ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This chapter discusses the pricing strategies and decisions made in the health care sector. It also evaluates various strategies used by health care providers, consumers, and companies when processing prices. These include determining the appropriate time when an organization should adjust its prices, how to handle price wars, and the influence of private and public payers when making decisions on pricing (Kotler, Shalowitz & Stevens, 2008). In terms of pricing decisions, this chapter explains that the price charged on products and services depends on the objectives of an organization. Several companies rely on price to establish their value and also position their brand or product in the market. A company that enjoys a well designed and marketed brand finds it easy to set a premium price that eventually leads to increased returns. However, it is important for organizations (especially those involved in health care provision) to put into consideration the current issues that are vital to members of the public. Many people fail to understand why the price of different pills used to treat ailments would vary even in situations where the ailments are the same. Therefore, it is prudent for health care providers to explain the variation in price in order to help in instilling trust and confidence to members of the public (Kotler, Shalowitz & Stevens, 2008). Health care providers should also portray high levels of transparency when setting prices. One way of achieving the latter is by displaying the prices that consumers are required to pay before rendering services to them. Despite the fact that consumers of health care services and products are assumed to be price takers, healthcare providers should be very careful when setting up prices for their products. This is because the current awareness in the health care plan has taught consumers the need to be responsible when paying for medical products and services. In order for health care providers to gain a good understanding of how they should price their products, they ought to consider quite a number of key features that relate to pricing. These include price-quality inferences, reference prices, and price cues (Kotler, Shalowitz & Stevens, 2008). Organizations should make price adjustment plans only when they are introducing new products into the market or when an existing product is being introduced into a new geographical area or distribution channel. There are approximately seven steps that an organization should follow when establishing a pricing policy. These steps include the selection of
Behind the moon by Hsu-Ming Teo chronicles the story of three friends and their journey towards discovering themselves and the boundaries of their friendship. It follows them as children when they find each other due to their alienation from others and then follows them as their bond fades through the years eventually finding their way back to each other. It then shows how their friendship holds them together despite the various difficulties in their lives (Teo). Johnno is a book written from the first-person perspective by author David Malouf. It follows the story of the narrator Dante and his friendship with his schoolmate Johnno in Brisbane in the 1940s and 50s. In this coming of age story, there is one instance where the main character crosses a boundary and transcends his perceptions about his life and his family (Malouf). This essay will focus on four different examples in the two books where characters cross certain borders or boundaries and how these crossings affect their identities in their respective worlds. When we talk about crossing a boundary or even crossing a border it’s important to realize that not only is the act of crossing such a line important. Another thing that has great importance as well is how the character’s experiences have led him or her to that point and how these experiences lead the characters to make the decisions that will affect the rest of their lives. Their lives being affected not only socially among a small group of people but also on a societal and cultural level that creates a link between them and the people that they surround themselves with. When we discuss the boundaries that are engaged by the characters in the book there is one character that immediately comes to mind as embodying this concept. That character is one of Justin Cheong. Justin Cheong is a Chinese Australian whose mother Annabelle brought him up with strict Chinese values that placed the perception of society above their own needs. During his childhood, Justin often struggled with his homosexual urges. He saw his friendship with Tien and Nigel Gibbon as the focal point of his existence at the time. The boundary that Justin crosses within the book is directly related to his homosexual nature. Justin had denied his homosexuality during his childhood due to two major influences. The first major influence was that of his parents. His father was a person who was well-loved in Justin’s eyes and thus he wished to fulfill his wishes to the best of his abilities and thus always strived to be obedient and behave. His mother however was a woman who was obsessed with cleaning. She was so adamant about maintaining the cleanliness in her home that she would forbid her son from sitting on the toil
