ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Corporate social responsibility is an essential aspect in the business world. It is an obligation for a business organization to pursue long term goals that are good for the society. It can also be termed as the continuing commitment by business firms to behave in an ethical manner and contribute to economic development while at the same time enhancing the quality of life of the employees and their families. The business firm should also enhance the lives of the local community and the entire society around which it operates (Kotler, 2005). This piece of work looks at an individual, Karl Mark, evaluating him with respect to corporate social responsibility and its effects on his career. Discussion Abiding by corporate social responsibility practices is not only beneficial to a business organization but also to individuals who participate in it. An individual’s perception and view about the idea of corporate social responsibility influences ones life greatly in terms of career progression and the behavior of the general public towards the individual. This therefore dictates that it is advisable to support the idea of corporate social responsibility for the sake of one’s prosperity as well as that of the society at large despite the cost that could be involved. Karl Marx was an active economic activist and socialist who was involved with many activities during his lifetime. It is evident that Karl Marx would totally support the idea of corporate social responsibility. This is because of his nature and how he perceived life in general. He cared more about the communities and would therefore support any effort aimed at supporting the society in any way. He was against capitalism and supported collective gain among the society members (Marx, not dated). In his career, Karl Mark was able to succeed due to the support he gave to the society in regard to advocating for developmental projects aimed at helping members of the society in an effort to uplift their living standards. Karl Mark’s economic and socialist work gained considerable support from people due to the fact that the benefits associated with the activities were clear (Marx, Easton and Guddat, 1997). Business organizations should operate bearing in mind that the society is a crucial element that contributes towards their success. Without the support of the people who surround a business organization, it is difficult for it to succeed in its undertakings. This is because it requires a symbiotic relationship to be established between a business enterprise and the society around it. This is so as both need each other for success. A business organization may need the society as buyers as well suppliers. They could also be a source of workforce in various positions for example marketers bearing in mind that they are in a better position to reach as many clients as possible. The business should therefore go an extra mile in providing services to the society as a way of fulfilling corporate social responsibility. This could be through undertaking of some
Small business is the most important indicator of the development of a market economy. In this regard, the question arises of supporting small and medium-sized businesses. One of the areas of such support is insurance. The level of development of small businesses is one of the most important characteristics of the national economy, as it forms a competitive, civilized market relationship, contributes to improving the quality of goods, work, services, and entrepreneurial culture. Any organization needs to be ready to face challenges and losses in order to be resilient. It is especially true in the case of small businesses that are the most vulnerable to threats and disasters, such as hurricanes, pandemics, and family emergencies. There are two main approaches to ensuring the solidness of a small business. These include acquiring the correct insurance package and having a certain sum of money allocated for emergencies. Modern business is closely associated with various risks, and this applies to both legal entities and individual entrepreneurs. The risks can be minimized by resorting to voluntary insurance, which is an essential part of risk management. The latter can play a central role in increasing the company’s competitiveness and success rate (Brustbauer, 2016). For example, New Zealand’s small businesses in agriculture are able to use flexible insurance programs in order to ensurerisk tolerancee (Olsen & Hasle, 2015). The US insurance system in business insurance is a complex system, with government intervention, it can be applied in practice in four forms. The latter includes subsidizing insurance premiums, covering administrative expenses of private insurance companies, compensating the trading expenses of private insurance companies, and reinsurance offers (McCallum & Knapp, 2016). In turn, the government is trying to minimize possible losses and damage through the example of compulsory insurance of business accounts. By the source of occurrence, entrepreneurial risks can be divided into external and internal. The source of external risks is the external environment in relation to an entrepreneurial firm. An entrepreneur cannot influence them; he can only foresee and take them into account in his activities. Thus, external risks include those not directly related to the activities of the entrepreneur. The source of internal risks is the entrepreneurial activity itself. These risks arise in the case of poor management, erroneous marketing policies, the likelihood of losses resulting from equipment malfunctions and breakdowns, as well as internal company abuse. Financial risk control is to find sources of compensation for possible damage in cash. One of the ways to manage risk in business is insurance. The need for small business insurance is explained by a number of main features that are characteristic of a small enterprise. This is weak financial stability, limited financial reserve, and the nee
