ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A work-related communication problem in corporate communication An examination of how an organization can motivate it employees by promoting effective communication based on the Expectancy value theory and Uncertainty reduction theory. General Summary of the Problems of This Type The main purpose of human relations is to promote a highly productive workforce that will contribute towards the realization of organizational goals. However, it is a challenging task to persuade employees to conform to organization’s culture and goals. In order for persuasion process to be successful, the listener must be in a position to accept the arguments presented by the speaker (Gupta, 2011). In case the listener does not accept the arguments presented by the speaker, the persuasion cannot be successful. Expectancy Value Theory The expectancy value theory of motivation is a theory that mainly seeks to predict and explain individuals’ attitudes towards certain things or issues. This theory involves the calculations that individuals make in developing attitudes towards certain things. It was founded by Martin Fishbein. Every individual has their own goals that they intend to achieve. Our attitudes have a significant effect on our behavior, intent, and goals (Anja et al., 2010). In communication, it involves the social influence especially attitude and the attitude change. This theory has played a significant role especially in humans relations. It has been used by several organizations in their human relations strategies. Based on this theory, behavior can be viewed as a function of expectancy that one has as well as the goal to which one is determined to realize (Anja et al., 2010). This idea is usually applied in many circumstances by individuals when faced by different behavior possibilities. For instance, one will tend to choose the combination of behavior that will yield the largest combination of expected success. The value expectancy theory posits that all people are goal oriented beings. In day to day activities, individuals are involved in behaviors that tend to optimize their needs. That is, maximization of the benefits and minimization of the risks. Therefore, the behavior people perform in accordance to their beliefs and values are determined by their ends (Anja et al., 2010). Before taking any particular course of action, individuals are involved in a number of calculations in order to come up with appropriate courses of actions that will tend to maximize their benefits. Evaluation involves the degree of affect either positive or negative that affects an individual. Uncertainty Reduction Theory Uncertainty reduction theory was initially posed as axioms whose main target was explanation of describing the relationship between uncertainty and various communication factors. This theory was mainly developed in an effort to describe the relationship between severa
Introduction   * The main aims of the presentation:       + Determining the roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager.       + Highlighting the differences between them.       + Application of relevant theories, concepts, and approaches. Nissan Motor is one of the leading global company founded in Japan and engaged in the automotive industry, offering a wide range of automobiles and spare parts for them. To meet ever-changing market requirements, not only should Nissan implement various plans and strategies to achieve particular goals, but also have both competent management being able to realize the outlined policy. In this regard, the company should hold a precise idea about the roles and functions of both management and leadership, their differences, and main tasks. Therefore, this presentation aims at determining and comparing the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager with highlighting the differences between them. In addition, for better understanding and explanation of roles of management and leadership, relevant theories, concepts, and approaches will be applied. Functions of a Leader and a Manager   * Manager:       + Planning;       + Organizing;       + Leading;       + Controlling;   * Leader:       + Motivation of employees;       + Team-building;       + Link between management and workers;       + Suggesting;       + Representing. In many business environments and companies, the concepts of leadership and management are often confused and used interchangeably. However, although these concepts are interrelated, there is a clear distinction between their functions and
Process for designing kids’ smartphones With reference to our last meeting, this memo illustrates the process required to design kids’ smartphones. In the last few decades, technology has led to a number of inventions focusing on making life easier and improving the quality of life. Among the inventions that have made communication easier are smartphones. With the increasing demand for smartphones by kids, we should focus on designing gadgets that are cheap and perform the most basic functions in limited ways. The process of designing kids’ smartphones will be broken into several phases. The phases are conceptual, fabrication, construction, and software. During the conceptual phase, drawings and wireframes will be designed. The drawings will determine the gadget’s heaviness, scale, bulk, and portability. At this stage, the designers should come up with a prototype to be adopted. The prototype should meet the needs required by the kids. Some of the major factors to consider when designing the prototype include clarity of instructions, limited access to the internet, and customized features. Clarity of instructions is a factor that helps the parents and children to utilize the gadget. Moreover, clear instructions