ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Tony Amos makes a very interesting point about the role of women in contemporary society; she says, “Sexy women are everywhere: on billboards, magazines, but real women must use the strength of their voices to be heard.” At first glance, it may seem that such a statement is hardly applicable in the modern age of feminism. Nevertheless, it seems that it is not so wide from the mark. Naturally, to some extent, the feminist movement has managed to break certain gender stereotypes, but their remnants are still very noticeable, and they can be easily traced in the mens attitude towards the opposite sex. It will not be an exaggeration to say that the vast majority of men still look at strong, talented, and intelligent women with some apprehension or even fear. Certainly, in present-day American society, such a form of prejudice does not manifest itself very clearly, but it still can be observed. For instance, if any woman achieves success, it seems to be something very unusual. Probably, the main reason is that we (men) are still very accustomed to this false superiority. This illusion, which we still cherish, is the main obstacle that still prevents women from fulfilling their potential. Another issue that we need to discuss is the “perfect” image of a woman, at least from a male perspective. It is necessary to answer the question of what men value most in women. Traditionally, it is declared that we attach primary importance to beauty (both spiritual and physical), intelligence, independence, kindness, compassion, empathy, etc. Unfortunately, very often, it is just savage hypocrisy. It stands to reason that we must not generalize while talking about such a sensitive issue, and there are men for whom such qualities as, for instance, intelligence, strength, independence are important, but at times it is just make-believe. In point of fact, special emphasis is usually placed on sexuality and obedience. These qualities have now turned into commodities, which are in enormous demand. Consequently, “sexy women are everywhere; on billboards, magazines,” etc., though it should be vice versa. Yet, if we ascribe this problem only to the opposite sex, we will surely make a very blatant mistake. The thing is that many women also do not view independence or strength as necessary. They believe that that they should only meet the standards set by men. In addition to that, every woman, who dares contradict their principles, is often made an outcast. Naturally, it is not officially declared, but occasionally, a woman, intending to achieve success in the spheres, which has always been “male,” is regarded as some white crow even by other women. Evidently, such a concept as “real woman” can be interpreted from various standpoints. It turns out the struggle carried on by the representatives of the feminist movement was not necessary for some representatives of the fair sex. Therefore, it is quite possible for us to arrive at the conclusion that the main hindrance preventing “real women” from
School bullying transcends all socio-cultural boundaries. Bullying causes adverse effects on the victims, such as low self-esteem, elevated anxiety/fear, impaired self-efficacy, depression, and sometimes suicide (Caravita, Gini, & Pozzoli, 2012). Further, bullying behavior indicates antisocial or distorted moral cognitions by the perpetrator. This paper discusses how moral development in middle childhood correlates with bullying behavior based on Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. It also applies Kohlberg’s model to a selected anti-bullying program adopted in school settings. Moral Development in Middle Childhood The middle childhood (6-12 years) is marked by the development of basic literacy skills and understanding of other people’s behavior that would be crucial in creating effective later social cognitions (Cam, Cavdar, Seydoogullari, & Cok, 2012). The child’s personality also begins to develop at this stage. The child’s moral reasoning in middle childhood relates to punishment for misconduct or bad behavior. At this stage, obedience is not considered a virtue, but simply as a way of giving in to the parent’s physical superiority. In Kohlberg’s terms, moral reasoning (heteronomous morality) at this stage centers on punishment-obedience orientation (Mossler & Ziegler, 2016). As Cam et al. (2012) write, the child’s general concept during this phase is that rules are static. Further, the child begins to feel that wrongdoing is punishable, indicating a greater concern for self-oriented outcomes than for moral considerations of his/her actions. He/she also develops basic differentiation between deliberate and unplanned rule violations. Another moral development process in middle childhood is the foundational ability to distinguish between conventional and moral rules (Cam et al., 2012). In addition, the child becomes empathetic and develops a “needs-oriented moral reasoning,” as he/she gains ready comprehension of other people’s states (Cam et al., 2012, p. 1223). As a result, he/she becomes less physically aggressive and more apt to conflict resolution. However, verbal aggression persists throughout this stage (Cam et al., 2012). Quality parent-child relations determine the moral developmental trajectory in middle childhood. The lack of disciplinary measures increases the possibility of early-onset behavior problems (Cam et al., 2012). At this critical stage, the child is at high risk of developing antisocial behavior that he/she may carry into adolescence and adulthood. Kohlberg’s model and how it can be applied to Bullying Programs in Schools Kohlberg’s model defines three levels of moral development. In the first one, the pre-conventional level, egocentric needs/interests, drive a person’s judgment. In contrast, in the conventional level, the individual values societal expectations and social norms. At the third level, the post-conventional stage, per
