ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Different countries have their own cultural practices which keep on changing due interaction and modernization. Over years India’s cultural trends have spontaneously transformed. To date, Indians cultural practice is aftermath of blending between foreigners and India natives. This article focuses on nutritional and dietary practices of Indians. India is posed as a country composed of various countries that have same objective and destiny. Its diverse ethnic, linguistic, geographic, religious and demographic features reflect its reach history and shape in present and future. Recent studies show that India has more people than Europe, Africa and the entire western hemisphere. According to John (2010), India is the only second country to achieve a population of 1 billion people globally. Most of Indians leave in the villages despite of her been one of the upcoming economic power. Background of Indians Since gaining of her independence in 1947, India has continued to change. Never the less ancient history portrays her as having one of most interesting cultural practices. Many scholars say the present India is different as compared to before. Geographically, what Pakistan was before is now Bangladesh. India’s 1.2 million square miles (3.3 million square kilometers) is equal to about one third the land area of the United States. In far north, India is dominated by grand sweep of the Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Patkai mountain ranges which give way to the vast and fertile plain of the north which are fed by major rivers like the Ganges and Yamuna. These mountain ranges divide north from south marking the beginning of the Deccan plateau which makes up much of the southern India. According to Sinha (2011), cultural identity of particular communities and regions forms an important source of diversity among the people of India. In India, a community is internally divided into a number of units, lineages, clans, gotra, phratry and moiety. Ethnic origins, religions, and languages are also major source of India’s cultural diversity. India is a country with incredible biological and cultural diversity. The existence of social divisions is almost universal particularly among the scheduled castes, tribes and to a slightly lower extent among the other communities. Additionally, there is probably more religion diversity in India than any where else on the earth. Nutritional Preferences of Indians During 1970s and early 1980s, India was advancing towards attaining adequacy in caloric intake according to India national nutritional monitoring bureau report. Survey by Sourabh (2011) indicate that Indians had portrayed a steady enhancement in caloric intake per head typified by an increase in taking of cereal grains as consumption of other food items such as milk, oil, and sugar remained largely unchanged. On the other hand, many of these surveys revealed disparities in the intakes of most foods between rural, urban and different socio economic groups. Contrast of food consumption patterns show a gradual decline in cereal grains eating between 1975 and 1995 whic
Introduction: Definition of the Two Notions Globalization became one of the most burning issues several decades ago. Researchers have been talking about the influence of globalization on different aspects of people’s lives. Of course, many people agree that globalization has had certain effects on the development of human rights movement. At the same time, it is important to note that the influence has been mutual. Thus, human rights movements have had enormous impact on globalization as well. Admittedly, the news about victories of human rights movements in some states spread quickly and people from different countries strived for the same empowerment. Therefore, people, without even noticing it, have been building similar societies, i.e. societies based on human rights where citizens strive for equality and fairness. However, to understand the link between globalization and human rights, it is important to define the two notions. Twiss (2004) claims that there are several types of human rights. The researcher focuses on individual and collective human rights. Twiss (2004, p. 42) states that human rights are “the rights of individuals to essential civil, political, social, and economic conditions as well as their equality in such protections”. As far as the collective rights are concerned, Twiss (2004) stresses that these are the right of nations to build their own societies preserving religious, economic, political, cultural, etc. peculiarities. These are two major types of human rights which are interconnected with globalization. According to Gavison (2003), globalization is development of the world where nations adopt the same rules (including economic, political, cultural, civic, etc.) and conventions. Admittedly, the spread of human rights can be regarded as a product of globalization. Nonetheless, development of human right movements can also be regarded as the necessary background for globalization. Brief History of Human Rights Development The Necessary Preconditions In the 17 th century, ideas of liberalism were becoming stronger as the social order in the countries of that epoch was declining. The development of industries led to the change in wealth distribution and the old conventions and privileges could not be based on that order anymore (Moller & Skaaning, 2012). The clergy and nobility lost their authority and people almost stopped (or were reluctant) to give (money, products, labor) to those layers. Empowerment of the new social strata (i.e. bourgeoisie) resulted in the understanding that people should have equal rights (at least, to certain extent). It is necessary to note that the absolute monarchy which reached the most striking forms in France was one of preconditions for the French revolutions and the change of the social order. Development of the Movement in Different Countries Notably, the Industrial Revolution is often linked to the Civil War in Britain and French Revolutions. As has been mentioned above, economic empowerment was one of the premises for the development of human rights movement (Moller & Skaaning, 2012). I
