ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background Growth and equality can be defined as development objectives which can be compared. National policy makers and the development economists have been interested in the study of the interface between growth and equality in the past, but recently there have been a revival of this subject. There has been various reasons that have led to the study of this particular issue under development. The fear that the increasing trends towards globalization in 1990s may result to more inequality is what has led to this study. The main goal for the policy makers is to ensure there is growth and at the same time there is equality among people of different economic backgrounds. Growth can be realized when the standard of living of the people is improved and inequality is reduced when the gap between the poor and the rich is reduced. In this study, the argument on the development literature has been equipped by the analysis of growth at the initial stages of development. The logics of the above argument have been debated at serious note. Considering various literature reviews that has been made, growth and inequality cannot be avoided. Therefore this paper is generally looking at the linkages between growth and inequality in accordance with the literature study. Theoretical Frame Work Growth and inequality may be interrelated. A study has been done by the Asian Dev elopement Bank on these interrelationships between growth and inequality. The diagram below seeks to explain this relation ship in a creative way so as to understand the linkages involved. It tries to show some of the policies and how they affect growth either directly or through redistribution effect. Education, redistribution and infrastructure are some of the policy that affects inequality directly. Figure 1. Growth and inequality Hypothesis The perception in development literature is that there is a basic trade off between growth and inequality that cannot be removed. It was inspired by the work done by Kuznet that indicated the income inequality starts by increasing and when it reaches the maximum point it then starts to decline with the economic growth. Kuznets hypothesis also known as the “inverted U” hypothesis has highlighted that inequality is less common in countries with low and high income than in middle –income countries. Figure 2. The relationship between Growth and inequality Literature Study When Kuznet was putting forward his inverted u-hypothesis he noted that a lot of studies had been done to relate the equality and the growth. There have been several arguments on the two economic objectives. It has been noted that some authors claims that inequality could slow down the rate of growth. Some of the literature reviews includes the following. According to Campano and Salvatore a study done to 95 countries showed the relationship between growth and income shares. He used regression anal
Abstract Anemia is a serious health problem among infants and children. Though iron deficiency is defined as one of the main causes of anemia, this type of deficiency may lead to a number of different cognitive diseases and neurodevelopmental problems. Subramaniam and Girish (2015) introduce the article where they discuss the peculiarities of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children and the promotion of different measures that can be used to decrease the level of problems and offer therapies that may help children and their families to deal with the diseases caused by iron deficiency. In the chosen journal article, the authors justify the chosen therapies and explain the reasons for the lack of response to the offered therapy using different theories and observations from the 1990s-2000s. Background The peculiar feature of research offered by Subramaniam and Girish (2015) is the idea not to consider anemia as a diagnosis, but as a manifestation of many diseases, including IDA. At the same time, IDA may not be a complete diagnosis, but a sign that has to be taken into consideration for diagnosing microcytic or hypochromic anemia. It is necessary to understand that infants and children are under a threat of having iron anemia because of the peculiarities of their diets and the necessity to eat products to complete a 30% daily iron need. Up to four months, children cannot get the required portion of iron. If neonatal reserves are not enough to cover the need, the concentration of hemoglobin declines and causes changes in the work of an organism. Methods To discuss the problem of iron deficiency in infants and children, the authors use a systematic review of different sources and create several important subjects to cover the chosen topic. The authors investigate the opinions of different researchers on an existing variety of diagnosis for children and use the results of tests used to diagnose different stages of IDA. Taking into consideration the symptoms and diagnoses, the authors discuss several appropriate treatments, including iron therapy, dietary changes, and constant lab monitoring. The analysis of the details and the possibility to create own conclusions are the strong methodological aspects of the chosen article. Results The results of the study developed by Subramaniam and Girish (2015) are based on the idea that iron deficiency anemia can be prevented in children and infants. There are several non-pharmacological interventions that may be used by doctors to prevent the development of iron deficiency. For example, it is possible to delay the process of clamping of cord at birth. Sometimes, it is enough to wait another minute after birth and get certain benefits. Another suggestion that is offered is to use iron pots for cooking and avoid bottles for feeding. Finally, even the consumption of milk has to be measured to decrease the level of hemoglobin. In addition to non- pharmacological ideas, t
