ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Community policing is a way of life meant to support the strategies of a society by mainly holding up on partnership with the civilians and by providing systematic procedures or techniques of solving diverse problems (Irvin and Stansbury, p.12). The policing programs address the immediate circumstances that cause disorder in the society such as crime and apprehension among people due to misdemeanours. During the policing procedures, the police provide patrols as an extra eye and ear to hit upon possible crimes immediately. Police car-patrol theory is a conservatory measure, linked to the fact that most officers keep watch over the crime prone areas from the patrol car windows. They drive around and perform the spotlight timing of the criminal activities by the sidewalks. Most of the street-related crime concerns issues regarding quality of life. Like the emergency calls, such patrols are many but elicit very low actions, due to scarcity of information (Irvin and Stansbury, p.12). Through community policing, the police ought to know the three Rs policy and encourage routine and non-confrontational relations with the public. The first R is for random patrol where the non-fixed styles and patterns of patrolling generate an illusion of offices’ omnipresence. The second R is for rapid response to crime, thus higher apprehension of criminals. It may not be a preventive mechanism, but the strategy causes deterrence from future possibilities of similar attacks. Lastly is the reactive investigation R, which assist to enhance quick solutions to crime cases, thus leading to deterrence from future cases (Irvin and Stansbury, p.12). Community policing is negatively affecting the family lifestyle of the offices, while assisting to meet the societal needs. Emotional dissonance is an internal form of stress caused by existing real-life threats and possible dangers involved in the nature of police or correctional officers jobs. Their professions demand unique strategies and skills in handling precarious situations such as confronting armed persons. Officers have to deal with cases of interpersonal hostility and physical confrontations from the emotionally charged persons (King and Stivers, p.3). Stress associated with such tasks and what an officer has to deal with in the daily tasks has huge impact on mental status, and may ends up affecting social or personal lifestyles. In line with King and Stivers (p.3), critical situation that occur in our lives are rigid to eliminate from the mind, since the occurrences keep resonating within. Moral authority requires implementation of goals or concepts that adhere to the conventionally acceptable standards of community policing, in the aim of reducing crime. This is an appropriate problem-solving mechanism, since the officers’ governance style preserves the social characteristics, as opposed to the physical coercion where they use excessive forces. Moral influence by police officers allows good neighbourliness and interaction for efficiency of services. The patrol officers are closer to the community; therefore, meet the community policing endeavours. They ought to provide optimal positive form of contact with mem
Introduction There is so much development in technology, information systems, and software in the world today. All these factors have led to the development of ways and means through which people can access and gain knowledge for themselves. People from different geographical regions can now interact and share information that they may hold concerning issues that affect them or the globe. Companies can effectively cut costs for their business as they allow the company executives to interact and make important decisions that affect them and their companies. Most of these activities that involve the use of information technology involve the use of system security of information to ensure that the information that is exchanged remains private and is only seen by those individuals that it is meant for. With the development of technology, the government has made attempts to come up with laws that regulate and provide guidance to the private sector on the development of security software. This paper will discuss the ethical issue that involves the government’s action on this legislation. Importance of system security software Many people feel that the information systems and necessary software for them to run have led to positive contributions in their lives. This is because information technology and the internet have given access to these kinds of individuals and businesses to be together when they are many geographical miles apart. Thanks to the internet, there are many social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, My Space, and many other sites where individuals can socialize and share ideas on different issues (Zetter, 2009). Scientists from different parts of the world can share their study results on journals, white papers, conference proceedings, and many other forms of writings and scholarly papers that can allow sharing of results on research surveys
Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a key health problem, especially amongst male teenagers and youthful adults ages 15 to 24, and among old people of both sexes 75 years and older. Children aged 5 and younger are also at a threat for TBI. Survivors of TBI are frequently left with major cognitive, behavioral, and communicative disabilities, and some patients build up long-term medical complications, such as epilepsy. TBI, also known as acquired brain injury or head injury, occurs when an unexpected trauma causes damage to the brain. The damage can be focal – confined to one area of the brain – or diffuse – involving more than one area of the brain. TBI can result from a closed head injury or a penetrating head injury. A closed injury occurs when the head abruptly and violently collides with an object but the object does not break through the skull. A penetrating injury occurs when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. The study of individuals with traumatic brain injury reveals the cognitive models of human behaviors by showing the relationship among consciousness, awareness, and behavior which are all interrelated with the mode in which the brain works. It also reveals that the brain is divided into two sides or hemispheres. For motor functions, sight, and hearing, the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body (“contralateral”). Further, it shows that the two hemispheres of the brain do not function identically. For most right-handed persons, the left side of the brain controls language functions and the processing of verbal information. Generally, the right side of the brain processes visual and spatial information. How is the brain constructed The hemispheres of the brain are further divided into four lobes. They are the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. Each one of these areas of the brain is accountable for a different function. The effect an injury to the brain will have on an individual depends in large part on where the injury occurs. The two areas most susceptible to injury by the forces involved when the brain is subjected to rapid acceleration/deceleration
The book The Rape of Nanking: the Forgotten Holocaust of World War II is a non-fiction book that Iris Chang wrote in 1997. The book gives an account of the massacre and atrocities that the Japanese army committed against the Chinese in Nanking (Nanjing) between 1937 and 1938. This occurred after the Japanese army captured this city, which was then the capital of China. The author tried to give an account of all the events that took place during the massacre and all the atrocities based on her two-year research on this historical injustice. This book became instrumental in bringing the Nanking atrocities into the knowledge of the Western and the eastern readers. It also asserts that the Japanese government has made no effort to make reparation for what its soldiers had done to the Chinese people. This book has received both acclamation and criticism. Iris Chang never witnessed the Nanking atrocities. Her inspiration to write about the Nanking massacre came partly because of the stories her grandparents had given her about this event and partly due to her quest to learn more about this event from existing literature. Her literature search never provided her with any comprehensively written material about the Nanking massacre. She wondered why nobody had ever written about such great evil against the Chinese people. This journalist and author then set out to find more about this massacre and document it in a book. The Nanking massacre took place between 1937 and 1928. The Japanese military officers, who thought that Japan had a right to dominate Asia, began war against China. They thought that they could overcome the Chinese army and capture the country in three months but this proved hard. In December, 1937, the Chinese army who had become weak due to the undeclared war with the Japanese abandoned Nanking to reorganize themselves because they felt that the Japanese army was overpowering them. The Japanese army seized this opportunity, marched into the city, and occupied it without a fight. The Japanese army started the massacre by killing the Chinese prisoners of war and the civilian men. They did this wholesome murder claiming that these men were fleeing Chinese soldiers who had abandoned their uniforms. The discipline of the Japanese soldiers deteriorated and as a result, they killed about 300,000 people. This is what the author of the book The Raping of Nanking refers to as the raping of this city. The Rape was also in a literal sense because the Japanese soldiers raped about 20, 000 Chinese women, most of whom they ended up killing. The Japanese army carried out all these atrocities in Nanking within six weeks. They executed the victims in many ways. They beheaded some, buried alive others, mutilated others and killed some of them by use of fire, ice or dogs. A group of aliens including John Rabe and Minnie Vautrin created safety zones and helped protect the civilians against the army’s brutalities. The author of The Rape of Nanking structured the book into three parts. In the first part, the author narrated the events that took place during the massacre in Nanking. She did this by p
