ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Transcultural Nursing Society website is critical in shaping nursing healthcare practices in current society. The society has established a guiding framework in transcultural nursing. The framework is crafted to mirror comprehensive standards of practice for a cultural health care that nurses can use to lead in clinical practices, surveys, education and administration. The standards established are anchored on social justice implying that an individual or a group is eligible to rational and equal rights and involvement in economic, social and educational practices framed in a health care environment. Consequently, by application of the principles of social justice and provision of ethnically focused health care, disparities in health care outcomes is set to reduce. Transcultural Nursing Society (2010) points out that, shortage of nurses and ever increasing migration of the population have surged thus prompts a need to instill knowledge in nurses to deliver racially compliant and competent health care for a diverse population regardless of geographic location and demographic trend. Transcultural Nursing Society (2010) further argues that cultural standards prevails within economic political and social systems, thus many health care institutions around the world have defined health care encompassing these systems. The disparities amongst the criterions and the setting in which principles are practiced are noted to impede a distinct set that all cultures are assured to address their needs. The standards outlined by Transcultural Nursing Society (2010) are diverse, and they include; social knowledge of cultures, competence in cultural health care systems and institutions, patient activism and empowerment, multiracial labor force, cross cultural communications and leadership and strategy development among other standards. Nonverbal indicators of anxiety A nonverbal sign, which is commonly, present in patients who do not speak English is agoraphobia. This sign is characterized by the fear of open places or where help is not forthcoming. Also, a compulsion sign is evident in patients who cannot speak English. Compulsion is an enticing instinct, wish or an urge to perform an irrational action that relieves anxiety (Andrews and Boyle, 2008). Other signs include panic attacks visible through signs such as; trembling, blushing, sweating and palpitation among other signs. Anxiety assumes the trend of behaviors and mindset that serves as an obstacle to intercultural communication (The Office of Minority Health, 2007). Thus, it shows fear of unknown, perceived cultural superiority and discrimination hence, to enhance effective communication with patients who do not understand English will need to collect information about their culture and background. Office of Minority Health Recommended Standards for Nursing Health Care Office of Minority Health has devised standards commonly known as the National Standards on culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services, CLAS. The standards have been directed towards the health care institutions, although individuals
Introduction The book “The wrongs of Woman” was written in the eighteenth century. This is a period that marriages were solely controlled by men and the women were treated as slaves. This paper will discuss why the writer decided to use the third person narration in the beginning of the book. It will also be discussed in this paper why the writer decided to tell the story in some parts of the book in the first person narration. Using these two types of narration has different effects on a book and this paper will discuss these effects in this book. Discussion This book is mostly narrated in the third person but there are some large sections of the book that tell the stories of Maria and Jemima in the first person narration. By using the first person narration, the reader is able to connect to the feelings that Maria experiences. The writer, “Wollstonecraft uses a technique of free indirect discourse which blurs the line between the third person narrator and the first person narrator” (Langbauer, 2008). She uses juxtaposition to show the experiences throughout the novel with Maria retelling them and also through her own feelings. Through the first person narration, we see Maria and Jemina addressing one another as equals. They share a great bond between them since they have both undergone suffering but at the same time, these characters are allowed through this to have a retention of their own and individual self-sense. The writer writes her own story using her daughter’s narrative. Through this, we are able to see how her parents had much love for their son, Robert, above that of the other children. Through this narration, we are shown how Robert ruled his siblings in a dictatorial manner. When the writer uses the third person narration in the beginning of the book, the reader is first able to get an unbiased perception of the events. The reader is able to engage the material without being affected by emotions of p
