ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Perhaps, the American society is the most divergent, the most accommodating and the most culturally diverse among all societies across the globe. Interestingly, most Americans reflect similar elements of behavior in many respects (these elements are distinct to our American society). There are a number conscious and unconscious core values which are expected to guide every American character. Most of the American culture has to some extent embedded western civilization: A civilization that accommodates different cultures, merges multiple ideas, and values the freedom of choice. Still, a number of challenges in the direction of promoting our general wellbeing have been arising; thus, leading to questions on the direction that our society should direct for our common wellbeing. Here, I will be discussing approaches that can be designed in addressing the issues of wealth distribution, and the relationship between politics and community beliefs so as to have an even happier society. Inequality, Cohesiveness and Civic Virtue One among the challenges that face our society today is the widening rift between the rich and the poor (Sandel 267). Although our politics has evaded the reality of a widening society, several philosophers have given their opinions on the challenge of wealth distribution (Sandel 267). Our politics has become so distant from the challenge of widening social gaps that president Obama’s proposal to review tax laws in the direction of burdening the wealthy with more taxes has received heavy criticism from the republican political quarter (Sandel 267). Apart from philosophical ideologies on the topic of wealth distribution, there is a more important challenge which requires the attention of our political leaders: Civic Virtue (Sachs 14). Getting a picture of our social landscape will be useful here. As the gap between the affluent and the poor continues, the social gap between the rich and the poor is likewise widening; hence, decreasing the elements of cohesiveness and civic virtue within our society (Sachs 14). While the poor can only afford the often low quality education in public schools, the rich will take their children to expensive private schools (Sandel 268). Moreover, the rich can afford expensive social amenities and can even rely on their own security systems instead of the community policing (Nzich 60). Such an arrangement has two important results. First, it (wealth disparity) has led to a significant decrease in the level of interactions between the poor and the rich (Sahar 50). While a rich American will prefer to visit a private park for recreation, a poor American will rely on the often deteriorated public park. Secondly, such an arrangement (wealth disparity) has left most of the government’s services to the poor (Hansen 108). The rich are becoming less reliant on government services. For example; they (the rich) can pay for their own security services; they can take their children to private schools; and will often visit private parks (Hansen 128). As such, the rich will become less enthusiastic in paying for public services which they rarely utilize; thus, pres
The issue of inmate riots and disturbances is still urgent for the prison environment in spite of the constant focus on the problem’s causes and on the administration’s preventive actions. The problem is in the fact that it is necessary to concentrate on the particular features of the prison environment’s development because it develops and changes according to the specific rules. That is why, it is important to focus on the latest research results a
Summary This lab activity will show that bacteria are ubiquitous – meaning that they are found everywhere! You will examine some surfaces and note that while you can’t see individual bacteria because they are so tiny and clear, it is possible to see a colony, or group, of bacteria. Surfaces will be swabbed today, and bacteria will incubate at room temperature for a week. Then, the bacteria will be observed and counted. Materials   * four nutrient agar plates;   * sharpie;   * 1 vial of sterile water;   * 16 sterile swabs. Procedure Label the Plates   * Obtain the nutrient agar plates. With the sharpie, divide each plate into quadrants. (DO NOT WRITE ON THE LID – ONLY WRITE ON THE BASE!).   * Label all four plates with your name.   * Label one plate with one of the four areas below:       + Inside Room;       + Outside the Room;       + Personal Possessions;       + Areas of the Body.   * Label each quadrant sequentially.   * Decide on the four locations within each area that you wish to test (it is completely up to you!). Note those locations on your datasheet. Obtain the Specimens  1. In order to transfer bacteria from one surface to another, it helps if they are moistened. Take a sterile swab and quickly dip it into the sterile water. Be careful not to contaminate the water by keeping the lid open too long.  2. Immediately swab the area to be tested. To do this, roll the moist swab across the area, being sure to touch an area of at least 1cm 2 .  3. Carefully open the nutrient agar plate, positioning the lid so that air contamination will not impact the results. Roll the swab across the surface of the agar in the same manner you used to pick up the bacteria. This will transfer the bacteria onto the agar in an exact replica of the way they were on the tested surface.  4. Immediately close the lid of the petri dish.  5. Discard the swab into the regular trash.  6. The sterile water should continue to be sterile and can be used for the entirety of this experiment. Incubate the Bacteria  1. When all four quadrants on all four plates are complete, turn all four petri dishes upside down and tape them together with masking tape. Label the masking tape with your name.  2. Place the stack of plates into an incubator set at 22℃. Be sure the plates are upside-down in the incubator.  3. Allow plates to incubate for
