ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The purpose of the study and problem identification The study by Dixey, Sahota, Atwal and Turner (2001) is a study about the views held by young boys and girls about body size, health and pressure from society concerning body image. The study aims to provide health educators with information about weight issues, health matters and eating problems. The study was motivated by several issues which include: the response of children to social pressures, the perceptions of children to fatness or thinness, the consciousness of children to eating disorders, the perceptions of big children to their own body size, the treatment of big children by others in school, and the perception of children about the connection between healthy eating and the amount of fat in their diets or bodies. The literature review A number of qualitative studies have previously been carried out by other researchers to examine the perceptions of children about body size and health. Dixey, Sahota, Atwal and Turner (2001) used several past studies in their study. The first study was done by Richardson et al. in 1961 using ten and eleven-year-old children. Richardson et al. found that the children in the study viewed fatness as the worst physical disability among the disabilities listed by the researchers. Other studies done by Staffieri (1967), DeJong and Kreck (1986) and Cramer and Steinwert (1998) replicated the findings of Richardson et al. For instance, the study by Staffieri (1967) found that fat children are perceived by their peers as least liked and often get teased by their peers. Studies by Hill and Silver (1995) and Wardle et al. (1995) also found out that fat children are associated with negative perceptions such as laziness, stupidity, unfitness, dirt and unpopularity. A different angle was brought in by Lawson (1980) who found out that the stereotypes attached to fat children are done by peers with whom they do not have close associations. The perceptions of children concerning their own weight have also been investigated by several researchers. These include Toro et al. (1989), Davies and Furnham (1986), Moses et al. (1989), Hill et al. (1992), Hill et al. (1994) and Tiggemann and Wilson-Barrett (1998). These studies found out that young children, particularly girls as young as nine years of age have great concerns about their body size and will even limit the number of food intakes to avoid getting fat. The perception of girls about their body image is actually related to perceived weight rather than their real weight. Children who perceive themselves as fat would also prefer to be thinner. Perceptions and knowledge about eating disorders have also been studied by a number of researchers such as Mumford et al. (1991), Ahmad et al. (1994a), Hill and Bhatti (1995), Barker and Cooke (1992) and Dixey (1996). These researchers found out that concerns about body image often occur amongst girls and women rather than boys and men. The majority of girls and women in westernized countries are not satisfied with their body image and weight. Closely linked to this is the effect of the m
Introduction Ethics training mainly involves well-organized programs that aid attendants of these programs to have a better insight of ethical grounds in decision-making. These programs can be conducted through various methods in seminars, workshops and forums, but the method of presentation does not matter provided the participants grasp the intended information and message perspective. Training is generally used by organizations in effort to develop good work ethics within the organizations’ culture. Though most of organizations have ethics and conducts policies, and conduct training on ethics to their employees and other stakeholders, breach of code of ethics may occur in some instances since monitoring and enforcing them is quite difficult. Therefore, ethics are there to ensure that businesses observe proper business etiquette and do not engage in exploitative, illegal or harmful trade acts, thus they largely are intended to safe guard the customer interests. Ethics are essential for all businesses and organizations thus each organization should come up with an appropriate way of evaluating the qualitative data regarding its level of ethics observance. In learning regarding business ethics, Bernie Madoff Ponzi scheme scandal is sometimes used as a case study to aid in understanding and developing proper ethics, and assist in highlighting some unethical business practices that are shielded by the ‘good’ intentions that a particular business can be founded upon. Bernard (Bernie) Madoff is well known financial consultant and stockbroker, who established the Madoff Investment Securities LLC in 196
Advertising refers to all the actions implemented by a commercial or industrial enterprise to promote its products or services in order to boost the volume of sales. Its sole purpose in the first place is to attract attention and influence consumers’ choice. We can clearly distinguish two types of advertising. These are commercial advertising and brand advertising. The first seeks to publicize a product and convince the audience that the product is better than those of competitors. Hence, it encourages consumers to purchase a product. The second type of advertisement focuses on the image of the company and its reputation. In the world of advertising, we can also distinguish the means and media used for different media advertising campaigns such as posters, television commercials and billboards. Therefore, an advertising campaign is aimed at a target and it relies on a hook to attract public attention. The oldest forms of advertising signs were painted or engraved on buildings at a time when printing did not exist. Today, advertising has a very important place in our society because it alters the behavior of human beings. The world of consumption is not limited. This essay explores and analyzes advertising appeals em
