ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the field of international relations, constructivism stands for the belief that crucial features of international relations are collectively and historically conditional, rather than predictable effects of human nature and other vital elements of world politics. Nicholas Onuf came up with the term “constructivism” to represent theories that emphasize on the socially constructed nature of international relations. Theorists like “Nicholas Onuf, Richard Ashley, John Ruggie, and Friedrich Kratochwil contributed greatly to the development of the modern constructivist theory”. 1 However, Alexander Wendit is renowned for his work in promoting social constructivism in the area of international relations. Constructivism mainly tries to show how vital elements of international relations are socially constructed as opposed to the suppositions of Neoliberalism and Neorealism. In other words, constructivism attempts to show how interactions and some enduring processes of societal practices shape the elements of international relations. Alexander Wendit posits that the constitutions of human interactions are determined mainly by collective dreams and not by material forces. Moreover, he claims that nature does not give birth to the interests and identities of purposive actors. Wendit asserts that these interests and identities are hatched by mutual dreams. Interests and identities As constructivists oppose the findings made by Neorealists on how anarchy contributes to the actions that international actors portray, they try as much as possible to distance themselves from the neorealism’s primary materialism. Constructivists believe that the essentials of self-help system barely preside over the international actors. 2 Hence, to analyze and understand how international actors behave, it is imperative to put into consideration their interests and identities. Just like the state of the international systems, “constructivists perceive such interests and identities as not dispassionately entrenched in material forces (like dictates of human temperament that fortify Classical Realism)”. 3 Instead, they believe that such interests and identities hinge on dreams and collective constructions of such dreams. In other words, “the significances of objects, actors, and ideas all emanate from social interaction.” 4 Martha Finnemore has played a critical role in determining how global organizations contribute to the courses of the collective construction of actor’s insights of their interests. In her book, National Interests in International Society , Finnemore tries “to come up with a general approach to learning state behavior and state interests by scrutinizing a global structure, not of influence, but of social value and meaning.” 5 Martha claims that interests are widely created through social relations and they are never out there waiting for the actors to discover them. Levels of constructivism Constructivism can be perceived under two levels. The first level is the individual i
Introduction It is widely accepted that radiotherapy that is often used for patients with cancer causes many side-effects in patients. In many cases, these adverse outcomes are closely connected to such patients’ particular problems – the location targeted for treatment, other complications, age, and other factors. Therefore, the treatment of these side effects comes as the next step in a patient’s healing process (Daruwalla & Christophi, 2006). One of the researched and utilized ways of managing the consequences of radiation is hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). According to Moen and Stuhr (2012), HBOT’s primary purpose is to deal with hypoxia, the condition in which tissues are deprived of oxygen supply. This statement suggests that the oxygen-supplying therapy can help patients with a variety of radiation-induced problems. This review investigates the findings regarding the effectiveness of HBOT on patients who underwent radiotherapy for cancer treatment. The examination covers 12 different studies and focuses on positive and negative outcomes and the potential influence of HBOT on other therapies. Literature Review First of all, one should remark that the exploration of the HBOT’s effects on cancer patients is not a recent addition to cancer-related research. Some of the articles mentioned below review the information collected as early as in the 1980s. Thus, it is possible to assume that many researchers have assessed the various impacts that HBOT can have on different complications. Nevertheless, some areas of research attract more than others, which is discussed further. The first general topic that is reviewed in the medical literature is the overall effect that HBOT has on patients undergoing finishing radiotherapy. According to Stępień, Ostrowski, and Matyja (2016), HBOT can have two significant roles in being coupled with radiotherapy treatments. First of all, HBOT may enhance the impact of radiotherapy on cancer cells, acting as a radiosensitizer and leading to patients having a more productive experience than they would have otherwise (Stępień et al., 2016). The second potential purpose of HBOT is to reduce the negative outcomes of radiotherapy, by “[improving] local tumor control” and “[reducing] delayed radiation injury” (Stępień et al., 2016, p. 101). The authors pay attention to the first potential use of HBOT as a radiosensitizer, stating that its research is not as comprehensive as that of HBOT’s survival improvement. They also provide findings that suggest that HBOT is more effective in preventing outcomes of radiotherapy rather than its positive impact (Stępień et al., 2016). Moen and Stuhr (2012) recommend HBOT to follow radiotherapy for patients to reduce the persistence of complications. Thus, one may concentrate on exploring this purpose of HBOT. A significant part of all gathered studies examines the influence of HBOT on complications related to the anorectal and pelvic regions. Pelvic radiat
