ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The world has become a global village because of advanced transport and communication technologies which have eliminated the geographic boundary. Global health is becoming an issue of concern to the global village, especially the communicable diseases. For this reason, there has been a united effort from the international society to fight various diseases. Various international organizations have been working closely to find solutions to several health problems that affect both the developed and developing nations. Organizations such as the World Health Organization, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and many other nonprofit making organizations have focused on research on global health issues. On the other hand, institutions such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, United Nations, and other financial organizations have been playing a pivotal role in financing research and development in the healthcare sector. In this research, the focus is to analyze the global health policies and healthcare financing as a way through which the international society seeks to eliminate diseases in the society. Global Health Policy According to Buse, Mays and Walt (2012), it has become apparent that in the current globalized society, the spread of communicable diseases from one country to another is very easy. A clear case in point is the ongoing Ebola cases that started in Sierra Leon, Liberia and a few other West African countries. When it started, the world was oblivious of the fact that it could spread to other parts of the world due to the movement of people from one country to another. However, the disease has now spread to other continents, most notable in North America. Several cases of Ebola patients have been reported in the United States. This shows that geographical factor is no longer a barrier to the spread of the communicable diseases. It is because of this fact that the international society has proposed a number of global health policies to help manage these diseases. The World Health Organization has been working with governments in various parts of the world to establish effective research and disease control institutes to help in early detection and management of outbreaks of various communicable and non-communicable diseases. Given its mandate by the United Nations, World Health Organization has a policy agreement with various countries, especially the developing nations which still suffer from poor infrastructural development, which allows the organization to partner with the nongovernmental organizations to establish research centers (Alexander, 2014). The governments are expected to support such initiatives in various ways. The ultimate aim of this policy is to have strong institutions that are able to detect disease outbreaks early enough, and manage them effectively in order to avoid mass casualties. The Liberian Ebola outbreak would have been controlled easily were it that there were proper structures in place. This is a relatively new policy that is yet to gain good foundations in the targeted countries. However, there is a commitment by the responsible stakeholde
The book Living Green A Practical Guide To Simple Sustainability by Greg Horn vividly portrays current environmental problems and proposes to readers a number of effective methods to reduce negative health risks and create a sustainable environment. The author states that the environment can be either positive or negative, and whatever the type is, we always develop responsibility towards it. The most important feature of an environment is that it creates life. Sometimes the positive factors of an environment give rise to something positive or negative, and occasionally the negative factors give rise to some byproduct. Any type of environment leads to something new, something as a result. The book consists of three main parts discussing the problems of health issues, housing, and future projections. The first part, “Sustainable Health” creates a vivid picture of a healthy lifestyle and improvements. The author is right that environmental health addresses all biological, physical, and chemical factors of the environment that affects public health in general. It is the branch of study that mainly regards formulating the correct way of designing the various environmental variables that leads to optimum public health. Let’s just look at it this way. We are healthy if the environment is positive or healthy. So, environmental health is all about judging the current status of environmental health and excogitating ways on how to improve it, an
Introduction The economy influences most business operations in different ways. Bad economic environment affects some businesses negatively while others are affected positively. Generally, the economy always experience both recession and growth. Recession is the pronounced and persistent decline in the key elements that measure the level of aggregate economy (Rostow 76). These elements include output, employment, income, sales among others. On the other hand, expansion (growth) means pervasive and persistent increase in the core elements that asses the level of the aggregate economy. This paper examines the impact of economic forces on businesses. Discussion The decline and subsequent rise in the level of economic activities is short term in nature. The series of upturns and downturns experienced in the economy is referred to as business cycles. Business cycles affect businesses in different ways. For instance, during recession the GDP growth is below average, the disposable income is low while the unemployment rate is very high. These factors lead to decreased consumer spending in the economy those results to decreased demand of goods and services in the economy with most companies being forced to freeze their production capacity. The disposable income for the consumers is reduced by high inflation rates in the economy that