ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Should the headquarters of the U.S. -based multinational promote diversity initiatives in their worldwide subsidiaries? If so, what is the best way to accomplish this? The headquarters should promote diversity in their worldwide subsidiaries because it can provide a competitive advantage if implemented effectively. The firm’s core values, strength, and businesses depend on how effectively diversity is incorporated into the organization. The broad definition of diversity, as discussed by Brody and the Diversity Advisory Council, is another reason for the organization to promote diversity in all its subsidiaries. Diversity may include ethnicity when people come from the same race. There will be some form of diversity that can be initiated because individuals have different personalities and backgrounds. Low retention rate, low career development, and lack of a clear career path for female employees affect all its subsidiaries. It affects subsidiaries in other parts of the world more than the U.S. It is noted that it was not until 1998 that the first woman in a senior management position from outside the U.S. attended the senior management development program. It is a decade later since the program started in 1988. The need for diversity is more intense at the worldwide subsidiaries than in the U.S. It would appear hypocritical for the headquarters to practice diversity at home and show less concern in the subsidiaries. The best way to accomplish the initiative is to have subsidiaries define diversity in their local context and form programs for affirmative action. It is better to lead in transformation than to follow. The idea of diversity in the U.S. would soon be imitated in other countries. It can be either by law enforcement or as the best practice. The firm would have additional benefits if it pioneers in implementing the change. The firm can build its brand by implementing diversity measures in all its subsidiaries. If it follows others in implementing diversity, it cannot benefit from the good reputation that such an initiative would have brought. Do you agree with Brody’s idea to hold the forum? Why or why not? Can you suggest an alternative that would accomplish the same purpose or even more effectively? The forum was a good idea because it creates a higher level of awareness than any other single event could achieve. It brought publicity and debate among all employees. Some male employees wondered whether it was necessary to hold such a forum and leave them out. It brought out appreciation that the firm recognized that there was a problem with female employees’ career development. The forum allowed perceptions, attitudes, and opinions to be shaped progressively by the discussion. The top management inclusion allowed the top managers to listen to the opinions of the middle-level female managers directly. The senior women managers had a way of giving their views freely and constructively. Their views are considered constructive because they c
Walmart’s Description for Operations Manager “Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. helps people around the world save money and live better – anytime and anywhere – in retail stores, online, and through their mobile devices” ( Walmart unveils holiday strategy: easier shopping every day 2015, para. 17). Being a goods retailer and a service provider, the company offers a wide range of products and services. Customers can buy not only groceries but also electronic products, books, office supplies, jewellery, baby, household and sports products. Walmart as well is a service provider offering pharmacological treatment (medication prescriptions), photo laboratory (online and in the stores), financial (credit and debit cards, money remittance, check printing and cashing, etc.) and wireless phone (unlimited calls and text messages) services (Washington, n.d., para. 1-5). Company’s main customers are regular people of different social and economic status. Walmart started as a retailer, so its main product is retail goods. Operation processes differ in volume, variety, variation and visibility that together form a 4v product’s or service’s profile. Walmart’s volume is high because of a large number of employees (loaders, cashiers, sales consultants, etc.) each carrying out certain functions, therefore, the level of repeatability of the same process is high. Variety is undoubtedly high because of a broad assortment of products and services that the company provides. Variation is low and quite constant throughout the year because the demand for the products is permanent and predictable due to seasonal preferences and needs. Visibility is low because the customers cannot track the goods’ way to the stores’ shelves and the process of production (Slack et al. 2014, p. 22). So, Walmart’s pr
