ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Netcare was founded back in 1994 and later in December 1996, it got a listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. At the time, Netcare comprised of six hospitals. After the listing, Netcare acquired a number of small and autonomous hospital holdings in South Africa including Excel Medical Limited and Clinic Holdings. It later acquired Medicross, which had a network of 75 dental and medical centers athwart South Africa in 2001. Medicross acquired another holding, Prime Cure in 2006 that had 25 medical centers and a 130,000-customer base. Reasons for Netcare’s success in South Africa From its history, one of the main reasons behind Netcare’s success is its series of acquisitions. After its listing in the Stock Exchange, it acquired very organized holdings with large networks in South Africa’s health system. These acquisitions enabled Netcare gain customers and control many clinics. This was coupled with organizational growth that saw Netcare expand the existing hospitals as well as building new hospitals in which four were completed in 2006. It also earned huge contracts for its 911 emergency along with the ambulance service. It also took advantage of budding markets by offering high volume and low cost service to the private patients who were unable to pay for conventional private hospital contribution previously. Netcare’s record growth was so strong that by the year 2007, it boasted of 18,877 employees. In the same period, its capacity had grown to 9,546 beds in 56 hospitals with 86 hospital and retail pharmacies and 358 operating theaters in a private hospital that offered trauma services. Its 911 emergency service comprised over 7.5 million members with 246 ambulances and response vehicles, as well as 3 helicopters over and above 2 fixed-wing ambulances. Another reason for success is the operational excellence by driving efficiencies and controlling costs by means that could not compromise quality. It also implemented a system of Systems Application and Products (SAP), the endorsement of the entire hospitals in addition to an effort to put into practice shared-service centers. Netcare focused on creating and maintaining traditions of excellence at all levels of operations. This has also been achieved through heavy investments made in facilities, technology as well as doctor and nursing training. After this move, Netcare attracted extra 162 medical experts in 2007. This was further enhanced by the entry of a new CEO who brought many changes in terms of administration and governance. Friedland appreciated the government as a key stakeholder in the health industry and government’s regulations greatly affect profit making. He therefore, meant efforts to enhance relationships with the government. Netcare derived a lot of success from looking into foreign markets through international expansion. Netcare did not hesitate to look at markets outside South Africa and create the brand in these nations.
Introduction The role of the American Revolution in history seems to be great indeed: in spite of the fact that some historians define it as a successful American attempt to reject the ideas set by the British government, this event has much more significant aspects and impacts on human lives. By its nature, a revolution is an effort to change something in order to improve the conditions under which people have to live; it is a change from one constitution to another; it is a beginning of the way that should considerably improve everything. In fact, such definitions are close to those offered by Gordon Wood and Howard Zinn. These writers made effective attempts to define the nature of the American Revolution as well as to help the reader build a personal opinion. The nature of the American Revolution is considered to be better understandable relying on the ideas offered by Wood because one of the main purposes which should be achieved are connected with an idea of radical ideological change so strongly supported by Wood: The Americans did not want to follow the rules dictated by the British people but to create their own constitution and live in accordance with their own demands; and Zinn’s approach based on the material needs is poorer as the results of the American Revolution did not prevent the development of poverty but spread it on the American citizens only regarding British interruptions. Body To understand whether the American Revolution was really revolutionary, it is necessary to comprehend the essence of each word in this phrase. The idea of revolution is certainly based on some changes to be achieved. The main goal of the Americans was to gain independence from the British Empire and to become a powerful country in the world. The results of this revolution were all about American independence and the improvements of living conditions for American people, in other words, it was obligatory to decrease the poverty rates. However, the methods and purposes set during the revolution deserve more attention to be paid. There was a necessity to compare the American and British styles of life (Wood). Americans were eager to defend their rights as well as to prove their liberty out of the British Empire. What they achieved was the possibilities to develop manufacturing, to establish their own government, to expand any kind of religion, and to vote relying on their own interests. Wood and Zinn evaluate these achievements from different perspectives: Wood’s ideas seem to be more radical, and Zinn’s ideas are regarded as conservative ones to protect wealth of the country. As it has been mentioned above, Wood’s approach is based on the radical ideas according to which a revolution presupposes an idea of an ideological shift under which human rights may be recovered and salvation of liberty will be achieved. He tries to explain that changes which have been achieved influenced considerably the relations between Americans as well as between family members and even between the governmen
