ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The goal of this paper is to test a hypothesis that the attendance of a private school influences students’ performance on a test of social skills as compared to the results of public high schools students. The direction of the relationship is insignificant for testing this hypothesis, thus, a researcher can perform a 2-tailed test for identifying what the treatment changes without predicting the direction of the changes that occur. The alternative or scientific hypothesis (H 1 ) for this research states that the independent variable of attending a private or a public school has an effect on the dependent variable of students’ performance on a test of social skills. The alternative hypothesis does not specify whether the effect of treatment would increase or decrease the test scores. The null hypothesis (H 0 ) states the opposite to the assertion of the scientific hypothesis. Gravetter and Wallnau (2008) noted that “The null hypothesis states that the treatment has no effect” (p. 192). In particular, the null hypothesis for this research is that there is no relationship between students’ attendance of a public or a private school and their performance on a test of social skills. Analyzing the data from the samples, a researcher should decide whether it provides the support for the null hypothesis or contradicts it. Considering the standard deviation of experimental data, a researcher should conclude whether the range of deviation between the population mean (m) for students from public high schools and private high schools is statistically significant, conducting the Z test and deciding whether the sample is typical of the population by comparing the “Z obtained” (Z obt ) and “Z critical” (Z crit ). Taking into account that Z obt= -1.54 and Z crit= 1.96, a researcher can conclude that Z crit> |Z obt |. It means that the researcher can accept the null hypothesis, rejecting the alternative one. The results of the survey are statistically insignificant, because Z obt is less than Z crit, and the researcher cannot use this data for supporting the alternative hypothesis. There is no significant relationship between attendance of a private or a public school and high student’s performance on a test of social skills. A type I error occurs if a researcher rejects a null hypothesis which appears to be true, it is false positive (α). In case if only the weakest or only the strongest students have been present in the 100 of the sample population, it would influence the results of the survey significantly. Some students could produce Z obt above or below 1.96 under normal circumstances in about 5% of the cases. It means that the probability that the null hypothesis i
The United States of America has been determined to have a mixed and capitalistic economy. The U.S as a country has a well-developed infrastructure, a lot of natural resources, and it is also highly productive. The United States has been determined to have a great influence on economic issues on a global scale. However, America has had some trade deficits that have had enormous implications. This paper will discuss the economic implication of America’s Trade Deficit. It has not been ascertained that the trade deficits have hurt America Economically; however, the deficits have been signalling a likelihood of future problems. These deficits have various economic implications (Alfred, 2004). First and foremost, the trade deficits will directly and significantly reduce the exports that the country normally has, and as a result, the valuable income received from export trade will remarkably decline, thus negatively affecting the overall national budget. Consequently, in order for the country to make up for the lost expenditure, the government may involve itself in heavy borrowing so as to meet its budgetary requirements. Such borrowing could further contribute to future inflation rates, a factor that would devastate the economy of the country. On the other hand, trade deficits would affect the country’s total imports. With deficits, the country would no longer be in a position to import normally from its trading partners. This would be mead that the country would affect the good relationship with other trading partners as they look for better countries to sell their commodities too. In addition, the United States would no longer enjoy the economic benefits that come along with these imports, for instance, reduced prices and waivers. This would affect the economy of the country since there would be a low supply of goods and services to the American market. Such a case can result in extreme shooting of consumer prices and possible future inflation. Trade deficits would lead to the loss of strong and powerful trade partners. Precisely, the US trade relations with a country like China. China and The Us have a very special trading relationship due to the fact that there is a low cost for labour in China and heavy mechanization in the US. China, therefore, produces labour-intensive products and exports them to the US, while the United States produces capital intensive products and exports them to China. This means that China and the US are important import-export-trading partners with each country depending on the other for economic sustainability. A deficit in trade would hence have a negative effect on the economy of America by losing China as a trading partner (King P.1999). A trade deficit would render the country dependent on other sectors of the economy for funding. This would result in public debt. Public debt is used to refer to the total amount of money that the various branches of the government would owe, including the interest. The government would hence result in the extreme measures of using credit control, taxation and management of the supply of money as tools to attain its economic endeavours and development agenda. However, this
