ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Perhaps the most considerable philosophical shift in organizational and departmental management over the past two decades is the prevalent adoption and use of team-oriented structures as a method for successful task execution, decision-making, planning and problem-solving. Indeed, academics and commentators are in agreement that the acceleration and employment of team-based structures as a preferred technique of organization, task accomplishment and decision-making modus operandi reflects the urgency for timelier and efficient processing of information in a business world characterized by intense competition and increased environmental uncertainty (Li et al., 2009). Despite their effectiveness, however, team-based structures continue to experience a myriad of operational and structural challenges as they become increasingly used within organizational and departmental settings (Carton & Cummings, 2012). This section aims to not only detail the level of task independence acceptable between teams, but also the impact of interteam conflict on departmental performance. In a meta-analytic review of the role of context in work team diversity, Joshi & Roh (2009) report that some studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between task independence within the team context and increased team performance, while others have illuminated a positive correlation between task independence and decreased team performance. These authors define team performance “…as the extent to which a team accomplishes its goal or mission” (pp. 600-601). Team task independence is defined by Li et al (2009) as “…the degree to which the team is allowed or expected to do its own work and to manage the work of the team” (P. 1374). These authors note that the acceptable level of team task independence should always demonstrate a sustainable sense of responsibility, increased work motivation, empowered team task meaningfulness, and enhanced job satisfaction. Consequently, it can be argued that an unacceptable level of task independence is implied when such independence negatively affect
Introduction The purpose of this essay is to explore mood and addictive disorders. Mood disorders reflect disruptions that affect individuals’ normal abilities to cope with traumas, stressors, everyday activities, and relationships, among others because they impair physical, emotional, and social well-being. While the exact causes of these disorders remain poorly understood, it is believed that they result from genetic, environmental, and social factors. A link exists between mood disorders and addiction. In most cases, individuals battling mood disorders must also fight other disorders such as eating, alcoholism, and substance abuse because these disorders co-exist. These disorders are treatable, and effective treatments require addressing all disorders. Potential causes of depressive, bipolar, and substance disorders Depression may result from various factors, including social, biological, and psychological factors. Certain biological causes have been identified as a family history of depression, hormonal imbalances, use of some predisposing medications, and abnormal brain formation. Psychological factors may include any experiences from traumatic events, poor coping abilities, and low self-esteem. Social factors responsible for depressive disorders may include child abuse, isolation, broken family relations, traumatic events, and a lack of support. In addition, depressive disorders have also been associated with a certain co-occurring disorder, including substance abuse or eating disorders. Depression is one of the most complex mental health problems. It can result in adverse health outcomes if not treated (Barlow, 2005). One main cause of the bipolar disorder has been identified as certain brain pathways abnormalities and disparity in dopamine, neurotransmitters serotonin, and noradrenalin (Barlow, 2005). Bipolar is a genetic condition and therefore, can be passed from one member of the family to another. In addition, environmental influences could also lead to the development of the bipolar disorder. Likewise, one’s social environment may interact with genetic disposition factors and trigger bipolar disorder. Further, it has been observed that other life experiences and personal relationships may also be responsible for the onset of bipolar disorders. In cases of adults with bipolar disorder, it has been established that abuse and/or traumatic events during childhood are displayed later in life. Further, other co-occurring (comorbid) mood disorders such as eating, ADH, and OCD may also be responsible for bipolar disorder, as well as drug and alcohol abuse. Substance disorder has always been associated with alcohol. However, other substances could also display similar effects. Nevertheless, no single cause has been identified for substance disorder, and thus several factors could be responsible. So
