ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Stalin is considered one of the historic mass murderers mainly because of his policies implemented in Russia. The leader considered the ultimate solution of resistance as terror. The first approach to promote development engulfed the exploitation of collectivism among the small farmers. Although the agricultural workers fostered optimal production, Stalin imposed socialism as the solution to elevating productivity among the kulak (Rozenas & Zhukov, 2019). Nevertheless, the statesman geared the use of violence among the peasants to agree and amalgamate farmlands. The use of intimidation and fear is a high cost that led to the loss of Russian lives to enhance economic development and supremacy on a global scale. Stalin as a political leader spearheaded communism in Russia, and the transition incurred a high cost to Russian lives. Between 1933 and 1934, the country experienced famine, and at least four million residents died due to hunger (Rozenas & Zhukov, 2019). The idealist argued that despite the decline in productivity, economic development was a prominent issue in the lives of the workers and the peasants. In this case, Stalin emerged as one of the greatest mass murderers because of his vision to lead the nation to greatness through industrialization. Apart from the famine that led to the deaths of inhabitants and laborers, the use of terror as the primary motivational element caused a significant percentage of the loss of lives. Consequently, Stalin led the Russian economy to communism based on strict policies that cost a significant percentage of workers’ and peasants’ lives. The politician and idealist focused on empowering the nation to avoid being colonized by other developed countries. As a result, Stalin enhanced industrialization based on the essence of boosting communism and economic competence globally. However, the initiative negatively affected the residents and mainly the peasants. Reference Rozenas, A., & Zhukov, Y. M. (2019). Mass repression and political loyalty: Evidence from Stalin’s ‘Terror by Hunger.’ American Political Science Review, 113(2) , 569–583. Web.
Introduction Globalisation, technological innovation, expansion of multinational firms, demographic shift in labour market, capital, and increased global competition among firms are phenomena that have transformed HRM practices and policies. These factors become complex to multinational firms as they consider other factors related to local and country context. Thus, the focus shifts to cultural variables, labour market factors, regulatory factors, the structure of the industry, human resource skills, experiences, and willingness to work as expatriates. These factors may hinder or facilitate effective roles of HRM department in implementing strategic direction for the multinational firm. Thus, the firm must be:   * Globally competitive   * Responsive to local needs   * Efficient in operation   * Flexible and adaptable   * Encourage learning and knowledge transfer between the parent company and the local subsidiary Therefore, the HRM department must facilitate flexible work practices and encourage employees’ commitment to the organisation in order to enhance effective adaptation of the local subsidiary with the parent company. Multinational organisations face several challenges that influence HRM in the global perspective (Marchington and Grugulis, 2000, p. 1104). This implies that there is a need for integration of various practices and policies in order to ensure effective adaptation and management of human resources in the new subsidiary. HRM remains crucial for success of multinational organisations. Past studies in multinational organisations have raised significant issues, which multinational companies must address. First, there is an increasing need to find suitable models and frameworks, which can address various issues affecting the global management of human resources. Second, there is also a need to develop a systematic model that recognises existing variations in international human resource practices and policies. Third, the global HRM should rely on theoretical viewpoints for predicting and explaining various characteristics of employees across the globe. In this research, a focus is on how the HRM department can change its policies and practices in order to accommodate a new subsidiary in a different location. The focus on a multinational organisation also highlights international human resource management (IHRM) and strategic human resource management (SHRM) (Scullion and Starkey, 2000, p. 1061). This broad focus provides opportunities of making recommendations and suggestions for further studies. Research Methodology Purpose of the Study Theories have emerged in the past few decades as attempts to provide theoretical foundations for HRM practices and policies across globa