Introduction Joseph Conrad is one of the greatest 20 th century novelist who was inspired by the long years working in the sea, by the people he met, by the obstacles and harsh conditions he had overcame. This is amazing how seaman, however with good education for those times, managed to conduct such a deep analysis of human nature and inner world, in particular in his masterpiece of the twentieth century- “Jim Lord”. Lord Jim was raised on the tales about the courage of the seamen, their great deeds, and so no wonder that young man was inspired by these stories. And a dream deep in his soul emerged, dream to become a hero, a legendary seaman, who will be well know all over the world for this braveness. So, the decision of working at Patna was rather understandable and logic, however young man did not suppose that this ship is a source of evil, and by joining the crew he himself adopted this trait of irresponsibility of his actions. Subject When the crew had abandoned the ship, Jim, as it was noted in the book “They Always Leave Us”: ‘Lord Jim”, followed them committing mistake which made him feel guilty throughout the rest of his life, as well as the ghost of Patna as the symbol of darkness and evil. (Ruppel, 1998, p.50). The life of Lord Jim seems
For a very long time punishment has been accepted as the best way to deter crime. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that even the bible supports the idea of punishment for lawbreakers as deterrence to wrongdoing. The question of what Christians think about this matter arises; that is, should all Christians support it? Perhaps the best answer for this is that whatever the take, it should not be divisive at all from all those arguing from far ends of the spectrum. This is because the bible has already covered this issue and supports punishment as a deterrent. Punishment is a deterrent to crime. The bible gives several stories where God used punishment to deter crime. For instance, God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah because of the sins that were being committed. He also punished people by death whenever people sinned against him. This answer should not alter our view on this issue in any way but should rather serve the purpose of pointing out the importance of capital punishment in reprimanding wrong doers. Most importantly, we have to observe that a Christian’s take on capital punishment should base on the teachings of the bible but not a practicable evaluation of whether or not capital punishment deters crime. Dr. Isaac Ehrlich of the University of Chicago carried out a statistical analysis, which suggested that punishment is indeed a deterrent. While his findings were vehemently opposed, a thorough analysis of the same has proved his assertions based on his findings. His work points out that if punishment, especially death penalty can be used in a more consistent manner, it may deter crime in a big way. If the numbers he mentions can be believed to be precise, it points out that punishment could indeed be an important deterrent crime in the society. Capital punishment is indeed an effective way to deter crime. The people who have been opposing punishment as a deterrent to crime have been basing their assertions on the argument that where it has been practiced the rates of crime have risen. It has to be noted that the rates of crime have been rising in the United States. This however should not mean that punishment is failing as a deterrent. There could be other factors that lead to the same and should not be related to capital punishment. There is sufficient evidence that punishment is a deterrent. The effects of deterrence through punishments are immense and should be carried out now and in future. As a support to the criminal justice code, it will be significant to make sure that biblical injunctions are followed to deter crime. There is no way that capital punishment can be used as deterrence for all the crimes that are being committed. Psychotic and crazy murderers, organized gangs, and street gangs will still go on with their activities whether capital punishment continues to be carried out or not. Any irrational
Introduction The growth of opportunities presented by computer technologies in the field of education has led to the emergence of such a notion as epistemic cognition. According to Johanes (2017), this concept “refers to the process of thinking about one’s forms of knowledge and ways of knowing” (p. 61). The author’s baseline is the Massively Open Online Courses (MOOCs) program that aims at providing free access to educational resources for residents from all over the world (Johanes, 2017). The adaptive and personalized forms of education that these courses support allow students to acquire the necessary knowledge effectively and gain valuable skills that are necessary for the development of personal and professional potential. According to the author, epistemological cognition is one of the forms supported by MOOCs (Johanes, 2017). The purpose of the work is to describe the origin of this model, the existing findings, and the types of such an educational approach. As an auxiliary database, a table is used as a convenient way to display the varieties of epistemic cognition, and different studies by other authors are utilized as references. Main body The main essence of epistemic knowledge is the acquisition of valuable experience in people’s daily lives. Philosophical doctrines and abstract hypotheses fade into the background, and real actions aimed at gaining valuable experience become the primary object. Johanes (2017) notes that the central reason that prompts the study of this field is the lack of large-scale research on epistemic cognition and its manifestations. Also, the author considers students the target group for using various models of this concept (Johanes, 2017). The comparative characteristics of the types of epistemic cognition are given on the basis of such criteria as the model’s visualization, their structures, and measurement methods. It is assumed that “a theoretical, empirical, and intuitive basis exists for further epistemic cognition research” (Johanes, 2017, p. 63). The constant emergence of new data contributes to the development of this science and the popularization of its research. Johanes (2017) examines the qualities of epistemic cognition and calls them affordances. The first one relates to what affects the process of people’s learning and contributes to the acquisition of experience. According to the author, the environment is the main source for evaluating current knowledge and distinguishing assessment methodologies (Johanes, 2017). Particular attention is paid to online research as one of the central objects of work. Epistemic cognition may help to accumulate valuable experience that is necessary for the correct analysis of certain topics. Thus, the first affordance provides for the relationship between the human and the environment as a center of knowledge. The second one refers to the principles of online pedagogical principles and the learning environment in this sphere. Since MOOCs provide distance learning services, this approach is necessary. As Johanes (2017) a
