ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A Case Study Mr. John Doe is a 47-year-old Caucasian male who doesn’t smoke and has no underlying lung disease. He presents to the clinic with 8- day history of mild shortness of breath with exertion, as well as a productive cough with purulent sputum. He states that his nose is congested but denies facial pressure or pain; he coughs more in the morning and evening but coughing doesn’t keep him up at night. He denies that he has a recent contact with ill people in his community. He thinks he has a fever because he feels hot at night but he has never taken his temperature. He denies chills, wheezes, or pleuritic chest pain. He has tried over-the-counter cough syrup and expectorant without improvement. His past medical diagnosis is hyperlipidemia and is taking Lipitor 10 mg one tablet at bedtime. He doesn’t appear to be in acute distress. His blood pressure is 110/75, pulse 78 beats per minute, temperature 37.2 degrees Celsius, and respiratory rate 18 breaths per minute. His oropharynx examination reveals a slightly swollen turbinate without exudates or polyps. Lymph nodes are not palpable. Heart sounds regular rate and rhythm. Lungs sound without wheezes, crackles, or rales. Test results of Influenza A and B are negative. He is diagnosed with acute bronchitis and is prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics and anti-tussive medications. The clinician states that he prescribes antibiotics because he knows that the patient expected it and this way patients will be satisfied with their office visit. Is an antibiotic needed to treat uncomplicated acute bronchitis? Does antibiotic treatment give patients satisfaction with their visits? This paper will explore two research articles related to both questions. What is Acute Bronchitis? Acute bronchitis is an infection in the lower respiratory tract which causes reversible bronchial inflammation. Viral causes account for 95 percent of the cases. This is one of the most common diagnoses made by primary physicians with treatment estimated cost of about $200-$300 million per year. This is so because primary physicians lump various conditions together and diagnose them as bronchitis. This diagnosis is purely clinical as there are no laboratory studies that would prove acute bronchitis. Thus, cough from upper respiratory tract infection, allergic reactions such as mild asthma, and sinusitis may be diagnosed as acute bronchitis (Hueston, et. al. 1998). Acute bronchitis is characterized to be an infection involving the bronchial tree with bronchial edema and mucus formation causing the formation of productive cough and signs of bronchial obstruction. Unlike asthma, the inflammation is transient and is usually gone after the infection subsides (Hueston, et.al. 1998). This may have other causes other than infection since inflammation in the bronchial wall can occur in asthma or could be a result of mucosal injury in an acute event such as inhalation of smoke or chemical fume (Hueston, et.al. 1998). Following a common cold or some viral infections involving the upper respiratory tract, acute bronchitis may occur. Allergies, chronic sinusitis in ch
There are several facts, which point to the significance of this study. First and foremost, type II diabetes is one of the most widely spread health concerns around the globe, as more than 400 million people in different countries are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (World Health Organization, 2016). Among them, more than 1 million people with diabetes dwell in the United Arab Emirates (International Diabetes Federation, 2015). Moreover, this topic requires an in-depth understanding because knowing the socioeconomic background of type II diabetes would be beneficial for decreasing the risks of the further expansion of the epidemic and improving the quality of life of those belonging to risk groups. Finally, this study might become a comprehensive educational initiative, which promotes preventive measures helpful for diminishing the risks of susceptibility to diabetes mellitus. Literature Search Process A thorough search using the Google Scholar database was the initial decision for locating scholarly articles for the literature review. As the focus is made on the correlation between socioeconomic status and susceptibility to type II diabetes, primary search requests were the following: socioeconomic status, causes of type II diabetes, socioeconomic status and diabetes mellitus, etc. During the search process, I faced the challenge of relevance and accuracy of sources. To cope with this problem, I decided to analyze only scholarly articles published in peer-reviewed journals. At
Social Learning Theory The main aspects of the social learning theory also known as the social cognitive theory were developed by Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel in the 20 th century. The theory is based on three main concepts and their correlation. These concepts are personality, environment, and behavior (Bandura, 1997). That is why the theory depends on the social perspectives and the ideas of behaviorists (Filingeri, 2011). According to the theory, while observing definite models of behaviors, a person can think them over and behave in relation to these models. Thus, a man learns these behaviors in the social context (environment) and imitates them in his behavior. Moreover, the environmental and cognitive factors are in a constant interaction and the other people’s models of behavior influence our reactions, attitudes, and actions (Bandura, 1997). This theory can be considered as credible with references to its main notions of reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy. Thus, many psychologists support the idea that an individual’s behavior is predominantly influenced by the