ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The start of the current century saw innovation and adaptations on the part of fraudsters stealing other people’s work. Intellectual property theft and fraud continued to mutate over the decades. Intellectual property criminals continue to express privatized approach towards producing and selling other people’s creative work and properties. There exist various properties categorized as intellectual property. They include copyrights, patents, trade secrets, and trademarks. Intellectual property has to do with individual innovations for which no one but the creator can claim ownership. This means that individuals package their ideas and register them for their sole use. Anyone wishing to use the ideas and other personal creations must obtain express permission from the creator. There has been a growing concern by cultural and media producers that intellectual property theft has increased. Opportunities to commit this criminal activity have gone on the rise. This calls for stringent measures in order to safe guard the rights of cultural and media producers in regard to their creations (Albanese, 2007). What is copyright and piracy? Copyright refers to a legal tool that empowers owners (producers) of intellectual properties or works of arts to control how they get acquired and used. The legal device enables producers to control the right to reproduce ideas and creative works. It also empowers them to determine the distribution channels for the protected works to the public. This tool gives exclusive rights to the producers determining the extent to which adaptive works can be derived from the original creations. The owners of intellectual properties control the creation of new works based on their protected ideas and innovations. One other pertinent framework of this legal tool is the exclusive right it gives the owner to control the performance of a protected work to the public. This means that no one can perform copyrighted works before the public without the express permission of the creator. This will constitute the intellectual property theft or fraud which is a criminal activity punishable by the law. Copyright in this sense is a property of the owner (author). He alone or his agency (persons to whom the author has transferred some rights on the intellectual property) can exercise authority of the property. The author can sue for damages should unauthorized persons reproduce, distribute, create adaptations or stage perform copyrighted property. The author can sell the creative work for a fee known as royalty. The creative work becomes a tool for financial empowerment. The author derives both recognition and incentive from copyrighting. Copyrighting becomes an integral process for all new and existing authors (Fishman, 2011). Piracy refers to intellectual property theft. It has to do with the fraud or theft of other people’s ideas and products. It is the reproduction, distribution, creation of adaptations and the performan
Introduction The vaquita is a small marine mammal found in the Gulf of California which seems to be endangered. Very few people have gotten the opportunity to see this species and many people may not be able to see it now that its existence is becoming extinct. The vaquita looks like a star curved stocky porpoise and it is the smallest of all the porpoises in the world. Its length is esteemed to be 150 centimeters which is equivalent to 4.92 ft. and weighs not more than 50 kilograms. Most parts of its body are grey in color and it has a smaller skull as compared to other porpoises. It lives in shallow water (not more than 30 meters deep) found on the shoreline. It is even believed to survive in lagoons where the water can hardly cover its back. Most Vaquitas are found on the northern part of the Gulf of California within Colorado River. This paper will give more information about the vaquita, explain some of the reasons that are causing its decline, and highlight some of the steps taken by the Mexican government to conserve this rear species. Social and Reproductive Life The Vaquita appears to be a comfortable porpoise that like swimming but most of the time it is found relaxing leisurely along the shoreline. However, it is subtle and afraid of boats of all kind. If a boat appears near it, it either hides under water or moves to a different position. The Vaquita rises to the surface of the water to take in fresh air and then goes under water for a long period of time. It likes feeding on fish species especially the smaller ones although it is known to be a nonselective feeder and can feed on almost anything that crosses its path. Vaquita either lives alone or in a group of not more than ten individua
The core responsibility of the Department of Defense is to ensure that there is well sustained security and homeland defense in the United States of America. Besides, the department is also charged with the task of overseeing international security issues that may equally pose potential threat to the United States and its citizens (NDS, 2008). As a result, the unparalleled conventional military wing capability is always prepared to counteract any possible attack on the U.S interests both at home and abroad. This has compelled both perceived and real enemies to restructure and find the right balance in the art and science of warfare in order to be resilient enough against United States’ grand strategy on security plan. Additionally, the U.S government in collaboration with its military leadership has quite often endeavored to shape the country’s military capabilities to be stable enough in readiness to fight and win attacks launched by the emerging 21 st century enemies. On the other hand, while the U.S. military forces continue to fight insurgency warfare in Iraq and Afghanistan, the same insurgents and other rival nations are integrating modern technology with ancient techniques such as mutiny and