ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Obesity is a serious disease among children of Chicago. It is characterized by a high degree of overweight that is usually caused by a considerable excessive fat storage. As a rule, it is measured by the use of a Body Mass Index (BMI). In spite of the existing limitations, it has a low cost and defines health risks inherent to the disease. If the conditions under which childhood obesity can be controlled are not satisfactory, there is a risk for children to suffer from type 2 diabetes or get some heart problems. In addition, obese children may suffer from numerous stresses and depression. Children, who live in Chicago, demonstrate high rates of obesity (twice higher than a national average). Though the data is changing considerably during the last five years, this topic turns out to be urgent. This is why the government usually supports a number of obesity prevention programs: the “5-4-3-2-1 Go!” campaign aims at involving parents in their children’s lives and informing them about the main aspects of health behavior (Evans, Christoffel, Necheles, & Becker, 2012) or the Illinois surveillance system based on the information gathered through child health examination forms (Longjohn, Sheon, Card-Higginson, Nader, & Mason, 2010). Reference Evans, W.D., Christoffel, K.K., Necheles, J.W., & Becker, A.B. (2012). Social marketing as a childhood obesity prevention strategy. Obesity: A Research Journal, 18 (S1), 23-26. Longjohn, M., Sheon, A., Card-Higginson, P., Nader, P.R., & Mason, M. (2010). Learning from state surveillance of childhood obesity. Health Affairs, 29 (3), 463-472.
Directing selling The direct sales approach is a method of marketing and retailing goods to the consumer and does not rely on direct mail, product advertising or fixed retail outlets. In the context of crude oil, it is usually sold directly to potential buyers through an organisation or corporation, which controls and regulates the selling. The direct selling approach has greatly changed in the recent due to the adoption of the internet and shifts in consumer behaviour. Therefore, it would be important to the Geneva-based oil trading company to adopt direct selling strategy to Crude oil is the leading product in terms of the value of units traded on a daily basis globally. Selling of Crude oil in Nigeria The selling of most of the world crude oil reserves is controlled by organisations that facilitate the sale of the crude oil such as the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). These organisations have been tasked with the role of setting up guidelines concerning the selling process. In addition, other oil producing countries have created such corporations to manage various issues with regard to oil production and selling. The government mainly controls the operations of the NNPC. In fact the oil sector in the country has been relatively stable sue to the strict regulations that re effected by the NNPC on behalf of the government. This corporation allocates the crude oil to specific buyers who have met certain conditions set by the corporation. Those who may apply for allocation are required to be bona fide end users who own a refinery and retail outlets abroad, details of the facilities, markets and volumes of crude oil processed over the last three years must accompany the application and must be an established and globally recognised large-volume trader. Applicants should meet certain requirements in order to be allowed to trade in oil. This aims at prohibiting firms that are not well prepared to engage in oil trading, which would result in the collapse of the global petroleum industry. One of the most important requirements of applicants is a minimum investment that is set by the oil production and regulatory body. In addition, firms should have about 100 million US dollars with regard to annual turnover. Direct selling of crude oil in Nigeria can be described in four ways. They include freight on board (FOB), tanker-to-tanker (TTT), tanker take over (TTO) and cost insurance and freight (CIF). Among the three methods of selling oil in the country, various firms commonly adopt the TTO and TTT. In TTO, a firm uses a tanker of a oil producing company to transport the purchased oil to its premises, but returns the equipment upon delivery. On th
The ancient Greek play Oedipus the King , written by the playwright Sophocles, premiered over 12 centuries ago, yet the grisly tale of the character Oedipus permeates modern culture, thanks largely to the influence of Sigmund Freud, the godfather of psychoanalytic theory. Locked into a fatalistic trajectory prophesied by the all-powerful oracle so central to Greek tragedy, hapless Oedipus inadvertently murders his father Laius, marries his mother, Jocasta, and then sires two children by her, Antigone and Ismene, who become his half-sisters as well as his daughters. In The Interpretation of Dreams , Sigmund Freud posited that Oedipus the King retained its power over the centuries on account of “the peculiar nature of the material by which the conflict is revealed” 1 . Sigmund Freud concluded that the fate of the play’s protagonist Oedipus maintained its resonance with modern audiences because “there must be a voice within us which is prepared to acknowledge the compelling power of fate” 2 . Much of Sigmund Freud’s theory rests on the assumption that unconscious drives and impulses govern the bulk of human activity; thus Greek fatalism fits neatly into the Freudian model. Sigmund Freud understood that there was “actually a motive in the story of King Oedipus which explains the