ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
October first, 1949 the Chinese Republic was declared. After World War 2 not only had Chiang Kai-Sheik troops become exhausted by their long struggle against the Japanese, but the KMT had become a corrupt and self-serving organization. The communists, by contrast, seized every opportunity to build strong links with the peasantry. Party officials were given strict orders to treat the peasants with courtesy and respect. By 1949, communist troops controlled most of China, forcing Chiang Kai-Sheik and his remaining KMT forces to take refuge on the Chinese island of Taiwan then known as Formosa. The civil war came to an end with the existence of two Chinas: the mainland known as the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan known as the Republic of China. The communist revolution in Russia inspired Mao and other Chinese communists who then adopted a similar form of communism. Strategic Postures towards China The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was formed in 1921 as a radical reactionary measure against Chinese Nationalists and the invading Japanese. At this time Mao was merely a member of the party although he would soon rise to an unequaled position of power. Russia was largely in control of the rise of communism in China. The politics of the CCP reflected the chaotic twists and turns of Russian communism caused by conflicts between Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin. A number of CCP members were lost during this time due to constant shifts in the character of communism in both Russia and China. Mao remained loyal to the CCP and became a significant leader within the movement during the 1920s. The devastating wars with KMT (1927 – 1935) pushed Mao to abandon the Soviet strategy of the proletarian revolution. In its place he forged a new revolutionary strategy based upon the politicization of the peasants therefore the Maoist strategy will motivate the peasant to lead their own industrial revolution under the surveillance of the Party. The most enduring obstacle to communist success, however, was neither the wartime devastation of China nor the hostility of the United States. (1) Rather, it was the superstitious nature of China’s illiterate peasants compromising more than 80% of China’s population and their attachment to the land. Leaders’ Strategies ensuring the Interests of the Countries The transition from bureaucratic to market coordination in China’s industrial sector, Nicholas Lardy argues, has proceeded far more slowly than the stated intentions of Chinese reform leaders would suggest. Though there are indications of a renewed attempt to carry out financial reforms in the urban-industrial sector, the urban reforms have clearly lagged behind the rural reforms, which have resulted in sweeping structural transformations. Despite the stated intention of reducing China’s high investment rate of over 30 percent per annum, during the reform years, the rate has remained at essentially the same level as in the past, indicating
Introduction Today, more than ever before, educational planning has increasingly gained currency in the United States and other countries in the developed world due to the ongoing need for the provision of good, value-based, and knowledge-oriented advice to students aspiring to join institutions of higher learning. In the United States context, the American Institute of Certified Educational Planners (AICEP) is the professional organization charged with the responsibility of awarding the Certified Educational Planner (CEP) credential to professionals who are deemed to have attained the peak echelon of competence and proficiency in educational planning (Thomas, 2016). These professionals work either as independent experts or in post-secondary/tertiary institutions with the view to assisting students to plan out their academic careers by providing counsel on how to select a befitting course, how to choose a major, and how to prepare for a life-long career (Hess, Johnson, & Reynolds, 2014). A comprehensive review of the AICEP’s official website demonstrates a multiplicity of requirements that applicants need to fulfill before they can get the CEP credential. The present paper offers a nuanced reflection of these requirements. Requirements for the CEP Credential Education A review of the AICEP’s official website and other resources rightly shows that the position of a certified educational planner is not an entry-level position, hence the need for applicants to the CEP credentialing to hold a Master’s degree in a relevant field such as education, human development, and guidance counseling (American Institute of Certified Educational Planners, 2017a; Thomas, 2016). Upon reflection, it becomes clear that the high level of education is considered a basic requirement based on the propensity of the AICEP to deal with extremely knowledgeable and competent professionals. A Master’s degree program in education provides holders with adequate knowledge on classroom leadership, instructional theory, teaching methods, and education administration, while a Master’s degree program in human development may provide graduates with knowledge on family systems, social policy, as well as physical and psychological shifts across the human lifespan. Counseling and guidance programs taught in graduate schools expose students to knowledge and skills in counseling theories and techniques, career development, program development, and group dynamics (Thomas, 2016). Such typologies of knowledge are required to develop strong, value-oriented, and competent certified educational planners, hence the requirement for applicants to have a Master’s degree program. However, it is important to note that the AICEP makes exceptions to the Master’s degree requirement under a restricted set of conditions; for example, the organization makes consideration to individuals who have met all the other requirements but are yet to get a Master’s degree (Thomas, 2016). Although such deliberation is made on a case-by-case basis,