result to high pricing of Commodities. People will therefore tend to buy less of some commodities especially the durable ones hence leading to a drop of sales. This would in turn lead to a fall in profits (Bateman and Snell 21). Conversely, commodities like staple food and bread are protected from recession because they have inelastic demand. Presumably, they are even likely to gain from the recession because consumers would avoid luxurious foods. Therefore, such businesses are better off during such periods in the economy. When an economy is experiencing expansion, most companies do have high chances of increasing their profit. In this period, the GDP growth is always above average. The level of unemployment is minimal while the level of disposable income is high. At this point, consumption in the economy increases. A surge in demand enables firms to realize profits that enable them to expand the productive capacity in the long run. Companies that benefit more in this period are manufacturing companies such as the Ford Company. People have high disposable income to spend on secondary wants such
International (Business related) Current Event According to a letter jointly issued by Microsoft’s CEO Steve Ballmer and Nokia’s CEO Stephen Elop and the Microsoft News Center, the board of directors of both companies have agreed that Microsoft purchases Nokia’s devices, services, mapping devices, and issue the company’s licenses and patents. To achieve the sales and purchase agreement, Nokia and Microsoft entered into an agreement detailing the terms and conditions of the transaction. According to the agreement, Microsoft is required to pay Nokia a sum of EUR 3.79 billion for the services and devices. In addition, the company will pay Nokia a sum of EUR 1.65 billion for the patents. When the transaction is completed, it is projected to cost Microsoft a total of 5.44 billion Euros. Microsoft’s goal of building a partnership with Nokia was to create a new momentum in the growth of its market shares in mobile devices and services, and to issue Nokia’s patents. The strategy is designed to enable Microsoft rebrand and build a unified market by investing in Nokia’s skilled and innovative workforce to gain from the synergy of a unified marketing approach. The ultimate goal for Microsoft is to strengthen its financial position and create an environment that provides a strong and solid financial position in its future business strategies. Typically, the sale of Nokia’s devices, patents, and services to Microsoft provides Microsoft with a competitive advantage over rival companies, a strong share growth, improved advertising, rebranding, and an increase in earnings per share. Global/Regional Economic Implications The sale of Nokia’s devices, services, and patents could create negative financial implications on Finland’s economy. In the past, Nokia has successively suffered financial setbacks causing a reduction in its market value to 300 billion Euros. However, the market reacted positively to the news of the sale agreement by registering a sharp rise in the value of Nokia’s trading shares. At the announcement, the company’s shares rose to 48%, it was an ind
Evaluation of advertising and promotion programs for gourmet coffee When designing an advertisement and promotion program for a new product, the firm launching it must take into consideration several factors. For Gourmet coffee, several advertising programs can be designed and evaluated accordingly. The location of the business and the target market for this type of a product makes it reasonable to analyze the application of the following two promotion methodologies. If the firm targets an overseas market through establishment of branches, using internet would prove to be the most applicable way to market this coffee. The success behind this is that the target market is reached with ease and at a lower cost. To achieve success in evaluation of the advertising and promotion programs, Kudler fine foods can do the following:  1. determine the popularity of the product by utilizing the current inventory processes,  2. measure customer satisfaction through analysis of repurchases after launching,  3. check the responses or even solicit for feedback to help them understand their client needs better among other ways (Annon, 2010). When designing the advertising and promotion strategy for a new product, for example solar charged laptops, the marketer has to consider the following factors; 1) the nature of competition. 2) The size and distribution of the market and the targeted consumer group, 3) the need that you are seeking to satisfy and the positioning plan that the firm wants to achieve in the target market (Engelhoff, 2009). The successful way to market luxury cars is through exhibition. By having a real experience of what is being marketed makes a customer more attached to a product (Canfield, 2006). The unsuccessful way to market machines would be to use door to door marketing campaign. The reason is that a luxury car, being a Veblen good, requires personal planning even before the purchase is executed. Effectiveness of direct marketing depends on the nature of the product being launched. Product like services and more personalized consumer goods are favored by this mode. Interactive marketing refers to marketing your product from the customers’ point of view derived from the past experience with them (Heinz, Karr, & Lacy, 2010). It is interactive in nature as the marketer relates to the customer in his marketing endeavors. This method is more effective since it sells exactly what the consumer wants. Either of the methods will favor a new product if its nature permits its use in a more effectiv
