ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Criminology is an important part of contemporary society. It has helped the human race to understand the special characteristics of the social system. Many researchers have written about various issues in criminology. They have cited the available evidence concerning the natural world, degree, administration, power, penalty, and hindrance of unlawful conduct, both on the personal and communal positions. The following is a critique of some of the articles that have been put forth to address the subject of criminology. Annotated Bibliography Austin, A., & Hardyman, D. (2004). The Risks and Needs of the Returning Prisoner Population. Review of Policy Research, 21 (1), 13-29. Austin and Hardyman (2004) analyze the important issue of attending to prisoners who have just been brought from rehabilitation and correctional facilities. They assess their risks and needs in society. Austin and Hardyman’s (2004) analysis of several other studies shows how the returning prisoners may be a threat to society and the public. However, their discussions regard the threat posed by ex-cons as being significantly little. These researchers also conclude that the needs of the released prisoners should not restrict their release. The findings of this research are based on significantly little evidence and a small sample over a short period. Therefore, such findings may not be completely useful in concluding. Bahr, S. (2005). The Reentry Process: How Parolees Adjust to Release from Prison. Fathering, 3 (3), 243-265. Bahr’s (2005) research is similar to the article by Austin and Hardyman (2004) since the two studies investigate almost similar characteristics and factors that have to be considered when handling people who have been freed from jail. Bahr’s article investigates the reentry of parolees into society. It also examines some of the factors and variables that determine the probability of returning to prison. This study is commendable because it establishes positive factors that relate to individuals who stay out of prison. An important variable that the research manages to demonstrate is family support. Prisoners and parolees are less likely to get adequate family support after their release from prison. Bayse, J. (1991). Family Life Education: An Effective Tool for Prisoner Rehabilitation. Family Relations, 43 (3), 254-257. Bayse (1991) investigates the relationship between family support and prisoners’ rehabilitation success. The study utilizes data from a population that is similar to the one used in Bahr’s (2005) study. The participating inmates are 54. After participating in a family program, the number of inmates who report narcissism reduces significantly. This research is an ingenious method of demonstrating how family relationships positively contribute to rehabilitation. Bel
Dallas Hospital plays an important role in responding to cases of medical emergencies in this region. In the current society where there has been emergence of deadly diseases such as Ebola, the hospitals are very important in ensuring that the lives of the Americans are protected. Ebola is a clear case of a disease that does not only pose a threat to the affected person, but also to the medical staff and any other person who may have a direct bodily contact with the patient. This new delicate situation has complicated issues at many healthcare centers in this state. At the emergency department in Dallas Hospital, the staff has to deal with these cases on a regular basis. The emergency department nurses have to coordinate closely with the emergency department physicians to ensure that patient management is done in an efficient and effective manner. It is worrying that in the modern society where technology has become a defining feature in communication, the management of HCA EFD has not considered adopting some of the emerging technologies in its communication system. It is apparent that there is confusion at the Dallas Hospital, especially in the emergency department. It has come out clearly that there is no proper communication between the Triage Nurses and Emergency Department Physicians. It has been established that the nurses have no proper communication system that can help them coordinate closely with the physicians at the emergency department. This is a very delicate situation, especially when addressing the deadly communicable diseases such as Ebola. According to Scarlat (2012), communication at the emergency department is very important not only in protecting the lives of patients, but also in managing the possible spread of a disease when dealing with communicable diseases. In some of the leading hospitals in this country such as Johns Hopkins Hospital, technology has been used to integrate communication system for effective service delivery. However, the management of this hospital is yet to realize the importance of doing the same. It is recommended that the management should improve communication at the first point of contact using Electronic Health Records, but this can only happen if there is a good will on the side of the leadership of this facility (Schanhals, 2013). Such a sensitive facility not only needs an electronic health records that will help the physicians and nurses coordinate, but also enhance close corporation between the leaders, the marketing unit, and the IT department. A leader should be aware of the events taking place at this first point of contact so that he or she may make informed policies concerning the unit. The marketing manager must ensure that it promises the clients what the firm can offer. For this reason, the manager should have full knowledge of the activities at this unit, and all other units within the hospital. The IT department should have full information about the activities at this unit so that it may find a way of improving the communication system, especially when handling delicate scenarios such as Ebola outbreak.
