the rainwater finds its way back to the ocean through river runoff and another 6% as direct discharge from ground water. Some of the rainfall is stored in other water bodies like lakes and rivers. The techniques used to compare rivers in the world involve an analysis of the size of the drainage area, the length of the main stem and the mean discharge. Research suggests that the global mean of the external runoff is approximately 0.01m 3 /s/km 2 . The biggest rivers in the world are also known to have high discharges. They get their water from convectional rainfall in the equatorial region, or monsoon rains that are influenced by altitude. Streams are classified as perennial, intermittent, or ephemeral. Intermittent streams can be either temporal or spatial and are mostly found in karstic areas. The ephemeral streams only flow when the ground water table is raised by episodes of heavy rainfall. During this period, they reactivate various existing outlets that are located above ground, causing heavy erosion, as well as, deposition of large amounts of soil and rock materials. Par
Contrast the positive and negative aspects of caregiving from the caregiver’s perspective and discuss the issues that tip the balance for any given individual The positive aspects of caregiving are often linked to the nature of the relationship that the caregiver has with the care recipient. The numerous and burdensome negative aspects of caregiving can cripple a caregiver’s career long term, especially without monetary or other remuneration. On the other hand, the alternative to the sacrifice of caring for a loved one, that of abandoning the dependent person to the care of strangers, can cause worry in the short term and guilt and grief in the long term. Both paths have long term impacts. Negatives It consumes time and imposes an opportunity cost 1 It is affecting the caregiver’s future economic security, emotional health, and social status. It can be physically strenuous and even cause back injuries, socially isolate the caregiver, and cause squeamishness or embarrassment. It is like being a nurse or nurse’s aide without the title, the camaraderie of co-workers, insurance, pension, parking space, or paycheck. Positives The obvious ones are avoidance of guilt and worry, although some evidence suggests that caregiving confers significant feelings of importance (Boerner, Schulz, & Horowitz, 2004). Providing no care at all can contribute to the premature death of the dependent person, causing guilt. Although helpful, there are guilt-inducing drawbacks associated with the alternative of care in the home with paid home health aides 2 The more costly option of institutional care bears risks as well 3 . Guilt and self-reproach over not having done everything possible for a loved one in the hands can persist for decades. When the dependent person dies, the grieving process is much complicated if the bereaved has not done everything possible to care for the deceased. The choice between career and caregiving may depend on the nature of the relationship with the dependent person. Although self-importance, inheritance, or pay may help to tip the balance, the major factor seems to the prospect of feeling rotten about having not done everything possible for a loved one. Health behaviors are primarily under the control of the individual. What can the formal health care delivery system do to encourage healthy lifestyle behaviors? The formal health care system can probably affect personal health choices but must do so in ways that are not discriminatory or leave patients un-cared for. Here are some ideas: Make it preventive: Focus funding on primary and preventive services in medical, dental, and mental health servi
It is worth noting that a leader and their effectiveness affect the organizational success of a company significantly. The leader determines the focus of the work of the entire team, interacts with personnel, affects the psychological climate and other aspects of the work environment (Forsyth, 2018). In addition, management can influence individuals as well as groups of employees, encouraging them to work towards the goals of the organization. The purpose of this paper is to discuss leadership styles exhibited in the “Consolidated Products” case study. Style of Ben Samuels Ben Samuels, a plant manager of Consolidated Products, employed a democratic style of leadership, which was evident from his relationship with the workforce. This type of leader relies on such aspects as trust, information exchange, initiative, creativity, self-discipline, conscientiousness, responsibility, and positive encouragement. Moreover, they focus not only on results but also on ways to achieve organizational goals (Forsyth, 2018). In general, the democratic leadership style is characterized by reliance on the employees and their potential since the company’s workforce is involved actively in the management of the organization. In the company discussed in the case study, communication occurred not only in vertical directions but also horizontally, and management tended to interact constructively with the employees. In terms of his leadership behavior and actions, Ben Samuels established an environment in which employees could grow both professionally and personally. This was beneficial for employees so that they could evolve and feel valued (Forsyth, 2018). Such a behavior implied the establishment of a people-oriented work environment. His approach allowed building good relationships with workers, opera
