ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This paper looks at the application of counseling theories in the management of alcoholics. Alcoholism is defined as a primary disorder in which a person loses control over drinking and is habituated or addicted to alcohol (Gifford, 2010). If a person continues to drink even when the drinking affects his/her physical, mental and social health or compromises job and/or family responsibilities he/she is said to be an alcoholic (Clinebell, 1990). An alcoholic has physical dependence on the alcohol and the person may develop withdrawal symptoms should the alcohol be withheld from them. Genetic factors, psychological factors, and cultural influences contribute to the development of alcoholism (Clinebell, 1990). Alcoholics need counseling to help them stop the dependence and get their lives back. The case of John M John M., a twenty nine year old man, presents with a drinking behavior which his friends think is alcoholism. He reports to have started drinking at the age of sixteen years. His father, who drinks daily, was the one who introduced him to alcohol (Bryant-Jefferies, 2001, p 35). There was a constant stock of alcohol for his father at home and he could drink anytime since his parents never objected. His peers were also into drinking alcohol and john was under pressure to start drinking so as to fit in. John then joined his peers in their drinking exploits and he has never stopped drinking since then. He reports that he takes at least six drinks per session on several occasions in a week (Gifford, 2010). The amount of alcohol he needs to get drunk has been increasing over the years and he spends much of his income on alcohol. Currently he experiences episodes of shaking on mornings after a night of drinking and he has to take some alcohol to calm down. Whenever his friends tell him to reduce his alcohol intake he reacts angrily and can even get violent. John cannot sustain a relationship for long and he says that the break-ups are due to his excessive drinking habits. He even feels sorry for himself at times and wishes that he could stop drinking but according to him it is beyond his control. His boss at work has cautioned him severally for going to work while drunk and failing to carry out his duties but he has continued to drink despite his job being at risk. Though initially he used to drink with his friends currently he drinks alone and even avoids them because he feels they distaste his excessive intake of alcohol. He does not get involved in activities with others but prefers to sit alone and drink. John drinks even at the expense of food and this has affected his physical health. He has been admitted twice in a hospital on account of alcohol intoxication. His drinking has become so bad that he needs a drink daily to get him started (Gifford, 2010). He cannot function well without alcohol. He has had to make excuses on several occasions at work to go and drink. John reports of blackouts after episodes of heavy drinking. John M. belongs to a group of p
Introduction The visit to Saint Joseph’s Oratory can be compared to the human search for comfort, peace, and consolation. This place is the reflection of cultural and religious values; it is the mirror of the spiritual treasure of humanity inspiring every tourist and opening the greatest symbols of ancient and modern culture. Visiting this mysterious and culturally rich place stimulates everyone to think about the role of religion in human life. It is difficult to describe Saint Joseph’s Oratory by words because this place should be perceived by heart and eyes. Nevertheless, the place provides marvelous elements of art and design being valued by world architects and representatives of art; the experience of visiting Saint Joseph’s Oratory and feeling its atmosphere gives a chance to dive into the depth of religion and culture expressed by elements of the art design. Tour to Saint Joseph’s Oratory There is a need to stress the contribution of Saint Joseph’s Oratory to cultural and religious realization; visiting this place allows one to evaluate key values of humanity, such as amidst well-tended gardens, Brother Andre, and Saint Joseph symbols. There is a tendency to believe that Saint Joseph’s Oratory is the embodiment of the highest treasure for all believers throughout the world. This place provides an unforgettable spiritual atmosphere depicting the beauty of culture, art, and architecture. It gives a chance to set one’s sights toward Mount Royal. Mythical atmosphere In the Mount Royal Natural Park Sticking to historical roots, one should state that Mount Royal emerged from Montreal plain with then height of 200 meters. This place got the identification of a ‘hill’, but the transformations experienced with passing years turned it into a marvelous landscape with beautiful parks, residential districts, and monumental buildings. It should be stressed that this place can be perceived as the embodiment of nature in the city; nevertheless, special attention should be paid to the symbolic and mythic meaning of this place. The atmosphere of Mount Royal Natural Park serves as a substitute for natural processes adopted and introduced in civilization by people. This place is also characterized by its mythic value expressed through territorialization internal logic. It is the embodiment of interrelation between symbols of legendary events and historical facts. The religious and symbolic value of this place appeared to be reflected in European elements of architectural design. (Debarbieux, 407) Places To Visit In the Saint Joseph’s Oratory Besides, visiting Saint Joseph’s Oratory provides a perfect opportunity to admire the nature of Christian life. It should be stressed that Lent serves as the symbol of Christianity reflecting the spiritual atmosphere of Christ’s resurrection. Saint Joseph’s Oratory can be considered a sacred place meeting the expectatio
