ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The body responsible for setting out standards and rules that determine how a case or lawsuit may be commenced is referred to as the Civil Procedure Rule. The litigation process comprises presentation of the problem, research, fact gathering/interviewing, pleadings, discovery, motion practice and trial (BU, 2000). Since the introduction of the Wolf reforms in April 1999, radical changes have been implemented on the litigation system. The reform is aimed at reducing the cost and speeding up the cases in court. The civil process still undergoes fundamental changes. This paper discusses the changes in the civil procedure and the specific difficulties that existed prior to the changes. Changes in the Civil Process One of the major changes was in the discovery process. The discovery process entails the initial disclosers, the notices of depositions and the discovery motions. Changes were made on it to make it easier for courts and litigating parties to administer electronic records of all types. It involved a complete rewriting under the leadership of a committee. This was aimed at making this process easier to understand. In the traditional pleading rules, the person bringing the trespass had to use certain terms in the complain failure to which the court would dismiss the case. A legal construction was put in place. It was referred to as the notice pleading where the plaintiff will not face dismissal for failure to use the terms. The past process was so slow and costly. For example, a court case where a company pursues $15.8 claim through the system, it took the company 8 years to get to the trial, the trial stage took 4 months and the company recovered only $8. The legal fees were high, the time was long and the overall benefit could not match the cost incurred. This was due to poor goals in the initial stages of the case. Planning procedures have been put in place to reduce cost and time. The reforms indicated that all parties must meet and consult so that they narrow down issues and avoid using a lot of time on the same case. This is called “Time Consumption Process”. In Post Judgment Motion changes, motions are due 10 days after judgment is entered. The time period could not be extended in the past system. There is also the deadline for e-records and other forms to be implemented while filing these forms. It states that e-filing will be timely until midnight. The general briefs on the appeals are considered even if they are mailed (Shawn, 20
Introduction Modern society nowadays can be seen to some extent as a community that does not have many restraints in terms of self-obligatory values and rules to follow. The person grows up with many expectations to fulfill and the only limitations that are put on him/her might be considered the generally accepted ethics and the law. However, many cultures still practice today the obligation of the rules that should be followed in order to meet the standard of the values within a certain social cell, i.e. a tribe, a town, or a country. As examples of such cultures in the modern world could be eastern and Arabic cultures. Another example is shown in the subject of this paper which is the kinship rules depicted in the novel “Waterlily” by Ella Cara Deloria that describes the Indian life of the Dakotas, or “Sioux” from a female perspective. This paper analyzes the importance of kinship in the novel along with providing some of these rules that were played by the natural and supernatural worlds. Analysis In defining the goals for the Dakotas in keeping the kinship rules, as stated by the author herself, “to keep the rules imposed by kinship for achieving civility, good manners, and a sense of responsibility toward every individual dealt with” (Deloria x) The kinship rules to the Dakotas can be viewed as some sort of guide on how to behave within your small society. This guide includes many rules and many directions that cover such small details as the way the person should cam relatives and friends, “You must not call your relatives and friends by name, for that was rude. Use kinship terms instead. And especially, brothers and sisters, and boy cousins and girl cousins must be very kind to each other.” (Deloria 34). It can be seen through the novel that many of these rules put many obligations that are very strict especially in the case of women, such as the example with Blue Bird when “the kinship rule of avoidance kept her silent as long as it was her father-in-law who walked ahead leading her horse.” (Deloria 4) In general, Kinship is more than blood or biological relation; it is a tie consisting of rules based on a system of values that connects all the Dakotas and keeps their structure impregnable to changes with time. Many rules surround the ceremonies that the Dakotas were celebrating related to the natural and supernatural worlds. For, instance the Sun Dance –an “organized complex, made up of many small rites and elements accompanying the actual dancing while gazing at the sun.” (Deloria 113) The Sun Dance – a ceremony where all the men fulfill their vows made and pray, also involves people from the enemy tribes coming to this celebration and can be viewed as a gathering where the tribes forget about their rivalries. Ghostkeeping, on the other hand, is a ceremony of grief over the dying relative, where once he/she dies all of the participants wail for the death of that person, and “there was no virtue in control of grief over death as there was
