ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
How energy is stored in organisms as lipids Lipids are the fats and their derivatives and are located in various regions of an animal’s body including in humans. They are mainly fatty acids and glycerols. They are compounds that are made up of bonded carbons, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The long chains of CH 2 make up the biggest portion of the fatty acids and a carboxyl or a methyl group may make up its terminal. A glycerol, on the other hand, contains a chain of three carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The formula for a glycerol is C 3 H 6 O 3 . Excess glucose is stored in the form of fats and these fats are stored in the adipose tissue. When the animal is not eating, these fats are broken down by the enzyme lipase into glycerol and fatty acids. The fatty acids and glycerols are then further broken down to produce glucose. Glucose is a ready-to-use form of energy that is essential for the functioning of the organism (Bennett, 2008). Compare saturated and unsaturated fatty acids Fig 1: comparison of a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ in their carbon-hydrogen ratio. Saturated fatty acids are those fatty acids that are formed when all the carbon atoms within the chain are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. Their formula is C n H (2n+1) CO 2 H. Saturated fatty acids are those that have double bonds within the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen chain. They have the formula C n H (2n-1) CO 2 H. The unsaturated and saturated fatty acids differ in their carbon-hydrogen numbers and also differ in terms of their melting points and energy content. Unsaturated fats have fewer carbon-hydrogen bonds and therefore, yield less energy than their saturated counterparts yield. Saturated fatty acids have a low freezing point because they can stack closely together. This explains why they are usually solid at room temperature. Role of fatty acids in the body Fatty acids play a big role in the organism’s body. One of the functions of fatty acids is to make part of the cell membranes. The membrane, made up of lipids, facilitates the fluid movement and transportation of the vital elements of the cell. Fatty acids, which make up part of the lipids, are essential for energy storage. This is facilitated by their anhydrous nature, which means that they do not contain water. The energy generated from the fatty acids more than doubles that which is generated from carbohydrates of the same quantity. This stored energy is not in a ready-to-use form. This enables the organism store it for a long time. Hibernating organisms use the energy from lipids to survive the difficult environmental conditions. Fatty acids are also important for hormone formation since they form the bases of hormones. Lipids are also important in that they absorb and store vitamins in the fatty tissue. Organisms – for protection purposes – also use lipids (fatty acids). Plants, for examp
Abstract This research paper looks into the emerging issues of terrorist threats in Africa and especially the Northern African region. The paper tries to answer whether the U.S. has the ability to counter the emerging terrorist threats in Africa through military co-operation missions with aligned countries. As a result the research paper looks into how the United States can participate both militarily, and diplomatically to combat the emerging terrorist threat in Northern Africa. Additionally, the paper discusses the disposition of the threat and where it is going. Some of the issues the article looks at are:  1. increasing kidnapping cases for ransoms that fund terrorism;  2. the AQIM (Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb) and Al Qaeda relationship;  3. emergence of Al Shabab in the horn of Africa,  4. the transitional federation government in Somalia and its implication on the state of lawlessness;  5. the AQIM using Torgs as protection and logistical support;  6. the un-official truce between AQIM and the government;  7. the situation of the anti AQIM movement in Mauritania;  8. the research will also cover the U.S. involvement in Africa, the State Department and DoD. Other important issues that will be considered will include the foreign internal defense mission that the U.S. is conducting, military agencies like: -Special Operations Command Africa -Special Operations Command Europe -EUCOM -AFRICOM and all of their participating efforts. In line with the 2001 Anti-Terrorism Resolution 1373 by the Security Council, all states are required to work on combating and suppressing terrorist activities within their regions. This is through the suppression of financial help to terrorist groupings and organizations, improvement of cooperation between states and monitoring of implementation of these resolutions. Introduction The possibilities of terrorist threats taking place within any particular country are now more than ever very alarming. In the last decade or so, there have been increased terrorist activities in the Middle East an
