ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Disregarding the proclaimed principles of constitutional multiculturalism, racial discrimination still exists on various levels in modern American society. Winning Oscars, the 2004 film Crash directed by Paul Haggis sheds light upon the problems of racial profiling in media and society of present day Los Angeles, pursuing the goal of showing the inappropriateness of racial prejudices. Nature of multicultural societies The strains of multiculturalism presuppose certain challenges to legal and social dimensions of life in any community. The instances of racial discrimination in multicultural Los Angeles are revealed in the movie Crash which demonstrates the controversy between the legislative proclamations of democratic societies and their practical implications in everyday situations. Regardless of the constitutional multiculturalism of modern democratic societies proclaiming equal rights for all citizens, the discriminating of the minorities still occurs at various levels. In fact, discrimination is built so deep into the institutional system, that the discriminating not always are aware of the wrongness of their actions (Henslin 2010). The differences in racial origin and religious beliefs frequently predetermine the superior attitude towards the representatives of the minor ethnic groups. The belief in biological inferiority of certain racial groups is frequently used for justifying their exploitation and discrimination which can have various forms. For example, there are a wide range of racism forms in present day societies, including institutional, systemic, societal, interpersonal and everyday forms of racism. The first three forms are rooted deep into the community paradigm and predetermine the accustomed patterns of the racialized order established on a state level, while the last two forms, namely the interpersonal and everyday forms reflect the human factor as the underlying cause and the consequence of institutionalized racism in modern multicultural societies. The plot of the movie Crash is based upon explicit examples of everyday and interpersonal racism. The application of sociological concepts to the movie Crash Narrating the interconnected lives of 15 American within the frames of 36 hours, the film sheds light upon the politics and dominating mood of racial representations in present day America. The title of the movie cannot be perceived literally, and implies not only the car accident in one of the opening episodes of the film, but also the confrontation of interests and life views among the representatives of various racial groups. Thus, at the very beginning of the movie, the Los Angeles detectives Graham Waters and Ria discuss the philosophical issues of the decay of community feeling in the urbanized society but this lyrical mood disappears after they arrive at the site of the car accident and hear two women screaming racial offenses to each other. The ethnocentric views of the participants of the accident broaden the context of the situation, shifting t
Under the endosymbiotic theory, organelles are the result of endosymbiosis between “prokaryotic endosymbionts and eukaryotic host cells” (“Endosymbiotic theory,” n.d., para. 1). With this process, the endosymbiont lives within the host organism, and when applied to the understanding of cells, this theory explains how organelles exist within the eukaryotic cells. This is one of the evolutionary theories that is commonly accepted today. Although this theory offers a valid explanation of the potential cell evolution, there are experiments that undermine it. For example, the Miller-Urey experiment is based on the idea of the chemical synthesis of the cell structures (“Endosymbiotic theory,” n.d.). The synthesis occurs between gases and water, which results in the formation of amino acids; this is the abiogenesis theory. Additionally, the theory of prebiotic soup implies that in the beginning, the atmosphere on Earth was hostile, and eventually, the chemically reducing atmosphere allowed the production of organic compounds. Then, these compounds developed into complex polymers and then into simple life forms (“Endosymbiotic theory,” n.d.). Hence, the endosymbiotic theory is plausible, but there are other theories that trace the development of cells and life on Earth as well. Still, there is strong evidence that shows that this theory is plausible, such as the mitochondria’s and plastid’s ability to reproduce in a process similar to binary fission (“Endosymbiotic theory,” n.d.). This process is a way of reproduction when a parent cell divides into several, and these cells can develop to the size of their parent cells. Next, the circular DNA of mitochondria and plastids is similar to that of bacteria, but it differs from the cells’ nucleus (“Endosymbiotic theory,” n.d.). Finally, poring’s in mitochondria resemble those of the bacteria’s cell membrane. Overall, this theory is plausible, although there are other explanations that highlight other ways of the cells’ development. Reference Endosymbiotic theory. (n.d.). Web.
