ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It is a well known fact that taxation is the lifeline of a nation. The US taxation system creates the mechanism for collecting funds that can be used to sustain and improve basic services (Barber 10). Roads, schools, hospitals, are built and law enforcement agencies are maintained through the efforts of the Internal Revenue Service. Employees, professionals, and businessmen must pay taxes so that Americans can sustain a certain way of life. Nevertheless, it is common knowledge that a significant amount of taxes are collected from corporations (Schmitt 15). But it can be argued that many multinational corporations have found a way to reduce the amount of taxes they are supposed to pay the government through the use of tax havens. Multinational corporations through the help of financial advisers are able to exploit legal loopholes so that they can shift profits and move funds from the parent company to subsidiaries located in countries designated by tax authorities as tax havens. It is detrimental to the US economy if corporations are allowed to evade taxes. However, there are incentives on both sides to continually use tax havens and this will be discussed in the following report. Pass the Burden Corporations are entities that in recent years have become as powerful as local governments. The money and political clout of many multinational corporations allowed them to increase their profits while drastically reducing their operational expenses. A closer look at some of the world’s top multinational corporations will reveal a common trend that can be reduced to three statements: 1) the world’s money, technology, and markets are controlled and managed by gigantic global corporations; 2) corporations are free to act solely on the basis of profitability without regard to national or local consequences; and 3) there are no loyalties to place and community (Korten 133). As a consequence economists and concerned citizens have observed a disturbing development with regards to corporate greed, because for many corporate leaders, sustainability is a problem of the next generation. As a result the following observations had been a focal point of discussion in many sectors. The following information has long-term consequences that have to be addressed sooner than later: IN 1957, corporations in the United States provided 45 percent of local property tax revenues. By 1987, their share had dropped to about 16 percent. A 1994 study by the Progressive Policy Institute of the Democratic Leadership Conference identified what it considered to be unjustified subsidies and tax benefits extended to corporations in the United States amounting to $11 billion over five years … the largest corporations are paying less taxes and receiving more subsidies (Korten 133). One way to reduce the amount of taxes normal
Executive Summary The paper is the business plan summary for the offered innovative business model. The business model concept is based on the emerging need in the broad customer segments to lead a healthy life despite the existing pressures and the ever-increasing pace and need for mobility. This need is also explained by the increasing costs of health care at the global level making it unavailable for the growing numbers of people worldwide. To cover the existing gap and satisfy the demand, this project will offer a business plan of an enterprise producing devices for analysis of solid and liquid food and drinks quality. The proposed working title for the device is “portable lab tester”. The gadget is intended with the dimensions of a standard mobile phone of 5*12 centimeters and it will come in different colors. Its major parts will be the screen demonstrating the testing results, the liquids testing area with dimensions of 1*1 centimeters and round shape for placing the research sample, and the testing stylet for evaluating the solid substances using placing it inside them. The mediums of the device are plastic, glass, metal, and rare chemical substances. The estimated price per device is $29. As the product intended value is the provision of data helping people to make healthier choices in their lives, it is reasonable to assume this innovative solution will be of interest to customers from broad consumer segments. Market research has indicated a gap in solutions production for testing of food and drink quality. The existing devices are quite uncomfortable, heavy, use outdated technologies, and provide means to test only solid products or liquids in separate. Business Canvas Channels Direct and indirect channels. Direct channels will include the sales force, marketing in the Internet, TV advertising, and thematic publications for the people interested in a healthy lifestyle and striving to find the opportune time for themselves despite the pressures they face. Indirect channels will include partner stores and partner web resources. Customer relationships Customer relations are a crucial component for the business stability since the business model implicates selling and serving the gadgets for food and drink quality checking. It is crucial to build high customer trust and brand awareness in the targeted segment of buyers (Goetsch & Davis 2014). Customer segments Urban and rural men and women aged between 18 to
Creationism and Darwin’s evolutionary theory are two theories predominant in the modern society. Creationism sustains that the world and all of the creatures on it were the result of an intelligent design. It also makes an emphasis on taking the Bible and its holy texts literally, thus dating Earth to be about 10,000 years old. This goes against the findings of modern science, especially geological readings, which claim that Earth is over 4.5 billion years old. Of course, there are middle grounds, like those of scientific theism, which support the majority of scientific claims but refer to God as the starting point in all things. One big propagator of such a mentality was the Pope Pius XII himself. In the 1950 encyclical Humani generis, he confirmed that there is no intrinsic conflict between Christianity and the theory of evolution, provided that Christians believe that God created all things and that the individual soul is a direct creation by God and not the product of purely material forces. The evolutionary theory was established by Charles Darwin, and its major claims include the progeny of humans from monkeys, as well as the gradual evolution through trial and error, over the course of millions of years. These claims undermine the literal iteration of the Bible, as 10,000 years is too little to facilitate any meaningful changes, thus putting the Young Earth theory in question. After reflecting on the two theories and the position of Pope Pius XII on the subject, I think that it is important to study both theories in the context of ideological battle currently being waged between Christianity and Atheism. In order to effectively argue against Atheism, one must understand their talking points. However, I think that the evolutionary theist stance is also wrong, as it reduces the Bible from the status of Word of God to a book of allegories, hyperboles, and moral lessons, open for interpretation. Doing so would not resolve the fundamental contradictions between theism and atheism, but will only give them more arguments to sway the faithful away from God.
