ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It is now becoming a popular topic. Many people are now aware that heart attack is now the leading cause of death for both men and women in America. There is a need to understand that this medical problem is not a contagious disease like HIV/AIDS or Swine Flu and yet it has created so much damage. Aside from that another interesting feature of this problem is that it is preventable. There is actually a way to escape the effect of this much dreaded disease and yet every year it claims the lives of thousands of people in the United States alone. There is definitely no need to die prematurely and yet those who suffer from a heart attack can die before they have reached the prime of their lives. Heart attack can therefore be prevented provided that those people who are considered as “at risk” will be willing to change their lifestyle. This includes diet, kicking bad habits such as smoking and excessive drinking and also the need to exercise. Overview A government organization named the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has this to say about this medical condition: “A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a section of the heart muscle becomes blocked. If the flow of blood is not restored quickly, the section of heart muscle becomes damaged from lack of oxygen and begins to die” (NHLBI, 2008). Blood flow is very important and therefore there is a need to prevent blockage in order to prevent a heart attack. Listed as follows are the other names for a heart and this will give us the ability to know more of this disease: 1) myocardial infraction; 2) acute myocardial infarction; 3) acute coronary syndrome; 4) coronary thrombosis; and 5) coronary occlusion. These are just some of the names taken from various journals and even official websites that carry information regarding this very serious medical problem. Fig. 1. Heart with blocked artery The number one reason for heart attacks is due to coronary artery disease or CAD. The less frequent cause is due to severe spasm or tightening of a coronary artery (NHLBI, 2010). Coronary artery disease or CAD is the result of a build-up of fatty material called plaque on the inner walls of the coronary arteries. This does not happen overnight and requires a lengthy period of time. This means that the patient has no idea how to properly take care of his or her body and so this is the result. Plaque build-up is the result of an abnormal level of cholesterol in the body. This is of course due to an unhealthy diet such going frequently to fast food restaurants and eating food that have too much fat content in them. It is therefore urgent to educate the general public and the American people that it is time to lessen their addiction on fast food diet. They also have to be told regarding the negative consequences of not thinking about the kind of food that they eat on a daily basis. Eating should be seen as an activity not only to ease the pain of hunger but also as a means to nourish the body with nutritious food as well as prevent diseases. Fig. 2. Coronary artery with plaque build-up In the body’s c
In the native Sierras of Nevada lived a young man known as Wovoka. This young man had a dream that impacted his community members. In the reverie, he claimed to have been taken up into heaven where he came across persons that had perished. A message of neighborly love was presented to him by the almighty. The information was to be passed to the people and they were to avoid vices such as theft, clashes or lies. He was issued with a dance to present to the people. This dance, known as ghost dance, was home-grown to the native America. The introduction of this new faith brought new challenges to the people. The resulting brutality caused by the dance is well known but the originator is less familiar to many. The man is known as Wovoka a Paiute rancher. Wovoka was born during slavery time where his people were used as slaves. After the death of his father, Wovoka had to be raised in a white rancher’s home. It was at this family setting that he got sturdy spiritual teachings. He developed two distinct ideas of spiritual practice. As he developed in his faith, he saw numerous beliefs being practiced. This however did not distract the young Wovoka. In a rather peculiar twist, Wovoka followed a man known as David Wilson. They lived together and it led to Wovoka’s renaming. He got the name Jack Wilson. The people had lots of chitchat suggesting that Wovoka was the son of Wilson. His being light skinned did not help much but only fuel more rumors. This contributed to Wovoka’s declaration that he would be a savior to his indigenous people. His father was virtually ignored as a diviner; the experiences of his people coupled with his faith conceptions had a toll on him. All these led to his uprising as a Paiute ‘messiah’. It was at this point that Wovoka had a dream. In the trance he talked to God who gave him a fresh earth specifically for the natives. There would be renewed life without perceived enemies. This is a fact in the Bible as it teaches the final solution that God promised his people. This concept can be supported using theology especially the Christian teachings. Nevertheless, people around Wovoka did not recognize these teachings from the Bible. The Christian faith had not been preached expansively among the natives in Wovoka’s land. This became an opportunity for Wovoka to put a twist on to his message. He adopted a Bible message and alleged that the natives would receive God’s act of kindness. This is a fact that God would return kindness but it was not to the natives only. He created a perception in the minds of his people using these teachings. Owing to lack of a specified time frame to this Bible prophesy, Wovoka again alleged that Jesus was physically present in the world. He could even claim to be the messiah himself (Toledo, 2009). In Christian teachings there are specific conditions that are written on the coming of a new earth. This is a Biblical fact that Wovoka turned around and replaced the stipulations with the ghost dance ritual. This was his opinion which created a perception in the mind of the natives. Wovoka had an opinion that it is through the g
