ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction As many people know, Apple is an American corporation that manufactures personal and tablet computers, audio players, smartphones, and software. One of the pioneers in the field of personal computers and modern multitasking operating systems with a graphical interface. Recently, Apple has been raising the issue of privacy very seriously. Even one of the commercials for the new iPhones is dedicated to privacy. Although many people do not even suspect what data they transmit from their devices to the company, this does not mean that the information is not protected (“Public Displays”, 2016). On the contrary, the issue of personal space is significant for Apple. It is enough to recall her conflict with the FBI when the corporation tried to unlock the iPhone (“Public Displays”, 2016). It is worth noting that the protection of user data is a priority for Apple. Therefore, the leaders of this organization are constantly developing various solutions to protect user data. This is important because the protection of information about the owners of smartphones or personal computers affects the company’s reputation (Henriquez, 2020). All this also allows this organization to keep as much privacy as possible about the internal data of various devices. In 2010, when the world was less vulnerable to cyber threats, Steve Jobs said that protecting user data was Apple’s top priority (Hartmans, 2020). Since then, the company has constantly improved solutions that provide privacy to iPhone owners. At the moment, users give away important information using iCloud. It is safe on Apple’s servers. iCloud uses AES encryption with a key length of at least 128 bits, and these keys are not transferred to third parties. To store the iCloud Keychain, encryption of the 256-bit AES algorithm is used. Cyberattacks over the past ten years have become an acute global problem: the volume of losses from cybercrime has increased more than 12 times, and in 2020 it will approach six trillion dollars (Hartmans, 2020). However, there is still formally non-criminal activity, nevertheless violating the privacy of Internet users and mobile applications. Information is collected about how users rest, where they work, what routes people use, what they buy. The global data sales market is estimated at about 230 billion dollars (Opderbeck, 2017). A significant part was obtained legally: according to some estimates, only 12.3 percent of the collected information about users
Work What I Will Do The sphere of financial well-being directly impacts my physical and psychological health. Visiting a clinic and a psychologist always costs a lot of money, which you need to earn somewhere. My current job does not allow me to take complete care of my health because some services cost as much as half of my salary. Even though I work in a place that allows me to realize myself in the field, I study thoroughly. I want to work where I will have to give no more than a third of my income for various services. What I Need To find a better-paying job, I need to do a thorough search for vacancies on various Internet resources. I am not sure that going to the unemployment bureau would be a good idea, but it’s worth considering as an option. It should help me to get to know better the areas in which I can work by taking preparatory courses. It is necessary to approach the preparation of a resume very carefully ( Creating a healthier life , 2016). It is necessary to update it and remove unnecessary things. The resume is my reflection, so it should look appropriate. Savings What I Will Do An essential part of a happy life has a financial cushion to help me cope with difficult times or acquire something significant. Every month, I manage to save a small amount, which helps me travel and not save anywhere. I have a budget for the month, which helps determine how much I should spend this month. Thanks to my new job, I want to increase my expenses for a month to take better care of myself now and in the
Introduction Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most prevalent infections in senior citizens. The condition is common in long-term care facilities, and it has been noted that UTI is only second to respiratory infections in inpatients and community-dwelling seniors aged above 65 years old (Rowe & Juthani-Mehta, 2013). As many Americans age, the burden associated with the UTI in senior citizens is most likely to escalate, resulting in the need for enhanced diagnostic, management, and prevention practices important to advance the health of older persons. The purpose of this term is to discuss Lower Urinary Tract Infection, which is the infection that occurs at or below the area of the bladder. Clinical Scenario A 65-year-old community-dwelling man presents with inflammatory symptoms in the lower urinary tract, such as fever, urinary frequency, urinary agency, dysuria, variable suprapubic discomfort, nocturia ((nighttime frequency), and notably gross hematuria. He complains of low back pain for the last five days while fever has been noted for the last two days. Over the past two days, the patient has worsened with the symptoms of pain noted as 9/10 and nausea. A culture test has shown the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli, and the patient had a similar condition more than six months ago noted with a similar organism separated. The patient also responded to nitrofurantoin treatment. Subjective Chief Complaint The patient chief complaints were dysuria. He also complained of urinary frequency, urgency, discomfort, and fever. History of Present Illness The patient had complained of a five-month urinary urgency. The condition was characterized by frequent waking per night to void, weak stream and straining. The patient appeared otherwise ill and uncomfortable. While back pain and fever were not specific, they suggested the presence of pyelonephritis. Notably, atypical symptoms were observed in the patient. The initial assessment of the patient revealed dysuria, at least three nighttime frequencies, urinary urgency, and urinary inconsistence. The further a
