ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Genetic testing can be considered a modern science since studies in the field of heredity and predisposition to certain diseases have been conducted relatively recently. However, this area of medicine is quite popular among couples who plan a child. According to Steinberg, for this purpose, special experts are involved – genetic counselors who “function as diagnosticians, educators, and therapists” (74). In general, this technique of assessing a predisposition to particular inherited traits is a valuable and important approach. The method of genetic counseling is particularly relevant in neonatal medical practice. This diagnostics is an opportunity to determine a newborn’s tendency to inherit certain diseases and to analyze the possible course of early development. Therefore, the significance of this technique is significant, and its undeniable advantages make it an important branch of medicine. However, such tests do not provide the guarantee of an accurate analysis result. Steinberg cites the concepts of false negatives and false positives, and in both cases, the outcomes of preliminary testing do not coincide with the final ones (75). For example, in a couple where one spouse suffers from a hereditary disease, such as myopia, a child with perfect vision may be born. Nevertheless, based on the tests performed, the initial analysis may indicate that the fetus has the same syndrome. As another example, it is possible to mention a dangerous Down syndrome that, as a rule, is “caused by mutations or accidents during meiosis” (Steinberg 76). If a medical professional misses essential information during the testing process, both healthy parents may have a baby with a pronounced abnormality. Such errors make one think about the feasibility of relying on such testing comprehensively; therefore, the qualification of genetic counselors should be high to avoid the wrong diagnosis. Work Cited Steinberg, Laurence, et al. Development: Infancy Through Adolescence. Cengage Learning, 2010.
Global warming is defined as the increase in the surface temperature of the earth. This surface includes the air that is near the earth, land, and water bodies (John 2). A sustained increase in this temperature rise is what has caused climate change in its eventuality. Global warming is considered an evil by many people but it has its positive side too. This paper looks at the positive side of global warming.   * Creation of new trade routes. A sustained increase in the surface temperatures of land will lead to the melting of the Arctic Ice. This will lead to the formation of a new trade route that will cut the cost of shipping.   * Reduction in the number of hurricanes. Warmer temperatures may reduce the surging waters because they may mitigate the causes of hurricanes (John 2). This will increase tourism to places that are potentially dangerous because they are vulnerable to hurricanes like the Florida coast.   * Longer summers. The increased temperatures will make those cold places have longer and warmer summers.   * Reduced deaths. Fewer people are bound to die during winter because the temperatures will be higher. The vulnerable groups like the aged and children will be less susceptible due to the lack of cold-related diseases that kill them in large numbers annually.   * Increased food production. This will result due to more carbon dioxide gas being released into the atmosphere (Susan 96). Because plants rely on it to grow, they will mature fast and in large numbers to feed people. This will result in reduced hunger in the world.   * Increase in habitat number. Species that are dominant in cold places due to the cold will have new adaptations and they may move south. It can also lead to the formation of new species that will adapt to these changes.   * New estuaries will be created because of increased sea levels which will be as a result of melted ice caps. These estuaries are very rich in ecosystems.   * Stronger tidal energy may be produced because an increase in the level of the sea increases the tides. This energy can be harnessed to become a very important source of renewable energy.   * Economically, there will be more fishing of cod fishing in Greenland. This will lead to an improved economic system.   * Acidification of the ocean. Global warming is moderated by the uptake of gases like carbon dioxide by the ocean (Susan 111).   * Environmentally, there will be fast and dense growth of forests because of the longer sunlight hours. This will lead to an increase in forest growth and the associated economical advantage of timber and its products.   * There will be more vegetation growing in the northern latitudes. This can help the northerners to grow more crops and sustain their food supply and also develop their economy.   * More rainfall.
