ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Serology Serology is a term utilized in study of fluids of the body as well as blood serum. It refers to scientific study of blood. In some cases, especially in practice, it is commonly employed to mean investigative identification of serum antibodies. More often, the antigen results from infections and introduction of foreign proteins, among others. The latter may occur when one experiences a mismatched transfusion of blood. On the other hand, the former comes because of reaction to microorganisms. Therefore, serology forms an integral part of diagnosis, especially when illnesses such as rheumatic diseases are involved. In addition, serology is quite significant in establishing an individual’s blood type. Consequently, it can be utilized in identifying patients with definite immune deficiencies, which are connected with absence of antibodies. These may include among others, X-linked agammaglobulinemia. In such cases, test results are usually negative. Over the years, various serological techniques have been developed and this depends on the kind of antibodies studied. They include ELISA, complement fixation, and precipitation, among others. In recent times, serological tests have been utilized in forensic science as well as in bodily fluids such as saliva, and semen, among others. These fluids usually portray similar properties to serum i . Blood Bank Blood bank refers to storage of blood and its components. The storage usually occurs after blood donations, which are aimed at assisting those who need transfusion. Donated blood is usually stored for future use. Blood transfusion involves several processes. These include transportation, storage, and testing, among other related tasks. In practice, blood bank refers to a division in laboratory (Hospital Lab.) where blood storage, testing and in some cases, donation processing, is done. Services of a blood bank usually depend on
Introduction Human life has been held in high esteem and indeed one of the founding principles of our country is the inalienable rights to life and freedom for all. However, as our society has advanced through the years, the issue of abortion which is defined by Alters (2006) as “a procedure performed to end a pregnancy before birth occurs” has become predominant. While some people view abortion as benevolent, others view it as an evil which should be purged from the society. Anti-abortionists declare that this procedure is a violation of the rights to life for all individuals while advocates of the same concur that it is a personal choice which should be left to the discretion of the individual. These controversies have led to the calls for making abortions illegal in the country. In this paper, I shall argue that abortions should remain legal since they safeguard the health of women and lead to improvement of life for the society at large. Arguments for Abortion Statistics indicate that in places where abortions are not legal, illegal abortions are performed mostly by quack doctors in unhygienic conditions greatly threatening the life of the women undergoing the procedure. NARAL (2009) indicates that the decriminalization of abortions in the US has resulted in the protection of women’s health since the procedures are undertaken in proper medical surroundings which results in fewer deaths and complications. It is therefore evident that the legalizing of abortions is beneficial since it safeguards the health of the woman. However, opponents of abortion assert that abortions may have far reaching consequences including the loss of ability to bear children in future. Studies indicate that this argument is faulty since abortion rarely impacts a woman’s fertility or predisposes the woman to complications in future pregnancies (NARAL, 2009). Ideally, conceptions should happen with the mutual consent of both people involved. However, this is not always the reality and in some cases, conception occurs under distressing circumstances such as rape and incest. Studies indicate that women who are pregnant as a result of rape often apply their negative feelings against the rapist on the child leading to bad parenting if the pregnancy is allowed to run its full course (Farrell, 2008). As such, abortion in these cases may result in better psychological health of the woman since after the abortion, the woman can begin the healing process. Anti-abortion activists on the other hand show that abortion in rape cases may not alleviate the trauma caused by rape but rather increase the psychological burden on the rape victim (Farrell, 2008). While this may be true in some instances, forcing a rape or incest victim to carry a pregnancy to completion against her will lead to greater psychological damage. Abortion therefore presents the better means for future coping with the trauma caused by rape. Abortions are sometimes performed on purely economic considerations. This is the case when an expectant woman hails fr
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to exercise knowledge gained from studies in research methods, focusing on quantitative techniques. It answers questions on a statistical analysis of data and uses statistics to answer the research questions or test the hypothesis. It uses three simple case studies to answer these questions. In addition, the paper develops a comprehensive critique of a journal article that reports a quantitative study carried out in Munich and published in 2005. Summary The researcher’s aim was to determine whether there is a relationship between using cannabis and psychosis. It focused on people with a predisposition for the condition and those who took the drug during their teenage. Though not stated in a conventional manner, the research hypothesis argued that the use of cannabis in youths increases the risk of developing psychotic symptoms but the effect is highest in the individuals with evidence of predisposition to the condition (Moore, Zammit, Lingford-Hughes, Barnes, et al., 2007). This means that the alternative hypothesis argued that though there is evidence that cannabis use increases the risk of developing psychotic symptoms among the youths, there is no correlation between the use of substances during adolescence and a stronger risk of developing psychotic symptoms. Thus, statistical analysis with human samples was the chosen method for testing this hypothesis. Methods The study was quantitative research because it focused on a statistical