Introduction Censorship in media is a controversial and actively debated topic in modern society, mostly due to the fact that it borders legal, cultural, and ethical domains. The roots of the problem can be traced back to the early days of media itself. For instance, the controversy surrounding the regulations of the movie industry can be traced back to the early days of commercial cinematography. Unsurprisingly, the first attempts of censoring a specific phenomenon from the industry were met with recognizable debate across society. Interestingly, the central premise of censorship was somewhat different. The following paper explores the history of prizefighting pictures, tracks major tendencies and assumptions accompanying the earliest attempts of industry regulation, and isolates several social, cultural, and ethical driving forces behind the process. Historical Overview Predictably, one of the earliest examples of movie censorship occurred in the field commonly associated with controversy, specifically, the violent imagery. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, one of the most popular genres was the prizefighting picture – a recording of a staged or real match between two professional boxers. The format excluded the need for plot or any significant emphasis on artistic qualities of the product – instead, the interest of viewers was primarily fueled by depicted action. It is important to note that the ethical and safety standards of the industry were in their infancy, which resulted in the level of violence which was unusually high by today’s standards. Despite this, very few concerns were voiced with the violent display before the release of the “fight of the century” between Jack Johnson and James Jeffries (“Film Men Will Wait”). Despite the enormous popularity of both participants, the main tension arose from the fact that the winning boxer, Johnson, was black and Jeffries was white. The concerns with potential aftermath were so high that the film was banned from release in several countries and eventually led to a ban on the distribution of prizefighting pictures (“Fight Views Held Back” 9). However, while the controversy understandably coincided with growing tendencies of racial segregation of the time, the manner in which these objections are raised throughout media suggest interesting implications. Social and Cultural Implications Specifically, most of the articles on the topic distance themselves from the obvious discriminatory nature of the dissatisfaction with the outcome of the match. An article in the Moving Picture
Introduction According to the research by Ernst & Young (2), the Venezuelan currency has faced a number of challenges in the past few years due to a number of reasons. The currency has been changed a number of times in order to meet the international standards. In 2008, Venezuelan boulevards became the national currency of Venezuela. The Venezuelan Central Bank did this after a careful valuation of the currency, which was done with the help of Bank for International Settlement in 2007 (Ernst & Young 6). However, this move did not stop the volatility of the new currency in the local foreign exchange market. This problem is majorly caused by political factors, especially when Hugo Chavez’s administration devalued the currency in 2013 as a way of managing the country’s budget deficit. It is now time to take this currency to the international market, especially in North and South American. To do this, some structures will need to be understood by the authorities before this currency can be traded internationally. Understanding the existing foreign exchange regulations in these countries, and how to manage them will be very important in ensuring that the move is successful. In this paper, the researcher seeks to determine the offshore tax structures and foreign exchange regulations that will affect the decision to take the Venezuelan boulevards into the international market. Off Shores Tax Structures According to Derham (89), the foreign exchange market is unique. It may not be easy to introduce this new Venezuelan currency in the targeted regions of North and South America. Ernst & Young (90) says that to trade this currency in a foreign country, there it will be necessary to engage the brokers and convince them that there is a market for this particular currency. According to Derham (67), foreign exchange trading companies would only stock currencies with considerably high demand. They need currencies that moves fast and can generate the profits they need. The demand for this currency in North and South America is relatively low because of the limited exports from Venezuela to North and South America. However, this does not mean that this currency cannot be traded in the international market. The best way of trading this currency in the international markets is through Venezuelan investors who will trade in these international markets. The government can encourage the local investors to venture into the international Forex market in the targeted regions. This can be done using a number of incentives that will make such investments lucrative. These investors can
The US government has been designed to have three branches of power that have separate but related capabilities in terms of maintaining the country running. The government’s Executive Branch is governed by the President of the United States who should implement and enforce the laws developed by Congress. The President is also responsible for appointing heads of federal agencies, including the Cabinet, for ensuring the execution of the legislation. The Legislative Branch is governed by the Congress, which is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives, each of which is made up of members that have been elected from each state. Despite the fact that the structure of the Congress was widely debated, the intention behind its development was associated with the need to ensure that each state had a say in making federal decisions. The Judicial Branch is represented by the Supreme Court of the United States and includes nine members, each of whom is assigned by the President with approval from the Senate, which has to provide a majority vote. It