ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction People are expecting a lot from young people in the current world. Young people are often challenged to take up responsibilities and be critical influencers of political, social, and economic causes in the contemporary society. It is apparent that young people are faced with a lot of challenges because the contemporary society poses innumerable challenges to an extent that they cannot take up responsibilities and shape the society as expected of them. Young people are increasingly worried about the contemporary society and the projected future society they will inherit and become critical decision makers in the society. This reignites the memories of the early years of the 20 th century, especially the 1920s when critical developments in the world, like the post World War I, brought a lot of challenges. At that time, most countries were confronted with the task of meeting economic needs, as well as ensuring the safety of their citizens who remained vulnerable due to the effects of the war and immense competition among states. This paper presents critical views about creation of meaning in life. Critical questions to ponder As a lot of young people strive to make meaning in their lives today, it is important to explore a number of questions to gain the true sense of the term ‘meaning’. Is ‘meaning’ a subjective or an objective term? What constitutes ‘meaning’ in the lives of people in the contemporary society? The other question that needs to be answered concerns the state of the society today. This entails social, political, economic, and environmental orders and how they shape people’s mental orientations. What leakages exist in the current political, economic, environmental, and social realms? How do they affect people’s orientation and preparedness to take up responsibility now and in the near future? Are there certain needs and expectations that must be met for people to make meaning out of their lives? What is ‘meaning in life’? In simple terms, meaning implies making sense or significance. Martos, Thege and Steger (2010) observed that meaning can be derived from two critical aspects of believe; whether people actually believe and how people believe. Also, the pattern of relations between an individual and other people in the society is critical when carrying out an implicit measurement of meaning. This brings in the religiosity aspect of life. George and Park (2013) noted that meaning goes hand in hand with purpose. Significance in life is attributed to the ability of a person to meet his goals and aims in life. Social support is critical in the development and fulfillment of goals in life. Schnell (2009) and Steger, Frazier, Oishi and Kaler (2006) observed that one critical aspect of the well-being of people in the society, which comes out in the humanistic theories that are utilized in counselling psychology, is people’s perception of meaning in life. The perceived meaning in life is a complex issue that can only be comprehended through assessment of different factors that contribute to distress in people. Kinnier, Kernes and Tribbensee (2003) observed that people must ai
Introduction Access to medical care often determines people’s health-related decisions and dictates their choices in seeking help. In the United States, large populations of people in underserved neighborhoods cannot afford a doctor visit or a diagnostic test, often relying on home-prepared remedies and simple over-the-counter medication (Velasco-Mondragon, Jimenez, Palladino-Davis, Davis, & Escamilla-Cejudo, 2016). Moreover, the lack of awareness about specific issues and practices leaves these individuals at risk of contracting infectious conditions or developing severe chronic problems (Tharpe, Farley, & Jordan, 2017). In the considered case, the patient comes into the office with an issue that has been bothering her for several years. However, without sufficient funds or insurance, she could not attend to her health in time. The patient’s examination points to the primary diagnosis of genital herpes with differential dia
Introduction Through the perspective of Chomsky and Herman, it can be seen that the propaganda model helps to create an explanation behind the power of mass media within the current capitalist economy of the United States. The propaganda model presents the notion that the content produced by mass media outlets is invariably aligned with the inherent interests of the political and economic elites in that the produced content supports the current sociological and ideological biases that this specific sector of the population espouses. Through such support, this in turn impacts the perception of viewers who rely on the media as a means of information regarding daily events around them. Through the study of Gimenez et al. (2013), it was seen that the correlation between the propaganda model and the power of the media can be summarized on the impact of irrational exuberance as a means of influencing the behavior of a media outlet’s audience. Irrational exuberance can be defined as the means of by which an individual molds their behavior on the actions of other people. It is defined as being “irrational” since some individuals tend to take things at face value resulting in their opinion being swayed by outside media without necessarily considering the other side of the issue. One example of this can be seen in the recent case involving Trayvon Martin, an African American teen that was shot by George Zimmerman in an act of supposed