Introduction There are several ways of classifying vulnerabilities. Classification by “Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) Phase strives to provide attack and vulnerabilities when they are introduced in the software life cycle” (Meunier, n.d, pp. 2-3). Software development has six phases, and hackers can introduce threats at any point. In some cases, vulnerabilities may result from the failure of the algorithm in the design phase. It could also take place due to failure in the implementation procedures. Hence, attackers can introduce vulnerabilities at any phase in these processes of the software development life cycle. Another classification of vulnerability class refers to “design, implementation and configuration vulnerabilities” (Meunier, n.d, p. 2). Vulnerabilities that result from configuration do not have major impacts. They occur during operation and maintenance. Engineers can easily fix them if they review the design and implementation stages. Main body Operation and maintenance phases could introduce vulnerabilities in different ways during the software development life cycle. Any vulnerability that attackers introduce in the software during operations becomes an “issue of configuration. However, some forms of vulnerabilities may occur due to “interactions with an unexpected or changing environment, including other installed software and operating system version, kernel modules and libraries, or unexpected or virtual hardware” (Meunier, n.d, p. 3). Some forms of vulnerabilities take place during “system maintenance, particularly when fixing bugs or improving functionalities of software” (Meunier, n.d, p. 3). Software development life cycle has provided five classes of main vulnerabilities as “analysis, design, implementation, deployment, and maintenance” (Meunier, n.d, p. 3). Organizations have used secure software life cycle techniques and tools to protect against some of the specific types of attacks and vulnerabilities. The most effective approach, which organizations have used, is ‘closing the door’ (Internet Security Systems, Inc., 2005, p. 3). In this context, the software developer who brought vulnerabilities in the system must address the problem by issuing an effective solution that must eliminate the vulnerability. However, the challenge is that end users may not gain access to the released patch immediately. Meanwhile, the vulnerabilities would continue with massive damages. The use of patches could be time-consuming while other available approaches may be effective. This approach works in the maintenance phase of software development. Another approach is shielding the vulnerability. This aims at eliminating the vulnerabilities. Hence, one may not wait for the vulnerability to cause damage before reacting. In this case, the dev
The purpose of my case study is to investigate the major factors involved in the age of Romanticism. Rather than being full of moon-eyed gentlemen worth little more than spouting flowery phrases all the time, this period in time was actually very concerned with new liberalism in all things, making it a difficult term to pin down. “Walter Pater thought the addition of estrangement to beauty (the neoclassicists having insisted on the order in beauty) constituted the romantic temper. An interesting schematic explanation calls romanticism the predominance of imagination over reason and formal rules (classicism) and over the sense of fact or the actual (realism)” (Holman & Harmon, 2001). Characteristics of the genre identified by Welleck (2003) include a “revolt against the principles of neo-classicism criticism, the rediscovery of older English literature, the turn toward subjectivity and the worship of external nature slowly prepared during the eighteenth century and stated boldly in Wordsworth and Shelley” (196). The period idolized the imagination as the highest of human capacities due largely in part to its creative abilities and as a means of reacting to sweeping change in every aspect of life. It also esteemed nature not only because of the creative element inherent in it but also because of the manifestation of the imagination that could be found within it in the sense that we create what we see. The world was full of symbols and signs that would portend future events and actions which were knowable through their relationship to the myths and legends of antiquity. An introduction to the socio-political changes that were occurring in this time period will help to inform the various ways in which the work of William Wordsworth epitomizes this period in the style and content of his writing. As a literary movement, the Romantic Period is recognized to have begun sometime during the 1770s and extended into the mid-1800s (“Introduction”, 2001). Under the reign of Queen Victoria, the Industrial Revolution came of age, blossomed, and brought sweeping change across the country and the world. Life switched from being primarily dictated by the land one owned to a social structure based on commerce and manufacturing (Greenblatt, 2005). There was also a push to identify exactly what it meant to be ‘English’ in reaction to the great colonization and the challenges faced by an increasingly global public. In this breakdown of definition, there was a great deal of social upheaval as people living in these changing times began to question the status quo. Social class structures were beginning to break down as common men were able to make fortunes in industry or speculation in a foreign land and landowners found it more and more difficult to keep the idyllic life they’d constructed alive. The countryside was becoming developed and there a sudden reverence for the nostalgic past grew in response. These tremendous upheavals could not help but be reflected i
