ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The availability of water on the Earth is said to be the reason the planet can sustain life. This simple substance is the combined need of all living things and it covers the major portion of the planet as well. Its uses include drinking to quench thirst, irrigation to support food production, as an agent to put out fire, sewage disposal, and uses of a more modern nature such as for rotating thermal turbines for power generation and recreational purposes. It was aptly termed by some Greek philosophers to be the source of all existence. Thus in the modern world, as it was in ancient, water remains an important natural resource without which humans can not survive. Ancient time The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt realized the importance of water as they were able to build great cities and develop around sources of water such as the Tigris and Euphrates as well as the Nile. It served as a source of fresh drinking water and the periodic flooding across the deltas allowed plentiful harvests to be had multiple times a year which allowed a large urban population to be supported. The Mesopotamians were able to control the rivers via the construction of irrigations dikes and other types of waterworks (Mays, p. 102). This made the flatlands where food was produced due to plentiful water, a source of conflict among tribes. When water works became decrepit, tribes attacked to get hold of scarce food commodities, whereas otherwise, peace was able to be sustained in the region. The Egyptians were fortunate in that they had a more predictable river in the form of the Nile which wrought less destruction via flooding. They were also able to manage their water resource through a technique called basin irrigation (Mays, p. 156). This involved constructing a network of ditches or basins near the river where flood water was directed and allowed to stay for an amount of time, making the soil fertile after which plantation could begin, siphoning the water off to other basins. Technological developments aimed at collecting water from the river also kept coming such as the “shaduf” which was a rudimentary wooden water-lifting device, and the “noria” which was an early water wheel (Mays, p. 178). Although the water was crucial, it was available in substantial amounts and was not a matter of contention, with decision-making and distribution rights being a matter for the farmers to deliberate while the state kept away from it (Fiero, p. 26). There also has been little evidence of a law decreeing the prescribed way of water management which confirms the control over demand of the resource at the time. Modern age In the modern age, however, with burgeoning populations, water demand is not only large but growing. There are also plenty more uses for the natural resource which requires water management to be moderated at the state level. The n
The Spirit bear of the British Colony is a unique species of bears that amaze with their appearance and are of particular importance to the population of British Columbia. This type of animal is a kind of Kermode bear and is a subspecies of black bears, which often have dark fur (Service, 2017). However, due to a genetic mutation, some of the representatives of spirit bears have a white coat color, which is why they have such an interesting name (Langlois, 2017). Like many representatives of this species, they weigh an average of two hundred kilograms (Service, 2017). Many sources note the extreme rarity of this type of bear and only estimated about four hundred species in British Columbia, which determines the need to preserve them (Groc, n.d.). Moreover, it is believed that they are closely related to the indigenous population of America, as they contribute to the development of the ecosystem in which they live, which makes them extremely important. The indigenous population also has a legend that spirit bears could swim deep underwater and bring people to a magical place. Spirit bears can often be found in the Great Bear Rainforest, with almost seven million hectares of rainforest (Langlois, 2017). Another feature of these animals is a particular love for salmon. In addition, bears eat berries, insects, plants, fruits, and nuts (Service, 2017). Kermodes are also very shy and mystical, which also causes the difficulty of finding them and the rarity of finding people. In conclusion, Spirit bears are rare representatives of bears who, because of their unique white color, are considered to be holy and sacred by the indigenous population of America.