Getting down to qualitative research, one should be aware of all aspects of writing and provide a detailed description of the study. One of the first steps in conducting research is the consideration of the theory. The theory is used for consideration, identification, explaining and predicting the events of behavior (depending on the research questions). Additionally, a researcher should be aware of the framework which is going to be used in the future. There are two types of framework, theoretical and conceptual. The ability to understand each of them may be helpful in conducting personal research. The main purpose of this discussion is to consider the main idea of the conceptual and theoretical framework and apply received knowledge to the discussion of the framework in the article “Researching the therapeutic relationship in psychoanalysis counseling psychology and psychotherapy – A qualitative inquiry” by Clarkson (1996). A theoretical framework for a study is the specific information aimed at structuring and supporting a theory in the research. The theoretical framework explains the validity and necessity of the research. In other words, the theoretical framework is the basis for research conduction. The main purposes for formulating the theoretical framework are as follows. First of all, the theoretical framework helps the researcher to identify the variables of the study. Second, the general framework for data analysis is identified. Third, if the researcher is aimed and using qualitative methods, the theoretical framework is inevitable (Ornek, 2008). After the theoretical framework is identified, it is high time for shifting to the discussion of the conceptual framework. A concept is the visual symbolic communication of the abstract idea. According to Chinn and Kramer, a concept is “a complex mental formulation of experience” (p. 252). Comparing theoretical framework with conceptual one, it may be concluded that the theoretical framework is the basis for the research while the conceptual framework is its operationalization. A conceptual framework is usually the personal position of the researcher’s personal opinion about the issue which guides the whole study. Even though the conceptual framework may be used as the adaptation of the already existing model, it is still used with considerable modifications (Munhall, & Chenail, 2008). Once the conceptual framework is defined, it is high time for determining the research methods. Getting down to the consideration of the article under discussion, it should be stated that the literature review is used as the theoretical framework. The researcher conducted a thorough analysis of the information devoted to the psychotherapeutic professions in the therapeutic relationship. Clarkson (1996) considered about 1000 sources that have been collected for about 20 years. The theoretical framework is used as methodology. The conceptual framework is based on the
Introduction The concern of the security of infrastructure following the September 2001 terrorist attacks brought to the forefront the safety matters in all government facilities, including water plants. In that regard, bringing security concerns in protecting vital resources became a concern for La Verne, California water treatment plant as well. Such concern specifically increased after the plant was among 37 plants listed nationwide as susceptible to a terrorist attack. This paper is focused on discussing security concerns of L a Verne water plant, the way an attack may be carried out, the best time that the terrorists are most likely to choose, the chemicals that are likely to be used and the means that might be used in preventing the attack. Analysis of La Verne Water Treatment Plant There are several aspects that can go wrong involving a terrorist attack on such a huge water catchment. To begin with, the reason why the Water Plant was listed as susceptible to terrorist attack at first place should be mentioned. The reason is based on the fact that the plant uses “deadly chlorine gas that is transported in unprotected rail cars”, which in case of an attack can “jeopardize millions of nearby residents” (2). Accordingly, in case of the failure of plant, the terrorist can affect the water supply quantities making it difficult for the plant to satisfy the demands of the residents of Los Angeles and Orange counties (6). Although Weymouth Treatment Plant at La Verne is one of five filtration plants serving the Metropolitan water system, the plant is among the largest in the United States, and thus the consequences for water supply shortage, where terrorists attack might affect water pressure in the plant so that storage and distribution can be impossible, might affect many sectors such as health, agriculture and economics Weymouth Treatment Plant at La Verne has strived to improve their security immensely since September 11, 2001. However, up until 2007, when the plant was added to the list of targets susceptible to terrorism, the security concerns might not have been fully addressed. Therefore, when speculating a possible attack, it would be most likely occur in the less secured areas (Osterholm & Schwartz p.14). La Verne physical layout The first factor to consider for La Verne water treatment plan can be seen in its strategic importance. The plant delivers up to 520 million gallons per day (6). Accordingly, the level of impact implies all the areas which are dependant on such great reserve of water. The location of the water plant is an additional factor, whe
