ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Identification   * Country of Origin: Philippines.   * Years Lived in America: 3 years (migrated to the U.S. with parents after finishing high school).   * Extent of Education: Finished high school under the 4 year program in the Philippines.   * Age when completed: Graduated when they were 18 years old. The name of the research subject is Josh Del Rosario who legally migrated to the U.S. from the Philippines 3 years ago after he finished his high school degree in the country. Due to differences in academic requirements between the U.S. and the Philippines, Josh is currently taking up various placement exams in order to showcase that the education he received is sufficient enough to enter into the collegiate system within the country. Incivility   * Significant use of “honorifics” when used to address teachers or other school staff.   * Example of honorifics: “po” “opo” added to the end of sentences to denote respect.   * Non-usage of honorifics when addressing a teacher was considered very rude and disrespectful.   * Disrespectful speech was not tolerated.   * Informal speech was not utilized within the context of teacher-student communication.   * Students were expected to be respectful to the teacher at all times.   * Correcting or talking back to the teacher was not allowed. Within the context of teacher-student relationships in the Philippines, students were expected to utilize “honorifics” at the end of some of their sentences when it came to answering or talking to a teacher. The phrase “po” is meant as a means of acknowledging the age and experience of the person being addressed while “opo” was meant to denote respectful agreement to whatever the teacher was asking (ex: Yes, sir). The usage of these phrases were commonplace in teacher-student communication and showcases the importance of formality in communication within the Philippine system of education. Informal speech was not tolerated when it came to addressing teachers and students were constantly reminded that they need to follow everything that the teacher t
Abstract Undesired birth outcomes are key determinants that affect the survival and early experiences of a baby. This thesis develops by drawing from research findings of various disciplines including developmental sociology, psychology, medicine, and education. This paper will consider how multiple contexts from preconception to childcare are subject to socio-economic level, cultural background, and health influence when shaping early development in children below the age of 2 years. The paper uses peer-reviewed articles to explore the topic and generate integrated information. Introduction The preconception period is the time during which couples plan their gestation, while pregnancy is the period taken for a child to develop in the womb, while immediate and running to about two months is the postpartum period. These moments are fundamental and reproductive women should give priority to their general well-being in terms of physical health, mental health, socio-economic wellbeing, and other external factors. During this period, it is wise to evaluate and make necessary adjustments in lifestyle and choose a diet that helps in the elimination of any possible obstetric undesirable outcomes. This paper incorporates the aforementioned factors to discuss the normative development of a baby by examining the typical changes that are believed to alter the early experiences of a child. The paper will also seek to elaborate how children differ and what adds up to these variations during early development. The paper concludes by identifying that postnatal health, parental awareness, and socio-economic disparities significantly influence newborn complications, thus leading to undesired early child experiences. Literature review This paper entails a detailed analysis of current information sourced from peer-reviewed academic sources related to this topic by adding to the already established knowledge as well as reviewing the work. According to Martina, Stefan, Eduardo, and Sven (2014), obesity amongst reproductive women plays a major role on both pre-birth and after birth children’s development. Martina et al. (2014) posit that overweight pregnant women are at a great risk of oxygen deficit on the fetus, thus creating complications on the baby upon birth. However, other studies dispute this argument by claiming that even average weighing women may develop complications. It should be noted that this study highlights that
An advertisement can be called good if it looks or sounds unusual enough to be retained in people’s memory for some time. Trying to make an advertisement as effective as possible, marketers use various ways to attract the attention of the consumer. Most are based on the peculiarities of visual perception. Having certain knowledge about the nature of perception, it is not difficult to generate an advertisement that will carry out its work and generate profit for the company. Various stimuli are used to generate an attractive advertisement. One of the factors that are exploited the most is the size of objects shown in the advertisement. Larger visual stimuli are more likely to be noticed, whereas smaller ones tend to remain imperceptible to the consumer, and this is why marketers often experiment with the size of objects. Creative thinking on the part of specialists who developed concepts for advertising the products of BMW and Mcdonald’s helped them to design the advertisements that burst upon the eye of the consumer and shape the desire to buy these products. Another important stimulus factor that is used to attract attention is intensity, which