The core values of the social worker must be congruent to the cardinal values of the social work profession. This is because the cardinal values of social work can help the worker to achieve efficiency in terms of delivering resources and helping those who are in need to attain their full potential as well as lift them up from the life of poverty, drug dependency, recurring sickness and hopelessness. Although it is imperative that a social worker’s core values are congruent to the cardinal values of the social work profession there are many times when personal values can be in conflict. The proponent of this paper will identify the personal values that are congruent and those that are in conflict with social work’s professional values and what can be done to resolve the conflict in order to practice ethically and competently according to the standards of the profession. Congruence There are two cardinal values that the proponent of this study finds to be easily compatible with his own personal values. For a social worker there is a need to desire for excellence and to be able to perform ones duties in a highly-competent matter. There must be focus when it comes to mastering the skills needed to perform the duties of a social worker. This is important from the professional’s point of view especially when it comes to social work. In this profession there is a demand for competence for this area of responsibility deals with human lives. The value of competence is seen in how the social worker prepares for the task at hand as well as plan ahead for the future. There must be continuous learning and the desire to improve ones skills must not diminish over time. Aside from learning the tools needed to succeed in the social work profession, the value of competence is also exhibited in the way the social worker must deal with issues that can hinder his work. In other words, the social worker must be careful that personal problems must not affect his performance. The social worker must not be addicted to alcohol or drugs because substance abuse can weaken his performance and competence. This will diminish the capability of the social worker to make a difference in the lives of the people that he is trying to help. His influence in the community will also be diminished and no one will put his trust in him. A related cardinal value of social work is the one concerning integrity. In any profession integrity is a very important component. But for a social worker it would be impossible to achieve something of significance without integrity. Some of the key terms that will help illustrate integrity are words like trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, courtesy, and accountability. These two cardi
The ethical theory of ethics of duties related to nepotism/business corruption The 19th President of the United States of America Rutherford B. Hayes said “No person connected with me by blood or marriage will be appointed to the office” (in Tolson 2003, p. 54) and this idea is correct due to a number of reasons. Referencing to Rutherford B. Hayes, he was sure that nepotism is one of the first steps for corruption in different institutions of power, either politics or business. It is impossible to disagree with the fact that nepotism is considered to be one of the means of corruption (Malan & Smit 2001, p. 17). The ethical theory of ethics of duty identified by Immanuel Kant states that human actions should be based on goodwill, neither of the other motivations is considered to be ethical. The notion “goodwill” means that a person should be motivated only by the sense of duty no matter whether he/she likes the process or decision or not (Graafland 2007, p. 176). On the basis of this theory, it is possible to conclude that motivation on the basis of nepotism is not goodwill. Nepotism in business may be called business corruption for a number of reasons (especially if to relate the problem to ethics of duty). First, as Confucianism considers, ethics of duty is not a morality (Redner 2001, p. 93). The main idea of this claim is that according to moral rules, doing a business, a person should employ his/her friends if they have enough knowledge in the field, refusing to other candidates even though they are more appropriate, with higher background knowledge or have more experience. Still, if to consider this idea from the ethics of duty, it is incorrect, as a person should employ a worker who is considered to be more appropriate to the position, thus nepotism from this point of view is incorrect. Second, Schlick (2008) is sure that “the ethics of duty arises from the desire to place the foundation of morals upon absolutely firm ground, or perhaps even to make a foundation superfluous by positing morality itself as absolutely certain” (p. 206). In the relation to nepotism, this idea state
How electronic health records communicate Centricity EMR- its purpose Electronic health records are used to store patient’s medical history data in healthcare facilities. They store data in digital form. Before electronic health records were adopted in healthcare institutions, manuals records were widely used to store patients’ medical history data. Patients’ medical history is crucial in healthcare because the records on a patient are used to give individualized healthcare. The records contribute greatly to the clinical decisions made by physicians, their assistants, nurses and other healthcare professionals in hospitals. The traditional manual records were contributing to many clinical errors and inefficiencies in financial and operational management. One of the networks used in healthcare facilities to communicate health records on patients is Centricity EMR. The network is mainly used in outpatient settings to share medical data of patients across many sections or departments. Departments or sections in outpatient settings include laboratory department, billing department, physicians’ rooms, nurses’ rooms, pharmacy department and customer care. Purposes of centricity EMR network One of the purposes of the network is to share data on patients across many departments. The network accomplishes data sharing by connectivity from the main server which acts as the central store. In every department or section in the ambulatory
