ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Speeding is driving beyond the required speed limit. It is an issue that has adverse effects, both economical and physical. The main cause of fatal accidents in the U.S. is speeding. Other causes include poor driving skills and alcohol. Speed limits are applied to regulate the vehicle speed. Most people do not consider the limits and this results in speeding. The speed limits are different and include maximum, minimum, and variable speed limits which are applied on different roads. Speed has been regulated since the development of the motor industry. Speeding mostly results in a collision with other vehicles or bumping into immobile objects. The car crash is the most indicated case. Car crashes have many effects. America, earlier than other countries, experienced a high death rate because of collisions (Yamane & Bradshaw, 2009). The other states followed its example when their motor industry have been developing. However, the death rates in the U.S. continued to rise. Enforcement of proper safety regulations in America resulted in reduced car crashes. Hypothesis Speeding affects the health and the economy of the country, hence people should learn to drive safely. Effects of speeding Speeding has many negative effects, which are faced both at the individual and national levels. Speeding mainly affects the economy of the country and the health of the individuals involved in motorist crashes. The environment is also affected, although at a lower rate. Loss of life Loss of life among American people is the major damage caused by speeding in the U.S. Research carried out in America between 1991 and 1993 measured the relation between high-speed limits and drivers’ death rates because of a vehicle crash. The results obtained indicated that deaths occurring due to car collisions were more associated with driving at high speed (Yamane & Bradshaw, 2009). The speed limit in America is 55mph. Collisions of cars with stationery objects led to driver’s death and had an odds ratio of 0.87 to 1.83. Driver’s death ratio due to collision with other vehicles was 1.12 to 2.22 (Yamane & Bradshaw, 2009). In 1998, 42,000 Americans lost their lives in car crashes. During the research carried out in 1995, 12,545 deaths were found to be a result of high speeding and there was a 3.2% increase in road deaths (Friedman, Hedeker & Richter, 2009). The death rate increased by 17% due to speeding in the U.S. interstates. In 2006, 13,500 people in America lost their lives in car crashes occurring because of speeding. This shows that people prefer driving at high
Introduction Living in the era of the Internet and online technology increases the vulnerability of the information stored online and on electronic devices. It upsurges ethical considerations, as, nowadays, personal data could be easily retrieved. Thus, hacking is one of the cyber activities, which makes the leakage a possibility. Initially, hacking was not associated with an illegal act (Pike, 2013). It was used to portray the “process of exploring and experimenting with a computer (Pike, 2013, p. 67). The differentiation between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ hacking occurred when the terms black, white, and gray hats appeared. The black hats are primary threats, as their actions tend to be wrongful and focus on one’s favor (Mahmood et al., 2010). On the contrary, white hats are often opposed to the black ones since they attempt to catch me (Mahmood et al., 2010). The gray crackers do not cause any harm but can be used to examine the security. White and gray hats are the protagonists of a new computerized era. Nonetheless, it is questionable whether it is ethical to use them for governmental purposes. This debatable nature of the benefits of advanced ‘hacking’ education and white crackers are the primary reasons for conducting this research. The critical goal of this paper is to understand the nature of hacking, its intentions, and criminal background. The benefits of white hats and recommendations to improve online security will be offered, as it will help evaluate a problem from a different viewpoint. Definition of Hacking As it was mentioned earlier, hacking was not meant to be a negative phenomenon in the computer era. It was often related to the actions, which seek innovation and development in the technological sphere (Pike, 2013). Thus, the commercialization of software and hardware was the primary driver of the change (Pike, 2013). Nowadays, hacking can be defined as a tool for “personal, corporate, and government espionage” (Monteith, 2016, p. 63). It is often regarded as an unlawful practice since it violates personal space. The typology and conceptualization of hacking are rather complex. Nowadays, hacking is associated with a plethora of activities such as creating mischievous code, stealing confidential information, and disabling a firewall (Lacy, 2006). These matters are the primary concepts of hacking. Meanwhile, the intentions are driven by personal needs for financial independence and prosperity. Information is highly valued in the modern world, and it makes is one of the items in high demand (Fulton, Lawrence, & Clouse, 2013). Speaking of types of hacking, it was revealed that the personalities of the crackers could be divided into white, gray, black hats. Black hackers tend to use unlawful practices to get access to the required information (Mahmood et al., 2010). In turn, the gray hats could not be considered as a source of the major threat, but they are often referred to as security assessment. Lastly, the white hats comply with the legislation and are often used to protect confidential information (Mahmood et al., 2010). Hacking as a Criminal Act As it was disc
