ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In examining how people interact with media characters, an individual may ask why the audience develops a tendency to like and intimately follow the presenter’s speech, program or film regardless of the fact that the audience knows the persona. In this critique, the paper endeavors to evaluate the Parasocial interaction theory based on the four criteria of a good theory. These criteria include ease of application, information value, predictability, and explanatory power. An examination of the theory of Parasocial interaction shows understandability of the theory based on its ability to be related to the daily and real-life experiences. The theory has gathered enormous application in various social and scientific fields to explain how people interact with media personalities. The theory of Parasocial interaction seeks to vividly explain this phenomenon based on numerous social concepts. However, besides building n explanation about how and why people react to media characters in the manner observed, the theory of PSI founds a prediction model that explains why individuals’ uncertainty or presence of it may affect their ability to create strong social relationships in situations where communication and social distance are eminent. Parasocial interaction theory (PSI) as suggested by Cohen refers to the social relationships that exist between a social media character and the audience in which the latter develops a social feeling and bond toward the former. Here, the audience behaves as if they are closely related to the persona in the media. When approaching the social scientific theories, it is necessary for an individual to critically examine the nature, applicability and abstractness of a given theory in order to determine its soundness. in evaluating the Parasocial interaction theory has largely contributed to the social theory since its emergence (Horton & Wohl, 2006) noted that psychologists have demonstrated little interest in the concept of PSI, yet the theory has raised numerous questions in relation to social psychology and the nature of interactions that have proven problematic to the existing theories. Additionally, there has been an increased awareness of the significance of media in carrying out psychological research (Giles, 2002). In his survey on PSI, Horton & Wohl (2006) suggested that despite its direct application of Parasocial interaction theory within the realms of psychology, it possesses substantial issues that attract a considerable amount of interest of psychologists. Applicability of the theory and practice of any body of knowledge is critical in establishing relevance. A theory must draw its application in order to yield significant contribution to the field in which it is developed or seeks to enrich. The examination shows that the theory has invoked a series of application while linking its knowledge and concepts to other theories. In rendering this notion of applicability of PSI, Persie & Rubin (1989) applied the theory of uncertainty to explain the development of parasocial interaction theory and established that greater parasocial complexity was
Introduction Strauss syndrome is a condition that has been discussed by many researchers. Different names have been adopted for this condition since its original description. The current term is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD was initially referred to as “Strauss Syndrome” after Alfred Strauss who was the researcher who did significant work describing the characteristics of children with specific brain condition (Brown, Reichel, & Quinlan, 2011). In this paper, Strauss Syndrome is used to refer to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The paper looks at the history of the condition and the term, the signs and symptoms associated with it, its epidemiology, aetiology, treatment, and the challenges that are associated with it. Background and History The evolution of ADHD has taken many decades. It took the works of many researchers to make the available information possible. Strauss Syndrome, or ADHD as it is commonly known, has been the subject of many debates. Different researchers have demonstrated different opinions on the aetiology and manifestation of the condition, with this disparity leading to different classifications and naming. Before the 20 th century, there was limited work on the manifestations of brain injuries and other neurological conditions, including Straus Syndrome. Some of the first studies observed a prominent difference between the behavioural symptoms of the condition, as exhibited by different children (Brown, Reichel, & Quinlan, 2011). Most of the researchers who studied the condition described it in relation to the need for special education in the affected children. Some physicians in 1923 viewed the condition as “epidemic encephalitis” after several children with encephalitis demonstrated cognitive and behavioural impairments (Schwiebert & Sealander, 1995). The characteristic manifestations of the condition described at the time were impulsivity, quarrelsomeness, insomnia, and irritability. These children were hyperkinetic, moody, talkative, and incorrigible (Schwiebert & Sealander, 1995). These presentations were the first symptoms that corresponded to ADHD. Hyperactivity has been described in many terms over the last few decades, and hence the main reason for the change in naming of the condition. Some of the terms used to describe it were “over-activity”, “irritabili
