ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract This memo explores the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the purposes of its formation. It also sets out the procedure which a country can follow, to report a trade dispute to the WTO. In addition, a case study is given to help in the understanding of how a dispute that is brought before the WTO panel is solved. Lastly, the paper enumerates the achievements that WTO has made regarding its objectives, and what the critics have to say about the organization. Over the years international trade has been going on albeit under individual country agreements. This has however not been without disputes, where one country complains of being manipulated in a business deal. It was therefore agreed that some body be formed to regulate international business and help maintain fairness among trading members. This led to the formation of General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) among other international trade agreements, and later the World Trade Organization (WTO). The World Trade Organization is an international trade organization that was established in 1995 to administer trade agreements, as agreed upon by member countries. The WTO was formed after countries realized that the initial agreements of trade had loopholes, and a standardized forum was essential for fair trade among different countries. Therefore, the WTO is sometimes defined as an international forum where various countries are able to negotiate for trade agreements (Hartigan, 2009). On the same note, the WTO also provides a framework through which member countries can address areas which are seen to have issues and solve trade disputes. The WTO operates under the principles of transparency, non-discrimination, reciprocity, safety valves and enforceable commitments to foster fair trade internationally (Krugman, Obstfeld & Melitz, 2011). When one country breaches trade agreements as they are set out within the framework of WTO, the affected countries are supposed to report the matter in writing to the WTO dispute board. Before any dispute qualifies to be considered by the WTO panel, affected countries are supposed to consult for amicable agreement within 60 days according to the framework of WTO (Wu, 2012). If the countries do not agree, then the complainant can request for the formation of a panel which will solve the dispute. The defending country is not able to influence the formation of the panel or prolong the duration of the case, because WTO has a time frame within which to determine any dispute (Krugman, Obstfeld & Melitz, 2011). An example of a case that has been settled by the WTO is that of Venezuela verses United States in 1995. The dispute arose when Venezuela complained that the rules of United States regarding gasoline composition were discriminatory to Venezuela. The United States of America had actually implemented some rules on the quality and chemical components of gasoline in an effort to prevent the environmental pollution. However, the rules were stringent when it came to imported gasoline, compared to how the rules were applied to domestically-refined gasoline. This
During life, people face many situations in which a lot depends on how they communicate with others. Such a helpful skill as negotiating is necessary to achieve the desired result through the communication process. That is why teaching proper business communication is an actively developing direction. The abilities obtained from it will allow succeeding in the process of education and effectively carry out communication in everyday life. The capacity to negotiate correctly is also of particular importance in cross-cultural and international negotiations where such aspects like religion and traditions are involved. Assessment of one’s skills audit is of particular importance since it helps to track progress. The more often people realize that they have made some positive progress, the more their productivity and motivation to work further increases. Also, the analysis of the correspondence of their knowledge with the materials provided during the training course is important, since people are given the opportunity to see gaps in training. Therefore, they are given a chance to catch up before further study of new topics begins. At the moment, there is a rapid growth of international contacts in all areas of human activity. The number of meetings of representatives of different cultures with their views, religions, and traditions is growing. For a successful business, in such cases, it is crucial to know and respect unique cultures in order to be able to adapt to them and achieve success in negotiations. The course MAN3705 introduced me to the knowledge about cross-cultural and multicultural negotiations. The main difference between these two types is that it is a communication process where each party has its own culture, values, and religion. In modern society, these two types of communication have become an integral part of economic and political interaction between countries. Developing the skill of effective negotiations in a cross-cultural and multicultural business environment is of particular value. One of the most essential skills that all participants in negotiations should possess, including representatives of different cultures, is showing the interlocutor’s receptivity to someone else’s culture. It also includes accepting inconsistencies and translating a person’s culture onto oneself, and understanding it. In addition, it is vital to refrain from stressful situations and prevent them in advance and have a strategic plan for negotiating in case something goes wrong. In the course MAN3705 I learned that before conducting any business meeting, it is necessary to educate participants about the features of different cultures, such as gestures, specific behavior, or speech. The basic skills that negotiators should possess include proving the advantages of the chosen party, the formulation of a correct and organized speech, which implies the choice of acceptable terms and expressions. It is also essential to