Since the beginning of the history of our species, humanity has come a long way in terms of evolution and development. However, as it approaches the peak of technological progress, a difficult question emerges in front of the species: what is waiting for it in the future? There are many different paths to approach this issue: from purely scientific and opportunistic to existential or even nihilistic – it all depends on who is going to study it. Nevertheless, the topic must be discussed, and the possibilities should be determined, as research may set the course of action for humanity to thrive and evolve. Although there are no constants to the equation, the wide variety of outcomes can be narrowed down to several groups according to their presumed results. The Swedish philosopher and the founding director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University Nick Bostrom, in his essay The Future of Humanity , sketches out four possible scenarios of humanity’s fate. The first scenario, according to Bostrom, is extinction – the complete ceasing of the human species. There are two ways for humanity to go extinct: the first leads to a transformation into another species through evolution or development; the second is simply dying out, whether from self-termination or other, independent reasons. It might be hard to believe that humanity may face extinction someday, as the world’s population grows exponentially with every generation and is now close to eight billion people. However, the concept of existential risk presented by different researchers shows that the chances of humanity surviving the next three to five generations are no better than 50% at best (Bostrom, 2009). The recurrent collapse scenario also falls under this category of outcomes, as it leads to a perpetual degeneration of human civilization. Nevertheless, for such a fate to occur, it would require a certain set of factors to create a stable mechanism that keeps humanity inside a narrow set of limitations. The next version of humanity’s future is reaching a plateau. “Plateau” in this case means advancing the limit
Introduction to indigenous Australia Before I enrolled in this particular unit, my perception of indigenous Australians was strongly euro-centric. That is, I thought of these people as being nothing short of savages, who were never able to advance beyond the Stone Age on their own. I believed that, even up to these days, indigenous Australians roamed the Australian bush, while looking for eatable plants and insects and while indulging in never-ending tribal war with each other. Nevertheless, after having been taken through the unit, I did learn a great deal about Australian indigenous population. For example, I have learnt that, contrary to what I used to think of it, this population is far from being homogeneous – it is not only that 410,000 Australians of indigenous background belong to two anthropologically and culturally unique groups (Aboriginals proper and Torres Strait islanders), but that a number of qualitative divisions exist among Aboriginals proper, as well (Merlan 2005). I also learned the history of indigenous Australians’ abuse by White settlers, which contributed to the fact that even today, the majority of native Australians lag behind Whites in terms of what accounts for the level of their educational attainment and the quality of their living standards. Nevertheless, I cannot say that due to the factual information about indigenous Australians, I have obtained while studying the subject matter, I began to revere these people uncritically. Partially, this can be explained by the fact that I happened to be a rationally minded individual who believes in the full objectiveness of history’s laws. What is culture, identity and identification/Cultural competency It goes without saying, of course, that during the course of the session’s consequential phases, I did learn a great deal about the culture of indigenous Australians. Moreover, I have acquired an understanding of the actual reasons why this culture differs rather strikingly from the culture of White Australians or from the culture of many recently arrived ethnic immigrants to Australia. Unlike what it happened to be the case with cultures, concerned with subjectivizing the nature (such as Western or my own Arabic culture), the culture of indigenous Australians thrives on these people’s tendency to think of themselves as nature’s integral parts, which explains the ease with which White colonists were able to rob aborigines of their land – indigenous Australians never considered the land as something that could be owned, in the first place (Redford 1990). This implies that, in order for a particular individual to be able to gain actual insight into the very essence of an unfamiliar culture, he or she would have to study what accounts for this culture’s anthropological and psychological t
Introduction Possibly no manuscript in record has undergone as much examination as the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America. In this official declaration, Thomas Jefferson wrote fundamentally of a novel theory of government, in which the government was expected to protect the “natural rights” of citizens. In his Gettysburg Address of 1863, US President Abraham Lincoln concisely elucidate the vital significance of the Declaration to American history “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” In the United States, Independence Day (normally known as the Fourth of July) is a national public holiday to celebrate the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776 thereby declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Ever since Thomas Jefferson has written the Declaration, several factions have inferred the document to connote diverse ideas, and repeatedly, the Declaration has been used to validate other political and societal activities. The Declaration is a significant