ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Humanity can best be described by the special characters and personality that exist amongst the human race. Varied scholars and psychologists have over the years developed a special interest in studying how different people act, react and behave under similar situations. From these studies, it has been conclusively determined that situations in which similar behaviors and responses are exhibited appear to be common for all people (Dougall, 2008). These attributes have been summarized into one general term: human nature. This paper shall set out to provide a detailed exploration of the theories and principles that best explain the existence or lack thereof of human nature. From these discussions, we shall be able to determine whether the concept of human instinct does exist or not. Argument for and against human nature Dewey (2007) proposes that the term “human nature” refers to the inbuilt differentiated characteristics that human beings tend to have as regarding to thoughts, feelings and behavior. The author claims that human nature is innate and fixed and cannot therefore be altered by others or by situations affecting our lives. Fear, happiness, greed and love are feelings common in all human beings and are not taught but activated through the nurturing process. In addition to this, Dewey (2007) further asserts that it is common and perfectly natural for humans to have wants and needs. The presence of these two aspects consequently fosters feelings of greed, selfishness and the desire to help one another. However, the concept of human nature is not universally accepted as can be demonstrated by Evans (2004) who argues for the Karl Marx’s theory of human nature which assumes that human beings are a blank slate at birth with no thoughts or feelings. Marx claimed that the character and personality that human beings posses are inducted in them through the process of socialization and civilization. He claimed that if a child is born in a violent time, he will grow up to be a violent man and if a child is born in a peaceful environment, he will undoubtedly be an advocate for peace. According to this theory, Marx asserts that human nature is developed through our life experiences and is not inborn as Dewey states (Evans, 2004). In an interview carried out by Kate Soper (1998), Noam Chomsky reiterates that the political, social, cultural and religious stance that one takes is based on the conception of human nature. She argues that decisions made on these aspects are derived from human wants and potential which constitute to human nature. Chomsky continues by saying that through history, people like Genghis Khan, Bill gates, the Nazis and even Jesus justify their actions through the fundamental principle a common good for all (Soper, 1998). This means that they did what they did not for their personal gain but in order to help others and make a difference. This principal is true because the desire to make a
Introduction Organizations experience various changes throughout their lifecycles. Some firms may not recover from such events, which result in massive losses, but other firms usually restructure and continue with their business activities. This research focuses on Cisco Systems, General Motors, and Avon. It shows how these companies were able to restructure their operations and get back to business. Cisco Systems IT firms of today need to optimize their services and resources while focusing on cost reduction and improving on productivity. Cisco implemented a lifecycle methodology during its restructuring efforts. The company needed to make its processes responsive and efficient. Cisco changed from using a traditional organizational model to a new lifecycle-based model. As a result, the company improved its operations across five different domains. Previously, Cisco relied on a traditional silo-based organizational structure (Cisco Systems, Inc., 2008). Employees had to handle all aspects of operational and implementation works. Thus, they had to drop some operational duties in order to facilitate deployment. The traditional approach created duplication of work and effort throughout the organization. However, employees were not aware of the role and effort duplication within Cisco. The regional voice and network teams were in charge of implementation and operations. These teams worked with over 300 customers. They had to evaluate and manage support services, change, service performance, service resiliency, and staff and expertise. As a result of a tremendous growth, the company could not cope with these roles and technology evolution. Cisco’s existing resources could not accommodate growing needs of customers. Such needs put pressure on available resources to the limit. The company needed a change because of deteriorating services. Cisco had to change from the traditional IT-based approach to a modern approach. Thus, the firm had to restructure it processes and operations in order to accommodate work and effort duplication and accommodate the growing demands from customers. Cisco had to consolidate and simplify its operations. In addition, it had to introduce effective communication and collaboration strategies. This change had to affect the global operations of the company. Cisco organizational structure solved its business challenges. The new lifecycle business model improved business operations and customer service. The restructuring affected more than 400 workers in different business units. The initiative led to several positive changes in the company. Different teams can now spend their time on training and mentoring new employees. Cisco created a ‘focus area’ to cater for specific needs in different service areas