Introduction The religious tradition that is going to be covered within the framework of the current essay is Buddhism. My conversation partner is not yet very experienced in terms of Buddhist practices, but she was rather interested in sharing her beliefs with me and drawing parallels between her beliefs and Christianity. I believe that this discussion is essential because Buddhism is rather similar to Christianity, and there may be numerous ways to link concepts from her religious tradition to mine. The current essay is going to discover the depths of Buddhism through the lens of personal communication between representatives of two different creeds who engaged in a peaceful dialog to share worldviews and exchange information. Conversation Partner’s Beliefs An essential finding that cannot be overlooked when reviewing my conversation with a Buddhist is a strong individualistic component that many Buddhists seem to place at the forefront of their religious practices. Van Gordon et al. (2015) noted that there are the Four Noble Truths helping one navigate through the world around them: suffering is real, desires cause suffering, ceasing desire means ceasing suffering, and moderating one’s lifestyle is the key to ending suffering. My conversation partner mentioned Siddhartha Gautama (the future Gautama Buddha) when dwelling on the path of enlightenment and the crucial value of meditation. According to the most common stories of how Buddhism appeared, it was Gautama who meditated profoundly and reached the state of enlightenment, glowing from within (Wright, 2017). The biggest role when discussing Buddhism is often given to the ability to see the light and become one of the sources of it. From the point of ethics, Buddhist outlooks are also rather consistent since they do not divide people into classes and suggest that enlightenment is available for everyone irrespective of their societal role, wealth, or any other factor. My conversation partner was glad to mention that Buddhism became one of the first religious traditions where women were allowed to become monks. Nevertheless, the Noble Path covered in Buddhist literature is a complex route that does not have anything to do with gender and rather tests the person’s capability of remaining positive, steadfast, and composed (Shonin et al., 2015). Due to the fact that Buddhism required people to spend most of their time meditating, Mahayana Buddhism appeared, allowing people to attain enlightenment while also performing job duties or acts of devotion. It was one of the main reasons why Buddhism was able to go mainstream and help more people gain salvation. One of the most renowned ceremonies available to Buddhists is the Uposatha. It stands for the days when the new moon and the full moon can be witnessed, as this time frame preceded the Vedic soma sacrifices in the past. All religious duties still have to be performed during the Uposatha period. During these days, Buddhists strengthen their meditation practices, recite Pali suttas, a
Developments in various sectors of society have led to improvements in the socio-economic status of the individual. Apart from recent developments, there has also been the infiltration of certain concepts about individual health and moral standards. Of all the problems relating to health, gynecology remains the only sphere wherein substantial experiments have been conducted to support the cause of human health and promote healthy moral standards. Our field of concern is related to abortion which is the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus resulting in or caused by its death. For umpteen reasons, this social concern has invited the critical analysis of socialists, activists, medico officials, and women’s organizations over the years. A considerable decline in abortion has been witnessed and I propose to assess the factors that have contributed to the decline in abortion. The question to be analyzed is the reason why people go for abortion and its effects on individual health. The next is the reason for the decline in the number of abortions and the factors that contribute to it. For this purpose, I have decided to provide statistical analysis and certain historical facts in the U.S.A The phenomenon has a historical background and hence, it does not fall into the category of a recent social and medical malaise. It could be evinced that during the earlier days, women weren’t allowed to disclose the matter due to social stigma or other cultural reasons. The advent of science and modern methods has helped various organizations to approach individuals and the concerned in allowing abortion under certain dire circumstances. Not considering an analysis, it can be safely estimated that more than 40 million people throughout the world would have undergone abortions over the last few years. It would be more effective to present expert opinions and decisions in this regard. The paper I have presented delves into the pattern of study taking into account details from various organizations which are authentic in their predictions. As mentioned earlier, moral and legal aspects play a dominant role in assessing the impact of abortion. Abortion could be spontaneous, legal, and illegal. Spontaneous abortion is otherwise known as miscarriage that takes place during the initial gestational period of the fetus. This is natural as it depends on the health of the woman. Induced abortion could depend on various reasons that range from individual health, economic status to social position. Illegal abortion is often the result of low morale or indifferent attitude of the society to the continual persistent issue of the difference between the social status of a man and a woman. A peep into the rate of abortion in Amer
