ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Henry Wardsworth Longfellow is one of the most prominent American poets. His works are associated with the period of romanticism in world literature. Even though Longfellow was supposed to pursue a career as a lawyer and follow the family traditions, he preferred the literary path instead. His life was challenging, but the poetry of the author remained optimistic, enthusiastic, and inspiring. Over the years, his literary style was gradually transforming so that a focus shifted from nature admiration to the philosophical lyrics and national epos. Longfellow was keen on literature and started to write the first poems during his college education. He sent them to journals for publication, but that did not make him very famous. The initial stage of his literary career is characterized by such themes as a description of nature, its beauty, and power. In the poem Autumnal Nightfall , the author uses metaphors and personification, describing the fountain with a hollow voice and the moon unveiling her brow. Another poem, An April Day , is saturated with epithets – green slopes, silver woods, wide glows. Henry Longfellow spent most of his life in New England, so he was indulged and intoxicated by green woods and beautiful hills all around. His poems show the value of nature by evoking people’s love and care for it, reconsidering human impact on the earth (Xu and Nangong 85). Therefore, the themes concerning nature and its protection ethically appeal to people, encouraging them to preserve the environment. Those poems were actually not only in the nineteenth century, but they also are of great importance these days. Henry Longfellow composed poems, the themes of which echoed with the principles and cornerstones of that time. Romantic ideas centered around “the spiritual and aesthetic dimension of nature, metaphors of organic growth, and art as inspiration” (Sultana and Islam 58). The authors of romanticism were convinced that art had more potential than science to express the universal truth. Moreover, they were concentrated on the self and highlighted the importance of human personality examination. These ideas are depicted in the works of Longfellow of the 1830s throughout the interaction of man and nature. His poems The Indian Hunter and The Sea-Diver explicitly show the beauty of nature and its perception by people. Longfellow explains that nature and man are not separate: they rather coexist and mutually affect each other. These poems extend the concepts from the earlier works as the author applies more sophisticated
Applied Energy Services (AES) is an American energy production company with interests in many countries across America, Europe, and Asia. Roger Sant and Dennis Bakke, Jr. founded AES in 1981 using $1million venture capital funding as Applied Services Inc. The issue of ethical dilemma dominates this company despite efforts to realize its vision of social responsibility (Paine, 2000, p.13). By 1993, its profile had risen so high that Equities Magazine ranked it as the second fastest growing company on NASDAQ with net revenue of $519 million, net income of $71 million and a market capitalisation of $1.3 billion. AES has its values based on integrity, fairness, fun and social responsibility. Bakke and Sant had a goal of coming up with a company that would produce clean and cheap energy, a company that is honest with production of safe energy, and one that would treat people fairly. To this end, they had to come up with ethical standards that would adhere to their goals with the belief that, if the company catered for the needs and welfare of society, its good deeds (ethics) would lead to profits. Both Bakke and Sant had worked at the Federal Energy Administration and thus had a vast knowledge when it came to energy matters. Their ethical values were inspired by their Christian faith, and because the values they decided to apply were consistent with values of other faiths like Buddhism and Islam, all of which had the advantage of universal acceptability. AES’ concern for the well-being of the environment and the communities it serves influenced its decisions: it has come up with corporate responsibility programs that guide it in its activities. It has a business culture that is dynamic, as well as consistent, across its operations globally. In its pursuit to be a global power producer with plants across the five continents of the world, AES has faced a couple of challenges due to its policy of achieving organisational integrity through social responsibility. It is a firm believer in clean energy as its ethical standard for energy production as well as application of its standards evenly across the globe such as welfare of society. However, AES has found itself in a complicated situation brought about by varying standards found in the countries it invests in. Whereas the U.S
Introduction Krishna Das is a vocalist from the United States of America. He was born Jeffrey Kagel in 1947. He is famous for compositions and performances in a music genre known as kirtan. He has released eleven albums since he started his music career in 1996. Das is the most famous American singer of the kirtan genre of Hindu music. Even though the music style is not very famous, he has sold more than 300,000 albums worldwide. His versatility and creativity are the main reasons why his music is famous in the western countries and certain regions of eastern countries (Dwyer and Cole 39). His prowess is evident form the number of records sold and albums produced in a genre that is not common among artists in the world. Bibliography Das was born in the year 1947 in New Hyde Park, Long Island. In his childhood days, he learned to play several musical instruments such as piano, cornet, and baritone euphonium. He was an active music participant in high school, and played the euphonium as a member of the Marching Band (Titon 46). The first genre of music that he was interested in was rock ‘n’ roll. In his teenage days, he