historic document and includes several of America’s most fundamental beliefs. The Declaration is considered as the original document of the United States of America, where July 4 is celebrated as Independence Day and the nation’s centenary. It has been noted that Jefferson got several of his ideas for the preamble from the Virginia Declaration of Rights written by his associate George Mason and from his own draft preamble to the Virginia Constitution. Jefferson noted that “all men are created equal ,” suggesting that this was “selfevident.” Many conflicts and misconceptions may have stemmed from this statement. Main body Ever since 1776, nothing from the Declaration of Independence have attracted more interest than Jefferson’s expression, “All men are created equal.” However Jefferson and the other signers of the declaration could not probably believe this at a time when slavery existed in the colonies. For Jefferson who was an all-time possessor of slaves, this was a much more difficult problem. It does seem to appear that Jefferson opposed slavery in principle but he saw no evident way to end it once
Groceries Item                         Price, $        Organic 1 gallon of milk             3.57            Yes     1 loaf of bread              10.99           No      1 bag of apples              6.42 (2.38/lb)  Yes     1 bag of carrots             1.88            Yes     1 large container of yogurt  3.82            No      1 2-liter of soda            1.78            No      1 bag of chips               3.57            No      1 package of cookies         3               No       The major social factor that impacts what groceries are purchased is the amount of income. In New York City, 17.9 percent of people live in poverty, and the median income equals $39,828/year that is more than $5,000 higher than the average annual income across the US (United States Census Bureau, 2019). Besides, various grocery stores are located within walking distance. From this, it could be inferred that most people who live in my community could afford to purchase healthy food and eat a diverse diet. They have money to buy organic products and fresh fruits, vegetables, meat, and fish instead of eating processed food, frozen food, or junk food. Another social factor that determines the choice of groceries is the trends promoted through social media. More precisely, ten years ago, it was trendy to be skinny, whereas currently, the body-positive movement has become immensely widespread and influential. Therefore, when a teenager or an adult comes to a grocery store, he or she remembers that no one would condemn him or her for being overweight and, hence, this person has more motivation to purchase a bottle of soda and chips for lunch instead of a plate of salad or some main course. I have noticed that the majority of my friends prefer unhealthy sweet snacks to fresh fruits and vegetables even though they do not lack money. A community health nurse (CHN) could use such intervention category from the Public Health Intervention Wheel as health teaching to address areas of food security. From this perspective, a CHN could share information on how important it is not to waste food, take food consciously, and control the quality and amount of consumed groceries. In addition to that, health teaching is a way to target the issue of food security at the systems level and train physicians and other specialists on how to stimulate the members of the community to shift towards a healthier diet, including people who cannot afford to spend too much money on food. Reference United States Census Bureau (2019). QuickFacts: New York City, New York; United States . Web.
Privacy has been identified to be an integral part of human life. With the high regard that employees hold of their privacy, employers have always found themselves in a dilemma especially where the organizational goals conflict with the privacy of their employees. This is usually the case where the company demands urine tests to ensure the safety of other employees and customers, and also to ensure that employees do not exhibit erratic behavior due to drug use and meet their personal and organizational targets. Drug tests done by demanding urine samples from employees may sometimes be regarded as an infringement on their privacy. It has been identified that the autonomy that comes with the freedom to divulge information about oneself plays a significant role in employee comfort as well as overall productivity in the organization. With the introduction of the contract model, there has been some reprieve as employees gain their moral and legal rights, while the employers are then supposed to hold moral and legal obligations to the employees. The contents of the contract have, however, introduced a new twist to this debate as it is recognized that only information that is relevant to the employer, in regard to the employee fulfilling his or her job requirements, is required. The extent to which employers are restricted from demanding information from employees has been subject to debate as it turns out that the personal information required may vary between different industries. Ethical grid In this case, the practice of human resource managers exhibits egoism. This is the view that morality coincides with the self-interest of an individual or an organization. The particular rights of the employees seem to fade as the organization seeks to recruit the best employees in the labor market. Though there may be limited requirements on employment, the organization may add more in the course of employment especially when they are in need of downsizing and cannot afford to pay full benefits to all the employees. The issue of prima-facie obligation is also exhibited. This is where an obligation can be overridden by a more important obligation. In this case, the obligation to ensure that there is as little conflict in the organization as possible so that the managers can comfortably meet their profit margins, may override their obligation to ensure employee autonomy. On the other hand, where the contractual model is proposed the assumption is that the personal moral and legal rights of the employee will always override those of the employer or the organization. This is also exhibited where individuals may ignore their personal autonomy if it means getting a job that they desire so much, especially where there is more demand for jobs and competition is high. The consequential theory which determines the moral rightness or wrongness of an action based on the consequences or results of an action