High-quality education is not only a fundamental right, a necessity for every citizen. Many sectors of the economy require education. The second objective of the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goal is to achieve universal primary education, which should be availed to all children, regardless of their race, sex, or socioeconomic background (Budig 37). Through education, citizens are improved their life and the society as a whole. In addition, it promotes citizenship, identity, equality, social cohesion, and employment, leading to economic growth. Notably, governments across the world have introduced many reforms with the aim of promoting equality at all levels (Cronin 32). Evidently, it has become a challenge to eliminate education disparity. However, this has not been the case in some countries (Harcourt par. 3). Education inequality is experienced in many nations not only in the US, but across the world. Education inequality refers to the differences that are experienced in learning results or effectiveness (Harcourt par. 5). The disparity is experienced by learners from different communities. The effectiveness is assessed by grades, test scores, the rate of school drop-out, and the number of learners who join and complete higher education institutions. Notably, the difference in education is attributed to the economic disparities that directly or indirectly relate to race (Harcourt par. 8). Many scholars have argued that race and economic disparity are inseparable (Harcourt par. 6). This is for the reason that the difference is big in white and minority students. This paper focuses on discussing education inequality in the view of the three theories, i.e., structural functionalism, conflict, symbolic interactionists theories. Different scholars have different views about reducing the inequalities. A newspaper reports that reducing the difference in learners’ achievement will be determined by establishing policies that would focus on protecting policies that emphasize the development of new initiatives and inequality reduction (Leeman par. 7). Education differences have been attributed to ma
Organ transplant is a form of surgery in which an injured, diseased, or damaged body organ is removed from a patient and replaced with a healthy organ, which has been donated (Elgert 4). This concept emerged in the 19 th century and has been practiced for a long time now (about 50 years now). Majorly, several vital body organs can be transplanted. The most common body organs being transplanted today include the heart, liver, kidney, and lungs (Elgert 4). Across the globe, more than 1 million organ transplants happen every year with the US performing more than 20,000 cases. Today, the success rates of organ transplants have been on the increase although donors are reducing drastically. Just like any other surgery, organ transplantation has some risks and complications. Some of the most common complications include infections, excessive bleeding, and damages (Elgert 32). For instance, in kidney transplantation, the urethra may be damaged when the doctor is carrying out the surgery (NHS Organ Donor). Because of such complications, the patient may not survival for long and hence the process is deemed not successful. The ability to reduce complications and ensure that organ transplantation happens in a success manner may increase the chances of a patient surviving; this is what is known as successful surgery. Success rates refer to the percentage of all organ transplantation surgeries that produce favorable outcomes (Elgert 35). The success rates of organ transplant surgery have increased and improved in a big way. However, despite of these remarkable improvements, there is also a growing demand for organs and tissues as the supply has been going down every day. Because of the growing shortage of body organ, many needy patients do not have adequate supply and as a result, there are many situations where patients are dying before they get willing donors. Because of the improved and advanced technology, the practice of organ transplant is becoming more popular and acceptable in the society. Currently, the advancement in technology has contributed to improved ways of preserving organs and better surgical methods in the health care (Elgert 67). Notably, better and improved health care has contributed to increase in success rates of organ and tissue transplant across the world. According to research, the success rates of organ transplant have improved in a big way. In fact, Sir Madgi Yacoub a senior researcher at a donations center describes the practice of organ transfer as “one of the greatest success stories of the latter half of the 20 th century (NHS Organ Donor). This has greatly been attributed to the advanced technology and quality patience care. The UK organ transplants statistics show that, transplants surgery have been increasing every year. To demonstrate this facts, the newly released report on organ transplants reveal that at least 94 per cent of kidney donors are still leaving very healthy, more than 88 per cent of transplanted kidneys from people who are dead are running and functioning healthy, 86 per cent of liver transfers are still performing well, and 84 per cent of all heart transfers are still doing
