ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Volunteering is believed to be one of the philanthropic activities, which is aimed at promoting well the quality of life. The recruitment of volunteers entails requesting individuals to offer their services in the organization without pay. This is often done in two ways, including offering people a formal form to fill their applications or offering a formal job title. It could also be done informally, whereby the top managers bring in their close friends or relatives to help in accomplishing certain organizational tasks. From time to time, an organization might need volunteers, given the fact that not all positions would need salaried employees. While recruiting volunteers, the management should look out for individuals who understand the diversity of the organization. Moreover, volunteers should understand the needs of the community for them to offer quality services. It should be understood that each volunteer seeks to accomplish a certain mission, which is a clear indication that no individual would be willing to do something without a specific reason. People decide to engage in volunteering for several reasons (Pynes, 2009). For instance, they only decide to offer their services after someone asked them to do so. If an individual understands that his or her services are needed in the organization, they would be reluctant to turn down the chance. Some would join the organization as volunteers after realizing that the aims and the major objectives are similar to his or her intentions. Some people are concerned with social change, and they would, therefore, be willing to participate in the program without pay to spearhead reforms. Recruiting and Managing Volunteers Volunteers are the heart of the organization since they perform some of the duties that other salaried employees would demand a lot. Based on this, the organization has the main role in assessing its image to attract volunteers. Individuals offering free services to an organization would be willing to do so if the organization has a high reputation. In many cases, the first set of volunteers work as the board of directors. Some could be active members of the congregation while some might be well-known members of society. Volunteers can be recruited using several methods, including making contacts to the local volunteer center, making use of existing volunteers in the organization, advertising the positions in the media, and announcing the vacancies in the educational sessions and meetings. For an organization to attract the best volunteers, it should design the message in such a way that people will turn out in large numbers. The organization has the role of ensuring that volunteers are motivated to offer the best services to clients. In this regard, the management should share skills with volunteers, help them in undertaking their responsibilities, direct them as they further their career, and make them feel they are part of the organization (Ellis, 2002). This would indeed guarantee all volunteers that they are needed in the organization and woul
Introduction Organizations and companies experience a lot of challenges in attracting and retaining quality productive work force. They are faced with the problem of wanting to maintain and to make their employees satisfied to tap their optimum productivity and their ideas while at the same time make them creative and satisfied while keeping them motivated and satisfied. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations have been widely studied and there has been an understanding that they can bring change in organizations. There are various forms of motivation techniques that are employed by companies like motivational salary and fewer hours of working. Other factors such as strong communication in the organization, recognition, added responsibility and achievement are also factors that can motivate employees (Reeve, 2009). Workplace environment impacts on the engagement, productivity, and morale of employees positively and negatively. In the modern work environment, companies cannot afford to waste their potential workforce. The primary factors in the workplace that can impact on the performance and the productivity of the employees are rewards and motivation. These affect the productivity, morale and engagement. In order to motivate employees, various companies have implemented several practices like performance-based employment and salary increase as the primary incentives. The workplace factors that affect performance are illustrated in the following diagram. (Oyedele, 2011) Assessment of a department according to goal setting, performance evaluation and reward My analysis of my company or organization will be focused on the sales department: sales department and its staff are mainly responsible for the public relations of the company, customer services, client relationship as well as sales and promotion of the company. Working in the sales department requires candidates who are highly skilled, particularly in the areas of communication, understanding of various concepts and ability of an individual to interact and network. It also demands for enthusiasm and sales and marketing skills. The organization utilizes the one-on-one oriented reward system whereby the manager rewards a person or individual team member for achieving the sales target. Other reward incentives for the company are the rewarding of the sales team of the mont
Introduction Globalization forces of free market, coupled with political will, have encouraged private investors to venture into the criminal justice system and look for investing opportunities in the United States. In the criminal justice system, investors have found a lucrative business opportunity to invest in the prison system since there has been increasing population of inmates that placed extra burden on the government budget. Moreover, due to public demand to fight crime, there has been increasing cases of arrests made by law enforcement system, which has compelled the prison system to expand and accommodate the increasing population of inmates. Due to the government’s inability to cope with increasing population of inmates by expanding prison facilities, privatization became an option. According to Nossal and Wood (2004), increasing population of inmates, economic crisis that led to budget deficits, overcrowding in prisons, and the need to reform the prison system are factors that contributed to the emergence of