Introduction Dave Ulrich Model indicates the most prominent and critical roles of human resource management in merging processes. Dave Ulrich, who is one of the experts in human resource management, clearly outlines the HR concepts that mark the beginning of partnership forms of management. This paper critically examines the importance of evaluating the most prominent role of the Dave Ulrich model. Theoretical Contribution of the Dave Ulrich Model Dave Ulrich’s model (1996) has significantly contributed to the development of contemporary human resource management (HRM) concepts. According to Holley (2009), the model has remained popular amongst HR managers in the last decade. At the outset, the Ulrich’s model has heightened HRM support roles in areas such as organisational change, staffing, and business partnerships. Most importantly, the model has provided a framework for more radical business changes such as merging processes among others (Mahboobeh & Amir 2012). The Dave Ulrich’s model identifies four roles that include change agent, employee champion, administrative expertise, and strategic partner (Ulrich & Brockbank 2013). However, strategic partner is the most prominent among the aforementioned roles. Evaluation of this role ensures that HR managers provide crucial advice concerning improvement of the organisation’s cost-effectiveness (Caldwell 2010). They conduct evaluation of the financial position of the organisation to determine whether both short-term and long-term goals are achievable. This situation enables them to be in a better position to propose viable ideas for the business with a view of maximising profits whilst minimising costs (Huselid & Becker 1999). The Value and Importance of the Theoretical Contribution The value of theoretical contribution of the Ulrich’s model is manifested through modern business practices (Ulrich & Brockbank 2013). In the wake of radical business trends such as evolution of mergers, the model provides a basis for HR orientation in areas that include employee participation, organisational functionality, and change management among others (Ulrich 1996). In addition, the importance of the model’s theoretical contribution is realised in the formation of partnerships amongst organisations. Finally yet importantly, the model enables HR managers to execute practices that promote realisation of outcomes and add value. In this context, HR professionals actively participate in formulation and implementation of robust business decisions that are aimed at accomplishment of organisational goals (Sparrow, Farndale, & Scullion 2013). Theoretical Contribution to Merging Processes The twenty-first century has seen radical changes such as organisational merging that serves as a tool to achieve and sustain the competitive advantage of businesses (Armstrong 2008). Dave Ulrich’s model focuse
Case Study 1 Crime may be defined as an act or omission prohibited or punished by law (Issues Online, 1). This involves the infringement of the criminal law which is a wrong against an individual or state. From the case conditions, a crime was committed by the members of Students for Fair Tuition (SFT) through the invasion of the Dunfee Hall and the attempted break down of the door to Dalton Chandler’s office who was the president of Gigantic State University (GSU). Another case of crime occurs when Steve Steel a radical leader of the SFT threatens to shoot at Chandler’s secretary with a squirt gun had she moved causing her to collapse through probable intense fear depicted in her sobbing. According to the law pointing a weapon to a defenseless and harmless person, in this case the squirt gun is prohibited and one can be convicted of crime. By definition, negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man would be expected to do when guided by conditions of human conduct (WIKIPEDIA, 2). From the conditions in the case the president of GSU is negligent in the provision of standard Tuition fees. This is clearly shown by the action of the SFT in organizing a protest against the rising tuition costs at the University. If the president was a reasonable person he would have attended the problem in it’s early stages and not allow this to run out of proportion. Law can be described as a set of commands of human conduct prescribed by human beings and for the obedience of human beings, and this to some extent is an expression of the morality of a particular people. Rights on the other hand are the things one is entitled to enjoy. In the law of torts, ‘harm’ is considered when there is physical invasion to a person there fore in the case there was no violation of this law as the secretary was not harmed by the action of the SFT leader in slapping off the phone from her hands. However, there was the infliction of fear in the secretary by the threats to shoot her if she moved which is considered an assault. Since there was no case of physical invasion, the leader of the SFT and the members of his group cannot be held liable. This is because in the law of torts, ‘’harm’’ is taken as a physical invasion of a person or property and requires payment of damages for ‘’emotional’’ harm only if the harm is due to the physical invasion (Edward 1997, p.127-129) which was not the case in this case. This means that members of the SFT would only be held liable in tort liability only if the secretary was harmed physically. In the case in GSU University, the possible tort liabilities can be discussed in brief as will follow. An assault is the creation of fear or apprehension of battery in one person by another (Edward 1997, p.129 -132). However, for an assault to be subject to legal action this has to be specific and close thus in accordance to the law of torts. Therefore in the case since the threats by SFT were merely verbal with possession of a toy weapon, there was no one liable in tort. Battery involves the infliction of violence to the person by another and involves physical contact which is an exception in t
