ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Overview For the most part, the literature on cultural diversity tends to ignore the effects that religion has on psychotherapy and counseling. Judaism is an excellent example of a religion that ignores its effects on both psychotherapy and counseling. Orthodox Jews also serve as an excellent example of a minority group that fails to utilize the psychological health services offered by the majority culture. According to Schnall (2006), many barriers, both personal and institutional tend to prevent Orthodox Jews from receiving satisfactory psychological health services. The main reason that contributes to this situation is the fact that multiculturalism tends to exclude Jews, their issues and anti- Semitism. Such treatment is highly discouraging because it demonstrates a worrying trend of anti- Semitism. Besides, there lacks comprehensive scientific studies that examine psychotherapy relating to Orthodox Jews. This lack of concern is manifest in that most forms of literature, including books and academic journals, hardly ever cover Jews in their studies. Moreover, although there are clear signs that Orthodox Jews favor non-Orthodox therapists, the number of culturally competent counselors to handle this population adequately is small. However, it is still sensible for the Orthodox Jews to receive counseling services from non-Jewish or non-Orthodox counselors. Demographic Information Relating to the Orthodox Jews The term Orthodoxy has been in use for quite a long time. The first application of the term dates back to 1807 when Napoleon liberated the Jews from the slums. This term was applicable to the Jews who abided by the Jewish laws and customs. Orthodox Jews believe that God gave the Torah to the Israelites at Mount Sinai together with a number of exquisitely designed interpretations of its commands. When working with this population, mental health professionals should understand that Orthodox Jews has several subgroups. The various subgroups differ widely in terms of worldview, language
Introduction Protecting seabirds from extinction is a significant marine conservation issue nowadays. The existence of various seabird species contributes to biodiversity, necessary for ensuring the long-term functioning of ecosystems (Richards et al., 2021). Unfortunately, at present, many seabird species are at risk of extinction because of multiple anthropogenic threats, including bycatch, invasive species, land use, climate change, and energy production (Richards et al., 2021). This paper will focus on invasive species – animals or plants that do not originally appear in a particular area and are introduced by humans (Scanes, 2018). Among them, invasive rodent species are the most destructive to the environment and especially affect seabirds (Scanes, 2018). This paper will review seabirds’ role in ecosystems, the invasive rodent species and their impact on seabirds, and methods of protecting seabirds from non-native rodents. Seabirds and Their Role in Island Ecosystems Seabirds are birds living in the marine environment and depending on the ocean for food. These species are well-adapted for living in this environment with such traits as low fecundity, long lifespan, and foraging by diving for food underwater. As Richards et al. (2021) explain, these traits may have evolved to increase adult seabirds’ survival because feeding their offspring with food from the ocean is difficult. According to Jones et al. (2021), another reason for developing these traits is that seabirds often breed on remote islands where no mammalian predators have been originally present. Many seabird species are nesting at or below the ground level, and it takes them several years to reach sexual maturity. Seabirds play an important role in island ecosystems. Coffey and Collier (2021) refer to seabirds as “ecological connectors” since they improve the growth of plants on islands, as well as intertidal zones and coral reefs (p. 62). They do so by transferring nutrients between the land and the ocean in their guano. Therefore, a reduction in the seabird population may be harmful to seabird species and the entire ecosystem of the island and surrounding intertidal communities and coral reefs. Invasive Rodent Species As mentioned, seabirds often live on islands that predatory mammals did not previously inhabit. Yet, with increased human mobility, an opportunity emerged for alien species to invade new territories. Rodents belong to such invasive species that have spread worldwide and influenced various ecosystems. According to Scanes (2018), there are four invasive rodent species threatening the survival of seabirds. They include the black rat ( Rattus rattus ), originating from India and South East Asia; the brown or Norway rat ( Rattus no
Introduction Illegal immigration refers to immigration across national borders in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country. Under this definition, an illegal immigrant is a foreigner who either has illegally crossed an international political border, be it by land, water, or air, or a foreigner who has entered a country legally but then overstays his/her visa. In politics, the term may imply a larger set of social issues and time constraints with disputed consequences in areas such as economy, social welfare, education, health care, slavery, prostitution, crime, legal protections, voting rights, public services, and human rights. Illegal emigration would be leaving a country in a manner that violates the laws of the country being exited. The aim of the paper is to discover the difference in covering the matter of illegal migration to Canary Islands from sub-Saharan including periodical issues, radio broadcasts, and a photo, in order not only to get as more informed as possible, but also to feel the trouble. As it is stated by about.com: The Canary Islands, an “autonomous community” of Spain better known to the world as a Mecca for cruise ships, are fast becoming a prime destination for illegal immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa. (Brea, 2006) The article represents the matter as just the legal, as the key emphasis is made upon the fact, that all the immigrants are without any documents: The islands, with a population of less than 2 million people, have already seen the arrival of 6,500 ‘sin papeles’ (without papers) this year. Tenerife, with less than 800,000 inhabitants, has been completely overwhelmed. Their major immigration detention center has a capacity to house only 168 people. According to El Pais (Spain), the governor of the Canary Islands, José Segura, has called immigration “impossible control” and has said that “there is no institutional strength in the heart of the European Union” that can control it” (Spanish). Said Segura: “It is not the fault of the Spanish government. It is the fault of the government of those countries that, in effect, are demonstrating a remarkable incapacity to provide opportunities for development to their youth.” (Brea, 2006) As may be seen, the problem of immigration is rather hot, especially for the Canaries in particular, and Spain and European Union in gen
Labor unions as the associations of the workers and employees are proceeded from the idea of creating the good environmental conditions, including the adequate pay and fair working hours. Joined together, people can protect their rights and improve the process, developing more comfortable conditions. The purpose of unions is to communicate collectively within the work process, regarding to its peculiarities and industrial characteristics. In this case, the members of unions can find the most appropriate solutions for improving the job security, increasing the benefits and overcame the fears of penalty. The history of unions provides a clear demonstration of its importance and power. However, the current economical situation and Globalization impact the work process on the different levels; therefore the unions should develop the new ways of broaden their appeal to a workplace environment. During the past century, workers of all industries have been searching for the work conditions’ improvement. It was extremely important to develop the new methods of the job security and increase the living standards. In order to achieve those goals, at the beginning of the century, in America was created the Teamsters Union with about 1,3 million members. In 1957, this union was reorganized into AFL-CIO that counted above 13 million workers. The changing landscape caused the reduction of the members. When the giant corporations realize the benefits of the use of human resource that requires lower wage rates, the unions were not able to stop this process. The influence of Globalization led to the terrible situation within the work environment. Moreover, the introduction of the modern technologies reduced the value of human resource. The companies realized that it is easier to control an automatic process than workers. Therefore, the technical advantage such computerized technologies led to the negative changes for the workers. Nevertheless, the unions were able to compete with the corporations, bargaining the agreements, dictating their clauses and providing a good protection of the workers. The large unions such as the national Educational Association of the United States, United Food, and Service Employees International Union demonstrated a successful policy. The highest ration of the unions’ members is in the public sector. Teachers, police officers and fire fighters cooperate closely in order of common goods. The manufacturing industries always had high rates. If at the beginning the unions were made of “blue-collar” workers of the manufacturing sector, today,
Introduction The Tanzimat was basically a period during which the Ottoman Empire was reorganized and reformed starting from the early eighties. The main idea was to bring about development in the empire through tax revenue collection for military support in order to ensure complete control of its territory and prevent colonization by the powerful nations. The reformations made became the major root of Ottomanism among the majority ethnic groups in the empire which led to formation of nationalists movements. One main attempt of the reformations was to bring together non-Muslims and non-Turks and incorporate them into the Ottoman social believes and norms. They were to get liberty to allow them to exercise equal right to the Turks (Goodwin 1). Changes on the Ottoman Empire during Tanzimat The transformations that were brought during the Tanzimat era resulted to certain changes in the territory some of which were positive while others affected the Turks negatively. The most affected fields by these changes were national economy as well as the cultural backgrounds. For instance, the taxation system changed from use of goods to cash based taxation especially with the increased Jewish migrations during that period, who contributed to the empire’s economic growth. As the economy continued to grow many people from upcountry moved to the urban areas from where they could access employment opportunities much easily. Other significant changes occurred in the reformation and restructuring of many structures in the state. The traditional administration was abolished and a new modern one established that would deliver more effectively to the people. Some changes also occurred in the social way of life with many people getting aware of education and sending them to the Islam schools that were available during that time. Traditional systems in education were replaced with western schools which produced quality graduates and the madrasa system, as well, was reformed to a modern one. The court system was changed to consist of panel judges although Islam courts were still in place to promote centralized administration. However, these modernization attempts led to the weakening of the empire before the western powers who gained power over the territory. Some western countries such as Europe gained power to control the empire as they had certain privileges in economy and diplomacy