environment and the interactions with other people and by personal traits which should be analyzed in their connection and interdependence. Mischel also adds such cognitive factors as expectancies, personal values and goals for forming the behavior (Filingeri, 2011). The social cognitive theory accounts for such aspects of personality as cognition (observation, analysis) and social behaviour according to definite models. Nevertheless, it does not include biological and hormonal factors which can influence the person’s attitude to the environment and his behavior without depending on the social context (Filingeri, 2011). That is why such major concepts of the social learning theory as the idea that people can learn through observation and the impact of knowledge on the behavior can be argued. In their work, Cervone and Pervin accentuate that the aspects of the social cognitive theory developed by Bandura were too generalized with focusing on the average person and without paying attention to the variables in personalities. However, Mischel improved the description of the theory with working out the concepts of the variation patterns in the personal behaviour. Nevertheless, the social cognitive theory is still discussed as mainly basing on social aspects on which the cognitive factors depend without explaining the innate motivations for the actions (Cervone & Pervin
Introduction Virtually, everyone subscribes to a given native culture. The moment an individual traverses a locality to interact with other people from different places, such as school, workplace, or whatever social group, he/she comes across new cultures that may conflict with the beliefs and value systems of the native culture. Conversantly, the areas that receive new individuals equally find a momentous opportunity to interact with such cultural divergences (Weber, 2008). Learning institutions such as schools, colleges, and universities have no cultural boundaries, as individuals come from different backgrounds to diffuse their experiences. Interactions of this nature make individuals to be more knowledgeable about the expansive global society. As a result, individuals have an opportunity to appreciate their differences. Just as these learning institutions provide rich cultural base for orientation, work places form a formidable basis of cultural interaction given that individuals come from different backgrounds to share in their cultural orientation (Freire, 2008). These differences make the societies in which they interact strong in the sense that in diversity the weaknesses of humanity are redeemable. In these situations, people come with different abilities that inform their backgrounds to share with other individuals that might be disadvantageous in some way, thereby perfecting our institutions in very special ways ( The effects of racial profiling , 2014). The different settings that individuals interact are very important areas to develop cultural identity as a duty of fusion of different experiences by different individuals who come together to share in the diversity that these environments create. Cultural Identity Different factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, and social class are all elements that identify individuals as unique and different from one another. The notion of this difference could be emotive in some environments as individuals may tend to categorize themselves as “us” and “them,” belonging or not, and in-groups or out-groups (Jonas, 2005). From these categorizations, we get the notion of real, or imagined communities that form the bedrock of individual differences. These differences, according to Clarke (2008), may either make or break individuals depending on the mode of their application in these settings. A key argument in this discourse, nonetheless, is how individuals attribute to social distinctiveness, to whom and, perhaps, for what purpose or intention. Therefore, individuals in these settings should always pause and ask themselves whether they have a choice for their identity, and if not, what options are available to make these difference opportunities from which to learn and grow. To make the good use of these differences further, individuals should always seek to challenge themselves whether identities are social constructions or essential functions of psychodynamic processes. As Clarke (2008) argues, this identity is a complex amalgam that can be effective in developing individuals and institutions in very profound ways. Individuals develop institutions when they bring in a sense
The case presented in this paper is marked as a negotiation where both parties failed to recognize the importance of cooperation and interdependence. Although the strike was sometimes claimed to be the one that had the most significant impact on Major League Baseball, the result of the negotiations was not satisfactory to both parties. The conflict between the players and team owners arose because of the limited privileges of the players. Only the team owners could decide which contracts needed to be ended and which remained in force. Although players enjoyed different privileges such as higher-than-minimum salaries and better insurance before the strike, it was the team owner’s decision that influenced the future career of the player. Team owners were allowed to sell their players to other teams; furthermore, players were not able to negotiate their salaries and other aspects of the contract. This conflict resulted in the major strike in 1994 when both parties were ready to disagree with any conditions except the ones they required. Since revenue sharing was related to the salary cap, players assumed that, eventually, the salary cap would also limit their compensations. Such a suggestion was not supported by the players, and the long-term strike began. Although