ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Fig. 1. Notes: (Cruz, 2022). The research topic of refractory superalloys presents many interesting challenges on how to improve the qualities of the existing materials of gas turbines. According to James Coakley currently, technological progress has reached a limit in terms of the materials for gas turbines (Cruz, 2022). Specifically, gas turbines require low-density materials which, simultaneously, have a high level of mechanical performance across temperatures and times and are resistant to corrosion and oxidation. The existing nickel-based superalloys have such qualities, yet there has been no progress in terms of their improvement over the past seven decades. As of now, the nickel-based superalloys can be utilized at 11,000C, and such a temperature level cannot be increased with the existing technology in different fields, including casting. In order to overcome the established limit of capabilities of gas turbine materials, refractory high entropy superalloys can be used. The notable feature of such superalloys is that they have a body-centric cubic crystal structure which means that every crystal has one atom in the middle of it. The refractory high entropy superalloys have an ordered crystal structure which considerably improves the capability to withstand high temperatures by reinforcing it. Currently, the refractory high entropy superalloys are still being researched by scientists, yet there are already organizations which are interested in the use of such materials, including the Air Force. The researchers working on the new generation of superalloys will focus on two main issues in the future. The first aspect which scientists will explore is what deformation micromechanisms refractory high entropy superalloys tend to have. Another important issue which will be studied during the research is how stable the material will be during the period of exposure to a high temperature. AI integrated composite additive manufacturing Fig. 2. Notes: (Cruz, 2022). Another interesting research topic presented during the conference concerned the integration of artificial intelligence into composite additive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing is an alternative to the traditional methods of composite production (Cruz, 2022). The former methods, including compression molding and autoclave, require large and expensive machinery, which implies using molds to create simple geometries. Additive manufacturing such as direct ink writing, as opposed to the traditional one, involves 3D prin
“Isis in Darkness” is not only an important piece of art, but a glimpse at history and time of ancient civilizations. It shows how people viewed their life and God, paying their respects and making it a representation of all that is. The connection between “Isis in Darkness” and the Isis and Osiris is a key part in understanding the Egyptian mythology and the story. It talks about the beauty of the love on the horizon and the effect that it makes when it grows and solidifies, bringing beauty to the world below. The eternal love between the gods and the characters from the story can be seen as the source of light, it is considered the most important part of the world. When the story states how Richard is engulfed buy love, it shows how people can make it existent forever. It makes it clear that Isis was considered to be a world God. The fact that no one can truly know or understand this God makes him even more mysterious and distant. Both the story and the myth about Isis and Osiris, speak to the fact that love is unreachable by evil and almost nothing can destroy it (Legend of Isis and Osiris, 2013). The importance of the eternal love can be seen when the story talks about its absence and the darkness that spreads. Without love, it becomes so dark that people cannot see each other and sleep, unprotected and vulnerable. Another significant point of the poem is that it makes the sun and God rather real for the people. Everything that comes to life and stays in the eternity is only brought about through love. There is no doubt that the harmony of humans and Gods is made to stand out and show what is really meant by the story. When Osiris was looking for Isis, it shows true devotion to their love and complete self-sacrifice in order to let another person get the proper respect. The strength of Osiris is made out to be all-reaching without borders and limits (Nischik, 2000). The story is also said to be the direction to unify people and Gods into one. Isis is shown as the keeper life. It was a made out to be a symbol to change all the previous beliefs and create a new system of worship. The first and most important symbol of love is how through unity of Gods and people a new person is born. The fact that Osiris first finds the tomb and then finds all pieces of Isis unites them and proves how important personal connection is to people. It is clear that the natural occurrence was connected to the significant part of life, thus making God a natural and observant part of the world. Even though it might seem that “Isis in Darkness” is not fully about love, it is done for a purpose, to give the reader a deeper insight. The symbolism of the story contrasts the darkness of the world and the light which describes all that is good and evil. There is much debate about the parallels that can be drawn between modern cultures and the myths, making it a rather controversial artistic piece that can be traced to the ancient people and the modern world. “Isis in Darkness” is a great and significant piece of literature, which makes people think about love and unity. The fact that there i
