ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Soccer is one of the most popular sports on the planet, with hundreds of millions of watchers worldwide. The title for the best player in the world is currently contested between two remarkable and highly-talented players – Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Although the impact of a single player is hard to determine in a game of two teams of 11 players each, it is possible to compare their playstyles, dynamics, and results. The purpose of this paper is to provide an accurate comparison between Ronaldo and Messi and determine the best player out of the two. Playing Styles Comparison Ronaldo is classified as a fast striker who uses his superior athletics and agility to get in position and deliver accurate goals, using his head and both feet. Ambidexterity, in that regard, makes it easier for him to strike from unexpected angles (“Cristiano Ronaldo vs. Lionel Messi”). Messi’s playstyle has some similarities in the athleticism part, as he has a good pace and dribbling. However, he has a lower center of gravity and uses it to bypass and outmaneuver opponents. Unlike Ronaldo, he is a predominantly left-foot player with a mor
Introduction Incorporating physical activities into the daily routine of young generation is regarded as a contribution to a positive health outcome. Sports participation leads to health enhancement for the physical development of the young population, namely the adolescents (10 to 19 years old), including teenagers (13 to 19 years old) (Becker et al. 940). With a rapid increase of physical achievement requirements and the variety of sports activities, adolescents become involved in sports and disregard the adverse effects of intensity they encounter. Many of them risk “serious injuries, lifelong health problems, and unwanted consequences” that pose challenges for their health and cause them to reconsider the physical limits of the human body to incorporate new mindful regulations in sports (Friesen et al. 152). Parents and coaches should recognize the general health concerns affecting the youth in sports; however, evolving health concerns in youth sports have to be brought up to the governmental level to make a significant change. Despite the anticipated health benefits achieved through physical activities, some youth sports have reached a level of severe intensity that impedes adolescents from balanced physical development and cultivates abnormal addiction to competitive power. Modern Sports Became an Obligation for the Youth The main reason to introduce sports activities into a teenager’s life, between 13 and 19 years of age, have been shifted towards competitiveness and rivalry. The process of playing sports has increased its presence in the lives of the young generation and, thus, has become an obligation. It is becoming clearer that the underlying intense competition for early success in life exerts much pressure on teens and eliminates the overall fun side of youth sports (Bubar 4). Modern adolescents are chasing the dream to become professionals in sports since early years; however, they miss childhood and arguably the most carefree time in their lives. For instance, ten-year-old Rogan Miller is one of the many children across the United States who is passionate about sports activity, particularly basketball. As described by Bubar, his daily schedule consists of hours of practice and tournaments on the weekends that include a minimum of five games. For this reason, Miller is known as “the 24th-best basketball player in the country among fifth-graders” (Bubar 4). By nurturing the strong drive for becoming the NBA player, a ten-year-old Miller might never experience the childhood and teenage years as they are meant to be. With a narrow focus on sports, adolescents are forced to quit their hobbies and, sometimes, e
Lesson Title: Combine Letters: Learn to Do Magic! Grade Level: 1st-grade level Main Subject: Reading Subjects Integrated: Phonics, Science Time Constraints: 60 min. (1 hour) Goals: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to differentiate between short- and long-vowel sounds in one-syllable words (e.g., “bat” – “bate,” “kit” – “kite,” etc.), as well as read such diphthongs as “th” and “ea” properly. Material/Setup: TEKS/STAAR: a1, 2A, 2B (Texas essential knowledge and skills for Social Studies, 2011) ELPS: 1A, 2A, 3A (Austin Independent School Curriculum, 2014) Prerequisite Skills: It is expected that the students should know the alphabet by heart and differentiate between the letters. The learners must be able to recognize the change in the word once a new phoneme is added to it or removed from it, as in the following example: “r/a/w – d/r/a/w.” Finally, the students are expected to be able to generate a series of rhyming words by using certain phonograms, such as “-ake,” “-ain,” etc., as well as a combination of consonants (e.g., “st-,” “cr-“, etc.) (State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness, 2013, p. 2). Focus: A short cartoon showing a misunderstanding occurring due to the mispronunciation or misspelling of a word containing a complex phonogram. Rationale Learner-centered While knowing the basics, such as the alphabet, provides first-graders with an ability to decode the basic and the most essential information when reading it, to learn to read fluently, they will have to learn to pronounce the key diphthongs, such as “th,” “ea,” etc., as well as distinguish between the short- and long-vowel words. Once the students learn to recognize and read the basic combinations of