Aslan’s Interpretation of Jesus’ Life There are many interesting ways to study history and how civilizations developed. Considering historical changes from religious and theological points of view maybe not the easiest way to analyze history, but it is indeed an effective and captivating approach. Many American and European authors share opinions about the role and value of religion in human lives, but not many authors consider their religious beliefs when they discuss history. Reza Aslan is an Iranian-American writer made famous by his book Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth . In this book, he introduces a new perspective on human history by focusing on different religious stories connected with Jesus and the era of Christianity’s birth. Aslan describes this time as a period in which people promoted nationalist ideas in the most unpredictable ways using their passion, desire, and enthusiasm. Jesus is introduced as a zealot of God with a burning desire to use the power of God to fight against the occupation of the Romans and to eventually reach the Promised Land. At the same time, Aslan rejects the idea that Jesus and other Jews were revolutionaries who wanted to use power and violence to achieve their goals. Instead, the author defines Jesus as “a man of profound contradictions, one day preaching a message of racial exclusion…the next, of benevolent universalism…sometimes calling for unconditional peace…sometimes promoting violence and conflict” (Aslan, 2013, p. xxiv). In this paper, the life and nature of Jesus will be evaluated and analyzed to explain the development of related historical events, the causes of the conflict with Rome, and the reasons that people were eager to protect their rights with both words and swords. In his book, Aslan describes the period before the actual life of Jesus to explain the conditions and the mood of people during that epoch. For example, the author focuses on the nature of the Romans, their intentions in regards to the Jews, and their possibilities of gaining control over various religious and political relations. In Week 3, when empires were discussed, it was mentioned that Rome was a community with a military culture that made its emergence as a dominant power a significant event in history—an attitude nearly the same as that of Aslan. Roman rules were complicated and directed to promote their independence and power. The Romans were ready to burn towns, massacre rebels, and enslave people to demonstrate their power and abilities (Aslan, 2013). At the same time, the Romans understood that they had to gain control over different groups of people such as the Jews, the representatives of the Temple, and even the high priest. Therefore, they decided to take control of such groups by appointing priests
Introduction Indicators of socio-economic and political success in a country include an annual GDP growth, capitalism, and improving living conditions. Austria is a small country with a population of close to 8.6 million, which is one of the smallest populations in the world. Some cities in China have the same or even larger populations in comparison to Austria. The country shares good foreign relations with other states bordering it like Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia, and Hungary. Situated in the Middle of Europe, the landlocked country acquires economic stability from a steady GDP growth of between 1.7% and 5% annually (Dolan 198). In 1995, the country became a member state of the European Union, a peace charter that seeks to maintain stability within countries by ensuring that the nations remain economically and politically stable. According to the EU, conflicts emerge because resources are naturally scarce in the society. Through good leadership and establishment of excellent structures to manage the available resources, countries are capable of exploring different frontiers of economic growth. Austria began developing its economy since inception in the 19 th century following the conclusion of the WWII. Ever since Austria joined the EU 19 years ago, its economic growth has been tremendous, but this did not come without a fair share of challenges (Neal 317). Economics Background of economic stability Countries measured economic power before and after the two great world wars through the military and economic stabilities in the respective countries. After becoming a federal state in 1804, Austria participated in the Napoleonic wars making it one of the greatest states of the period. Known as Austria-Hungary, it defeated Prussia, which later assumed control over the Germans. During the formation of the German Empire in the late 18 th century, Austria-Hungary could not form part of the Great German Army because Austria predisposed Germany to Austro-Prussian defeat. The level of animosity led to the WWI, leading to the creation of a sovereign state of Austria in 1919 (Karner 103). Any country that adhered to the principles of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye became a member state of Germany. Markedly, Austria avoided the move ardently, making it gain independence in the same year. The independence provided Austria with the capability of managing its resources without external interference from Germany, Prussia, or Hungary. After WWII, Austria did not have to spend many financial resources on reparations as Germany did following its extensive involvement in the war. The level of destruction that Germany caused many countries led to the reparations it paid to France and Belgium among other European states. For instance, the Treaty of Versailles ensured that Germany paid reparations to France while ensuring that the Nazi victims got the requisite justice. By 1945, Austria s