private prisons (p.3). Due to economic factors, the government found out that it was extraordinarily expensive to expand and operate new prisons, while the private sector was ready to provide the required prison services at a cheaper cost. Therefore, what are historical trends of the prison privatization, and its effects on the prison system, staff, and inmates? Increase in Prison Privatization Due to economic reasons, privatization of prisons across the United States has been increasing tremendously for the last four decades. Between 1970 and 1980, population of inmates increased exponentially, because criminal justice system was unusually aggressive in fighting drug trafficking, which was a substantial criminal activity facing the United States then. Increased population of inmates demanded vast resources to expand and operate the prison system, but the government was not able to inject extra funds in the system since there have been budgeting deficits. Following the revelation that private prisons are cheaper to operate and maintain, politicians advocated for the privatization of prisons as a way of trimming government expenditure on the prison system. In addition, human rights movements had criticized the public prison system for having poor facilities and overcrowding of inmates that resulted into mistreatment of inmates. According to Greene (2000), the public prison system had deficiencies in that there were staffing deficiencies, poor correction facilities, inefficient security procedures, and poor classification of inmates amidst the challenge of increasing population of inmates (p.2). Thus, due to the inability of the government to carry out comprehensive reforms, it delegated the responsibility of expanding and operating extra prisons to the private sector. Moreover, the globalization issue of free trade and free market encouraged investors to venture into every as
The Alzheimer’s disease article I examined was titled Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – Like pathology in Aged Monkeys after Infantile Exposure to Environmental Metal Lead (Pb): Evidence for a Developmental Origin and Environmental Link for AD. The authors of this article are affiliates of various universities including University of Rhode Island, Kingston; university of Montana, Missoula; National Institutes of Health, North Carolina; Mine department of Health and Human Services, Augusta; and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. This study shows that environmental hazards, in this case lead, increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and that the development period is crucial for determining future vulnerability to neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. The last figure in this article, figure 6 illustrates a model of the adverse effects of lead on SP1- mediated expression of APP. Part A shows a normal DNA function; part B shows the partial effects which are insufficient to alter gene activity; and part C demonstrates normal changes of development, maturity and aging which lead to stimulation of SP1 regulatory alterations and the subsequent effects on the gene activity. This guideline is called Guideline for Alzheimer’s disease management. This guideline was derived from California Workgroup for Alzheimer’s disease Management September 2008. The guideline seeks to facilitate a comprehensive care delivery for patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and their caretakers, by Primary Care Practitioners (PCPs). Moreover, the guideline is focused on Alzheimer’s disease patients. The guideline takes into consideration six major outcomes including mortality, cognitive level, functional level, incidence of abuse and neglect, adoption capacity of families and care providers, and the rate of disease progression. The clinical trial for Alzheimer’s disease was called Alzheimer’s disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT). This study was sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) in collaboration with the Department of Veterans Affairs of the University of Washington and john Hopkins University. The trial had been completed by the time this clinical trial was updated, which was on 20 September, 2007. This trial was base on Alzheimer’s disease in which interventions drugs like Naproxen Sodium and Celocoxib were employed in the study. This trial was a Phase III study. The participants eligible for this study were individuals who were at high risk of developing the disease, persons who are of an
Introduction The current and past movement of the human race from one region to another is one development that calls for our attention in this era of globalization. For the purpose of this assignment, I will describe it using two terms; Diasporic and transnational movements which are expounded in the assignment. The diasporic movement has been used to refer to the progress of Africans as well as their offspring or children to various places throughout the entire world especially in America, the Middle East, and Europe. Africans also dispersed to America by migrating, it is estimated that about forty million African – Americans were migrated to the United States of America. This kind of movement took place before World War II and the main reason was for the immigrants to provide forced labor. The ship was the only mode of transportation across the ocean, the movement of people then was forceful. Transnational Movement The transnational movement has been defined as the progress or movement of people from one country to another. The latter is usually perceived to be more developed than the latter. The reasons for the movement include; looking for job opportunities as immigrants or expatriates, escaping forced displacement due to civil unrest. The flow of people via transnational migrations, capital flow, and information flow over very large distances thanks to the modern development in communication (Swain, 2007). Even though the migrants invest economically, socially, and politica
