ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The World Heath Organization (WHO) is a United Nations agency that is responsible for the provision of public health internationally including carrying out of programs that will help in disease control and improving of quality of human life. This organization was started in 1948 and has its headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland. The main responsibility of this organization is to provide support and guidance to countries in matters concerning health by sponsoring research programs carried out to prevent and treat diseases, they are also involved in assessing heath trends, develop and transfer health technology, setting standards for health research projects being carried out and also setting the global health standards. The organization has successfully completed various projects that include the eradication of small pox which was an endemic disease in the late 1960s a disease which would have seen approximately two million people die from it. Other achievements include bringing together international efforts to control outbreaks’ of deadly diseases that include SARS, Tuberculosis, Malaria Swine flu and AIDS. In addition to disease eradication, the WHO also drums up the members of public to embrace a healthy living style by promoting and supporting campaigns that are health related. (Simmons et al 2007) Every organization is said to bear with issues that affect the organization and one such issue is the external environment that has external forces affecting the healthcare of the organization, an example of these issues is finances (funding). The WHO is funded by levies collected from its 191member countries, the World Bank, other donor governments (extra budgetary funds) among them Japan, countries in Europe and North America as well as public and private entities. This means that for the organization to continue getting funds from higher donors and avoid financial constraints, the organization must prioritize their policies of health projects that would preferably attract large sum of donation from major donors, a recent example is when the organization took part in the campaign restricting of tobacco advertising aimed at reducing tobacco related diseases instead of working on its vaccination as critics argue. For this reason, the developing countries needs are neglected despite the fact they are the ones to requiring their services simply because they can’t afford to raise large sums of money. Another issue that is of concern is the issue of workforce. The WHO has been on its fore front trying to help health systems of various governments in the developing countries in dealing with the crisis in terms of shortage of human workforce in the health sector. This shor
Introduction The matter of senior leadership outlining is generally associated with the principles of administering and regulating healthcare strategies applied within the hospital. Additionally, the priority focus areas should be studied and analyzed for creating proper outline for the entire managerial system. The spheres that should be analyzed are infection control, communication, medical management, and information management. Executive Summary In accordance with the findings by the previous accreditation audit, the team had to pay sufficient attention to care and treatment planning process, that is a part of the infection management strategy. Pain assessment principles that were studied during the previous accreditation audit required sufficient rearrangement, as the actual importance of the planning process. Additionally, it was stated that the initial assessment of pain did not indicate the severity of the pain, making assessment of the relief of pain as a result of treatment difficult. The documental records of the oncologic department did not meet the basic standards, and it was also found that not all the requirements of making records were met. Those records that were reviewed lacked sufficient evidence that the individual’s ability to learn, prior to the provision of education, was assessed. As for the screening criteria, it was found that the hospital lacks the effective communication strategy, as department leaders experienced some difficulties with effective communication with the medical personal, especially nursing team. Hence, the hospital needs to improve monitoring and screening principles that are responsible for the overall communication. In the light of the fact that the hospital needs some improvements, the key values pursued by the team will be helpful for restructuring the general heath care strategy, and improve the managerial performance in the directions of infection control, communication, medical management, and information management. Corrective Action Plan Infection control is regarded as a high priority sphere for Nightingale Community Hospital. Since some parameters have already improved (Hand Hygiene Compliance, and Central Line Bundle Compliance), the key values of the community, such as safety and teamwork have already improved the overall performance. As for the correction guidelines, these should be based on the overall standards of infection management and control. As it is stated by Norris (2002, p. 210): Disinfection and sterilization guidelines for patient care equipment must take into account the presence of sometimes extensive, open wounds which is the major difference separating this population from other patient populations. Following Spaulding’s scheme for categorizing patient care items and equipment, the changes for the burn patient population involve what are considered critical and noncritical items. Many items such as blood pressure cuffs, stethoscopes, bedpans, if used on areas without dry, occlusive dressings, may need high-level d
