ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Section I Institutional power refers to all those social, cultural or environmental milieu under the influence of which we are liable to perform our day to day activities. For example, Hughes and Ferguson (2004, p. 8) points out examples including upbringing of children in a particular culture, work place management in a large organization, exercise of judicial power in court, and so on. Contemporary trends in institutional power leads us to anonymous directions where institutional power is experienced without even knowing who owns the authority to rule such power. Such power may be witnessed by considering an example of a closed-circuit camera. Closed-circuit camera is less directed towards us and more directed towards our acts. It indirectly captures our deeds and performances and is more than being impersonal mode of receiving our actions even in a public place (Hughes and Ferguson 2004, pp. 8-9). It is an indirect example of how our behavior is being monitored irrespective of our contention and how it scrutinizes our attitude. Provocation is the freedom to govern our lives in accordance with our likes and dislikes. Foucault has referred this provocation to a paradox with which we unconsciously rule our lives but in a particular contradiction. We are not governed by any structure of power, in fact we are only subjected to have multiple choices that rule our lives. Such choices indirectly lead us to be influenced by situations and directions. Provocative power acts as a source to lead people’s lives but in an unconscious manner. People have no options other than to choose from among multiple choices and it is their selection of a particular choice whose consequences or aftermaths they experience. We are never free-floating bodies, but are bounded by the actions we take and the consequences we suffer. That means we are never free, but are bound to make choices to experience and celebrate our victories or failures. Political ideologies are those individual understandings about our social structures and institutions that when combined together in our ideologies take the form of powerful perceptions about institutions (Hughes and Ferguson 2004, p. 59). It is our vision of power that makes our institutions powerful, otherwise no political ideology p
The Nuclear deal was an agreement between the country of Iran a number of European Nations and the US. It guaranteed that the former would limit its research and development of nuclear arms in exchange for cooperation and the reduction of nuclear-related sanctions. The deal became practically ineffective in the face of the Trump administration leaving the agreement and the Iranian state not adhering by its obligations. The US, while demanding that the Iran follow its obligations, currently has not rejoined the JCPOA. Furthermore, the American government emphasises their desire to keep the sanctions on Iran, including the ones established during the previous administration (WION, 2021). On Iran’s side of the considerations, the nation is unwilling to join the agreement while burdened by sanctions, and demands full reprieve in exchange for keeping with their side of the deal. I think that the mutually beneficial deal is not possible. As both countries are ultimately unable to compromise on their conditions for working out a deal, it is unlikely that the JCPOA will be able to fulfil its purpose. If concessions are not made on either side of the argument, it is impossible to save the 2015 Iranian Nuclear deal. Reference WION. (2021). Antony Blinken says hundreds of sanctions to remain on Iran if US rejoins JCPOA | 2015 Nuclear Deal . YouTube . Web.
Brief Abstract Autism is a complex developmental disability that is still insufficiently explored. It has been acknowledged that the rate of children affected by the disorder has been increasing in the USA. The rate of children suffering from autism was a little more than 1% in 2007 and now the rate is 2%. Major symptoms of the disorder are repetitive behavior, abnormal communication development, and motor skills development. Remarkably, many other symptoms are unique for each patient. It is necessary to note that researchers have not developed effective treatment so far. However, some therapies are effective in many cases. It is also known that early detection of the disorder can help develop an effective treatment for a child affected by autism. Thesis Major symptoms of autism are repetitive behavior, abnormal motor skills, and communication development. Three supporting elements:   * Repetitive behavior.   * Abnormal communication development.   * Abnormal motor skills development. Location and Types of Resources Location: local on-ground library, online library, internet, medical clinics Types: scholarly journals, books, medical journals, online databases, government reports, statistical data, observations (attending clinics and watching documentaries or news reports). Challenges to the Research Symptoms analyzed in the sources can be too unique and they will not be generalized. Healthcare professionals may not be available. It can be difficult to get permission to observe children with autism in a clinic. Current works may focus on different types of treatment of the disorder rather than on its early detection and major symptoms.
