ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Movie Summary Released in 2018 in the U.S., A Star Is Born is a romantic drama telling the story of Jackson “Jack” Maine and Ally. The two meet in a drag bar, where Ally works as a singer and songwriter. Being a country singer himself, Jack is fascinated with Ally’s talent, and the two start a friendship that transforms into a romantic relationship. Together, they write unique and authentic music, yet Ally is soon approached by a producer, who offers her a lucrative contract and a more pop-music-geared repertoire. Ally chooses to pursue artistic success, which Jack supports, even though having visible disappointment with Ally’s loss of authenticity. Soon Jack spirals into substance abuse, nearly ruining Ally’s career and relationships with others. However, Ally decides to support Jack instead, understanding his struggle and willing to help him. During her final performance, she chooses to sing her and Jack’s songs as a tribute to her husband. In the meantime, Jack hangs himself in their home. After Ally learns about it and is stricken with grief, Jack’s older brother, Bobby, tells her that she should not blame herself. To analyze the problems that Jack is facing throughout the movie, the BPS+ model will be used. By definition, the BPS+ model represents an updated version of the BPS framework, which was built to “recognize the complex interactions between biological, psychological and social constructs of illness” (Wainwright & Low, 2020, p. 1). In turn, the BPS+ model allows targeting vulnerable groups and catering to their specific needs. Due to the failure to adders a combined effect of biological (father’s alcoholism and the presence of tinnitus), psychological (inferiority complex and lack of self-fulfillment), and sociological (gender stereotypes and expectations), Jack fails to reconcile with his personal crisis, spiraling into depression, which results in suicide. Analysis: Applying the BPS+ Model Biological Since the movie understandably focuses on the protagonists and tends to show rather than use a verbal narrative, very little is known about Jack’s family and parents. However, the movie still shows the snippets of Jack’s life with his father, indicating that the latter abused alcohol to a significant extent (Cooper, 2018). Jack’s addiction to substances, particularly his propensity to drinking, can be explained by his genetic disposition to the specified disorder. Most importantly, the movie points to the presence of a much more significant factor that pushes Jack toward the abuse of alcohol and the use of drugs. Namely, as the movie plot unwraps, the audience realizes that Jack has been suffering from tinnitus: “’ Well, tinnitus can’t be fixed.’ ‘Right. Well, I just hear that tone, that’s all. You know, the tone, yeah. The ringing.’” (Cooper, 2018). While tinnitus is an undeniably unpleasant experience for an average patient, for a musician, it may ruin an entire life since it creates massive impediments to playing or composing music. Moreover, tinnitus is also likely to erase any enjoyment of playing music or listening to
Identity in Brian Ascalon Roley’s American Son Filipinos migrate to the United States in order to become closer to the better life, to realise their dreams, and receive the chance to change their reality. In fact, Filipinos become the victims of the racial discrimination and begin to suffer from the impossibility to determine their national and cultural identity. From this point, those children who are born in multicultural families also begin to suffer from inability to find the right place in the society where people are not ready to discuss them as the real Americans. Furthermore, the problem of identity and transnationalism is often associated with a range of other problems typical for teenagers and young adults. Tomas and Gabe are the protagonists of Brian Ascalon Roley’s American Son. These young men experience the difficulties of being the children of the American father and Filipino mother while living in the USA and observing the other Americans’ making their dreams real. The situation is complicated with the fact that boys are brought up without their father. Thus, Tomas and Gabe have no opportunities to orient to the male role model developed in the family because those behaviour patterns which they remember as typical for their father are rather violent and racist, and as a result, boys have the erroneous vision of masculinity. It is possible to pay attention to Tomas and Gabe’s visions of masculinity referring to the ideas developed by Tomas in relation to the question, to the opinion which is characteristic for Gabe, and to the male role model which is typical for the behaviour and attitudes of the boys’ father. On the one hand, the image of Tomas can be discussed as the embodiment of masculinity because of his appearance. Thus, the young man’s muscles are covered with “gangster tattoos”, his head is “shaved down to stubble”, and moreover, Tomas is “really half white, half Filipino but dresses like a Mexican” (Roley 15). On the other hand, the brutal behaviour of Tomas and his attitude toward his relatives and other people cannot be considered as the embodiment of the real masculinity. Tomas is inclined to misinterpret the notion of masculinity and act as a cruel man. The actions of Tomas can be explained from the point of his desire to determine his role in the society which is rather holistic in relation to the minorities. Moreover, brutality is the only behaviour pattern which is associated with the boys’ father. Tomas as the elder brother should become the main man in the family. That is why, Gabe is affected significantly by the particular features of the elder brother’s influence (Roley 18). Later, Gabe even reflects the peculiarities of the young man’s behaviour in spite of the previous disapproval of the position supported by Tomas. In spite of the fact that the life conditions and environments are the same in relation to both brothers, Gabe grows as a quiet boy who does not want to create new problems for his mother because she has to
