ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A social role is a set of functions, a more or less clearly defined pattern of behavior that is expected from a person holding a certain status in society. Often, the role is primarily dictated by the person’s marital status and work, and many other social institutions. In fact, the function performed is the expectation of behavior typical for people of a given position in a given society. Given the variety of roles and the closeness of family life, many are guided only by their own experience, projecting their behavior, for example, with their parents. In this essay, I will discuss overcoming the stereotypical consequences of being an ideal husband. Social roles dictated by gender stereotypes are increasingly blurred due to modern trends postulating justice and equality. Right now, you can contact many authorities, both anonymously and openly, to solve your psychological problem, even for free. When I was faced with the fact that I put too high demands on myself, I watched myself and realized that I was unhappy in the constant race to match the best image. I was not myself but fulfilled the social role of an ideal husband, which was given to me hard. Among the stereotypes associated with this role, there are, as a rule, the degree of fulfillment of responsibilities at home, highly qualified work, and boundless love for all family members and relatives. It is pretty tricky for a person to cope with all of the above at once, especially within the framework of one day. If work and, for example, caring for a child can devastate a person physically, then the husband cannot have the strength to express his feelings mentally. The most challenging thing is to accept that such an outcome of events is average if a person does not lie to himself. Different views on this issue are imposed both by parents in childhood and by some companions who are confident in need for stereotypical thinking. As a result, emotional burnout from constant dissatisfaction on some issues and the inability to express this dissatisfaction is possible so as not to lose the position of an ideal person. This ailment subsequently extends to physical health, which interferes with conforming to the perfect image, and in the end, the person may break down. To avoid such an outcome, you need to get rid of the need to become ideal for someone and, at least, show a fair attitude towards yourself. Several activities are being undertaken to achieve this goal. First, gender stereotypes such as “a man must be strong,” “a man must be able to work at home,” or “a man must provide for the whole family” should be regulated at the family level, within the capabilities of each member. If the husband can provide for the whole family and does this not to the detriment of his personality, then blindly obstructing
Introduction While a world without conflicts would be ideal, this is not always the case and nations are at times forced to go to war. The reasons for war range from protecting one’s nation from hostile forces to intervening on behalf of a hapless people. This second scenario is known as humanitarian intervention and it involves the international community intervening militarily to stop genocide or other atrocities from being perpetrated in an independent state. The Libyan case presents the most recent humanitarian intervention which has been characterized by an imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya and the escalation of air strikes against Gaddafi’s forces. Conditions of humanitarian intervention/ war Humanitarian intervention stems from the recognition that military force can be used to stop or prevent genocide or other systematic killings (Solarz 25). While humanitarian intervention can be carried out with the consent of a government, it can also occur without the consent of the relevant government especially when the government is accused of causing or threatening to cause genocide. Goodman reveals that international law prohibits unilateral use of force on humanitarian intervention grounds (111). The reason for this prohibition is to avoid aggressive wars being waged by nations under the pretext of humanitarianism. As a matter of fact, Hitler used humanitarian justifications for his military expansion into Austria and Czechoslovakia where he claimed the German nationals were being maltreated and denied of their right for self-determination (Goodman 113). Many nations favor requiring the Security Council’s approval before engaging in humanitarian intervention. Libya Justified War is viewed as an act of last resort when all other options have been tried out and failed. The air strikes against Libya occurred only after all diplomatic avenues had been considered. As a matter of fact, the decision to intervene was announced by French president Nicolas Sarkozy following a breech of ceasefire by Gaddafi’s forces. Gaddafi’s forces advanced to the city of Benghazi with the intention of smashing the rebellion despite having issued a ceasefire. Humanitarian intervention is acceptable when the militarized conflict is already high and an intervention may in fact discourage the eruption of more wide-spread war. This is true for Libya since the humanitarian intervention was adopted as a result of Gaddafi’s aggressive stance towards the anti-government forces who were also armed. In this case, humani
