ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 was fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire. It started on 10 th February, 1904 and continued till 5 th September, 1905. It was a direct result of the conflict that was taking shape due to the imperialistic ambitions of these two nations over Korea and Manchuria. The war originated since the Russians wanted to expand their control over eastern Asia but were faced by the Japanese who also wanted to gain their hold over the mainland of Asia. While Russia wanted to increase her acquisition over the military and commercial position in Manchuria, Japan wanted to gain control of the flourishing industry and trade of Korea. Japan also wanted to maintain her effective power over the sea waters between Korea and Japan since Korea was part of Japan’s vicinity. Main body Right from the Sino-Japanese War up to 1903 negotiations between Japan and the Czars of Russia proved to be pointless. Thus, Japan waged war in order to protect her elite domination over Korea. Another possible reason why Russia chose war was to distract the public from the various patriotic rallies and government repressions resulting from strikes. (Suyematsu, 134-7) Right from the late 19 th century and beginning of the 20 th century, most of the European countries competed with each other for trading, influencing and gaining territorial control over the Far East. Although Japan struggled to be accepted as a great power, her location enabled her to focus her ambitions over northern China and especially on Korea. This put her into a competition with her neighboring country, Russia. Russia was constantly in the look out for a warm water port, which would be ice free and thus, can be used throughout the year, on the Pacific Ocean, not only for their navy but also for marine trading. The Vladivostok seaport in Russia could only be used in the summer seasons but the harbor city of Port Arthur in China could be used year round. This was the reason Russia wanted control in China. On the other hand, due to its ever growing population, Japan required new markets, raw materials, food and territory. Thus, both of them wanted to control Korea and Manchuria. In 1895 Japan had already won the Liaodong Peninsula from China which projects between China and Korea into the Yellow Sea. But she was forced by Russia and had to return it back to China. Also in 1898 Russia was successful in taking over the Liaodong Peninsula along with leasing Port Arthur from China. Russia installed its troops in Manchuria making her intentions of taking over the region obvious. Russia was faced with objection from Japan as she tried to extend her influence over Korea and finally when negotiations did not have any affect, and on 8 th February, 1904 Japan declared war on Russia by attacking their troops at Port Arthur. (Suyematsu, 129-134) First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 The long term causes of the Russo-Japanese War originated from the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 which took place when Japan tried to occu
Introduction Authors, such as Samuel Huntington, claim that cultural differences in the world will lead to greater conflict in the future. This assertion is becoming a reality today owing to increased global interactions, which perpetuate civilization consciousness and stoke cultural animosities. The evidence is particularly conspicuous when Christian and Islamic civilizations conflict. How civilizations clash Huntington (23) defines civilizations as cultural identities. These are levels of identities to which people relate. Some of them may be religious, regional, ethnic, or national. Clashes between civilizations may be a serious problem today because intercultural differences are real and quite distinct. They stem from people’s history and traditions, so it is difficult to eliminate them. Some of the most prolonged conflicts in the world stem from intercultural or interreligious tensions (Huntington 25). Globalization is also perpetuating this trend because more diverse communities are coming into contact with one another and becoming conscious of their civilizations. Differences between these groups can spark animosities between them. Various countries are undergoing radical political and economic change, so most citizens are losing their commitment to national identities. Religion is filling this gap thro
Abstract With the emergence of innovative technologies, opportunities for transferring economic activities to the virtual environment were introduced. As a result, a virtual economy was created. However, the said virtual economy has had a profound effect on real small economies, altering the way in which they operate to a considerable extent. Thus, the necessity to study the identified effects closer appeared. Although negative aspects of the virtual economy such as the lack of control over financial and economic processes occurring within them are often mentioned, the virtual economy may contribute significantly to the evolution of the real small one. The identified change will take place due to the massive chances for enhancing information management and reinforcing risk management strategies, as well as improving approaches for handling financial issues. Thus, it is the cooperation of the two that must be regarded as a priority. Background With the creation of the online environment, numerous changes could be observed in a range of domains, the area of the global economy not being an exception. The emergence of virtual economies has affected the development of real and especially small ones to a considerable extent. Despite the fact that the virtual economy used to be considered a threat to real ones, particularly, the economies that could be described as rather small, the relationship between virtual and small real economies is much more intricate than that. Although virtual economies lead to a rapid increase in rivalry levels within a