ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The French revolution was a period of transition not only in France but as well as much of Europe. It was experienced between 1789 and 1799. This was a period of ten years that saw radical changes not only to the political life of the French people but also the social and economic life. Before the revolution France was ruled by an absolute monarch. French revolution was first witnessed in the year 1789.in the year 1792 June a number of women demonstrated towards the legislative chambers of the king 1 . Almost a year later they were demanding for a constitutional change (bread of constitution 1793).many of these women who advocated for these rights were publicly denounced, arrested, executed, and others went for exile. For instance the famous Theroigne de mericourt was deliberately arrested, she was then publicly flogged around the streets and then she was made to spend the rest of her life in an insane asylum. This led to women practically putting bread on the table, this means that they were catering for the family. Women would march to the nearest government offices when they had nowhere else to get food from. This resulted in women getting tired therefore filing a petition against men which was filed directly to the king. King of France of the time (Louis xvi) called for elections which other than dealing with financial problems which concerned women dealt with the issue of PARLIAMENT (how voting would take place). Since there were three estates: nobility, clergy, and the commoners, the nobility and the commoners joined to defeat the commoners All this was caused by women realizing that they could not vote or hold any political office. They had no political rights in the revolutionary kingdom. Secondly they were referred to as inactive only to rely on men for assistance. To some men, a woman was a failed man and was taught only to be a good wife and a good mother 2 . These problems led women to take advantage of the volatile political climate to vocalize their principles. They swore oaths of loyalty, declared patriot
Introduction Information Systems is a crucial component of many organizations. It is notable that information and communication within the corporate company remains an important aspect of its success. In addition, lack of information communication may present challenges to the decision makers. Apple is a technology-based organization with a global presence. Its activities include product development, production, assembling, selling, and supply chain management. However, Apple’s research and development has enabled it to retain the market leadership in innovation. Company Background Three people founded Apple as an incorporated company in April 1976. They included “Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne” (Linzmayer 5). The company started with little financial investment that hindered its ability to compete effectively with other firms that were already large market players. The company managed to set up a new headquarter in California. The company’s original Apple II product had become the source of success since 1970. The product remained common with clients and enabled the company to develop its original customer base (Linzmayer 8). The company’s expansion has been unprecedented since then. It started selling computers in the international marketplace. The role that Steve Jobs played in research and development was critical for the generation of highly innovative and exciting products. The company grappled with operational and management challenges that were associated with communication within and outside environment (Daft, Jonathan and Hugh 114). Analysts have argued that the entry of new investors presented challenges with clarity in communication. The company focused on products and significantly ignored organizational functioning. The company compartmentalization initiatives were guided by product orientation rather than organizational functioning needs. The company’s core activities are supported through diverse activities such as infrastructure, information systems, management of materials, and human resources (see figure 1) (Daft, Jonathan and Hugh 114). Figure 1: Apple Organizational Structure and Core Activities The company is highly dynamic in terms of altering the organizational structure to fit with activities. However, the latest organizational structure entails different positions as depicted in the diagram. The corporate structure favors the existence of departmental competencies as opposed to organizational functioning (Daft, Jonathan and Hugh 114). The leadership structure at Apple provides low-level managers with the task of ensuring innovations and direction in every department. The company also facilitates market leadership in other geographical locations through the creation of mid-level management positions. This helps the f
Introduction and Thesis Statement Affirmative action is a strategy in America that seeks to address precedent discrimination via dynamic measures to make certain that opportunities in employment and education are equal. Some of the steps of affirmative action in America have been met with remarkable controversies. Of late, the advantages of a race-based admittance plan in higher learning institutions, in America, is under scrutiny (Tomasson 235). This paper will discuss whether affirmative action has mended the racial discrimination that has cursed America for years, or it has created the same environment that it tries to eradicate. Discussion Opposition Point 1 While the role of affirmative action is too overt racial discrimination in America, it at the same time creates the same atmosphere that it tries to eradicate. Affirmative action is presently a technique that business organizations and academic institutions in America employ to admit minorities. In America, affirmative action has enhanced the learning