ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction According to Gandhi passive resistance is a universal truth of achieving the goals through soul-force rather than violence. In fact, Mahatma Gandhi became one of the key figures in India’s struggle for independence in the Twentieth Century. Gandhi preached and practiced passive resistance and believed that it is the only way to achieve independence in a most harmonious manner. Besides, he says that passive resistance is a scientific truth as the force of love is the same as the force of the soul or truth. He says that if violence is used to achieve all the goals in life, then the entire population would disappear. He was a leader who practiced what he preached. For instance, when Gandhi was imprisoned in 1922, 1930, 1933 and in 1942, he went on hunger strike. As a result of these strikes his fame was such that his death in prison would be major headlines all over the world and would cause greatly embarrassment to the ruling British government and forced them to release him from prison. Therefore, the nonviolence movements were creating more fear among the rulers and also gaining popularity among the Indians. Gandhi says that the history only mentions about the wars and the violent acts of kings and emperors. The nonviolence movements do not take the place in the history as they are not considered significant by the historians. According to Gandhi, passive resistance is a method of securing rights by personal suffering which is the opposite of resistance by arms. Passive resistance is using the soul-force and is superior to the force of arm. Main body Gandhi says that a passive resister will say he will not obey a law that is against his conscience. A person with full confidence on himself and his acts can only be a passive resister. In other words he says that a man who lacks courage and manhood cannot be a passive resister. Therefore, a person even with less physical strength can fight more powerfully using passive resistance when compared to a person with good physical strength. Therefore, passive resistance can be a weapon for women and even children. Gandhi says that passive resistance is like an all-sided sword that can be used in any way and will not hurt the person against whom he is fighting. In order to become a passive resister, Gandhi says that it takes experience. Additionally, those who want to become passive resisters for serving the country have to observe perfect chastity, adopt poverty, follow truth, and cultivate fearlessness. A person who is unchaste loses stamina and becomes emasculated and cowardly and cannot be a passive resistor. Similarly a rich person should be willing to lose even the last penny rather than give up passive resistance or in other word
Summary The primary goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of cholesterol on diffusion properties. Scholars use multiple methods to show the movement of the cholesterol particle to diffusion point. The use of solvents and fluorescence microscopy aimed to show the biophysical mechanism in the diffusion process. Cholesterol is an important player in the lipid composition comprising the cell membrane. Alteration in cell membrane and cholesterol concentration affect receptor protein as well as the cell. By changing many proteins, cholesterol favors the inactive conformation of the photoreceptor rhodopsin. Cholesterol has a few other purposes such as the functioning of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The objective of this study was to showcase the importance of diffusion to the cell growth, survival, motility adhesion, and proliferation. Cholesterol plays a key role, and its depletion may lead to a decrease in integrin that affects the functionality of the cell. The research divulged the underlying biophysical system behind cholesterol’s impacts on the diffusion of ever-present group of receptors known as integrins. General Comments The biophysical mechanism process in cholesterol may not have been well known. Nevertheless, by use of live cell imaging and with the help of a combination of solvents one can identify the working behind the process. The goal of this research was to show the effects of cholesterol on living cells. Besides, the stu
It is always difficult to come up with a clear definition of culture because its meaning has been evolving with time. Many intellectual disciplines continue to use the term culture in the majority of their concepts and, in the process generating a special interest in the term. It is also impossible to talk about power without mentioning culture because they complement each other. Culture and power complement each other, and it is therefore very important to understand how the two terms are related to each other. The concept of culture is somehow complex because it includes philosophical, historical, and political schools of thought. There are quite a number of philosophical and cultural theories and opinions that try to explain the actual meaning of culture and its relationship with power. This paper will try and explain the relationship between power and culture and how they affect social co-existence within a society. Culture can be defined in simple terms as the way of life of general humanity in a particular period of time. Different groups of people, including organizations, can have a unique way of doing things that makes them different from the rest of the people. Culture is meant to enhance both spiritual and intellectual development among the people affiliated to it (Gohlert, 1991). The idea of portraying culture as a tool for intellectual and spiritual development is modern, and it has broadened the real meaning of culture. Culture has become a vital concept in studying social sciences because societal frameworks can not function effectively without culture. Individual transformation is brought about by a particular set of practices that are also fundamental in facilitating both political and social projects (Gohlert, 1991). Cultural empowerment is essential in self-transformation, which then leads to political transformation. Political concerns are emancipated through cultural ideologies. There is a strong connection between political projects and individual transformation, which must be carefully examined. The existence of different forms of power makes it necessary for the members of a given society to use culture as a way of articulating the power dynamics of a particular time. Cultural politics have really changed the perspective of political education and in the process resulting in distinct fields of culture. Power leads to a difference in social relationships where a particular group tries to have dominion over the rest of the people, and therefore the power rel