Introduction Many authors have used racism as an important theme in American literature. Many books, poems and other literary works have attempted to portray racism in different ways. However, narratives based on personal experience seem to be one of the best ways of portraying the challenges that being black creates for Americans. The books “Dreams from my father” by Barack Obama and Frederick Douglass’s “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave” provide some of the best examples of using personal narratives to portray the evils of racism. Although written at different historical times, they portray the challenges created by virtue of being a black person in the US. What challenges did racism have in the social and career lives of Obama and Douglass? Challenges in early life From the two narratives, it is evident that both authors were able to overcome racism and its challenges to become famous people, although at different times and in different ways. On his part, Frederick Douglass was born Frederick Bailey in 1818 as a slave child in Maryland. He worked as a slave in several farms in Maryland. He mainly received self-education through his contacts with some educated and freed blacks before escaping to New York and eventually settling in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Eventually, he became a popular anti-slavery and human rights activist. He used his literary skills and public speaking to mobilise people against the evil. On his part, Barack Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Ann Dunham of Kansas and Barack Obama Sr., a PhD student from Kenya. In his narrative, Obama portrays his first-hand experience with racism as he struggled to fit in an American society, access education, establish a law and political career to become the first African-American president of the US (Atwater 126). According to Douglass, beatings, physical torture and other cruel practices were typical of slavery during his childhood. In fact, he says that this was “…a common custom in the farms…” (Douglas 942). For instance, as a child, he wondered why his aunt was beaten mercilessly for “falling in love”. On the other hand, Obama did not face such challenges, but bullying in school and neighbourhood, especially by white children and neighbours, was common. Education According to the two narratives, the challenge of being black comes early in life. During his childhood, Frederick Douglas remained enslaved in the farms. While white children were in good schools, Douglass and other black children had to work on the farms
Introduction Crime against Nature is a book written by Karl Jacoby which exposes the hidden history of three first domains. The author’s purpose for writing the book was to erase the current boundaries between social and environmental history. He states that there is a need for a social history that is connected to rural life and environmental affiliation. He reveals the complicated reality that the existing story about conservation has long masked. Jacoby aims at recreating the moral universe that shaped local transgressions of conservation laws. Considering this, Jacoby addresses the traditional beliefs and practices of the natives. The author also states that there is a need for a history that man and nature are not two separate units. About this, the author mainly focuses on the conflicts between residents and some conservational agents who are in three well-known parks. Karl Jacoby was able to accomplish his goals mainly because of some people who assisted him. Some of the people who helped the author are Howard Lamar and Bill Cronon who had directed his thesis in which the document is founded. The author also acknowledges the assistance of his colleagues at Oberlin College who assisted him with motivation. While carrying out his book project, the author was lucky to meet many accommodating librarians and researchers. One of the aims of this paper is to address the purpose and the thesis of Karl Jacoby in his book, Crime against Nature. The paper discusses the author, the institution from which he earned his Ph.D., his background, and other publications. The paper also discusses the major issues of the book, accesses the arguments made and the evidence used to support such arguments. Finally, the paper discusses what criminology involves and examines the legal aspects that the author supports. Karl Jacoby’s profile Karl Jacoby is the author of the book ‘Crimes against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves and the Hidden History of American Conservation. His book was awarded the Littleton-Gris world Prize by the American Historical Association. Jacoby’s book had emerged the best on American law and society. Apart from that, the book was awarded the George Perkins Marsh prize by the American Society as it was the best in environmental history. Jacoby is not the only author but also a professor of history who received his A.B. in 1987 from Brown University. In the year 1997, Jacoby got his Ph.D. in American history from Yale University. He went to Oberlin College for a year as a visiting professor and then went back to Brown University in 1999, as an assistant professor of history. Later, the author was promoted to be an associate professor and became a full professor in the year 2009(Jacoby 1). Major issues Although there are various issues that Jacoby addresses in his book, he majorly addresses the history behind three of the nation’s first parklands. The parklands include the Adirondacks, Yellowstone, and the Grand Canyon. Jacoby focuses on conservation’s impact on people living in the local environment and outlines the effects of criminalization. In his book, the author rega