Slavery refers to a situation whereby individuals are considered to be belongings and are merchandised. In the American history, slaves were used as workforce by the colonizers in their tobacco, cotton and other agricultural activities. The slaves were also used in development of economic actions such as construction of roads, railways, houses and fighting towers. Due to the hardships and poor working conditions, the slaves had to find ways and means of survival. They created their own culture and the lifestyles. To start with, they built a very strong societal bound (Fletcher 2004). They started living as a community. They exchanged matrimony vows in an official manner and had kids. Moreover, the slaves took up family practices. For example, they started using words such as uncle, sister etcetera to refer to people they lived with though not linked by blood. This kind of relationship helped them tighten there kinship ties and have a real sense of understanding amongst them. Secondly, the slaves had another culture of worshiping. They put up religious conviction that seemed dissimilar to other types of Christianity that the colonizers wanted them to follow. They adopted their own modes of increasing their faith in prayers that mostly were believed to bring goodness in their misery life. The prayers helped them to see the right far end the tunnel in their doomed and darkness environment. The slaves used the cold war to resist against their masters. For example, they used to act as if they were unwell at any time they had an opportunity so that do not work. They also worked very at a snail’s pace whenever got a chance especially when not supervised. Despite of the colonizers harshness and harassment of the innocent creatures, the slaves tried to resist their rule in various ways. For instance, the slaves used to destroy their masters by poisoning them especially in food. They also would find an excuse of not working by damaging the operational instruments thus affecting their proper functioning. The slaves cheated their masters by requesting for a moment to excrete their messed stomach hence run away (Barry 2008). They tricked their masters in other ways such as pretended to be unwell to run away from work. For example, the expectant mothers and girls took advantage of their conditions to stay absent from work. The slaves acted as if they could not comprehend with the orders from their masters and loitered in work as a way of resisting. Moreover, the slaves resisted the extreme hardship and harassment from their masters by dancing and singing songs full of irony and criticism as a way of scorning them. They also used to disappear without their master’s knowledge and settle in forest and mountains where they tried to kill their masters in addition to committing infanticide and suicide. As far as colonization was concerned, gender sensitivity was put into consideration. Women and men were treated differently. There were a lot of sexual category detailed divergences in slavery. The women did not trek to toil with men in muscular job ca
Introduction Therapy refers to any type of treatment that does not involve surgical operation. There are two main forms of therapy: psychotherapy and physiotherapy. Therapy has been used for a long time to care for numerous ailments and disorders all over the globe (Young, 2009, p. 22). The principal objective of different types of therapy is to provide patients with the best care possible. Therapy is normally administered by professional therapists. Patients usually have different expectations. However, there are a number of characteristics/attributes that are common among reputable therapists (Young, 2009, p. 43). The aspiration of many therapists is to be on top in their work. However, studies have shown that there is no therapeutic approach, strategy or intervention that is better than the other. These studies have also shown that professional training and qualification have little impact on the results or efficiency of the treatment. Therefore, the outcome of any therapeutic treatment majorly depends on the therapists (Young, 2009, p. 46). This essay will explore different characteristics/ attributes of excellent therapists. In addition, the paper will examine the challenges facing newcomers in this profession. Characteristics or qualities of an excellent therapist According to theories and research evidence, there are eight main characteristics of excellent/effective therapists namely: verbal assuredness and fluency, interpersonal discernment, high level of professionalism, warmth and acceptance, empathy and empowerment, self awareness, patient awareness, and communicating hope and optimism (Littauer, Sexton & Wynn, 2005, p. 23). Patients of an excellent therapist usually feel understood, have faith on the therapist and believe in their approach. Good therapists normally create these conditions through verbal exchange at the earlier stages. In the first moments of interactions patients are extremely receptive to signs of acceptance, appreciation and professionalism. Even though verbal assuredness and fluency are important throughout the therapeutic process, they are vital at the earlier stages