ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
During this prohibition of 1920 in United States, all activities contributing to the sales of alcohol were illegal. Such activities included import and export of raw materials and the final products, as well as the initial production and the transportation of alcohol. This action of prohibition came because of realized rate of crimes and corruption among the top people, high levels of social conflicts, and increased taxes. The tax rate was too high although there was need for the government to collect money for supporting prisons, reconstructing poor houses, and to concentrate on the high risk areas where health and hygiene were at stake (Goldberg 214). As much as the government was in effort of prohibition, the consumption of alcohol became relatively high resulting to organized crimes. The high level of organized crimes, made the court and the prisons working system overworked making the police and the public officials to practice corruption. The effect of alcohol prohibition act gave the Mafia group an opportunity of exercising their criminal acts. This is a big group of organized criminals from various ethnic groups. They operate in various nations including the United States and Canada. They deal with all illegal acts like drug and weapon smuggling, murder, and frauds among other disgusting activities (Thornton 114). During this period of alcohol prohibition there were widely involved in smuggling alcoholic drinks into the country to the capable and interested buyers. They discovered that the alcohol was scarce in United States and so decided to supply the citizens with alcohol illegally. They made a lot of money out of the illegal smuggling of alcohol, which was an indication of an act to benefit the organized criminals. This group used to bribe the public officials for their entry into the United States with illegal alcohol. The money they received from this illegal business funded this group to continue with their other organized crimes like prostitution, trafficking drugs, and other immoral activities. The United States prohibition act came into being through the eighteenth Amendment, where the police received the authority to enforce the law. The sale of alcohol was i
Executive summary Project management refers to using skills, methods, processes, experience, and knowledge to achieve specified project objectives within a timeline and budget. Effective project management is supposed to integrate and consider all relevant internal and external factors. Successful projects incorporate ethics and social responsibility in their activities. The report examines the Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project in Northern Virginia, U.S. It was essential for Washington D.C. residents who often found it challenging using Dulles International airport. The political and financial environment in which the project thrives influences the external factors affecting its implementation. Adopting the corporate social responsibility idea in the implementation of the Dulles Corridor Metrorail project has a positive impact on the project team and the community in Washington and Northern Virginia. The report ends with a conclusion and recommendations for successful projects in the same field. Introduction The transport sector plays an integral part in the growth of the economy of the country. The United States is one of the countries with the highest state of the art infrastructure and well-developed construction industry. The government has been investing in massive projects for the benefit of the general public and growth of its industries. The booming construction industry has had extensive projects with proper funding from the United States government. These projects have added value to the construction industry, with many mega projects having been completed while others still in process. The construction sector is a field which is recording significant growth attributed to the enhancement of infrastructure and technology. Most of the developments are funded by the government because they are instrumental to the general public. The highly funded construction projects require proper management to allow all stakeholders such as contractors, suppliers, employees, the public, the government, and other financiers to benefit. Research Project Dulles Transit Extension is one of the most significant infrastructure projects which have been implemented in the United States. The project was established to extend the Dulles Metrorail corridor connecting the Dulles International Airport and downtown Washington, D.C. According to the initial plan, it was supposed to allow the construction of a 23-mile extension of Washington’s Metrorail system (Kelleny, 2016). The extension brought an addition of 11 more stations along the track. The project was entrusted to the Metropolitan Airports Authority (MWAA) of the United States. It took part in two phases; phase 1 started in 2008 and o
Purpose of the Team The team I will be writing on is Information Technology (IT) Team. The purpose of the team is to build a formidable group spirit among the members so that all the set goals and objectives can be achieved with much ease. It is imperative to mention that it takes immense effort, commitment and competence to create and maintain an effective team (McShane & Glinow, 2009). This team has also been formed to assist members gain the much needed knowledge and skills when handling various IT related tasks. It is an ongoing team which members are supposed to stay and work together in a particular department. A good example is a manager in IT department and the accompanying staff members. The department may decide to bring efficiency in work place by improving individual performance. Team Dynamics My role in the team was to help the rest of team members to evaluate as well as value individual differences and thinking. The team members seemed not to have been