The central idea I will discuss is the theme of father and son dynamics shown by Troy and Bono with their fathers. As Troy said explicitly in Act I, Scene IV, his father was a constant cause of conflict and was filled with tension and hate at times. Troy’s father acts as the role model for a cautionary story (Wilson 1415). Troy, on the other hand, is entirely perplexed and ultimately emulates his father’s behavior. Despite Troy’s accusations that his father was wicked and the devil, his father has continued to beat him brutally. Troy does not go out of his way to demonstrate to Cory how much he cared about Lyons throughout their relationship to compensate for his missed time. When Lyons tries to get Troy to watch him perform in Act I Scene IV, it serves as an excellent demonstration of their utterly opposed outlooks on life. However, in the paper, various scenes are precisely analyzed and various incidences are revealed, which portrays the existing differences and friendships among the protagonists. Cory must face the burden of his father’s resentment, and his inability to comprehend what a father-son relationship must perform a crucial part in the scene’s climax. The relationships that a person develops throughout their life have a profound effect on their character. The drama is set at the Maxson family’s middle-class home, which is enclosed by an incomplete fence. This illustration represents the typical Black American household navigating a discriminatory and unequal society. Due to this, Troy’s entire existence is condensed into a specific spot in his domain, and Troy is its defender. Troy and Bono inform Lyons about their southern upbringings and experiences with problematic dads in Act One, Scene Four. Despite their pessimism, Troy and Bono’s generation’s recollections may be compared to Lyons and Cory’s (Wilson 1418). When slavery was abolished, black people were compelled to work as sharecroppers, including Troy’s father. According to Troy, his father was so vicious that no woman would remain with him for an extended time, and therefore he was mainly raised alone. Troy’s father spotted the runaway animal as Troy was caring for his father’s prized mule (Wilson 1427). When Troy’s father discovered him with a girl he adored, he severely whipped Troy with leather reins until he submitted. Troy was always defeated, regardless of how long he lived. Troy’s father sexually abused the minor child out of rage at him for failing to obey his demands, demonstrating that this man’s father was considerably more evil than previously assumed. Troy was formerly afraid of his father but has grown to appreciate him. According to Troy, the experience marked a turning point in his development as a man (Wilson 1428). Even though he was impoverished and homeless, he couldn’t bear the thought of living with someone who committed such atrocities. His isolation from his father shaped Troy’s view of manhood after the violence and betrayal of his father. O
Introduction The health and well being of the youth are vital to a country’s future. The Australian government’s efforts to build an improved society are ambitious. Australian policy makers have set determined targets for a better future for its young populace with the help of policies and initiatives (AIHW, 2011). Numerous initiatives are in place to ensure the physical and emotional health and wellbeing of young Australians (AIHW, 2011). However, several problems in the Australian society have become a serious cause for concern, specifically because these problems have a direct impact on the future of the young people and consequently the future of Australia. Of these, the important issue of the high rate of crimes among young Australians is particularly pressing. If the Australian government aspires to achieve its ambitious goal of making Australia an ideal country with minimal problems, it will first have to seek the cause for criminal activities among young Australians. Two important causes for increased criminal activity among young Australians are homelessness and mental disorders. Homelessness itself is seen rising in Australian children; the government is well aware that in order to meet its goals for a better society for the youth by 2020, it will need to address the root cause of these issues (Victoria Government Department of Human Services, 2010). Without identifying the causes and effects of homelessness and mental health on Australian youth it will be difficult to effectively address the issue of crime among young Australians. This report identifies the causes of criminal activity among the young people of Australia, a major hurdle in achieving a better society for youth by the year 2020. This research seeks to explicate the two most important causes of crime among young Australians; identifying and addressing these issues will help in achieving the targets for a better Australian youth society by the year 2020. Literature Review Youth offense is a cause for serious concern, not only because of the harm it causes to society but also because the offenders facing juvenile detention and imprisonment could be associated with more serious crimes later in life (Makkai & Payne 2003). Youth and adolescence is a period of rapid growth and bodily change. Puberty is the period when several hormonal changes take place which impacts adolescent behavior and attitude. The escalating rates of drug abuse and crime among the young people of Australia, are an indicator of the serious social and psychological problems they face (Eckersley 2008). The image below shows the estimate of young people in prison between the ages of 18 years to 24 years (2009). Some of the factors impacting criminal activity in young people are low socioeconomic status, low educational achievement, physical and mental health problems and a past history of child abuse and neglect (Kenny et al. 2006; NSW Department of Juvenile Justice 2003; Stewart et al. 2002). Homelessn