of interaction (Littauer, Sexton & Wynn, 2005, p. 24). A good therapist is able to form close relations with a wide range of clients. The close relations entail a therapeutic bond, as well as approval of the therapeutic process. Therefore, the relationship can be described as collaborative. Collaborative relation enhances trust and belief on the part of the client (Littauer, Sexton & Wynn, 2005, p. 25). A close working relationship with the clients helps them to establish their own goals. Patients normally seek help from therapists regarding a specific problem. They know what the problem is. However, their main challenge is what to do about it. Therefore, a good therapist helps in establishing the cause of the problem and setting up of goals for clients to work towards (Young, 2009, p. 73). Despite of the fact that some studies dispute the impact of professionalism on the results or efficiency of therapeutic treatment, outstan
Fung Shui originates from the ancient China and is a philosophy of a harmonious coexistence of humans and the Mother Nature. Feng is the Chinese word for wind while Shui is the Chinese word for water (Montenegro). The Chinese believe that these two components of nature are instrumental in the establishment of good health (Montenegro). Consequently, good health and affluence are because of good Feng Shui while bad health and misfortunes denotes bad Feng Shui (Montenegro). The idea is concerned with the surroundings as well as the constitution and interiors of buildings (Montenegro). They say, building constructed in a good landscape bring good fortunes while the opposite is true. The ancient Chinese believed that the effects of Feng Shui influence the location of one’s home and they may experience good or bad fortunes. Good fortune included things like good health, joyful relationships, and abundance of food and economic muscles (Montenegro). On the other hand, bad fortunes included things like sickness, death, scarcity, and distress among other things. They believed that, by occupying a home that is located in a landscape that has a bad Feng Shui, it would attract bad fortune and vice versa. It was an ancient Chinese belief that the study of water and wind can help the human race to create and achieve health, wealth, fame and fortune (Montenegro). This ancient philosophy concentrates on the balancing of the environment and Chi is a vital component of this study (Montenegro). Chi means the vital life force of energy. On that note, it is important to note that Feng Shui is a process of maintaining a good environment for Chi to function properly. In traditional explanation of Feng Shui, Chi is protected from being dispersed by the wind as well as retaining it with water (Emmons). This is how the philosophy balances the environment creating better conditions for human existence. The concept of this balance is as follows: Chi is an energy flow and needs to be in circulation for the society to benefit from it. Consequently, its protection from dispersion by wind comes from barriers such as trees and mountains are vital to keep Chi contained. Having a good Chi in one’s location signified well-being (Emmons). Water, on the other hand, holds Chi together but, again, to avoid stagnation, the water must be flowing to achieve favorable Chi (Emmons). The best description of Chi is as the soul or better still or as one’s destiny as the Chinese sa
The Time of Enlightenment The Enlightenment age took shape in the 18 th century. This was an intellectual movement that revolutionalized Western thought and cultures from the traditional political and social orders. Enlightenment ideas that followed espoused ideals which stressed human freedom and equality for all (Dupré 20). This Enlightenment started with the scientific revolution that had begun with the scientific intellectual movement. Thinkers, artists, and writers resident in London and Paris felt more enlightened and, thus, needed to enlighten their colleagues elsewhere on the “rights of man” and “the goals of society “(Israel 75). That advanced the idea of an ideal society. The Enlightenment age was driven by an enthusiasm to find ways of restoring human dignity as well as value. Thus, most enlightenment age thinkers saw human reason as the only means to fight ignorance, superstition, and any other tyranny in which most societies found themselves entangled. Personal independence as well as individual freedoms were issues that concerned many thinkers. The mental attitudes of many people needed re-invigoration. The Enlightenment Age saw popular ideas, beliefs, and even artistic styles take shape. Issues to do with religion, especially the grip of the Catholic church on society, formed the basis of the French Enlightenment thinkers. The church was seen as having reduced people to puppets who could not reason and have a rational judgment on issues that they faced. Enlightenment thinkers equally targeted the aristocracy. They felt that such domination o
