ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction When it comes to population issues, there are many conflicting yet interesting sides as well as specific details or problems that need to be addressed. Foremost is about overpopulation and under-population as well as stagnant or even dying populations in certain regions of the world. While economists would point out the negative environmental as well as resources exploitation issues when it comes to population, others would be alarmed of their so-called aging if not dying population as some “old’ towns seem to slowly vanish while African, South American, and Asian nations deal with their ever-growing young populations. This paper shall try to focus on the issue of ‘future people’ or those who are to come, which are basically a contention among opposing population advocacy groups. As Narveson placed it, how many futures people should there be? Narveson (1999) suggested that people’s involvement in particular issues get them into fundamental questions of which response is to accept the need and “do the best we can” (p. 2). In fact, Narveson agrees that we all have theories of which the only question is whether they are any good, so that he gave us a sketch of what morals is all about. This paper shall proceed using Narveson’s argument about which moral or ethical practices must be adopted in dealing with future people and how many should they be. Discussion Govier According to Govier, two contexts arises in dealing with the interests of people who are yet to exist: the first is an action prepared would significantly affect those people who do not exist at present but are likely to exist in the future or the so-called next generation, and the second is that whether or not people should or should not have children. In other words, the contention is the contrast of “predicting whether someone will exist” or “deciding whether to produce him” (Govier, p. 399). Govier proposed that in consideration of the first argument, it would be an intelligent consideration to pay attention to the needs of the future generations; it is also asymmetrical to if not compatible with reproductive morality: that it would be wrong to produce a child who would be likely living in misery but correct to have a child who would be happy if born; and that although this argument would give prospective people some moral status does not actually entail that their interests should weigh equally with those who are already existing. The “unhappiness” of a prospective person is itself a good reason to prevent it’s being born. But in taking into account whatever happiness can be experienced by these future people, Govier argued that “we ought also to consider whatever pleasure and happiness he would be likely to experience as a reason for producing him” (p.400). Narveson Narveson (Chapter 9) has interesting views on considerations regarding the number of children to be had and that there must be an imposition about people having or not having any children at all. Or that do these newcomers have rights? (p. 183) Narveson (1999) hit the point on th
Introduction The impact of the text, its clarity and the quality of arguments are strongly dependent on the organization of ideas and the use rhetoric and stylistic devices. The analysis of these techniques is extremely beneficial as it helps to acquire the vital skills of convincing the audience, leading them to certain conclusions or prompting them to some actions. It also helps to avoid such common mistakes as verbosity, ambiguity, banality etc. The text, which is to be discussed, can be classified as journalistic writing, though it has many elements of fiction or bélles-léttres. This combination eventually produces a more powerful effect on the reader and compels him or her to share the authors standpoint and become more concerned with the subject matter, the life of Barbara Hillary. Discussion In her article Lauren Collins describes the struggles of a person to achieve her long-cherished dream, namely to reach the North Pole. Although she does not explicitly air her views, the overarching theme is fortitude and determination of this woman who in spite of all difficulties succeeded in attaining her goal. The journalists ideas are presented in chronological order. In this way she intends to describe all those obstacles which Barbara Hillary encountered on her path to the victory over incredulity and pessimism of others. It should be pointed out that Lauren Collins has written two articles, dedicated to this courageous traveler. The first one is called True North, where the author mostly narrates personal story of Barbara Hillary, her motives for this trip, the source of her inspiration and the efforts that she took in order to make this journey feasible. The following piece Top of the World gives a detailed account of the polar expedition and Barbaras experience, her feelings of doubt, hope, incredulity, and joy. This presentation of facts and events makes the text more convincing and emotionally appealing to the reader. Lauren Collins is disinclined to use standard transition words like furthermore, in addition, however or any other, probably because she does not want her writing to sound too formal or even too tedious. Yet, the connection between the paragraphs is quite clear and the reader can easily follow the writers line of reasoning. She employs several strategies to establish the links between different parts of the text. For instance, in True North the opening sentences of the second, third and fourth paragraphs start with the name of this woman “Hillary” (Collins, 1). In this way Collins wants to attract the readers attention to this particular person. Constant repetition of this name signals that her life, hopes and struggle are the primary subjects of the article. Moreover, it helps the audience to trace of the storyline and the order of events. Secondly, it should be noted that the final sentence of each paragraph contains a reference to the information, pres