facilitate the effective use of the device by the children and reduce confusion. After the conceptual phase, the designers should create electronic parts. The features selected on the theoretical phase will govern the electronics to be used. In our project, a printed circuit board, a smart screen, a source of power, and the software will be required. When coming up with the appropriate software, the programmers should consider the targeted audience. The software should be able to meet the interest of children and minimize any possible negative impacts. Poor time management and insufficient sleep are some of the common challenges associated with the ineffective use of the device by the kids. To reduce the above challenges, the software should follow a design that enables the children to use them conveniently. Additionally, the software needs to have features that match the demand presented by the children. Since smartphones will be useful for children, its instructions and use must be easy, convenient, and the price should be slightly lower than the usual common smartphones. The last process will be assembling. In this proce
Introduction and Overview Riebock (2012) indicates that sports are a critical part of the global entertainment culture. As a result, there has been increased participation of women in sports over the past decades. In addition, the traditional mass media paid little or no regard to the participation of women in sports (Eastman & Billings, 2001). The increase in the number of women in sports led to increased media coverage. However, the coverage of sportswomen in media is still characterized by gender stereotyping and sexualization ( Muir, 2012). The aim of the current research is to assess the role of mass media in stereotyping females in sports. The paper looks at the historical origins of the topic in literature. Additionally, there are three research questions analyzed using past studies undertaken on the topic. First, are there gender stereotypes portrayed by the mass media in the representation of women in sports? Second, does feminism propaganda exist in mass media portrayal of women in sports? Lastly, has the media culture changed in its portrayal of women as the weaker sex in sports? Historical background Although female participation in sports was introduced centuries back, the traditional society failed to recognize women in competitions (Eastman & Billings, 2001). It was not until the establishment of Title IX in 1972 that women started being represented in sports. As a result, the international sporting sector made significant steps in encouraging female participation in sports (Riebock, 2012). This advancement came at a time when women were fighting to be recognized in politics, education and politics sectors that were majorly male dominated. Similarly, the coverage of these women in mass media was discriminatory as their skills were hardly recognized. It was not until the mid-1970 that scholars began to research on the underrepresentation and marginalization of sportswomen in mass media. Pedersen (2002) notes that majority of the initial academic studies on the topic focused on the analysis of newspapers and their depiction of female athletes. The author also acknowledges the limited research studies that focused on the interaction between feminism and the role of the media in sports coverage in the 1970’s. Reid and Soley (1979) undertook one of the initial newspaper content analysis on the topic. Consequently, the authors found that most of the newspaper articles had focused more on men than women in sports. The scope of the initial research studies on
Introduction Such a phenomenon as popular culture is regarded by many scholars as a mass-marketed phenomenon that is essentially a product of capitalist development (Rhodes & Westwood 2008, p. 7). Moreover, this concept often has negative connotations and it is often used as a reference to something rather primitive and populist. This paper will discuss the main distinctions of popular culture and its growth. This discussion will show various sides of popular culture and explain why it can be criticized and praised. Overall, it is possible to argue that popular culture can indeed be viewed as a mass-marketed phenomenon that appeals to the general public. Nevertheless, it should not be always associated with something superficial or commercial as many people do. In other words, this concept does not always have negative meanings. Moreover, this essay will show that sometimes it is rather difficult to draw a distinct line between popular and elite culture. This is the main idea that should be illustrated. Culture and popular culture To get a better understanding of this issue, one should first look at the definitions of culture and popular culture. These notions have frequently attracted the attention of many sociologists, anthropologists, and psychologists. Overall, the term culture can be defined as a system of beliefs, attitudes, values, norms and material objects that are shared or recognized by a certain group of people (Samovar, Porter & McDaniel, 2008, p. 10). This definition may not be conclusive, but it shows that this term includes a large number of components. Moreover, it implies that different elements of culture have to be recognizable by members of a certain group. In turn, the definition of popular culture can be even more complex because while explaining it, one has to be free from prejudice against this phenomenon. As a rule, scholars regard it as a form of entertainment that is mass produced and appeals to a great number of people (Rhodes & Westwood 2008, p. 7). Moreover, this term also encompasses attitudes, ideas, and perspectives that are recognizable and popular within in a certain group. These are the most typical characteristics that are normally attributed to popular culture. However, people often believe that this term has much more negative meanings. In particular, it denotes something unsophisticated and dumbed down. For instance, this term is often used when people speak about films, TV shows, books, and other works of art that are believed to be consumerist, superficial, or sensationalist. Admittedly, there are some works of art that deserve such criticism, for instance, soap operas or pulp fiction. In the majority of cases, they are intended for people who do not want to take intellectual effort. One can hardly deny that they are oriented toward quick commercial success. However, these features are not typical of the entire popular cul