A wide range of people is characterized by specific values, worldviews, and goals that unite society. Such a phenomenon is called public opinion, which has an influential force on the development and course of the state and civilization. Researcher Speier studied this sphere and found out what exactly are the constituent characteristics of public opinion. It is necessary to analyze the researcher’s approach to this phenomenon and determine whether the path to the majority opinion changed or was always the same. The opinion of a large group of people can be very fuzzy and difficult to define since the people give rise to different approaches to life and vectors of thoughts. Nevertheless, public opinion is commonly understood as the influence of the mass of people on the state and its policies to meet the population’s needs (Speier, 1950). In other words, public opinion is a state of mass consciousness, referred to as the public, to the facts of social reality that affect their needs and interests. Speier singles out this phenomenon as characteristic of the middle class of society because it is this population group that has the objective ability to interpret the fundamental interests of the majority into specific goals (Speier, 1950). Several factors cause this:  1. The middle class works mainly, so they know all the advantages and disadvantages of the current economic system and notice which needs are not being met (Speier, 1950). The rich type cannot be objective because it is characterized by constant financial stability, while the poor class, on the contrary, is characterized by economic decline.  2. The middle class makes up most of the population since fewer rich people and fewer poor people. In addition, the middle-class develops society by working in organizations and corporations, providing deposits and loans to the banking system (Speier, 1950).  3. The type of problems and interests characteristic of the middle class is widespread throughout society and has no uniqueness or foreignness (Speier, 1950). It means issues of the rich will always be irrelevant to the middle and poor, and the same is true of the poor. On the contrary, the goals of the middle class are valuable and relevant to all strata. Summarizing all the arguments, Speier explains the relationship between the phenomenon of public opinion and the middle class by the prevalence and competence of the social group in question in its present situation (Speier, 1950). Competence, in turn, is provided directly by the lifestyle of this class, which is maximally connected to the politics and economy of the state. This approach to public opinion has not always been relevant. Before the French Revolution, the generally accepted position was distrusting the masses, caused by widespread uneducation, superstition, and prejudice. According to the early writers, objective public opinion was held only by the representatives of religion an
The development of technologies and digitalization of the world contributed to the increased availability of data and the spread of the Internet. Today, millions of users globally have access to any information and can communicate and cooperate with various people. However, along with the multiple benefits it provides, a nagging problem should be mentioned. The fact is that children are one of the most vulnerable groups that can be affected by individuals with various purposes (Shin & Lwin, 2017). The limitless and uncontrolled access to the Internet increases the risks of being harassed, offered with inappropriate content, or sexually exploited (Livingstone et al., 2018). The statistics show that 94% of 3-to 18-years old have access to the Internet at home, with almost no control over their actions (Internet statistics,” n.d.). It becomes a significant threat to children’s well-being. Under these conditions, society needs a solution that can protect this cohort from all hazards linked to society’s digitalization. Internet activity of children to 18 years should be limited and monitored as its use without any supervision opens this group to potential risks of being harassed, abused, or sexually exploited, which can damage their development and well-being and trigger the emergence of multiple adverse effects. Harassment Harassment is one of the most common problems associated with the use of the Internet by children. Statistics show that most teens have this negative experience, as about 59% report they have been bullied online (“Cyberbullying statistics” n.d.). Moreover, 71% of children say that they know and are worried about cyberbullying as it becomes a nagging problem that affects their communication in social networks (“Cyberbullying statistics” n.d.). Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram are the most popular websites used by adolescents; however, they might be used by individuals to damage other people (“Cyberbullying statistics” n.d.). Under these conditions, harassment on the Internet becomes one of the major problems of this group, and researchers observe the tendency towards the increase in its rates (Livingstone et al., 2018). The numbers prove that limitless access to social media and other platforms increases the risks of experiencing aggressive or violent behaviors or suffer from adverse effects associated with various forms of harassment. Abuse The limitless access to the Internet of children without supervision also significantly increases the risks of being abused. Adolescents might suffer from physical, psychological, or sexual abuse during their interactions on the Internet. For instance, teenagers often use threats or aggressive talks in their communication with peers, and it might precondition the emergence of problems in real life when opponents decide to meet (Shin & Lwin, 2017). Statistics show the increase in the number of fights and traumas linked to Internet debates or conflicts (Shin & Lwin, 2017). In such a way, along with the harassment, which can be viewed as a
Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer held an April 27 press briefing on Covid-19. The press briefing overall took around one hour and was mainly dedicated to COVID-19 related issues. The briefing had three main parts: Governor Whitmer’s pitch, followed by experts’ reports presented by Dr. Joneigh Khaldun, Gerry Anderson, and Wright Lassiter, and a Q&A session (Wood TV8, 2020). Governor Whitmer demonstrated the ability to communicate her message to her audience successfully. Her pitch was well structured, supported by facts, and presented appropriately. As COVID-19 had hit the State of Michigan particularly hard, Governor Whitmer’s attention to the details was significant. She used printed reports and invited experts to support her performance and ensure people could get the best possible answers to their concerns. Governor Whitmer is a talented and experienced speaker; thus, this paper will analyze her speech in more detail. Governor Whitmer opened her speech by informing her audience regarding order 2020-63, which had been signed. A short explanation of the order’s importance followed by the clear statement that they continue to flatten the COVID-19 curve. Within the first 40 seconds, Governor Whitmer managed to demonstrate her empathy towards the listeners and introduced them to the main subject. Grabbing the attention of the listeners, she provides the next valuable insights dedicated to business owners. To ensure the message will reach the audience in an intended manner, it was adequately articulated and supported by all necessary information. It took her about 40 seconds to cover the topic; her clear, rhythmic voice and constant eye contact with the audience benefit to channel the message. As Governor Whitmer moved to the next part of her speech dedicated to health insurance via The Healthy Michigan Plan, she again mentioned the audience at the core of the message. Governor Whitmer did a great job constantly gathering her audience around a key message delivered. Her speech took around 12 minutes, and she covered more than a dozen topics. In general, all of them were well structured and professionally presented in the described above manner. Nevertheless, Governor Whitmer’s speech had some issues, which often follow speakers who work under enormous pressure (Luoma-aho & Canel, 2020). For instance, during her speech, she stammered a few times. She worked with loads of numbers, names, and facts, and it is not surprising she had some minor difficulties in presenting them. Ideally, a speaker has to rehearse her speech until it is perfect, but unexpected interference can negatively affect the whole performance (Viera, 2019). Thus, it is crucial to learn how to stay on tr
Introduction In the cognitive perception of information, top-down and bottom-up processing is crucial for successful reading. In the context of the reading process, the specified element can be defined as the acquisition of sensory information (top-down processing) and the relation of the information acquired (i.e., symbols and letters) to the phenomena and concepts that they denote (Feldman, 2013). Bottom-up Processing The key elements of bottom-up processing can be traced in the specified example quite easily in the course of reading the text provided. The person reading the text acquires the basic information, which is needed for understanding the text, from the first and the last letter of each word, as the author of the text suggests. These pieces of information are crucial for the following analysis of the text and the development of resistance to the mistakes in spelling that the text in question features. Hence, the bottom-up processing in a case in point is restricted to the recognition of the fist and the last letter of the words. As soon as the reader handles the recognition of these letters, the former is transferred to the next stage of information processing – the interpretation of the initial message and the following development of suppositions regarding the data that will ensue. It would be wrong to claim, though, that the bottom-up processing has no significance in decoding the phrase – quite on the contrary, the given processing stage launches the reader’s ability to think logically and build expectations for the incoming messages. Top-down Processing The top-down processing of the phrase under consideration, or the recognition of the sensory data acquired from reading the line, may seem quite obvious and not needing an explanation. Indeed, reading as a phenomenon is quite simple – the decoding of the images on the paper and their further transformation into sounds, as well as the relation of these sounds to specific phenomena and objects that they denote, is a fairly well-known process. Mentioned in a variety of sources, reading is traditionally defined as a complex cognitive process (Reingold, Reichle, Glaholt & Sheridana, 2013), which means that the top-down process and the interpretation of the meaning of the words is the essential part of reading. It should be born in mind, though, that with jumbled words reading, the top-down process becomes not only ess