Activity-Based Costing is a method that has become widespread in European and American enterprises of various profiles. The emergence and development of ABC corresponded to specific changes in the economic structure, namely, a change in views on the methodology of cost accounting and the calculation of the cost of production. In Activity Based Costing, an enterprise is considered as a set of work operations. This analysis is appropriate since it is vital to create a reliable system at the enterprise that will allow obtaining the necessary information at a reasonable price. I agree with the analysis of the pitfalls of this method in the article, as they may represent obstacles to the more efficient operation of the company. For example, some additional criterion is required for the conditional distribution of costs at the stage of forming a group of expenses such as rent, local tax, depreciation (Kaplan and Anderson). It is unlikely that one cost carrier will explain the behavior or cost dynamics for all storage and accounting objects in the associated cost group. On the other hand, the number of cost groups and cost carriers cannot be huge; otherwise, the ABC system will be too complex and expensive. Cost carriers will be unsuitable if the resulting costs do not depend on the output (Cidav et al.). For example, it is problematic to quantify the type of activity that may cause the costs of an annual external audit. Nevertheless, the ABC system can become a universally applicable cost calculation method for several reasons despite some disadvantages. The ABC system focuses attention and contributes to a better understanding of the factors that affect the costs of organizing production and managing it (Cidav et al.). In addition, this method is relevant to all overhead expenses, and therefore it takes management accounting to a higher level, beyond the traditional boundaries of the production process. ABC can be used together with the analysis of profitability by customers to determine the amount of profit received from servicing certain groups of customers with greater accuracy and reliability. Thus, the ABC method has made a significant contribution to management accounting, and its elements have found application in life (Kaplan and Anderson). Its use will make it possible to perform more effective decisions in marketing strategy, the profitability of products, etc. because it allows controlling costs at the stage of their occurrence. Works Cited Cidav, Zuleyha, et al. “ A pragmatic method for costing implementation strategies using time-driven activity-based costing. ” Implementation Science 15 (2020): 1-15. Web. Kaplan, Robert, and Steven Anderson. “ Rethinking Activity-Based Costing. ” Harvard Business School . Web.
Today people are presented with a number of opportunities to change and perhaps improve their lives through space exploration and the unpredictable results of space experiments. There is a chance for researchers who have failed to find solutions to various medical, biological, physical, and environmental problems on Earth to continue working in space and try to achieve new results. I believe that space medicine offers one of the most interesting and challenging areas for working with the China Space Station. The unique opportunity presented by this choice is the chance to combine certain scientific issues with recent innovations, ethical concerns, scientific theories, and human resources. Diabetes is a health problem that troubles millions of people around the whole world, regardless of their age, the color of their skin, or their nationality. It cannot be cured, and the only thing that patients can do is learn how to live with it, control the glucose level in their blood, and take precautionary steps. It is time to find out if space exploration, with its lack of gravity, completely new environment, and specialized materials, can contribute to the development of a treatment plan for diabetics. Diabetes turns out to be a serious problem for many people around the world, and China is a country where about one in ten citizens are classified as diabetic or at least pre-diabetic. The prevalence of this disease continues to grow, and even the most well-funded and experienced researchers and doctors are not able to control it or provide patients with a clear and effective explanation of its cause. In space, people have to face a new en
Executive Summary Rapid growth in China is negatively affecting the environment. Air pollution in Beijing is now a major source of concern, while the Chinese government seems to be doing little to protect the environment. Thus, this paper presents an in-depth public diplomacy strategy based on building a network of influence to advocate for policy change in environmental laws and protection. A network of influence will draw members from diverse sources and, therefore, present issues and solutions to influence change in policies from diverse perspectives. As such, it will perhaps make the government to take action and reform its inadequate measures to protect the public. Introduction China’s ranking on environmental degradation by global bodies such as the UNEP has placed it among the top ten countries with increasing negative impacts on the environment. This could be linked to its vastness in the industrial sector and the lack of proper policies on environment degradation. Historically, especially during The Mao Regime, the willingness of China to take caution on environmental degradation had been questionable. However, due to mounting pressure from environmentalists and even Chinese themselves, the government is trying to salvage the seemingly out of hand situation. Nearly all types of pollution experienced in China are relatively higher than thresholds set for normal human environment. For instance, in air pollution, Beijing has surpassed the Environmental Protective Agency’s air quality scale of 300 to register above 500 scales. In January 12 2015, the reading reached 886. This is to say, air in Beijing, in some instances, has become unsafe for breathing. Deforestation is on high rates. The UNEP has listed Chinese forest cover as threatened and needing protection. Deforestation has gradually led to desertification, with alarming desertification annual rates of 950 square miles. These high rates of pollution have led to “cancer villages”, places with extremely high cancer risks to the dwellers. Specifically, people living near industrial complexes have reported extremely high numbers of nearly all types of cancer such as stomach, liver, and kidney and colon cancer, among others. Biodiversity drop resulting from deforestation, killing of wild animal in search of their products like ivory, horns, bones and skins is also major environmental issues witnessed in China. China also has an indirect connection with killing of wild animals in other parts of the world, especially Africa, since China provides market for wild animal products. Given these environmental issues in China, specifically the current level of air pollution, this proposal presents a design of an in-depth public diplomacy strategy to deal with the issue. Major causes of air pollution in China The smog descending upon China in the recent past has a great link to industrial productions, gases emitted by vehicles, coal power plants, and construction activities. These statistics were given by China’s Ministry of Environment Protectio