Introduction Juveniles consist of young children and youth offenders who have not yet attained the age of adulthood (in most cases eighteen years) while Juvenile delinquency is the engagement of children and youthful offenders in criminal activities. Crime is an aspect that has raised concern among individuals, groups and organizations especially due to its increased rate among both the juveniles and the adults. There are various reasons that facilitate the indulgence of individuals especially the juveniles into criminal activities for instance peer pressure, emulation of people and the desire to copy and be like them, poor upbringing for example where the parents or caregivers do not offer guidance towards good behaviour, poverty due to unemployment and lack of education among others. There are various strategies that could be applied in the correction of the juvenile delinquents all with their positive and negative impacts on the offenders depending on their effectiveness (Finley, 2007). This paper looks into the issue of juvenile delinquency with much emphasis being given to the recent trends in this field and the factors associated with them. Discussion Just like in any other aspect, there are observable trends when it comes along the issue of juvenile delinquency. One notable trend is the decrease in the number of juvenile delinquent arrests that were made between 1998 and 2007 as shown in table 1 of this assignment. There are various reasons that contribute to indulgence of children and the youths into criminal activities. They include poverty and peer pressure among others. Consequently there exist various factors that could lead to the reduction in the levels or rates of juvenile delinquent arrests, which follows a decline in the engagement of the juveniles in criminal activities that could in one way or the other cause an alarm to the society and the justice & law enforcement systems. From table 1, there was a significant decrease in the rate of juvenile arrests in 2007. Larceny theft for instance accounted for approximately 300,300 juvenile arrests. Between 1998 and 2007, the decrease rate was 32% which is a considerable fall. The information in the table also shows that violent index that consists of aggravated assault, robbery, forcible rape as well as murder and non negligence manslaughter decreased over the years. This is however with the exception of juvenile arrests for murder, which increased between tear 2006- 2007 by a slight percentage (3%). In regard to gender, statistics show that women juvenile accounts for a relatively fewer number of arrests as compared to the male counterparts. In 2007, for instance, the females accounted for approximately 17% of juvenile crime index arrests, 33% of juvenile disorderly conduct arrests and 35% of juvenile property crime index arrests. This could be accrued to a variety of reasons for instance the fact that some crimes
New Orientation in Staffing Sony relies on an ethnocentric orientation in staffing. The staffing orientation requires that managers from headquarters hold key organizational positions in new marketplaces. By employing individuals to work in places they understand better, Sony will empower the employees accordingly based on the organizational culture practiced in the specific country of doing business. When recruiting individual for foreign operations, the company should employ competent individuals who understand the region better (Abraham 28). This will make it easier to cope with the culture of the people. Proper training and mentoring programs to the managers will ensure they are prepared for the international assignments. Managing Talent in the Company The presented analysis shows that Sony is facing challenges in finding the best talent for its organizational operations in Europe and China. If the company is to have an adequate pool of international talent and managers, the first approach is to embrace the issue of diversity. The company should recruit managers from different backgrounds with knowledge and proper expertise towards management in the business (Abraham 28). The managers should also be familiar with the working environment and region where the business will operate. This is because different cultures have varied cultural mindsets and organizational behavior. The idea entails promoting productivity and ensuring the greatest gains from the business. The company should also promote diversity in the workplace. This is an important to promote a global mindset thereby improve performance. Sony’s Training Efforts Sony’s training efforts is effective as applied currently. The company pursues programs to train its recruits and counsels them to do whatever they are passionate about and improve their talent. The company also offers an online training system. However, in light of the company’s multi-country operations, the company can take some steps to improve the training process. The first step is recruiting a diverse workforce. A training program based on the expected performance and the unique knowledge of the recruits in needed. The other step involves mentoring and leading the employees to improve their talent (Abraham 27). Finally, the company’s 2-year eight-module training program covers all aspects of Sony’s business and operations. The program should train the employees about their specific works and departments they are working in. Labor Relation Problems In Indonesia, Sony faced some labor unrest thus affecting its output. In Britain and Mexico, similar cases of labor unrest and issues have been faced and the reason there is need to address them. If the management is to improve these labor relations, the first thing is to improve the working conditions of the employees and offer them good working environment. This will improve the labor relations in the company. A proper human resource team should address the specific problems and issues faced by the workers (Abraham 28). The top management should design a standardized workplace norms catering for the needs and