Promotion of diversity is an essential step towards efficient learning (Ehevarria & Graves, 2007). By introducing diversity to class, teachers not only promote a better understanding of specific cultures among learners, but also foster a range of essential qualities in students, such as tolerance and cultural awareness. Seeing that the setting, in which Karen works, does not involve significant diversity, it can be assumed that the program suggested by her should be supported as an efficient tool in enhancing diversity within the educational setting in question. In order to encourage Eric to include the activity into the curriculum, Kara should discuss the significance of diversity with him, putting a very strong emphasis on the role of diversity in education. Although the importance of introducing diversity into the classroom is often underrated, students, in fact, need multicultural elements in order to acquire new skills and excel in their studies. The above-mentioned issue is especially topical in the environment of the 21 st century, when globalism has predetermined the phenomenon known as culture fusion. Eric must be convinced that the silent attitude of ISL learners is far from being an adequate response to the teacher’s assignments and that second languag
The first characteristic of a dame who ignores traditional femininity is manifested in the directness of Amanda, a female lawyer from Adam’s Rib (Cukor). According to DiBattista, stereotypical fast-talking dames were likely to “call things as they saw them” even when their logical judgments ignored some important details. Amanda demonstrates this feature almost in any scene; she is a character who expresses her views openly and is not afraid of sinning against the laws of society. The next feature that makes Amanda similar to fast-talking dames described by DiBattista is her willingness to react to the changing circumstances. DiBattista states that fast-talking dames always know “how to find new words for the changed state of their feelings” (par. 4). Amanda demonstrates this ability in a variety of situations, ranging from the sitting of the court to the final scene with Adam, since she never fails to express positive and negative changes in her emotional state. In particular, she manages to escalate or deescalate conflicts using kind jokes or caustic remarks. The first scene that illustrates DiBattista’s quote about fast-talking dames and patriarchal femininity is the court scene in which Amanda uses her final argument to defend Doris. As for its traditional definitions, femininity is often understood as a lack of aggressiveness. In the mentioned scene, Amanda ignores all of these expectations and ridicules the existing double standards concerning unfaithfulness in marriage (Cukor). Considering that her speech is quite aggressive, she makes all people in the courtroom cease talking. Apart from that, the quote about respectable femininity can be applied to the scene in which the character presents her opinion about the deplorable system to her husband while driving a car. In general, the notion of femininity can be reduced to the readiness to defuse conflicts when it is possible. Although the scene demonstrates some negative stereotypes about female drivers, it also shows Amanda’s unwillingness to respect her husband’s opinion, thus illustrating the quote. To some extent, even the fact that she openly questions the credibility of Adam’s conclusions makes her disengage with the norms of femininity. Works Cited Cukor, George. Adam’s Rib. Met
Introduction Labor is one of the most important components of a business. Employees are responsible for the production of goods and services. When production targets fail to be met, employees can offer a good explanation for the occurrence. They tend to understand the various aspects of the operations of a company better than even the owners of the respective companies. Managers of any given business entity, institution, or organization are expected to try to avoid disputes among their employees because they understand the role that a satisfied labor force plays in the success of the organizations. When workers are happy in their various positions as employees of firm or any other organization, they are able to perform their duties to their best. This paper indicates that employees who feel that their employer is keen on their interests are much more likely to be creative in helping their firm to solve various challenges. As a result, they help in boosting the firm’s chances of success in achieving its goals and objectives. Companies can enjoy success if they embrace labor unions and/or strive to negotiate with their employees when they raise their demands. Woolworths is one of the largest companies in terms of staff. It has had its fair share of controversy in terms of labor-related issues. Hence, this paper intends to present labor issues using Woolworths as a case example. Woolworths’ Stance in Labor-related Issues Woolworths strives to uphold human rights in all its endeavors. Its actions in ensuring the observance of human rights are not just limited to its employees only but also to the company’s supply chain. Woolworths has principled supply guidelines that comprise four threatening aspects that it considers central to its business. These areas include employment circumstances, enticement and dishonesty, ecological conformity, and work privileges. The company tries its best to ensure that it meets the requirements of the various regulatory bodies in different jurisdictions from where it operates. Woolworths is a party to The United Nations Global Compact (UNGC)
The second Eugenides novel ‘Middlesex’ is extremely abundant with various thematic material and literary descriptions of the relevant social, cultural, and other problems. As Daniel Mendelsohn states, ‘from Ovid to Gore Vidal, hermaphroditism and bisexuality have provided writers with irresistible occasions to comment on both nature and culture” (Mendelsohn). Jeffrey Eugenides is not exclusion and his novel represents refined evidence of the new role that this thematic has gained in modern society. The cultural, societal, moral, and gender layers of Eugenides’ novel Culture as a vast domain of human activities within society that produces various patterns, modes of conduct, mindsets, and stereotypes are everywhere starting from family relations to national customs and traditions. It can be described as a symbolical reflection of societal relations (In Levis-Strauss sense). Cultural, gender, and societal problems are in-depth