Discussion The yearning circle is made up of a group of Aboriginal women who come together to share, disclose experiences and knowledge (Boni &Demosthenous, 2005). This forum can be used to educate indigenous women on how to manage their diabetes issues (‘Yarning’, 2011). The yearning gathering is convened with a feeling of trust and mutual respect. The women are therefore likely to endorse the health practices being presented under this forum. Bessarab and Ng’andu (2010) demonstrate that yarning is a special way of passing on history and knowledge within the Aboriginal culture. Testimonies by other women in the circle will therefore serve to reinforce the importance of certain practices in managing diabetes. As a health professional, yarning would assist me to cultivate relationships with my clients and develop some amount of trust. Bessarab and Ng’andu (2010) reveal that social yearning will not only help in the establishment of a connection and sharing information but it will lead to a real and more honest engagement. I will evaluate the impact of yearning on diabetes by comparing the data on self-care before and during the yearning implementation. Ewald, Patel and Hall (2001) observe that effective self-care education is needed to address the epidemic of diabetes in Aboriginal Australia. Yearning is an important approach for indigenous women for a number of reasons. To begin with, yearning will lead to empowerment since the women will feel that they are being given an opportunity to play a part in the health of their community. Yearning will also demonstrate a respect for this historically relevant culture among the Aboriginal. Comment T makes a very valid observation by noting that engaging in yarning will result in approval of the practitioner by the community they are serving. This will increase the positive health outcomes among the aboriginals.
Introduction Immigration is a practice or action that many professionals and skills have examined from different perspectives. Leaders who allow foreigners to work and live in their countries have recorded significant milestones in terms of economic development. In Europe and the United States, immigrants are viewed differently since they present both opportunities and disruptions in the existing markets. These developments explain why ethics and economics continue to inform the issues and concerns to do with immigration. Business organizations that support immigration will reap positive benefits by acquiring cheap and timely labor, overcoming the problem of hiring expatriates, and being able to support existing plants or starting new ones anywhere across the globe. The purpose of this paper is to apply different case studies and thoughts to describe how immigration continues to affect global business. Background Information The second half of the 20th century resulted in diverse immigration patterns as many countries opened their borders to foreigners. The wave of globalization created new opportunities for promoting economic performance and marketing industrial products across the world. Many states in different regions continue to pursue the idea of regional integration, including the Americas, Africa, Asia, Middle East, Arab World, and Europe. Such developments have been encouraging people to move from country A to B in search of greener pastures (“How Does Immigration”). Consequently, the process supports the free flow of ideas, labor, and raw materials. New trends characterized by shifting global movements and immigration patterns have been recorded in many nations. Despite such achievements or gains, many lawmakers have been forced to operate in turbulent times. In the United Kingdom, the question of immigration has been a critical determinant in the Brexit vote (Global Network Faculty). Similarly, this concern affects the decisions different governments make across the globe. Nations that used to export both skilled and unskilled workers have new experienced a paradigm shift. This is true since they are now in need of competent laborers. For example, Brazil is presently one of the countries focusing on the best measures to attract foreign talent and support its key economic sectors (Global Network Faculty). Some critics believe that leaders who ignore the benefits associated with immigration will lag behind and even fail to achieve their aims. On the other hand, the question of immigration has remained divisive in different parts of the world. According to some people, this development is capable of affecting citizens’ welfare, experiences, and outcomes (Global Network Faculty). This means that those who attract more foreigners will be unable to provide adequate job opportunities to the local population. Additionally, some scholars have presented the challenge of insecurity to support their arguments. However, Porter and Russell acknowledge that immigrants can introduce evidence-based insights and ideas to empower more countries to achieve their potential. This development becomes a new opportunity for overcoming most of the proble