Introduction Academic writing is a complex process that includes several stages. Applying the skills of descriptive and critical thinking is an integral part of this process. The students should know how to develop an appropriate paragraph structure and build the argument consistently. Critical thinking is required to persuade the reader of some position, while descriptive thinking is utilized to create the background and provide evidence for the arguments. Critical thinking requires a deeper understanding of the learning material since the students have to know how to make inferences, recognize assumptions, make deductions and come to conclusions (Sheffield Halam University, 2020). This paper aims to explain the academic writing process and evaluate the importance of each stage, with particular attention to the critical thinking skills application. The First Stage and the Second Stage Academic writing involves several stages, including reading and understanding the relevant information, evaluating sources, and writing down the original creative ideas under the requirements for the paper structure. During the first stage of reading and understanding, Bloom’s Taxonomy can be an excellent choice to verify whether the student understood the information comprehensively (Colorado College, n.d.). For instance, Bloom’s Taxonomy implies that the students should demonstrate the skills of remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating information (Churches, n
Introduction The Battles of the Somme and Verdun were two of the greatest battles fought on the Western front between the Anglo-French military forces and the German forces during the course of the First World War. The ferocity of the action seen in the battles stemmed from the premise of each side that (the Battle of the Somme to the Anglo-French side and the Battle of Verdun to the German side) as the means to achieve a quick victory. However, both the battles turned out to be battles of attrition, and the expectations of a quick victory by either side were not met leading to enormous casualties on both sides. Objectives of the Battle of Verdun and battle of the Somme By the end of 1915, the Central Powers were in the ascendancy of the First World War. The German strategy for completing the victory by defeating the Anglo-French forces in the remaining parts of Europe centered around submarine warfare and attacking the French ring of forts at Verdun. The thrust at Verdun was the brainchild of General Falkenhyn, who believed that the key to winning the First World war lay in defeating the Anglo-French forces in Western rather than the defeat of the Russians in the Eastern front. 1 (1). The reason for the selection of the ring of forts at Verdun by General Falkenhyn lay in the objective of wearing down the French Army, who was sure to defend this fortress, because of the sentiments attached to it. This wearing down was to be effected through the attrition in numbers of the French Army, as they defended Verdun. The French army would bleed irrespective of whether Germany took the Verdun or not. The wearing down of the French army would affect the morale of the French. This loss of French morale would lead to a decreased interest in the war against Germany by France, leading to the British losing their most effective ally against the Germans 2 . Thus the battle of Verdun was based on the objective of causing heavy casualties to the French army to leading to a loss of morale of France and nullifying her effectiveness in the Anglo-French alliance against Germany. This would enable a quicker victory for Germany on the Western Front, leading to total victory in the First World War. The Battle of Verdun began on February 21, 1916. (2). The battle of the Somme was a sequel to the battle of Verdun starting on July 16, 1916, but the roots lay in an allied strategy conference at Chantilly in December 1915. It was a strange coincidence that the origins of the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme were founded in the same month in December 1915. The French Commander in Chief Joffre and the British Commander in Chief Haig were of the similar view that preventing Germany from shuttling her reserves between different sites of action was the key to defeating the Central Powers, which became the approved strategy during the strategic conference at Chantilly in December 1915. The Chantilly Conference gave no special date and plan for the Anglo-French offe