Society has always been concerned about the issue of justice. Since ancient times, this question has always been actual. Trying to get rid of crimes and guarantee reasonable punishment for criminals, people created different ways of determining whether a person was guilty or not and what kind of punishment his/her offense deserved. Usually, there were special people who tried to be fair and impartial. In such cases, they were rather professional and managed to make reasonable decisions that were supported with clear evidences. However, things became worse when non-professionals took matters in their hands. There was a practice in the history of the world justice system when people managed to make a sentence without the help of a professional. This practice was called lynching. The main idea of it was that several dozens of people could render justice. This practice was very widely used at the beginning of the 20th century. Being rather doubtful remedy, this type of justice depended on the mood of people who composed it. Moreover, very often, it was initially preconceived. The history of the USA is very rich in different cases of lynching of black men. Racial prejudices played a great role in the society of that period of time, that is why it was no wonder that Afro-Americans were main figurants in the majority of these cases (Perloff, 2000, p.315). Moreover, it is possible to say that very often, people already knew their decision before the process, and it was just a formality. It is easy to guess that the number of unfair sentences was extremely high. Though this fact did not stop people, and this practice was still used. There was no time and desire to analyze whether a person was really guilty or not. Descriptions of these cases are available in storages, and now people start to understand the real state of affairs. With this in mind, it is possible to analyze one case of this type to understand the idea better. The case of Ed Johnson can be taken as the basis for our study. “Ed Johnson was hanged in 1906 from a bridge spanning the Tennessee River by a mob that included Hamilton County Sheriff Joseph Shipp” (Green, 2000, para.2). He was a black man accused of rape. A combination of these facts can serve as the best evidence of unfair justice, which was based on racial prejudices as white men ruled in that community ( A Sermon on Lynching, 1906). With this in mind, it is possible to understand that though the fault of Ed Johnson was rather vague, being the black man he was the best candidate to be accused of rape and he was sentenced to the death penalty without hesitations ( The Supreme Court Intervenes in the Ed Johnson Case, 1906). Fortunately, there are a lot of documentary records connected with this case, which helped to understand this accident and assure in Ed Johnsons innocence. First of all, it is possible to look through the record of the star witness Nevada Taylor. It is possible to admit some inconsistencies in her story. The most striking is that it was ra
The industrial revolution was an important part of the economic development of the United States. It was from this period that new inventions were experienced both technologically and in the field of business management. This paper will therefore identify the technological inventions that were experienced in America during this period, identify the business innovations and finally point out the benefits and demerits of the inventions. The 19 th Century industrial revolution was divided into two parts. The first part was experienced in Europe and the UK in the first half of the Century before the second part of the revolution swept the regions of the United States of America and Germany. During this period, these regions experienced a change in production where most goods’ production moved from home and hand production to machine productions in factories. During the first revolution, the United States of America witnessed a small improvement. At this point, the society witnessed the invention of machines for weaving and spinning that were operated by water which later transformed into using steam power. This was a very important invention that increased the quantity of production in the textile industry (Kelly, 4). During the second revolution which took place during the second half of the 19 th Century, three fundamental issues resulted into the acceleration of the revolution. Among the three issues were improvement of the transport system, the improvement in the harnessing of electricity and finally technological improvement that changed the process of production. In addition, the government came up with policies that were meant to protect the manufacturers in America. This was a very fundamental step in the improvement of the economy of the United States of America (Kelly, 12). The inventions were important in the increasing of production. For example, the invention of the cotton qin by Eli Whitney increased the volume of raw cotton being sent to the North from the South. This also increased the production of cloth. The cotton qin was a machine that separated cotton fiber and the seeds at a faster rate as compared to hands. Spinning and weaving were also brought together in a single factory