ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article by Ben S. Bernanke is devoted to the episodes of the history of US Central Banking that have been given the epithet “great”. The author believes that they demonstrate the evolution of the role of the Federal Reserve and provide the information on the central banking mechanisms. The author begins with the creation of the Federal Reserve. The Great Experiment, according to Bernanke, was aimed at ensuring the financial stability, and the “Fed” establishment was aimed at preventing financial panics, a seasonal occurrence at the time (3). Established in 1913, the Fed soon had to support the country during the war, and the organization could start working in normal, non-stress conditions only in 1923. The policy for this work was suggested by the Board and included ensuring financial and economic stability by supporting the business through liquidity increase or decrease. As a result of being procyclical, Fed’s actions increased volatility, and the institution failed to respond to the panics of the 30s. The Fed was not ready for the Great Depression, as suggested by the author, and its mistakes could have resulted from the lack of adequate experience. Other complications included political development and the abandonment of the gold standard. As a result, the Fed was to change dramatically, which it did. Its goals now included employment maintenance (though rather informally or, possibly, articulated in a different way before the Federal Reserve Reform Act 1977), while the stability goal was at least partially delegated to other institutions (Exchange Commission, for example). The independence of the institution was legally improved, and the controlling body was reorganized to restrict the control of the Treasury over the Fed, even though it was relatively ineffective until after the World War II. For the next step, the Great Inflation and Disinflation, however, the Fed was independent in terms of policy. At the time, the two objectives (stability and employment) were achieved through the influence on the federal fund interest rate, which caused the stable inflation of the 50s and the first part of the 60s. After that, however, the control over the inflation became dubious. The responding policy of Fed was caused by a faulty interpretation of the reasons for the inflation and included wage and price control, which did cause the Great Inflation of the 70s (Bernanke 9). As a result, the Fed had to change the policy again (with the help of Chairman Paul Volcker) and promote a new understanding of inflation as a monetary phenomenon. Other lessons of the period included greater caution (or reduced optimism) in the terms of the economic development, the understandin
Introduction Alvin Ailey is an American dancer and choreographer, the founder of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre, who made a significant contribution to the popularization of modern dance and the emergence of black dancers on the dance scene of the XX century. He once said that one of America’s greatest treasures was African-American culture: “bitter, gleeful, but always hopeful” (Gray 37). The classical ballet “Revelations” is a tribute to this culture and a tribute to the memory of Ailey’s genius. This performance staged to traditional African-American music in the spiritual style embodies the deep sorrow and light joy of the human soul. This masterpiece of choreographic art crowned the long way of the ascent of the Theater to the big stage. The modern Ailey’s dancers carefully carried the heritage of their teacher through the years to remind society of his way of showing the difficult history of his people. Main body Born in Rogers, Texas, on January 5, 1931, he was the only child of working-class parents who divorced when Alvin Ailey was two years old. In 1942, he moved with his mother to Los Angeles (Gray 35). Timid and shy by nature, Ailey suddenly begins to dance on the advice of a classmate from high school, who brought him to Lester Horton’s Hollywood studio in 1949 (Waters 31). Ailey immersed himself in the learning and development of his dance style suitable to him because of his athletic build. In 1954, he moved to New York with his partner Carmen De Lavallade to participate in the Broadway play “House of Flowers” (Waters 32). Successful performances and training from outstanding choreographers and dancers Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Charles Weidman, and Karel Shook led Alvin Ailey to the establishment of his dance and theatre company. Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater began as a repertory company consisting of 7 dancers. The rave reviews of critics about the first concerts of the company in 1958-1960 marked the beginning of a new era in dance performances dedicated to the African-American theme (Waters 33). The premiere performance of “Revelations” immediately glorified the dance company of Alvin Ailey as the first interpreter of the African-American experience. Taking as a musical basis a series of selected spirituals and gospels, crafted by Brother John Sellers, “Revelations” portrayed a series of Black religious rites. Thus, “the dance develops in tandem with the spiritual” (DeFrantz 6). It includes a group prayer (“I’ve Been Buked”), a ritual baptism ceremony (“Wade in the Water”), and a sacrament moment (“I Wanna Be Ready”). Then the performance portraits a duet of trust and support for the priest and parishioner (“Fix Me, Jesus”), and the solemn singing of the gospel (“Rock my soul in the bosom of Abraham”). An active study of the history of dance, the diverse repertoire of the company built a substantial part of Ailey’s dancers unique style. According to Ailey, it served as “an impetus to save modern dance, to understand where it came from and how it will develop, and to encourage the participation of the viewer in this process” (qt. in Topaz 18). The eclectic repertoire is represented b