involves the repetition of a stimulus that occurs throughout the advertisement. As they shift the focus of their attention, consumers perceive the same information a few times and as a result, the information is more likely to be remembered. The repetition of a visual stimulus in an advertisement can be seen very often as it remains a trump card used in a competition on a global scale. The more space is covered with the logo of your company, the more product is going to sell. The following examples of Coca-Cola and iPod advertisements illustrate the right use of intensity in a visual stimulus. Our eyes tend to notice objects that have a bright color or a significant contrast against a background, and this factor also serves as one of the means of attracting the consumer’s attention. This method is very helpful for marketers, as the use of bright color gives them the possibility to highlight any information that they want to make relevant to the consumer. Optika Arena and Coop’s Paints use strong contrast and bright colors to make their advertisements come to the forefront; it works. The use of attractive visuals seems to be one of the most popula
Introduction Economic loss are incurred financially; they are only evidence by financial documents such balance sheet and receipts. Economic loss can be consequential pure loss. Pure economic loss occurs when physical injury to the property or person respectively is not taken into consideration. In tort, pure economic damage is irrecoverable. Examples of pure economic loses are: income loses to a family when breadwinners dies through accident, market value loses due to poor architect advice and loss in a company production due to power interruption by a contractor (Cooter & Thomas, 2003). Non-economic loses; on the other hand, controversially go against torts and limits damages of “cap.” The damages result from intangible harms. Mostly they are personal felt harms through symptoms and signs. The harms can be psychological stress, lack of joy, disfigurement, pain, and mental disorder. Non-economic loses cannot be calculated directly; however, forensics uses related elements to determine the extent of loses (Rothstein, & Sullivan, 2006). Economic Losses Category The three main areas of economic loss are earning loss in the past and future, probable pecuniary losses, household loses. Forensics can accurately calculate most damages caused through injury or wrongful death. In injury, the plaintiff faces impaired past and future earning ability. In personal injury, this is recoverable damage. It measured by the plaintiff’s diminished power and capacity in the future and past that is directly attributed to the injury. It is never based on actual earning capacity loss. There is no need for use of past earning history and documents to back up this such claim; however, there should be grounds to sufficient evident with a degree of susceptibility. Normally such proof is left at the discretion of jury (Cooter & Thomas, 2003). The probable pecuniary losses upon wrongful death are a vital tool in arguing a claim. This consideration is also closely associated with beneficiary parties. In wrongful death claim, loss of inheritance is also an element to thi
Introduction: Essential Details The issue of homelessness is one of the most problematic ones in school counseling. The students experiencing homelessness are prone to developing a variety of issues in their academic life. For instance, homeless students are very likely to have a poor academic score and fail to interact with their peers successfully. At this point, one must bring up the fact that the concept of homelessness does not necessarily imply extreme poverty. For instance, the students that are forced to move from one place to another on a regular basis, the learners that live in an orphanage, etc., fall under the category of homeless students since they do not have the place to which they have grown attachment. In their article, Havlik and Bryan (2015) consider the effects that the communication between a student and a counselor has on the quality of homeless students’ life and their academic performance. Objectives and Methods: What Qualitative Research Helps Discover Seeing that it was necessary to not only provide an in-depth insight in the problem but also to quantify the research outcomes, the authors used a combination of a qualitative and quantitative design. Particularly, Havik and Bryan (2015) incorporated the multiple regression analysis into the research design so that the correlation between the essential variables, i.e., the areas in which learners dwell and their academic performance, could be identified. Furthermore, a descriptive analysis was included into the study so that the nature of the problems that homeless learners have i
Relational Trauma: Using Play Therapy to Treat a Disrupted Attachment When a child is forced to encounter stressful situations from his/her early age (especially if they concern the relationships with his/her parents), it is likely to result in disruptions of attachment, which are fraught with distorted psychological development (Anderson & Gedo, 2013). Therapeutic interventions are inevitable in such cases. However, they do not always achieve the desired results. If we examine a case of a 3-year-old, who was removed from his mother owing to allegations of abuse, it seems difficult to predict whether the adverse consequences of his development can be alleviated with the help of psychological treatment. There are a lot of variables that should be taken into consideration. For instance, we do not know how closely attached the child was to his mother and whether he was frustrated or happy to