ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Hypertension Treatment The exact causes of essential hypertension are still largely unknown, so the treatment of this health condition is symptomatic. The most influential factors causing the development of hypertension are thought to be environmental and genetic. Depending on the health status of the patient, it is possible to choose among several types of drugs. Major attention should be paid to the presence of heart diseases when developing a hypertension treatment plan. Medications treating hypertension can be divided into three classes: sympathetically-acting, acting via hormonal control, and vasodilators. Sympathetically acting drugs affect the sympathetic nervous system that releases noradrenaline. The release of α and β receptors causes the increase of blood pressure. Such sympathetically acting drugs as prazosin and phenoxybenzamine block the release of α and β receptors and, thus, decrease blood pressure. The side effects associated with the administration of this type of drugs involve postural hypotension and lethargy. Hormonally acting medications are also effective in blocking AT synthesis, which results in lower blood pressure. Some examples of these drugs are losartan and captopril. Vasodilation is another part of therapy to treat hypertension that is aimed at the widening of blood vessels. Diuretics are vasodilators that cause the blood vessels widening through the entry of certain elements (for example, Ca 2+ ). Bendrofluazide, frusemide, and spironolactone are diuretics commonly used to treat hypertension. Calcium channel antagonists (for instance, amlodipine, diltiazem, and nifedipine) are vasodilators that prevent calcium from entering blood cells, which leads to lower blood pressure as well. Potassium channel activators (such as minoxidil) cause the relaxation of muscle cells. Hydralazine can also be prescribed to treat hypertension, but this drug is mainly used in combination with diuretics and some sympathetically acting drugs. Nitrates can be used when treating essential hypertension as they are effective vasodilators. Antibiotic Classes and Application Use Antibiotics, also referred to as antimicrobials or antibacterials, are chemical compounds that are utilized to kill or impede the growth of such infectious organisms as bacteria and fungi. Antibiotics can be natural substances, but they are often synthesized or derived from natural substances. Natural penicillins include penicillin G (Benzyl) and penicillin G sodium and potassium. Semisynthesized penicillins are penicillinase-resistant penicillins (cloxacillin), aminopenicillins (ampicillin), and antipseudomonal penicillins (carbenicillin indanyl sodium). The primary feature shared by all antibiotics is their selective toxicity, which is their ability to be more toxic to infectious organisms and remain comparatively safe for the host organism. Antibiotics can be divided into two groups based on the spectrum
Introduction Shepherd Mountain Hotel (SMH) is a tremendous hotel resort situated on the Lake of Ozark, Missouri. The sole proprietors- the Rocky hill family- has clinched national prestige and a good reputation by offering good food, and drinks along with clean rooms. In recent times, however, several accusations critical of John Jr., the sole heir, have surfaced, including alcoholism, threatened a lawsuit, sexual harassment allegations, and the introduction of a discriminatory wage system. This paper inquires into these drawbacks by answering interrogative questions, and, over and above, proposes prudent solutions. Body The New Wage System Introduced by SMH for Servers in the Bar and Restaurant Were the Servers being Fairly Compensated? No, the management board was not paying the servers as much remuneration as necessary. The hotel directorate was dispensing salaries lower than the stipulated state minimum wage, notwithstanding the bar surcharge incentives. The conclusion derived from this set of circumstances highlights that the employer is exploiting the efforts and labor of the college students who are oblivious of their workers’ rights. Was There a Violation of Law Regarding Hourly Wage Rates? Yes, indeed, there was a serious law infringement regarding the hourly pay as the federal government prescribes an hourly wage rate of $7.65. The proprietors were in active defiance of this legal code, by way of misleading the employees to sell their services at a lesser fee regardless of their destitution. Did the New System Act as an Incentive to Motivate the Staff? If Not, What Would You Change? Not at all, the new system did nominally as a motivating factor. In fact, it did the exact opposite because customarily, employees augmented using imposed surcharges unknowingly endure wage deductions. If given the chance, I would multiply the revenue sources by supplementing extra products including champagne breakfast, car rentals, tour tickets, romantic packages, sunscreens, towels, and shampoos. These appendages should help increase profits and adequately compensate the workforce. How Should John Sr. Address the Issue of Allegations of Sexual Harassment by His Son? First, John Sr. should inspect the matter methodically. He should disc