Introduction All over the world children are being used in combat war; children are exceptionally susceptible to military recruitment and also manipulation to violence since they are naive and impressionable. The children are either enticed or forced to join the armed groups. Despite how the children are recruited into the armed force, child soldiers are victims, and their taking part in conflicts brings serious implications to their physical as well as emotional welfare. Child soldiers are in a lot of cases abused and many of them witness the killing, sexual abuse, and death. Many of these children participate in the killings and many do suffer severe long-lasting psychological consequences. Military activities Throughout history, children have been used a lot in military activities, the activities of children in the military involve participating in warfare directly, taking support duties and roles like spying, or porter, or being used in war propaganda and at times as human shields. These practices are unethical and go against many cultural moral values. Way back in the 1970s the world has been trying to enact several international conventions to prevent children from taking part in armed conflicts. However, this practice has continued even though it is unethical. (Millard, 2001) The ethical issue of child soldier The issue of child soldiers raises the ethical concern about using child soldiers and how they should be ethically treated. Ethical values are main beliefs for instance duty, respect, and integrity that inspire the actions and attitudes of a person. Some values are unethical, ethical values do relay what is considered right and what is seen as wrong. Thus, ethical values do take priority above none ethical values. Child soldier ethics, therefore, deals with the code of conduct of armed groups be it the state military or other paramilitary groups that are involved in child soldiers. (Millard, 2001) The recent past has witnessed an increase of conflicts in the world; due to this, the ethical issue of child soldiers has become an important issue today. Many of the general ethical issues that govern combat prohibit the recruitment of children less than 15 years into armed combat. However, by 2003 over 500 000 children currently are involved in armed conflicts; this is according to the United Nations statistics. (Millard, 2001) This, therefore, makes the issue of ethical to be more crucial. Child soldier There is no ethical reason why armed groups should use children in their wars. Unfortunately, fighting gangs have come up with sophisticated and brutal techniques to separate children from their families and communiti
Women exploitation in advertising is one of the most discussed issues in ethics, speaking about mass media. Women and their bodies are used each time when the product for men is advertised. Having considered an advertising of Budweiser beer as purely men’s drink, which is initially so, it is possible to stress the idea of unethical treatment of women there. Looking at this piece of add, it is possible to find the symbols of purely men’s advertising. There are a lot of small details which show that this advertising is directed at this specific auditory. The fact that women are underlined almost naked support this fact. Moreover, we are to remember that this is an advertisement of 1980’s where the relation to sexuality was different as well as the relation to expressing it in such a way. Even nowadays, when relation to morality and its principles has changed, the advertising of women’s bodies seems unethical. Looking at the ad under consideration, the following signs of the advertising for men are noticed. Three women in swimming suits lay on a towel. It is possible to see disks and beer there. Is not it a perfect picture for a man? Three beautiful women, it may be presupposed that they are on the beach of a river or a sea, and cold beer, not simple one, but ‘genuine’. Moreover, this word on a towel may be considered as related to women, to their genuine forms. Body is considered as one of the most attractive issues in this advertisement. Unfortunately, women’s bodies are always used for advertising men’s products as these characters are considered as the most effective and the most attractive ones. Chatterji (2005) says that “the questionable ethics of decency and obscenity with respect to women as associated with their physical exposure alone, is based on a perverse ideology dictated by repressive patriarchal norms”. Speaking about these “patriarchal norms” (Chatterji, 2005), the following characteristics may be highlighted. Men are sure that women are to be slim, with long legs, and other similar characteristic. Using women in such particular perspective, men try to degrade women’s dignity having making her a toy. Sexuality in the way how it is presented in this ad is something public, still, it is a sacred notion which should be available just for two people who love each other. It is very important to make sure that those who are involved in sexual relations keep this sexuality for themselves. Therefore, it should be stated unethical nature of this advertising is obvious. The main idea of the advertising is seen, however, it seems that women are advertised, their naked bodies and particular sexual desire they express. Genuine seems to be their bodies, not the beer which is actually advertised. The ad seems unethical due to the stress which is shown. Directing human attention on women’s bodies, adverti