IT sphere has received particular attention in recent years and attracts multiple stakeholders. However, it is interesting that a variety of public and private sector companies have acquired programs that failed and cost them and their contractors a significant amount of money. Afterward, these organizations began to approach their performance with the correct practices of project management. Yet, it is still valuable to analyze the mistakes of the past to be able to prevent them in the future. As such, Nelson (2007) provides a priceless assemblage of the fiascos that different American companies faced when they tried to implement IT into their operations at the turn of the century. The examples of such projects of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Bank of America (BofA) illustrate the inability to serve a contractor, unskilled setting of requirements, and inappropriate risk evaluation practice. Summary It is necessary to briefly overview the projects that experienced a lack of adequate management. In the case of the FBI, the project Trilogy aimed at “a new computer network …, providing a modern database for storing case information and allowing agents to share and search files electronically” (Eggen, 2005, para. 9). The software was never finished and exi
Introduction Pork is one of the most widely consumed meats in the world, particularly in regions such as North America, South America, and Sub-Saharan Africa. In the religious world, pork is one of the meats that are forbidden in the Bible. In the Old Testament, God prohibited the Israelites from eating the pig because it was unclean. Regardless of the Bible’s warning, there are several reasons why it is advisable to avoid pork. The pig is a very dirty animal that eats a lot of contaminated materials that make it unfit for human consumption. Many people love pork. However, it would not be so appetizing if they become familiar with a pig’s diet. The pig is a scavenger that is viewed as the eliminator of waste in many forms. Therefore, pork is unhealthy for human consumption. Saturation with Toxins As mentioned earlier, the pig consumes many toxic materials that make its meat unfit for human consumption. Unlike other animals, a pig’s digestive system does not eliminate the toxins that it consumes (Axe par. 5). I have learned that pigs have few sweat glands. This is another reason for the buildup of toxins in the body. Many animals release toxins through sweating. However, since pigs rarely sweat, the toxins amass in the body. I avoid pork because it contains high levels of dangerous chemicals that could be perilous to my health. For example, it contains high levels of antibiotics that are administered to treat diseases. Risk of Infection Humans and animals share many diseases. Swine flu is one of the diseases that can affect both humans and pigs. The most common route of transmission of the influenza virus is physical contact with pigs or infected people. The virus cannot be contracted from consuming pork products made from infected pigs. However,
Introduction The adult education concept has become popular in the 21 st century setting especially on the backdrop of increased importance in education. Adults who do not possess any formal learning experience have the chance to go through a specially designed curriculum that equips them with the literary skills necessary for communication and even employment. Departments of adult education are now considered a necessity as many authorities implement strategies to combat illiteracy. Like the normal education curriculum, adult education has its trends and theoretical orientations that seek to define its place and role in society. Throughout its development education has been plagued by issues such as race, gender and class. The education system has been characterized by official segregation where learners from different racial backgrounds could not freely use the common education facilities. Sadly the trend is still noticeable today in some learning institutions that the media refers to “Historically or dominantly black or white. Class too has permeated the education system where some institutions are considered prestigious than others hence breeding such titles as “Ivy league” where learners thought to be from affluent backgrounds attend. Finally, gender issues also characterize education. Though not as prevalent in the US like in other part of the world, women have historically been disadvantaged in accessing education because of some deeply rooted traditions that fronted the idea that they are inferior to men. The above issues though not in the formal education proportions have found their way to adult education as well. Th
Introduction Since the beginning of human civilization, criminal activity has plagued human society. Over the centuries, the society has taken steps to respond to this vice that threatens the moral fabric of the society. The most significant step in combating crime has been in the establishment of a criminal justice system that deals with criminals by imposing relevant punishments. In spite of the presence of a functional criminal justice system, crime has continued to increase in the society. Sociologists and criminology scholars have tried to address this problem by coming up with theories that seek to explain the root of crime and therefore offer ways of controlling it. One of the theories developed to explain crime and criminality is the Labelling Theory by Howard Becker. This theory stresses on the social process through which certain acts and people are labelled as deviant. This paper will explain in detail Howard Becker’s Labelling Theory and its view of Crime and Criminality. Becker’s Labelling Theory Labelling theory emerged as a dominant theory on crime during the 1960s and it challenged the traditional view of positivist criminology that regarded crime to be caused of factors such as moral development and personality. This theory also seeks to analyze what happens to individuals after they have been given the label of “criminal” by