ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Trade and all the operations that surround trade are governed by set regulations both locally and internationally. Trade is a key area in the economy of nations and makes immense contributions to the growth of nations. There are several organizations that govern the dimensions and the nature of trade worldwide and regionally. These organizations are healthy for the sustainability of trade in the world. Some of these organizations are the world trade organization and the regional trade agreements. They work to push for considerable reductions in the trade tariffs and subsidies. They are also good tools of securing improved export opportunities for the producers. The world trade organization is a market mover in the world of trade. It is the major firm that supervises and liberalizes trade worldwide. Through the world trade organization, many agreements have been formed and made to stabilize the field of trade. The trade organization has been highly involved in conflict resolutions processes and helping the member countries to adhere to the agreement rules. In this highly competitive trade era, there has been a rapid growth of regionally oriented trade agreements which has contributed to the weakening of the multilateral trading systems. The trade agreements are a pertinent part of the world trade organization but they can strengthen trade or at times break the already built up pillars of trade. Globalization, neoliberalism, free trade and open markets are criticized at a very high rate. In the global market big economies are shaping trade and their interests rule the market. The politically and the economically stable nations are dominating the market trends which simply dictates their interest. How WTO relate with the regional trade organizations Regional trade agreements are a segment of the international trade and a key feature of multilateral trading systems that presents the members of the world trade organization with opportunities and challenges. They promote free trade at the regional level helping implement reforms domestically. This helps lesser economies to wheedle aggressive environments, by addressing factors affecting production, which helps them to embrace competition at a suitable pace thus incorporating the amalgamation to the world economy. The growth of the regional trade agreements heaves a concern about the declining power of the multilateral trading system. In the European countries, they are mainly pivoted on the Eur
Introduction Obesity has emerged as a worldwide health problem and more incidences are reported from the developed countries. This paper presents the vulnerability of the problem, gives an evidence based approach applied for the reduction of childhood obesity among school children, analyses the assumptions of society with regard to the problem, depicts reasonable solutions for obesity with a critical reflection and describes some of the alternative solutions for the reduction of obesity. Articulation of the problem of obesity Obesity, if unchecked, could become a primary cause for major health hazards, which could even impede continuous good health and longevity of persons. Though a world wide health problem, lately there is a significant rise in obesity in the developed nations. Obesity is a condition of fat contents in body being in excess, causing many health problems and reduced life expectancy. Obesity increases the risks of diseases, such as, cardio vascular diseases, type II diabetes, cancer and osteoarthritis. It has become a major global health problem of our time affecting people irrespective of sex, age and region. According to the Report of World Health Organization, there are one billion adults who are overweight and 300 million among them are diagnosed as clinically obese. Why the problem of obesity increases? The researchers say that there are number of factors interconnected with the vulnerability of the problem, such as, economical factors, genetic factors, social factors, ethnic factors, factors related to diet etc…. Increased intake of energy-dense food, food lacking nutrition, food that contains more sugar and saturated fats, increased intake of food and less physical activity are some of the factors that lead to the development of the problem that related to diet. The obesity rates show the three-fold increase of obesity after 1980 in some parts of North America, Eastern Europe, Australia, China, Pacific Island, United Kingdom etc. and the obesity leads to the development of other health problems. Globally, twenty two billion children who are below 5 years old are reported to have obesity. It is estimated that the developed nations are spending two to six per cent of their total health care cost for the treatment of obese people. Findings of WHO are the evidence for this. “The prevalence of obese children aged 6-to-11 years has more than doubled since the 1960s. Obesity prevalence in youths aged 12-17 has increased dramatically from 5% to 13% in boys and from 5% to 9% in girls between 1966-70 and 1988-91 in the USA. The problem is global and increasingly extends into the developing world; for example, in Thailand the prevalence of obesity in 5-to-12 year olds children rose from12.2% to 15-6% in just two years.” (Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health, 2009, The Extend of the problem, para.2). Although their website has mentioned the depth of the problem, yet not much has been off
