ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Though the theory of a company management may give a very broad perspective of the major issues faced in the course of running an organization, it is only practice that helps embrace every single detail of the process and help one perfect their management skills. In the course of analyzing the Operations Management (OM) process, I have learned that working on an individual capacity is the key to improving the capacity of an enterprise, and that the enticement model as the key towards motivating the staff for a better performance can be viewed as the most efficient and adequate performance enhancer. The key success concerned the adoption o the performance-based recompense, which at present seems the most reasonable solution to the motivation improvement issues. It would be wrong to assume that the entire process of project implementation was smooth and flawless – a few problems were encountered in the course of the research. The goal of the project was not to avoid any possible issues from occurring, but facing these issues and developing the appropriate means to address the emerging problems. First and most obvious, the assessment of the capacity management posed quite a few problems to solve. To be more exact, it was crucial that different aspects of the organization’s productivity, including the organizational behavior, the qualifications of the staff and the financial potential of the company, should be integrated into the evaluation. Therefore, a complex mechanism for the capacity measurement had to be developed. Another issue that needed to be resolved concerned the efficacy of the human resource management. On the one hand, the quality of the HRM strategy correlated directly to the performance rates; on the other hand, the concept of the organizational behavior and the existing avenues for the conflict management also needed assessment. Therefore, the two factors were to be included into the construction of the assessment tool. It goes without saying that the given experience was a thing in itself for the most part; it had a purely intrinsic value as a training session, a way to see the theoretical principles implemented in order to solve real life problems. However, apart from the valuable experience, the analysis of the organization in question has also provided me with an opportunity to develop a range of skills, the analytical ones being of the greatest significance. Indeed, as it has been stressed above, this real life situation has taught me that, when carrying out the assessment of an entrepreneurship’s capacity in real life, it is impossible to consider isolated factors affecting the organization; instead, the relationships between threes factors must be taken into account when conducting the evaluation of a company’s performance. For instance, in the given case, the lack of competitiveness of the company had to be viewed through the prism of the corporate values
Learning is the process through which knowledge is acquired for the purpose of human development or the modification of previously acquired knowledge that is expressed in human behaviour or life skills (Terry, 2006, p.35).Human beings are endowed with ability to learn because of their highly developed brains. The learning process takes time and involves addition of new information to the already existing one. Learning may take place under several situations motivated by different factors. This may include learning for the purpose of getting an education, training in a certain field of expertise or as a way of developing oneself intellectually or spiritually. Acquisition of knowledge through learning may take place through formation of habits or through formal instruction as in the case of schools and other institutions of learning (Terry, 2006, p.38). In learning, cognition plays a very important role. Cognition is the ability of the mind to process information and apply acquired knowledge in the processes of decision making and problem solving. These are vital processes in learning. A change in behaviour as a result of personal experiences is considered a way of learning. This may involve several variations. The behaviour may elicit a reward or a punishment depending on whether it is positive or negative (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009, p.56). A reward reinforces the behaviour and increases chances of its repetition and adoption while punishment decreases the possibility of its repetition and adoption as a part of an individual’s character. It may also be developed from conditioning in which case a certain stimulus brings about a reflex response. Behaviour may be directly linked to experiences which are a great source of knowledge hence important in learning (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009,