Introduction One of the main indications that a particular work of literature represents a high value as a ‘thing in itself’, is this work’s universally recognized ability to enlighten readers on what are the main causes of the current socio-economic situation in the world to remain what it is (Johnston, 1990). In light of the above suggested, the novel A Passage to India by E. M. Forster can indeed be considered utterly valuable. The reason for this is that the themes and motifs, contained in it, reveal the hidden reason why, throughout the course of Britain’s colonial rule in India, the socio-economic dynamics in this country never ceased to reflect the fact that, whereas, the British colonists/administrators used to profess the so-called ‘Faustian’ (Western) existential values, their Indian subjects continued to be affiliated with the ‘Oriental’ ones (Spengler, 1932). In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion in length, while promoting the idea that one of the main reasons why India was able to shake off the colonial yoke in 1947, is that the culturally predetermined psychological difference between the British, on one hand, and Indians, on the other, proved rather irreconcilable. Body of the paper Probably the most memorable aspect of the novel in question is the fact that much misunderstanding that occurs between the British and Indian main characters, featured in it, come as the result that these characters appear to be differently ‘brain wired’. After all, it now represents a commonplace assumption that there is indeed a qualitative difference between how Westerns and Orientals tend to reflect on the surrounding social reality and their place in it. As Bower noted, “In a variety of reasoning tasks, Orientals take a ‘holistic’ approach. They make little use of categories and formal logic and instead focus on relations among objects and the context in which they interact… Westerners adopt an ‘analytic’ perspective. They look for the traits of objects while largely ignoring their context” (2000, p. 57). Therefore, there is nothing too surprising about the fact that, even though the characters of Aziz (Indian) and Adela (British) were equally affluent in English, the longer they socialized together, the slimmer were becoming their chances to befriend each other. After all, there can be indeed only a few doubts that, as opposed to what it happened to be the case with Aziz, Adela tended to address life-challenges in the rationale-driven matter. For example, while striving to realize what accounts for the ‘authentic’ image of India, Adela never ceased believing that she would be in the position to gain an in-depth insight, in this respect, by the mean of making an analytical inquiry into India’s ethno-cultural uniqueness. However, Adela’s approach, in this respect, proved rather ine
Introduction Apple Corporation sells its products to various markets across the world. Through various accessible stores and merchandising outlets, the corporation trades its goods and intermediary stocks to the purchasers and corporate markets. In fact, Apple has invested in programs that promote reseller sales such as the ASCP, which focuses on certain reseller locations and APRP that provides expertise in products and customer service. Apple’s stores similarly trade its computer produces in the state, and creative markets found within its topographical divisions. The markets are particularly crucial to third party developers of computer applications and hardware that are compatible with Apple’s computers. The superior expansion and computing performance of Apple’s products are the major attractions of the consumers within this market. Despite its reputation across the globe where it offers its computer products to customers, Apple Corporation has been facing various risks in its global operations. The risks include global-specific risks, country-specific risks, and firm-specific risks. The research report has offered various risk mitigation strategies that Apple Corporation can use while going global to remain competitive. The report analyses Apple Corporation international market entry using frameworks such as Porters five forces, PESTEL, and SWOT. Company overview Apple Corporation is a publicly listed American multinational company specialising in the production of high-technological electronic products, computer hardware, and software (Apple Corporation 2010). However, in the electronic hardware category, the corporation goods include private PCs, broadcasting tools, portable communication gadgets, and handy but digitalised devises. In addition to the high-tech hardware devices, the firm produces a variety of software gadgets including intermediary digital appliances and set-up drives. Within the mob
Until the end of the 19th century, many courts in America were putting juveniles on trial whereby they could go through similar procedures as adults. However, countries such as England influenced reforms made in the U.S. juvenile justice system. In particular, following the 17 th -century campaign that sought to force courts to treat juveniles differently due to the moral and cognitive capability of going through the prevailing justice framework, the U.S. has recorded significant changes in its juvenile system in the last two centuries. In addition to examining this evolution process, this paper identifies major turning points that have contributed significantly to the status of the present-day American juvenile justice framework. Evolution in the Last 200 Years Young offenders in the 17th-century U.S. were being subjected to the same harsh conditions as their adult counterparts. However, in the mid-1800s, various initiatives were introduced, for instance, houses of refuge, whose agendas included addressing problems encountered by juvenile offenders in various American courts (Troutman, 2018). During the same period, this country recorded new developments that involved the establishment of cottage organizations, out-of-home appointments, and trials, thanks to the input of transformative individuals who sought to see youthful male and female criminals handled with dignity (Leve, Chamberlain, & Kim, 2015). As a result, efforts to introduce institutions that dealt with youthful offenders led to the establishment of the first-ever American juvenile judicial structure based in Cook County, Illinois, before the close of the 17th century. This court system was founded on the principle of the “State as Parent”, which acknowledged the need for fair treatment of youthful criminals. This development was replicated in other regions in the U.S. As a result, the presence of legal agencies that served the needs of youthful criminals informed the decision to have an autonomous juvenile justice system in the U.S. Since the 1600s up to the period before the mid-1900s, these justice frameworks carried out their mandates of helping youths to secure justice. Nevertheless, major turning points were obs
