ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It has never been difficult for one group of people to find a reason to kill people in another group but it was easier to understand when the conflict was a military one and even the suicide terrorists limited their activities to killing soldiers. Over the past thirty years, the world has witnessed the rise of suicide terrorists whose preferred target is innocent civilians, preferably women and children. A real effort is being made by psychiatrists, anthropologists, and experts in other fields to understand the forces that drive a young man or woman to such an extreme act but at this point there is no consensus. In reading the articles listed for this assignment it becomes clear that suicide bombers are driven by a potent combination of motives, most of which have been identified; the question now is, which of these is the most consequential? I will argue that it is the true believer who is most likely to resort to suicide bombing. Some of the myths surrounding suicide bombers have been cleared away. Few people now believe that they are poor, uneducated and dazzled by a view of paradise filled with houris and boys like pearls, or that they are, in ABC’s John Donvan word, crazy. In his report Donvan quotes Bryn Mawr College psychology professor Clark R. McCauley as saying that they are produced by normal group dynamics and should be regarded as rational people deciding to sacrifice their own life for the sake of the greater good while
Throughout history, minority groups have always struggled to be heard in a world seemingly filled with white men. According to the white male view of the world, they were superior to all other men in terms of general health, overall intelligence, culture, and ability. As a result, anyone who was different from the white man, for instance, someone with more pigmentation in their skin, with smaller eyes, or with different anatomical features was necessarily beneath them. To be sure this remained the case, laws were written and practices were established that served to keep these minority groups in their proper social place. To gain the level of equality they enjoy today, African Americans, Chinese people, and women of every race have had to work together to force changes in the status quo. Although the end of the Civil War in 1865 ostensibly gave black people in America their freedom, it wasn’t until the mid-1900s before changes were made to improve their lifestyles. The Civil Rights Movement’s tactics that had their beginnings during the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott proved to be highly successful. Jim Crow segregation laws were banned by the 1964 Civil Rights Act causing segregation to become a thing of the dark past. Blacks now had social equality, at least in legal terms. The Civil Rights Act also prohibited discrimination in employment practices and the 1965 Voting Rights Act made the process to register to vote more accessible for blacks. In the South, ‘literacy tests’, poll taxes, and other methods were used to restrict black voting. These were made illegal allowing all adult blacks the right and means to vote thereby giving them political equality. All other discriminatory laws were also banned in the 1960’s such as laws prohibiting inter-racial marriages and racist housing practices. By the end of the 1960s, the “Civil Rights Movement had achieved both social and political equality for blacks. This was a significant success” (“Civil Rights”, 1998). Not slavery but the promise of good work and good wages drew the young men of China who flocked to America to work on America’s great railroad, envisioning a world in which a man could make his own way and have plenty of space in which to raise a family. According to Williams (1988), by 1865 there were already nearly 50,000 Chinese immigrants living in California, most working in servant capacities such as cooks and launderers, but several operating as merchants and miners. Robert West Howard (1962) indicates that the Chinese were treated nearly as badly as the Indians within the cities and towns of California. They were prevented from entering numerous professions, could not testify in court, were denied citizenship status, and, by 1858, banned by the California legislature from entering the state. The development of such places as San Francisco’s famous
Recommendation 1 Although the taxation system adopted currently in the United States offers a plethora of opportunities in both everyday and business domains of people’s lives, it needs reconsideration. Specifically, it can be replaced with the Consumption Tax. The concept implies that the tax rates should be reduced, whereas the tax base itself should be broadened. As a result, the foundation for economic stability can be built. Furthermore, the adoption of the Consumption Tax as the foundation for the current fiscal system will encourage the residents of the United States to change their buying behavior. Particularly, the tax is bound to encourage savings and related practices. The identified changes to the economic environment of the U.S. are bound to have a significant impact on not only the financial issues but also on the social and even the cultural development of the population. For instance, the current focus on consumption, which the USA residents have been suffering from, and which has led to a range of drastic social tendencies, can be altered toward a healthier lifestyle (Cronin et al. 3). Similarly, the financial relationships between the state and its residents can be improved