ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
When Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, the US and the EU responded by imposing economic sanctions on the Putin administration. Up to date, the country has been punished with several other sanctions for different reasons. These sanctions have mixed results, but overall, they have affected the Russian economy negatively. The economic benefits realized from this standoff are marginal and short-term. This paper discusses the consequences of the sanctions on the Russian economy by focusing on the oil and gas sector. The Sanctions The first sanctions came in 2014 after Russia invaded Ukraine and annexed Crimea. In July 2014, the US, the EU, Canada, and other countries were involved during the initial stages of the crisis. In 2015, the EU extended its sanctions to January 2016 (Hunter 2016). In 2018, the US imposed sanctions on 9 firms and 21 individuals. On February 13, 2019, the US reiterated that it would hold Russia accountable for the Salisbury incident involving the use of chemical weapon against international law provisions. Future sanctions are likely to focus on the Salisbury attack (Troianovski 2018). Additionally, the US and Canada have open-ended sanctions in place, which are likely to continue into the future. The first class sanctions bar some state-owned companies from accessing Western financial markets. The nature of second and third classes of the sanctions restricts exportation of high-technology oil exploration equipment and military and dual-use goods to Russia respectively. Economic Reaction Macro/micro Level By the time the sanctions were imposed in 2014, the oil and gas sector was going through turbulent times due to falling fuel prices. Therefore, at a microeconomic level, the sanctions aggravated this problem by limiting foreign financing for companies in this industry. Additionally, firms in the oil and gas sector were denied access to sophisticated oil exploration and production technologies (Cooper 2014). At the micro level, these factors worked together to slow down business by constraining any form of anticipated growth of total factor productivity. However, the sanctions weakened the country’s currency, which boosted exports and promoted energy companies that trade in dollars while investing in rubles. At the macro level, the Russian GDP dropped by 2.4 percent by 2017, while the overall negative effect on gross capital inflow over 2014–2017 was estimated at approximately $280bn” (Gurvich & Prilepskiy 2015, p. 359). However, Dreger, Fidrmuc, Kholodilin, and Ulbricht (2016) argue that it is difficult to separate the GDP decline caused by the sanctions from that resulting from low oil prices. Compared to the sanction, oil prices seem to have a higher impact on the GDP. Kholodilin and Netšunajev (2019) posit, “One possible reason why the sanctions have this quite negligible effect on the real GDP of the euro area is a change in the net exports of the euro area” (p. 49). Therefore, at both macro a
Introduction Human dignity is connected to the moral life within a society. Providing an ultimate decision based on the ability to analyze that analyzes the communication will provide an enhancement that will determine what people have to benefit from, in terms of their actions. This study will cover the human dignity and the argument based on the morality of the sweatshops. People have been able to connect to the availability of the sweatshops through the opportunities it offers in different parts of the world. In the developing countries, it is out of the individual’s roles and responsibilities to take up the decisions that have been resolved by the family through an overview of the long-term effects. People settle for the deals in life that are a source of improvement and desire within themselves, as opposed to the liabilities it causes them. As such, the decision made by people to engage in the sweatshop’s activity “is a valuable effect that will provide accurate support as proposed by the same strategy and mechanism used.”1 However, individuals are sovereign, and therefore their decisions should have an objective of respect and emotional support through the same level of impact from their environment. Ethical Premises and Circumstances It should be born in mind that the situation regarding sweatshops and the ethical premises, which the choice of working in a sweatshop is based on, depends on a variety of circumstances. While clearly being harmful and destroying the concept of human dignity, as well as supporting the idea of labor exploitation, it is still admittedly helpful to the people who face dire situations and cannot possibly get any assistance. Therefore, making a choice between complete poverty and, therefore, possible death, and the opportunity of earning at least a humble amount of money, one has the right to choose the latter without being judged for it. Therefore, from an ethical perspective, a case in point represents a dilemma that makes one view the problem of sweatshops from the perspective of social ethics and the needs of an individual. Since the latter should prevail in the process of making a conscious choice, the phenomenon of sweatshops can be considered a bit more complex than it is traditionally viewed. However, the phenomenon of working in a sweatshop still poses a range of ethical concerns in terms of human rights protectio