In his book “The New Gay Teenager” Ritch Savin Williams explores the different what being a “gay” adolescent is like in the world today with the media playing a greater role in how being a homosexual is interpreted by society (O’Conner 2005). He explores how the concept of being gay is slowly changing as a result of pop culture influences brought about by the media which in effect has created a whole new generation of gays completely separate from the previous generation in terms of behavioral aspects and established norms (Williams 2005). He elaborates on the concept of the creation of the gay adolescent as the result of prevailing literature during the 1970’s portraying gayness as being potentially self-destructive and classifying such individuals as being mentally ill. He goes on to elaborate on how the adolescents of today are growing up in a much different world as compared to that of previous generations of gay and lesbian individuals where being gay is more socially acceptable as compared to previous decades. Finally, toward the end of the book, Williams states his hope that within his lifetime he hopes to see the elimination of biases placed on same sex relationships with it being relegated to normal behavior. Main question addressed by this book Is the concept of being gay changing in teenage society as a result of pop culture influences and the media? Main Argument/ Central Thesis of the Book Teenagers are rejecting the biases associated with gender categories in order to pursue satisfying sexual relationships with same sex partners as a direct result of media influences. Most important empirical/ theoretical claim The author posits the idea that being gay is slowly losing the distinction of being abnormal as the influences of pop culture and the media slowly changes public perception. This is especially true among teenagers which results in a greater level of acceptability towards homosexual behavior. As a result individuals are no longer “embarrassed” to be gay since it is slowly becoming a more socially acceptable trend which as a result has created a distinct upswing in the amount of same sex attractions between young individuals. Relating the content of the book to ideas of Social Inequality and Sexuality Williams claims that as a result of media influences the “New Gay teenager” is an individual that will be attracted to both girls and boys with terms such as “gay” being irrelevant to public discourse. He claims that there is a growing trend of teenagers becoming bisexual with lines existing between being gay and straight slowly being blurred over time with individuals coming to terms with the duality of this unique behavioral nature that they have acquired. This creates a situation where an individual has sexual relationships with both males and females without any apparent guilt as to the possible views society has towards his/her behavior due to the increasing general acceptance of being bi-sexual. As a result, this has created a type of dramatic shift between the older generation of gays that had fixed sexual orientations with that of the newer generation of gay teens that view gender categories a
Introduction As one of the most developed and advanced countries around the globe, the United States of America has acknowledged that the global climate change is an actual problem that affects the entire world and requires immediate action in order to be minimized in the near future. The problem has been recognized for many decades, and accordingly, action has been undertaken for the purpose to explore the issue, search for effective solutions, and address it at local, state, as well as international level. While the progress regarding policies addressing the global climate change is slow and complicated by a variety of factors, the success in developing solutions for this problem seems to be slightly easier to achieve on a domestic level rather than internationally. This impression may persist due to the involvement of a smaller variety of agents and a greater opportunity to control the domestic and local policies in contrast with those of the global nature. However, as multiple pieces of evidence from the US history show, over the last couple of decades, there has been a lot of effort to employ and implement different kinds of environmental legislation aiming at the minimization of emissions on the territory of the country and the success in regard to this undertaking has been rather uncertain. The Climate Problem in the United States When discussing the dynamics related to the state policies designed to address the impacts of climate change, it is important to mention the actual effects of the climate change that the country has experienced and witnessed over the last years. According to the information provided by the US Department of Energy, the measures of the temperature in the territory of the United States that have been accrued out for over a century, showed that since the beginning of the 1900s, the average temperature in the country has risen by one and a half degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) (i). This change, as slight and unnoticeable as it may seem, there came a set of other effects that had very serious outcomes; for instance, the US has seen multiple extreme heat waves, hurricanes, droughts, and floods that are linked to the change of climate. In turn, all of these outcomes are parts of a longer chain connecting the warming planet to physical damage to people and properties, businesses, systems, and infrastructure (US Department of Energy i-ii). In particular, the US energy sector is one of the systems facing a series of problems due to the raising temperatures. First of all, climate change tends to produce a significant adverse impact on the mining of oil and gas (offshore and onshore), the maintenance of versatile sources of energy (hydropower, bioenergy, solar power), and the transportation of resources using maritime ways. In addition, the rapid change of temperatures in winter and summer causes extreme heat and cold waves that force the population to c