Abstract Doctors Without Borders (MSF) is a large nonprofit association that has a well-developed system of loyal donors. Its mission has a broad appeal, thus attracting both medium and large individual contributors. However, the nonprofit does not use all functions of social media, failing to attract people interested in specific crises. The potential sources of funding include small individual donors, people with interests in specific populations or regions, and supporters who respond well to urgent calls to action. These types of contributors can be cultivated with the help of social media platforms. Such websites as Facebook and Twitter will allow MSF to reach whole communities of people and engage them in personal stories of affected persons. MSF should pay attention to creating a simple and effective way to donate. Options to thank the new donors should be limited to personalized digital cards and newsletters to keep the costs low and make sure that the supporters know where their money is being spent. Introduction Nonprofit organizations greatly rely on the public to fund their operations and continue their work. Therefore, the cultivation of donors is one of the most crucial parts of any nonprofit management strategic plan. The organization Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), usually recognized by its English name Doctors Without Borders, represents an example of a nonprofit that uses a variety of tactics to retain a high number of individual contributors (MSF, 2017). Nonetheless, some suggestions can be given to the association to make its pool of potential resources ever wider than it is now. Currently, MSF focuses on large one-time and recurring donations but fails to engage small donors and disaster response contributions. By adding the option to make small monthly and annual payments and choosing which project the donation will go may help the nonprofit enhance its relationship with the international communities that have personal concerns in population health. Organization Brief History and Mission MSF was officially established as a nonprofit organization in 1971 after 13 French doctors and journalists saw the news about the crisis in Biafra, Southern Nigeria (“Founding,” n.d.). Some French healthcare professionals volunteered to assist the victims of the catastrophe as a part of the French Red Cross. However, they realized that the organization was bound by legal and governmental concerns, thus being unable to provide similar care to all people requiring medical assistance. In 1971, a number of volunteers formed MSF in hopes of helping people regardless of their location or status (“Founding,” n.d.). The group was small and disorganized – some of the founders started to discuss the possibility of becoming a more structured nonprofit organization. Seven years later, in 1979, the majority of MSF’s members voted in favor of establishing the association (“Founding,” n.d.). Since then, MSF has continued to follow its original goal of helping people in need. Nevertheless, it also began focusing on the nonprofit’s expansion and other activities. The organization grew in size and acquired off
Comparison of the Topical Coverage of the Book Design is one of fields of engineering that have become relevant in the current society where there is an increasing need to merge technology and nature. Scholars have conducted a lot of research in the field of design to address different issues. However, there is yet to be a universal definition of design because people still continue viewing it from various angles. This can be attributed to the fact that different scholars take different approaches when covering the topic of design. According to Dieter (49), although there has been an agreement among engineering designs about different issues about designs, some fundamental differences have created different approaches taken by these people when addressing the issue of designs. While some scholars believe that design is purely an aspect of engineering, others still believe that such other creative professionals such as artists would be classified as designers. In order to analyze some of the difference that exists among the scholars in this field, this study will analyze the topical coverage of some of the books authored by popular designers in the contemporary world. In order to compare topical coverage of these books effectively, it will be necessary to analyze the topic coverage of each book to analyze the sequence of the chapters in each book in order to understand some of the fundamental differences that come out. It is important to note at this stage that the chapters show the design sequence proposed by these authors when coming up with a new product. Therefore, this means that the sequence of their chapters show the steps they recommend should be taken when coming up with a new product. The difference comes out clearly, as shown in the topical coverage. The topical coverage of the book by Ullman (112) introduces the topic by analyzing why it is necessary to examine a design process. The researcher then focuses on the description of mechanical design processes and problems. The third chapter looks at the designer and the design teams while the fourth chapter looks at the design process. Ullman then looks at project planning and definitions, development of engineering specifications, concept generation, and then evaluation. After this, Ullman focuses on the phase of product’s design, product generation, and then the evaluation of the performance. In chapter 12 of