Introduction Acco Brands Corporation and V.F. Corporation are two companies listed in a website called AnnualReports.com. These two companies released their annual reports recently and are the subject of discussion in this report. The two companies also fall under the consumer goods sector and release reports to various stakeholders every year. Acco Brands Corporation designs, creates, manufactures, and markets several conservative computer based office products in regions serving North America, Europe, and the Australian continents (Acco Brands Corporation, 2012). On the other hand, V. F. Corporation brands lifestyle outfits such as jeans, footwear, and other types of apparels (V.F. Corporation, 2007). The main objective of this report is to compare several aspects of the annual reports as presented by each of these corporations. Discussion Acco Brands Corporation and V.F. Corporation exhibit obvious differences in the manner in which their annual reports are organized and presented. Organization of a piece of communication in written format needs to follow various styles and formats to achieve a certain effect on the consumers of the organization’s brands. Looking at the two reports, one notices completely different reports basing on style and organization of information. For instance, while Acco Brands focuses more on details through written word all through its report, V.F. Corporation follows a completely different format of using catchy and well colored photos and graphics to ensure readers understand information well. Both companies however do a very good job in presenting the information that they need to convey to their target audiences. This is done through the use of facts and figures which are properly arranged in charts and tables. Acco Brands Corporation annual report covers 2012 while V.F. Corporation report summarizes operations in 2007. As a result, I can confidently conclude that the companies achieve the sole goal of showing the necessary conclusions that can be easily interpreted by shareholders concerning the performances of the companies. Going through each of the single reports of the companies sampled here, there is a mutual manner in which the goals, plans, and challenges faced by the organizations are discussed by the top managers. Each report clearly outlines each of the products that the companies sell to satisfy their markets. Distribution and sale of each of these items is discussed in length in the reports signaling either success or failure in achieving any set goals. All the challenges f
Introduction The studies of delinquent behavior are believed to determine relationships of delinquency with self-concepts and parental socialization. Still, these studies proved that self-concepts seem to have little effect on delinquent behavior. The article by Matsueda suggests an alternate concept based on the theory of symbolic interactionism. Main Purpose and Key Question of the Article The main purpose of the article is to “conceptualize the self as being rooted in social interaction, comprising multiple dimensions, and providing a crucial link between self-control and social control” (Matsueda, 1992, p. 1578). The key objective is to point out broader determinants to specify the self and argue the dependence of appraisal from the standpoint of other people on delinquency. It is mentioned that the attempts to study deviant behavior using the interactionist perspective were first made by arguing that children labeled as bad by teachers are more likely to obtain poor self-concepts. Data and Methods Used in the Article The researcher is trying to develop a distinct theory of dependence between the self and delinquency using an empirical test. Matsueda (1992) states that “the perspective of symbolic interactionism presupposes that social order is the product of an ongoing process of social interaction and communication” (p. 1580). The social structure and interaction are linked by role-taking. It helps individuals influence each other by appraising the situation from the standpoint of another person and figuring out possible actions. Therefore, delinquent behavior might be a result of fitting to the behavior of other individuals as a response to their actions. It means that criminal behavior of one teenager might cause a negative response from the other one to solve a problem. The researcher needs specific data to examine the hypothesis of labeling and relationship between parental appraisal and delinquency, as well as the effects that delinquency has on a reflective and parental appraisal. Such data were provided by the National Youth Survey that studied delinquency and drug use. The measurement model of the process of reflected appraisal was specified to analyze the data. This model was incorporated into a structural model describing the consequences of reflected appraisals. The study proved that the youth tend to praise themselves from the standpoint of other people. It is pointed out that parental labeling of youth as future criminals is more frequent a
What makes a brand? A company’s product or service is identified by specific qualities such as sign, symbol or name among others. The most valuable element of a product or service is its brand since it is used in advertising to show what is offered in the market. A brand is therefore a representative of the valuable qualities that a product possesses to the customers. Brands have elements such as names, logo, shapes, graphic, color, smell or taste (Jackson & Shaw 2009, P. 67-123). Zara is a brand of Inditex that in 1975, it built its first stores in Spain, and is most profitable. Zara brand serves different continents such as Europe, Africa, Asia and America. The brand has developed in the markets through choice of style and clothes, short deadlines and decreased quantities. Ever time, there is new choice of style thereby making reasonable prices. Zara retail brand has succeeded through first determining when people want the kind of style they have in store without advertising to convince people to buy from them. This means that the company offers the public with the kind of style they desire at the moment. When the company learns the desires of people, it is at a position to know what people want at a particular time, and