ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background Information Widely used definitions refer to counter intelligence as the collected information, and actions taken in defense against espionage and other intelligence activities, including sabotage or assassinations carried out by other states. It should be noted that these activities are similar in most settings, although glaring differences have been cited in methodologies adopted by various states. The leadership hierarchy and command execution techniques may also vary slightly to suit the agencies specifications (Davies, 2002). In the past, most societies were mono ethnic, with rigid structures in place to ensure their conformity to nature. Most of them were characterized by cultural hierarchies, despite being cosmopolitan in nature. Some rulers established models based on oriental tyranny. All these domains were centralized systems of government with imperial centers of power. Intelligence collected in such realms was for the benefit of the king, who had no trust in his family or lieutenants. Provincial leaders were least trusted and viewed in the same light with principals of the surrounding chieftains. They used the information to identify and exterminate disquiet among the family members and his subjects (Godson, 2000). It also came in handy when t
A manager, a leader, and an entrepreneur play a critical part in a working process. Often, these three definitions are so close that it is difficult to single out a difference between them. However, all of them have some criteria, analyzing which it is easy to define the type of a supervisor and his/her characteristics, as I do in this essay by the example of my supervisor. Although a leader, a manager, and an entrepreneur have some significant differences, all of them can be described according to specific leadership theories and styles; applying to my personal working experience, I can describe my supervisor as a task-oriented manager whose behavior is likely to be autocratic. A manager is more concentrated on coordinating and organizing the present working process, while a leader takes a longer view, determining the company’s path forward. In other words, as Landsberg (2011) claims, every manager is “management-oriented” while every leader is “innovation-oriented” (p. 100). A manager applies best efforts to control the employees, and a leader’s main function is to encourage and motivate them. Apart from a leader and a manager, there is also an entrepreneur who projects, launches, and runs a new company – Springer (2013) defines an entrepreneur as a person that should necessarily possess leadership traits and notice different opportunities “where others see the chaos of confusion” (p. 265). As Springer mentions, not every manager or even company owner can be considered to be an entrepreneur – it is more about innovation than simple planning (p. 266). Concerning my personal working experience, my supervisor can be considered more as a manager than a leader or an entrepreneur. Being a corrections supervisor, he defines the activity of correctional officers and jailers, provides control over the safety of his workers, prisoners, and visitors, manages inspections, etc. He is also responsible for training the new employees and supervising their progress. Based on these duties, it is possible to conclude – although he possesses some leadership traits such as responsibility, trustworthiness, ability to delegate, etc., he is much more of a manager than a leader or an entrepreneur (Doyle, 2016, para. 2, 4, 6, 8). He seems to be a strict and honest supervisor who has well-developed decision-making abilities and communication skills. Some can say that he lacks creativity and flexibility; usually, he insists on strict compliance with all the rules on recommendations. However, his job requires a few of these qualities. There are two main leadership theories: task-oriented and p
Research is consistent that nurses must have the capacity to use relevant data sources to integrate research evidence with clinical expertise in what is commonly known as evidence-based practice (Fachiano & Snyder, 2012). This section reviews and summarizes the data sources that will be used to guide the proposed EBP intervention. The article by Grap (2009) reviewed the findings of other primary research studies to demonstrate several evidence-based practices that could be used to reduce the risks associated with mechanical ventilation. Evidence from the article suggests that ventilator-associated pneumonia can be significantly reduced through the use of higher backrest elevations (30° to 45°), ensuring proper oral health practices to minimize the colonization of the oropharynx by pathogens (e.g., by using oral applications of chlorhexidine at the time of intubation), and following recommended practices in sedating critically ill patients. The main strength of the article lies in its use of primary research sources and data to outline effective EBP interventions that could be used to reduce the risks associated with mechanical ventilation. However, the article’s findings are limited due to the use of a broad scope of the study (mechanical ventilation), leading to issues of generalizability in VAP contexts The article by Gupta et al. (2016) detailed some of the best practices to prevent aspiration of oral colonization, which is a common cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care settings. The recommended oral care interventions include (1) conducting an initial admission and daily assessment of the patient’s oral cavity to allow for early identification of oral hygiene problems, (2) using unit-specific protocols to not only minimize the development of mucositis, but also to help the patient in maintaining normal saliva