Introduction This paper presents a detailed analysis of the Maersk Line case study. Maersk Line is the world single largest shipping company. Despite its organic growth over the years, the company is grappling with several challenges, which include increasing competition and high fuel costs. In this regard, the analysis will focus on three areas. First, it will highlight the dilemmas facing the company. Second, it will highlight the factors that have led to the success of the company’s business model. Finally, the strategic choices facing Maersk Line’s CEO will be analyzed. Based on the analysis, recommendations will be made regarding the strategy that should be adopted by the CEO. Dilemmas Faced by Maersk Line The CEO of Maersk Line is facing several dilemmas as he attempts to implement new strategies to improve the profitability of the company, as well as, to maintain its position as the industry leader. To begin with, the company is implementing a sustainable shipping strategy to overcome competition. The objective of this strategy is to reduce the environmental impacts of the company’s activities. As a result, customers who are interested in reducing their ecological footprint will consider Maersk Line as the right transport partner. This will increase Maersk Line’s sales and customer loyalty. However, the dilemma in implementing this strategy arises from the costs associated with it. For instance, slow steaming helps the company to reduce fuel consumption. However, it will reduce the competitiveness of the company during economic boom. In particular, slow steaming will
Jimmy Carter is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the USA. Policies of this US President have been largely criticized. On the other hand, many analysts and researchers have claimed that Carter managed to do a lot for the country. Admittedly, there can be no single answer to the question whether Carter was the worst or the best president. Nonetheless, it is possible to consider some of his policies, actions or doctrines which can provide insights into the development of American society. It goes without saying that one of the major goals of Carter administration was to advocate human rights. Notably, advocating human rights in the international arena was, apparently, the major objective as when it came to human rights within the country, people did not feel the change for better. In fact, it is possible to assume that Carter simply participated in the discourse concerning human rights issues without doing a lot to actually change something. Jimmy Carter took office when American politics was in the transitional state when people believed that the Congress was the source of problems rather than the source of effective solutions (Frisch & Kelly, 2008). Of course, apart from constraints in political life, Carter had to address various economic and social issues. Some of the most disputable issues at that time were those connected with human rights. Stuckey (2008) claims that Americans were eager to find solutions. Many people focused on human rights violations. In fact, a lot of attention was drawn to such problems inside as well as outside of the United States. The Treaties in Helsinki and ongoing discourse in the international arena proved that human rights were the center of people’s attention at that time. Interestingly, Carter also paid much attention to such problems throughout his political career (Stuckey, 2008). When Carter became the president, he articulated his attitude towards human rights issues. Basically, Carter addressed issues which acquired worldwide attention. He once stated that he wanted American people to fit the changing world, but stick to the unchanging principles (Glad, 2009). As far as the foreign policy was concerned, it can be revealed in a single sentence articulated during the inauguration ceremony: “Because we are free we can never be indifferent to the fate of freedom elsewhere” (Stuckey, 2008). Thus, Carter followed a doctrine which is manifested in the sentence cited above. He focused on human rights in domestic and foreign policies. One of actions that illustrates Carter’s consistency is ratification of the so-called Torrijos-Carter Treaties. Basically, Carter gave up control over the Panama Canal to Panama. Notably, Carter was not the one to start the process. He simply finished the process which was started by previous
Introduction Arbitration is a model of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), which is officially authorized for practice, in pursuing the resolution of disputes, from a less formal approach. The model offers such resolution outside the legal coverage of a court, where the parties to the contract under dispute, refer the case to one or more arbitrators or arbitrator tribunals, whose decision regarding the conflict will become binding upon them (Redfern & Jennifer 48). In the case of an arbitration case, a nonbiased third party (the arbitrator) reviews the evidence related to the dispute case and arrives at a decision, which they present to the conflicting parties, which becomes legally binding upon them, thus enforceable. Besides arbitration, alternative models of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) include mediation, which is another form of settlement negotiation enforced by a non-biased third party, though this resolution model is not binding (Buhring-Uhle & Gabriele 24; Schreuer 137). Discussion Arbitration can either be mandatory or voluntary, where voluntary arbitration comes in, in case it is defined so by a statute or from a contractual agreement, which is voluntarily agreed upon. In this case, the parties mutually agree to present all existing or future contractual disagreements to arbitration, without precisely knowing when and the types of disputes they are likely to face. However, voluntary arbitration, as explained above, can either be binding or not, where non-binding arbitration is comparable to the ADR model of mediation, in the aspect that the decision made by the arbitrator cannot be imposed on the parties. Further, there is a principal distinction, in as much as a mediator may try to aid the parties to the dispute, in arriving at a common agreement. The arbitrator in a non-binding dispute resolution keeps away from any involvement, by not engaging in any settlement attempts, and will only offer a declaration of liability and responsibilities among the parties. The arbitrator further, may offer an indication or direction on the number of damages to be offered. The decision by the impartial adjudicator is usually agreed upon or directed by legislation, as binding and final (Tibor, John, & Arthur 174; Buhring-Uhle & Gabriele 24). According