Introduction The global medical system is full of examples of diseases people hear of on a regular basis but never pay enough attention to protect themselves from the risk. The innovative society of the 21st century, with its technological advancements, has created the impression of people’s invincibility and ability to combat practically any infectious disease. While some diseases and viruses like COVID-19 are being discovered in the current stage of their development, some illnesses have been serving as a severe health hazard for over a century. In order to combat any outbreaks of the already existing diseases, it is vital to educate people on how to prevent even individual cases of contagion. Hence, in the course of this project, typhoid disease will be examined on the subject of its major development stages, along with symptoms and ways of treatment. Main body Being a life-threatening bacterial disease, typhoid fever does not have an impact on people, because the scope of its contagion in developed countries is not as impressive as the one of any infectious disease. People who live in European countries or the US are hardly exposed to the risk of being infected once they do not travel to the states with poorer living standards. As such countries tend to have low food and water quality, the risk of it being contaminated by Salmonella Typhi is extremely high. In order to fully examine the disease, it is necessary to dwell upon the history of its development. It is quite complicated to trace back the first-ever samples of any infectious disease. However, in the course of meticulous research, some researchers have estimated that illnesses with typhoid symptoms trace back to 430 BC, where one-third of the population died because of some plague unknown to the society of that time. Another location to record the typhoid fever outbreak is believed to be Jamestown, an English colony in Virginia, where the number of deaths calculated approximately six thousand villagers. American Civil War, taken place in 1861-1865, also captured the consequences of Salmonella Typhi , causing death to more than eighty thousand soldiers. Dysentery during the Spanish-American War also led to some considerable losses. Despite the scholars’ claims to prove the early existence of typhoid, it was the 19th century when the actual case of the new bacterial disease was confirmed. Although the symptoms of the disease were similar to those of typhus, known for quite a long time, the sources of contagion were somehow different. Hence, in 1829, the term “typhoid” was coined with the inflection “oid,” which literally meant “typhus-like.” In the course of further investigations, the causal bacteria Bacillus typhosus was identified. Thus, there was a clear distinction between flea-borne typhus and water-borne typhoid fever. Mary Mallon, mostly known under the nickname “Typhoid
Introduction The study by Mulligan and Kirkpatrick (2000) aimed to study the comprehension of university lectures by students. The researchers state that the goal of the research was to expand on a recent study that pointed out gaps in lecture understanding by Australian students, particularly those coming from non-English speaking countries. Mulligan and Kirkpatrick (2000) performed the study to expand on the findings and provide a deeper insight into the nature of the gaps. The research is significant to educational practice as it could be used to inform practices used by lecturers, thus improving students’ academic performance. Also, the authors focus on the specific challenges experienced by students from non-English speaking countries, which is important due to the increasing number of international students in European, Australian, and American education systems. The article uses a traditional structure that includes an introduction, rationale, methodology, findings, discussion, and conclusion. Research Article Analysis The present essay seeks to analyze the methods used by researchers to fulfill their goals. Analyzing methods is critical to understand the practical issues affecting research in education. The methods will be evaluated based on the work by Cohen, Manion, and Morrison (2007), as it offers a useful discussion of study designs used in educational settings. Methodology Evaluation The methods section of the article contains a detailed description of the research process. The authors used a mixed methodology, which is based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques. A mixed methodology is beneficial for the study as it allows reaping the benefits of both qualitative and quantitative designs. For instance, while a quantitative design allows us to observe overall trends and focus on a large sample to conclude, qualitative designs offer more depth and can be used to address underlying processes leading to the outcome (Cohen et al., 2007). The researchers chose three instruments of data collection: observation, interview, and questionnaire. Similarly, each instrument has significant benefits and contributes to the autho
