ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Despite an enormous amount of federal budget allocated to mandatory programs, any progress in public health programs is difficult to witness for many reasons. The progress which is actually based upon the conditions and standards of ‘ideal’ health, either public or personal, is never attained. On one hand, when the Government officials believe such health standards to be attainable, they must realize that such preventable evils not only require an enormous expenditure and loss of money, but also proper training of the moral, mental and social standards of the people, so that their mitigation or removal, and that measures for prevention will affect infinitely more than remedies for the cure of disease (Gostin, 2002, p. 26). In this case, though huge budgets are allocated the latter is never managed. On the other hand, people’s higher expectations from the public health programs do not make them realize that to learn the causes of disease and to learn how to prevent disease is something that cannot be measured by money value. One reason for which public health issues are underestimated is the lack of working collectively, as a society we do not participate collectively in assuring the conditions for people to be healthy. The emphasis on cooperative and mutually shared obligation only expects from the collective entities i.e., governments and communities to take responsibility for healthy populations. Individuals are never bothered to act towards collective entities; they are never concerned about safeguarding their health, even if they have the economic means to do so . Since individuals can purchase housing, clothing, food, and medical care, they are expected and must behave in positive ways to promote health and safety by eating healthy foods, exercising, using safety equipment, and refraining from smoking, using illicit drugs, or drinking alcoholic beverages excessively. Another reason for facing obstructions in the progress of public health programs is the state and local problem that inhibits coordination within the public assistance system. It is often seen that state and local input into the project design and rule-making process is usually absent. State and local governments are often not well-served by their representatives in other areas and rarely have the time to participate in the federal regulatory process. Too many programs are designed in ways that inhibi
Introduction The introduction provided a strong rationale for why the experiment was initiated by the proponent of the study. The core principle that the proponent of the study wanted to prove was contained in the statement that says, “Experiential learning utilizes learning activity in which learners encounter tangible learning contexts rather than abstracted knowledge” (Lai, Yang, Chen, Ho, & Chan, 2007, p.326). This was followed by the assertion that “Most research in the field of mobile technologies claims benefits to learning based on evidence of learning achievement” (Lai, Yang, Chen, Ho, & Chan, 2007, p.327). They were also able to clearly articulate the research questions and hypotheses. In essence, the researchers made the claim that through mobile technology, learners can experience tangible learning contexts. They needed to show evidence that the students encountered tangible learning contexts rather than mere theoretical knowledge. Method The methodology was clearly defined so that replication is possible. The subject recruitment and selection process was carefully described. It appears that the participants were randomly selected because there were no distinguishing characteristics that significantly created a difference between the two classes used. The participants were ordinary fifth-grade students. There were about the same number of participants in both groups. At the same time, the same teacher taught the two classes. The sample size was not appropriate in terms of the population to which the researcher wished to generalize. The researchers should have chosen another group of students from another school. They should have chosen students from other grade levels, especially those who are able to manipulate the use of mobile devices. This procedure is needed to prove that the learning capability was not affected by their ability to use electronic equipment. There was no indication that informed consent was obtained. Design A control group was used. The control group was a class of fifth-grade students who were not given PDAs. They went on the same field trip and they had the same science teacher. They performed the same exercise as described in the experiential learning activity but they only used paper and pencil to record their observations. Measures There were certain issues that they needed to clarify before others can use their study as a basis for future research. First of all, they needed to clarify the meaning of experiential learning. Secondly, they needed to explain why it was superior to other forms of learning activities. Thirdly, they needed to explain the scope and limitations of mobile tec
