ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The production and consumption of drugs turn out to be one of the most frequently discussed issues in a society and via the media. In their work, Fraser and Moore (2011) make an attempt to discuss Western nations and their addiction to drugs that is perfectly described through various movies, music, and video and prove that the chosen social spaces may cause rather controversial thoughts about the war on drugs, stereotypes that exist around drug addiction, and the inabilities to define where pleasure from drugs ends and pain with risk begin. Of course, people have to know more about drugs and their ambiguous nature, still, such sources like music, films, and videos should not be treated as the only credible materials to rely on. Fraser and Moore’s case study describes a number of complex social processes and relations that usually surround the drug production and consumption like the development of stereotypes, neglect of the existing social norms, and human inabilities to control their passion in regards to pleasure and play that come from the drug use and teaches that people should not trust media all the time but rely on personal opinions. In the reading, there are several topics discussed: illegal drugs’ representation, a variety of styles (rock’n’roll, funk, blues, pop, hip-hop, reggae, etc.) and their impact on drugs’ understanding, and the unexplained role of music videos on people’s styles of life. Still, the most crucial point of the whole case study is the authors’ possibility to explain how drugs and their impact on humans may be explained by means of movie scenes, words in songs, and even movements in clips. People cannot get rid of the stereotypes that exist around drug consumption and production; still, they want to believe that such things like movies and music, that are usual in an everyday life, may play a considerable role and send the required message (Borzekowski & Strasburger 2010). This is why such complex social processes like the development of stereotypes, social norms’ neglect, and chaos because of pleasure and pain caused by drugs should be regarded in terms of certain societal and political changes. One of the leading ideas supported by Fraser and Moore is that “drug war stereotypes and century-old notions of excess, desire, addiction, fear, pleasure, disorder and violence are continually played out through narrative, music and visual representations, but not always along the condemnatory, moralizing lines we might expect” (2011, p. 68). The analysis of the movies, as well as music and videos, can make the reader think that people themselves are too weak to decide about the possible role of drugs in their lives. They are so bound to the already created norms that they cannot even think about the possibility to create a different point of view and offer a kind of controversy to the idea imposed. It seems that the media uses its functions to their full extend and frame the attitudes towards such personal issues like risk, fear, and pleasure (Lancaster, Hughes, Spicer, Mathew-Simmons, & Dillon 2011). For example, the connection between movies and society was so close in the 1920s and 1930s that it was h
Both Richard Lee in his book The Dobe Ju/’hoansi and Richard Robbins in his book Cultural Anthropology: A Problem-based Approach address the issue of the cultural diversity that needs to be comprehended appropriately. Lee mentions the dramatic changes that occurred between the 1960s and the 1990s in the Dobe area that is located in modern Namibia. The author describes gathering mongongo and other plants, hunting, and lifestyle of !Kung people. The author emphasizes that despite the absence of globalization and modernization, for instance, wage labors or supermarkets that are integral parts of the modern world, people lived happily and peacefully bringing healthy children. In other words, “even in this hard-bitten age of social and ecological crisis, of wars and economic depression, !Kung San show us that other ways of being are possible” (Lee xii). It demonstrates the existence of the other way of living than modern industrialized world. However, it is incorrect to romanticize !Kung people as they also possess all the failures of humans including violence, homicide, and racism. The latter along with romanticism that suggests the idealization of the nation to some extent are two pitfalls. First, Lee dispels the myth that they are missing links to the outside world. The author claims that Bushmen are the same humans as others and provides the reader with a number of persuasive arguments: !Kung people enjoy tobacco, women wear bracelets, and nation’s language is made of clicks. Second, Lee reveals the fact concerning racism, in particular, apartheid that took place in some regions of Africa by the white population against the black one. The restriction of blacks’ rights in South Africa was practiced since the time of the arrival of the Europeans. All the South Africans were divided by race on white, colored, black, and Asian. In their turn, Ju/’hoansi supported the system of human rights violation policy. Moreover, Eating Christmas in the Kalahari illustrates the difficulty of avoiding personal interpretations by an anthropologist and ethnographer during their research and analysis. Lee states that he came to Kalahari to examine the hunting and gathering of the !Kung people. Nevertheless, he was confused by the unusual behavior of locals, who demonstrated that Christmas is when a man kills a big animal, he might refer to others with some disregard. At the same time, Christmas means happiness and brotherhood for white people. Although Lee experienced !Kung culture for years, he unexpectedly realized that he knows nothing. It should be noted that the reason for such misunderstanding was personal beliefs. The above situation demonstrates that, as a rule, people consider other cultures through the prism of their own cultural peculiarities that causes misinterpretation. Instead, it is more appropriate to avoid personal evaluation to achieve clear comprehension of the other culture. In his Cultural Anthropology: A Problem-based Approach , Robbins examines the issue of differences between cultures and the necessity of the tolerance in regard to others as well. The author reflects the core of the differen