Methodology Extraneous Variables The major extraneous factors about the given research area are socio-demographic. These variables include age, gender, and race. Moreover, such factors as comorbid conditions, current living situation, substance abuse, educational and marital status, etc., may pose additional biases and should thus be considered. Since the given research is intended as a randomized control trial, the primary methods of control over these variables may be randomization and regression analysis. In random sampling, extraneous factors affect the results of the evaluation of independent variables in different sample groups. Researchers consider this method of control as foreground in ensuring the balance between experimental groups (Martin & Bridgmon, 2012). However, it may be ineffective in case the sample size is insufficiently large. Statistical control implies the assessment of potential impacts of extraneous variables on dependent variables and their consequent elimination through the correction of their average values in each variant of the independent variable (Martin & Bridgmon, 2012). The given method may ensure a high level of internal validity and, therefore, can ensure credible research findings. Instruments In this study, quantitative instruments will be mainly used. Quantitative methodology implies the interpretation of numerical information and the use of statistical analysis. Therefore, for the evaluation of initial data, we will use the SPSS as it provides a large number of test options. For starters, the numbers about participants’ socio-demographic indicators will be assessed (e.g., the average age) using the chi-square test a
Introduction Nurses are at the forefront of patient care, and their satisfaction with the conditions provided by facilities is vital for the positive outcomes of treatment. Meanwhile, the neglect of this aspect by policymakers and inadequate nursing staff ratios evoke concerns of specialists in the field. The increasing complexity of patient care adds to the problem because of the prevalence of conditions, which require the assistance of advanced employees. In this situation, optimal staffing ratios are essential for the quality of rendered services. The correspondence of elaborated policies alongside the creation of favorable conditions for nursing work contribute to the improvements in the results of their activity (Livanos, 2018). Therefore, this paper aims to present an argument for safe practices for patients by addressing the needs of nurses in terms of their adequate numbers. Background and Significance The challenge of the nurse-to-patient ratio and its effects are well-studied phenomena. Scholars confirmed the correlation between nurse workload and care quality based on the evidence from facilities (Qureshi et al., 2019). The current operational policy and design show that the increase in the former’s indicators results in the deterioration of the mechanism of healthcare services provision. The possible outcomes of the neglect of this issue are the worsening reflected by 120% missed care and 20% task‐in‐queue time complemented by 110% cumulative walking distance, and 120% task‐in‐queue for nursing personnel (Qureshi et al., 2019). The researchers also proved that hospital managers could not address these problems, and interventions from third parties are required (Qureshi et al., 2019). These findings relate to the lack of nursing hours since they cover only 50% of all patient needs (Juvé‐Udina et al., 2020). At present, the average missed nursing care is 21%, and ignoring these data means the growing probability that the situation described above will become a reality (Juvé‐Udina et al., 2020). Hence, legislators should address the mentioned gap in the numbers of registered nurses and their working conditions to avoid these consequences. The methods proposed for the resolution of the inadequate nurse-to-patient ratio are insufficient. The improvements with the use of a patient assignment acuity tool (PAAT) are not feasible without the support of all facilities (Allegra et al., 2019). Therefore, patient safety and nurses’ job satisfaction depend solely on the creation of laws providing for the unity of hospitals throughout the country in implementing such instruments. In turn, the partial introduction of PAAT in women’s health, l
Introduction This paper is aimed at examining how the themes of love and revolution are examined in Chinese literature. This is one of the themes which attract the attention of many writers. In particular, it is necessary to focus on the novella Lust, Caution written by Eileen Chang and Zong Pu’s short story Red Beans since they can throw light on the ethical dilemmas that people can confront during the period of dramatic social changes within a community. One can argue that the characters depicted by these authors lived at the time when different social groups could feel bitter hostility toward one another. It should be noted that these literary works describe the experiences of Chinese people in the forties. In particular, Eileen Chang focuses on the time when China was occupied by Japanese troops during World War II. In turn, Zong Pu discusses the events that took place on the eve of the revolution led by Mao Zedong. In turn, both authors explore the experiences of women who have conflicting values and priorities. In particular, the authors explore the conflict between love and moral convictions of a person and his/her social ideals. These writers show that love can help people overcome social and political barriers. In addition to that, both authors demonstrate that this conflict can particula