Introduction Patient satisfaction is considered a significant outcome measure for health services. In addition, consumer or patient contentment is defined as quality performance by health professionals in the health care industry. There is a need for researchers to go beyond the recognition of socio-demographic and institutional variables linked with patient contentment. Patient or consumer fulfillment may rely on various patient individualities such as age, sex, educational background and socio-economic status it also varies from region to region. Moreover, the determination to satisfy patients includes methodological difficulties. Patient satisfaction research and surveys endeavor to recognize the ways and terms in which patients make out health services provided in their health centers. Through these in-depth research and studies the community can voice and affirm the importance of their experience from services provided in health centers (Wonrt, 1987). Attaching importance to the visions of people because of consumerism and self-governing principles, and being prejudiced by the recommendations of friends or family about preferred medical doctors or health centers are just some of the numerous factors of increasing importance given to patient satisfaction in the health industry. Without patient or consumer contentment, it is therefore impossible to talk about qualified utility. These are simply some expectations of patients from their health providers. For
Introduction Advancement in information technology is one of the greatest achievements realized in human history. This has significantly shaped the manner in which people communicate and share information around the world. At a click of the mouse, it is possible to access and share information with friends, workmates, employees and the general public. Nevertheless the internet has redefined information technology and taken it to another level (Castells 45). Consequently, these developments have led to emergence of privacy and security issues especially in the 21 st century with many people arguing that massive use of the internet puts users at risk of having their private information accessed and shared without their consent. It is more obvious than not that the use of internet is a threat to human privacy and has to be addressed to mitigate cyber-related crimes. This essay explores ways in which technology affects human privacy and how internet users and victims respond to these challenges. Internet Internet is a global network which allows connection of computers, computer programs and enormous information. This connectivity permits sharing and transmission of information regardless of ones destination on the global map. As a result, the internet is regarded as a resource center for a wide range of people (Castells 45). It has become a space where people deposit and share private information, becoming victims of identity theft and privacy related cases. It is however important to underline the fact that the internet is largely unregulated on an international scale thus internet laws have limited legislative authority over internet activities in other countries (Levmore and Nussbaum 22). Although the internet was initially used for communication in organizations, institutions and in business, it has found massive application among individuals around the world. Besides computers, internet usage has been facilitated by the emergence of internet-enabled mobile phones (Castells 45). People around the world are able to search the internet, post personal information and view other people’s profiles. Additionally, commencement of the 21 st century has witnes
Socrates is one of the great thinkers of all times owing to the fact that his philosophy shaped the Greek’s tread of thoughts. Although he was a great personality among the Greek people, Socrates did not record any of his thoughts making it difficult to trace clearly his early life. Nussbaum asserts that “this historical Socrates did not write” (125). However, the information we have about him is garnered from his disciples and contemporaries. Therefore, this paper seeks to present Socrates’ life, history, and thoughts in a historical context. Although, the early life of this Greek legend is not well known, Socrates is believed to have existed around 470 BCE and was executed about the year 399 BCE. He hailed from Athens city in Greece at the time when the Athenians were at war with the Partisans. Although Athenians were at war with the Persians at the time Socrates was born, its cultural influence was felt in her neighboring cities. Johnson claims that “he lived his early life in great days of Athens, city at the height of its influence and its cultural flowering” (9). Athenians were led by myths in interpreting every occurrence before the birth of Socrates. It is Socrates who initiated the new way of explaining the reality by reasoning rather than believing in myths for their answers. His ideas are based on his love for wisdom and the pursuit of what can actually be known. Socrates is such a historic personality that he cannot be ignored in the history of the world. His influence is felt across all kinds of thoughts such as poetry, philosophy, cultures, history, ethics, politics, and anthropology. He is actually likened to the Historical Jesus in many ways since he stood for the truth and taught it to all and especially the youth. He loved wisdom and he was executed innocently because he taught new knowledge to the society. According to Priestley “both discourses and the general manner of life Socrates and Jesus have an obvious resemblance as they both went about gratuitously, doing good, according to their several abilities, situations and opportunities” (36). Socrates believed that he was the gadfly of the society and the herald of the Truth. Inspired by his mother (midwife) and his father (sculptor), Socrates analogically became a midwife in that he helped people bring forth their ideas by asking them questions which triggered their way of thinking. Christian claims that “Socrates believed the only path to knowledge was through discussion of ideas, so he spent his life conversing with disciples, friends, and bystanders…” (Christian 31). His philosophy is based on his quest for knowledge and truth as well as justice in the society. He extensively discussed many critical issues that are still relevant in