Summary Because of the rapid expansion occurring within the realm of public health care, the need for both public and private organizations, whether they are charity-based or the ones acquiring annual benefits, to align their actions and cooperate. A major improvement of the public health services provision is the expected result of the specified collaboration. The IOM organization was not the first one to coin the term “population health” (Bialek, Moran & Kirshy, 2015), yet it has clearly broken new grounds in the designated area. It has been proven that, when combined, the efforts of nursing organizations lead to the most efficient results (Bialek, Moran & Kirshy, 2015). Moreover, the long-term goals of the communities involved can be reached within a shorter amount of time once the existing nursing organizations join their efforts. Herein the Population Health Driver Diagram (PHDD) factors in. Created and tested by the Public Health Foundation, the specified concept creates the premises for the organizations in the domains of public health and health care to collaborate productively. The concept is defined as the framework that helps identify and planning the measures that must be undertaken for successful attainment of the community’s objectives (Bialek, Moran & Kirshy, 2015). The significance and effects of the PHDD was proven in 2012, when the reconsideration of the usage of antibiotics was on the agenda of both healthcare services and the services for public health provision. The diagram was applied in three locations (Missouri, Connecticut and Maine) and returned rather fruitful results. The success of the outcomes can be explained by the fact that each state approached the issue from a different angle; when combined, the perspectives pointed at an original and unique solution. Application Being a groundbreaking concept in the provision of additional opportunities for nurses, the PHDD has been employed quite successfully in the realm of nursing. To be more specific, the above-mentioned concept has been employed in several nursing programs. First and most obvious, the diagram has been used widely as a basic tool for educating nurses (Bialek, Moran & Kirshy, 2015). More to the point, the PHDD approach is a perfect example of solving a problem with the help of a complex solution. Despite the fact that the PHDD Indeed, the PHDD displays the means of linking several areas into a single framework, therefore, teaching nursing specialists to search for every possible solution to a specific problem. As a result, nurses are not limited to a single model of addressing a complicated medical issue and are capable of collaborating with the representatives of healthcare and public health services. At this point, the issue of information transfer must be addressed. Living in
Introduction In mid 2008, an Indian Automobile company, Tata Group, acquired Jaguar Land Rover from Ford Company (Ille & Chailan 2011). This acquisition is among the latest global takeovers involving two global car brands (Tata and Ford) (Bajaj 2012). The Ansoff matrix (outlined below) explains this acquisition as a “low risk” deal for Tata Group. In the acquisition, Tata Group acquired two established car brands (Jaguar and Land Rover), which dominated established markets (North America and Europe). Figure One: Ansoff Matrix (Source: Portakabin 2009) Based on the above matrix, acquisitions that involve established products in established markets result in low risk. Indeed, Jaguar and Land Rover are prestigious global brands and their global market presence has been strong. In fact, Durgeshiif (2011) says when Ford sold both subsidiaries to the Tata Group, Jaguar and Land Rover were profitable brands. Therefore, the acquisition was a “low risk” acquisition. Using the strategic driver framework, this paper evaluates why this acquisition happened. Furthermore, in more detail, this paper uses the Schuler and Jackson three-stage model and the Lewin’s change model to explain how the acquisition happened. These analyses outline the background for assessing the success of the acquisition. Why the Acquisition Happened Using the strategic driver matrix, as outlined by Bose (2004), this paper shows that Tata Group acquired Jaguar Land Rover for four main reasons. The first reason was its quest to increase its presence in the global automobile sector (Ille & Chailan 2011). Particularly, Tata Group wanted to expand its global presence in the automobile sector by acquiring foreign global brands that could diversify its market (this is the second reason for acquiring Jaguar Land Rover) (Jaguar and Land Rover) (Bajaj 2012; Hicks & Upton 2010). Certainly, by acquiring Jaguar and Land Rover, Tata would have a global presence in new markets (notably North America and Europe) where Jaguar Land Rover dominated (Durgeshiif 2011). This strategy highlights the third reason for the acquisition – the quest to diversify Tata’s product range into the performance and luxury car brand segments (Jaguar is a performance brand, while Land Rover owns several subsidiaries of luxury car brands, such as Range Rover) (Emerald Insight 2011). Here, it is important to understand that, before acquiring Jaguar Land Rover, Tata Group mainly focused on producing commercial vehicles (buses and heavy commercial trucks) (Bajaj 2012). Lastly, Tata acquired Jaguar Land Rover because it would benefit from cheap component sourcing, design services and low-cost engineering (that Jaguar and Land Rover offered) (Durgeshiif 2011). Through the above analysis, it is correct to say that product diversification, market expansion, commitment to the automobile sector, and economies of scale
