ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin belong to the biogenic amines, and also they are neurotransmitters. Dopamine and norepinephrine are different from serotonin since they are catecholamines, which means that their precursor is tyrosine. All three mentioned neurotransmitters are synthesized through enzyme conversion. So, in the next paragraphs, the process of an enzyme conversion for dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin is briefly explored. As such, for dopamine, the first step of conversion involves a reaction with tyrosine hydroxylase, which is a catalyzer (Purves et al., 2018). DOPA, created after this step, interacts with DOPA decarboxylase (or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase). The result of this reaction is dopamine, as shown in Figure 1. Therefore, dopamine is a biogenic amine neurotransmitter synthesized through the two-step conversion of tyrosine. Next, dopamine substances might be converted into norepinephrine via an enzyme. Precisely, dopamine β-hydroxylase is necessary for the next step of catalysis (Purves et al., 2018). The synthesis is shown in Figure 2, where norepinephrine is formed from dopamine. Hence, norepinephrine is a catecholamine, meaning that it is synthesized in the process of enzyme conversion with tyrosine being a precursor that needs three steps of interaction for a successful reaction. Finally, serotonin synthesis is different from that of dopamine and norepinephrine. Its precursor is the amino acid tryptophan, which is at first hydroxylated and then catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase. Figure 3 depicts the synthesis of serotonin in two steps that have been mentioned. In this way, serotonin is a biogenic amine neurotransmitter, which precursor is tryptophan that undergoes two-step catalysis. Reference Purves, D., Augustine, G., Fitzpatrick, D., Hall, W., LaMantia, A., White, L., Mooney, R., & Platt, M. (2018). Neuroscience (6th ed.). Oxford UP.
Introduction Over the last decade, there has been advancement within the sports industry internationally especially in relation to football. Many people have appreciated the football as a part and parcel of their life. This is evident from the fact that there has been emergence of large number of football clubs globally. Not only has football become a form of recreation for the people but there is a trend of transforming it into a form of business. The increased enthusiasm in football has led to the need of introducing a course that is aimed at studying international football as a business. As a business, it is paramount that there be good management of international football business for it to succeed. In studying international football business, various concepts are paramount for consideration. The discussion of this paper seeks at illustrating the contribution of academic economists to the study of international football business. Academic economists contribute to the study of international business in various ways. Analysis of the effect of increased Commercialization of football Commercialization refers to the concept of creating increased publicity in relation to a product or service. In the study of international football business, academic economists help in the analysis of the effect of increased commercialization of football (John 2005). In Europe, there has been advancement in relation to publicity of football clubs. This has resulted into increased attendance during football matches. The contribution of the academic economists is that they help in the integration of the labor impact of football business to the households. According to academic economists, commercialization of international football business has a negative effect to the household’s budget. This is due to the fact that through the increased aggressive marketing strategies, many people will become captives of the football as a form of recreation. The effect is that the income of citizens within the lower income group will be stretched since their expenditure on watching football matches will increase (John 2005). This means that what was initially perceived as a game would result into negative impact within the society. Nature of the market for international football business Commercialization of football has resulted into increased changes in relation to ownership of major football clubs in Europe. This has resulted into these clubs sourcing for finance from the stock market in order to meet their development plans. This is due to the competitive nature of within the football industry. In order to do this, these clubs are resulting into floatation of shares in the stock market (John 2005). According to the academic economists, this has a major impact in the stock market. In Europe, there are twenty one clubs that are listed in th
