ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The company under analysis is Ford Motor Company. It is renowned for its pioneering role in Just in Time logistics; however, the model has brought a lot of challenges that the organisation needed to deal with in order to stay competitive. Ford has an international presence in over 200 countries. The organisation’s ability to surmount global logistical issues serves as an example to other businesses that are yet to consolidate their networks. Challenges that have been handled Ford Motor Company invented assembly line production and was a pioneer in lean manufacture. Its Just-in-time model was an exceptional way of making automobiles in the first and second half of the twentieth century. Despite these achievements, a number of logistical problems emerged as the company continued its operations in the last half of the twentieth century as well as the 2000s. First, since the company used the JIT model, it always had a small amount of inventory inside its plants. Consequently, mistakes made in the supply chain reverberated in production and this slowed down efficiency. The firm had the option of paying for inventory in order to curb delays in production. However, this would undermine the essence of the company‘s success, and would also lead to increases in operational costs (Patridge 2011). A second problem that the firm had was to coordinate its supplier network. Prior to organisational change, the firm would merely focus on certain component suppliers or vendors that could provide maximum value to the firm’s supply chain. Optimisation efforts were isolated and scarcely linked to each other. It was clear that the business was not taking advantage of the many sources of tradeoffs. However, consolidating these efforts was not going to be an easy task. One Ford automobile normally passes through three plants and may consist of over 2000 components from hundreds of suppliers. Therefore, the organisation needed to consider lead times for all their components. It also needed to account for the shipment capabilities of its vendors as well as its own transporters. Sometimes, carriers would be involved in the process, so their lead times also needed to be incorporated into optimisation efforts. Ford needed to consider costs as well as the operational characteristics of its supply chain partners. These complexities could either be addressed holistically or on the basis of each variable; Ford decided to use both approaches. Ford also had a wide choice of suppliers that could sell its component parts. Therefore, the organisation had the problem of deciding which ones were the most cost effective and efficient ones. Issues of proximity as well as geographical location of the suppliers needed to be taken into consideration. All the challenges confronted by Ford revolved around two major concepts: cost containment and timely delivery. Nordas et. al. (2006) explain that “the time it takes to handle one’s logistics has an adverse effect on whether one can export time-sensitive pro
Executive Summary The knowledge management system has gained massive popularity in the recent past as an organisation have realised that information is a powerful tool that is needed in order to achieve success in the market. Transport for London has introduced new policies for training programs, and training institutions need to have systems that would enable them to synthesis this information and disseminate it to their students in an efficient manner. Using Popper’s Three Worlds Model, these institutions can improve the time taken for the learners to understand the policy procedures needed to be considered a professional taxi driver in London city. Introduction Transport for London has lately been concerned about the amount of time that individuals have to take in order to pass the test of becoming a taxi driver in this city. According to the information given by Knowledge Taxi at their website, it takes 2 to 3 years to successfully develop local knowledge of routes within the city and specific points of interest that are needed in order to pass the test that would make one qualify to be a London taxi driver. There are cases when this process of gaining knowledge about the local routes may take as long as five years. This has been problematic to individuals who are interested in becoming taxi drivers in the city, especially the immigrants who have just moved into the city. In 2012, the Transport for London made a decision that it was necessary to increase the standards required of an applicant in all areas of skills, experience, and knowledge in order to qualify to be a taxi driver in the city. However, this authority is concerned that this will even pose serious problems to future prospects, especially individuals who are immigrants. For this reason, it may be necessary for this authority to consider using a knowledge management system in order to enhance the learning process (Dalkir 2011, p. 72). In this research, the focus will be on how Transport for London can use the concept of a knowledge management system in training London taxi drivers. Key Issues from Knowledge Needs Analysis It is important to understand the key issues from the knowledge needs analysis based on the case that has been given about the training process of the London taxi drivers. It is stated that it can take as long as five years for one to have the rights skills to be a London taxi driver. With the introduction of new policies by the transport authority, it is expected that the period of training may be prolonged. Knowledge management system could be the only solution that can be used to address this problem. It would be important to understand the definition of knowledge before analysing the system of knowledge