Introduction If asked about what a butterfly effect in short is, the first response would be that everything that happened in the past affects the present and the future. Although not literally, the novel “Shell Shaker” by LeAnne Howe approaches this concept in the same manner, showing that in addition to the present being influenced by the past, history occasionally tends to repeat itself. This paper is a response to the aforementioned novel in an attempt to analyze the themes that the novel covered through the story of two murders separated by two hundred years. Analysis The first thing that the novel attracts when presenting the story is the fluidity of transition between various times. This fluidity forces the reader to make his own conclusions throughout the book trying to foresee the connection that could reveal the mysteries of the two murders. The style of the novel adds a sense of mystery to the story, which, combined with the representation of the various rituals and the extensive usage of the native language, makes the reading process more like a journey in the history of Choctaw. Although the novel can not be considered feminine, the story is told about powerful women. Women who can sacrifice themselves, women who can influence history, and women who are destined to solve the mystery of murder are such women in the novel. The novel approaches many themes of importance, such as the value of history and one’s roots, destiny, greed, and its consequences, and the power of the family ties. One theme that could be considered as the most prevailing in the novel is the theme of the past that can not be left behind. The two major time intervals of the novel, although separated by two hundred years, the events of the past continue to influence the future in a way that the reader already knows that the key to the mystery in the present time lies somewhere in the history of the protagonists’ ancestors and their actions. As the heroes of the novel were aware of their history and the influence and the significance of history, the reader shares this awareness and at moments comes to the conclusion that the link with the past can not be destr
Introduction English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is a topic that is relatively well-covered by recently published literature. This phenomenon is rather widespread, especially in education, due to its ability to facilitate instruction (Yao, Garcia & Collins, 2019). However, it is also associated with multiple challenges. Therefore, both the positive and negative aspects and implications of ELF need to be taken into account when considering ELF use in language teaching. Many recent studies investigate ELF, which may be the result of the widespread nature of the phenomenon. As a result, it is relatively easy to find its definitions. Most commonly, ELF refers to the use of English in multilanguage (and multicultural) groups that do not share any language (Jenkins, 2015; Yao et al., 2019). The goal is to enable or facilitate communication; ELF is supposed to be the common language that all the involved people can utilize. Additionally, the use of English by non-native speakers who choose this option is also termed ELF (Jenkins, 2015). ELF is a good choice for multilanguage groups since English is very widespread; in fact, the term “linguistic imperialism” can be used as a reference to the contribution of colonization to this trend (Yao et al., 2019, p. 210). However, ELF is not always viewed as a positive phenomenon; its benefits and negative implications can be considered (Knapp, 2015; Yao et al., 2019). As for the areas of use, the term (and ELF itself) can be employed in education, public administration, and various working environments. Among other things, ELF can be integrated into language teaching. Main body The implications of ELF for language teaching are rather numerous, but several key outcomes can be noted. On the one hand, the use of a single, common language for educational instruction facilitates the process. This way, educational institutions can accept many transnational students, offer them important services, and also limit education expenditures, which may make them more accessible and competitive in the educational market (Yao et al., 2019). Therefore, ELF, as well as othe
The building that will be described in the paper is Marginal Street Lofts in Boston. It is tube-like stacked blocks with a water view for each resident. The architect has done a substantial amount of work and came up with a significant project, the inner structure of which is depicted in the drawings. First, it should be mentioned that the architect decided to apply Poche (filling in of the thickness of the walls with black) rather than line weight to indicate wall thickness. It helps the viewer to identify the use of space inside the building precisely. On the drawings, line weight is used in the following way. The architect applies the fine line to draw the furniture, cars in the parking, trash boxes in order to demonstrate the comfortable space organization. Medium and heavyweight lines show more important elements such as stairs and thin walls. Then, the dashed line is used to mark the elements that cannot be seen in a particular drawing. Furthermore, the author put a lot of thin lines together while depicting the private decks, balconies, and roofs to mark the open-air space. The green color tone is used to indicate the common corridor where residents are circulating. Such a decision helps the viewer to distinguish common inner space intended only for the transition from the other elements of the building. Moreover, the dot pattern is used to show the common area at the basement level. The other annotations on the drawings are the names of all the sections. Their purpose is to give the plan consistency and reduce the complexity of the perception of the project. It might be assumed that the approach applied by the architect is quite transparent, clear, and professional.
