ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Description of the Title This research shall seek to assess the impact that celebrities have when it comes to fashion choices by consumers. This assessment shall include the psychological impact the celebrities have had on the current fashion trends. The research shall also delve into how this impact is normally tapped by fashion designers in developing new trends and styles. This assessment shall also extend to examining the degree in which such a fashion trend penetrates the market. Introduction Luxury brand normally comes at a higher price as compared to other products. Sometimes we find a certain attire being sold at a very exorbitant price just because it is of a certain brand. In spite of the high price, people still buy these products. Some even save to buy it while those who cannot afford can only wish that they could afford it. The supernormal price is normally associated with the brand that the attire bears. In other words, people are really buying the brand and not the product. This is despite the fact that luxury brands add no specific value apart from the perceptions of human beings. It offers psychological satisfaction. Luxurious brands are normally associated with the high-life which most people would want to experience. Celebrities too are normally considered to be at a higher social class. This is because their fans idolise them and consider them to be role models. This explains the important treatment they get whenever they visit some places. Luxurious brands are also attached to a higher social status. While wearing, any watch will give you the time whenever you read it, wearing a brand such as Rolex shall seem to have elevated you in the social stratus. One feels to be socially superior when in designer’s wear than in any normal wear. This has
Introduction Calvin P Anderson is a specialist with 15 years experience in a CPA firm. His experience range from the provision of traditional accounting to tax services but does not include business litigation or business appraisal services. Litigation and business appraisal is a new area that was introduced to Anderson by a friend and which he developed interest by reading widely and attending seminars. After gaining some experience, Anderson called an attorney and informed him that he could perform and offer the services. He went ahead to produce and mailed a marketing literature to convince the attorney and other players in that particular area of law, and hence he was subsequently contacted by an experienced attorney in the field. The attorney, Justine Esquire, Peterson Jones Haskins and Dingle, LLP, inquired about Anderson’s service, education, experience in the field and whether or not he had experience in the economic analysis. When asked about his ability to testify, Anderson agreed. When he was asked by Esquire about the fee he charged, Anderson told him that it was US $150 per month; this was based on hearsay information by Anderson that he can charge premium on litigation practice. In his response, Esquire agreed that he was willing to pay US$135 and he did not ask about the retainer fee. Esquire took time to confirm a deal with his c
Over the last couple of decades, beginning from the 1990s, there is a sharp decline of letter writing in accordance to the report of US postal service. Of course, official letters are still in use and the postal department delivers them throughout the world. However, in the context of casual letter writing, there is a diminishing trend and the fundamental cause of this trend is globalization and the impact of internet communication along with other telecommunication agents. (Cowen, 132). The late 1990s and 2000s can be referred to as a new era of sunshine gradually but progressively scattering its rays all over the world, incorporating the nations, bringing people, culture and economies close to each other. Internet communication along with other telecommunication agents, like cost effective mobile telephone, signifies increasing global connectivity, incorporation and interdependence in the economic, cultural, technological, social, ecological, and political spheres. (Barber, 29). Global communication acts as an umbrella expression and is possibly best explained as a unitary progression comprehensive of several sub-processes, such as improved financial interdependence, augmented cultural authority, rapid progress of information technology, and superior governance and geopolitical defies that are ever more binding people and the biosphere extra firmly into one global system. (Friedman, 85). Cultural Globalization is growth of cross-cultural relations, beginning of fresh categories of perceptions and distinctiveness such as Globalism, which exemplify cultural conduction, the desire to get through and have the benefit of foreign commodities and ideas, take on original technology and practices, and play a part in a world culture. Ecological Globalization refers to the beginning of global ecological defies that can not be worked out devoid of international collaboration, for instance climate alterations, cross boundary water and air contaminations, excessive fishing of the ocean, and the multiplicity of invasive species. (Cantor, 93-4) Social Globalization is the term for accomplishment of free flow by people of all countries. These populations are finding communication means in form of telecommunication networking and internet services. Thus, it could narrate the aspect of the basic issue globalization and hybridization is but a two-way approach. There the basic maxims of capitalistic economy are taken into consideration at every step of formulating the strategies of marketing. (Pells, 211) It is obvious that the basic force of any business is to deal with the principals of profit and the methods of maximization of profit margin. Thus, writing letters and posting it through postal services are proving to be time consuming thus slowing down business. (Semati, 176-188). Global communication system has also spread its wings in Technical as well as legal arenas. Development of a worldwide telecommunications infrastructure and larger across the border data flow, by means of such technologies as the communication satellites, Interne