self-defense. The coverage of the media involving this particular case continuously focused on the issue of race as being the prime factor behind the shooting with the media portraying Zimmerman as being racist towards African Americans. What was “neglected” to be mentioned was that Zimmerman had in fact helped an African American family in the past and was not known to be overly racist. Furthermore, the photo of Trayvon Martin that was utilized by the media as a means of showing the face of the victim was not in fact a recent photo of him. Rather, the photo was several years out of date and it can be assumed that a younger looking photo was utilized as a means of creating public anger at Zimmerman for shooting an innocent boy with a promising future ahead of him. However, it should be noted that Martin was considered by his school as a “high risk” student due to him being involved in various violent fights and dubious undertakings that were rarely mentioned by the mass media. The end result though were numerous rallies and protests regarding the verdict of the trial where Zimmerman was found innocent, yet, those rallying were clearly impacted by irrational exuberance since they did not take into consideration the views of the school regarding Martin and the possibility that he may
Introduction The vibrant and complex environment requires the organizations to foster capability of creating and transferring new knowledge and practice. An organization’s capability to possess definite skills determines the successful realization of a particular innovation. The built up technological knowledge of an organization can be compelled to test novel ideas (Pennings&Harianto, 1992). Organizations use innovative products, innovative procedures, innovative services and innovative organizational structure to compete with each other and to satisfy their consumers (Ettlie &Reza, 1992). Organizational learning brings about some relatively permanent change including behavioral, cognitive and attitudinal changes (Reilly, 1998). The vital elements for the success of a learning based initiative are: Handling the significant business needs effectively and inventing innovative work procedures to collaborate more efficiently (Sugarman, n. d.). Anderson(2004) highlights the significance of connection between organizational culture and innovation. Congenial organizational environment for innovation facilitates support for trials, failure-bearing capacity and risk taking traits (Seelos & Mair, 2012). Learning is a product of knowledge, hence, to understand how social networking influences organizational learning, we need to understand how knowledge is created, combined and then applied, leading to innovation within the organizations (Al-Hashem& Shaqrah, 2012). The traditional means of knowledge creation and transfer included face-to-face interactions, job replacement and staff expansion (Alavi & Liender, 1999). Information torrent took a single direction, dispersing it from one person to many people (Movius, 2010). Knowledge Creation and Transfer in Organizations The developing trends like global economy, tactical mergers, use of collective investments and global marketing necessitate the need for knowledge transfer in organizations (Alipour et.al, 2011). ‎ According to Nonaka (1994) “knowledge can be created, shared, improved, and justified via collaborative, social processes and individual’s cognitive process such as reflection.
Schumann, P. L. (2011). A moral principles framework for human resource management ethics. Human Resource Management Review, 11 (1–2), 93–111 Summary In this article, Schumann (2011) argues that analyzing ethical issues in HRM is a legitimate and important tool for increasing the capacity to understand humans in an organization. It is also important in solving any conflict arising between individuals at the workplace. According to the author, the theory of ethical relativism should not be used in searching and developing moral principles, especially when managing human-human relationships in an organization. The article presents a comprehensive framework that managers should use to make judgements about HRM ethics, with a clear consideration of human behaviour. In particular, the article emphasizes on the 20 th century ethical theories such as utilitarian, rights, and care and virtue ethics. Using these theories, the author attempts to describe HRM strategies as some of the most important tools for managing conflicts in an industrial setting, suggesting that this tool provides organization leaders with an effective way of solving organizational conflicts. Critique Within the scope of the study, the author has chosen an important and debatable topic because human resource management is one of the most important issues affecting all institutions in the modern world. In fact, it is worth noting that various theories, models and suggestions have been proposed to determine the most effective way of managing people in organizations. This phenomenon has created an extensive debate within the scope of application of strategic HRM in modern industries. While these studies and suggestions are numerous, it is worth noting that the author’s argument seems to discuss a topic that is highly debatable yet unsatisfied by the existing knowledge. Thus, the author’s topic is justified and is worth empirical analysis. Nevertheless, the author fails to introduce a comprehensive study question, despite showing that the main research problem is ‘whether application of moral framework in HRM could be used to understand human behaviour in an organizational environment and how this can be used to resolve conflicts’ (.Schumann, 2011). Secondly, the author does not make a comprehensive hypothesis, which renders the article less concise with conventional research protocols. Despite this, the author has effectively developed an informative argument that is worth analysing in this paper. The author’s choice of methodology is also worth analysing. First, it is clear that the author does not specify the type of research method used. Nevertheless, it is clear that the study is an empirical review of existing literature in a descriptive, rather than quantitative manner. As such, it is clear that the author majorly relies on the information obtai
