ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Running for more than a decade on American TV, Judge Judy is a popular court reality show with former family judge Judith Sheindlin that gained a number of TV awards during its history. The show concerns itself with minor claims cases that are considered in the court presided by Judge Judy. The procedure is similar to the real court proceeding imitating every detail of it. At the end of the show, Judge Judy has to render her judgement or dismiss the case. It should be stressed that the director of the show selects cases that would appeal to audiences of all ages, thus, catering for all tastes of diverse viewing audience. The case I particularly like is the one that concerns an LAPD traffic officer who wrote a speeding ticket for an Asian lady who turned out to be a daughter of a retired LAPD officer. As a result, a young woman with the help of her father complains to higher authorities on the LAPD officer who, allegedly, exceeded his rights, which brings them both to court. Since TV showcase under analysis concerns jurisdiction and judging, it can be approached in terms of such philosophical notion, as virtue ethics, since it deals with ethical and moral aspects of judgement. The main principle of virtue ethics concentrates on the moral standards of an individual or a society when passing moral judgement. The reason why this approach is the most appropriate when analyzing the case of a traffic officer and a speed driver is that it focuses on the immorality of the young girl’s behaviour and situation itself in this context. In this case consequences of the action or relations between parties do not play a crucial role. In this connection, it should be stressed that during the trial, Judge Judy asks both parties questions to carefully investigate the case in terms of ethics and righteousness of the actions of both offender and officer, thus, supporting the ethical approach of virtue ethics. From the point of view of virtue ethics adherents, the moral qualities are intrinsic in every individual. Thus, a female’s behaviour is viewed as a reflection of
Introduction In a broader perspective, science can be considered as an intellectual procedure involving physical and mental resources to enable one to sufficiently explain, understand, and predict usual as well as extraordinary natural phenomena (Thomas 1997). According to Brockopp and Hasting-Tolsma (2003), Florence Nightingale, “believed that through observation, nurses could best determine care for patients. This early emphasis on methodical observation, as contrasting with trial-and-error methods in offering patient care, planted the seeds for the evolution of nursing science—an exceptional discipline of nursing knowledge” (pg. 5). They added that nursing is a profession that is largely characterized by educational standards, autonomy, socialization, licensure, formal entry exams, technical expertise, public trust, code of ethics, professional standards that are used by all science-based disciplines hence, nursing is a scientific process that refines and validates existing medical knowledge-generating new knowledge in line with pure evidence-based nursing practice leading to increased patient care and credible nursing practices (Burns & Grove, 2001). Therefore, the field of nursing science entails the full range of occurrences encountered by the nurses when practicing and managing health-related issues on their patients. Theorists argue that to understand this phenomenon, a practitioner has to think of and arrange the nursing theories in a hierarchal manner normally referred to as “meta-theory,” “grand theory,” “middle-range theory,” or “micro-range theory.” This paper will describe the development of nursing science in line with specific theories and events that boosted its nurture process. It will also describe the relationship between nursing science and profession while giving the influences of nursing science on other disciplines like philosophy, religion, education, psychology, and many more. Main Body Many theorists, for instance, Watson (1985) believed that nursing could be categorized both as a science and as an art, but since O’Hear (1990) argued that nursing concerns are considered as less exalted as compared to medicine, he viewed nursing as a science that should be completely encouraged. He even adds that there is no institution in the entire globe as prestigious as nursing science. However, the development of nursing science can be traced from the inception of philosophical ideas and theories by
Most of the businesses in Kazakhstan revolve around oil and gas; these industries have greatly contributed to the sturdy economic growth in the country. In addition, Kazakhstan provides one of the largest markets in the middle of Asia and is in the middle of the busy business route between China and Europe. Also, the country has other minerals which have the potential of boosting its economy. All that combined with the number of increasing professionals, makes Kazakhstan one of the most vibrant new markets today. Just like other ex-soviet states, the country is trying to com up with clear and efficient trade customs that will tend to attract investors. In one way or the other, the country’s leaders are trying to tune their business customs to reflect those practiced in the Western World. Nevertheless, business reforms