The argument for utilizing forensic experts in courts is that they have a role in insanity cases like an assessment of criminal responsibility, testifying as an expert witness. In testifying of the cases that involve insanity the forensic expert embraces a particular focal point to effectively emerge with conclusive results. The forensic psychologist, in this case, does not employ the notion of empathizing any action in the defendant’s favor but being closer to the gathered evidence from the particular defendant’s reasons and provide the sources of the evidence that have been obtained. Both resilience and antisocial behavior serve to cull a certain group of the defendant from the rest which is not advisable. Sexual assault cases and rape, in particular, are most often committed under the influence of drugs (James and Patricia (2003). These drugs may either be induced by the perpetrators of the assault or the victims just abuse drugs and then later end up being molested under the influence of such drugs. A forensic psychologist has to focus on the evidential link that will determine the sanity of the accused. The consistency of the factual information has to be put into consideration to validate the source of the information. In this case, the defendant will have all the total power to mitigate how the information will be withdrawn from him or she will be used to ascertain the reality of the situation. The argument against utilizing forensic experts in courts is the use of the different methodologies. Most of their evidence is prohibited because they conduct the forensic examination in preparing their expert report and making use of different methodology than if they had carried out a practical security evaluation, which renders their view unpredictable. This confronts does not succeed because there is a lack of proof in the record to support their claims. In their testimony, they state that the methodology they use in scrutinizing the cases that they handle is the “International Association of Professional Security Consultants Forensic Methodology.” They employ this method when they are conducting a retrospective forensic review. The forensic experts do not carry out scientific tests that necessitate strict observance to form and substance every time they are performed to reach their conclusions. In its place, they use the elastic Forensic Methodology and adjust the technique to each circumstance that they are confronted with (Otto & Heilbrun, 2002). The forensic experts do not offer authorized support for their claims. Their view is unpredictable for the reason that their methodology varies by whether they analyze a case prospectively or retrospectively. It is reasonable that the forensic experts may reflect on diverse factors when they are analyzing an incident that has already taken place than when prospectively evaluating a situation that may come up in the prospect. A forensic specialist prospectively alters the behavior in the courtroom by coming up with their views and give views that are based
Introduction For many years drama has been used as a means of altering social perception with regard to various social issues. For example, literature on the issue indicates that effective use of drama can change student attitude towards various pervasive issues such as bullying (Belliveau, 136). In this report an analysis will be performed on two classic texts to identify statements about justice woven within them. It is hoped that such statements can be crafted into plays and used to teach social justice throughout society. To Kill a Mocking Bird In this text one of the statements about justice that becomes apparent as the story builds is the presence of racial prejudice in Maycomb (Lee, 25). This is made evident by observing the description provided in the text about the trial of Tom Robinson. The accused is a black man and has been charged with the rape of Mayella Ewell, daughter of Bob Ewell. Despite the fact that there is little evidence that can conclusively prove guilt of the accused, the court proceeds to find him guilty and sentences him to prison. The manner in which the trial is carried out and the judge’s attitude indicate that the trial of a black man especially in a case against a white lady was influenced to a large extent by expectations of the community instead of the facts. Further the reaction of the town people towards Atticus and his family after his decision to represent Tom indicate the existence of racial prejudice in the Maycomb community. Another statement on justice that appears in the text is the lack of fairness in the Maycomb community. In the course of the trial it becomes apparent that despite the fact that Mayella has been raped and bruised, her bruises could only have been caused by a left handed individual (Lee, 26). The text proceeds to establish that her Father, a drunkard is left handed and most likely is the perpetrator of the crime. This unfair trial is embarrassing to people such as Ms. Maudie who decline to attend (Lee, 26). Such suggestions in the text allow the conclusion that the text exhibits the absence of equality in provision of justice in Maycomb. The people of Maycomb as portrayed in the text indicate that the community was not established in equality. This is witnessed in the scene that describes the common and respectable folk of the town ganging up and making an effort to lynch Tom Robinson. This attempt is only thwarted with the intervention of Atticus which sees him branded a “nigger lover” (Lee, 61). This fact is further pointed out in an analysis of the facts of this era that indicates that during this period over 600 similar incidents were reported (Lee, 61). It is also indicated that these events were perpetrated by normal and respectable town folk alike in a bid to maintain the superiority of the Anglo Saxon race (Lee, 61). This information only goes fu
