ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Maine state attempted to develop a new system for handling patients’ and providers’ claims to meet the compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). The system was expected to give online access to the users and process the claims more accurately with a high processing rate. When the system was launched, it ended up with a loss and despair causing billions of payback by the government and leaving the providers frustrated. The state officials invested capital and manpower to recover the system due to which it was proven to be highly expensive than it was anticipated. The current paper discusses the points of failure of the system and what could have been done to prevent such loss. Background In the late 19th century, the states were very enthusiastic in upgrading their Medicaid claim processing systems. It should be noted that HIPPA played an imperative role in governing the changes that took place in the management of health records of patients. At the same time, it was observed that the records were kept private. Like other states, Maine also had to improve its basic claim handling system to meet HIPAA requirements. The federal Medicaid programs were also getting more demanding due to the additional health services. The purpose for improving the systems was to save states money that is spent on handling number of calls to the Bureau of medical Services by launching more effective systems and giving online access to the users. On Jan 21, 2005, the state of Maine launched its brand new Web-based Maine Medicaid Claims System. The system was designed to facilitate the processing of Medicaid claims and payments. The fact remains that the previous Act that was implied for management of medical aid was Honeywell Framework. Later on, the Act was replaced with new frameworks because it was merely limited in terms of its operational pace. The system was also meant to comply with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) which the state was not in compliance with. After declaring the need of a new system instead of upgrading the previous one, the state awarded the contract to CNSI for building a new high-end processing system for handling medical claims. When the system went, live, it met severe collapse causing a loss of around 30 million to the state. Right from the beginning, the system offered complicated issues and was unable to process the claims on time which resulted in thousands of complaints and system failure (Holmes, 2006). According to Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), all states have to upgrade their systems for data management related to patient health. In Maine the Honeywell mainframe was implemented which had certain glitches due to which it did not comply with HIPAA, therefore, the state decided to launch a completely new high tech system to improve health record management for the providers and patients. State officials realized that upgrading the existing software would be more troublesome as it was a very basic s
Introduction In order to achieve positive outcomes in the educational arena, teachers ought to be able to organize the classroom and manage the behavior of their students. Despite extensive research that does not correlate managed behavior and effective instruction, well managed classroom behavior provides a suitable environment for good instruction it is not a guarantee. On the other hand, in an effort to reduce classroom behavior, teachers should adopt highly effective instruction strategies (Ingersoll & Smith, 2003). Class Management Methods Researchers have found out the important components of classroom management, which involves beginning the school calendar year with an emphasis on management, organizing the classroom in a favorable way to effective management, and finally identifying and putting into action rules and operating procedures (Emmer & Worsham, 2003). Of all the variables in the findings from 134 separate meta-analyses, classroom management had the largest effect on student achievement. This makes insightful sense – students are not able to learn in an untidy, poorly managed classroom. Research not only supports the importance of classroom management, but it also sheds light on the dynamics of classroom management (Stage and Quiroz, 1997). Class room management anticipate teachers to be the driving force in the class room, while cooperation focuses on the students and teacher functioning as a team. Teachers are expected to establish clear learning goals through communicating, learning objectives at the beginning of a course unit; continually and systematically revisiting the purpose and providing summative feedback regarding the aims. The effective teacher-student relationships are illustrated by teachers being able to show clear purpose and guidance regarding both academics and student behavior. Also, teachers are expected to exhibit cooperation and be aware of high-needs students the class should establish rules and procedures through discussion and mutual consent by teacher and students. These rules and procedures should be well designed and clearly communicated while teachers are expected to acknowledge students’ behavior, strengthening acceptable performance and rebuking unacceptable action (Espin & Yell, 1994). Improving the ability of teachers to effectively manage classroom behavior needs a systematic approach to teacher preparation and ongoing professional development. Ideally, ongoing training is important, especially for new teachers, since effectively managing the classroom is much more difficult for them. Teachers must focus on effective instructional strategies to prevent academic and behavior difficulties and thereby facilitate increased student achievement (Espin & Yell, 1994). The ‘train-and-hope’ approach to professional development assumes that teachers will successfully and accurately implement content learned in professional development seminars (Sugai and Horner, 2006). Conclusion In conclusion, the ability of teachers to o