Introduction Does price signal product quality to consumers or not? If it does, what market prevailing situations support this consumer behavior? It is a common phenomenon for marketers to influence the purchasing behavior of consumers. One of such factors includes price variation. This report provides an analysis of the relationship between product pricing and consumer perception on the most appropriate promotional strategy that signals high quality. Price-Quality Relationship Numerous market researchers have revealed that consumers use different cues to infer product quality. Most consumers have insufficient time, training, and/or inclination to judge the actual quality of a product. Some of the common product quality inferences used by consumers include simple signals such as the weight of the promotional methods used for the product, country of origin, and/or its price. In this regard, highly priced goods are perceived as more quality (Yung-Sung & Han-Jen, 2013). Lalwani and Shavitt (2013) posit that product judgments are made at a glance due to the tendency of consumers to search information about products. The discussion is based on two alternative market signals for quality namely price and advertising. A substantial amount of literature suggests that price can convey both demand-related and supply-related quality information. In support of this observation, Lalwani and Shavitt (2013) affirm that a high price can mirror a high market demand or high production costs incurred in the production of superior products. For instance, products from the Essie Company are highly priced and consumers have an unmatched loyalty for them. A recent study of the purchase patterns revealed that most consumers were willing to pay whatever price to get the best quality nail polish offered by the Essie Company. Consumers expressed their condescending attitudes towards the cheaply priced nail polishes from other brands claiming that ‘cheap is expensive’ (Lalwani & Shavitt, 2013). In the light of this market survey, the new washable nail polish is scheduled to appear in movie shows and billboards using highly regarded celebrities to reveal the products importance and superiority to both the new and existing Essie customers. Contrastingly, the price-quality relationship has been deemed weak, particularly in competitive beauty products and foodstuffs. The nail polish falls under the beauty products. Lalwani and Shavitt (2013) attribute the weak correlation to the intensive search for the best products among many brands. For internationally consumed products such as the nail polish, different market regions and countries post varying results concerning the relationship. This variation arises due to the different market dynamics including consumer levels of income in diverse countries. It is evident that the presence of other quality inferences such as product information reduces the extent to which the price
Primary Diagnosis Diagnosis Hypothyroidism Rationale The primary diagnosis for a female patient is hypothyroidism because the TSH result is 6.770 uIU/mL, which is higher than 4.0 mU/L. The FT4 result is reported as 0.62 ng/dL, which is lower than 0.7-1.9 ng/dl. According to Chisholm-Burns et al. (2016), hypothyroidism is diagnosed concerning high TSN levels and lowered FT4 levels. Associated symptoms include fatigue, signs of depression, and weight gain (Bekkering et al., 2019). Other conducted laboratory tests demonstrate normal ranges, except the PHQ-9 Depression Score. Pertinent Positives and Negatives Pertinent positives include the increased level for TSH and the decreased level for FT4, the patient’s fatigue and muscle weakness, the symptoms of depression (PHQ-9 Depression Score is 10), cold intolerance, 5lb weight gain, overall dry skin, constipation, and muscle cramps (Bekkering et al., 2019). Pertinent negatives are related to the examination of the thyroid: midline, firm, not enlarged, without palpable masses; a face is not puffy. ICD-10 Code E03.9 – Hypothyroidism, unspecified. Treatment Plan Medication Levothyroxine 50 mcg, Disp #20, Sig: 1 tab PO per day x 20 days; RF: 1 (Javed & Sathyapalan, 2016). Levothyroxine is the primary standard treatment for hypothyroidism to normalize the level of hormones. The selection of an appropriate dose requires much time and control over a patient’s symptoms. Therefore, referring to the female patient’s age (> 50 years) and the severity of her condition, the initial dosage is 50 mcg per day (Javed & Sathyapalan, 2016). The dose can be adjusted after repeated tests in 6 weeks. Additional Testing No additional tests are required to be performed during the visit, but additional TSN and FT4 tests need to be conducted in 6 weeks. The reason is the necessity to control any possible changes in the patient’s state (Hennessey & Espaillat, 2015). The test results are also necessary to support the decision regarding the adjustment of the medication dosage and examine the patient’s reaction to Levothyroxine. Patient Education The medication needs to be taken as prescribed at the same time every day, and daily doses should not be exceeded. It is appropriate to take Levothyroxine on an empty stomach (Javed & Sathyapalan, 2016). The patient should not stop taking the medication if she does not observe symptoms anymore. Referral At this time, the referral to an endocrinolo