ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Effective counseling involves integration of many aspects in a specific way so as to solve a problem raised by the client. Different approaches are used in various situations as counseling involves diversification of ideas. Rapport must be established for counseling to be effective. Rapport increases degree of efficiency by ensuring that the counseling plan is inclusive and simple. The client is expected to make an informed decision after education phase. The informed decisions will facilitate the treatment process as the client will adopt adaptive strategies. Dissemination of new information to the client should be the main focus of any counseling session. Brief conceptualizations and treatment plans of two patients will be well discussed in the essay. Discussion will entail outline of psychology theories as well as the overall condition of the patient so as to ensure complete treatment. Brief Conceptualization for Debbie Debbie is a 36 year old woman. She is a stressed patient and analysis of psychological aspects will be considered in the treatment approach. According to Debbie, peer groups can influence behavior of an individual. Debbie is worried that her daughter could be influenced to use drugs by her boyfriend. In Debbie’s case, the aspect of attribution fundamental error is well outlined. Fundamental error is the psychological internal explanation for certain behavior. For example, Debbie attributes her internal behavior of worrying to an external factor which is genetic composition. Consequently, attribution theory is well outlined. External explanation is given by Debbie when she assesses the possibility of use of drugs by her daughter. If Debbie’s daughter was to start using drugs, Debbie would blame her boyfriend. The prosocial activities have been replaced by antisocial ones. Debbie’s irritability can be attributed to the accident, since she was friendly before its occurrence. For example, she is irritable and finds her husband’s jokes not amusing. Cognitive dissonance can be used to aid comprehension of Debbie’s situation. Debbie is willing to change her behaviors since they are harming her. Psychological counseling will be essential, since Debbie will be willing to take any advice and make informed decision. Debbie is in denial as she finds the advice to stay at home uncomfortable. Counseling should emphasize on the essence of rest because the patient has internal injuries. Treatment plan should also consider management of stress as the patient manifests its symptoms. The counselor should educate the client on how severe stress could lead to increased rate of breathing and pulse. One of the symptoms of stress is evidenced by the thought of having breast cancer recurrence. Debbie’s fear of possible use of drugs by her daughter should be discouraged. In the education phase, the counselor should tell the patient that magnitude of stress is dependent on scare and tension. Loss of energy involved in in
Introduction Public leadership is a complex issue involving administration, management, directing, and control mechanisms. In the public sphere, leading is the most basic of activity because it determines objectives and purposes. Unique abilities as a public leader may take a person to the top but may not be to his or her advantage when he or she is there. To a large extent, leadership behavior can be anticipated in advance of its activation. For each issue, in other words, one could plot a set of positions in the society out of which opinion-making activity is likely to emanate irrespective of the identity of the particular persons who occupy them. The aim of the paper is to review and analyze literature on the topic of public leadership. The literature on public leadership The literature on public leadership can be divided into two main groups: Individuals as public leaders and impact and role of leadership in state institutions. Several dimensions within each group help to understand and examine the nature of public leadership and its impact on public life. Also, the large layer of literature examines and analyzes the nature of leadership and its practical application in the public sphere. J. D. Greene (2005), G. A. Brewer, et al (2000) pay special attention to leadership theories and their impact on public management. For instance, J. D. Greene provides a substantial analysis of the main leadership theories including trait theory, path-goal theory behavioral theories. Similar to Greene other researchers including Haraway and Kunselman (2006) underlines that despite wide variability in the composition and functioning of leadership, it does have stable, predictable elements. Most opinion-making capacities are attached to occupational roles rather than being derived from the talents of those who fill the roles. Moreover, these roles tend to circumscr
The GCC countries have generally a smaller population (with the exception of Saudi Arabia) compared to other countries in the Arab region. The state of child malnutrition in the GCC countries, apart from Yemen, is generally low. Yemen however has the highest percentage of infants with low birth weight which currently stands at 45% (UN ESCWA, p.6). By 2005, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia had attained their 2015 target (4.5% and 5% respectively) of reduction in child malnutrition rate. Countries which have faired badly in the recent past include Kuwait and Qatar which saw an increase in their child malnutrition rates from 5% in the 1990s to 10% in the mid-2000s. Between 1990 and mid-2000, the child malnutrition rate in Yemen increased by 16%. Oman has the second highest child malnutrition rate (18%) in the GCC region (UNESCWA, p.6). The different states of child malnutrition in the GCC region can be explained by a number of factors. Countries with the lowest child malnutrition such as Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and UAE have the highest percentage of infants who are exclusively breastfed (34%, 31% and 