ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction High-level autistic disorder is an acute developmental disability that starts at birth or within a child’s early years of being. It is also known as Autism. It is the consequence of a neurological disorder that alters the functioning of the brain. This causes impediments or difficulties in many distinct skills from childhood to adulthood. High-level autistic disorder belongs to a group of developmental disabilities recognized as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). A spectrum disorder is a collection of disorders with similar characteristics. In autism, while one individual may have minor symptoms, another one may have substantial ones. The diversity in the nature of the signs and when they will possibly begin appearing also makes autism to be recognized like an ASD (Mesibov, Shea & Adams, 2001). High-level autistic disorder is a worldwide disorder found amongst all tribal, cultural and socioeconomic groups. It is mostly found in children especially boys. However, autistic girls have more critical symptoms and greater cerebral impairment (Turkington & Anan, 2007). This paper will discuss a case study of high-level autistic disorder. It involves Tommy, who is a 6-year-old nursery school student. His classroom behavior is quite different from that of the other students. He has poor academic performance. He is unable to comply with basic classroom rules and expectations. He has difficulties in performing expected academic tasks. Tommy’s father is a shy soft-spoken man while his mother appears bright and vivacious. In a meeting with the principal, Tommy’s parents state that Tommy did not start talking until he was about 2 years of age. However, the father states that he still had the same problem though he turned out okay. His mother complains that Tommy has difficulties while playing with other children. He does not share toys with the other children. She further adds that Tommy hits other children when angry and cries in a shrill, loud voice when he does not get his way. Tommy does not have real friends. The mother also reports that Tommy does not always respond to her voice when she calls. She also reports that Tommy needs a lot of coaching and supervision to get dressed in the morning. Tommy’s hand has to be held tightly when crossing the street since he sometimes darts into the street. In this meeting, the Kindergarten teacher reports that Tommy’s attention often wanders. He does not follow directions like the other children. According to the teacher, Tommy cries and rocks back and forth when he has to change activities. He has severally hit other children who casually bump into him on the playground. All this symptoms show that Tommy is a victim of high-level autistic disorder. Discussion Genetic and Env
Introduction Human beings have always been trying to cognize the Universe and determine their roles in it. This desire could be considered one of the main distinctive features of our race. Since the first stages of evolution, we had been creating different tools to broaden knowledge by investigating the world and finding logical answers to numerous questions. However, along with the desire to understand the way mechanisms of the Universe work, people also possess the quenchless belief in the reality of miracles. It could be explained by the fact that despite all efforts, there are still many mysteries that could not be explained by science or other approaches. In such a case people create a myth or miracle story which describes a unique phenomenon that has an overwhelming impact on individuals mentality. The great importance of these stories could b evidenced by the fact that the Bible, one of the most ancient and influential books that try to describe our origin, also includes several tales belonging to this very genre. The influence of the Bible on people Besides, when speaking about the Bible, its great role in the formation of people’s mentality should be mentioned. It is considered one of the most influential books in the history of humanity. Besides, its origins and purpose are unique. It was created as peoples attempt to cognize the dark, unfriendly, mysterious, and complex world that surrounded them 1 . Being not able to determine the purpose of their lives, the nature of death and existence, individuals created their religion which served as a landmark for those who wanted to obtain a certain aim and feel himself/herself a part of something greater 2 . In this regard, the majority of biblical texts are devoted to the description of this world through the prism of religion 3 . It presents a unique perspective on creation and the origin of things which could be used by people to understand the world. Besides, the majority of genres that could be found in the book are introduced with the purpose to explain the divine origin of miracles and other unique phenomena as well as to assure people that faith is a great miracle itself. For this reason, the Bible became the unique collection of ancient texts that contributed to the appearance of a certain mentality peculiar to Christians. One should assume the fact that the book formed the modern world as it shaped peoples mentalities and introduced certain behavioral patterns. Besides, this impact was exercised through stories and narrations that belonged to different genres. The diversity of genres included in the Bible contributes to its better understanding and acceptance. The given approach results in the fact that the Bible and biblical plots could be found in any aspect of modern society. In this regard, we could say that the literature of the Bible plays a unique role in the formation of Christianitys appearance and its evolution. The understanding of its impact becomes very important in terms of modern society. Tra