External Forces The organizational inertia can be seen as one of the main challenges for the company to change (George & Jones, 2004). In that regard, the present paper provides the difficulties that the company Morgan Stanley might face in managing the following external factors. Industry Trends and Economic Changes This external force can be seen through that the business was shifting from manufacturing to the service industry, with the last trend being the globalization of the business (Tosi, Mero, & Rizzo, 2000). Each of the aforementioned trends resulted in changes in the market and the competition, responding to which the business had to be restructured. If the latter could be managed, considering the company’s global presence in the world, economic change is an aspect that is more difficult to manage. It can be assumed that the reliance of the company as a provider of financial services on economic activity, which is downturned by the recession, lead to that the company should consider the changes in the company’s structure and culture. Competitive Forces This factor is directly related to the sector of the industry, in which the company operates, i.e. financial services provider, where the reliance on employees as one of the main assets of the company is a distinctive attribute. In that regard, complying with forces of competition, the company would focus on the factors of efficiency and quality. Taking the aspect of efficiency as the easiest to manage, downsizing of firms can be seen as a response to the competitive forces (Tosi, et al., 2000), which will imply changes in the organization’s structure and culture. Ethical Forces The promotion of ethical behavior in the company can be seen through the company’s code of ethics and business conduct. In that regard, the company points out that the commitment to the code is a demonstration of the commitment to the company and its principles. Accordingly, it can be stated that in a company with network organizations and departments such as Stanley Morgan (“Explore Morgan Stanley,” 2009), led to that the ethical and the legal responsibility of the company is disaggregated, a factor pointed out in the company’s code of conduct (“Morgan Stanley Code of Ethics and Business Conduct,” 2009). In that regard, the focus is shifted toward the organizational culture to maintain the ethical values of the company, which accordingly should be shaped to consider the ethical and the legal responsibilities of the company. Considering the importance of the analysis the company intends to conduct, it was requested by the company to analyze the areas to focus on in the analysis. The following memo recommends considering Organizational Behavior Analysis as the main area of the company’s focus. Organizational Behavior Analysis The focus of organizational behavior is directed toward analyzing human skills in the organization. The systemic and scientific analysis of individuals, groups, and organizations helps companies to predict and consequently improve the performance of the analyzed subjects (Tosi, et al., 2000). Being directly related to performance, organizational behavior analysis focus
Katha Pollit is an established columnist and a critic known for her works such as “Hers” in the ‘New York Times’ and “Subject to Debate” in ‘The Nation Magazine’. She is also a prize-winning poet and author of several essays, mostly on feminism. In her essay “The Smurfette Principle”, Pollitt displays her discontent with the media’s tendency to display sexism in children movies, books, and animations. According to her, media perpetrated sexism defines females as a weak or less significant gender, especially in scenes where heroism is the main subject. To open her argument, Pollitt uses her experience with a 3-year old daughter, Sophie, during the Christmas holidays in 1990. She bought Sophie a cassette of “The Little Mermaid”, a pre-school animation movie that depicts the role of Ariel, a mermaid that gave up her voice to get real legs and try to marry a prince. The author argues that even though the mermaid is the main character in the movie, her gender limits her role as a hero, which makes her take a background position. According to the author, this example shows how the movie world is dominated by the sexist ideas. She encourages the reader to investigate this issue by visiting a kid’s section in any video store. Thus, it is obvious that one will find few movies starring a female character, whether it is based on animation, cartoon work, or live performance. In addition, even in commercial television, most cartoon and puppet shows are dominated by the idea of male heroism, which makes women play a less significant or backup role. From her analysis, Pollitt has realized that modern shows are highly sexist and only based on two major aspects – male dominated heroism or organized into “Smurfette principle”. The second aspect is the most relevant issue in her argument. She seeks to explain sexism in the media and the movie world. The argument, called the “Smurfette Principle”, attempts to describe the type of stereotypes in the modern movies in which a single female accents a group of males. According to her, the role of a female is important but normally placed in the background while largely dominated by males. When author examines several examples of the modern shows, she realizes that the roles given to males depict them as strong, wise, outgoing, active, and vigorous. On the other hand, the roles given to females indicate a high level of discrimination. Females are depicted as quite, humble, harmless and mostly unable to protect themselves. She uses several examples to show how female characters take the role of a “little sister” to male characters. A hero must protect the “small sisters”, even when the characters are non-humans or fierce monsters. This principle applies in the modern societies because the media, especially commercial television, is an important tool in perpetrating sexism in the entertainment sector. Pollitt argues that commercial television is used to discriminate against women by giving them some minor roles. For instance, she uses the show “Shining Time Station”, in which the male characters are strong train engines while female character