Introduction The development of the human mind is often complicated by various phenomena, that are called phobias, the essence of which lies in the fact that a human being fears something without obvious grounds for such a fear, and this causes the person to avoid certain people, events, places, etc. The case of Mr. Petersen is an example of the situation when a person acquired a phobia although other mental health areas seem to be intact. Step 1: Diagnoses Probable Diagnosis             Possible Diagnosis                  Not Probable Diagnosis                            Acute Stress Disorder          Generalized Anxiety Disorder        Substance Induced Anxiety Disorder                Paranoid Personality Disorder  Panic Disorder Without Agoraphobia  Anxiety Disorder Due to General Medical Condition Social Phobia                  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder       Schizophrenia                                      Step 2: Decision Trees The analysis of the three possible diagnoses reveals that the generalized anxiety disorder is an incorrect diagnosis because it is associated mainly with such physical symptoms as sleep problems, possibility to fatigue, etc (APA, 2000, p. 429). Panic disorder without agoraphobia is also incorrect for this case because it is impossible to check its symptoms in the
Terrorist groups consist of captive participants and criminal mercenaries who carry out deadly missions. Terrorist groups rely on agency over their targets and attack on the basis of ideological reasons (Hausken, 2019). However, they are primarily controlled by the structure of the counterterrorism situation. Their operations have a hierarchy whereby orders to attack are given by those in charge of the terror group. This implies that the structures of terrorist groups are determined by the capacity and character of the government and society where they operate. Terrorists rely on these structures to acquire finances, communicate, and form networks for their criminal activities. The most obvious motivation is that terrorism serves as a tactic and asymmetric warfare, which forces states and governments to agree to specific social and political demands. Another motive for these groups is to intimidate innocent civilians into capitulating to varied demands to avoid future conflict (Hausken, 2019). Under this motivation, terrorists seek to acquire state attention and political support for that cause. The issues of poverty and resources are also highlighted as a common motivation of terrorist groups. When individuals are deprived of different opportunities and resources, poverty generates bitterness and forces some to consider terrorism as a way to express their barbarity. There is no precise measure of terrorist groups against humanity because terrorism results in death and destruction. However, there are certain qualities of these groups, which are established in contemporary society. For instance, terrorist groups entail hostility against non-combatants and that its culprit does not anticipate their actions to attain political or social goals. However, terrorist acts influence the target audience and interfere with their routine by causing pain and fear. Therefore, despite the structures and motivations of these groups, authorities are always keen to stop their deadly operations, particularly in the United States. Reference Hausken, K. (2019). The dynamics of terrorist organizations. Operations Research Perspective, 6 (1). Web.
Forced Paradigm Shift The radical surgery of the managerial structure led to the replacement of the old management by new managers. General Motors, due to the global crisis, was forced to cut down costs by reducing its employees and its extravagant benefit packages reviewed down. The company change of strategy from producing fuel guzzlers to efficient vehicles which are demanded globally due to the poor economic state and the need to cut down costs has changed the company’s face (Holstein, 2009). Reduced management levels have largely reduced bureaucracy and eased decision making. Reduced Number of Management Levels The restructuring of the company rigid hierarchical structure has introduced a new crop of market sensitive CEOs who address the changes in the market for the advantage of the new company (Anonymous, 2009). Bureaucracy in decision making has largely been addressed by the reduced levels. Decisions are arrived at faster than before, keeping the company in the right managerial track. Management practices include a thorough documentation process for monitoring and review purposes. This makes it easy for line managers to pin point origins of quality faults and to correct them in time and ensure that the firm keeps abreast with customer expectations. Continual Innovation The company has invested in the production of unique vehicles which are cost effective and competitors are unable to imitate. The new management decisions are sensitive to market research, development and product differentiation which will continually give the firm a competitive edge over its competitors in the long run (Treece & Yamaguchi, 2002). Cost Consciousness The cutting down of employee benefit packages has largely reduced the costs of the firm. Market driven production has led to production of only the products the consumer is willing and able to buy. This has reduced unnecessary production. Trimming down the employee numbers is another strategy which has cut down the new company costs. Extended level of processes in the new company requires a more strict observance of quality at the initial process of product processing to avoid the cost attributed to loss of quality (Treece & Yamaguchi, 2002).
