ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In historical importance, the Great Roman Empire was one of the very important chapters. The Roman Empire was built in 27 BC. One of the very important aspects of the empire was an autocratic form of Government. The empire was stretched in Europe and also had holdings around the Mediterranean Sea. There are two major parts of the Roman Empire historically. They are:  1. The Western Roman Empire: The West part of the Roman Empire.  2. The Eastern Roman Empire: The other half of the Roman Empire was called the Eastern Roman Empire or as popularly called the Byzantine Empire. It was the Roman Empire that existed in the Middle Ages, and its capital was Constantinople. If we look at the historical theories, the researchers will provide us with some theories about the fall of the Roman Empire, which is very relevant in this discussion. The general causes of the fall of the Roman Empire are as follows:   * Overexpansion of the Empire and the subsequent inflation   * Vegetius claimed that the breaking of the military and the inclusion of Germanic mercenaries in high ranks is one of the most important causes.   * There was also the cause of deforestation. History of the Eastern Roman Empire The Empire survived for over 1000 years and during that time it was one of the most powerful socio-economical powers of the continent. The Empire controlled places like the “ Balkans, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, and also some parts of Libya too ”. Though the empire had to be involved in constant war with feuding nations or civil wars and the boundaries of the Empire would always change, overall it was one of the biggest empires of the World. The Decline The Empire suffered huge setbacks due to wars like the Roman Persian war, better known as Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, which went on for more than a hundred years, to be very precise from AD 502 to AD 628, and The Byzantine Arab wars, which continued for more than 400 years( AD 634-AD 1180). In the second war, the Arab people gained lands and the Eastern Roman Empire suffered heavy blows. Later in the year 1071, the Empire lost a major part of Asia Minor. Another very important setback suffered by the Empire was during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 when the realm was divided into Greek and Latin parts. Though it gained some strength, the Byzantine- Ottoman Wars, which continued from AD 1265 to AD 1453was finally responsible for the destruction of the Empire and the subsequent fall of Constantinople. Now in the following part of the discussion, we will concentrate on the conflicts and the subsequent causes that caused the empire to fall ultimately. The Golden Days of the Empire were stretched from Armenia to the southern part of Italy and in this area, most of the places were conquered in battles. The army was one of the most powerful armies in the World. They had defeated many barbaric races and the Kong also wanted to occupy Sicily to prevent the Arabs to set foot there. During the religious complexities that started in the Catholic Church in the eleventh century, and also the increasing power of the Islamic race, Byzantium Empire was soon faced with some really d
Patriarchy refers to the structuring of the society basing on family units, whereby the father is primarily responsible for the welfare of the family. Often, the term is further applied to describe the expectation that the male gender in a community take the main responsibility for its welfare. Simply, patriarchy is the control by men. It is a system that is characterized by male dominance, identity and control. According to Daly (1978, p. 29) only men are the “originator, planners, controllers, and legitimators of patriarchy”. Patriarchy is widely practiced in the society. Our society is basically patriarchal. In this regard, we equate the powerful positions with the male gender; for instance, the heads of states and organizations are expected to be male on top of the fact that most. Goldberg (1973) argued that all the known societies have embraced patriarchies. Moreover, in history, men have been known to take the role of leading the society such that patriarchy has gained strong roots. Furthermore, factors such as religion and cultural beliefs have promoted patriarchy in the society. Christianity teachings insist that women should be docile to men. In family traditions, for instance, the women adopt the names of their husbands while children are also named with the last name of their father. In addition, most of the homes in our society take the form where the man is the financial supporter of the family. Patriarch is a system of power where the males dominate the females. It is characterized by complex processes including upbringing, gender division of labor, expectations of certain behavior that are all connected to other systems of power (Sharp, 1980, p.213). According to sharp (1980, p. 218) rulers and subjects must be present in order to talk about power; furthermore, the group that is ruled must be obedient for the system of power to work. Therefore, although it is not suitable to equate the position of the men and female in a family set up as rulers and subjects, for patriarchy to function there must be a central point o