The class text provides a thorough understanding of the concept of freedom and the great depression. In the reading about black reconstruction, the theme of freedom is clearly explained. The Black reconstruction dramatically increased African-American freedom and exhibited African-American capability and equality. African-Americans were allowed to vote at this time, and in some circumstances, they made up the majority of voters since white Americans refused to vote when black men could vote (White et al., 2021). Furthermore, blacks were elected to construct the constitution, and black delegates fought for the rights of freedpeople and all Americans. Despite these achievements, African-Americans still do not have equal rights. Even during the 1920s, when the American economy was booming, and most Americans were prospering, most blacks did not. The Great Depression wiped out some of their small victories, making life even more difficult for them. The class readings explain black reconstruction and the Great Depression and how they impacted African-American freedom. Through black participation in politics and economic pursuits, the Black reconstruction supported African-American freedom. Approximately 2,000 blacks served in government offices in various capacities throughout this time (White et al., 2021). Even though more than half of them had been slaves, they had become committed and educated. Shopkeepers, artisans, workers, business people, carpenters, barbers, clergypersons, teachers, editors, publishers, storekeepers, and merchants were among them, with some also serving as sheriffs, and police officers, and members of the city council (White et al. 2021). Serving in these positions provided African-Americans with the financial freedom and platform to serve the interests of both blacks and whites, including southerners. Furthermore, due to their ability to vote and compete for posts, some blacks served as lawmakers and house members. African-Americans were now able to enjoy the freedom that they had never had before. Many African-American slaves who were previously denied their political rights were suddenly becoming increasingly politically active. At all levels of government, black people participated in politics, voted, and held positions. The fifth amendment was eventually added to protect black people’s ability to vote in the United States. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 followed the amendment, requiring equal treatment in public places and on public conveyances regardless of race (White et al., 2021). All of these advances increased African-Americans’ freedom, allowing them to vote and be ele
Introduction Ramses III (also known as Usimare Ramesses III) was the Egyptian Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty. He was the son of King Setnakht and Queen Tiymerenese and was the last king of the New Kingdom to rule Egypt between 1187 and 1156 BC. He is supposed to have ruled Egypt for nearly 31 years. He modeled his career after Ramses II of the Nineteenth Dynasty. He adored and admired Ramses II, so much, that he named his children and even his horses after Ramses II. Although his reign was the longest, it was also beset with a lot of problems. One such issue took place when one of his queens, Tiy, planned an assassination attempt wherein she played a prominent role. Tiy wanted her son, Pentewere, to ascend to the throne of Egypt; the plot failed and her son did not ascend the throne. This information is found in a noteworthy papyrus from his reign, known as the Harem Conspiracy Papyrus. We also come to know of the first general strike in recorded history. This was due to certain economic problems that became most visible when the Deir el-Medina workmen failed to be paid. This formed the background to another assassination attempt. All of those involved in the plot were apparently condemned to death, as was certainly the fate of Queen Tiy herself. His son Penewere was forced to commit suicide, privately in a prison. Dunn (2007) reports that “Over the some three thousand years of Egyptian history during the Pharaonic Period only a handful of the several hundred who ruled Egypt (or part of Egypt) can be considered truly great kings. Of these, Ramesses III, who was the second ruler of Egypt’s 20th Dynasty, was the last of great pharaohs on the throne. His reign was a time of considerable turmoil throughout the Mediterranean that saw the Trojan War, the fall of Mycenae and a great surge of displaced people from all over the region that was to reek ( sic ) havoc; even toppling some empires.” The Sea Peoples “The Sea Peoples is the term used for an alliance of seafaring raiders who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty, and especially during Year 8 of Ramses III of the 20th Dynasty.” This is the information we get from the inscriptions of Medinat Habu and Karnak. There is also mention about these seafarers in the Great Harris Papyrus, now housed in the museum of London. The only source of information from where scholars, researchers, archeologists get information about the Sea Peoples is from the inscriptions found at Medinat Habu. There is also mention about Sea Peoples in the temple of Karnak. From the information we have regarding their individual names, they could have originated from Aegean or Asia Minor. Whether they came in small groups or as a “confederacy” or as a “loose confederation” they managed to invade the northern part of Egypt and apparently mounted innumerable campaigns against the Egyptians. There is a general agreement between scholars that historical documentation during the 12th century BC is very