When someone is feeling emotions like love or guilt, these usually do not necessarily manifest in a person’s facial expressions or actions. Comparing an actual situation to a theatrical setting would entirely be different when it comes to the subject of emotions. Actors and actresses need to manifest their inward emotions through their outward actions and dialogue in order for the audience to fully grasp the emotions that their character is going through. In this regard, in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth , the relationship of inward emotions and outward actions is relevant in fully conveying the interplay of themes in this tragedy. As one of Shakespeare’s most celebrated plays, Macbeth weaves a complex scenario about how a Scottish nobleman was lured by his intense ambitions in murdering King Duncan. His intense ambitions were even more fired up by the prophecies of the witches who told him that he was fated to be the king. Even his wife, Lady Macbeth, persuaded him with this evil plan. Upon leading the Scottish army to their victory over the forces of Norway, King Duncan granted Macbeth a favour of staying with him in the castle. In this regard, Lady Macbeth saw this “favour” as a great opportunity in making the prophecies of the witches come to fruition. Giving in to his desires for power and wealth, Macbeth murders the gracious King Duncan. To make matters worse, Macbeth pointed the accusing finger to King Duncan’s two sons, Malcolm and Donalbain as they flee from Scotland. Macbeth told everyone that the sons orchestrated the assassination. Macbeth then assumes the kingship, just as the witches foretold. However, another problem arose as the witches also prophesied that although his friend Banquo will not be king, his descendants will hold the Scottish throne. Worried about this scenario. Macbeth hires assassins to murder Banquo and his son, Fleance. Banquo is slain, but Fleance escapes. The witches then warn Macbeth that another nobleman, Macduff, is also a threat to his power. Macbeth attempts murder again, only to find that Macduff has fled to England. Angry at the nobleman’s escape, Macbeth has the wife and children of Macduff brutally murdered. In England, Macduff meets with Malcolm and decides that Malcolm is worthy of ruling Scotland. Together they gather an army and march against Macbeth. A guilt-ridden Lady Macbeth loses her sanity and dies as the opposing army surrounds the castle. Macduff kills Macbeth in combat, and Malcolm is crowned king of Scotland. The audience of Macbeth would somehow question the relevance of several actions and dialogues in this play in determining its tragic outcome. In his article, Oatley (2006) explored the inner emotions and outward behaviour of characters in Shakespeare’s plays. He said that any character exhibited in the plays by Shakespeare has been conceived as “a centre that grows from emotionally significant events that touch the person”. Oatley (2006) expounded that “one important feature of character in this sense is described by Frank Kermode (2000), who discusses how Shakespeare’s metaphor for the inwardness of a person was substance” and he discussed that “the complexi
Introduction Liberal ideas date back to medieval times when people were overwhelmed by a variety of restraints. People longed for freedom or, at least, some amount of liberty. Therefore, the major postulate of liberals has always been quite the same. Liberals has always claimed that individual freedom is the basic right of all people. Human society evolved and numerous socioeconomic factors affected development of liberal ideology and contributed to its spread. Notably, contemporary liberals have often been seen as a faction within a larger context of Liberalism due to peculiarities of their beliefs. To What Extent Liberals Are the Same? It is necessary to note that liberals remain faithful to the core values. Thus, they proclaim individual freedom to be the most important. For instance, Ball and Dagger (2002, p.47) note that contemporary liberals promote “individual liberty by trying to guarantee equality of opportunity within a tolerant society”. Liberals tend to proclaim the importance of equal rights for all citizens. These ideas are rooted in the medieval times when people had no freedom at all and were overwhelmed by numerous conventions. Another core value of liberalism is free competition. They believe competition to be an inherent part of a liberal society. They argue that competition is an important factor leading to progress (Ball & Dagger, 2002). Finally, liberals agree that people tend to pursue their own goals. However, only these major principles are shared by liberals. To What Extent Are They Different? In the twenty-first century, liberals share similar core values that were developed centuries ago. However, contemporary liberals do not agree with some of the means to reach the major goals. Thus, liberalism promotes emphasis on individual liberty (Ball & Dagger, 2002, p. 46). This does not only concern private lives and personal choices. This extends to the development of the entire society. However, liberals of the twenty-first century believe that the state should guide people. Liberals of the nineteenth century claimed that competition was progress and any intervention was to be regarded as introduction of restraints (Ball & Dagger, 2002, p. 70). However, the Great Depression, that became one of the major turmoil of the twentieth century (apart from the two world wars, of course), made people understand that unrestricted competition cou