To: The Executive Team Pursuant to my visit to the Virginia Branch Office and subsequent meetings with the staff there about the high rates of attrition, I have decided to apprise you all of the situation there as well as communicate to you the steps that we are taking to restore a sense of purpose and rejuvenate the morale of our employees. To sum up the situation there, there is a high incidence of employee turnover and consequent loss of morale due to some decisions taken by us regarding the HR policies of our company. We realize that we should take some proactive measures to contain the issue and that we should do some course correction as to the actions and decisions that we have taken there. Towards this end, I require the cooperation of all of you in identifying potential issues that might affect our head office as well. I want you to consider the fact that employees may not take kindly to the fact that we are adding clients without considering the workload of the employees. I want each of you to mull over this fact and suggest ways in which we can rectify the situation without affecting the bottom line of the company. Further, the fact that the job roles of the employees may not be aligned with their skills is a cause for concern as well. As the HR manager, I assure you of my support and cooperation in making the jobs of our employees a lot easier. I end this memo with the hope that each of you would consider the points that I have listed and come up with suggestions that would further the cause of our agency and ensure the continued success of our endeavors. To: ……………………………………………………………………………………. From:
The article “The Challenge of Cultural Relativism” by Rachels explores the issue of ethics. According to the article, moral philosophy focuses on the issues that can steer an acceptable life. The term “cultural relativism” describes the moral codes embraced by different societal groups. Moral ethics differ significantly from one culture to another. The philosopher uses several characteristics to describe cultural relativism. For instance, different communities have dissimilar moral codes. Cultural relativism also explains why there is no “truth” in ethics and morality. This is the case because “wrong” and “right” are matters of human opinion. Such opinions will definitely change from one region to another. Rachels also explains why there is no formula for judging people’s societal codes. The first observation from Rachels’ article is that human beings tend to appreciate the differences existing between cultural groups. Every culture also has its unique moral codes. Many people strongly believe that this approach is critical towards understanding morality. However, James Rachels believes that moral relativism has numerous problems. That being the case, Rachels argues that many cultures tend to have unique opinions about different ethical issues. Such opinions vary from one society to another. He describes how different cultures dispose the dead. The important thing is embracing the opinions supported by different cultures. However, the philosopher believes that human beings should use universal standards to understand whether specific actions are wrong or right. This argument examines why cultural relativism is inapplicable in the society today. This is true because moral relativism can make it impossible for a given culture to improve its moral values. According to Rachels, the idea of cultural relativism fails to follow the anticipated premises. For instance, the philosopher explains why universal morality is attainable and possible. This is true despite the fact that some ethical differences exist in various societies. Human beings should explore these shortcomings in order to deal with every immoral practice in their societies. According to Rachels, cultural relativism fails to support the existence of universal moral standards. The philosopher rejects cultural relativism because it discourages individuals from criticizing the practices and beliefs of different societies. Rachels uses several arguments to explain why cultural relativism is unacceptable. The philosopher explains how cultural relativism fails to criticize malpractices such as discrimination and slavery. Cultural relativism describes how individuals can determine what is bad or good by examining the ethical standards of a given society. The philosopher criticizes the concept of moral relativism because it makes moral progress impossible. Rachels believes that fundame
World War II was the most devastating war in world history. The war resulted in horrific property damage as well as about 17 million military deaths and even more civilian deaths. The devastation of the war was mainly due to the advanced military weapons used, from the infantry on the front line to the ships in the sea and the planes in the sky, these weapons destroyed lives and property in nearly every part of the world. In 1939 the United States became involved in the war. Introduction As the “greatest generation” (Sledge 1990) fades, it is most significant to appreciate the important role they played in the shaping of our country today. Buried deep in the hearts and minds of every veteran are their many unforgettable memories. From these memories veterans can reflect and realize what precious treasures they have gained as they endured the many experiences World War II has offered them. The efforts of these veterans will never be forgotten as the stories of these heroes are passed from generation to generation. To fully appreciate the sacrifices of these veterans, it is important to pay close attention to what knowledge they have to share. We can learn from their mistakes or follow in their footsteps but either way we must take interest before it is too late. Without the help of these important veterans, our view of World War II might not be what it should have been. The same mistakes could just have easily been made and another world war could have surfaced. The American soldiers and veterans who had fought foreign wars formed together but most of the people preferred new Am vets. The first convention of American veterans of World War II later who served the US military was held in Chicago in October 1945. Even the