particular industry and, thus, may inhibit the chances of other companies succeeding in the identified realm, they also affect the development of the said economies by encouraging change and providing an impetus for the further improvement of a range of processes within real economies. Aim The goal of this study is to explore the effects that virtual economies have on real small ones. Particularly, the focus of this research is on the controversy around the subject matter, i.e., the discord regarding the ostensible impact of the virtual economy. Furthermore, this study will seek to explore the strategies for reinforcing positive effects, should any be located, and inhibiting the influence of negative ones, in case they are identified. As a result, opportunities for enhancing the economic growth within the global community will be created. Purpose The purpose of this research is to study the nature of the connection between virtual and small real economies, as well as the reciprocal impact that they have on each other. It is assumed that the analysis of the subject matter will allow reducing the effects of the obstacles that companies operating in the said economies will encounter when encouraging the economic growth. Furthermore, considering
Emotions are cognitive traits, which involve complex psycho-physiological experience of an individual; emotions define human feelings, attitude, behaviors, and perception. Emotions are shaped by biochemical (internal/hereditary) and environmental (external/socialization) factors. A child’s emotions are believed to be shaped right from conception; the child has some hereditary traits from the parents and goes ahead after birth (Robertson 12-34). This paper explains the meaning of emotion and how it can be demonstrated in children. Definition of emotions Emotion is a cognitive attribute which is the product of hereditary and socialization traits; when a child is conceived, there are some traits that he or she gets from the parents; they are emotional factors that can be seen in the child, emotions can be seen in conscious experience, physiological arousal as well as expressive behaviors . At birth a child, have some traits that he inherits from the parents; every family have some factors that are deep in their system and they have little they can do to them. A child from such a family is likely to have the same traits; for example, there are families that are emotional and cry fast while come families hardly cry. After being exposed to the external environment; there are some emotional attachments that the child gets, it changes the emotions and shapes them accordingly. How are emotions demonstrated in the lives of young children? Children emotions are seen in their mood, personality and disposition , temperament , as well as motivation ; for example, there are children who when they are crying they only need an adult to hold them and comfort, them, in such children, their emotion are connected with the society and they feel secure with the people. Alternatively, some children when crying, they can only be comforted by their parents or caretakers; they are emotionally attached to the parents or the caretaker; as the child breast-feed and grows to prenatal stage, skin contact with the mother and this creates a repo and emotional attachments. At this stage the child gets emotionally attached to people around him and wants to spend time with them; father is encouraged to ensure that at early ages they have skin contacts to develop emotional attachments with their children. Psychologists recommend that father should hold their children with a bare chest so as they can create needed attachment. The attachment to parents has been portrayed in an experiment with a crying child; when a child who is emotionally attached to their
Introduction Globalization can be defined as the phenomenon that is created due to the interaction of humans globally where creation of new development is the basic effect. A scenario where economy, technology, and politics interact is created as well as a reduction in the states regulations. The rise of new invention has lead to the increased growth of globalization and more production (Henderson 1991). Major developments that have lead to new technologies Technology has everything to do with change of the current state of development to a higher one due to innovations. The development of the script can be attributed to be the first development that leads to the modern-day globalization, at this point of time letters were transported through physical means and, in small numbers. The invention of the printing machine forms the other step towards modern globalization as more letters could be produced and used as a method of communication to people. Then came the news papers, they made one of the biggest milestones towards globalization as they provided information both commercial and political which that was important in making decisions. Samuel Morse invention of the telegraph is another major mile stone as it offered the people a chance to communicate without having to travel to do so. The laying of the Trans Atlantic cable by Cyrus Field to enhance telegraphy made the first global network. The 1861 invention of the Graham Bell enhanced more communication with no need to travel as well as direct communication. Later the rail networks came up they ensure transportation of bulky goods and people to different places lying along the networks. The invention of the Radio by Marconi enabled transmission of information in places that were not accessible through travelling and, its commercialization of it in 1920s made sure that there was an ability to offer information to the public and even offer advertisement of products. The beginning of 20 th century is transportation took the greatest stride towards globalization faster means of transport and communications were developed. For example,