Introduction Research Background In the last two decades, the growth and development of the UAE industries have been catalyzed by the input of imported expertise from across the globe. At the same time, manual labor to support the expertise role has been imported from developing countries such as India and parts of Africa (Goby, Ali, Lanjawi, & Al Haddad, 2017). As a result, the percentage of the indigenous workforce has declined over the years to worrying proportions. For instance, the demographic imbalance between local and international labor with the private and public sectors has made it difficult for the government of the UAE to sustain its labor market for long term gains (Alshaali, 2018). In order to reverse this trend, the government introduced the Emiratization campaign to balance the composition of labor between local and international workers. Emiratization (job nationalization) is an initiative implemented by the UAE government to employ its citizens in the public and private sectors. Emiratization is also part of the UAE’s strategy and vision 2021 (Barnett, Malcolm, & Toledo, 2015). The philosophical drive in the implementation of Emiratization is focused on the goal of fueling a three-prolonged strong and pragmatic approach towards nationalization in the job market. Through a multiagency approach in implementation, Emiratization efforts have incorporated the inputs of local and federal governmental levels in the form of developing strategic workforce planning (Dajani, 2018). The policy framework behind project Emiratization is inspired by the need to encourage organizations to retain and grow careers of local Emiratis. Specifically, the plan aims at creating at least fifty percent job participation of the locals, especially in the private sector, by 2021 (Hirshi, 2018). In order to achieve this goal, there are plans in place to integrate a systematic and nationalized program that promotes awareness among the local institutions and Emiratis on work ethics. Moreover, private sector stakeholders are given incentives for employing or retaining the locals in their organizations in the form of tax breaks and tax refunds (Nickerson, Goby, & David, 2015). The government has put in place mechanisms for ensuring that the private sector adheres to the bare minimums stipulated in the Emiratization campaign. Despite these efforts, the Committee for Human Resources Development has not managed to implement the 50% balance in the labor market between the Emirates and foreign workers. For instance, in 2005, the imbalance was estimated at 90.7% of foreign experts against 9.3% Emiratis (Pech, 2009). Although this imbalance has reduced over the years, the government has not managed
Teamwork is a very complicated structure that sometimes cannot be fully outlined or explained in case a company is having its employees working united (Werner, 2011). However, there are those peculiar cases when managers need thorough help and guidance with their employees’ encouragement for better results ultimately. Thus, a trainer is invited in order to bring in more cohesiveness to the working team. This paper will unveil the methods of approaching the problem of dissociation efficiently. In order to analyze the nature of the problem, it is necessary to inquire on whether the manager did everything possible to make the work knowledge and councils available. Thus, it will become evident if the employees get the necessary attention and hence are motivated to implement their working responsibilities correctly and successfully. Therefore, if all the trainees and employees are provided with substantial knowledge and perfect working conditions, then the reason of their lack of cohesiveness is not a training issue. In this case the further work with the group of employees will be held according to the performance related issues. If an issue requires training, then it is necessary to incorporate team games into the training program. While the employees learn the basics and peculiarities of sales, the games that encourage team cooperation will be just perfect. There are those training methods that teach workers trust each other. For instance, when you fall back into a person’s arms not actually know for sure if he/she will catch you but trust is big deal. This way the actual work knowledge will have the situational implementation that will train both: the ability to cooperate as a union and show the learnt material. If the issue is performance related, it is essential to understand the surface and deeper reasons for that. There has o be a survey or conversation at hand conducted with the employees. Cohesiveness in a team is frequently associated with performance. That is why the diverse staff needs to be taken into consideration. The trainings on teamwork will be held in order to show the personnel how they succeed together. Frequently, the lack of cohesiveness is derived from the actual society we live in where every person has to be best since primary school. However, mutual efforts are appreciated in a big company (Miller, 2003). Moreover, a human resources development specialist will make it clear that one can achieve his/her goals faster and more efficiently when cooperating as a team. This works as the best motivation in case of poor performance. The technology is a wonderful helper in determining the reasons why the team is not cohesive. Namely, the cameras could help answering the question why the workers do not want to work together (Rinus, 2002). Some of them just cannot stand each other. Or it will be clearly seen if someone is reluctant to do anything while someone is very active as per achieving the company’s goals. Besides, the efficient collaboration and overall performance of the company is affected by what an employee does at his/her workplace. The t