Introduction The modern industry of Western psychiatry has secured a range of advances in the care of people who are experiencing mental distress. Today, there is a variety of pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies targeted at managing and understanding the symptoms of distress as well as find new methods of dealing with them. The past model of treating patients with psychological conditions has become obsolete, with community care offering more and more services to support crisis management and early intervention. Besides, the academic community has grown both in numbers and complexity of research, which is another worthy achievement. Nevertheless, it is imperative to mention that psychiatric theory and practice, including diagnosis practices, have become to a halt. The diagnoses listed in the majority of large manuals on psychiatric diagnoses have not yet been associated with physical tests and biological markers. Therefore, unlike the rest of medicine, the large majority of psychiatric diagnoses are not based on pathophysiological explanations, and no independent data is available to practitioners to support their subjective diagnoses. Main body Thus, this paper will focus on exploring the view that diagnosis is of limited use for modern clinical psychologists. Despite the fact that the reliability in making diagnoses has enhanced for some purposes of research, the clinical practice has not been improved as the issue of validity persists. However, psychological diagnoses that are made today are as reliable as they can be currently despite the fact that they have no observable organic base. Practitioners monitor the behaviors of their patients as well as what they report about themselves (Randall-James and Coles 2018: 451). Therefore, since there is no other method of diagnosing mental distress in patients, the current procedures are the best (but not enough) that they can be. Current methods of diagnosing patients are not considered enough for effective treatment due to issues with validity. If one was to apply the standards found in the rest of medicine, then the validity of diagnostic constructs relies on the degree to which it represents a naturally occurring category. The inability of basic science research to discuss specific psychological markers for psychiatric diagnoses means that the existing systems do not have the desired level of research security. With controversies surrounding the diagnoses in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Men
Introduction Family relationships are normally viewed as unchanging and fixed institutions in many parts of the world, but in reality, these relationships are established upon ever-changing systems that have gradually brought substantial changes in the way this institution operates. In the USA like in many other societies especially those of the developed world, individuals now have a variety of choices to make regarding family life. During the last century, substantial changes occurred within American families many of which resulted in a more varied pattern of Americans’ general outlook towards the family unit and family formation. Throughout the 20 th century, dynamic changes took place within the family institution that resulted in increased frequency of cohabitation relationships and divorce. By the close of the century, many families had experienced the impact of divorce and as a result, many single adults now opted to cohabit with members of the opposite sex rather then get married. The stability and health of the once stable American family was now at great risk of disintegration (Coleman, Ganog and Warzinik 2007). Main body Cohabitation is the term used to describe an intimate sexual relationship between two unattached partners who opt to share residence for a determined period. This practice has substituted marriage for many couples in the United States of America (USA) but differs from the marriage institution along several dimensions. Unlike marriage, cohabitation has no specific legal obligations or rights on the part of the couples involved, and it is also a less permanent type of union. Cohabiters are unlikely to undertake any joint financial obligations and their sexual activities are less exclusive (Waite and Barchrach 2000). In a cohabitation type of relationship, the non-parent has no legal, supervisory, custodial or financial responsibilities towards the child/children. Cohabiting partners are likely to cheat on one another (Tolson 2005). In most of the industrialized world, intimate sexual relationships had a very steady trend in which falling in love led to marriage, and raising of children crowned the relationship thereafter. But this trend has drastically changed and intimate sexual relationships are getting more complicated by the day. In most of these societies including the USA, cohabitation has become an easy alternative to marriage for many couples. Most young adults have the tendency to live together before marriage and a good number of them may choose to stick to such a union, even raising children out of casual relationships. Premarital cohabitation is today an acceptable social norm in the US society where statistical research on this issue indicates that as far back as the early 1990s, 56% of women in their first marriage had cohabited before legalizing their relationship. In 1995 alone, about one-fifth of all single women between 19 years of age to 44 y
