ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There are twenty-seven amendments to the US constitution that have been made over time. Some of the amendments that have received attention and media coverage in recent years include the First, Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments. Many prisoner complaints are raised in relation to various stipulations of these amendments. Some of the landmark cases in the United States relied on the First, Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments. First Amendment The First Constitutional Amendment protects citizens’ right to certain forms of expression. The law pertains to the freedom of establishing or exercising religion, free speech, the right to assembly, freedom of the press, and the right to petition the government (Shanor, 2018). One case that relates to this Amendment is the Texas v. Johnson case. In 1984, Gregory Johnson burned a United States flag outside the Republican National Convention that was being held in Dallas. He burned the flag as a sign of protest against President Ronald Reagan’s policies. He was arrested because this action was against a Texas statute that prohibited the desecration of venerated objects. Johnson was convicted to a one-year sentence and a $2,000 fine by a Texas court but later appealed this decision. When the case was brought to the Supreme Court, it was decided that burning the American flag as an act of protest is protected under the First Amendment clause of symbolic speech (Texas v. Johnson, 1989). The Supreme Court ruled that free speech can be expressed in various ways, including symbolically burning a flag. Prior to this decision, forty-eight states enforced prohibitions on desecrating or vandalizing the flag. The 5-4 Supreme Court ruling effectively invalidated these state laws. Fourth Amendment The Fourth Amendment grants citizens the right to be protected against invasive seizures and searches. Further, the Amendment holds that search warrants should only be issued upon probable cause. Probable cause means that a police officer should have
The ancient Roman and Greek societies practiced religious activities that had a number of similarities and differences. The similarities were premised on their beliefs in the existence of gods and the way they offered sacrifices. On the other hand, the Roman and the Greek societies differed on the use of prophecy and the manner in which they worshiped the gods. This essay analyzes the characteristics of the Roman and Greek religions. It also highlights their similarities and differences. The religious similarities of the Roman and Greek societies are attributed to the geographical proximity of the two societies. First, the societies believed in the existence of several gods 1 . In addition, the two societies recognized that it was their duty to worship the gods. Secondly, they shared the same gods but called them using different names. For instance, the Greek name of Heracles corresponded to Hercules in the Roman society, the Greek god called Zeus was similar to Jupiter for the Romans, and the Roman god Pluto was analogous to the Greek god named Hades 2 (gods of the underworld). Secondly, there exist similarities in the way the Roman and Greek societies worshiped their gods 3 . Domestic animals such as cattle and sheep were roasted on altar as sacrifices to the gods. The worship was both public and private in the two religions. For public sacrifices, the Romans used the altars of the temples as worshipping places. On the other hand, private worship was at a household level of the Roman society. In the Greek society, worship had also private and public forms. During public worships, the Greeks offered prayers in the public hearth and home. In both Roman and Greek religions, prayers, singing, and feasting were common during worshiping 4 . There are several religious differences between the ancient Roman and Greek societies. First, temple prostitution was practiced widely in the Greek society. It was common in the deification of the goddess of love, sex and desire called Aphrodite 5 . The Greek religion allowed female devotees of the goddess of love to have sex with men for money. The money collected was used to maintain and preserve the shrines and other places of worship. The origin of the temple prostitution in the Greek society is thought to have been influenced by religions of Egypt, the Levant and Asia Minor. On the other hand, the temple prostitution was not allowed as a form of wor
There are so many groups of people, who differ by their race, ethnicity, gender, and age. Each of these groups has its own preferences, interests, and ways of comprehension of this world. In this essay, we will talk about one of the ethnic groups that the general population has rather strong opinions about and about its peculiarities from a neutral point of view. We will talk about African Americans, who should be differentiated not as a racial group, but as a pure ethnic group. Any ethnic group is considered to be a socially organized group of people that identifies itself by means of some common heritage (Edelman & Mandle, 32). African Americans are those citizens of the United States of America with origins, connected to black population of Africa. The point is that lots of people prefer to identify African Americans as a racial group. In fact, it is a bit wrong. It is a good example of an ethnic group that even has its cultural content (Ellis, 143). Of course, being an African American is not easy; the history and the way to freedom on this ethnic group are rather sad and prejudiced. The ways, White American treated to these people, and the steps, White Americans took to enslave black people, will be always under a hot consideration. However, nowadays, there are so many great African Americans, who did a lot in order to develop America, helped it to take the leading positions, and be one of the most powerful countries in the world. Martin Luther King Jr., Condoleezza Rice, Barack