ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction People are social animals and usually like to be associated with a group. All societies in time develop some accepted behaviours, norms that they use to determine those or the expected behaviours, while deviance means to abide by the expected behaviours in the society. Neither conformity nor deviance is regarded, as good or bad it only depends on the best thing is to distinguish behavior from the reason. This is because those behaviors society beliefs are the expected of any of its member changes to be the ones that that are supposed to be abided by and means of evaluation. Conformity The main drive for people to conform is the desire to be a desirable person in the society, group pressure whereby the society puts pressure on its members to conform and abide by the accepted societal behaviors. In addition, people conform to be pragmatic for motivational reasons like enjoyment and personal goals. Conformity may be bad in the sense that an individual conforms only in terms of behavior but fails to conform internally in terms of his beliefs. A good type of conformity is one that an individual incorporates both beliefs and behaviors. There are three perspectives that have been used to explain deviance which try to explain conformity among which are social comparison theory, cognitive Dissonance theory and reactance theory. Social comparison theory states that people usually compare themselves in terms of their beliefs and values with the expected in the society, opinions and images e.g. behaviors portrayed by others, a good example is with the youths who compare themselves mostly with. Cognitive dissonance theory indicates that people usually have a liking to reduce feeling dissonance which by is brought about by failing to abide by social norms and thus result to conforming. Finally, the reactance theory implies that when an individual is not willing o face the consequences of deviating from the societal norms will result in conformity. Deviance It is sometimes argued that at times people usually deviate from the accepted norms to induce the group to make better decisions. Thus, deviance usually results to conflicts in a given group, which can either be constructive if it leads to better changes in the group and has the best interest of the group at heart. Moreover, deviance may bring about destructive conflict when the members of the group have selfish motives as power struggles and opt to be deviant to bring about disharmony in the group or society. The functional perspective as applied to explain that deviance as earlier stated is both goo
The world COVID-19 pandemic has brought a major crisis that impacts all people’s livelihoods in the circumstances of substantial uncertainty. It is the first time since the Great Depression that advanced markets and emerging businesses are in a recession. The right forecast is hard to make because it depends on numerous outgoing factors, however, they still provide possible options for recovery to rely on. In an article about the current situation, Amelia Thomson-DeVeaux discusses the forecasts of economic restoration. She says that the nature of recessions themselves makes it hard to predict as they have an unstable environment. The author says that most predictions are usually too positive, thus unreliable, which happened during the 2008 world crisis. The trajectory of the current situation depends on external factors that change every day. According to the IMF, Goldman Sachs, and Morgan Stanley, it is predicted to be a severe recession with the most significant drop in annual GDP since the first half of the last century (Thomson-DeVeaux, 2020). Thus, making a reliable forecast is not an easy task in current circumstances. It is hard to predict the recession and how bad it will be because each one has a specific nature, and there is no use in referring to past experiences. Each recession is unique as it is based on the economic conditions that triggered the downfall. Thus, people who predicted the last ones correctly and the methods that they used are not necessarily right in this particular situation. However, forecasts are not useless, even though they might not be correct because they give people a range of possible perspectives rather than a reliable outcome. If a recession lurks beyond this year’s point, economists are unlikely to predict it this far. The state of the economy is everchanging now, and it does not have patterns or past experiences to rely on. While policymakers are trying to adjust to the constantly new environment, the world faces tremendous uncertainty about what waits for it next. Nobody knows for sure how the situation will evolve, so it is vital to view forecasts as possible futures.