Introduction Gender equality, one of the essential human rights, plays a crucial role in ensuring peace and harmony in society and the full realization of human potential through sustainable development. However, humanity has a long way to achieve full equality for men and women in terms of their rights and opportunities. A vivid example of the effect of political disagreements on women’s rights is the Syrian conflict. For most women in Syria, the civil war turned into a disaster, but at the same time, this conflict created the conditions for new opportunities. New Opportunities for Women In February 2011, a war broke out in Syria as part of the Arab Spring movements. The conflict involved many parties, such as the Syrian government, rebel groups, terrorist funds, international authorities, and religious groups (Boulos, 2019). The war-affected the Syrian social structure, culture, economy, and gender roles. On the one hand, political conflict or war can lead to social changes, part of which is the political and economic status of women, which has led to increased political activity and gender awareness. The main reason for a low percentage of women in the workforce is Syrian social norms, which stereotypically reflect the role of women in homes serving their husbands and in the private sector. The Syrian government has begun to open up new types of jobs for women; for example, the companies accept women as bus drivers; this decision was the result of labor shortages. A transformation occurs in the Syrian workforce; women currently work in areas and opportunities that were previously only associated with men (Boulos, 2019). While Syrian men were involved in armed conflict, which led to the fact that many were away from their families, women became heads of households and were responsible for them. Violation of Women’s Rights The war was a turning point for all Syrian society, especially for Syrian women. When the Syrian individuals attempted to keep the rebellion as quiet as conceivable, ladies from diverse ranges and religions organized peaceful demonstrations (Habib, 2018). Nevertheless, insecurity and discriminatory restrictions on women intensified when the peaceful era of rebellion ended, and violence increased in most Syrian areas. The opposite development took place under the control of armed extremist groups: women and girls were discriminatory, including strict dress codes, restrictions on women’s participation in public life, access to education and employment. The change in gender roles has affected the lives of Syrian teenage girls who have been forced to drop out of school to maintain the economy of their families. For some of them, the war forced them to ask for money or provide sex for survival. In the south of the country, Syrian women are sexually exploited by men who distribute aid delivery items on behalf of international organizations such as the United Nations (Ahram, 2019). Women we
A Contract A contract is a union that binds parties together through a common interest. The contract between Castlemania Big 4 Caravan Park and Wild Company Pty Limited involved a union to upgrade the fire hydrant of Castlemania Big 4 Caravan Park. In this case, as the buyers of the service, my expectation by the end of the contract was to have the fire hydrant upgraded with a monetary consideration on the side of Wild Company Limited. Creation of a Valid and Enforceable Contract Some of the requirements that are crucial in the creation of a valid and enforceable contract include offer and acceptance, consideration, and intention. Before commencing the contract one of the parties, either the buyer or the seller needs to advance an offer to the other party. It is imperative to ensure that the target party understands the requirements of the contract and gets the correct information before tendering the consent. Any kind of misinformation, that either party uses in the process of tendering the offer in an attempt to persuade acceptance by the target party, renders the contract void and immaterial. When the target party is satisfied with the provisions of the contract offered and has the correct information, the party then accepts the proposal. In essence, the consent to the contract should be free from any form of coercion, duress, or force. A legal contract that binds parties must have legal considerations that take effect after its execution. Considerations may take a monetary form, an act of kindness, or an exchange of legal objects. It is crucial for the parties to the contract to have the correct information concerning the kind of consideration that materializes after the execution of the contract. For instance, in the contract between Wild Company Pity Ltd and Castlemania Big 4 Caravan Park, Wild Company Pity Ltd receives monetary consideration from Castlemania Big 4 Caravan Park. Subsequently, Castlemania Big 4 Caravan Park would have its Fire Hydrant/Hose Reel upgraded. Since the money and the services are