addressed by the author. Some of the most important are individual liberty of lifestyles versus paternalism of power and tradition which made Greek families leave for the United States in search of conditions for realizing ‘this passion inside them’ deeply opposed to dominant societal and moral patterns prevailing in the early 20 century Greece. Another problem tackles through the utilization of expressive means is the issue of gender in general and its social construction in particular. Calliope hermaphroditism is nothing before it is mentally and socially internalized through self-recognition. Calliope is raised as a girl who doesn’t know that she is intersexed and even her family doesn’t know about it for many years. She can be described as a ‘normal’, ‘average’ girl before she finds herself in a socially and culturally determined situation that makes her deeply transform her identity. Thus, it may be said that the novel tackles important issues of social vs. biological construction of gender and social conditions for the formation of sexual subjectivity and its further implications. Another important issue addressed by Eugenides is relations within non-traditional (incest family) and their social implications. This is particularly relevant to current debates on the juridical justification of changing marital status and legislation concerning family regulation in general. Moral and perceptional issues are the first that arise in this debate and the author seems to pay a lot of attention to the controversial character of non-traditional families. Other issues going in line with the abovementioned problems include family secrecy ( only at the end of the book does Desdemona confess to Calliope/Cal that Lefty in fact was her brother and she again promises to keep this in secret until the time Desdemona dies thus maintaining the circle of secrecy), parental reliance, sometimes mistaken, on various experts, parental autonomy and in the general prevailing perception of sex, bisexual and gender relations. The central theme Eugenides addresses which forms the fabric of his novel is the experience of an intersexed person originating from Greek emigrants to the United States who has a sexually nontradi
Introduction Regardless of the degree of perception and personal preferences, today, the interest of society in advertising is manifested in different spheres. Professional marketers who develop relevant commercial projects follow the current trends and use those techniques and images that can interest potential consumers. When analyzing some commercials in both the media and print resources, it is possible to find some special features that affect the target audience by fascinating techniques and particular principles of attraction. In this case, advertising often contains certain images and stereotypes that are easily perceived by the public and serve as the means of exhibiting popular products. In order to demonstrate such cases of visual advertising where much depends on myth meaning, two videos may be analyzed. A semiotic method is relevant to this case, which involves searching for symbols and the detailed evaluation of the elements making up a particular product. As the objects of the research, the commercials BOSS bottled: Man of Today with Chris Hemsworth (2017) and KENZO world – the new fragrance (2016) will be used. Specific concepts that are typical for modern promotional trends should also be mentioned since some of them are implemented in the products considered. The characteristics used in these videos may help to make a comparative analysis of advertising tendencies and draw conclusions regarding the availability of stereotyped ways to attract the target audience. Myth and Stereotypes in Advertising In its optimal form, advertising should contain permanent and well-identifiable elements, but some of them should be modified periodically. Creating effective promotional programs is impossible without the knowledge of the laws of mass psychology. The emergence of attitudes occurs unconsciously, even if the information that forms their basis is comprehensively realized. According to Craig, DeHoratius, and Raman (2017), the fixing of this or that perception takes place mainly as the result of
Trash is any useless material that is worth disposing, as it is not in a position to serve its intended primary purpose. The resultant effect of unwanted materials, if not well disposed, is environmental degradation. Some trashes are fundamental to human beings and/or are recyclable. However, some are not recyclable. They cause pollution once disposed anyhowly. Trash may come from the extraction and processing of raw materials into intermediate and finished products, as well as the utilization and consumption of the finished products among other human activities. However, social and technological developments of human beings are the principal causes of trash. According to modern systems of waste management, trashes include municipal waste, hazardous waste, bio-medical waste and distinctive hazardous waste. Just like archaeologists, use the artifacts to explain the nature of early man, trash from the household can depict cultural and socio-economic status of a particular residence. It is critical to learn the message that we convey about ourselves based on what we dispose in the name of trash. Many different household activities produce wastes. However, the wastes that I analyzed include waste from cooking, waste packaging, waste paper, old clothes, garden waste, abrasive cleanser, scouring powder, chlorine bleach, disinfectant, glass bottle and cleaner. I also considered vegetable waste, cinders, metals and plastics containers, oven and rug cleaners, toilet bowl cleaner, polish, spray cans, air freshener, hair spray, bug killer, floor and furniture polish, and shoe polish. The waste clearly indicates the nature of the population that stayed in these households. There can be little doubt that people belong to different socio-economic status. In analyzing the above wastes, I