“Groundhog Day” is, probably, one of the most interesting and memorable movies, starring Bill Murray and Andie MacDowell. It is a comedy directed by Harold Ramis in 1993. The point is that the plot of the film gets better and better each time the viewer watches it. This is a story about a weatherman, Phil Connors, who is sent to enlighten the events of Groundhog Day each year at the same place and at the same time and gets into a kind of timing loop, where he has to go through the same terrible for him day for many times. The ideas, introduced in the film, deserve much attention; the story of self-improvement may help lots of people improve their own lives and the lives of the people around; the ethical aspects of “Groundhog Day” have something in common with the ideas developed by John Mill, Onora O’Neil, Rosalind Hursthouse, and even some Hindu philosophers. “Groundhog Day” is a moral fiction that describes the story of one arrogant character, Phil, his style of life, and his attitude to everybody and everything around. He is sure that he lives a normal life and behaves just perfectly, taking into consideration current situations and moral principles. He does not care that his work may hurt someone; the only thing he has to do is his job. February 2 comes, and Phil has to go to Pennsylvania in order to cover one of the most famous festivals, Groundhog Day. According to the behavior of a groundhog, people may get to know when spring will come and what weather will be during the following days. In fact, Phil is sick and tired of his annual routine and demonstrates his indifference to people’s behavior and their reactions. The only thought, he has in mind, is to do his job, get back to the city, and continue his happy life. He cannot even suggest that he has to live the same, Groundhog Day during the following “several” days. Phil gets an opportunity to do everything he wants and not to think about the consequences. He does not think to do something good and necessary for the society, he achieves the only goal – to get a clear understanding of what is happening, entertain, and take everything possible from this life in one day. However, such repetition of the events pesters him with time, and Phil decides to make something good and do everything possible in order to help other people, and make everyone’s life better than it is. The variety of moral issues, described in the movie, is really impressive. People may spend their whole lives finding the way in order to make this world better. The idea of utilitarianism is one of the leading ones in the film. Utilitarianism is based on the idea of happiness and pleasure; pain and numerous sufferings, which are so inherent to this world, may be considered as invaluable, because a true value and essence of life is to prevent suffering and cause happiness. John Stuart Mill (2004) underlines that some people may disagree to the fact that happiness should be considered as the end
Introduction During the onset of hard economic situation, businesses and organizations normally adopt various strategic initiatives in an attempt to arrive at cute organizational and operational adaptations. These are vital, as they enhance conformity within the evidently changing markets. History records subtle instances of proneness to fluctuations of the market economies (Akan, Allen, Helms & Spralls, 2006, p.32). Despite the fact that many scholars strike a common agreement that fluctuations occur, they do not always agree on the causes of the fluctuations. Some are for the opinion that these fluctuations happen because of influxes of innovations. Others believe that the fluctuations are proceeds of collapsed aggregate demands, dwindled levels of investments, and or negative attitudes concerning investments among business people. Whatever the cause, or the nature of the fluctuation, be it in terms of the customer base, amount of investment per customer, or any other nature, fluctuations affect businesses differently posing substantial impacts towards the performance and forecasted targets of the businesses in question. While bearing in mind that economic fluctuation has the capacity to bring a change of markets, this paper addresses the strategic initiatives taken by the Bank of America relative to organizational and operational adaptation to these changing markets. Influence of the recent economic trends to the business of Bank of America There is always a warranty of a precise introspection of what economics mean before attempting to scrutinize this topic. According to Nickels, McHugh and McHugh (2010), economics refers to “how the society chooses to employ resources to produce goods and services and distribute them for consumption among various competing groups and individuals” (p.30). Those nations that have the capacity to produce certain goods do so by exporting to those that do not have a similar ability. Policies governing the rules of importing and exporting are by a bigger part dependent on the existing economic systems in a given country. There are three main distinguishable economic systems globally: socialism, capitalism, and communalism. In a capitalistic economy, individuals own the largest percentage of businesses. The forces of demand and supply principally determine the setting of the prices. It is, therefore, not a surprise for the business owners to take advantage of the shortages especially during times of economic crisis to make abnormal profits at the expense of the citizens. In a socialistic economy, individual, and the government own business, but the government has the noble role and the mandate to control essential freedoms of the citizens in an endeavor to ensure equality and fairness to all. In a communistic economy, the government owns the better part of the instruments of nation’s economic propagation and the government through its established instruments of governance dictates the manner and the protocol of the resources allocation. Many nations including the United States an