Introduction The development of an effective curriculum with comprehensible tasks, intensive learning units, and structured schedule is the primary objective of educators, allowing learners to reach excellent outcomes. In this regard, teachers have a variety of educational materials that assist teachers in designing the easy-to-follow curriculum considering their intercultural needs. Educators Donna Clementi and Laura Terrill have written a practical guide replete with advice and useful templates that help develop instruction units and engaging lessons based on the Standards for Learning Languages and technology integration. Thus, this book review aims at discussing the most appealing ideas delivered by the authors, the implications of these ideas, and controversial suggestions. The Most Interesting Ideas Clementi and Terrill provide several valuable ideas that will be useful to consider while designing learning modules. For example, they recommend educators add sensorial supports, including graphics, pictures, visuals, realia, into their lessons to make input more understandable. Besides, teachers should pay close attention to various presentational elements of speaking, such as exaggerated pronunciation, keyword emphasis, intonation, or purposeful pauses, and nonverbal communication, namely, gestures, facial expressions, or context clues. These techniques will considerably help liven lessons and make them more interactive and real. The authors also emphasize the significance of the authentic text, that is, the text of the target language offered to learners. This text aims at providing language’s real-word context, cultural wealth, and patterns of correct language. Herewith, authors specify that the text should be interesting and diverse in ideas, relevant to the learners and the essential questions, intellectually challenging, and strongly supported by visuals. Clementi and Terrill also ask educators to focus on the structure of learning units, indicating that students learn best what comes first and last in the lessons. In the opening ten minutes, it is reasonable to gain learners’ attention, present the learning goals of the lesson, and provide comprehensible input following the stated purposes. Specifically, in this stage, educators can ask various questions and tell a particular story. In the core part of the session, students should cooperate with each other and instructors actively using language to gain confidence in the topic. In this respect, the authors note that learners primarily should be active participant
Introduction The article “Telemedicine or Telephone Consultation in Patients with -Acute Stroke” is authored by Bart Demaerschalk, and it compares the use of telemedicine and telephones in the treatment of patients with acute stroke syndromes. Telephone consultation has several benefits: portable, available, and simple. In addition, it is easy to implement and reduces consultation time. Telemedicine consultation is preferred by physicians and other health care practitioners because it is effective, accurate, and reliable. Moreover, it applies advanced technologies that enhance the attainment of positive health outcomes. The aforementioned modalities have different levels of efficiency. Studies have shown that telemedicine consultations are more efficacious compared to telephone-only evaluations, which are usually used as supplemental options. Recent advancements in video and teleradiology technologies have rendered the use of telephone and telemedicine modalities complementary. Article Summary The article explores the issue of the use of telephone and telemedicine modalities in the treatment of patients with acute stroke. The author begins by providing an abstract that summarizes the article and provides a list of the various acronyms used. The introduction presents the issue under discussion to the reader in a clear manner. The author observes that stroke centers are capable of providing timely medical care to patients, even though they account for a small percentage of all hospitals. The American Heart Association (AHA) and the American Stroke Association (ASA) recommend the transfer of acute stroke patients to stroke centers around the country (Demaerschalk, 2011). However, the majority of Americans do not have access to these services because many hospitals do not provide acute stroke care. The situation is worse in underdeveloped and developing countries. The problem can be attributed to insufficient specialists, inadequate investment in stroke centers, and long distances between patients and stroke care experts (Demaerschalk, 2011). The use of telemedicine consultations is one of the strategies that mitigate the challenge, and it involves the use of electronic communication to transfer medical information. The author compares the two modalities based on factors that include accuracy, cost, cost-effectiveness, efficacy, effectiveness, safety, errors, networks, portability, morbidity and mortality, and features. For instance, telemedicine consultation is more accurate, reliable, effective, and costly compared to telephone consultation (Rubin & Demaerschalk, 2014). According to the author, the telephone is superior to telemedicine with regard to
Human beings are in constant search for freedom and liberation. This is what The Secret Lives of the Bees is all about. It highlights the fight to freedom by a young girl Lily and an imaginable power of the woman in a society. A woman is portrayed as the only hope in society full of chaos and prejudice created by men. Summon Kidd uses the Black Madonna deliberately not to promote racial prejudice but to express a way of life. She also uses the woman as a very powerful human and divine symbol which is not only a source of comfort but also a path to rediscovering a person essence. This paper endeavors to explain Kidd’s revelation about the woman power to transform not only societies but also individuals. Most societies in the world are gender biased. They segregate and relegate the woman to a second class being and view her as without power over anything including herself. However this is in contrast to the realities unearthed by Kidd. The woman is not only a salves path to freedom, but also effectively symbolizes the power, strength and influence women can have in the society. She