significantly, with more opportunities for people to engage in lucrative economic projects. Recommendation 2 The fact that there is a significant gap between the national and the international tax systems (i.e., the U.S. one and the one accepted by the OECD) also needs to be brought up as a reason for concern. Thus, it is suggested that current taxation policies should be revised. Despite the pressure from the OECD states, which emphasize the necessity for the U.S fiscal policy, in general, and the taxation system, in particular, to be aligned with the corresponding provisions of OECD, it is recommended that the taxation system should become more pliable. As a result, the premises for improving the competitiveness of the U.S. in the global economic arena can be built (Leonhardt par. 3-6). Reasons and Rationale The use of the Consumption Tax as the Foundation for the state fiscal policy is bound to have a plethora of positive effects. As stressed above, the socioeconomic change that it will trigger is bound to have a dramatic effect on the American market, altering the buyers’ behavioral
Market Segment Profile Market segmentation is always very important, especially when a firm’s product faces a huge competition in the market. By segmenting the market, Anderson (2011, p. 78) notes that it would be possible for an individual firm to come up with products that would best meet the targeted market. The firm would find it easy to specialize in this segment and provide products that best meet the expectation of the market (Evans 2010, p. 56). With the improved quality of the products due to specialization, it would be much easier to have a pool of loyal customers who would be able to act as evangelists of the firm’s products. These firms have adopted segmentation as a method through which they can best meet the demands of their customers. Grunig (2002 p. 121) observes that other large firms however, have specialized in a broader lines of products. Woolworths is one such firm. Woolworths has managed to edge out all other supermarkets to emerge as the leading supermarket in this country. This supermarket has managed to segment the Australian market into different segments, each with specific characteristics, which makes it differ from others (Klein, H 2009, p. 51). It deals with various lines of products, each with a different target market. One of the main lines of products in this giant supermarket is the green (vegetables and fruits). This product has been associated with the poor, especially due to its price. However, a new market segment for this product has come up. This product is currently very popular among the middle class and the rich. This new market segment is keen to maintain a healthy lifestyle, and with the fact that the green are considered healthy foods, most of them have increased their consumption of this product (Sharma 2008, p. 114). This has seen many supermarkets in this country; includin
Financial Information and the Decision-Making Process The chapter called Financial Information and the Decision Making Process is dedicated to the consideration of decision-making process in terms of financial information in health care organizations. The author insists on the fact that the increasing significance of cost criteria is closely connected with the rapid development of the medical equipment. In that regard, the chapter reveals decision-making process as crucial in handling the information. Further, the chapter enlarges on the relevant use of the data volumes to be able to evaluate the financial conditions and supervising effectiveness. The chapter discovers the effective tools and techniques in cost finding in ownership organizational hierarchy. This chapter is rather helpful for my future job because it represents a better idea of rational use of financial information. While reading the chapter, several questions occur to mind. First, if a person wants to connect his life with health care, is it obligatory to enter the accounting courses in order to handle the financial information? The issue is urgent because, the answer may influence the outlook on the current education curriculum. Next, does the person that is in the accounting could make a better decision than a person who is beyond it? The chapter can save the time for additional accounting courses. As the health care segment of economy is constantly growing, the chapter is of significant value as it encourages the understanding of the current financial situation and simplifies the process of decision-making. With the help of this book, it will become easier to handle the issues in accounting and to use the financial information
Richard Nixon’s entry to the presidency was marked by some of the biggest challenges in the history of the American foreign policy. This was a period in history that was characterized by cold war, thousands of American troops engaged in an unpopular war in Vietnam and disquiet at home over the handling the foreign policy issues. Such challenges precipitated President Nixon’s foreign policy that aimed at achieving a balance of power in the entire world to ensure peace and prosperity. One foreign policy strategy that Nixon exploited for the achievement of the balance of power was based on the understanding that “If the major powers pursued their self-interest rationally and predictably, equilibrium would emerge from the conflicting interest” Bundy (1998). Bundy (1998) proceed to explain that “Nixon embraced partnership, strength and willingness to negotiate as his pillars in handling foreign policy issues”. According to Bundy (1998), “Nixon parted with the philosophy of containment, and thought that negotiations and peaceful competition would lead to strengthening of democracies”. The Wilsonian idealism formed the benchmark of the foreign policy during Nixon’s presidency for many years and the country was comfortable with it because of the challenges that Americans faced. “Wilsoinan idealism is a classic philosophy based on the universal theme of good versus evil” (Bundy, 1998). Nixon’s foreign policy enabled the United States to actively participate in the global affairs that seemed to dif