Introduction Cross-border migration has been increasing steadily over the past decade, leading to an increase in ethnic diversity in Western countries. The expansion of the European Union has also spurred cross-border migration of the EU citizens within the union. Migration and health status have a strong association. Migrant patients, due to their low socioeconomic status, often have poor health outcomes. Additionally, the health care services available to the local population are usually less suited to address the specific health needs of the migrants (World Health Organization (WHO) par. 2). Migrants are prone to various health risks during their migration. In this regard, they require adequate and appropriate health care services to improve their health outcomes. Health promotion is another important way of improving migrant health. The health literacy of migrants is often low, which limits their ability to utilize the services offered by the existing health care system. In addition, most health care facilities cannot provide culturally sensitive care. In most cases, community hospitals are the primary facilities that migrants can visit for medical care. The rise in migrant patient populations implies that hospitals must develop new services and interventions to accommodate the growing ethnic diversity of their patients. The Migrant Friendly Hospital (MFH) is a European initiative that seeks to “identify, develop, and evaluate” health interventions targeting migrants immigrating to the European Union (MFH Project Group par. 2). Its first aim is to improve the capacity of hospitals to offer efficient health care services and health literacy to immigrants entering the EU. The MFH initiative also aims to develop healthcare quality standards, establish migrant-friendly hospital settings, and provide health care services and routines that are responsive to the needs of immigrants and ethnic minorities. The MFH initiative brings together a sample of hospitals from 12 EU member states that participate in a “quality development process” to make them migrant-friendly facilities. The outcomes of the project provide a framework for policies on migrant health care services in other European hospitals. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the MFH initiative, analyze its key features, and assess its contribution to a re-orientation of the health service in the EU. Definition of a Migrant and Types of Migrants A migrant can be defined as a person who moves into or out of a country or region, forcibly or voluntarily (WHO par. 7). Globally, the population of migrants is rising because of political and religious conflicts. Migration encompasses movements across borders, whether international or local. People can migrate between continents, countries, or regions. In 2007, WHO put the number of migrants at 175 million globally (par. 3). Migrants fall into different groups based on their status. The migrant groups include “migrant workers, long-term and short-term immigrants, internally displaced people, refugees, asylum seekers, and victims of human traffick
Introduction There is a rising competition for companies which are rushing world over for superiority, influence and comparative advantage amongst themselves and this is because of the strains of economic trends in the global market that is always demanding proficiency and profitability for businesses to remain afloat in the market. One of the greatest ways that many companies are opting to address this area of their organizational organization is to improve on the way they handle their employees. There is evidential proof in support of the surmise that this management of employees and their welfare when well strategized and executed can be a source of competitive advantage for corporations and companies (Perry and Mesch 1997). Therefore, the main aim of this study is to identify and explain different models of the Human Resource function, the forces shaping them and evaluate the role of line managers in delivering HR review and assess the importance of ethical considerations and issues of effective governance in HR decision making. As it were the HR has had to continually evolve and change its priorities and its activities in response to market and global imperatives on a planned and structured basis. This trend continues today and a number of models of the HR function have been proposed to meet changing demands. Methodology This research will take a conceptual approach in identifying the basic frameworks of HR strategy, how it is formulated and implemented, and differentiate between horizontal and vertical integration. It is common ground that a key feature of contemporary HR is its role in and contribution to strategy formulation and implementation this paper will therefore interrogate the various human resource strategies in the light and face of market practices horizontally in their quest to ensure that they are consistent and compatible with each other. The integration of HR strategy vertically with business strategy aims at creating a synergy between them. Best practice, best fit and resource-based views of the firm have been proposed. Findings Forces shaping the HR agenda within the organization Business aims, goals, objectives, strategy The extent of an organizations’ performance of its mission and accomplishment of its goals in as far as program service delivery is concerned is of paramount concern (Nunnally 1978). Improving administrative capacity and as well as specific interests in aspects dealing with human resource presents a great challenge in the race towards improving organizational effectiveness. Strategy in Human Resource Management enhances the levels of productivity among employees and improves the ability of an organization to achieve its mission (Perry and Mesch 1997). Vertical and horizontal integration The situation as it is in the organization business and market environment is that the principles governing integration are comprehensively clear but t