Abstract A country’s workforce is its engine and it determines the country’s success or lack thereof it. The American workforce is slowly shifting to include a higher number of older workers as a result of various reasons amongst which are: failing economy and lack of social security to name but a few. In general, older workers are viewed as being a liability to the employer. This paper shall discount this notion by demonstrating that the merits that an aging workforce presents outweigh the demerits. The discriminations that older workers are subjected to shall be outlined and highlighted to be mostly from outdated stereotypes. In conclusion, this paper shall then demonstrate that an aging workforce is not only necessary for the wellbeing of the US economy but also greatly advantageous for the employer. Introduction Over the past few centuries, human civilization has advanced tremendously giving rise to significant social and economic changes. This has resulted most notably in the creation of a large group of working-class members of the society and their employers. It is this class that has been primarily responsible for the creation of immense wealth and therefore the growth of the nations. The working conditions have changed significantly and while the earlier years of industrialization were characterized by appalling work conditions, low wages and discriminatory practices, recent times have been marked by employers embracing good practices. These good practices among other things are aimed at combating any discrimination that maybe they’re in the workplace. The United States as most other developed countries has endorsed the Equal Employment Opportunities (EEOs) which are policies that are intended to “eliminate workplace discrimination on the basis of age, color, disability, race, religion or sex” (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2011). Despite the apparent positive changes that have been made for the working class, there have been recent developments that have resulted in the presence of an aging workforce. People falling under this workgroup have faced some difficulties as well as discrimination because of their ages. This paper shall argue that the US workforce is in transition and rapidly aging due to a multiplicity of factors including the economy, population composition and the mandatory retirement laws of many foreign nations but age does not translate to incompetency. To reinforce this claim, this paper shall showcase the merits that an older workforce possesses so as to demonstrate that an older workforce is necessary for the continued well being of our economy as a county. Factors Contributing to the Aging Workforce There are a number of factors that have resulted in the growth of the aging workforce. The most pervasive one has been the economic realities of the present times. In the past, people were able to save up and invest in solid pension schemes that provided them with the income needed during their retirement years. In recent times, the pension schemes which guaranteed the older workers a stead
Personality development is an urgent problem in today’s social context because it not only brings good life opportunities to a person but also determines one’s happiness. How can one understand this term? The definition of personality development as a continual growth of personal qualities or characters creates interesting and attractive developments of personal traits, thus making a person become mentally powerful and, to some extent, generally assertive. Looking for a more detailed answer, one would wish to research some philosophical or literal questions, in which personality performance enhances the development. Through the analysis of the youth issues contemplated as multifaceted problems under the performance grouping, this paper addresses the issue of beauty products as portrayed by the media and the effects on the youth’s or children’s growth or performance. It shows how the media influences children and teens to consumerism at a young age. In the current social setting, the advertisements, television, movies, video games, and other computer technology are all interactive Media, which plays a great influence on most people, especially teenagers and children. The mass media has created a norm in our everyday lives, therefore we perceive the feature as one that we are not able to live without because of how easy and convenient it seems to surround our daily undertakings. These mass media sells and promotes products or concepts, which seem to target the teens and children in the market primarily. Teens and children encounter these interactive media at a very young age meaning that the media can take control of young minds. The media thus creates favorable attitudes toward brands, which last well into adulthood. Good examples of this kind of exploration are the two popular magazines, Seventeen and New Moon, targeted for the teenage girls. However, these two magazines have many things that are similar but equally different in many ways. Both of these publications discuss the present things that girls face in the current social setting. The magazines create great concerns on the establishment of recent media regarding children’s lives, and the settings can, therefore, change self-identity at a very young age. In Chapter ten of “ Growing Up Girls: Popular Culture and the Construction of Identity,” Durham Meenakshi Gigi, states that “ Media culture…has materials from which many people can construct their sense of class, ethnicity, race, nationality, sexuality, and personality. … Media stories and images provide the symbols, myths, and resources, which help constitute common culture for the majority in various parts of the world” (Durham, 194). The media culture has a huge influence on the development of adolescent girls’ especially on the concepts of womanhood and woman-identity. This concept creates aloofness (