Paleolithic Age, also called the Old Stone Age, is known as the oldest pre-historic stage of cultural development, which lasted until circa 8000 BC. This period is considered the heyday of creativity when ancient humans created the first complex tools out of stone and other materials. Unfortunately, due to the lack of written records, the only sources of researcher’s knowledge about this period come from archaeological findings. When it comes to studying the history of human evolution, paleolithic must be taken into account because many distinctive cultural changes, such as the cave paintings and rock artifacts, occurred during this era. Since the Paleolithic period spanned tens of thousands of years, historically, it is usually divided into several phases. This paper will further elaborate on the Middle and Upper Paleolithic ages. According to genetic evidence, which came from archaeological discoveries, the time span of the Middle Paleolithic lasted between 300,000 to 50,000 BC (Stewart and Jones 2016, 3). This period is mainly associated with an ancient kind of humans, Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis , who were mostly scavengers, hunters, and gatherers. However, to survive the harsh conditions of bitter cold, they made sophisticated tools from wood, stone, and bones, specifically antlers and ivory. This is the reason why the Middle Paleolithic Age is considered as an independent stage of human development instead of viewing it just as a transitional period. The most impressive advancement of this time is called Mousterian tradition (Kottak 2013). The creating of instruments by means of this method required the reshaping of a stone’s core to turn it into a simple blade. The flake was shaped into a somewhat triangular oval with a sharp point. The technology advanced throughout the ages as Neanderthals included parts from other materials into one tool. For example, in Mousterian weapons, the wooden parts mostly served as handles. Such tradition allowed humans to build more complicated tools, for instance, harpoons, simple knives, and spears. Furthermore, a very cold hostile environment forced Neanderthals to take shelter in caves, make clothing out of sinew and fur and live in groups in order to help each other. Moreover, their short, sturdy bodies were able to preserve heat better than any other species, making Neanderthals more sustainable to the cold. Besides, as the harsh climate was not suitable not only for gardening but even for gathering, Neanderthals were predominantly carnivorous. The necessity to constantly chew animal meat, sinew, and hides made their front teeth big and heavy. The early humans obtained meat by hunting, using newly created weapons. Apart from skin and meat, bones were just as the important because early human-made jewelry and carvings out of them, which were the evidence of first human art. One of the most famous pieces of Middle Paleolithic art was the Mask of la Roche-Cotard. The historians also call the mask the Mousterian Protofigurine (Půtová, 2016). The mask was discovered in 1975 in La Roche-Cotard cave, France, and it was made out of flint,
Herland is a novel believed to have been written by Charlotte Perkins in 1915. It is, essentially, a story about a village where only the female sex existed. Consequently, the women produced asexually. Asexual production is a form of production where the genetic material resulting in offspring production comes only from one parent egg. Meiosis and fertilization, which involves merging of the male sperm and the female egg, does not occur in asexual production. Cloning done in this production ensures that there are no sexual and genetic differences between the parent and her child. The women in Herland were able to produce their young ones without the male sex. This female sex only society resulted in a culture of peace among the inhabitants, the women had a good social order and they followed the laws set to the latter. The women were organized into different units, each with specific tasks. Some were teachers and others were busy in the fields producing food for the community. They were not involved in any conflicts within themselves and with their neighbors. There wasn’t any domineering gender since they considered themselves equal and away from the bondage of men. The women fought to liberate themselves from the men who had intentions of eliminating older women so they could stay with a number that they could trample on. Thesis statement 2000 years later, Herland has managed to overcome male dominance by organizing themselves into a sisterly union where work is communally shared and everyone is an equal among others. Plot The story starts with a group of sociology students Van, Terry and Jeff. Van narrates his ordeal as he set out with his close friends to visit a land with strange inhabitants. These students have a huge interest in science and expedition. They set on an exploration to investigate a land that is rumored to have only the female sex. They guess on how a society could exist without the male sex. The difference in male perception of women reveals in the way the friends interpret the role of men in a social setting. Jeff was going with an approach of finding out how the women manages to protect themselves from external aggression