Introduction Judging from the type of technology that was available in the 1960s, one can assume that there existed a great divide between the old and new ways of consuming media content. However, interviewing someone who experienced a radically different mode of media consumption, it was revealed that there were significant similarities as well. The results were surprising and enlightening at the same time. In both old and new ways of consuming media content, the process is both technology-driven and consumer-driven, while the differences are found in the technology that altered the speed of accessing information and the ability of the consumer to interact with or modify the media that they consumed. The Old Way of Consumig nMedia Interviews were conducted in order to have a grasp of how the older generation consumed media. The answers from the interviews provided a basis for the discussion on the old way of consuming media versus the present-day consumption of media. The participants or the interviewees were asked to recall their personal experiences with mass media outlets by recounting the times when they were made available in the UAE or Dubai area. The interviewees were able to recount their experiences especially with regards to the emergence of broadcasting outlets or newspaper companies. It was surprising to find out that there was no TV station in the United Arab Emirates before the 1960s. In fact, there was also no publisher producing daily newspapers even in the latter part of the 1960s. In fact, the earliest mass media outlet was a radio station that was established in the mid-1960s. The daily newspaper outlets and the first UAE TV station did not come along until the 1970s. Based on the growth of the media outlets and the type of availability of the media content, one can argue that technology played a significant part in its development. One can also say that it would require less complicated technology to set-up a radio broadcasting system compared to a newspaper publication business or publication agency. On the other hand, the relative difficulty of establishing a radio station and a printing press can make one realize that aside from technology there is another factor that shaped the way people consumed media. It is a phenomenon that one can describe as “consumer-driven,” or the kind of media content that producers or content makers make available to the public, those that are in-demand, and not merely dictated by the kind of technology that is available in a certain period in time. In order to get a better grasp of these ideas, it is best to consider the results of the interviews. Consider the excerpts from the inte
Searching for freedom of expression essay? Look no further! This argumentative essay about freedom of expression, thought, & speech, will inspire you to write your own piece. Introduction Freedom of expression refers to the right to express one’s opinions or thoughts freely by utilizing any of the different modes of communication available. The ideas aired should, however, not cause any intentional harm to other personality or status through false or ambiguous statements. Communication of ideas can be achieved through speech, writing or art. Freedom of expression, unlike freedom of thought, may be regulated by the appropriate authorities in any society in order to avoid controversies between different individuals. The extent to which this limitation or censorship is done varies from nation to nation and is dependent on the government of the day. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, every individual has the right to search for information, access and impart variety of ideas irrespective of the frontiers. Freedom of Expression: The Key Concepts The subject of freedom of expression has always been controversial, especially when considering political aspects. A state is perceived to have the mandate to impede people from convening groups in which they air their opinions if those views can result in direct harm to other people. However, the interference would only be an exception if doing so results in more beneficial outcomes than standing aside. For one to be in a position to gauge the eventuality of a gain or a loss, then there should be absolute freedom of expression on all matters irrespective of the nature of the sentiments made. Arguments for absolute freedom of expression can be a made by evaluating the purpose for which the ideas are expressed and the manner in which we evaluate what is true or false. According to Mill (Eisenach, 2004), the right to express one’s opinions offers humanity a rare chance to switch over an error for the truth if the idea expressed happens to be true. In case the opinion happens to be wrong, mankind stands a chance of getting a clearer picture of the known truth through collusion with a mistake. Therefore, freedom of expression acts in the best interests of mankind as it endeavors to progress and its limitation deprives people of the prospects of growth. Whether we let expression of an opinion to be limited or censored, whereas it could be true, then we present ourselves as beyond reproach. We consider all that we know to be the truth and therefore dispel all opinions that questi
