ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Fatigue is a common medical condition reported in virtually all workplaces. It may arise due to irregular job hours and protracted working durations (Caldwell et al., 2009). Fatigue is better managed by taking a siesta. For persons in delicate occupations such as pilots, nuclear reactor operators, and doctors, this condition can cause devastating impacts. The demand for pilots to fly for many hours without resting contributes to them suffering from fatigue. Drowsiness and exhaustion accompany the fatigue. Medics associate fatigue with the disruption of the circadian rhythm, which contributes to people suffering from irregular sleep patterns (Sallinen et al., 2017). However, it is imperative to note that one does not need to work for many hours to feel exhausted. Fatigue may arise acutely within few hours or after a considerable mental or physical activity. This essay presents sleep patterns, circadian rhythms, and jet lag as major elements that once distracted contribute to fatigue in the aviation sector and other workplaces. It will culminate by discussing the impacts of acute and chronic fatigue, including mechanisms for dealing with this medical condition. Sleep Patterns People have varied sleep patterns, which depend on one’s age, occupation, and degree of exhaustion. According to studies by Zaslona, O’Keeffe, Signal, and Gander (2018) and Chaput (2014), the lack of adequate sleep affects individuals’ cognition, disposition, and motor tasks. Before the onset of sleep research, many people regarded slumber as a condition whereby one’s brain becomes dormant (Musiek, Xiong, & Holtzman, 2015). Nevertheless, a breakthrough that enabled scientists to monitor and record brain actions when people were asleep refuted this theory (Radstaak, Geurts, Beckers, Brosschot, & Kompier, 2014). Recorded data confirms that a person’s brain often remains active even when one is asleep (Wang & Chuang, 2014). Further studies led to scientists classifying sleep into two main categories, namely, rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) (Wang & Chuang, 2014). As these names suggest, eye movements, alpha rhythm, and high-frequency waves characterize the REM (Howell & Schenck, 2015). Many sleep experts associate rapid eye movement with dreams (Howell & Schenck, 2015). In most cases, individuals who wake up from REM sleep claim to have been dreaming (Howell & Schenck, 2015). Some people allege that they had clear dreams while others claim to experience strange thoughts. REM is vital, especially if one has engaged in tough physical or mental activities. According to Howell and Schenck (2015), REM is helpful in organizing and reinforcing people’s memory. One should appreciate that a person’s brain remains active during REM. People’s bodies alternate between REM and deep sleep. This pattern is observed between four and five times when one is sleeping. According to research by Naismith et al. (2014), a person’s legs and arms muscles may appear paralyzed for a short period during REM, a situation that prevents them from executing their dreams. NREM sleep i
Introduction The Vagina Monologues is an Award-winning episodic play written by Eve Ensler. It started out with Eve Ensler performing herself by 1996 and a published book by 1998. It ran at the off-Broadway Westside Theatre after limited performances at HERE Arts Center in 1996. After Ensler left the production, it was recast with three celebrity monologists and since then, has been staged internationally with a television version featuring Ensler produced by cable TV channel HBO. The book and play that evolved featured vaginal facts, stories told from the perspective of women from friends of Ensler to referred women of diverse racial, regional, sexual, age backgrounds, experiences, and interpretations. Discussion Various experiences and Ensler’s own opinions, views, and experiences about the vagina are encompassed in the playbook. Each monologue has a relation to the vagina: the act of sex, love, menstruation, mutilation, masturbation, birth, orgasm, rape or abuse, names for the vagina, or as a regular part of the female body. It seemed to most observers of a form of female empowerment and an embodiment of individuality. It included among others the “I Was Twelve, My Mother Slapped Me” which is a chorus about the experiences of young women’s first menstrual period; “My Angry Vagina” is a woman’s humorous complaints about the injustices done against the vagina, such as the use of OB/Gyn’s tools, tampons or douches; “My Vagina Was My Village”, a compilation of testimonies of Bosnian women victims in rape camps; “The Little Coochie Snorcher That Could”, which was one of the more controversial that recalled memories of sexual experiences in childhood and soon experienced positive sexual healing in her adolescent year at 13 with an older woman. Later versions changed her age to 16 after numerous controversies and criticisms; “The Woman Who Loved to Make Vaginas Happy”, where a dominatrix for women discusses the details of her career as well as her giving women pleasure; “Because He Liked to Look At It”, a woman previously believed her pubic area was ugly was embarrassed about it. She had a change of mind after a sexual experience with a man who spent hours looking at it, probably with admiration; “I Was There In The Room”, describes the birth of Ensler’s granddaughter. This paper will focus on one portion of the book where one view on intersexed children had its meaning and impact of vaginal facts through consideration of Ensler’s discussion of the woman in Oklahoma who was born without a vagina but did not realize it until she was fourteen. She was playing with her girlfriend. They compared their genitals and she realized hers were different, something was wrong. She went to the gynecologist with her father, the parent she was close to, and the doctor discovered that in fact, she did not have a vagina or a uterus. Her father was heartbroken, trying to repress his tears and sadness so his daughter would not feel bad. On the way home from the doctor, in a noble attempt to comfort her, he said, “Don’t worry, darlin’. This is all gonna be just fine. As a matter of fact, it’s gonna be great. We’re gonna get you the b