Introduction Religion for centuries has been a very important aspect in uniting people across different cultures. This is because of the common believes that people in a given culture hold. It has also been very instrumental in enhancing the build up and retention of morals in the society. In the course of evolution especially during industrialization as well as civilization of many nations in the world, religion has experienced many challenges that have led to changes in many religious aspects. As a result, religion holds different forms and different meanings from one generation to the other. However, amidst all the changes, there is always a remnant in each religion that truly holds to the initial aspects and meaning of their religion. Despite the dynamism of the world, religion will remain an important social aspect. People only deviate from true religion i.e. the original religious beliefs and aspects in order to suit their lifestyles thus the future of religion. The future of religion is uncertain; however, the possibility of having one world religion is almost a reality in the light of the high rates globalization. The basis of the future of religion Before going into the details about the future of religion, it is fundamental to establish the meaning of religion. Religion is a cultural system that establishes powerful significance to natural happenings through a system of beliefs, norms, and values. This equips humanity with the truth about everything that is in existence (Geertz 35). It helps to understand the origin of human beings as well as their destiny. In addition, it helps people to understand the way things happen in the supernatural. It also gives meaning to the behaviour of different creatures in the world as well as their origin. A number of religions run deep in different societies across the world. Most of the religions begun during the time when there was no concrete explanation to the origin of all forms of life or the functioning of body systems. During that period, “the nature of heavenly bodies such as the sun, stars and the moon was not clear in normal human understanding and human beings needed something to aid in explaining their existence” (Dennett 9). This was in an attempt to find the answers to the questions that people had regarding these phenomenon. Each of these religions has its own beliefs among other aspects that differ from one religion to the other. The different religions include Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism and Judaism among others. It is important to mention that there are different numbers of followers of these religions with Christianity having the greatest percentage of followers in the world. Islam comes next in popularity. There are basic characteristics of religion. O
Introduction What is ethics? Society has tried to amplify the meaning of this word but it seems that it is ever faced by differing myriad of challenges which are associated by it. In essence, the term ethics has been associated with a code, or rules which govern what one thing ought to be and what another thing ought not to be. This rule in most cases has been used as a bar which marks the line between distinguishing what ought to be the case and what ought. It is important to note that ethics does not just exist it is derived from values which we have acquired in the course of life. These values have come to the point that they define what is and what is not. Furthermore, they ensure that there are acts which we can follow and those which we can do away with or even ignore. In general, ethics is a branch of philosophy which puts to task the questions of morality while evaluating concepts such as what is good and what is evil, what is right and what is wrong, the issues of value and justice. Thus this field is widely known as moral philosophy. Ethics has many other branches though that is not what we are going to be looking at in this paper. The Movie Since ethics as a concept can be used to analyze the on goings in the society, we are going to take into this concept in detail. The subject matter shall be the movie Blood Diamond. This a movie which was produced in the year 2006 by Edward Zwick in which Leonardo DiCaprio, Djimon Hounsou and Jennifer Connelly are starring. This movie is titled Blood Diamonds symbolizing the diamonds which are being mined in African war, in a country that was torn out by the struggle of soldiers and rebels. Throughout this movie the main aspect which is referred is the fact that these diamonds are mined and sold in order to raise funds which are to finance and to sustain war and conflict. Through this war, the warlords and companies which use diamond as raw material for their end products end up benefiting. The movie as well is a bright and vivid in depicting battle scenes of colourable nature. The Setting The setting of this movie is a reflection of the events which took place in the West African country of Sierra Leon in the years 1992 – 2002. This was a decade which was characterized by civil war and anarchy between rebel forces and government soldiers. During this time, a lot of atrocities were witnessed. Some of the atrocities which were witnessed include maiming of arms and limbs, rape and all manner of social evils which were taking place in that country for that entire period. This was meant to hinder the people from exercising their legal right to vote. This movie ends up with a conference which took place in South Africa in the year 2000, with the aim of ending the civil conflict which was claiming lives in Sierra Leon. Eventually, the conference led to what would be later known as