Introduction Hydraulic fracturing is a new technology widely been accepted for the production of oil and gas from porous rocks. The technology has created thousands of jobs, created revenuer, and alternative sources of energy despite the accruing environmental problems. Thesis statement The hydraulic fracturing technique is a high-pressure injection process that was invented in 1947, which became commercially viable in 1950. It has led to the production of billions of metric tons of gas, creating millions of jobs despite the resulting adverse environmental impacts. Hydraulic fracturing differs from the conventional methods in that the technology uses pressurized water that consists of several propellants combined with sand and thickening agents (Fu, Johnson, & Carrigan, 2013). The mixture is injected into the deep rock formations of the earth to fracture them and make petroleum, natural gas, and brine to flow freely for the extraction of oil shale and shale gas. Wind, nuclear, and coal differ from fracturing because they depend on the conversion of already available fuels. According to Fu et al. (2013), despite the invention of hydraulic fracturing in 1947, it was rolled out in 1950. The technology gained industrial use in 20003 when many companies in the United States became actively involved in hydraulic fracturing. According to Fisher and Warpinski (2012), fracturing is used in the extraction of oil and gas from rocks by exploiting the porosity and permeability of the rocks that allow methods such as in situ extraction to be used. In the future, hydraulic fracturing will be the most reliable sources of oil and gas extraction from rocks. However, environmental impacts include the emission of harmful gaseous substances and extensive land use, among others. According to Fisher and Warpinski (2012, different amounts of gas are produced from each well depending on various factors, such as the size of the well. For instance, 9,000 pounds of gas are per square inch (62,050 kilopascals) in the U.S. that was estimated by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s 21 st Century Energy. However, the Primer – American Petroleum Institute estimates that figure to be 10 000 pounds per 62,050 kilopascals. However, the difference is within the allowable limits. On the other hand, the cost of setting up a fracturing plan has been estimated to bet $7000, 000 for a single well. The cost includes machinery, drilling, fracturing, and water. Economies of many countries benefit significantly from hydraulic fracturing in terms of revenue generation from the gas and oil from the sites. According to Fu et al. (2013), hydraulic fracturing has created millions of jobs in the energy industry. Significant investments have been made in the production of energy in the United States. Estimates by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s 21 st Century Energy repor
Much of what is known about the Pharisees arguably comes from Biblical sources, specifically from the Christian tradition. There were many instances in the Gospels when Jesus was confronted by the Pharisees and vice versa. For the Pharisees, the “meticulous observance of the Torah and its commandments … reflects the highest form of divine service.” 1 From this perspective the self-righteous stance of the Pharisees is very much evident and it is contrasted with the humility exhibited by the common people of that era. 2 The Pharisees are hated and reviled by those who condemn a narrow-minded approach to applying traditions. But a close examination of their history and belief system will reveal that they are not evil people and that they have many things in common with religious conservatives of today. There are those who may read the Christian Bible and make the conclusion that the Pharisees were the top religious party when it comes to Judaism but there are those who argue that this group were simply one of the several sects “each of limited membership, competing for the attention of the unaffiliated majority.” 3 Nevertheless, a conservative assessment of the extent of their power and influence had to give way to the realization that the Pharisees were “the largest and ultimately most influential of all the sects present during the 1 st century. 4 Nevertheless, the group’s rise to prominence was due in part to the spirit of the times when the masses wanted to break free from the oppression of the Roman Empire and the lack of satisfaction they felt with their religion. Furthermore, scholars like Smith pointed out the necessity of entrusting the Jewish population to the control of the Pharisees after the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD also explains their rise to power even after the time of Christ. 5 Thus, it can be argued that the religious and political party of the Sadducees was established first. Afterwards the Pharisees came into the picture in the hopes of instituting reform