Dibs in Search of Self represents a true story about a young boy who managed to overcome psychological problem through play therapy. Teachers are reluctant to engage Dibs in the study because of his reserved and indifferent attitude to studying. However, a series of therapy sessions help the boy overcome the difficulties and understand his needs and concerns. Axline, the physician, manages to choose an emotionally neutral approach to Dibs to help him discover himself without additional emotional support. Unlike other teachers and therapists, Axline (1964) has defined that Dibs is just different from his peers, but not necessarily mentally retarded. This conception is also supported by Berger who states that assuming difference as deficit or as deviation cannot be regarded as a problem. Instead, specific attention should be given to unconventional methods and techniques to treating such children. By introducing play therapy, Axline (1964) has allowed the boy to widen the established boundaries of psychologically tense environment and has provided him with much space for himself. During the therapy sessions, the therapist realizes that Dibs is an incredibly bright personality who is able to read, write, draw, and express his thoughts. The main essence of her studies was ignorance of emotional support. In such a way, Axline (1964) considered it unnecessary to reveal any attachment to her patients (p. 199). This special relationship, however, helped the boy overcome his social problems and discover his talents and gifts that were not typical of children of his age. According to Berger (2009), cognitive development can be achieved by means of both engaging into school curriculum and knowledge obtained from external environment (p. 7). Therefore, Dibs received much freedom for making choices in his life that he failed to receive before. Play therapy consisted in placing dolls in Dibs’s life, as if they were real. In such a manner, the boy could define which roles father and mother dolls should perform and how they should behave (Axline, 1964, p. 18). Playing with dolls allowed Dibs to discover his feelings and attitudes toward his parents and peers, as well as understand what attitude his wished to feel toward himself from these people. To explain this issue, Berger (2009) refers to the importance of considering social contexts that play a crucial role in personality development. Specifically, the scholar argues, “interactions between parents and among siblings are part of the context in which each person develops” (Berger, 2009, p. 12). A multinational understanding is the core to solving problems of developmental deviation among children. In conclusion, consideration of Berger’s concept of cognitive development and multidimensional contexts is essential in understanding Axline’s play therapy. Depriving the boy of emotional support, the psychotherapist freed Dibs from the boundaries established in a social envi
Innovation at Alphacorp To adequately assess the focus on innovation that AlphaCorp is pursuing, it is worth considering the lessons learned from the companies whose cases are similar to that of the imaginary establishments. For instance, one can turn to Procter & Gamble’s experience in outsourcing and innovation which is very well reflected in the well-known book “The Game Changer” (Lafley & Charan, 2008). It appears that AlphaCorp is making the same mistake: it does not account for innovation as a scalable practice. P&G leaders have admitted they overlooked the scalability of their innovation, too. There is no innovation to speak of when an organization does not take the scalability of its innovative practices as a point to consider, does not specifically formulate it in its outsourcing contract, and does not integrate them into its business strategy. To generalize, what has to be done is a re-make of innovative practices. Relying on the experience of P&G, it is worth investing some time in building a culture of innovation so that all the employees, particularly the outsourced, are aware of how they can contribute to that. The innovation culture has to start with the leadership which is responsible for embedding the innovation-oriented paradigm into the culture. About outsourcing, innovative ideas can – and should – be looked for outside the company, for instance, through new partnerships. Such a practice can help broaden the company’s capacity and create an open culture. Alphacorp’s approach in Latin America Referring yet again to the experience of other major companies, one can regard Xerox as an example of poor innovation focus. Xerox’s innovative practices have been led by science and technology rather than the consumers’ needs, which has served as a basis for critique (DeFillippi, Dumas, & Bhatia, 2014). Assuming that the services that AlphaCorp renders in Latin America are generally poor and are mostly concerned with customer dissatisfaction, the practices for this country would be as follows. Considering that B&B already has a market presence in this country, it can outsource innovation by hiring Latin Americans who are aware of the local values and needs. Once B&B is already present in the Latin American market, its growth can only continue through the development of new products. On the other hand, expanding the target market requires a consumer-oriented approach, which means the company has to establish better relationships with the consumers. Relying on the consumers’ feedback, the company has to fix the existing service issues – and only then can it start innovating. Consequently, the practices would be different for Latin America. Future outsourcing arrangements with other service providers to ensure innovation in B&B In general, it can be recommended that B&B engages in further partnerships to outsource innovation. Procter & Gamble has made some clever moves for that matter; for instance, the P&G leadership can allow itself to organize small meetings with representatives of different providers and, occasionally, competitors (Lafley & Charan, 2008). Th