The entire world is faced with a series of global challenges that require something other than the same old nonproductive approach. At the present, the world is in need of individuals and organizations with new directions, unique visions, and fresh ideas. The problems facing the world such as global warming, poverty, increased population growth, reduced resources, and increased religious conflicts are real and troublesome. For instance, many countries are struggling to provide affordable healthcare to their cancer patients. With regard to the treatment of cancer, there have been concerns about whether humans are approaching or addressing the problem in the appropriate way. Cancer is still ranked as the global killer disease, its treatment is still costly, and many people are still not informed about the disease. However, since the formation of Livestrong Foundation global cancer awareness has been enhanced. This essay focuses on how the organization is striving to make the world a better place to live by enhancing the lives of cancer victims. A cancer survivor victim founded the organization in the year 1997. Lance Armstrong, Tour de France race champion, was diagnosed with the disease at the peak of his career (Armstrong & Jenkins, 2000). By the time the testicular cancer was diagnosed, it had spread to other parts of his body including the lungs and the brain. Armstrong undertook a vigorous program of physical conditioning and medical treatment. In the course of this program, Armstrong came up with Livestrong Foundation. He defeated the disease in the year 1998. He later resumed his career in the same year, and won various medals between the years 1999 and 2005. Armstrong and the organization believe that strength, awareness, and attitudes are the key elements of fighting cancer. Since its formation, the organization has stressed on prevention approach as a way of defeating cancer. The organization has been successful in giving individuals access to screening and care and supporting cancer researches. In the year 2004, the organization with the help of its founder started the production of bracelets. Numerous of these bracelets have been sold globally bringing millions of proceeds. The proceeds have been channeled towards cancer awareness programs and cancer researches. Through the proceeds and donations, the foundation has been able to expand its operations to various regions such as South Africa and Mexico. By doing so, the organization aims at denouncing the common myths and stigmas associated with cancer patie
The film “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest” effectively walks the audience through the process of how mental institutions “rehabilitate” mentally-disordered patients. The character of Randle McMurphy serves as an unwilling witness to the inhumane treatment that the hospital staff gives the patients. McMurphy himself is not officially diagnosed as mentally ill but was brought to the hospital as a consequence of his serious and grave misconduct in the work farm he came from. Hence, mentally, he is fit and capable of seeing anomalies in the system. At the outset, McMurphy swaggers in to blend with the patients, his strong personality inevitably promoting him to be the group leader. His vivacious and non-conformist spirit empowers the patients to likewise express themselves rocking the “well-steered” boat captained by Nurse Ratched. This head nurse apparently represents the whole mental health care system – cool and unperturbed by the strange and occasionally dangerous nature of the mentally ill, but not hesitant to advocate harsh measures should the offending patients merit it. The film exposes inhumane procedures to curtail the repetition of serious offences such as electric shock treatment and lobotomy, or a surgery performed on the brain to render a person passive and useless, like a human vegetable. The orderlies are sanctioned to ruthlessly deal with misbehavior such as poking patients with a stick, inflicting bodily harm and unnecessarily manhandling them. Such abusive acts are likely to push the patients further into the abyss of mental illness rather than enlighten them on the inappropriateness of their actions. Outwardly, Nurse Ratched projects an image of highly professional nurse, with perfect manners and in full control of whatever situation she is thrown into. At one point, she even gives off the impression that she is democratic by allowing the patients to vote on a decision as to whether to stick to the routine or deviate from it to watch the World series game. It is obvious that she dominates the control in the ward because all the men bow to her system of routine, as she expects them to….except for one newcomer, in the person of Randle McMurphy whom she engages in a battle of wills. The patients warmed up to McMurphy’s character, realizing that they were being manipulated by Nurse Ratched into “behaving” as normal, manageable patients. In McMurphy, they found hope that they are capable of doing things on their own without the systematic guidance of Nurse Ratched. This caused the mounting of tension in the ward between the patients and the hospital staff and administration. When both Nurse Ratched and McMurphy eventually fight it out, driving McMurphy to totally lose his temper and act on his repressed urge to kill her for her cruelty masked with coolness, Nurse Ratched’s power manifests itself as McMurphy is sent
