ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Freedom of speech is the freedom that citizens are constitutionally granted by their country to allow the citizens to speak without limitations or censorship of what they say. This freedom varies from country to country depending on levels of democracy and political situations. Freedom of speech is always advocated for and governments urged to constitutionally protect their citizens’ freedom of speech to enable people discuss issues that affect them. There have also been views of negative effects of unmonitored freedom of speech calling for a balance between the freedom of speech and its limitations. This paper seeks to discuss freedom of speech. The paper will look at the human nature that necessitates speech and expression, freedom of speech as applied in different countries and limitations that freedom of speech faces. Importance of freedom of speech The nature of human beings to coexist with one another and developments that have led to democratic government systems have made speech and interactions fundamental elements in every society. Developments of government systems and establishment of democracies have played a role in enlisting the participation of citizens in government processes in order to uphold the already established democratic levels in societies. It is this need to retain or even further develop democratic systems that has in the past led to the fight for freedom of speech. The same reason still plays an important role in ensuring that provisions of freedom of speech are correctly implemented to take care of the intentions that were originally considered during formulations of such policies that governs freedom of speech. The nature of human beings to interact and communicate with one another is another element that necessitates freedom of speech. Economic, political and even social aspects of life require an ultimate decision regarding a course of action to be taken regarding any particular issue. Matters that affect a large mass of people such as politics and national economic matters have been regarded as public aspects that are determined collectively (Mediainst 1). Citizens therefore find it necessary to participate in such discussions pertaining to these public issues with the aim of checking and putting to task leaders and representatives to ensure that the interest of the people are looked into. Interactive forums also help people to be informed on current and developing issues in a society. Freedom of speech, therefore, allows for transfer of information that helps different category of people in decision making. Effective decisions regarding election of political leaders, management of business activities and even personal and family decisions depends on information. Information about government economic policies and trends in a country will, for example, affect small scale business established in a given township. Freedom of speech and access to information is therefore critical to citizens in their daily lives (Mediainst 1). Freedom of spe
Introduction Marijuana also known as Cannabis Sativa and a psychoactive drug is the most widely used illicit substance in the world. The main active ingredient of Marijuana is Tetrahydrocannabinol and is as a stimulant and hallucinogenic (Kailash 2007, 62). It has been used for recreational, religious and medicinal purposes since historic times. Currently it is estimated that about 162 million people in the World, that’s about 4% uses it on a daily basis (Kailash 2007, 72). The production, preparation, trade and use of marijuana has been prohibited in most parts of the world and a lot of resources are used every year to combat it. It is a banned substance because it’s thought to cause diseases and promotes crime. Netherlands is one country that has legalized the sale of small quantities of marijuana in a regulated environment. There has been a longstanding controversy on the prohibition of marijuana. This paper examines the reasons for and against decriminalization of marijuana. Reasons for Legalizing Marijuana should be legalized because the prohibition of Marijuana goes against the individual’s rights to Liberty and freedom of choice. Individuals who use Marijuana do so conscientiously and are aware of the dangers of using it. The government should not prohibit personal use unless its use by an individual affects other people. The negative effects of using Marijuana are far less than those of alcohol and tobacco which are both legal and highly regulated. Alcohol and tobacco related diseases and accidents are one of the leading causes of deaths in the USA. The medical costs incurred in treating those disease runs into billions. According to the proponents of Marijuana no single health related death has been reported to have been caused directly by Marijuana. The cost of policing Marijuana is very high; for the last 30-40 years, governments have spent Billions of dollars yet the trade is still thriving. These resources could be used to provide social goods such as education and medical care. The failure to tackle the demand side of the illicit drugs market makes the commodity scarce, expensive and the trade lucrative. Illegal trade in drugs is worth about $322 Billion globally (UN 2007, 170). This has attracted highly organized criminal gangs and has engendered corruption in supplying countries most of whom are third world countries. Drug related violence is also common as criminal gangs fight for the control of the lucrative trade. Thus, decriminalization of Marijuana is likely to reduce the attractiveness of the trade and the demand for the drug (Kailash 2007, 90). In addition prohibition ignores the benefits of Marijuana such as its medicinal, industrial and agricultural use. Further research on medical use of Marijuana has been hampered by its illicit status. Religious use of Marijuana by Buddhists and Rastafar