The jeopardizing effects on health caused by heart disease and stroke have been increasing each passing day in America. Obesity and other unhealthy conditions have been subjecting more and more Americans to suffer from heart complications. As a result, several organizations decided to take the initiative of checking the spread of this disease. This involved governmental and nongovernmental agencies who felt that there was a dire need for Americans to be taught how to avoid these complications and how one can live well even after having suffered from the disease. Among the organizations that made the decision to indulge in the effort to curb the spread of this increasing threat was the American Heart Association. The primary objective for the formation of the American Heart Association was to “share knowledge about heart disease” (Encyclopaedia of public health, 2009, par. 1). Since its formation in 1924, the organization witnessed a great improvement and in 1948, the institute received recognition as a voluntary health organization. The mission changed from simply sharing knowledge about heart disease to building lives that are healthier and without cardiovascular disease and stroke. Currently, the organization is headquartered in Dallas, Texas. To facilitate its activities, the organization coordinates its activities with eight affiliates of the American heart association who are regionally based and hence perform local duties that promote the mission and vision of the American Heart Association. In total, the whole organization has a staff of more than 3,000. In addition, the organization works hand in hand with more than 22.5 million people who serve as volunteers who assist in promoting its objectives in different parts of the United States. Overall, the organization is governed by a board of directors which is comprised of scientific, medicinal, business, and industrial members (encyclopedia of public health, 2009, par.2). To promote its main objective, the organization indulges in numerous activities. The main roles played include research, public health promotion, professional education and training, and community services. Beginning with research, the American Heart Association has given this field an upper hand within its programs. It has actively participated by funding research organizations to increase knowledge on the causes of this disease, how it can be treated and how the American population can be protected from contracting it. It has promoted research in areas where there are great gaps that are eventually causing uncontrollable deaths. For instance, cardiovascular disease has been rated as the major killer of women in America. In fact, it kills almost as many women as those killed by the four subsequent killer diseases in women combined (American Heart Association, 2009, par. 1). The association has therefore taken it as its role to ensure that research is done to ascertain the causes of increased cases of cardiovascular deaths in women. In addition, the organiz
Introduction In a situation where firms are operating in a free market economy, most business entrepreneurs will only be aiming at getting returns of their investments. Therefore some services and goods and services essential to the society will not be provided forcing the government to come in and provide them. Such goods are referred to as public and merit goods. Therefore, Public goods are commodities provided by the government in a free market economy because the private firms would not provide them (Cornes and Sandler, 1986, p.254). The finance that the governments use to provide the public goods is obtained from taxation of citizens. The private firms refrain from providing them because of the mare reason that they cannot adequately charge them on the public. In addition if private firms in the market are left to provide public goods they will be inadequate and of low quality hence undesirable. Some Examples of public goods include; street lighting, national defence, national reserves and parks just to mention but a few. Public goods have two distinct features which make them fit in that class of public goods (Cornes and Sandler, 1986, p.272). They are non-excludable meaning that on provision it is not possible to bar people from using them. They are thus used by the general public whether they have paid or not paid for them. This consequently leads to the issue of free-riding. Free-riding means that everyone has access to such goods despite the fact that they have not paid for them. Free-riding occurs in the case of street lights, public roads, defence, natural scenery such as oceans and forests among others. This paper is therefore an in-depth analysis of the free riding concept and its relationship with illegal immigrants who are deemed to be the most free-riders in any nation. The Free-rider problem As mentioned above the free rider problem will exist when people enjoy the benefits of government-provided public or merit goods without paying for them, or pays less than their fair share, or they consume more than they paid. Not all the people who enjoy the public goods are taxpayers yet the government uses the taxpayer’s money to facilitate the provision of theses goods and services to the general public (Musgrave, 1995, p.1). The issue of free riding is inevitable in each and every country because of the presence of the presence of minors, tax evaders and illegal immigrants just to mention but a few. Illegal Immigrants and their impacts Illegal immigrants are people who enter the borders of a nation without proper immigration procedures and choose to remain in that country without permission. Such people are forced to run away from their countries because of
