ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract An examination of the Molecular, chemical and physical properties of drugs is very critical in determining the effect on biopharmaceutical features. Electrochemical and stereochemical properties are particularly essential in determining route of administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs. Introduction Diabetes mellitus refers to a condition where the human body is unable to regulate its blood sugar levels. The inability to regulate blood sugar may be due to insulin deficiciency or insulin insensitivity. The basic treatment for diabetes is the administration of anti-diabetic agents, whose overall effect is hypoglycemia. Anti diabetic agents include compounds which stimulate insulin secretion by pancreatic islets, compounds which increase sensitivity to insulin in organs or compounds which alter the glucose absorption. Some compounds are used in monotherapies while others are combined with other agents. The first compounds to be used in management of blood sugar are Sulfonylureas. These products were widely used to stimulate insulin production and release in the pancreas. Examples of these sulfonylurea are Tolbutamide also known as Orinase and glipizide commonly known as glucotrol. They bind strongly to plasma proteins. Meglitinides are the other class of anti diabetics whose mode of action is by opening the calcium channels and closing the potassium channel which increases the rate of insulin production in the beta cells in the pancreas. Examples of meglitinides are Repaglinide also known as Prandin and Nateglinide commonly known as Starlix. Biguanides are the commonly used medications in controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus. They increase the metabolism of glucose in skeletal muscle and peripheral organs. Typical biguanides commonly used include Metformin traded as glucophage. Thiazolidinediones also known as glitazones work by activating regulatory proteins. An example of a glitazone compound is rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone. This project will keenly discuss classification, therapeutic use, molecular properties and their effects on biopharmaceutical features of six common anti diabetic agents
Introduction A market economy denotes a system where the demand and supply of items are vital for the welfare of customers. In daily occurrences, one can experience the impact of the market economy through the changes in the prices of goods and services (Friedman, 2017). For instance, when a person wants to purchase bananas, their prices are highly influenced by the number of people in need of them and sellers in the market. Main body People, private organizations, and the government have a crucial role in a market economy (Heasman & Lang, 2015). This signifies that the cost of bananas might be controlled by some government policies although it is mostly reliant on the behavior of private companies and customers. In this aspect, the government has a vital task of consumer protection since if it fails to undertake its role effectively, risky occurrences may befall customers or sellers. The significance of the government’s function in a market economy may be understood by looking at hypothetical businesses, X and Y, which grow and sell bananas. To achieve a competitive advantage in the market, X could employ a method of growing bananas faster and efficiently by use of chemicals that are harmful for human consumption. To compete effectively with X, Y could decide to use the same process of growing bananas more quickly while well knowing its harmful effects. If there were no government intervention, the two companies would expose their customers to incredible health risks. Conclusion Though the process they have decided to use is economically efficient, the government has to perform its role of testing whether the items being sold in the market have negative effects on people’s health and prohibit their sale (Koopman, Mitchell, & Thierer, 2014). In this manner, companies X and Y are forced to follow the rules set by the government while seeking to realize a competitive benefit.
Introduction According to Walker and Avant (1995), concept analysis refers to the effort to illustrate and define a group of data and to elaborate its importance. The primary objective of concept analysis is to examine the main idea critically to identify the themes of the design. Concept analysis is widely used in the nursing field. It helps in the formulation of nursing procedures that are critical to alleviating human suffering. As education and knowledge continue to evolve, speculations are high that the connotations of varied concepts and models are likely to change. Selected concept This report seeks to critique the notion of health-related behavior concerning nursing practices. The article was written by Ruth Davidhizar and published in the Journal of Advanced Nursing in 2006. Health-related behavior is an important concept for nurses. Knowing and being able to envisage and control health behavior are all important if nurses wish to achieve patient participation and co-operation. Nurses spend most of their time with patients. Consequently, they are better placed to control health behavior. Optimal relation with patients is the product of careful implementation of the