Boots pharmaceutical has been in existence since the 19 th century. It is based in the UK having prime outlets England and Ireland. The company has undergone radical transformations since the early 90s. Faced with unending competition from supermarkets and other specialized stores, this company underwent a series of mergers, most notable with Alliance Unichem in 2006 to form Alliance Boots. This was later bought by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, a concealed equity entity. Strengths Boots pharmaceutical has employed 60,000 employees on a permanent basis. These are fully committed employees who are motivated and have the desire to see the company grow in leaps and bounds. A survey carried out showed that employees are contented with the present, working conditions. This is a crucial component for entities that endeavor to make inroads in the market. The company is focused on beauty products as well as pharmaceutical products. This guarantees a large market base due to the wide range of products on offer. The parent company also provides many other products apart from medicine. The company is properly protected from turbulent markets and has adequate options incase a product fails in a certain market. Boots Company has focused on marketing in order to establish and maintain stable client base. Their prime of ensuring customer satisfaction by offering quality service will also work in their favor. The company has adopted modern technology as a method of dispensing its products. Customers are required to take their prescriptions to a store, after which they collect their prescriptions from a vending machine at a central location. This service has been rolled out on a small scale in England, but will be applied en masse after trials have been finished. Weaknesses Although they have a website, it is difficult to carry out online shopping. The website is poorly designed; hence customers can easily get annoyed when they opt for this method. It can easily be confused for a company offering advice on medical issues online. The site barely quotes the range of products and services offered in specialized shops. Lack of proper management techniques saw the company incur massive losses. The poor planning and incompetent strategies employed by the management frustrated customers, further driving them away to other firms. This resulted in a large decline in its market share hence weakening its brand name. Opportunities The company has an excellent customer attraction strategy. Improving their presence in specialist and departmental stores will be immensely beneficial to them. As a result of differences in upbringing and socialization, some customers may not feel relaxed buying certain products from public stores. They are more comfortable talking to attendants at boots about toiletries and other personal effects. These outlets also provide trained medical personnel to respond to various customer needs. This is in
Introduction The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire happened on March 25, 1911, at a New York City garment factory. It took the lives of 146 workers who could not leave the building on time. They did not have enough time to use an elevator and escape because the door was locked. The firefighters could not help either. There could have been even more victims since approximately five hundred people were working that day. The factory was operating on the three upper floors of a 10-story building, but the ladders used by firefighters could reach only up to the sixth floor. The fire was not just a tragedy for the families of the victims. It produced a large and militant social and political response as well. It was the beginning of a change in the safety and social policies for the working class. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire The tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire is even more shocking since it could have been prevented. Most of the workers died due to the neglect of elementary safety rules by the factory owners. The company was located on three upper floors of the building and had only one fire escape, which was not sufficient enough to let everyone leave the building in case of an emergency. The other escape exits were closed to keep the workers from stealing goods from the factory or leaving the workplace during the shift. The tragedy came as a shock to the city. People realized that it could have been avoided if the safety regulations were followed. It was a kind of common guilt and responsibility. A similar tragedy could follow unless something was done to improve labor conditions. As a result, within the years following the disastrous fire, over 36 laws regulating work safety, wages, and child labor were issued in the state of New York. The victims of the fire opened the way to safety and health legislation, which protects contemporary workers. The majority of the factory employees who did not survive the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire were young women. Moreover, there were many teenagers and people not older than thirty. Most of them were recent Jewish and Italian immigrants who came to the United States in search of work and better fortune. Many of them had families and children to support. Thus, the fire was even more tragic since many women who could give birth to children dying. It was probably one of the factors that caused a critical response of society to the tragedy. Conclusion Although legislation has developed norms and rules to protect employees, similar tragedies are still possible. Of course, they are not likely to happen in a company in a developed country. However, the Third World countries, that do not have social and safety policies, may become a place for a disaster. Nevertheless, it is hard to imagine that a similar situation can have a comparable outbreak today. If it happens in a country such as the US, it can lead to a serious backlash. It might not be as active as in 1911 when more than 500,000 people joined in a silent march to mourn the victims of the fire, but it can have a wider spread because of social media. If it