Introduction Corruption could be defined as unethical and dishonest behavior or action with the purpose of the personal gain of a person who is entrusted with the power (Rose-Ackerman, 2013). Unfortunately, corruption is a widespread phenomenon among different societies and institutions. The reported cases of bribes taking in the government, police, judiciary, healthcare, sport, and other areas of social life occur almost every day. It is considered that corruption did not appear at once. It was developing gradually from the small single events to a general problem (Köbis et al., 2016). Thus, to describe the phenomenon of public corruption, four major hypotheses exist the concept of “slippery slope,” the society-at-large hypothesis, the structural or affiliation hypothesis, and the rotten apple hypothesis. Gratuities as the First Step on the “Slippery Slope” Gratuities are the commonly accepted practice. This occurrence seems to be innocent: people are grateful for the favor and express their gratitude by gifts. However, according to Köbis et al. (2016), these events are the first steps on the so-called “slippery slope” which leads to the corruption increase and spreading. The general idea of this concept is that people who were entrusted with the power started to ignore their professional duties and act only with the purpose to obtain financial or other benefits. An example of such a “slippery slope” was cited by Coleman (2004). A café near a police station offers free coffee to a police officer. This officer provides some favors to this café owners, in particular, protects customers from drunken visitors. The situation seems to be understandable and innocent. However, an officer inevitably starts to expect more bonuses for his services: a coffee and a dessert, a free lunch, and, finally, some money as a bribe. In turn, the café expects more and more favors from the officers. Thus, if the process started, it could not be stopped. Society-at-Large Hypothesis The society-at-large hypothesis suggests that people in the community are willing to give bribes to the entrusted with the power of people: police officers, politicians, judges, and others. Thus, people with authorities started to expect these actions in response to their professional duties performing. It is a possible way how the phenomenon of bribes appeared. According to Meyer, Steyn, and Gopal (2013), it is important to increase people’s awareness of corruption reasons and consequences. People should understand that a single gift or a bribe is not something innocent but a part of the whole system of corruption. Citizens are responsi
Introduction Among the many policies established by various nations, immigration policies are some of the states’ laws that have many biases attached to them. Aristide defines immigration policy as “any policy of a state that deals with the transit of persons across its borders into the country especially those that intend to work and remain in the country” (2006, p.23). A country may choose to prohibit the transit of people across its borders or rather permit free movement of people. However, as priory mentioned, even in situations of free immigration, the state must establish some criterion of distinguishing people who fit from those who do not. One of such biasness may entail the issuance of a directive to permit the admission of citizens belonging to a given multi or bilateral form of an organization such as commonwealth amongst others. More often, scholars have criticized immigration policies based on what characterizes them: religious or even racial prejudices. As Herrera and Moualhi posit, “In liberal-democratic polities, the question of ‘who makes immigration policy’ evokes the question of the extent at which those policies mirror the preferences of a majority of citizens, or rather those of small interest groups” (2004, p.1). The most preferred answer being to foster multiculturalism attitude in the formulation and implementation of the immigration policies within a country. With this in mind, the paper scrutinizes the Sweden and Germany immigration policies. The focus lies on unveiling the imminent racial inequalities that characterize these two countries coupled with conducting an examination of how recent social policy contributed to maintaining or reducing the inequalities. Immigration policies in Germany and Sweden Over the years, immigration has constituted a global phenomenon worth regulating by enacting various state policies. While not negating permanent immigrants, the immigrants’ population constitutes both temporally, frontier and seasonal workers. Disguised as one of these legally acceptable immigrants, the immigrant population also comprises of illegal immigrants and asylum seekers who may or may not be legally recognized. As Luciani Posits, “In Europe, new flows into the traditional countries of emigration such as Italy, Spain and Portugal have supplemented the long established migration patterns from ex colonies to the UK and France, and of Turks to Germany” (1993, p.59). Over the decades, both eastern and central Europe have experienced ardent political changes that have in turn resulted to the creation of magnificent immigration pressures among the citizens. Whether Sweden or Germany, most of the immigrants come from developing nations. The developing nations faced the challenges of the high population growth rates, which outweigh the rate at which their governments can create employment opportunities. Consequently, immigration acts like a safety valve, which has significant advantages in terms of provision of employment. In this end immigr