Case overview Indecisiveness especially regarding the issue of marketing is indeed one of the greatest challenges facing Kraft Coffee Pod. It is evident that the company allocates a lot of its resources in advertising and marketing. However, the current product manager (George Herzog) is unable to make a decision whether to launch additional coffee pods in other regions such as Canada and South America. In actual sense, he cannot determine if the existing marketing strategy in the United States may be replicated in Canada and generate similar positive effects. Analysis and evaluation The above challenge arises from the fact that Herzog is not in a position to determine the best and most effective pricing model for retail and wholesale products in markets located outside the United Sates. It is crucial to mention that marketing conditions in the United States remarkably differ from other regions. Hence, a pricing strategy that yields positive results in the US might not necessarily give impressive results elsewhere. In addition, the production manager is not certain about coffee flavors that are generally desired by consumers. The tastes and preferences of customers are instrumental when introducing a new product or brand into the market. If consumers are not satisfied, it might lead to low volume of sales followed by gross losses. These are some of the reasons why Herzog does not want to make a quick decision. Apart from identifying an appropriate marketing strategy, the manager also lacks a vantage position to determine the best distribution channels for delivering products. The choice of a distribution channel mainly depends on the available financial resources. As it stands now, the company has limited monetary resources that can be allocated to a more robust and effective channel of distribution. Moreover, it is agreeable that the company is facing stiff competition from other major brands in Canada and the US. For instance, Procter and Gamble enjoys close to 9 % of the market share in the Canadian market while Nestle occupies 17% of the available market in terms of shares. Other combined private companies assume about 23% of the market. Worse still, Melita and Salton compete directly with Kraft Coffee Pod. The high rate of competition and rival for the existing market are major threats for Kraft Coffee Pod both in the short and long-term period. Recommendations From the above evaluation, it is highly recommended that George Herzog should go ahead and launch the product in Canada in order to expand the market share of the company. Marketing risks are inevitable and hence, Kraft Coffee Pod should extend its operations beyond the US markets. Herzog and the rest of the management team should
Introduction Introducing innovative technologies in the healthcare sector has allowed expanding people’s opportunities regarding access to medical services and gaining control over personal data independently. The inclusion of the electronic health record (EHR) system in many clinics has made it possible to systematize patient data and provide quick access to the necessary information. However, unlike such databases that all interested employees of medical institutions can, the personal health record (PHR) mechanism is intended solely for maintenance by patients themselves. These systems are user-friendly applications that help store all the health information they need online. In addition, such repositories are confidential, and only their owners can manage the information entered. Moreover, on specialized portals, PHRs are connected to EHRs, which simplifies the data acquisition algorithm. This work aims to describe PHRs in the context of stakeholder needs, practices for their promotion and utilization, benefits, risks, challenges, and limitations to healthcare information portals, as well as strategies and outcomes of implementation. Introducing these systems is convenient for the systematization of patients’ personal data, which helps minimize any errors in taking medications and record all crucial data concerning health indicators. [1] The PHR in Terms of Stakeholder Needs The widespread use of PHRs is a result of advances in the healthcare industry and the digitalization of many procedures, including access to personalized patient information. Users of such applications have an opportunity to organize all the important data in one place, thereby simplifying the entire storage algorithm. According to Gagnon, Payne-Gagnon, Breton, Fortin, Khoury, Dolovich, et al., [2] many stakeholders are interested in PHRs due to the convenience and benefits that these systems bring. In addition, one should take into account the classification of these tools into two groups – tethered and standalone programs. [2] The first category implies interacting with EHRs and helps people obtain relevant data online. Standalone PHRs are managed by patients themselves and can be either presented to healthcare employees or not. However, in the context stakeholder needs, special rules exist that determine the mode of involvement and the degree interested parties’ access. [2] Accessibility is one of the properties of PHRs that need to be considered in the context of stakeholder needs. The analysis of academic literature proves that when choosing appropriate tools for storing personal information, customers prefer the ones with the best indicators of protection and security. [3] Therefore, the comparison of PHRs and EHRs can be made in the framework of data accessibility. Patients tend to give preference to the first category of tools due to an opportunity to access the functionality of these programs quickly. For medical personnel, in turn, EHRs provide more opportunities and are more convenient means of storing and systematizing data. Moreover, PHRs, as a rule, do not have a function of sharing inf