provide it in the market. Zara retail brand has also gained success through trust accorded to its employees. The employees are entrusted with decision making to determine which clothes should be put in the stores. For a specific collection, the employees make garments by pair. The employees learn the current trend of the customers, and design clothes that will only serve that specific time. This is very important for the company because it avoids back logs in the stores. To become successful as a retail brand, it aims at convincing people to buy their clothes since they have no other option but to get the clothes they need from the company. Zara takes the shortest time to design a new product and have it in the stores thereby making it launch a variety of designs in a year. The company, as noted, does not believe in advertising its product due to its belief that it provides what the customers need at a given time. Zara therefore, has a zero advertising policy thereby using the revenues to open new stores to be at a position to provide more of its products to the customers (Jackson & Shaw 2008, P. 278). Its products are fashionable, and customers are ab
The debate revolving around the benefits and drawbacks of inpatient and outpatient forms of treatment has been now triggering many practitioners and patients due to the inability to define the most appropriate method between the two. To begin with, it is of crucial importance to define what is represented with each of the notions for the sake of further clarity. The concept of inpatient treatment is related to the patient’s stay on the hospital premises during the process of therapy and diagnostics. The latter form, on the other hand, is a synonym to the notion of ambulatory treatment, making it possible for the patient to spend the time outside the hospital if there is no direct necessity. Thus, the primary purpose of the following paper is to outline the level of safety in each case when it comes to infection contraction probability during both inpatient and outpatient surgeries on the basis of evidence recorded within the last decade. Over the past years, a rapid increase in the cases of patients choosing an outpatient surgery created a demand to take a closer look at its actual benefits when compared to more “traditional” surgery conductions with patients having to spend a night after the interference at the hospital. Thus, in 2017, the first explicit attempt to conduct a comparative analysis was made on the example of total ankle arthroplasty surgery. According to the study, while the question of infection safety was not that radical in terms of inpatient treatment, as medical employees were to observe the patients overnight, the question of outpatient surgery was tackling the practitioners all over the world (Mulligan & Parekh, 2017). However, the results claimed the absolute majority of cases to result in success, claiming no evidence of increasing post-surgical infection risks. Another study, focused on the examination of arthroplasty procedures, displayed no major difference between both settings. The researchers implied that ambulatory treatment was a completely safe procedure even in the context of surgeries, preventing patients from contacting an infection during the hospital stay (Darrith et al., 2019). Thus, the overall analysis of the secondary data contributes to the fact of outpatient treatment having more advantages in terms of patient safety. However, taking into consideration the reality of today’s healthcare segment and its countless challenges and areas that require improvement, the situation might not be as optimistic. In fact, many aspects of patient safety in modern hospitals are, for the most part, correlated with the notion of overall medical competence and sanitary norms within an establishment. Thus, it is of crucial importance to secure these issues before making a choice preferring one of the options more than others. This preventive aspect especially concerns the notion of outpatient care, as it is more trustworthy among the patients at
The Service Company: TripAdvisor, Inc. TripAdvisor, Inc. is US-based travel Web site company that offers reviews of travel related contents to customers globally, and the company provides interactive travel forums for its community of users (TripAdvisor, Inc., 2016). The company refers to itself as ‘the world’s largest travel site’, which allows travelers to arrange and book seamless trips. Millions of travelers depend on TripAdvisor for advice related to multiple types of travel choices and trip planning. It seamlessly links visitors to numerous booking search tools that assess thousands of Web sites to locate the perfect hotel prices. The company boasts of the largest travel community globally because of its many branded sites that serve more than 340 million different visitors every month. Additionally, it also gets 350 million reviews and opinions from customers accounting for over 6.5 million hotels, restaurants, and attraction sites. TripAdvisor sites are found across 48 markets globally. It is listed in the NASDAQ as TRIP. The company has other 24 affiliates, which it manages and operates to generate more than $1.5 billion annually. TripAdvisor currently employs over 3,000 people. The company is considered among the early adopters of user-generated content, which is free to users, but the business model is based on the advertisement revenues. The purpose of this essay is to show how time-driven activity-based costing can be applied at TripAdvisor, Inc. (a service company). In most instances, firms face critical challenges with regard to cost of product or service determination, specifically in highly competitive business landscapes in which low-cost strategies are applied to drive market leadership. Firms use costing systems to assess