Introduction Many animals act naturally without being taught since these skills are genetically transmitted from their parents. These behaviors are programmed in their genes and they are transferred from one generation to the other. Innate behaviors can be described as animal behaviors that are transferred from one generation to another without practicing. This reflective essay critically evaluates how instinctive behavior in animals influences all species in the same category. It also explains why all members of a specified species naturally behave in the same way. Main text The prairie dog is one of the best examples of animals that depict innate behaviors. Just like human babies cry to elicit a caregiver’s response for food or resource, prairie dogs naturally know how to burrow. I was particularly impressed by the way young prairie dogs learn how to identify relatives a few weeks after weaning. That reminded me of an occasion when I was five years old and my friends invited me to relocate prairie dogs. Although I had little understanding of innate behavior in animals, I had first-hand experience with prairie dogs. It was remarkable to observe the differences in our relationship compared to that of the naturalist as far as animal care is concerned. I can now appreciate prairie dogs’ contribution in creating well-mounded entrances to help them watch for predators. Scientists often underestimate a spider’s behavior capability to provide suitable learning behavior models. Typically, spiders can build complex webs without prior knowledge or experience. Unlike humans who build their homes using stone or wooden boards, spiders produce silk to build complex webs. For instance, I learned from the podcast that a garden spider releases silk in form of liquid which quickly turns into silk thread after reacting with air. The spider moves back and forth releasing thread thus and creating a distinctive engineering pattern that strengthens the web (Sitvarin, Breen & Rypstra, 2015, p. 109). Moreover, spiders release silk glue at a distinctive point to capture high-speed flying insects. By moving between the spots, spiders don’t get trapped by their web. Spiders spin their web not only to capture prey but also to act as a defense mechanism against predators. Alcock (2013) argues that garden spider webs serve as an anti-predatory defense mechanism to protect the spider. These complex structures can be decorated to signal negative responses from predators or prey. Decorated webs exhibit high deceptive signals to attract prey and deter predators from attacking spiders. Moreover, Spider decorations serve to signal away animals that are likely to damage the webs such as birds. The caddisfly is the most fascinating animal to watch due to its ability to manufacture its own ‘home’ using different aquatic materials. I was impressed by the capability of this animal to produce casing using organic mater
Introduction The book, Behind the Veil in Persia and Turkish Arabia, is an account of an Englishwoman, who lived for eight years in parts of Persia and Turkish Arabia. The book provides a systematic history of navigation, commerce, and other discoveries, which occurred during the series of journeys made by the woman in parts of Turkish Arabia and Persia. During these navigations, there were many interactions with different individuals of diverse lifestyles, religions, customs, economies, governance systems, and socio-cultural organizations. The article helps to develop a full picture of navigation history and travel from an individual of England in regions that practiced Islamic religion and culture. In addition, the article presents observations made by the individual, which include the diversity in the environment and health, as well as the different practices performed by the people living in the areas covered. It is against this context that the paper analyses the book, Behind the Veil in Persia and Turkish Arabia , in terms of religion, customs, environment, economy, socio-cultural practices, health, and governance systems. Social Practices Socio-cultural practices of communities living in areas such as Isfahan in Persia displayed a number of practices. For instance, people of Persia were herders and kept livestock such as cows and camels. Another observation that the article outlines is that the people in areas like Kerman and Isfahan in Persia practiced agriculture and exported cats to India. The author highlights that the people from these communities used tools such as iron tools, axes, knives, hatchets, and nails. Furthermore, individuals from Persia and Turkish Arabia possessed good artistic skills and engaged in various artistic activities (Hume-Griffith 12). The artistic skills possessed by Persian and Turkish Arabians emerged from their interactions with people in Mesopotamia, who experienced early civilization. Cultural Practices Persian and Turkish Arabians valued festivals and used them to social events for meeting extended families. During events like funerals and weddings, individuals of the regions could travel long distances in to avail themselves at these events. Additionally, people from Persia and Turkish regions had a mixture of cultures that ranged from pre-Islamic, to post-Islamic cultures. Before the influence of Islamic culture, the people of the Persian and Arabian communities had different cultural practices. However, after adopting an Islamic religion, the individuals started practicing a culture that depicted some aspects of the Islamic religion (Hume-Griffith 25). The Islamic religion that Persian s and Arabians practiced discouraged unmarried people in the society from engaging premarital sex, a value aimed at encouraging good behavior among the youth. As a result, individuals from areas like Persian and Turkish Arabia advocated for unity, cooperatio