Abstract SAMBA stands for Saudi American bank. It founded in 1980 by Citibank, which owned 40% of its shares. The managing director was from Pakistan who had been a former prime minister. United Saudi and kingdom holding company later joined the bank. Due to political factors, the name of the bank changed from SAMBA to samba financial group in 2003, where Citibank withdrew their shares and sold them to an insurance company. A research on the progress of the organization is on the strategy and segmentation of customer relationship. Background Information The bank suits in Saudi Arabia where there are very strict Islamic traditions. The bank therefore has to ensure that all their products and services follow the traditions to be successful. The bank has 66 branches in the country and global establishments in Dubai, Pakistan and London. Its success has been gradual with its penetration to the target markets with banking products and services. They have attracted a substantial number of customers out of their desire to provide solutions to their customers’ financial and investment needs and wants (Oxford Business Group 99; Shoult 19). Saudi Arabia is a country with oil, making it a potential market for SAMBA. The bank has adopted international practices, infrastructure, technology and developed financial resources to attract and maintain its customers with its quality services. Success in marketing is about building relationship with customers rather than creating exchange processes. Customer relationship segments so that the institution can focus on means of tailoring the relationship with the specific needs of different groups (Ramady 124). A research conducted on 1 June 2011 to 9 July 2011 shows the efforts of building customer relationship by SAMBA. The report releases on 11 July 2011. Objectives   * Explain the success of the bank survival in the market.   * Evaluate and analyze the marketing strategy of the bank in terms of customer relationship.   * Find out the challenges they face.   * Advise the institution on other alter
Introduction: Situation overview The casino industry has been booming during the last decade of the 20 th century and the beginning of this new millennium. In the United States it began in 1931 when Nevada legalized gambling and up to today still is the state which has more revenues from gambling, almost $12 billion per year. Then New Jersey with Atlantic City and subsequently, since 1988, many other states, 20 in total, followed the trend. The reason behind the legalization of casinos was their ability to generate employment opportunities and enhance tourism (Ansoff, 1990, p. 23). This situation made possible the enormous industry growth for decades. Also, during the past, five to seven years casinos became more attractive to customers as they diversified their products becoming more attractive to families with attractions such as circuses, animal reserves, and pirate battles (Reger & Huff, 1993, p. 2). This has been a characteristic of casinos especially in Las Vegas but other places followed. Overall, the casinos are trying to increase their visitors by offering food, beverages, shows, and other perks (Klepper, 1996, p. 556.). Macro environment analysis Several external factors are influencing the development of the gambling industry. Political and legal factors are part of them. As it is mentioned above, the political factor has been serving as an incentive for the gambling industry for the past 30 to 40 years. Gradually, many states have been passing legislation to legalize gambling within their territories. Furthermore, they have been coming to help this industry even in the case of natural disasters. This is the case of casinos devastated by hurricanes. For example, the Mississippi state senate passed legislation allowing casinos to be build up to 800 feet offshore, to be more protected from hurricanes (Mintzberg, 1994, p. 56). Other important factors are the technological socio-cultural ones. Technology has been changing rapidly and casinos have been at the forefront of implementing new techniques and machinery of gambling. The advent of slot machines as a way of gambling has been one of the innovations technology has brought to gambling. The socio-cultural factors also have been positive for this industry in the United States. People see gambling as a way of relaxation and pleasure. Furthermore, casinos are perceived as places where one not only can gamble but also spend time with family and friends for recreation or leisure. We mentioned above how casinos introduced new ways of attracting people like a circus, live performances, etc. And two final external factors influencing this industry are international and economic. Unfortunately, these have been the two main reasons for the problems that the gambling industry is facing. Internationally, competition in the gambling industry has been rising. For example, one can mention the city of Macao in the South China Sea region as a rising
Introduction Maotai Spirit is one of the main liquor brands that are produced by Kweichow Moutai Winery. Kweichow Moutai Winery is a Chinese liquor firm that was founded in 1951 in the province of Guizhou. Since its introduction into the market, Maotai Spirit has largely been considered a luxurious product. The product is manufactured using sorghum and millet, a practice that has been very common in Maotai town for centuries. The product has gained massive popularity in the Chinese market and is currently seen as a national brand. It is common in many Chinese parties such as weddings, social events, birthday celebrations, or even in state ceremonies. Following the massive success of this brand in the Chinese market, it has become necessary to explore the American markets. The management of Kweichow Moutai Winery has decided to introduce the Maotai Spirit into the United States’ markets. In order to achieve success in this market, the firm will need appropriate campaign and media strategies that are relevant to this new market. This research will focus on developing superior campaign and marketing strategies that can be used in the United States’ market. Campaign