ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Indians are known to house strong beliefs culture and religion throughout its history. Indians are strong believers of Hinduism and Buddhism intellectual resurgence. Hinduism is a religion that encompasses ancient traditions providing information in the observation of religious living. Buddhism on the other hand covers India’s many traditional cultures, principle and practices. This may also be classified as one of the many religions of the Indian people. During the Delhi Sultanate (1206 – 1527), late medieval historical period different groups of people ruled India particularly from Delhi. The first of the dynasties ruling India started in the year 1206 through to 1290 (Mamluk dynasty). From then the Indians were absorbed by up-coming empires like the Mughal Empire creating a Muslim empire in India. Volatility was created as other ideas and religious conviction were incorporated in the Indian society. This country which had previously developed indigenous beliefs and religion was going to incorporate other people’s ideologies especially from Persia and central Asia. These significant events are seen to have brought with them new ideas having a great impact on the original culture and showing that India has the ability to absorb other ideas. Therefore this paper is going to highlight on this issue which will mainly be based around the Delhi Sultanate. The paper will then conclude by giving an insight on India’s ability of bringing on board other people’s ideas. A conqueror from Afghanistan (Mahmud) invaded North India at around 1000 AD. After his death in the year 1030 AD, he had put up a strong establishment of Islam in India. The richly cultured and religious Indians were now being ruled by Islamic kings. Another conqueror entered India in 1181. The invader Muhammad was killed in 1206, his position was taken over by the assistant who founded the Slave Dynasty. The Slave Dynasty was what facilitated the creation of Delhi Sultanate. The original Indian cultures at that of period of time were subjected to a number of changes. This was through the blending of Indian and Islamic cultures during this period of time (Manjari 152). A lot of Indian people started accepting Islam which in turn created a new modification of religion (a religion that took up a lot of Indian ideologies and beliefs). The social grouping passed through some changes with the Indians following their original systems. For the Muslims on the other hand the situations become a little tricky since their culture is not acquainted with the caste system. Nevertheless invasion into India led to the introduction of a lot of Indian ideas including the caste system. In Islam culture the caste structure began with ethnical partition. At the top of this division w
Executive summary Collision Martial Arts’ vision statement is to provide the means for each and every individual to possess a more productive and fulfilling life experience from martial arts by learning respect, honor, self discipline, self defense and physical fitness in a professional structure and friendly environment. The main objective is to create an environment where individuals will learn martial arts while enjoying their experience, inner personal growth and physical and mental achievement. For Collision to fulfill these targets, the company has to provide its customers with the highest quality martial arts training and physical fitness, which will increase their self esteem, concentration, discipline and self growth (Braun 2002). Market summary Market size, trends and opportunities Trends in the industry show that individuals are no longer seeking martial arts classes primarily for defense skills but are mostly driven by other reasons such as recreation and fitness needs. Parents enroll their children in order to keep them active, while the elderly seek such services to increase their balance and coordination. Growth in the industry will be driven by cultural and societal trends, with more and more people seeking martial arts for therapeutic and health reasons. The US is undergoing a culture change that has seen more and more people gain interest in routine exercise. As people adopt the living healthily norm, Collision Martial Arts will take advantage of the opportunity by opening several outlets within Chicago, and
Martin Alexander’s review on the topic “Aging, bioavailability, and overestimation of risk from environmental pollutants” presents information about organic compounds which while aging in soil lose their bioavailability. He emphasizes the fact that current methods of measuring decline of bioavailability proved to be not efficient enough. He evaluates flaws of these current methods pointing out at the problems the inefficiency of the methods may involve. The review makes use of reliable facts and is very educational but there is a need to discuss its structure and presentation of information more thoroughly with the reason of finding out which features a literature review should possess and what it is supposed to contain in order to be instructive and informative. What should be mentioned above all is that Martin Alexander pays special attention to grouping the research on similar and relative topics. He presents the overview of the early evidence on the subject: “The early information came from studies of concentration of pesticides in the field measured for long periods of time and from measurements of toxicity of pesticides to invertebrates and plants” (Martin Alexander 557). This is followed by recent evidence which on the basis of the early evidence aims to show “that the accessibility of several pollutants to bacteria and earthworms decreases as the pollutants age in soil” (Martin Alexander 558). By contrasting early and recent evidence the author makes it possible to find out that with time the pollutants become less absorbed by the small organisms which contributes greatly to the development of the subject. The overall information the author provides in the literature review deals with bioavailability of chemicals, traditional methods which are as a rule used to analyze polluted soil and toxicological significance of aging which influences genotoxic compounds of soil. On the whole, the review contains information about different methods of analyzing effects of pollutants which are produced on the living organisms. He also presents information about the chemicals which can cause cancer referring to the genotoxic compounds which, modifying DNA, are able to alter genes and, as a result, serve as a cause for developing cancer, and carcinogens which are considered to be the substances causing cancer. However, at this the author points out that, for instance, genotoxic compounds lose their ability of modifying DNA in the process of aging. When arranging the review the author starts with the ab