Jakimowicz, S., Perry, L., & Lewis, J. (2020). Bowen Family Systems Theory: Mapping a framework to support critical care nurses’ well‐being and care quality. Nursing Philosophy, 22 (2). Web. The study is dedicated to applying Bowen Family Systems Theory (BFST) to intensive care nursing to improve nurses’ mental health and care quality. Working in the intensive care unit can be exhausting and emotionally challenging, negatively impacting nurse practitioners’ (NPs’) mental health and performance. As a way out, the researchers suggest applying the BFST to gauge and alleviate the level of anxiety in intensive care units. In previous medical studies, the BFST was generally used in relation to caring for patients or their families, but little research was conducted to assess its effect on the anxiety rate among healthcare personnel. The present study filled this gap and demonstrated a framework for intensive care nursing based on the BFST. It comprises a positive workplace culture, nurses’ expectations of themselves and their management team, and differentiation that implies intellectual rather than emotional reactions to a situation. There are also two other interdependent components: delivering patient-centered nursing and compassion satisfaction. As the study is focused on nurses, it has major implications for their practice. Firstly, it highlights the importance of nurses’ mental health in providing high-quality, compassionate patient care. Secondly, it has organizational and management implications for nurse leaders. If there is a surge of anxiety among nurses in the intensive care unit, it is necessary to address this issue on the team level first and then concentrate on the individuals. The nurse leaders should assess cohesion between colleagues (horizontal) and with leaders (vertical) and identify patterns of anxiety and dysfunction within intensive care unit personnel. Lee, L. T., Jung, S. E., Bowen, P. G., Clay, O. J., Locher, J. L., & Cherrington, A. L. (2019). Understanding the dietary habits of black men with diabetes. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 15 (5), 365-369. Web. The article is focused on the dietary habits of black men with diabetes. The researchers utilized the Social Cognitive Theory to examine black men’s perceptions of their dietary health needs and diabetes self-management. Several personal, behavioral, and environmental barriers to effective diabetes self-care among black men were revealed during the study. They include financial constraints, lack of affordable and available healthy food, the negative impact of the family members’ unhealthy nutritional habits, and insufficient or
Parisians behave in ways that foreigners find hard to understand. They are aggressive, ill mannered, and hostile. In addition, they are harsh and vulgar. This is evident from an example of a conversation between the writer’s husband and a dog owner. Parisians speak impolitely or in high tones. Their main objective is to get things done even if ways of doing them result in disputes or hatred. Parisians love disputes and conflicts. Dogs are the most common source of disputes in Paris because they cause disturbances in places such as restaurants. Another source of quarrels is cars. Parisians have unique driving habits that are irritating and inappropriate. For example, they smoke, make phone calls, and file their nails while driving. They park their cars anywhere thus inconveniencing other motorists. Their attitude towards money is unique. Parisians believe that money can buy anything they need. Parisians believe in revenge. In the article, examples of motorists who seek revenge against each other for reasons solvable through dialogue are easily identifiable. Their aggressive and hostile nature encourages th
Introduction Project management within the present day business environment has come to encompass a global landscape resulting in the need to adapt and develop new strategies in order to handle the hyper-competitive business environment that companies find themselves in (McKetham 2010). Through globalisation, the interconnection of regional financial markets and the creation of global supply chains has resulted in a situation where project managers need to take into consideration not only the different timelines but also the myriad of cultures, local partnerships and types of employees that are necessary when it comes to managing a global business venture (Human & Steyn 2013). Thus, project management at the present is practically deluged with an assortment of issues that have to be handled with care due to the possible negative ramifications that may come about as a direct result of carelessness or a lack of information. As such, this paper will tackle the case of project management within the present day business environment through the lens of issues brought about by globalisation and the need to penetrate regional markets via new projects. Through this paper, a greater understanding of project management in the present day business environment will be developed. It is the assumption of this paper that project management strategies that used to be implemented in a company’s home market are incompatible with the new markets that they are trying to penetrate in other countries. Based on this, the current landscape of project management at the present requires a considerable level of flexibility and an understanding of how new markets need alternative strategies due to the myriad of ways one local culture is different from another. Issues with Business Culture First and foremost, it is important to note that there is a considerable level of variance between business cultures. It is within this context that when companies attempt to expand into other countries and establish their own corporate divisions within the aforementioned location, a certain level of “culture shock” occurs due to the differences between what the company is used to and what is present within the new location (Mir