verdict of this inner voice. His fate moves us only because it might have been our own, because the oracle laid upon us before our birth the very curse which rested upon him. It may be that we were all destined to direct our first sexual impulses toward our mothers, and our first impulses of hatred and violence toward our fathers” 3 . Sigmund Freud understood the compelling nature of the story of Oedipus across the millennia to rest on the truth that it revealed about the “primitive wish of our childhood” 4 . In the mind of the famous neurologist, in Oedipus the King, Sophocles successfully brings “the guilt of Oedipus to light by his investigation, [and]… forces us to become aware of our own inner selves, in which the same impulses are still extant, even though they are suppressed” 5 . The novel Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence analyzes the three strongest female relationships in the protagonist Paul Morel’s life: his girlfriend Miriam, his lover Clara and his mother Gertrude. Contemporary critics and readers alike typically view the relationship between Paul and Gertrude Morel as the quintessential representation of the Oedipus complex in the modern fiction canon. Numerous critics claim th
Introduction Christopher Columbus’s voyages that led him and his sailors to discover the Americas can be discussed from the perspective of the impact this discovery had on innovation. It is important to understand how Columbus’s activities changed the life of many Europeans in terms of their focus on science and economy. From this, it can be concluded that the Columbian discovery led to great innovation, with particular reference to stimulating the progress of philosophical thought, science, and both national and world economies, as well as trade relations between continents. Main body Columbus’s voyages meant that new lands, plants, and animals typical of the Americas were discovered by the Europeans. As a result of the new discoveries, according to Crosby, Europeans began to concentrate on exploring these new objects, while at the same time developing their science. Furthermore, they were also interested in examining Amerindians and their behaviors, cultures, and customs (152). As such, the introduction of the New World to Europeans can be seen to have initiated the development of innovative thought in terms of anthropology, philosophy, social sciences, as well as biology, and geography. What is more important is that the Columbian discovery contributed to changing Europeans’ approaches to planning their national economies and organizing trade. Crosby noted that new lands, with their available gold and silver, as well as other raw materials, stimulated Europeans to change their strategy in manufacturing and trade (152-153). One can state that the increased availability of many land resources, minerals, human resources, animals, and plants helped Europeans find new ways of using these resources in the most productive manner, leading to innovation. The development of the world market and the opening of new trade routes were also associated with innovation. Europeans tried to use the New World colonies as efficiently as possible while discovering new horizons for economic growth. Thus, it was necessary for Europeans to maintain work with raw materials in the Americas and manufacturing processes in the United Kingdom and other European countries (Crosby 152-153). As a result, these activities led to the development of scientific knowledge and innovation. Moreover, the necessity of developing the New World and building trade routes led to the creation of new infrastructures, numerous roads, bridges, and canals, which was an important step associated with the process of innovation. Indeed, according to Crosb
Introduction The etiology of addiction presupposes studying and understanding its roots and origins that tend to influence the course of its development (NIAAA, 2006). What is more, etiology studies determine the possible treatment strategy (DiClemente, 2006)? Throughout the history of addiction research, many various models and theories have been suggested, but there are general patterns to their development that are going to be demonstrated in the present paper. Personal Responsibility Models Personal responsibility models link the etiology of addiction to the addicted people and their flaws. This idea is among the oldest in the history of the scientific study of addiction etiology (Miller, 2013, p. 271). It appeared before the scientific study of the issue itself, which is reflected in the religious texts, for example, of Abrahamic religions. In the case of this model, the prevention is connected to the educative and legislative measures; treatment presupposes social sanctions and repentance. An example of such a model is the 12-step approach that appeared in 1935 and emphasized the necessity of the “spiritual awakening” of the addicts (Miller, Forcehimes, & Zweben, 2011, p. 24). Agent Models Agent models blame the addictive substance, and the various “dry laws” (for example, the US Prohibition) and prohibitions of drugs stem from this theory. In this case, to prevent addiction, society attempts to get rid of the drug, and the relevant measures are legislative. Dispositional Models Dispositional models claim that an addict has a predisposition to addiction, which they cannot control. As a result, unlike personal responsibility models, dispositional ones do not blame the addicted person. An example is the disease model, in which the addicts are considered to be “constitutionally different from others” (Miller et al., 2011, p. 25). Dispositional