ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
At present, the United States criminal justice system undergoes sharp criticism for being overly rigid and ineffective in terms of rehabilitation. It is reported that the majority of prisoners’ lives are destroyed due to its brutality and extreme sentences, which further force them to return to crime after release because they do not see any other opportunity. As a result, there is a severe impediment to their resocialization, which increases recidivism rates. Meanwhile, the Scandinavian and Nordic prison systems are characterized by minimally rough conditions and designed to help prisoners return to society. Due to their innovative open prison concept, they allow people to continue working or pursue higher education, which should solve their problems after release and prevent them from returning to crime. Therefore, this study aims to test the claim that providing higher educational opportunities like in the Scandinavian criminal justice system relative to the United States is significant to lower recidivism rates. To conduct the research, thirteen sources were analyzed to retrieve past and current statistics related to the recidivism rates. The comparative analysis was undertaken to demarcate the differences in criminal justice system approaches towards incarceration in the U.S.A. and Scandinavian countries. As a result of the research, it was identified that providing educational opportunities to the prisoners is beneficial because it ensures their job opportunities after release. This study is a part of more significant research on the worldwide perspective of recidivism. The analysis of the criminal justice system of these two countries will facilitate further research to improve the lives of prisoners and provide them with various services and opportunities to ensure that they do not return to prison.
The authors’ main idea is firmly nested on showing how earlier regulatory history of household poisons worked and its limitations, and also the lessons that could be learned for modern-day practice especially in the context of poison prevention and product packaging (Jones & Benrubi, 2013). The authors use several essential facts to support the main idea. For instance, they argue that debates over warning labels and packaging design have been largely ignored in contemporary society, leading to misuse of household poisons and consequent mortality and morbidity for the affected members. Additionally, the authors provide a comprehensive history of the regulations and laws governing the packaging, design, manufacture and distribution of dangerous household chemicals. The authors also draw on the literature of patent medicines to demonstrate how common household poisons found their way into the market with no ingredients list on the label or with vague information. Lastly, the authors use the concepts of mass consumption and advertisement to demonstrate how the problem of misusing dangerous household chemicals became internalized in America (Jones & Benrubi, 2013). This article supports its view of the issue by drawing upon historical accounts to demonstrate how dangerous household chemicals have been dealt with in America. Specifically, it draws upon historical experiences between drug manufacturers, pharmacists, government, health agencies, innovators, marketers and other interested parties to demonstrate how the issue of consumer protection against dangerous household products has evolved in the U.S. There are several weaknesses in the argument of this article. For example, the authors introduce multiple issues to the point that it becomes difficult to follow how earlier regulatory history of consumer protection against household poisons worked. Additionally, there is no consistency in dealing with the major thematic areas of the article, leading to confusion. In contributing to the thesis of the article, it would have been more prudent to frame the section in reference to limitations of regulations aimed at enhancing consumer protection against dangerous household poisons, rather than underlining the article’s historical context. There exists obvious misrepresentation of facts when the authors attempt to connect historical experiences with what is currently happening on the ground. In my view, it would have been plausible for the authors to provide a linkage between the history of household poison regulations in America and how this has contributed to the ultimate rejection of the preventive approach to consumer health and safety protection. This information is blurred and the authors could have done better to tie the evidentiary experiences with lessons for modern-day practice. Lastly, in personally reviewing the article to correlate both theory and practice, it is my considered opinion that the authors have failed to back their assertions with existing theoretical frameworks to solidify their findings. It would have been plausible, for instance, to use a consumer-related theory or an organizational theory to demonstrate how manufacturers a
