ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Product promotion is an element, which is very important in any hotel as it increases customer awareness of the products and persuades them to purchase the products. Since several products that hotels deliver comprise of services and the majority of the target customers need precise information concerning the products before they decide to purchase them. Promotion strategies are useful in reaching out to the target clients and marketers in hotels such as Crescent and Pioneer, which employ them in an attempt to increase customer loyalty and sales volume. Reid and Bojanic (2009) explain that majority of the products that hotels offer comprise accommodation, food, and beverage (F/B), and entertainment services. As a result, potential consumers require extensive promotion strategies that do not only increase their level of awareness but also persuade them to purchase the products. Internet marketing, personal selling, advertising, and sales promotion are some of the promotion strategies used by hoteliers in product promotion. Main Body Communication channels in the hotel industry should be flexible and clear. The need to avoid bureaucracies and hierarchies in the hotel industry transpires because services, which compose the majority of products offered by hotels, require correct information as consumers take them a few minutes after their production. Imperatively, a breakdown in communication can result in dire consequences because the hotel industry requires communication among all the employees so that for them to execute their operations successfully. Managers and other top officials working in marketing firms should get out of their offices and interact with staff at the lower level of management (Perreault, Cannon, & McCarthy, 2010). The act of interacting with the lower management staff facilitates easy communication within the hotel industry and increases solidarity and unity in the establishments. Through the increased solidarity and unity in establishments, the quality of products that the employees deliver improves. Crescent and Pioneer Hotels in the United States are some of the hotels that employ these communication channels to increase their sales volume. Some of the major objectives that marketers strive to achieve in product promotion include increased customer awareness and high sales volume. According to Perreault, Cannon, and McCarthy (2010), product promotion aims to increase customer awareness concerning products in the market and achieve their loyalty. Promotion strategies such as advertising and internet marketing are instrumental in increasing the level of awareness among a wide spectrum of potential customers globally and persuading them to purchase the products. When hotels like Crescent and Pioneer advertise their
Introduction Every database that is created should have control files and data rules which should be followed for successful implementation. Cerner Software is a health care management system that was developed by Cerner Corporation. Cerner Corporation was developed in 1979 and is headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. The company has all their modules in one platform, called Cerner Millennium 2007 (Rick, 2006). The modules range from administration, financial, and clinical. The company also designs individual systems which include laboratory systems, and records management. On the other hand, Epic is another healthcare information technology firm and is based in Madison, Wisconsin. They offer many products used in eth hospital. Some of the products offered by this company include e-health and handhelds, products used for decision making, products used for clinical purposes, and also those used for connectivity within a hospital. Control files These are the database files that are used for the startup and update of a database. It is a small binary file that is required for the database to function correctly (Poissant et al, 2005). Some of the information that is contained in a control file is the date and time that the database was created, the timestamp of the data created, the locations of the files that are used for redo, the log history, and the ranges for the data used for offline. FILE file Given the datasets that are found in the system, all the control files, security files and log files are protected from intruders and people not authorized to access them by the operating system DAC mechanisms. The control files specify the formats of the various variables in the database. In the Cerner management system, for example, the control files and security files are authorized to the medical staff with full authentication of the system. Looking at the Epic information management system, this file is used to maintain a secure system so that the unauthorized staff are kept at bay. Epic health information system The database that is maintained by the two companies also has some differences. While Epic databases are longitudinal, that of Cerner is more confined. The case of Epic is because they have quite some applications they have developed that will use the database. The applications that have been developed access the central database using either wireless connectivity or through wired network. The data for this information system range from ambulatory, inpatient, and payer environments. The database is the foundation of its big repository of applications. Data rules The data rules in this information system require that the date format that is used in the handheld devices correspond to the system that is in the system. When the medical staff collects information from the patients, some fields in the handheld devices do not correspond to the fields in the system. An example is that the LMP date in the handheld device does no