smaller groups of veterans formed together to support them mutually in organization such as American Veterans Committee (Schneider and Schneider 2003). To these heroes we owe every aspect of our life. These veterans came from all over the nation to defend and honor our country. United States and the Japan in the World War II The American said this war as the good war as the America entered World War II for good reasons. They had to defend their allies in the European continent. Friendly European nations were losing the battle against the Axis forces and needed the United States’ forces assistance (Sledge 1990). The U.S. had the much needed military power the Allies needed to win. (Elson 1043) Since the European nations being attacked were allies and foreign trade partners, it was in the best interest of the United States to assist them. Many people felt it was the duty of the United States to travel overseas and defend them. The U.S. had to prevent the war from reaching home. Attacks on U.S. soil would be very dangerous to the security of the nation. If the war reached North America, it surely would have meant the Axis would be victorious. This is one reason the U.S. entered the war when they did; th
Introduction Rational choice theory is also termed choice theory or still rational action theory. It is an approach by social and political scientists to understand human behavior. This approach was formerly applied by economists; but has recently become popular in other disciplines such as sociology, political science, and anthropology. The spread of the rational choice theory into political science first appeared in 1962 in William Rikers Theory of political coalitions (Amadae & Amadae 2003). In his theory, Rikers took the theory of economics and the mathematics based game theory and integrated them into political decision-making. His move presented an alternative to focus on concepts such as power and authority practiced for a long time by political scientists. Rational Choice Theory in Politics The rational choice theory is drawn from a general approach termed rational actor theory. The general approach emphasizes that an individual who is faced with several goals but has to make a decision among competing alternatives while at the same time possessing extensive information, has a coherent preference ordering and is committed to all the principles he is interested in and would like utility maximization. Like in many other instances, the analysis of a rational choice usually begins with a question. Accordingly, rational choice takes several steps (Amadae and Amadae, 2003). Initially, an individual identifies the pertinent agents, assumes about their responsibility, and then isolates the restrictions faced by this agent. He defines the “decision rules” of each of the agents, concludes how the rules of the decision of various agents may be made steady, explores how the equilibrium of the model alternates in response to varying external factors, and finally examines whether his predictions are consistent with actual experience. In recent decades, rational choice theorists have been able to explore some complex aspects of politics through qualified fundamental assumptions on individual behavior. The theory of comprehensive rationality, which is comparable to neoclassical economic models, hypo
Introduction Business environments are described or analysed in various ways based on disparate important dimensions. However, the concept of turbulence is ambiguous. This confusion touches on the varying orientations in studying organisational environments and the diverse methods that are used to measure it. This paper will define environmental turbulence and give its three major dimensions. The paper will consider a case study of Tesla with specific emphasis on the types and sizes of batteries used in the company’s electric cars. Tesla innovation will be discussed by considering how it has dealt with turbulence. Definition of environmental turbulence Environmental turbulence underscores the extent of change and degree of complexity in a business environment. Changes in technology, statutory regulations, or environmental factors are some of the examples that constitute environmental turbulence (Carman, 2003). Therefore, a turbulent environment is dynamic, expanding, unpredictable, and fluctuating. In addition, such an environment displays high levels of interconnectedness with the business. Turbulence is a complex interaction of several dimensions that are related to change where some elements dominate others or overlap each other at times (Grant, 2003). The figure below shows the configuration of the main dimensions of environmental turbulence. Intensity of Changes         Dynamism        Environmental Turbulence Frequency of Changes        Number of elements           Complexity     Relatedness of elements     Availability of information  Predictability Predictability of changes    Fig: 1 – Dimensions of environmental turbulence. Dynamism If the components of the tasks of the environment are highly variable, the business needs to be flexible. Dynamism in this case refers to the extent to which the components of the environment of a business unit remain constant or changing over a given period. Consequently, this dimension varies from static to dynamic. For instance, a dynamic environment may be defined by technological changes, varying customer preferences, and frequent entrance and withdrawal of competitors (Mason, 2007). In environmental dynamism, the frequency of environmental change is not