Serial killers have long garnered the attention of criminologists and forensic psychologists interested in understanding the motives behind their behavior and the means through which they kill their victims (Harrison, Murphy, Ho, Bowers, & Flaherty, 2015). The Zodiac killer, for example, has continued to interest researchers long after the serial killer terrorized California in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Haugen, 2010), going further to taunt law enforcement agencies for their inability to decode the messages sent in order to expose his identity (Culhane, Hilstad, Freng, & Gray, 2011; Graysmith, 2006). By looking at the subject matter of the Zodiac Killer, the present paper aims to identify important characteristics related to serial killers and how the domain of forensic psychology could be applied to solve cases involving serial killers. Difference between the Zodiac Killer and a Normal Homicide Suspect To understand some of the characteristics that could have motivated the Zodiac killer to sustain the killings, it is important to evaluate how this serial killer was different from a normal homicide suspect. Available literature demonstrates that, unlike a normal homicide suspect whose only criminal culpability may be to kill one person in a fit of range, a serial killer such as the Zodiac is accused of killing multiple victims (2 to 10, with a modal value of 3) in a carefully choreographed setting that appears fueled by particular motives. Additionally, unlike a normal homicide suspect who may have highly personal and retaliatory motivations for killing, the Zodiac killer most likely stalked and targeted complete strangers who somehow fulfilled his secret fantasies (Harrison et al., 2015; Logan et al., 2008). Here, it is important to note that most homicide perpetrators know their victims and frequently target family members or romantic partners, while serial killers are known to stalk and target total strangers with the view to fulfilling deranged and clandestine fantasies that only they understand (Bartol & Bartol, 2016). Several additional characteristics differentiate serial killers such as the Zodiac from normal homicide perpetrators. For example, unlike a normal homicide suspect who may kill spontaneously or instinctively, a serial killer such as the Zodiac takes time to plan the killings and has an emotional cooling off period between murders to prove that the multiple victims were not slaughtered in a single fit of rage (Bartol & Bartol, 2016; Culhane et al., 2011). Additionally, unlike a normal homicide suspect who may kill exclusively for economic/political gain or due to intimate partner conflicts, the Zodiac killer was largely driven by long-term and deep seated fantasies to unemotionally kill victims who were unrelated to him (Culhane et al., 2011; Harrison et al., 2015). Criteria for Choosing Victims Although no one knows for sure the criteria used by the Zodiac killer to select his victims, the reason given by most incarcerated serial killers for murdering other people is that they wanted to quench their disjointed fantasies by taking complete dominance over an
Abstract The U.K. financing sector is well known for establishing proactive policies that help to provide sufficient capital for many of its small to medium scale enterprises. On the other hand, due to the 2008 financial crisis, the current European debt crisis as well as the general slowdown in the global economy this has led to small to medium scale enterprise growth rates being capped at 3.5% for the past 2 – 3 years. This paper will provide recommendations and information on the financial opportunities and problems that entrepreneurs/ business owners face when it comes to starting and expanding a business in the U.K. It will explore the prevalence of the use of alternative methods of finance due to the “hesitance” felt within the banking sector to give out loans due to generally lacklustre performance of the global economy which has adversely affected the economy of the U..K. As a result, this paper will examine whether such policies by banks and the new focus on alternative sources of funds has created a negative impact on the growth potential of SMEs within the U.K. This examination will involve the identification of the main sources of finance and developing strategies on how to overcome the various problems associated with them. It is anticipated that through this paper, a better and more effective system of SME financing can be established within the U.K. Review of Related Literature Introduction to Literature This section reviews and evaluates literature and theories on access to various sources of finance for small to medium scale enterprises. The literature in this review is drawn from the following EBSCO databases: Academic Search Premier, MasterFILE Premier, Global Events, ERIC, and Professional Development Collection. Other sources of information utilized in this section are drawn from various online resources such as the Etisalat.com, The Economist.com, as well as various news media websites. Entrepreneurs, regardless of their inherent location, share similar problems in terms of access to sufficient capital to start their business, being able to attract customers, developing a sufficient cash flow to sustain their venture and a variety of other nuances that are connected to the process of developing a business (Kirby 1990, 7pp. 78 – 87). Within the study Kirby (1990, pp. 78-79), it was explained that in most market economies small to medium scale enterprises (SMEs) make up the bulk of a country’s enterprises constituting 80 to 90 per cent of local businesses and as such shows the relative importance of SMEs to the U.K. economy (Kirby 1990, 7pp. 78 – 87). In this paper, what will be analyzed are the various methods of capital access available to small to medium scale enterprises within the U.K. a