since he considered men as being the family protector. Terry was a man with a huge ego who believed the women were under man’s authority. When the boys arrived in Herland, they decided to keep away from the land and watch what’s going their activities and interactions from a far. They were not aware there were women on surveillance in the forest watching them from the tree tops. The women were well positioned in the canopies to detect an intruder. They easily lead the explorers into a trap by leading them on a run to their village. As they make their entry, the explorers notice the strength that the women posses as they are not afraid of their intrusion. They have male physiques and involved in a number of development activities to improve their land and livelihoods. They sedate after the explorers after they’re led to a house which was positioned in the middle of the village. The tenderness of women shows in the manner in which they handle the
I have learned to demonstrate the ability to appreciate cultural diversity and empathize with patients. At times the patients become agitated and stressed, hence there is a need for a caring team to speak to them. The understanding patient background is a form of therapy that makes them relax and feel safe. Cultural competence creates awareness and instills knowledge and fundamental skills that enable a practitioner to know their patient (Dean, 2017). Nursing ethics informs us that building trust and avoiding assumptions can make the patients share their private lives. For instance, if the patient emanates from the LGBTQ community, they will openly share their side of the story. Health literacy keeps changing the relevance of culture in the context of nursing and healthcare. Patients in some cultures may fail to follow some health guidelines because of their racial or religious backgrounds. As a nurse, I am responsible for bringing patients with different backgrounds to know the need for some medications or procedures. Nursing entails engulfing people’s different ideologies and making them appreciate the need for healthy living. The strategy that I will apply for cultural competency in my nursing practice is to develop communication skills that enhance interaction with my patients amongst their mixed cultures. Communication will enable the patients to appreciate other people’s cultures and that medical ideologies should be followed. When patients realize modes of respecting medical practices, they will follow guidelines without mixing them with cultural backgrounds (Dean, 2017). Cultural competence is a holistic approach that can impact compatibility across all parts of the world. When communication skills are instilled in the lifelong learning of every nurse, they can emerge as collective prejudices amongst patients. Patients will come into healthcare vicinities knowing that their culture does not mix with nursing practices. Reference Dean, E. (2017). Cultural competency. Nursing Management , 23 (9). Web.
Introduction William Shakespeare is one of the world’s most well-known playwrights and poets. Among his numerous works, sonnets occupy a special place. Shakespeare wrote over one hundred sonnets, all of which have been translated to a large number of languages. Sonnet 130 is one of the most widely recognized sonnets in various parts of the world. The present paper will offer a stylistic analysis of this literary masterpiece. Main body Sonnet 130, called “My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun,” is written in the same form as all other Shakespearean sonnets. There are fourteen lines that are arranged into three quatrains and a couplet. This rhythmical pattern is known as “Shakespearean sonnet,” although other poets used to employ it before Shakespeare. The rhyme scheme of Sonnet 130 is the following: ABAB, CDCD, EFEF, GG. The most important role belongs to the ending couplet. Whereas quatrains develop the essence of the poetic story and explain the poet’s ideas, opinions, or problems, the last two lines serve as a summing up. Frequently, the couplet is in contrast with what has been mentioned in the previous twelve lines. The sonnet under consideration has exactly such structure. In quatrains, the author compares his beloved woman to nature, and the latter’s position is winning. The girl’s eyes are “nothing
30 External Factors of Economy Affecting Businesses There are numerous external factors of economy that affect businesses in various countries. They influence different business aspects. In this context, the first one is GDP. The total value of commodities a country produces in a given period (GDP) indicates the income rates of the concerned citizens and their buying trends. Consequently, this economic factor is able to influence the establishment, ratification, and propulsion of any business in the concerned country as indicated earlier. Church & Dwight Company can be affected by this factor since it operates on domestic products. The second factor is liquidation. This is notable when an organization runs bankrupt thus incapacitated to operate efficiently (Pride & Ferrell, 2012). Consequently, its assets are sold to repay creditors. The remaining resources are distributed among the shareholders. Liquidation can affect thriving businesses in any given country. Another economic factor in this context is the recession. This refers to a significant decline in economic activities characterized by low income and less spending. Inflation is another economic factor indicated by considerable increase in prices among other economic provisions. These are external economic factors that can affect any business in any country. Another considerable factor is the monetary policies established and embraced by any given country. It affects businesses, transaction trends, and other considerable monetary provisions in the entire business context. Unemployment is another factor with a massive influence on businesses. It lowers the general income of a c