are usually wrongly implemented, especially in business communication, leading to serious stalling of business activities. This is mainly attributed to the culture found among the citizens of Kazakhstan. The way to address people in the society differs depending on age, place of origin and associate families. For many years now, business men have consulted Dale Carnegie’s book called How to Win Friends and Influence People so as to gain principles in effective communication. Although the book was written a couple of decades ago, the fundamental doctrine of human communication has not changed. In fact, some argue that the principles in this book are needed now more than when it was written. Carnegie’s book focuses on the means of achieving a progressive interpersonal connection with other work mates. The book explores how someone’s attitude relates to the way one communicates. Due to the culture in Kazakhstan, the people there have a unique way in which people should communicate. When it comes to meeting people, greetings are usually formal and the handshake is frequently done with two hands accompanied with a smile. However, due to the Muslim culture, some men opt not to shake women’s hands. If a special relationship develops, it is acceptable for acquaintances of the same gender to hug. Also, it is important for a foreigner to wait to use a Kazakh’s first name until he has been given the go ahead. Otherwise, the surname should be used at all times. Kazakhs usually speak in a non direct manner and prefer to beat around the bush before they deliver their point. Also, they prefer tender inquiring instead of straightforward questioning. Conversely, many of them have an explosive behavior in which they shout just to make a point. Therefore, they usually have ferocious arguments. The way they carry out their business meet
Organizations encounter daily challenges on the need to improve the managers’ sensitivity to the wishes of their employees, (Kreitner, 2009) by putting much pressure on interpersonal adjustments at the work place. In this incident, Hank and other managers holding three top-management ranks, have a situation on their hands relating to the quality of their interpersonal relationship in the organization. The situation demands that they source out alternatives and solutions in order to improve the standard of their human relations in regards to their productivity. The dilemma they face comes in when considering what measures to put in place, and which group needs most attention. In relation to this case, these managers shared their ideas and came up with advanced training in human relations and the need to develop the program as the most significant way of achieving better human relations for the organization. The problem does not just rely on training alone; it needs more consideration into the programs to put in place, when and how the training should be affected. The present state of human relations in that organization relates to drop in their productivity levels and the dismal turnover from the staff, hence the need to conduct training in that field. According to Hank’s point of view, the supervisors fall under the only group recommended for training because they managed the entire half of the staff; including the clerks and secretaries whose output is linked to the organization’s drop in productivity. Therefore, in an effort to salvage this, the supervisors emerged as the best suited candidates for training. Every situation has an alternative way or approach for counteraction. In this case, the problem does not fall only on supervisors as Hank put it but also the Top managers of the chain. In order to better the interpersonal relations and integration at this work place, the supervisors highest in rank have to undergo human relation training and program development. However, the low wages and small offices do not make the situation any better but instead fall under the reasons for low turnover rates. Hence, a review of the staff’s pay, enumeration and workspace has to be highly considered. Additionally, the approach to this problem should begin from the top management and gradually roll down to rest. In most cases, supervisors duplicate the behaviours that their top-management reflect; therefore, this means that, for a better human relations image, the top managers would have to undergo the same training first. Moreover, improving the communication channels among employees would foster integration and in return improve human relations. Additional policies governing the human relations program are applied and monitored to find out the effect they have on human relations. Analysing all the mentioned alternatives and training the top management first followed by their subsequent supervisors stands out as the best alternative to remedy this problem. Knowledgeable and empowered managers would be better placed to relate and improve interpersonal adjustments; than managers who only