production and oral tissue health, (3) keeping the head of the bed elevated to at least 30° to assist in preventing reflux and aspiration of gastric contents, and (4) routinely suctioning the patient’s oral and subglottic discharges to reduce aspiration of infected secretion into the lungs. In strengths, the article relied on credible data sources and guidelines to discuss the relationship between the aspiration of oral colonization and VAP. Additionally, the article focused on ICU, hence reducing the challenges associated with data applicability. However, the recommended oral health care interventions are not supported by relevant literature as would be expected in EBP contexts. The study by Kubbara et al. (2015) investigated the application and interpretation of CDC guidelines (VAC, IVAC, VAP) by diverse groups of healthcare providers in the assessment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Evidence from the study suggests that the application of the CDC guidelines varies between different healthcare providers, hence the need to allow for the modification of the guidelines across settin
Introduction In America, feminists confront the problem of social injustice and they are so eager to withstand its effects. The aim of feminism is to create a society, without any discrimination in race, class, and sexual equality. Now, social justice is also added to the foretold aims. Feminists know that without social justice, the important aims cannot be made into practice. In almost all societies, one can see the domination of males over females. American society is also like this. When we consider social justice, the interests of the male community are protected and the female community is considered as downtrodden and suppressed. So as to make a change in this situation, the feminists in America took efforts to improve the condition of women. Main body Earlier, raising food and raising children were considered the responsibility of peasants and women. The upper strata including dominant males were with clear hands and we’re not responsible to do menial jobs. Moreover, maleness was defined as a negative term i.e., not to be soft. Because of tiresome effort, slavery is abolished but the law for equal rights for men and women is still not been passed. Revolutions that were capable to change society ignored the rights of women. Moreover, the change in society by the revolution was one-sided. It was helpful for the lapse back into authoritarianism and class privilege. Philip Slater points out that, our mothers do not have any influence upon their male children. In our society, male children are let free to be real boys. But the female children are restricted to the domain of their families. Their social circle is limited to their family. “One difficulty mothers have in our society is that they are too often expected to curb their natural socializing instincts in raising male children-to give sons more latitude so as not to interfere with their becoming “real boys”( that is, insensitive, selfish, destructive, violent, and incapable of caring for themselves)”. (Philip Slater P.90). From their family itself, the male children are trained to dominate others. Here, mothers act as an instrument. So, it is evident that the rights of women in our society are suppressed by the male folk. History teaches us that the first act that was passed at the meeting of the Nazi Party in Germany, 1921 was a resolution, which points out that women could never be admitted to positions of leadership. When we consider Authoritarianism, it is clear that it is the creation of a male-dominated society, where women were considered as the prizes of conquest in wars. In our society, there are double standards for men and women. In an authoritarian society, a woman who takes initiative is considered as bad. It is evident that the keystone of all authoritarian systems is the exploitation of women. When we consider democracy, it provides the best opportunities to men, not to women. But studies prove that women are capable to handle uncontrollable situations in their life. In America, feminis
Introduction To understand this statement we need to define the term torture. According to United Nations Convention against Torture, torture is an act of severe infliction of pain or suffering; be it mental or physical. There are three reasons that lead to torture namely to gather information, for punishment purpose and crimes of hate. Torture is outlawed in most countries, and is considered anti-Christian by such denominations as The Roman Catholic. Torture does not work. Most people therefore say it is not permissible and only shows lack of moral authority in a society that practices it. It demeans a person’s human rights, shows lack of respect to his ego and results into hatred from the tortured. Arguments against torture Some philosophers argue for torture. For example, Miller states that a thief who steals a car with a child inside. The police get hold of him and have to torture him to release information on whereabouts of the vehicle, failure to which the child may die of heat stroke if not found within twenty minutes. Miller’s other example is that of a terrorist who hides a nuclear time bomb in a city. The police must find this time bomb early enough, failure to which it will kill crowds of people. In both cases, Miller argues that torture is acceptable. Miller states that torturing the thief and the terrorist will make them furnish the police with the required information. Miller further argues that the thief is considered derisive, pugnacious and rebellious. Miller concludes that upon beating, the thief will realize the beatings will go on until he releases the necessary information of the whereabouts of the child. However, beating the thief is