Introduction A CEO’s philosophy and strategies that it informs plays a critical role in the promotion of change at the corporate level. In the case under analysis, the CEO’s decision to focus on the changes in the emergent economies, as well as the adjustment to the macroeconomic setting, has allowed the organisation to succeed in the target market. The focus on the expansion into the global market and the introduction of new items into the company’s portfolio as a part of Rosenfeld’s vision of global economic growth and sensible investments has allowed Mondelēz International to become a world-renowned brand. Analysis The CEO of Mondelēz International has managed not only to introduce a positive change to the corporate setting but also to cement the specified alterations with the help of her global vision and the philosophy of the unceasing improvement. The willingness to expand into new markets and the diversity of corporate products can be regarded as the key areas of Rosenfeld’s concern (see Fig. 1). The CEO of Mondelēz International transformed the organisation by integrating her vision and philosophy into the company’s framework and altering the very principle of its functioning in the selected economic environment. Figure 1. Mondelēz International in the global market: chocolate (Collis et al. 26) The change that Rosenfeld managed to implement in the setting of the Mondelēz International Company becomes all the more noteworthy when considering the circumstances under which they were made. Specifically, one should bear in mind that Mondelēz International was experiencing significant pressure from investors, which we’re expecting the organisation to have started returning profits by that point. In addition, Rosenfeld had very little time to adjust to the rapid alterations in the global market and build relationships with possible partners in trade and merging. The flexibility and expeditiousness with which she approached the management of investments and the allocation of the corporate resources have shown that Rosenfeld’s initial strategy was sensible and effective. Thus, the CEO’s vision and behaviour have made it possible to transform Mondelēz International within a very short amount of time and under significant pressure from investors. Rosenfeld’s ability to adjust to the high levels of market rivalry and help Mondelēz International to build its competitive advantage should also be seen as the direct outcomes of the CEO’s vision and behaviour. Rosenfeld initially showed that she was eager to introduce the idea of flexibility into the organisational system. The specified approach has proven to be exceptionally important in the setting of the global economy, where rapid changes and disruptive innovations affect the progress of organisations to a considerable extent. Rosenfeld, in turn, has not hesitated to diversity the company’s products to align them with the globalisation trends and the need to embrace a wider range of c
Introduction Modifying computer hardware and software with an objective other than the original purpose of the creator constitutes computer hacking. In computer networking, hacking also means manipulating network connections. Most computer hackers are self-taught, but they possess expert-level skills in a number of programming languages. Although a considerable number of hackers are driven by ulterior motives, many use their skills to solve problems. Some corporations hire hackers to join their technical staff. Their job is to find vulnerabilities in the company’s security system for patch-up before hackers with ulterior motives discover the flaws and exploit them (Computer Hacking, n.d.). Hacking skills can, therefore, be employed to prevent computer related crimes such as identity theft. Although hacking cam be used for good, the term is nowadays associated with malicious attacks on the web and other networks. Hackers use scripts which are used to manipulate data in a network connection to gain desired information. There are many ready scripts available online that can be used by inexperienced hackers. Experienced hackers can modify the scripts to come up with new methods of attacking network connections. While hacking can be wrong in many instances, it is still helpful. The big question is whether doing what can be considered wrong by parties such as corporations is still ethical when the very actions help other people, especially the consumers. History of hacking Early hackers as we understand them today can be traced to 1960s. They were primarily computer experts only interested in modifying programs to make them work better. In the majority of cases, the modifications developed by them were better than existing systems. UNIX operating system was a hack product by Dennis Ritchie and Keith Thomson (Computer Hacking and Ethics, n.d.). In 1970, a new type of hacker called “phreakers” emerged who targeted telephon
Argument In “Sexual Terror in the Reconstruction South,” the author, Lisa Cardyn, argues that sexual violence was a societal norm, and it imposed patriarchal and racial beliefs that the Reconstruction and Confederate defeat had created. Additionally, Cardyn claims that sexual terror sought to promote the culture of slavery, which was characterized by violence and rape as tactics to maintain white supremacy. According to Cardyn, there is “compelling evidence that the American South was an arena of vigorous sexual combat from slavery through the Civil War and Reconstruction when it was avidly pursued by white supremacist groups throughout the region” (263). The chapter seeks to explore the purpose of terror tactics used during the Reconstruction South and the effectiveness of the same in subduing former slave populations and their allies in the region. Evidence Summary The author starts by establishing a gap in knowledge concerning the history of terrorism and sexual violence as one of its many forms. She argues that while most scholarly discourses hold that terrorism is peculiar to modern times, it has a long and history that has been suppressed or neglected in scholarly circles. As such, sexual terror has been overlooked in discourses on terrorism because it does not count as part of what could be classified as “terror” in the mainstream way of thinking. Besides, sexual violence is seen as incidental – a simple byproduct of armed conflict. However, the author argues that despite these attempts to disregard the place of sexual violence as a form of terrorism, it was commonly used in the Reconstruction South, specifically by white supremacists seeking to enforce their dominance and superiority in politics and economics. The main agenda among Southern whites was to ensure