The audit process may be defined as a specific set of procedures and actions for organizational control that aim to prove the efficiency of all processes and help to identify the opportunities for the improvement of the whole audit process in general. The fundamental objective of the audit process is to verify the alignment of the company’s processes with its strategic vision. In addition, it evaluates the processes’ operational efficiency, access risks, verifies the protection of the organization’s assets from the process chain and data security and reliability, detects incorrect procedures during organizational processes, reports failures, and recommends appropriate corrections (Byrnes, et al., 2015). In turn, the company’s monitoring implies the management of continuous business processes to control their deviations from and adherence to the intended levels of efficiency. In general, the audit process and monitoring are highly essential for any company as they substantially contribute to the continuous improvement of its productivity. As a low-cost carrier, Gold Airlines defines cost-effective flights for customers with an average income, the development of Siberian transportation, and the improvement of the connection between the country’s European and Asian parts as its priorities. The strategic plan of the company for the first year of launching implies the customer traffic of 3 million people due to the use of 50 aircraft, and an average ticket price of 73$. The audit process helps to define whether the carrier’s current business processes align with its vision and strategies of development. For measurement, test checking should be applied as the airline company is a considerably large organization, and physical routine checking of all assets and transactions is impossible. First of all, the audit plan of Gold Airlines should include an internal financial audit to evaluate the accordance with the company’s current price determination with expected goals. In general, the audit helps to define the route’s ideal price to reach the highest turnover in the case of the completely met demand. As a matter of fact, the ideal price may be regarded as an indicative value. While setting the ticket price above this figure generates more revenues for a carrier, it will inevitably reduce the number of customers, and the investments in new routes may considerably increase. At the same time, setting the ticket price below this figure is not recommended as well due to the reduced profitability of aircraft. Concerning Gold Airlines, based on the analysis of competitors’ prices, the carrying capacity of planes, and the company’s performance in a low-cost segment, it is possible to conclude that its pricing policy is appropriate. It goes without saying that ticket prices may vary according to the duration of a flight, season, destination, and the consumer’s participation in a loyalty program. In addition, the ideal price may be redefined in th
Summary This article looks into the critical subject of embracing green building codes and standards in the construction industry of the United States. Based on an analysis of buildings that have been approved for embracing green practices across the United States, the researcher reveals that there are significant variations in the level at which green practices are enforced by different companies in the construction industry in the United States. As such, the researchers ascertain the need to rethink and develop new standards other than the LEED system that is used to certify green buildings. Introduction Environmentalism is now than ever before considered to be a central issue in all attributes of development across the industry. The building industry in the United States is not spared when it comes to the question of embracing the green paradigm in building and construction. The concern here is about the extent to which building and construction experts consider the issue of green building in their construction activities. This paper presents a critique of a research article from USA Today titled, “In U.S. building industry, is it too easy to be green?”. (Schnaars and Morgan 1). Research question and objectives A research conducted by the USA Today revealed that the U.S. Green Building Council, a body that is mandated to certify buildings that are green in the United States, has certified approximately 13500 buildings that are used for commercial purposes. This is an interesting thing to note, considering that fact that any building that is certified by the U.S.
Describe a scene, sound, or image from the video that reminded you of an entomological fact/concept. Be sure to indicate the specific fact/concept One of the scenes that were reminiscent of an entomological fact was the one where a person was waving his or her hand to chase away mosquitoes. The person was filmed from the back, and the insects were aiming to attack his unprotected skin on the neck (“Infestation”). However, this individual moved his hand, and the mosquitoes flew away. It reminded me of an entomological fact that I read about in Lehane’s Biology of Blood-Sucking in Insects . The fact was that field workers in India and Africa lose approximately 20% of their working hours due to blood-sucking insect attacks (Lehane 5). It seemed so obvious yet something one would never consider from a business perspective. Indeed, it underlines the importance of entomology in a whole new sphere of human activity, as insects are often viewed from the standpoint of medicine and disease prevention. Describe a scene, sound, or image from the video that reminded you of a personal entomological experience/encounter. Be sure to describe the specific personal experience/encounter Another scene that reminded me of one more fact from entomology is where a group of flies is sitting on a cupcake. In the foreground, several flies were crawling on the surface of a cupcake untiled chased off by a human hand. This view reminded me of a similar accident I had on one of my early birthdays when a fly sat on the cherry situated on top of my birthday cake, and the mother said she had to remove that cherry. At a time, I was convinced it was wrong to violate the integrity of the whole cake structure and diminish my pleasure from enjoying the treat, but given the fact that insects are often the cause of infectious diseases, it was probably the right decision (Lehane 4). Works Cited “Infestation.” 