Author’s Thesis and Argument Although the American Revolution has been dominated by the narratives of America’s founding fathers, the author argues that it was made possible by the less privileged and not the elite groups. In his book, Gary unveiled that the American Revolution’s chaos was through the power of Native Americans, enslaved people, and African Americans, not the people in power. He argues that the non-elite population played a pivotal role in fueling the start of the revolution and victory. Gary emphasizes their importance in history as people sacrificed their endeavors to reinvent America (Nash, 2005). The author gives a new perspective on the struggle to recreate America by introducing his audience to classes and races that fought for American society. Summary of the Book The book boldly explains the origins of the American Revolution and colonial life. Throughout the book, Gary narrates the chronological events of the war while emphasizing the events in which people of different gender, class, and race stood up to fight for American independence. Each chapter follows a chronological order of events that led to the revolution and the actions taken during the fight for freedom. The chapters tell the efforts of men and women who fought for America despite discouraging and debilitating times. Gary’s chapter, for instance, Years of Insurgence and Building Momentum, helped explain how and why American Revolution was realized (Nash, 2005). The author substantiates his book from the histories of writers such as Ira Berlin, Stoughton Lynd, and Howard Zinn. He succeeds in synthesizing the works of his predecessors whose research in the 70s unearthed forgotten dimensions and characters of the American revolution. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Book The authors have done a masterful job with rarely used resources. Being based on unexploited resources, the authors change the contours of revolutionary history. This makes the book among the most important books in American history studies. The book’s chapters were written concisely in chronological order and has a clear format to follow. In general, it is a nice study guide and resource for students who want to review the forgotten topics of the American Revolution. However, the weakness of Gary’s book is in giving the significance of women’s voices. Colonial women were not active political actors, as he mentions. He narrates the actions of elite women such as Mercy Otis and Abigail Adams. The author could have dug deeper to unearth the effect of the revolution war on homes and how women’s experiences influenced the American Revolution. What the Book Reveals About American History and The Class Lectures The book helps give more information on the unfamiliar and dimly recognized voices of the unknown pa
The legal status of polygraph interrogation and associated lie detector tests has been the focus of many forensic psychologists interested in understanding how the different physiological indices recorded during the tests could be used to determine the guilt or innocence of an individual. At the core of this debate is whether the results of the various indices that make up a lie detector test (e.g., blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity) could be presented as evidence in a competent court of law or judicial jurisdiction, particularly in criminal cases (Bartol & Bartol, 2016). But while the debate is ongoing, it is important to note that lie detector tests are not limited to the criminal justice system. On the contrary, these tests are used in private practice in the United States and elsewhere in the world, though their application differ based on prevailing legal requirements (Crighton & Towl, 2014). The present discussion forum aims to not only compare how lie detector tests are used in the private sector and in the criminal justice system, but also to provide a position on their necessity for people intending to have a career in the police or in the private sector. Lie detector tests are used in both the criminal justice system and the private practice to know whether a subject is being deceptive during the course of interrogation or screening. In both contexts, “the belief is that deceptive answers will produce physiological responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers” (Tarase, Haveripeth, & Ramadurg, 2013, p. 13). However, its use differs across the two settings. In the United States and several other developed countries, for example, lie detector tests have found wide usage as an interrogation tool with terrorism and other criminal suspects. Although some states in America are yet to sanction their use in the criminal justice system, many others are using the tests to interrogate individuals with criminal culpability with the view to establishing the truth (Grubin, 2010). However, it is important to note that lie detector evidence has limited judicial recognition in most courts in the United States, though a few have recognized the results of the tests as an aid to the investigative process (Krapohl, 2013). In the private sector, lie detector tests are often used to interview or screen candidates for sensitive jobs such as those requiring individuals to interact with national security-related activities. The main objective of such usage is to screen individuals on certain desirable characteristics, such as the ability to keep secrets. However, it should be noted that the United States law prohibits employers in private practice “from requiring or requesting an employee or job applicant to take a lie detector test” (Crighton & Towl, 2014, p. 358). Nevertheless, the law permits private employers to use the lie detector tests on employees who are justifiably suspected of involvement in a workplace vice, such as theft of resources and embezzlement of funds. In ot