is the silent but all powerful source of inner strength to those who believe in her. Black Madonna is a real person to those who know and believe in the power of what she symbolizes. August encourages Lily that the Black Madonna is present in those who she has liberated from enslavement. She is not just some magical statue hanging on a wall or a character from ancient fairly tales who people are forced to believe in (Kidd 288). This men hat the Black Madonna has an overwhelming strength to not only Lily but all those who acknowledge her power. The power of the woman does not exist for the sake of it but also has the power to appeal and attract those who are looking for solace. In Boatwright residence, Lily is eventually attracted to the Black Lady. This is a statue hang on the wall that represents divine freedom and liberation (Kidd 108). Lily’s escape to Tiburon, a place owned by her late mother, was a journey in such of freedom. She had grown up under a father she was so ashamed of; so much so that she could not even bring herself to call him “father.” He was violent and indifferent towards Lily. Black Madonna therefore gives her a lot of faith and hope in her search for freedom. Lily realizes that the Black Madonna is just a statue at face value. However, it is what she symbolically represented that mattered. It gave her a lot of hope, courage and inner strength. Suffice to say that this statue is in the shape of not just a woman, but also a black woman. Lily uses the strength she gives her to run away from the oppressive world of Ray T, her father. Suffice to say that a woman is the rock on which a family is build on. Without her no family can survive. She is the glue that holds the family bond together, an
Introduction Throughout history, taking of hostages has been witnessed. Various demographics and characteristics of military veteran prisoners have been recorded and presented to provide guidelines on carrying out negotiations hostage takers (McMains & Mullins, 2010). Hostage negotiators need to understand that when hostage takers result in taking hostages, it is usually out of either well planned and thought out or spur-of-the-moment reaction to circumstances (McMains & Mullins, 2010). In most cases, hostages are usually used by the hostage taker as a bargain for escape when their criminal acts are interrupted or exposed. These are usually panic reactions and the criminals find themselves trapped without an elaborate thought out escape plan (McMains & Mullins, 2010). Main body McMains and Mullins (2010) assert that a hostage negotiator should be able to understand that the hostage taker is faced with only three choices;  1. martyrdom- killing the hostages and then commit suicide;  2. lower demands to a more practicable amount to continue negotiating or 3)surrendering to the police. Based on this, the negotiator should work towards the best option and ensure the freeing of hostages. The phases (from the introduction to surrender) a negotiation procedure goes through should also be very clear for a hostage negotiator before embarking on any hostage negotiations (McMains & Mullins, 2010). In hostage negotiation situations, a hostage negotiator should have with him proper and precise intelligence and information, which is very vital to securing the freedom and safety of hostages and safe taking into custody of the hostage taker. The management of intellect and information is an important part of avoiding any law imposed threats (McMains & Mullins, 2010). Hostage negotiators need to know how to evaluate a hostage scenario when negotiating the most viable option, what items can be negotiated and which cannot, and what to do in none response cases. In addition to this, it is imperative for negotiators to be equipped with efficient questioning techniques and procedures combined with proper responses to hostage takers in a hostage scenario. They should always keep the hostage taker talking so as to buy time for any tactical preparations and decisions to be made (McMains & Mullins, 2010). At a hostage taking situation, the negotiator should make sure that all physical and psychological activities at the scene of the hostage taking are inaccessible and cut off from the public and most preferably all bystanders should be kept beyond the police safety line. In addition to this, the hostage taker has to be considered (McMains & Mullins, 2010). By this, the hostage taker has to be contained and restricted to less mobility as possible preferably in the smallest location where the crisis is taking place. Also care should be given to prevent the hostage taker from making out the presence of police and activities therefore, confinement is a vital tactic for any hostage negotiator (McMains & Mullins, 2010). Assessment of the situation is also very vital (McMains & Mullins, 2010). This will help the negotiator to estimate and evaluate the
Introduction The necessity to integrate information within different departments in an organization led to the design of information management systems able to meet the (Laudon & Laudon, 2011). The concept of MIS resulted in the creation of management information systems that are able to process and integrate data in an organization. Its workability in handling data stems from data collection and presentation in reports as required with respect to time. MIS involves the use of computing tools that automate management by converting data, considered as raw materials, to information, the finished product, for easy interpretation by the management (Lucey, 2005). Essentially, mass data are not needed by managers to make decisions, but information that can be created from the raw data. This article explores a case study regarding the use and importance of MIS in Denver. It also elaborates the problems and benefits associated with integrating MIS in the management of the organization. Types of Problems within the organization The analysis of input data and reporting of information in MIS is conspicuous with respect to the uniqueness of the managers within organizations (Laudon & Laudon, 2011). The utility of MIS in different departments in an organization or from organization to organization is dependent on the kind of data required for analysis. In this regard, different types of MIS have been designed and developed