ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis have many similarities in their symptomology, and these forms of the disease are difficult to distinguish. Both conditions are kinds of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is characterized by inflammatory processes in the lungs. These processes lead to the development of complications and affect breathing, making it more difficult. Smoking is a major cause of these conditions, and many people who suffer from one of them have the other as well (Tuder, 2017). The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Bronchial tubes in the human body are responsible for carrying air to and from the lungs. Bronchitis occurs when bronchial tubes become inflamed, leading to the development of a productive cough. A form of bronchitis that lasts for more than two years is considered chronic (Tuder, 2017). Emphysema, on the other hand, has a different effect on the human lungs. This condition is caused by damaged alveoli and leads to their further weakening and destruction. This disease leads to the exposure of the bloodstream to less oxygen (Tuder, 2017). As a result, people with this disease experience shortened breath and tiredness due to the lack of oxygen. Because of the difference in mechanisms in which they affect human lungs, emphysema and chronic bronchitis also require different kinds of therapy. Emphysema does not have a cure, but there are modern treatments for this condition that can help alleviate the symptoms and improve the well-being of the patient. Bronchitis can be managed with medical interventions, especially with an early diagnosis. Thus, despite the many similarities in symptoms of the two conditions, emphysema and chronic bronchitis affect people in very different ways. Modern medicine has developed new approaches to treat these forms of the disease, but they remain especially resistant to therapy. The best way to avoid these conditions is to refrain from smoking, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and consult with a doctor when any first symptoms appear. Reference Tuder, R. M. (2017). Pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. In S.-D. Lee (Ed.), COPD: Heterogeneity and personalized treatment (pp. 17-33). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
What characteristics of the audience must you consider? For effective communication, the message sender needs to understand some audience characteristics for effective communication; in the case of representing quarterly sales reports to stakeholders, the salesperson needs to consider the following: The level of education and sales terminologies understanding : for effective communication, the salesperson should ensure that he understands the nature and level of understanding of his audiences, if they understand sales terms, it will be more professional to use sales terminologies; this will offer the audience a chance to connect effectively with the message and decode it effectively. On the same front with understating the audience, the massager needs to have a common language that he will use to pass the information. The mood, attitude, and perception of the crowd : there are high chances that a certain mood has developed as far as the information on offer is concerned, the speaker needs to be aware of what the crowd or the audiences feel about the news they are going to get. When this is well understood, then they are able to tone up with the spirit and attitude of the crowd for effective communication. Needs and interests: in the communication, different stakeholders have different expectations, and needs, thus there is a need to have an idea of what each category expects from the delivery coming. When this character of the audience has been well understood, then the delivery of the information will be tuned to that effect. The needs of shareholders, customers, managers, and creditors are different thus there is a need to have an idea of the need to every set group. Other than the above three characteristics, there is a need to consider other affecting characteristics like age, gender, and marital status. What communication channels are appropriate? Explain. To deliver quarterly sales information, there is a need to have effective communication channels, the most effective channels include, PowerPoint presentations, this is where the sender of the message engages his audience using PowerPoint presentations as he explains some parameters brought about by the presentation. In the PowerPoint slides, there is a need to have graphs, charts, trend analysis, and figures for an effective and clear representation of the information. There is a high need for the sender to be well versed and understands the information he has so that he can communicate effectively with the targeted audience. At the end of the presentation, for further clarification, the sender may give some printouts that explain different sections of the information that he was passing. At any one time, within a certain timeframe, the sender should be ther
This paper aims to analyze the important elements of a short story. Indeed, a short story is a short and brief narrative fiction. Actually, short stories are prose narratives of imagined characters and actions. A short story must have the following important features: conflict, theme, characters, plot, and settings. Among the stated elements, this paper evaluates that character development has a more crucial role in the formation of a short story, though other features are essentially and equally important. History Historically, a short story was either written or oral narratives. According to Holden (2000), “oral narrative comprised of traditional storytelling and telling of tales and fables” (Holden 34). At the beginning of the nineteenth century, short stories were initially identified as forms of the printed genre. For example, some famous American writers to engage in writing short stories included Irving Washington and Poe Edgar Allan (Holden 35). Size Short stories are usually short and brief in nature. Such