ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The purpose of this study was to find out the longitudinal impact of inter-household caregiving on adult children’s mental health. The research question formulated was the wear and tear of the adult children’s mental health (the longer the care given the greater the psychological impact). The samples subjects were chosen from 112 households that had elderly impaired parents and care was provided by an adult child in that family. The study was done for a duration of 14 weeks. The parameters used to measure mental health were depression, subjective caregiving stress, and subjective caregiving effectiveness. At the end of the study, it is suggested that more research should be done based on other types of caregivers. Introduction The research done by Townsend et al, clearly states the purpose of the study as it seeks to examine the effect of caregiving by adult children caring for their elderly parents. The longer a person is involved in caregiving, the more the effect it has on their mental health. This is important since the results of the study can be used in implementing different health policies that relate to caregiving in various households. This research paper reviews previous studies that have been done and is a review of a paper presented at the Annual Psychological Association, New York in August 1987(American Psychology Association, 2009). Other previous researches include research done by Harris (2005) on the mental health of spouses that were taking care of elderly people with Alzheimer’s disease. The study is appropriate because there has been a lack of data on longitudinal research on this issue. There has been cross-sectional but not longitudinal research on the mental health of adult children taking care of their elderly parents. The hypothesis has been clearly stated in this particular research. It states that the wear and tear of the mental health of an adult caregiver are increased with longer periods of giving care to the impaired parent. To support the hypothesis, the study shows that the mental deterioration of the caregiver increases with time and is occasioned by depression and reduced immunity (Seyle, 1976). It also shows that the amount of stress at the initial stages increases with the duration it has had an effect on the caregivers. To counter the hypothesis, some studies show that after a long period of taking care of the impaired parent, the
In the years between 300 and 850 CE, Christianity was one of the dominant religions. It was a uniting force for the peoples of Eurasia with a promising and prominent future. But at the same time, there was a sense of division, as well as support for the religion from those in power, more precisely the royalty. The fact that about one-third of the Christians from around the world lived in Europe was one of the determining factors in the development of Christianity. It became very influential between different classes of people, from ordinary folk to royalty and those with power. As Christianity represented divine power and the rulers of the time felt that they were appointed by God, there was without a doubt a connection and great support in the development of religion. As religion was dominating the minds of the society it was very much politicized and so many leaders and rulers were directly interested and involved in Christianity. The Church was very wealthy and it was seen as a way to acquire more wealth and power for those who were already considered the elite of the society. One of the royal supporters of Christianity was Roman emperor Constantine, who established the great capital of Constantinople. The church and religion were great support of the infrastructure and the defense systems of Constantinople. Also, things like roads, courts, laws, military structures, and the administration had a great interest in the evolvement and gain of power of Christianity (Strayer 427). Emperor Justinian had the support of religion in his conquests of further territories. The strength of religion promised domination of other cultures, as well as religions that were little or completely misunderstood. There were numerous ways in which the support of the elite manifested itself. For example, the Byzantium emperor had a position of both a political leader in the ruling of the state and as the head of the Church as well. This gave him easy access to both aspects of society with the freedom to act in any way he thought necessary. Very often the rulers supported the popes as they shared a common goal—their faith was directly influenced by politics and vise versa. Both the Church and the nobles exercised great power over the people. But sometimes there was some competition between them. The appointing of the next ruler to the post caused conflicts and the question of who specifically receives the responsibility in appointments of kings, em
Background In recent years, one of the recurring debates in the business field concerns the critical role played by marketing strategies in enabling business entities to accomplish their set objectives, including maintaining competitive advantage in the market place (Scramm-Klein et al, 2008). A rapidly shifting economic environment epitomized by such phenomena as turbulences in the macroeconomic environment, globalization and deregulation of markets, shifting customer and shareholder demands and expectations, and escalating product-market competition, has turned out to be the norm, necessitating organizations to reformulate and restructure their strategies and policies to remain relevant (Topolosky, 2000). The stakes are even higher in the fashion industry, which has grown phenomenally during the last decade though it continues to be affected by a multiplicity of events, in part, due to