ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What were the negative consequences of colonial rule for the African continent? The essay below explores this question in great detail. Read on to find out more about the negative effects of European presence in Ghana, Zimbabwe, and other African countries. Colonialism in Africa started in the 17 th century and came to a halt in 19 th century. The colonizers in Africa were mainly the European countries and the effect of this colonialism is still felt today. The main reason for colonization was in order for the Europeans to acquire raw materials for their industries in Europe, although they claimed that they were in a mission to civilize the Africans (Boahen 20). African colonization resulted to great negative impacts to the economy, social and political system of African States. The greatest negative impact of colonization was the exploitation of the natural resources by foreigners which did not benefit the local communities, but instead the colonizers. To gain access to the natural resources, there were major landscaping; which destroyed the otherwise peaceful lifestyle of the locals. Forests were cleared to get timber for ship-building and construction of houses in Europe. Trees were also cut down to provide firewood that was needed to power the steam engine trains. In addition, the trees cut down provided woods which were used to construct rail tracks. All these activities destroyed huge tracts of forests in the African colonies, the
Since the introduction of social networks a few years ago, social sites have gained popularity and, millions of people from all parts of the world use them on a daily basis ( Henslin, 2009). In fact, most people have made social networking part of their life and daily practice. Research shows that there are hundreds of social networks globally with different technologies to support various interests of the users. However, all social sites have a common phenomenon in that they facilitate social correlation among the users. Currently, social networks are being used in marketing and they have been integrated with communication tools such as mobile phones ( Henslin, 2009). Social networks can therefore be defined as networks of individuals that are linked by web-based services ( Henslin, 2009). However, there are several definitions for social networks that try to explain what they do. According to these definitions, social networks enable members to develop their profiles within the social network’s site system and let the public or the restricted members see it. Additionally, members of a certain social network are able to see the list of their friends and other members with whom they share a common connection. Members are also able to go through the site’s system, communicate with their friends, and even make new ones. Although the nature of connections may differ from one site to another, all social network sites aim at creating a web-based community of people with similar interests (Henslin, 2009). Social networks allow people to meet strangers that they could have never met before and establish social relationships. It is through such networks that members sharing various connections exchange information and experiences. Some of the major social network sites include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and MySpace ( Henslin, 2009). These sites have different systems that enable members to control the information available to the public and their selected connections. However, it is worth noting that some of the social networks control information exchanged depending on its sensitivity and connections shared by members ( Henslin, 2009). Social networks have been interpreted by modern sociologists from both conflict and functional perspectives. According to a functional perspective, social networks are good and have contributed to unity and easy communication among individuals with common interests ( Henslin, 2009). Social networks have enabled strangers from different parts of the world to share information and experiences from their countries thereby encouraging global understanding and social harmony. From a functional point of view, social networks have brought unity among different people and have eased communication since people do not pay to join social networks and share information. Additionally, social network usage has been diversified and they are used as marketing platforms and mediums of communication ( Henslin, 2009). On the other hand, from the perspectiv
Our contemporary society is characterized by the great development of different digital devices whose main aim is to make the life of people easier. The digital revolution influenced all spheres of our life, starting with entertainment and ending with different complicated calculations. These technologies changed the image of some traditional things greatly. It is impossible to meet an accountant who does not use a computer and a special program to calculate all spending. That is why it is possible to admit changes in all spheres of human activity. Forensics was also influenced by this revolution. A great number of different digital devices which are able to collect data better than ever and provide detailed analysis changed the work of specialists in this sphere greatly. There is even the new brunch of this science which is called computer forensic and combines elements of law and computer science ( Computer Forensic , 2008). The everyday work of