became involved in basketball, which he played during the day. However, during the night, he attended music concerts by artists such as Skip James and Bukka White. His interest in music intensified when he joined Stony Brook University (Titon 48). He joined a group of young people and formed a band but later separated from them. Afterwards, he joined the State University at New Paltz to study Eastern philosophy. However, he dropped from the university after a short period. However, his stint at the university was fruitful because he met Ram Dass, a spiritual teacher who influenced him significantly (Propp, 51). At one time in his life, Das found himself at crossroads. His childhood friends invited him to join their band. On the other hand, his spiritual teacher invited him for spiritual lessons. He chose to follow Dass, and they both travelled to India in 1970. He participated in several pilgrimages together with his spiritual teacher. He learnt Bhakti yoga and as a result started to chant hymns (Propp 53). After two years in India, he returned to America on a short visit with intentions to return. However, after the news of the death of his yoga teacher, he decided to stay in America. To fight grief, he practiced yoga and joined other artists to form a band called Amazing Grace (Propp 53). The band performed and recorded several Indian songs. Das also formed a recording studio known as Triloka Records . Style of music Das specializes in Hindu devotional music popularly known as kirtan. Kirtan involves singing while chanting t
Racial issues persist in the US, and they show no signs of being resolved in the prospect. One of the main indicators that racism still affects people is income differences between races. The implication of those can range from the feeling of unfairness to families being unable to sustain themselves. However, the reasons for the income disparities are not as simple as it may seem. This paper will focus on explaining why the difference exists and how racism influences it using an article. A sufficient amount of time passed since the 1960s equal rights movement, yet the racial struggle remained unchanged. The black population’s median family income barely increased throughout the years, comprising slightly over 50% of the white population’s (Manduca, 2018). Considering the acquired freedoms and equal rights in many fields, the absence of any progress in income seems puzzling and, in a way, discouraging. It might imply that even amid the trend of more African American people receiving higher education and applying for well-paying jobs, institutionalized racism prevails and prevents the black population from earning more (Manduca, 2018). Overall, the income inequality between races does race some concerns about the staying power of racism. However, while those fears are justified, the income gap has a different nature. It appears that it is not African Americans who remain poor; it is the white population that becomes richer (Manduca, 2018). The most affluent layer that comprises one percent seems to have an increase in their income, which affects the statistics (Manduca, 2018). On the one hand, it means that even those African Americans who also achieve a rich status can hardly influence the picture. On the other hand, it implies that some progress could have been made, but affluent people’s earnings overshadow it. Altogether, it appears that income inequality may still be related to racism, but in a specific way. Some facts suggest that significant achievements occurred in the black population’s strife to earn more. At some point, the rise in their income was noticeable, but it was still calculated in comparison with the white population (Manduca, 2018). There was also an increase in college graduates among African Americans, and other positive trends manifested intermittently (Manduca, 2018). However, racist tendencies in employment persisted, and the black population’s class advancement is rather slow (Manduca, 2018). The positive was nullified by the wealth distribution that benefited those who were already rich and hurt the rest, middle-class people of all races and the poor alike (Manduca, 2018). Without that effect, the income increase for the black population would have been more pronounced (Manduca, 2018). In the end, it happened, and the result seems unfair despite the progress made. Having uncovered the problem, one might want to suggest the solutions that would address the skewed distribution and racism. Society should strive to reduce discrimination in all fields, especially education and employment (Manduca, 2018). Removing barriers to the political spher
1. Wilson-Dickinson . Despite the short 150 years of European Christian missions in Africa, a dramatic increase has been witnessed in the numbers of population converted to Christian religion (Wilson-Dickson, p. 170). Such achievements have been made possible by integrating European Christian procedures into the everyday activities of the locals. A key factor in African lifestyle, music accompanies nearly every daily routine of African people. Incorporating African elements into European religious music is beneficial to corporate worship since the latter becomes more understandable for people (Wilson-Dickson, p. 171-172). For example, a 1956 hymn-book Africa Praise features African songs to English words that help narrow the gap between the two cultures. Striving to incorporate African and European elements into the liturgy, missionaries encounter a whole range of difficulties, from linguistic to material ones. Successful efforts at uniting the best from the two musical traditions have been undertaken by Harcourt Whyte (Wilson-Dickson, p. 175). Adoption of a new tolerant attitude to African music and its incorporation into European liturgical practices has helped to make African people more aware of Christian values. As Pope Paul VI remarked, Africans no longer need European missionaries and can become missionaries to themselves since the new style of worship allows them to discover Christianity in harmony with their traditional culture (Wilson-Dickson, p. 176). With the introduction of Christianity to African people, there has emerged a variety of independent churches that, although based on the teaching of Bible, stay close to local customs in their religious practices. They emphasize spontaneity and improvisation in worship, appealing to the rhythmical and emotional side of human nature. A powerful sense of participation is achieved which brings unity and peace to the congregation (Wilson-Dickson, pp. 178-179). 