theories contributed to the scientific understanding of addiction etiology significantly. Namely, they emphasized the genetic risk factors and the changes that constant substance abuse cause for the brain. Most importantly, these models introduced a humane approach to treatment. Sociocultural Models With the accumulation of scientific evidence, a more comprehensive view on the etiology of addiction was being introduced (Miller et al., 2011, p. 26). The influence of society was admitted by social learning models that linked addiction to the experience of a person. It included the reaction to the social environment and the following of the observed models. For example, it has been proved that a higher level of family cohesion coupled with social control decreases the risks of developing an addiction while the lack of parental attention and negative models increase it (Jadidi & Nakhaee, 2014). The prevention and treatment suggestions, in this case, include social support with
Contextual environment This is an analysis of Berala on the Park therapeutic recreation programs. Berala Park is twenty-four hours nursing care that offers high quality services and care to clients of all ages. Additionally, Berala Park offers leisure and recreational activities. Berala Park services are categorized into three groups, which include health, lifestyle and activities (Berala on the Park, 2012). Berala on the Park mission is to provide “optimum quality resident care delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, professionalism and individual pride.” At the same time, the Berala on the Park is dedicated to providing excellence and compassionate care services to the aging members of the society. The premise has established itself as a place where caring begins, and life continues. The main goal of Berala on the Park is to deliver a sustainable, healthy, and comfortable living environment for the aging. At the same time, Berala aims at providing a conducive environment that encompasses freedom, peace, and individuality. It is aimed at gaining new knowledge and insight into aged care so
Introduction Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare disease, which affects thousands of people annually nonetheless. Although both children and adults can get ALL, it primarily develops in small children, teenagers, and young adults. Despite medical advances, acute lymphoblastic leukemia often leads to the worst possible outcome, leaving patients with a poor prognosis. The purpose of this paper is to present the first part of the case study by describing the disease’s pathophysiology, treatment options, prevalence, and incidence. In addition, the essay will partially touch on the subjects of the FDA regulatory process, health care economics, as well as family involvement in decision-making. Description of the Disease, Its Prevalence, and Incidence Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a rare type of cancer, which damages white blood cells in a person’s bone marrow. The disease develops from not yet mature lymphocytes and progresses quickly, which is why it has the term “acute” in the title. According to Terwilliger and Abdul-Hay (2017), the pathogenesis of this condition “involves the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of a global population of lymphoid cells” (para. 3). ALL demonstrates the breakages in lymphoid development caused by genetic mutations. Thus, certain groups are predisposed to the diseases, including those with Down and Bloom syndromes, ataxia telangiectasia, and other conditions (Terwilliger & Abdul-Hay, 2017). Additionally, there is a range of other predisposing factors such as pesticide and radiation exposure, as well as contact with certain viruses. As for symptoms, the most common are weight loss, high body temperature, excessive sweating, fatigue, and frequent bruising. Some cases lead to the spread of affected white cells into the central nervous system. This can result in more serious symptoms, including seizures, dizziness, and headaches. Apart from ALL’s pathophysiology and symptoms, it is crucial to discuss the risk factors. Although there is no definite answer as to what the primary reason for mutations is, known risk factors are smoking, obesity, a weak immune system, as well as previous rounds of chemotherapy. As mentioned earlier, a number of ALL cases in children are related to specific genetic disorders. Although 80% of ALL occurs in the younger population comprised of predominantly children, the disease affects adults as well. Terwilliger and Abdul-Hay (2017) state that the incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is 1.6 per 100,000 population in the United States alone. The researchers note that in the year 2016, doctors diagnosed 6590 cases of the disorder and detected 1400 deaths (Terwilliger & Abdul-Hay, 2017). As the most