The Health Medical Organizations are the structures with the purpose of providing medical care to the people. The HMOs provide the basic kind of insurance plans that provide hospitals and include the services of qualified doctors. In addition, it could be said that HMO is an organization that completely differs from the ordinary insurance companies concerning health. Basically, there are two kinds of Health Medical Organizations, which include the open panel type, and the closed panel type. Their principle of interaction is cardinally different. For example, the open panel HMOs represent the structures that correspond to the form of relationship between the health organization and the care provider, which becomes declared by a contract. In its turn, the closed panel HMOs are the structures that include a certain health group of specialists, which directly represents the organization’s name. They require a fixed fee that has to be paid by their patients. Despite their specification, they use different insurance plans. The insurance plans were not always as they are today. As it was stated, before an emergence of the plans of the managed care starting from the year 1990, there were the old health insurances that allowed people to visit any doctor they wanted to ( Health Maintenance Organizations and Preferred Provider Organizations , 2016). The open panel HMOs, which relate to the Independent Practice Association (IPA), implement the opportunity for any physician to be involved in the process, from the name of the independent host organization. The difference between the open panel and close panel HMOs is in the approach towards the patients. In the open panel HMOs, a doctor has the rights to observe any patient that he wants. In its turn, the close panel HMOs do not have such an opportunity. Another type of open panel HMOs is known as the network model, which includes the organization’s opportunity of a contract with any individual specialist, medical structure or group. It could be interesting to mention that from the very beginning, the patients that were under the care of the HMOs, had the opportunity to be observed by the doctors that were specially chosen for them, and were able to use various facilities ( What is an Open panel HMO? 2016). The Close panel HMOs represent the type of organizat
Introduction Early settlers arrived in America with the aim of finding a place to live. Some escaped from England because of religious prosecution, and others wanted to do business. Religion and economic factors contributed to the colonization of North America. The paper will discuss the impacts of religion and economic factors on England colonization of North America. Discussion American colonies showed a sign of unity after the eighteenth century. The unity made people from Britain migrate to America. Religion was an important factor during colonization because it helped America become one nation. Colonialists saw America as a continent where religion was free to practice. When people from England settled in America, religion brought them closer. People coming together signify that religion played an important role in uniting people. However, religion also pushed people away from their homes. Some colonies, especially the middle ones, had no problem with religion. Practicing religion was easy because North America had many people who favored it. When the Great Awakening happened, colonists had more opportunities to practice their religion. It also played a role in helping people in America to survive As for economic interests, they led to the establishment of new colonies. For example, charter companies moved to America to expand their business ( Lapsansky and Roberts 41). Companies were groups of stakeholders. For example, they were comprised of rich landowners and merchants. Private sector financed the companies while the King of England gave each project a charter. The charter confirmed economic rights and judicial mandate to undertake their business. In 1960, British government came up with a policy to guide mercantilism in the trade. To achieve a balance in trade, the King passed a regulatory bill. The bill led to the formation of a system that enabled Britain to receive raw materials from America. The raw materials were processed into goods that were sold in the European markets. The triangular trade involved trade routes that linked American Colonies. The key role of such trade was to import goods from overseas and trade them for other types of goods. New England traded rum for slaves in Africa. Molasses and sugar acted as a means of exchange for slaves after arriving in West Indies. Slaves worked on plantations as casual laborers. The triangular trade, as well as the mercantilism, brought high profit to England’s shipbuilders, as well as tradesmen. However, Southern Colonies suffered because tobacco prices went down. The triangular trade led to the growth of a dominant class that included elites, who dominated politics and trade in the colonies. In addition, it is important to note that slaves travelled in inhumane conditions,