In Sigmund Freud’s “The Uncanny,” he introduces a mythical creature, the Sandman, who is involved with many negative activities including stealing children’s eyes. Sandman’s story presents an imaginary plot that involves Nathaniel, Olympia, and the sandman who appears in different names of Coppelius and Coppola. Some of the most popular issues addressed in sandman’s story are blindness and eyes. The antagonist portrays the characteristics of a sadist, whose intentions are either to remove children’s eyes, or ruin relationships. From the story, excessive reference to eyes and blindness has a significant contribution to the themes, characterization and psychoanalytic elements. One of Feud’s first interpretations of the story compares loss of eyesight to castration. In psychoanalytic terms, eyes enable an individual to see the real world and make positive contributions to its elements. However, once the eyes are removed, an individual shifts into an environment of hopelessness, fear and paranoia. The resulting fear in blindness is comparable to the helplessness caused by castration, especially when one considers the discontinuity established. The eyes are therefore symbolic representation of the psychosexual characteristics present among humans, with each person striving to protect and retain eyesight. Feud introduces the eyes as the fundamental organs promoting ego and self-realization. According to the story, some organs like male sexual organs and the eyes influence sexuality, confidence and esteem, by promoting conscious control of emotions and feelings. Blindness represents the fear experienced in dreams, myths and fantasies, at which individuals’ fear of losing the eyes can only be compared to that of being castrated. Sandman’s story demonstrates aesthetic factors with the constant mention of the eyes. In the genital phase of human development, the unborn do not have an option of choosing their sexuality, but rather take their infantile states as insurance against mortality. However, with the representation of eyes, the story re-addresses the self-reflection among humans and the fact that nothing is lost forever or forgotten. The eyes represent the visions, realities and hopes. The story therefore reflects how these are lost once the eyes are removed and makes a direct comparison to the losses incurred after one is castrated. In the story, the eyes are sexual reflections that are based on imaginary plot of the sandman, who takes several forms, but whose intentions remain unchanged. Children are the targets in Sandman’s story, and although Nathaniel had been warned about the activities of the Sandman, he nearly lost his eyes within the first few moments of his encounter with Coppelius. Eyes represent the ability to overcome infantile characteristi
Introduction This paper will focus on the pregnancy center where this externship occurred, the services that were offered and why these services are important for both the individual clients and the community in which they live. This externship occurred at a pregnancy center that was focused on providing medical care and counseling for young women who believed that they were pregnant. The individuals that work at the counseling center have a genuine concern for the women that are seeking treatment from the center. The center provides a limited amount of medical care which includes pregnancy tests and ultrasounds. If a client requires further medical care the center provides referrals to other agencies that can offer additional services. If the client maintains a relationship with the center during the pregnancy the center offers material assistance such as maternity clothes and items for the baby. In order to create an environment in which both the female and male clients are comfortable the staff at the center is comprised of both male and female peer counselors. The work environment at the center is flexible which allows the staff to switch their job responsibilities on a limited basis in order to assist clients with various tasks. This provides the clients with the option of having the same person assist them with receiving the full benefits of the center from the medical care to receiving the necessary material goods that re required when an individual is pregnant. This lessens the anxiety that the clients feel when meeting new staff members as they are going through a difficult time as well as provides the staff with knowledge about the entire organizations operations resulting in lower levels of staff burn out. Statistics from the Center The below statistics are from the previous year at the center. Regretfully while research has shown that the teen pregnancy rate has decreased throughout the United States teen girls between the ages of 15 and 19 are the second largest age group that receives some form of assistance or counseling from the center. The chart also provides an interesting look at the break down between the number of single women and married women who utilized the services offered by the center. While it was predominantly used by single women with the total coming in at 1881 single women compared with 850 married women it is surprising that the number of married women as high as it was. It can be assumed that these women had only been recently married and feeling overwhelmed when they believed that there was a possibility that they could be pregnant. Table 1: Statistics from the Pregnancy Center 2008 -2009                   Bartholomew  Brown  Decatur  Jackson  Jennings  Shelby  TOTALS                                                                                  Marital Status                                                                   Single            968          46     166      242      181       278     1881   Married           412          36     89       96       90        127     850    Unknown           8            0      1        0        0         1       10