Generally systems theory is aimed at describing the way in which complex structures operate. In this context, the term system can be described as the set of components that supplement and influence one another (Catalano, 1996, p. 23). More importantly, if one of the elements fails to operate in an appropriate way, the entire system may fail (Kim, 2006). Additionally, systems can adapt to external influences and incorporate new elements. This assumption has significant implications for the work of healthcare professionals who need to understand how the behavior of a person can be influenced by his/her immediate environment. These are the main elements that should be distinguished. This framework can be applied to the work of nursing professionals. In particular, this model is useful for identifying positive and negative factors that can impact the health outcomes of a person. For instance, one can mention the support of relatives and friends as a positive influence if a person has to struggle with a certain illness. In contrast, unemployment can prevent an individual from overcoming health problems. This model is useful for understanding how and why a person can make certain health choices. General systems theory will not be the only model that I will use in my daily practices. As a rule, it will be used to determine how the external environment can influence the health outcomes of a person. In particular, I will focus on those stressors that can affect the lifestyles of an individual such as dietary habits. Much attention should be paid to the events that prompt a person to adopt lifestyles that are harmful for his/her health. It is critical to ensure that a patient can adequately respond to various stressors. It is possible to consider the Early Christian period in the history of nursing. The growing popularity of Christian beliefs and values can be the most important historical influence. For example, one can speak about the assumption according to which every person regardless of his social status can merit mercy, pity, or empathy (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2014, p. 13). Additionally, this ethical implies that by caring about other people, a person could care about Jesus. Thus, nursing was perceived a noble activity. One should keep in mind that many nurses lived on the territory of the Roman Empire in which the rights of women were better preserved than in the medieval societies. Furthermore, they could get access to scientific knowledge. In many cases, nurses could be women representing upper social classes (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2014, p. 13). Furthermore, one should consider the impact of the Ancient Greek philosophy, according to which there are certain norms that govern every person regardless of his religion or ethnicity. At that time, these philosophical assumptions were combined with Christian beliefs. These are the main influences that can be distinguished. These influences continue to be relevant today because medical professionals want to make sure that healthcare is inclusive; in other words, it should be accessible to people representing different social classes, ethnicities, religious groups, and so forth. Thus, th
Elements of culture Schwartz and Conley (2000) are of the opinion that all cultures have a history and a heritage which is passed from one generation to another. Cultures are identifiable because they share certain characteristics. People within a given cultural group have a way of telling between members and non-members. Members share a common language through which cultural interactions take place, certain group values are shared, and various social and behavioural patterns are followed. Members follow special rules of etiquette when communicating with others, introducing themselves to strangers, getting someone’s attention and leave-taking. One’s culture certainly provides an important part of the context in which decisions are made, but it may be argued that culture doesn’t in itself ‘determine” any specific behaviours. Members of each culture also have their own unique slang expressions and figures of speech. Diversity fortifies human species and adds threads to the tapestry of human lives. It exponentially increases the possibilities for progress and positive change in the world because rather than seeing from only one perspective, it allows us to see from many. According to Schwartz & Conley (2000), the human would be sadly diminished if the music of the universe consisted of only one note. The authors assert that we would be even more sadly diminished if human beings were free of differences. The author advocates for respecting and celebrating differences rather than tolerating it. Only by respecting and honouring the differences of others can we preserve our own. Respect of Diversity A child will appreciate diversity if he is in an environment where individual differences are noted and treated with respect. In working with children, one will need to be a good model so as to avoid the children developing negative attitudes and feelings of discomfort. A display of respect and comfort is crucial when working with children. Children usually follow the lead when they their model interacting with everyone in a respectful manner and also appearing comfortable in those interactions. When dealing with children, it is important not to worry about what other people may or may not be thinking. It is good to be open when interacting with people from different diversities without fear. Communicating with diverse people may in no way compromise your identity. It is also important to stop someone who is ridiculing or joking about people who are different. By avoiding the discussion, you give the impression that you do not condone such negative behaviour. It is important to also tell children about differences. Consequently, it is important to encourage children to ask questions. Giving them the correct information in matter of fact manner will make them realize that being different is not mysterious or something to be feared. It is crucial to use common, everyday vocabulary and also be yourself when dealing diverse people (Schwartz & Conley, 2000). Risk Factors According to Schwartz and Conley (2000), home life and parental involvement are crucial to a child’s performance in school. Sergio lacks a supportive home life since he i