Obama, Muhammad Ali, Michael Jordon, and Michael Jackson – all these people are one of the brightest representatives of this ethnic group. Each of them did something useful for his/her country in order to be remembered, be respected, and recognized. It is necessary to admit that people of color tried to participate in numerous spheres simultaneously in order to achieve good results and use them to achieve better ones. And these great achievements are dated long time ago. Even before the birth of Christ, African Americans were mentioned as one of the best practitioners in the field of medicine (Sluby, 3). The point is that this ethnical group has lots of own points of view within each sphere of life, which differ from any other group. For example, health. African Americans are regarded as an ethnic group that has much more chances to be affected with HIV or AIDS. During the times of the Civil Rights war, African American got many benefits from the economical perspective; this is why this ethnic group cannot be called the poorest one. For example, Oprah Winfrey, the media personality, producer, critic, and actress is considered to be of the richest African American people in the world. Among numerous ethnical groups all over the world, African Americans distinguish by their desire to protect people of the same group, to prove own points of view by means of words and actions at the same time, and to demonstrate that the times when someone could control them has already passed. It is not very difficult to find some common themes with the representatives of this ethnic group, as they are always eager to listen and present personal vision of the situation. To my
Introduction In the context of a group, it is important to develop a group proposal for various reasons. Group proposal is a document that provides insights about the central elements of group counseling. It pinpoints the major aspects that a group aims to undertake in counseling and practice. This paper seeks to highlight the importance of group proposal during group counseling. Importance of group proposal According to Meyer (2003), group proposal is an important tool that provides the group with an overview of what to expect during the entire counseling session. At the outset, it gives the group leader an opportunity to understand the members of the group and their respective needs. It introduces the counselor to the major expectations of the members facilitating the ability to ensure that the counseling session is in line with the expectations and needs of group members. It is the group proposal that allows the counselor to streamline his/her objectives regarding the entire therapeutic session. Corey et al. (2010) articulates that the counselor is able to understand the members whose objectives are similar and as such, categorize them as such. Second, a group proposal provides vital elements behind the rationale that individuals come together to resolve. It is through the group proposal that the rationale of the entire session comes into the mind of the counselor. The rationale of the group proposal helps the counselor to understand some ethical considerations to take into account during the entire group therapy. To that end, such issues as creation of rapport and trust are addressed even before the beginning of group counseling. In addition, the rationale allows the members of the group to manage their expectations which leads to a successful therapeutic sessions. As elucidated by Corey et al. (2010), lack of uniform comprehension of the entire rationale of group counseling leads to distorted and fragmented expectations from the members making it hard for the counselor to address all issues that may arise during the actual group sessions. Third, group proposal provides the objectives of group counseling. Objectives of group counseling are important for all the stakeholders since they allow the members and the counselor to understand the needs and the anticipated outcomes of the group. To that end, it is imperative to highlight that a group proposal also highlights the logistical issues that may emerge within a group and understand the resources that are necessary to carry out the counseling process. It also provides information reg
Communication Transaction We live in society and we build different types of relations with different people, friends, bosses, family, coaches, etc. All of them may come from different cultures and social classes. As a member of a diverse society, I try to maintain friendly relations with all people that surround me. Naturally, sometimes there are conflicts and misunderstandings, and some relations can break up. However, certain ways can make communication more powerful. I often noticed that some relations can cease with time. Different things can go wrong. As Steve Duck mentions in his article, everyone starts with the “dissatisfaction with relations” (472). Then, we are not satisfied with the partner and announce that we have broken up. I support the author that there is a way to put it in order. All I do is just trying to start all over again and give myself a second chance. Another problem that often appears in relations, (especially with one of my classmates) is the conflict based on opposite points of view. First of all, it happens because we came from different cultures and have different views on life. But I believe that if, “diversity among my acquaintances, classmates, co-workers, neighbors, and friends is increasingly inevitable” (Johnson 491), we should get rid of all prejudices and accept people as they are. At the same time, we should accept ourselves and preserve personal opinion. As Susan Campbell says, “holding differences is rather advanced skill” (474) and I believe that it is one of the most important skills. What I do is trying to understand my classmate, but preserve my point of view as well. The compromise helps to advance communication and make it more effective. Inevitably, there can appear conflicts in communication