Introduction The fashion industry is one of the newest industries that deal with the trends of items to be worn. Initially, tailors and dressmakers made customized clothing. With the advancement of technology, mass and specialized production of clothing was realized. Notably, the fashion industry consists of four critical processes, which include production of raw materials, designing and production of fashion goods, rigorous marketing, and retail sales. In this regard, the fashion industry has grown through various levels to address the needs of clothing among customers. The fundamental levels of the fashion industry include Haute couture, luxury segment, affordable luxury, mainstream brands and discount brands (Wilson 2011, p.24). For this reason, the fashion industry has influenced the manner in which both men and women are observed in society, but specifically focusing on women. When undertaking the sales and marketing of fashion products, the body images of models used is critical. As a result, the average people especially women are discriminated against. However, the fashion industry has taken into consideration the impacts of the practice and has adopted means to challenge its negative effects. How it is challenging Based on the negative effects of the fashion industry on women, there are varied steps that have been taken to counter the discrimination. Since the inception of modeling, which stimulates the advertising of fashion products, skinny models are repeatedly used. After the realization of the negative effects it has on women’s attitudes and behavior, countermeasures have been adopted. Firstly, many fashion shows have banned the use of skinny models. In this regard, average women are used to illustrating the beauty of the fashion products being displayed (Manlow 2007, p.85). Furthermore, varied fashion products that meet the needs of many consumers are produced. Therefore, this trend discourages women from struggling to attain unrealistic body images, which are displayed by media or in shows. Media manipulation of models is another crucial element that has been addressed by the fashion industry. On this note, the media continuously uses technology to alter the reality of beauty among women when marketing fashion products. For instance, fashion blogs, television adverts, and social networks adopt Photoshop software to change the body sizes of models used. Therefore, most businesses are regulated from exaggerating
Introduction When studying religion, it is of paramount importance for the researcher or the professional to adopt a way that is not biased. It is of great importance as well to understand that the study of religion calls for one to lay aside the perceptions they have obtained from the seminary or any other instructional institution for their religion. Bearing in mind that every religion has its own origin and a long history behind it, it is important for people to avoid biasness so as to understand why the icons or inspirational figures of these religions behaved the way they did behave (Eliade 148). The first question that arises at this point is whether it is possible place to study religion without biasness. The academicians need to answer this question because if the answer is negative, then the efforts will be futile and trying is not even worthy. Another part that needs some more light is the effects of the biasness that characterize the approach of many studies. In this paper, attention will be paid to deliver a conclusive answer to these two points of concern. Academic Study and Theology These two fields are completely different when it comes to understanding religion. The outcomes of these fields to the committed individuals are again completely different. Therefore, it is important to differentiate between the two with the aim of creating a cut line distinction between them (Eliade 152). On the one hand, academic study of religion is a tertiary engagement chief purpose of which is to discover, describe and explain the core values and practices within a particular religion. This calls for the use of multiple methods and an approach that involves many disciplines. On the other hand, has an inward approach to the issue of religion. One of the paramount things dealt with in theology involves the thought of God. As opposed to the academic study, which adopts and outward approach, theology is internally oriented and discuses ideas within a particular religious group (Stark 428). The crucial thing about theology is the fact that it aims at transmitting religious teaching of the group involved, unlike academic study which does not indulge in such endeavors. Basic Assumptions The academic study of religion like any other empirical study, is founded on assumptions. If the assumptions are void, then the whole study is futile. One of the assumptions that the study focuses on is the fact that neither of the religions under scrutiny is superior compared to another one (Stark 460). The approach must be of the opinion that these religions are different. Furthermore, the study must also acknowledge the fact that, there are core similarities that the religions share. As academicians go about the study of religion, it is important that they are not oblivious of the importance of respect for other people’s religious heritage. The assumptions are that these groups of people have adopted