Introduction Corporate governance refers to “a set of systems, principles and processes by which business entities are directed and controlled” (Angur 2009, pp. 66-70). These systems are essentially guidelines which define the best management practices that can facilitate value addition in a business organization. A company that is managed through effective corporate governance systems is often beneficial to all stakeholders. Concisely, it is able to achieve the objectives of the shareholders, employees, customers and the general public (Angur 2009, pp. 66-70). Corporate governance is an integral aspect of the contemporary business environment due to its ability to foster public confidence in a company. In a nutshell, it helps in minimizing malpractices such as fraud, insider trading and mismanagement of funds. Corporate governance is often implemented through industry regulations, market mechanisms and self-regulation initiatives (Angur 2009, pp. 66-70). Consequently, adopting these regulations can be mandatory of voluntary. This paper highlights the arguments for and against mandatory rather than voluntary systems of corporate governance. Arguments for Mandatory Corporate Governance Systems Mandatory corporate governance systems are used when the government or the industry regulator sets rules that must be followed by all companies (Alnasser 2012, pp. 269-276). The rules provide guidelines for executing functions such as financial reporting, corporate social responsibility and auditing among others. The application of mandatory corporate governance systems is justified by the following arguments. First, mandatory systems are used to protect investors’ interests. In most public companies, there is a clear separation of responsibilities between the shareholders and the management. The managers are responsible for investing the shareholders’ capital. However, the shareholders lack the capacity to influence managers to take actions that serve their (shareholders’) interests. Besides, most investors lack management skills and information about the market. Consequently, mandatory rules help in ensuring that the decisions taken by the management serves the interest of the shareholders. Investor protection helps in reducing the cost of raising capital through the stock market (Bose 2009, pp. 94-111). In this regard, bond issuers can reduce the cost of accessing capital by entering into contracts that ensures greater protection to investors. This benefits the investors and the bond issuers, thereby increasing the value of the firm. Second, mandatory corporate governance systems help in reducing uncertainty (Eldomiaty & Choi 2006, pp. 281-295). In a voluntary system of corporate governance, companies are under no obligation to
A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner is one of the most famous novels of the author. There is hardly a novel in the literature, which has so many opposite meanings as A Rose for Emily . In spite the fact that the novel has been written in 1930, the debates concerning the true message of the novel still exist. Practically every literary critic has its own vision and perception of the novel. Among the great variety of the different opinions it is possible to distinguish several major issues for the novels understanding. There are those who apt to think that the main motive of the novel is the theme of the time. Others assert that the novel is overfilled with symbols, and in order to understand the true meaning of it the basic knowledge of American history is necessary. There are also the researches who consider this novel to be the typical example of the horror story without any additional meaning. As for me this novel causes different feelings. On the one hand, it repels by its difficult theme. But at the same time it attracts by its way of presentation and by the literary mastery of the author, who has succeeded in creation the specific gothic atmosphere that catches the readers attention from the very beginning of the narration. The story begins with the announcement of the death of the old maid Emily Grierson. Then the narrator describes all the Emily’s bonehead actions making a reader believe in her insanity. The thing that focuses a readers attention is the chronological irregularity of the narration. The novel is logically divided into five chapters describing the certain period of Emilys life. Such a stylistic device used by the author is not occasional. The author describes the changes of the generations in the town and the changes of the town authorities. But apart from the changes in Emilys appearance, the time has no impact on her. To be more exact, she denies the existence of the time. She lives with her father in their inner world separated from the existing reality. After her fathers death, Emily behaves as nothing has happened. Only in several days after the death, her father was buried. All the modern innovations, all the changes are denied by Emily. She does not accept the new local authorities. All the changes of her abandoned house are inadmissible for her. Even the emergency of the mail delivery system is denied by Emily. She refused it. In all the situations, opposing herself to the surrounding environment, she wins the struggle against the society. Citizens of the town feel shy facing with the old-fashioned aristocratic lady. She denies them, as well as she denies t