Merck is a pharmaceutical company established in the United States with its headquarters based in New Jersey. The company is listed on the New York stock exchange where it trades under the symbol MRK. On the other hand, Tenet Healthcare Corporation is a company that deals with the provision of health care services. Its headquarters is located in Dallas, Texas. The company was formed in 1995 after the merger of the National Medical Enterprises and the American Medical International. The Merck pharmaceutical is a well established company. However, like in any other business, it faces stiff competition within the country and global market. Its main competitors are Pfizer from the US, Norvatis of Switzerland, Bayer of Germany, GlaxoSmithKline of the United kingdom, and Johnson and Johnson of the USA. On the other hand, the Tenet Healthcare majors its focus on ambulatory healthcare services and outpatient surgical centers. Tenet Healthcare corporation faces competition mainly from other market leaders such as HCA Holdings, Community Healthcare services, the Universal Health Services, and the Health Management Associates. Merck Corporation has a lot of potential in the market. A clear analysis of its financial strength will indicate a strong financial position. The company can meet its target and thus commands a sizeable market share. The company can also meet its debt and it stands little risks in servicing its debt. On the other hand, the Tenet Healthcare is doing well regarding its financial analysis where it generates about over $2 trillion in revenue annually. Thus, it has a good command on the market share. In the pharmaceutical industry, there exist a lot of competition. Therefore, new entrants face high risks when entering the market. Some of the most successful companies like Pfizers had to use take over strategies to gain market breakthrough. Merck Corporation has attributed its success to continued innovati
Miranda warning, also known as Miranda rights, is a formal statement in which a person being arrested is informed of their basic civil rights under the jurisdiction of the United States. Through this warning, an officer of the law enforcement notifies the individual of their right to remain silent, as well as to an attorney. Such principles reflect the foundation of the legal system of the United States, in which both sides are protected by a comprehensive set of rights in order to eliminate bias and enable an objective investigation of the case. The obligatory nature of the warning serves the interests of both sides of the process. First of all, the person being detained possesses an inherent set of rights, which must be respected within the framework of the court of law. They are guaranteed by the United States Constitution, and depriving a person of them would be a major violation of this fundamental law. Rogers and Drogin (2019) state that it would be a misconception to believe that every resident is fully informed of their rights by default. Furthermore, a failure to provide a notification of rights may render the defendant’s testimony inadmissible in court, as it can be dismissed due to possible coercion. This way, Miranda warnings align with the interests of both defendants and prosecutors. On the other hand, it appears possible to argue for the redundancy of rights in some special cases. For example, the arrest of a dangerous criminal or a person responsible for major terrorist threats is often deemed as not requiring a Miranda warning. In such cases, the situation may develop in a matter of seconds, making it necessary to incapacitate the perpetrator before starting legal procedures. From this perspective, it may be contextually appropriate to postpone Miranda warnings until the public safety is secured. In other words, the possibility of a direct, immediate threat to people’s lives outweighs legal formalities (Rogers & Drogin, 2019). Nevertheless, Miranda warnings should not be ignored completely, as they form the core of a transparent trial. Therefore, even if they are not presented at the moment of an arrest, Miranda rights will be given later once the situation is secured and prior to launching formal legal procedures. Reference Rogers, R., & Drogin, E. Y. (2019). The structure and goals of Miranda evaluations . Springer.
In religion, spirituality is a broad concept involving beliefs that emphasize the existence of a supreme being beyond self, a ‘God’. Further, it entails the belief, sense, and feeling of the existence of something greater than oneself and more to being just human. In addition, spirituality calls for exploring themes such as compassion, love, altruism, truth, and life after death. All spiritually inclined individuals must exercise the mentioned qualities throughout their lives (Litonjua, 2016). On the other hand, spirituality in non-religion is having a life with meaning and some sacredness and having an in-depth meaning of who you are as a human being. Similarly, in this context, being spiritual is not blindly accepting a faith passed down from generations but instead finding the true meaning of life. Reflecting on a past incident where asking questions regarding spirituality and patient preferences would have improved patient-centered care will be vital in solving future issues. Collecting the above information on patients’ spirituality will help deliver patient-centered care to patients with different belief systems. For instance, a Buddhist patient will have an aversion to animal meat and products (Litonjua, 2016). Hence, enquiring about their preferences will help provide care to the patient while being sensitive to their beliefs by avoiding medication and diet made of animal products. Another example is that Christian patients are mostly not against medicine but firmly believe that prayers play an essential role in their healing. Therefore, having the belief in mind will allow the patient to practice their religion by allowing the hospital chaplain to pray with them (Litonjua, 2016). Moreover, the only way to achieve patient-centered care is by recognizing patients’ beliefs and respecting them accordingly. Reference Litonjua, M. D. (2016). Spiritual, but not religious: untangling a seeming paradox. International Review of Modern Sociology , 42 (1), 21–55. Retrieved from Web.