be removed from her. Besides nothing is specified about the type and essence of abuse that would give us a hint to the effects it could have on the child’s mental health. Some researchers believe that it is impossible to change attachment as they are subconscious (Anderson & Gedo, 2013). This is proved by the fact that a lot of children whose mothers treated them cruelly still prefer to stay with them. However, if these relations threaten the child’s life and health, it is essential to get rid of such an attachment to build new connections that would be more favorable for his further development. Since we deal with the case of a three-year-old kid who experienced maltreatment, it can be assumed that his attachment style is not flexible and therefore, it is not easy for him to establish new relations and modify his behavior, which is likely to be aggressive and nervous. Therapeutic intervention, in this case, should happen in the form of a play. Its purpose is to develop his sense of control and security, help him manage his fear, anger, frustration, and other negative emotions that he is likely to experience frequently. If a therapist shows empathy, involvement, and genuine desire to help, the treatment can modulate the child’s perception and behavior as much as his previous experience allows (Anderson & Gedo, 2013). Holding the Line: Limits in Child Psychotherapy It is rather a challenging task even for a professional to establish contact with a small patient, especially if he/she is not eager to cooperate. Children usually do not imagine what is to be expected from the therapy and what its ultimate goal is. However, the most difficult task is to teach a child that even during the therapy there exist certain rules that cannot be broken. He/she should understand that not all the ways of expressing emotions and feelings are acceptable. Violence, aggression, anger, offense, and other adverse behaviors should not be encouraged neither in play nor in conversation. Limits are necessary for any case no matter what background a patient has. Therapists must identify the extent to which they are ready to accept certain deviations (Zilberstein & Abel, 2012). If we apply all the above-mentioned poin
Introduction This paper is not only going to define demographic transition, but also describe its four phases. Additionally, it is also going to show some of the factors which can lead to a reduction in the crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR). Living conditions in developed countries in phase IV and Programs, which can assist the developing countries in achieving their goal of reaching demographic transition phase IV will also be discussed. Definition of demographic transition Demographic transition is a theory used to illustrate the alterations in population over a given period. Additionally, it is used to determine various causes of death, which occurs within a certain population. In history, the number of deaths recorded over a given period has been steadily decreasing. The records have also shown an increase in life expectancy. Therefore, this is a clear indication that the entire world population is undergoing a transition where birth and death rates change from high to low, respectively (Teller & Assefa, 2011). Four phases of demographic transition The first phase is also called high stationery, and it is the point where the number of birth and death rates, recorded over a given period, is high. This indicates that the entire population is stable and advances slowly. Due to the presence of fresh communicative infections, this phase is characterized by a high mortality rate. Phase two (early expanding) is considered to be the foundation of demographic transition, where there is a quick decrease in the mortality rate. Besides, it has a constant death rate. At this phase, there is a growing trend in the entire population. In phase three (late expanding), there is a considerable decrease in birth rate with the death rate being constant. This is the stage where the entire population is still growing and is considered to be close to the peak growth rate. The last phase (low stationery) shows the existence of a fresh equilibrium between birth and mortality rates. This implies that the population is stable. There is a low mortality rate due to the availability of adequate health care services. Most of the developed countries are categorized under this phase (Borgmann, 2005). Factors which led to a reduction in the crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) In the demographic transition, a decrease in the crude birth rate is majorly caused by industrialization and urbanization, which requires less labor. It is also caused by the alterations in socioeconomic preferences where people tend to put much focus on consumption. Increase in living standards is another factor which contributes to the decrease in the crude birth rate. For instance, most people in urban areas will tend to have few children to cope with the high cost of living. The availability of contraceptives has also made it easy for many families to have few children through practicing family planning. The decrease in the crude death rate is caused