Introduction She was an icon. She was a sex symbol. She was the goddess of the movie world in the 1950s. She was the late Marilyn Monroe. Men wanted to possess her. Women wanted to be like her. She had many lovers, many admirers, she associated with the rich and powerful, but in the end, she was so emotionally and psychologically troubled that when she died in 1962, with bottles of drugs beside her, it was not difficult to conclude that she probably killed herself through overdose. But immediately after her death and even many years afterward, there were still those who believe that she did not commit suicide. There were others who said that she did not die from accidental overdose but was murdered upon the order of the Kennedy brothers or the American mafia. Background The following best describes the reason why Marilyn Monroe was an American icon and why even after today, many on the planet are still fascinated by her. According to one author: She was perhaps the most instantly recognizable movie star of her day, but more importantly, the subject of millions of men’s fantasies of the utterly desirable woman. Her hair was platinum gossamer, her mouth red, lush, and inviting, her figure the ultimate hourglass. She spoke baby-talk in a whispery voice laden with promises; she walked with small, wiggly steps that could stop a weak heart… (Lakoff, 117). Marilyn Monroe became a very famous actress in the 1950s. She had charm, beauty, and talent. Her very sexy figure added to her many assets. Her blonde hair made her stand out from the crowd, and soon afterward, the world was at her feet. She was sought after by movie studios because they knew that she would make a lot of money for them. With success came fame and fortune. It also meant that doors were opened for her, and she could now be with the rich and famous. But this does not mean that everything was beneficial for her. In 1962 Marilyn Monroe was still at the peak of her game. In fact, she was invited to sing at the birthday of President John F. Kennedy. She also signed a new contract ensuring her a busy year ahead. But her life was not all that perfect. She had several failed marriages. At one time, she was even married to Joe DiMaggio, the Michael Jordan of his time – one of the most famous New York Yankee baseball players in the history of the game. One could just imagine what kind of life she led, the lack of privacy, and the constant pressure coming from people who just wanted to have a piece of her. In the years before her death, Marilyn Monroe had her high and low moments. She was married to celebrities and had affairs with both President John F. Kennedy and his equally powerful and popular brother Senator Robert F. Kennedy. She had failed marriages, and her affair with the President and the Senator gave her more problems than bliss. In the days prior to her, it was known to many that she was suffering from emotional problems. This explains the drugs present in her home at the time of her
Smart City: Future Urbanism The smart city concept is becoming increasingly widespread in both scientific literature and social media and covers a broad range of urban phenomena. This topic is particularly relevant because of increasing urbanisation. Kitchin (2014) provides two basic approaches to the vision of the smart city. One of them implies the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) along with entrepreneurship and creativity to promote an urban economy. The second approach assumes an extensive introduction of technologies into the fabric of cities to improve the efficiency of urban management. Other researchers also emphasise the close relationship between the idea of a smart city and the use of ICT. Nonetheless, the content and potential of this concept are not limited to technological development exclusively. This paper explores and analyses the innovative aspects of a smart city, including both technological advantages and peculiarities of social, environmental and economic spheres. Smart Technologies: Internet of Things, Smart Buildings and Mobility Digital and information technologies are already beginning to play a crucial role in the social, administrative and public processes of modern megalopolises and cities. These include but are not limited to social media, artificial intelligence, web commerce, online education and digital government. According to numerous estimates, the integration of technological innovations into the daily routine of urban systems will continue to increase (Albino, Berardi & Dangelico 2015; Plageras et al. 2018; Silva, Khan & Han 2018). This is particularly relevant to the Internet of Things (IoT), which has “resulted from the evolution of conventional networks that connect zillions of connected devices” (Silva, Khan & Han 2018, p. 697). According to Mehmood et al. (2017), IoT is a modern communication paradigm that is designed to create an Internet environment for connecting multiple digital devices online. The application of this development is intended to stimulate a series of innovative shifts in the urban setting. This is primarily concerned with smart infrastructure and buildings, which imply an inseparable connection with ICT. Researchers state that the future infrastructure will consist of two layers: physical and digital, which is supposed to make it smart. (Mohanty, Choppali & Kougianos 2016). The ICT will enable the simultaneous data collection and management of multiple urban systems, ranging from water and energy supply and transport hubs to hospitals, government departments, business centers and educational institutions. A substantial part of the infrastructure components of the urban environment will be represented in the digital space, and thus the city will have its digital duplicate. The IoT will enable this duplicate to be used for practical purposes. Mehmood et al. (2017) categorise IoT-based smart city applications into “personal and home, utilities, mobile, and enterprises” (p. 16). The first group refers to the management of smart home devices, electronic health care, through which physicians will be able to monitor the patient’s