Many companies in the US have always exercised caution when entering into oral contracts due to the widely held perception that such contracts may not be binding. But if the case involving ‘International Watersport Management Ltd and Pearl Creations Company Ltd’ is anything to go by, oral contracts are indeed as valid and binding as written ones. In this case, the Watersport shipping company had offered an oral charter that it could deliver live oysters to the agreed location within 8-10 hours. Basing their thinking on the oral charter, the managers of Pearl creations hired the company to deliver the oysters at a location in Lisa’s Beach, Tonga. Experts had earlier warned that the sea trip should take less than 10 hours if the live oysters were to reach their destination alive. But contrary to the oral contract, the voyage took in excess of 22 hours to deliver the oysters, occasioning great loss to the plaintiff and death to the oysters. On trial, the plaintiff successfully depended on the oral charter to win huge reparations for the loss (Bois-Singh, 2004). By definition, an oral contract is a legally binding verbal agreement made between two or more parties. An oral contract is validated by existing physical evidence rather than written documentation. In some forms of oral contracts, the parties may document what they have agreed upon in written form; but the binding contract itself is never documented (Stempel, 2006; Cadena, 2008). Many companies develop cold feet from the very fact that it may be somewhat challenging to show and prove the existence of an oral contract in a court of law if one party decides to breach the terms of engagement. This notwithstanding, the companies often find themselves relying on oral contracts due to the very nature of work they engage in. In logistics business, both the company and the clients may never have adequate time to prepare an all-binding written contract to direct their transactions. An oral agreement comes in handy during such situations. In the US, oral contracts are generally acceptable under the common law of Anglo-American judicial system unless when such contracts are subject to malice or the statute of frauds (Stempel, 2006). This stature requires parties to initiate some form of writing that serves as evidence to the agreement. However, this does not mean that the full contract must be documented in writing. Parties may indeed overlook the need to write down anything by using existing legal doctrines such as the concept of detrimental reliance. The statute of frauds was legislated by the US parliament to curtail the notion that oral contracts were too permissive in law. It also serves to restrict parties from seeking unorthodox channels to escape censure when they are in breach of a binding oral contract. While oral contracts have their own disadvantages, most US transport and logistics companies have indeed benefited from them. According to Stempel (2006), it is now easier for these companies and others to access automobile insurance policies without wasting vital time
The main US law that defines the rights and obligations of Americans is the American Constitution endowed with the supreme legal force. This document controls and regulates the action of the fundamental laws of the state. Since the US Constitution was adopted, the Congress of the country has received a number of projects for its amendment. Despite a large number of proposed draft amendments, most of them were rejected. From the variety of the proposed changes, only the 33 amendments were implemented, and five of them have not been ratified by the several states of the country (Collins and Chaltain 30). The American Constitution has existed for over 200 years, and during this time, it has only been slightly changed, notwithstanding the fact that the country has enriched its territory. This paper examines one of the proposed amendments and analyzes different aspects of it regarding the possible issues if the modification is adopted. One of the latest proposals is dated July 30, 2015, and it is S.J.Res. 21: “A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States authorizing the Congress to prohibit the physical desecration of the flag of the United States” (Vitter 1). It has been sponsored by the Republican David Vitter (Senior Senator from Louisiana) and referred to the congressional committee on the same date. After the committee reviews it, it will be further sent to the House or the Senate. The amendment refers to the national flag desecration as the intentional destruction or damage to the flag (Vitter 1). Such actions may have a protest character and be linked to the behavior that affronts the country’s national symbols. In addition, the flag is a symbol of power, and insulting behavior towards it may be regarded as disrespect to the authority. It should be noted that in some countries, the desecration of the flag is recognized as a crime. For instance, in Russia, the desecration of the flag is prosecuted, but it applies only to the Russian flag meanwhile, the behavior of the citizens in relation to the foreign flag is neither limited nor penalized in any way (Collins and Chaltain 254). In addition, there are no restrictions with respect to this element of national symbolism for the citizens of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, but inappropriate behavior towards foreign flags is banned in these countries. It is worth mentioning that the national flag is one of the most important national symbols for Americans, along with the national anthem, which is honored and respected. However, the media highlights cases when the US citizens show disrespect to the flag, for example, activists, protesters, and even schoolchildren throw the flag on the ground and trample it underfoot (Collins and Chaltain 254). The press covered cases when residents burned the flag in their yards and uploaded photos of the process in their social accounts, which further resulted in judicial or police proceedings and provoked a response in the society. Many human