Arguments, disputes, and conflicts can be characteristic for any family in spite of the number of members and character of their relations. Family-related conflicts are often based on the problems in communication and inability to solve the issue in a way which is appropriate for both parties. Thus, family-related conflicts are disagreements in interests, values, and opinions, and they can be caused by misperceptions, misunderstandings, different visions of the same problem, and poor communication. There are many cases when people are unable to solve the conflict without references to independent mediators or legal services. The situation can be discussed as complicated when children are also involved in a family conflict. That is why, families often need the qualified help provided by mediators in order to solve the conflict, meeting the interests of both parties and proposing the most appropriate decision. To be effective, the process of mediating family conflicts as a kind of intervention in a dispute should depend on such principles as the voluntary nature of the parties’ cooperation with mediators and the readiness of the parties to solve the problem successfully. Mediation is a type of the outside help to resolve the conflict when it is necessary to present the independent point of view on the issue and regulate the decision-making process because of the parties’ inability to control the situation and make reasonable decisions. Family-related conflicts have definite characteristics which help to distinguish them among the other types of conflicts. Family conflicts are based on such notions as intimacy, compulsion, and smallness (Folberg, Milne, & Salem, 2004). The problems in relations, financial issues, problems in understanding, and issues of children care can provoke the development of different family-related conflicts which main characteristics are the dependence on strong emotions and lack of effective communication. To respond to family conflicts, mediators should overcome the parties’ strong emotions, providing the necessary emotional preparing for negotiations, resolve perceptual problems in order to form the independent vision of a question, to give the opportunity for parties to listen to each other in order to avoid the communication difficulties (Moore, 2003). In spite of the fact mediators often do not have legal powers, they can help parties to take over the conflict in cooperation with lawyers in order to resolve all the emotional issues and provide them the opportunity to work only with legal aspects of the question. Thus, mediators are used to take over the process of resolving emotional tensions and misconceptions when the parties are involved in divorce negotiations (Coulson, 1996). Many people who have to use the help of mediators to reso
Introduction Texting is an important aspect for teens. Teens view texting as a means to communicate and socialize. A research conducted by LG found that text bullying is a behavior common in the lives of teenagers. The research established that teens consider texting gossips as normal and part of socialization and communication process. However, adults view text harassment as a significant problem that affects many teens. The following paper discusses the promotional measures that LG could adapt to change teens’ attitude about mean texting. The promotion will be critical in ensuring that LG brand stays true to its “Life’s Good” which is geared to making a positive impact on the world. Changing Teens’ Mean Texting Attitude According to Heikki and Tapio (2002), attitudes of consumers lead to beliefs, feelings, and behavioral intentions towards a particular activity or object. The attitudes are engrained in the lives of consumers, and thus they are difficult to change. The research by LG found that text harassment by teens has been assumed; hence, many teens have normalized the habit. In order to change the engrained attitudes, LG should apply classical conditioning approach. Wiley, Krisjanous and Cavana (2007) noted that classical conditioning entails pairing a product with a stimulus that discourages the bad attitudes. For example, classical conditioning will entail a campaign program that emphasizes the goodness of text messages, but at the same time discourages mean texting. The campaign will serve as corporate social responsibility taken by LG to increase the engagement of its brands among the teens. This will have a two-fold effect because it will lead to attitude change and increase brand value. LG should also discourage mean texting by creation of advertisement that depicts a lifestyle that is ideal for teens but not based on mean texting. The advert should be based on functional approach. For example, the advert should apply value expressive function which makes consumers reflect on their habits (Wiley et al., 2007). In this case, the advert will be designed to encourage positive lifestyle and outlook that is ideal for the teens but at the same time portray mean texting as anti-social behavior. LG should also use strategies that are aimed at changing the behavior of teens. Hassan and Michaelidou (2013) stated that people believe that the behavior they have is rational; thus, they continue with the behavior until someone
Remaining the most inclusive inter-governmental organization in the world, the United Nations has the primary responsibility in addressing global challenges. International cooperation conducted within a frame of this organization provides the Member States with the mechanisms needed to solve global problems of an economic, humanitarian, and social character (Riemer et. al, 2016). The fundamental mandate of the United Nations is to harmonize the actions of nations in the process of achieving the shared vision of a better life ( The sustainable development goals report , 2019). It serves as a foremost forum to hold a debate and find overall consensus on issues equally important for every person in the world. Upcoming challenges require an immediate response from the global community. With this regard, the task of the United Nations is to devise the most up-to-date course of development. The organization was established to prevent the recurrence of mistakes, which resulted in the most devastating