Description of stratified random sampling For the patient satisfaction survey involving a population of 600 patients, the most suitable sampling method is Stratified Random Sampling. It involves the separation of the target population into subgroups, based on specific differences identified by the researcher to increase the “randomness” of the samples. Consequently, there will be several subgroups from which the random samples can be picked. The method has seven stages, namely, defining the population, selecting the stratification, listing the population and listing it according to the stratification, working out the proportionate stratification and finally using the random sample (Fink, 2002). Application of Stratified Random Sampling The target group consists of 600 patients of different age groups, racial backgrounds and suffering from various conditions among other heterogeneous factors. In this case study, age will be used to categorize patients into desired subgroups. When patients are grouped, there will be five age clusters, starting from 65 and above, between 64 and 41 between 40 and 25, between 24, 16, and 15 and below. Using their ages to stratify patients, the researcher can minimize bias arising from the different age related interpretations of satisfaction. The method will ensure they get a balanced picture of the satisfaction levels, depending on how each age group views the services they are receiving (Fink, 2002). Using a different method such as non-stratified random sampling may result in having too many people from one particular group sampled. As a result, stratified random sampling can be justified in that it provides a highly representative sample, owing to the probabilistic method used. Labor-intensive and expensive There are two main challenges that one will have to contend with while using this stratified random sampling method. The first is that, it is very labor intensive and requires several people to work at gathering all the requisite stratification data. In addition, it is also very time consuming, which makes it very expensive. A proposed solution to counter this challenge could be for some of the patients to act as volunteers in administering the study to their fellows. Divergent definitions of satisfaction A second challenge the researcher will encounter is that the varied age groups in the study may have very different definitions of what they consider satisfactory. Given the age difference between the elderly and the very young, it may be difficult to get questions that the two extremes can relate to on equal terms. For example, teens may want more attention from the nurses and other caregivers, while the elderly patients may require much less. As a result, the study will need to be designed in such a way that the questionnaire questions are understood in the same way by all patients irrespective of their age. Admittedly, getting perfection is difficult, if not impossible, however, the situation can be improved by ensuring the administration of the survey involves open, in
Nowadays, the social function of laughter and humor is being often overlooked because the hawks of political correctness have succeeded in convincing many citizens that their natural tendency to laugh, while reacting to different emanations of people’s behavioral inadequacy, is not socially appropriate. In her article In Defense of Humor , Alleen Nilsen provides us with insight onto the fact that, the enforcers of multicultural tolerance have now gone as far as openly displaying anti-laughter slogans on university campuses: “There is no place on a university campus for sexist or ethnic humor” (Nilsen, p. 230). Nevertheless, despite what particularly ‘progressive’ educators and political activists want citizens to believe, people’s ability to assess surrounding reality through the lenses of their sense of humor is one of the main preconditions for ensuring society’s structural integrity. The reason for this is simple – the comic subtleties of an individual’s behavior reflect his or her failure to function as a productive member of society, due to such an individual’s inability to evolve, in an intellectual sense of this word. As it was rightly pointed out by Henri Bergson in his work Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of Comic : “The comic is that side of a person which reveals his likeness to a thing, that aspect of human events which, through its peculiar inelasticity, conveys the impression of pure mechanism, of automatism, of movement without life” (Bergson, p. 295). In her book Meanings: Selected Essays in Anthropology , Mary Douglas provides us with further insight into semiotic significance of ‘funniness’: “It is funny when persons behave as if they were inanimate things. So, a person caught in a repetitive routine, such as stammering or dancing after the music has stopped, is funny” (Douglas 148). When a particular individual appears, being incapable of applying an analytical approach to dealing with life’s challenges while opting for a mechanistic one instead, he or she reveals its existential mode as being related more to that of animals – thus becoming the subject of jokes. For example, when a bear injures itself against some pointy tree-branch, it usually begins hitting this branch with both of its paws, as if it wanted to punish it – in bear’s simple mind; this branch is being impersonated into some malicious creature. As a result, the more bear gets injured, the harder it continues to hit the ‘evil’ branch. In a similar manner, when intellectually primitive people experience setbacks, while striving to tackle a particular problem, it does not result in them considering the utilization of a different approach to dealing with the problem. Just like earlier mentioned bear, they continue trying to resolve it mechanistically, despite the fact that such their approach had already been proven highly ineffective. In its turn, this causes unengaged observers to laugh, while being exposed to the spectacle – by revealing the full extent of their perceptional inflexibility, intellectually primitive individuals expose their relat