Hypothesis The hypothesis developed for the paper is as follows: system engineering approach is very important for any police department to establish an effective information system. Literature Review Research and Development The Knowledge Cycle Model was discussed by Evans, Dalkir, and Bidian (2015) who point out that the model might be useful for storing and sharing information collected in an organization throughout the life cycle of the project. Thus, before constructing or establishing a database, the organization might use KCM to understand how to decrease the costs of all stages of production and collect all data available in the organization. Evans, Dalkir, and Bidian (2015) name seven phases used in the KCM: identify, store, share, use, learn, improve, and create. Each of these stages is responsible for how the information is used at the development stage. Ideally, all identified information leads to the creating of new information, which is stored, then shared, then used to teach/learn, and eventually improved depending on the outcomes of learning. The advantage of the model is that “it provides a holistic view of the knowledge life cycle, by building on previous life cycles” (Evans, Dalkir & Bidian 2015, p. 95). Thus, it can be used during the research phase. Hepperle et al. (2012) discuss the implementation of PSS (product-service-systems) based on the life cycle management model. The suggestions they make can be used for managing police database: first, its potentials can be deduced from environment and company potentials, and database-related ideas are generated with regards to those (Hepperle et al. 2012). Second, requirements for the service (database) are gathered and updated during the design process to create communication between database development and design departments. Third, service implementation can be prepared after the first two steps to finalize supporting tools (Hepperle et al. 2012). The authors also indicate that some of the phases, as, for example, the disposal phase, cannot be finally designed before the object is launched (Hepperle et al. 2012). Therefore, it is essential for life cycle managers to consider how the design and the development of the database will affect its disposal. Production Production costs of a database can be high and require efficient management. Software for database management may be developed as well during the life cycle of the project. Fricker (2012) suggests using roadmapping (planning the evolution of a product, in this case, software), release planning (requirements for release to ensure usefulness), product requirements engineering
Introduction The main reason for today’s global trend towards climate change is the changing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Reducing anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere is an important task for the world community on the way to solving the problem of climate change. One of the tools for reducing the level of greenhouse gas emissions is the development of nuclear energy, which is characterized by a high degree of environmental efficiency and the absence of a significant impact on the carbon balance. In this regard, nuclear energy is competitive, since it has a positive effect on climate change, and this allows concluding that in the future it may become the most attractive and affordable form of energy for sustainable development. At the same time, the share of nuclear power in the world energy production is small and its further development depends on the growth of investments in new technologies – one of these technologies is the use of high-entropy alloys. The scientific and practical interest in new coatings based on multicomponent alloys is due to their excellent physicochemical properties, which are manifested due to the deformation effect of solid solution hardening, distortions of the crystal lattice and even the nanocomposite structure. The properties exhibited by high-entropy alloys make them attractive for use in various fields, including the construction of nuclear reactors. The traditional approach to the creation of new structural materials is to select one main element as a matrix, which is alloyed to obtain the desired combination of mechanical and/or technological properties. As a result, a large number of practically used alloys based on iron, copper, aluminum, titanium, nickel, and so on have been created. In recent years, an approach to the creation of multicomponent alloys with several elements as a matrix in equiatomic proportions seems to be of interest. Special attention is paid to alloys in which disordered solid solutions are formed. In the last decade, a new concept for the creation of metal alloys, based on the achievement of a high entropy of mixing of alloy components, has been proposed and experimentally confirmed. In accordance with this concept, the high entropy of mixing of different metal elements with a concentration close to equimolar can significantly reduce the Gibbs free energy and stabilize solid solutions with a relatively simple crystal structure and a good combination of properties [1]. Today, special attention is paid to the study of high-entropy alloys based on transition metals. Methods of Formation High entropy alloys, with five or more components in their composition, according to the theory of regular solutions, have a high entropy of mixing, which is determined according to the Boltzmann equation: λ Smix λ R lnn, where R is the gas constant, n is the number of chemical elements in the alloy [2,