stories normally range from 500 to 6000 words. In case “a short story has more words (or maybe seven thousand words), it will be termed as a Novella or Novelette” (Holden 35). On the other hand, Holden said that short stories, which are less than five hundred words, are normally termed as Flash Fiction (36). In other cases, stories that consist of one hundred exactly are known as Drabbles. Types According to Holden, short stories are normally written in any kind of genre narrative covering literary and science fiction, and romantic tales (36). Indeed, there are two types of short stories that consist of storytelling tradition and a slice of life types (Holden 36). Actually, Holden viewed that: Slice of life story gives views during the life of a character, though such story does not have a lot of plot though with less conflict. On the other hand, storytelling tradition usually posses a plot but not much complex, which a longer text might have (37). Features According to Holden, since short stories have less room for narrating stories, several short stories have little quantity of scene-setting and discourse exposition (38). Nearly all short stores
Portfolio for the 2060 Educational Environment The changes to occur in the realm of education are going to be quite drastic as the latest technological innovations along with the strategies based on the emergent learning and teaching theories are incorporated into the educational framework. It is assumed that the 2060 educational environment is going to be more communication-driven because of the opportunities that innovative technology has to offer (Gloor 19). Opportunistic Social-Idea Network In a very peculiar manner, the focus on the learner’s individuality and the unique needs that each of the students has is combined with the need to cater to the entire group. Herein the significance of the modern media and the opportunity to create networks for students to work in lies. Rotating Leadership The concept of the rotating leadership should also be included in the framework of the 2060 educational process. Particularly, the teacher as an educator and the student as a learner will have to swap their roles to enhance the process of information acquisition and training of the required skills. For instance, learners will need to assume the role of educators in the course of peer assessment, which is an essential tool for promoting active learning and cooperation in a team (Gan and Zhu. 213). The instructors, in their turn, will have to consider the idea of lifelong learning as the means of improving their teaching skills and evolving as educators. Collective Responsibility As it has been stressed above, the process of balancing between the needs of students as individuals and the specifics of working with a group can be rather tricky in the educational environment. Therefore, the learners must be aware of the significance of working in a team and being able to cooperate. The specified requirement does not mean that students should put their individual needs aside for the sake of the team; instead, it presupposes that the learners should be capable of cooperating along with articulating their concerns. Promoting the idea of responsibility as the basis for the students’ decision-making, it creates the setting in which the target audience can acquire the necessary skills and knowledge willingly and enthusiastically and enjoy performing different kinds of tasks, be it a group work or an individual assignment. On a larger scale, the concept of collective responsibility can be interpreted as the basis for the ethical values of teachers and learners (Chen, Bereiter, and Scardamalia 5). Technology in the Classroom and How It Affects Social Relations There is no need to stress that technology defines the efficacy wi
Introduction In future books on history, the last decades of 20 th century are going to be referred to as the time of ‘environmental/politically correct craze’, because during the course of this historical period, the enforces of lefty-wing agenda had ‘succeeded’ in throwing milliards of dollars in the air, on the account of a variety of purely imaginary technological, environmental and health care-related scares. For example, we all remember public paranoia, associated with Y2K. Some especially ‘progressive’ activists used to seriously refer to anticipated effects of Y2K as such that would result in the end of the world, as we know it. In her article Technomillennialism: A Subcultural Technomillennialism: A Subcultural Technomillennialism: A Subcultural Response to the Technological Threat of Y2K , Andrea Tapia states: “Predicted scenarios (on account of Y2K) ranged from a few days of inconvenience, similar to a bad snowstorm, to that of complete global shutdown and resulting chaos” (2003, 483). Yet, on January 1, 2000, it became clear to just about anyone that Y2K was nothing but a sham. As of today, public still remains unaware of what happened to the milliards of dollars, spent by Western governments to mitigate the expected effects of Y2K. A decade earlier, the anticipated ‘end of the world’ was being discussed within the context of thinning of ozone layer over Antarctica – thus, resulting in creation of ‘ozone holes’. In its turn, the thinning of ozone layer was believed to have been caused by aerosol sprays as such that contain chemical ingredient freon. Within the matter of very short time, after the beginning of ‘ozone scare’, the freon-containing sprays were banned worldwide. However, this resulted in allowing DuPont Corporation to double its already enormous profits, as the only patent-holder on producing substitutes of freon. In his article A Necessary Apocalypse , available on the website of American Thinker, John Dunn says: “Ozone depletion did serve a useful Green purpose in drawing public attention to the atmosphere, and confusing people as to exactly what the problem was all about” (2007). By the beginning of nineties, the ‘ozone holes’ had simply patched themselves up naturally, and as of today – crazed environmentalists try not to talk much about it. Thus, there is clearly defined pattern about how urban myths of modernity come into being and. The so-called Global warming is one of those myths. In this paper, we will aim to explore this thesis even further. Main Part In 2003, word’s major Medias have come up with yet another ‘terrifying’ news – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which within the matter of five years, was supposed to reduce the population of Earth by two. In his article Pandemic Influenza: A Review , Landis MacKellar refers to the ‘dangers’ of SARS as something self-evident: “The dangers of disease transmission were shown during the SARS epidemic when 16 persons on a single airline flight became ill” (2007, 435). By the year 2005, the funds spent by World Health Organization to fight SARS, amounted to $600.000.000. And yet, the actual number of casualties, caused by SARS from 2003