Beneficial Strategies for GCC The establishment of the Gulf Monetary Union was linked to the encouragement of political improvements in the region. It was based on one primary aim: to enhance the Gulf’s political sphere’s stability by adding unity to the economic and political actions the Monetary Union can implement. By creating power in the sphere of bargaining, a greater constituency in politics, the united block of GCC countries will be able to deal with the external threats, both political and economic. Also, the move to a unified currency justified the distancing from the US dollar as well as gave the block of GCC countries more opportunities in negotiations (Antoniades 4). The right strategy for the block of GCC countries is a combination of transparency, discipline, a set of developed possibilities in the area of analysis alongside with clear communication and coordination. Because the region possesses a great reputation in terms of diverse economic capabilities as well as an inviting profile for investors, GCC countries can sustain their competitive advantage on an appropriate level (Al-Ghufli 7). Also, the strategy of economic diversification, although not innovative, remains at the top of the political agenda because of gas and oil being primary channels of income for the region. Furthermore, to sustain the diversification strategy in the region, the manufacturing sector should be separated into the import substitution industry and the oil-based industry (Hvidt 6). Changes in Pricing Structure The Monetary Union is not only linked to establishing a unified currency among the members of GCC countries but also to the conformity in the banking and monetary policies. The sphere of foreign exchange reserves worked with the integration of the financial market and the “reasonable economic convergence” (Kamar and Bakardzhieva 2). Due to a significant dependency on hydrocarbon, GCC countries’ macroeconomic performance is directly linked to the global prices for gas and oil. The governmental bodies in GCC countries have been encouraging the process of moving away from the sector of hydrocarbon and public spheres to prepare the GCC countries for subsequent depletion and to lessen the volatility of the macroeconomic area. The variability of prices on petroleum also affects the region’s economic activity alongside its current account balance (Takagi 10). The strategy of transparency, as adopted by the Monetary Union, has been able to ensure the wide availability of services and goods at competitive prices on both international and domestic markets. Furthermore, significant flexibility in t
In economics, the characteristics of services differ from manufacturing goods in a number of ways. In the chapter of ‘The nature of services” Van (23), the authors stated that differences between services and goods lay in the intangible property. Additionally, they identify the differences between the two terms by the simultaneity, heterogeneity and perishability properties of services. The reasoning behind this is that unlike goods, services have intangible properties. This implies that services rendered to customers cannot be smelled, touched, heard or tasted. Similarly, ownership of services cannot be limited to individual traders in business operations. Due to the intangible characteristics of services, they cannot be produced on stock (Weele 92). The other unique characteristic of services is its perishability property. Services are perishable in two contexts. The first context is that services cannot be reversed. This is because once a customer consumes the services they cannot undo the actions or reverse the exact same time taken to perform the task. In the second context, services use specified systems, resources and processes to be rendered at a specified period. If a customer does not designate a specific time for the delivery of services, then the services cannot be rendered (Weele 93). The other property that distinguishes services from goods is its inseparability property. The service provider and the customer are two parties of a business transaction that are not separable to services. This is because customers are wholly involved from requesting the consumption of services while the service provided is wholly involved from advertising of the services to its delivery (Weele 93). The authors in the Nature of Services also identifies heterogeneity as the other unique characteristic of services. This implies that every service rendered to a customer is unique. It, therefore, cannot be standardized because it entails the exchange of knowledge and expertise that is limited to individual human beings. This explains why the consistent quality of production is difficult to produce (Weele 93). These characteristics of services refer to the fact that production and consumption of services occur at the same time. It also occurs in continuous interaction between customers, employees, suppliers, managers, etc. “The intangible, performance-dependent nature of service offerings, together with a focus on customers, is an aspect of a services management that leads to a notion that ‘service exists only in a customer’s mind.” In a business environment, this is true because firms use marketing strategies to advertise offerings of the service provider with the aim of creating an image of quality to its customers. This is notion has become widespread over the years because of the increase in global competition, heightened awareness among consumers as well as the diversity of services (Terrill & Middlebrooks 92). Services are put under two categories namely