Introduction People’s well-being is a complex phenomenon that focuses on physical, psychological, and social components. If a person experiences a problem with any of them, their life quality deteriorates. As psychological issues, they are widespread in the modern world, and depression is a typical example. According to Lewis et al. (2019, p. 904), the condition will be the leading cause of disability in developing nations in 2030. Furthermore, Kuehner (2017) claims that women have this mental disorder two times more oftener compared to men. Multiple factors contribute to the given state of affairs, and this fact means that depression should deserve sufficient attention. That is why it is necessary to take a comprehensive approach to analyze the issue. What are the typical symptoms of depression that are also found in the patient video, and what are the diagnostic criteria? How is it possible to describe the etiology of the given condition? What are the treatment guidelines considering the disorder under analysis? Thus, the case report will present the answers to these questions. Depression Symptoms In the beginning, it is reasonable to comment on the typical clinical features of depression. The given mental disorder is well represented in research, meaning that multiple scholarly articles consider the topic. For example, the study by Peres et al. (2017) focuses on depression symptoms. The scientists indicate that hopelessness, sadness, changes in appetites, fatigue and sleep disturbance are the typical clinical features of the condition under analysis (Peres et al. 2017, p. 6). It means that the mental disorder implies both physical and emotional symptoms. Additionally, Fitzpatrick et al. (2017) expand the number of potential clinical signs. Further features include little interest in the world, decreased self-esteem, low energy, and others (Fitzpatrick et al. 2017, pp. 6-7). All these symptoms indicate that depression significantly affects people subjecting them to multiple adverse consequences. As a result, depressive individuals cannot be fully-fledged members of society and even their families. It is so because their mental health issue catches all their attention. Since the paragraph above has offered typical depression signs, it is reasonable to identify whether some of them are present in the case under analysis. A video by Coelho (2020) depicts a woman who is sitting in a flat. A state of disorder is evident after watching the video because the dishes are dirty, the clothes are lying on the floor, and the table is overloaded with multiple objects. These facts can demonstrate that the woman has decreased self-esteem. Furthermore, she can be considered hopeless and sad because she is crying. Appetite problems are also present because there is some food in front of the woman, but she draws no attention to it. Moreover, the presence of sertraline on her table also indicates that depression is a possible diagnosis because this medication reduces depressive symptoms in twelve weeks (Lewis et al. 2019, p. 904). However, this information is insufficient to claim that the woman is suffering from depression because different mental disord
Introduction The body serves as the central projection of the self to society. In the same manner, the appearance of the body is a clear indication of how society has influenced the individual. There are several discourses on the matter of how society views the individual body and whether this view is responsible for the norm or whether the norm affects this view. Social presentation of an ideal body type creates a category and basis for the differentiation of individuals based on their body type. The social construction of difference using the obesity example The national media commonly presents obesity as a national epidemic by recycling scientific evidence as an authorization. Scientific evidence presented usually concerns the body mass index (BMI). This is used to define certain members fitting within a given range of BMI scores as obese. Despite the fact that scientists confirm that little is known about the relationship between obesity and health, the popular press continues to reinforce the disadvantages of obesity to health. A common misnomer is the measurement of weight rather than fat and mistaking overweight as obese. Although obesity is a medical problem, it has been hijacked by the social industry and is now used to categorize individuals as abnormal and thus different from the rest of healthy society. The public understands obesity according to the interaction with medical literature and public health advice from practitioners, however much more information is now obtained from popular media like newspapers, magazines, television and the internet (Rich & Evans 2005). The problem with the media as an information source on obesity is that rarely does it give the consumers of the information a chance to engage in a critic of how obesity dialogue creates one ideal body shape for the society. The media may defend itself as only offering the biomedical health risks associated with obesity but while doing so it constructs meanings that serve to categorize sub-groups of the population and inform the population’s view of these subgroups. As mentioned above, fat measurement in a body is difficult and a simple solution to the fat question has been the idealization of a thin body as the accepted measure of weight loss and consequently fat loss. The disadvantage of this acceptance is the misconception of weight as fat and this has resulted to the advocacy for weight loss irrespective of an individual’s BMI, which to begin with was the biomedical basis for explaining overweight. The simplification of overweight to infer ill health by the media in disregard of the many assumptions and interrelationships of habits and health has served to propel obesity as a societal evil. Rich and Evans (2005), caution against thinking that obesity is not a health problem. They argue that morbid obesity causes serious health problems but go ahead and clarify that morbid obese people