Overview of the Client’s Economic Implications   * Tommy Bennett is a 40-year-old man who has been living in a Northeastern inner city.   * When the police found him, he was living in a cardboard house below a bridge in a homeless area.   * Bennett has been living in dilapidated conditions.   * As a result, his health has been failing.   * When he was brought to the emergency room, it was suspected that he was suffering from bilateral frostbites on his toes.   * Upon diagnosis, it was discovered that Bennett would need to have a peripheral inserted central catheter (PICC) line fixed inside his body. Bennett’s failing health could have been contributed by the housing conditions of the homeless area. For instance, the frostbites and chills he was experiencing must have been occasioned by cold conditions due to poor housing and probably, the lack of warm clothes and proper beddings. How the Client’s Economic Implications/Issues Affect Care   * The health of individuals depends on many factors, among them, access to quality care and the surrounding environment.   * The surrounding environment relates to factors such as the quality of air, water, and the condition of the housing where the individual lives.   * The socioeconomic status (SES) of an individual affects the above conditions.   * Hence, it directly influences the state of his or her health.   * Bennett has been living in a homeless area.   * The possible lack of healthcare facilities near Bennett’s residence implies that he has no immediate access to regular health checkups.   * Recent developments in the healthcare sector have resulted in high cost of care.   * Healthcare has become expensive, especially after the adoption of fee-for-service.   * The result has been that people with a low SES have limited access to quality healthcare.   * Living in a homeless area implies that Bennett is a person with a low SES.   * Besides the problem of poor diet, this status could have contributed greatly to his poor healthcare.   * At the same time, the cost of insurance for private care has increased considerably, causing many Americans to live without healthcare insurance.   * The situation encourages diseases among people such as Bennett who cannot afford quality care. According to Chambers et al. (2014), inner cities have been found to have poorer healthcare infrastructure compared to suburban areas. Additionally, the healthcare facilities in these areas have limited equipment and poorly qualified staff (Acri et al., 2016). The net effect of these conditions is that people in inner cities have poorer health compared to their counterparts from the suburbs. Miewald and McCann (2014) assert that poor diet among people of low SES contributes to a high disease incidence. Additionally,
Alien Invasion A higher birth rate than the death rate of a species will lead to an increase in the population size of the species. Secondly, immigration into a given habitat at a faster rate than the emigration will also result to an increase in the population of the area. Immigration is the movement of new species into the habitat from another habitat and this may be influenced by the presence of food and other resources in the new habitat that are unavailable from where the species are emigrating. Another factor that leads to the increase of the population is a reduction in the mortality rate. When the mortality rate reduces for a particular population, the number of newly born surviving to grow into adulthood rises thus increases the population size (Zavaleta, Hobbs, & Mooney, 2001). Lastly, the total fertility rate of the population influences the rate of change in the population size. The fertility rate of a given species will depend on the life history characteristics of the species such as the number of reproductive periods in the lifetime of the species and the number of offspring produced at each reproductive period (Berg & Hager, 2009). In the nutria case, the high fertility rate and life history characteristic of the animal affect its population. The nutria reach the reproductive age when they are six months old and a mature female is capable of forty births in three years. Another factor affecting their population is the lack of a predator, which leads to a low infant mortality and death rate of the adult population. The absence of a predator causes the replacement rate of the nutria population to be much higher than its depletion rate (Messing & Wright, 2006). When the land is depleted of the nutria’s food source, the population of the nutria will rapidly decline because of starvation. The nutria has a high daily food demand of about a quarter of their body mass. It would be difficult for the population to find a replacement food source within the same habitat that can sustain their population (Messing & Wright, 2006). Therefore, the nutria population will decrease significantly or wipe out entirely. Environmental Benefits and Challenges of Urbanization Speaker Notes Introduction The term “Urbanization” refers to the transformation of a rural area into an urban area. An area that previously had the characteristics of a rural area gradually transforms into an urban area as its population increases and the dominant economic and social activities of the area c