Soil erosion models (SEMs) are useful to understand the impact of agricultural practices, land use changes, reservoir sedimentation and evolution of the landscape (Wainwright et al. 2009a). In the past, soil erosion modelling developed in two directions (Lilly et al. 2009). One of the development frameworks concerns designing an empirically based erosion equation, such as Universal Soil Loss Equation (Sander et al. 2014). The other one is the development of process-based erosion models (PBEMs), assisted by computer simulation modelling (Müller et al. n.d.). In recent years, the advanced development of erosion modelling has been focused on understanding and representing the uncertainty associated with spatial modelling. With the assistance of geographic information system (GIS), erosion modellers are willing to predict erosion patterns and sediment traces (Nearing & Hairsine 2011). The Difficulties and Limitations of PBEMs In general, an appropriately constructed model should have the ability to predict long-term effects (results) based on short-term records (Nearing & Hairsine 2011). However, these records may not include extreme events such as 100-year return flood events, which can have a major impact on soil erosion. In such cases, it is most likely that the impact of extreme events will be underestimated. Other than this problem, the major difficulty in erosion modelling is data collection (Nearing & Hairsine 2011). The limitations of PBEMs can then be distinguished into three types. First, it is hard to replicate all the natural variability in soil loss rates. Second, in extreme events and vulnerable conditions, it is hard to simulate the problems by using short-term data records. Third, it is hard to measure and quantify an extreme spatial variability of erosion on the landscape correctly (Nearing & Hairsine 2011). The quality of data is also a problem when GIS is required. For instance, a high resolution base map (normally a 1 km raster map) is the first step in processing a GIS-based analysis. However, this kind of maps requires a high level of power to gain access, and not all the countries are able to produce the map. Panagos et al. (2015) showed that this requirement restrains the accuracy of the final result of soil erosivity (also known as R-factor). The phenomenon of soil erosivity is typically defined as “the local rainfall’s ability to cause erosion” ( Mercury study report to Congress , 2012, p. B-43). The balance between data availability and model complexity is also a problem faced while constructing models. In Figure 1, the solid arrow demonstrates the progressive development of soil erosion modelling, where extra complexity is reinforced by new data. The direction, in which the dashed arrow points, represents the scenario where new data is used with higher precision to constrain existing models (Nearing & Hairsine 2011). Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the relationship between model complexity, data availability and predictive performance (Nearing & Hairsine 2011). Therefore, it is necessary to briefly evaluate the accuracy of Model of Assessing Hillslop
Gang violence has been studied for decades, which led to the development of various theories concerning the matter. Researchers often see gangs as organizations, but there is still the lack of attention towards such aspects as gang violence, its nature, and peculiarities (Decker, 2000). In his article, Decker (2000) attempts to fill in the gap concerning the areas mentioned above. This paper includes a brief analysis of the article with the focus on its validity and reliability. The primary purpose of the article in question was to explore “processes and mechanisms” that contributed to the escalation of gang violence as well as its spread (Decker, 2000, p. 160). The researcher tried to answer the question concerning the role of threat in the spread and escalation of violence. Another research question is associated with the role collective behavior plays in the escalation and spread of violence. The key concepts studied were the gang and gang violence. It is necessary to note that the author provides the conceptual and operational definitions of one of the key concepts (gang violence). Decker (2000) defines gang violence as acts involving weapons use and assault. The author adds that it is retaliatory in nature. As for the operational definition, the central aspects of the classification used are mentioned. It is noted that the acts associated with retaliation, membership, reputation and revenge were included in the study. These definitions can be regarded as effective since the researcher concentrates on the central aspects of gang violence. Researchers agree that gang violence is associated with reputation and membership as well as the extension of some influence on a particular territory (Carlock & Lizotte, 2015). At the same time, the researcher pays specific attention to the threat as an essential element of gang violence. Therefore, it could be possible to include abuse and intimidation in the definition of the concept (gang violence). When it comes to the validity of the study, it is necessary to consider different types of validity. Face validity shows whether the study measures what it intends to measure (Picardi & Masick, 2013). The face validity of the study in question is high as gang violence is quite a specific term that reflects the phenomenon in question. The content validity of the study is also strong as the study focuses on acts of violence performed by gangs rather than individuals. Therefore, the study manages to focus on the subject-matter of the research. The construct validity is associated with the measurements and methods utilized (Picardi & Masick, 2013). Decker (2000) uses survey questionnaires and interviews to collect data. This method is appropriate as the use of violence in gangs can be measured by people who engage in violent acts. In simple terms, gang members’ views on violence are instrumental in defining the peculiarities of gang violence spread and escalation. Finally, the criterion-related validity is quite strong as well. The author analyzes gang members’ perspectives on their use of violence. Such criteria as the threat and sense of belongin