The article, written by Rüdiger von Rosen, is a research paper whose purpose is to display the history and plan for the development of corporate governance in Germany. It presents the main steps of the work done for this and reveals legal and historical prerequisites for the formation of this system. The documents by which this plan was implemented are presented, as well as people and organizations that influenced the emergence of a new direction in German management. The work is of sufficient relevance and can be used to study the characteristics of the German economy and the standards of doing business and trade in this country. General Principles of Corporate Governance in Germany In the late 1990s, it was necessary to reconstruct Germany’s internal market system in such a way as to ensure the most productive relationship between company managers and their owners. Here, up to the 20th century, there was no a single system of legislation regulating joint-stock law. A minimum standard of corporate governance was adopted in 1999 for the globalization of the capital market and to have the opportunity to monitor the level of sales, the interest of investors in local companies. After the German Code of Corporate Governance had been introduced in Berlin in 2000, new amendments appeared. According to the legislation, the highest management bodies of German public companies had a two-tier structure: the Management Board and the Supervisory Board. The greater part of the Code was devoted to these organizational elements of the management system, as well as the interaction of the corporation and its shareholders. In the same year, the German Chancellor, who at that time was Gerhard Schröder, established the Government Commission. Its purpose was to regulate and monitor the work of company management, as well as to change the whole governance structure under the impact of the globalization of world markets. The organization of such a Commission gave German business the opportunity to enter a new level. As a result, another law on financial markets was adopted in 2002, and its primary objective was to strengthen the protection of investors. The importance of these reforms was that many potentially profitable companies were guaranteed the possibility of growth and reasonable supervision. Important Issues One of the important issues is that the German Corporate Governance Code was accepted positively both by the business community of Germany and by investors. The author intentionally highlights that the Code dealt with the matters related to shareholders’ rights, which formed joint-stock companies’ capital. Besides, this set of rule determined the mechanisms for interaction between the Management Board and the Supervisory Board, which meant a considerable change in the system of governance. Thanks to this interaction, the concepts of corporate governance erase conflicting facets quite significantly. The author singles out another important issue: the main subjects that fell under t
Introduction Mental disorders are the field of medicine that is evaluated differently in various cultures, and their treatment depends on the views of the supporters of particular care systems. To analyze and confirm this theory, standard schizophrenia will be considered. The full name of the diagnostic category in DSM-5, Schizophrenia, 295 (American Psychiatric Association, 2018). Cultural and historical contexts have largely influenced the perception of this mental disorder, and the assessment of this disease and its features in different cultures is not the same. Culture of the Disorder and Assessment Criteria The perception of schizophrenia today is ambiguous not only among ordinary citizens but also in the healthcare sector. According to National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2014), “calling someone a ‘schizophrenic’ or a ‘psychotic’ gives the impression that the person has been wholly taken over by an illness, such that no recognizable or civilized person remains” (para. 57). Despite the fact that this disorder belongs to the category of mental and is not unique from the standpoint of symptoms, modern society perceives people with this disease as outcasts and does not dare to maintain contact with them. Moreover, the situation is complicated by the fact that patients with schizophrenia have an increased tendency to alcoholism, which exacerbates their social adaptation (Turkington & Lebert, 2017). Nonetheless, different scholars carried out relevant clinical work. At the beginning of the 20th century, Emil Kraepelin who was one of the pioneers of this science proposed to consider the phenomenon of schizophrenia apart from others (Jablensky, 2010). However, as Jablensky (2010) argues, the scholar never considered specific criteria defining the disease. Eugen Bleuler was the person who modified the Kraepelin’s concept noticeably, proposed the appropriate classification of the disorder, and gave it a diagnostic profile (Jablensky, 2010). By today, much research has been done; nevertheless, Bleuler’s contribution is significant. Abnormality and Typicality of Schizophrenia in Different Cultures Schizophrenia is perceived as an unnatural phenomenon in an environment where people think rationally, and the modern dynamic lifestyle does not allow the normality of the disorder. According to Stanghellini et al. (2015), abnormal time experience as one of the factors of the disorder manifestation draws the line between what is considered acceptable and forbidden in public behavior. In low-developed countries, where civilization has not gone too far, schizophrenia is not perceived as something extraordinary. In contrast, a person with such a disorder may have the special status of an unusual subject with a special opinion. As Luhrmann, Padmavati, Tharoor, and Osei (2015) note, “as people pay attention in culturally varied ways, there are small but important cognitive biases” (p. 648). Therefore, the criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia may be applied in a different context, which contradicts the Bleuler’s