and employment opportunities of minorities, especially blacks. This is through outstanding treatment in job recruitment, college admittance, donation of regime contracts, and the distribution of other social remunerations. The Native Americans have a feeling that this affirmative action is only a system of predilection in reverse. They further assert that affirmative action does nothing to solve the troubles facing them (Skrentny 305) (a). Rebuttal of Opposition Point 1 Affirmative action boosts disadvantaged children in society. These normally come from poor families and have low chances of admission to private schools. These marginal students are capable of performing the same as the Americans, but due to financial constraints, then their qualifications become different. Affirmative action in this case balances the playing field (Tomasson 235). Opposition Point 2 Affirmative action has led to reverse discrimination, particularly among male Caucasians. It assists and harms Americans simultaneously. Leaders of civil rights institutions still trust that even in the presence of affirmative action, racial discrimination is still well established in America. While America has progressed in the termination of racial discrimination, the natives are still not obtaining the amount of finance they ought to (Sather 143). Rebuttal of Opposition Point 2 Affirmative action brings the minorities to study and work in areas that they may have never thought of. It makes black Americans be considered capable just like the white Americans (Herring 16). Transition If affirmative action was to solve the problem of racial discrimination, then it should have devoted itself to the education system in areas with low incomes so that they can get the chance for employment and education. The black Americans in the US are still inexperienced in certain fundamental things and appear to have difficulties
Abstract Why do some avian families have more species than others? Here we do an analysis between various taxa of avian or bird families to test predictions arising out of these six assumptions: that differences between families are due to  1. chance,  2. body size,  3. life history,  4. sexual selection ,  5. intrinsic ecological factors and or  6. extrinsic abiotic factors, respectively. From our analysis, we find no evidence that species richness, among birds, is not due to chance. We find high species richness is due to “plumage dichromatism, generalist feeding habits, and good dispersal capabilities as well as large and fragmented geographical ranges”. We realize that high species richness is not linked to one of the particular assumptions, sexual selection , alone but sexual selection may be linked to species extinction rates. More work is necessary to understand the mechanisms that govern species richness or species extinction rates. Introduction Sexual selection was an idea introduced by Charles Darwin (1859) as a special type of natural selection that would take into account the sexual differences between males and females found in many species of animals. According to Darwin (1871), sexual selection depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over others of the same sex and species solely in respect to reproduction. Darwin realized that males could take advantage of females in two different ways. They compete directly to gain control of the females ( intersexual selection ) or by attracting females by special displays or adornments ( intersexual selection ). Among the sexual adornments, a species can have ranged from elaborate and ornate feathers (Peacock: Pavo cristatus ) to “cumbersome” antlers (Red deer: Cervus elephus ). Sexual displays of the Birds of Paradise (more than 40 species in the family Paradisaeidae ) are more elaborate and colorful and well known. These displays and adornments ensure that the females make a definite choice of their sexual partners and the males ensure that these traits are passed on to their offspring. These selective pressures have operated upon these animals in such a way that the sexual embellishments are more likely to ensure that their genes are passed on to the next generation rather than be a “handicap” (Zahavi, 1975). In this paper, we try to understand why all bird families are not equal since the species richness varies within families and genus. There are around 9672 extant bird species distributed in 145 families with an average of around 67 species. This observation is far from over. “Over half of the species are contained within just 12 species-rich families, each of which contains over 250 species. At the other
Abstract The transport system is one of the most crucial systems of the social structure of cities. The efficiency of its functioning determines the productivity of numerous segments of life in the region, including economic growth and social improvement. The recent economic growth in Dubai has triggered a transition to smart transportation. However, the present rate of improvement is still insufficient for the satisfaction of the growing demand exhibited by Dubai citizens. The following paper provides a set of organizational and technical recommendations for the Dubai Government that are expected to create healthy work by merging happiness with transportation and establishing punch marks in transportation between Dubai and other countries using smart transport principles. Introduction It is worth noting that the transport system is one of the most crucial systems of the social structure of cities. Urban transport is an industry that is responsible for the life-support of the city; the way of living of the population, as well as their satisfaction in general, depends on the success of its functioning (Bazzan & Klügl 2014). For the past years, the socio-economic life of the population has changed. The growth in the number of citizens and residents has led to the fact that Dubai has become overflown