ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In their strategy as ecology, Iansiti, and Levien explores business strategy in a unique way. First, they recognize the success of two giant multinational and very different organizations; Microsoft and Wal-Mart. The success of Microsoft and Wal-Mart is attributed to internal efforts, including aggressive marketing, well framed vision, and strategies of the founders. However, Iansiti, and Levien (68) claim that only a fraction of their success is attributed to internal efforts. The major success factors are contributed by the success of the business networks of these companies. These networks form the business ecology, a poorly understood area. The authors use the analogy of a biological ecosystem to bring out the meaning of loose networks of outsourcers, distributors, and suppliers, and how they contribute to the success of an organization. They examine evaluation of the health status of the business ecosystem, and explain how one can determine his place in the business niche, and how to build up the tactic that matches the task of the business in that environment. Lastly, they assess the usefulness of the analogy and its implications. Meaning of Business Ecosystem Iansiti and Levien (69) define a business ecosystem as establishments within the network of an organization, linked to the organization thereby affecting its business operations. They collaborate with business operations making it successful. Typically, business ecosystems consist of myriads of players, including distributors, and suppliers, companies where the organizations have outsourced its activities, and institutions providing financial services. In addition, manufacturers of complementary products are part of the business ecosystem because they affect the sale of the products. Customers and opponents form business ecosystem if their feedback and activities affects the products, and roles of a given organization. Assessing the Health of a Business Ecosystem In assessing the health of a business ecosystem, one should consider indications the business will keep creating opportunities for its sphere of influence and dependants. As a result, the authors suggest three decisive measures of assessing the health of a business system. They include robustness, productivity, and niche creation. For productivity, one considers the ability of a business network to constantly convert expertise, innovation, and unrefined mater
Introduction Human behavior is a product of many interrelated factors (Hartwell 7). Friends, environment, and culture influence our behaviors (Kierkus 50). In this article, three variables that are closely connected with our everyday life are highlighted. They are music, media, and culture. Later, a hypothesis that music, media, and culture influence aggressive behavior is developed. An understanding about the issue is vital because it enables persons to effectively manage aggression and reduce its adverse impacts (Jost 108). Literature review Many scholars have analyzed the effects resulting from the above factors. However, they still have not come to the irreversible decision. In this study, we refer to the works of the researchers who have examined the influence of music, media, and culture on aggressive human behavior. Tropeano asserts that violence lyrics or music influence aggressive behaviors among their listeners (Tropeano 30). According to the researcher, music contents encouraging violence enhance negative feelings and views, which can result in aggression. She also suggests that music comprising of violent lyrics, aggressive behaviors, and demeaning views toward women did make a person feel and react more violently (Tropeano 31). Based on her studies, it is apparent that a person’s musical tastes have a huge effect on his or her behavior. The above findings support our hypothesis. Murdock claims that there is a cumulative substantiation that increased exposure to media violence is a leading cause for the escalation of aggression (Murdock 242). He postulates that men who were high TV-violence audiences as teenagers were considerably more likely to have exhibited violent behaviors, pushed their wives, or convicted of misconduct. According to the study, such men had been sentenced for their wrongdoings at over two times the percentage of other individuals (Murdock 242). The study indicates that media is a great tool that fosters violent behaviors. Just like media and music, culture also influences aggressive behaviors. Humans exist in the particular society. In these societies, distinct values and beliefs influence our behaviors, thoughts, and actions. For instance, Matsumoto notes that when children are born into a violent culture they may be encouraged to exhibit aggressive behaviors and thoughts (Matsumoto 1290). Matsumoto also illustrates that aggressive behaviors vary from one country to another. For instance, he indicates that countries in parts of Europe, Africa, and East Asia have experience more violence than the USA. According to Matsumoto, the disparities illustrate that cultures play a huge role in how members exhibit aggressive behaviors. Hypotheses After considering the information received from the above articles, some hypotheses c