Sergei Prokofiev Background Sergei Prokofiev was a Russian composer. McDonald in An Interpretation of the Composer’s Relationship with the Soviet regime writes that he took private lessons in composition in 1902 has already produced a number of pieces. In 1904, he moved to St. Petersburg and applied to the academy of music. He started his composition studies the same year. He got praise for his original compositions which he also played on the piano. He went back to study organ at the same academy. Later, he moved to the USA. In America, his first work was a success. It was a solo concert performed in New York. This performance got him other contracts and engagements. He for instance got a contract for his new opera, The Love for Three Oranges. In 1920, he moved on to Paris where his work was even more appreciated. A number of his works were performed here. Some of the works of Prokofiev include War and Peace, Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, and Romeo and Juliet among others (McDonald). Prokofiev’s works Prokofiev was living at a time when his mother country, Russia, was in political turmoil. He exiled himself a number of times ad was even a political prisoner in his own country at one time. Prokofiev was aware of what was going on in Russia. This he made evident in his music as McDonald writes. The political situation was reflected in his compositions. They were somewhat flippant and yet satirical in their own way. They were innocent musical lyrics on the surface but if one dared to look deeper, the political inspiration was unmistakable. Prokofiev became critical of the Soviet regime and his music contained a hint to that criticism. At one time, after going back to his country, Prokofiev thought he could appeal to the Soviets. Romeo and Juliet were designed to accomplish this motive by winning the hearts of people who went to concerts. However, not all of his works were that political. Prokofiev’s first violin sonata may have a less controversial interpretation. This was begun in 1938 and ironically received a Stalin Prize. Besides finishing the First Sonata, Prokofiev dedicated his time for eighteen months solely to the Sixth Symphony. This was a work of tragedy and brooding that got him intensely involved. In October 1947, it was directed by Mravinsky in Leningrad and the response was thirty long minutes of applause from the enthusiastic audience. To the present crowd, this performance spoke volumes. The Sixth Sonata was written in 1939 just before the war broke out (Gasparov, 2005). It is therefore a work that depicts an experience of the period of Stalin’s repression. This is captured devotedly in the bitter arrogant opening theme of the initial movement. The movement
Abstract Intelligence in the United States of America has undergone a series of drastic changes that has seen it advance both technically and technologically. It is only a few decades after the full implementation of intelligence in the United States yet the notable improvements made are conspicuously salient. The various threats to national security and rapid growth in terrorism are some of the factors that have necessitated such an increase in the level and expanse of intelligence. Introduction In the recent past, there has been a notable drift from the predominant use of human intelligence to the technologically oriented intelligence. This can be attributed to the recent technological developments that have taken the planet by storm. It is naturally evident that the intelligence sector has been caught up in the wake of this storm. However, whether this move from human intelligence to modern technologically dependent intelligence has been a desirable and worthy one is still a debatable point. This paper will present facts about both human intelligence and technologically oriented intelligence and attempt to explain why the move from human intelligence to the later was desirable. The paper will also discuss the various aspects of the art of collecting intelligence since the cold war to the present war on international terrorism. Furthermore, the paper will look at how and why the United States of America has drifted from human intelligence and started relying heavily on modern technological intelligence. Lastly, the paper will explain the different types of intelligence gathering in relation to human intelligence and discuss the role of intelligence in welfare. Human Intelligence In The United States Of America Human intelligence was not considered as a serious weapon of national defense in the United States of America until the first half of the twentieth century. Although localized groups had been put in place by various leaders to assist in gathering information about matters of national interest, it is the Second World War that highlighted the need and significance of human intelligence in the United States. The leadership of the nation at that time came to the shocking realization that the United States was by no means secure from external attacks and other security threats. Franklin Roosevelt, the then president of the United States of America, can be regarded as the pioneer of human intelligence in the nation. The development of human intelligence in the United States began when he selected William Donovan to survey and determine the feasibility of meeting the intelligence needs of the nation through an independent intelligence body. After some time, President Roosevelt was quick to implement Donovan’s suggestions about the implementation of a body that exclusively dealt with intelligence. The body was to gather information and present it to the president. This act is the one that signified the commencement of hu