Atrophy of the muscles is a condition that occurs when the muscles have been in an inactive condition for a long period of time. The cast on the leg is the major cause of muscle atrophy. It reduces muscle activity and causes loss of the tissues. The major effect of the cast as indicated in this case is weakening of the leg muscles and reduced level of activity. The cast restricts the movement of the muscles (Sandri, 2008). Restricted movement of the muscles leads to reduced muscle tone. The patient therefore develops movement difficulties, which may exacerbate the condition (Hannah, Andrew & Martin, 2003). Based on the above mentioned problems, it is therefore important to establish effective intervention measures that can be used to manage the condition. To solve the problem of muscle atrophy, the patient should be encouraged to pursue physical body exercise. However, in this case the presence of the cast may limit the patient’s involvement in physical exercises. Alternatively, the affected area can be exercised through effective body massage to increase muscle activity (Hannah, Andrew & Martin, 2003). Proper diet is also another important step that can be used to solve the problem. There are particular nutrients that can enhance muscle activity. For instance, the patient should be encouraged to take foods that are rich in glutamine (Sandri, 2008). After an operation or muscle inactivity, the level of glutamine in the muscle reduces. The mineral is important in improving the level of muscle tone. The patient should also be encouraged to take foods that have low sugar content. This is important to maintain the right level of insulin in the body and reduce accumulation of fats, which may reduce the level of muscle activity. In addition to proper dieting, the patient can be given other nutrient supplements such as whey and creatine, which are important for increasing muscle energy and muscle tone. The nutrients are also effective in reducing muscle fatigue and improving endurance (Sandri, 2008). Patient education is a key element in the management and control of diseases and illnesses that affect the patient. In this case education will play an important role in ensuring that the patient develops a clear understanding of the disease. Education enables the patient to identify various needs and rank them in order of priority. It also enhances patient motivation and increases the level of adherence to treatment requirements (Jutel, 2010). Due to motivation, the patient will observe the treatment guidelines and improve the treatment outcomes. Patient education plays an important role in decreasing the level of complications associated with the disease. The patient is empowered with the right information about the causes of the disease
Muhammad Bin Ismail Al-Bukhari simply known as Imam Bukhari was a well known Muslim of Persia Origin (Abdul-Maujood, 2005). He was born in 810/194 in Bukhara City (common day Uzbekistan) to a hadith scholar father, Ismail Ibn Ibrahim (Ghani & Khaliq, 1985). However, he never interacted much with his father, who died when he was still young, and he grew up under the care of his mother. Despite this unfortunate loss of a father figure, he grew up to be a great Muslim figure known for his contribution to the Muslim theology through his numerous literary works (Katheer, 1985). In fact, one haditha Al Djami as-salih became second to Koran in the category of Muslim sacred books (Taqi al-Din al- Mudhari 1988). Childhood Abdul-Maujood ( 2005)) describes Al-Bakhuri early life as a young student, and says Imam Bukhari started his formal studies in 205 (A.H.). He adds that the indication that the young Imam would be regarded with admiration for his excellent memory was evident from his early years. The first work he memorized at the very tender age was by Abdullah Ibn Al-Mubarak (Katheer, 1985). His early formal education life turned out to be a success because of his mother’s input. According to Taqi al-Din al- Mudhari (1988), his mother was an educated and a very spiritual woman, and she supervised the boy’s education with a lot of dedication and keenness. Taqi al-Din al- Mudhari (1988) adds that Imam’s intellect was demonstrated from a very tender age. The young boy possessed intellectual capacity plus excellent memory capabilities which were far beyond his age. According to Ghani & Khaliq, (1985), Imam Bukhari learned the whole Koran at the age of seven and his library of memorized poems was very extensive at the age of ten. Imam Bukhari’s childhood life narration would not be complete without mentioning the myth that surrounded his life when he was young. It is said that he became blind when he was young and no famous doctor was able to treat his blindness (Abdul-Maujood, 2005). It took his mother intervention through prayers to the Allah to restore his eye sight. It is said that his mother had been praying diligently to Allah and one night she had a dream of a positive answer to her prayers. That particular morning Imam Bukhari’s eyesight was restored. According to Abdul-Maujood (2005), it is not known whether the story was a myth of not, but to date, it has elicited much admiration for the Imam. His intellectual capacity exceeded his teachers’ as the by time he was 16, he knew everything that the teachers from the small town could teach him (Ghani & Khaliq, 1985). During this same time, he went on pilgrimage together with his mother and brother to Mecca, but he was never to return. The ambitious and extremely intelligent youngster stayed behind, and spent the next 16 years in Medina, where he frequented the burial place of the prophet Mohammed (Taqi al-Din al- Mudhari, 1988). During his stay in Medina, he developed a habit of collecting and reading haditha by Prophet Mohammed and other believers, a habit which earned him great fame when he became a w