Abstract The proposed Business Case is aimed at discussing the implementation of RFID in the University of Hong Kong’s (HKU) Libraries. The Case elucidates the main goal of the project and provides a brief overview of potential alternatives. Hence, the recommended alternative suggests extending the implementation of RFID to other libraries. The Business Case discusses the key strategic aspects from different perspectives: customers, finance, learning, and growth (L&G) and internal performance. Also, it provides the evaluation of this IT project that comprises all the relevant calculations: PP, ROI, and risk assessment. Executive Summary The case study under analysis is devoted to the implementation of RFID technology in HKU Libraries. The core goal of this implementation resides in optimizing the library’s operation and making the service more effective. The strategy is aimed at ensuring long-term benefits for all the shareholders. The proposed Business Case analyzes two alternatives. Thus, the project has been currently implemented in only one department – the Main Library. As a result, the first alternative resides in postponing further implementations until the projects’ outcomes might be analyzed in terms of the long-term effect. In the meantime, it is recommended to choose the second alternative that suggests the expansion of the implementation in other libraries. According to the performed evaluations, the current results show sufficient evidence of the project’s efficacy for it to be further extended. Introduction HKU Libraries were initially established to assist researchers and other members of the scientific community. The Main Library is situated at the Main Campus and manages the other six departments such as Dental, Music, Education, etc. The key problem that the library has faced is the excessive amount of materials they have to handle. Thus, the operation would gradually become more complicated – the waiting time for check-ins increased, the staff was incapable of tracking all the resources, and a significant part of them was either stolen or lost. Moreover, the library had a critical staff disproportion with a considerable prevalence of support employees over professionals with the relevant degrees. As a result, it was suggested that RFID was implemented to optimize the library’s functioning and raise the general satisfaction with the service in customers. The implementation of the technology has already brought some positive results; therefore, at the current point, it is presumed that the implementation of RFID in other libraries will assist in completing the initially targeted aim. Thus, the strategy is mainly aimed at ensuring long-term shareholder value. The table below shows the impact that the implementation is li
China possesses rich cultural, social and political profiles because; most of the historical events were documented. The intelligence of the Greeks seems to have permeated its territories over different Chinese dynasties, which existed before the present China, in East Asia. One of the most fascinating cultural histories is the existence and the expansion of Buddhism in China. However, it is worth noting that Buddhism was founded in India, long before it spread allover East Asia. It took a series of centuries for Buddhism to enter China because; the ancient Chinese did not borrow religious doctrines from other communities in East Asia. Moreover, most of the rulers in the ancient Chinese dynasties did not allow traders to enter their territories. For instance, rulers who ruled before the Han Dynasty denied non-Chinese merchants from introducing their cultures, instead; they preserved the ordinary Chinese culture. In retrospect, the four centuries, upon which the Han dynasty existed, experienced remarkable cultural and socio-political changes. One of the most significant changes that took place during the Han dynasty was the expansion of trade across East Asia, through which non-Chinese merchants interacted with Chinese and exchanged cultural practices (Buddha Dharma Education Association par. 1). Buddhism bore variant traits to the indigenous religions of Daoism and Confucianism because it was dualistic in nature. Ordinarily, Chinese practised non-dualistic religious doctrines, in which, a self-generating and impersonal continuum within which matter and spirit were encompassed within a cosmos (Whyte par. 5). That is probably the reason as to why, Buddhism in China, in most literature, is referred to as the ‘imported’ religion. However, it is worth noting that Buddhism doctrines remained consistent since its formation by Siddhartha Gautama, in the 6 th Century B.C.E (Vail 1). Siddhartha Gautama, who was commonly referred to as the ‘Buddha’ or the ‘Enlightened One’, was born in a small kingdom of the Shakya family, in India, about 2500 years ago (Theobald par. 1). Buddha developed the core doctrines of the religion, which characterized Buddhism as a concise set of spiritual practices and teachings. Buddhism doctrines contained, among other religious teachings, the description on how to attain perfect enlightenment about the truth of the universe. The core doctrines of Buddhism emphasized immensely on the essence of Buddha’s teachings, based on the literal meaning of Buddha; ‘one who has awakened to the truth’ (Koyasan Shingon Buddhism par. 1). It is believed that the existence of Buddhism in China today encompasses invaluable clues on the way the Chinese tradition was defined (Teiser par. 2). Historically, Buddhism in China was introduced in the 2 nd Century A.D, during the Tang dynasty, and it became one of the most established religions in the Chinese traditional profile. Thereafter, its dominance diminished significantly towards the end of the