Introduction Malaysia is a great country located to the south of Asia. It is separated by south Asia into two regions; the West and East Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo respectively). It borders countries like Indonesia, Brunei, and Thailand, has a population of about 28 million people, and has a landmass totaling to 329,847 square kilometers. Malaysia is a monarchy headed by an elected king. The legislative powers divided into two chambers; the senate (upper house) and the House of Representatives (lower house). The country is divided into 13 states and 3 territories. The prime minster is the leader of government and head of cabinet. Malaysia has maintained a robust economy since independence over 50 years ago. It has withstood economic turmoil that literally brought down giant economies over the years. Her economic prowess comes round as a result of favorable equatorial climate that has allowed flourishing forest cover, rubber production, palm oil and other natural resources. he economic strength is seen in the high gloss national savings, low unemployment rate, net exports, educated workforce, stable financial markets, and government’s strong commitment to industrialization and promotion of free trade. Malaysia is a key to international trade by its geographical location; which makes it a prime shipping route. The government has maintained a steadfast process of privatizing inefficient government organizations. It has also entered into business agreements with major world markets and is an active member of the Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN) which has greatly increased trading frontiers. Malaysia’s currency (Ringgit) has remained weaker than the American dollar with the government withdrawing it from the currency trading market and imposing strict surveillance which makes it hard to transfer more than 1,000 ringgits without approval from the government. This has reduced the standing of her National bank (Negara Malaysia Bank) as an international financier. The government has continued to regulate key market operations such as the pricing of gasoline, rice, bread etc. a move meant to reduce the cost of living but weakening the economy as it denies competitive pricing and hence little profits. Malaysia is has a unique blend of cultural and ethnic values with a vast majority of her people being the Malay who make 60 percent, Chinese who add up to 25 percent, and Indians who make 10 percent of the total Malaysian people. The elite Malays dominate the political spheres; however, Malaysia has huge gender discrimination. The women are less empowered thus the economy is mostly male dominated. The education system is good; however, statistics indicate that Malaysians travel outside the country to pursue career in different fields; a phenomenon requiring some attention before hitting the ceiling. The health system has been maintained all time with most births occurring in hospitals and babies receiving great care; factors that have reduced child mortality rates. There are however social downsides which are stemming
Introduction In today’s business world, organizations carry out activities that are geared towards improving their competitiveness in the market. Goldstein, Ward, Keong, and Butler (63) are of the opinion that efficiency is a key element in improving the services of a business enterprise. Consequently, Goldstein et al. (63-75) point out that such efficiency is realized through the adoption of various business concepts. Examples of such concepts include operational management. In the current paper, the author examines this element of operational management within the context of a logistics company. It is the opinion of this author that the concept is an integral part of Khalifa Industrial Zone, Abu Dhabi (herein referred to as KIZAD). KIZAD is the entity selected for this analysis. In the paper, an overview of the company’s mission is provided. In addition, an analysis of the various factors associated with the company’s operational strategy is provided. Such factors include the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. The opportunities and threats facing the company are also discussed with regards to their relevance to operational management. The said factors are in line with the sentiments of Slack and Lewis (65), who argue that an organization’s operational strategy should reflect the company’s mission and vision statements. In addition to the issues outlined above, the author of this paper examines the application of four operational management decisions and how they are related to business processes at KIZAD. Recommendations to improve the quality of operations are also provided in accordance with the suggestions made by Donovan (1) and Buzacott (15). Finally, an analysis of the ‘structural effect’ element is provided. The analysis is made with regards to management and technological innovations. Operational Strategy Operational strategy falls within the greater spectrum of the principles associated with operational management. A discussion of this strategy enhances one’s knowledge on the subject matter and helps to outline its importance to a given company. In light of this, the arguments made in this paper are anchored on the definition of this term. Slack and Lewis (71) define the concept as an organization’s action plan highlighting explo