Introduction Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology is a method of providing telephone calls over broadband data connections that provides a number of benefits to both corporate and consumer customers. The service is significantly cheaper than traditional phone service, and it can also support advanced value-added services, such as unified messaging. This tutorial provides an overview of how VoIP works and the benefits it offers. Voice over IP (VoIP) is one of the most revolutionary telecom services to come about in the last decade. (Beardsley, 2004) What started out as a hobbyists invention to make inexpensive telephone calls over the Internet has evolved into a viable form of business communications. It allows organizations to converge their voice and data networks into one next-generation pipe, delivering substantial cost savings as well amazing flexibility. It can support conference calls, unified communications, advanced routing, and several other types of value-added features. Organizations who use VoIP or are considering deploying the service are faced with several challenges, such as security and quality of service. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) was first demonstrated in the early 1980s when Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), in Cambridge, Massachusetts, set up a voice funnel to communicate with team members on the West Coast as part of their work with the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). (Chertok, 2004). The TCP/IP protocol was developed originally by ARPANET as a means for linking disparate data networks, systems, and hardware. In the case of VoIP, the voice funnel digitized voice, arranged the resulting bits into packets, and sent them over the Internet. Additional development of the technology had to wait until the 1990s, when improvements in microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), codec technology, and routing protocols all came together to make feasible products and services for consumer and business use (Hersent, 2004). IP telephony has developed rapidly to become a successful consumer service offered by major telcos, such as AT&T, Qwest Communications, and Verizon; major cable operators, such as Time Warner Cable, Comcast Cable, and Cox Communications; as well as numerous smaller companies like Vonage, Packet8, and Net2Phone, which specialize in IP telephone service. (Snyder, 2004) Market growth for residential and small office/home office (SOHO) VoIP has been exponential since 2004. Most major providers entered this space because of their ability to deliver a low-cost option to plain old telephone service (POTS) with long-distance carriers. Residential and SOHO customers responded more quickly to VoIP because they tend to be slightly more tolerant of dropped calls or packets and latency (Beardsley, 2004). Enterprise adoption of VoIP has been slower, however, because POTS has guaranteed a high quality of service (QoS). VoIP technology, however, has begun to close the gap in performance with traditional phone service. Carrier-class gateway platforms that connect to legacy systems via T1/E1 or analog interfaces have matured to reliably handle call management, billing,
The Role of Public Opinion and the Mass Media The mass media is one of the primary sources of information available to society. Public opinion, in turn, matters because people do not interact with each other and ultimately it leads to social isolation. Therefore, society ends up relying on media updates and not on the factual data obtained from other people. Similarly, it means that society does not perceive all the dangers of miscommunication (Marion & Oliver, 2012). If the government fails to contact the citizens, the latter will look for the news in the mass media which usually exaggerates the outcomes but does not propose solutions to the problems. The current point of view at the crimes and violence is predestined by the commercial pressure applied to the mass media sources. Ultimately, this leads to the transformation of public opinion and major criminal justice policies. In other words, the mass media takes into account marketing and economic objectives that overrule the usual journalistic principles instead of mirroring the news. The Role of Newspapers and Television The role of newspapers and television can be described as an exaggeration of news reports and real dimensions of the problems. As a result, this majorly impacts public order and safety. In the majority of the cases, popular media becomes the viral source of information which forms the public opinion (Griffin, Woodward, & Sloan, 2016). Sometimes, the crucial sources of information are used to influence public opinion to implicitly affect certain political outcomes. Newspapers and television are used to criminal sensations because this kind of information usually boosts ratings. For these companies, the higher goes the rating, the higher go the profits. It is a well-known fact that violence rates have grown significantly since the appearance of the contemporary mass media business. Public anxieties are intensified through newspapers, television, and social media. The key problem is that the reports commonly focus on the personal interpretation of the reported crimes and not on the expert commentary and factual data. This tendency is also present in the political sphere as numerous politicians prefer yellow press to quality sources. The Roles of Various Interest Groups Special interest groups may seriously impact the development of public policies. It is safe to say that a great number of professional associations are no strangers to spending money on the operations intended to transform public opinion. The majority of lobbyists who are directly related to the development of new legislation