Corcoran is a city located in the east of the state of California, in Kings County, and is known for its California State Prison. The first prison in Corcoran was opened in 1988, and the second one appeared approximately one decade later. Running forward, it should be noted that the creation of prisons in Corcoran was not driven by the high crime rate. Instead, the case of Corcoran presents an interesting case of how the decline in the agricultural sector caused by several factors that are discussed below turned people to the required to construct the prison. However, the expectations did not meet reality, and not all of the hopes were fulfilled. The present essay explains an ornate connection link between agriculture and prisons and discusses the influence of political and economic trends in the US from the 1970-s – the 1990-s on some of the failures of the prison in Corcoran. The history of Corcoran is peculiar because it shows the transition from a prosperous city with a developed agricultural sector to impoverished city dwellers who have to leave it. The production of cotton was the basis of Corcorans economic growth. However, the first factor contributing to this prosperity’s destruction was an attempt by governmental activists and agricultural industrialists to employ white supremacy and introduce divisions between white and Chinese, Mexican, African, and other non-white workers. This was a problem because suppressed workers were unwilling to agree with this idea and, hence, allied to fight for decent working and living conditions and adequate wages. These strikes turned into losses in harvests in the 1930-s. Despite the adverse consequences of the problem with non-white workers, the government failed to stabilize the situation and facilitated the further division of rights between workers of different races. After the strikes of the 1930-s, the city was shaken by the Second World War. The major problem was that local farmworkers changed their specialization because their capabilities were needed in the wartime industry, and, therefore, the gap in the agricultural workforce appeared. To fill this gap, in 1942, the federal government introduced the Bracero program. This program invited Mexican farmworkers to work in the American agricultural sphere. By the middle of the 1960-s, the Bracero program provoked the rise of the United Farm Workers. The situation with the farming sector in Corcoran became even worse in 1973 when the decade of drought started. The shortage of water became a reason for the formation of the strategic alliance between the world’s largest cotton grower, Boswell, and the state’s second-largest cotton producer, Salyer, against the increase of water supply of the Southland. As a result of the prolonged drought, the agricultural ind
Glycemic control is a crucial component of type 2 diabetes management. Surgery may impair normal glucose metabolism and during the recovery period. Furthermore, diabetic patients are at a higher risk of postoperative complications such as surgical site infections and delayed wound healing (Akiboye & Rayman, 2017). Therefore, it is important to ensure proper glycemic control in the course of the perioperative period. This paper reviews the literature on the management of blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes before and after surgery. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the key terms type 2 diabetes, blood sugar control, and surgery. The search was narrowed down to articles published within the last five years. A total of ten relevant articles were selected and evaluated. The recommended first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes is metformin and combination therapy (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2020). Oral agents such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists are preferred to insulin if the first treatment is ineffective. Therefore, insulin should be used as a last resort when all other options do not yield the glycemic targets. Nevertheless, different patient groups have been reported to have varying patterns of insulin use (Kong et al., 2020). However, additional precautions are needed during the perioperative period. First, preoperative assessment of blood sugar levels is the first step towards the proper management of glucose levels. Patients with type 2 diabetes should be assessed a few days before the scheduled surgery to establish other parameters such as ketones and electrolyte standing in addition to glycemic control (Jefferies et al., 2018). Akiboye and Rayman (2017) recommend the treatment of hyperglycemia during the perioperative period. The normal target is fasting blood glucose levels of 5.0 to 8.0 mmol/L. Ferrera et al. (2019) demonstrated that subjecting patients to a carbohydrate reduced hospital diet containing 135 grams of carbohydrates per day resulted in improved glycemic control post-surgery. Patients on insulin treatment should continue with the treatment at a reduced dose to prevent ketoacidosis. Their blood sugar levels should be monitored every hour before, during, and after surgery to identify and address hypo or hyperglycemia (Ferrera et al., 2019). The type of insulin can also influence blood glucose outcomes. Pasquel et al. (2020) observed that treating hospitalized patients with glargine U300 and glargine U100 produced comparable glycemic control. However, glargine U100 is linked to a lower incidence of hypoglycemia and can be considered in the prevention of hypoglycemia. An intravenous infusion should be considered for surgical procedures lasting 2 hours or less. For longer surgeries, dextrose should be included in the infusion and adjusted appropriately to ensure that the blood glucose level is between 5 and 10 mmol/L. The normal diabetes