Introduction The Paris Club is a group of official creditors that functions according to a set of principles and regulations, but does not have a legitimate status. Despite being informal, for sixty years the club was successfully dealing with distressed countries all over the world, providing the rescheduling treatment of government debts. This paper aims to analyze the possibility of such an institution within the principles of international law and commerce and define whether the legal status is obligatory to achieve effective results in this field. The Principles of the Paris Club The Paris Club exists since 1956 and has reached 433 agreements covering 90 debtor countries with a total amount of debt of 583 billion dollars (Paris Club Official Website, n.d.). The role of the creditors is to investigate coordinated and sustainable solutions for debtor countries encountering payment difficulties. Paris Club grants proper debt treatment, while the defaulting country initiates reforms for stabilization and rehabilitation of its economic situation. The debt treatments are provided using rescheduling that is “debt relief by postponement or, in the case of concessional rescheduling, reduction in debt service obligations during a defined period” (Paris Club Official Website, n.d.). At the moment Paris Club consists of 20 permanent members. Any other country that meets the conditions is entitled to participate in negotiations. Sometimes a third party has a right to attend a meeting if its presence is relevant to the case. The Club assembles every month and is run by a Secretariat General. In its activity, Paris Club abides by the Six Principles. They are solidarity, consensus, information sharing, ‘case by case’ approach, conditionality and comparability of treatment. Solidarity implies that all members should work as a team, respect the interests of each other and manage their claims accordingly. All members must reach a consensus concerning a case before making a decision. All creditor countries share information that is crucial for the case and receive confidential data from an International Monetary Fund. The important principle that explains the non-formal status of the Club is its work on a case-by-case basis. Each defaulted country has its specific circumstances and, therefore, requires an individual approach in debt management. Paris Club only deals with the states that need debt relief and can furnish the creditors with documentary evidence of their financial issues. These countries have to initiate and commit to initiating specific reforms required for the rehabilitation of their financial situation. Finally, the country should be involved in an existing program facilitated by International Monetary Fund. “The level of the debt treatment is based on the financing gap identified in the IMF program” (Paris Club Official Website, n.d.). Comparability of treatment implies that a creditor state cannot provide treatment on more favorable terms than the terms agreed by all the Club members. The negotiations always result in concluding a document ca
Introduction This is the study on the behaviors of different gases and fluids and its effects when influenced with an increase in pressure. The variations of pressure affect the normal functioning of the body, resulting to negative and positive impacts. An increase on body oxygenation and carbon dioxide level results to oxygen poisoning disease and caisson diseases. Pressure This is the processes of pressing that result into a body compression due to external force applied. In physics, force applied to anybody is uniform, and it causes a state of deformation or movement to a body responsible. Pressure applied in relates with height and the amount applied, measured as a force per unit area. The equation relating force and area that is a result of pressure is as shown below (Galan, 2010). Pressure (P) =Force (F)/Area (A) or P= dFn/dA Pressures acts normal to the surface of any element, hence regarded as a scalar quantity. Pressure is a scalar quantity with no direction since each quantity relates to the quantity of pressure delivered. Pressure remains constant as the direction of the force applied to an element changes. Pressure travels both in liquid, gases and fluid hence its SI units are Pascal. It is useful when measuring volume in thermodynamics parameters hence it has a wide range of measuring the energy stored like atmospheric pressure. We measure body pressure using mercury. Variations of pressure on atmospheric pressure A variation in pressure affects and influence of atmospheric pressure on a given su
The personality theories can be linked to theories like the biological that suggest the genetics are responsible for the personality and research on the heritability which suggest that there is a link between genetics and personality traits. The behavioral theories suggest that the personality is a result of the interaction between the individual and the environment and the theorist study on the observable and measurable behaviors. The psychodynamic theories emphasize on the influence of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences on personality. The humanist theories emphasize the importance of free will and the individual experience in the development of personality. It emphasizes the concept of self- actualization, which is an innate need for personal growth that motivates behavior. In conducting an interview of an individual then it is important to note that each person has a unique mix of some of the sub selves some are young that is the inner children and they are very reactive and specialize in bringing the primary emotions like curiosity, awe, anxiety, silliness, rage, guilt, confusion, loneliness, and shame. To be able to understand oneself then one need to get information from others concerning your behaviors, likes an