The international order saw a dramatic change during 1815 and 1945; many significant events took place which shaped up the future, many unforgettable events left their mark during this period. The most significant events that took place during this time were the two world wars, World War 1 (1914-1918) and World War 2 (1939-1945), these two world wars changed the international order once and for all, a lot has been talked about these wars and how they changed the relations, this paper will mainly focus on the two world wars that the world has witnessed, a comprehensive understanding of the relations between the countries at that time will be provided in the paper. The First World War WW I was fought in Europe during the period of 1914-1918 and it was nothing but a massacre in more ways than one. The exact loss to mankind during WW I, is still unknown and it was and the destruction this war caused was unprecedented. New weapons were introduced during WW I like poison gas, Machine Guns etc and the same caused a lot of devastation all across Europe. The fragmentation of three major empires took place because of the war namely Austro- Hungarian, the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The German Empire was conquered and new maps were draw so as to indicate the exact changes. The relationship of Britain and Germany worsened after the war, there was a competition going on between the two countries for supremacy both tried to outdo each other. “ US President Woodrow Wilson and others blamed the war on militarism .” (Hoover, 2009). The Trade barriers were believed to be the reasons for the war and to avoid war in the future the Bretton Woods system was introduced. The period 1914-1918 was one bad period for the whole world and tension and chaos prevailed all across the world and the same inevitably affected the relationship between countries. World War II The devastation caused by the WWI was nothing when compared to WW II, the war involved more than 100 million soldiers and hell was unleashed. The war started because Germany invaded Poland, this was followed by the UK declaring war on Germany. The attack on Pearl Harbor was one of the highlights of the war. Germany got divided into four parts after the war and it was controlled by the Allies powers. The welfare state in the UK was born after the war, Israel was created after the war. Many new organizations were created in order to ensure that peace prevails in the world; organizations like the WTO, IMF were some of the most important organizations established after the War. Europe suffered the most because of the war, millions were left homeless and were made to live like refugees, and the European economy was in tatters and needed a quick recovery. “The government rationed, or limited, the amount of some goods that Americans could buy. They had to use ration coupons to buy gasoline, tires, coffee, sugar, meat, and shoes. When the coupons
Summary In the most populous city in central China, a Chinese filmmaker documented an interesting experiment in democracy. The participants in the said experiment were the “third grade students of the Evergreen Primary School in Wuhan, China” (PBS, 2007, p.1). Based on the school’s tradition it was the duty of the teachers to appoint the class monitor (PBS, 2007, p.1). The student appointed to the said position wielded significant power when it came to managing the class, keeping the students on track of the learning objectives (PBS, 2007). The class monitor also doled out punishment to the perceived violators of the school’s code of conduct (PBS, 2007). In the year 2007, a historic change occurred, because for the first time in the school’s history the teachers decided to utilize a democratic form of selecting the next class monitor. In this particular class, the teacher had chosen three candidates, two boys and one girl. Luo Lei and Cheng Cheng were both males. Xu Xiaofei was the only female in the group. One feature of the campaign protocol was the retention of the services of two handpicked assistants for every candidate (PBS, 2007, p.1). The candidates had to perform three tasks, and at the end of the presentation the students were given the responsibility to choose the next class monitor. First, the candidates were expected to showcase their talent in a talent show. Second, they must engage each other in a debate. Finally, they were expected to make a speech as a final appeal to the voters. There were two major components to the campaign process. First, the parents did everything in their power to prepare their son or daughter for the rigors of the electoral process. Parents supported them when they made the preparations for the talent show. Parents were also helpful when it came to the preparations for the debate and the speech. However, Luo Lei’s parents went beyond the expected responsibilities of parents. In Luo Lei’s case, his parents utilized their financial resources, status in the community, and personal connections to increase Luo Lei’s chances of winning the elections. The secondary component to the election process was manifested in the creation of alliances and the personal campaign methods utilized by Luo Lei, Cheng Cheng, and Xu Xiaofei. Each candidate used their personal networks, friendships, and social skills to persuade fellow students with regards to their competency to lead as class monitor. In their free time, the three candidates forged alliances and made promises to make life better for their fellow classmates if chosen to lead as class monitor. The filmmaker focused on the emotional and physical toll of the selection process. Xu Xiaofei for instance expressed her desire to quit. I