the society. Becker’s theory builds on the works of the criminologist and sociologist, Frank Tannenbaum who declared that tagging, identifying, and segregating are the processes through which criminals are made. Tannenbaum suggested that because of this labelling, an individual is compelled to become the very thing he/she is perceived to be (Plummer 2000). Through his theory, Howard Becker argued that the society, which dictates the actions that should be regarded as deviance and the ones that should not, is the creator of deviance. Becker (1963) articulated the labelling theory by asserting, “Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders” (p.9). In the Labelling Theory, emphasis is placed not in the behaviour itself but in the response that the behaviour gets from other people. By studying the process through which people become deviant, Becker noted that social control agencies such as the police and courts are created to label people as outside the normal, law-abiding community. Becker (1963) also noted that the social group that creates deviance is usually the middle or upper class. This is because economic or political power has to be possessed in order for ones views to be heard or enforced (Regoli 2009). When developing this theory, Becker was engaged in a study that focused on marijuana use and its control and he analyzed how the political power worked to give marijuana use a deviant label. Becker sought to discover the consequences that the application of the label of deviant had on the individual labelled. He noted that specific behaviour is not in itself deviant or normal; rather,
James Rachels, Active and Passive Euthanasia The debates around the practice of mercy killing – that is, euthanasia – have been going on for decades. For instance, the American Medical Association (AMA) distinguishes active euthanasia – prohibited due to being contrary to the medical professions’ beliefs – from passive euthanasia – deemed permissible since no direct action to kill is taken. James Rachels argues that not only are the two not so different from one another from an ethical point of view, but that active euthanasia might even be more favorable in terms of humanity of patient treatment. The author puts forward four arguments to prove his point. First of all, sometimes letting someone die is more humane that let them suffer until dying. Supposing, one’s days are certainly over and they are in terrible pain. Both the patient and their family agree that it is reasonable to put an end to it. According to AMA, the only thing a doctor can do is to simply withhold treatment without doing anything beyond that – instead of giving lethal injection and stopping the agony. Secondly, the matters of life and death are frequently handled inadequately. An example of that would be parents deciding on a life of their infant with a Down’s syndrome seemingly based on a baby’s need for an operation for another minor defect. Rachels deems it absurd, since the choice is to clearly be made regarding the syndr
Introduction Crowdsourcing refers to the process of giving some individuals some work or activities to accomplish (Howe 2006; Goodchild & Glennon 2010). Crowding activities can either take place online or offline. Activities that require crowdsourcing are usually complex and tedious (Okolloh, 2009). However, the involvement of many individuals, who take several portions of the whole project, makes the activities simpler and reduces the period of time required to complete various projects. The term was started by the advent of computing sciences and its applications have extended to many other fields in the recent past. Proponents of crowdsourcing believe that combined efforts from many people are more economical and rewarding than efforts from an individual. Business brands are integral components for all business organisations. Businesses perform well in the business world because their brands are unique and their products satisfy the needs of customers. One of the best examples of organizations that have used crowdsourcing in soliciting for ideas is Wikipedia. The online organisation has been using efforts from several people across the world to develop the famous comprehensive encyclopaedia. By doing so, individuals are given the freedom to write information about areas of their interests. Wikipedia has saved a lot of costs that could have been used to pay individual writers and editors. This topic is important to business organisations because findings on crowdsourcing would give crucial information about the merits and demerits of the business strategy to develop new products and services. This paper outlines the various types of crowdsourcing used in business and other areas, but focusing on the economic benefits achieved when creating new services and products. It also gives evidence-based applications of crowdsourcing while linking the conclusions of the study findings to the research topic. This paper also summarises the main ideas of the essay and gives the limitations of the study findings. It also offers future directions for research on crowdsourcing. Applications and types of crowdsourcing Crowdsourcing has been shown to help organisations do the following activities: knowledge discovery and management, human intelligence tasking, broadcast searching and peer-vetted creative production (Huberman, Romero, & Wu 2009; Schenk & Guittard 201). An organisation could use crowdsourcing to achieve one or many of the applications. Various types of crowdsourcing have been proposed for applications in the business field (Leimeister, Huber, Bretschneider & Krcmar 2009). The choice of the type of crowdsourcing depends on the choices made by the management of an organisation and the type of application and desired outcomes. An organisation could use crowdvoting to gather opinions on a new product and/or service that it would wish to introduce to the market. The opinions received from t