Plato held that philosopher guardians would run a just state. Plato thinks that given their education, talents, virtues, and the way their lives would be controlled in his Republic, such people are the best possible rulers. In my opinion, Plato is right. In Plato’s Republic, Socrates makes a poignant point on the nature of an ideal leader. Equitable leaders need to be wise. Also, philosophers have a lot of wisdom. Socrates’ assertion resonates with the wisdom of the ages which posits that the best leaders need to have a generous heart and wisdom. His allegory of ‘the cave’ is another excellent illustration of the natural inclination that humanity has to take illusions for reality. People indeed have remarkably different and mostly incorrect ideas of what constitutes personal fulfillment in life. Some do not even have any idea. They spend their lives experimenting on different agendas trying to quench an inexplicable thirst. Socrates posits that all of humanity possesses this thirst. It is what drives people through their daily struggles with life. They are seeking a ‘higher’ good. In the context of a community, different factors contribute to the definition of this ultimate success. Therefore, different people have different ideas. This is where leaders come into play. Communities should live in harmony. However, that would not be possible if everybody were to pursue his/her private desires. Leaders come in to make a collective decision for these people. This becomes a formidable responsibility which the society cannot vest on just any other person. For one to qualify for this privilege, he/she needs to demonstrate the capacity to shoulder the weight of the mantle. For instance, sacrifice is a critical value that such a person needs to demonstrate. Many leaders fall short of this point because their personal or private needs override their sense of duty to society. People naturally seek personal development. They put the needs of the community after their own. An upright leader should be a master at utilitarianism. Utilitarianism refers to a condition whereby the bosom of society precedes individual satisfaction. This requires a different breed of people altogether. Intellect is another quality that these leaders should possess. This brings to light the importance of education. In contemporary society, people do not give too much emphasis on the education of their leaders. Most are swayed by the fallacies that these leaders spin during election campaigns. However, it is all propaganda. Consequently, after electing them into their respective offices, they depict their true colors which are often unsightly, to say the least. Education is a tremendously essential quality in a leader. At the very least, a leader will be in charge of a highly diverse society. He/she will be presiding over people who are likely smarter than him/her. Therefore, the less educated this leader is, the more opposition he/she will face. Similarly, the more discontent there will be in society. It becomes necessary, mandatory even that effective leaders have the education to back them up. Education denotes an appreci
Rationalism is the study of reason in philosophy. In a close analysis, we are going to examine the rational views of two philosophers, namely, Rene Descartes and Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche. Their works reveal a great application of rationalism in similar and contrasting approaches. One of the greatest philosophical ideas that Descartes invented is the doubt theory. Nietzsche uses a similar approach in the introspection of his maxims. In his hyperbolical skepticism, Descartes arrives at the conclusion of the irrefutable existence of thought. Logically linked to the existence of thought, is therefore that of life. Descartes says that the fact of his thinking is evidence that he is living. In his works, Nietzsche, on the other hand uses a similar degree of skepticism on the maxim of idleness and self-evaluation. An individual who doesn’t engage in physical tasks would easily be said to be lazy by the society. The mental task of self-examination taking place in his mind goes unnoticed. Descartes and Nietzsche do not hold similar views on religion. They lay open a fundamental critique of the existence of God. Nietzsche in the seventh maxim asks whether man is a result of the erroneous work of God or God is the error of man. Descartes poses a rather hideous question on God in his Cartesian theory. He asserts that God’s creation may not have been intended to deceive, which is an indication of imperfection therefore begging the question of what is possibly the origin of error. Descartes tries to negate that the human faculties can be the source of errors as they are God’s own creation. This question is inadequately addressed by another renowned philosopher, Plato, who presupposes that errors are as a result of a given deprivation of knowledge and not necessarily a reversal of a certain virtue. Plato’s explanation does not however satisfy Descartes who finally derives a more rational theory. According to Descartes, the cause of errors is deeply entrenched in knowledge and will. In his theory, Descartes argues that the human intellect is limited unlike God’s which is infinite. This means that the human mind is insufficient in terms of the ideas it can be able to contain. (Descartes Lecture 8A page 45). Choice or will on the other hand is not dependent on content like the human mind but the ability to accept, refuse, welcome or shun. He continues to say that error occurs when the will goes beyond the human intellect because it appeals to things beyond its comprehension. It is worthwhile noting that the religious theories advanced by both Nietzsche and Descartes have received enormous criticisms within the field of academia and beyond. Descartes has been adversely branded an atheist. The philosophical theory of Nietzsche on religion has to some extent even compromised his