Solitary confinement is a form of imprisonment in which a prisoner is put in total isolation. The prisoner is not allowed to interact with other people, and a person’s social life is cut completely. It seems to be the most aggressive form of imprisonment under the conditions of which the prisoner is tortured physically and mentally. In solitary imprisonment, the prisoner losses his mind and may suffer from some mental complications. The scholars find it obligatory to conduct researchers and evaluate the effects of solitary confinement. It is hard for the prisoner to comprehend the essence of the instructions given, and this inability causes more tortures. The main purpose of researches is to define whether solitary confinement is constitutional or not. Based on Hellhole by Atul Gawande and the current US Constitution, I believe solitary confinement cannot be called constitutional because it is a violation of the prisoners’ rights of protection by the judicial system, and because it may negatively influence human mental functions instead of making the prisoner better or, at least, less dangerous for society. Solitary confinement is not constitutional because this type of punishment is one of the rude forms of tortures and violations of human rights. In his article, Atul Gawande admits that human beings are social in every aspect, this is why it is necessary to rely on the conditions set by the Constitution. “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted” (About America, 35). In other words, solitary isolation may be defined unconstitutional due to the process model that does not support aggressive law enforcement by the police but advocates for fair judgment and reasonable punishment towards the accused. The point is that isolation is considered to be bad and unfair in case it lasts more than 90 days, and it is wrong to make use of some cruel steps or unfair judgments just in order to punish a person; this is why it is wrong to believe that US Constitution may support some cruel steps towards humans. Another reason of why solitary confinement should be regarded as unconstitutional form of punishment is based on the negative effects which prisoners may suffer from. The experiment with monkeys proves that isolation is of bad nature: when one human being lives in isolation for too long he/she loses sense of belonging and is unable to interact with others. “The test monkeys, upon being released into a group of ordinary monkeys, usually go into a state of emotional shock, characterized by . autistic self-clutching and rocking” (Gawande). The same results were observed among the prisoners Terry Anderson, John McCain, and Bobby Dellelo, who undergo the process of solitary confinement and suffer from loss of mind, inabilities to control behavior, and hallucinations. The conditions of solitary confinement go against the constitutional ideas which
Introduction Infancy is a critical stage in life. Establishes healthy consumption patterns. Children develop dietary habits and physical activities preference. Parents should not introduce unhealthy diet. Infancy is a critical stage in life since a person establishes healthy consumption patterns. This patterns can lead to the infants acquiring optimal growth and healthy development. Good nutrition for infants can also curb future diseases linked with poor consumption behaviors. Children develop dietary habits and physical activities preference at this stage. Therefore, it is vital for parents or care givers not to introduce unhealthy eating habits to the infants (Warlow, 2008). Importance of nutrition amongst infants in prevention of future diseases   * Prevent the Risk of lifetime Obesity.   * Prevents the future contraction of cancers and cardiovascular diseases.   * Sufficient intake of calcium leads healthy teeth and proper bone formation.   * Reduces the risk of osteoporosis that is caused the insufficient intake of calcium.   * Reduces the risks associated with lead toxicity that is caused by poor nutrition and lack of Irion.   * Reduce long-term negative effects on brain development and function that result from iron-deficiency anemia.   * Prevent stunted growth.   * Minerals are needed to build new cells. Importance of nutrition in an infant in prevention of future diseases Proper nutrition is extremely essential in prevention of future diseases. Infants ought to be given foods that contain the necessary nutrients. Apparently food that is calcium enriched enhances born formation and stronger teeth afterwards in existence. Osteoporosis can be caused by Calcium deficiency (Patient.co.uk, 2011). Moreover, insufficient iron can lead to iron deficiency in the body. This can affect the child in the future by causing poor brain development. Furthermore, Insufficient iron and poor diets is a cause of lead toxicity. Lack of vitamins found in fruits and vegetables can also lead to high chances of having cancer and cardiovascular illness (Dauncey, 2009). Guidelines for achieving and maintaining physical fitness   * Parents should involve the infant in their daily physical activities.   * Parents or caregivers should not restrict the infants’ movements for a long period of time.   * Physical activities should improve the infants’ movement skills.   * The physical fitness should involve performance of large muscle activities as per the recommendations.   * Care givers should be aware of the relevance of physical activities and facilitate the infants’ movement skills. Infants interact with the parents in everyday physical behaviors that are devoted to the discovery of their surroundings. Moreover, the infants moments should not be restricted for an un