Introduction Alcohol and substance abuse during pregnancy are famous for the adverse effects they have on the fetal development during gestation. A lot of research has been conducted on this relationship and none so far has come up with any positive effects of alcohol on the growth or development of an unborn child of an alcoholic or substance abusing pregnant woman. Many people abuse various drugs throughout their lives including cocaine, methamphetamine, tobacco, prescription opiate, marijuana, and alcohol among others. However, most researchers seem more inclined to conduct studies on the effects of alcohol abuse than of any other drug, with tobacco being second in popularity. The reasons for this trend in research could be that alcohol’s effects are easily identifiable, especially since they are embodied in a condition known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, (FASD), which outlines a range of varying health disorders in newborn babies because of prenatal exposure to alcohol. Among these are; Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), which affects children whose mothers consumed alcohol throughout most of the pregnancy, and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE), which are individual or separate symptoms of FAS, but are manifested in children whose mothers either drank less amounts or during specific semesters. Consequently, such children will exhibit a range of deficits in growth and development, but not to the full-blown level or combinations as FAS symptoms. The mothers may have consumed a lot of alcohol during the first semester only, which results in distorted facial features and retarded brain development. This paper will conduct a literature review of most of the studies that have been conducted in this field and further summarizing from them the adverse effects of exposing unborn babies to alcohol and drug abuse. It is important to note that such effects carry on into adulthood, although the physical manifestations are somewhat ameliorated during puberty spurts. However, mental deficits remain painfully obvious throughout the person’s life. Objectives This paper intends to bring to the awareness of pregnant women and their families the dangers associated with exposing themselves and their unborn children to both alcohol and substance abuse. Most of the research conducted in this field of study has been fragmented and disconnected from related research. Therefore, it is the intention of the paper to link all these studies in a bid to generate a comprehensive display of both substance abuse and alcoholism during pregnancy and the effects attached to this form of deviance. In addition to pointing out the morphological and Central Nervous System’s (CNS) shortcomings in such a child, the paper also intends to touch on the psychological harm that comes with such a condition, and its strain on the mother-child relationship. Aim The aim of such a display of adverse effects is to provide the public with comprehensive insight into what happens when one a
Introduction One of the largest marine oil spills in history occurred on 20 April 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico. The tragedy was caused by an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon offshore oil platform. The process of capping the oil well took 87 days; it is estimated that 4.1 million barrels of oil were spilled into the Gulf of Mexico as a result (Reddy et al., 2012). In an attempt to remove the oil from water, approximately 4 million liters of chemical dispersant were used over the area of 300 square miles of the oiled water surface; another 2.9 million liters were used on the leaking wellhead (Barron, 2011). The usage of dispersant resulted in severe consequences for both the local population and the fauna and flora of the Gulf of Mexico (Goodbody-Gringley et al., 2013); after five years have passed, the aftermath is still present (CBC News, 2015). Environmental Risks The Crux of the Problem and Related Risks The largest oil spill in history caused unseen pollution of the waters, posing significant risks to both marine and land life. The chemical dispersant Corexit 9500 was used in order to hasten the sinking of the oil on the seabed to protect the beaches and wetlands from the spill. Corexit 9500 consists of organic sulfonic acid salt, glycol ether, oxyalkylate polymers, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and substituted fatty ester. Today, the dispersant is considered to be toxic by itself; retrospectively, it is estimated that it is much more toxic than oil on its own (Almeda, Hyatt, & Buskey, 2014). Combining it with oil leads to an even higher level of toxicity, which can cause even more severe consequences for both marine life and terrestrial creatures (Almeda, Bona, Foster, & Buskey, 2014). The Toxicity of Corexit 9500 The chemical is toxic to many species. In humans and terrestrial mammals, the exposure to Corexit 9500 causes a rise in epithelial monolayer permeability, which suggests severe lung injury (Li et al., 2015). It also induces cell apoptosis in gills of aquatic species such as zebrafish and blue crabs (Li et al., 2015). Moreover, it has severe effects on benthic invertebrates, causing harm to meroplanktonic larvae, nauplii of the barnacle Amphibalanus and tornaria larvae of the enteropneust Schizocardium sp. suffer from decreased growth rate after exposure to Corexit 9500 and dispersed crude oil (Almeda et al., 2014). Goodbody-Gringley et al. (2013) also found that Corexit 9500 reduces the settlement and survival rates of Porites astreoides and Montastraea faveolata larvae, species which are responsible for coral reefs restoration. Concerns regarding exposure to humans, other organisms, and the environment The humans exposed to the concentrations of Corexit 9500 currently present in the contaminated waters suffer from various disorders. Inha