Utilitarianism is a contemporary ethical ideology; that argues that the result and product of human behavior is happiness. The ideology holds that the discriminating aspect that is useful in distinguishing the rightness or wrongness of human conduct is pleasure or pain. According to one of its major supporters John Stuart; the basis of morals is the much an action promotes happiness, thus right. That which deprives others of happiness, is thus considered wrong. The proponents go further to argue that happiness is intended pleasure that is not accompanied by pain; and unhappiness is the lack of pleasure in the abundance of pain. The ideas of utilitarianism are based on experiences of what is sensible; avoiding carrying out of selfish intentions; and seeking the support of conscience and moral judgment that are all based on the results of experienced choices. Utilitarianism further seeks to reconcile the motive of benevolence with those of self and communal interest; as if each person was to pursue his own happiness then the end result would not be the happiness for all. The theory also accounts that happiness varies in amount and quality; and therefore depending on the levels of pleasure one is exposed to, the judgment of pleasure may vary. As a result; so as to arrive at a conclusion, some moral standards of right or wrong; pain and pleasure have to be disregarded despite their consequences (Mill 45-56). The distinction between act and rule utilitarianism is that; in act utilitarianism the result and product of the single act at hand is what is considered. In this case if the single act is deemed to create happiness than harm; then the action is justifiable and will be executed. On the side of rule utilitarianism; the results and consequences that result from a rule of conduct; are put into consideration. In this case the immediate happiness is n not dominant; but the long-term consequences of the choice made is what is given consideration (Mill & Sher 32-71). Giving the case at hand an act utilitarian analysis; the action and choice at hand that requires utilitarian thinking is the choice of which of the two patients should receive the kidney, which would mean that the other either loses his life; or does lose it after a given time. Considering the ages of the two patients; John would receive the kidney as opposed to the 70 year old man who has a shorter period to live; holding that they both are to live to their old age. The seventy year Paul; due to other illnesses is expected to live not more than five years if he receives the kidney; as opposed to John who is expected to live a normal long life. The choice of giving John the kidney; would also mean that he would get a second chance in reviewing his educational standing, and the negative behaviors of drinking at the expe
This is considered as the largest warehouse chain company in the world. This is so basing on the volumes of sales that are carried out by the company in any given year. The company was founded in 1993 and has undergone several business processes such as mergers to become as successful as it is now. The company merged with Price Club Company to increase its customer base. It has slightly over 150,000 employees all over the world with about 100,000 based in the USA. The company has a substantive mission in which it aims at providing the customers with quality goods and services at the lowest price involving the control of inventory. The company is also guided by a specific code of ethics in which it focuses on caring for both members and employees, respecting the vendors, and rewarding the company’s shareholders. In order to remain ahead of its competition, Costco uses some of the best business processes in its supply chain management. The profitability of the company can be attributed to the fact that it has embraced mechanisms that minimize loses along the supply chain. Costco uses two methods in its operation to minimize cost
Text The text in this advert is about the dangers of taking excess calories. The Coca-Cola Company explains to the audience how excess calories can cause obesity. The argument is that one gets the energy to do extra work after taking extra calories. The narrator of the advert says that Coca-Cola offers drinks that have low calories. He argues that the drinks have 140 calories (Educate Inspire Change TV, online video clip). A commercial is appropriate for this advert since it is likely to catch the attention of many viewers. The video gives more information about the advert. Other media that might work include neon lighting because such a media also uses images that could be combined with sound to deliver more information. Media that might not work are posters since they give limited information with no videos. Reader or Audience The target audiences are people who drink Coke. In most cases these are young people. The culture of the audience might influence the perception on this advert in that there are some cultures where taking more calories is approved. In terms of gender, men need more calories than their female counterparts because men use more calories due to the nature of work most of them do. As a result, a female viewer is likely to react to this advert differently from a male viewer. Author The author of this argument is the Coca-Cola Company. The experience that might have influenced the company to make this advert is loss of sales due to the criticism leveled against the drink on the basis of its high level of calories. There have been claims that the Coke drink is increasing the risk of obesity among consumers. The company, therefore, has reacted to this criticism by making drinks that have low calories. The advert explains the risks of high calories and why people should take low calories (Huffington Post para 2). The motive behind this argument is to market the new low calorie drink. In addition, the company is also keen on practicing corporate social responsibility. The motive is to make more sales, create good customer relations and make more profits in return. Constraints Viewers’ reactions to this argument might be influenced by a numbe