Nuclear energy use has taken priority in many countries today. It is argued that it affects the environment negatively and can pose a great risk to human beings and their existence. However, it is the most cost effective and environmentally friendly way of generating electricity. In addition, the risks associated with the source of energy can be avoided. This essay will argue that nuclear energy is the most effective way of generating electricity. One of the factors why nuclear energy is an effective source of energy is that it is cost effective. Electricity generated from nuclear energy is economical and saves cost when compared with other forms of electricity from renewable sources like sun, wind, biomass and water. It is cost effective in the sense that the processes of conducting research and developing it receive government support in terms of finances. As result, research and development costs that are supposed to be incurred in producing nuclear energy are not reflected in electricity. In other renewable sources of electricity, funding is done by private bodies hence increasing the cost of electricity. The other factor that makes nuclear energy cost effective is that the risks associated with this type of energy are passed on to all the citizens as opposed to a few individuals or companies that own nuclear plants. This is because there is usually legal liability underinsurance for the plants. The cost would have been very high if the companies that operate the plants were required to take insurance covers for dangers that occur at the plants (Time for Change, n.d). Apart from cost effectiveness, nuclear energy is also environmentally friendly. Studies on energy impacts mostly focus on the impacts on the environment. Some impacts like displacement of people and interruptions caused on the land are not considered very important. Nuclear energy is environmentally friendly in that it does not emit greenhouse gases. The operations of nuclear energy plants do not produce these gases which are associated with global warming. The emissions associated with nuclear energy cycle are indeed moderate hence nuclear power plants can instead be used to prevent global warming. In addition, replacing coal with nuclear energy has many environmental benefits. The electricity supplied from nuclear energy throughout the world is only 14.8 percent. On the other hand, the energy supplied by coal is more than 40 percent. The fuel cycle generated when coal is used to produce energy is harmful to the environment. In fact, it is categorized among energy sources that cause huge destruction to the environment. This leaves nuclear energy an environmentally friendly source of energy when compared with other renewable sources of energy (O’Sullivan, 2009). During nuclear energy production, uranium nuclei are split without instan
Introduction The means-end analysis problem-solving strategy was introduced in General Problem Solver (Newell & Simon, 1963). It involves dividing the problem that needs to be solved into subproblems and working on each one to find a solution to the main issue. The concept of means-end analysis Today I am going to apply the concept of means-end analysis to solving the problem of cleaning up a dirty house. The house has two floors. It consists of two bedrooms, one living room, one kitchen, and one bathroom on the first floor, and two bedrooms and one bathroom, and an office on the second floor. The condition of the carpets is especially bad in the living room and one of the bedrooms on the second floor. Dirty carpets in the four bedrooms, in the living room, and the office upstairs, dirty floors in the bathrooms, kitchen, as well as dirty bathtubs and toilets are the initial state of the problem space. There is also dust on the furniture that needs to be taken care of. The goal state could be identified as having a clean house. The goal state could be reached by dividing the problem of a dirty house into subproblems and finding a separate solution to each one. The intermediate problems could be cleaning up the first floor, and the second, or cleaning up each room separately. Currently, the subproblems can be characterized by their existing states. Different interventions could be applied to each sub problem’s existing state to separately solve each one. If there would be one action that would solve the problem once and for all, I would implement it immediately. However, even concerning the subproblems, there is no such action that could be taken. Each sub-goal required to solve the subproblem would include vacuuming the carpets and dusting the furniture in the living room, two bedrooms on the first and two on the second floor, as well as in the office. The sub-goal of having a clean bathroom would require washing the bathtub on the first and the second floor, as well as cleaning the toilets. The floor in the bathroom also requires washing. Concerning the kitchen, its floor needs a good washing, and so does the kitchen sink, which also appears dirty. It turned out that in the kitchen there were additional tasks required to reach the subgoal of a clean kitchen and clean bedroom, as the kitchen had an enormous number of dirty dishes that I had to take care of, as well as in both bedrooms on the second floor the beds were not made. Therefore, I needed to additionally make the beds so that I could have neat bedrooms. Conclusion After four hours of hard work, I have managed to execute my plan. It was a complete success. I discovered that using a simple technique of means-end analysis I could evaluate as well as improve my problem-solving skills and strategies. From the point of view of efficiency, the plan was effective, and the means-end analysis has helped to divide what appeare