Introduction This is a six-stanza poem written by Sir Walter Raleigh. The poem was written as a response to another poem, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love that had been written by Christopher Marlowe. In The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, the author tells of a shepherd that proposes to a lover by showing how their lives would be nice while together. In The Nymphs’ Reply to the Shepherd, Sir Walter Raleigh gives a response to the proposal. In Marlowe’s poem, the shepherd promises happiness, nature’s beauty and many other gifts to his lover. On the other hands, in The Nymphs’ Reply to the Shepherd, Walter gives reasons as to why the promised happiness might not be possible. The poems discuss the nature of love and dilemma of lovers. Nature of lover and life of lovers is a tricky puzzle. The poem will be analyses with reference to The Passionate Shepherd to His Love. Paraphrase If the world did not change and lovers remains young forever. If every man speak the truth. The thing that you promise me might persuade me to accept your proposal (Raleigh, 1599, par1). Time often leads to change as seen as flocks go back to fold, in the evening. The good times does not remain forever. Although Philomel produces good music, it comes a time it gets silent. Good time passes and one starts to reflect on good time in the days to come (Raleigh, 1599, par2). The flowers in the garden do fade. The winter comes with promise of produce. The tongue that tastes the honey is the same that tastes the bitter gall. The good time last only for a short time (Raleigh, 1599, par3). All the lover’s cloths, shoes and lovely bed of roses. The lover’s fancy dresses and bunches of flowers. All this last for a short time and are forgotten. A lover may marry in a hurry but regret will follow (Raleigh, 1599, par4). Your beautiful belt and fitting cloths. Your handsome look and stance. Not all this can persuade me to accept your proposal and be your lover (Raleigh, 1599, par5). If it was possible to stay young for ever and love last forever, if there was no need to worry for old age and lack of love; the things that your promise might have persuaded to be your lover and live together (Raleigh, 1599, par6). Technical analysis The poem is in six stanzas with four verses in each stanza. In totals, there are twenty-four verses in the poem. The poem was written in a time when pastoralist was common and shepherds were common in the society. This poem is a response to another poem and the poet respond to Marlowe’s poem stanza by stanza. The poem uses poetic devices to offer a convincing response. The poem starts with a subjective, if. This grammatical mood is used to introduce the nature of the poem right form the start (Briat, 2001, p 235). Use of ‘if’ in the first verse “If all the world and love were young” (Raleigh, 1599, par1) set out the rhetoric nature of the poem. Right form the beginning the reader is made aware that the poet will contrast the ideal nature of the world to the real. Although the poet finds the Shepherd promise as interestin
Throughout history, man has been working on improving technology to make work easier, besides increasing the speed at which activities are accomplished. With the emergence of internet, a lot of revolution has taken place especially in the field of business. The need for locomotion where business people were compelled to travel long distances in a bid to increase awareness of their product has been eliminated. Initially, the advertising department used the internet to advertise a company’s products in order to increase sales. However, later on companies started introducing technology which allowed buying and selling to take place online. Naturally, e-commerce has really gained popularity in the world nowadays due to its ability to save time and enable one to avoid walking and queuing. Today, a technique which started as a substitute method for firms to sell their products, has witnessed significant expansion and has really revolutionalized the way consumers respond to the market. E-commerce is used to refer the process by which firms use electronic media especially internet to carry out their day-to-day activities of purchases and sells. It should be noted that e-commerce is not synonymous to e-business but rather a sub-set of e-business. As a matter of fact, e-commerce can be defined as a type of e-business in which actual exchange of tangible goods takes place (Hilbert, 2001). E-commerce utilizes the internet to enable customers view the products on sell from wherever they may be situated. Generally, e-commerce can be grouped into different categories, including business to customer type, depending on the main target of the system. Business to customer (B2C) is a type of e-commerce where business people allow customers to search and buy products electronically. It is common in firms which consider direct contact with their customers paramount. It should be noted that many firms utilizing B2C technology have emerged since the discovery of the technique.