Introduction Psychology is important for human development. Several psychological domains exist in the society. Indeed, the study of psychological analysis is more evident within diverse sectors. Therefore, it is important to analyze the basic concepts underlying this subject. Many forms of psychology apply to humanity. Abnormal psychology deals with the examination of mental, expressive or behavioral complications. Particularly, the human mind might depict varied disorders (James, 2001). Normal psychology may refer to the various ways in which individuals view or lead their lives. This discussion compares and contrasts the two psychological categories. In addition, it analyses critical concepts associated with mental complications. Compare and Contrast Normal and Abnormal Psychology There are notable disparities between the two types of psychology. It is important to analyze the intellectual, emotional and the behavioral complications. This is the basic role of abnormal psychology. Most investigations emphasize the importance of abnormal psychology in psychopathology. In this context, the practice helps in the general managment of emotional complications. Most individuals depict abnormal behaviors (Weiten, 2012). Abnormal psychology deals with the investigation and categorization of such behaviors. The practice helps to enhance the understanding of certain unique behaviors within the society. This practice also helps in the development of an appropriate therapy for the management of an abnormal behavior. In most occasions, abnormal psychology is eminent within clinical and psychiatric settings. On the other hand, normal psychology is more intricate. Ideally, it examines the characteristics of an individual discretion. Under normal circumstances, individuals perceive life in diverse ways. This is the major concern for normal psychology. One of the distinct features of normal psychology is the capacity to avoid generalizations. Normal psychology does not apply to explicitly perfect personalities or situations. Unlike abnormal psychology, it never refers to the existence of any pathological condition. However, it considers a personal approach to various life conditions. Various theoretical models indicate the intrinsic disparities between these two psychological domains. Normal psychology provides the native disparities notable between i
Discrimination along Gender Lines Discrimination along gender lines is evident in many parts of the world. It is experienced in areas such as sports, education, the film industry as well as employment (William 56). It has been observed that in the workplace, women fall victim to discrimination. Those belonging to racial minority groups suffer the most in that they either are paid lower wages than the rest or are not paid at all (William 60). Also, in the education sector, especially in many African countries, discrimination along gender lines is rampant in that educating boys is considered a higher priority than educating girls (Amaro, et al. 200). On the other hand, in developed countries like the United States, girl-child education is of a higher priority. It is easier for a female college student to get a chance at major universities than male college students (Dion 120). Women are not the only ones who fall victim to discrimination along gender lines. Men, too, are victims. For instance, in female-dominated industries such as nursing and catering professions, men tend to be discriminated against verbally, by being termed as “sissies” (Dion, et al. 992). They are often taken advantage of and might even end up handling a bigger load of work or chores than their female counterparts (Dion, et al. 850). The film industry can also provide evidence of discrimination along gender lines, for both sexes. For instance, the majority of blacks, Hispanics, or Asian actors in the US win Oscar Awards for best performing or best-supporting actors but not the best actor or actress (William 85). Awards that do not separate based on gender tend to overlook women altogether (Dion 255). Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment can be defined as unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature, requests for sexual favors as well as unwelcome sexual advances based on gender (Armstead, et al. 510). Generally, sexual harassment can be classified into two categories, that is, direct quid-pro-quo sexual harassment and the concept of “hostile work environment” (Armstead, et al. 523). Quid-pro-quo means “This for that” (Dion, et al. 524). This type of sexual harassment normally takes place in situations where an employer is in a position to influence employment actions such as demotions or even firing that will end up affecting the employee (William 76). On the other hand, in the concept of a hostile work environment, harassment can be a result of unwelcome conduct by a supervisor, co-workers as well as customers with whom the employee interacts (William 79). Here, harassment is in the form of comments concerning physical attributes, off-color jokes, use of indecent gestures as well as the use of crude and offensive language (Armstead, et al. 523). Sexual harassment is not always sexual in nature for instance, in a case where a man assaults women based purely on the woman’s gender (Dion, et al. 889). Discrimination Discrimination can be generally defined as the negative manifestation of i