Strategy According to Shiring (62), when making an entry into a new market, it is always necessary to develop an effective campaign strategy that will inform the consumers about the existence of the product, and its superior attributes over the other existing brands. It is through this campaign that the consumers will learn to appreciate the value that a given product offers. The first step of developing a superior campaign strategy is to determine the consumer insights. This means that the management of Kweichow Moutai Winery will start by conducting a marketing research in the American market to determine key consumer insights in this country. This way, it will be easy to determine the most appropriate approach that the campaign can take in this new market. Message strategy The first step in developing a campaign strategy for Maotai Spirit will be brand positioning in the target market. As Mackerras (19) says the first impression matters when introducing a product for the first time in the market. The image created by this marketing team when introducing the product in the market may last for a very long time. As mentioned previously, Maotai Spirit has always been positioned as a luxurious product in the home market. If the management wishes to maintain this positioning strategy in the American market, then it should design campaigns which demonstrate this idea. The brand positioning statement should reflect the class targeted in the market. Care should be taken to ensure that the brand’s elements are aligned to the message presented in the product positioning. Logo is an important element of a brand that helps in its identification and differentiation from other brands. The marketing unit may decide to use the logo that has been in use over the years as long as it is sure such logos may not raise controversy in the new market. The slogan used in the new market may need
Introduction Background In the 21 st century, the media has become the primary tool for trendsetting, reaffirming a common culture, and determining perception towards all the aspects of life. The modern beauty industry of the Western world exploits the particular image to promote its service. Slim and fit bodies of the models are presented in the magazines, on the TV screens, commercials, and anywhere the targeted audience is or can be present. Modern women are under the great pressure of the fashion, fragrance, cosmetic, and fitness industries these days. If a woman wants to be attractive and desired in modern society, she has to comply with the latest trends in fashion, use the best available lipstick, wear the latest perfume, and be slim and fit. This is how a woman is presented in the media today. Specifically, media images of perfection in the physique of women have pushed the young and middle-aged women to seek for the ideal look through the currently readily available cosmetic surgery services. Since the media has presented the beautiful woman as having ideal weight, flowing skin, perfect body features, and extra sexual appeal, women who are unhappy with their looks and body shape have developed the urge to overcome this challenge through surgical correction of perceived body imperfections. For instance, in advertisements, the images of models are often presented as the epitome of perfection and idealness for the 21 st -century woman, who is very independent and has access to everything in pursuit of happiness. These images are often edited to create perfection accompanied by a message that is aimed at reaffirming the perception of beauty. Today, the media promote not only a very specific look of a woman but also the ways of obtaining such a look via cosmetic surgery. It is very important to understand if a regular woman uses information from the media consciously to increase self-esteem and well-being, or it is the media’s success in shaping such an unconscious desire. Scope The scope of the research is to provide a comprehensive and well-grounded answer to the following question: Does the image of women promoted by the media cause them to undertake cosmetic surgery? In other words, it is necessary to understand what kind of influence the media has on women in this area, and if this influence is negative or positive. Thesis Considering the
Christianity makes a lot of contributions to the Western world because the history of Westerners is closely associated with the development of Christianity. From this point, many religious aspects which are characteristic for Christianity are reflected in the social and political orders of the Western states, in morality and philosophy of the Western people. It is possible to state that two important contributions made by Christianity to the development of the Western civilization are the accentuation of the significant role of family within the society and the contribution to the Westerners’ morality, philosophy, and theology with references to the Ten Commandments. Today, a lot of people are inclined to reject the significance of family as a social institution within the contemporary society. However, it is important to pay attention to the fact that family remains to be the basic social institution discussed as a fundamental one in many sociological theories (DeMar 38-40). The focus on the importance of family and the sacrament of marriage can be considered as one of the main contributions provided by Christianity to the Western world. The sacrament of marriage and the role of family as the form of interactions between a man and a woman within the society are stated in the Bible. People can reject the significance of marriage for them, but they continue to marry in front of God in churches and discuss their families as a sense of their life. There are many aspects associated with the role and functio