When approaching human social behavior, scholars have generated several theories that propose specific elements of behavioral influences. One of such theories is the Social Bond Theory introduced by Travis Hirschi. The essence of his theoretical approach is that all people are inherently inclined to engage in delinquent behaviors, and particular social bonds constrain or reinforce criminal behaviors. Four essential social bonds, namely attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief, are the driving forces of either pro-social or anti-social behavior. Firstly, attachment is a type of social bond characterized by close relationships with the members of a group to which one belongs. Family is such an attachment source, on which individuals depend and whose influence regulates their decision-making (Zaidi, 2016). The second bond is a belief system through which one’s religious views and values are developed. The strengths of religious beliefs regulate behavior, thus inducing either pro- or anti-social behavior. The third social bond component is involvement in conventional activities, characterized by the regularity of displaying conventional social behaviors as dictated by a group with whom one associates. For example, involvement in education might be a factor for maintaining pro-social behavior and minimizing the risks for delinquency (Zaidi, 2016). Lastly, commitment is the final social bond that characterizes the level of one’s likelihood to follow conventional norms of social behavior. The more individual is committed to lows and norms, the less they are likely to engage in unlawful behaviors. In conclusion, the Social Bond Theory elements demonstrate that the effect of the factors within individuals’ attachment, beliefs, involvement, and commitment predetermine their behavior in society. The acceptance of law violating behaviors might derive from a person’s belonging to a group where social norms are not followed and are not included in the belief system. The weaker one’s attachment, involvement, and commitment with conventional law-abiding activities, the more likely he or she is to commit crimes. Reference Zaidi, A. U., Couture-Carron, A., & Maticka-Tyndale, E. (2016). ‘Should I or should I not’?: An exploration of South Asian youth’s resistance to cultural deviancy. International Journal of Adolesce
Thomas Cole is today known as the founder of the Hudson River School of art, which was a particular approach to painting that focused on providing a realistic and detailed look at the American landscape at that time in history. Artists following Cole’s example concentrated on portraying both the tamed landscape of settlements and the untamed wild places that were then still close. Cole’s effectiveness was brought about as a result of his ability to blend romanticized ideas of the country with a natural realism as can be seen in his painting “The Oxbow” or “View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm.” The full title of this 51 ½” x 76” oil on canvas painting is significant in that it provides the direction of the action. Westerners are taught to ‘read’ things from left to right orientation, which would suggest the dark storm bulked on the left side of the canvas over a wild and darkly vegetated hill is about to overtake the small community in the golden river valley on the right. With the title, though, Cole suggests that the thunderstorm has already passed the community, allowing the viewer to relax that no harm will befall it. The broken lines of the trees in the foreground prevent the eye from falling out of the picture as it is beaten down by the heavy verticals of the rainshower while the softened openness of the limitless plains below draws the eye to seek details where there are none. The gentle curve of the oxbow in the river helps to draw the eye to the center and back up to the wilderness at a leisurely pace while a tiny self-portrait of the artist at his easel, the top of which serves as a sort of tiny arrow pointing directly at the fields below again encourages movement and seemingly random circular wandering. At the same time that the line and rhythm of the piece suggest idyllic pastoral imaginings, Cole establishes a struggle occurring between the cultured land of the valley and the wilderness lands of the hill. The valley is bathed with a soft golden light as if highlighting the realization that he is living in a golden age of civilization. It is neatly partitioned and even the violence of the passing thunderstorm cannot intrude upon its tranquility. By contrast, the hill is sharply cut off from the valley as there are no discernable means by which an individual, traveling from that small community, might reach the wilderness of the hill. It is thickly covered with dark, pointing evergreen trees and clumps of bushes so tight no land can actually be seen. In the immediate foreground, the dark forms of broken and horrendously twisted trees are apparent, bent sharply diagonal by harsh winds and stunted living conditions. The heavy thunderstorm releases i