ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Innovation and Change According to Hage (1999), organizational innovation can be defined as the process through which an organization adopts certain behaviour or an idea which is new to the organization (p. 3). Innovation in an organization can be reflected in terms of a new form of technology, new practice in administration, new service or a new product. In the current business world, most top management leaders are paying extra attention on innovation in their individual organizations. This is in an effort to come up with necessary changes in order to improve on performance of their respective organizations. On the other hand, change is the result of innovation in an organization. For instance, development of a new management practice may lead to changes in the management structure. Also, an introduction of a new technology may lead to an improvement on organization’s level of efficiency which may be followed by radical changes in an organization. These changes are characterized by increased efficiency and productivity in an organisation. This discussion gives an analysis of innovation and change in organizations and its importance to individual organizations. In other words, innovation is the central subject in business prosperity. Importance of Innovation to the Business; Why It Matters To Companies In every organization, the level of innovation plays a critical role in determining its performance. In the modern business world, changes and innovation level has increased significantly due to changes in the nature of the market. In the modern business world, the market is characterized by a very high level of competition. The market has become more customer oriented, the factor which has increased a need to innovate in order to meet these changes (Mariposa, 2010, par 1). For instance, the phones’ market has become very competitive in the current mobile phones market. Different companies have entered into the market with different varieties of mobile phones. Nokia Company is one of the oldest and successful companies in the mobile phone market. Due to increase in level of competition, the company has heavily invested in innovation as a strategy to remain above its competitors. Therefore, organizations are paying more attention on innovation in order to survive in such kind of markets. One of the major reasons for innovations in organizations is to improve on its performance. For instance, new technologies can significantly help in improving the level of performance in different areas. For instance Nokia has improved on its products through an innovation in technology. In other words, innovation enables an organization to survive in a competitive world. In connection to this, innovation can significantly contribute in development of competitive advantage. For instance, when a company manages to innovate on new technology, it will be able to produce more ef
Introduction In the contemporary environment of judicial system, it is common to see more and more people with disabilities taking part, as either offenders or victims than they were years ago. Indeed, according to Williams (1999), people with disabilities are ten times likely to experience violence or abuse than people without disabilities. In order to cap and punish people who deliberately abuse disabled people, the government has established measures to protect disabled people in its criminal justice. Moreover, disabled people require empowerment in order to identify and respond to abuse or violence. Besides, people with disabilities need to know that there are supportive services and systems, which include victim assistance programs, the criminal justice system, and advocacy services. However, the law does not provide adequate remedies and there is inequality in the criminal justice system. Moreover, “it takes little cognizance of the special circumstances of people with disabilities” (Parry et al. 2009, p.47). The shortcomings exhibited by the judicial system have contributed significantly to the tribulations of the disabled who are left “exposed and defenseless, resulting into their further injury during investigative and legal procedures” (Henderson & Bryan, 2011). Besides, myths, stereotypes, and attitudes held by the public towards people with disabilities interfere with presentation of evidence. Additionally, studies have indicated that people with disabilities are sometimes deterred from seeking criminal justice against acts committed against them; thus it becomes difficult to account for actual cases of abuse to disabled people. Moreover, people with disabilities fail to report abuse from people they depend on since it can lead to losing their support. Indeed, only a few cases of the reported are brought to justice by the criminal justice system (Hauritz, 1998, p.198). This paper reviews the relationship between people with disabilities and their exposure to violence and abuse. Further, the paper also explores disabled people in criminal justice systems at various stages namely with police, lawyers and courts and prisons. Why people with disabilities are more