Introduction Sensory identification of consumed products by the tongue is called taste perception or gustation. Taste receptors located on the tongue react chemically with food allowing determining specific qualities of the substance. Until recent research, it was believed that there are four main categories of taste, including sweetness, sourness, saltiness, and bitterness. However, the development of science and in-depth study of gustation led to the discovery of the fifth category. In 1985 scientific community recognized umami as a new taste type. Evolution significantly influenced gustation, making it a unique survival instrument and finding nutritious food which is not harmful. For example, sweetness is an indicator of food containing energy-rich sugars. Sourness and bitterness helped people determine rotten or poisonous substances. Even though these functions are not as relevant now as they were centuries ago, potential discoveries may significantly influence the way humanity consumes food. One of the latest theories influencing the basics of gustation is related to the perception of complex carbohydrates. Recent research has shown that tongue receptors may be able to determine carbohydrates as a distinct taste type. There is a wide variety of areas in which gustation is studied, and further research on the subject may contribute to the development of public catering, medicine, and food production technologies. Recent research focuses on the importance of expectations and emotional background for gustation. Scientists also study sweeteners’ consumption effects on taste perception and the interrelations between sweet taste liking and propensity for drug use. Recent Research There is considerable evidence of the dependence of sensory stimuli on anticipation. It was also discovered that expectations might influence the subjective evaluation of taste. Nevertheless, research was conducted in order to determine if expectations may also impact taste reception on perceptual levels (Wilton et al., 2018). Queuing participants of the experiment for specific tastes, such as high-sweet substances, yet providing the opposite influenced their gustation, tilting perception of the actual taste towards the expected one (Wilton et al., 2018). Experimental data and analysis have proven that there is a correlation between expectations and taste perception. Gustation experience may be influenced by a wide variety of personal aspirations and assumptions. Such research may have substantial practical and theoretical value for humanity. The practical value may be expressed by the application of accumulated knowledge in marketing and business psychology. The above-mentioned study may explain why customers tend not to choose food labeled as “healthy” or “low-fat” (Wilton et al., 2018). People expect these types of food to be less tasty, and such expectations impact their taste perception. Sufficient knowledge of the subject may contribute to the development of specific approaches to changing food aspirations in order to improve the consumption exper
Introduction Dorothy Abrahams had colon cancer. She underwent numerous surgeries as well as chemotherapy. There seemed to be not much success because she was still bedridden for the past twelve years. While recovering from the surgery and chemotherapy she developed insomnia and so, aside from painkillers, she needed the help of secobarbital to act as a sleeping pill. When the doctor discovered that there is no medical basis for the insomnia, the physician suspected that the patient is now a full-blown barbiturate addict. He decided to slowly replace secobarbital’s active ingredient with milk sugar so that after a few months Ms. Abrahams was already taking placebos instead of the barbiturate. Surprisingly it was a potent placebo and it was able to help Ms. Abrahams fall asleep and get her much needed rest. Based on the pertinent facts of the case the proponent of this study finds nothing wrong in the continuous prescription of placebo even if the patient is paying $60 per year for a few grams of milk sugar. Overview The new pharmacist is between a rock and a hard place. His medical training and all the things that he learned outside the classroom walls, especially the values that he learned at home, prompts him to tell the truth. He is not comfortable hiding that fact that he is selling milk sugar. He is tempted to take the easy way out and justify his actions as the result of merely following orders from his boss. Yet he needed a more ethically acceptable reason why he will continue with the ploy to sell placebos to Ms. Abrahams. The following discourse may help him to understand that he is not deceiving Ms. Abrahams but what they are doing is to help her recover from the dreadful effects of cancer as well as to cure her addiction of barbiturates. Dorothy Abrahams is dying. At least that is what can be surmised from studying her case. She is suffering from the effects of colon cancer and the only thing that kept her going all these years is a series of surgical operations and chemotherapy. Furthermore, she is bedridden and one can only imagine the added suffering of being unable to move and unable to perform activities that she used to enjoy prior to illness. She is in pain and therefore the doctor prescribed secobarbital a type of barbiturate to help her sleep. But even after the doctor found out that there is no organic explanation for Ms. Abraham’s insomnia, the patient was still requesting the secobarbital. The only thing that can give her the rest that she craved for is the said barbiturate. The only thing that can give her the much-needed respite, from a life without joy and satisfaction, is the highly effective narcotic. Based on the information given it can be assumed that the doctor is well aware of the placebo effect which can be loosely understood as mind over matter or simply the concept that what the mind can conceive the body can achieve. The doctor decided to gradually add milk sugar into the potent mix of barbiturates – the said drug that was supposed to have cured Ms. Abrahams of insomnia. He kept on adding until the concoction is mor