terrorism aimed at achieving egocentric political goals. It is imperative to note that countering terrorism requires appropriate strategies as well as preparedness for war at any given time. However, past war events have left trails of defeats and uncertainties due to myriad of factors that should act as lessons in guiding military and political leaders to redirect and reexamine their actions. This essay offers a succinct analysis of some of the prudent lessons that the United States military and political leaders need to learn on past conflicts. Today, the United States government has put in place myriad of strategies aimed at curbing rising rates of revolts and insurgencies. It makes use of its intelligence wing to gather credible information on the strengths and weaknesses of terrorists alongside other forms of enemies. According to General Petraues (2006), one of the key elements of effectively tackling insurgencies is obtaining precise and exact intelligence. Accurate, actionable and timely intelligence reports regarding revolts, planned acts of terror as well as other related security threats have been revealed to the U.S key decision makers and military leaders. Both internal and external capabilities of all threats to security have been identified by intelligence department. They have used intelligence information gathered to establish grand strategies. However, in order to avoid biasness and mishaps that leaders in the past committed, it is crucial for decision makers to come up with sound judgments before engaging in any form of war so that past blunders can be corrected once and for all. Past co
Information Processing Model   * This model describes how the brain receives, records, and stores information.   * The brain inputs information through sensory organs that receive information from surroundings.   * The short-term memory holds information for a short period.   * Deep-rooted memory has limitless capacity.   * Resultantly, it holds details for discussing ideas and personal experiences. This slide presents the main characteristics and features of the Information Processing Model. Information processing theory is a method of studying cognitive development that arose from the American experimental psychology tradition (Zheng & Gardner, 2019). Developmental psychologists use the information processing viewpoint to explain mental development in terms of maturational changes in essential components of a child’s mind. Evolution of Information Process   * Information processing is undergoing dramatic development.   * Previously, the brain processed information through a natural system.   * Computer invention has drastically changed information processing.   * The widespread use of computer has improved transportation of information. This slide presents the main points that reflect the principle of changing the perception of information (Zheng & Gardner, 2019). This viewpoint compares the mind to a computer, which interprets data from the outside world. This hypothesis explains how childrens’ brains mature as they grow, resulting in improvements in their capacity to interpret and respond to information acquired via their senses. The Two–Track Mind   * The human brain processes information through two channels.   * The visual perception track forms instincts regarding the physical creation of the world.   * The sight action tract harmonizes physical shifting to interact with things that we see.   * Unconscious parallel processing helps to do routine activities with fairly less focus.   * Serial conscious processing is slower and needs concentration on one task at a time. The two-track mind refers to the two minds that coexist within our single brain. The conscious and unconscious minds, to be precise. Let me begin by describing the two-track mind in this manner. You only have one brain where two minds are working in one brain at the same time. Those two minds are not always cooperating because they constantly feed off one other and exchange information (Mangelschots, 2021). However, because this information exchange occurs subconsciously, it may appear that both minds are working separately. The conscious mind’s decisions are well-thought-out and have a reduced mistake rate. This is because judgments and thinking processes are made intentionally over a more extended period of time. The unconscious mind has the benefit of making quick judgments based on intuition (our prior experiences) a
Patient Information K. H., 69 years old, female, Asian American S. CC frequent numbness in upper and lower limbs, mild neck pain, and moderate pain in the lower spine. HPI: 69-year-old A.A. female. Location: neck Onset: 11 months ago. Character: nagging, stiffness in the spine. Associated signs and symptoms: headaches, frequent numbness in feet and arms, occasional disorientation. Timing: in the morning, after sleeping, and following physical activities. Exacerbating/ relieving factors: prolonged sitting exacerbates the discomfort, and replacing the mattress and pillows slightly relieves the symptoms. Severity: 3/10 pain scale. Current Medications: Acetaminophen – 1 dose per day. Allergies: Medication – none; food – shellfish (urticaria, angioedema), environmental – none. PMHx: Last tetanus – booster shot in 2014; Past illnesses and surgeries: in 2015, the patient fractured her hip following a fall, and the recovery was successful. In 2010, the patient underwent kidney stone removal surgery. In 1973, the patient had a surgical intervention for appendicitis. Soc Hx: The patient is retired and lives alone in a private residence, formerly worked as an accounting consultant for 21 years. K. H. tries to maintain an active, healthy lifestyle, as suggested by her physician, following the 2015 hip fracture recovery. She smoked for 31 years but quit in 2017. The patient’s main hobbies include power-walking, floral decorations, and piano practicing. Since the fall in 2015, K.H. has taken