letters, they will be able to handle Professional As a teacher, one must be able to approach the needs of the learners and develop flexibility in teaching, at the same time complying with the standards of the curriculum. Even though the topics combined in the given lesson plan are traditionally viewed as the subjects for two separate lessons, as long as the teacher feels that their students are capable of embracing a more complex theory and handling more complicated tasks, the teacher should provide the students with an opportunity to evolve as learners. Connections Past and future learning For the students to be able to acquire the new information and process it to handle new assignments, it will be crucial to connect the theme of the lesson to the previous one, i.e., learning the alphabet. At the very start of the lesson, the students will be provided with an activity that will help them recall the previously acquired information (alphabet as the graphic symbols) and link it to the new topic (the combination of symbols and the change in their sound). Community The social function of reading will be explained to the students. Culture Seeing that the community, which the students belong, is quite diverse, the class is represented by members of quite several cultures. Apart from an average middle-class American student, there are African American lea
Experimental Objective The main objective of performing this experiment was to investigate the forces plying on a body resting on an inclined plane. Theoretical Background An inclined plane is a simple machine made up of a straight and a flat surface with two of its extreme edges set at different altitudes. This machine comes in handy when one is moving a heavy body over a given height. On using this machine to perform such tasks minimal energy is expended at the cost of an increased distance over which the body is to cover. Basically, the effort required to push the load over an inclined plane is proportional to the angle of inclination. Consequently, in order to expend less effort one should consider making the slope of the plane gentler. When considering a frictionless inclined plane, the Mechanical Advantage (M.A), which is the ratio of load to effort, increases with decrease in the angle of inclination. This ratio can as well be obtained by taking the ratio of the effort distance to the load distance (Velocity Ratio, V.R). To obtain the efficiency of a machine, the ratio of M.A to V.R is obtained and then given as a percentage. Significantly, the efficiency of an incline plane increases with the decrease in the angle of inclination (Henderson 1989). For a frictionless inclined plane the efficiency is always 100%. However, in practice this is unattainable since other factors come in play to reduce the efficiency. One factor that decreases efficiency of an inclined plane is friction force that tends to drag motion between moving parts. Consequently, when resolving forces plying on a body resting on an inclined plane it is vital to consider:   * The normal force (N) which acts perpendicular to the inclined plane,   * The gravitational force or weight (W) acting vertically downwards,   * The frictional force (F) that acts along the inclined plane. These are illustrated as shown in the figure below: The gravitational force is decomposed into two components of forces, W cos θ and W sin θ, which act perpendicular and parallel to the inclined plane respectively. The former force is equivalent to the N (the normal reaction) while the later is equivalent to static friction when the body is stationary (Henderson 1989). As the angle of inclination reduces the normal reaction tends to approach the weight (mg) of the body. In the contrary, when this angle increases the normal reaction tends to approach zero. Experimental Procedures Amounting panel was secured vertically over which two pulleys; a plumb line and a sliding plane were mounted at a level. The plumb line was suspended at the centre screw of the protractor and made to pass over it to obtain the angle of inclination as shown in the figure below. Prior to this, the weights of the ro
Introduction Though the mouth of a man/woman can only speak to a limited number of people based on his/her being limited by space and time, he/she is capable of speaking volumes and volumes to millions and millions of people through his/her works. The playwrights Greg Hrbek, Alex Burrett, and William Shakespeare, to quote but a few, serve as epitomes of people whose masterworks have seen the dawn of their fame and popularity. Hrbek, the author of Sagittarius , currently a Skidmore college Writer-in-Residence in New York, owns a B. A and M.F.A from Vassar and Iowa Writers’ Workshop respectively. He coordinates undergraduate classes of film and fiction writing. He has managed to compose several novels and short stories like The Hindenburg Crashes nightly, the Harper’s Magazine stories like the Green World , a finalist short story for the National Magazine Award in the fiction of 1999. Sagittarius was among the 1999 America’s best short stories selections. Alex Burrett too is a well-known playwright. The 1968 born English man worked with the British Army for six years then joined the Royal Military Army afterward and entered the written world. His first collection, My Goat Ate Its Legs, received a warm welcome upon its release. He currently lives in London where he does advertisement jobs. According to Hrbek, families struggle a lot in the course of accepting their disabled children. Sagittarius In his novel, Sagittarius, Hrbek qualifies