Introduction The post World War II (WW2) period is significant because many new states emerged in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, gaining independence from their colonizers. The people living at that time were engaged in nationalist movements, although they manifested differently in various parts of the world. For instance, in China, the communist movement was the leader of the people in gaining independence. In other parts of the world, independence was achieved through negotiations and agreements. This paper aims to examine the post-WW2 period and explain the decolonization in Asia and Africa, its specifics, and how the people living at that time experienced these events. Major Events after WW2 WW2 affected the world order and resulted in significant rearrangements. According to Tignor et al. (2014), WW2 resulted in the following – the war itself left the unresolved issues of WW1 and heightened them, such as plans of Germany and Japan to expand their political impact on other states, and the United States and the Soviet Union becoming superpowers. Moreover, WW2 greatly affected Europe, since the majority of the states were left in ruins, and this inevitably had an impact on the people living there. Japan was recovering from the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, while the United States was engaged in helping rebuild Europe to form an alliance against the Soviet Union (Tignor et al., 2014). The weakened states could not resist the demands of their colonies for autonomy. This allowed people in colonized countries to reconsider their nationalistic views and fight for their independence. The colonization had a negative effect on the people living in the colonies, not only because the natural resources and labor were exploited by the colonies, but also because the presence of them created boundaries where none existed (Office of the Historian, n.d.). Thus, a lack of national, ethnic, linguistic, or even political affinity was present across the colonies. Decolonization in Asia The period after WW2 is notable for the Asian and African regions because of the extensive decolonization, since people engaged in civil wars, conflicts, or negotiations to gain independence. Between 1945 and 1960, more than ten states in these regions achieved autonomy from the colonial countries in Europe (Office of the Historian, n.d.). The process of decolonization was not heterogeneous and occurred differently in different regions. In some, it was peaceful, while others achieved statehood through protests and co
Introduction The economic status and growth of a country are one of the main factors in the prosperity and well-being of billions of people. Technological advancement and industrialization have left a gap between the poor countries and the developed ones. According to Chugaiev (2017), advanced countries account for 50% of the global wealth power and more than 75% of third-world regions. Some of the things that influence the financial progress of a nation include capital goods, natural resources, technology, and human resources. Moreover, the social, political, and cultural status of a country can also influence trade and other income-generating activities. The objective of this paper is to compare how different international situations and varying cultural diversity factors result in observable disparities between Australia and Kenya. Data Description The Commonwealth of Australia is a High-Income Country in the East Asia region, while the Republic of Kenya is a low-income country located in the Sub-Saharan region (Appendix 1). To compare the two countries, both the economic and the social indicators were used. Regarding the former, the data on GDP, GDP per capita, exports of goods and services, external balance on interest and services, both current US $ level and % of GDP were used. With regards to the latter, the comparison will be made on the total population, individuals using the internet, and prevalence of undernourishment. The emphasis for all data is for 2015, although there are some that project trends from 2015-2019. Given that the world bank has provisions for tabulating the figures in graphs and tables, calculations were unnecessary. To find the sources, an advanced search strategy was used, specifically using Boolean and limiters in refining the search. The key terms “economic disparities and “countries” or “nations” were used to identify sources. Other words such as “Australia” and “Kenya” were keyed interchangeably to find scholarly articles on the countries being compared. In addition, the use of limiters such as peer-reviewed only and articles published within the last five years ensured that outdated and uncredible sources were excluded. All the statistical data was retrieved from the world bank website using