Introduction   * Globalisation is international influence.   * Globalisation has created a “global village”.   * Characterised by technological development.   * Advancements in logistics.   * Minimised geographical distance. Globalisation is one of the most significant trends affecting businesses in the 21st century. Its growth has been underpinned by several factors, including the development of technology, standardisation of organisational practices, and advancements in logistics operations, which has allowed people who were geographically separated to trade seamlessly (Dagdeviren, Lund-Thomsen & McCann 2017). Although developments in technology have created a “global village,” there is a debate regarding the net effects of globalisation on business performance. Consequently, there are several conflicting effects of this trend on companies. In this presentation, I will holistically explore the benefits and challenges of globalisation and review the counterarguments. Lastly, at the end of the presentation, I will demonstrate that globalisation has had a positive effect on businesses. This presentation will contain three key parts. In the first one, I will explain counterarguments of globalisation and refutations. The next three slides will show its positive effects and in the last section, I will summarise the findings of the study. Counterarguments and Refutation   * “Kills” local businesses.   * Increases competition.   * International agencies are addressing challenges. Although several researchers have highlighted the positive contributions of globalisation to businesses, a similarly growing body of literature continues to document some of its negative effects (Kovalčíková 2014). Particularly, such pieces of literature have highlighted the negative effects of globalisation on local businesses by suggesting they undermine their potential to make a profit by allowing giant multinational companies, which enjoy huge economies of scale to provide goods cheaply and at a price that local competitors cannot match. As ElGindi (2017) insinuates, this trend could cause some local industries to shut down. Globalisation has also led to increased competition for businesses in both developed and developing markets. This trend has caused heightened business rivalry among competitors and even paved the way for the emergence of unethical business practices. However, the establishment of some international firms, such as the international labour organisation has helped to mitigate some of these challenges. Expanded Trade Opportunities   * Import and export opportunities.   * Improved syner
Problem Statements The following problem statements were developed from a knowledge gap identified from the coursework, works of colleagues, and research.   * Developments in special education: How does inclusive education relieve the disabled students in the current society?   * The role of principals and special-education teachers in ensuring that the society and families of physically challenged students befit scientific education.   * What is the current perception of the society towards the services of special-education teachers, special-education schools, and that of the principals about the disabled students? Closure reflection of the whole course This course was more than exposure to the actual practice in the field of special education. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect on how the course and its objectives can be benefitting in my career advancements. This comprehensive reflection is based on the following ideas. Ways
Introduction Welfare programs are governmental transfer of resources from one group to another for the benefit of those who are in need. The resources should be either in form of cash or services (health care, education etc). In United States the beneficiaries include the poor, the old, the disabled, survivors, farmers, corporations and any other individual who may be eligible. The US government makes sure that beneficiaries will enjoy for the present and future lives. However, the US beneficiaries fall under the following categories Repatriation This is where the U.S government provides support to those people who travel America and they are really in need of financial assistance. The support mostly includes paying for their plane ticket and immigration fees. (Weaver, 2000) Medical Program U.S government makes sure that the beneficiaries are given proper medical care. This includes providing medicines, vaccination, hospitalization and any other services. Documentation Services The U.S government helps educate the families of lower social-economic status and who are not aware of their rights. They are educated on their rights as human beings. Emergency loan The U.S government grants loans to the beneficiaries who prove to have financial crisis. However, the amount depends on the severity of situation. This helps them to ease their burden in times of need. Tracing services This is where the beneficiaries are assisted to locate their parents who have abandoned them or any other member of their family. Temporary food Ration The beneficiaries include families or individuals who are weak physically and cannot work and they have no one to provide for their needs. In most cases, the beneficiaries are families with younger children. (Weaver, 2000) Assistance to the Prisoners The beneficiaries (inmates) are provided with material and legal assistance where necessary. The aim of the government is to recognize the worth and dignity of the prisoners. Food and Pension Vouchers The beneficiaries ought to be appeal for food, medicines and temporary accommodation. The needy Americans are therefore required to collect the pension vouchers and food coupons at the U.S embassy. Christmas Baskets The American government reaches out to indigent citizens and their dependants. It prepares Christmas baskets for the beneficiaries which may be in form of cash or any othe