Voter identification laws raised controversies in the 2012 elections in the US. By the time voters were electing new leaders, close to thirty states had already enacted laws barring a voter from masquerading as a genuine voter. However, critics noted that the voter identification laws were meant to disenfranchise voters and discourage them from participating in elections [1] . Democrats interpreted the laws to mean denying the minorities a chance to participate in elections. The laws were supported by the Republican dominated states that had a perception that minorities and students would support the Democrats. The following statement from one of the local dailies proves this. The Pennsylvania law, passed in March without any Democratic support, is one of 11 similar laws around the country approved by Republican-dominated legislatures [2] . On their part, Republicans claimed that some voters in the voter register were dead or did not even exist. For instance, a statement that, “ In South Carolina, state authorities have been investigating allegations that more than 900 dead people voted in recent elections “ proves that Republicans had a solid claim [3] . The supporters and opponents of the voter identification laws had solid claims that made it difficult for the courts to make a ruling [4] . The voter identification laws are measures aimed at ensuring that registered voters do not allow other people to use their identities to cast votes [5] . Before the establishment of the voter laws in 2003, political parties made claims that some fraudsters had started using the voting cards of the deceased in voting [6] . The laws have been developed over years since each state has different fraud claims [7] . However, the bottom line is that voters should provide their identities before they can be allowed to cast their votes [8] . Identification varies from one state to the other. A large number of states demand a government-issued photograph while a small number of states simply demand a bank statement [9] . The electoral laws demand that a new voter provides identification. Indiana was the first state to apply the law in 2006. However, the Supreme Court challenged the policy two years later. Opponents of the voter identification laws claim that the new policies affect the old in society, as well as the minorities. Opponents claim that, “ a new nationwide analysis of more than 2,000 cases of alleged election fraud over the past dozen years shows that in-person voter impersonation on Election Day, which has prompted 37 state legislatures to enact or consider tougher voter ID laws, was virtually nonexistent [10] . In the US, the elderly, minorities, and the low-income individuals tend to vote for the Democratic Party. Acquiring a photograph would be challenging to the old and the disadvantaged in society. This is because they might not have sufficient funds to procure photos as demanded by the new voter identification laws [11] . Some states require additional documents, such as birth certificates, before releasing photographs. The cost of acquiring a photograph can be as high as twenty-five dollars. In rural areas, peo
Chemerinsky, Erwin, and Michele Goodwin. “Constitutional Gerrymandering against Abortion Rights: Nifla V. Becerra.” New York University Law Review , vol. 94, no. 1, 2019, pp. 1-124. This article, published by two professors of law, discusses abortion rights as they pertain to informing women about contraception and abortion. The article’s main point, illustrated by recent cases, is that the conservative Supreme Court will likely continue to infringe upon abortion rights using very broad interpretations of the Constitution. It may be useful in the paper because the authors quote important statistics regarding abortion to support their point. The source’s strength is in using statistical data to reinforce its point, but the author’s clear bias in favor of abortion rights may be considered a weakness. Erdman, Joann an. “Theorizing Time in Abortion Law and Human Rights.” Health and Human Rights Journal , vol. 19, no. 1, 2017, pp. 29-40. This article by a specialist in health law and policy discusses the issue of abortion from health and justice perspectives. The author argues that specific terms for allowing or forbidding abortion are largely arbitrary, and the main concern should be caring for the health and rights of women rather than imposing any rigid standard. The article analyzes numerous examples of legal temporal restrictions to stringy support its point, but its weakness is that it does not advise on specific ways of addressing pregnant women’s rights and health. It would be best used to provide information on how abortion laws view health risks. Jones, Rachel K., and Jenna Jerman. “Population Group Abortion Rates and Lifetime Incidence of Abortion: United States, 2008–2014.” The American Journal of Public Health , vol. 107, no. 12, 2017, pp. 1904-1909. This article by two researchers from the Guttmacher Institute, a leading abortion advocacy organization, covers the rates of abortion in the United States. The authors’ method was cross-referencing several databases, and their conclusion is that there is an evident but not uniform decline in abortion rates. The wealth of statistical information is the source’s main strength and also the best way to use it in the paper. Its main weakness is rhetorical because the authors’ affiliation indicates a bias in favor of abortion. Rebouche, Rachel. “Abortion Rights as Human Rights.” Social & Legal Studies , vol. 25, no. 6, 2016, pp. 765-782. This article by a lawyer from Temple University argues that a human rights perspective may minimize the legal challenges of implementing abortion rights. It supports this main point by discussing how the increasing prominence of the human rights perspective weakens institutional barriers against abortion rights. It would be best used to illustrate the argument in favor of abortion rights based on the [regnant women’s right to health, which is its major strength. Thomson, Judith J. “A Defense of Abortion.” University of Colorado , Web. This article, written by a prominent feminist thinker for everybody interested in the subject