Research Context It is impossible to neglect the importance of tourism development in Dubai. Many people are eager to visit the country and enjoy the beauties of its landscapes, coasts, and waters. However, the conditions under which people could visit the country vary considerably. For example, many questions about visas occur, and permission to visit the country should be got. Besides, there are cultural and traditional challenges. There are also many people, who suffer from language barriers. Finally, the financial aspect of the tourism industry plays an important role. Tourism companies have to be ready to solve all these and many other problems and offer the best possible solutions to their customers. Still, tourism is not the only sphere that undergoes considerable changes. Nowadays, the citizens of Dubai, as well as other Gulf regions, could earn a lot with the help of commerce marketing. Therefore, in Dubai, there is the Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing that aims at building awareness of Dubai as a host country for people and companies with different goals. It is not enough for the Department to introduce Dubai as the option to consider. The task is to prove that Dubai is the only place where people could find everything they want for their business, pleasure, and personal satisfaction. Hypothesis The idea to use innovation management and strategies in the field of tourism is not new. Still, the current technological achievements and opportunities available to the population of Dubai are impressive indeed. Some people are not able to grasp all peculiarities of the country. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate how such huge fields as tourism and commerce marketing could be improved with the help of innovative management in such airline companies as Emirates. Research Question Is it possible that innovation management and such strategies as the multicultural education of workers help to improve the quality of work of the Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing and increase the number of tourists up to 20 million? Research Methods This research question may be answered in case different methods are used in research. First, a literature search is required to review the already available materials and suggestions. It is necessary to cite the sources and explain the worth of the chosen material. Web search is the fastest approach in this study. Besides, it is necessary to cooperate with people and gather several personal points of view. A purposive sample could be used based on the interviews with the workers from local agencies and the tourists who come to Dubai. It is necessary to choose 15 managers and interview them about the quality of work and the regulations they have to follow. The interviews consist of 5 open-ended questions. There are also 20 tourists (10 males and 10 females) aged 25-45 years, who come to Dubai from different countries. They are interviewed to clarify the reasons why they choose the country among other available options. The qualitative interview data and the results of the literature search may clarify the situation and identify the opt
As it is known today, General Electric (GE) was set up in 1878 by Thomas Alva Edison when he invented the light bulb in his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, and set up his company and named it Edison General Electric. Later, in 1892, he merged his company with Thomson-Houston Electric to establish a General Electric Company as it is today. In the early going, the company specialized in light bulbs, toasters, and motors. Still, it grew to become a global conglomerate offering a variety of products and services such as power-generation equipment, aircraft engines, financial services, television programming, healthcare solutions, etc. (Mark, Safieddine and Rhayem 2). Today, GE is a global company with a market cap of more than $250 billion, more than $148 billion in revenues, and 305,000 employees (“General Electric” par. 1). It operates all over the world. When in the mid-2000s, the developed countries started to slow down, General Electric did not want to slow down with them, so the CEO of that time, Jeffrey Immelt, decided that the company should operate in the emerging economies. GE set a course on expanding influence in the MENAT region – the Middle East, North Africa, Turkey, and Pakistan. Even though developing countries as the whole and the MENAT region, in particular, are known for political instability and high level of corruption, they are of great interest to the global companies. It can be explained by the fact that these countries are usually rich with natural resources. At least, it was true about the Middle East region that GE chose as the platform for further growth in 2004. It was a decision that was a key to remaining a global leader as the whole and a market leader in the emerging economies in particular. Presence in the emerging countries of the Middle East region is attractive for many reasons. First of all, these countries are rich in natural resources, which means that it is easy to generate wealth in this region. Second, presence in these countries is beneficial for the region itself because the wealth generated from natural mining resources can be reinvested in projects aimed at developing the region and meeting the needs of its population. But what is of most significant importance is that being a company offering everything that was needed to realize the projects mentioned above (infrastructure and various services including water, power, etc.), GE could achieve high rates of growth of income (Mark, Safieddine and Rhayem 3). Even though cooperation with General Electric was promising from the growth of the MENAT regions, the company nevertheless faced barriers to entering the emerging countries. Among such barriers, there was risk aversion, scarce corporate resources, and the fact that the competition was already established in the region (Mark, Safieddine, and Rhayem 4). Speaking of risk aversion, it means that the company wanted to enter the region known for political instability, affiliate relationships, high institutional corruption, and frequent events of facilitative payments and bribery. Together with that, most of the time, the customers came from the government,