ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Global warming is product industrialization and commercial activities. “The tuatara or ‘living fossil’” (Kiwi Conservation Club, par. 1) which is the only survivor from the dinosaur’s era is among the affected reptiles. Researchers carried out a study on the existence of the tuatara against the current global warming. “A rare tuatara species known as Sphenodon guntheri in New Zealand had 477 individuals captured, with a 60% male bias in the adult population” (Allendorf et al 60). The results showed that females had a low ability to conceive. Their first breeding was at fifteen while producing clutches of three to eight every nine years: a low population growth rate. A risk assessment method showed that the current population could persist for at least 2000 years at hatchling sex ratios of up to 75% male. On the other hand, Populations with 85% male hatchlings are expected to become extinct within approximately 300 years: equivalent to eight generations (Allendorf et al 60). Higher levels of male populations reduce extinction increasing survival to up to 200 years. Related breeding of individuals increased the extinction under male-biased sex ratios, with no simulated populations surviving at hatchling sex ratios >75% male. Superior traits of survival come from breeding different families. “Because recent models have predicted that climate change could lead to the production of all-male S. guntheri hatchlings by 2085. This means that after 2085 there may be no more males of the species. Examination on whether periodic intervention to produce mixed or female-biased sex ratios would allow the population to survive if only males were produced in natural nests was carried. Revealing chances for survival” (Allendorf et al 60). “Intervention at every 2-3 years could buffer the effects of climate change on population sex ratios” (Allendorf et al 60). They can also be moved to cooler areas increasing survival levels. Using female sex bias and mixed bias can also aid (Allendorf et al 60). Appropriate measures to save tuatara should be taken. Works Cited Allendorf, Fred, Susan Mitchell, & Nicola Nelson. “Global Change Biology,” Global Warming, 16.1 (2010): 60-72. Kiwi Conservation Club. Tuatara, 2009. Web.
The study of physiography in the Middle East is important because it forms the trade routes that connect Europe, China, Africa, India, Africa, and all the other regions in the Mediterranean Basin. The different people who do the trade in the regions need to understand the existence of the rivers, which allowed the people to settle along the cities. Furthermore, they should comprehend the mountains in the locality that keep the diverse civilizations in detached areas and offered barriers against the imperialists. The region was known as Mesopotamia, but it presently forms the modern day Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Moreover, the mountains isolated the many civilizations from each other and the water bodies. Antolia is surrounded by the Taurus Mountains and Morocco, which separate it from Africa. Additionally, Zagros and Elburz Mountains host the ski resorts and the Mesopotamia which lies between the Euphrates and Tigris River. The study of the region helps the traders and the many tourists to understand the area comprehensively. Climatic Factors Climatic factor refers to the physical conditions that determine the climate that exists in a particular place. They include such aspects as latitude, attitude, and ocean streams. The main factors of climate in the Middle East are altitude, latitude, proximity to the sea, prevailing wind direction, prevailing ocean current, and proximity to the hills. The Middle East is among the driest regions in the world, as water is scarce and the winters are mild with very little rain. On the other hand, the summers are hot while winters are wet along the Mediterranean coasts which are reordered as very humid regions most of the year. Latitude is a vital factor that determines the climate in the Middle East irrespective of whether the city is tropical, equatorial, or arctic. It also determines the length if days and nights in the region, and this explains why it is significant. Additionally, the rain and temperature are considerable across the Middle East as the latter range around 85 F, but they sometimes rise above 100. Baghdad has higher climate which is 120F and the same case applies to Basra, which has 124 F. Notably the storms crossing the Middle East become sandstorms, which is a unique feature. Based on the above, the least influential climatic factor in the region is proximity to the sea Type of Climate B Climate is characterized by very little rain and a high daily temperature. There are S and W subgroups within the ambiance, and they refer to semi-arid and arid climates respectively. The above are experienced because of the latitude on which the area lies as it lies on the tropic of cancer. The scorched air rises along the equator, and results in rainfall in some locations. Consequently, on this tropic the air sinks, causing lack of rain and hence the deserts. On the other hand, C climate refers to humid middle latitude weather in which land and water differences are very signi