in order to assist different functionalities of organizations. For instance, decision support systems have been designed to assist top-level managers to make effective decisions from data collected at junior level. On the other hand, organizations use knowledge management systems such as learning management system in recording, managing, delivering and assessing learning and training of employees in an organization. The knowledge system is used to integrate corporate systems within an organization. The case depicts Consolidated City-County government of Denver as a county endowed with a vast of resources. Among these, the human resources are composed of approximately six hundred thousand people living in a land resource of approximately 155 sq. miles (Laudon & Laudon, 2011). There is an elaborate transportation system comprised of five rail lines, a thousand buses, and an international airport. These are managed by an elaborate Department of Motor Vehicles in the county. Moreover, the case shows that the county is endowed with close to 140 learning institutions, fourteen public libraries, and 29 recreation centers and about 200 parks, all protected by 34 fire stations. These resources, together with an animal shelter, are managed and controlled by many departments. The functionality of these public utilities in quality servi
Horticulture farming ensures that various perishable goods and products are sold in the market. Horticultural farm products include flowers, vegetables, and fruits. A horticultural business requires a lot of patience from an investor because it needs large initial investment. Rwanda is a country with a lot of agricultural potentials and the firm wants to take advantage of favorable investment opportunities that exist there. The climate in the country is favorable for horticulture and business regulations are not very stringent (Shaw 222). Horticultural farming will create many jobs for people in Rwanda, who will be employed by the firm. The country will be able to benefit from increased tax revenues paid by the firm. The goods produced will be exported to Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. This will have a positive contribution to the local economy (Shaw 228). The business will help the firm to reduce the costs it incurs because the country’s laws are favorable to foreign investors. Air transport will be used to deliver the products to the main markets promptly. This will make the firm’s operations more cost-efficient. The use of pesticides and other preservatives are likely to cause pollution to the water systems close to the factory. The minimum wage in the country is very low and the firm may be tempted to pay its workers poorly. Workers may get exposed to toxic working environments and this could harm their health. Workers who get exposed to chemicals used for preservation may get severe health complications (Shaw 234). Pollution and labor are the main ethical issues that need to be resolved by the firm. The firm needs to take effective measures that reduce the negative impact of these ethical issues. Works Cited Shaw, William H. Business Ethics: A Textbook with Cases . Mason: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.
The case that would be analyzed for the purpose of this paper would be that of the Khemka family which established itself in Russia in the beer business. The paper would analyze the methodology through which they secured funding for this business venture of theirs and the rationale behind such a move on the behalf of the Khemka family. The Khemka family; had Indian roots and strong business acumen as could be seen through the success of their SUN brewery endeavor. A trait common to all entrepreneurial family businesses who like the notion of being the “owners”- hence, the structure of the stock division was that of a dual class stock one. This structure refers to varying classes of stock-the varying classes have different voting rights, dividend payments, and other characteristics concerned with stock. The Khemka family had class A shares and the public were offered B class shares. More than 70% shares by the family and since no treasury shares were sold; the complete control of the company was in the hands of the family. As a result of this division, the Khemka family had ten times voting rights that of the ordinary shareholders- this disparity was intentional on the behalf of the owners who wanted to retain majority of control of the company and at the same time take advantage of the capital provided by the IPO. Therefore, it can be seen that the owners were working in their own interest This dual class system suited them perfectly as it allowed them to retain majority of control over the company while at the same time raising the required capital to fund the expansion, to repay the debt. The initial public offering was an effective way to raise capital and the company went on to issue 3, 809, 500 GDRs which were underwritten and bough by Morgan Grenfell and Company. The IPO also helped the foreign investors a streamlined method through which to invest in Russian-based SUN brewery. The net proceeds of the placement provided liquidity for one of the private placement investors and became a capital infusion for the company as well. However, some view the dual class method as an unfair system as it allows a small group of shareholders to retain control while other shareholders provide a majority of the company. The dual class system affords the managers long-term and short term insulation from the market for corporate control. The entrenchment enjoyed by the mangers does however raise questions about their incentives. A dual class structure also imposes restriction on the form of corporate control can take through the assignment to higher voting rights to the owners themselves. The Khemka family should choose the option of taking on a partner as the family would-be able to improve its position. The competitive position in Russia has become quite fierce therefore; the family has to make a quick decision. The decision is clearly in favor of taking on a partner as that would allow the company to consolidate its position, have access to funds, a person to a developed business dense and in fact would be able to provide the required business insight into the business’s operat