relating well because they experienced communication barriers. It is worth noting that team dynamics and the way a given team operates may be duly affected if there is lack of smooth flow and exchange in communication. If members are able to identify and understand as well as appreciate individual differences and unique thinking patterns, then a team will improve its productivity in any given department (Choi, Lee & Yoo, 2010). This is an integral opportunity for me to help every member towards accepting one another so that there will be individual and team improvement in performance. My role affected the team’s dynamics by changing their individual perspective towards each other. So far, tea members have been able to improve on communication skills especially when communicating with each other. In addition, there is more value attached to individual differences in terms of gender, age and other unique attributes. This level of growth within the tea has been instrumental towards the success of the group. After initiating cohesion in the team, the IT department has experienced tremendous growth. Strategies One of the most important strategies that the team has devised is that which deals with how best communication can be enhanced among members. In order to attain cordial communication, promotion of good relationship among the members has been a key strategy in place. When individuals among the team resort into conflict, their performance is equally interfered with on a regular basis (Goldman, 2005). It is important to re-group in order to tackle problems which are related to communication and relationship. The aforementioned strategy has been instrumental managing the team. O
Mental health is a crucial part of Australian citizens’ general well-being and happy life outcomes. The foremost duty of the Australian Department of Health is to develop a better mental health system that helps improve the lives of people with or at risk of mental illnesses. However, such an objective does not seem to be met successfully nowadays (Looi & Kisely, 2019). This paper aims to critically discuss the policy and funding context of mental health service provision in Australia. After carrying out thorough research, I have come to believe that the country’s mental health system urgently needs organizational reformation and restructuring rather than more expenditure. According to statistics, in the years 2017-2018, $9.9 billion was spent on mental health-related services in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2020). Overall, it increased from $382 per person in 2013-2014 to $400 per person in 2017-208. This shows effective funding of the field, including expenses on initiatives, programs, services, and research necessary to provide the best care for people struggling with mental health issues. Suicide prevention, research on mental health stigmatization, prevention, and recovery have been funded by the Australian, state, and territory governments along with private health insurers and individuals (Batterham et al., 2016). Thus, Australia pays close attention to the mental health of its nation and regularly supports the system with funding and the related expenses. However, the system lacks an organizational structure and often fails to provide the best care to patients with mental health illnesses. The first crucial organizational issue is that there are not enough mental health services to help patients who need it the most. Thus, the current difficulties with rationing result in a situation where only severely ill people receive professional help, with others failing to be admitted for treatment or being discharged from the facility too early (Uchmanowicz et al., 2020). Another serious issue deals with new mental health policies that make it difficult for patients to access the necessary treatment due to being less restrictive and influenced greatly by the already discusses rationing complications. Moreover, the problem of treating patients with mental health conditions within the general health system – and not by special psychiatric services (Bartram & Stewart, 2019). That is, the unique needs of such people are not fully met and often given only basic attention. Finally, Australia lacks new psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses being trained, with many already existing professionals retiring and leaving the field. Let alone the fact that training opportunities are rather limited in today’s real
Introduction Nationalism is a sense of feeling where particular groups of people identify themselves with certain cultures, beliefs, traditions, norms, and are guided by similar law. People develop deeper sense of responsibility to each other in an attempt to accomplish common objectives and aims. The nation has a certain belief towards the right to statehood. The members of a state develop a citizenship belief with some degree of cultural identity. People dedicate their lives to developing their nation by working hard since they believe that their state is powerful to all others. Each society has its own ways of doing things, which varies greatly with those of other societies. Globalization has made it easier for people to meet and interact in politics and economics. People compete for markets and political domination making each group to unite to achieve collective bargaining in multilateral interactions. Social struggles and intrigues are the threats to nationalism. This paper examines how Middle Eastern citizens living in Australia join hands in their quest for supremacy. The major purpose of the essay is to understand scientific research methodologies, their use and applications in real practice. The paper uses three articles talking about nationalism among Middle immigrants. The methodologies involved in the articles are analyzed with the purpose of conceptualizing research methods. Catarina Kinnvall: Globalization and Religion: Self, Identity and the search for Ontological