Introduction Experiences of journalists in the Vietnam War changed media reporting of wars today. The media reported uncensored events of the war to the public. These stories and photographs changed the public’s opinion about the war. The War took place between 1957 and 1975 in South Vietnam. The Vietnam War claimed over 60,000 American soldiers and over 2 million Vietnamese. These figures are estimates as the exact number of casualties are extremely difficult to know. Arguably, this was the most unpopular war among Americans. Critics and veterans believed that explicit and negative coverage of the war changed public opinion about it. Media have the capacity to shape opinions i.e. they can change the way we “think, feel, and react about situations and events” (Altheide, 2009). This explains why the two iconic photos changed Americans view about the War. The first one depicts napalmed child ( Accident Napalm of 1972). The second is the execution of an alleged Viet Cong soldier by an American marine in the street of Saigon ( Tet Execution of 1968). The review of literature and analysis shall show effects of the mass media on viewers and their views regarding the war. The analysis shall also involve common themes that emerged during the war due to media involvement and iconic photos that changed reporting style of subsequent wars. These two photos reflect moments of horrors during the Vietnam War. Critics considered these images iconic because of emotions they created among American viewers. In order to understand image representations of the Vietnam War, this study shall rely on semiotic analyses of photos through identifications of central ideas. We shall explore meanings behind photographs using signs and expressions, and how they relate to cultural aspects of society. Semiotic analyses enable us to understand meanings attributed to images and viewers’ perceptions of images in a given social context. Different aspects of these photos can have different meanings to different people based on their cultural orientations. These iconic photos reveal the importance of photojournalism in reporting war events. Reflexive-dialogic introduction It is not possible to explain why the US government did not regulate media coverage of the Vietnam War. Americans watched all events of the war and viewed photographs obtained during the war. The media raised public concerns about the war and the rising number of casualties of the US soldiers. The question is whether events of the Vietnam War created better opportunities for media reporters, photographers and commentators to question Americans involvement in the War. The role of the media in the Vietnam War also raises issues of what the media ought to censor and report to the public. For instance, issues of Tet Offensive, Accidental Napalm, and other gruesome events that showed death and massive destruction created impressions that the Vietnam War was like that in Saigon and other areas. It could be that media represen
Securitization and US sub-prime crisis In the financial market of US, sub prime crisis was as a result of collapse of the unregulated $3 trillion over the counter market for complex structured assets, which included residential mortgages in the US. This structured asset crisis represented a sharp reversal on how global investors view all securitized assets and custom derivative structures, such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) when it happened in 2007. In risk analysis of the incidence, crisis was about how banks package loans and other assets using complex derivative structures, ratings from Moody’s and S&P, private mortgage insurance and less of credit quality of the mortgage loans behind a given bond issue. The crisis can be also attributed to conflict of vision from economics and market stakeholders. The economists argued that securitized assets that developed by the GSEs to liquefy the market for residential mortgages would be more transparent and thus more efficient than bank assets in the market, secondly the securitization market grew beyond the US market for GSE paper, this meant that intermediary role of the commercial banking in
Introduction Mykonos is a famous Greek island and a popular tourist destination where people from all over the world can enjoy a variety of activities. The island is located in the Mediterranean Sea. While the island has many unique aspects, people usually note its history and beauty as the most compelling features of Mykonos. Location Mykonos is part of the Cyclades group of islands and has a latitude of 37° 26′ 43.04″ N and a longitude of 25° 19′ 43.39″ E (“Mykonos,” n.d.). The island has an area of 33 square miles and an altitude of 1,119 feet at its highest point (“Mykonos,” n.d.). The population of the island includes over 10 thousand people, most of whom live in Mykonos, the largest town on the island. History The island of Mykonos was among the first islands to be populated by the Greek people and has been inhabited for over 3,000 years. It is frequently mentioned in Ancient Greek mythology and was said to be the place where Zeus fought the Titans (Pepper, 2014). Located at a favorable spot in the Mediterranean Sea, Mykonos became a maritime trading post. It has a complex cultural heritage due to its diverse history. According to Pepper (2014), it was once home to Romans, Venetians, Byzantines, and even the Ottomans before it returned to the hands of the Greek people after a war for independence. The location of the island, as well as the climate, has made it an important point for trading, travel, and agriculture. Attractions Mykonos offers many varied attractions, making it easy for every tourist to find a number of places to visit. The Aegean Maritime Museum, for instance, would be interesting for those who like history or the sea as it contains a variety of reproductions of boats that were used for travel in the Mediterranean Sea. The Archaeological Museum of Mykonos would also be exciting for history lovers as it contains exhibits of ancient sculptures and pottery discovered on the island. For those interested in modern art, the Rarity Gallery offers a look at the work of contemporary artists from all over the globe, including sculptures and paintings. Greece is also famous for its agriculture and food, which is why the Windmills of Kato Mili