Introduction Globalization is changing the world into a close-knit society where people of differing nationalities and cultural backgrounds interact on a frequent basis and engage in actions that influence them. Ferrell and Fraedrich (2009) note that because of these interactions, there have been numerous attempts made to establish a set of global ethical standards. This attempts have been prompted by the realization that global ethic will encourage good business practices in all countries. However, the goal of achieving a set of global ethics is yet to be realized and some scholars have even argued that this goal is utopian. According to them, universal ethical standards cannot be achieved because of the cultural differences that exist across the globe. These opponents also argue that global ethics might not be the most desirable since conditions vary between nations. This paper will argue that global set ethics are required and they would promote standard ethical behaviour all over the globe. The paper will highlight what this ethics would be and demonstrate that it is possible for people around the world to agree on such set ethics. Defining Ethics Ethical scholars and philosophers have always held the view that ethics are important for the establishment of a well functioning society. According to Smilja (2011), ethics imply “social codes that point to a particular behaviour or restrict it” (p.397). Ethics are of great importance in the decision making process of individuals since they prescribe a legitimate and illegitimate behaviour. A clear set of ethics enables people to determine what conducts the society will judge as “right” or “wrong” and therefore engage in the most socially appropriate behaviour. While ethical norms are easy to come up with in a homogenous society, the case is not the same for a multicultural community since each culture has its own particular beliefs, values, and ethical systems, which may not be compatible with those of other cultures. Evanoff (2010) elaborates that ethical beliefs are culturally constructed and this explains the differences in ethical systems across cultures. In spite of this, it is both necessary and possible for people from different cultural backgrounds to agree on a set of ethics that they can uphold. Why Global Set Ethics are needed Multicultural interactions are more likely to happen today than at any other point in human history. It is therefore necessary for people to have an ethical system that can guide their interaction and assist in dealing with problems of mutual concern. The rapid development of transportation and technology has converted the world into a global village. In addition to that, inter
When it comes to discussing the actual significance of the play Henry V by William Shakespeare, in conjunction with the novel All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque, one can hardly omit noticing that even though both of these literary pieces are concerned with exploring the theme of war, they are in fact discursively incompatible. This simply could not otherwise. Whereas Henry V does nothing short of glorifying war, Remarque’s novel exposes it as the greatest abomination of humanity. At the same time, however, both of these works are being commonly referred to as such that represent a high literary/philosophical value. In my paper, I will elaborate on what can be considered the main causes of the mentioned discrepancy at length, while promoting the idea that it reflects the fact that the 15 th century’s concept of war does not quite correlate with that of the 20 th century. Probably the most memorable aspect of the novel All Quiet on the Western Front is that it contains a number of scenes that expose readers to the graphic accounts of war-induced carnage and death. This is the reason why, until the year 1975, this novel remained the subject of censorship in the U.S. (Tighe 48). For example, here is how the novel’s protagonist Paul Baumer describes the deaths of two French soldiers: “A young Frenchman lags behind, he is overtaken, he puts up his hands… a blow from a spade cleaves through his face. A second sees it and tries to run farther; a bayonet jabs into his back. He leaps in the air, his arms thrown wide, his mouth wide open, yelling; he staggers, in his back the bayonet quivers” (Remarque 55). It is understood, of course, that this created many objective preconditions for the novel in question to be perceived as such that emanates the strongly defined spirit of pacifism. After all, the author’s naturalistic accounts of death and suffering do imply that there were not any good reasons for ordinary people to be fighting in WW1, in the first place. The reason for this is that in the novel, the combatants on both sides (French and German) are shown perceptually and cognitively alienated from what the enemies are expected to do, during the time of war – mutilating and killing each other. There is another memorable scene in All Quiet on the Western Front where, after having killed a French soldier, Paul experiences the acute sensation of remorse: “Comrade, I did not want to kill you… You were only an idea to me before, an abstraction that lived in my mind and called forth its appropriate response. It was that abstraction I stabbed. But now, for the first time, I see you are a man like me” (Remarque 106). The subsequent effect of this episode on the audience is apparent. As a result of having been exposed to it, people begin to wonder whether the propagandistic justifications for waging war are even slightly valid, especially the ones that are being concerned with the glorification of one’s death in combat. In this respect, Shakespeare’s play differs from Remarque’s novel rather drastically. The reason for this is quite apparent. Henry V promotes the idea that war is not only the leg
Introduction Written by Hebert George Wells, The Time Machine is a novel that represents the struggle of different social classes. There are two different social classes in the book, the Eloi’s class, and the Morlock’s class. During his adventures, the traveler encounters the Eloi creatures and luckily gets along with them. On the other hand, he is at loggerheads with the Morlock, and a fight emerges between them. Similarly, the Morlock and Eloi do not get along, a fact that separates them. thus, The Time Machine conflict of classes will be explored in this paper. Therefore, Darwin’s rule survival for the fittest controls the classes, however, the struggle for survival leads to conflicts and division between the classes. On the other hand, critical analysis of the novel’s characters reveals that Wells focuses on the way of life of people in his society, whereby there is a clear-cut line dividing the poor and the rich, which births conflicts. Conflict of Classes in The Time Machine The time