the corresponding precautions to prevent such incidents at home. The patient’s house is equipped with extra railings at the staircases and in the bathroom, as well as emergency contact buttons and smoke detectors. The patient remains in close contact with her children and younger siblings, who visit her at least once in two weeks. Fam Hx: The patient currently does not have any known genetic life-threatening conditions. However, the family history includes cases of lethal cancer outcomes: father (age 61, lung cancer), grandfather (age 77, colon cancer), uncle (age 55, lung cancer). The patient’s mother deceased at the age of 88 due to Covid-19-associated pneumonia. The patient’s younger brother is currently treated for a non-cancerous brain tumor (glioma). ROS GENERAL: No weight loss, fever, chills, weakness, or fatigue. Slight height loss HEENT: Eyes: No visual loss, double vision, or yellow sclerae. Occasional blurred vision. Ears, Nose, Throat: No hearing loss, sneezing, congestion, runny nose, or sore throat. SKIN: No rash or itching. CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, chest pressure, or chest discomfort. No palpitations or edema. RESPIRATORY: No shortness of breath, cough, or sputum. GASTROINTESTINAL: No
Introduction A ferrofluid is a liquid that contains very small pieces of a magnetic substance and hence acquires its magnetic properties when placed in a magnetic field. Ferrofluids were initially discovered in the 1960s at the NASA Research Center, where scientists were investigating different probable methods of controlling liquids in space (Jech & Odenbach, 5). The material comprise of very tiny pieces of iron alloys, usually with a maximum diameter of 10nm. Nevertheless, ferrofluids are demagnetized at high temperatures. Their fluids can also undergo resistance change following this formula: ρ = Ve -B 2 + p Where:   * ρ is the resistance in MΩ   * V is the Vollema value, unique to each ferrofluid   * B is the strength of the magnetic field   * p is the Pietrow constant The term ‘ferrofluid’ can be used interchangeably with a magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid), although the latter contains slightly larger particles. A ferrofluid primarily consists of small particles which are suspended in a fluid consisting of a solvent and surfactant. While ferrofluid particles will not settle under ordinary conditions, MR fluid particles will settle over time due to the large size of the particles. Today, ferrofluids are used in many different fields even as research continues into how their inherent and unique characteristics can further be made use of. How ferrofluids are prepared Ferrofluids are normally prepared by reacting minute fragments of iron with other solvents (normally kerosene) together with a surfactant, usually oleic acid, which stops the particles from sticking together in the suspension. Water can be used in place of solvents. Surfactants are used because when iron particles are in close proximity to each other, the van der Waals forces of attraction between them increases (Jech & Odenbach, 5). The natural magnetic forces between the particles can make them stick together. Surfactants prevent the particles from sticking together by generating either steric or electrostatic repulsions between the magnetic particles which counters the van der Waal and magnetic forces. A typical ferrofluid is made up of roughly 5% magnetic particles, 10% surfactant, while the rest of the volume is taken up by the carrier fluid. Magnetite is the most commonly used iron ore. Ferrofluids that contains magnetite can be prepared by combining the required amounts of an Fe(II) salt and an Fe(III) salt in basic solution (Berger, Adelman, and Beckman, 12), this reaction gives an oxide, Fe 3 O 4 , which precipitates from solution, i.e. 2 FeCl 3 + FeCl 2 + 8 NH 3 + 4H 2 O —-> Fe 3 O 4 + 8 NH 4 Cl During the reaction, safety procedures must b
Introduction Problem With numerous centers all over Australia, Headspace has employed psychologists, general practitioners, and psychiatrists to help youths aged between 12 – 25 years suffering from various problems. These problems include; stress, drug abuse, bullying and harassment. They also help the youths with relationship, socialization, sex and sexuality issues. Some of these problems compel the youths to confide in the professionals. Moreover, some parents may find it difficult to accept that their children are suffering from these problems. Most of these youths are still in their parents’ custody therefore they must be treated without violating the confidentiality code. This will help the clients open up more and receive appropriate treatment. This is why there is need to employ a Family After-Consult Coordinator who will monitor the progress of treatment while ensuring that the confidentiality code between the GP or psychiatrist and the child is not broken. In addition, there is need for the parents to understand their children’s problems by allowing them to interact with other parents on Headspace whose children have had the same problems. Body Analysis of problem Cases of young clients disappearing from Headspace centers and other such organizations without completing their treatment are common. Others may not run away but they decide to stay at the expense of losing trust in the GPs, psychologists or psychiatrists. Such cases occur when these professionals may at one time or the other feel compelled to inform the families of their clients about their conditions or problems. Some of the problems these youths face are usually of private nature. Hence they would like to keep them as secrets between them and the GPs, psychiatrist or psychologists. However, their problems are usually compounded by their family members who may not understand them. This drives them away making the process of treatment more difficult. Change of strategy aimed at keeping the confidentiality code between the young clients and the GP or psychologist will ensure the success of the treatment program. Creating awareness among parents of the affected clients’ problem will also help in quick recovery of the patient. The client will be more trusting hence easier to treat while in the care of an understanding family. Conclusion Recommendations With the help of a Family After-Consult Coordinator, Headspace will ensure that their clients are treated effectively without breaking the confidentiality code between the young client and the GP or psychologist. For the treatment to be effective, the client must receive support from his family. Thus, it is important for parents with children in Headspace to interact and share their experiences. Such family support groups which can be coordinated through the help of Community Development Office Gold Coast will help the parents understand their pr