34% respectively). Countries with moderate rates of child malnutrition such as Kuwait and Qatar have moderate percentage of infants who re exclusively breastfed (12% for both countries). Secondly, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and UAE have the highest percentage of infants who are breastfed and given complementary foods (65%, 60% and 52% respectively). In Kuwait and Qatar, the percentage of infants under the age of 9 months who are breastfed and given complementary foods stands at 26% and 48% respectively (Unicef, p.122). Current data for Yemen and Oman are not available. Strategy of malnutrition control Malnutrition can be controlled through various strategies which span across national, local and international authorities. At the national level, governments should set the example by recognizing the existing needs in diets and public health workers and facilities. They should then set and supervise national principles and standards that help to address the existing needs. Governments should appropriate adequate budget to address child malnutrition which would train adequate healthcare workers, provide affordable maternal and child health services and initiate educative and marketing campaigns that create awareness among members of the general public (Unitedcalltoaction.org, p.iv). At the local level, grassroots organizations and non-governmental organizations can play an important role in controlling child malnutrition since they are closer to the communities. Programmes such as vitamin and mineral supplementation programmes should be introduced in communities for pregnant mothers, children and women in the child-gearing age. Unitedcalltoaction.org s
Introduction Hospitality industry is considered as one of the fastest expanding sectors globally. This is largely due to globalization. Most companies were traditionally fixed to national boundaries until recently when advancement in among others, infrastructure and technology enabled further expansion. This has brought about several changes in organizational structure of the industry. Moreover, the industry has had to adjust to changes in management and strategies. Most companies have resorted to joint ventures, franchising, (FDI) Foreign Direct investment and strategic alliances, among others, to achieve competitiveness. People of diverse cultures can now interact and work together for a common purpose, irrespective of their social, political or geographical background. Globalization has created a new edge in hospitality industry by opening up opportunities for investment. In addition, it has created a platform for technological exchange in various areas, including hotel industry. This paper will provide a reflective assessment of globalization in hospitality industry (Smith & Doyle, 2002, p. 1). Globalization in Hospitality Industry Hospitality industry is regarded as one of the fastest expanding sectors in the world. Moreover, it is also regarded as the center of globalization. This is mainly because it is directly linked to tourism and development. Multinational businesses conduct research across the world to find regions with great prospects in their area of dealing. This is usually accelerated by hospitality industry. Hospitality therefore, plays an integral role in globalization. This has brought about countless benefits to global economy. However, several considerations have to be made before venturing in foreign countries. For instance, fiscal factors come into play when a business plans to expand beyond its borders. Moreover, various strategies have to be put in place in order to ensure success (Go & Pine, 1995, p. 25). Another issue of great concern is the mode of training and employment. This has to conform to standards outlined by the host country and/or international body that regulate hospitality industry. The complexities involved have resulted in varying strategies and ownership methods. For inst
Southwest Airlines is an American low-cost air company founded in 1967 by Rollin King and Herb Kelleher. The main idea of the creators was to make an airline that has low prices and works fast and efficiently. Nowadays, the company has expanded all over the United States and is having international flights. Southwest Airlines uses only Boeing 737 as the aircraft which helped reduce the costs for its maintenance. Throughout the history of the firm, it has always upgraded its aircraft and has ordered new versions of the Boeing 737. During the 1980s Southwest Airlines adhered to the idea of a low-cost ticket company and offered Senior Citizens programs allowing elderly Americans to buy airplane tickets only for $25 one-way. Within 9 years (from 1990 to 1999) the aircraft number increased from 100 to 300. In 2006 the company got a win with the Wright Amendment Reform Act. This allowed Southwest Airlines to sell tickets and offer interconnecting flights from Dallas-Love Airport, the company’s major bases. In 2010 it purchased the AirTran Airways and extended its international routes. Nowadays, Southwest Airlines is one of the most popular air companies in the United States and constantly transports passengers both with domestic and intercontinental flights. The total equity of the company was $9.853 billion by 2018, and it keeps growing within time. Investing in Southwest Airlines stock is beneficial as customers will always choose a low-cost company and, withing the growth of the market, the stock price of Southwest will relatively increase. Southwest Airlines has a fundamental business model for a low-cost carrier with a constantly growing network and smart pricing behavior. An average customer will always choose a budget price for a ticket along with trust in the company that exists several decades. That means a demand for a low-cost carrier will remain high, and the value of Southwest on the market will never lose its relevance comparing to full-service airlines. Moreover, Southwest remains a leader in pricing behavior affecting participants of the market to respond to its actions and set competitive prices. An empirical study by Asahi and Murakami (2017) assessed synchronized demand and price calculations using airline industry data for the fourth quarter of 2003-2010. The results showed that Southwest did not change its price strategic plan within time and also influenced the rivals’ behaviors. Table 1 below shows estimated results from the study of Southwest Airlines’ price changes and its rivals’ pricing behavior after Southwest entered the market. Table 1. Estimated Results by an Iterative 3SLS Analyzing Changes in Pricing Behavior of Southwest Airlines and Its Rivals After Southwest’s Entry. (Asahi & Murakami, 2017, p.4) Southwest shows a smart strategy during market plunges which gives a positive impact on its sustainability