Leadership is a social influence process in which a person supports and aids a group of people to accomplish or achieve a common task and goal (Northouse, 2004). Effective leadership is essential in every organization for any task or goal to be successfully achieved. The main function of a leader in every organization is to work towards cohesiveness and unity to see that all the members of the organisation go through an experience that is satisfactory. According to Killan, leadership involves making decisions, achieving results, rendering services, willingness to be different and finally lead others by providing sufficient motivation and understanding which will lead to accomplishment of set tasks and goals (Killan 1952). Personality traits and managerial skills are necessary for any leader to be equipped with for him/her to be able to achieve successful performance in all the tasks he undertakes. A good leader should possess technical skills which he can use to refer to understanding and proficiency of certain kind of activities which involve processing, techniques and procedure. Technical skills enable leaders to be more concerned with how to deal with things and situations. Human skills which include the potentials possessed by the leader which involve his ability to cooperate and work with other people, those whom he manages. Conceptual skill is the ability of the leader to visualize the entire organization (Northouse, 2004). This skill normally enables the leader to recognize and perceive interrelationships of different factors which involve operations carried out within the entire organization. It also involves ability to solve problems of an organization. John Buford who was the Commander of Union Calvary possessed technical skills which enabled him to save the union. He managed to hold back American’s enemy for a long period which saved the favoured union position on the first day. Buford managed to involve his ability and skills to cooperate and work with the military to save Union Calvary from the enemy’s hands. Leadership concepts strongly relate to power. Socialist such as Weber classified power into three different forms which include tradition, charisma and legal power (Weber 1947). Power can also be categorized into personal power and position power. However, the most widely recognized bases of power in many organizations include coercive, reward, referent and legitimate power. Position power is usually regarded as power that dwells on position regardless of the perso
The Bill of Rights can be viewed as of the key document that outlines the rights and privileges of American citizens. Each of the amendments included in this list is critical for limiting the authority of the state. More importantly, it enables people to act as legislators and improve the functioning of the government if it cannot properly perform its functions. In my opinion, these principles can have profound implications for the life of every person, at least at some point. Overall, they are essential for safeguarding his/her liberty and dignity. These are the main questions that should be examined in greater detail. At first, I would like to speak about the First Amendment that guarantees the right to free exercise of religion and free speech. To a great extent, this provision is vital for a person’s sense of confidence. In particular, he/she should have an opportunity to speak against injustice and identify drawbacks in the work of various governmental organizations such as police. So, this amendment is necessary for improving the functioning of the state. Moreover, an individual, who is afraid of expressing his/her views openly, is not likely to achieve any personal or professional growth. This is one of the reasons why I attach much importance to this amendment that regulates the interactions between a person and the state. Admittedly, the Second Amendment, which guarantees the right to bear arms, is not of great importance to me personally. I do not perceive fire arms as an inseparable part of my life. Nevertheless, I do understand that it may be needed by a person who must protect his/her life, dignity, or property. This is why this provision is critical for many American citizens. Admittedly, some people can use fire arms for illegal purposes and this risk cannot be dismissed; nevertheless, the prohibition to possess arms can actually increase violence in the society. Therefore, the Second Amendment continues to be relevant to the modern society. In turn, the Third Amendment may not seem relevant to modern-day citizens of the country. In particular, one should speak about the prohibition to quarter soldiers in people’s houses. Nevertheless, one should keep in mind that at the time when the Bill of Rights was written, many people remembered the violations committed by British government. In particular, many colonists were forced to provide lodgings to British soldiers (Schultz 734). This is one of the issues that should not be disregarded. Still, this safeguard may be needed to restrict the authority of the army officials who can also abuse their authority. This is one of the pitfalls that should be avoided. Moreover, much attention should be paid to the Fourth Amendment that protects a person against unreasonable searches. I think that this safeguard is vital for limiting the power of state that can act in a totalitarian manner. This is one of the risks that were of great concern to the Founding Fathers. I believe that this precaution is crucial for increasing a person’s sense of security. This provision is closely re