with vehicles, which causes congestion, environmental pollution, and affects the well-being of people. Many residents prefer to use public transport as it allows them to work during traveling. Nevertheless, the development of transport infrastructure in Dubai does not meet the growing needs of the population for high mobility, which inevitably affects other sectors and results in the emergence of social and economic issues. It should be stressed that Dubai is a city with a visible manifestation of transport problems. Employees from other cities are forced to travel for several hours to get to their workplace in Dubai, which also affects their productivity among other factors. In general, the functioning of transport and the possibilities of the infrastructure determine the potential of the city, affect the formation of economic activity, and affect the happiness of people. At present, the priority task of the city administration is the introduction of smart transport to address the current problems. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential of smart transportation in meeting future expectations and needs of Dubai citizens. Literature Review It is necessary to define the concept of smart transport in the aspect of infrastructure development. This concept is based on an intellectual approach to the development of the transport system, which assumes the maximum efficiency of operational management of transport means and the response to the current situation in real-time (Bazzan & Klügl 2014). Therefore, smart transport implies the introduction of a functional and understandable interface fo
ACA Code of Ethics Complying with foundational ethical principles is imperative for a counselor; otherwise, the effects of their services are bound to be deplorable (Davis, 2014). Serving as the set of guidelines that counsels are supposed to use when addressing ethical concerns, the ACA Code of Ethics is represented by a series of principles that help improve the quality of people’s lives. The issue associated with the process of retrieving the patient’s informed consent (A.2.a) is especially interesting as it needs to reflect the changes in the IT area that have been occurring over the past few decades. Addressing the differences in counseling approaches adequately (D.1.a) is another issue of interest for me since I could use improvement in negotiation skills. It should be borne in mind that changes in the current ethical standards are inevitable. With the emergence of new ideas, phenomena, and means of social interaction, new ethical issues are bound to be spotted. Consequently, it will be necessary to make sure that ethical problems should be addressed successfully. To remain up-to-date with the latest changes in the ethical Code, one will have to consider online subscriptions for news and updates. ASCA Ethical Standards for School Counselors Another collection of ethical principles that counselors should take into account the ASCA ethical standards put a very heavy emphasis on the significance of ethical behavior among counselors. Creating and promoting a peer support program in the school setting (A.8.b) is also of great interest to me. Similarly, I am willing to understand the needs of underserviced members of the population in accordance with the A.10.e point of the guide. Similarly to the case of ACA, using e-mail subscriptions as the primary means of keeping updated on the changes to the Code seems reasonable. Ohio Laws Regulating the Practice of Counseling Description Meeting the legal standards of the state is crucial to make sure that the needs of all stakeholders involved are met successfully. Therefore, when carrying out counseling services, I wi
The situation in the Middle East has rarely been (if ever) stable. The relationships between Zionist and Arab groups have always been strained. In the middle of the twentieth century the region was again torn between two groups which started a number of wars. In the early 1940s a balance of power was secured by the British mandate, Arab forces and Zionist forces. However, in the late 1940s the balance of power in the region was distorted by British withdrawal. 1 Admittedly, there are several theories concerning the reasons for British withdrawal. 2 Nonetheless, it is hardly important to understand why Britain made such a decision. It is much more important to analyze the outcomes of the decisions made in terms of the current balance of power theories. One of the theories can explain the situation in the region at that time. According to this theory, large states tend to be motivated to maintain their ranking, while smaller states tend to be motivated by insecurity. Thus, the present paper will focus on several issues. First, it is important to examine whether there was balance of power equilibrium in 1948. Secondly, it is also important to understand whether the reputation of Britain was damaged by the failure to keep promises given to the both parties. Finally, it is necessary to look at the matter from a bit different perspective and understand whether large countries are motivated to preserve their ranking whereas smaller countries are motivated by insecurity. On the one hand, it is necessary to admit that there was certain balance of power equilibrium in the late 1940s in the region. The territories of Palestine were under control of Great Britain and the other two parties could covertly undertake some steps to establish their power in the region. 3 Admittedly, there were some minor conflicts, but the balance was maintained as it was secured by the power of European countries. Great Britain was given the responsibility to secure peaceful development of the region. Thus, in 1920 Britain was entrusted with the Mandate for Palestine during the San Remo conference. The region was to be “administered according to the terms of the Balfour Declaration and prepared for self-government”. 4 Importantly, both parties admitted the authority of the international community and did not undertake any meaningful steps to seize power in the region. Nonetheless, the two parti