As a forensic treatment professional, I selected two forensic settings in my community and they were: group home and foster care. I compared the two forensic settings in terms of available resources, access to treatment, and social support. After the comparison, I realized that the two forensic settings received social support from the public and government. However, the difference was that the group home did not have an assigned caregiver that was contrary to foster care (Maschi, Bradley & Ward, 2009). A Group Home The social support offered in group homes can be grouped into psychological, emotional, and material support. There are volunteers that visit homes to take care of the residents. They bring donations and gifts to the residents while some offer their professional support like counseling. In addition, the state contributes to the residential group home services. The homes are located in the middle-class suburbs and, therefore, enjoy an awesome community image (Levinson, 2005). The residents of the group home often access treatment through the treatment centers located within the homes. The residential treatment centers are typically equipped with qualified personnel and equipment. They provide an environment for the treatment of most of the children while those who might need better health services are taken outside the setting (Levinson, 2005). The available resource for the group homes is the neighborhood infrastructure that has universal design and access. They have access to banks, shopping malls and transportation since most of them are located in the middle-class neighborhood. Even though they are limited, some of the group homes allow the residents to access the internet (Levinson, 2005). A Foster Care One of the social supports offered to the foster children involves foster parents group educational program. The program enlightens the parents about their association with the children. Besides, they are allowed to have a face- to- face family contact, even more, they are authorized to participate in leisure activities and mingle with friends (Chipungu & Bent- Goodley, 2004). The available resources for the foster care minors are funds from the government. They also have regular supervision and provide a place where a person can report in case of mistreatment. Most of the resources might differ from one care home to another depending on the financial situation and relations to the caregiver. All their needs are usually catered even though the foster parent can misuse the money (Chipungu & Bent- Goodley, 2004). The foster children access health in public hospitals and the same time, state officials regularly check their health. The foster cares are located in areas accessible to the amenities and other resources. Some foster children in wards or group homes access health at residential treatment centers. The centers are centrally located in the forensic setting, and the children
Introduction History gives us the chance to make a journey into the past and have a glimpse at the kind of life that people in ancient civilizations led. Through access to this historical information, we are able to compare what used to be with what is in terms of human life. The phrase human life as used in this essay encompasses all elements of life such as the system of government, the type of architecture, the religion of the people, and the recreation activities practiced by a group of people. In this essay, the similarities that exist between ancient civiliz
Facts The scripture is all about the living water. In this a Samaritan woman meets Christ who is the source of the living water. Jesus is a Jew and according to Jewish culture it was not right for a man to speak with a woman in public. The Samaritan woman questions Jesus why He request water from her. His disciples marveled when they found Him speak to a woman. Salvation is for all and not what is known to be for the Jews, she receives Christ and many others (Alexander & Patricia,1999). Jesus speaks with a Samaritan woman. He puts Himself in a situation as one who needed the help to open a conversation between Him and her. The woman out of the curiosity asks Jesus where He is to get water from where Jesus informs her that He has the living water. For Christ to build confidence with the woman He tells her concerning her life. This made her to believe in Him and she addresses Him from this point as a prophet. Christ then explains to her what the true worship is. The woman runs to the city and calls many who also received Christ (Stanton, 2008). The incidence took place at the city of Samaria which was referred as Sychar. Samaria was found in between Jerusalem on the way to Galilee. Jesus having being exhausted on the long journey He then sat at the Jacob’s well. The well was out of the city as it is recorded in verse 28 and 30 where “the woman went into the city” and people “went out of the city to meet Him” and at this particular time His disciples had gone into the city to buy food. Jesus stayed in Samaria for two days then He went to Galilee (Alexander & Patricia,1999). The event took place at around noon since it is recorded that it was about sixth hour of the day. It was after Christ had realized that it had come to the knowledge of the Pharisees that many accepted Him by becoming His disciples as well as being baptized. He did not want to conflict with them such that He went away from them. It is at this point the physical personality of Christ is also revealed by the fact that He became weary and His disciples had gone to look for food in the city. He was not only God but a Man also (Alexander & Patricia,1999). Interpretation The event took place after John the Baptist had glorified Christ as the Son of God. This was after it was reported to John that Christ baptizes many disciples and all were coming to Him. There had rose disagreements between John disciples and the Jews. John remarks that he who believes in Christ has everlasting life. He thereafter departs to Galilee where he was received by the Galileans as the