more or less likely to make the thief defiant and angry rather than repentant. He feels oppressed and hated. Other approaches to the matter would be more operative. For example, offering a gift if the thief releases the car and the child, asking the mother to plead with the thief to have mercy upon the child or opting to withdraw the charges completely. The thief is just interested in the car and he is not after killing the child. The beatings will go on until the twentieth minute, after which this will be no more important for the sake of the child. It will only be a punishment. In reality, the thief will decline to offer the information after the twenty minutes elapse as he will be accused of murder. In the terrorists’ scenario, torture is unlikely to be effective too. The terrorist is committed to his cause and is willing to die for the act. Often, some terrorists even go to an extent of bombing themselves. Torture will only make terrorist more reluctant to release the information 1 . Terrorists may even send the police into various likely locations which may end up being fruitless searches until the bomb is detonated. This way, a terrorist escapes torture and the plan is executed. The terrorist’s community or family members may forward the information to save their relative’ hence, hindering the mission. In both cases torture is not
Tuberculosis is a severe respiratory disease For years, tuberculosis had been causing thousands of deaths all over the world, as people had no chance to find the cure. However, nowadays, tuberculosis (TB), still being a severe respiratory disease, can be controlled by taking the prescribed medication chosen individually for the patient (CDC, 2016). Prisons, being some of the most beneficial environments for TB spreading, are to make sure that every inmate, correction officer, and guard are properly diagnosed on the subject of obtaining any communicative disease. Dramatic disease rate in prisons However, the provided case study shows that there were still examples when the signs of respiratory disease failed to be noticed in time, putting the lives of many inmates at stake. It is widely accepted that the overall conditions in the US correction facilities, along with the background lifestyles of some inmates, lead to a dramatic disease rate in cells (Coll, 2019). As a result of a long-term opioid epidemic taking place in the US, many prison inmates are HIV/AIDS positive, which interferes with their immune system (WHO, 2020). Hence, the risk of obtaining a disease like drug-resistant TB is considerably high. Solution of the issue As a local health officer, my major concern is to make sure that as many people involved in the situation as possible are safe. To begin with, the issue must be handled on the level of prison staff. It is understandable why guards refuse to work in prison infected by multiple drug-resistant TB because the risk of becoming an infection host is considerably high. However, they need to understand that a whole region will be under threat, and there is little chance the outbreak could be handled within a facility. As a primary risk group, prison staff should be fully informed of the scope of the issue so they could realize the necessity to restrain from alcohol intake for the sake of the community. Moreover, corrections officers deal with the risk of being injured every time they start their shift. Cases like “The Lucasville Five” take place on a relatively regular basis, so these employees should be the ones who are not afraid to take responsibility for the community’s welfare (Kelkar, 2017). Moreover, I would make sure to exploit media attention in ways that benefit the community rather than securing the nat
In my opinion, Simon Sinek’s film “Why Leaders Eat Last” is a useful source for leaders on all levels of the organizational hierarchy. I related to the ideas presented by Simon since he focused on cooperation and collaboration that benefit all participants. These ideas resonated with me because I see a leader as someone who is an integral part of a group. From watching Simon’s talk, I learned about the qualities, attitudes, and skills that distinguish good leaders from bad leaders. For example, Simon states that empathy is a crucial quality for leaders since it allows them to build stable relationships with other employees. Bad leaders, on the other hand, rely on authority and employees’ fear to maintain high performance levels. The presentation inspired me to make a positive change in my life because I found it very affirmative. For the vast part of my life, I had thought that I was too soft to be a leader. I believed that leaders had to be strict and feared by others, and I could not force myself to change in such a way. However, after watching Sinek’s film, I realized that I could become a great leader and that I should make a positive change by showing more initiative and dedication in my work. Therefore, the explanation of differences between good and bad leaders was the most influential part of the video to me. Sinek’s comments about the role of different hormones were also very informative. In this part of the video, Simon connects the theory of leadership to neurobiology, thus providing a solid foundation for his leadership theory. This area was influential to me, and I intend to use this knowledge in my future life and work. Another prominent area is Sinek’s discussion of trust, where he mentions that people only trust the leaders that do not act in their self-interest and are willing to make sacrifices for others. I will remember this principle and try to apply it in my future life to ensure that I am a trustworthy leader. All in all, the film was very inspirational for me, and there was a lot of information in it that I will use the future.