the speedy change witnessed in the industry (Tsan-Ming et al, 2010). One of the fundamental priority areas that have been targeted by companies in the fashion industry as a matter of urgency is the creation of brand awareness among customers and the reinforcement of customer loyalty to boost sales (Bhardwaj et al., 2010). As demonstrated by Rogerson (2006) and Power & Hauge (2008), knowledge about brand awareness and customer loyalty in the fashion industry is in the public domain, but little is known about how the two important variables can be used effectively to stimulate customer involvement. Through a critical evaluation of Zara’s fashion retailer marketing strategies, the proposed study will therefore focus attention to providing a framework which can be used to boost sales and improve performance by linking brand awareness and customer loyalty to customer involvement. With an estimated 1,500 fashion retail outlets in 68 countries and € 6.26 billion in 2007 annual sales, Zara is not only one of the leading fashion retailers globally, but it has also become one of the most widely respected apparel brands worldwide, in part, due to its impressive growth in recent years (Caro et al., 2010). According to the authors, “…this success is widely attributed to its fast-fashion business model, which involves frequent in-season assortment changes and ever-trendy items offered in appealing environments and at competitive prices” (p. 71). To support this customer-value proposition, Zara has designed an inventive and highly responsive infrastructure that places brand awareness and customer loyalty at the heart of the whole equation (Scramm-Klein et al, 2008). Zara’s innovative business model, according to Caro et al (2010) is to a large extent powered by a framework that ensures continuous flow of market information and customer expectations from the retail stores directly to designers. Market information usually incorporates concepts of brand awareness and customer loyalty, and Zara has done extremely well in both. However, the proposed study makes an assumption that Zara can be able to penetrate virgin markets if it links its brand awa
The value of the sales force in any business organization is indispensable. The sales people play a critical role as they convince consumers to purchase products of an organization. However, it is important to organize the sales force in a manner that supports an organization on various fronts. Specifically, the organization of the sales force should support the pursuit of an organisation’s goals. Structuring follows a well laid down strategy. The structuring of any department is done based on the strategies, objectives, and goals of an organization. Objectives of structuring include getting results from customers, developing new businesses, retaining or increasing current business and increasing customer loyalty. Primarily, sales strategies seek to present solutions to problems that arise from advertising, reinforce the importance of advertising, creating product value, dominating the supply channels and embracing innovation (Katzenbach and Smith, 2003). Sales management strategies differ depending on various circumstances. As an illustration, an organization may decide to use supply pricing vs. demand pricing. Alternatively, a differentiated or commodity approach may be used. Other approaches such as cross-platform versus single medium, innovative versus traditional, numbers-oriented versus results oriented, etc are used. The realization that a number of variables influence sales implies that structuring the sales departments is a complex task. Customer-Oriented sales force structure One approach that is useful in organizing sales people is based on customer orientation (Kleinman, 2009). This implies that organisations may decide to structure the sales force in a way that lays emphasis on the customer. In this regard, an organization may develop a product-oriented or customer-oriented structure. Therefore, an organization using this approach may organize the sales staff depending on the type of customers. In this scenario, an organization would have retail sales teams, agency sales teams, national sales teams, etc. Organizing the sales team by category is another form of customer-oriented structuring. As an illustration, magazines and newspaper sales departments are organized in terms of categories. More precisely, there are such categories as retail, automotive, jewellery, etc. However, in most cases, large sales departments are organized as verticals or categories. The advantage of using this structure lies on the notion that it enables the salespeople in each group to develop into experts in the respective categories. This str
The project was headed by a global leadership team working under the management of Beauty Care Global Business Unit. The intention of the unit was to ensure that the project would be a skincare line in Japan (Bartlett 1). The meeting to deliberate on whether there is need to start the line of skin care in Japan took place in November 1999. The panel had to meet to deliberate on the budget presented, organization and the expansion of the project that would see the start of the project in Japan. The project needed to have convincing blueprints to make sure that it gives a high threshold competition to existing manufacturers. The project had faced challenges in the name of organizing and restricting the programs of the global project. The organizers of the project are meant to make sure the project meets global standards so that it does meet global standards. To make sure that the project meets the intended standards to be at the helm of global competition; the management should be strategically positioned to make sure that the company adapts to the local businesses in the