One of the biggest issues facing agriculture is the problem of soil degradation due to an increased demand for agricultural products. The issue is important because during prolonged use in agriculture, especially with its low agronomic culture, the physical properties of soils, such as density, porosity, structural state, and water permeability, deteriorate. At the same time, there is a deterioration in the closely related water properties of soils, on which the moisture regime, moisture balance, air regime, moisture-supplying ability, and ultimately fertility, depend. The most informative indicators of purely hydrological degradation of soils are a decrease in the total moisture capacity of the soil and a reduction in the lowest moisture capacity of the soil, which characterizes the retention of moisture in the soil after draining its excess and its optimal content. Also included is an increase in soil moisture at which plants wilt, that is, an indicator of soil drought and a decrease in the range of active humidity. The corresponding parameters of virgin soil under natural soil degradation are taken as the norm. A sign of soil degradation is not only a negative change in the magnitude of the above indicators but also the duration of their presence in the soil. Thus, long-term existence at humidity corresponding to moisture capacity worsens the air regime of the soil and the use of moisture by plants. A decrease in the soil residence time at a moisture content corresponding to the minimum moisture capacity, and an increase in the duration of soil existence when plants wither, indicate a deterioration in the moisture-supplying ability, moisture regime, moisture supply and crop productivity (Samaniego et al., 2018). The issue is also important because low agronomic farming culture, which does not provide replenishment of stocks of organic and mineral elements of soil nutrition, which are alienated when harvesting crops, observing optimal terms for agricultural work, as well as the use of heavy agricultural machinery, lead to soil degradation and impaired fertility. When plowing soils, hydrological degradation is caused by changes in the ecosystem in which the soil is formed. The destruction of natural vegetation causes a change in the temperature regime of the soil, moisture conditions, and even water conditions. Compared to natural soil degradation, the open surface of the arable land holds less snow, the soil freezes earlier, is more susceptible to the formation of ice crusts and interlayers during thaws that impede the absorption of melt water, and the unproductive surface runoff of the latter. As a result, arable land is not sufficiently recharged during spring snowmelt. This is also facilitated by the fact that, in contrast to the lands of natural soil degradation, arable land leaves in winter with a surface layer moistened with autumn rainfall, poorly absorbing melt water coming in spring. Absorption of the latter is impeded by the thawing frozen layers remaining in the soil stratum since the melting of snow on the arable land usually begins before it
When management teams in organizations fail to put in place some form of corporate-wide culture that seeks to elicit and capture the tacit knowledge of employees, it may lead into various organizational weaknesses especially in terms of knowledge management. It is rather problematic to instill a viable organizational culture within a very short time. Hence, some organizations may completely fail to enjoy the benefits of tacit knowledge due to poor organizational cultural framework. Secondly, lack of adequate operational budget for running special programs that boost organizational culture may pose a serious threat when seeking tacit knowledge that are possessed by employees. For instance, it should be noted that tacit knowledge largely depends on non-academic attributes such as work experience and special talents among employees. If inadequate budget is allocated, tacit knowledge may not be put into any significant use. Moreover, organizations that do not promote healthy group work or dynamic team work experience may face major problems when identifying and putting tacit knowledge into use. Employees who do not value team work may not fully share the available knowledge even though knowledge sharing is a critical ingredient when exploring tacit knowledge in organizations. Networks and alliances usually enable the use of pooled expertise that is drawn from knowledge sharing exercise among employees. Lack of human-talent exchange program within an organization may cause major problems in the process of seeking and establishing tacit knowledge. It is vital for employees to rent their expertise to other organizations so that they can be in a position to gauge their abilities against those of other competitors. Moreover, when employees work in various organizations, they tend to improve their tacit knowledge. In some cases, it may be quite cumbersome for talented employees to understand their unique areas of excellence when they restrict their roles in one or a few areas of production. Besides, poor recruitment methods may likely create difficulties among management teams when they make any attempts to seek, elicit and enhance the functionality of tacit knowledge among employees. The best brains and talents in organizations can only be obtained by hiring the right people. If the recruitment process is carried out in a mediocre manner, then tacit knowledge cannot be realized at all. Lastly, poor change performance measurements, lack of motivation and reward structures for employees are also serious threats when eliciting and capturing tacit knowledge in organizations. In terms of change performance, measurable goals should be put in place so that talented employees can be easily identified from other knowledgeable workers. On the same note, employees who are not motivated through valid reward systems may not exploit their full potential at place of work.