Introduction Before defining expatriate and executive compensation, it is essential to understand the meaning of the term compensation. Compensation is an approach to providing “monetary value to employees in exchange for work performed (“Compensation: Outline and Definitions” par. 1). In other words, compensation is all cash and cash-related modes of payment, including base salary and different types of incentives (Bussin 4). For defining an expatriate compensation, it is necessary to determine what an expatriate is. An expatriate is usually defined as anyone who is not working in his home country (Bussin 4). However, as numerous foreigners work on the local terms, it is necessary to emphasize that an expatriate works on the terms that are different from local conditions in the country. Therefore, expatriate compensation defines the monetary value provided for expatriate employees. For defining an executive compensation, it is necessary to determine what an executive is. An executive is a senior manager in a corporation, often called chief executive officer (CEO). Therefore, executive compensation is monetary value provided for the company’s executives. Most corporations strive for establishing compensation systems that promote the motivation of executives to develop the company (Kolb 1). Comparison between Expatriate and Executive Compensation Compared in UAE The Middle East region has attracted millions of expatriates during the last decades due to the huge economic opportunities certain countries in this region can give. The United Arab Emirates (Dubai and Abu-Dhabi in particular) have become one of the main attractions for potential expatriates, as the expatriate compensation there is very high. The main benefits of expatriate compensation in the UAE include little or no taxes, disposable income, and an opportunity to save considerable sums money at the end of each month (“A Comparison of Expat Salaries in the Middle East” par. 4). One of the specifics of expatriate compensation in the UAE and other countries of the region is the higher level of monetary value provided for Western expatriates than to the eastern ones (“A Comparison of Expat Salaries in the Middle East” par. 9). Executive compensation is also considerably high in the UAE. As well as expatriate compensation, executive compensation is significantly more common and higher in the private sector than in the public sector. However, while expatriate compensation is regulated only by the companies, executive compensation is controlled by state institutions. For example, recently executive compensation arrangements in public sector attracted the attention of state institutions and prosecutorial authorities due to their excessiveness (Laubach 2). Therefore, providing an excessive executive compensation is considered an illegal action in the UAE while regulating the amount of expatriate compensation is controlled only by the heads of the compa
The theoretical tools of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) include:  1. Identifying negative thoughts and core beliefs;  2. Goal setting;  3. Practicing new skills to help a patient cope with triggering situations or bad habits;  4. Self-monitoring. Skills related to the theory (Young, 2021):   * Good assessment skills that consider the client’s religious, cultural, and family background:       + Active listening;       + Effective questioning;       + The ability to make correct observations;   * Be able to build and maintain a good relationship with the client;   * Know how to increase client’s motivations for self-change;   * Good communication and interaction skills. The first step of the therapy includes the identification of damaging beliefs that the client holds. It necessitates active listening, effective questioning, and good observational skills to deliver the most accurate assessment of the problem. Moreover, the helper should be able to build a close and trusting relationship with the patient. Next, the client and therapist should agree on the problem and the reasons that cause it and then determine the next steps of treatment (goal-setting). At this stage, the professional should seek to help the suffering person to build belief in one’s ability to change and overcome the problem. Finally, during the treatment process and end of the therapy period, the therapist should be able to communicate his/her instructions as clearly as possible to facilitate the acquisition of new skills and prevent relapse. I think that one of the most difficult skills to apply in practice would be delivering correct and unbiased primary patient and problem evaluation due to existing prejudices that professionals may have towards clients. Sandhu et al. (2017) argue that this issue may impact the quality of provided services greatly, especially when wrong preconceptions are implicit (i.e., biases that professionals hold but are not aware of). The fundamental presupposition of the CBT theory is based on the notion that mental and behavioral problems stem from destructive thoughts that individuals have. Therefore, theoretical tools and skills mentioned above are used to identify unhealthy thinking habits and replace the latter with positive ones.