Introduction Assault, battery, false imprisonment, and kidnapping constitute offenses against a person as defined by the US Criminal Law. These instances of unlawful behavior contain an aggressive component and involve bodily harm or the threat of it therein. The aim of this paper is to review and expand upon a specific scenario with regard to the criminal offenses mentioned above. Assault and Battery Assault and battery are two non-fatal offenses against a person that are often prosecuted together. The elements of criminal act and intent are required for both crimes to be recognized as such. An instance of criminal conduct can be considered assault if the victim “apprehends the possibility of imminent unlawful violence,” taken to mean that the perpetrator’s physical actions cause apprehension of a violent attack (Simester, Spencer, Stark, Sullivan & Virgo, 2016, p. 432). This type of criminal conduct typically constitutes a misdemeanor. Battery, meanwhile, is taken to involve a criminal act of harmful or offensive touching, or any unlawfully inflicted violence without the assault’s characteristic of the threat of immediate bodily harm; the concept “emerged as a crime from a tort of trespass to the person” (Simester et al., 2016, p. 433). Therefore, the battery requires additional elements of attendant circumstance, causation, and harm. The physical contact with the victim’s non-consenting person in this felony offense may be perpetrated with an object or substance as well. As an example, a soccer hooligan’s attack from behind with a broken beer bottle against another fan would be considered battery. Physical conduct motivated by the above-mentioned rivalry, thus, with the victim recognizing the threat of violence before it may result in bodily harm, would constitute an assault. In this example, the fan may threaten a member of a rival fraction with the broken beer bottle, making stabbing motions in close proximity to the victim’s person. Jurisdiction Depending on a jurisdiction in which the crime has occurred, the man’s actions could be prosecuted as an assault, as there were a criminal act and a specific intent; moreover, the victim apprehended the possibility of imminent unlawful violence prior to, or at the moment of being dragged into the alley. Various jurisdictions, furthermore, could view the criminal conduct as a threatened battery assault, a crime with the offense elements of causation and harm present therein. The offensive contact was purposefully perpetrated, and the
The enduring debate about whether choice or determinism influences human behavior and actions reveals interesting perspectives. Freedom and determination are opposing forces that represent a situation where people can decide their demeanor or have no control over them, respectively. Contention surrounds the concepts of free choice and causality to understand whether man creates his destiny or follows a definite path set for him. The perplexing issues include how to account for or change actions and fate depending on whether they come from within or from external stimuli (Willoughby et al. 137). An objective and meticulous examination of the freedom and responsibility spectrum that highlights the difference between choice and causation explains whether human actions are free or predetermined. Self-discretion refers to the inherent capacity for someone to choose his actions or behavior without any form of restriction. The keyword that drives choice is self-determination, such as deciding to commit a crime or avoid it, fully aware of the repercussions. Interestingly, this does not imply that behavior occurs randomly but that individuals are free from the causal influences derived from experiences (Willoughby et al. 143). The humanistic approach delineates self-discretion as the agency to exercise personal preferences regarding the consequences of the exhibited behavior. Famed humanists psychologists, such as Maslow argue that freedom is possible and necessary for man to become fully functional. Undeniably, self-actualization is a unique human need and motivation that illustrates man’s uniqueness from other species. Determinism and the determinist perspective posit that every demeanor or action is predictable by virtue of having a cause. Essentially, the determinist school of thought rejects freedom as an illusion and cites internal and external forces beyond human control as the source of behavior. Consequently, determinists observe human action and behavior from two angles, namely external and internal determinism (Willoughby et al. 149). External determinists observe behavior as a human trait resulting from external influencers, such as the media, peers, school, and parents. Social learning theory and behaviorism acknowledge the value of external influence (Willoughby et al. 151) as illustrated by Bandura who linked children’s aggressive behavior with what they observed and imitated from their parents. Internal determinism explains how forces from within a person shape behavior and actions. Sociobiology acknowledges the value of genetic inheritance that represents forces derived from inside a family to govern the