A firm must do business in a manner that satisfies the expectation of the community; each person living in the community has specific responsibilities towards it. An individual, for instance, must respect social norms and values of conduct while a firm is allowed by the community to continue with its business operations and thus earn income as long as that business is sustainable. However, there are undesirable activities increase the earnings of the firm at the expenses of the community by adversely affecting the community at large (Yunus, 2007). Thus, the question becomes, should the firm be operated to the advantage of its shareholders with the sole intention of increasing profits maximally regardless of the harm it does to the society, or should it take the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility and focus on legal, ethical and philanthropic expectations that have been place on it by government. The main purpose of business is making profit. Friedman argues that it is a social responsibility of every business. Managers have right to conduct business in accordance with the employer’s desire. It is no wonder that the main desire of every employer is to make as much money as possible, even if it is confronting social rules. Business cannot be responsible, only people can have responsibilities (Friedman, 1970). Business cannot be moral. Managers use CSR only to for their own projects and talking about “responsible manager or businessman”, we can talk only about a person who is subjective to social opinion. Business is all about making money and making profit, it is the main purpose of any business. Consequently, corporations can only contribute to the society when they make a good business. All social responsibilities are preoccupations of the government and state. Many companies used to follow the motto that “the main purpose of business is making profit”. There are endless examples of such behaviour of the companies. For example, Clasbeek (2003) provides the example of the British American Tobacco and Phillip Morris who did not provide full information about the influence of tobacco on health. As a result, it led to the addiction and death of their customers, many got tobacco-related illnesses (Glasbeek, 2003). The Nestle company also provided its products in poor countries, as a result, a number of babies got sick (Glasbeek, 2003). However, can we punish these companies? On the one hand, their products were harmful, on the other hand, the companies were not responsible for the customers and the products people chose to consume. The actions of these companies were based on the Friedman theory. There is some evidence to support this theory and prove that company should not be regulated by social rules. Firs
Cash Flow Summary The bars in the above graph represent the amounts available from:   * Earned income (wages and self-employment)   * Social Security   * Qualified plan additions and distributions   * Investment additions and distributions   * Misc – (inheritances, sale of residence, retirement account minimum distributions, Life insurance) The line illustrates the annual expenses including:   * Personal living expenses   * Planned debt expenses   * Specified special expenses   * Planned deposits to investment and retirement accounts   * Miscellaneous expense items   * Taxes Note: The Cash Flow report provides the actual numbers that create the preceding Cash Flow Summary graph. Cash Flow Actual future investment returns, taxes, and inflation are unknown. Do not rely upon this report to predict future investment performance. Lessons from Financial Plan The money tree Personal Financing Plan program is not only user friendly, but also convenient. Even though the program’s report should not be fully relied on by users due to unpredictability of actual future investment returns, inflation rate, and level of taxes, it acts as a guideline for individuals and Personal Financing Planning experts. The process of performing the money tree Personal Financing Planning is enlightening and helpful in numerous ways to individuals who want to secure a future for their families as well as students pursuing career in Personal Financing Planning. It shows that Personal Financing Planning is a complicated and involving process that requires the involvement of professionals. The most important lesson one can learn from the process is of the various sources of individual’s income and their influence on his or her Financing Plan. Main sources of fund for individuals include salaries from employment, retirement benefits, savings, and inheritance. According to the report, individuals who spend less than they earn save more and therefore have more money for investment than those who spend more. The common areas of individual expenditure include, education costs, loan repayments, regular living expenses such as food, clothing, medicine, and transport, and planned expenses. An individual’s ability to control his or her spending consequently leads to increased savings. Secondly, the Personal Financing Planning calculation process using money tree gives users opportunity to learn the various factors affecting their future level of investment and earnings. For example, persons who start saving from earlier ages accumulate more money before retirement than those who start at old age. Additionally, I have learned that the main sources of individual’s earnings after retirement are investment and pension. The amount of e