criminalists becomes more and more like an episode from a fantastic movie which is full of different devices, functions of which are unclear. This peculiarity of the work of forensic specialists has not gone unnoticed. Taking into account the rising popularity of this issue, filmmakers decided to create TV series called CSI in which peculiarities of the work of these specialists are shown. Unexpectedly, CSI became very popular. However, trying to make their film more entertaining, producers very often add some peculiarities and processes which are not real and not used in the work of criminalists. With this in mind, it is very interesting to analyze an episode to see which actions are realistic and which are not. The movie under analysis is the episode Crime Wave (Devine & Gaviola, 2004) from the TV series Crime Scene Investigation: Miami. It tells us about the work of a team of criminalists which try to prevent crime which is going to be committed against the background of approaching tsunami. The beginning of the episode provides an introduction of the whole story. A body is found at the parking and the team should find all evidences and proof in order to prevent crime and find a criminal. Having made a lot of investigations during the film, this team managed to solve this problem and find all needed evidences. The movie is interesting with a great number of actions which are connected with forensics and that is why it is possible to anatomize them. From the beginning of the movie the team makes a crime scene investigation. This process is showed in details and it is possible to analyze its peculiarities. There is a great number of different moments in the movie which also show peculiarities of the work of this team. They operate in an ultramodern laboratory which gives answers to all questions which appear in the process of investigation. Equipment and tests they do seem to be the newest dawn in this sphere. With this in mind, it should be assumed that the movie shows the best side of the work of criminalists. Having watched the video, it is possible to say that a great number of the teams actions seem to be very plausible. First of all
Benson, H. (2010). Unionization of the nurses in the U. S.: Worker power, autonomy, and labor democracy. The Journal of Labor and Society, 13 , 297-307. The given paper allows to understand the role of collective bargaining in the field of nursing. It is important to stress that the authors of the article not only provides explanation on how collective bargaining is carried out by the nursing administration, but also stresses the significance of the collective bargaining consequences for the nursing personnel. According to Benson, collective bargaining reinforces nursing rules. Peters, M. (2008). Nurse administrators’ role in health policy: Teaching the elephant to dance. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 26 (4), 1-8. The article tries to explain the importance of involving nurse administrators in the policy arena. Skilled nurse leaders are therefore required to influence the national agenda through political activism. The author begins with overview and definition of health policy. Effects of health care policies such as staffing patterns and quality of patient care are discussed in detail. The author highlights the fact that nursing practice has been inhibited by health policies. Nursing administrators should be politically active to be involved in policy making. Education and leadership abilities may not help if political backing is not included. Kalisch, B. J., Lee, H. & Rochman, M. (2010). Nursing staff teamwork and job satisfaction. Journal of Nursing Management, 18 , 938-947. Nursing staff teamwork is the subject of this article. Discussions are based on research findings of a sample of three thousand, six hundred and seventy five from five hospitals. The main aim of the study is to investigate the effects of teamwork and staff characteristics on job contentment. The research findings indicate a direct relationship between teamwork and staff satisfaction. Nursing managers should apply teamwork to enhance staff satisfaction. In addition to this, teamwork leads to improved quality in health care. This article is critical in helping the reader understand the importance of nursing managers to use teamwork and avoid job stress. Xiao-wen, Z., Li-ming, Y., Jing, Z., Liu, K., Jin-bo, F., Shu-xiao, H., & Li-feng, Z. (2012). Nurse staffing levels make a difference on patient outcomes: A multisite study in Chinese hospitals. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 44 (3), 266-273. The authors of this article are analyzing the results of a study that was conducted to investigate the link between staffing of nurses and the outcomes of patients in different hospitals in China. One hundred and eighty one hospitals were involved in the study and questionnaires were used to collect data. In this research study, nurse administrators ought to be knowledgeable about the right number of patients per individual nurse so as to enhance service delivery. With the results of the study, the reade