legal considerations, then the contract materializes. For the contract to be valid and enforceable, the parties must have an intention to create a binding union. As a result, parties to a valid contract need to be ready and willing to work together in a union governed by legal provisions owing to the enforceability of the contract. Risks Part 1: Risk Identification  Part 2: Risk Assessment                                                          Part 3: Risk Treatment                                                                                           Part 4: Risk Monitoring and Review                      Step 3                       Step 4                                                                           Step 5                                                                                                           Step 6                                                   Step 7                                                                                         What is the Risk             Why is it a Risk                                                                 Risk Analysis
Implementing Successful Change Introducing changes to an academic environment is a task that is fraught with numerous challenges. For instance, when promoting a new idea or concept, one may face significant resistance from learners (Harris & Tessmer, 2014). Therefore, an educator must make sure that the appropriate tool should be used when encouraging the target audience to develop certain skills or modify their behavior. To build the foundation for change, a teacher should consider social factors, leverage leadership, and contribute to the creation of positive pressure that will compel learners to develop the suggested behaviors and acquire the necessary skills, such as critical thinking, creative thinking, communication, etc. Social Foundation for Successful Strategies (Recognize that All Successful Strategies Are Socially Based and Action-Oriented) Active promotion of trust in the relationships between a learner and a teacher is crucial to the overall success of the learning process, as well as the performance of a student: “When relationships develop, trust increases, as do other measures of social capital and social cohesion” (Fullan, 2015, p. 48). While being admittedly difficult, the development of relationships based on trust can become a possibility in the environment of an academic institution. For this purpose, a teacher must provide consistent support to learners, as well as maintain their motivation levels high by incorporating a combination of the techniques based on positive and negative reinforcement. The enhancement of action-oriented change may also be successful once the principles of peer support and the idea of cooperation as the basis for the communication process between learners is established. Personally, I have witnessed the situation in which a teacher shaped the behavior of diverse learners in a way that encouraged not only active knowledge acquisition and experience sharing but also a positive dialogue between them. As a result, a rapid improvement in academic performance, as well as the comm
Numerous policymakers have a possibility to shape global issues and domestic affairs of the nation that they represent. It is excellent that the George Washington University provides its students with an opportunity to interact with such individuals and world leaders since it allows these young people to influence the world’s future. However, an exciting point is also to know what people would have made if they had had an opportunity to change anything in the past. As for me, I would have headed for the early 20 th century to prevent the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. In the beginning, it is rational to refresh memory regarding that significant event. The murder occurred in 1914, and it became a formal cause for World War I. Significant tensions in the world had existed long before 1914, but it was not until the assassination that large-scale military actions began. Thus, one can state that a single event led to one of the most terrific war conflicts in world history, resulting in approximately 20 million deaths. The information above demonstrates that the assassination brought tragic consequences, meaning that some benefits could have happened if it had not occurred. It is possible to suppose that World War I would have never started if Franz Ferdinand had not been killed. Firstly, this scenario means that millions of people would not have died on the battlefield. Secondly, significant geopolitical changes would not have happened to the world, which refers, for example, to the fall of the Ottoman and Russian Empires. Thus, there is no doubt that many positive outcomes would have occurred if the world had managed to refrain from starting World War I. Furthermore, one can suppose that the aborted assassination would have resulted in a significantly different world development in the 20th century. Since World War I was the first of multiple war conflicts that occurred during that timeframe, its absence would not have given rise to many other tragic events. It refers to World War II, Vietnam War, Cold War, and others. Each of these events implied adverse consequences for its participants, including the United States. It is so because the USA participated in the three conflicts above and experienced essential losses in human and financial resources. It is possible to state that the modern world is still suffering from World War I consequences. It relates to numerous regional conflicts that tend to occur throughout the globe. It seems that they happen because there are many recent examples of how countries can solve their disputes. Thus, the aborted assassination of Franz Ferdinand would have deprived the world of this destructive example,