Introduction The modern day adolescents are becoming of age in a world that is contrary opposite to that of their parents. The communities around the world are rapidly transforming, thereby bringing about challenges and new responsibilities to the modern age adolescents of 10 to 19 years. However, this change varies differently in the various regions of the world. The birth of a child creates celebration, joy, and astonishment, which are some of the great experiences in the life of humans. These celebrations occur naturally and easily in the sense that it is difficult for most of us to resist the primal energy released when we are around a newborn. In addition to this, the process of giving birth solidifies the bond shared with the newborn, to one another, to our history, and to the future ahead of our children. Intuitively, perception is created that suggests that every child is part and parcel of the society and a connection to eternity. In this sense, it is important to understand experiences undergone by children not born inside particular community. Teenage pregnancy is considered as one of the situations affecting celebrations of a child’s life, the people around the child and the community at large (Cherry, 2001). According to REPROSTAT 2, teenage pregnancy is defined as pregnancy that takes place between 13 to 19 years (Wilpers, 2010, p. 4). Teenage pregnancy was considered a social and public health menace in the past decades of the 20 th century by majority of the developed nations. In the United Kingdom for instance, teenage pregnancy was considered a problem that needed intervention, and the British programme was introduce as a long-term initiative of tackling this problem. In the past, the childbearing age of a woman was not significant as her marital status. This is because economic protection was offered in marriage in a time when the motherhood burden fell ultimately on local communities thus creating stigmatization of unmarried parenthood. The focus later changed from marital status of mothers to their age, thus creating the problem of teenage pregnancy. The shift of the marital status of the mother to their age was contributed by a number of factors. Popularity increase of cohabitation among the working class made it difficult to condemn unmarried child bearing. Dependency of the youths on their families for economic support and the extension of their adolescence have also contributed to making youthful parenthood a problem (Arai, 2009, p. 3, 4). The research on this family issue of teenage pregnancy will be conducted with the aid of information derived from the internet and current university programs
Literature Review Presently in Australia, an estimated 31% percentage of the population is infected with the hepatitis virus. The hepatitis A virus (HAV)-infected individuals are heterogeneous and encompass individuals infected through contaminated medical equipment particularly injection needles and eating food or drinking water contaminated with the virus through feces. A significant percentage of diagnosed cases involve vulnerable population subgroups such as the Aboriginal people and the immigrants. The management of viral hepatitis A involves various drug therapy measures, dietary management and interventions that reduce alcohol and substance abuse. Hepatitis A: Treatment and Diagnosis The hepatitis A virus is a major cause of the liver disease with an estimated 1.4 million people infected with the disease globally. In Australia, the prevalence rates of HAV among young children under the age of five in Queensland were 10 and 264 per 100 000 people in non-Indigenous and Indigenous populations respectively between 1999 and 2002. Hepatitis A is leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma or liver failure especially among children in Indigenous Australian populations. Diagnosis of hepatitis A is through serological tests. A blood test that confirms the presence of IgM anti-HAV in blood serum indicates the diagnosis of Hepatitis A infection. The IgM antibodies indicate recent HAV infection and can remain detectable in the blood for over 6 months. On the other hand, the occurrence of anti-HAV IgG antibodies in the blood serum confers prolonged immunity in the patient. Infection by HAV normally confers effects on the patient that range from absence of symptoms to fulminant hepatitis that is often fatal. The likelihood of developing these effects increases with age. In children below 6 years old, the majority of the new infections (>60%) do not show any symptoms. In adults, new infections are symptomatic, with the most common symptom being jaundice (>70% of patients). After a four-week incubation period, majority of the HAV-infected individuals develop initial non-specific symptoms such as nausea, anorexia, vomiting and fatigue, followed by gastrointestinal discomfort, jaundice and dark urine in adults. The onset of symptoms normally occurs within the first two months of infection and serves as an indication for diagnosis. An immune response to HAV takes place in the asymptomatic phase of the inf