market (Bartlett 2). For the company to hit global standards like other competing ones, the management should be in a position to ensure that it is suited with right strategies to help it in the production of products and services that meet global standards. Products produced should be made in standards that please all consumers globally in order for it to compete with other manufacturers. However, in the effort to making sure that it makes competent goods, it is likely to face challenges such as the cost of running the company. Funding for development laboratories and plants made the company reduced its profit margin. After setting up such a huge company that needs to meet global standards, it should adopt technology changes and the most recent technology. To make sure that the company attains the needed global impact; its management should strive to attain global management skills. P&G is meant to use seven divisions in order to reach the needed goal of being an international company. Despite the fact that the company has worked to ensure the management of the company remains competitive, it should hire competent managers to improve its profit margin. The company, through its subsidiary companies and other attached investments, intends to start a new investment in China to make sure that the company is felt globally. The intention of investing in China was steered by population growth observed in the country (Bartlett 9). To achieve the intended standards in China, the company should be very conversant with the Chinese consumption trends. Since P&G is a multinational company, meeting the standards may not be much of a challenge. The structure of the case has the CEO as the head of the project. Under the CEO, there are other departments such as; finance, human resources, supply, fabric and home care and feminine care. This indicates that the management has been divided into two parts that are meant to take care of the business management and the other part is meant to
University of Minnesota is situated east of downtown Minneapolis. Neighborhood is the vicinity where people live next to or near one another in sections which have particular physical and social characteristics distinguishing from the rest of the settlements. The neighborhoods include amenities like bus stops, shopping center, offices, community events and free time activities. Streets include alternate paths to most destinations at an equitable manner for both pedestrians and vehicles. Civic buildings including schools, theatres, worship areas, museums, and clubs are placed in the centre. Development in university neighborhood is visible due to the presence of large and small houses, restaurants, shops, offices, play grounds and parks. The neighborhood has a strong impact on residential satisfaction and influences the perception of residents’ health. Marcy Holmes (Dinkytown) Marcy Holmes is the university neighborhood in Minneapolis situated on east bank of Mississippi River. It is named after William L. Marcy and Oliver Wendell Holmes. University forms its east border whereas the East Hennepin/Central Avenue commercial area forms the west border. It is the home to the well-known commercial district, Dinkytown which includes various businesses custom-made to the nearby university. It also fulfills the housing requiremen
Introduction The field of economics has influenced policy decisions, influenced the development of nations and societies, and helped scientists to understand how various economies work. This paper discusses five economic theories and explains how the theories can be explained with real-life examples. Keynesian Economics Personal Description of the theory Keynes (1936) framed the famous Keynesian theory. The theory focuses on national income determinants in the short run when prices are relatively inflexible. Keynes tried to explain why high labor market unemployment is not self-correcting due to low effective demand and why even price flexibility and monetary policy might be unavailing. The theory was framed in the aftermath of the Great Depression of 1930 that left million unemployed around the world, and countless were rendered homeless, destitute, and bankrupt. The theory suggests that the level of employment is determined by the aggregate demand or how much money is spent and not by the cost of labor. The theory points out that it is incorrect to presume that if a market is competitive, in the long run, it will provide full employment or that full employment is the natural, self-righting, equilibrium state of a monetary economy. On the contrary, the most likely effects would be underemployment and underinvestment, and this would continue unless the government intervenes to provide some corrective actions. The implication of the theory is that a lack of competition is not the fundamental problem, and measures to reduce unemployment by cutting wages or benefits are not only hard-hearted but also ultimately futile. Interpretation of how the theory is currently functioning within society today The theory can be applied to the current situation in the U.S. and other countries where recession seems to be setting in. Logic says that with immense job cuts (BBC. January 31, 2008), the cost of labor would be expected to go down, and this would mean that the prices of products should come down, which in turn would spur demand and growth. But by applying the Keynesian theory, clearly, the rates are not decreasing, prices are going up, and again rise in the price is not due to an increase in demand but due to external reasons such as inflation. The increase So the theory holds true in this example. My Ideas on developing the theory The theory should take into considerations factors such as inflation, GDP rates, consumer price index, and then when the GDP falls below a certain safe level, the government should intervene and place a cap on imports to conserve foreign exchange, and this would increase employment. With the increase in employment, people would have more money, and demand would increase. Globalization Theory Personal Description of the Theory Gl