In the 21 st century, Information Technology drastically changed the way people communicate and interact with each other. This new phenomenon is made possible by the World-Wide-Web. But even a powerful platform like the Web is useless without the necessary tool that will help an ordinary person understand and appreciate the full power of the Internet. It is for this reason that websites were created. A website is known as a portal because it is the starting point, it is a graphical interface that enables a person to read and manipulate content. In this particular report, two websites related to the economy will be analysed to appreciate the importance of a website. In addition, these websites will be analysed using the five criteria for evaluating a web page. The first website to be analysed is B
Being a nurse is a great privilege for me as my dreams have come true and I am helping people when they need assistance most. For me, each day spent in the hospital is full of valuable experiences as I learn a lot every minute. Therefore, it is quite difficult to think of the most valuable experience clinically. One of such cases was during my first days in the hospital when I had to work with a very specific patient who was angry and demanding. Of course, I understood that the man was in pain and his irritation was due to his poor health condition but he was quite abusive several times. I could lose my temper and tell him off but I pulled myself together. I would come to his ward and complete my tasks always smiling and talking to him. In a few days, I knew about his major concerns and could comfort him. When he left, we parted as old friends and he was grateful for my attitude. Now I know that I can find a way to every patient’s heart to comfort him/her. This experience is closely connected with one of my ‘preceptors’. She was a great model for me as she was always positive and used humor as her major weapon. She could communicate even with the ‘hardest’ patients who seemed to try their best to insult healthcare professionals. I learnt from her loads of valuable lessons. One of them was to be positive and try to find a path to each patient. What is more, I learnt to develop proper relationships with other healthcare professionals. This woman managed to gain authority among her colleagues and patients and everyone was respectful. Another important thing I learnt from her is teaching patients to cope with their health conditions. I noticed that those who refuse to move have more health problems than those who are trying to be active. Some of my colleagues said it was an attempt to complete fewer tasks but I believe this is a good strategy which makes patients more responsible, more active and, as a result, makes them healthier. Now I am using lots of her tricks to develop relationships with everybody and I have to say that she is a genius as all these tools really work. As has been mentioned above, I believe I have chosen the right way and I am a good nurse who can function in all sites. However, I think that the ward is where the nurse belongs. I like being with patients and try to spend as much time as possible with them. I believe that patients need our psychological help even more than clinical services and I will go into detail on that matter below.
Daoism and Confucianism are the two most important and influential philosophies in Asia. However, the two teachings have significant differences as can be demonstrated from the two quotations from the respective teachings. The carefree nature of Daoism is contrasted to the solemn and grave nature of Confucianism. In the Daoist quote, the man does not have any obligation and he moves about life without concerning himself with his destiny. The man takes pleasure in what life offers him without becoming too attached to it. On the other hand, the Confucius quote talks about discipline and obedience. The young man in the quote is exhorted to be a good son and an obedient man since this is the root of a person’s true character. The practical and clear-cut nature of Confucian writings is contrasted with the mysticism and paradoxical nature of Daoist text. The Confucius quote gives practical advice in a language that is easy to follow and one can easily interpret what is being said. The thoughts expressed are also easy to apply in a person’s life and the deeper meaning of the text is easy to deduce. Contrary to this, the Daoist text is written in a mystical manner and there can be various interpretations of the true meaning of the writings. Just as Tao has different meanings, the text can be interpreted in many different ways by a person. The love of paradox by Daoism is clearly illustrated in the quote though the sentences in the writings which appear to be paradoxical in nature. While it is easy to understand the morals being communicated through the Confucian text, the Daoist quote is open to interpretations just as the Tao is difficult for anyone to grasp. The Confucian emphasis on respecting authority figures is contrasted with the Daoist focus on humans as individuals. The Confucian quote advises against transgressing against one’s superior and the man of good character is expected to avoid such action. This will preserve social harmony since order will be maintained if the authority figures are respected. The emphasis on social harmony is evident from the way the quote praises the good son who is obedient and shows no inclination to start a rebellion. The Confucian focus on how people relate in the society and the Daoism focus on the cycles of nature are elaborated by these quotes. The Confucian text talks about how the young man behaves well and shows respect to his superior. The text serves as a code of conduct, informing people on how to act in order to become good members of the society. Following this Confucian teaching will help the individual to attain virtue and ethics that are desirable for harmonious coexistence. The Daoism text focuses on how a person comes to earth not knowing love or hate and goes back after death to the same state. The concept of endlessness is alluded to in the text with the quote showing that there is no beginning or end for the person. The text focuses on the individual; tracing his journey from birth to death. The emphasis that Daoism places on gaining balance in life is therefore highlighted though this quote. The d