Introduction Historically, the issue of substance use addiction has been associated with younger adults rather than older population. This assumption applies to all types of substance abuse, including tobacco, alcohol, and various types of drugs. Statistically, older generations do not demonstrate high rates of substance abuse in comparison to young individuals. However, such misconception has altered the necessity to address the problem of substance abuse in the generation of baby-boomers (those born within 1946 and 1964), whose age-related health issues impose a significant concern related to addiction (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction [EMCDDA], 2008). Due to the diminished attention to addiction problems in the elderly, this issue has been neglected and not addressed properly for decades. As a consequence, substance abuse-related problems in older adults are under-identified, under-diagnosed, and mistreated (Le Roux, Tang and Drexler, 2016). Now that the numerous population of the baby boom generation is aging, the scope of their health issues extends, thus imposing an urgent need for both scholarly and health care circles to find effective solutions. Indeed, the demographic situation on a global scale demonstrates that the current number of individuals over 60 is the largest in history, comprising 11 per cent of the overall population of the world (Flint, Merali and Vaccarino, 2018). This group increases fast and is anticipated that “the number of individuals over the age of 60 worldwide will reach two billion by 2050, representing 22% of the overall population” (Flint, Merali and Vaccarino, 2018, p. 10). Since the aging trend will be relevant for the next several decades, it is vitally important to attract professional communities’ attention to the specific features of the elderly. Such a significantly numerous population raises awareness concerning the dominating health care and lifestyle needs that have their particularities for aging individuals. Importantly, the problem of addiction to substances in older populations is observed in two sets of individuals. They include early-onset users, who start consuming substances at an early age and continue to do so during their adulthood, and late-onset users, who begin using substances later in life. According to Leone, (no date, p. 14), one in three older adults suffering from substance abuse is a late-onset user. Therefore, it is vital to address the issues that the elderly face in their everyday life that might contribute to their overall predisposition to addictive use of alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and other substances. Taking into account the globally rising tendencies specific to the elderly, an increase in substance abuse in this population is expected in the nearest future. The negative physical, mental, and emotional health outcomes of senior citizens associated with addiction might lead to substantial expenses (Flint, Merali and Vaccarino, 2018). Therefore, it is in the interest of national and global communities to prioritize the needs of the elderly and investigate the particularities of their addiction to substance
Simpsons is an animated sitcom or comedy television show, based in America and was created for the Fox Broadcasting company by Matt Groening. The setting of this show is a fictional and unknown US state, Springfield, and the name Simpsons is used in the show as a family name. Fox network, which is one of the main television networks in the U.S. and is owned by Fox Entertainment Group. It was founded in 1985 is an American television network that broadcasts commercials. The show Simpsons comes in on Sundays at 8.00-8.30 pm, whereby ’ Bob Burgers’ is the program that comes in before the Simpsons and ‘The Cleveland Show’ is the one that comes after it. There three commercial breaks with advertisements during the Simpsons, which advertise things that concern the whole family. There is no extensive product placement during the show, reason being that one of the main target groups of viewers is children, who would get bored if that happened (Richmond 2-15). The ads aired during the show feature issues that concern the whole family, an example being that of family vacation to Disney world, and it states that everyone is considered in Disney world, from the parents to the children, with all facilities included. Other commercials include the R U’s, which advertises a toy shop that is reasonably cheap and the other one involves a family van, that is fully fitted for long-distance travelling, even having a small TV in it. That implies that this program is viewed by the whole family, and is specially designed to fit a typical middle class American family. I was just searching for TV programs online and when I saw the name, it interested me as I had heard about it before when my friends were discussing a previous episode and I checked to see what kind of program it was. Typically, Simpsons serves the satirical parody of a working class style of America, it is a situational comedy or sitcom that has a standard setup, and it uses this as its premise, and it concentrates on the family’s life in a typical town in America. The characters use Springfield as an entire universe to explore issues that come up in today’s worldwide society, and can comment on the environmental state, considering that there is provision for a nuclear plant Homer work. The producers have been able to develop jokes about the entertainment industry including themselves though Lisa and Bart bring about controversy on education at the elementary school (Project free TV on facebook). The writers have portrayed authority figures in a negative and unappealing way, such that the police are not trustworthy, the religious leaders demonstrate perfunctoriness towards the bel