According to Adam Smith, when private individuals are left free to seek their own interests in free markets, the will inevitably be led to further the public welfare by an “Invisible Hand.” What is this “Invisible Hand” and why does Smith believe that it will further the public welfare? The groundbreaking treatise authored by Adam Smith was published in the 18 th century. But even after two hundred years it is still an important concept in the world of economics. Without this masterpiece it would be difficult to understand the foundation of modern economic thought (Dougherty, 2002, p.3). This theory states that it is good to remove regulations when it comes to the selling and buying of goods. (Muller, 1993, p.7). This action will greatly benefit all that are involved. This is because of the action of the so-called “Invisible Hand” that influences the marketplace. Adam Smith did not propose to remove the government from the equation. The government has a critical role to play, however, Smith says that a free market with fewer restrictions is the ideal setup. This principle became known as the the laissez-faire or the self-coordinating market (Psalidopoulos, 2000, p.69). In other words if the government takes a step backwards and not intervene with price controls and other control mechanisms then the the market will self-regulate. One way to explain the laissez-faire principle is by looking at the price of goods. Using Smith’s theory it is impossible for a businessman to continuously raise the price of his goods because no one will be able to afford it, as a result demand will slow dow and finally the market will correct itself and the price will go down (Otteson, 2004, p.3). Thus, there is no need for the government to intervene (Brown, 2006, p.270). This is a remarkable idea. Nevertheless, there are instances when the laissez-faire principle does not work. In these cases the government has to come in and save the day. One of the best example is the significant trade imbalance between the United States and Japan in the latter part of the 20 th century. The problem became so severe that Americans accused Japanse manufacturers of unfair trade practices. The U.S. Government had to come in and intervene, to force Japan to modify some of its business practices in order to show the world that they are promoting fair trade. This is a clear example that Smith’s theory cannot be relied upon all the time. In fact it is foolish to rely on the markets to behave in such a way that everyone will benefit from it. Another example that will illustrate the inherent weakness of Adam Smith’s “Invisible Hand” theory is seen in the recent financial crisis that stymied the U.S. economy a few years ago. It was due to the real estate cri
Conflict Resolution Recommendations It is important to realize that environment of health care organizations is a highly demanding and stressful one due to the constant contact with patients requiring urgent medical treatment. Therefore, many clinical settings are closely associated with the emergence of conflicts among physicians, nurses, technologists, and other health care employees (Patton, 2014). Leaders of HCOs have to carefully listen to involved parties in order to successfully resolve a conflict (Patton, 2014). The disputes between non-physicians and physicians could be prevented by enacting policies prohibiting verbal abuse. Moreover, all health care professionals have to be encouraged to immediately report cases of inappropriate use of language (Patton, 2014). Sometimes, appeals to mutual religious values, as well as the desire for reconciliation based on shared tenets of religion, could bring peace to conflicting parties (Marsden, 2012). Successful managers of the HCO should be able to guide their employees with strong ethical norms that stem from the inherent “sense of higher calling” in order to reduce incidence rates of disputes (Marsden, 2012). The implications of conflict between surgery and cardiology units might be extremely significant; therefore, it is important to establish proper communication guidelines between them in order to reduce the risk of communication failure (Cinar & Kaban, 2012). The scope of their functions and responsibilities has to be clearly drawn so that every person with a stake in the patient’s health outcomes would know their limits of responsibility. The commitment to measured performance can also help to address this issue. It is recommendable to take enterprise conflict management (ECM) approach not only to the disputes between orthopedics and imaging but also to apply it to relationships between all units of the HCO (Cinar & Kaban, 2012). The managers of hospitals have to create a “team-oriented culture” with an emphasis on various conflict resolution techniques and methods (Cinar & Kaban, 2012). This will make any HCO an attractive worksite with low incidence rates of disputes between employees. Sometimes mandatory counseling might be needed for those members of staff who are extremely prone to conflict (Cinar & Kaban, 2012). Emergency Referrals Well-managed HCOs should have effective approaches for dealing with emergency referrals. There are several ways to assess different referral systems in terms of various outcome measures. The most common approach to understanding interdependencies between those views is the logic model for the representation of the pathway between stated health outcomes and interventions (Reilly & Markenson, 2010). The system-level approach can be taken to assess such measures as waiting times and access to specialists. According to numerous studies, the combination of interventions in the process of emergency referrals at the systemic level is considerably