Introduction The dissertation to be critiqued herein compares trustworthiness in e-commerce arrangements in the United Kingdom and China, the emphasis being on the customer to customer relations. This critic is meant to investigate whether the writer reached the intended goals and whether the right procedures were followed. Aims The researcher clearly states the goals of the research in several parts of the beginning sections. Are these clearly spelt out? Beginning with the abstract, the researcher clearly states that the aim of the study is to understand the distrust between customers on their Internet dealings. This is repeated and emphasised ate the report’s introduction section. In addition to the two sections, the researcher has gone to the extent of dedicating an entire section to the project’s scope and aims. In this section, the objects of the project well lie in a bullet format. The scope is also well stipulated in this section. The background section of the dissertation stipulates the main research problem, which is the persisting distrust between consumers in cyberspace. Though well laid out, the researcher could have used some examples of existing distrust in customer to customer relationships. This would have aided quicker understanding. The use of dry theory literature sources, however, helps grasp the concepts being explained. The researcher has gone to the extent of providing factors that lead to the persisting distrusts among the participating parties—this provides a clear view of understanding of the topic and depth of research (Poon 1999). Research context The project has borrowed extensively from literature sources in different disciplines depending on the concept being detailed. For instance, the r
In her article “Abortion Is Too Complex to Feel All One Way About” that appeared in the New York Times (March 13, 1986) , Anna Quindlen attracts the attention of the global community to one of the most controversial issues of society today: the pros and cons of abortion. In fact, as made clear in the article, Quindlen seems to be extremely sincere when communicating with her readers about this important topic. The article is devoted to the author’s personal experiences with abortion; she mentions many of her acquaintances of different ages who were pregnant and who could not have their pregnancies terminated due to a range of reasons related to religious identity or their specific circumstances and relationships with their families and parents. Personally, I suppose that the consequences of delivering unplanned and unwanted babies are terrible and that the topic raised by the author deserves significant attention. The duplicity of those who want to ban all abortion everywhere is obvious; contrary to the assumptions promoted by pro-life movement activists, the obligation to raise unwanted children cannot make young girls more responsible. Instead, the baby becomes just an additional problem. In this article, Quindlen states that the problem of abortion is much more complex than it may seem to be at first glance. This is why there are more assumptions and facts that need to be taken into account by those people who consider themselves to be against abortion in any situation. When it comes to the specific circumstances that make pregnant teenagers, and adult women want to have an abortion, the author is not a strong supporter of the idea that a personal decision is appropriate in all circumstances. Having read this article, I suppose that she tries to act as a kind of mediator between the representatives of two movements with completely opposite values: pro-choice and pro-life activists. In other words
Aeschylus, who is believed to be one of the most prominent Greek playwrights, changes the functions of chorus in his tragedies. First, it is worth mentioning that the chorus is an inseparable part of any ancient tragedy, but it can play different parts. As a rule, it acts as a guide of the audience, which makes the reader or the spectator form a certain conclusion. In addition to that, ancient dramaturges tried to make this collective character socially diverse, which means that it consisted of people belonging to various layers of society. Aeschylus tragedies “Oresteia” and particularly “the Libation Bearers” drastically differ from this distinct pattern. First, it should be taken into account that “Libation Bearers” is composed of slave women. Furthermore, traditionally, in ancient tragedies, the chorus never interacts with other characters; on the contrary, they only express the authors opinion. In his turn, Aeschylus transforms these people from passive observers (or renderers of the playwright’s beliefs) into active participants, who might easily affect the behavior of the main characters. To a certain degree, the chorus in the authors tragedies is the orthodox views or public onion, but it implicitly conveys Aeschyluss ideas. Moreover, the chorus often utters prophetic words, particularly these women they foretell the death of Cl
Introduction Modernity has left an indelible mark on numerous aspects of Islamic culture. Nowhere is this impact so evident as in Islamic geometry and architecture. Stylistic pluralism, which has become a mainstay of postmodern thought, muddles the issue of the stylistic mixture by positing that aesthetic discontinuity should not be shunned (Lochhead & Auner, 2013). This part of the thesis proposal considers how the research will be conducted and evaluated. A research paradigm, a methodology, and methods will be discussed in detail. Research Paradigm The study will revolve around a critical examination of fundamental aspects of Islamic culture; therefore, it is essential to maintain a high level of transparency for the researcher’s positionality, thereby ensuring that no assumptions are left unchecked. It follows that both ontological and epistemological positions of the inquirer have to be critically examined to ensure that adherence to the absolute orthodoxy of the positivist paradigm does not skew the results of the study. It is especially important since the nature of the topic precludes a realist ontology. There are several divergent views on how to approach the impact of modernity on Islamic geometry and architecture. Some argue that these facets of Islamic culture have to remain traditional because they epitomize perennial social views, forms, and beliefs (Omer, 2015). Others maintain that form should follow function and do not oppose the modernization of Islamic geometry and architecture (Alami, 2011). Y