are among the most popular sights on the island. These windmills were built by Venetians and thus offer a unique look into the island’s history. The Armenistis Lighthouse is located on the northern part of the island, offering a compelling view of the island and the sea from its viewing platforms. The many additional attractions for tourists to visit in Mykonos make it a versatile and rich tourist destination. Food Mykonos offers a large number of restaurants and cafes that are available to local people and tourists. The food on the island is usually either Mediterranean cuisine, with a lot of fish and various seafood, or traditional Greek foods, including charcoal-grilled meats, vegetables, and desserts. Apart from restaurants, the island also has many taverns offering an authentic Greek dining experience. The climate on the island is beneficial for agriculture, which is why visitors and locals can enjoy locally grown fruits
Introduction The relationship between the character traits of leaders and their followers is essential for understanding various aspects of organizational performance. This issue is discussed in the research article written by Ahmad. This author examines the effects of leader-follower personality congruence on employees’ performance and the extent of their satisfaction with their work (Ahmad 396). This paper will discuss several questions related to this study. Much attention should be given to the key concepts used by the scholar. Moreover, one should describe and interpret the results presented in this article. Overall, Ahmad’s research indicates that the similarities in the character traits of leaders and subordinates can increase workers’ job satisfaction and improve their performance; nevertheless, the outcomes also depend on the organizational environment, especially the leadership style of managers. Innovation in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Teams In his article, Ahmad discusses the peculiarities of homogeneous and heterogeneous teams. While evaluating the effectiveness of such groups, one should determine which of them is better for innovation. It seems that heterogeneous teams are usually more conducive to innovation. The main characteristic of such groups is that they include people with different backgrounds, worldviews, and values. Therefore, they can look at the same problem from different perspectives. These individuals may not agree on everything, but their cooperation can lead to new solutions. By contrast, homogeneous teams include people who share certain viewpoints, beliefs, and values. As a rule, they tend to adopt similar approaches to workplace tasks. In such an environment, people are less likely to introduce innovations. One should note that this issue is not the main question of Ahmad’s study. However, this author refers to various research articles indicating that diversity or heterogeneity of teams is associated with improved problem-solving and creativity (Ahmad 397). The scholar also points out that sometimes, the similarity in the character traits of leaders and subordinates can have a negative impact on performance (Ahmad 404). Thus, one can suppose that heterogeneous teams tend to be better at innovation. Complementary and Supplementary Fit The article written by Ahmad is focused on such notions as complementary and supplementary fit. Both of them mean that a person has successfully adjusted or integrated oneself into the workplace environment (Ahmad 397). Nevertheless, one should not overlook a significant difference between these concepts. Complementary fit is used to describe a situation when an individual has a quality or qualities that other members of the group lack (Ahmad 397). In its turn, the notion of supplementary fit means that a person embod
The government system comprises of the Judiciary, the Legislature, and the Executive. These are referred to as the arms/branches of the government. The constitution gives powers to these government arms in a complementary way. The government arms are supposed to support each other and check on each other’s excesses. The Legislature is composed of an elected Congress that is given the responsibility of passing laws. The Executive enforces these laws and jails convicted people. The Judiciary tries people. The grand jury listens to the facts of every case and issues an indictment, while the trial jury convicts people accused of offenses. Therefore, there are limits to the actions of each government branch. Checks and balances ensure that no government branch misuses its power. This paper is an analysis of the checks and balances set up by the Constitution to protect the citizenry from excesses by the arms of government. As mentioned above, the Legislature plays the role of making laws in the government. It has also been given certain powers by the constitution in order to check the excesses of the Executive. Such powers include the ability to override vetoes by the President if two-thirds of its members accept the override. The Legislature can also influence the amount of funds given to the Executive for delivering services to the citizenry. It can also impeach the President. The Senate checks Executive powers by approving treaties and appointments by the President. Legislature can also impeach judges, create low categories of courts, and approve judicial appointments. The Executives’ checks over Legislature include its power to recommend legislation, the President’s veto power, power to ask for special Congressional sessions, and power to seek people’s opinions on certain legislations. It also has checks over the Judiciary. This is because the President, who also appoints federal judges, is responsible for appointing the Supreme Court. The Judiciary checks the excesses of the Executive because of its independence from the Executive. Courts can declare the unconstitutionality of Executive actions. The Judiciary also checks Legislative excesses by declaring the acts of the Legislature as unconstitutional. The government can properly address the current issue of lack of prop