Oil Wealth The high price of oil in the international markets is providing many developing nations with lots of petrodollars. Ironically, most of these country’s citizens continue to live in gliding poverty because authorities have not used the oil money well enough; most governments have continued to spend money on projects that have not benefited the masses. But Libya is one country that is planning to radically change the way oil wealth is spent or distributed to the public. According to the Economist Magazine, President Mohamed Gaddafi of Libya has proposed new ways of using oil wealth, which amounts to UK₤90 million daily, considering that the country produces 1.8 million barrels (see graph) daily at the price of US$100 per barrel (U.S Energy Information Administration). Focus on Service Delivery First, the president plans to eradicate government bureaucracy by downsizing his cabinet. He sees some of the ministries as a pure waste of public money. He actually claims that the money that is supposed to help in social services ends up being utilized by the ministry personnel. The focus of his new cabinet will be to enhance delivery of services targeted to helping to alleviate poverty in the country. Second, the distribution of oil wealth will be decentralized, that is, send directly to the people at the grassroots as opposed to the current ministries that are prone to bureaucratic tendencies that create inefficiencies. The money will now be sent straight to families on monthly basis. These families will be at liberty to spend the money as they see fit. The government will however encourage the masses to start income-generating activities. In fact, people will be asked to join groups that can start micro-industries in agriculture and manufacturing sectors. However, Libya’s president expressed fears that too much spending power on people’s hands will fuel national pressures. Investment in Infrastructure The government will further take advantage of Libya’s newly earned international goodwill after it dropped its nuclear goals. This international friendship will be used to attract foreign investors to take part in the country’s economic development. An enabling business environment will also be enhanced so that Libyans can take part in their country’s private sector. Significant potions of the oil wealth will be invested in the country’s dilapidated capital infrastructure, such as roads, telecommunication networks, and education facilities among others. In addition to favorable entrepreneurial environment, the improved infrastructure will be another magnet to attract both local and foreign investors into the country’s economic system. The p
Introduction The health issue concerned tobacco use is a serious public health issue in Georgia that should be addressed. The consumption of tobacco may cause a number of negative consequences related to the health of both smoking people and non-smoking people. Tobacco use is a foremost health issue in Georgia because it is the primary preventable death cause in the state (Rollins, 2017). That is why it is crucial to enhance health education in this area. Health education in the area of tobacco influence on health may prevent the diseases associated with tobacco consumption and reduce the number of deaths caused by smoking. Main body For community health education on the tobacco use issue, the health belief model should be used. The health belief model is a theory that aims to predict and analyze the behavior related to health (Sharma & Branscum, 2020). The model would help to influence such factors as perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self‐efficacy of the smoker. First, we should inform the smoker about the impact of smoking on health. Tobacco smoking creates a risk of various diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Tsai, 2018). If people know more about the unwanted consequences of tobacco smoking, their awareness will rise, and they will be more conscious when smoking tobacco. That could decrease their will to smoke tobacco and harm themselves. Next, we should convince people of the severity of the diseases and disruptions that smoking might cause. It may be difficult for some people to give up tobacco, so it is essential to educate them on how to get rid of tobacco addiction, for example, by applying alternatives to smoking or gradually developing willpower. For the effective learning of the information by smoking people, the visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetic (VARK) model should be implemented. I would emphasize the role of visual kinesthetic in the model. People may learn from the visual content from the various images, posts, and graphs. That is why it would be efficient to create posters that depict some tobacco use consequences in images. By seeing such posters, people will remember the harmful effect of tobacco smoking. Such posters might include writings as well so that the riding/writing learners will memorize information even better. For the auditory learners, the audio commercial could be implemented. The audio commercial containing information about the diseases and environmental problems caused by tobacco use will help to effectively acknowledge auditory learners. I think that the effective teaching method is the most relevant method to motivate people to stop smoking tobacco. The effective teaching method emphasizes emotions when proving the information (Sharma & Branscum, 2020). For example, use sensitive images on the posters, such as images of diabetes symptoms. They might be eit