Introduction The past years witnessed an unprecedented increase in practical and theoretical knowledge in various fields of human activity. Much has been learned and discovered about the way human endeavors impact the nature and environment. New advances in sciences have opened new venues for the analysis of the most traditional human decisions. The rapid proliferation of infectious diseases has become one of the central objects of scientific research. Today’s health professionals have numerous infectious disease control measures, which include modifying environmental reservoirs, interrupting transmissions, and protecting the host. Factors that contribute to the development and spreading of infections are numerous, including microbiologic agents and direct/indirect transmission. Nevertheless, the current knowledge of infectious diseases and the patterns of generation and transmission remain largely underresearched. With the growing sophistication of science and medicine, professionals need a better understanding of the way the biological processes in toilets are related to the generation and spreading of infectious diseases. The most important is the analysis of bioaerosol generation during toilet flushing. What is Known and Not Known about Bioaerosol Generation Bioaerosol generation and release have always been one of the major causes of public health concerns, mainly because of the impacts it can potentially have on residents (Sanchez-Monedero, Stentiford, & Urpilainen, 2005). Even the most traditional operations taking place in toilet chambers and other bioaerosol generation sites, e.g. composting plants, can readily become the sources of major negative impacts on individual and, consequently, public health (Sanchez-Monedero et al., 2005). Viruses are, probably, the most common cause of infectious diseases, and toilets are believed to play not the last role in the way human viruses and infectious diseases are transmitted (Morawska, 2005). The degree of the biological hazard created by toilets also depends on a number of factors, such as the type of virus, its causes and health effects, concentration levels, and the physical characteristics of the environment (Morawska, 2005). Types of bioaerosols generated in toilet chambers include various microorganisms and constituents that are released at various stages of the toilet use (Morawska, 2005). However, the most problematic is the process of toilet flushing, which is believed to be the source of major biological and infectious controversies in toilet chambers. Among other indoor chambers, toilets are, probably, the most essential sources of bioaerosols (Anonymous, 2005). “The potential risks associated with toilet plume aerosols produced by flush toilets is a subject of continuing study” (Johnson, Mead, Lynch, & Hirst, 2012). According to Johnson et al. (2012), flushing generates substantial quantities of bioaerosols. Moreover, aerosolization is a continued process that does not stop with the subsequent flushes; consequently, subsequent toilet users can be exposed to various health risks (Johnson et al., 2012). Unfortunately, the study by Johnson et
Introduction The church and the state have always enjoyed a close relationship, but the treaty of Westphalia was signed in 1648 to separate the two following claims that the separation would spur social development, particularly in regards to enlightenment. Before then, the state implemented some of the rules and regulations that the church leaders formulated mainly because it has coercive power. Scholars and political leaders demanded the separation of the state from the church in Europe because people were forced to obey some the rules formulated without questioning their authenticity and legality. The divide generated claims that there needs to be a separate set of laws on religious morality, which are different from secular laws. Through secularization, it was the view of many individuals that the society would achieve democratic ideals, which is a precondition for modernization. Based on this, the development of universal human rights was possible. In the modern world, western scholars and leaders believe that the Muslim world can perhaps achieve modernity through secularization of politics, economic issues, and social life. Following the 9/11 attack on the American twin towers, many western leaders demanded for secular democracy in various Islamic counties in order to encourage reforms. Even though reforming the politics and economic systems is a necessity in the Islamic world, there is no concrete evidence suggesting that secularization is the only way. This paper evaluates the statement that separation of religion and the state is a necessary precondition for modernization. Separation of the State and Religion In the western world, the church and the state have been in constant conflicts since religious leaders influence political and economic activities. This aspect is absent in the Islamic world since Islamic laws guide the behavior of each faithful. Based on this, it is fictional to claim that the state ought to be separated from Islam if the society is to develop and modernize in the Islamic states. In the west, the church is separate from the state meaning that they simply enjoy close relationships, but they do not consult each other when it comes to making important decisions that influence the lives of the majority. In the Islamic world, Islamic law, popularly referred to as Sharia law, is used in resolving various conflicts, ranging from bequest, matrimonial issues, divorce, and contracts to punishing those against the established societal rules and regulations. In the 1950s and 1960s, several Islamic countries tried separating the state from religion, but the results were unpleasant since conflicts were widespread. A number of such countries embarked on efforts aimed at injecting religion into government. In the modern society, many countries in the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe are inserting sharia clauses into their constitution