In the period of globalization, the size of the firm and its operation are increasing rapidly and the management and financial system are going to be complicated day by day. That’s why to manage the overall financial activities the finance department must be specialized with the experts in financial areas. Before going to the key point let us see what finance is and what the financial system is. In simple words, finance means a technical and strategic way of managing financial affairs. Some authors define it as the art and science of managing financial activities. Gitman presented this subject as “Finance is concerned with the process. Institutions market and instruments involved in the transfer of money among individuals. Business and governments” (Searcy, and Gitman, 2005). And financial is concerned with collecting. Money investing money setting up business setting up personnel lounges new product estimating and calculating the profit and so on. In a single sentence, it can be said that the design of the overall financial activities of a company is called a financial system. The financial manager who is responsible for managing the finance department actively manages all financial and non-financial activities of his departments. The financial system has to broad areas:  1. Financial service.  2. Managerial finance. Financial service is one of the most important areas of the financial system It focuses on the design and distribution of advice and financial products to individuals businesses and other affiliates. On the other hand, managerial finance focuses on the duties and responsibilities of a financial manager in a business organization. A financial manager has to perform a wide variety of roles in the business firm. First of all, he/she has to design and make a plan in which area they do business how much they spend over there and how much profits they expect from that projects. The financial manager has to extend credit to customers evaluate proposed large expenditures consider and calculate the present and future value of money and raising money to find the firm’s operations. As a result of globalization, business organizations have increased their sales purchase investment raised funds dramatically. This changing situation created the job of financial manager more complicated. They have to manage cash flows considering different currencies. They have to play a vital role to project the firm from different risk which arises from the international transactions. People who are in charge of any activities of who are given responsibility must have better interaction and communication with the finance personnel and procedures to get their jobs done. It can better be explained by explaining the role of the finance department. The size and significance of the finance department depend on the size of the organization. If the size of the business is small then the accounting department is enough to perform the financial activities. But if t
The war between Iraq and Kuwait began in the year 1990. This war started after Iraq’s forces entered Kuwait by force. During the conflict, Iraq’s soldiers raped, robbed, and shot at the resisting Kuwaitis (King, 1991). In the attacks, some Kuwaitis managed to escape to the neighbouring countries unharmed. Before the war started, the US was no longer engaged in foreign military affairs after its devastating loss in the Vietnam War (King, 1991). However, the events of the war between Kuwait and Iraq forced the US to come to the defence of Kuwait in an operation named Operation Desert Shield. This operation involved several countries. Among those who supported this operation were some of the Arab countries who believed that the Iraqis expansion was a threat in the Middle East (King, 1991). Before the war started, UAE’s actions in the Middle East contributed to the Iraq-Kuwait conflicts during the early 1990s (Grossman, 1995). As such, Kuwait and UAE were disregarding OPEC’s regulations by flooding the world markets with cheap oil. By doing so, the two countries lowered the oil prices in the world markets. During this time, the Iraq’s economy was still unstable following the Iraq- Iran War. Therefore, Iraq needed to sell its oil in the world markets at a higher price to sustain its economy. However, UAE and Kuwait’s actions prevented Iraq from selling its oil at a higher price hence worsened their economic situations. Following this, Saddam Hussein was forced to attack Kuwait. Hussein hoped that by attacking Kuwait it could lead to a drop in UAE and Kuwait’s oil exports in the world markets. Through this, the UAE is said to have contributed to the Iraq and Kuwait War (Grossman, 1995). During the Iraq and Iran War, UAE did not participate in the conflicts. However, the Kuwait and Iraq War forced the UAE to join the allied forces in setting free the Kuwaitis from the Iraqis. Before the onset of the war, UAE was among the first Arab countries to oppose the plans by President Saddam Hussein to attack Kuwait. Its defence forces officials together with American forces designed a plan, which were to prevent Hussein’s forces from attacking Kuwaitis. Two weeks before the operation, UAE and the US conducted an air refuelling preparation program in