Abstract The main purpose of operating any business entity is to generate profit. As a matter of fact, expanding the revenue base and maximizing profits are key concerns of any business enterprise located in a competitive business environment. This implies that business organizations should create competitive advantages by developing viable marketplace strategies. The latter is necessary in order to outwit the stiff market competition. Hence, there is need to formulate a management process which is well structured in tandem with the market demands of an organization’s products. An attractive framework has been offered by Michael Porter in this analysis. From the Porter’s Five Forces framework, it is possible for business enterprises to survive and remain profitable even in highly competitive markets. For example, management teams in business organizations should not ignore to identify and manage the impacts of substitute products in the market. Any form of a substitute good or service is a real threat to the operations and sustained profitability of a firm. This analysis relates the Porter’s Five Forces framework with the growth prospects of the automotive industry in the United States. Introduction to the Auto Industry A number of factors have generally influenced the transformation of the automotive industry. For instance, manufacturing and assembling vehicle components, changes in the marketing of automotive products, development of supply chain, assembling practices, market fluctuation of fuel prices, development of infrastructures and the overall business structure of the industry have immensely evolved operations in the sector (Samuelson & Marks, 2012). Historical records attest to the fact that the invention and innovation of engines marked the humble beginning of the development of automotive industry. This early development was particularly agitated by the emergence of new forms of transporting energy. For instance, gasoline was used during the 19 th century as an important source of energy. Hence, it experienced high demand in different locations. Therefore, new methods of transporting the product were necessary. Steam was also a crucial medium for fueling engines during the century. After the full development phase of various sources of energy, initial automobile firms began to take shape. It can be recalled that the earliest motor vehicle companies were established after full discovery of oil and gas resources. The development of other vital motor vehicle components such as the steering wheel and floor-mounted accelerators followed later towards the late 19 th century and early 20 th century (Siemiatycki, 2012). As a result, the automotive industry experienced rapid development in terms of both manufacturing technology and the speed of assembling parts. Contemporary vehicles have been made lighter, more fuel
American Battlefield Trust. n.d. Maryland, Washington, D.C. Web. The website mainly publishes information about the American battlegrounds of the Civil War, the Revolutionary War and the 1812 War. However, it also publishes other historical information about America. The author is a charitable non-profit organization who is verified and recognized as an authentic champion for preserving the American battlegrounds (American Battlefield Trust n.d). The website’s information is addressed to the general public but most specifically to historians and history students. The author presents the historical information objectively without bias whatsoever and uses accurate information verified from other sources of historical information. The website is not dated, but it has online articles that have current dates a proof that the information presented herein is relevant to the reader. The domain of the website is a.org sponsored by a non-profit organization. Additionally, there are no ads on the website, and it solely focuses on presenting historical information. Also, the website design is appealing and appears captivating to the reader, and it meets the criteria of a legit website. Therefore, I would recommend the website for academic research because it is non-commercial and hence has no interest in the information it presents to the reader. Moreover, the information is free from bias and presents the known facts about ancient America’s history. The website is considered acceptable for use in college-level research because it meets the credibility criteria. Imperial War Museums. n.d. City of London, United Kingdom. Web. The Imperial War Museums website is sponsored by a group of non-profit social institutions whose aim is to preserve, maintain and educate the public on the various historical events in different parts of the world. It is a historical information source that gives historians and history students rich information about various historical events (Imperial War Museums n.d). The website’s domain is a.org, signifying that it is sponsored by a non-profit entity whose interest is not to do business or gain from the information it presents but to preserve history and educate the community. The author is a verified entity that provides educational information about the history and conserves materials that support the data. Although the various articles published herein have verifiable dates, the website is not dated, thus giving accurate and relevant historical information to the reader. The information presented in the various articles is objectively articulated and shows no bias in communicating the facts. Additionally, the information is factual since it can be verified and authenticated from other related historical information