Description and Objectives of the Interview The aim of the interview was to provide an opportunity to apply and expand understanding and knowledge of discretionary prerogatives of law enforcement officers, the stewardship of cultural, natural, and historical resources and professional responsibilities imparted in a position of public trust. A national park ranger participated in this interview. Details of the Interview From the interview, one can deduce that a park ranger performs several duties in managing parks as recreational and protected sites. Some specific duties of a park ranger include protection of the park and property, collecting and disseminating scientific information about the park, developing and interpreting park materials for visitors and investigating all forms of complaints or encroachment. A park ranger must understand the Federal Laws, natural statistics and features and history of the park reserves. The job involves collecting and reviewing data on a regular basis. Such data are critical when a park ranger provides tour services to visitors who wish to learn more about the park. Thus, knowledge about historical facts, natural changes and park dynamics is vital for a park ranger. A park ranger may provide such information to visitors. Park rangers must prepare in advance and have well-developed schedules to give effective tour guidance for visitors. T
The USA and the Middle East experience a relationship today that bears the stamp of a millennium and more of crucial decisions on both sides. From nearly the first years of contact between people of European descent and the peoples of the Middle East, these decisions have reflected more misunderstanding and self-interest than statesmanship or vision. There are several moments over this span of time that stand out as opportunities: periods in history when relations could have been turned towards tolerance and even cooperation, but were not. Three examples of these are: the medieval push to take control of religiously important sites in what is today Israel, the betrayal of the region at the end of World War I, and more recently, the failure of Arab governments to adopt the best practices of modern governance. While these are by no means exhaustive, they are exemplary. In the 11 th century, the hardline, and an altered attitude of the Seljukian Turks towards Christian pilgrims prompted outrage and ill-organized crusades. However, a glance at a map of the area suggests the great potential advantage to the nations north of the Mediterranean of control over the sea lanes in the Mediterranean and eastward. Trade, at the least, would be easier if European powers controlled this region. This may have been the reason for the increasing emphasis on naval campaigns in the later Crusades (Bridges 10). In this instance, a more tolerant attitude by the Seljukian Muslims towards Christian pilgrims who had moved with relative freedom through the region for a long time would have made a great difference. After all, the Muslim faith had already successfully, albeit violently, taken over as much as two thirds of the European continent (Madden, Hillenbrand and Ryan). However, the behavior of the Europeans was regarded as boorish and ignorant by the Saracens, so there was probably fault on both sides (Madden, Hillenbrand and Ryan). This was a chance for mutual understanding that was thrown away. At the end of World War, after taking advantage of the Arab revolt to topple the Ottoman Empire, the Allies secretly agreed to partition the area. The Balfour agreement, also secret, promised the Jewish people a homeland in Palestine. These baldly self-interested betrayals and subterfuges were the reasons that prompted T.E. Lawrence to work for three years to make the Arab revolt as effective as possible (Lawrence). This double-dealing gave the Middle Eastern countries a very good reason to resent the Allies (Lawrence). It also injected a massive and
Introduction Riordan has to utilize an effective MRP in order to develop and distribute quality electric fans. As observable in most other organizations, this concept is becoming increasingly applicable. Particularly, this is relevant for successful product development and initiation into the market. A successful manufacture and launch of new product requires a comprehensive internal and environmental analysis. In these processes, various factors must be considered and evaluated (Sheikh, 2002). Riordan already manufactures electric fans in some of its oversea branches. It is imperative to note that practical lessons can be drawn from these operations. These might assist in the establishment of strategic electric fan manufacturing and dispersion procedures. This paper presents a market research plan for the manufacturing of Riordan electric fans. The MRP for the Manufacturing of the Riordan Electric Fans The human resource is a fundamental requirement in any manufacturing resource planning. This is because they provide the necessary capacity and services that ensure all new demands are met within the system. Strategic location of the manufacturing company is crucial for an effective system. Normally, raw materials for manufacturing electric fans might be hard to locate and transport (Sheikh, 2002). This requires Riordan to be situated very close to the source of important raw materials. Ideally, the consideration helps in different ways. For instance, it minimizes the costs associated with transportation and preservation of the raw materia