Introduction The trend to change the familiar learning environment is not a new issue. People tend to have less time to devote solely to the process of education. This position is especially true for higher education, specific courses, and professional development trainings. One approach to the change of the learning environment is the distant learning which representative in the internet era is e-learning. Ironically, without being developed to its full potential, the substitute of e-learning, i.e. mobile learning is predicted to take the place of e-learning, at least in Asia and Africa. In the article “Mobile Learning in Developing Nations”, the author –Scott Motlik argues that mobile learning has all the chances to take the lead of distant learning in Asia and Africa, whereas following the e-learning pattern would be a huge ‘disservice’ that will slowdown the development of distant learning. This paper critically analyzes Motlik’s article arguing that mobile learning itself at the current stage has particular drawbacks that prevent it from competing with e-learning on equal terms. Methodology Basically, the analysis of the article will be based on examining the reasons provided by the author to explain the claims. The analysis is built upon the argument that the provided reasons are selective in providing the whole picture of the issue. The reasons explained by the author are effective and believable, but the analysis questions their subjectivity in regards of mobile learning. Discussion The first argument used by the author in regards of ed
Although the current trends and state of the economy are predominantly defined by large international companies and organizations, the favorable economic climate provided a rise in entrepreneurship worldwide. The rise of entrepreneurship marked the expansion of a new part of business, the small and middle enterprises (SMEs). Although SMEs have significantly fewer responsibilities than big corporations, SMEs now comprise a sufficient part of business, and their impact in terms of sustainable development is close to the effects of corporations. This essay will explain why SMEs should commit to sustainable development and sustainable development goals (SDGs), what key concepts and principles they would have to consider and what resources are required for the implementation. There are several reasons why SMEs should commit to sustainable development. The first reason is that small business account for almost half of the workforce in the U.S. and almost 90% of all businesses in America (U.S. Small Business Administration, 2019). Because large companies have already been familiar with the concept of social responsibility for the last couple of decades, it is time for SMEs to implement the principles of social responsibility. Although sustainable development’s main point is saving resources for future generations, the concept of social responsibility addresses similar current issues in both society and the environment. The SMEs can begin their way to sustainable development by addressing their social responsibilities and taking actions that would benefit current society and future generations. Aside from sustainability being an aspect of the social responsibility of business, there are several positive outcomes of implementing SDGs for small businesses that make the achievement of SDGs more attractive. Sustainability boosts the transition into new technological solutions, such as sustainable energy sources, which allows connection to the latest business tools and technologies. Moreover, sustainability requires expansive thinking and creativity, leading to original business ideas and increasing business processes’ effectiveness. For example, renewable sources of energy in business help reduce additional costs for the company in the long term. Thus, sustainability is closely related to the financial performance of the company. Various sources emphasize the sustainability aspect of business activities and suggest that financial and environmental KPIs are interdependent (Shashi et al., 2019). The suggestion is made upon the fact that sustainability promotes innovation and collaboration and leaves a psychosocial impact on employees and customers that switches their thinking from short-ter
The wide range of organisms on the planet, such as plants, animals, microbes, and fungi, is biodiversity. The earth’s species diversity varies such that many species are yet to be identified. However, many identified species face extinction due to human activities, threatening the planet’s beautiful ecosystem (Naeem et al. 1). Various opinions are revealed concerning biodiversity, including the human impact, reversal of biodiversity loss, the impact of overpopulation, the future of biodiversity, and the rate of extinction. Biodiversity helps provide food, water, and genetic resources; similarly, it helps with climate regulation, energy provision, and recreational benefits. Despite these benefits, research reveals that the human impact has negatively affected diversity because of their overexploitation of natural resources such as deforestation and urbanization (Gavin et al. 1846). I think that human activities are the primary cause of biodiversity loss because unethical behaviors have been tolerated, such as throwing plastic cans into the oceans. Various theories concerning diversity conservation suggest that developing sustainable economic activities rather than destructive harvesting and land should be considered (Naeem et al. 2). This advice is an excellent recommendation because poverty can greatly influence overfishing, which destroys biodiversity. Overpopulation plays a significant role in the depletion of biodiversity because they contribute to the exhaustion of natural resources, pollution of the environment, and water shortage. In addition, I think overpopulation increases disorganization and poor environmental behavior, such as poor disposal of waste. Another factor is that the future of biodiversity is uncertain because no viable interventions have been implemented to stop overexploitation (Gavin et al. 1846). The reason is that people are still breaking the policies created to support its conservation derailing the process. Lastly, the number of threatened species globally increases each day, indicating a significant problem. Currently, 99% of species on earth have become extinct due to the overexploitation of the environment (“Threatened species” para 1). Some species such as fish will also follow the same trend leaving the earth a barren place without anything. Works Cited Gavin, Michael C., et al. “Effective biodiversity conservation requires dynamic, pluralistic, partnership-based approaches.” Sustainability, vol.10 no.6, 2018, p.1846. Web. Naeem, Shahid, et al. “Biodiversity and human well-being: an essential link for sustainable development.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , vol. 283, no.1844, 2016, pp. 1-2. Web. “ Threatened species .” OECD Data. Web.