Same sex marriages are unions involving the same genders either in legal or social terms. Same sex marriages is by far a legal, social, moral, and civil right issue in many states today though countries such as Argentina, Spain, Belgium, Canada, Iceland, Netherlands, South Africa, Sweden, Portugal and other countries have legally adopted it. However, in the United States, some jurisdictions have adopted the same trend with states such as Washington, Iowa, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire accommodating same sex marriages in their laws (Craig, p. 233). The major issue in this type of union exists in whether partners in same sex marriages should be allowed to use a different legal union apart from marriage; or whether they should be recognized under a different legal jargon such as a “civil union”. Rights enjoyed in marriages are therefore in contention because it is not clear whether they should also be applied in same sex marriages or not. The impact of same sex unions on children brought up in this type of marriages is still in contention despite the fact that such children enjoy psychological, financial and emotional support from both partners (Craig, p. 234). Sexual orientation is the only basis in which states bar same sex marriages, possibly as a stigma that is still associated with homosexual tendencies, historically existent in the society. This therefore defines the structure to which same sex policies barring this type of union stem from. However, support of same sex marriages largely stems from universal rights. In addition, concerns of mental and physical health, the equal nature of the law, and the specific vision of validating LGBT relations still dominate most debates relating to this topic. In essence, the opposition of same sex marriages practically comes out of the use of the word “marriage”; such that, same sex couples enjoy the same rights as partners from contemporary marriages. Other factors noted as contentious issues are the social and cultural impacts of legalizing this type of unions and concerns to do with parenting and religious implications. Nonetheless, supporters of same sex marriages attribute the wide rejection of same sex unions to homophobia and equate this legal prohibition to the historic social stigma associated with interracial marriages (Craig, p. 234). Judicial and Legislative Concerns Using the majority rule principle, same sex marriage is considered null and void in most American states. According to the civil rights view; with regard to both arguments (for and against same sex marriages), the judiciary should be in a position to shed some light on the issue about “marriage” with regard to gender impartiality on matters relating to same sex marriage (Eskridge, p. 79). In essence, the judiciary finds itself at cross roads here because if it ascends to legalizing same sex marriages, it means that such unions are constitutionally guaranteed. In essence, the judiciary will save its face with regard to the impartiality of the institution. On the other hand, if it criminalizes same sex marriages, it will seem to ce
Introduction The human mind is a critical component of human life because it is the control unit of not only the physiological processes of an individual’s body but also the social-psychological procedures. Social-psychological capacities are key to formation of meaningful and genuine relationships with others at the family level and the wider society. In spite of our inheritance of intellectual abilities our academic growth and development largely depends on our mental conditions and well being. Unfortunately, some children are born with incapacitating mental conditions which adversely affects their growth and development either physically, academically and/or social-psychologically. One such condition is autism. This task is a presentation of my agreement with Dr.Temple Grandin’s assertion that there are individuals who think in vivid pictures but most of us think in a combination of words and blurred, indiscriminate pictures. Autism and Visual Thinking According to Baron-Cohen and Bolton “autism is a condition that affects some children from either their birth or infancy and leaves them unable to form normal social relationships or to develop normal communication.”(1).Autistic children are normally cut off from social contact and always engaged in monotonous activities and interests that are fascinating to him or her alone. They may have hearing problems which differ in severity in different cases.Bogdashina provides that there are autistic children who suffer from severe hearing processing problems who may either be late speakers or never speak throughout their lives while others may live with speech difficulties their whole lives (118). Bogdashina explains that variations in perception between and among individuals including those born of the same parents lead to different abilities and thinking style (118). Visual thinking and verbal thinking are two of the main thinking styles recognized by psychologists. According to Bogdashina, autistic thinking is more often than not perceptual in dissimilarity to the verbal thinking of ordinary individuals (118). Autistic individuals if put under remedial procedures in good time may have a normal life. However, they are usually visual thinkers. Bogdashina points out that the most common type of insightful thinking in autism is visual (118).O’Neill as cited in Bogdashina elucidates that visual thinkers express ideas as images that offers them a real basis for understanding (118).The world as well all that i