Introduction In this paper, the discussion is about mental health concerning Canadians. The reason why this topic was chosen for discussion because it is a fact that every Canadian is affected by mental health either directly or indirectly. This is because either one is suffering from mental illness or a family member or colleague does. It starts mostly when one is in adolescence or early adulthood (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2002). It costs a lot to manage and deal with it especially because 86% of the mental illnesses admissions occur in general hospitals. Definition of mental illnesses Mental illnesses can be described as the alterations that occur in an individual’s behavior, thinking, and mood. The extent of the effect is affected by the socio-economic environment, the individual, the family, and the type of illness that one is suffering from. There are several mental illnesses and this includes eating, mood, bipolar, anxiety and personality disorders, depression, and also schizophrenia. Although these disorders are said to affect all age groups and gender indiscriminately, it has been found that the the15-24, 25-44 year age groups are affected more than those who are more than 45 years old. Women also account for more hospitalizations than men. Some illnesses affect the prevalence of mental illnesses. This may be due to the manifestation of the disease or the treatment used for that disease. Some diseases like cancer are a cause of chronic pain and this affects the mental stability of the sufferer. Others like Parkinson’s disease use some drugs in the treatment that may cause mental instability. Obesity is another disorder that can cause suffering from it to become extremely depressed when they are not able to be comfortable with their physical appearance. Apart from this, some diseases may lead to one developing an addiction to some drugs especially those that help in the management of pain. Mental disorders can
In what ways are business and academic writing different? The major difference between academic and business writing is the content. For instance, in academic writing, students often include all points to assist in developing a research theme while in business writing, business writers usually focus on the content needed by stakeholders. The structure adopted in academic writing is also different from business writing. Another aspect that differentiates academic writing from business writing is the purpose. For instance, in academic writing students usually exhibit what they have learned while in business writers undertake business writing with the objective of making things happen. Which style would be most effective for a research report for a business unit in an organization? The audience for business report is the various stakeholders while the target audience for academic writing is an instructor or a professor. The genre for academic writing is in the form of term papers, journals, essays, reports, and exam papers. On the hand, business writing is written inform of contracts, handbook, audit reports, business plans, report, proposals, letters and memos. The most effective writing for a report for a business unit in an organization is academic writing. This is because the report is in the form a business unit which is more of academic than business oriented.
Introduction Senkaku/Diaoyu Dao Islands and the other affiliated islands are within China’s territory. Japan has been claiming ownership of the islands for over ten years. Japan’s move to take the islands forcefully from China resulted in increased conflicts between the two countries. The most notable effect of the conflicts between these countries was the sinking of McArthur (Pan 139). There were several deaths of both civilians and troops who wer
“America’s Shame: The Chronicle of Higher Education” is an article that was written by Peter Singer in 2009. The primary focus of the article was global poverty, the flaws in the educational system, as well as the U.S. government’s role in resolving the problem. According to Singer, education can be one of the tools for eliminating poverty; therefore, every educational discipline should include studies on how poverty can be mitigated on a global scale (Singer, 2009, p. 7). Singer’s Approach Singer’s approach suggested that every educational; discipline should include specialized courses focused on poverty elimination and global development. For instance, the issue of poverty should be connected to economics, anthropology, sociology, and other studies. Apart from integrating poverty into the educational curriculum, there should be programs developed to teach not only students but also the general public on the topic of global poverty. Singer urged his audience to start giving out more to the charity organizations for helping eliminate poverty. He used the “drowning child” reference for underlining the fact that there are far too many people in the world that are “drowning” and are in extreme danger of losing their lives to poverty. Thus, every person in the world is equally responsible for saving the “drowning child” through donating monetary means wherever one may be in the world. The global issues of poverty, pollution, and overpopulation are the ones that the global community is responsible for. Main Themes and Ideas Interaction between the rich and the poor Despite the fact that the modern global community interacts with each other more frequently, the poverty rates do not decline. According to the report by Keeley (2015) for OECD, the poorest ten percent of the poorest U.S. population earns 9.6 times less than the richest (p. 11). Corruption The problem of corruption is what stops the global community from eliminating poverty. Furthermore, it is hard to deal with corruption because of the non-governmental organizations that do not allow returning the funds back to the government. Misconception Singer underlined the problem of the U.S. population not being aware of how much the government gives out to help fight poverty. To illustrate this theme, it is important to mention the report by Giving What We Can (2014) that stated that the U.S. gave $131.6 billion to the OECD while invested over $2 trillion to fund the Iraq War (para. 3). Therefore, the priorities of the U.S. government are not focused on battling poverty despite the population thinking that they are. Such a misconception greatly damages the efforts to eliminate global poverty. Ignorance The ignorance of the U.S. population on the need to help the poor is withstanding issues. According to the Gallup survey by Winseman and Min (2005), the majority of the general population did not contribute