Despite the decrease in the global crime rate, the fear of crime has grown significantly over the last decades. There are several implications that are needed to be kept in mind while examining the causes of the fear’s increased popularity. Curiel and Bishop (2017) report that the rate of victimization, meaning the rate of actual crime taking place, is opposite to the rate of fear of crime. For example, the areas that are most secured with the lowest number of crimes tend to be more fearful than people from the areas where the crime rate is high. One explanation for the heightened feeling of fear among individuals is that the rate of violent crime is still high, even though the general crime rate has decreased. Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that “17 out of every 1,000 residents age 12 or older and living in an urban area were victimized by violent crime in 2009” (as cited in Greene and Heilbrun, 2018, 9. 46). Moreover, Curiel and Bishop (2017) suggest that the instances
Introduction The art of partitioning a house does not increase the actual area of the floor but it subdivides the house in more appropriate proportions to provide extra rooms which makes the activities being involved on a particular partition to be more enjoyable. It is more desirable for an interior designer to establish the best way or procedures to be taken for proper portioning. Henceforth, this partition which involves the conversion of a country house into a conference house needs a specific form or type that undergoes load-bearing blockwork construction. Load-bearing wall A load-bearing wall is structural support acting as a wall and can be determined mostly by checking the level of the wall directly below the wall being figured out or with the help of a stud finder. However, they are mostly made up of concrete that provides proper support to the weight of the building. One way of creating or increasing the internal space is by removal of a wall among the neighboring rooms. This is done by using framing materials for typical about 11 ft which is relatively low-cost. A concrete house weights it due to structures or materials that support roofing and there is a need for a beam to be provided so that simultaneously works is done without causing any damage on the whole house for weight balancing. After the installation of beams, the drywall is stripped slowly by slowly. The main precaution that is taken before stripping is that one is expected to shut off the main switch of the electric power panel since there might be the presence of baseboards on both sides of the wall and even electrical cover plates that are supposed to be taken inconsiderate. Moreover, by the use of a chisel or any special tool, an opening is made slowly through the wall to create a hollow space, and means of removing the surrounding concrete are taken with a lot of concern. It is advisable to start by removing small pieces of concrete then afterward you remove bigger pieces to ease the workload. A temporary support wall of the beam is constructed across depending on the elevation angle when tearing out the bearing wall and preparing the beam pocket. However, there is the addition of floor blocking and removal of the temporary wall is done after the beam and the cradles have been set. In addition, we have non-load-bearing walls that do not carry any load above them acting only as walls. It is desirable when partitioning any space into small rooms to consider a nonload bearing system i.e. division of a study room into small seminar rooms. The construction part of it consists of, dividing rooms into desirable partitions by using correct measurements and providing the interior structure with a strong back
Introduction In recent years, the labour market in United Kingdom has recorded exceptional performance compared to other nations. The increase in employment opportunities, coupled with robust labour market policies has significantly reduced the unemployment levels by about 1 million people. In addition, the real annual wages growth in the private sector and public sector has increased by 2.75% and 2.5% respectively (Fitzner, 2006, p.6). It is now over three decades since the Donovan Commission concluded that workplace unionism acted as “lubricant not an irritant” with respect to the management of employee relations (Bryson, 2005, p.1111). It is worthy to note that employee relations is subject to structures and practices that underline the relationship between workers and management including the work experiences of individuals (Oysterman, 2000, p.64). The managerial opinions with respect to management-employee relationship will vary from views of non-managerial employees for several reasons (Bryson, 2005, p.1111; Capelli and Neumark, 2001, p.738) First, HR managers are limited with regard to airing their criticisms than other workers since they are officially responsible for employment relations. Second, the interests of non-managerial employees may be dissimilar from those of managers resulting in a diverse evaluation of the management-employee relationship. Third, the decisions made by managers are based on dissimilar information than workers. Fourth, managers and workers may hold different viewpoints which might make them assess the information in dissimilar ways (Bryson, 2005, p.1112). For instance, a manager in favour of unitarist point of reference may construe an employee protesting as a mere “letting off of steam”, and that the employee will resign from his/her position if he/she feels frustrated (Bryson, 2005, p.1113). On the other hand, an employee with a pluralist frame of reference may infer the same protest as a manifestation of moribund employment relations 2005, p.1113). This report will therefore evaluate and compare employee relations in Great Britain and Greece. Emphasis will be given to the legislative as well as the social processes adopted in both countries to manage employee relations Employee Relations Strategies in Great Britain The public policy discussion on social partnership has in recent times been focused on United Kingdom’s industrial relations. After the Labour Party was elected to the office in 1997, the government’s Employment Relations Act and ‘Fairness at Work’ programme brought about unprecedented rights for employees as well as unions. The government’s goal was to substitute the impression of disagreement between employees and their employers with a long-term partnership between the two. This new public policy structure compels