Throughout history, several injustices have been committed by various people and groups. History scholars often evaluate the perpetrators of such injustices. Perpetrators are often thought to be brutal sadists without any conscience or morals but they are never thought to be ordinary human beings. The reasons why most people often avoid looking at perpetrators from this angle is because they fear that they might recognize some similarities between the perpetrators and themselves. “Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland” is a book that tells the story about ordinary people who become fierce genocide perpetrators. The author of this book is Christopher Browning a renowned holocaust scholar. The author’s main argument in this book is that everyone obeys the government and authority figures and people always comply with these rules to avoid being alienated. The author of this book traces the activities of a German police squad named ‘Reserve Police Battalion (RPB) 101’. The RPB 101 is a police unit that has members who are recruited from ordinary citizens. The unit goes from being an amateur police unit to being a formidable killer force. Holocaust scholars are always divided in terms of their opinions about what triggered and sustained the holocaust 1 . Browning’s opinions are always considered to be ‘moderately functionalist’. According to him, the order to eliminate the Jewish people came after a big number of Jewish people had already been eliminated. The author’s expertise on the subject has seen him contribute to the Holocaust museum and act as an expert witness in Nazi trials 2 . Browning’s other works have dealt with Holocaust recollections and war trials. Nevertheless, “Ordinary Men” is one of the author’s most significant works. The book also serves as a source of micro-history for Holocaust scholars. “Ordinary Men” starts by giving statistics about the extent
As any organization operating in the United States, St. Patrick Proto-Cathedral has to comply with financial and accounting standards established in this country. This sphere is constantly evolving; therefore it is of crucial importance to be informed of the latest changes in legislation or best practices adopted among American institutions. For that purpose, it is necessary to find the most appropriate journal or informational resource which would serve as a guideline for the administration. Several periodicals have been reviewed; in particular, the Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS), the CPA Journal, and the Journal of Cost Management (JCM). On the whole, the CPA Journal appears to be the most optimal solution. There are several reasons which justify this choice. The periodical, which has been selected, offers a good price-quality ratio. First, the cost of the annual subscription is relatively low, only 42 dollars. Moreover, there is a flexible system of discounts and bonuses for returned clients. But the price is not the most decisive parameter. It should be pointed out that this journal is published on a monthly basis; therefore, it can bring constant updates about accounting policies and standards. In contrast, JSM and JIBS are more specific but they are issued every three or four months, while very often the management of St. Patrick Proto-Cathedral may need news about the most recent innovations. The second and probably most crucial aspect is the diversity of content. The CPA Journal provides information on a wide range of topics or departments, for example, auditing, taxation, finance, management, leadership, technology, etc. JSM and JIBS are much more focused they concentrate only on a separate area of research. But St. Patrick Proto-Cathedral may require data or tips on various questions; hence it might be prudent to select the most diversified periodical. In addition to that, the management of the parish should not forget about the technical style of writing. The major benefit of the CPA Journal is that its authors try to adjust their articles to the needs of the target population, people who can be either experts or amateurs. The style is not colloquial, but it is understandable even for a person who does not major in the field. Certainly, in other journals, the writing style is also appropriate but it is more scientific. The issues, published in these periodicals are oriented only towards professionals while less knowledgeable readers may not comprehend them. The thing is that sometimes professional accountants or financiers fail to take into consideration that many people may not be versed in accounting or economics, and some terms are not familiar to them. This eventually may give rise to misunderstanding. Apart from that, a great number of issues especially in JIBS and JCM are dedicated only to theoretical questions, which may not be relevant to a parish organization. The CPA is much more practice-oriented. It also ac
Introduction Why do people become delinquents? Many theories have been proposed to answer this question. However, life is complex and chaotic. This fact makes it hard to make one concrete model of delinquency. This paper will provide an overview of some current delinquency theories. Discussion of Theories Trajectory theory is dedicated to explaining the possible origins of delinquent behavior. Unlike more simple theories about delinquency, it attempts to provide an extensive overview of all the factors that can lead a person to delinquency. Trajectory theory is based on the idea that a person may be on a certain trajectory that directs them toward delinquency. There are five primary types of trajectories that a person can be influenced by. The first is called “biological trajectory” and concerns the increased number of males who engage in delinquent behavior. The second trajectory is dedicated to psychological issues. Often people with psychological disorders can engage in delinquency as a coping mechanism and eventually slip into becoming a delinquent. The third trajectory is sociological. It examines how children living with a low socioeconomic status can be prone to delinquency due to their social surroundings. Behavioral trajectories are the fourth type, and they are based on the idea that delinquency can be tracked from an early age if the child does not show the standard behavior patterns. Finally, environmental trajectories suggest that the environment around the person may lead them to engage in delinquent activities out of desperation or lack of feasible alternatives. This is only one of the possible models for trajectory theory, and the types of trajectories themselves may vary between researchers. However, the key point lies in the fact that there is a myriad of reasons and factors that can affect a person and lead them to commit acts of delinquency. At times, a specific event may serve as the checkpoint for the start of such actions while in other cases it is a prolonged process. Life is much more complex than a simple model can predict, so it is imperative that such issues are examined from a variety of perspectives. What Makes People Prone to Delinquency As trajectory theory suggests, there is a great number of scenarios that can lead to delinquent behavior. While no single model can predict all these possible factors, some can certainly put a person at a higher risk of delinquency. While it is never supported by society, an abundance of unchecked delinquent behavior around a person