Introduction No profession operates without codes of conduct. It is from these codes that practitioners derive their extends and frames within which their decisions are made. It also grew up as a result of the efforts to standardize the service industry. It was also encouraged by the obligation and awareness stipulated by the privacy legislation. The main reason for the development of the codes could be attributed to the need to come up with a form of protection that would govern both the practitioner and the client. Accordingly, the counseling profession is also regulated by codes of conduct which are not only expected by the society but are strict regulations of which every practitioner must obey. However, these conducts have been marred by ethical conflicts that eventually leave the practitioner in a tight situation during decision making. As a result, this paper will identify confidentiality as a specification within the code of ethics for psychologists. This will be achieved by identifying the codes as stipulated by the American Psychological Association, the American Counseling Association and the SC Codes of conduct. The paper shall then wind up by giving a scenario of the case before summing up with a conclusion. Geldard and Geldard (1998) underscored the importance of confidentiality in the counseling profession. In their argument, the client’s feeling of security is a determining factor in an effective counseling. This can be achieved when the client feels confident that whatever shall be revealed to the counselor will remain confidential. With the guarantee of confidentiality, the client is able to explore the darkest part of his world and open it to the counselor. In addition, they would feel free to share the most intimate parts of their thoughts. Definition Before embarking on any counseling instance, the practitioner must ensure that he discusses with his client the issue of confidentiality. This is among the most essential parts of relationship established between the two. The client must be assured of the confidentiality of everything that is to be discussed between the two. What therefore is confidentiality and how does it apply to the counseling profession and to the marriage counselor to be precise? There are several definitions and stipulations of confidentiality as offered by the different organizations that engage in the regulation of the profession. Among these organizations is American Psychological Association (APA, 2002). Within the framework of APA (2002), confidentiality is part and parcel of the counseling profession. In its code of ethics, they explain that: Psychologists have a primary obligation and take reasonable precautions to protect confidential information obtained through or stored in any medium, recognizing that the extent and limits of confidentiality may be regulated by law or established by institutional rules or professional or scientific relationships. To attain this, several specifications have been put forward. Firstly, before embarking on any serious counseling activities, the counselo
Introduction The world is opening up to women in terms of added responsibilities and equal political, social and economic representation. Therefore, it is upon the society to ensure women participate, in building the economy (Flechl 5). Thus, this research compares women who stay at home without working and those who constantly go to work. It evaluates their levels of satisfaction, attitude and morale. The report also seeks to understand from their children and spouses on how they view them, in terms of their choices, as well as their productivity in the society. Statement of purpose This project intends to find out the various challenges women face, if they are homemakers or employed. It tries to measure their level of satisfaction and joy, if they stay at home or go about their jobs. In most cases, society discriminates those mothers who remain at home to care for their families, and instead favor those who have jobs (Stone 60). Reason for the topic The society is becoming a place of prejudice where people do not respect one another even due to their differences. This is manifested mostly on issues of race, gender, beliefs or preferences (Stone 105). That is why, when a woman decides to stay indoors and the other decides to go to work on accounts of happiness, they are treated differently. Project design In order to come up with this project, I prepared several questionnaires for working and nonworking mothers, recorded observations in the neighborhood of those mothers who stay home to care for their families and to the work places of working mothers (Flechl 41). In both instances, I asked them a number questions to do with their happiness on the choice or path they had taken. Experts’ Opinion on the Project With affirmative action taking new twists in the society, most experts agree that issues favoring minority groups especially women should be given grave consideration. This follows the argument that there is a sense of harmony, when these people are integrated in the community, to play their roles. Experts also noted that there has been elements of discrimination toward mothers who stay home and even at times, to those who work (Sachs 69). Conflicting Results among Experts Experts agree women who stay home and those who go to work should be evaluated in terms of happiness, although the scope of their argument is considerably wide. They suggest other forms of discrimination towards women also include other aspects such as race, leadership and responsibilities that should also be researched (Flechl 29). Therefore, with the reduction of these discrimination elements, then society can begin to treat women differently by letting them play their roles. Knowledge from Experts The experts suggested that