in presenting the aforementioned message through the way he strategically allocates different roles to the different characters. Sebastian comes in as a disabled infant and son to Isabel and Martin. The story kicks off with Sebastian, the half horse, and half man, getting out of his playpen and disappearing into the immense darkness. The author then goes on to describe the prevailing feelings and memories of Sebastian’s parents following the disappearance, as they search for their son from the nearby forest. Illustrating the seriousness of the struggle, “Kaden, Sebastian’s three-year-old brother…has also left the house to join the search” (Hrbek, 2001, p.7), a case that drives home the point that all family members are struggling. Isabel notices a lorry that paves her way to the realization of where their son is. However, before arriving at the place, a crash occurs, enabling Martin to identify his son in a meadow. Recognizing his deep love for his son, Martin boldly accepts the unique nature of his son and for the first time, he stands as the least ashamed of him as he used to do before. The author uses the third-person point of view in presenting the theme of parental acceptance. Point of View and Conclusion The theme of parental acceptance of their deformed children is addressed from the third-person point of view. The unique exposition familiarizes the reader, with not only the specific place and time but also with the events, all of which are presented from the eyes of Sebastian. The outcome of the whole st
Sometime in April is a film that narrates about events that took place in Rwanda during the 1994 genocide. Rwanda is a small country in Africa that has two tribes, Hutus and Tutsis. When the Belgians left Rwanda, power was left to the Hutus who were the majority. When the Belgians were in this country, they preferred working with the minority Tutsis to the majority Hutu. Leadership positions were given to the Tutsis. This created a great hatred between the two tribes. The Hutus took over power determined to exert their power over the Tutsis. When the world intervened, a section of the elite Hutus organized one of the worst massacres that has ever been witnessed in the world history. While the president of this country was signing agreement between the Hutus and Tutsis that was necessitated by the United Nation, a group of army generals were busy preparing the military and the militants for a secret mission that would result in a mass massacre. When the president left the meeting, his plane was short down by unknown assailants. Both sides blamed each other for this massacre. Tutsis blamed the Hutus for taking away the life of a president who was a liberal, while the Hutus blamed the Tutsis for killing the president by virtue of his tribe. This sparked the war. Soon after bringing down the president’s plane, a group of Hutus attacked then the prime minister’s house and killed her and some members of her family. Other massacres sprung out spontaneously in various parts of the country. The military generals were majorly the Hutus. The majority of foot soldiers were also Hutus. In a manner that showed some planning, the military split into two. The Hutu soldiers killed their Tutsi counterparts. Because they were the minority, they could not do much. During the first day of the war, over eight thousand people, majorly Tutsis, were killed. The country completely lost sanity as the two tribes viewed each other as enemies. The majority Hutu took control of the country completely. The mission of the Hutu military and the militants was to eliminate all the Tutsis. Through radio broadcasts, Hutus were encouraged to eliminate the Tutsis using crude weapons. The presenters would refer to the Tutsis as ‘inyenzi’, which is translated as “cockroach”. They would urge the Hutu militants to use machetes on them other than wasting bullets. The militants were supplied with machetes and other forms of crude weapon. The war spread very quickly. To ensure that the Tutsis could not escape to other neighboring countries, the roads were blocked very fast by both the militants and the soldiers. They inspected all travelers and if anyone were identified as a Tutsi or a Tutsi sympathizer, he or she would be eliminated on the spot. The decision to watch this movie came out of the desir
Introduction Present-day poet Marge Piercy composed an open-form narrative elegy titled “Barbie Doll.” In a four-stanza poem, the poet offers her audience a short story of an unnamed “girlchild” whose lifespan, noticeably impacted by others’ views, comes to a premature and sad end. The poem starts with a story about an unspecified girlchild who was delivered as usual and received presumably suitable gifts such as dolls, makeup, and minuscule home appliances. Thereafter, a fellow student remarks inauspiciously on her look and shape. “Then in the magic of puberty, a classmate said: You have a great big nose and fat legs” (Piercy Line 5-6). In the second stanza, the reader is exposed to the girl’s physical prowess, sexual drive, and intelligence. The youngster appears to be strong, healthy, and capable, yet she disregards these attributes, rather going back and forth apologizing. As the young girl ages, she gets adequate counseling from senior people. The third stanza documents behaviors intended to encourage her success and happiness. Shortly, her attractive appearance crumbles like an old automobile part, and as an adult, she perpetually gets herself off the observed insufficiencies. The closing stanza presents to the reader a lifeless woman lying in a coffin and theatrically contrived by the mortician. The poet resolves “consummation at last, to every woman a happy ending” (Piercy Line 24-25). The feminist poet slams the gender bias and injustices directed at women. The poem discloses the vices of modern-day society