The marketing strategy of a new product requires a number of considerations as it determines the future demand of the product. In this regard therefore, marketing managers ought to come up with the best strategies; which would be geared at ensuring the gain of popularity of their products in the market. More so, the marketing decisions made should be based on the marketing objectives of their products which would further determine the visibility of the products to both their competitors and the customers. As stipulated by the law of demand, consumers are in most cases sensitive to prices; and thus any new product in the market has to be priced accordingly so as to enhance its popularity. More specifically, product marketers have to employ the best marketing strategies for new products which would determine its general popularity in the market as well as its future demand. This paper critically evaluates the pricing decisions of two new commodities, QwikDry Diaper Rash Spray and ‘This and That’ so as to enhance better position in the market in terms of their demand in the future. Perhaps, the skim pricing strategy for QwikDry products seems to be much promising in the sense that; it allows for familiarization of the product by the customers when its price is still low. Being a high quality product, QwikDry Spray is expected to gain popularity by customers as its outcomes are perfect and its price is lower than that of other related products. In this case, the customers are expected to test the product and develop a strong preference towards it; where in the future its prices would be raised. This would be preferred in the assumption that; other related products’ prices will not drop as this product is being offered at lower prices in its initial marketing stages. Generally, the penetration pricing strategy would work perfectly given that; when the product is launched, other competitors would not change the prices of other related products. On the other hand, ‘This & That’ bag pricing would be based on the skimming strategy as in the case of QwikDry product. As a new product, This and That would maximize its profits in the long run by first allowing its customers to get used to it when its price is still low and then rise it as it gains popularity. Through enticing customers with low prices, its demand is expected to go higher as the customers familiarize themselves with it; and then hike the prices af
Introduction Meta analysis has grown popular in medical field for the synthesis of evidence from various random controlled trials. There are numerous points to be implemented for a successful statistical methodology for Meta analysis of epidemiological studies. The crucial link to success of Meta analysis is disciplined adherence to the key points stated below. Body The age we live in is supported by Meta analyst exhortation in finding medical evidence. This is done by use of Meta analysis. The best tools in attaining a satisfactory quality result used for Meta analysis emphasizes on efforts of collecting relevant studies, and the description of these efforts in the document (Oxman, 1270-80). The first point is the use of funnel plots. Funnel plots will assure the Meta analyst will ensure lack of bias in their research. The Meta analyst will also be able to calculate the effect of inclusion of the missing study on the conclusion they have achieved. This will assist them gain a resourceful conclusion. The second point is constant counting of studies. The Meta analyst should avoid double counting of studies. This can be easily done by considering the reference material of each literal material used in the study. Double counting is very evident in previous Meta-analysis. This is just similar to the wellbeing of anticholinergics in (COPD). In this case, the studies were counted twice giving an errand result and consecutive conclusion. This leads to the third point in which numerous counting of certain aspects of the studies used should be avoided. This is a more subtle error and can easily be achieved. Arms of the similar study can be use in multiple cases affecting the results of the Meta analysis. Kozyrskyj et al. see an example of this error in JAMA document of Meta analysis in comparison long and short course antibiotic otitis media treatment; they counted multiple arms of the same study (Senn, pp. 1415-35) The Meta analyst, on my fourth point, should try and accept implausible claims to bring out the key aspects of individual studies. This is a precise way to evaluate all claims. Hackshaw et al in BMJ see an example in a Meta analysis, where he used standard error in his reports. According to lee, Hackshaw used a study that had impossibly low errors. When he compiled the documents, his conclusion had a clear-cut guideline. The Meta analyst must have and use proper methods of imputing data. Proper imputing of standard deviation is vital to a proper Meta analysis. Excluding some studies in the Meta analysis will bring out a cohesive report. Not all document studies in the field are correct and alignment to a