The challenge of 9/11 shaped the system of the airport security in the USA. The attacks in Paris and the migration crisis in Europe pose numerous threats and new challenges to be addressed. It is crucial to make sure that airport security is ensured through compliance with the requirements assigned as well as the use of recent advances in the sphere of technology and management. Apparently, these security measures should take into account emerging privacy concerns. It is possible to introduce five improvements to make the airport more efficient in terms of its security. Such programs as ASP (Airport Security Program), as well as AOSSP (Aircraft Operator Standard Security Program), and such organizations as the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) come up with particular regulations and make sure that they are followed. The main focus of the security effort is made on screening passengers and carry-on baggage (Price 289). However, the terroristic act that led to the Russian airplane crash in Egypt unveiled the vulnerability of this approach. Clearly, it is essential to make sure that the baggage transported is as safe as the carry-on baggage or passengers. Besides, the system of screening is not perfect (Shepard par. 4). A new system Qylatron Entry Experience Solution can be employed (Shepard The Next Generation of Security par. 2). The system implies the use of chemical sensors, x-rays, and machine AI. It also ties the baggage to the passenger’s ticket, which is beneficial for detection purposes. If the system identifies a threat, alert messages are sent to the corresponding security department, and the passenger is blocked. Another baggage-related method is the use of the improved Radio frequency identification (RFID). The primary goal of the system is the improvement of baggage tracking, but it has a valuable ‘side effect’ (Mishra and Mishra 143). For example, the system provides an opportunity to update data written on the baggage tag. The precise and rapid RFID method ensures 100% matching of passengers onboard and the baggage (Mishra and Mishra 143). The proponents of the RFID cards identify further extension of the use of the system stating that tracking passengers’ cards (apart from making their traveling experiences more enjoyable) can help identify possible unlawful movements (trespassing). To mitigate privacy concerns, it is possible to focus on the development of the tracking system that issues alert when passengers enter restricted areas rather than monitors passengers’ movements. As far as the screening proper is concerned, it can also be enhanced. The use of Advanced Imaging Technology (AIT)
Introduction Health promotion can be defined as, the methods that enable people to have an increased control over and also to better their health. To be able to reach a point of total physical, mental and also social wellbeing, a person or a group has to have ability of identifying and realizing aspirations, that can satisfy its needs, and be able to change or to deal with the environment. Health is, thus, taken as resource for daily life, and not the objective of living. Health should be taken as a positive concept that emphasize social together with personal resources. Thus, health promotion should not be taken as a sole task of the Australian health sector, it should involve all the people and it goes beyond a healthy life-styles. History The history of Australia health promotion can be traced back to 1986 at the international conference that was held in Ottawa Canada, since then the Ottawa health promotion has had various influences on policies of Australia. In 1980s the government started to implement the World Health Organization policies which required that the authorities work with professional organization together with companies, school and hospitals. Through, a number of meetings and consultations, the government set up mechanisms for learning new concepts of health promotion. Health promotion in Australia has a positive contribution to the health sector, as it has seen in many studies. Health promotion helps people to live a better life style and be more conscience about their health issues. It is clear that health can not be covered alone by the health sector but it needs to encompass other sectors. In Australia health promotion has helped in reducing a number of diseases and improving the general well being of the people. World Health Organization five key areas The World Health Organization (WHO) identified 5 key areas in health promotion, which are important in attaining better health promotion. These areas are one; to develop public polices which are healthy. Two; the need to make sure that environments support health. three; recognizing