traveler reveals the conflict that exists between the social groups. During his adventure with the time machine, he meets a group of feeble and weak creatures, the Eloi. The Eloi live on the earth’s surface while the Morlock are underworld creatures and can be controlled by the Uber Morlock telepathically. The Eloi are unable to work hard and live in fear, especially at night. The aspect of capitalism prevails where the ruling or rich people occupy the best or fertile land while the others live in abject poverty, and this highlights inequality in society hence conflict. The Morlock live in the underworld and only to appear during the daytime to hunt for the Eloi and feed on them. The fact that one class feeds on the other underscores the height of conflicts in such a society. Due to lack of creativity and innovation, the Eloi do not view the importance of the time machine. Their weak bodies hinder them from lifting the machine; they only observe it in amazement, and they eventually desert it. The author highlights the consequence of laziness, as it is the case with most rich people. The rich people always depend on the poor people for labor; therefore, the dependence on the lower social class to carry out skillful jobs gives the lower class workers an upper hand to be innovative or creative as it exposes them to challenging situations in life. Unfortunately, the upper social class lags in matters concerning innovation and creativity, especially during industrialization of warfare. Wells describes the Morlock in The Time Machine as tough creatures living underground in well-built, durable structures. The narrator is unable to unlock their doors when they steal his time machine. In comparison with the Eloi, who have both weak bodies and houses, the author shows
The article summarized is “Effect of Text messaging-based Psychiatric Nursing Program on Quality of Life in Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial” by Darvish, Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh, Abdoosti, and Mojgan Ghapandar Kashani (2019). The authors consider the use of modern mobile technologies, in particular, sending text messages as one of the techniques to help veterans experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Darvish et al., 2019). Based on the study conducted in the course of a year in one of the Iranian hospitals, a group of former combatants was selected. The members of the research were divided into two control teams. In one of them, standard therapeutic treatment was maintained, while in the other one, rehabilitation was combined with the exchange of short messages that performed the function of psychiatric support. In accordance with the results obtained, the relevant findings of the intervention were made. Based on the method of involving veterans in communication through the application of modern technologies, medical specialists managed to achieve significant outcomes. In accordance with the assessment of the results obtained, the manifestations of PTSD symptoms in the control group became less noticeable. The authors note that as the main factors of assessment, such criteria were utilized as “physical functioning, emotional role limitation, vitality, mental, social functioning, pain, and general health” (Darvish et al., 2019, p. 57). All the indicators, without exception, turned better and, although the participants experienced some difficulties, they confirmed the improvement of morale. Thus, Darvish et al. (2019) proved that the involvement of the innovative methods of care and nurse-patient interaction contributed to a more successful recovery and allowed helping those people who were in difficult circumstances.
Introduction In his essay, “Manifesto to Certain Filipinos”, Philippine national hero Jose Rizal condemns the actions of the Katipunan (the Philippine rebellion group) in their attempt to stage a bloody rebellion against Spanish authorities due to the perceived injustices of Spain against the Filipino people (Rizal, 1896). Rizal elaborates on how he wanted no part of the rebellion, on how such actions would have largely negative consequences and that a better path to take would be that of education and hard work so as to earn liberation rather than fight for it. It must be noted that towards the latter part of his essay Rizal mentions the need for reform and education, research into the 333 years of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines shows that while the colonial rule has in large part benefited the Philippines through the establishment of modern institutions in country, the use and benefits of such institutions are largely isolated towards the Spanish colonial powers, religious orders and illustrados (educated Filipinos who are part of middle class in the Philippines) (Delmendo, 1998). The trickle down effect seen in most modern societies is largely absent with the population mostly at the mercy of Spanish authorities and the church who exert great amounts of influence in ensuring the subjugation of the Filipino people both intellectually and culturally. This can be seen in the early refusal of the church to teach Spanish to the Filipino people, restricting higher forms of education and ensuring the continued domiciled behavior of the local populace through the effective use of religious subjugation. The Works of Rizal In some of the works of Rizal, most notably his titular novel Noli Me Tangere (The Social Cancer) Rizal elaborates through the main character, Jose Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin, that in order to for the country to effectively progress education is needed in order to show to the Spanish that the Filipino’s are equals and not subordinates (Gonzalez 1993). An examination of other works and documents by Rizal show’s that it was his desire that the Filipino people be eventually considered equals by the people of Spain (Lifshey, 2008). The inherent problem, he states, of the situation in the Philippines is that through the oppression of the church in repressing education to the majority of Filipino’s most of the population is not able to show the hidden potential they possess (Bonoan, 1998). This particular notion is shown in the latter part of his essay where he mentions what is needed is reform to come from the top in order for Philippine society to improve as a whole. Based on the examination of various historians examining the actions and writings of Rizal it generally agree upon that it was not his desire for rebellion to occur but rather integration wherein through the establishment of positive reforms and equal treatment to the Filipino people the