We recognize that good health does not just come about. Rather, it is a habit of smart choices and sound clinical care. As per establishment, good care is vital and can only be possible in presence of proper compliance with the health care technology. A company’s technological plan is essential for analysis, growth and development. (Mosenkis, 2005) Intranet should assure broad-based participation of both patients and doctors. In should have value to everyone. These require a user-friendly interface where navigation ought to be consistent with their use and the controlled. Any new technology should encourage and interest everyone in the organization to using it. It must be one, which employees will use, trust, rely on, and revisit. This paper addresses the issue of intranet and internet in addressing data and information exchange in the health sector. The management of data in any organization is of critical importance. Intranet enables the quick access to information. Quick access of diagnosis and patients information in the health sector has become of hallmark importance. Intranet should be highly appreciated because it plays a vital role of allowing creation of management information system to support operational, planned and strategic decision-making. (HKUST Cyberspace Centre, 1997) Secure and effective intranets The security of information is a very important aspect of protecting corporate, employees’, and patient’s confidential information, integrity of controls associated with human resources systems and financial reporting applications. “A secure intranet infrastructure supports secure connectivity, Strong password, host-based security on all server and client computers, role verification and authentication for certain types of access and effective compliance enforcement mechanisms.” To archive automated life cycle the system need “user accounts, smart cards for strong authentication and an internal Public Key Infrastructure.” Others requirements include “automated and manual tracking, monitoring and response to active threats to the network and lastly though customized programs that inform network clients about security threats, risks, policies, and best practices is essential.” (Janczewski, 2000) Firewall is just one of several ways of protecting the network from other un-trusted network users. The actual mechanisms of accomplishing data protection vary in principle. It is a pair of mechanisms that exists to block traffic, or to permit traffic. The ability or strength of blocking harmful and suspicious messages depends on the server system’s firewalls. Some have greater power while others place normal or less emphasis on blocking messages interchange. Access of information among health care facilities users ought to be occurring throug
Introduction Since the period of colonization, Australian indigenous population was deprived their rights and freedoms, their land and autonomy. Access to resources for industrialization and development has been an important motivation for intensification and geographical expansion of industrial economies. This brought industrial society into contact and conflict with tribal and indigenous peoples in Australia. The most important is that historic exclusion from properly remunerated employment affected Indigenous population and their current social and economic position in Australia. Background The role and input of indigenous Australians to the development of the contemporary economy can be explained by rich natural resources and patents of agriculture typical for indigenous population. Expanding industrial society rapidly appropriated the lands, resources and even lives of tribal peoples. Cheap labor and farming resources were the main contribution of indigenous Australians to development of the Australian economy. Needs-based, rural and community development planning has proved difficult to implement at either national or regional scales. Not only was it difficult to get bureaucrats and politicians to commit themselves to this approach but also that the practitioners who were charged with facilitating it themselves influence the outcomes through both overt and hidden agendas (Neill 2002). For example, the emphasis appears to have changed in favor of greater centralization of development at the core, and the perception that national rather than regional advantage should receive principal attention. Internal pressures from urban-based elite groups and external stresses resulting from the need for economic viability in a global sense have been too strong. Illegal miners and agricultural settlers executed villagers. Indigenous Education Objectives Incorporating indigenous technical knowledge (e.g. local practices for controlling insect pests in rice production, or traditional management arrangements for operating irrigation canals) into development interventions is also emerging as an accepted approach that tries to blend the best of local practices with new technologies from outside” (p. 917). Retail stores obtain a special position in aboriginal economy. In Australia stores have been focal points of contact between the aboriginal peoples and the non-aboriginal incomers—traders, government officials, missionaries and others. They have been the means of introducing people to goods and chattels such as rations of tea and sugar, blankets, rifles and modern clothing and as such have been a major instrument