The article “Fat and Happy: In Defense of Fat Acceptance” by Mary Ray Worley discusses the problems of obesity and self-image, perception of self-identity by obese people and their friends. The author underlines that negative stereotypes of fat people are nothing more but an influence of modern culture and beauty images popularized by mass media. The author depicts a unique experience with obese people and underlines that happiness and pleasure are internal factors influenced by a desire of a person to be happy. The article discusses self-images and the perception of obese people by themselves. Mary Ray Worley describes her personal experience and feelings after visiting a party in the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance. The author portrays: “They were having so much fun it was infectious. I felt light-headed and giddy. I kept noticing how great everyone looked. They were confident and radiant and happy–and all sizes of fat. Definitely not my planet” (Worley). Worley finds that significant sociocultural influences in the person’s environments potentially include parents, family, peers (especially cohorts), schools, churches, media, and other institutions. Different influences matter at different times in a person’s life. Thus, parents are most important; during late childhood and adolescence, peers or cohorts and nonfamilial institutions (e.g., school, media) become increasingly more important. Therefore, if identity follows the same course of development as other aspects of identity, one would suspect that parents and adult authority figures are most influential early on, followed by peers or cohorts and social institutions in later years. Be that as it may, what possibly makes body identity development different from other aspects of identity development, with perhaps the exception of gender, is that most of the focus of cultural communications from the environment to the person are about group-related appearance rather than the individual’s own abilities, interests, and so on. In contrast to the traditional view, many obese people are really happy paying no attention to their body weight. “They wore the full belly-dancing regalia–that is, gauze and bangles and beads and not much else” (Worley). An individual develops a view of the body image of herself or himself (ascribed identity) primarily on the basis of how these sources react to that aspect of the person. To the extent that the person is socialized in environments in which significant role models consider body image to be a normal and desirable part of themselves. The article is subjective describing only one side of the problem. Thus, it brings light to the problem of obesity and false ideals popularized by our society. On the other hand, to the extent that the person is raised in an environment in which he or she is taught to idealize or denigrate the value of her or his group or others’ group, it is likely that the person will develop a less-healthy body image. Because they
In the film Jamila the Algerian, tells the story of Djamila Bouhired a young lady from the nothern African country, who was in 1957 accused of terrorism and sentenced to death by the French. She was however acquited in 1962 following strong media campaigns against her incaceration. In his film, Chahine portrays Jamila as a heroine especially from how she does not relent from her Arabic nationalism even when subjected to torture and other forms of inhumane treatment by her captors. In a way, Chahine is trying to illustrate that the Arab nationalist project detailed by Malek Khouri had stronger roots founded in the struggle by all people irrespective of their gender. In the 1963 release, the Victorious Saladin, Chahine tells the story of El Naser Salah el Dine. Chahine presents Saladin as a committed and strong leader and in way ends up revealing his stand regarding the continuation of the religious wars of the time. He (Chahine) fronts the Arab nationalist perspective by illustrating that Even though Saladin’s Army was taken down by a combined army of Christian forces, he still ends up protecting the Holy land he was out to defend. Chahine shows how committed the Arab/Muslim army is when it comes to other people trying to impose their doctrines on them. This is especially shown in how members of his army under his leadership would rather die than watch Jerusalem being taken. In The Sparrow (1973) Chahine takes a political standpoint by claiming that corruption in the Egyptian society is to blame for the country’s defeat in the 1967 war that happened in six days. It illustrates how the divided interest among citizens and unfounded loyalties could lead to the downfall of Arab nations. Chahine does not shy to illustrate his disappointment with the way the country how far down the country fell and he explains, though subtly, how traditional Arabic cultures had a lot to teach to succeeding generations. The land released in 1968 shows how peasant farmers in the 1930s went out in full force to protect their parcels of land. The film was a major hit mainly because the farmers were revolting from one of their own (a selfish pasha) and not necessarily from outside interference. The film served to illustrate the lengths that the Arabic political struggle has come. It also was received as a call for Arabs all over the world to stand up against the growing Israeli territory in the early 1960s. This release served to rebuke the vices of corruption and self-centered idealism especially by leaders. This is because while all these happen, it is the citizens who ended up the victims (Khouri 23-36). Chaos, Chahine’s last film released in 2007 tells the story of a prosecutor who is intent on taking down a corrupt police head. The film is very full of political intonations and Chahine goes ahead to show how the Arab world is becoming s