after the invention by Francis Lowell. This increased the production of cloth in New England. In addition, the invention of interchangeable machine parts allowed for a quicker assembly of machines. This was an invention by Eli Whitney (Kelly, 14). Considering the size of the United States, there was need for communication. This formed the most essential part of development. As a result, Samuel Morse came up with the idea of a telegraph which became part and parcel of the communication network in the whole of the United States. The network ranged from Mississippi to the East Coast. Communication was further given an impetus by the invention of a steam boat by Robert Fulton. The idea was based on James Watt’s steam engine innovation. The whole of the late 19 th Century witnessed more inventions that persisted until the early 20 th Century. Among the inventions included the light bulb by Thomas Edison, the Automo
Introduction Palliative care is that care which aims at making patients more comfortable during the duration of their illness or treatment. In recent times, palliative care has become more and more synonymous with the end of life care for terminally ill patients. This is because these patients are mostly known to be under insufferable pain. Since the illnesses are incurable, the only available remedy is the management of their condition by enhancing comfort, holism, open communication, and support. Palliative care practices relieve terminally ill patients and improve the quality of their end of life (Seshamani & Gray, 2004). The practices also provide encouragement to the families of the patients as well as the psychological preparedness for the forthcoming death of their beloved. During the duration of the existing terminal illness, the patients and families are in distress; hence, care should be taken not to aggravate their situations further. Conscious decisions do not only have to be made by all parties involved but have to be communicated in a way that is as comforting as possible and which shows that the patient and their families’ interests are supreme. The proposed study wishes to study palliative care in the context of terminal illnesses to understand how well medical teams handle communication with the patients and their families. More specifically, the researcher would want to understand how a decision regarding how the patients are handled from the time the observation that palliative care would be the best course of action is made, to the actual care and end of life itself. Literature Review Once a patient is faced with a terminal illness scenario, stakeholders like the patient, family, friends, and the medical staff have all to be prepared to face and accept the eventuality of death. These are presented with a dilemma between prolonging life (delaying death) or enhancing life and accepting death as part of life (Rosenberg, Lamba, and Misra, 2013). According to the National Council for Palliative Care (2013), the shift from a curative approach to focusing on the ‘end of life’ presents difficulties no matter how well the patient has embraced the eventuality of death. Human rights apply to every human being no matter their status in life. In ‘end-of-life’ care, these rights are more important because the decisions to be made are more borderline and action may infringe on a nu
For a long time, Arizona has been one of the states facing law enactment crisis. Particularly, the Arizona’s state law has been faced with internal instability and fluctuations in controlling various illegal activities, especially the eminent illegal migration of Mexicans into the state. As revealed by American Immigration Council (1), various Acts have been developed in the Law system to enhance the improvement of the situation in the state, with an aim of integrating the people and the police force in the maintenance of the state’s laws. For instance, the “Support Our Laws and Safe Neighborhood Act” referred to as SB 1070 was recently developed and approved by the legislature of the state. It had been noticed that, the high rate of immigrants from the neighboring states has been accompanied by evils like smuggling, trespassing, and alien registration documents among others. On this basis, there has been significant need to control such activities using the legal system. This paper will present the factors which contributed to the establishment of immigration law reform in Arizona. According to Good (1), the amendment of HB2162 law on April 29, 2010 in alignment with SB 10170 was meant to incorporate other races, nationality and color of all the people in the state. It is important to note that, the Arizona laws were initially developed with les regard of the future changes the state, resulting into the kind of disequilibrium in the co-existence between the state’s citizens and its neighborhood. The currently experienced racial profiling in the state has been one of the major rising issues; as the initial laws did not consider other races in the state (Kaye 1). In this regard, HB2162 law was established to define all the terms and specifications of co-existence between the citizens and the other races, especially the immigrants. The main concern underlying Arizona is whether it has the capacity as a state to enforce its laws effectively without external interventions. The bureaucracy of interpreting the Law and implementing