the players were right in their position “no players – no revenues”, they did not seek for an alternative. The team owners did not provide any innovative opportunities as well. Although the judge’s decision was in favor of the players, the final agreement led to losses on both sides. The negotiators could choose multiple alternatives. The team owners were interested in avoiding the cancellation of the season and could have provided different suggestions to minimize the losses. The players were interested in changing the previous agreement, but instead of collaborating on a new one, they decided to prolong the strike, which eventually resulted in the signing of an agreement similar to the previous one but with additional losses. It also should be noted that both parties were not expecting the season to be canceled, which resulted in unsuccessful negotiations and disappointed fans. The strike initiated by the players could have been successful if they and the union elaborated on such conditions that would not be entirely rejected by the other party. The same approach could be taken into consideration by team owners, who instead focused on hiring replacement players. None of the parties reconsidered their demands, which left both of them unsatisfied. It should also be noted that both sides could suggest reviewing the concept of ownership and identifying which processes can or cannot be controlled by owners and players. Alternatively, stronger unions’ influence on team owners, contracts, and deals could also be suggested as a possible solution. Although the union did take part in the negotiation process, its influence was weaker compared to o
Introduction This paper principally concentrates on exploring and discussing the overall application and advancement of new media within Beijing and London Olympics. In general, the attention paid to the subject of the application and development of new media in Olympics by the author, as well as the corresponding researches on the subject in this paper, originates from a research on the development course of HDTV in the college classroom. At the time, the research group of the author summarized the development courses of HDTV in developed countries such as US, European countries and Japan in details. In the processing of numerous documents and interview materials, the giant promotion effect of international large-scale sports events on HDTV throughout the world has impressed me to a large extent. Take Japan for example, the country has been utilizing Olympics as an experiment platform for HD technology since the research on HD technology by NHK in 1964. In the 1988 Seoul Olympics, Japan innovatively used the analogue high definition television satellite broadcast standard division for HD trial broadcast (NHK 2010). In February 1992 and July 1992, it conducted 96-hour and 125-hour HD broadcasts for the Albertville Winter Olympics and Barcelona Olympics respectively. In February 1993, it conducted 109-hour HD broadcast for Lillehammer Winter Olympics. The time of HD broadcast in the Atlanta Olympics in June 1996 increased to 276, and 273 hours in the Nagano Winter Olympics two years after. In 2000, NHK has realized 24-hour full HD broadcast, and HD broadcast in the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics and 2004 Athens Olympics (ibid.). The development history of Japan HDTV is the application history of HD technology in Olympics. The promoting and facilitating effects of Olympics on the new media of HDTV impressed me deeply. Even if, leaving aside the Olympic Games, the relation between sports and the media is considered, we find that there is a strong
Introduction The life of Ned Kelly continuously attracts the attention of Australian historians, anthropologists and even sociologists, because to a large extent, this person has become a part of the national culture. This person has become a cultural icon for the struggle against social injustice, oppression, or poverty. He became to be viewed as a courageous individual who was able to combat the state, especially in those cases when it acted unjustly. This paper will examine Kelly’s real life and its relation to popular views about him. Moreover, it will discuss the importance of this historic figure to the national identity of Australian people. Overall, one can argue that Ned Kelly only represents the idea of national hero who championed poor and powerless people against the rich. However, his real life was not as romantic as many people want to believe. Moreover, his life and actions have been significantly idealized, and this idealization transformed Kelly into a national hero. Such perception of Ned Kelly is not always supported by his real actions. Nonetheless, the values that are associated with Kelly influenced the national identity of Australian people. This is the key idea that should be illustrated in this paper. The explanation of the key concepts and their relevance to the topic At first, it is important to explain the main concepts and terms that will be used in this paper because they will be important for the discussion of Ned Kelly. When speaking about this person, one can use the words iconic or icon. These terms refer to a signifier or a sign that represents a particular set of values, principles, or behaviors that are recognized and shared by a certain group (Leung, Chiu, Hong 2010, p. 103). The main distinction of icons is that they bear some resemblance to the objects that they represent; yet, one should assume that they are always identical to the objects that they signify. For instance, Ned Kelly had some traits of a noble outlaw who struggled against social injustice, but he was also a murderer and a cruel person who could harm innocent people. In contrast, symbol or symbolic representations can be defined as signs that do not