The rising global concerns related to climate change and the exhaustion of natural resources due to the intensified human activity in multiple industries have been triggering the need for shifting to sustainable development. Food security and resource scarcity issues are of particular importance within this perspective, since the performance of agriculture and other food-related industries are at risk of being adversely impacted. The chocolate industry, which globally relies on the supply of cocoa from African countries, faces significant resource scarcity threats due to climate change that reduces the amount of water in the tropical areas (Naranjo-Merino, C.A., Ortiz-Rodriguez, O.O. and Villamizar, 2017; Zhang, 2016). While cocoa production exceeds the demand, there are multiple difficulties related to taxes, pricing, and production regulations that farmers face. However, the rising volumes of production trigger the concerns of the exhaustion of natural resources necessary for sustainable chocolate manufacturing. The long-term vision of the future of cocoa production as the main agricultural resource for the chocolate industry necessitates the evaluation of the availability of resources for sustainability purposes. However, while some areas are more impacted by the resource shortage than others and the data on the state of the chocolate industry vary, it is necessary to research the level of impact of resource scarcity on the chocolate industry (Maltais, 2019; Wilmore, 2015). This paper will be based on the environmental complexity and source scarcity theories to investigate the business case of the Ferrero Rocher company. The evaluation of the level of influence of Ferrero Rocher on the availability of resources will be presented. The overview of the company’s past and current performance, the analysis of its supply chain, and the forecasts for the future trends in relation to resource scarcity will be provided. Reference List Maltais, K. (2019) ‘What chocolate shortage? Cocoa p
Outline Gender and discourse style has been the topic of discussion for many linguists for the past many decades. Lakoff first presented the idea of women’s discourse being deficient as compared to men in 1975. Her views were later countered by Maltz, Borker, and Tennan who stated that the difference in discourse was more due to the two different cultures in which men and women have been brought up since childhood. However both the views are not without criticism. Lakoff’s view is based on intuition and Tannen’s view is based on experimentation. Some others suggest that the differences are inborn. Many critics also state that the differences in discourse arise due to status or power. Introduction The study of gender and linguistics, although appears simple, requires vast discussion and understanding of both genders. It is believed that men and women have different discourse styles. Many linguists such as Deborah Tannen, Robin T. Lakoff, Deborah Cameron, and Janet Holmes have expressed their views on this issue. Their views are sometimes the same and sometimes opposite. There are several theories regarding the issue. The oldest theory of different discourse styles of genders is that of Robin Lakoff (1975). Lakoff is of the view that difference in discourse style occurs due to the weakness or lack of confidence among women. An opposing view was presented by Maltz and Borker (1982, quoted by Monaghan and Goodman, 2007) which was later confirmed by Tannen in 1992. Tannen stated that the difference occurred due to th
Balance of trade is a measure of a nation’s monetary value of imports and exports within a specified period of time. It is also defined as the difference between the value of payments and receipts involving two trading countries. A country experiences surplus trade when value of exports exceeds value of imports. Conversely, a country is said to experience deficit trade if the value of imports exceeds that of exports. It is rare for any country to experience an absolute balanced trade. Most countries attempt to improve their economy in order to avoid negative growth that always leads to trade gaps. It is apparent that a few factors frequently emerge, which consequently affect the level of trade balance either negatively or positively. These factors include cost of production, which merely depends on a number of aspects including capital, labor, taxes and land. Other factors affecting balance of trade include exchange rates, tariffs and taxes imposed on exports and imports, trade restrictions, availability of raw materials and other inputs required in production as well as availability of foreign currency to pay for the foreign goods and services (Thompson, 2006). Merchant trade balance is majorly concerned about the measure of visible trade such as sale and purchase of vehicles and computers. In most c