ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What are the differences between cap and trade and offsetting schemes? Explain the differences between EUA and CER Cap and trade schemes allow governments around the world to set a limit on emissions whereas offsetting schemes permit to exceed it (Carbon Trade Watch, 2016). EUA gives a right to “release one tonne of carbon dioxide” (Carbon Retirement, n.d., para. 1) while CER allows offsetting emissions in developing countries. Explain what the “Stop the Clock” EU ETS Regulation involved and explain the current scope of the EU ETS system for aircraft operators. ‘Stop the Clock’ EU ETS regulation is needed for deferring the surrendering of emission allowances for aviation (European Commission, 2016). The current scope of the EU ETS system covers only flights between destinations in EEA. What are the reasons for the current low EUA price levels in the EU ETS? Main reasons for the sudden reduction in EUA price levels: renewable regulations, economic recession, and reliance on international credits (Koch, Fuss, Grosjean, & Edenhofer, 2014). Please, present all the measures/reforms the European Commission proposed to make the EU ETS effective. The Council of the EU has proposed to review the EU trading scheme for emissions and created market stability reserve (MSR) (European Council, 2015). Explain the key design elements of future CORSIA scheme and calculate the offsetting obligations for an aircraft operator in 20
Introduction Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel is considered to be an outstanding philosopher of the nineteenth century who contributed to the development of idealism on the basis of phenomenology and existentialism. It is necessary to underline the fact that such thinkers as Friedrich Nietzsche, Soren Kierkegaard and some others rejected Hegel’s idea of idealism vision differing from common philosophy through his existentialist ideas of world perception. It should be noted that his theory cannot be disclosed as the one to be followed; Hegel’s presentation of the world we live in as absurd and irrational is considered to be ungrounded and has weak support in European philosophical study. Hegel’ Philosophy European existentialism described its philosophical thought on the basis of key humanity problems characterizing the universe as the useless environment having no clear identification and reasons for existence. Hegel’s optimistic idealism never agreed with the ideas presented by Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, who underlined the fact that ‘It is a silly talk. If there were nothing beyond experience, it would simply drive him (a man) mad’ (Moore, 2008, p.165). Hegel’s idealism and existentialism are very contradictory and mistakable; this fact can be proved by the examples of many European thinkers. For example, Kierkegaard rejected Hegel’s flow of thought because of the individual’s dissolvent into abstract unreality described by Hegel. In order to demonstrate the contrast between two thinkers, it should be stressed that Kierkegaard highlighted the importance of individual’s choice and human role in universe development. Hegel’s philosophy was based on abstract thoughts and things that is why it cannot be perceived as the background for scientific development. Thus, the philosopher’s ideas were based on the principles of abstract metaphysics underlying the role of ‘ideal truth’ in the society. (Moore, 2008). Hegel’s idealism where the world is predominantly driven by the reason centralization was completely rejected by such prominent European philosophers as Nietzsche and Schopenhauer. They stick to the opinion that our world was ruled in accordance with the cosmic will; though the cosmos in Hegel’s understanding was presented as the concrete thought expression. It should
Concept Summary The phenomenon of animal extinction has been the talking point for a broad variety of people and organizations recently. Due to the increased rates of globalization and the rapid development of industries, the effect that the humankind has been producing on the environment has been amplified (Psihoyos 3). As a result, a range of habitats have been affected and nearly destroyed, which, in turn, has led to multiple species having gone extinct or been brought to the verge of extinction (“Why Animal Extinction Matters”). The resulting disruption in the balance observed in nature and the possible threat of uncontrollable changes, which may include drastic lack of resources in certain areas and the following threats of famine, invasive species, or other disasters, should be brought to public attention as a looming threat. For this reason, causes and effects of animal extinction must be scrutinized closely so that the key factors could be located. With a careful, all-embracive analysis of main causes and effects of animal extinction, strategies for mitigating it or, at the very least, curbing its drastic rates, will be produced. Context and History The phenomenon of animal extinction might seem a comparatively recent development caused by the years of people’s destructive actions and especially the industrial development. However, the phenomenon of species emerging and disappearing off the face of the earth has been taking place throughout the evolution process due to gradual changes to the environment and natural transformations of it (Smith). What causes particular concern in the observations of species development and disappearance is the recent unnatural rate at which they become extinct, as well as the detrimental effects that the described unpredictable changes have on nature and organic life on Earth, in general (Girling 36). Therefore, to examine the phenomenon of animal extinction, it is reasonable to start with the era of global industrial development and the effects that it has had on nature. To understand the factors underlying the current problem of species extinction, one must consider climate change as the main culprit since it shapes the environment in which species thrive, disrupting naturally developed ecosystems. In turn, industrial development and increased pollution rates as its direct effect must be seen as the main culprit in defining climate change on the global scale (Psihoyos 5). It would be unfair to claim that no efforts have been applied to address the situation. On the contrary, the problem of animal extinction has been considered on a global level (). Moreover, multiple strategies for supporting specific species and habitats have been deployed, with varying success rate (). Nevertheless, the current situation remains worthy of significant concern since it has been escalating at an alarming rate