Introduction The Haitian revolution was one of the most important events in the history of the New World as it established the first “political state of entirely free individuals” (Knight 2000). Before the revolution, planters’ prosperity was achieved at a high price. So harsh was the system that slave fertility was well below replacement, which required a constant supply of new imports. There were periodic slave uprisings and escapes. During the Haitian Revolution, Haiti’s cultural identity emerged. Its core elements are the Creole language; Voodoo beliefs and practices; the value attached to individual landholding, no matter how small the land; enthusiasm for trade; cultural creativity; and racial pride. Thesis The Haitian revolution was a watershed event in history because Haiti became the first free black republic in the world. The Haitian revolution Historians (Knight 2000) admit that the Haitian experience also differs significantly from that of Latin America. Nineteenth-century independence for Latin America was the product of locally born elites outlasting a weakened Spain in war and peace. Independence was not born of slave revolts, populist causes, or popular insurrections. Before the revolution, some blacks were also free because they had bought or had won their freedom. Many of the freedmen and women began to cultivate another crop, coffee, in the hilly regions (Nash 5). They and the white coffee growers staged sporadic uprisings against local sugar-dominated colonial authorities from 1763 to 1770 because they objected to the governor’s decision to reestablish a militia in which the rich sugar plantation owners would be named the officers and because they objected to the colonial government’s constraints on trading with countries other than France. On the eve of the French Revolution, all was not quiet in Haiti among the nearly 30,000 free mulattoes and blacks, the 40,000 whites, and around a half-million slaves. The storming of the Bastille in Paris unleashed desires and fears of change in the colonies. Freedmen and women desired immediate equality with the whites; slave leaders wished for freedom pure and simple; some whites supported the monarchy in opposition to those who supported changes of various kinds. The clash of interests, due partly to (1) purely local interests, (2) events in France, (3) the declaration of freedom for all slaves in Haiti in 1793, and (4) the British and Spanish invasion, contributed to the confusion and growi
The purpose of this paper is to establish whether there is a direct correlation between employee retention and the overall profit growth of an organization. The study utilizes 6 articles and explains how they relate to the problem or purpose. The article on “Keep Your Turnover Low” by Todd Donnelly shows there is a relationship between retention and profits of call centers. This article explores some of the causes of high turnover in call centers which include; unfavorable working environment and dissatisfied work force. Donnelly (2012) explains that high turnover in call centers, has impacts on profits due to high operational costs. The author also, gives strategies to reduce turnover in order to reduce costs and increase the profits. The article by Thinking Leaders on “Calculating the High Cost of Employee Turnover” is directly related to problem. This article shows that there are direct and indirect costs incurred by a company or an organization when a high turnover occurs. These costs include; exit interview costs, litigation costs, outplacement costs, hiring costs and human resource processing costs (Thinking Leaders 2011). The article also shows high turnover can lead to decreased productivity hence reducing profit margins of a company. The article shows that high turnover leads to reduced profit margin of a company, hence showing the correlation between turnover and pr
My friends are interested in fashion photography, and I heard the name of Richard Avedon, the American photographer, many times. Therefore, I decided to focus on his works and explore their features to understand the topic of photography in detail. Still, instead of selecting fashion photographs by Avedon, I concentrated on his portraits of celebrities. I visited online databases to find portraits of famous persons made by Avedon during his career. The majority of photographs were made in black and white colors. It is important to note that Avedon took pictures of celebrities who represented different professions. Still, his style can be discussed as rather remarkable and recognizable (Figure 1). The photographer tried to accentuate the personality while taking a picture, and there were no additional objects in the majority of pictures (Bussard, 2014). As a result, photographs can be viewed as provocative and even striking (Bunyan, 2015). To deepen my experience, I focused on examining how Avedon used the idea of contrast and the balance of light in his pictures, what shots he used, how the manipulation of light added to creating the celebrity’s image, and what postures were selected to accentuate different psychological aspects of the character (Martin & Jacobus, 2015). It is possible to state that my vision of such a category of photography as portraits of celebrities was changed because of realizing the effect these works have on a viewer. Figure 1. Richard Avedon, Elizabeth Taylor, New York, 1964 (Bunyan, 2015).
Malaria is one of the life-threatening infectious diseases whose impacts are experienced in the U.S. healthcare system. Its prevalence reached the highest level in 2011 since 1971. However, most U.S. residents acquired the disease from tropical countries where it is endemic (Rettner, 2013). Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasite, and its transmission occurs through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasite undergoes two successive asexual replication stages in the human body and infects red blood cells where it produces toxins (Critchlow, Staves, & Watt, 2007). Characteristics of malaria include headache, fever and vomiting. However, it is worth noting that these characteristics occur within the duration of 10 to 15 days after the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito (WHO, 2013). Currently, the burden of malaria on the U.S. healthcare systems is relatively high owing to the 2011 disease outcomes. Despite the low mortality rate reported in the U.S., the country has been spending large sums of money in funding government health initiatives. One of the most reliable prevention techniques is the use of Long-lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs). Active case detection is the second prevention technique for malaria survey, and it is believed to have enhanced prevention and control approaches (Baquilod et al., 2013). On the other hand, individuals are required to enhance prevention through the use of Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying to control malaria vector. Conclusively, the prevention and control of malaria is significant because mortality and co-morbidity caused by malaria among the gl