Introduction The film “Boys in the Hood” happens in Los Angeles, California, and focuses on a set of African American youth that matures together in the same locality. The film gives us an overview of the world and the situation that numerous African Americans have to endure. In the course of the trials, sufferings, and confrontations that young men experience, we can witness some of the social and financial setbacks that confronted many African Americans in the past and presently (Chantal par. 2). This paper will analyze the urban planning of the film by considering three major topics covered by the film: Importance of role model or friendship in urban slums, the importance of education, and gun violence. Gun violence Aggression in the urban areas will forever be a setback in the society unless something is done. Most of the residents portrayed in the film resided in tiny homes and had many economic difficulties that were evident in their day-to-day lives. In a community that upholds financial prestige above everything else, the transformation would be complicated. The imbalance in the allocation of resources is an important basis for violence (Chantal par. 3). A common presumption portrayed in the film is that the American youth desires what it cannot get. The movie reveals the inability of the youth to handle the pressures of urban life and eventually being carried away by them, through peer pressure. The moral decay of urban society is evidenced by the ease with which teenagers are acquiring and accessing guns and drugs. It is evident in the film of how Ricky is gunned down by a group of youth after an argument, leaving his young child fatherless. This violence does not end there, and his friend, led by Doughboy, commences a search for the killers in order to revenge the death of their companion. A further indication of gun violence occurs when Doughboy and his friends find the group responsible for the murder, and exterminates them. One big question that arises is how teenagers access guns. Why are guns so commonly available to boys of such an age? In an effort to show how the menace of gun violence was far from over, Singleton notifies the audience that Doughboy would be killed a couple of days after his brother’s burial (Singleton 28). The theory of urban modernity and its effects on society are well demonstrated in this film. President Obama recently tackled the issue of gun aggression when he addressed the South Side high school in Chicago. The young people in Chicago expressed their living as hard due to the expected panic of being stabbed, gunned, or murdered. Importance of education It is evident that the lack of access to education in the movie arises due to difficulties surrounding the family and community at large. Children who lack parents, or those who only have a singl
The dilemmatic nature of the argument and the contrast which is created by the personas of Creon and Antigone, characters of the famous Greek myth about Oedipus, are particularly interesting for their potential for interpretation. The narrative is exceptional for its propagation of the ideals held by Antigone and the messages about the inevitable nature of fate. This classic tale and, in particular, the questions that it raises remain relevant as familial values are speedily losing their popularity among the younger generation. The character of Creon is a distinct example of an individual with an idea of power and his own potential. This statement is partially true, as the characters are, indeed, juxtaposed to one another, and thus, their characteristics are exaggerated. This is especially traceable in the pair of Creon and Antigone. Both Creon and Antigone stand for a set core of principles, by which the distinction is made between their roles in the narrative – Creon stands for egotism, and Antigone clearly emphasizes familial values. These familial inclinations of Antigone, in particular, make her a very likeable character. A young woman for whom an honorable death ceremony for her brother is more important than her own life – and for that, Antigone deserves immense respect and it is what the author personally agrees with. In Antigone , Creon appears as a strong leader, whose leadership becomes borderline tyrannical at vital points in the story. Such tendencies are fueled by the desire to prove himself – the inclination that arouses another very important theme of this myth – the prevalence of human laws over the divine law. Creon says to his son, “Do you want me to show myself weak before the people — or to break my sworn word?”, continuing that if he allows even for small “weakness”, he will not be respected as a ruler (Sophocles 520). Clearly, his strong adherence to the illegitimacy of Antigone’s actions stems not from a genuine belief that her behavior was somehow immoral – but directly from his self-assurance as a lawmaker. Perhaps unknowingly, he exposes himself as quite egocentric, expressing that “whoever is chosen to govern should be obeyed — just and unjust” (Sophocles 525). Moreover, he shows no signs of understanding his own son – willing to judge his son’s bride with full severity, as if blind to his suffering. In particular, such a stance – in which Creon exhibits himself as a blindly ambitious and avaricious person whom it becomes extremely hard to stand by. On the contrary, Antigone represents – and upholds – completely different values that prove to be much more