Abstract The research paper explores the various viewpoints of school disability programs. In this case, the paper has sought to assess the issue of school disability from both a broad perspective as well as an evaluation of the issues that often faces members of staff in school-based disability programs. Emphasis has also been placed on the political polices necessary in order to ensure that we have possible and/or desirable disability programs in schools. In this regard, use has been made of nine techniques as applicable in a multi-sensory school disability program. This paper focuses partly on one most common disability associated with language known as dyslexia. Statement of the problem Many parents enroll their children to disability programs that schools offer although the children do not need these services. These parents take unduly advantage of the system in order to afford their children full attention they need. This enigma is putting strain on the dwindling resources allocated for disability programs. Moreover, these able children dissipate the resources and the experts focus on the genuine disable children thereby making the realization of the objectives of the program far-fetched. When one stops to ponder about this issue, various questions pops in the mind. For instance, is the eligibility criteria employed to select the children to be enrolled for this program efficient? What elements of the programs attract parents to enroll the able children to such programs? How can the eligibility criteria improved to make the programs accessible to just the genuinely disabled Literature review Children in need of disability programs Some children who fail to attain behavioral or academic standards consistent to their grade rank may be identified by their parents and schools as requiring some extra attention to facilitate their success. Majority of the schools have put in place the criteria for screening, know as the student study teams. Such procedures bring together all of the child’s stakeholders in a problem solving discussion. This initiative ensures that all of the problem aspect are considered and allows for the contribution of all the stakeholders (Bowden and Greenberg, 2010, p. 14). Often, the student study team integrates the child’s parents, the child’s teacher, the school administrator, the school’s speech therapist, the school psychologist, and the school resource specialist. In a first time meeting of the student study team, all team affiliates contribute comments to establish the existing child performance level and the types of sustenance that have already been afforded (Bowden and Greenberg, 2010, p. 14). Disable children’s education Parents often prefer to send their children to special schools because teachers in such schools are properly trained and the child will have the opportunity to mingle with other children with similar disability. However, these schools may be situated far from home or may
The motivation for assessing health surveillance frameworks is to guarantee that issues of general wellbeing significance are being checked. Guidelines for evaluating surveillance systems are being overhauled to address the requirement for i) the reconciliation of reconnaissance and wellbeing data frameworks, ii) the foundation of information benchmarks, iii) the electronic trade of wellbeing information, iv) changes in the destinations of general wellbeing observation to encourage the reaction of public health to rising wellbeing dangers. Modeling is a generally utilized instrument to bolster the assessment of different malady administration exercises. The estimation of epidemiological models lies in their capacity to study the sample population and furnish leaders with information about the attacks and effects of control systems (Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2008). To be helpful, models should be fit for specific reasons, checked, and accepted. Models provide experimental counsel; thus, the results must be assessed in conjunction with information from exploratory studies, field experience, and experimental astuteness (Issel, 2013). Approval of epidemiological models is critical to improving trust in model yields. An epidemiological model is characterized as ‘a numerical and/or intelligent representation of the study of disease, the transmission of sickness transmission and its related procedures’. These quantitative models give a representation of the transmission elements among gatherings of creatures in time and space. An epidemiological model in this way encourages the assessment of the adequacy of the potential control measures and gives appraisals without bounds size, length, and land degree of a flare-up given the use of particular control measures. The appropriate model depends on the health challenge. For instance, while deterministic models, which are in view of normal, might be valuable in understanding fundamental disease flow, they have restricted use. When epidemiological information is accessible, detailed models that give a scope of conceivable pestilences can be created. The expanding modernity of PCs, with prominent acknowledgment of the significance of spatial components in the spread of diseases, and enthusiasm implies that models, which fuse spatial segments, influence epidemiological studies. Choosing the appropriate model for the proposed project Information from a surveillance framework can be utilized Guide prompt activity for occurrences of health significance. Measure the weight of an infection, incorporating changes in related variables, the recognizable proof of the populaces of high hazard, and the distinguishing proof of new or the rising health concerns. Screen patterns in the weight of sickness, including the recognition of scourges (flare-ups) and pandemics. Guide the arranging, execution, and assessment of projects to anticipate and control the sickness, harm, or antagonistic introduction. Epidemiologic reconnaissance is the deliberate accumulation, recording, examination, understanding, and mirroring the present status of a group or the populace