bear resemblance to the objects that they represent (Leung, Chiu, Hong 2010, p. 103). Their meaning is conventional and it cannot be understood by a person who does know much about a specific culture. For example, many people choose buy the replicas of Ned Kelly’s armor (Tranter & Donoghue 2010, p. 190). For them, these objects symbolize romantic life, courage, and struggle against the injustice. However, a non-Australian person may not understand why these replicas are so popular and what meaning they are supposed to have. Secondly, one can mention such important concepts as nationalism and national identity. Such a concept as nationalism has many definitions, but it can be understood as person’s identification with a nation or a community of people who have common territory, culture, and language (Beiner 1999, p. 54). In turn, such a notion as national identity can be interpreted as a person’s sense of belonging
The terms delayed gratification, self-regulation, and self-control are often and randomly employed interchangeably. Resisting the lure of an immediate pleasure in expectation of a better payoff later is the definition of delayed gratification. It is a strong tool for mastering to live a meaningful life. It is associated with impulse control, where those with strong impulse control are often adept at delaying pleasure. Nonetheless, self-control is a technique that may be developed. Studies have demonstrated that highly successful individuals possess the capacity to delay gratification. Patience, as defined across disciplines, is the capacity to delay pleasure. In “delay tasks,” participants choose between a less, instantly available reward and a bigger, delayed reward to evaluate their patience (Barragan-Jason et al., 2018). Nevertheless, this test of patience is limited in scope because it does not account for factors like social trust and social context that have recently been shown to influence decision-making (Barragan-Jason et al., 2018). Recent neurophysiological research has demonstrated the importance of reward appraisal in determining cognitive control (Schmidt et al., 2017). Delay duties also fail to account for situations in which one should wait without the promise of a “physical” reward (Barragan-Jason et al., 2018). These occurrences are typical in daily life experiences and frequently entail a social element. Patience is a broader term than only deciding whether or not to wait for a higher reward. Rather, this term includes behavioral and environmental aspects that determine whether or not a person exhibits patience (Barragan-Jason et al., 2018). In this line, Barragan-Jason et al. (2017) designed the “pure waiting” (PW) task to assess children’s patient habits like being still and playing to oneself in the absence of a concrete reward. According to Barragan-Jason et al. (2018), the correlation between patient behavior in this test and performance in a delay task suggests that both measures measure the same basic processes. Children also modified their patient behaviors by keeping much more still and playing to themselves less when an investigator was present than when the investigator was away (Barragan-Jason et al., 2018). Hence, underscoring the relevance of social context in the display of patience. In conclusion, the PW task may better measure the impact of behavioral and contextual elements than classic delay tasks. It is a potential method for investigating individual differences in patience and their effects on future outcomes. The capacity to wait for a higher reward in the future is a crucial life skill. According to Sigmund Freud’s “pleasure principle,” humans are hardwired to seek delight and avoid suffering (Haynal, 2018). Consequently, this is the reason why children need quick satisfaction. Mischel and his collaborators at Stanford University conducted a series of research on delayed gratification, which was recognized as the marshmallow experiment in the late 1960s (Nenkov, 2019). The researchers gave each four- and five-year-old preschooler a sin
Introduction The February cyclone which hit most of the fruits farms between Caddwell and Innisfail in Australia has greatly affected the demand and supply of bananas in the markets compared to previous years. From the article it is clear that after the catastrophe, the supply of this crop lowered greatly leading to a rise in its prices as well as its demand. It also showed how the increase in the prices facilitated to more supply for more income. Background Study Theory : Increase in supply of a product or service leads to reduction in its demand and price, while decrease in its supply leads to a higher demand and price. When the supply of a commodity lowers, its demand lowers due to acceleration in its prices. More often the increase in demand of a commodity leads to an increase in its supply due to the higher prices it is accorded. When there is an over-supply, the demand and the prices are very low. This is the case in Australia after Yasi Cyclone destroyed banana farms affecting their supply (Weekly Times 2011, 2). Models : In economics, it is fundamental to understand the concept of demand and supply of a commodity or service in the market. Usually, this concept is primary as it is seen as the backbone of economics. Demand can be defined as the quantity of a product or a service required by the buyers while supply is the much that is available in the market at a given price. Supply and demand will always reflect on the price. Graphs have been used as models to explain this concept. Law of demand ; as the price of a commodity increases, its demand decreases. People are not always ready to forgo other valuable products or services at the expense of others that see their prices go up due to their lower supply (Baumal& Blinder 2010, 66). The curve will depict a downward