Introduction Among the various financial markets around the globe, foreign exchange markets qualify as the largest and the most liquid. Also known as the currency market, it is widely distributed all over the world and deals with the trading of currencies. The system determines the worth or value of currencies used in the world. The main objective of this market is to aid in international businesses and investments by providing an easy means for the businesses to deal with all currencies through an easy conversion process from one currency to the other. The market deals with very huge business volumes, which cause high liquidity operating for 24 hours five days a week. Illustrating the evident changes in the market, Bernard (2007) points out that, “From the early 1970s, the market has been greatly transformed in structure, operation and size” (p.56). Results from researches carried out about the market reveal how it continues to grow over years and by April 2010, it was estimated to have a US$3.98 trillion as its daily turnover, an increase of 20% from April 2007. This massive money movement comes from various institutions such as the governments, banks, among other financial markets. One can ask, ‘What is the fuel behind the increase in exchange markets?’ The increase of foreign exchange markets turnover has come because of factors like the increase in trading activities by high-frequency investors, the popularity of the foreign exchange as a means of acquiring assets, and the introduction of retail investors who have formed a very crucial market segment. Julian (2000) comes in handy claiming “…that the growth of the electronic methods of executing foreign exchange and availability of a diverse selection of the execution venues has resulted in lower transaction costs” (p.114). Moreover, the increased market liquidity, the evident rise in the number of enterprises and capitalists into the foreign exchange market has come as a result. In general, online electronic trading has made the execution of the foreign exchange market easy thus resulting in a lot of growth and high turnover. Asharaf (2008) states, “Traditionally, the foreign exchange market was the realm of the big corporations and the major banks. But the advent of online trading avenues and the regulations in investment, the once rigid market has opened opportunities for smaller corporations, retail investors and small financial institutions to freely participate in this market” (p.115). However, these markets affect the economy of other countries. Effects on the economy “The foreign exchange markets describe the valuations of domestic currencies, which affect the political and economic status of the nations” (Bradley, 2007, p.66). During low foreign exchange rates in a country, it implies that the economic recession and the political stability are eminent or in existence in that particular country. On the other hand
Summary The importance of innovation has become increasingly significant to business organizations over the last couple of years. Competition in the business world has also increased. The need for organizations to stay competitive has made organizations adopt a number of strategies. One of the strategies is innovation. The article gives a description of how entrepreneurship can be important in ensuring sustained innovation among business organizations. An entrepreneur needs to have sufficient information regarding investments and business operations to succeed in business activities. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the major sources of information for entrepreneurs. The article emphasizes on the importance of ICT in entrepreneurship and innovation. The article goes on to give the various definitions of the term entrepreneurship. The definition of entrepreneurship has changed over time as the business world continues to change. According to the article, the general definition of the term entrepreneurship is identifying of opportunities and exploiting them in a pro- active, competitively aggressive, and innovative manner. The article emphasizes the importance of entrepreneurship in business by giving a discussion of dynamic capabilities. The author has given a case study of two SMEs in Taiwan; namely, Everest and Central. Key Learning Points There are some key learning points that emerge after reading and analyzing the article. The first point is that entrepreneurship is a vital factor to the success of a business organization in today’s business world. Entrepreneurship involves risk taking and speculation. On the other hand, an entrepreneur is the person who identifies an emerging opportunity, exploits it, and creates a new market. An entrepreneur has to be highly innovative to succeed in his or her business activities. Managers and leaders of an organization should have the entrepreneurial spirit in order to lead their organizations to success (Audretsch, Heblich & Falck, 2011). Managers should be in a position to identify emerging opportunities, explore them, and also create new markets. It is important to note that an entrepreneur has to be highly innovative. Therefore, entrepreneurship and innovation have to go hand in hand. In other words, entrepreneurship involves innovation, invention, and venturing into new opportunities (Lin, Miao & Nie, 2012). Competition in the business has increased significantly. Exploring new business opportunities will increase the competitiveness of an organization since not many organizations, if any, will have explored the opportunities. An organization that comes up with new business opportunities will make high profits since it will face little or no competition. Another key point of learning is the ability of the organizational leaders and managers to integrate both the internal and externa