is imperative to understand that each participant of the US government can affect the changes in decisions made by other branches. For example, the President can veto the laws that are being passed by Congress. The latter, in turn, can confirm and reject the appointments made the President as well as remove the elected President from office in the case of exceptional circumstances. The Supreme Court Justices are also capable of overturning unconstitutional laws passed by Congress. Therefore, the interactions between the branches of the American government represent the framework on which the country was developed. The structure of the government in the Russian Federation differs from the framework developed in the United States. The executive branch of the country represents the set of the most authoritative officials, the President of Russia, who is the Head of the State and the Prime Minister, who is the Head of Government. The executives have complete authority over overseeing administrative affairs in the country and are also responsible for law enforcement as per the constitution of Russia. The Legislative Assembly of the Russian Federation is the legislative body of the government and is made up of two divisions, both of which are located in the country’s capital, Moscow. The State Duma is the Federal Assembly’s lower house that considers all proposals and bills and includes 450 members. The Federal Council id the upper house of the Assembly and has 168 members-senators. The main political party in the country is United Russia, while the communist party is the key opposition to the ruling party. It is also important to mention the role of the Constitutional Court of Russia, which is responsible for solving any issues that may take pl
The democratic regime under President Barack Obama has been pushing for an increase in the minimum wage from $7.25 to around $10.10, claiming that the increase is likely to increase the living standards among the low-income earners in the United States. Nevertheless, the idea has received criticism from several individuals, especially economic analysts and political opponents. The economic aspect of the arguments against the idea is quite impressive. In this article, Michael Saltsman (2014) has developed a comprehensive argument based on economic evidence. He cautions the government that the idea is likely to affect the economic system, especially by interfering with the natural relationships between supply and demand as well as the existing relationship between labor, automation, and prices. In the article, the author attempts to describe a situation that will result if the government succeeds in pushing and implementing the rise in the minimum wage. According to the author, a compulsory rise in the minimum wage will involve several other issues. The author argues that automation of service delivery, which is made possible by the existence of a dynamic state of technology, has already started taking over the roles that are conventionally performed by humans. The author points at several organizations that have started automation of their operations. For instance, restaurant chains such as Chili’s and Evan Bobs, departmental stores such as Target and Macy’s as well as several other organizations have started automating their services. Moreover, the author cites a recent report from a study carried out by the National Restaurant Association, which indicates that most restaurants have developed comprehensive strategies and programs to start automating their services. What is the cause of the situation? What does this imply and what impacts will the raising of the minimum wage on the situation? The situation that the author is describing in the article can be analyzed from an economic perspective. In this context, four aspects of the economy must be considered- supply, demand, labor, prices, and automation. In this context, a forced increase in the minimum wage is likely to decrease the profit levels for employers. Since the employers are ready to face loses or reduction in their profit margins, they will have to take the only options available for them- increasing the product price or reducing the cost of production (Thomas, 2008). On the other hand, it is worth noting that employers are more likely to attempt reducing the cost of production than increasing the product price or compromising product quality. Therefore, the only option remaining for them is to reduce the cost of production by reducing the number of employees. However, this is also a threat to business because reducing the number of employees is likely to reduce product quality, service delivery, and competitiveness (Thomas, 2008). Fortunately, technology has
Executive Summary Katie, a 23-year-old, has a passion for business and already has the required skills and creativity to start her own business. She is in a dilemma of whether to start a company or go to a graduate school for further studies. Starting a business is the better alternative for Katie because she has skills, experience, and passion. To start a business, she should comply with the relevant legal and financial requirements. Furthermore, she is supposed to gather both primary and secondary data from the most recent and reliable sources. The business has a tremendous market potential based on the population, the number of competitors, and area of coverage. Katie needs 77.1% of the market share to break even. Introduction Katie, a 23-year-old with an undergraduate degree in new media, is interested in starting a business. The business is to deal with the production of custom image files for engraving logos. She is skilled