costs of products and services they offer. Direct costs associated with labor and materials can be easily determined and can be linked to specific items (Siguenza-Guzman, Van den Abbeele, Vandewalle, Verhaaren, & Cattrysse, 2013). On the other hand, other indirect costs, such as plant depreciation, marketing, and training among others, cannot be directly linked to cost of product or service. As such, indirect costs are thus attributed to a cost object based on costing systems (Cokins, 2001). The ABC systems were formulated in the 1980s to assist with the accurate product-cost determination (Stout & Propri, 2011). Kaplan and Anderson (2004) introduced Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) as a cost allocation system to improve allocation of indirect costs to specific cost objects to enhance accuracy and set priorities for product development, pricing, process enhancement, and custom
Introduction Demand and supply are the foundations of economic analysis in the interaction of the two market forms. The law of demand and supply works in divergent ways in the sense that, when prices of commodities change, demand and supply will change in opposite direction holding other factors constant. This depends on the nature of goods as forces of demand and supply are dictated by the type of goods in question. For instance, demand or supply for some goods will respond more than a change in price as compared to others. Thus, the corrective role played by good-elasticity curves in the market. In addition, besides price effects on demand and supply of goods, changes in technology, climatic conditions, and government regulations such as taxes are also relevant. Companies operate in different market structures such as perfect competition, monopoly, and oligopoly. This paper will analyze how the consumption of alcoholic drinks behaves in different scenarios. First, it discusses the changes in supply and demand when the government imposes taxes on the alcoholic drink. Secondly, it analyzes the impact of taxes on consumers’ and producers’ welfare. Also, it will discuss how taxes impact on consumption of alcohol in a monopoly and perfectly competitive market. Finally, it will discuss other alternative ways the government of Australia can use to discourage the consumption of alcoholic drinks. Demand & supply of alcoholic drinks and the impact of taxes on the welfare of consumers and suppliers Demand and supply of alcoholic drinks Market equilibrium for alcoholic drinks is attained at the point of intersection of demand and supply curve. Generally, the equilibrium position maximizes the total benefits received by buyers and sellers. Equilibrium condition is not static as any factor which affects demand and supply. For instance, the imposition of taxes will cause an increase in the price of alcoholic drinks (Tewar, 1996, p. 12). This increase causes a movement along the demand and supply curve as illustrated in the figure below. Figure 1.0 Movement along the supply and demand curve as a result of the imposition of taxes. From the above graph, DD1 is the demand curve for an alcoholic drink while SS1 is the supply curve. Q1 and P1 are the equilibrium price and quantity respectively at ceteris paribus . The imposition of taxes on alcoholic drinks causes an increase in price to a new level P2. This is captured by movement in the supply and demand price as shown by the arrows. With the increase in prices, suppliers would be willing to sell more quantity of alcoholic at Qs while the consumers will cut their consumption of alcohol to a lower level say Qd. This creates disequili
Psychological testing is a tool or a way used to gauge and predict a person’s personality. Since the business world is increasingly becoming competitive, employers are embarking on the use of psychological test as a way of improving their work forces. A recent report by the research experts indicates that, forty percent of the wealthy one hundred companies used psychological tests in the selection of employees. Tests determining cognitive aptitude stay put as the most common form of mental testing used in the work place (Schmidt & Shaffer, 1990). A number of individuality measures identify psychopathology, while others distinguish people within the standard adult array of performance. MMPI is an example of character instrument that measures a number of personality characteristics (Schmidt & Shaffer, 1990). A Company may use a computation of the extent of extroversion to decide whether a candidate’s individuality matches that of existing personnel. Similarly, MMPI might be utilized by the police division to monitor an interviewee’s psychopathology (Schmidt & Shaffer, 1990). Integrity test The tests mentioned above are predominantly used in financial and retail services industries. Billions lost in American commerce are attributed to worker theft. Employers are now seeking for devices that can prevent or detect employee theft. Counterproductive behavior and proneness to theft can be tested and envisaged using uprightness tests to comprehend the performance of aspirants. Employee polygraph protection act1988), which permitted screening of an applicant using a pre-employment polygraph, was passed. However, some states restrict the use of the act i.e. screening should not be the primary basis of employment. Individuality-oriented strategies, medical measures and overt examinations are the most renowned tests (Schmidt & Shaffer, 1990). Overt examinations are utilized specifically to envisage the proneness of a candidate to engage in theft and other abhorred behaviors at work. Tolerating thieves, accommodating reasons of theft and beliefs and behaviors which are very antisocial are some of psychological constructs whose attitudes are measured by overt integrity test (Schmidt & Shaffer, 1990). The tests cons