Introduction A theory is a series of propositions about the likely nature of an object or phenomena. It is never the final statement about something. They are abstract approximations based on empirical evidence. Christine Williams (2006) in the article ‘Inside Toyland: Working, Shopping, and Social Inequality, talks about how stratification affects the lives of individuals. People are stratified in terms of race employment and social class. Women hold low social positions in society while the employed are highly respected. The whites are treated with high esteem while other races are supposed to work for them and treat them with all the respect they deserve. The kind of theory that comes out clearly is a conflict theory because the other races are not happy with the way the white race treats them. Women and other unemployed persons struggle to overthrow the existing social arrangement in society. Another theory that can be noted from the book is symbolic interaction. Conflict Theory Christine (2006) argues that societies consist of tension, competition for resources, power and inequality is prevalent. Social order consists of groups and individuals trying to advance their own interests. This is evidenced when she says, “Diamond Toys is located in an upscale urban shopping district and its mainly white customer base was primarily middle or upper class” (256). She compares Diamond Toys to Toys warehouse, which belong to the poor. The giant companies such as Wal-Mart have the capacity of reducing prices for its customers because of the low costs of production. They pay little wages and do not compensate its workers. The profits obtained are shared among shareholders without caring about the producer. The company has approached that is materialistic in nature. Life in the town depends on production and distribution. People must work to earn their living; the types of work vary greatly. There are owners of means of production and non-owners, the latter control the former. The workers (Proletariat) exist at the mercy of the owners of the means of production (Bourgeoisie). The bourgeoisie is powerful and perpetuates the worker to an extent of alienation. The employers exploit the workers since they are pressurized to increase sales but their wages are not raised. This is evident when Williams visited the toy store and found workers following the set guidelines strictly. Inductive Theorizing The kind of research conducted by Williams was inductive; it is the qualitative approach. It is also called the grounded theory which has no pre-conceptions. Theories emerge from data/observation that is, it is an approach where facts speak for themselves. The data is less biased because everyone’s views are considered. It takes the form of case studies, focused group discussion and participant observation. The figure below demonstrates how grounded theory is obtained (Chandra & Michael, 2010). Variables Variables are features or properties of individuals or situations that amount to various va
Alfredo James Al Pacino, widely known by his stardom name “Al Pacino”, is a prominent Hollywood actor, known for his villain roles in numerous outstanding films such as The Godfather, The Devil’s Advocate, The Recruit, Ocean’s Thirteen, and many more. Al Pacino is the symbol of the entire epoch, introducing new values to modern people, and promoting them in a very charismatic way. In the following paper, his relationship to social values will be discussed. The historical moment, during which Al Pacino is famous, is rather prolonged. His success time came, beginning from his roles in The Godfather sequel. One of the most historically remarkable films in his career was “Cruising” (1980) (Fig. 1). In this film, Al Pacino stars as Steve Burns, a policeman who is ordained to find a vicious killer, cruelly murdering homosexual men. Figure 1 Viewers have different opinions about his personage’s real attitude to homosexuality, but it can be said for certain that this role by Al Pacino is very significant in attracting wide public’s attention to the issue of homosexual behavior. In his broad filmography, Al Pacino represents a variety of social norms and ideals. If to return to “Cruising” movie, it is necessary to state that in it, the actor promotes social values and standards that tend to oppose homosexuality rather than support it. For example, he is shown as the man in love and sexual relations with a woman. In addition, certain hints from the movie plot suggest that he is the very killer, who murders homosexual men because of their sexual orientation. His role caused a vigorous response in the written press and song industry. Mostly, famous people promoted ideas, rejecting homosexuality as the reason for serious diseases extensions such as AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, and a kind of corrupting the nation. Although there are no significant ideological conflicts, embodied by Al Pacino in his films, a few of them can be still found. For example, in The Recruit (2003), the actor seems to defend Russian ideology in the secret activity of his character. During this period, the other actors address similar ideas in their personages. The other ideological conflict is often seen in Al Pacino’s roles in such movies as The Godfather, The Devil’s Advocate, and Ocean’s Thirteen. The essence of this conflict is in promoting criminal values and money acquiring against moral values such as loyalty, friendship, honesty, and trustfulness. Al Pacino’s villain roles in those movies present a row of serious moral and ethical issues to the audience. Of course, he is not the only actor, addressing this moral conflict in one’s work. Among such actors are also Robert De Niro, Andy Garcia, Vincent Cassel, and many more. In conclusion, it should be stated that Al Pacino’s relationship to social norms can be seen in different films as an ambiguous matter. Particularly, films such as “Cruising” represent him as the promoter of traditional values such as love between men and women. The other films, where he plays villains, show him as a corrupted man, trapped by criminality, passion for money, and fame. Bibliography Barnard,