Introduction The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is an inter-governmental organization and an organ of the United Nations; all members of the United Nations members are members of UNHRC, the council seat, however, has a membership of 47 countries and it is charged with the responsibility of promoting and protecting human rights across the world, it fundamentally addresses matters concerning human rights violations. United Nation Human Rights Council was established on 15 march, 2006 by the UN General Assembly primarily to replace the United Nation High Commission on Human Rights which had been ineffective in solving the human rights issues and also due to the fact that several of its membership were perceived to be human rights abusers. The United Nations Commission for Human Rights was criticized for its effectiveness since it dwelt too much on the Israel situation at the expense of the other human rights issues. UNHCR was also criticized for its politicization and double standards in handling the Israel situation. The membership of the council was 47 states and was geographically distributed according to regions and continents. The distribution was 13 countries from African continent, 13 countries were from Asia, and 6 came from Eastern Europe, 8 from the Latin America and the Caribbean and 7 countries were from Western Europe. The threshold for calling sessions was placed at one third of the membership and could sit not less than three sessions per year. The status of the council was to be reviewed by the Security Council at the intervals of five years (Matas 10) The members of the United Nation General Assembly meet to vote for those who can occupy the forty seven main seats in the council. The term of each member state in the council serves for a two-three year term. The members who are elected to the council should uphold the highest standards in the protection of human rights. All the united Nation members are eligible for election into the council provided they receive an absolute majority of the votes and they should be nominated by their blocs or regions. The members that presently seat in the council are Africa; Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Djibouti, Gabon, Ghana, Libya, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Uganda, Senegal and Zambia. Asian countries in the council are; Bahrain, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Maldives, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand, republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Pakistan. Eastern Europe: Hungary, Poland, republic of Moldova, Russian federation, Slovakia and Ukraine; the countries from Western Europe are Belgium, France, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom and united states. Those from Latin America and the Caribbean are Argentina Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico and Uruguay (Blanchfield 5). The UNHRC has been relentless in condemnin
An Overview In the present context, corporate e-managers are challenged with the fundamental question of how to “capture, analyze and project” the changeover of the impact of e-commerce on the important or significant aspects of core processes of “application of information technology.” This is achieved when “It allows an organization to execute electronic transactions with any individual entity along the value chain—suppliers, logistics providers, wholesalers, distributors, service providers, and end customers.” (Fahey et al (2001). Linking e-business and operating Processes: The role of knowledge management. In the context of e-commerce, it needs to be seen that e-knowledge does not concern itself just with the acquisition and assimilation of factual data but needs to involve itself also with its logical sequentialising and patterning of the thinking process, which also forms a significant part of the e-commerce activities. How e-commerce could possibly contribute to useful and positive technological changes is also a matter of conjecture and thought process. It needs to be contextualized for improving the quality and scope of e-commerce from the perspectives of modern technology and commerce and challenges that confront the industry in the 21st Century and “fundamental shifts in business operations.”( Dornbusch, Daniel (2004): AllBusiness: from leaders to leadership: managing change: Journal of leadership & Organizational studies. Relevance of e-commerce in the contemporaneous business world It is seen that, in simple terms, e-commerce deals with connectivity or establishing relationships and communicative abilities along the supply chain. This electronic connectivity may be used for different purposes to suit the requirements of the organization. The main points of connectivity over e-commerce could be seen in terms of the following aspects: Finding a solution to customers’ wants and desires and making honest attempts to achieve them. What are the kinds of customers and the problems that beset them and how e-commerce could possible take care of future customer solutions? The next aspect is in terms of rivals: how is it that in the case of business rivals, only certain customers are responsive to their marketing overtures while the rest are not? What are the criteria that determine the movements of the marketplace and whether the induction of e-commerce could bring about innovative models for strategic planning and execution that could vastly improve the future business prospects of the company? The use of e-commerce strategic models is also necessary to overcome the threats posed by competitive rivals and there is