Introduction The Nicomachean Ethics is a comprehensive manuscript by Aristotle covering the study of different methods and humanoid delight. The book has explored the focal point of thematic nature of every single human being and undertakings. Aristotle instructs us in order to realize that at present the scholar remains pre-determined through breaking down the fundamentals that frame up happiness as contained in Aristotle’s flawless, logical and elegance reasoning. Therefore, when summarized, this paper presents the key five fundamentals of public relationship as per Aristotle assertions. The paper reviews the traits of the best working places and compares the ideas with those offered by Aristotle. The ideas of Aristotle on civic relationships Happiness According to various studies, Aristotle asserts that pleasure helps us in identifying gladness. A number of individuals’ support this opinion despite the fact that personal elucidation on whatever pleasure encompasses might show a discrepancy reliant on an individual’s environment. However, individuals might have reason, pleasure, and virtues like integrity in order to own the actual virtues. Similarly, individuals select the same virtues for purpose of contentment. This gives the justification for this viewpoint according to Aristotle claims. Moreover, Aristotle alleges that happiness needs to be eligible using probable human functions given that happiness cannot be termed as the chief good. In fact, happiness ought to be comprehended logically as the world’s utmost pleasing, superlative, and honorable entity. Aristotle unrelentingly argued that happiness calls for back up from virtues in that pleasure is no longer a standalone culmination. Thus, mechanisms similar to social circles such as popularity, beauty, or prosperity need to be in place to make sure that happiness transpires (Ostwald, 1962). Happiness cannot exist only when there is the absence of perceptional conditions for happiness. Virtues With respect to virtues, Aristotle tried to categorize the facts hooked on the intellectual and ethical standards. The intellectual virtues originate from education whereas ethical virtues emerge from tradition. Virtues can merely be fashioned by way of habit, but not any single mechanism can form a habit, which is not the same as its natural surroundings. Through experience and delayed out period, the intellectual virtue turns out to be perfected in most cases. This deduction is supported by the fact that virtues are influenced by repeated manifestation of various virtue situations. The progress of virtue comes after the virtue is learnt and displayed. Aristotle uses virtue to develop into an upright being by following the profound theoretical definition of a virtue. In one of the famous statements, Aristotle asserts that virtue should be carried out in an accurate expanse to correctly facilitate the norm to be in existence. While comparing virtue to temperance and healthiness, Aristotle saw that shortages and super
In his essay on “Death”, Thomas Nagel analyzes the issue of death and how people think of it. He examines if people are afraid of it and why, as well as what specifically it is and what sort of condition it brings about. First of all, Nagel defines what death is and what characteristics he will be attributing to this state. He decides to look at death as becoming a state of non-existence without further immortal continuation of life, individual or soul. This point is extremely valid because many people believe that death brings about a darkness that is not followed by anything. Usually, these are people who do not believe in God and do not follow any religion, as all religions suppose continuation of life in another form. Thomas Nagel’s point is rather valid, as it looks at one possible condition. No one has been able to prove or show that there is some form of existence after death, so it would be logical and reasonable to examine all possible outcomes. Nagel goes on to say that death is not welcomed by most people, as it deprives an individual of all the enjoyable things in life but also of life itself. Even if all the bad things are considered, people still prefer to be alive than not. Thomas Nagel mentions that even if all the good and bad qualities of life are taken away and life is viewed as being neutral, people would still choose life. This is very true because people prefer life to anything else. No one is aware of what will follow and this lack of knowledge and uncontrollable imagination creates pictures that are both positive and negative. No matter how much a person tries to imagine Heaven or another beautiful world, the conscious mind still reminds about the chance for suffering or total darkness. Everyone has respect and feelings towards their personality and when they think that it will disappear they feel sad and sorry for themselves. A counterargument made by Nagel to this, is that before people are born there is also non-existence and total darkness but people are not afraid of that. This happens because a person is not able to have imagination and reasoning prior to being born and the darkness that was before they came to life they do not remember. In a way, it can be seen as a positive darkness because it leads to life and existence, whereas death will lead to absence of life and non-existence. Nagel compares this to create a perspective in people, “If death is a disadvantage, it is not easy to say when a man suffers it (Nagel, 3), hoping they realize that absence of feelings, imagination and ability to realize this absence is not evil or fearful. Another major point Nagel discusses is the human perception and understanding of what is good or bad in life. He gives an example of a person who has suffered brain damage and returned to a state of a 3 month old infant. The fact that the brain is unable to realize the loss of intellect mean