Sampling Errors and Measurement Errors in Statistical Research The term “sampling error” refers to the error occurring when attempting to estimate statistical parameters of a certain population by using data obtained from a sample (Cozby & Bates, 2015, p. 148). Sampling error is always present in statistical research, because a sample, in practice, can never give results which are exactly equal to the population parameters. Also, sampling error increases if there is a selection bias present in the sample (i.e., if representatives of the population with a certain trait were more likely to be selected as participants than representatives of that population without that trait). However, there exist ways to assess the magnitude of sampling error, such as the confidence intervals. If there is a n% confidence interval for a given statistic, this means that in n% of samples, the mean will lie within than interval (Field, 2013). For example, if a given statistic has the mean of 100, and a 95% CI of (90; 110), this means that in 95% of similar samples, the mean will lie between 90 and 110 (George & Mallery, 2016). The method of confidence interval calculation is more “effective” when there is no selection bias, that is, sampling is random, and no members of the population are more likely to be selected than some other members of the population. This is probably because the confidence interval is calculated based on the given sample, and it accounts for random error, but not systematic error. It may also be possible to state that mitigating the error resulting from selection bias, or assessing its magnitude, is very difficult (or, in fact, impossible, if it is unknown whether there is a selection bias in the sample), so it is paramount to be careful to avoid selection bias. The term “measurement error” denotes the error occurring because of non-complete reliability of an instrument; that is, the latter may give different results at different instances of measurement, even though the true value of the measured characteristic remains unchanged (Cozby & Bates, 2015, pp. 100-103). (For instance, an IQ test which gives different results depending on the mood of the participant is unreliable. However, a tape measure is 100% reliable when measuring the length of an object, for it always produces the same result.) Using unreliable instruments in behavioral and marketing research is, generally speaking, pointless, for the results of such studies will be unstable, imprecise, non-replicable (Cozby & Bates, 2015, p. 101), and practically unusable. Nevertheless, in such studies, there is usually no way to gain a 100% reliable measure of a characteristic, and researchers have no way other than to be satisfied with reasonably unreliable measurement instruments. To increase the reliability of a test (and to reduce the measurement error), an effective way is to increase a number of items assessing a particular trait (Cozby & Bates, 2015). There exist several ways to measure the reliability of
Emirates Airline Company (mostly referred just as Emirates), is a Dubai-based company in the aviation industry. The company is performing relatively well despite its short existence. The company recorded its first freight on October 25, 1985. In the first quarter of 2010, despite effects of 2008 Global financial crisis, the company’s profits increased four folds to reach a record USD 925 million (Emirates Airline Company Corporate Website, 2010). This paper evaluates internal and external environments of the company (SWOT and Porters five forces respectively). SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is an evaluation of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that a company has. Strengths The company has strong brand name and boosts as the national carrier of Dubai. It has over 100 destinations; it has an experienced crew team who have a remarkable customer service. According to March 2010 letter to shareholders, the company had 36,652 employees of different nationalities. The company has embarked on having modern technology and equipments. The management of the company led by Sheikh Ahmed Al Maktoum, the Chief Executive Officer, is well experienced and makes strategic and timely decisions to remain competitive. The company have innovated in-flight entertainment and communication systems, which has made it a pacesetter in the industry (Emirates Airline Company Corporate Website, 2010). Weaknesses A company always have some internal weaknesses that limit its level of growth. In most cases, it is something that can be dealt with if internal processes are effectively looked into. Recently, the company was gotten off-guard by the new deve