2. Roberts . According to a recent survey, one of the biggest challenges for a church musician is handling the diversity of different music styles during the community service (Roberts, p. 45). Educated in classical traditions, professional musicians often reject popular or ethnic music as improper for worship. Having dedicated decades of their lives to careful study of the most int
Introduction An economic multiplier is a figure used to approximate the economy-wide impacts of organisation-specific economic changes. Multipliers are generated from statistical or numerical models of a regional or national economy. Multipliers for every industry or business can be calculated by using models. A multiplier is a ratio calculated by dividing the approximate total effect arising from a given monetary shock to the economy by an essentially lesser partial effect, namely the activity-specific effect or direct project. 1This explains why a multiplier is always greater than one. Every multiplier can be considered as an experiential, quantified determinant of the strength of the economic connections between a given economic sector or industry and the rest of the local economy. The extent of these linkages determines the size of the multiplier, i.e. the smaller the extent of the linkages, the smaller the size of the multiplier and vice versa. A greater multiplier translates to greater employment and the economy-wide dollar impact of any given stimulus to one sector or industry of the economy. The usefulness of a Multiplier There exist three major theories that must be understood to comprehend what lies behind the application of various multipliers. The first is the notion of an economic stimulus via a change in final demand. The second is the concept of a series of spending and respending provoked through an initial economic stimulus. The third is the concept of leakage from a regional economy. Final demand implies selling economic goods and services to buyers who acts as final consumers of these products. In this case, the demand is final as opposed to it being intermediate. Goods and services are simply valued in and of themselves instead of their utility in the cost-effective production of new goods as well as services. An increase in final demand triggers a sort of chain reaction in economic events. A sequence of extra spending and respending activities is set in motion by the initial stimulus of new spending. Largely, multipliers are applied with the presupposition that, in a defined mirror image of an increase, any reduction in existing final demand triggers a whole sequence of spending reductions. A multiplier is a single numeral summarising overall economic benefits arising from a change in the regional economy. When used prudently, multipliers offer community leaders and planners the esti­mates of gross sales, income and employment that will emerge from new economic activity. Comparing the options will assist communities in deciding where to invest resources and time in order to acquire huge benefits. A multiplier will summarize overall impacts resulting f
Introduction The United Nations Global Compact being an initiative which has played a major role in making sure that business organizations subscribe to policies which enhance social responsibilities has enacted some principles which have been able to bring companies together in ensuring a global sustainability. In addressing the integration of Hewlett Packard into the United Nations Global Compact, this paper will basically consider two principles. The first principle will principle number six which focuses on labour standards and seeks to ensure that in all types of occupations and employments, discrimination should totally be done away with (Utting and Zammit 2006, 16). The next principle in focus will be the 9 th principle which entails precautionary measures to be taken as companies approach challenges posed by the environment (UNGC 2010, 155) (a). Business approaches Hewlett Packard, in its undeterred ambition to providing cutting edge technology to the populations all over the world became a member of the United Nations Global Compact initiative in a bid to be in support of the ten principles. Some of the practices and approaches that the company can and has tried to follow concur with the principle of equity in labour distribution (Kell 2005, 33). This has been a sad case in many companies who have been discriminating amongst color and origin. To incorporate this into the business system, the company must integrate transparency in its human resource system such that all workers feel respected. This too has to consider that the process of hiring and/or firing falls in under the same conditions where meritocracy is respected irrespective of skin color (UNGC & UNHCHR 2007, 41). On the principle of environmental challenges, the Global Compact calls for all responsible factions within the organization respect the environment. This ranges from the way in which waste is disposed in the factories and assembly units, policies on recycling and gaseous emissions which can tend to bring up the now alarming global warming (UNGC 2010, 25) (a). Implications of the approaches On incorporating such practices into the management of Hewlett Packard, some issues are bound to come up. In the first place, not all people involved will be ready to corporate in enhancing the changes. Some feel that they have the power to pick the next GM and it would be difficult to bring about a system where merit comes first. All branches of the company are expected to maintain a cleaner and greener environment by making sure that all recyclable material is utilized which calls for more efforts in waste collection and disposal particularly for those branches in third world countries. As much as it might appear difficult to adopt the practices, the end result will have boosted the face of the company to very big heights (Global Compact Critics 2008, 7). Lessons learnt from the sub