Aladdin is one of the recently released Disney movies that millions of people worldwide were able to observe in their local theatres. Therefore, it is not a surprise that many magazines, journals, and newspapers find it necessary and beneficial to discuss its positive and negative aspects. National Public Radio (NPR.org) is a media organization that investigates the film and public reaction. One of its articles reports that the work of Guy Ritchie, the director of Aladdin, “to replicate it as closely as possible” resulted in a “stilted facsimile” (Tobias 1). However, along with certain negative critics to compare Aladdin with an original animated movie or analyze the cast, the author mentioned a list of benefits, which makes people increase their desire to watch the movie. There are many reasons to love or hate Ritchie’s Aladdin. According to the article, “Smith is the only member of the cast who’s bothered to rethink the original character” (Tobias 2). His performance of Genie was not the attempt to imitate the legendary Robin Williams but the desire to create a character with old friendly habits and new hip-hop preferences. In the article, special attention was paid to the cast and its music and camera work. In the end, the author states that “from Disney’s perspective, an acceptable Aladdin probably meets the standards for franchise revivification, because it echoes the pleasures of the original film enough to get by” (Tobias 3). It is wrong to neglect the fact that it is normal for the audience to expect more. Aladdin is not a bad adaptation for this moment and, probably, the best chance for many people to return in time and remember the joy and happiness of childhood. Work Cited Tobias, Scott. “‘Aladdin’: A CGI World, Neither Whole Nor New.” NPR.org. 2019. Web.
Introduction Studying ancient literature can often provide a great deal of insight into how people lived, what they believed and how they interpreted their world. This is particularly enlightening because the ancient peoples often had to deal with the same human concerns we continue to deal with today. These include such issues as love, honor and death. How we approach these issues today is often assumed to be much different from how people approached them several centuries ago when operating under a significantly different religious ideology. By comparing different writers’ representations of death and the afterlife, or clues as to what these might be as they are expressed through the culture in the story, it is possible to understand the basic shifts that have taken place in society and realize that things haven’t changed all that much in all this time. Although the specific elements of the religion of the mostly pagan society of the composer of Beowulf around 1000 AD is fundamentally different from the Christian religion of Alfred Lord Tennyson who wrote Morte D’Arthur in 1842, the basic rules of behavior and means of gaining entrance into the afterlife can be seen to remain relatively the same. Discovering these attitudes toward death and the afterlife in both Beowulf and Morte D’Arthur is possible when one compares the behaviors of heroes as compared to those of villains as heroes will exemplify behaviors considered essential to attaining the highest status within the afterworld. The comparison of two work Of the characters in Beowulf, both Beowulf and King Hrothgar are seen as examples of what are today considered honorable Christians. Beowulf himself can be thought of as someone transitioning from the barbaric behaviors of the previous age into the honorable and moral man of the future as he learns the subtle actions and niceties that create an enlightened man of his age. Hrothgar has already made this transition from a ruler by force to a leader by example and civility thanks to his experience and care. Although Hrothgar is a very static character within the epic and he is not as physically strong as Beowulf in a society that greatly prizes strength and physical power above all else, Hrothgar is nevertheless seen as a model figure for the medieval man and the heroes they revered. At its most basic level, Hrothgar, through his example, illustrates that the model figure is one who does not rely on brute strength alone to convince his people to follow him but employs diplomacy, decency and compassion to those within his reach. These ideas are brought forward to greater detail with
Introduction The article “Franchise firm entry time influence on long term survival” by Juste et al. (2008) presents a rather interesting outlook on franchise firm survival by focusing not on the market forces of supply and demand or even on methods of sustained development through management innovation, diversification and subsequent product development but rather it focuses on the concept of early entry as being a highly influential factor in the long term survival of a franchise firm. This is a particularly interesting position to take especially when considering the fact that nearly 90% of all early entry businesses into new markets or new businesses with innovative approaches to address a particular need within a specific niche market fail within the first 5 years. Taking this into consideration, the Juste et al. (2008) article should prove to be rather enlightening in terms of the innovative approach it has taken in discussing franchise firm survival especially when considering the breadth of research that apparently went into its creation. Reasons for Choosing the Article The main reason this particular article was chosen was due to its focus on the long term survival of franchises through early entry into a particular market. It presented the reasons as to why late entry into a market by a rival franchise often has a far lesser chance of survival as compared to a franchise that has already been well established within the local community. On the other hand, another reason why I chose this particular article was due to the fact that upon reading it I discovered that the authors neglected to examine the extent of influence that a powerful brand could have on consumers. While the article was able to connect early entry into a market with long term survival there were few factual points which reference the strategies that franchises utilized in order to survive in the long term. This I believed was one of the inherent weaknesses of the article since based on my perspective