The Plot of the Television Series and Major Conflicts The Walking Dead is one of the most successful television series of the 2010s. The television series is set in an apocalyptic world where people have turned into zombies. Rick, the show’s main character, is a sheriff who wakes up from a coma only to discover half of a corpse that moves and tries to kill him (“Days Gone Bye”). Rick learns some information about these so-called “walkers” from other survivors. Rick decides to go further to find his family, while other survivors prefer to stay where they are (“Days Gone Bye”). Rick is lucky to find his wife and child living in a camp of survivors in which a man named Shane is trying to be the leader (“Tell It to the Frogs”). After many fights with the walkers, Rick and the people who believe in him travel to a CDC facility, where they hope to find a cure or, at the very least, shelter and some answers. However, they are forced to leave the facility as it will self-destruct once it runs out of power (“TS-19”). Thus, Rick and his followers have to move on in their search for a safe place and a possible cure. In general, films and shows about zombies tend to focus on living because the zombies are unable to speak, feel, or even think (Stanley par. 8). Therefore, the major conflicts always take place between the survivors. In The Walking Dead , the filmmakers tried to choose a relatable actor for the role of Rick, making him an everyman (Patterson par. 5). It is possible to single out at least three main conflicts in the television series. The major conflict is, of course, between the living people and the walking dead. However, there is also a significant conflict between Rick and Shane, both of whom want to lead the group of survivors. Another common element in films and television shows, a love triangle also provides an important conflict between the main characters. The triangle involves Rick, Lori, and Shane. Rick and Lori are married couples loving each other. However, Lori thinking that Rick is dead starts a sexual relationship with Shane who (seemingly) loves her. When Rick reunites with the family, Lori is back with Rick leaving Shane to suffer. Major Characters’ Characteristics Because the characters of The Walking Dead live in a post-apocalyptic world, their current roles in society and their habits somewhat differ from their past lives. However, i
Introduction Church of Scientology is a controversial religious institution that was founded in 1965. The institution has its origins in America but has now spread to other states in the world. The institution is defined as being controversial since there are regions that fail to recognize it as a religion. There is a controversy in the way Scientology operates since its values fail to match ethical beliefs or considerations upheld by other religions. The essay will focus on outlining various aspects through which Scientology raises ethical concerns in public. Different definitions and theories that are used in the comprehension of ethical considerations in a religious setup will be presented. Background information Church of Scientology has its headquarters in the City of Manhattan. The seven-story building creates an expression of esteem in society. Scientology has been ranked as the fastest growing religion in the world. The term ‘Scientology’ means studying the truth and Scientologists interpret their religion as the source of spiritual knowledge. There are regions that associate Scientology with devil worship. As a result, religion is exposed to many critics, and there are legal investigations that are directed towards its activities. Scientology is a money-driven institution that attempts to maximize its global profits. The total value of Scientology is approximately in millions of dollars and has more than a hundred churches (Reitman 10). Ethical aspects Consequentiality Point of View Commoditization or commercial gain is one of the ethical concerns associated with Scientology. Commercialization can be interpreted as an expected consequence, which is being maximized, in the case of Scientology. Scientology tends to incline so much on the financial gains that come along with the provision of services to others. Scientology sells all services and products that are meant to foster purity and immortality in human beings. Scientology operates in a principle that is against the one held by most religions (Reitman 12). Expense of Consequences Duty of motive is an ethical aspect that also emerges in the issue of Scientology. According to sociologists, a moral act is that which is done from duty. According to Scientology, the world deserves help and cleansing, which should not be given for free. Morally, help is given to those who are in need because it is right to do so. It should, however, be noted that an act of help that is given due to the reward that comes along with it, is not moral worth. In this regard, the form of help given by Scientology in the spiritual cleansing process is profit oriented. Focus is on the reward or profit gain that Scientology will get after its act of help (Reitman 13) Deontological point of view Contradiction in Conception According to the case study, the maxim will be ‘to