2016. Vimeo , uploaded by Hardin, Cable. Web. Lehane, Michael. The Biology of Blood-Sucking in Insects, Second Edition . 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Arts, culture, and history are closely connected, as these are some of the major pillars of the development of humanity. People’s culture is formed in the course of the historical development of the society, and arts are a reflection of the transformations that take place along the road. Museums that combine all these elements are true sanctuaries for me because I have an opportunity to obtain a complete or, at least, a big picture of the evolvement of a nation or a group of people. The National Cowboy Western & Heritage Museum was an obvious choice for me when surfing Google Arts and Cultures. I have children who, luckily, have similar interests, so I believe we will explore the museum in detail together. I would like them to see different facets of American history so that they could better understand some traits of the American culture. Texts The National Cowboy Western & Heritage Museum exhibits numerous works of art and historical artifacts. Every single object in the museum is worth detailed analysis, but I would like to focus on several works of art. When speaking about American history and visual evidence, photography is the first thing coming to my head. I am accustomed to viewing various recordings and pictures depicting Americans’ life in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Paintings produce a specific effect, making the viewer acknowledge the fact that the featured themes are a part of history. One of the artworks to be mentioned is Hunter’s Supper by Frederic Sackrider Remington, created in 1909 (“Hunter’s Supper”). The medium the artist used is oil on canvas, and the dimension of the work is 27 x 30 inches. The overall tone of the painting is rather dark, which seems but natural as the nighttime depicted. However, the choice of the tone and colors is also linked to the peculiarities of that epoch. Life at that time was full of dangers and the darkness of the unknown. Brave hunters tried to keep themselves busy with cooking or talking to forget about the terrifying thought they might have experienced. The composition of the work of art is suggestive, at least, as it seems to me. The fire is in the center while the cowboys are depicted in a diagonal from the east to the west. The eastern part is lighter and seems safer and more civilized, and two men in the western part are almost in the wilderness of the west. Another work, The Scalp , is a sculpture created by the same artist in 1898 (“The Scalp”). The sculpture depicts a triumphant Native American holding a scalp of his enemy in his right hand. Although Native Americans were mainly depicted as savages, who were to be civilized or destroyed, this sculpture produces another impression. The artist creates a traditional heroic artwork with a hero on his horse. On the one hand, a strong and courageous warrior is worth admiration, the ritual that seems savage fills the viewer with terror. The posture of the Native American is similar to numerous Western heroes, but the object in his right hand b
The relevance of health promotion to diverse populations is an essential issue for nurses interested in developing and delivering inclusive and culturally acceptable health care. In the Nursing Home and Rehabilitation Center, where I work, the dominant resident is the Hispanic population. According to GLMA (n.d.), since the patient’s cultural relevance is vital to improve their health in this healthcare facility, in addition to biophysical information, the questionnaire should contain cultural questions. The questions relate to a person’s linguistic characteristics, cultural values, beliefs, lifestyle, religious and spiritual factors. For example, What is your country of origin? What ethnic/cultural group do you identify with? or Do you speak, read and/or understand English or another language? Moreover, the center has an interpreter who can help the patient at any time. In many medical institutions, including where I work, there are difficulties in providing medical care to LGBTQ clients associated with health insurance. According to Levitt et al. (2020), LGBTQ + people are less likely to have health insurance than their heterosexual counterparts. Furthermore, the wording of the insurance plan may exclude usual and transitional care. For example, hormonal treatments and surgery are often not covered. Thus, there is a problem of lack of coverage for medically necessary gender-based care. For example, a trans man who needs gynecological care may be denied health insurance. In this situation, it is needed to raise this issue at the administrative level and improve legislation. The nurse should be prepared to offer assistance with insurance and, if necessary, free services. In Sara’s case, the nurse has an enormous responsibility to establish a high level of trust between the LGBTQ client and the healthcare provider. To create an inclusive clinical environment, you can post LGBTQ client-friendliness materials on the clinic walls or attach a rainbow pin. From the description of the symptoms, it can be concluded that Sarah is depressed. GLMA (n.d.) notes that lesbians can experience chronic stress due to discrimination. In this regard, Sarah needs to express her feelings. To do this, the nurse should ask more open questions. It is also essential to use inclusive language. It means choosing words that help build trust and avoiding phrases that create barriers to care. Confidentiality is an equally important aspect since, after making sure that it is preserved, the patient will reveal himself to the medical professional.