Some endocrine and musculoskeletal disorders require prolonged care and regular check-ups because they cannot be healed completely. Patients seek symptom management options that will provide comfort to their daily lives. Fibromyalgia is one of these conditions, being a recently classified issue that is still affected by the lack of research (Macfarlane et al., 2017). The diagnostic process for this disorder can last for years because of the evidence-based studies scarcity. Female gender is one of the risk factors for developing fibromyalgia, and this aspect also affects the way women respond to medications used for the condition’s treatment. Currently, to treat symptoms of fibromyalgia, medical professionals prescribe pain relievers, antidepressants, and anti-seizure medications. Disorder and Treatment Patients with fibromyalgia have one main symptom, persistent widespread musculoskeletal pain, that leads to the development of all further issues. Other symptoms may include fatigue, problems with sleep, mood changes, and memory problems (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2017). Other issues can develop along with fibromyalgia, including headaches and joint disorders. Healthcare providers establish the development of fibromyalgia if the pain is persistent for more than three months (Macfarlane et al., 2017). Existing treatment plans focus on symptom management because the cause of fibromyalgia is unknown. This disorder can occur as a result of an accident or trauma, but it can also appear without underlying or detectable reasons (Arcangelo et al., 2017). Thus, the main goals of pharmacotherapy are pain relief and mood stabilization. It should be remarked that drug therapy is not the only solution for fibromyalgia and should be complemented with physical therapy, exercise, and other non-pharmacological treatments (Macfarlane et al., 2017). Nonetheless, such types of medications as selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs) can be utilized to help patients deal with pain (Macfarlane et al., 2017). One of the SSNRIs researched and recommended by scientists is duloxetine, an antidepressant often prescribed to treat major depressive disorders (Lunn, Hughes, & Wiffen, 2014). Other treatments for severe pain may include opioids, but their use is controversial due to their ability to cause addiction and overdose (Macfarlane et al., 2017). Such drugs as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), muscle relaxants, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help patients to reduce pain and sleeping problems (Arcangelo et al., 2017; Macfarlane et al., 2017). Patient Factor One of the most recognized patient factors in diagnosing fibromyalgia is gender. According to Jones et al. (2015), the prevalence of females with fibr
Introduction Both Palestine and Israel hold the belief that they both have the rights to the same piece of land . In essence the Palestinians claim the claim that the Jews drove them out of their land. On the other hand, the Jews believe that the land belongs to them. This is based on historical and biblical times. In the current times, leaders from both countries have demonstrated the willingness to have peace. This has been characterized by how close the two sides have come to having a peace deal. However, a lasting solution has not been developed. It is worth noting that Israel and Palestine have are quite different and unique from each other. This is because each country has got a unique culture and history. In addition, the official languages which are used in these two countries are different. In essence, Israel is largely made up of Jews while Palestine is made up of Muslims. Muslims are followers of the Islamic faith. On the other hand, Israel is a very unique country because it is the only Jewish nation in the world. The Israeli – Palestinian conflict is a conflict which dates hundreds of years back. This conflict has not been resolved to this day. Until this day, the clash between these two nations still ranges on. From the biblical history, the region which is currently known as Palestine was once known as Israel. This was during the reign of King Solomon. The Jews and the Arabs who speak the Semitic language have always lived in this region. Thesis The conflict that has existed between the Palestinians and the Israelis has hindered development between the two countries. This is because the suspicion that has been in existence between these two countries has brought to the fore retrogressive aspects which have limited progress. It is also worth mentioning that the history of this conflict has hampered positive relations among the young people from both countries. The Palestinian – Israeli struggle is an archetypical example of an intractable conflict. It is a protracted, violent, and drawn out struggle, wherein generation after generation is socially conditioned to continue fighting. The phenomenon operates as a destructive evolutionary mechanism subject to a general principle: almost every element that benefits the conflicts survives, while whatever operated against it becomes extinct. Indeed, almost every attempt to solve the Palestinian – Israeli struggle has created new problems, which in turn has led to failures and regression. To stop the destructive evolutionary progression, a revolutionary process is required. This paper seeks to establish the fact that cognition has