Introduction Modern companies attempt to improve their environmental practices in part because consumers begin to pay more attention to the social performance of these businesses and the influence of their activities on nature or human health. Eco-labels or green stickers are certificates that inform consumers about the production standards adopted by a manufacturer and the environmental record of its products (Kaul 2005, 228). They are supposed to be provided by independent organizations that objectively assess the technologies used by corporations, their production cycle, waste management, and so forth. To some degree, they can be regarded as a means of attracting buyers’ attention to those goods that have a lower environmental impact at the stage of their production or consumption. At this point, many researchers and journalists discuss the positive and negative aspects of these eco-labels. Overall, it is possible to argue that they can certainly lead to the improvement of environmental practices in many industries; however, this goal can be achieved only if these certificates are given by independent and authoritative organizations that cannot be influenced, manipulated or coerced by businesses. If this precaution is not taken, green stickers can turn into mere marketing tools that do not really reflect the environmental performance of a company. Moreover, customers can become very skeptical about eco-friendly products. This is the main thesis that should be examined more closely. The rationale for eco-labels and their benefits Overall, the wide adoption of green stickers can be explained by the emergence of such a trend as ethical consumerism. This means that people become concerned not only about the price or quality of the product but also about its impact on human health and the environment. Green stickers are supposed to help people make responsible purchasing decisions. The use of eco-labels can be viewed as a stimulus that prompts companies to adopt technologies and design production processes that can reduce water pollution, deforestation, ozone depletion, and other threats to the environment. This is how the community can affect a certain industry without legal regulations. These certificates have to be given by a third party that can be a public or private institution that has no affiliation with private businesses. Researchers believe that such labels are market-based instruments that are designed to protect the environment (Kaul 2005, 228). Their application is premised on the assumption that consumers feel responsible for their purchasing decisions and that they are more likely to buy goods or services that do not create any risks for the environment (Kaul 2005, 228). In this way, many people try to reinforce their positive self-image. In the future, other companies will also have to implement eco-friendly strategies in order to retain their positions in the market. Overall, the theoret
The first session with a new patient sets the path for the whole treatment and plays a significant role in its success. Approaching therapy in a mindful and educated way allows avoiding common mistakes and helps maximise the effect of the treatment. The goal of this paper is to analyse optimal conditions for a first therapeutic session assuming the role of a therapist and evaluating current personal strengths and limitations in ensuring optimal conditions. It is essential to create and maintain a positive emotional environment from the very beginning of the session. Multiple studies have shown that a comfortable environment and stimulating positivity facilitate improvement in symptoms (McClintock, Anderson, & Petrarca, 2015). Meeting a new client with an open mind and avoiding any prejudice is vital, as research has shown that stigma present in therapy affects the outcomes in a negative way (Nakash, Nagar, & Levav, 2015). Moreover, learning about the socio-economic and cultural background of the client is essential for an in-depth understanding of his or her personal experience and personality (Sen, 2017). It also contributes to the development of the sense of acceptance and self-compaction in
Introduction One of the primary goals of child advocacy is to create, strengthen, implement, and monitor international norms and children’s rights. Today, international child advocacy agencies and organizations are the most informal configuration of nonstate actors. The main areas of child advocacy involve children’s rights and child abuse issues, child pornography and child prostitution, child labor, primary care (heath), and education. Child advocacy proves to be effective because it helps children to protect their rights and allows state organizations to monitor and control children’s rights and freedoms. The aim of child advocacy is to protect children from abuse and maltreatment. Following Murry (2005): ‘Advocacy for children/youth can take many forms, including self-advocacy, peer advocacy, family advocacy, group advocacy, and professional advocacy” (p. 414). While some agencies are formalized, most are based on informal contacts. The essence of advocacy activity is the exchange and use of information (Courter, 1996). Agencies do not involve either sustained coordination of tactics or mobilizing large numbers of people in the kind of activity. Child advocacy agencies and organizations are the most common form of transnational collective action. It is possible to single out four characteristics of child advocacy:  1. advocates maintain their loyalty to the individuals they serve despite potential conflict;  2. advocates seek to change the status quo;  3. advocates represent individuals and work collaboratively with others;  4. advocates endeavor to correct and/or imp