The first analyzed article is “Predicting the direction of stock market index movement using an optimized artificial neural network model” by Mingyue Qiu and Yu Song. The authors assume that predicting the exact daily price of the stock market demands an accurate and comprehensive analysis of various aspects influencing this factor, such as political stability, the global economy, and traders’ expectations (Qiu & Song, 2016). The use of innovative technologies, such as the optimized artificial neural network model (ANN), can improve the accuracy of the daily stock market index prediction (Qiu & Song, 2016). The authors suggest using genetic algorithms (GA) to improve the effectiveness of the process and verify the investigated phenomenon by integrating a new hybrid GA-ANN model (Qiu & Song, 2016). This method is critical for the sphere as it can help to improve the prediction process. The leading objective of the study is to improve the prediction accuracy by using the ANN model and test the GA algorithm regarding its capability to offer better results. Comparing their method with the previous studies, they conclude that the hybrid GA-ANN model can be viewed as a potentially advantageous method to increase prediction accuracy and acquire better results (Qiu & Song, 2016). At the same time, the authors state that new upgrades are possible through combining input indicators, using methods different from GA, and specific investment strategies (Qiu & Song, 2016). In such a way, the article outlines how neural networks and AI can alter the sphere of finances. The article shows that AI can be widely used in the financial sphere. Using artificial networks such as the described one, specialists acquire new tools for forecasting and planning, which is vital for outcomes. The discussed GA-ANN model can help to introduce the positive change in the stock market as the more accurate indexes will add opportunities for decision-making and better financial operations. The article proves that AI is the future of the financial sector as it offers a limitless number of chances to consider numerous factors affecting the current showings and calculate them to avoid mistakes or poor predictions. The second article is “A novel artificial autonomous system for supporting investment decisions using a Big Five model approach” by Daniel Cabrera-Paniagua and Rolando Rubilar-Torrealba. The authors state that artificial autonomous systems (AAS) are widely used in various spheres to improve decision-making processes and attain better results (Cabrera-Paniagua & Rubilar-Torrealba, 2021). Cabrera-Paniagua and Rubilar-Torrealba (2021) offer the design of the AAS resting on the Big Five model, implying five essential personality profiles, such as openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. It can be viewed as an innovative approach as existing systems do not support specific decisions regarding the Big Five model (Cabrera-Paniagua & Rubilar-Torrealba, 2
Introduction In the novel Siddhartha, one finds the central character Siddhartha renouncing Gotama as teacher as he believes that true enlightenment cannot be taught and that he has to seek it himself. However, a close reading of the novel convinces the reader that there have been many teachers in the life of Siddhartha each of who have been instrumental in his self-realization. Siddhartha himself remarks that one must gain experiences himself because wisdom is “inexpressible and incommunicable.” (Herman 40). The novel Siddhartha can be understood as the tale of an Indian’s spiritual journey who seeks out to experience this ultimate wisdom and peace, because he beliefs that no enlightenment can come out of listening to teaching or preaching or sticking to any doctrine by others. Thus the novel provides the message that one has to follow one’s own ways in his/ her journey towards enlightenment rather than trying to copy from the lives of others. Siddhartha himself confesses that even though he distrusts doctrines and teachers, there have been many from whom he learned. To quote Siddhartha’s own words: “I came to distrust doctrines and teachers but I learned from many teachers but most of all I have learned from the river and from my predecessor, Vasudeva. He was a simple man. He was not a thinker, but he realized the essential as well as Gotam. He was a holy man, a saint wisdom is not communicable. The wisdom which a wiseman tries to communicate always sounds foolish. ” (Herman 113-114). Vasudeva, the ferryman and the river act as the best teachers for Siddhartha in his pursuit for enlightenment; however, one cannot undermine the role played by his own father, the Samanas, Kamala, Kamaswami and Buddha in the life of Siddhartha. All of them taught him important lessons in life and his experiences with each of them have molded his inner self. His relation with Govinda is also significant in the novel. Hermann Hesse presents the character of Govinda to convince his reader that it is more important to listen to and move according to what one’s voice and inner spirits dictates to him rather than blindly following any guru (teacher), doctrine or belief. The fact that Govinda fails to achieve the ultimate peace should act as an eye-opener to everyone who wants to pursue his own goals. Even