Introduction All businesses manage their facilities as a way of supporting the business processes. Facilities include offices and commercial premises. Facility management is the process of streamlining efforts to maintain business premises to support and aid a business’s operations. Maintenance of the premises involves the effort of technical and administration staff to keep assets in good physical conditions for better performance. In today’s business, managers strive to avoid wide error margins that could jeopardize their businesses in the increasingly competitive environments. In an effort to achieve effectiveness and efficiency, they take appropriate strategies that will help minimize costs and still offer good services. The strategies adopted by different businesses differ depending on the nature of competition and services required. Outsourcing is one such widely adopted strategy in today’s hospitality sector due to the many benefits accrued to the practice. This paper studies use of practice in Hong Kong’s hospitality industry with a deeper analysis of benefits and challenges incurred in adopting the practice. This strategy is intended to increase productivity and returns, while lowering costs and operational risks that can be quite costly. Background By outsourcing, the business employs a strategy whereby it gets more for less. A number of countries have become involved in practice with a large number of industry players in the hospitality industry adopting this method in their businesses. It is critical that we understand hoteliers’ motivation for outsourcing as a determinant of business success. The wide adoption of the practice has not failed to catch researcher’s attention, calling for a number of studies on the trends and viability of the practice. Studies on the practice in the hotel industry have, however, not been intensified. In this study, we shall look at the issue of outsourcing from a corporate perspective. This is because empirical assessment on the viability of the practice is often done at industrial levels. This will, therefore, provide us with good information for dissemination and analysis, enabling us to draw accurate conclusions. Outsourcing in the Hotel Industry There are many ways by which management can outsource services in the hotel industry. Some firms attempt to lower operational costs by laying off employees. This reduces costs in terms of salaries and wages for employees. Some partner with external expertise companies in particular areas of interest. The external companies then perform the services by franchise, contacts, or simple agreements [1] Another common st
Origin is one of the most important questions in the USA. Living in the world where racial discrimination was an occasional affair for a long period of time, the problem of human identification was really crucial. Nowadays, this issue still remains central due to a number of reasons. The USA is the country with a very diverse population. It has been historically comprised that the representatives of different nations inhabited it. The way how these people appeared in the USA and how the relationships between diverse population develop is an interesting question for understanding cultural life of the USA. Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans are the biggest ethnic groups in the USA. Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans are Americans who have been living in this country for many years and their nationality as Americans is not questioned, however, their belonging to another race is underlined as well. Asian Americans are people originated from China, Vietnam, Japan, India, Korea of Philippines. Having come to the USA to get a job, these people remained here to become the part of the American society. The second wave of Asian invasion was conducted with other purposes. Asian people came here to relatives, to finance American business and with other more spread goals. One of the main problems of Asian Americans in accordance with their personal identification is the inability to become native ones. Living second and third generations in this country, many Asian Americans hope to be identified as just whites. However, for Native Americans they will always be minority or forever foreigners. Even though Americans and Asian Americans have the same rights and racial discrimination is not considered as a problem nowadays, many Asian Americans still have a desire to cut this ‘Asian’ word form their identification. Hispanic Americans is another ethnic group in the USA. Having come from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba and other Latino American countries with the purpose to live in better conditions, these people have inhabited many cities in this country. The spread of the Latin American minority in the US, Puerto Ricans, Mexican Americans and Cubans have immigrated to the USA during different periods of time and for various reasons. However, they have been called Hispanic Americans and they comprise one specific group nowadays, Hispanic Americans do not even pretend to be in one and the same raw with Americans as these people may never be called whites. Hispanic Americans like Asian Americans will always be considered as a minority group. Speaking about minorities in the USA, it should be mentioned that new groups immerged, Dominicans, Central Americans and Southern Americans. The diversity of American population increases and it does not go for good for the USA. The country has become the state of minorities where the National population reduces and seems to solute in this diversity. The life of Hispanic population differs from the intentions of Americans as Hispanics in most cases are unable to occupy highly paid positions, these people do not even want to work as they came from their countries to protect themselves from poor and hungry native lands.