Introduction Human beings are essentially organizational creatures in the sense that we are born in an organization, we grow up and acquire our education in an organization and most of us spend the better part of their lives working with or for an organization and when we die the biggest societal organization, that is, the state, gives permit for your burial. Two are better than one so goes the wise saying, and nowhere is this adage factual than at our workplaces, as well as other socio-economic, political and religious organizations. There are many benefits that accrue from working as a group or team in our organizations. Working as a group To begin with, working as group enables you to pool together diverse talents, strengths and abilities which are significant in the struggle towards achievement of a goal or a set of goals. Group work helps members to complement for each other’s limitations and most importantly, foster a sense of direction and unity which enables team or group members to commit their time and energies where they are needed in relation to realization of desired objectives. Our group of yard cleaners has four members including A, B, C and D. Each member has a unique strength which has been useful to our group. For instance, C has an evidently high emotional intelligence which has been crucial in making every member feel appreciated and at home in our group. She was always able to amicably mitigate any conflict that would threaten to divert our focus from our desired goals. A and B are tall, strong, well built and interestingly physically active. Their abilities helped our group deal easily with any task requiring use of extra bodily strength. On the other
Churchill has been instrumental in setting a trend of her own, incorporating the expression of feminist insights into the contemporary theater. Her theatrical expressions have encouraged audiences to actively respond to institutions and ideologies that had previously been taken for granted. She has also emerged as one of the leading feminist critics of society. She explores humans’ ability to produce significant changes in themselves and their environment. (Who is Caryl Churchill?). Carving a niche for herself in the drama of the coeval, she allowed her political leanings to become the focus of her work. She introduces the theme of sexual repression and femininity, in full force in Cloud 9 . (Churchill). She has successfully experimented with time manipulation, cross-gender casting, and the development of concepts of costuming and staging. (Caryl Churchill). Her approach to Cloud 9 is not strictly feminist. She delves into the general concept of sexual repression and how any person can feel its effects. In order to heighten the effect of the themes latent, she has selected two different repressive periods in British history. Subsequently, the two acts of the drama take place in two entirely different societies – the first act in Africa, roughly during the 1870s during the British Victorian Era. During this time period, the British were a great colonial power and Churchill uses the notion of British responsibility to civilize colonial cultures as a backdrop. Act 2 takes place in London around 1979. By this time, Britain had lost its imperial power, but other forms of repression remained. In one sense, she tosses the characters from act one into a new arena to see how they react to the change in circumstances and view the characters’ perspectives based on changing ideologies. In the first act, we are introduced to Clive, the protagonist, a colonial admirer, his wife Betty, and their children Edward and Victoria. Ellen is the children’s governess and Maud is their grandmother. The characters welcome the audience to a typical African home. It is colonial Africa during Queen Victoria’s reign. Clive is authoritative, strict, and dominates over the others. This attitude is evident from what Betty says. “I live for Clive. The whole aim of my life is to be what he looks for in a wife. I am a man’s creation as you see, and what men want is what I want to be.” It also highlights Betty’s subservient nature. Clive is a typical Victorian man, chauvinist, and with extreme temperaments. His opinion of th
Morality system Morality refers to the system that determines whether a particular aspect or event is right. In other words, it refers to the guiding principle that encourages people to do a morally accepted thing in society. On the other hand, ethics pertains to the theoretical analysis of probity. The two terms are often used interchangeably, but they differ in a number of ways. For instance, a morally accepted action might be considered evil in one society while the same act is justifiable in another society. Moral codes differ from one society to the other. In some societies, engaging in sex with a fifteen-year old child girl is considered normal as long as the minor is not forced to do the act. However, this is morally and legally wrong in a modern society. Divine command theory can be employed in explaining the scenario where an adult male engages in sex with a fifteen-year-old girl. The theory states that a close relationship between morality and religion exists. In other words, theorists allied to this supposition are of the view that morality cannot exist without God. People are able to identify the right thing in society using the religious codes. Based on this, religion outlines what should be done in society through its principles. For instance, sex before marriage is unethical because it results to fornication in Christianity. In fact, most moral codes are often borrowed from the major religious teachings, such as Christian principles. The hypothesis is believed to be strong because it proposes that gods control what is true and err