Open innovation is quickly carving out a dominance in today’s corporate world, championed by among others, world-renowned author of “Open Innovation: the New Imperative for creating and profiting from technology”, Henry Chesbrough. When analyzed from this point of view, open innovation is a new paradigm that seeks to benefit from the advantages of technology through processes such as user innovation, cumulative innovation, know-how trading, mass innovation and distributive innovation (Tilburg University 2010, p. 2). Gawarzynska (2010) explains that “Open innovation is a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology” (p. 2). Open innovation is especially important in today’s chaotic and turbulent business environment because interactions between firms and their external environments have become more permeable than ever before and open innovation facilitates the inward and outward movement of information to benefit organisations. The concept of open innovation solely stems from the fact that, in today’s business world where information is very extensive, firms can no longer depend on their independent studies; instead, they are prompted to buy or license processes or innovations from other companies (for example through joint ventures, innovations, franchises and the likes), in addition to carrying out their independent innovations (Tilburg University 2010, p. 3). Perhaps, to properly understand the concept of open innovation, it is best to comprehend that open innovation is a new paradigm and a deflection from the previous idea of closed innovation. Closed innovation symbolizes internal corporate venturing only. However, because the technological world is quickly changing, firms have come to realize that they cannot only rely on internal corporate venturing; instead, they need to undertake its opposite, external corporate venturing. External corporate venturing has become the new element in most of
Facts Benny Peterson, the defendant, came out of his house to find that Charles Keitt, the deceased, and two friends in the back of Peterson’s house stealing the windshield wipers from the defendant’s wrecked car. After a verbal exchange, the defendant went into his house to obtain a gun, at the same time the Keitt and his friends were about to leave. The defendant pointed a gun at Keitt and ordered him not to move, after which Keitt took a lug wrench from his car and approached the defendant. The defendant warned Keitt not to take another step, and after advanced forward the defendant shot and killed Keitt. Peterson was indicted in second murder. Peterson moved for a judgment of acquittal on the ground that the evidences were insufficient to support conviction. The trial judge denied motion and convicted Peterson with manslaughter, to which he appealed on the ground that he shot Keitt in an act of self-defense. Issue Should the court consider the act of Benny Peterson shooting Charles Keitt under the given facts as an act of self-defense? Do the facts of the case support the justification of killing in self-defense? Holding No. The court found that the exception to the doctrine of retreat is not applicable, and thus the necessity of self-defense was established by the defendant himself. The court adverts to the common rule in establishing, whether the exception to the retreat to the retreat doctrine existed, according to which there is no necessity for killing as long as there is “a safe way open to escape the conflict.” Reasoning The legal reasoning for court’s ruling is based on determining the aggressor in the facts of the case, according to which different doctrines were applied. The court logic is based on that Keitt stopped being the assailant as soon as he retreated from the conflict or appeared to do so, stepping in his car and intending to leave. Applying such facts to the exception of the retreat doctrine, which states that “you can stand your ground and use deadly force… if you reasonably believe the attack threatens death or serious bodily injury, the court found it inapplicable as there was a safe route to retreat opened for the defendant. The actions of Keitt explicitly indicated his withdrawal from the confrontation opening the possibility for the defendant to retreat and eliminating the necessity for self-defense. Applying the facts of the case to the “castle doctrine, invoked by the defendant, and according to which he was under no duty to retreat standing in his own yard, the court find such doctrine inapplicable under the circumstances of the case. This doctrine cannot be applied as the defendant became the aggressor, after Keitt ceased being so, and thus the right for self-defense cannot be claimed by the aggressor or the party provoking or stimulating the conflict. The defendant’s fault was apparent in bringing and stimulating the conflict which put a restriction on the castle doctrine. Rule Affirmed. The court affirmed the conviction sustaining and upholding the decision of the trial court.