Participants The participants in this study included 42 male and 124 female college students from Kean University, New Jersey. The ages of these respondents stretched from 18 to 24, with a mean age of 20.4 years. A majority of the participants were Caucasian (81%) whereas 4.7% and 5.8% accounted for the enrolled Hispanic and the African-American students respectively. Additionally, 29.2% of the participants were freshmen (50), 20.9% were sophomores (22), 17.5% were juniors (30) and 37.4% were seniors (64). Enrollment of these participants was through a convenience sample from the undergraduate subject pool for those engaged included internet users who also doubled up as psychology students. Each member received credit for participation in this experiment in two forms. First, they received gift coupons for free lunch at the canteen and secondly, each participant earned themselves a total of 12 credits in their course grade, for research participation. Materials The materials used predominantly included survey documentation such as interviews and questionnaires, an SCL-90-R, an estimation measure, and a demographics sheet. Literature reviews that encompassed studying books and the Internet also helped build upon knowledge. Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) SCL-90-R is a survey instrument that is universally used to elicit respondents to self-report information, as well as evaluate the nine manifestations of psychopathology. The analysts used this tool to report the mood of the participants by posting quizzes, which the students answered while filling the questionnaire. An example question inquired if the respondents had ever endured any form of harassment, and reported it accordingly. The participants replied to “describe your response to each of the following statements” by employing a 5-point Likert scale (0= null; 1= faintly; 2= average; 3= sufficiently; 4= exceedingly). The measurements of the coefficients for Cronbach’s alpha along this scale ranged from 0.77-0.90. Estimation Measure This step employed insightful questions, specially designed for use in this survey, in the form of an Internet Experience Questionnaire (IEQ). The IEQ contained both open-ended and multiple-choice questions, for instance, “What incidences in your life do you reckon as stressful?” and “What do you do when you feel stressed?” The initial question sought to establish the independent variables and determine the elements triggering anxiety, pressure, or suicidal feelings among the students. On the other hand, the second query was intent on assessing the dependent variables, such as the participants’ responses to stressful situations. Demographics The demographics sheet prompted the respondents to give answers to basic, fundamental questions regarding their age, sex, marital status, and ethnicity. The sheet requested for the students’ years and class levels in college, for example, junior, sophomore, freshman or senior. Additional information required was the participants’ internet usage, educational achievements, the hist
Introduction With the development of humanity, the problems of gender interaction in society have become less acute compared to the situation in past eras. Nevertheless, despite the success of the struggle for equality and established moral values​, the issue of gender-based violence continues to exist. Women, in this case, are a vulnerable side, although there are cases of violence against men. According to the World Health Organization, the most common causes are domestic disagreements that account for 38% to 50% of women murdered by their intimate partners (5). The situation is aggravated by the fact that gender-based violence occurs not only among adults but also among young people, which creates additional difficulties and is a good reason to draw various stakeholders’ attention. Despite widespread access to information and opportunities to receive help, victims of physical abuse often seek to cope with their challenges individually, and this does not contribute to solving the issue effectively. Gender-based violence is an urgent problem that affects people of different ages, countries, and sexual orientations and requires addressing through the creation of an adequate preventive environment and strengthening measures to persecute aggressive citizens successfully. Global Context of the Problem As people move towards democratic freedoms and human rights, along with the values ​​of equality and mutual respect, gender-based violence remains a problem in a global context. The situation is aggravated by the fact that, in some world regions, the existing patriarchal foundations do not contribute to creating a favorable environment for dealing with the issue in question. Wood et al. examine the rural region of Tajikistan, the country in Central Asia, and note the distinctive perceptions of violence between men and women, particularly the empowerment of the male population (1). In such archaic conditions, women are not endowed with an opportunity to fight for their rights, and any manifestations of violence against them are permissible at the level of traditional perception and people’s cultural background. Another factor proving the global context of the problem under consideration is the economic crisis in many world regions. As Dowd argues, gender-based violence develops where the authorities are more concerned about financial problems than social ones (42). Violence between intimate partners is a consequence of social and economic challenges that impede normal life and are a catalyst for aggression (World Health Organization 5). As a result, women often experience physical abuse while living in poverty because low social status is one of the concomitant factors of violence. Today, a number of agencies work to strengthen the regulatory framework and publicize the problem at the international level. Simister cites the examples of UNECE, the World Health Organization, and some other organizations that aim to disseminate information ab