Introduction Cybercrime is one of the problems that pose challenge to the world’s ICT systems. In fact, companies recognize the need for effective cyber security systems. Moreover, computer forensic examiners are usually in constant search for digital evidence to establish acts of cybercrime. Interestingly, most cybercrime issues are because of negligence on the part of website owners who provide vital information freely to potential offenders. Types of cyber crime include phishing and hacking, among others. Techniques utilized to control cyber crime include encryption, among others. This paper will explore a potentially dangerous website, which has the capacity to lead teenagers into cybercrimes such as identity theft, and hacking, among others (Nicholson, 2011). SMARTPLANET: How to steal an Identity in seven easy steps This article was written by Christie Nicholson, a journalist who produces and hosts podcasts for several renowned science channels such as discovery, Babelgum and Scientific, among others. She has an overwhelming experience in technology and cybercrime based on her background as a journalist and her experience with scientific channels. Moreover, she has interacted severally with the academic and industrial giants in technology and science such as Stanford and MIT, among others (Nicholson, 2011). Why the website falls in the category The website, SMARTPLANET, provides information on latest technologies as well as scientific news. However, it should be noted that some of the articles on technology, which the websites provides to its audience, are both destructive as well as constructive depending on the kind of audience. For instance, the article by Christie Nicholson can easily sway teenagers to try identity theft in their quest to become computer wizards. Firstly, the title of the article in the website is highly elusive. The title talks about how someone can steal identity in seven easy steps. The intuition of such an article to a potential thief is dangerous. When a potential thief sees such a heading, he/she will rejoice because it would make his/her work easier. Additionally, teenagers who yearn to become computer wizards would easily apply the techniques involved to steal from their friends, parents or lecturers, whom they interact with frequently. In essence, the title us
The Significant Facts Until 1977, Coca-Cola Company was one of the best companies in the Indian manufacturing industry. Coca-cola is one of the foreign companies in India that fair well in the manufacturing industry. The main reason why the company quit its operations in India in 1977 was to avoid disclosing its secrets to the Indian government concerning its manufacturing activities. The company was also not willing to cut down its equity share as demanded by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act of (FERA) of India (Coca-Cola India, n.d., p. 3). The company made came back to India in 1993. It returned with a different formula that would see it capture the greatest share of the Indian soft drink market. Coke India manufactures brands such as Citra, Limca, Maaza, and Gold Spot. These brands are very much preferred by the Indian consumers of soft drinks. Other brands that the company manufactures in India include Sprite, Fanta, Diet Coke, Scheppers, Kinley water, and very many energy drinks (Coca-Cola India, n.d., p. 4). Coke-India has invested a great amount of capital in this business. For instance, in the period between 1993 and 2003, the company invested close to US$1.2 billion. This was a very huge investment and so, the company was regarded as one of the top foreign investors in India. During this period, the company recorded a 39% growth. It is believed that this company contributed greatly to the 23% growth of the Indian manufacturing industry realized in 2002 (Coca-Cola India, n.d., p. 4). Coke-India is purely a local company, which produces its brands locally. The company manufactures these brands in such a way that they reflect the tastes, cultures, and lifestyles of the Indians. The company has created quite several employment opportunities for the local citizens. It offers more than 11,000 direct employments and about 124,000 indirect ones to the citizens of India. The indirect job opportunities are created in the process of supply, procurement, and distribution (Coca-Cola India, n.d., p. 25). The Major Ethical Issue that affected Coca-Cola India The major ethical issue that rocked the Coke Company in 2003 was caused by the findings of the Center for Science and Environment (CSE). In 2003, the Indian government asked the CSE to conduct a test on Coca-Cola soft drinks. The research body was to test the drinks for major toxic insecticides and pesticides. The toxic components that were tested included Malathion, DDT, chlorpyrifos, and lindane (Coca-Cola India, n.d., p. 14). The CSE found out that the Coke brands had high concentrations of pesticides as well as insecticides. The results indicated that the average concentration of the two substances in the brands was 0.0150 mg/l. This was about a 30% deviation from the standards set by European Economic Commission (EEC) (Coca-Cola India, n.d., p. 16). Following the CSE results, it is evident that Coca-Cola India is selling harmful food substances to consumers. Pesticides and insecticides can accumulate in the body fat and remain there for a long time. The two substances have a long-term effect. For instance, they can cause heart failures and se