the countries and topics as variables. Economic Indicators as Sourced from World Bank The GDP of Australia is far higher compared to that of Kenya, which shows that the total market value of the former has more economic activities. Specifically, in 2015 the GDP of Kenya was 64.008 billion, while that of Australia was 1.352 trillion (appendix 2 and 3). The GDP per Capita of Australia in 2015 was also higher at 56 755,722 compared to Kenya’s 1 336 883, indicating that most people in the developing countries engage in just a few income-generating tasks (appendix 2 and 3). The cost of living for the people is high, which does not allow most individuals to afford basic needs. The consumer price index of Kenya in 2015 was 150.19, while that of Australia was 112.045 showing that the former has a higher rate of inflation (Appendix 4 and 5). According to Krugman & Wells (2018), countries experiencing in
Introduction Globalization has compelled companies to adopt internationalization as a competitive strategy in global markets. Although numerous studies have elucidated the impacts of internationalization on conventional companies, few studies have examined the impact of internationalization on worker cooperatives. In this view, the case study examines the impacts of internalization on Mondragon, which is a notable example of worker cooperatives. The notable reputations of the Mondragon are that it is one of the largest worker cooperatives in Spain that has dominated domestic markets since the 1960s and international markets since 1990s. Evidently, Mondragon has marked experience in both domestic and international markets, and thus, making it an appropriate case study for worker cooperatives. Therefore, the paper examines the challenges related to internationalization that Mondragon, as well as describes how it conserves its cooperative values while at the same time adopt global economic trends as a competitive strategy. What are the challenges related to internationalization that worker cooperatives experience? The first challenge that relate to the internationalization of Mondragon is the economic viability of the worker cooperative. Since workers seek to join profitable companies, “it is difficult to identify a group of people in the host country to invest capital and trust the economic viability of a project at its initial phase” (Flecha and Ngai 671). Moreover, it is also extremely difficult to find other worker cooperatives, which are ready and willing to form cooperative alliances at the global level. The second chall
Introduction There are many aspects that determine the operational success of companies, whether they are local or multinational. Human resource management (HRM) is one of the major aspects as it involves matters such as selection and recruitment of employees, employee development, and performance management by the employer. Several factors come into play in the determination of the human resource management design or style that a company chooses to include the law governing the location and the cultural norms of the people. These factors are especially relevant for multinational enterprises as they have a huge bearing on the productivity of the companies. In discussing these aspects, this paper looks at China as a case study. It documents some multinational companies and the role that culture and the environment play in the determination of such trends. It gives a comparison of the trends and those in other countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom in order to create a better understanding of the concepts. International human resource management practices: China case study China has the world’s “largest population and is the world’s second largest country by land area…It is also one of the largest growing economies in the world” (Greenhalgh 2008, p.43). As at 2013, it ranked as the world’s largest importer and exporter of goods; in addition, it is the world’s second largest economy judging by its gross domestic product, which makes it a prime investment location for most multilateral companies. The country is also a socialist state with a strong cultural background, which forms an integral part of the society. This aspect transcends into the way people associate with each other and subsequently how people relate with each other at work. For instance, as part of the Chinese culture, older people demand great respect from younger individuals in society. Parents also demand absolute obedience from their children, thus translating into the way younger members of the society treat people old enough to be their parents. Its population and the consumer trends have attracted many companies from countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. The Chinese government has also taken advantage of the statistical information to encourage foreign investment as a way of creating jobs for its growing population and growing its revenue in a bid to create the capacity to provide adequate quality facilities for its citizens (Gamble 2006). The government also uses multinational corporations and enterprises as a means of reducing importation costs. Instead of incurring heavy importation costs on some goods, the government hosts multinational enterprises, which produce the goods in the country at lower rates. For instance, American companies such as Acer Electronics and Ashley Furniture have had their subsidiaries in the country for several years. Although this seemingly symbiotic relationship between multinational companies and the Chinese government presents