Introduction Most healthcare organizations are currently facing many challenges: The increased pressure and demands to improve services from their patients, healthcare accreditation boards, government agencies, and the media. There is a need for healthcare organizations to adopt Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI). CQI Improvement in Healthcare CQI has found applications in many industry and service sectors but not in healthcare. However, according to Kahan and Goodstadt, it is certain that many healthcare professionals would not find it difficult to adopt the fundamentals of CQI in their day-to-day activities (83). In medicine, quality improvement entails making observations, identifying variables, changing processes, analyzing the results, and finally taking appropriate action. CQI utilizes similar principles as those promoted by the foundations of medicine. Fundamentals of CQI Research findings reveal that variations are an integral part of any process, and thus quality control systems entail the processes of determining whether the causes of these variations are natural or they can be controlled (Baker 45). CQI offers analytical tools that can guide decision-making. CQI entails the use of control charts, histograms, and process capability charts to determine variation in certain measurements or to summarise the expected process outcomes (Carey and Lloyd 15). Cont… There is a need for one to determine the source of out-of-controls in a given process before developing strategies for eliminating the cause. Continuous analysis of the process is paramount when one aims at determining whether the changes initiated have achieved process control or not. Another important aspect of control charts is that they enable one to determine process capabilities, particularly for in-control processes. The charts can show the amount of time a patient has to wait before consulting a doctor in hospital (Ovretviet 55). The Four Steps of using CQI Major steps of using CQI include planning, doing, studying, and acting (PDSA): In planning, data regarding the current performance and capabilities of a particular process is collected, then identification of problems and their respective causes using different CQI tools. The ‘Do’ stage entails identifying changes that can achieve the desired process outcomes. On the ‘Study’ stage, the impact of the change
Introduction Based on the pronounced freedom and exposure that students get in colleges, majority find themselves seriously addicted of drinking despite their earlier-on sober and well-calculated life. This behavior becomes problematic, when they attempt to free themselves out of the bondage. Problematic drinking in college has become and significant public health issue. The objective of this review is to examine the position of college student drinking. This assessment addresses problematic drinking and the variables strongly related to drinking among students. Drinking is often crisis because the drinking habits in colleges is binge drinking. This brings to mind the self-destructive and uncontrolled drinking stints whose consequences include failing to go to work because of serious hangover, extravagant spending, and engaging in detrimental behavior like risky sex or fighting. The Problem Problematic or binge drinking is a significant problem among college students that need addressing as a social concern. Over the recent years, college students have increasingly been consuming more alcohol as a social activity. The Harvard school of public health alcohol research of 1990s puts the estimate at 44% of the sampled students being binge drinkers (Wechsler 199). In addition, the study found that 23 percent drunk (binge drinking) frequently. Alcohol drinking causes some health and psychosocial problems. These problems are more common among binge drinkers (Wechsler 199). Therefore, binge drinkers face the highest risk of engaging in violence, unprotected sex, car accidents, dropping out of college and disregarding other responsibilities. When college student begin to engage in violence and other risky behavior when drunk, it is termed problematic drinking (Hingston 136). This problem has a number of consequences as a public social health issues. For that cause, it is pertinent to comprehend variables, which could be risk factors for the binge rather problematic drinking among college students. It is pertinent to note that college students have unique drinking patterns brought about by the ‘ideal lifestyle’ they tend to live. Compared to the general population, college students have an ‘ideal’ life and behave differently as a group (Hingston 136). Because of the high variability of drinking among college students, the main problem of the paper is to address psychosocial variables that predict excessive drinking and, therefore, account for the problem of drinking among college students. College Student Drinking- The Culture The drinking tradition among college students has evolved exceptionally fast into some culture. This tradition appears to have some strong beliefs and customs now embedded in every level of college life. These customs go down from generation to generation of college drinkers (O’Malley, an