The high rates of infection and spread of HIV/AIDS is considered as a threat to whole humanity. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) is a premier public health agency which undertakes the control and prevention of AIDS in US, and their mission is to promote health and quality of life. It explores the stories of health protection; conducts research works and investigates real cases of AIDS. CDC undertakes various programs related to employment, education, training and volunteering. Rob Noble in his “United States Statistics Summary” points out. (Noble, 2006). “AIDS surveillance data are less able e to represent trends in the incidence of HIV infection or the impact of the epidemic on the health-care system. In response, more states are now implementing HIV case reporting”. The health protection goals of CDC are the integral part of the present and future plans to improve public health and it is accelerating the health impact and ensures health equality to all. So, by the criteria of social problem analysis, the works undertaken by this agency is most valuable. The surveys conducted and the mode of awarding grants to the organizations which work for the mission is the best example of problem design and evaluation of the available data. CDC awards 85% of its budget through grants and contracts to help accomplish its mission to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury and disability. Moreover, CDC awards approximately $7 in over 14,000 separate grant & contract action and the grant is provided to organizations whose works affects the people. There are certain goals that is aimed and promoted by CDC and they are: healthy people in every stage of life, healthy people in healthy places, people prepared for emerging health threats and healthy people in healthy world. These goals can be considered as the guidelines which help us to eradicate HIV infection from our world. The technology and methodology developed by CDC shows that the rate of HIV infection in US is higher than previously known. The findings, for example in 2006, new 56,300 HIV infections were detected and it is higher than previously estimated 40,000 annual new infections. The most affected group among ethnic races and minorities in US is the African Americans. In 2006, 53% of gay & bisexual men were infected by HIV, and 13% of African Americans in US were detected as newly infected by HIV. The findings of CDC, states that there is a reduction in new infections among both ‘injectors’ and heterosexuals. This shows the target efficiency of CIDS to identify and solve social problems like HIV/AIDS. Moreover, it shows an increase in HIV infection since 1990s among the gay and bisexual men and there is an increase in infection of HIV among the black people in US. The news article states t
Introduction Negotiation and third-party mediation are the most common methods for resolving disputes. The first involves a discussion between the two sides where each attempts to settle the conflict on the most favorable terms that the other party will accept, which eventually ends when a compromise is reached. The second means requesting the help of a trained person, who acts as a neutral party and helps the discussion to proceed, and makes the final verdict if necessary. This essay investigates the critical differences between the approaches and their application to a political dispute between the two countries. In numerous situations, mediation is a superior approach to negotiation, since the two parties still discuss the matter, but a trained person is present to assist them. However, both sides have to acknowledge the arbiter’s authority, which makes the method difficult to apply in specific situations. International conflicts serve as an example of this tendency, as it is usually challenging to find a person or country to which both nations would be willing to cede authority. As such, negotiation would be the more appropriate method, although there is no guarantee of success. The first step to a conflict resolution through negotiation would be to convince both countries to discuss the matter in question. As incentives typically are not appropriate on an international scale, the task would likely have to be accomplished through the application of pressure. Furthermore, the demands would have to be applied continuously even after negotiations began, as the proceedings of such discussions are usually confidential (Pedersen, 6), and there is no guarantee that the debate will conclude with a satisfactory result. While there is no guarantee of success, this method is the most appropriate one for international conflict resolution. Cultural Conflicts When inspecting countries that are engaged in a conflict, one should evaluate the differences between their cultural aspects. Misunderstandings caused by value mismatches can considerably hinder the progress of the resolution process, while sufficient research and analysis can help reveal the hidden causes behind the conflict. Geert Hofstede has created a 6-dimensional model for evaluating the primary differences, which he calls cultural aspects. To provide an example of the model’s use, this essay will use the United States and China, as the two countries are engaged in an ongoing trade war. The two countries will be compared to their collectivism-individualism, masculinity-f