Introduction Various political philosophers have developed different concepts to help in the definition of moral limits of a liberal ethical approach, among other factors. This paper is an analysis of how different but relatively related concepts designed by three authors, viz. Immanuel Kant, Michael Sandel, and Hannah Arendt affect each other. These concepts include transparency as developed by Immanuel Kant, markets coupled with how they govern human lives by Michael Sandel, and human rights as developed by Hannah Arendt. The grounds for the interlink lies in the fundamental moral acceptance of the mainstream state of a person. This article will argue that these three concepts are centered on the individual right to choose and the legal measures that enhance fair and just environs for facilitating such free will for everyone. The three authors share the theme of communicating political thoughts. Therefore, this article will evaluate the claim that these authors’ various concepts advance moral commitment, which is intertwined with the good livelihood that everyone wishes to pursue. These expectations thrive on the establishment of a community that embraces the moral philosophy concerned with equality and justice for all individuals. Sandel’s perspective Does the market develop a diverse set of behaviors, beliefs, and social ties? Upon what type of moral order do markets hold? Do markets provide universal solutions to human problems? These questions will serve as the projection upon which Sandel’s issues evolve. This section evaluates how Sandel’s market concept approaches the association between transparencies and human rights. His line of research views markets as moral projects, and it aims to explore the approaches by which such endeavors are actualized. Contemporary society presents almost everything in the market, meaning that it is possible to buy or sell anything. Gradually, markets are governing humanity in many ways, for instance, a good or service that can be bought, but whose monetary trade is morally debatable (Sandel, 2012). Sandel gives an example of body organs such as hearts or kidneys. Some individuals promote markets engaged in organs for transplantation. Other people find such markets as morally unacceptable. If it is morally wrong to buy a heart, then money should not serve as a universal solution. In a bid to determine whether markets should serve to unify all moral controversies, Sandel has engaged a moral inquiry by evaluating the claims supporting markets as universal solutions and those against such principles. In a bid to understand such connections, it is good to examine where markets belong and how they should influence human coexistence. In relation to Arendt’s human rights concept, the moral limits of markets demonstrate that largely contemporary society has failed to honor fair bargaining situations. According to Sandel (2012), the less privileged in society have often been deprived of their basic human rights by the injustices
Introduction: Where Two Stories Cross. Henry James and Emilia Pardo Bazán Creating a compelling female character is not an easy task even if making a woman the lead character. Henry James and Emilia Pardo Bazán, however, managed to create strong female characters by pushing the male ones into the foreground. Despite the fact that in On the Streetcar and in Washington Square , the male characters attempt at – and, in fact, succeed in – seizing bower and taking the entire space of the novel, the female leads are still represented in a very graphic manner. Space, Power and Dr. Sloper’s Need for Controlling Others At the first glance, it seems that in Henry James’s story, Dr. Sloper takes the entire novel, leaving little to no room for another nonetheless important character to develop (Ludwig para.1). Despite the fact that the novel opens and closes with the focus kept on Catherine, Dr. Sloper persistently remains in the focus of the reader’s attention, preferring to make decisions for Catherine, claiming to know what is best for her, and evidently enjoying his control over her: “They are both afraid of me–harmless as I am” (James 4). On a second thought, though, Sloper’s being constantly in the foreground allows for creating a complex and very compelling character arch for his daughter Catherine. Space, Power and the Compassionate Narrator in Bazán’s On the Streetcar Unlike Sloper, Bazan’s male character is much more subtle. Though he is the narrator, the readers never get to know his name. Moreover, the narrator does not even focus on his persona, putting the woman in the limelight: “I suspected that the woman in the ash-colored shawl […] suffered from a grief” (Bazan 47). However, judging by his attempt to become the saving grace for the woman, which leads to him misunderstanding the situation, the narrator also wishes to seize power over the poor and the desolate, therefore, raising his sense of self-importance. Weirdly enough, the given plot line works for the development of the woman’s character arch, her being portrayed as not only the ostracized one, but also as the one that was misunderstood. Male Characters in On the Streetcar and Washington Square: Analysis It would be wrong, however, to assume that both characters are deliberately evil or thoughtless about the consequences of their actions – on the