Ill health often comes with discomfort and pain. As a result, ill health provides the affected individuals with an impetus to seek prompt medical attention. In the process of seeking medical attention, several factors connive to influence the efficacy of the treatment received. These include the health care delivery system, the setting of the treatment process, and the physician-patient relationship (Taylor, 2012). In a situation where each of these factors is consistent with the patient’s expectations, it is highly likely to register positive health changes. For instance, if the setting is right, that is, if the physician devotes time to create an aura of friendliness around the treatment process, the probability of obtaining a positive response from the patient is very high. The friendliness evokes a feeling of security and confidence among patients (Taylor, 2012). Consequently, the patient can open and share the symptoms with the physician even if they are embarrassing in nature. Further, a friendly setting gives patients solace, which cushions them against painful treatment procedures. The duty of a patient when an illness occurs is to seek medical attention promptly. Due to the pain and discomfort that come with most illnesses, the health care delivery system should also respond to a patient’s quest for medical attention commensurately. In any case, patient satisfaction is a fundamental aspect of the whole treatment process. A healthcare delivery system that responds to the needs of a patient immediately goes a long way in ensuring patient satisfaction (Taylor, 2012). Besides giving the patient the correct medication on time, this kind of system has a positive psychological effect on patients. This psychological effect may not be directly delineable, but it does exist. The principle behind the positive health effects of an efficient health care delivery system is similar to the effect of placebos on patients (Thompson, 2005). As noted earlier, patient satisfaction is critical to successful treatment. In the overall sense, it does not really matter if a physician administers high quality treatment since patients base their judgment on physician-patient interaction. Consequently, a timid physician passes as unfriendly and incompetent regardless of their professional competence (Taylor, 2012). An exuberant physician on the other hand, passes as friendly and competent. It is thus imperative for physicians to observe all the heuristics that pertain to effective physician-patient interaction. Doing so promotes adherence to the prescribed treatment
Automating Systems e.g. Accounting Information System Accounting Information System (AIS) is an interactive human interface that enables organizations to make decisions. Companies develop it in form of Software to help manage data. It generates/stores information helpful in making critical decisions. These decisions include strategies, goals and cost saving procedures. The design of the Software is in such a way that it accommodates each aspect of an organization that is paramount. It is possible to replicate this in Materials Planning, Enterprise Resource Planning and Human Resource Planning by use of both the Internet and Software. This makes decision-making easy (McAfee, 23). Network Security This refers to safeguarding of information contained in systems that are computerized. In the current world of E-Business, almost every aspect of business is possible electronically. This includes acquisition of raw materials (E-Ordering), sale of goods and products (E-Transactions) and more importantly E-Payments. This means that companies need to come up with better ways to safeguard this information flow. Cyber Security is major investment are for almost all companies. Small companies are a part because they also have gone High-Tech to attract a wider market for their products. Hackers are everywhere. They attack even the most sophisticated or perceivably complex sites such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Criminal Investigation Departments of the Government. With many more people embracing web technology even in third world countries, it has become paramount to safeguard information. Companies need to update routinely their Software to make it up-to-date and capable to detect malpractice (McAfee, 23). Use of Social Networks Social networks are many. They include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Google Plus among others. The most widely used social network is face book followed closely by Twitter. These networks are crucial in public relations for both service and goods industry. Organizations use social networks for product advertising. This is possible with banners and text advertisements. Social networks make it much easier keep contacts with relevant customers around the world at very little cost. Ease of Information Flow Information