In the United States, major depressive disorder, or clinical depression, occurs in 16.2% of patients. It is associated with an increased risk of suicide, mortality from comorbid diseases, and reduced life expectancy (Kaplan & Beech, 2015). It should be noted that there are still difficulties with the diagnosis and treatment of depression. The negative effects of pain on the course of depressive disorder are discussed in the literature. In addition, information is provided on the recognition of depression in individuals with somatic symptoms, on the neurological communality of depression and pain syndromes, and effective pharmacological treatment regimens for pain and depression have been proposed (Li & Peng, 2017). Pain is one of the most common concomitant symptoms of depression. According to meta-analysis, pain symptoms are present in 65% of patients with depressive disorder (Sheng et al., 2017). Persons suffering from various types of pain are at increased risk of developing clinical depression ‑ the more complaints, the higher the risk (Hoffelt & Zwack, 2014). In fact, the presence of major depressive syndrome is predicted not by the severity or duration of pain, but by the number of pain symptoms. Obviously, with episodes of depression, pain has a cumulative effect, aggravates the course of the disease and increases its duration. This is clearly confirmed by the clinical case under consideration. It has now been established that the pathogenesis of pain and depression affects in many respects the same structures of the nervous system and develops in a similar way, involving the same receptor-mediator interactions. So, the main common links in the pathogenesis of depression and pain are the following: hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and limbic-reticular systems, increased activity of glutamate, GABA deficiency, disruption of the relationship of glutamatergic and monoaminergic pathways, impaired metabolism of substance P and neurokinins, monoamine deficiency. It is also known that dysregulation of 5-HT receptors in the brain is directly related to the development of depression and the regulation of the effects of substance P, glutamate, GABA and other pain mediators (Li & Peng, 2017). Anxiety-depressive conditions lead to a decrease in pain thresholds associated with overexpression of the substance P, a change in the metabolism of serotonin, etc., to an increase in muscle tension, which also increases the severity of the pain syndrome. In turn, dysfunction of the descending neuroendocrine and 5-HT systems, characteristic of depression, can lead the body to interpret the usual stimuli as discomfort or even pain (Li & Peng, 2017). Indeed, in the case under consideration, it appears that the patient is constantly in pain. His voice appeared that he gets anxious and irritated very easily. The patient himself noted that he has panic attacks almost every day and his pain is worse because of that. In accordance with PHQ-9, the patient manifests mild depression. However, overall examination allowed concluding the following
The documentary “Preventable Health Issues in Third World Countries” by Thomas (2012) outlines preventable diseases affecting many people in Third World. It also lists the drivers of this problem and suggests a possible solution. According to the documentary, people in Third World suffer from maternal death, HIV/AIDS, diarrhea, measles, polio, yellow fever, leprosy, malnutrition, tuberculosis, and malaria, all of which can be prevented thanks to modern medical advances. About 17 million people die from preventable diseases annually, with 8 million of them being children aged five and younger. The documentary also reveals the poor conditions of the healthcare systems in the Third World, where people have to ride a horse or walk on foot to reach the doctor. Finally, it tackles the issue of harmful religious practices, such as female circumcision, which often result in complications. All the medical conditions mentioned in the documentary are treatable and avoidable. Yet, Third World countries still have high rates of people suffering or dying from these preventable health issues. The first reason why this problem persists is the many obstacles pharmaceutical companies face when trying to get their drugs approved for use in these countries. Second, Third World lacks qualified medical staff and developed transportation infrastructure. Further, one cannot just ban harmful religious practices because there is a need to respect other people’s beliefs. Finally, there is a lack of services and finances for helping Third World countries because nations having the necessary resources also struggle with healthcare issues, so they allocate money to their own healthcare systems. In the end, the documentary argues that if every person donated only $20, it would be enough to vaccinate people in Third World countries against preventable illnesses. Thus, the documentary’s main point is that joint efforts of the whole global community are necessary to reduce the mortality rate from preventable diseases. One question that can be raised regarding this point is as follows: since all joint efforts require organizers and coordinators to guide these endeavors in the right direction, who will assume this role to unite the world in an effort to help Third World cope with preventable diseases? Furthermore, developed countries also struggle with health issues, so how many of their resources should they allocate to Third World to be able to maintain their own healthcare systems? Finally, there are powerful people and organizations possessing a great portion of the available resources. Their understanding of the problem of the Third World is necessary because they can make valuable contributions to addressing health issues in these countries. Reference Thomas, S. (2012). Preventable health issues in third world countries . YouTube. Web.