Summary Wendy Jeffus wrote the article “ International Capital Markets, Asset Pricing and Financing the Firm .” The article focuses on international diversification (Jeffus, 2005). With respect to the international asset pricing and portfolio theory, the author centers on the diversification benefits and cost. The author asserts that Harry Markowitz pioneered the concept of diversification in the mid 20th century. Markowitz’s concepts were supported by modern portfolio theory. In the article, two differing views on the value of international diversification have been highlighted. The initial view agrees that international diversification decreases risk. On the other hand, the second view suggests that diversification is essential to every organization; however, the extra qualitative risks of investing out of the country overrides the prospective returns. The major challenges linked with investing overseas are the diversification cost, which is comprised of currency risks, information costs, legal fees, and political risks. With entrance to international markets, companies can decrease their capital cost (Jeffus, 2005). Behaviors such as mergers, acquisitions, and foreign direct investments that reduce the capital cost are realized with entry into the international markets. Equally, the article asserts that market liberalization is realized when diversification occurs. With diversification, more markets will be opened up, leading to market deregulation. Before the early 1990s, several emerging markets had not been opened up to foreign investors. However, deregulation of various emerging markets took place after the period. Another attribute associated with liberalization in the article is the reduction of systematic risk. According to the article, there are numerous ways of getting involved in the global markets (Jeffus, 2005). One of these ways is by investing in foreign shares. Another means of entering the i
Male and female reproductive systems share some common physiologic and anatomic peculiarities. First of all, they have the same function – reproduction (Huether & McCance, 2016). The complexity of functioning of reproductive systems is determined, apart from anatomic structures, by “complex hormonal and neurologic factors” (Huether & McCance, 2016, p. 798). These peculiarities make disorders of the reproductive systems difficult to diagnose because they frequently have no evident clinical manifestations. Disorders of the reproductive systems are frequently caused by infectious diseases, and sexually transmitted diseases in particular. In case of the worst scenario, reproductive disorders lead to infertility. It is important to know the peculiarities of reproductive disorders to be able to prevent them or diagnose and treat properly. Amenorrhea and Dysmenorrhea: Similarities and Differences Disorders of the female reproductive system includes hormonal and menstrual alterations such as dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, polycystic ovary syndrome, premenstrual disorders syndrome, and others. Amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea are among the most frequent disorders that influence reproductive function. Both disorders can be primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as “painful menstruation associated with the release of prostaglandins in ovulatory cycles, but not with pelvic disease” (Huether & McCance, 2016, p. 805). About a half of all women suffer from dysmenorrhea. It usually develops during adolescence, while secondary dysmenorrhea can appear later in the reproductive years. Amenorrhea is lack of menstruation. In case of primary amenorrhea, menstruation is absent by the age of 13 (secondary sex characteristics do not develop) or 15 (disregarding the development of secondary sex characteristics) (Huether & McCance, 2016). Dysmenorrhea can be a primary disease or the manifestation of underlying pelvic disease such as endometriosis and leiomyomas (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). Amenorrhea can be caused by both normal physiologic processes (for example pregnancy or menopause) and pathologic changes. These disorders have different symptoms. Dysmenorrhea is characterized with pelvic pain while amenorrhea has no clinical manifestations apart from the absence of the first menstrual period (Huether & McCance, 2016). Diagnosing and treatment also differ. Thus, dysmenorrhea can be diagnosed by obtaining a detailed medical history and pelvic examination. It can be treated by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Amenorrhea is more difficult to diagnose because it demands laboratory studies of hormones. Treatment of this disorder implies hormone replacement therapy. Impact of Ethnicity on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Reproductive Disorders Reproductive disorders are influenced by a variety of factors such as gender, age, and lifestyles. Ethnicity is one of such factors because it has impact on fertility and reproductive functions. There exist some disparities in health that are related to reproductive syste