The necessity to live in society and follow the social rules and norms is an integral part of life that cannot be neglected by people. In the last two essays, the situations when a community may influence a person in different ways were discussed. On the one hand, fear of being ashamed the same way an obese girl in the class was can make people keep silent and not be distinguished among other representatives of society. On the other hand, a desire to overcome social isolation and learn more than one hundred words (Rodriguez 12) can stimulate a person to study hard and achieve good results at the expense of family relations. However, these are two extremes that make people choose without considering personal interests and needs. People need another option. Strong individualism may be considered as a solution that can help people to underline some personal characteristics and stay loyal to the norms established in society. Strong individualism may be observed in the cultures developed by such countries as the United States, Great Britain, or Canada (Maraffi et al. 214; Theiss-Morse 112). These cultures show that it is not enough to be different. It is more important to prove that the chosen beliefs and attitudes make sense and have to be respected by others. Basu-Zharku writes that individuals should “gain a sense of who they are by relating to others within a culture and creating a shared past” (par. 2). Strong individualism is an attempt to encourage people to understand their true potential and investigate their skills and dreams. As soon as people clarify what they actually can or want to achieve, they can be rather useful to society. The period of this kind of self-search may last a long time. People can make mistakes, come with wrong or unclear solutions, and change their opinions several times. However, the results that can be achieved with time may be beneficial for both, a person and society. The only requirement that should be met is the time that is necessary for the analysis of personal worth, the development of skills, and the introduction of the results to society. In the situation that took place in the school with the obese girl, several options could be possible. For example, the girl could prove her rights and resist the pressure of her p
Introduction Executive compensation refers to the financial remuneration and other non-financial rewards that are given to company executives for their services to their organizations. In many cases, it is comprised of a mixture of salary, shares on the company stock, and benefits such as health insurance, housing, social security, and retirement benefits. Executive compensation is awarded based on factors such as government regulations, level of performance, tax laws, and the desires of the organization’s management team. In the past three decades, executive compensation has risen dramatically, and it has become incomparable to the average worker’s remuneration. Debates have ensued as to whether the rise has been a result of the scarcity of qualified executives or as a result of corporate greed. Examples of federal laws and regulations that affect executive compensation include the Dodd-Frank Act of 2011, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. Effective Executive Compensation The main aims of crafting an executive compensation plan are to attract and retain talent in an organization and ensure that the incentives awarded to executives are linked to the overall strategy and priorities of the organization (Carpenter and Yermack 32). Studies have shown that organizations that deploy sufficient resources toward the structuring and implementation of comprehensive executive compensation plans report higher revenue growth and profitability. In that regard, it is important for companies to prepare executive plans properly by putting into consideration the short-term and long-term organizational plans. This goal can be achieved by using metrics to prepare a compensation plan, communicating the plan to the entire organization, benchmarking compensation levels, valuing company equity regularly, and incorporating both short and long-term incentives. Challenges Executive compensation is a controversial topic in many organizations because of its numerous legal implications. One of the major mistakes made during the development of an executive compensation plan is to offer incentives that are not regulated by specific metrics (Carpenter and Yermack 35). It is necessary for organizations to use compensation metrics that are specific, measurable, attainable, and time-bound to offer incentives to executives. This approach enables executives to be aware of what they should focus on in order to achieve the goals of the organization. Some organizations use metrics such as profitability and revenue to determine executive compensation (Sheehan 32). However, the most effective metrics include a number of key performance indicators (KPIs) that give a more accurate measure of an organization’s performance. A lack of communication between the organization and its executives I another challenges that are encountered. A communication gap with regard to the components of an executive compensation gap should be eliminated. Organizations should discuss the executive compensation packages of their execut