Introduction The proposed stimulus package plan of 800 billion dollars is expected to be closely monitored than any other stimulus plan. Specifically, this is to ensure efficient use of state resources and to ensure taxpayers are not disappointed with the package. The stimulus plan will be tracked under the guardianship of the Governors. Already, 15 governors have installed the recovery stimulus plan that will help in monitoring how funds are to be used especially in creating more jobs (Prah, 2009, pp.1). Amid this stimulus plan is the impending Senate bill which is expected to be voted in soon. This bill carries the state fiscal stabilization fund and is less by $20 billion for school construction. In addition, the democrats are finalizing on their spending package proposal to be presented on the president desk before President Day on 16 th February. Main Text The Governors will be responsible for a huge amount of money for hence accountability would be required. They have to coordinate efficiently with the local government, community and other business groups to ensure the money is put to full use. The stimulus package is also expected to form centre stage in the upcoming for Governors election. The Governors would be expected to lay down their manifestation and how well they would spend and utilize the package if elected to office (Prah, 2009, pp. 1). The proposed package is expected to have a multiplier effect on the economy. If it is approved, various economic activities would be stimulated for instance, investments. This would create more jobs thus reducing on the current unemployment rate. It would further increase on the disposable incomes of individuals whose consumption would increase. Therefore, the overall effect would be seen in form of increase in the States national income. It is therefore essential that this package plan should be passed. However, careful consideration should be undertaken in selecting those who would handle these funds. According to stateline.org (2009), the stimulus plan has received additional backing of fourteen Republicans who have now joined their Democrats peers in pushing for its implementation. In a letter forwarded to president Obama, they urged the president to sign it when the proposal is laid in his table. Among the governors were Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jodi Rell, Charlie Crist and Jim Douglas. However, there are those Governors led by Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska who are opposed to it. They argue that the stimulus plan would result into uncalled for spending that would further escalate on the taxes to finance it. They were of the opinion that the package would result to unstrained spending and increase in various programs that would continue to require funding long after the stimulus package had been passed. Palin, however, said that she was supporting the improvement in infrastructures in the country although not with the use of the stimulus package. Despite their opposition, the package has been receiving a lot of support especially from the Democrats (Vock, 2009,) Conclusion The supp
The Purnell model is derived from different theories and research studies from family development and communication theories among several others. It is consequently applicable to several issues affecting the deaf community. The model can be applied practice in various health care provision environments where it can be used to develop guidelines of assessing and organizing appropriate interventions. The model can also be used in educational settings where students are enabled to relate population-based care within community health situations. In applying the model in educational settings, it has the advantage of being simplistic and does not need critical understanding of various concepts and theories for beginners (Purnell, 2002). The model can also be applied for administrative purposes in various institutions where it can be used to enhance organizational culture and cultural competence. One problem the deaf community face in getting good jobs is stigmatization. Through this model, it is easier for managers and staff members of various institutions to accept deaf members among them. Finally, the model can be used in conducting ethnographical, ethnomethodological and ethnographic researches (Purnell, 2002). Some of the important assumptions of the Purnell model that make it relevant to the deaf community include the fact that culture strongly affect interpretation and response to reception of health care and that it is important for health care providers to acquire skills that would enhance their cultural competence (Purnell, 2002). The model also assumes Individuals also need to be respected based on their uniqueness and that understanding of variations in cultures, values, and beliefs in diverse populations is vital in enhancing the effectives of healthcare providers. The model also argues that it is possible to reduce prejudices and biases when cultural understanding is enhanced among service providers. It is important for all care providers attending to the deaf community to understand that great variations exist between sign languages used in various parts of the world. Due to such variations, misunderstandings could arise in interpreting various body languages or emotional expressions. For instance, the sign language or body language used by members of the deaf community in Asia varies from the one used in America. In order to ensure culturally competent care to the deaf, it is crucial for care givers to understand the backgrounds of their clients and try to gain more knowledge about any variations that exist between various sign languages. Members of the deaf community also need to be fully respected as respectable and productive members of the society. One major factor that leads to cultural incompetence in care provision is stigmatization of the deaf and disrespect for their language. According to Gonzalez & Levenson (2010), stigmatization makes it difficult for members of the deaf community to seek assistance from healthcare institutions out o