According to Anderson (1999), transport is the movement of people, goods, and services from one location to another. Effective transport systems play a critical role in achieving the economic and social needs of a given society. Air, land, and water are the most common modes of transportation in the United States of America and many other nations in the world. Air transport is usually facilitated by aircrafts. Land transport on the other hand is facilitated by rail and road. Water transport occurs on seas, lakes, rivers/canals and so on. Transport in general plays a significant role in developing and sustaining economic, demographic, and political factors of a given community and the world at large (Frankel, 2011). Effective modes of transport facilitate the expansion of town and cities by enhancing the movement of people as well as goods and services. Transport mechanisms also assist in the spread of individuals resulting in growth and development. In the United States of America, roads are the most common modes of transportation accounting for approximately 68% of the national demographics (Frankel, 2011). Interstate highway systems have been built to facilitate the movement of people within a given locality or from one state to another. In most parts of the country, people own personal vehicles. However, in urban centers where there is massive traffic congestion, transport is facilitated by mass transit and railways transport. Unlike in the 1940s, railway transport system in the USA mainly consists of freight train shipment (Frankel, 2011). The use of passage trains has greatly reduced as a result of changes in economic needs as well as the introduction o faster and more reliable transportation systems such as bus shuttles, personal vehicles and airplanes. However, railway transport in USA accounts for 32% of the national demographics (Frankel, 2011). As of 2004, the USA has been ranked 17 th in the world as the nation with the busiest airports. Over the years, there has been a significant increase in air transport in USA especially between states. Water transport in the United States is regarded as the cheapest mode of transport. However, due to lack of efficient water ways, it is the least common mode of transport. Development of Transport Modes In the USA, rail transport developed as a result of the presence of a wide spread railroad network that covered most parts of the USA. Transforming from early passenger cars that were common during the 19 th century to high speed commuter trains, the efficiency of rail transport highly increased due to technological advancements (Garrison & Levinson, 2006). However, since the 1940s, this trend was interrupted with the introduction of more efficient modes of transports such as roads and air. Companies such as General Motors increased their outputs rates producing more cars that were faster, safer, and more comfortable. Consequently, the completion of the
Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were marked by the significant shifts in social, religious, and political life. Because the church no longer dominated over society, rapid growth of lay literacy and progressive movement occurred in Europe, particularly, in such powerful states as Spain, Italy, Germany, and England. In political terms, the beginning of the 16 th century introduced competitive state systems, as well as further explorations of trade routes. Because the period was the time of active voyaging and exploring the new boundaries, such countries as England, Spain, France, and Portugal expanded significantly their influence by conquering territories in different areas and trading precious materials. Developing new commercial routes had a potent impact on business development of London that became business and commercial capital of Europe. In the middle of the sixteenth century, a sequence of important expeditions was carried out by English explorers, which led to the expansion of the territory. In particular, merchants discovered routes to Asia and Northern America and craved new resources and riches that promoted significantly trade relations and improved business in London. This is of particular concern to the Elizabethan Era during which many achievements could be highlighted in the exploration field. Thus, Francis Drake was among the first English explorers who returned with precious spices and other riches. The explorations led not only to expanding the boundaries of England, but also to the great wealth and power of the monarchy. Aside from trade activities and scientific discoveries that had a great impact on business and commercial development of England, the country was also involved into colonization process to spread its political and economic influence. Along with the development of new lands and commercial routes, England also experienced transition to a capitalism that activated domestic production and contributed to development of workshops and guilds. Changes in governmental systems also influenced significantly business development in London. Hence, new trends in production development and capitalism gave rise to the Reformation period. In particular, shift of attention from church influence to a money-lending system. Trends in capitalism encouraged purposeful investment of financial resources that contributed to the prosperity of the capital of England. Apart from capitalism development caused by political changes, specific attention should also be given to speculative practices. The main point of speculation lies in attracting more money to the production sphere in London. As a result, a system of stock broking emerged as a necessity to sell and buy a share of a commodity or enterprise. Further development of business and commerce led to the emergence of London’s coffee houses in 1650s. These sites were places where merchants gathered for concluding agreements. Individual coffee houses had their specific clientele and identity. For instance, Edwa