Public policy Public policy is defined as a body of principles underlining the states legal operations. It covers the social, economic and the moral values of a given society. In the general context values vary from one culture to the other making it prone to change over time. Laws on the other hand regulate the behavior of individuals living in the state as well as reinforcing the existing social prospects; thereby encouraging positive change in the state, (Henekom 183). Their effectiveness depend on the general acceptability of the social norms by the society where the laws are applied thus reflect the general morality of the state. Policies are open for analysis by any individual in the state including non-governmental organizations and other authorities in the private sector. The policy analyst teams constitute cultural institutions, state council and even religious leaders. Public policy making takes place through several stages. The stages include problem recognition, policy formulation, policy execution and appraisal according to the desired objectives. The first step, involves identification of the existing problem and its history. In addition, it involves identification of the affected personalities and their degree of awareness to the short and long term effects of the proposed policy, (Peter 199). Similarly, the initial stage assesses the impending effects of changing the existing policies to the society. Policy makers therefore gauge the appropriate policies to solve the identified problems. The second stage involves policy formulation and adoption. This stage involves public policy discussion and debate between the government officials, individual citizens and the interest groups .It aims at setting goals and the steps to achieving them. It also involves discussing alternative solutions to the problems and possible obstacles during the policy making process besides their effects towards establishing change. In the United States, the formulation and adoption of a policy is done by the legislature. The third stage involves implementation of the new policy changes. It includes determination of the organizations involved and assigning every stakeholder a role to play in the process. It requires proper communication and cooperation between the stakeholders, sufficient funds to execute the policy activities and overall compliance of the stakeholders to the new approach, (Benard & Frans126). The final phase in policy making process
On May 18, 1998 the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) filed an antitrust law suit against Microsoft CorporationThe facts of the case were such that the DOJ alleged that Microsoft Corporation engaged in unfair monopoly practices by illegally crippling its competition in an attempt to extend its software monopoly within the personal computer market. The allegations indicated that Microsoft’s Chairman, Bill Gates, abused his monopoly power by bundling its internet browser with its operating system software and essentially offering the internet browser free with the purchase of its operating system. This, the DOJ claimed served as a deterrent for the purchase of other internet browser software and adversely affected their sales. In addition to the bundling of the browser, there was compatibility issues faced when individuals using the Microsoft Windows operating system attempted to utilize the Netscape internet browser. Of course Microsoft claimed that the compatibility issues were inadvertent and not a direct attempt to further extend its monopoly (Wikipedia, n.d.). The case was tried in the United States District Court and after a very lengthy trial, Judge Jackson issued his findings of facts on the case on November 5, 1999. He found that it was obvious that Microsoft had achieved dominance within the personal computer operating systems market. This dominance, he felt did constitute a monopoly. This in itself did not prove to be detrimental to its competitors but Microsoft took further action to cripple it competitors. These competitors included Apple, Java, Netscape, Lotus Notes, Real Networks, Linux, and others. Finally, the case was concluded when he issued a two-part ruling on April 3, 2000 when he found Microsoft guilty of monopolization and attempted monopolization. He further ruled that Microsoft must be separated into two independent units—one solely dedicated to the production of the operating system and the other dedication to the production of other software components(Wikipedia, n.d.). The case of Microsoft’s unfair and illegal monopoly practices did not end with the lawsuit by the DOJ. AOL Time Warner launched a private antitrust case on behalf of Netscape and against Microsoft in January 2002. The allegations were similar to those made by the DOJ in 1998, however, the parties were able to arrive at a settlement before the conclusion of a trial. The settlement was such that Microsoft agreed to pay AOL Time Warner $750 million dollars in addition to issuing a 7 year royalty free license to AOL Time Warner for the use of Internet Explore. Internet Explorer would then be bundled with the AOL internet subscription package. Another part of the agreement involved collaboration between Netscape and Microsoft to insure inter-compatibility between Microsoft Instant Messenger and Netscape Instant Messenger (Weil & McMillan, 2003). When one thinks about the antitrust cases against Microsoft one has to contemplate whether Microsoft is op