brand promotion over a number years can have a power influence on consumers which leads to continued patronage and the survival of a franchise despite the entry of rivals into market. As such I endeavored to research various cases involving well established corporations and sought to examine instances where improper/proper methods of innovation and change were utilized in order for them to continue surviving within their chosen market segments. Aim of the Author In the case of Juste et al. (2008) study it can be seen that the aim of the author was to show how franchises in Spain established in the early 1950s – 1980s and reach up till the present have been able to survive for so long due to their early entry into the market. This was done by comparing the survival rate of franchises at later dates and how they were unable to usurp the position of franchises that were established much earlier. It is based on this that it can be assumed that the overall goal of the author was to prove that when it come to investing into a partic
While it is assumed that Barilla’s digital campaign should focus exclusively on Facebook and Instagram, the CCO’s evidence suggests otherwise. The young respondents identified the need for a stronger presence across multiple social media networks, among which Telegram and TikTok appear more in demand than Facebook. In fact, these two outlets are actively used by younger people, and the engagement campaign targets this population of the EU and the United States. Furthermore, designing the action plan around the actions of competitors is not an optimal approach to marketing. If other companies focus on Facebook and Instagram, it makes other platforms an uncharted territory with a considerable audience to engage. The website should equally be embedded as the bottom of the customer acquisition funnel, as it is the ultimate façade of the company in the digital environment. Below are the key avenues of young customer outreach, along with their benefits and disadvantages. Medium                Advantages                     Disadvantages                                                         Wide audience coverage;                                                        Instagram             Abundant influencers;          Extreme competition for engagement.                                   Visual appeal;                                                                                       Simplicity of use.                                                             TikTok                Rising popularity;             Limited promotion formats;                                            Focus on a young audience;     Questionable reputation among older users.                            Variety of formats;            Higher production costs;                        YouTube               Wide audience outreach;        Lower engagement;                                                     Variety of influencers;                                                                              Strong branding;               Necessity to attract users;                     Company website blog  Full control over the medium;  Dependence on the previous stages of the funnel                       End of the acquisition funnel                                                                        Easy production of content;    Limited coverage in certain regions;            Telegram              Increasing audience;           Limited visual tools                                                  Emphasis on young users                                                         The analysis of the share of voice as a metric to evaluate the outcome of the campaign is justified, as it directly compares Barilla’s position against its competitors. It was equally informative to take into consideration the engagement rate figures of the brand’s official accounts on social media. In subsequent campaigns, the choice of ROI (return on investment) as the central metric appears optimal, as it summarizes the performance of the marketing operat
In South Africa, especially in the union sectors, there is gender different in work place. There are also wage differences, which have a huge impact on the union member and workers. Moreover, the gender differences have impact on having different earnings. Other on the unions distribution of salary shows that different gender have a lower income comparing to the non –union sector (Casale & Posel, 2008). As a result, tit is evident that there is a big gap between men and women salary for those working in the union sector as compared to other employers of the non-union sector (Casale & Posel, 2008). The estimating result that shows of this gap different between men and women in wages is due to the fact that there are internal problems within the organization, which affects the employee’s behaviors and ability to negotiate for higher positions and wages (Casale & Posel, 2008). Union and nonunion employees enjoy job security, although union employees have more tenure eventually and have informational gain as compared to the nonunion workers. The collective bargaining power of union workers however, may be associated with differences in wages along gender lines. Besides, there is a form of contract employment where terms and conditions are stated explicitly while non-union worker enjoys extensive employment opportunities since they can terminate their work at will. Moreover, union workers make payments such as union dues, which cannot be negotiated. These differences in working conditions are associated with gender disparity in wage earning in various union and nonunion organizations. However, in the past, Unions have been associated with higher wages and for lessening gender disparity in the workplace. Unionized employees enjoy higher earnings than nonunion workers. All the same, the average earning of females is lower than that of males in both th