Introduction The developmental milestone of the discovery of nuclear fission in the early 30’s paved way to the advent of nuclear power as a source of energy. Nuclear power is a clean (environmentally friendly) source of energy derived from uranium –a non-renewable mineral source. The global rate of energy consumption is on a direct proportional rise as the population and therefore, a similar increment in energy production is required. This population will require the energy to power factories and homes, provide water and transport and facilitate infrastructure for health, education and nutrition. (Openshaw, 1986) Traditional energy sources i.e. fossil fuels and coal do not have the collective capacity to match this demand without causing significant environmental damage at a high cost and suffer rapid depletion. Nuclear energy is quite reliable, produces less waste, efficient, less expensive and does not add to the climate change by green- house gas production. However amidst the myriad of advantages attributed to nuclear energy, it also has significant negative attributes. As much as it does not produce significant waste, this waste has to be kept enclosed for long to allow the radioactivity to subside. It is not such an easy task to keep it away from natural disasters such as earthquakes or floods, as the recent Fukushima nuclear disaster depicts. (Nuclear Energy Agency, 2008) In addition to this, a lot of finances have to be spent on safety of nuclear energy. In line with my career as a power engineer, nuclear power would have a significant impact on my life, career and future in the following key areas: Influence on Environment Environmental issues: There has been a rise in the global concern over the climate change attributed to several factors with excessive green house gas production being a considerable contributor. The recent environmental changes such as drop in sea ice, progressive increase in sea level and the rise in global temperatures with intense heat waves can be attributed to climate change. (Nigel, 1984). Fossil fuels and coal are major contributors of these gases and hence nuclear energy emerges as the appropriate substitute for clean energy production. In fact, nuclear power has been shown to have net environmental benefits as it has no wastes in the form of gas, rather its contribution to the environment is the energy that it produces. (Nuclear Energy Agency, 2008) Catastrophic changes in climate can be a real and imminent danger and thus measures should be taken to focus on ‘clean’ forms of energy production. Associated scenario and risks/ opportunities Scenario: Imagine a production company would like to venture into using nuclear power to run their engines. The local community has concerns that the adverse effects that this new venture would expose them to, far surpass the positive attributes of the venture. They seek a court order to stop the company from pursuing the new venture and hence making the company not able
Introduction ISIS has declared the northern Syria region of Aleppo extending to the Diyala region in eastern Iraqas the region of caliphate. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi has been declared the Caliph that means “leader of Muslims everywhere” (Moore par.7). The proclamation of Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi about the establishment of a caliphate shows their intention to restore Islam in its earlier form. The horrific manner in which the jihadists are treating people, opposing them, seems to have emerged from the past era. ISIS’s Islamic State exemplifies the totalitarian state of 20 th century (Gray par.1) ISIS has become a chief player in the difficult Syrian equation in a record time. The foundation of ISIS dates back to 2006 when the Islamic State of Iraq was founded by uniting various groups. This group includes mainly the al-Qaeda, the Mujahedeen Shura Council in Iraq and Jund al-Sahhaba. Its first leader was Abu Omar al-Baghdadi who was a staunch advocate of Salafist ideology. After his demise, Abu Bakr al Baghdadi was appointed ISI’s emir (Anjarini par.1-3). The sectarian clashes between rebels and Assad regime in Syria and Sunnis and Shiites in Iraq paved the way for ISIS to gain a foothold in both countries. ISIS’s terror spreading activities have raised many speculations. Some people assume that their objective is to snatch control of the Middle East from the U.S. whereas others feel that it intends to establish a worldwide Islamic caliphate (Saxena par.10-11). However, ISIS’s success in the region depends mainly on its constantly increasing wealth. “Arab Gulf donors as a whole—of which Saudis are believed to be the most charitable—have funnelled hundreds of millions of dollars to Syria in recent years, including to ISIS and other groups” (Boghardt par.7). Literature Review Scholars in the Arab countries and the West have been emphasizing on the need for political liberalization in the region. According to Lebanese political scientist, Khashan (1998) “unchecked authoritarianism in many Arab countries is paving the way to deep crisis in the fabric of society” (as cited in Tessler 338). The US has always committed to bring democracy to the Middle East; however, it is not something that cannot be presented to the people of distant lands as a gift (Basham & Preble par.1). “From Eastern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa to Latin America and Southeast Asia, recent history makes it clear that democracy’s future in the Arab world depends