Business Sustainability Business sustainability is a process through which business entities control their finances, opportunities, obligations, environmental and social risks. Generally, the three aspects affect the planet, profit, and customer base of a business. It is also vital to note that business sustainability targets social equity, environmental protection, and economic development. The achievement of all the three aspects enhances sustainable business development. The most important function of a business is profit maximization. Modern developments in the field of business management have gone a long way in analyzing other aspects of a business. Sustainability is one of the important aspects of a business that has been identified. This implies that such a business can survive any challenge due to its friendly connection to healthy environmental, social, and economical systems. Apart from the contribution of such businesses to an economy, a healthy ecosystem between the business environment and people is also enhanced. The World Council of Development (WCED) advocates for development with the aim of meeting the present needs without infringing the rights and privileges of the future generations. If any business entity satisfies this aspect, then it definitely promotes a sustainable business development. This can be achieved by adhering to quite a number of recommended practices. Engagement by stakeholders is extremely important toward the sustainability of an organization. Information gathered from employees, customers, and the neighboring population assist organizations in coming up with decisions that incorporate stakeholders’ interests. Another important requirement for sustainability is the incorporation of environmental management system in a company’s management. This provides processes and structures that necessitate environmental-friendly practices. Organizations such as ISO 14001 usually offer such services. Controls and measurements are also necessary in achieving sustainability. Hence, organizations should be transparent to scrutiny from any external body. This provides a means of reporting the company’s achievements. Moreover, life cycle must also be analyzed. This involves the analysis of social and environmental effects of the products and services offered by a company. The ability of a firm to attract and retain employees is also an integral measure of sustainability. A company can ensure sustainability in numerous ways. For instance, the use of paperless or timber-less office, use of green energy such as solar energy in running machineries may indeed be instrumental in enhancing sustainability. CSR, Corporate Objectives, and Strategic Intent Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a self-regulating mechanism that is usually integrated into a business model of an organization. The corporation ensures
Suicide is one of the serious problems of modern society, the relevance of which is typical for countries with very different socio-economic conditions, cultural, and religious traditions. One of the most suicidally dangerous ages is adolescence (Button and Marsh 13). When sexual and role identification is formed, unrequited love, conflicts with friends and parents, and school problems are acutely experienced. The prevention of suicidal behavior is one of modern society’s most critical and complex problems. Combinations of micro-social reasons and individual psychological features of the person, causing suicidal forms of reaction to psychologically difficult circumstances, assume individualization of work, especially with students at risk. When carrying out a conversation with the teenager thinking about suicide, teachers are recommended to take the following steps. First, it is necessary to listen attentively to the interlocutor, as teenagers often suffer from loneliness and the impossibility of pouring out the soul. Secondly, it is essential to formulate questions correctly, calmly, and lucidly to ask about the essence of the disturbing situation and about what help is needed. Thirdly, it is unnecessary to argue and not insist that his misfortune is insignificant, that he lives better than others. Teachers should not use statements that make the child feel unnecessary (Coleman 56). Besides, it is necessary to try to give the teenager hope. It should be realistic and aimed at streng
Introduction The recent global financial crisis that started in the United States of America caught many individuals, businesses and governments by surprise. The fall in the mortgage market in the US quickly spread like a wild fire to the whole financial sector in the Country and to all other sectors of the economies. Many financial institutions such as the Lehmann Brothers went insolvent and others such as the AIG neared the same fate. Such institutions were ‘too big to fail’ that going into insolvency was too big a consequence to deal with. As such the US government had to come through and aid these institutions through a bail-out program. The Movie ‘Too Big to fail’ The film ‘Too big to fail’ is a US television docudrama film that archives the precursor to the 2008 financial meltdown. The movie revolves around Henry Paulson (William Hurt), who was the secretary of treasury in that period as he tirelessly tries to save the day for Lehman brothers who held a lot of ‘toxic assets’ in the housing industry. The 98 minute film is directed by the ‘8 mile and L.A confidential’ Oscar winning director Curtis Hanson. The movie’s cast includes Hurt William (Henry Paulson, secretary of treasury), Asner (Warren Buffet), Billy Grudup (president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York), and Paul Giamatti (chairman of the Federal Reserve) among others. Paulson organizes for a private solution for the Lehman brothers where the Lehman brothers CEO seeks external investment but external investors are skeptic about the viability of such an investment decision. Two banks, Bank of America and Barclays present their interest in the ‘good assets’ of Lehman. However both bids to purchase these assets fail as Bank of America pulls from the deal while bank in the United Kingdom the British bank