Introduction Academic service-learning is one of the approaches that have been widely used for the preparation of teachers. In part, this method is based on the premise that these people should take an active part in the life of the community in order to understand the various challenges, to which students and their parents can be exposed. Furthermore, in this way, one can better understand the experiences of children who may come from diverse backgrounds. This paper is aimed at assessing service learning from the perspective of Paine’s theory. Moreover, one should show how this experience can help educators improve the learning of children from diverse social, cultural, or racial groups. Overall, one can argue that service-learning enables pre-service teachers to see various dimensions of diversity and avoid stereotypical thinking. More importantly, the knowledge and skills acquired in this way are critical for enhancing students’ academic performance and raising their self-esteem. These are the main benefits that should be examined in greater detail. Overview of Paine’s theory Overall, the theoretical framework developed by Lyle Paine relies on the premise that teacher’s understanding of diversity can be divided into several categories, namely, contextual, individual, pedagogical, and individual views (Paine as cited in Bell, 2007, p. 124). For example, some educators believe that diversity can be primarily explained by individual differences between students and their unique character traits (Bell, 2007, p. 124). Therefore, teachers should not make generalizations when thinking about people coming from diverse backgrounds (Bell, 2007, p. 124). In turn, many teachers believe that diversity is rooted in the “categorical affiliation” of a person (Bell, 2007, p. 124). In this context, the word categorical refers to such notions as gender, race, class, religion, and so forth. These factors shape the experiences of individuals. Thus, one should focus on these specific criteria in order to understand and meet the needs of students as best as possible. In turn, this theory implies that diversity can be attributed to a variety of contextual factors affecting an individual. For instance, one can speak about such issues as the value system adopted in society, the economic situation within a country, behavioral norms, perception of gender, sexuality, and so forth. Finally, many ed
Introduction: Current environmental worldview Global climate change is the current pressing environmental issue Worldwide. This comes as a result of greenhouse gases accumulating in the atmosphere. These gases are contributed by human activities like deforestation, industrial wastes release to the atmosphere and anthropogenic activities e.g. burning of fossil fuels. Research has been conducted and it’s predicted that by 2050 a lot of people will have been displaced due to the repercussions of global climate change (Smith, 2000 p. 42). This will lead to serious social issues around the world e.g. water scarcity, drought, emerging of mysterious diseases etc. Therefore, every person is supposed to pay attention to whatever activities that he or she undertakes so that we can all contribute to the mitigation of this global warming issue. Familiar things related to ozone hole Ozone hole can literally be referred to as a hole on the ozone layer caused by chemical reactions with other gases, which was discovered in 1980s (Culley, 2010, p.127). These chemicals are being introduced into the atmosphere by human activities. Ozone hole is related to other issues e.g. global warming, Elnino, forest loss, ocean and lakes degradations, emergency of different diseases, droughts etc. Ozone hole is related with global warming in the sense that the global hole allows a lot of ultra violet rays to pass through to the earth surface. When this rays fall on the ground, they are reflected back to the atmosphere. When this process goes on for some period of time, it warms up the atmosphere, thus leading to global warming. Ozone hole leads to global warming and these results to droughts which later reduce the total amount of water that is found in the oceans and seas. It is also related to Elnino, because Elnino occurs as a result of various chemical reactions and these chemicals are the ones that lead to formation of Ozone hole. Ozone hole is also related to the eme
The reading discussed music as an agent of resilience, with several relevant examples illustrating this role. As people face stress and trauma in many situations, they have devised different methods to cope with stress and develop resilience. The reading portrayed how people have used music effectively and have overcome stressful situations feeling victorious and energized. The reading’s title awakened my mind to the reality of stress and trauma in everyday situations. As the reading started by highlighting examples of persons who were in stressful and traumatic conditions, I could feel a part of it. The reading resonated with my worldview and ignited an interest in the continuous study of the material. The reading was a careful integration of both interesting and surprising facts that brought out the message powerfully. One exciting part of the reading is the author’s use of familiar examples to introduce the theme. The example of the suffering endured by Martin Luther King and his followers in 1960 piqued my interest (Kent et al. 100). I was amused to see such a real and relevant role of music in developing resilience among people who seemed to have little chances of survival and comfort. This part not only aligned with my belief in resilience but also showed me how music could give people strength and hope in hopeless situations. The reading also contained some surprising parts that showed me the reality of hardship and suffering in which one must develop resilience for survival. I was surprised to learn that music is not just the words but also the lyrics in the heart and mind. I always associated music with sound, instrumentals, and written lyrics. As I went through the reading, I was surprised to learn that Ludwig Van Beethoven found solace not in the music he heard but in the music he had in his mind and heart (Kent et al. 101). It is amazing how the desire to express his art outwardly gave him the resilience to endure six years of deafness. The reading is relevant and applicable to my life experiences. At some point in life, I battled with the thought of failure and felt as if life had destined me for suffering. This happened when my sponsor and mentor, who had supported my high school education, died just