Introduction Business roles are continually changing with increasing responsibility to society. Major corporations in the world no longer ignore global issues as well as the communities around them. Social responsibility has become a major concern for corporations as they strive to impact on society, as well as build their corporate image. One of the reasons for this trend is mainly because of globalization, which has necessitated corporate’s need for a global presence. In addition, the increasing needs of society, especially concerning global issues that range from famine to global warming, among others, have increased its need. In essence, the business has been revolutionized to attend more to an equally dynamic world. For instance, in the 1940s, businesses focused more on economic dominance, with great emphasis on providing goods to consumers at the lowest possible price 1 . This changed in the 1950s and 1960s, as governance took shape in most corporations. World competitions took shape in the 1980s as countries saw a rise in inflation and unemployment rates. Moreover, the business revolution continued in the 1990s, and this period saw an increase in job-hopping with the introduction of temporary employment. Current problems facing the world have, however, necessitated further changes in business roles as they strive to counter some of them. This paper will try to review behaviours, actions, and communications of LM Ericsson to the society. Business and society Society is faced with various challenges in current times. Some of these include environmental damage, family breakdown, ageing population, multiculturalism, inequality, globalization, and consumerism, among others. These problems affect the business world in many ways. This is mainly because of the very society forms and promotes businesses. Stakeholders are mainly from society, and with developments brought about by globalization, diverse cultures usually come together to form part of the corporate community. Moreover, factors such as the power of labour, profitability, and equality, among others, dictate the way businesses interact and communicate with society. In this regard, the two entities (business and society) interact continually and are becoming increasingly inseparable. Furthermore, the changes in the social environment have continued to transform societies in many ways, and these include both positive and negative impacts. In essence, the changes in a social environment have brought about opportunities, threats along with challenges to businesses corporations 2 . LM Ericsson LM Ericsson is considered as one of the leaders in the telecommunication world. It is named after its founder Lars Magnus Ericsson, who started the business back in 1876. The company has evolved over the years from a telegraph repair yard to a leading industry in telecommunication. The company transformed from a telegraph industry to roll out telephones that have revolutionized their performance over the centuries.
Introduction Emirates Airline is based in Dubai. It deals with transport, communication and diverse production networks in many parts of the world. It is one of the most popular airlines across the globe. Emirates Airline’s business competitors comprise of Gulf Air, Fly Dubai, Etihad Airways, Deutsche Lufthansa, Air France – KLM, British Airways and Qatar Airways among others. Emirates Airline services are aimed at realising about one hundred and twenty flights across the world. The airline lays emphasis on upholding competitive and cost effective business approaches aimed at boosting customer satisfaction in the airline sector (Doganis, 2006: 7-24). The airline provides planned passenger and cargo schedules in 60 states. Emirates Airline’s fleets are over 130 airbuses and ten cargo destinations. The airline operates 130 airbus freighters. The airline has experienced challenges related to corruption within the short period in which it has been in operation. Emirates Airline is fully committed to ensuring that it enhances the highest possible operational standards in all its endeavors. This mission statement has continued to guide the company’s performance and thus enabling it to win many prizes on excellence in all aspects of the company’s business in the travel, hotel and tourism industry (Evans & Lindsay, 2010: 13-32). The diversification of Emirates’ cargo management and flight business technologies and management of travel agencies remain to be major aspects of Emirates’ business operations. The company’s strategy aims at enhancing the highest possible success strategies, expanding its operational network, recruitment of many employees ,effectively training and equipping them with the most relevant skills and increasing the number of aircrafts to one that would effectively serve the projected number of clients (Palmer et al, 2006: 43). The company’s success strategy aims at expanding its partnership approaches in the aviation industry and thus improving the security levels of both people and the cargo transported through the Emirates Airline’s transport system. Emirates Airline’s strategy is mainly aimed at ensuring that customers exploit the Emirate’s operational schedules by discovering new business ventures. Modern cabin features, efficient services when passengers are on board, effective driven transport systems and adoption of modernised and technologically advanced operational systems highlight the manner in which Emirates focuses on enhancing the reliability of its operations. The services help in enhancing profitability of the company and reliability to its customers (Nataraja & Al-Aali, 2011; Kleymann & Seristo, 2004: 58-76). Three key decisions Diversification of its business operations is one of the company’s major decisions that should be made. This decision is objectively aimed at ensuring that the company fully focuses on streamlining its business operations at all