in the creation, designing, and production of digital media. Furthermore, she has experience obtained by working at her uncle’s store; Bullet’s Awards Inc. Katie wants a digital business and wants the use of the internet in all the sales and productions to make it a continental business. Her business aims to offer services and goods at a wholesale level. It seeks to sell logos to the retailer shops who in return sell to the consumers in their respective markets. However, apart from the financial concern, Katie’s has a problem of inadequate information about the market. She does not know the size of the custom images market and the market share for break even. Problem Statement Katie’s problem is deciding whether to start a business or not and how to estimate the market potential in case of beginning the business. In addition, she does not know the real estimate of the market share that she needs to break even. Analysis Katie should use both the primary and secondary sources of information in her market research. She should use cost and reliability in the determination of the particular data source for the business. Cheaper sources of information are appropriate especially the ones that are free. The sources should entail the use of relevant websites and free printed materials. Katie should, therefore, use the United States government’s open sources in getting the market information. She should also use SBA.gov that issues statistics and data for both retailers and wholesalers. Alternatively, Katie can use information from the U.S Census Bureau, FedStats.gov, SBA Office of Advocacy, and economicindicators.org. The U. S Census Bureau has several tools for accessing data that make easy
One of the aims of victors during the first world war was to create safe democracy. Therefore, fascism developed through democratic constitutions that were restored in many countries after the war. During this wave of evolution, countries developed nationalistic totalitarianism that promised people democracy and defense against communism (Corbett, 2017). Fascism was a form of dictatorship that launched military activities. Militarism resulted in political takeovers from Hitler, making the treaty of Versailles a complete failure. At the beginning of political conflicts in Europe, the United States maintained that it would not engage in European affairs. Therefore, the United States formulated the Neutrality Act of 1935, forbidding weapons sales to fight nations (Corbett, 2017). The act further provided that the United States could not give loans to conflicting countries in Europe. The United States tried to avoid European entanglements and concentrate on its domestic affairs. However, the United States Congress later formulated the Cash and Carry policy. The policy worked under the terms that the United States could sell arms provided that the buyer could pay in cash and seek their means of transportation. The policy led to a rise in arms production, massive profit generation, and booming business, which helped the economic recovery after the Great Depression of 1929. The United States served as a good supplier of arms across Europe and Asia amid the growing conflicts (Haass, 2018). Through the policy, the United States played an influential role in promoting World War II. However, the United States could not have prevented World War II because it did not have the military capability to neutralize the Axis powers’ aggression. The United States alone was weaker and trying to recover from the Great Depression. Despite the United States’ neutrality, President Roosevelt worked with Congress to formulate policies that favored the Allies (Messer, 2017). Congress altered the neutrality act to develop the “cash and carry” policy to arm Britain and France. Additionally, Roosevelt shipped one hundred P-40 fighter planes and allowed American volunteers to fly them. Concerns over Britain’s ability to protect itself made Congress formulate the Lend-Lease policy, which allowed the United States to arm any nation that seemed important in its defense (Corbett, 2017). Using atomic weapons to defeat enemies is a setback to democracy since it leads to the loss of innocent civilians who have nothing to do with the war. For example, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulted in about 250,000 civilian deaths.
The recent economic crisis that originated in the US has now come to take its toll on the rest of the world. All over the world, the effects of decreased commodity prices, increased inflation, higher inflation and decrease credit availability are impacting all the major and minor economies alike. The decline in the trade that resulted has seen manufacturing and service sectors targeting both internal and external markets suffer. This ultimately affects the health of the economy. The car industry in the UK has been one of the key economic players in this world’s respected economy. In 2007, the car industry was exporting an average of 103,000 cars and making 28,000 units for the local economy per month. This was within three months in the three months to July (national statistics, 2007). However, the effect of the world financial crisis has reversed this trend. Williams notes with concern that there has been a whopping 59% decrease in car production bringing the monthly average to 59,777 units for February 2009. Indications that the internal economy is in trouble are high with a recording of dropping car registration for the same year (Williams, 2009). The UK car industry has not suffered in isolation; the effects have been internationally felt in the car sales worldwide. GM motors, America’s largest car produc