The purpose of the study is the evaluation of ethical problems in psychological practice through the application of the five-step decision-making model. The decision-making system helps to identify and evaluate the ethical dilemmas found in the case studies which are related to the domains of assessment, technology use, research conduction, etc. The study explores the applicable ethical standards for each of the mentioned situations to provide a comprehensive basis for efficient decision-making. Counselors assist the clients in their personal growth and development through the provision of the necessary information about psychological health (ACA, 2014). The success of counseling largely depends on the specialist’s competence and ability to consider clients’ interests and needs, including their privacy and confidentiality, in addressing the delicate psychological issues. The failure to meet various needs of clients and the inability to perform according to the level of professional expertise interferes with the course of assessment and treatment. Moreover, it raises several ethical issues. In Case 1, the therapist faced many ethical barriers to the provision of high-quality service. First of all, the client was his former classmate from high school. According to the ACA Code of Ethics, a counselor is prohibited from involvement in the counseling relationships with friends and family members because, in this case, it is difficult to remain objective and unprejudiced (ACA, 2014). The therapist could refer the client to another professional who was not familiar with him. But the case took place in the rural district where the mental health resources are scarce, the therapist thus decided to assess the client by himself because they have “grown apart” and did not have a strong emotional attachment to each other. Secondly, the therapist recommended the client to be tested for Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and decided to conduct the assessment by himself even though he did not pass training in this area of knowledge. Practitioners in psychology need to perform and make decisions only within the boundaries of their competence (APA, 2010). In rural communities, where alternative health services are not available, the therapists need to make efforts to obtain the necessary knowledge for the provision of assessment and treatment. For example, it is suggested to establish the professional relationships with the organizations that would allow “telesupervision” of the remote areas and would guide the rural specialists in the decision-making process (Riding-Malon & Werth, 2014). Since such an alternative was not accessible in Case 1, the therapist preferred to use the PTSD scale he found on the Internet. Although
Introduction Business companies can have a significant impact on societies. This is especially true when they intend to make significant investments in a particular area. These investments will certainly have an important impact on the surrounding environment (Gomez-Mejia et al ., 2008). Thus, they will impact the communities living in that environment. This impact could be either positive or negative. And it can be positive or negative for both, the community, society, and the company. This is the case of the company we are discussing here. Company’s mission This company has as its mission to offer ethical and the best moral business practices possible to a community or a society. Of course, being a business, the company does not forget that it aims to increase its profits but it wishes to do this by pursuing the best way for both, the company and the community, for them to benefit the most from this business culture. Problem and forces involved in the case The company Alex and Nik are working for desires to increase its presence in Kava. That is the basic premise that the analysis should start. They also want to invest the best they can in order not just to retrieve, get back, the most but also to impact the place in such a way that will transform its social and economic environment radically. The primary problems facing this investment decision-making are the perils associated with it. The first perils are the ‘natural ones’ that affect the island of Kava frequently. These include tidal waves, tsunamis, tornadoes, floods, fires, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, or petroleum spills. These are factors the company cannot do anything to prevent them or to deviate their course. These are factors, or forces, to be considered if there is to be a significant investment to design adequate measures of the response of such events. But there exist even other ‘social forces’ that the company has to deal with. These include a mixture of social groups and beliefs that have their ideas and system of viewing the world, a spreading disease problem (that of HIV/AIDS). The other two major forces would be the high risk for avian flu and terrorism which could come both from within or from outside the country. The thesis of this report is that the company could manage to design reactive measures to the natural forces involved in the country but also could design strategies to positively impact the social environment. By doing this it will change the social formation of the country by turning it into a partner and thus favoring future