conflict in the history of humanity. In modern days its central mission remains the same, as armed conflicts are still a matter of grave concern. Collective measures must be undertaken to strengthen universal peace and develop friendly relations among nations. We all should remember that wars threaten millions. Resolution efforts are necessary to prevent conflicts from escalating and remove all the major threats to global security. The organization takes responsibility to provide states with the tools needed to avoid and resolve disputes by peaceful means (Rhoads, 2016). If the states act in conformity with the key principles of international law, a peaceful future may be achieved. Also, new effective strategies have to be implemented to guarantee progress in declining inequalities based on race, gender, age, sex, and other factors. The promotion of tolerance through education and cultural enlightenment remains one of the significant concerns of the United Nations. Organization assumes its responsibilities in addressing social instability as long as people all over the world continue to suffer from human rights violations. We intend to gradually expand international humanitarian law to protect vulnerable groups from discrimination and assist states in adopting this law. The values of freedom, independence, and dignity have to be protected to guarantee a safe future for all of us. Finally, we all have to recognize that our efforts in keeping peace and protecting human rights will be of no avail if our planet collapses. Climate change appears to b
Impact of the European discovery of the Americas The European colonization of America is recorded to have started in 1492. Christopher Columbus, who was heading a Spanish expedition, was looking for new routes to get to the Far East when he realized the vast lands. Most of the Americans were native Indians at the time. The realization by Columbus that another continent existed prompted Europe to try colonizing it. It provided vast lands that could be used for agriculture. The colonization of America led to many other events that were recorded in history. One of the greatest impacts of the colonization of America by Europe is the Columbian Exchange. As the name might suggest, the Columbian Exchange was initiated by Christopher Columbus. It was a form of trade that involved the exchange of animals, plants, and human beings who were considered slaves among different cultures. These exchanges also led to cultural exchanges. According to Gentilcore (34), there was also the spread of communicable diseases and technology, among other important bits of knowledge from one culture to another during these exchanges. The Columbian Exchange was relevant as it led to the introduction of different crops in Europe and other parts of the world. Columbus went back to Europe with potatoes, maize, and tomatoes, which were in high demand. Gentilcore (34) argues that the biggest global impact of the conquest of America was the introduction of different foods in different communities. For example, African merchants were given peanuts and other forms of nuts that were not available on their continent. This mixture of foods from different places led to agricultural exploitation. People tried to plant the crops that they got from the exchange in their homelands. The conquest of America also led to ecological
Since its inception, Wal-Mart has experienced tremendous growth to become a dominant player in the retailing business worldwide. However, Wal-Mart operations have received ferocious attacks as some critics blame it for hurting the American economy. The debate has revolved around Wal-Mart low prices strategy and its’ decision to import supplies from China in order to maintain this status quo. On one hand, Wal-Mart has been blamed for costing the American worker million of jobs every year, because by opting to import from china, most manufacturing companies have been shoved out of business(Fishman 112).Contrastingly, Wal-Mart has received support from Adam Smith proponents that low prices benefits everyone in the economy (Schell par. 2). Against this backdrop, this essay will explore the key factors behind Wal-Mart extraordinary success and its’ effect on economy, the American worker/consumer and its contribution to U.S vs. China relations. To begin with, Wal-Mart’s success has been attributed to two key factors; information technology and globalization. The rise of information technology has been recognized as a powerful force in promoting retail chains operations (Fishman 118). Consequently, information technology has turned out to be a key advantage for Wal-Mart success elevating it over its rivals and facilitating its effectiveness as a retail chain (Fishman 120). Apparently, for a retail chain to be effective in its operations, the logistics, inventory, and distribution controls have to run in sync. Wal-Mart exploitation of technology is quite complex. It has a tailor made information network that sends alerts to suppliers about stock movement in the various stores to ensure prompt replenishment (Fishman 121). Secondly, Wal-Mart interest in the global markets has been beneficial. By utilizing globalization opportunities, Wal-Mart has succeed to expand its’ operations outside United States (Schell par. 4). The question whether Wal-Mart with its low prices is a monster or a savior is a two sided coin. On one hand, Wal-Mart has adopted numerous strategies to ensure that they maintain lower prices for basic goods. Consequently, the stores have become significant to the less affluent in America because with their low income they are able to afford goods that would otherwise be unattainable. However, in order to maintain this trend, Wal-Mart have had to explore China market for its supplies since obtaining the same from United States manufacturers would be costly. Consequently, this has compelled various industries in the United States to close down leading to massive loss of jobs. The above situation, has fueled the big debate whether Wal-Mart strategy is good for America not forgetting that it also provides jobs though its’ wages has been under great scrutiny (Schell par. 6). The above question is quite elusive, and a no or yes answer might be inadequate. On this note, to assist in understanding whether Wal-Mart is a blessing or a curse in America, it is imperative to explore the pros and cons of