Introduction Communication is an integral process in a legal institution. It is a process by which information is relayed from one link to another. It bonds two separate entities. In law, communication may link the prosecution and the defense, the jury and the prosecution and the jury and the judge. Verbal communication refers to the use of spoken words. It employs the word of mouth and can also be called oral or interpersonal communication because it enhances interaction of various people in a particular setting. Forms of oral communication in law may include meetings , discussions, interviews, interrogations, report writing and statement writing. Non-verbal communication, on the other hand, is a method in which information is transferred by using wordless cues. It represents what is not uttered orally. In law, information is exchanged between the defense and prosecution without the use of spoken words. This channel is crucial and legal experts prefer it. It involves the use of gestures, body language, eye contact or facial expressions. This form of communication can be deceptive and only an experienced panel of language experts can detect it. The police A good law enforcing agency like the police is accredited by how reliable it is to the public. The competence of a police agency is defined by its ability to carry out its mandate without fear or favor. It is expected to uphold justice at all times. Both verbal and non-verbal communication play an important role in a public setting. Certain people are better public speakers than others and therefore qualify as professionals. They are given first priority in the art of communication. Professionals in the police force gain expertise based on their experience in writing reports. Assessment and evaluation of performance equip them with essentials for growth in the writing domain and in relation to law. Writing in this case involves reports and statements involving victims and suspects of crime. Professionalism inspires leadership and respect in the police force. Most of the police agencies use language to impress, convince, persuade, motivate or inform on a particular aspect. Certain police spoke persons are known to have the special ability to create a convincing argument. This fact may mean that professionals may be wrong or deceptive and it may be difficult to make out their real message during communication. Eloquence is a quality that certain police professionals exploit to earn their living. The press in the police agencies should structure its use of language in order to address specific targets and to also create the intended reactions from their recipients. The press should therefore adhere to structural guidelines when disseminating information to the public. This idea prevents careless issuance of information to the pu
Hamas and Hezbollah are two dynamic groups that act as political parties, military institutions and social factions. Hamas evolved from the Gaza arm of the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) (Noe 28). Initially, the organization centered on social work so that it could take an Islamic cultural regeneration to Gaza. In 1987, the MB in Gaza transformed into Hamas (Gunning 26). This transformation involved adding a military aspect to the popular network of the MB and its goal was to fight Israel and destabilize the supremacy of the Fatah-led Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) in Palestine (Noe 23). Hezbollah as well evolved from a mass-based movement, although it lacked strong foundations compared to Hamas. Tehran and other religious leaders from Lebanon established the group in 1980. The intention of Tehran was to take advantage of the circumstances in Lebanon at that moment to take Islamic movement to other nations. The development of Hezbollah fortified the continuing process of social turmoil and radicalization amid the Shiite society in Lebanon. The group arose due to aggravation over the professed incapability of the mass Shiite movement to protect the regional interests of the society, the outcomes that followed Israeli attack in 1982 and the lack of a powerful central regime in the nation (Hamzeh 23). Hezbollah, with immense martial support from Iran, surfaced with a perceptible raison d’etre calling for Islamic antagonism against Israel. Hezbollah benefited from Israel’s army since the army remained in Lebanon for an extensive period. The army gave Hezbollah a continuing and an increasing ground for military action and fortification, especially in the Southern region of the state. The group also attained a means to rally popular support for its purported task as the guardian of Lebanese citizens against alien intruders (Hroub 29). Hezbollah’s social political system grew slowly over time, disparate from the situation of Hamas. Over the years, both organizations have developed modernized military equipment even though Hezbollah’s power supersedes the potential of Hamas. The Shiite group is the most powerful military group in Lebanon. Training in the Hezbollah group aims at equipping trainees with skills of attacking the Israelites as well as techniques of maintaining dominance in the region. Similarly, Hamas has a remarkable militia and the organization, at present, orders two parallel groups including