The article “Spider-Man Will Remain in the Marvel Cinematic Universe” revolves around the significant dispute that affected the community of superheroes’ fans. The fact is that due to the rights on the intellectual property, Marvel Studios, belonging to Disney, did not acquire permission to continue using Spider-Man in its movies. Sony Pictures, the copyright holder, decided that because of discrepancies in opinions and financial issues, the popular hero will not appear in the next films created by Marvel. The given decision became a severe concern for Disney as the future of the cinematic universe was linked to the development of Spider-Man’s arc. The inability to make a compromise became a disputable topic that attracted the attention of the publicity. However, the article states that in the course of negotiations, studios managed to find common ground and come to a conclusion that would satisfy all parties. In accordance with their announcement, Spider-Man will become the only hero who will be able to appear both in Disney and Sony’s cinematic universes. It also means that the currently existing and popular projects will be continued. Marvel will work on next the storylines linked to “Spider-Man: Far from Home” and tie the development of other characters to the arc of this very superhero. As for Sony, its planned film “Venom” will also appear as was expected by fans. The given agreement ends the conformation between two mighty studios and creates the background for their cooperation and the further evolution of the web slinger’s line. Analyzing the given conflict and its resolution, the agreement between the two studios was just a matter of time. One correctly realizes the fact that the root cause for the appearance of the conflict is the inability to solve some financial issues. The employment of the franchise provides numerous opportunities for the generation of multimillion income. The popularity of superheroes in modern society is used by filmmakers who have their own schedules and create one movie every year on average. There are also some plans for the creation of new products, and their cancellation might result in significant losses. That is why it was clear that studios would continue negotiations to find a compromising solution that would be attractive to all parties. Additionally, the agreement can be considered Solomon’s decision as it meets the requirements of both parties. As for Marvel, after the end of the current stage and arcs of the most significant heroes such as Iron Man, Spider-Man was taken as one of the possible leaders of a new generation. That is why the movie “Far from Home” created numerous perquisites for the further evolution of the c
What, so what, now what is a foundational reflection strategy that helps to step back and consider what has occurred or what is going on at the present moment. Under the strategy, the thinking is structured in the way of breaking down experiences into considering such the steps that would lead to a conclusion regarding a particular occurrence. In this reflection, the strategy will be used to discuss a lesson, pointing out its limitations as well as beneficial components. The reflection will also include considerations of applying the learned knowledge to the real-life practice of a nurse. The lesson was focused on reviewing three models of reflection as related to case studies that would illustrate their use in real-life situations. What was positive about the lesson was that the overall discussions, any comments given by the professor, and explanations were simple and applicable to life and practice. The limitation of the lesson was linked to the lack of work in groups and interactions between students. Such interactions are essential for engaging learners in the reciprocal process of acquiring new information. The explanations that students will give of the topic at hand could sometimes be even more useful compared to the explanations given by professors. The application of reflection models and listening during nursing practice is the key takeaway from the lesson. As mentioned by Pangh et al. [4], the experience of using reflection processes within nursing settings can create a sense of ownership toward the knowledge being acquired because of its focus on personal experiences and the use of creative methods. At work, the lessons learned from the session will be welcomed because they would help to have positive interactions with patients resulting from reflections on practice. Reflections on verbal communication with clients are imperative to allow nurses to point out the positive and negative aspects of their interactions and develop evidence that would be used in further practice [2]. To get a positive reaction from peers, it is imperative to teach them how they personally can use reflection to improve the nursing practice. While reading some theoretical information about the use of reflections is a positive practice, getting some first-hand knowledge from a peer is far more effective. In addition, practicing active listening is an essential part of peer interactions, which would allow nurses to delve deeper into the understanding of their everyday practice and their impact on patient care [1]. In addition, active listening is a practice that enables speakers and listeners to have respect for each other, showing that their viewpoints are understood and valued. Active listening would help develop good relationships between speakers and listeners represented by nurses [3]. Besides, any negative response can also be addressed with the help of listening and reflection. To summarize the paper, it is important to note that the lesson offered a comprehensive overview of positive reflective practices th