with members of the family. I often have conflicts with my brother, but I try to use the strategy “I hear you, and I have a different perspective”. In other words, it is a great way to discuss the problem and improve communication with people. If you feel that the conflict is inevitable, you should keep in mind that “people think differently and want different things” (Campbell 477). It helps to build self-trust and understanding between people who conflict. Moreover, thus you can defend your point of view and support friendly relations with others. This is what result I usually have when my brother and I begin to argue something. Applying it in real life helps to build successful communication. In communication with the people around me, I noticed that prejudices and stereotyping influence communication greatly. For example, in communication with a coach, some people are often afraid to protect personal opini
As a result of a successful needs assessment of Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC), the management problems that were identified need to be looked in to. It’s of significant importance that the solutions for each of the identified problems are dealt with seriously and the best solution(s) provided. To ensure that the implementation is carried out, relevant person(s) / team conversant with the specific / particular problem at hand should be selected and assigned the duty to ensure implementation process is carried out and a comprehensive report written and availed to the relevant authorities / top management. One of the problems identified during the needs assessment program was that the old Turks working at the center may not have the relevant knowledge and skills needed to adapt to the advanced processes, programs / systems, machines, ethics etc at the center. Most of these old Turks are usually very negative when it comes to the idea of furthering their studies, thus outbound training will be irrelevant if used as the solution here. Most technological trainings are usually conducted at relevant institutions (out bound) and not at places of work (in-bound). The solution to this problem is to update current policies of the subject matter. These will ensure performance and minimum qualification contract agreement to all employees or the old Turks after a particular age or seniority (job group) is reached. This solution also ensures that the young, energetic and proactive employees remain focused for the benefit of both the center and their own career development. Another problem identified was the tendency of the company employing staffs who are not that competent or not competent at all in their respective fields (Good papers but unproductive characters). This problem can be solved by ensuring a good team of highly qualified Human Resource personell is put in place and their department fully supported by the administration. The Human resource department also needs to collaborate with recruiting agencies for the first or initial recruitment process (“Issues Management”, (n.d.).). This will ensure proper filtering of the best candidates to join the center’s staffs as new employees. The current employee’s backlog will significantly reduce since everybody is conversant with his / her work. Also, this solution will result in reduction / elimination of the button-sitters who their supervisors have to look for something for them to mess-up. In addition to the above identified problems, the other challenge was the management stability to facilitate and enhance the company’s development, so that it advances and develops concurrently with technological advancement, keeping in mind the center’s vision and mission. The solution to this problem / challenge is to incorporate relevant and modern management programs like the resource planning and Scheduling system, financial systems, risk analysis software etc to assist them in management (“Digiprove © 2012”, (n.d.).). These programs enable accurate a
Kudler Fine Foods: An Overview Kudler Fine Foods was established in 1998 and deals with food products. It has been growing and expanding steadily over the years and it now plans to diversify on its products portfolio. This is in addition to ensuring that the customers are being served effectively and efficiently (Atkinson, 2008). The company is planning to improve on its catering services and open another store. This will be enabled by effective marketing and strategic changes within the company. By carefully studying the internal and external environment of the company, it will be possible to carry out a marketing campaign that will improve the competitiveness of the company in the market. It needs to integrate modern technology with its operations to enable it reach out to many people through the internet and thus increase its market base. This will also make operations faster and efficient (Atkinson, 2008). Main Aim of Draft Strategic Plan The main aim of the draft Strategic plan for Kudler Fine Foods is to provide a framework for improving its catering services together with coping with the growth and opening of another store. The first action in the formulation of the strategic plan is to re-draft the vision and mission statements to reflect the values of the company and make it relevant and competitive in the market. The vision will be focused on offering a variety of food products to cater for the diverse nature of the clientele’s culture. This change in vision will result in a corresponding change in the mission statement in order to pursue the new vision. The second step will be a SWOT analysis of the firm. This will involve the review of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats in the industry within which the firm is operating within. This analysis will help in the drafting of new company values and aligning the same with the new vision, mission, objectives and goals as mapped out in the company’s strategic plan (Keizer, 2009). A market analysis is required to determine the feasibility of expansion