Drug dependence is the same as substance addiction. It refers to the psychological and/or physical desire for drug substances. A person is described as drug dependent when a particular drug or drugs becomes the centre of his or her life. Such a person cannot function normally without taking the drugs (Colligan, 2010). In most cases, dependency on drugs is linked with the user close ties with other drug abusers. However, behavioral and health changes also contribute reasonably to this dependence. Efforts by an addict to quit substance abuse proves to be an uphill task and such a person will exhibit signs of withdrawal. Therefore, the treatment of such cases should be done gradually under close medical supervision (Bloor, et al, 2008). Drugs are designed to serve as medication of a particular ailment or disorder. This could be either psychological or physical. However, when the drug is repeatedly taken beyond the prescribed dosage, it often triggers a system of drug addiction and tolerance. Tolerance refers to the body’s desire to regularly and increasingly take doses of a drug in order to attain the same effect. Therefore, it is worth understanding that taking drugs basing on doctor’s prescription for a short span and for a particular reason is not addiction. Drug usage only becomes an addiction when the user goes beyond the medical prescription such that he or she cannot cope without the substance (Rapaka and Sadée, 2008). The biggest challenge facing an addict is stopping the use of drugs. Any attempts to quit or reduce the daily doses results to withdrawal. Particular withdrawal signs vary according to the drug type, but anxiety, muscle pain, vomiting and nausea are the most common signs exhibited by such drug dependent people. Other symptoms of drug withdrawal include hallucinations and confusion (Putul, 2010). As already stated above, there are a number of risk factors that contribute immensely to drug dependence. Some of them include depression, schizophrenia, and ease access to drugs, low self esteem, economic and emotional breakdown, or cultural beliefs that permit the use of certain drugs. There is a variety of drugs that are commonly abused. Opiates and narcotics serve as pain killers and bring a feeling of euphoria as well as sedation. Examples of such drugs include opium and heroin. Another example includes the drugs that are taken to stimulate the central nervous system. A common example is cocaine. Such drugs are stimulants and the addict desire for larger doses increases as he or she uses the drug. This behavior is referred to as tolerance (World Health Organization, 2009). Thirdly are the drugs that are used to depress the central nervous system. The best widely abused depressant is alcohol. These drugs are sedative in nature and minimize anxiety, hence may lead to addiction. Moreover, Hallucinogens that include phencyclidine are drugs that make people hallucina
Introduction The development of the theory of international relations and international security has long depended on the debate between the two groups: realists and idealists. Realists, drawing mainly on Hobbes, maintain that the sole way to achieve security is the balance of power between states threatening each other with inevitable retaliation for possible transgressions (Battersby and Siracusa, p. 40). Idealists, borrowing from Kant, suggested that the promotion of certain universal norms of international discourse would do more for ensuring security than simple military parity (Battersby and Siracusa, p. 48). The realist perspective had dominated international relations throughout the 20th century, but the crises arising from the 1990s onward have cast doubts on its applicability (Andersen-Rodgers and Crawford, pp. 22-25). Sovereign states’ inability to deal with emerging security challenges prompted the notion of Human Security – a new and broadly-defined idealist vision of international relations centered on the rights of individual human beings rather than states. Main body Before addressing what Human Security is, it is necessary to briefly describe what it is not, as the concept itself has emerged as a reaction against traditional notions of security. In the realist theoretical framework, the national state is the ultimate actor in all international relations, and all concepts employed, including security, relate to it directly. As a result, in realist political thought, the notion of global security became synonymous with the “promotion and protection of state sovereignty by military and diplomatic means” (