Introduction The study of sexual development and orientation has attracted much attention in the field of psychology due to the emergence of aberrant sexual orientations like gay, lesbian, asexual, and bisexual predilections. Psychological study on the forces underlying sexual development and orientations has led to the formulation of diverse theories ranging from biological to the environmental. According to Hammack (2005), “…sexual orientation continues to be intellectually fragmented along disciplinary lines, primarily due to the divergent epistemological, methodological, and meta-theoretical perspectives” (p.267). The divergent perspectives together with the transformation of society significantly change the sexual orientations of gays, lesbians, and bisexuals because the current society recognizes their rights more than in the past. Many psychological theories regarding sexual development hold that human nature and nurture are the two main factors that determine sexuality in an individual. Therefore, what are the biological and environmental factors that determine sexual development and orientation in human? Sexual Development Sexual development involves organizational and activational stages of differentiation that occur during pregnancy and adolescence respectively. At birth, primary sexual characteristics differentiate gender due to difference in external and internal sex organs. “All these structural differences result from a system of ducts, which release hormones, which in turn affect internal structures, which are stimulated to differentiate into characteristically male or female organs” (Hall, 1998, p. 1). When a baby is born, the gonads are undifferentiated but after about four months, sexual differentiation begins to occur in the gonads. In males, gonads differentiate into testes while in females gonads differentiate into ovaries. This differentiation completes the development of primary sexual characteristics. The testes and ovaries are the sex organs that are responsible for the productions of hormones that determine the secondary sexual characteristics in adolescence. The differentiation of gonads during early childhood forms the basis of development of the secondary sexual characteristics during adolescence. During early childhood, the sexual process of sexual development is latent due to lack of hormonal expressions essential for the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The sexual development characteristics become evident at the ages between 11-13 for girls and 12-14 for boys. This is an activational stage in sexual development since activation of hormones occurs. Hall argues that, “…at adolescence, a series of events takes place referred to as the activati
Introduction The graphic design profession entails the creation of visual concepts by hand or using computer software. Graphic design works focus on the communication of ideas that are informative, inspirational, and captivating to customers (Barnard 79). Importantly, graphic designers facilitate the creation of product design and general layout for diverse applications including corporate reports, magazines, brochures, posters, and advertisements. In their line of work, graphic designers need to make connections with other professionals and agencies for the sake of realizing the effective communication of ideas they develop to diverse audiences. Through collaborative working and inter-professional relationships, graphic designers build a network that reinforces their skills in a way that facilitates the creation of exceptional designs (Armstrong 45). Mainly, graphic designers interact with professionals including illustrators, website designers and programmers, calligraphers, and advertising agencies among others. In this respect, this paper will cover the various connections that graphic designers need to make and how they can benefit from interacting with them. Printing Shops Printing shops offer printing services to facilitate the transformation of a particular idea or project into a finished piece. The printer or publisher undertakes the operations of a printing shop as they print pieces that include business cards, promotional products, banners, and brochures among other products (Lupton and Phillips 32). In their profession, publishers provide a wide range of services that include administration, production and design, editing, marketing, and distribution and thus, allow them to collaborate with related professionals and agencies. Graphic designers need to create an inter-professional relationship with publishers since the latter ensures that the former get a finished piece of their ideas and concepts. Graphic designers need to interact with printing shop professionals for their offset or digital printing needs. Graphic designers could benefit from digital printing when they need a quick turnaround for their low quantity projects as the offset printing services to facilitate the production of large quantity projects that could also entail flexibility in color, size, and paper (Lupton and Phillips 13). Additionally, in case graphic designers need variable data printing, they need to connect with printers who provide customized services that appeal to the final customers. The editorial services provided by printing shops polish the graphic designer’s projects before printing as they collaborate in the review, rewriting, and editing of the developed concepts. Furthermore, the design department in a printing shop could interact with the graphic designer in refining the photos, font, and overall artistry work. Additionally, printing shops could offer graphic designers with marketing and distribution services to ensure that the printed projects attain the projected sales and they are delivered to customers o