Introduction Single families face various challenges as they try to bring up their children like other families. They also face stigmatization in some societies where they are rejected and disapproved. In addition, some religious sectors like Islam and Christianity do not show open support for single parenthood, especially if its causes are contrary to their beliefs. Single parents therefore face problems from all corners, ranging from schools, government positions, and society at large. Caring for their children is also a challenge as they have to ensure that children grow just as the others who have both parents. One of the most difficult problems facing single parents is how to integrate into the society with their families. Most societies only recognize married couples as able to raise children in an effective way. Furthermore, children find themselves isolated when in learning institutions as others embrace both parent while they glare in awe (DePaullo 1). Causes of single parenthood vary and usually lead to different societal views. For instance, single parenthood arising from death of one partner is usually considered correct. However, it does not shoulder the responsibilities that come with it. On the other hand, single parenthood arising from separation and divorce face integration problems in the society, apart from the increased responsibilities. This disparity in how the society and community at large treat single parents has raised concern all over the world. Their isolation in some States has led to poor development of their children as they are left to offer parental duties to the children. This paper will try to argue out whether societal judgment of single parents based on its cause is justifiable. It will also endeavor to explore the problems faced by single parents in detail (DePaullo 1). Single parent A single parent refers to one who cares for one or more children without the help of one of the biological parents of the child or children. Different nations have varying laws related to single parenthood. These laws determine how those families are treated or served by their respective governments. Single parenthood may be caused by either of these, choice or unexpected circumstances. The latter include death of one of the parents, abandonment which may occur in tough conditions, parents who neglect their children may cause them to rely on the others for both needs, teenage pregnancies or children born outside marriage. Single parenthood caused by choice includes scenarios such as surrogate motherhood, child adoption, divorce and separation between biological parents as well as artificial insemination, among others. These factors that cause single parenthood also influence their way of life. It is estimated that most single parent families face prospects of poverty given the increased responsibilities (DePaullo 1). Some Governments like the United States, UK, Australia, among others, in which there is high ra
Higher education has many functions in the society among them developing human capital, developing knowledge bases and maintaining them. Higher education nurtures the skills required for research and innovation (Johnson, Oliff and Williams, 2011). For this and other reasons, higher education institutions in Georgia receive financial support from the state. State support for higher education has been chosen as the topic for this study because education is expensive but the support of the state to institutions of higher education has been dwindling over the years. This support is necessary to reduce the cost of education. This means that an increasing number of students in Georgia are finding it hard to get higher education (Brack, 2011). Georgia is the ideal state for this investigation because of its high poverty levels and low levels of participation in higher education for students coming from poor households compared to other states in the United States of America. Georgia is a state that has a below average income and this adversely affects the quality of education in that state. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the financial support that the state gives to institutions of higher education in Georgia. Access indicators Indicators of higher education in Georgia include the number of higher education institutions, the amount of funding available each year to support students and the average annual charges that undergraduate students pay for education. The number of institutions of higher education in Georgia is an indicator of how many students participate in higher education. Several universities and colleges exist in the state. Georgia State boasts of more than 35 higher education institutions (Johnson et al, 2011). The proximity of these institutions to the students is a measure of accessibility to education. The charges students pay annually on average indicate how possible it is for the majority of students to get higher education. If these charges are high, then many students miss education and vice versa ( Georgia State Facts and Higher Education Information, n.d.). Another indicator is the amount of money available from the state to support students pursuing higher education. Currently, the funding of the state has gone down because in 2012, it is at its lowest since 1994. The fu