Introduction Issues of identity and citizenship have been fierce in the USA since the moment European settlers inhabited the new continent and imposed their regime on the Native Americans, forcing them to move to reservations. African Americans have been fighting for equality since the moment of slavery abolition, and still despite the strongly fixed freedom in the Constitution they are subject to all kinds of prosecution and discrimination. For this reason motives of identity imposition are widely spread in the US literature. The work of Thomas King is not an exception as it relates directly to the topic of identity protection within the borders of North American continent. The story titled “Borders” is devoted to the description of an awkward situation a woman faces when crossing the American-Canadian border refusing to accept American and Canadian identity. The theme discussed in the story is the way identity is protected by Indigenous peoples in the territories of the USA and Canada and the ways governmental impositions restrict it. Main text The struggle for equality and recognition marks the plot of “Borders”, showing how the determination of one woman may break the whole legislative system grounded on exclusion of minorities. The protest against belonging to either the Canadian or American nation is clearly felt in the narrative – hostility with which borders are treated is evident from the very beginning of the story describing the way Laetitia moved to Salt Lake City. This action is called “moving across the line”, which is very expressive and adds the tone of separation both from the Canadian and the American nation (King 131). The “line” here means a strict division that exists between the life beyond the measures of the reserve – mother disapproves of Laetitia’s decision from the very start and protects the benefits of living in the reserve on all pages of the story. The resistance mother shows to claim her own identity as American or Canadian and to impose her Blackfoot identity can be seen in the verbal conflict with Laetitia before her departure: “You can still see the mountain from here,” my mother told Laetitia in Blackfoot. “Lots of mountains in Salt Lake,” Laetitia told her in English (King 133). By this short dialogue the characters are perfectly shaped: Laetitia is a representative of a progressive generation that wants to intermingle with the American nation and to start a new life beyond the borders of the reserve. She starts speaking English before the departure, thus marking the change in her views and shame of being a Blackfoot. As a result, she really achieves her aim by getting a good job and renting a good apartment. Nonetheless, it is shameful for mother to understand this shift, and she does her best to retain all signs of the Blackfoot identity because of her inborn pride.
The Choice of a Country Chile My choice of a country is Chile. Today the Chilean government is oriented to search for foreign investment providing capital for the economic development of the country (Doing Business in Chile 2008). What I wish to learn This is why I am interested to learn about the business climate in Chile, the cultural and social lifestyle, its impact on business, the kind of people that inhabit Chile and business manners and etiquette there. What Are the Major Elements and Dimensions of Culture in the Region? Culture A social research conducted in Chile designed to collect information about the local culture in its relation to business making process showed very high level of uncertainty avoidance in the Chilean society (Chile Business Etiquette, Culture & Manners 2012). This dimension stands for the social desire to reduce the level of probability of unexpected outcomes. Chileans do not like facing uncertain future; this is why their state is based on strict and clear policies, laws and rules. All of these regulations are adopted and carefully followed. Besides, the research has pointed out the low level of individualism in the Chilean society, which makes Chilean people collectivists fond of being parts of their groups. Religion Another highly important element of culture in Chile is religion. The majority of citizens there are Catholic. Religion is an immense part of the Chilean lifestyle. How Are These Elements and Dimensions Integrated by Locals Conducting Business in the Nation? The Chilean collectivism is very noticeable in the connections and the status of an “insider” all businessmen there are so proud of (Doing Business in Chile 2014). Whenever someone has an issue, there always will be a friend, who knows a person who can help with that issue. Besides, a western businessman attending business meetings in Chile should not be surprised that the negotiators may stand very close to each
Event 1: Increasing an Employee’s Maturity The Event and Theory Description A female employee in our organization is currently overseeing a team of seven people in the customer service department. Because of her excellent performance, I was willing to offer her a new position that involved handling and being responsible for the whole ladies department and a total of twenty-five workers. However, I took time to carefully consider the situation because of the risk involved in jumping from governing a department of seven to one having twenty-five people. The idea included dealing with some doubts, particularly about the employee’s readiness and ability to manage the increased responsibility. The leadership approach selected for the situation was Hersey’s and Blanchard’s Situational (Contingency) Theory, introduced in 1969 (“Hersey–Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory”). This view presents four leadership styles that depend on the leader’s maturity, skills and knowledge, and circumstances: telling, selling, participating, and delegating. Corresponding to these four styles are four levels of employee maturity: M1 (unable, not confident), M2 (unable, willing, confident), M3 (able, unwilling, not confident), and M4 (able, willing, confident). Based on these definitions, our employee fell between the M3 and M4 maturity levels: she had the necessary skills to manage a small group of employees, but we were not sure whether she could handle a bigger team. Thus, the leadership styles to be employed in the case involved selling, participating, and delegating. Analysis The employee was successful in her position, and her commitment level was high. She had an effective approach to management and produced good results. Nevertheless, I was worried about some aspects of her work; for example, I noticed that she was likely to become stressed when she had to cover for someone on personal leave. In addition, she sometimes panicked when something went wrong, a response that is unacceptable in a good leader. Convinced that she needed to develop more maturity and self-confidence, I chose to employ a combination of Hersey’s and Blanchard’s selling, participation, and delegation styles of leadership. To start, I decided to sell that manager the new position. In other words, I prepared her for the idea of managing the whole department. In the interest of caution, we decided together to implement a three-month plan for her gradual movement to the new position. The first alteration involved letting her manage a telesales department of five so that together with her department of seven, she would have twelve subordinates. However, she was not to have total management responsibility. Rather, she would shadow the existing team leader in order to understand how he tackled his day-to-day duties and how he solved the problems that appeared during work hours. She was left alone at times in both departments so that we could see how she was coping. On such days, we were particularly attentive and cautious, always ready to come to the