Care and improvement of human life is the principal mission of every hospital, which could be achieved through the delivery of high-quality, cost-effective healthcare to the community it serves. World Health Organization’s expert committee on organization of medical care define the hospital as an “integral part of a social and medical organization, the function of which is to provide the population complete health care, both curative and preventive, and whose out-patient services reach out to the family in its home environment; the hospital is also a center for the training of health workers and bio-social research” (Gilder and Routley, 800). In this perspective, the illness profile of patients, services provided, and the specialty teams available to provide complete health care through various departments are narrated in the ensuing paragraphs. Cardiology Department Major conditions of coronary heart disease (CHD), such as myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack), angina, and acute coronary syndrome are generally reported to the cardiology department. Records suggest that the predominant cases examined in the cardiology department are atherosclerosis, ischemic cardiovascular disease, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, and heart failure. The cardiology department aims to treat patients as individuals and ensure all patients experience an integrated and seamless service appropriate to his or her needs. It is achieved through a dedicated multi-disciplinary team of 14 cardiologists who are supported by a team of specialist doctors and nurses. An expert and dedicated team of cardiologists/cardiovascular surgeons aided with high-end imaging technology including cardiac CT are well geared to handle heart attack cases round the clock. Stress echo, myocardial perfusion scanning, electrocardiogram, and arrhythmia stress testing facilities are available at this centre. The department also provides pacemaker/defibrillator test and extends technical cover in coronary angiography Dermatology It is the branch dealing with diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the skin, hair, nails, and adjacent mucous membranes. Most common skin diseases seen in dermatology department are associated with bacterial, fungal, and viral infections like acne, viral warts, eczema, and benign tumours. (Julian, 518-520). The dermatologists of this hospital are not only con
The chapter Whose Transnationalism? Canada, “Clash of Civilizations” Discourse and Arab and Muslim Canadians by Arat-Koc analyzes the problems within multinational society of Canada. According to the author, Canada is not a melting pot as the U.S. and, thereby, members of the different communities, representatives of the different cultural backgrounds try to save their native culture and traditions. As the result, there are a number of misunderstandings between Muslim Canadians and other Canadians. The central argument of the chapter states that “in the environments of the racism, anti-immigration, and multiculturalism that prevail in many Western states today, the transnational identities of many ethnic minorities get discussed as a way to interrogate and question their “loyalties” to the nation-state in which they are living (Arat-Koc, 2006, p. 216). The author uses the examples, provides the historical facts in order to support the thesis and to investigate the problem deeper. Thus, the author says that, since 1960s, after the struggle of people of color, the concept of Canadian nation included the historical and traditional elements of all ethnical groups. However, since 1990s, the racial problems in Canada became evident and especially after 11 September 2001 (2006, p. 216). One can notice that immigrants in Canada are still considered as the transnational subjects, not the part of one common national community. The author supposes that the term “transnational” will be used only in the context of the racial problems, “will be applied to the almost exclusively to racialized groups” (2006, p. 216). Although the Canadian history demonstrates that racial tolerance was always the basement of the country’s policy, today Canada as an unconditional partner of the United States in foreign policy changes this attitude. Arat-Koc says about “re-whitening of Canadian identity and increased marginalization of its nonwhite minorities” (2005, p. 32). In order to support the arguments, Arat-Koc cites a number of researches. Such method makes the article more persuasive as the readers can notice that it is not the author’s opinion, it is a point of view that is common for various scientists. Besides, the use of facts and statistics also play a significant role, making the present chapter more persuasive. The author uses quotations, explores and analyses different aspects within the problem of transnationalism in Canada. In this article, the author summarizes the ideas, compares the different opinions and suggests the methods of solving