Introduction While the unearthing of Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA occurred over sixty years ago, there still vestiges much to be recognized about it, particularly how it employed to establish the physical characteristics that we all boast, and the way it controled the functioning of the body (Ashall 22). The goals of this experiment are: to enable us to become well acquainted with the physical characteristics of DNA by separating it from living tissue, and the use of each stage in the isolation process as it relates to the biochemical and physical traits of the genetic matter. Method Isolation of DNA from Onions The first step is homogenization. One clashes the plasma membranes, cell walls, nucleus, and the nuclear matter of the onion tissues. One can complete this by softly mashing the sliced onions in a water bath. Put on gloves and do not contact the interior parts of the container, as DNAs enzymes from the hand will split the DNA into minute pieces. This will ensure that it will not reel at the conclusion of the experiment. Wash all glass materials with condensed water. Pursue directions cautiously as timings and temperatures are vital to this process. Slice an onion into tiny portions of 5mm dices and put the bits into a 250ml beaker. Take 60ml of hot lyses solution and empty it in a beaker. Swirl it softly and then put the beaker in the temperate bath for about 12 minutes. Make sure that the beaker does not pour over in the temperate bath. After 12 minutes take out the beaker from the bath and put it in a cool bath for 5 minutes and stir the concoction softly to enable even cooling. Empty the concoction into a clean mixer. Sheathe it with a top and while clasping the top in position with one hand, mix it at low pace for half a minute. This will produce a great quantity of foam. Gradually, empty the foamy blend into a 400ml beaker until it is almost full. After three minutes, empty in more and place the beaker in a cold solution for 10 minutes. This will give room to the homogenate to separate from the fluff. Get a rounded filter and make a funnel by folding it four times. Place a tiny glass funnel in a 150ml beaker and place the filter inside. Put this tiny beaker, with the filter and funnel in the cold bath. Gradually empty the homogenate into the filter and start sifting. Following 5-10 minutes, empty about 5ml of the filtrate into a test tube. Incline the test tube for around 30 degrees perpend
Introduction The imaging and photographing domains have been facing tremendous developments in the ensuing milieu characterised by cutting edge innovations in information technology and media. The old adage that necessity is the mother of all invention aptly applies to what has become of contemporary technology. The film camera has enjoyed its protracted years of limelight in the billion dollar filming and entertainment industries as well as in other motion pictures realms. Modern technology in IT and media fronts has seen the introduction and the growing popularity of the digital camera as a unit product and as a plug-in in various mobile technological units such as cell phones. Main body Film and digital cameras are expansively dissimilar media devises. Although the two are used for similar purposes, the two models’ functionalities are completely unrelatable to each other. One major aspect in which the two media devised can be differentiated is the matter of controls and output quality. For the digital Camera unlike in the film model, controls manipulated off default settings will yield superb tonal quality. This must however be complemented by an appropriate adherence to the particulate processing steps. Graphic professional Segura Francisco (2008) notes that using film camera will demand more work and well skilled and experienced photographers normally get better results on film in cases where the requisite photographing steps from shot to print are completed meticulously. “This is the reason why many photographing novices prefer using digital cameras to ensure getting better results weathering the challenges posed by using film camera for beginners” (Segura, Francisco 2008). Needless; to say unlike film cameras digital cameras have fewer aspects and variables to control. Graphic and photography scholars Ashihara, K. et al (2005) note that one major difference that exists between the two media and photographing technological components, film and digital cameras; is based on that film cameras will depend on the human eye judgment in the processing of the negatives which often leads to the generation of poor quality results. “As such many photographers prefer the consistency that comes with digital technology.” (Ashihara, K. et al 2005) The scholars underscore that this is despite the fact that film cameras offer great results when much expertise and acumen are applied right through the photographing up to the processing stages of a capturing exercise. They note that this is the reason why many photographers go the slide transparency filming route in the sense that the printer can detect the intended output impressions. (Ashihara, K. et al 2005) The popularity of the film camera has survived the surge of the popularity of the digital Camera that gripped photographers and publishers particularly in the post 1999 milieu. The growing popularity of the digital model ha snot dislodged the use of the film camera in domains where it excels. This ahs been evidenced by the continued use of the film camera in various serious image capturing contexts. Photography Scholars Borwick, J. et al