Mulcahy (2013) addresses various issues regarding the USA’s educational system while attempting to discuss its transformation. In this case, he manages a range of pertinent factors of education, including achievement gap, literacy, standardized assessment, social justice, aesthetic, general, and moral education. These aspects are discussed in the subsequent chapters, as addressed in the book. Achievement Gap and Literacy In this regard, the book focuses on the disparities between the different groups of students in the schools. The author essentially identifies differences that may be defined along with race, gender, and socioeconomic lines. In a standard way, these aspects of achievement gaps are measured by using indicators, which include grades, standardized scores, and the rates of dropping out, among many others. In this regard, each group’s measure can be used to obtain comparative results among the various groups. For example, if a group shows a higher rate of dropping out, it implies that the category is incapacitated in academic performance and excellence (Scruggs, 2011). In addition to the achievement gap, the author focuses on the level of achievement steered by the educational system in schools around the country. In essence, he seeks to address some of the issues regarding the schools’ status of academic knowledge instilled. In such a perspective, the author aims to reveal how the system has been transformed and the underlying factors that have led to these undertakings in the country. Standardized Assessment The author also focuses on the use of standardized assessments to evaluate the students’ achievement and aptitude. In these assessments, the students are tested in a standard manner such that the measure of each student’s review can be evaluated compared to other students. Various tests have been used in the USA, including the California Standard Test and Metropolitan Achievement Test, among others. These tests are used to provide a legal basis for evaluating students’ academic prowess and act as the platform for improvement. Social Justice and Eco-justice The author also addressed the issues of social justice in the educational system in the USA. In this regard, social life is seen as a fundamentally vital aspect of academic success. In that context, social justice in school, which addresses how students are treated, becomes an instrumental factor of consideration. Additionally, the inclusivity of education in terms of the social arena is addressed. This is necessitated and based on the idea that the USA is a country that incorporates people from all walks of life. Accordingly, there should be a consideration regarding the system’s social inclusivity (Wolk, 2011). This undertaking is considered as the primary concern towards the creation of sustainable education. Aesthetic and Moral Education Aesthetic and moral education form a crucial topic in this book, as Mulcahy (2013) wrote. Essentially, aesthetic education is concerned with instilling artistic skills. They are planted by providing platforms whereby students can question and inquire about cultural learning. Also, they can apply their theoretical knowledge to ensure
Introduction Merger and acquisition technique plays a significant role in increasing economic potential and gaining competitive advantages in the constantly changing environment of the global market. Furthermore, cross-border merger and acquisition activities are the main approaches to the international strategies of many organizations, which results in company participation in foreign direct investment. The purpose of this paper is to analyze two companies selected from one industry and evaluate their merger and acquisition strategy, the impact of five forces of competition, and corporate governance mechanisms based on the conducted research. For this assignment, General Motors and Elio Motors, which are two companies from the automotive industry, were selected. Merger and Acquisition Strategy Merging usually refers to the negotiation of two or more businesses to form a new corporation while acquisition involves two companies in the process of swallowing a small business by the bigger one. Therefore, mergers and acquisitions can be defined as the integration of companies with different business values into one organization. In economics, it is possible to distinguish horizontal and vertical mergers. Horizontal mergers include companies from one industry, while vertical ones include businesses from different areas. General Motors Company became a big Delaware corporation in 2009. This company design manufactures and sells cars and automobile parts at the global level. It also provides financial services through General Motors Financial Company (“General Motors Company: Annual Report Under Section 13 or 15(D) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934″, 2018). The history of the development of this corporation includes numerous acquisitions of automotive companies with recognizable brands such as Buick Motor Company, Cadillac, Pontiac, Elmore, and others. Despite the crisis in the automotive industry, the corporation managed to survive and continues to produce vehicles with advanced technologies. It is a general opinion that the strategy applied by General Motors Company over the decades of its existence involves gradual expansion through acquiring new assets which might be useful for company success and gaining competitive advantage. Some researchers state that this strategy helps to “increase markups on average across U.S. manufacturing industries, but find little evidence for channels often mentioned as potential sources of productivity and efficiency gains” (Blonigen & Pierce, 2016, p. 5). Therefore, the company selected wise strategy and increased its profits by purchasing companies with famous brands, which made it possible to increase markups on other products produced by the company and expand the number of manufact