Bronze Age in the development of human culture follows the Neolithic Age, the period of time when humans were using tools made of stone for hunting, as weapons and as appliances for the household. Bronze Age brought an understanding of the skill of copper mining, smelting and crafting bronze tools, weapons, and ritual objects. The main two influences in China during the Bronze Age were dynasties of Zhou and Shang. In this paper, I propose research of their cultural differences and how they reflected on the bronzes. Bronze Age for the Chinese civilization started around 2000 B. C. during the rule of Shang dynasty. The Shang kingdom occupied a large territory spread along the banks of the Yellow River. These days this territory belongs to Henan province of China. Ancient Chinese believed that the kings are glorious while the spirits support them. To remain strong and victorious, the kings had to win the spirits’ blessing and good attitude. According to the ancient Chinese beliefs, the way to achieve this was through sacrificing humans to the spirits and gods. Bronze vessels became a royal attribute during the rule of Shang dynasty. Zhou dynasty defeated the Shang in 1046. The time of Zhou ruling in China is divided into two main periods – Western and Eastern Zhou. The culture of Zhou people was similar to Shang culture. Although the archeologists noticed that Zhou reduced the number of human sacrifices. Bronze remained one of the most important royal symbols. Besides, Zhou craftsmen started to use bronze vessels to create inscriptions of the achievements of their kings (Sullivan 2014). There were two main methods of casting bronze. The lost wax method meant that the original sculpture was made of wax, and then its mold was created. In the process of making the final copy of the object in bronze, the mold was destroyed. The second method is called piece-mold casting. This method is much older than the previous one; all the earliest Chinese sculptures were created by means of piece-mold casting. One of the most well-known traits associated with the bronze vessels of Shang dynasty was the so-called taotie. Taotie is the type of ornament, based on the images of animals and birds that are present on Shang bronzes. Taotie has eyes, fangs, ears, horns; sometimes it is only a picture of the head of an animal, sometimes it has other body parts added (Shang and Zhou Dynasties: the Bronze Age of China 2013). Zhou bronzes, especially vessels, are known for the inscriptions that nowadays serve as amazing archeological documents. Making a bronze vessel, the craftsmen of Zhou were inserting a special core to create a cavity inside of the vessel. This core was engraved with writings telling about the heroic achievements of Zhou royalty. The symbols were very fine and clear, even thousands of years later the scientists can read and translate them. The differences between the ornament patterns of these two periods were created by the influence of silk and fabric embroidery that has developed during the Zhou period. As a result, the vessels of Zhou have less abstract patterns; the animals can be easily recognized; the images became flowing. New sha
The given paper is an attempt to develop a concept of social medicine. When social medicine became an important part of state policy, this state policy was not always implemented in the interests of the whole society, and therefore, social medicine was a negative factor for society. Social medicine is considered as a branch of sociology, the object of study and practice of which is a public person. A person not only plays a certain abstract role but his/her relations, actions, actions, and statuses can be subjected to measurements. It is no coincidence that sociometry is one of the main methods of social medicine. There is a general concept, which is a category of knowledge about a person and at the same time about society. This refers to the subject of social medicine – public health. It is important to note that the process of concept development begins with outlining the issue, which is the divisiveness of the current healthcare system. However, a social doctor as a sociologist, armed with knowledge and methods of curating a social person, turns out to be, in fact, a doctor of society (Kasper et al. 629). A social doctor not only helps the client get out of a difficult situation for him, but also equips him with knowledge, thanks to which the client can exercise control over the work of the body and, importantly, predict certain physical, mental and creative abilities. A healthy lifestyle from an abstraction turns into a formula for the life of this particular person. If the clinician is indifferent to what kind of social or microsocial environment his/her patient is from, then the social doctor identifies just the most significant social parameters of a person, according to which his/her problem is considered. The second stage of concept development involves the process of setting a direction change or the subject of alteration. Social medicine, which develops the norms of a healthy lifestyle in a healthy society and exercises social control over an individual, a group of individuals, be it the family, school, work collective, legislative and executive authorities, the judiciary, prisons or the army, is not what something alien, standing over man and society (Greene and Loscalzo 2494). It is a reflection on knowledge and practice of healthy trends in society as a whole. Clinical medicine can be considered as a set of theoretical and practical knowledge about human diseases, methods for their treatment, prevention, and the prognosis of disease results and treatment. The last step of concept development is the process of presenting the overall picture of the given idea. Social medicine does not make a diagnosis and, therefore, does not cure either an individual, or a group of people, and even less so a society. For a social doctor, a person is not a patient, but a client, just as a social doctor as a specific person is a client, for example, for the hairdresser or lawyer (Kasper et al. 631). Patients are all who seek the help of a clinical physician or clinician: general practitioner, gynecologist, psychiatrist, or sex therapist (Greene and Loscalzo 2497). The clinical doctor must diagnose him before starting to treat the patie