Business advantages of using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) VoIP is cost-effective and saves a lot of money, as the only cost incurred is quality internet access cost. The hardware used is inexpensive as sound cards, speakers and microphones are the only needed devices. Additionally, the software is also less expensive and easily available; for instance, the use of Skype. VoIP allows real-time communication through video conferencing or phone calls, thus allowing a prompt response from the audience. Since information delivery and response is instant, customer relationship is enhanced, while service delivery and productivity are likely to improve. Moreover, it enhances the portability and flexibility of communication over a large geographical spread. 1 . RFID systems use in inventory control and supply chain management RFID uses microchips embedded in tiny tags. These microchips possess data relating to a particular item, including the identification number and location. The rest of the tag is an antenna that transmits data to a reader using radio waves. The RFID reader also has an antenna that constantly transmits data such that, if it senses a tag, it interrogates it and decodes the data carried in it. The readers then send data to the host system over wired or wireless connections, which in turn show the exact location of the item. Wireless sensor networks Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected wireless devices embedded into the physical environment to provide measurements of many points over large spaces. These devices have in-built processing, storage, and radiofrequency sensors and antenna. They require low power, long-lasting batteries and the ability to endure the field without maintenance. The network is organized into nodes, lower nodes and upper nodes. Generally, the lower nodes forward data to each other, or to higher-level nodes, which transmit data more rapidly and speed up network performance. Then, the network routes the data to a computer for analysis. The server to which the sensors’ data is sent to acts as a gateway to a network based on internet technology. The main uses of these WSNs include monitoring building security, detecting hazardous substances in the air, monitoring environmental changes, traffic, or military activity. Web 3.0 Web 3.0 is intelligent, meaning-based, semantic computing projected to improve the web in order to make searching the Web more productive and meaningful to people. There is an increase in cloud computing, hence diverse and unlimited connectivity between mobile and other access devices. 2 . This will make the Web a smoother experience. Businesses apply the consumer-driven design, with socially connected mobile applications presenting a marketing application but at more advanced levels. Mobile applications for Smartphone that scan barcodes and present pricing along with customer reviews, are becomi
Currently marijuana is an illegal drug in most parts of the world. This has made the people who use the drug to deal directly with drug dealers so as to acquire the drug. An individual can be arrested and convicted in jail for a long time for being in possession of the drug. As a result many people have felt that a time has come for marijuana to be legalized. These people argue that if alcohol and tobacco are legal yet they impose negative effects on the health and behavior of an individual then why shouldn’t marijuana follow the same route and be legalized (Johnston et al 198). Legalization of marijuana will reduce the amount of people who serve jail time. Policies and regulations will also be formulated by the government which will ensure that the marijuana that is consumed by the people is safe for human consumption. The possible outcome of this effort will be the safe consumption of the drug, easy monitoring, and creation of awareness to the public on the dangers of excessive use of the drug and lastly the government can earn revenue through taxation of the drug. The policies which are currently in place to curb the use of the drug by the public are not very effective. People have found loopholes to evade these laws. In other circumstances, law enforcement has failed because of corruption in the system allowing the people who break the law get away with it. Despite all these efforts therefore marijuana and other drugs in general still find their way into the streets where they are consumed by individuals of all ages including under aged children. In recent years there has been a lot of debate in the issue of legalization of marijuana (Daryal 1). Marijuana is the most widely used drug in the world especially in Africa, Europe and North America. In Australia for example a drug survey was conducted in 1999 and it was found out that 32% of the population has at least tried the drug in their lifetime (Clements and Daryal 1999). The fight for legalization of marijuana has got mixed reactions with one group supporting the idea and another group criticizing it (Penington 1996). Those who are against the legalization of marijuana argue that the efforts which have been put forward to fight drug abuse will all be in vain and the society would have given in very easily to the pressure from those using the drugs. Legalizing marijuana will make the community be vulnerable to more risks and social ills adding more problems to the society. On the other hand the people who are for the legalization of marijuana argue that the government is spending a lot of money fighting against drugs which would have otherwise been used on other income generating activities in the economy (Saffer and Chalopuka 1995). They believe that marijuana is a harmless drug, not any different from cigarettes or alcohol and through its legalization the community to avoid a lot of problems. This is because through legalization of marijuana there will