Security The article analyses how states and nations have regrouped to form a strong sense of belonging after the 9/11 attack to the world trade center. Middle Eastern citizens continue living in fear since they do not know when the Americans will strike while the Americans have established all possible measures to contain terrorism. The article reports that the existing international system puts states in precarious conditions because of suspicion and mistrusts, Israelis are always in strategy meetings to see how they can continue surviving in the Arab dominated region. Security is always tight in western countries because of the unknown, the fear of the darkness. Travelers undergo serious security checks at termini. Citizens have become weary of foreigners and refugees. They view refugees are threats to national security and opportunities in their societies. All these have been brought about by globalization. There is free movement of goods and services (Kinnvall, 2004, p. 24) The markets are open to all individuals in the global society implying that liberalism is embraced by all states. This has led to increased competition where weak companies and organizations exist at the mercy of the mighty ones. Egalitarianism and democratization process have changed societal social
Benjamin Franklin is among the founding fathers of the United States of America. Although not originating from a politically influential family, he solely worked hard to become the cream of the elite class. As the pioneer of electricity, he experimented and wrote on different subjects in the field, which the American society still recognizes. Through hard work, profound innovations, and proposals, he won governmental positions, which drew him close to the political class and other leaders building a concrete American economy. Franklin’s skills and tactics in carrying out diplomatic relations represented a unique American personality. As a fearless, visionary leader, he symbolizes liberty, enlightenment, economy, and unity, which represents the American character. Descriptively, Benjamin Franklin was a father figure, leader, politician, writer, scientist, inventor, and philanthropist among other qualities that a one person hardly posses. Besides heading a smooth family, he struggled to contribute to the attainment of independence of the US. Franklin stove and electricity harnessing are some of the innovations under his name. His character as a bold person and a diplomat qualified him for an achiever of the society. Through his tremendous contribution to the American politics and economy, Benjamin developed a solid relationship with the United States of America. Franklin’s father migrated to America in 1635 where he married his second wife after the death of the first one. Therefore, becoming an American citizen by birth, Franklin established solid roots in America. At the tender age of twelve, he learned printing skills, which motivated him to develop writing skills eventually becoming a publisher and a leader. Franklin’s skills in diplomacy not only led to independence of the US, but also to the unification of the different states of America. His government duty as a diplomatic official and an ambassador led to the establishment of the American constitution and American flag and currency, which was unique among all the nations. Franklin is a symbol of American economy, currency, constitution, and politics. Due to his accomplishments in the education sector, America has produced the best scientists and inventors all over the world. As a diplomat, he called for peace among nations like Britain, the US, and France. Moreover, he united the thirteen states of America to create a solitary nation. Consequently, during Franklin’s time, the US was at peace, which led to the establishment of communication, transport facilities, and other industries. Economically, he is the pioneer of the American currency, which explains the presence of his portrait on it. Furthermore, he was a player in the team that wrote the constitution of the US, which is the basis for the bearing political stability that the US enjoys even in the contemporary times. Thus, in the contemporary society, Franklin is a symbol of the strong American economy, which rarely
This presentation covers different aspects of influenza preparedness. It describes the disease, vulnerable populations, and how communities can protect themselves from it. Abstract   * This paper explores influenza preparedness among public housing residents and low income communities.   * Public housing residents and low income populations often report negative health outcomes.   * Preparedness for influenza needs to occur at personal, policy and community levels. In summary, this paper highlights the multi-level strategies that communities could use to manage and prepare for influenza. Learning Outcomes   * Formulating culturally competent preparedness and response interventions that address specific needs of public housing residents and low-income population groups.   * Improving public health and community health preparedness against influenza.   * Improving multi-level preparedness against influenza. At the end of this presentation, we should learn the importance of promoting socially competent health care interventions for preventing influenza. This goal should help to improve the public health and community health preparedness against the pandemic. Introduction   * Pandemic Influenza is a serious health concern (Ostrem and Horsburgh, 2008).   * It can cause death and permanent health damage.   * Vulnerable populations are most prone to the disease.   * This paper investigates how low-income populations and people living in housing projects could prepare and respond to the pandemic. Pandemic influenza affects different types of people. However, this paper mainly focuses on how low-income groups and inhabitants of housing projects could prepare and respond to the disease. What is Influenza?   * Influenza is a respiratory tract infection.   * Complicated cases of influenza may cause pneumonia and other complicated health issues (Osterholm, 2005).   * Pandemic influenza may be severe and affect many people, as opposed to seasonal influenza (Osha, 2009). Before embarking on the details of this presentation, it is important to understand influenza as a respiratory tract infection that requires immediate treatment. Unlike seasonal influenza, pandemic influenza is more dangerous to human beings. Factors Influencing Vulnerability To Pandemic Influenza   * Poverty.   * Inequities in Health Status.   * Access to Quality of Care.   * Limited Supply to Vaccines.   * Low Immunization Rates.   * Environmental Factors (Krieger, Chen, Rehkopf, Subramanian, 2005). Pandemic influenza occurs because of poverty, inequities in health status, poor access to quality health care, and low immunization rates among other factors. Types of Virus   * Influenza virus A.   * Influenza virus B.   * Influenza virus C. There are only three types of influenza as shown in this slide. Types B and C do not cause pandemics, but type A does. Influenza Transmission   * Influenza is airborne because it is transferred throu
Introduction Advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT) have led to the shift from instructor lead training (ILT) to computer based training (CBT). Generally, computer based training involves providing instructions and learning materials with the aid of computers. In the contemporary world, most institutions combine the use of computers and internet technologies to improve the effectiveness of CBT. At least 6.8 million students were registered in academic programs that use CBT in 2011 (Little, 2001, pp. 203-207). Research indicates that the use of CBT, especially, in higher education and organizational training is increasing at the rate of 13% annually. Approximately, 70% of the heads of leading institutions of higher learning believe that CBT will improve the competiveness of their organizations (Little, 2001, pp. 203-207). This paper will discuss the similarities between CBT and ILT; the differences between CBT and ILT; and the advantages and disadvantages of CBT and ILT. The Similarities between CBT and ILT Computer based training is similar to instructor lead training in the following ways. First, the learning objectives in both training methods are usually the same (Clark, 2010, p. 56). Most institutions, especially, colleges and universities normally offer the same course in two different classes. One of the classes is normally taught through instructor lead training, whereas the other is taught through online CBT. Thus, instructors have to formulate the same learning objectives for the two classes in order to achieve standard learning outcomes. Generally, every training method must have learning objectives. Thus, both CBT and ILT have specific learning outcomes, which they must achieve. Second, both CBT and ILT classes must have a syllabus. The instructor who is in charge of the course normally prepares the syllabus, which is used to teach all students regardless of the training method. The rationale of using this strategy is that it enables instructors to deliver the same content to students, who are pursuing the same degree, but are enrolled in different training programs. The content may include reading materials, illustrative diagrams, tests, and homework. Third, both computer based training and instructor lead training have a structure that guides the instructors and the learners (Clark, 2010, p. 89). In the conventional instructor lead training, the course content is often delivered in a systematic manner in order to enhance unde
One of the distinct characteristics of the nursing craft is the professionals’ need to constantly adapt to the dynamic environment of health care service and approaches to patient care. In order to facilitate this process, researchers have identified a series of change theories that seek to systematize the experience of implementing new practices (Udod & Wagner, 2018). The two most widespread theories of change in the nursing practice are Lewin’s change theory and Roger’s five-step theory. In Lewin’s framework, the change process undergoes three major stages: unfreezing, change proper, and refreezing (Udod & Wagner, 2018). Thus, according to this framework, in order to introduce change, the team needs to acknowledge the existing workflow and “unfreeze” this system, actively participate in implementing change and new functional patterns, and, finally, make the change a new generally accepted standard. Unlike Lewin’s approach, Roger’s model is more oriented towards the staff’s response and acceptance of the change through the gradual shifting process. Indeed, this five-step model implies exhaustive preliminary research, gathering staff’s feedback, conducting a pilot study, and actually implementing the change proposal (Udod & Wagner, 2018). Hence, it may be concluded that while Lewin’s model addresses mostly the implementation of the evidence-proven modifications, the five-step model is designed to prove the suggested change beneficial to the clinical environment. When speaking of the change proposal for the capstone project, Roger’s approach to change implementation is more appropriate. Considering the fact that the project seeks to justify the hypothesis of the EBP training’s positive impact on nurses’ self-esteem and patient satisfaction, the data collected from the intervention will be crucial for further implementation of this change to nursing practice. This theory has also been proven advantageous by the preceptor, as she has successfully integrated changes into the staff’s scheduling patterns using Roger’s model. Reference Udod, S., & Wagner, J. (2018). Common change theories and application to different nursing situations. In Leadership and influencing change in nursing (ed. by J. Wagner, pp. 228-254). University of Regina Press.