At a time when globalization, need for transparency and new technologies have assumed the center stage in dictating the business environment, performance and consumer satisfaction patterns, innovation has become the best platform for adapting the unpredictable market environment. Numerous changes have been experienced in the global business arena and also in the recent years due to the aforementioned factors to a point where it becomes almost impossible to identify the position of a business in a market, its competitors and even profitability. This poses tremendous risk among managers in devising business strategies due to the levels of change and unpredictability of the market environment, as explored in the article We live in an era of risk and instability . Earlier on, the world market was relatively stable and as such, developing business strategies using traditional approaches enabled a business to perform extremely well. Adopting traditional approaches was effective in linking producers, traders, and consumers with greater efficiency, thereby making a business to exploit resources and capabilities a market has, occupy attractive niche, achieve a dominant scale and competitive edge. However, it is clear that the need for greater transparency, the coming of new technologies and globalization have made sustaining resources, positioning and competitive advantage unmanageable. Innovation for competitiveness is fast replacing the traditional methods with new methods that are much convenient and easy to execute. Due to advancement of technology, business energy has been propelled by easier capacity to simulate new products designs and easier interlink between the local and international markets. Market competitiveness as dictated by the current trends entails the ability to remain highly peculiar in design and approach to reduce imitation and therefore reduce overall competition. This consideration has over the years seen major companies fast raise their image at the market while others still relying on traditional approaches take a nose dive into heavy losses. Innovation becomes the key in achieving this competitiveness. This calls for a management that is capable of reading signals of change in strategies, processes and business models and acting on them via proper technology and IT systems. The article The innovators solutions, creating and sustaining successful growth by Clayton Christensen and Michael Raynor sheds immense light on how to develop effective business strategies that will beat competitors and ensure growth in innovation. One interesting piece of information raised in the article is
Francis Galton, a 13 th century Frenchman, first coined the words “nature” and “nurture” in 1874 to argue his case about the overbearing influence of genetics and environmental surroundings on individual development and growth (McDevitt et al. 535). The debate has gained steam, and it is today discussed in high-level forums as researchers, psychologists and other theorists seek to obtain answers to the various characteristics exhibited by the human race. It is against this background that this paper aims to evaluate some of the underlying issues in the “nature” versus “nurture” debate and how they affect personality development. Modern personality theories diverge in their suppositions about the constitution and etiology of the interplay between nature and nurture characteristics on the one hand and the effect such characteristics have on personality development on the other. However, there seems to be a general consensus that the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that are unique to us is a construct of both our genetic configuration and our environment (McDevitt et al. 537). Psychologists argue that personality development arises from the continuous interface between temperament, character and the surrounding environment (Lupu para. 4). Temperament, according to the author, is the set of genetic characteristics that overtly determines an individual’s approach to the world, thus nature determines the formation of personality. Additionally, genes innate to the individual control the development of the brain and the nervous system, which in turn indirectly control personality development and behavior (McDevitt 545). From the nurture perspective, it is known that interaction between an individual and the surrounding environment also influences personality development. As such, it can be argued that genetics and environment work in collaboration to determine personality. Although it seems a difficult task to draw a fine line between personal characteristics believed to be primarily the result of nature and personal characteristics believed to be the result of nurture, it can be said without a doubt that my hot-bloodied nature is a result of genetics, while my outgoing nature is a result of environment. This stand has been taken, in part, due to the observed behavioral temperament within my family as well as childhood experiences. My father and my brother, for instance, also exhibit hot-bloodied characteristics, and this observation reinforces my belief that my hot-bloodied nature is as a result of genetics. In childhood experiences, it can be argued that being raised in an army barrack setup afforded the necessary platform to intermingle and relate w