brought about by the opening of a new store. The expansion plan is the major part of the project. This will involve the marketing strategy and many other important aspects related to the new establishment (Alkhafaji, 2003). This is the final step in the expansion plan. Once the new food store is established, the project will be considered as complete. The company will have a website through which it advertises all its services, in addition to a fan page on Facebook and MySpace. The different outside catering services and new outsourcing activities like mid-morning catering for tea and snacks will also be introduced (Lumbourgh, 2009). The Vision The vision statement should focus on the diversity of the clientele. This is given that the customers are mostly drawn from the working class, students and travelers. They all have different preferences; for example, the travelers will prefer take-away snacks, working class customers a
The global pandemic has severely influenced the typical style of living people were used to before the strike of the harmful virus. The research paper focuses on the mental repercussions of the infection on students in Saudi Arabia. To be more precise, the authors aimed to investigate whether the transition to a new lifestyle due to the pandemic has impacted the anxiety levels of university youth. Naturally, the researchers needed to convey practical analysis to obtain data to form conclusions regarding the alterations in anxiety levels among students. That is why Khoshaim et al. (2020) surveyed 400 students from different universities on an online platform, asking the participants about their mental state and whether they noticed any changes in their behavior or perception because of COVID-19. It seems significant to mention that questionnaires were sent to the youth from March to June in 2020, which is the pandemic’s peak around the globe (Khoshaim et al., 2020). Still, Khoshaim et al. (2020) concluded that 35% of the surveyed students were suffering from moderate or extreme anxiety, which severely complicated the course of their studies. By and large, this research is focused on an important topic, considering that students are still affected by the changes to global education as a result of COVID-19. Unfortunately, the results of this research cannot be claimed to be reliable as the students could experience anxiety due to different reasons that could not be omitted in their answers to the online questionnaire. Still, this work is a solid foundation for further studies with more narrowed scopes that could investigate the mental issues among the youth as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the following restrictions. In addition, the government can use the obtained data to assist students in overcoming their anxiety to enhance their academic performance and well-being. Reference Khoshaim, H. B., Al-Sukayt, A.,
Introduction With regards to the statement made by Jack Donnelly, the human rights regime is as a result of globalization. The ideology of social, political and economic stability has been widely spread to a number of nations all across the world. the fight for human rights and equality has also followed the same trend. For many centuries, human beings have been living in civilizations that are characterised with oppression and inequality. This was especially so in traditional societies and early civilization. As a result, it was only the rich, the powerful and the elite who enjoyed the powers and privileges of the community at the expense of the less fortunate individuals in the society. With regards to this, only a small portion of the community enjoyed the full benefit of the society at the expense of the entire population. However, since the 15 th century, a lot of changes have taken place. More individuals have become enlightened and hence fought for their rights and freedom. This process started during the enlightenment period in the 15 th and 16 th century in Europe and quickly spread around to North America, Asia and finally it became a global phenomenon. The resultant effects of this revolution during its early days were the Napoleonic wars in France, the division of the Roman Catholic Church, the independence of the United States and the abolition of slave trade. With this enlightenment, individuals wanted economic, social and political development in their states. At the same time, they wanted the rights and freedoms of all individuals to be respected. At the present time, there are some states that exhibit high levels of democracy as compared to others. Due to this fact, the developed nations try to integrate their values, customs and procedures into the governments of developing nations. This has been done to ensure that strong political regimes have been put in place in the various states of the world. As a result, there has been the establishment of international bodies that fight for the rights and freedoms of individuals at a global level. These include international courts, triburnals and committees. The main aim of these bodies is to ensure that the rights of all individuals are respected at an international level so as to achieve a global social, economical and political growth. Problem Statement The fight for human rights has come about as a result of globalization and the need for equality among individuals. With the current trends in the growth and development of the global approach of solving common issues that affect many states in the world, a lot of international bonds and treaties have been made. This has been done to ensure that the welfare of all individuals in the world is taken care of at an international level. Government have found it easier to combat issues together as a team rather than as individuals. To fully explore on this issue, this study will focus on the humanitarian crisis that hit the horn of Africa mid this year as a result of food crisis and the reaction of the global community to the issue. Theoretical Approach The theory of pr