Introduction Established in 1992, the primary role of Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) is to supply water and electricity to residents of Dubai. The company aims to offer the best customer services based on clean, safe and clean water and electricity. DEWA resulted from the merger between the electric company and water department of Dubai. Currently, DEWA employs more than “6000 workers who strive to offer both quality and quantity services of the highest standards in a consistent and reliable manner” (Dubai Electricity and Water Authority 1). DEWA has adopted technologies to facilitate its operations across various departments. The organisation aims to promote integrity and fairness, business ethics and abide by the law in all its relationships with customers. Employees of DEWA focus on promoting transparency and openness and provision of relevant information to stakeholders. DEWA believes in teamwork, which facilitates sharing of resources, knowledge and skill exchange and efforts to promote create synergies among employees. In addition, the workplace facilitates shared responsibilities and decision-making to achieve the overall objectives of the organisation. DEWA aims to be the industry leader through professionalism and relying on its human resources and technologies to offer the best innovative solutions to serious challenges. It aims to satisfy the needs of all stakeholders. DEWA encourages corporate social responsibility through its employees by contributing to communities and the environment. Contributions to the community and the environment enhance sustainability efforts of the organisation. At the same time, DEWA has remained a customer-focused organisation. It aims to exceed customers’ expectations through improved services and products. On this note, DEWA must anticipate its customers’ needs in advance. DEWA can only achieve all those objectives and realise its core values and missions through efficient human resource management. Hence, DEWA has adopted an Employee Performance Management (EPM) system to improve human resource practices. DEWA Appraisal System DEWA uses Employee Performance Management (EPM) system to appraise its employees’ contribution to its overall objectives, vision and mission. The main objective of the EPM at DEWA is to develop and nurture leaders at all levels of the organisation. The system assesses staff competencies to identify and meet human resource development gaps. It also involves the assessment of employees’ performances, efficiency and productivity. The EPM establishes employees’ career path and organisational succession plan. In addition, the DEWA’s EPM evaluates training effectiveness to improve training outcomes and enhance staff development. Employee Performance Management applies to all employees of DEWA. This is also a part of DEWA talent management strategy. It also ensures that the reward system and career progression are based on merit. Defining Responsibilities The initial stage of performance management at DEWA involves defining of employees’ responsibilities. All division heads must review and approve SMART objectiv
“ A television advert will have an impact on the person watching the television because the person will try to relate the advert he is watching on the television with his/her life” (Butler, 2007). Ethic and moral values should be taught and emphasized, but at the same time advertising companies should reconsider the types of materials they are using in those commercials. Some pictures and words are accepted in adverts, but those adverts which have been produced with bad language or portraying misleading information to those watching the television should not be allowed in our televisions. “The moral and ethical principles of human beings should not be put aside when airing these adverts in our televisions because it is the responsibility of each advertising company to instill moral values in the adverts” (Calvert 2008). Adverts which tell the truth should be allowed to be aired in our televisions, but those which contradict the known facts should not be allowed in our television because they violate the principle of human dignity and our right to make sound choices or good decisions on those products advertised and this might mislead the viewers live a wasteful lifestyle and this will have an impact on our environment or will create problems in human beings. “Nowadays parents are concerned about the amount of adverts that their children are seeing everyday. It is believed that children can identify over 500 brand names by the time they reach the age of nine years” (Harrington 2008). The modern advertisement industries have a way of reaching more children than 10 years ago. Why are the children so important in these advertisements? Children don’t have any kind of resources which they can use to buy those products that are being advertised in the television but they will force their parent to buy them the things they see in the television, ‘another reason is that children are so loyal customers and will remain loyal to any brand, if won over at a tender age” (Hogg, 2007). Sexual appeal through advertisements is a way of attracting customer attention, by using sexual appeal as a way of communication to the viewers in the televisions. Too much exposure of body part both in men and women is unethical to children and the general viewers because it will teach the children bad moral behaviors. Sexual scenes in advert are unacceptable especially for girls and the women because they are being used as sex toys and will impact negatively girls and women. Some critics believe advertisements to children is unethical, but as a matter of fact the billions of dollars generated by children as a result of these advertisements, means we shouldn’t expect these adverts to disappear very soon. In reality, advertisements usually teach children at an early age about what to expect on the adult world when they grow up and they will be able to make informed choices on products when they are young and they will grow up to be respected citizens. Parents have a role to play in controlling the type of adverts their kids are watching each day, “there are some steps which can help parent to do this in controlling these advertisements; they can sh