Introduction Infidelity is perhaps the greatest challenge facing families in the contemporary society. Virtually all divorces are due to, in one way or another, cheating spouses in a marriage. Infidelity and divorce are very old yet their levels seem to increase with time. One wonders why man has been, apparently, unable to learn from the past and eradicate infidelity in marriages which would, in turn reduce the rates of divorce. This paper deeply analyses the problem of infidelity by looking into the possible causes of the vice, its effects on families and the possible measures that can be taken to curb it. Causes of infidelity For people whose marriages are on the rocks due to infidelity, an understanding of the reasons why people cheat in marriages can be very instrumental in helping them salvage their marriages. One of the main causes of infidelity in marriages is the inability of one person in a marriage to meet the needs, expectations and desires of his/her spouse (Pawlik 1). This makes the spouse to seek satisfaction elsewhere. Some other couples get into or remain in a marriage that is not based on love. This is also a major reason why people become unfaithful in marriage since relationships and marriages are founded on love. Another leading cause of infidelity is the habit of spending insufficient time with one’s spouse (Sanford 1). This may be due to commitments at work, other social commitments or even addiction to drugs. Infidelity can also occur in cases where partners in marriage have unrealistic expectations regarding marriage. In such a case, the couple may get bored in the course of their marriage since marriage has its flaws and anyone with unrealistic expectations will indubitably get disappointed at his/her spouse. Effects of infidelity Infidelity is one of the main causes of serious upsets to family bliss and thus its effects to the family are innumerable. The effects are also so immense that they can, possibly, ruin the family completely. When one partner in a marriage learns of his/her partner’s unfaithfulness, this may completely crush her emotions that he/she cannot continue relating normally with his/her spouse. There are even cases where people go to the extent of killing their spouses after learning of their infidelity. In most cases however, the affected partner quits performing his/her matrimonial duties (Archer 1). This may eventually lead to a divorce. Whether the divorce occurs immediately after infidelity or after some time, it affects the couple’s children greatly. Children may be forced to live with one parent and have minimal contact with their other parent. This means that the children will not be raised with the loving care of both their parents and thus they will be lacking a very important part of their family. An obvious effect on infidelity in marriage is the fact that the habit may prove to be very unhealthy. A marrie
Public policy is a law designed to tackle a problem manifested in the society. The US Farm bill (Agricultural adjustment Act) was introduced in 1933 by President Roosevelt who had the idea of increasing the value of agricultural commodities. The law was implemented through payment to farmers not to practice agriculture on part of their land.   * The first agricultural act was later developed to what is known as the US Farm bills, these are laws enacted to foster agricultural growth in the United States. The motivation that led to the development of this law is the fact that farmers who support the American economy had to be well taken care of. These public policies have been used in protecting farmers and consumers of agricultural produce being the major stakeholders benefitting from these policies.   * The major stakeholders in these policies include farmers, consumers and the American government. Farmers being the main producers in the United States are affected by these laws and the consumers of these food produce are also affected by these laws. The farmers and consumers being constitute of the American population are also major stakeholders.   * These laws are very good and in special reference to the recent US Farm Bill of 2008, this law is among the best. This law is good in the essence that the law focuses on supporting farmers so that they did not feel the effect of high energy and farm supplies. This law is very good in that it considers the health of the nation, the bill will a continuation of the 2002 Farm Bill (Harwood, 2009, p. 32). The bill seeks to offer crop insurance and improve the quality of foods produced and thus improving nutrition. Overview The Farm Bill of 2008 was enacted to look into a public policy after the government saw it fit to improve the lives of Americans. The rise of health related diseases necessitated the production of healthy foods. As a result the government enacted the Food, Conservation and Energy Act popularly known as Farm Bill of 2008. The rise of unhealthy lifestyles brought about by unhealthy diet through eating of fast foods. For that reason, the government decided to pass a law that encourages farmers to grow more of healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables to encourage healthy lifestyles. Several legalisations passed initially under other Farm Bills show that the government did not support the production of food crops. Stakeholders in agriculture felt that the necessary steps needed to be taken to ensure that crop farmers are supported adequately (Good, 2011). A report by the Farmers’ Legal Action Group (FLAG) showed that several initiatives by the government created barriers to the production of healthy food crops. Some of the barriers encountered by farmers included the lack of safety programs in times of disasters to cater for farmers. This was in comparable to farmers producing commodity crops such as wheat, corn of soybeans. Other barriers inc
Fostering good interpersonal relationships is an integral part of any personal relationship, be it at school, the workplace, or other social gatherings. It helps an individual to relate well with others. The interpersonal relationship provides companionship. Interpersonal pervasiveness can cause loneliness to an individual in society. Pervasiveness basically breakdown social interaction within individuals, and consequently, it lowers the quality of interpersonal relationships. The pervasiveness of interpersonal relationships and interdependencies portrays the social class of an individual in the community. An excellent interpersonal relationship should not be hindered to enhance good socialisation within a community. The power of good interpersonal relationships influences group effectiveness, conformity, role behaviour and group decision making. Good interpersonal relationships can foster understandable cultural behaviour between members of different ethnical backgrounds. This can be enhanced when pervasiveness is kept as not being felt in a community. Pervasiveness hinders good interpersonal relationships by creating social barriers such as shyness to share information among the individual. The ideology of intimacy pervades interpersonal communication, which results in poor interpersonal relationships. Pervasiveness is greatly reflected in the contents of interpersonal communication. Interpersonal relationsh
Forward-looking educators seek to improve their understanding of teaching practices (Lavigne & Good, 2015). An essential part of the continuous improvement process is the development and evaluation of the robustness of educational theories with the help of objective methodologies. It has to be borne in mind that no theory can emerge outside a conceptual matrix or a paradigm. Therefore, it is of utter importance to understand fundamental changes that occur within a body of scientific knowledge with respect to basic theoretical assumptions of a discipline. The paper aims to outline three questions related to Thomas Kuhn’s book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions for the consideration of the class. Discussion The articulation of new theories and assumptions about the nature of both physical and immaterial reality inevitably leads to the transformation of science. This transformation can be either cumulative or revolutionary, which has been beautifully demonstrated by Kuhn (1996). The scholar argues that the evenness of scientific development is episodically disrupted by the introduction of new frameworks of cognitive organization. At such periods of revolutionary disturbance, the rigid structure of science is reviewed to accommodate new explanations for piling abnormalities that cannot be squared with old disciplinary matrices. The scholar’s approach to science helps to understand that a paradigm change cannot occur without a crisis (Kuhn, 1996). This view is closely aligned with Popper’s proposition that an existence of a scientific anomaly necessitates a revolutionary change of a theory (as cited in Barseghyan, 1996). Therefore, the first point that should be considered by the class is whether or not the current educational theories are characterized by the presence of contradictory pieces of evidence. Kuhn has often been criticized for his relativistic approaches to both philosophy and history (Hessenbruch, 2013; Stegmuller, 2013). However, in his book, the scholar does not assert that there is a presence of several independent standpoints of rationality with respect to the truth. Contrary to the criticism leveled at his analysis of scientific history, Kuhn (1996) asserts that paradigm shifts redefine the meaning of rationality. In addition, the scholar argues that in order to conduct research, scientists do not necessarily have to be aware of all constituent parts of a paradigm. Thus, it can be argued that the process of dislodging a scientific paradigm by a new one is congruous with a nonrelativistic approach. Therefore, the class should discuss whether or not the existence of rationality gaps can be explained by relativism of disciplinary matrices? Kuhn’s (1996) analysis of scientific progress is crowned by the assertion that this process does not unfold steadily. Instead, it is punctuated by sudden bursts of concept alterations during which the existing structures of scientific knowledge are superseded by new ones. A corollary to this proposition is that shifts in scientific paradigms occur randomly. Thagard challenges Kuhn’s assertion that scientific discovery is a non-linear process (as cited in Gonzalez, 2011). The