Introduction Child and Youth Care (CYC) practice incorporates a myriad of activities, which are not solely action-oriented. Hence, individuals who are not interested in what CYC practice entails cannot easily understand some of the activities. What people presume to be the role of CYC practitioners often departs from what the actual duties involve. Moreover, some CYC providers are uncertain concerning what their profession entails. Hence, they end up doing a number of activities that are irrelevant to their career. It is important for the public and CYC practitioners to know the professional issues within the CYC field. The discussion in this paper focuses on professional issues in Aboriginal youth services. Aboriginal Youth Services: How CYCs are involved CYC practitioners encourage the optimal growth of infants, youngsters, and their families in various forms such as early care, community-founded child and youth development projects, and rehabilitation programs among others. One of the communities that need optimal development is the Aboriginal community. Aboriginal people refer to the collective title of indigenous people of North America together with their descendants. The trans-generational agony of the Aboriginal communities raises the need for CYC practitioners to give them attention. After colonization, the first generation of the Aboriginals faced harsh treatment that comprised slavery, incarceration, and assassination. Most of the children who were raised by single parents were products of rape cases (Gharabaghi, 2013). The subsequent generation was taken to reserved areas where people could not access education, health, proper sanitation, and they lacked jobs. In an effort to control the depression they were undergoing, most of them resorted to alcoholism and drug abuse. Contritely, youngsters in the third generation also faced trauma in the form of being secluded from their relatives as they were taken to non-indigenous care centers where they faced discrimination and assault from their peers. Seclusion molded parents who had little or no knowledge in parenting. Hence, they nurtured children with poor moral values and principles. Trauma and moral values have been transmitted to the current generation. Aboriginal males have been reported to be part of pedophile cliques. If no effective steps are taken, it is apparent that the trauma will persist even in the prospective generation (Lopes, Flouris, & Lindeman, 2013). The role of CYC practice in the provision of Aboriginal youth services is to encourage behavioral adjustment accompanied personal development of youngsters who have certain difficulties because of poor upbringing and trans-generational trauma that has affected the current generation of Aboriginals. The services must be offered in harmony with the principles and codes of CYC practice. It is important to note that Aboriginal youth services should be strength-oriente
Introduction Agriculture is supposed to be the most powerful sector in a growing economy. If we dismantle all merchandise trade barriers and farm subsidies, surely it will show benefits in the whole development of the economy. The developing countries therefore should rightly focus on the agriculture sector and negotiations. It is seen that there are disparities between the agricultural policies of rich countries and their consequent impact on poorer ones lies in the fact that the current distribution of over 90 Billion Euros in farming subsidies has widened the gulf between the rich and poor countries. It is seen that through farming subsidies the rich countries like USA, Germany, UK, France, Netherlands have a larger segments of subsidies than the poorer countries like Spain, Italy, etc. This is because agricultural policies are leaning heavily in favour of prosperous and urbanised countries rather than countries based on fingers and peripherals areas. ( New research backs reform of EU farming subsidies . 2008). Table 1: Effects on developing country economic welfare of full trade liberalization from different groups of countries and products, 2015 (percent). Almost all the developing countries including the G-20 – are emphasizing on needs for cuts in subsidies. ( Agricultural Market Access: The Key to Doha Success . 2005, p.1). Aspects of Common Agricultural Policy Even the reforms initiated in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) fails to provide the necessary impetus to the economic considerations of developing countries. The main factors lie in the fact that the US gives loans to poorer countries, but as part of the bargain, the countries are forced to import wheat, etc, from the USA, even though they may not be wheat-consuming countries. It is seen that the agricultural policies pursued by the USA is in terms of offering food aid to poorer countries to buy food. The export of foods is beneficial to the exporters but it does serious harm to the importer, since the local producer is put at heavy losses without market outlets to sell his produce. Most local governments fail to realise the fact that the multiplier effect could convert much of the money spent on inputs to be multiplied several times. Taking the case of Thailand, for instance it is seen that 43% of the Thai population fall in the poorer category, “even though agricultural exports grew an astounding 65 percent between 1985 and 1995.” (Shah 2005). Again, taking the case of Kenya, it is seen that it was a self sufficient country but in 1992, EU sold produce to Kenya at 39% cheaper rates than the prices paid by EU to the European farmers, and finally the Kenyan market failed due to oversupply. (Shah 2005). Stance of th