In the “melting pot” of the United States, intercultural relationships have always been complicated (Bayor 98). Despite the fact that the numerous attempts at restoring the balance between the American culture and the culture of the minorities have failed so far, which can be traced in the regular instances of injustice and violence among the members of the minority cultures towards their family members and each other, as well as increasingly poor living standards, by using literature in order to shed some light on the given lack of justice, one can possibly improve the existing state of affairs by raising awareness and, later on, calling to action. In her novel Trifles , Susan Glaspell touches upon one of the aspects that link the American culture and the cultures of the ethnical minorities together, i.e., the concept of a woman and her role in the society. Despite the fact that her novel is focused on the life of Americans, Glaspell’s subtle description of the position of a woman in the American society clearly shows that the changes have to be done, and that these changes are worth being carried out: “Well, women are used to worrying over trifles” (Glaspell 169). More to the pint, Glaspell shows that in a number of cases, the victims of the social prejudice are capable of fighting for their independence – all that they need is a little bit of help from the outside. Even though the act that Glaspell’s novel does not portray the prejudice of the minorities, it manages to accomplish an even greater task, i.e., to show that prejudices exist among the Americans as well, and that only by joining forces, people can defeat these prejudices, both concerning racial issues and gender questions. Another peculiar novel and a decent attempt at driving attention to the problem of marginalization, though this time being a race commentary rather than a gender issue, Toni Morrison’s Sula gives much food for thoughts. Leading the readers deep into the cultural specifics of the Black people, and, which is more important, Black people of the present-day world, Morrison shows explicitly how deep prejudice can be rooted and how hard they can affect people’s lives: “Had she been any lighter-skinned she would have needed either her mother’s protection on the way to school or a streak of mean to defend herself” (Morrison 347). What seems to be a mere misunderstanding about one of the two sisters being sinister and another one taking the blame unwraps into a massive social commentary on what makes people think that they are entitled to pass judgments on other people. By showing how quickly one of the main characters becomes ostracized, Morrison clearly calls the readers to not pass their judgments based on race, skin color, religion, etc. It could be argued, though, that the authors writing about ethnical and cultural specifics of the minorities purposely put the emphasis on the sources of conflict between the American population and the representatives of national minorities, therefore,
Discuss the Taoist and Confucian Elements on Chinese American society that allowed the Chinese to transcend American racism ? A culture is divided by elements that you can see as well as others that you cannot see. Among the elements that enabled the Chinese to rise above American racism are four main elements that are deeply rooted in the Chinese people and gave them the ability to transcend racism in America. These are their language, their arts, their clothing as well as their religion. The Chinese language helped them go through the culture of racism in America in a way that it Chinese is not just one language but actually consists of several dialects. Mandarin Chinese is the most widely used language in China and there are actually more people who speak the Mandarin dialect compared to any other language in the world. Mandarin acquires its characteristic musical sort of quality from the fact that it is a tonal dialect. This refers to the fact that depending on how a word is spoken, it can have more than one meaning. This gave them a sense of belonging that enabled them to relate to a particular culture via dialect. Chinese art is another element of Taoist and Confucian that helped them go above the issue of American racism seeing as it is deeply embedded in them. The art which is very easily distinguishable from others whether in painting or opera, are characterized by themes, subtle brush strokes as well as superior quality paper. Silk has always been a highly popular and fashionable type of clothing and the Chinese consider it as an element of Taoist and Confucian. They have had a sense of pride in their clothing made from silk which is viewed in high esteem by many from a long time back. Religion has played a vital role in aiding the Chinese overcome racism in America. This is from the fact that it is comprised of four different elements namely Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese folk. Majority of the people of Chinese origin practice a mixture of all four elements. What elements of Hinduism/Buddhism allow them to assimilate easily into American society? Among the elements that may be perceived to let Buddhism as well as Hinduism to be easily incorporated into the American society are the four elements considered the “great elements” or the “four elements” which are earth, water, fire and air of which, for the freedom from suffering of an individual or understanding what suffering entails, the earlier Buddhists considered them a foundation for the religion. Much earlier than that, were explanations about the four primary material elements as being the sensory qualities; solidity, fluidity, temperature and