have realized that they have different rates of decomposition while paper and newspaper wastes spread all over. However, people throw some trashes regularly while they throw others after some time interval. On a daily basis, they eliminate dust and wastes such as food remains that rot faster from the household. Otherwise, they create an un-conducive atmosphere in the house. The effect can be so immense that if not controlled in time may adversely affect the occupants. The nature of such wastes depicts the likes and dislikes of certain individuals or group of people that reside in the apartment. For instance, the presence of bones in the garbage pits every morning shows that people like eating meat and/or fish and possibly none of them are vegetarians. In addition, individuals taking meat frequently is those who are economically stable because those who frequently dispose vegetable waste can only afford to the cost of vegetables. I also realized that there were some plastic and glass wastes a
The analysis of a situation when there are two variables with unclear relationships between them, requires the application of charts. They help clarify the patterns of interaction of different pieces of statistical evidence to trace further development of phenomena. In this way, hypothesis testing based on such data segments implies determining the connection between them on a linear graph while comparing it with specific values. The first consideration, which should be examined when analyzing the correlation between quantitative variables, is a chart containing the essential data. It is also referred to as a scatter plot, and this method is intended for a visual representation of relationships between two numeric variables, namely, x and y (Wiseman, 2014). They contain many dots, and their location between the horizontal and the vertical axes explicitly speaks of the values of different indicators (Wiseman, 2014). These scatter charts or plots are useful for observing the mentioned patterns. In turn, a correlation analysis, which is performed based on these schemes, helps measure the strength of the relationships between the specified variables (Holmes, Illowsky & Dean, 2017). Thus, for example, the slope of the line, which indicates that the degree of increase correlates with this notion. In other words, the higher the degree angle is, the stronger the relationship between the examined variable is. In this way, a correlation analysis is concerned with the strength of the relationship strictly between the two variables under consideration. Consequently, if the plotted intersections between variables are tight, the relationships between them are characterized as strong. These events indicate that there is a high correlation between the data points, which are located close to one another (Wiseman, 2014). In this situation, the patterns on the scatter plot are described as having a positive linear structure (Wiseman, 2014). It means that the clustered sets of points reflect a definite connection between the segments of data examined by specialists (Wiseman, 2014). In addition, if the plotted intersections between variables are in a flat, horizontal line, the relationship between the variables can be perceived as non-existent (Wiseman, 2014). For instance, if x-values are low while y-values are high, the location of dots on the chart will be random. It implies the lack of a link between the data, and these occasions indicate the impossibility of tracing any significant patterns. The sample correlation r is used to measure the relationships between the points of the scatter chart. This task is performed by considering the closeness of indicators on a graph, which varies within the range of -1 to +1 (Glen, n.d.). On a plot with dots having values within the specified scope, which is between a perfectly linear negative and a perfectly linear positive lines, the presence of a link between the data segmen
Introduction Social scientists have subjected the conduct of attorneys to theoretical conceptualization in cases of litigation on the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. A spirited discussion by legal scholars has been advanced to assess the conduct of attorneys in the said litigation. The dominant issue in the said debates has been to establish the role of attorneys in cases falling under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Largely, legal scholars have contended that the attorney general should exercise impartiality in the mentioned cases since acting otherwise would be a violation of the Constitution. John’s argument John Edwards, in his famous argument, asserts that attorneys are faced with confusion when litigation involves a conflict between a policy and a constitutional duty. Edwards asserted that the Charter of Rights and Freedoms dictates a defined cause of action. On the other hand, the pursuance of the mentioned course of action may conflict with political interests. The role of partisan politics in litigation may change the conduct of the attorney in Charter Rights litigation. Edwards states that the attorney should act in an independent way which is free from the influence of the government. His argument has been endorsed by Ian Scott, a former Ontario attorney. The duties of the attorney general are in continuous conflict with the political wishes of the government. The attorney general being the official government legal representative has a duty to protect the government’s policies, but the attorney general can not be compelled to do so. In defending the Charter Rights, the attorney general should desist from any form of partisan litigation and his/her impartiality should be fostered. In the highly politicized cases, the test of the attorney general’s independence has been tested. Edwards argued that in an event that the attorney general represented the government in the Charter of Rights litigation, he had a constitutional duty to protect the interests of the public. The academic arguments on the independence of the attorney general in