Subject: Supply of Food Colorings and Preservatives Dear Mr. Smith Thank you for bidding to supply Coca-Cola Amatil (CCA) with an assortment of food colorings and preservatives used in the manufacturing of our various brands. CCA wishes to inform you that your esteemed company has been selected to supply the assorted products for twenty-four months, starting 1 st October 2014. According to the terms of the bid, CCA expects that your company has the capacity to supply one million units of food colorings and one million units of food preservatives per month and as per the agreed health specification standards. The number of units requested may rise as we approach the festive season, hence the need for your company to maintain sufficient stocks that can be used on a needs-basis. You are requested to visit the company’s website (www.ccaamital.com) to get insights on how you can utilize CCA’s supply chain networks to lower costs and ensure the products reach the company on time. As we continue our cooperation, you will realize that we value honesty, teamwork, and the capacity to meet strict deadlines. CCA is pleased to commence this relationship with your company and have no doubt that you will continue supplying top-of-the-range products that meet company specifications. CCA is grateful for the time and effort that you have put into making this bid and is pleased to commence doing business with you as per the terms of agreement contained in the original bid documents. Please, accept the company’s heartfelt gratitude for your consideration in this matter. Subject: Cancellation of Bid Terms/Bid No. 614/01/2014 Dear Mr. Smith This is to inform you that Coca Cola Amatil (CCA) has deemed it fit to cancel the above-mentioned bid for the supply of assorted food colorings and food preservatives to our main factory located in Washington, DC. The decision to terminate the contract binding the two companies has been made by CCA’s Board of Trustees after careful consideration of the noted violations. CCA refers you to the original bid document, which laid the groundwork for our continued cooperation. Clause 9 of the document obliged your esteemed company to supply CCA with the assorted products while strictly adhering to the agreed health specification standards. The company is sorry to report that the first batch of products supplied by your firm failed to meet the set safety and health standards, and therefore could not be used for its intended purpose. This significant breach of contract has informed the decision of the board to cancel any further engagements with your company. CCA is pleased to conduct business with e
Introduction In life today, almost everything revolves around science and technology. Science matters much not only to the human race but also everything beneath the sun, each day of the year, from the time we wake up, all day long, and through the entire night. Our decision to eat baked yams instead of fries, the car we drive in, our mobile phones, the oral drugs we use to treat certain illnesses and the purified water we drink at the end of the day are all results of science and technology. Without science and understanding of technology, the modern world would not be what it is today. Technology is here with us, and it is continually transforming and growing. As every new technology enters the stage, it has the potential to change and improve lives. However, in some cases, it also can negatively affect life, society and the environment. Despite their adverse effects, we can’t do without them. Some of these technologies include the following;  1. Medical technology.  2. Communication technology.  3. Production technology.  4. Education technology. The above technological discoveries have transformed lives, for example, introducing the current Covid-19 vaccines that have drastically reduced the global fatality rate. On the other hand, communication has been made easy, and the world has now turned to just like one room where people communicate with ease through the help of the Internet and computers. With numerous positive effects, negative impacts also accompany these technological discoveries. For example, the prolonged use of mobile phones, tablets and computers can cause digital eye strain, musculoskeletal problems (Zhang et al., 2020, p.149). As an individual interested in the medical field, there is one scientific discovery that is more important and has made modern life possible; medical imaging. Medical imaging is an essential tool for clinical analysis and evaluation, enabling medical experts to see past what is concealed through the skin and bone to precisely diagnose and treat diseases (Dhawan, 2011, p.1). From amazing radiography and X-rays to MRI scans and ultrasound technology, these discoveries have all aided to ensure modern medicine is the least aggressive it can be whereas guaranteeing the best results for patients. Positive and Negative Effects of Medical Imaging Medical Imaging is an essential tool that is used globally and it has saved uncountable lives through X-rays, radiography and scans. It is one of the technologies which is non-invasive, guiding and leads to unexpected detections of several problems within the body. However, several scientists have shown concern over the health consequences, especially on X-rays and radiography. In most cases, X-rays have been linked to an increased risk of cancer; but there is a tremendously low risk of temporary side effects (In Maier et al., 2018, p. 230). Due to high radiation levels that may be involved in this technology, various effects such as bleeding, hair loss, vomiting and fainting may be experienced by the patients. However, in the case of X-rays where a low dose of radiation is u