Introduction Technological advancements have occasioned several changes in the present world. The impacts of these changes have affected all human activities and organisations. Among the affected organisations are the resource centres or libraries. Due to the changes instigated by technology, several individuals are currently shifting their search of information from libraries located in buildings to sites that are accessible via the Internet. Although the libraries in the digital arena are easily accessible, have huge capacities, very convenient to use, and occupy a little space, they have cons like hacking, unreliable Internet connection and use of software, as well as limited the knowledge of using the Internet. Therefore, the purpose of the assessment is to examine digital libraries in terms of pros related to capacity, durability, location, security, portability, convenience, access, efficiency, and quality in relation to cons such as vulnerability to cyber crimes, high dependence on the Internet, and huge costs of maintenance. Critical Evaluation of the Literature The assessment uses literature that delves into the arguments advanced by various scholars concerning digital and traditional libraries. In the assessment, it is apparent that the arguments, which support of digital and traditional libraries prevails. The study employs literature that explains the fact that those supporting digital libraries dwell on the benefits that accrue from the use of digital sources of information such as the Internet. Furthermore, the assessment looks into the arguments of scholars, who support the retention of traditional libraries and explain the various benefits of traditional libraries citing the negative aspects of digital platforms in their quest to promote the retention of traditional sources of information. According to Chowdhury, the roles that digital libraries play extend beyond the common roles of a traditional library and encompass communication and quick search of information (262). In contrast, Ratha, Naidu, and Gawde argue that with an effective cataloguing system, traditional libraries can yield positive results and outsmart the new digital libraries (14). Evidently, the arguments that various scholars advance in the contention between traditional and digital libraries is bound to continue in a simultaneous manner with the search for information. Pros and Cons of Digital Libraries Pros of Digital Libraries Capacity and Durability Digital libraries have the capacity of storing large amount of information in a singular and relatively little space. Evidently, the capacity of digital libraries is higher than that
Introduction Hedonism is a philosophical concept that explains why people seek pleasure and avoid pain in life. According to Lemos, people aim at maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain in all the activities that they perform (401). Therefore, individuals tend to engage in activities that increase their levels of pleasure and decrease their levels of pain. Some of the philosophers who defend the argument of hedonism include John Mill and Jeremy Bentham. According to Mill, a qualitative approach is the best measurement of pleasure derived by a person from an activity. Mill explains that pleasure comprises of two levels, high and low-quality pleasure. On the other hand, Bentham states that the quantitative approach is the best in measuring the level of pleasure. He asserts that the duration of an activity and the intensity of pleasure are very important in measuring the levels of pleasure. This essay compares and contrasts the hedonism arguments presented by Bentham and Mill. Mill’s Argument on Hedonism John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher who held the argument that qualitative approach is the best method to determine the pleasure that an individual derives from an activity. In my opinion, Mill believes that pleasure can be of high quality or low quality. In his assertion, Mill presents the argument that high-quality pleasure surpasses low-quality pleasure. My perspective on Mill’s argument is on the fact that humbled human beings, which he referred to as pigs, cannot access high-quality pleasure. They thus involve themselves in activities that give them low-quality pleasure (Gibbs 34). However, the elites and intellectuals in society spend most of their time reflecting and thinking about high valued activities that would give them a higher quality of pleasure as compared to humbled individuals. From my point of view, Mill asserts that one form of pleasure is worthy than the other form of pleasure. The most decisive argument that he gives is that as individuals look for happiness, they should try to minimize the pain that activity brings in the process of deriving happiness. Therefore, Mill argues that people should undertake those activities that bring maximum happiness and minimum pain so that they can achieve maximum satisfaction of their desired needs. I believe Mill held the idea that one of the main reasons behind his argument is that humbled individuals indulge in activities that bring low-quality pleasure to attain satisfaction. In my assertions, Mill highlights that “it is better to be an unsatisfied human being than being a satisfied pig” (Gibbs 31). On the contrary, sophisticated individuals do not engage in activities that provide meager pleasure, but they engage in activities that result in high levels of utility, satisfaction, and pleasure. From my point of view, Mill stresses that the desires of individuals determine the nature and level of happiness they seek. In justifying the importance of different aspects of pleasure, Mill argues that those individuals who have experienced
IVF stands for “In Vitro Fertilization.” It is a process of assisted reproductive technology that involves fertilization of an egg performed inside a glass container such as a tube or petri dish. The fertilized egg is then implanted into the uterus, which leads to high success rates of pregnancy. This method of assisted reproduction has been around since 1978 and has allowed many infertile women to become pregnant. In vitro type of fertilization is also used during a surrogate pregnancy. This procedure is considered very safe and has a higher success rate in mature women, as well as those who were previously pregnant (Refaat et al. 30). However, live birth rates are higher for women below 35 years old (McLernon et al. 573). However, ethical concerns are involved in this process. They are separated into two types. The first type is concerned with the philosophical implications of this kind of fertilizat