The counseling environment, by its nature, exists to serve some primary productive purpose: the provision of a service, the production of products or sales, or regulatory control. The component parts of the organization are in many ways subordinate to the primary goals, even though on a day-to-day basis there may be enormous competition among individual organizational members and among structural subunits of the organization about the specific means of implementing the organization’s primary purpose or about defining that purpose. Self-disclosure plays a crucial role in counseling practice and dual relationships. There are four types of self-disclosure: “There are four different types of self-disclosures: deliberate, unavoidable, accidental and client-initiated” (Zur, 2008). Thus, by this reasoning, self-disclosure of incompetency becomes a potent trigger for achievement distress. Moreover, ascriptions to inability are also likely to dampen one’s expectations for future success, thereby compounding distress at failure. Finally, another effective factor of humiliation is likely to be implicated in this process. Humiliation has been shown to be an ability-linked reaction to failure and is therefore also likely to mediate the hypothesized ability demotion/anxiety axis (Corey, p. 31). In counseling practices, deliberate self-disclosure is unaccepted as it violates the rights and privacy of clients. All these schemes involve some diversion of assets or information followed by the prevention or deferral of the activities disclosure. They can be detected if certain indicators are watched carefully, especially those that are present time and again when fraud occurs. The conduct of an audit in accordance with generally accepted principles does not anticipate deceit and may fail to detect violation of priva
Introduction Conflict resolution is phenomenal in all levels of corporate and individual management. Different tools and approaches have been proposed and practiced around the world in addressing different situations. This essay explores three of them, namely: constructive controversy, power and communication. Constructive Controversy Intellectual conflicts can be constructive to motivate people in seeking external understanding to accommodate a wider range of views. Constructive controversy mainly encompasses unforced discussions which generate creative ways of problem solving. This can be contrasted to general debates, personal processes or concurrence seeking. Most people form primary conclusion and rationale when faced with a problem that requires a solution (Deutsch, Coleman & Marcus, 2006). Nevertheless, this usually turns into uncertainty when challenged with different opinions which trigger the search for the truth and reasonable stances. It is always a cooperative endeavor that aims at accommodating varying perspectives from other people and yields solutions which promote positive feelings among participants. Importantly, constructive controversies occur in cooperative contexts where players are collaborators and are open to criticism and different perspectives. In this case, participants get motivated to find creative and quality solutions through reasoning which leads to change of attitude and self esteem (Dana, 2001). Furthermore, constructive controversy can be implemented in decision making by use of advocacy teams which develop cases for their group before reversing their initial position and then having a conclusive debate. It can also be used to enhance academic learning where students through groups, handle a problem from two opposing sides before consensus class discussions. This approach is important in promoting democracy. Power and Conflict From a general perspective, power plays a major role in a wide range of conflicts. As a result, there are misconceptions about power including a feeling of competitiveness and physical implication such that it flows in a single direction. Some theorists view power as coercive when exercised over others while others view it from a cooperative stance that is, “power with” others. Additionally, power is viewed within the context of being dependent and independent. Independent theorists believe in empowerment and the ability to exercise power minus any disability. Power therefore utilizes the interplay between an individual’s characteristics and those of the existing conflict. In this case, the individual uses a variety of resources and strategies of authority to achieve holistic goals. Significant spheres of personal power are: motivational, ethical and cognitive orientations. Individuals may be motivated to exercise either personal or group power (Deutsch, Coleman & Marcus, 2006). This is m
Every country has a distinct perception of one’s ideology, history, and values. These characteristics, combined with the language and ethnicity, make up the culture of a nation. Large communities of persons manage to function on one territory only through a shared culture that unites single individuals into a nation. It broadly defines the way of life for people, determines the values, and creates the cultural identity people carry into art as well. Art gives men a way to express their individual and cultural struggles. The movie industry allows the directors to explore cultural identity specifics through tailored characters and scenery, as in an Australian film Muriel’s Wedding . Cultural Identity The cultural identity of an individual is formed through the perceptions and traditions of the whole country. Australian culture is commonly considered as one of the most welcoming and warmest (Kapferer, 2020). Australians are open, outgoing, and relaxed, which is usually considered friendly. They may also be direct and say what they mean straightforwardly. Australians generally tend to be relatively informal in everyday interactions. The Australian culture is generally considered more individualistic than collectivistic, and people are usually more concerned about their personal success (Kapferer, 2020). All these characteristics leave a trace in the individual qualities of a person who bears the cultural identity of an Australian. However, all the positive traits of Australian culture are often unnoticed because of the underlying flaws. The outgoing and direct nature of Australians may frequently be considered rude and offensive (Khan, 2019). The individualistic culture damages family institutions and leads to being egocentric (Kapferer, 2020). The following controversies and cultural flaws are usually underlined through art. Filmography becomes the way to affect the societal norms and values and shift the cultural identity through showcasing specific cultural features. Australian Film Industry The era of globalization has undoubtedly brought immense benefits to the global community making access to quality products and international connections. However, the increasing speed of globalization also means a decrease in cultural individuality. The languages, traditions, and cultures of various countries get erased with the establishment of global standards and unification (Kapferer, 2020). Such a process proves to be especially detrimental to film and television industries other than Hollywood. Australia’s film industry can not rival with Hollywood and loses its peculiarity and ability to share a unique cultural pe