Today’s extremely arduous business environment compels leaders to implement radical changes within their organizations. For instance, to promote the company’s steady development, Meg Whitman, the former president and CEO of eBay Inc., initiated transformations that corresponded to the organization’s objectives and market-associated challenges. This paper will discuss Meg Whitman’s leadership and measures undertaken through the lenses of Kotter’s Eight-Step Approach to beneficial organizational transformations. Correspondence of Meg Whitman’s Leadership to Stage 2 of Kotter’s Eight-Step Process for Creating Major Change In conformity with Kotter’s recommendations, Stage 2 of the Eight-Step Process for Creating Major Change involves the creation of the guiding coalition (Manning and Curtis 167). For example, having realized that more experienced marketing executives were needed to ensure eBay’s viable transformations, Meg Whitman put together a group of experts in marketing, brand positioning, customer services, and law practice (Hill and Farkas 280). Such highly skilled professionals as Brian Swette, the former chief marketing officer of Pepsi-Cola, Scott Cook, the founder of Intuit Inc., Howard Schultz, the founder of Starbucks Corporation, and Michael Jacobson, a partner of Cooley Godward LLP, joined eBay Inc. (Hill and Farkas 281). Leadership skills, experience, high proficiency level, and competence were the guiding principles of the recruitment and selection of these professionals. There is an example of Meg Whitman’s measures aimed at getting the guiding coalition “to work together like a team” (Manning and Curtis, 167). In order to promote active collaboration and so-called “team spirit” between members of the senior management team, Meg Whitman initiated discussions concerning decision-making. EBay’s executives debated all strategic steps (Hill and Farkas 282). Although the
Introduction Congonhas Airport in Sao Paulo, Brazil, is infamous for the deadliest airplane crash in Brazil’s history. On July 17, 2007, TAM Airlines Flight 3054 ran off the runway upon landing and crashed into the nearby warehouse that belonged to TAM (CENIPA 2009). The resulting collision ended in the deaths of all the plane passengers and crew as well as 12 individuals in the warehouse, bringing the total casualty number to 199 fatalities and 13 injuries (CENIPA 2009). Fig. 1. TAM 3054 Crash. The investigation performed by the CENIPA (2009), the Brazilian Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Centre, lasted for 2 years and had discovered numerous factors that have played the part in the tragedy. It was concluded that the crash happened because of the mistake of the pilots, caused by perception errors, loss of situational awareness, poor cockpit coordination, and insufficient levels of co-pilot training (CENIPA 2009). At the same time, the conditions on the ground played a major role in shaping and motivating the pilots’ actions as well as exacerbating the results of their failures. The catastrophe helped uncover a myriad of safety regulations failures at Congonhas Airport, which resulted in it losing its international airport status, significant decrease of lanes and serviceable flights, as well as a long period of flight restrictions during the night (7 hours). Effectively, Congonhas lost its place as the busiest airport in Brazil. Nevertheless, it remains the second-busiest airport up to date. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the airport conditions during the crash and 13 years after. The differences will highlight the areas of improvement being made, and what else needs to be done. It will conclude with a set of recommendations based on the provided evidence to further increase the safety of planes in the runway. Evaluation of Airport Conditions on July 17, 2007 Runway Conditions Congonhas Airport is notorious for being located in the tropical climate zone, which brings about frequent and heavy rainfalls (See Fig. 2). The rain causes the formation of puddles and slippery surfaces on the runway, which may extend the full-stop brake distance for the plane in question by about 20% (CENIPA 2009). It may also cause the effect known as hydroplaning, which causes the plane to lose friction with the wet surface as a result of contact with water. Standard measures performed to reduce or eliminate the effects of excessive water on the runway include grooving and giving it sloped geometry to prevent rainfall from accumulating into puddles (CENIPA 2009). Grooving was being planned to be added to the runways but was not existent when the crash occurred despite the recent renovations done earlier in 2007 during the recent refit (CENIPA 2009). The slopes, while having been made, were erased by extensive rubber friction from planes landing and taking off, and did not perform their jobs adequately. As a result, the pilots were used to the runways being wet and slippery, and usually accounted for it when landing. Fig. 2. Congonhas During Rains. The administration of Congonh
Introduction The Marxist representation of civilization is observed in the lead of disparities flanked by classes and spawned by financial objects. This essay scrutinizes the role played by the theory of Karl Marx of social stratification and its representation in ratifying social alteration in the course of group struggles. Particularly, it examines Marx’s model of consumerist society and reviews what notion continues to be pertinent in the twenty-first century. The contemporary progress cannot deny any of the indispensable thoughts enclosed inside his proposal. Marx predicted the persistent demo of commoditization and additional escalating growth of the capitalist bazaar as one day pursuing the bourgeoisie above the facade of the world. Marx was pragmatic in his reasoning because he postulated that the populace would be intelligent to put up a superior collective system that would credibly call for supplementary complex resources for preservation. He says that “…. the means of communication adapted themselves to the mode of production of large –scale industries. In addition, it is a newly created connection with the world market” (Marx 1990 506).The dynamic ideas contained within the communist manifesto have had a lasting impact on the very foundations of modern society. Workers should determine their own destiny by collectivization of interests. Through this, they will realize collective bargaining in the world market. Their social welfare will get better and mistreatment will be no more. Capitalistic Development Marx insisted on the divergence viewpoint structures that affirm all factions in a culture battle against one another for communal capital. This generates variation involving the factions making the society a ground for clash. The difference is considere