The two documents, namely the U.S constitution with amendments and the articles of confederation several distinct differences although they are both political entities meant for smooth running of states and governments through various legislative provisions. To begin with, it is important to note that a constitution is a set of laws and regulations adopted by a state or government for the purpose of smooth governance. On the other hand, a confederacy is a union of persons, states, governments or political parties who come up together to pursue a common goal or objective. Members within a confederacy have to stick to certain rules which are used as baselines for governance. Moreover, the language at the start of each document tends to signify the dignity, sovereignty and the power which is endowed in people to which the articles or constitution concerns. One of the remarkable differences appears on the legislative structure. Whereas the Articles of Confederacy proposes only a single legislative house called the Congress, the Constitution provides for a two houses namely the Senate and House of Representatives. Each state is supposed to have at least two members and not exceeding seven according to the Articles of Confederacy. As per the U.S constitution, each state should have two senators. It is the number of people in any given state which determines the actual number of represents to be awarded. On a similar note, the Articles allows only a single ballot power within a federation or state while a Senator or Representative is allowed by the constitution to give a single vote during all ballot processes in Congress. Furthermore, the articles states that members can only be selected by the legislature while the constitution states that it is the Senators who can be picked by the legislative body while Representatives go through an electoral process through a majority vote. The office tenure in the articles of confederacy is only twelve months while Senators can be retained in office up to six years and Representatives two years according to the constitution. However, the constitution does not have a limitation in office tenure for members of the legislature contrary to the articles which puts a limitation of three years or less within a given six year term. These legislative members are paid differently as well; the states cater for members’ remuneration according to the Articles of Confederacy while the constitution stipulates that Congressional payment is the duty of the government at the federal level. During recess period, the Articles of Confederacy legally allows committee members within each region to take control of the Congress. However, the constitution notes that when the Congressional sessions are not on, the President has the power to order the Congress back. He is also the head of the Congress according to the provisions of the Articl
Single-sex education is a type of learning where male and female students are separated by classes, schools, and buildings. It is also called same gender education. It was practiced as from 20 th century and is still practiced today. This paper focuses on why females or girls must go to separate schools and colleges. In United States, single-sex schools started in early 1970s to weigh the girl student performance. Girls were separated from the boys and were put into different classes. This was done to determine whether girls could perform well in subjects like mathematic and sciences (Graeme & Moore 1). Today, although some schools separate girls and boys through classes, there are many single-sex schools that aim to support students, especially girls who have had low performance in sciences. Females tend to perform well in single-sex schools because they have total concentration without distractions from boys. They drop shyness and turn out to be more competitive. Girls perform better in subjects like mathematics and sciences, especially when teachers understand how to teach them. According to studies from National Institute of Mental Health, female and male brains learn at different rates. When female students are left on their own, they become curious and enthusiastic. Leonard, Suvilla, and Joshi concurs that in a survey carried out by the South Carolina education departments, where students, parents and teachers were involved, the results showed that there was a positive impact on female schools (15). The survey reviewed student’s participation in class, school work, and self confidence, where 65 percent of students said that the single-sex class improved their attitude towards learning with academic success. 75% indicated that these classes increased their self-confidence and 80% of parents admitted that the classes contributed to class performance improvements. A teacher feels free when teaching adolescents on matters relating to sex education. The students do not suffer the academic competition which occurs between sexes, which is unhealthy and can make weaker students to have lower grades. In girls’ schools or colleges, the teachers use the latest learning techniques while adapting to female teaching style. In class discussions, they are able to participate more with the absence of boys and they become more confident while developing good leadership skills. A study done by Professor Robin Robertson showed that college girls who came from mixed schools were quiet and passive in class as compared to those who were from single-sex schools. He says that these girls were active in class and they shot their hands in the air to answer questions, or even volunteered to read a passage. He was able to identify those who came from single-sex schools with those from same-sex schools. On the other hand, female students from mixed-sex schools are distracted by boys, especially in adolescent stage when their emotional and sexual feelings are high, and they spend time trying to impress each