Introduction Organisations develop and implement management concepts that enable them to operate efficiently. These concepts are also called functions of management. They help managers to make tactical and strategic decisions to enhance efficient management of an organisation (Griffin and Moorhead 108). Functions of Management Planning This is the major function of management. It acts as a pillar upon which other functions are built. Planning enables managers to evaluate the present position of an organisation and decide in advance possible future developments. It provides a plan of action that elaborates what should be done and at what time. Moreover, it enhances drafting of the means and ways of achieving predetermined goals. It is vital in management because it ensures that human and no-human resources are utilized properly. Moreover, it helps the management to avoid uncertainties, risks, possible wastes, and confusion (Keller 109). Organising Organising helps the management team to assemble human, finance, and physical resources. As a result, a productive relationship is created between the resources that enhance realization of set goals and objectives. Organising involves the identification of available resources, allocating and delegating duties, and coordinating both non-human and human resources. This ensures that resources are organised properly to enhance the achievement of goals developed during the planning phase (Griffin and Moorhead 108). Directing Directing involves influencing people to work efficiently. Influence to achieve goals is attained through motivation, communication, supervision, and leadership (Keller 109). Motivation inspires, stimulates, and encourages employees to work with determination. It can be in the form of job promotion, gifts or recognition of individuals who perform excellently. Supervision entails monitoring the workforce and providing necessary directions and support. Leadership entails guiding the workforce in a desired direction. Finally, communication entails passing information, opinions, and/or experience within an organisation. It promotes teamwork and understanding. Controlling Controlling is the last function of management that entails measurement of the organisation’s accomplishments and correction of possible deviations. This is meant to ensure that the organisation achieves its goals systematically. Moreover, controlling ensures that the plans of an organisation occur according to predetermined standards. It investigates whether the company is aligned towards achieving its goals and obje
Introduction Compensations and benefits that the companies’ executives receive from the various kinds of earnings manipulations are regarded as one of the most significant incentives for corporate income management. Benefits and bonuses play a significant role in defining the accounting procedures and the key influences on managerial decision-making when they manage the accounting accruals. The most common assumption among the researchers of the accounting decision-making and incentives of the earnings management is that the approaches used by the managers involved in the earnings manipulation differ depending on the impression they want to create concerning the company’s performance. In its turn, the need to make an impression, alongside the aim of misrepresenting the information, has several incentives. The most important of them, in terms of managerial bonuses and manipulation of earnings, is the need to meet the benchmark of the analysts’ forecasts (Dechow 9). However, the important aspects of improving the understanding of the motivation for the accruals management among the senior-level executives include focusing on the analysis of the discretionary accruals, patterns of accruals behavior, and providing the cross-sectional study of the extent of earnings management. Annual bonus contracts for senior-level executives For the senior-level executives, the standard bonus is estimated at the rate of 20% of the overall compensation for the CEO (Holthausen, Larcker and Sloan 32). However, there are some variations in the systems of the bonus calculation. One of the approaches is the budget-based bonus plan when the maximum compensation is contractually defined. Although there are more problematic cases that include ‘shifted’ bonus plans for senior executive combining the short-run benefits with the annual bonuses (Walter 40). For those cases, the significant motivation for the earnings management would be the opportunity for the manager to increase their annual benefits through managing the company’s income. Fixed-target earnings manipulation Overall, it is problematic to define the motivations of the CEOs for the earnings manipulation in each particular case, according to the funding formula (Holthausen, Larcker and Sloan 30). Empirical results suggest that it is more likely that the executives are focused on their bonus plans rather than follow some standard patterns within the accounting bonus schemes when it concerns their annual compensations. Such assumption differs from the suggestions made by Healy (1985) concerning the fixed-target earnings manipulation (Healy 90). The main issue with the fixed-target approach is that the patterns of which discretionary accruals are used for the different types of accrual-based earnings manipulation are hard to define. From a broader perspective, it is also hard to apply to the situation when the managers have the compensation schemes affected and bounded to taxes or other regulations. Therefore, it is more likely that the managed accruals would depend on the manager’