The objective of the experiments was to down-regulate expression of two vital genes, unc-22 and lsy-2 , responsible for respectively, muscular integrity and chemotactic perception in soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans . For this purpose, RNAi technique was used, in which two plasmid vectors, pLT61 (anti- unc-22 ) and pX1P11 (anti- lys-2 ), were allowed to multiply in Escherichia coli strain HT155. The genes were allowed to express as dsRNA under the promoter control of T7 RNA polymerase. These bacterial cells were fed to C . elegans so that natural transformation of dsRNA into the somatic cells of the worm takes place. Subsequently, the knock-down or gene silencing effect of dsRNA was tested in the worm by way of their crippled movement ( unc-22 under-expression) or failure of chemotactic movements ( lys-2 under-expression). If these anti-sense RNA’s knock down the corresponding sense RNA’s, then against the control worms the above phenotypic changes will be discernable. Introduction RNAi is an effective technique to selectively knock-down the gene expression in number of eukaryotic organisms, including human and worms. Investigation on RNAi mechanism in C . elegans has direct relevance in human to decipher many homo- and orthrologous genes that may have same function to that of the worm (Grishok 5932-5939). The homologues genes of unc-22 and lys-2 in human are associated with diseases of muscular and neural developmental process. Unc-22 homologue, titin, a spring-like protein in sarcomere of muscle microfilaments, is responsible for proper positioning of actin and myosin filaments in sarcomere (Alberts et al. 963-964), and its deficiency leads to Down Syndrome. The RNAi plasmid vectors used are derived from pL4440, which has ampicillin resistance marker brought from pBR322 and a multiple restriction site for cloning between two T7 RNA polymerase promoters, which operates in presence IPTG under the lacO control. A transformable tetracycline resistant bacterial strain, HT115, was suitably designed to produce T7 RNA polymerase. The strain is also devoid of RNaseH, responsible for breakdown of dsRNA. Thus any gene cloned between T7 polymerase promoters will be expressed as dsRNA. In the strain of C . elegans (NL2099) used here, RNAi-antagonizing gene, rrf-3 (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), has been deleted, so that RNAi mechanism is not interfered. The above RNAi vectors were used for unc-22 and lys-2 down-regulation. Results Apart from bacterial strains with RNAi vectors (HT115 (DE3)-pLT61 and HT115–pX-1p11), a strain harboring empty RNAi plasmid (HT115-pL4440) was chosen as control for identification of PCR products. Pure uncut plasmid DNA’s, pL4440 with two T7 RNA polymerase promoters, and pET28b with only one prom
Introduction Religion plays an important role in the society. More so, the role of religion in shaping the political, economic, and social principles of a religious society is profound (Putnam and Campbell 2). Through the influence of religion in shaping societal principles, the church has had a crucial role to play in the development of different American communities. This paper focuses on the African-American community and examines the importance of the church to its sustenance. Later, this paper explores the future of religion in America as an indication of what to expect from the growing importance of religion in the American society. Importance of the church to African-Americans The church as an institution has played a pivotal role in shaping the lives of African-Americans. Its importance spans through its political and social significance. For example, historically, African–Americans have depended on the church to support them on social and political issues when most institutions could not. One such example is the fight to abolish slavery. Few institutions spoke about the practice but the church firmly stood for the emancipation of the African-American community from slavery. The church’s stand marked the start of political activism for the “black” church because African–American ministers often warned against divine punishment for people who supported slavery. African-American Christians were therefore encouraged to question the justification of slavery in the society because it opposed the fundamental principles of Christianity (such as, “equality” in the eyes of God). Besides the role of the church in advocating for the abolishment of slavery, the church equally played a pivotal role in the reconstruction of the African-American community. The role of the Church in this regard is especially profound because historically, poverty, chaos, and uncertainties have characterized the African-American community. The church helped the African-American community to overcome these challenges by developing skills and talents for the overall improvement of the community. Initiatives started by African-American missionaries supported this work. Consequently, African-American missionaries built schools and other educational institutions to help the African-American community get the required skills needed for personal growth (Johnstone 332). These initiatives led to the emergence of independent African-American institutions of higher learning. Challenges of slavery and poor social and economic growth among the African-American community did not capture (fully) the extent of the social, economic, and political issues facing the African-American community. Indeed, as Johnstone (333) says, the African-American community struggled with other pressing so