Statement of purpose The history of photography cannot be complete without the analysis of the efforts of Daguerre and Herschel, the men behind the processes that revolutionized photography in the mid 19 th century. These processes are daguerreotype and cyanotype. This paper on photography will focus on the Daguerreotype and Cyanotype process in terms of the technology used, where the paper will tackle variables like film base, emulsion, chemicals used in development, camera type and so on. The paper will then look at the descriptive subject matter by focusing on the new things that were able to be photographed because of the discovery of the two processes. The third part of the paper will focus on aesthetics in terms of how the processes changed the looks of photographs while the final part will focus on context where the paper will look at what was happening in the world at that time that might have influenced how the two processes were used. Introduction to Daguerreotype and Cyanotype Daguerreotype was among the earliest photographic processes used in recreation of images. These two processes are a radical departure from the other processes that were used in traditional photography. In fact, the two were the first commercial processes of photography and were very popular in the mid 19 th century because of how they changed the outlook of photographs and the way they made many other things to be photographed. Before the two processes were invented, not many things could be photographed because the existing methods of photography at tat time had many limitations. Daguerreotype was invented by a French man called Louis Daguerre after whom the process is named (Coe 9). Daguerreotype became an instant hit in the formative years of the nineteenth century, but years after it was popularized, photographic technology underwent massive changes and the process became redundant after the negatives were invented because unlike daguerreotype, negatives allowed images to be reproduced. Not long after Daguerre invented daguerreotype, another method was invented. This method is called Cyanotype. Cyanotype is a more recent photographic process that was discovered by John Herschel in 1842. The process was also known as the blue print process and in its formative stage; the process used iron salt-coated papers which were then used in contact printing. The paper would then be dipped in water and the outcome was a white image placed in a blue. Cyanotype was more stable than daguerreotype because they process used iron salts rather than silver compounds and it became more popular at the beginning of the twentieth century especially in the manufacture of architectural blueprints. Comparing and Contrasting Daguerreotype
Healthcare institutions/organizations are very complex as compared to other business organizations. The business model of this organization/institution is quite different from other business organizations. We are looking at it in this perspective, the customers visiting this organization are not willing to do so but critical circumstances force them. Members of the organization do not get the expected pay because of the nature of the business. Sometimes this business receives uncertain revenue beyond control, and regulatory issues. The management problems in the healthcare are usually difficult to fix. Problems in the healthcare organizations and the manager’s solution to these problems A major problem that health care faces is the difficulty in defining its revenue. As compared to other businesses, you can realize that other organizations can come up with goals set up and send its employees out to do their best to meet the organizational goal, but this is not the thing in a health care institution. The revenue objectives for the health institutions are dependent to the heath conditions of the public. A number of hospitals market the services that suit the physicians in relation to the need of the patients. With the unavailability of all the required services within the same heath care, patients will go to the hospitals that can meet their needs. Cost control is another serious issue in the heath care organizations. For many years that the healthcares have been working, it has become hard to meet the costs. The reason is that there are costs that the heath care organization has to meet. Another issue that makes this cost control to rise much more higher is the state regulations, which mandate the number of given type of staff that should be in for different types of medical procedures or in the health cares. The states also have a regulation towards the time that some departments in the healthcare have to work. This affects the operation of the health care organization an as a result it is unable to work towards the need of catering for all the control costs (Mitchell, (n.d)). In relation to the cost control we also see that there are some procedures in health cares which are restricted to some specific areas. This means that whether in use or not these areas need orderliness and good maintenance. This preserved areas usually serve as training area for a group of expertise, this is something that may happen once for a very long tim