There are different ways to achieve the desired behavior in children. Researchers have developed a number of theories and learning models that provide valuable insights into peculiarities of people’s behavior and learning. Each theory can be applicable in many settings but there are also cases when only certain models can be employed, as the rest of them will be inefficient. In the present case, it is possible to consider the following learning models: generalized imitation and over-imitation, vicarious reinforcement, operant learning model as well as social learning of aggression. It is clear that spanking is the least appropriate method to show the child that stealing is bad. Bandura’s research shows that aggression leads to aggressive behavior in the majority of cases (Hart & Kritsonis, 2006). Thus, children who observed violent behavior simply imitated it in similar situations. Notably, boys and girls were almost equally aggressive. Hence, spanking Ben will make the boy think that any inappropriate behavior should lead to aggression (spanking, in this case). The boy will use the same method when he will face situations in which somebody will act inappropriately. Ben will inevitably spank other children, as he will not know any other way to react to improper behavior. This can have even more serious implications as the behavior learned in the childhood may remain during adulthood. Ben may think that aggression and physical violence can be used in many situations in the future. More so, spanking is also impossible to utilize in the present case. According to Bandura, if aggressive behavior is accompanied by certain type of reinforcement (for example, social approval), this behavior will be used in similar settings (Hart & Kritsonis, 2006). As for the present case, the reaction of the owner of the shop can be regarded as social approval. The owner says that Ben’s caregiver should spank the boy. Hence, Ben will see that many people (at least, two adults) think that spanking (aggression, violence) is the most acceptable way to respond to inappropriate behavior. Clearly, it is better to use another social learning model to teach Ben that stealing is bad. Although punishment can be employed, it should not be associated with violence or aggression. At that, it can be more appropriate to utilize reinforcement in this case. It is necessary to evaluate a number of learning models to choose the most appropriate one. It is possible to start with over-imitation and generalization. Children often imitate other people’s (often adults’) behavior even without any reinforcement (Chance, 2008). This can be explained by historical preconditioning as people’s survival often depended on their ability to imitate certain behavior of models. However, in the present case, the boy does not imitate his caregiver’s behavior and does not follow her instructions. Hence, Ben’s desire to have a gum is stronger than his willingness to imitate certain behavior. Operant learn
Introduction The film ‘Animals,’ which was directed by Collin Schiffli, features Kim Shaw as Bobbie and David Dastmalchian as Jude. It shows how their romantic love and affection for each other are seen. Although they are drug addicts and are affected by substance abuse in the midst of it all, they still manage to find love and beauty. The title Animals’ is chosen to be used metaphorically to represent the lives of Bobbie and Jude. It shows how the two individuals used to dance to the smooth xylophone music in the bar. At the same time, sharks are seen swimming effortlessly in the zoo pool, thus, depicting the very life that Bobbie and Jude are leading. Animals and Humans Bobbie and Jude are seen to be having a financial crisis and opt for inappropriate ways to obtain money for their existence. It is shown that they engaged in fake prostitution and stole money from their customers. They are also seen stealing other peoples’ belongings and then acting as though they retrieved the stolen items and getting the fees for finding the above-mentioned items. According to David Dastmalchian, animals that are in the zoo are caged and confined to their cages. However, they still find peace because they are caged in the body, although their minds are not confined. The animals are free and find love and are not bothered by the fact that they are caged in the zoo. In the film, we see Bobbie and Jude, who are slaves and caged to drug and substance abuse, still being able to find love. Moreover, they are also able to encourage each other in the midst of their problems of drug abuse. These animals in the zoo are then metaphorically used to represent Bobbie and Jude’s lifestyle and romantic attachment. Conclusion In conclusion, ‘Animals’ demonstrates genuine love and a sense of hope, even during the darkest moments in an individual’s life. It shows how love can be given to people for them to find peace and tranquility in the very struggles that they might be going through. Therefore, the title mainly focuses on the good that can sometimes be found in a person during difficult times. Thus, this is a good movie that teaches humanity not to allow any negativities in their lives.