Abstract Ever since its inception, the European Union has gone through several changes. Originally, the founders’ motivation was to free Europe from the plaguing wars that devastated lives and properties. Nations geographically located within Europe and even those questionably considered European, aspire to become members. This paper focuses the discussion on the ten European countries, which entered the EU in 2004. These countries had just freed themselves from the clutches of communism and were now aiming for membership to gain economic support from the Union. Each of these candidate countries had its own problems when it came to fulfilling the requirements of accession. But their goals and motivation were to have a positive effect on their respective economies. How they worked out and fulfilled those requirements as embodied in the acquis is a great topic for discussion in this paper. The history, the problems, the advantages and disadvantages of EU accession for these ten countries are thoroughly discussed in this dissertation. Introduction The European Union is a regional grouping of countries in Europe, which is not an ordinary organization of nation states. It has a ‘supra-national’ government whose legislation and governmental policies pertain to commerce and trade and are binding on the member states. The history of this unique unification of the countries of Europe can be traced back during the time of the two great world wars. The inhabitants of Europe were becoming traumatized of the plaguing wars that they wanted an ultimate and final solution. The initial solution might have first been playing in the minds of a few great men whose ideas blossomed into a unique medication for a cancerous growth. A united Europe would be an instrument to oppose wars between countries. The idea went through an evolution but the pioneers succeeded in unifying Europe. At first it was known as the European Economic Community, later it came to be called the European Community; and now it is simply called the European Union. It is synonymous to the first idea of a United States of Europe, which connotes a political grouping, or a unified country. Many historical developments happened in 2004 for the European Union expansion project. The Union expanded to 25 (Miles, 2005). In 2004, there were eight central and east European countries (CEEC) and two Mediterranean islands added into the Union. The eight CEEC accession countries were the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia, and the two Mediterranean islands were Cyprus and Malta. The first group of countries was formerly communist-oriented and so they had to cope with a new system and get away from a centralized structure of governance. How the economies of these accession countri
Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most debilitating psychological conditions. The disorder may affect individuals from diverse backgrounds who were exposed to different traumatic and violent experiences at some point in their lives. PTSD is associated with multiple comorbidities, including anxiety, depression, chronic pain syndromes, substance abuse disorders, obesity, and heart diseases (van der Kolk et al., 2014). Besides that, PTSD substantially and negatively affects one’s performance of daily activities and significantly increases the risk of suicide (Pearce, Haynes, Rivera, & Koenig, 2018). Therefore, it is essential to implement effective treatment methods for those who suffer from this adverse condition in order to provide them with a chance to come back to normal life. Nowadays, many types of PTSD interventions are available to patients. The majority of them are either pharmacological or psychotherapeutic in nature. However, the effectiveness of such traditional remedies as antidepressants and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is currently under question. For instance, the results of a large control trial summarized by van der Kolk et al. (2014) revealed that 78% of participants still had PTSD symptoms six months after completing a behavioral therapy. Moreover, as reported by Hanling et al. (2016), the existing evidence-based PTSD treatments are effective only in 30-40% of cases. Therefore, besides exploring traditional treatments, a lot of contemporary studies investigate the effectiveness of alternative interventions as well. Considering the ongoing debate on the effects of various PTSD interventions, the present paper will evaluate research findings on multiple types of treatment methods with the purpose of comparing their effectiveness. To attain the formulated goal, the paper will review high-quality peer-reviewed studies dedicated to the investigation of both conventional and unconventional treatment methods. The narrative will be arranged in three sections: psychotherapy, pharmacology, and alternative remedies. As part of each theme, the content and effects of the studied interventions will be described, and the comparison of researchers’ hypotheses, goals, and methods will be provided. In the final section, the effectiveness of all the explored interventions will be discussed to summarize the results of the present literature review. Psychotherapy A great variety of psychotherapies exis