that blacks remained submissive without the rights to vote and the capacity to hold political positions. After the signing of the peace treaty at Appomattox Courthouse, many people thought that the bitter internal strife had been resolved, especially given the fact that the ruling was in favor of the Union. However, the author argues that a vast majority of whites could not concede defeat, and thus some sought to achieve congenial outcomes using extralegal means. Racist groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), emerged, and they relied exclusively on terrorism to advance their agenda. According to Cardyn, “terror and terrorism aim to frighten and, by frightening, to dominate and control” (263), and sexual violence was used to achieve the same objectives. Sexual violence was a common tool used among slave-owners and their minions as a coercion strategy over their slaves. This habit was also common among soldiers during the Confederacy because they ravaged emancipated blacks with the aim of traumatizing them to assert control. Cardyn claims that violent sex was “in each instance, a performance of dominance by its perpetrators and a harshly lived reality for its victims” (264). KK
Introduction The invention of cell phones marked a major advancement in the field of communications technology. In 1973, Martin Cooper shared his idea of a mobile device whose size was comparable to a young adult’s shoe. Cooper proved that cell phones could help to make calls without the need for telephone booths or interconnected wires. This paper analyzes the article “Calling from the Road” by Bill Beck, which was published in the Indiana Business Magazine demonstrating the usability of an early mobile phone, Oki 1150. A Japanese company, namely, Oki Electric, brought this gadget to the U.S. in the 1980s. This new technology featured well-integrated dialing buttons, earplugs, and wires linked to a mike located near the user’s chin. According to Beck, social aspects associated with this technology ranged from enhanced business interactions to enabling people from distant places to communicate instantly via text messages and calls without the aid of wired telephone booths. Summary of the Article The Usability of Cell Phones in the 1980s The article under investigation illustrates how Americans used a new mobile phone, Oki 1150, introduced to them in 1983. According to Beck, this gadget had several buttons that enabled people to dial numbers, which, in turn, linked them to their intended call recipients who had already acquired similar devices. Users enjoyed the convenience brought about by this innovative technology. For example, according to the article, people could “call from the car, the golf course, and just about anywhere else using a portable phone” (Beck). In addition, when illustrating further the usability of this innovative technology, Bill Wheeler, the chief administrator of Cellular One Company based in Indianapolis, assures users of convenient services associated with this new technology’s systems. According to the article under study, early mobile phones had an inbuilt voice and text transmission structures that enabled people to communicate instantaneously, regardless of their recipients’ geographical locations. In addition, as Beck reveals, this device was not only portable but also could fit in one’s pocket, implying its manageable weight. In terms of powering this gadget, the article reveals the existence of small batteries installed in cell phones. However, Beck mentions the short lifespan of mobile phone batteries that were produced in the 1980s. Nonetheless, as a new technology, it was practically possible to make calls using these devices, regardless of the length of time people engaged in phone conversations. In 1983, the convenience brought about by using this equipment informed the mass production of Oki 1150, which was well received in the market, despite its high retail price of between $1000 and $1500 (Beck). Nonetheless, the introduction of this technology in the 1980s indicated the dawn of significant social transformations regarding the way peo
As a professor of law, Tendayi Achiume has always been focused on the global governance of racism and xenophobia. In the article “Race, Refugees, and International Law,” the author describes the definition of the term “race” as the social systems of meaning that attach to elements of morphology and ancestry (Achiume, 2020). Moreover, Achiume highlights that race is strongly associated with ethnicity, indigeneity, national origin, and religion. When it comes to xenophobia and xenophobic discrimination, the author states that the expression of prejudice against people from other countries needs more attention from the perspective of international law. In turn, Steve Garner believes that there is a multifaceted set of ideas and practices that result in the introduction of “race” into social relations (Garner, 2010). Therefore, the author describes “race” as a salient factor that demonstrates how groups are represented, that is, racialized. Nowadays, there are numerous definitions of the terms “race,” “racism,” and “xenophobia,” although some of them lack the evidence-based background. Achiume’s definition of “race” seems to be tremendously interesting as the professor determines this term from the perspectives of sociology and international law. At the same time, Garden’s definition of this term takes into consideration the interrelation of the race with a combination of practices that have been used for a long time. As a result, the most comprehensive definition of the term “race” should include different perspectives. For instance, race can be described as a classification system that divides all human beings into groups on the basis of inherited physical and behavioral differences. Additionally, the inability of individuals to accept other racial groups results in racial discrimination that contradicts the U.S. Constitution and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.