Introduction Personal Development Plans (PDPs) details the various actions that an individual intends to undertake in order to develop his or her competencies (Armstrong 2008). The decision to design a personal development plan is motivated by two main reasons. First, individuals design the plan in an effort to improve performance in their current job. Second, PDPs are perceived as a strategic move that can contribute towards development of one’s future career (Armstrong 2008). Consequently, one can assert that development and performance reviews forms the basis for PDPs. Moreover, PDPs are categorised as individual properties. This arises from the fact that they are developed by individuals who sets the direction that they intend to take in order develop themselves and the actions required to achieve the set goals. According to Alsop (2013), PDPs detail the various activities that an individual intends to undertake in order to improve his or her self-knowledge, strengths, health, social capabilities, human capital, self-identity and capability. To accomplish the benefits associated with PDPs, a number of steps must be taken into account. First, effective identification of one’s development needs by evaluating his or her knowledge, skills and capabilities must be conducted (Gilbert 2004). Second, clear goals to achieve the identified needs must be formulated. Third, a broad action plan outlining the activities to be undertaken in order to achieve the predetermined development needs should be developed. The fourth step entails implementation of the action plan. Finally, the results of the PDP must be evaluated in order to determine its success or failure (Armstrong 2008). This report details a personal development plan by identifying a number of issues that are fundamental in my career development. One of the issues that are analyzed relates to existence of culture shock in institutions. As a result, the need for the responsible parties to ensure that new candidates are effectively acculturated and inducted into the institution is discussed. Additionally, the concepts of teamwork and development of effective presentations skills in one’s personal development efforts are also analysed. The paper also entails a comparison of three reports and academic journals. A personal development plan and an action plan detailing the various development objectives that I intend to achieve and the actions to ensure their achievement are illustrated. The final part details the main conclusions and a personal reflective statement on the module. Main body Acculturation and
Summary Stephen Manning and Andrew Gurney created an article based on Manning’s presentation of the same subject during the Basel II & Banking Regulation Conference in April of 2005. The article entitled, Operational Risk within an Insurance Market reflected the ideas of Manning and Gurney when it comes to the development and implementation of risk management within Lloyd’s insurance market. The article’s objective is to encourage leaders and regulators to focus on operational risk in the context of risk management. It makes more sense to focus on the operational risk because the failure in this area creates a chain reaction of events that often lead to greater market risk and credit risk. In other words, the successful management of operational risk reduces the probability of incurring losses as a direct result of problems or weaknesses in the following areas:  1. internal and external fraud;  2. employment practices and workplace safety;  3. clients, products and business practices;  4. systems failures;  5. process management. In addition, there is greater demand for this type of due diligence as a consequence of greater stakeholder scrutiny, and also as a consequence of increasing recognition that companies investing in the identification and management of operational risk are more likely to achieve its business goals (Manning & Gurney, 2005). It is difficult to identify and manage operational risk. Insurance companies and business leaders respond to this need by creating management frameworks like Enterprise Risk Management. In the case of Lloyd’s of London, the response includes the creation of tools and techniques, such as  1. On-site operational risk reviews of businesses;  2. Quarterly franchise risk and control self-assessment;  3. Stress and scenario testing; and  4. Operational risk toolkit (Manning & Gurney, 2005). Learning Points It Makes More Sense to Manage Operation Risk Failure at the operational level creates ripple effects that affect different aspects of the business organization. Therefore, it makes sense for corporate leaders to invest in this particular component of the business model. One can also argue that there are various aspects of the risk management process that are difficult to quantify. However, different components of the company’s business operations are relatively easier to manage compared to others. Business failures are rooted in the failure to manage operational risk A company’s internal controls form part of the business operations of the said organization. There are numerous examples of failures rooted in weak internal controls. Companies went bankrupt due to the absence of investor confidence; however, a deeper investigation of the problem leads to weak internal controls. The application of operational risk management techniques uncovers this type of problem before it causes seriou
Introduction Linking small scale farmers towards output and input markets is a very special undertaking since it is an activity that is geared towards global anthropocentricity. This is because linking small scale farmers is very important in eliminating food dearth the fact that it ensures a steady food supply. In Africa, the situation is much needed since the mainstay of the African economy is agriculture, with most farmers being small scale farmers. However, this should not be misconstrued as to mean that the linking of small scale farmers to input and output markets is solely an African problem. On the contrary, it is