Introduction The modern world can be characterized by extreme diversity. The fast speed of globalization resulted in the disappearance of borders that for centuries had limited opportunities for cultural interchange. That is why today people can freely speak with representatives of other nations and share their experiences and attitudes to particular issues. The appearance of this ability created the basis for drastic changes in social culture. Individuals had to adapt to a new framework formed under the impact of numerous mentalities and perspectives. The sphere of business and leadership became domains that experienced the most powerful effect and had to alter radially to meet new requirements. The reason for this strong impact is the increased importance of these two spheres for the modern world as they shape the way it evolves and provides people with opportunities for self-actualization, realization, and generation of benefits. However, under the influence of many factors that form people’s mentality today, both business and leadership have to consider the strong influence of societal culture as one of the most potent forces preconditioning the success or failure of a certain venture. Background In general, speaking about the concept of societal culture, it is critical to mention that in the modern business environment it becomes the fundamental aspect directing the evolution of companies and impacting all processes essential for their becoming successful. One of the important demands for the modern and sustainable firm is its close cooperation with the representatives of the local communities to understand their needs better and provide needed services or products to stimulate the further evolution of a particular society. Additionally, it can precondition the choice of strategies or approaches that will work with the increased level of effectiveness because of their correspondence with the existing set of values and perspectives (Mittal & Elias, 2016). Under these conditions, the increased importance of societal culture becomes explained by the effect it has on corporations and firms along with its close connection with other critical domains such as leadership and climate within organizations. In accordance with the modern perspective on management, adherence to the basic ideas of societal culture is needed for the achievement of the main goals through the cultivation of appropriate leadership. In such a way, these two concepts become interconnected. Societal Culture’s Importance The importance of the concept can also be explained by its definition. Societal culture is a set of values, ideas, perspectives, and dominant attitudes that are followed by a certain society to interact the most effective and share common ideas (Baniasadi & Dastmalchian, 2014). From the given description one can understand the wide scope of the term and its interconnection with the most important spheres of human activity. Societal culture preconditions people’s respon
Introduction The ancient civilisations of Mesopotamia, Indus Valley and Egypt were formed around 5000 BC and are the first signs of civilised life in a world filled with barbarians and nomads. The Mesopotamian settlers settled in the fertile plains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is modern Iraq and built large cities that were meticulously planned and managed. The large cities were surrounded by a network of smaller towns and villages that served the larger cities. This paper discusses the archaeological features and relationships between the larger cities of Mesopotamia and the smaller settlements in these regions. About Sumerian and Akkadian Dynasties Pollock (1999) has suggested that records of Sumer can be traced to around 4000 BC and the civilization was located in the lower region of Mesopotamia. The lower regions of Mesopotamia have been attributed to giving birth to a number of dynasties. The concept of urbanisation, transportation, writing, planning and other concepts associated with modern civilisations started here. Pollock reports that there is a marked sequential oscillating cycle that varied between periods of fragmentation and centralisation. He suggests that the cycle started around 5000 BC and extended up to the Uruk era, towards the end of 4000 BC. The Akkad dynasty’s emergence came about in 2300 BC and decentralised in the lower regions of Mesopotamia and then it disintegrated after Gutian barbarians invaded it. The Akkadian king Ur II again attempted to centralise the rule and it fell apart in 2000 BC. Again Pollock (1992) has argued that the Mesopotamian civilisation was primarily agrarian and cultivated crops. They grew wheat, chickpeas, mustard, barley, lentils, leeks, dates, garlic, onions, lettuce and vegetables. The civilisations also practiced animal husbandry and raised domestic animals such as cattle, goats, pigs, sheep and that they used donkeys and oxen as the beasts of burden to till their lands and for personal transportations. In addition, these people also hunted birds, deer, fish and waterfowls. An illustration of the areas of Sumer and Akkad is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Area of Sumer and Akkad with cities (www.bibleorigins.net/Shuruppakmap.jpg) Cities of Sumer and Akkad Rothman (2001) has provided details of the cities in the region of Mesopotamia. There were a number of major independent cities and minor towns. The major cities acted as the prime centres of commerce and the nobility lived in these cities from where they governed the smaller cities and the settlement areas. The author has emphasised that not all the major cities existed at the same time and these cites waxed and waned in power and stature across the centuries. Each city was ruled by a King a priest and a governor and each city had a temple that was de