People often take the changes that occur to the world for granted. It rarely occurs to an average person that they may have had a major impact on the everyday environment (Andersen & Taylor 2007). Despite the huge impact, which the societal stereotypes have on people’s lives and behaviour, people, in fact, have a tangible effect on the evolution of the everyday world, since they define the cultural tendencies and act not only as consumers of the existing forms of art and the information provided by modern and traditional media but also as the creators of the aforementioned content and its interpreters. The impact, which ordinary people have on the environment, in which they live, work and explore, is often underrated for a number of reasons, the existing systems of power being the key factor. It would be pointless to defy the fact that in the context of a particular job, a person has much more power to change the world than as an ordinary city dweller; indeed, a politician, a celebrity, an economist, or a judge has much more chances for altering the reality and shaping the environment, in which citizens live. However, as far as the ordinary environment is concerned, people as
The medical profession is increasingly facing a number of dilemmas today. Such dilemmas as what medication to give to a patient, what type of treatment to administer, or even wrong diagnosis are prevalent today. However, topping the list of the medical moral dilemmas is euthanasia. Euthanasia is also referred to as mercy killing. It is a ranging debate in this amongst medical practitioners (CNN 2009). They are faced with the moral dilemma whether to use technology to keep a patient alive or just accept their fate and let the patient die naturally. This is further complicated by the latest discoveries in the field of medicine; the studies on human health especially the brain. Families and relatives of patients do not help the matter. They threaten the doctors with severe legal actions on grounds of professional negligence. Those that are religiously inclined urge the medical practitioners to keep their patients alive with the promise of God performing a miracle. Where matters of faith and religion are involved in health issues, most medical practitioners do not know how to respond. There has been effort to legalized euthanasia but still many of the opponents are unwilling participants in the act (Cohen et al, 1994). The basis of this issue is intentional versus unintentional death in a patient. Bioethicists are faced with the dilemma whether it is moral to end the life of an innocent person, if all medical procedures seem inefficient to sustain life. We see a patient who has been under excruciating pain requesting his physician to consider euthanasia as a way of helping him end his pains. This death is intentional. The goal of relieving a patient’s death is morally right but the means used to achieve this are wrong, within the moral system, as no one has the right to end an innocent person’s life (Quill & Battin 1997). Quill and Battin continue to explain that there four rules that manifest this situation. The first concerns itself with the nature of the medical act to prevent life. Acts such as pain relief may reduce a patients suffering and sustain life but the effects of this pain killers may hasten death. Are such actions morally right? The second concerns the intentions of the medical act. The fourth factor entails striking a balance between on the one hand, the bad effect and on the other hand, the good effect. It is important that physicians ensure that the bad effect does not in any way overcome the good The biggest moral conflict in this issue is the idea of futile treatment. Modern medicine has an amazing ability to maintain life, even when it is most naturally possible for patients to die. This has changed the way families of patients view end of life issues. Families argues that there are remote chances that of a patient surv
IS as the Solution for Soliel Panel Distribution When a company becomes a commercially successful project on a large scale in its core market, it faces serious challenges that have the potential both to improve the performance and credibility of the enterprise and to damage previously established organizational chains. It is necessary to use information systems to achieve only a positive effect from the expansion of any company, including Soliel Panel Distribution (SPD). Although there are many ways of the practical application of such solutions, most often, ISs allow benefiting from organizational development through at least three stimulating effects: relevance of data, company integrity, and automated accuracy of calculations. Thanks to IS, the company’s disjointed departments acquire integrity and unity, which is expressed through an electronic document and operational management, and general corporate culture. Simultaneously, the company can significantly reduce organizational errors and failures when manually typing data or transporting materials between departments. In addition, the time that has been saved by quickly searching for relevant data in general and specialized databases can be spent on the development of additional projects or post-stage expert reviews of business processes. IT Department Support Undoubtedly, BPM has a significant impact on all company branches, especially the IT department that develops SolDistHR software. Optimization of business processes is of primary importance when implementing management concepts: this can significantly reduce costs and time for product production due to the established control. In coupled with execution control and stage-by-stage examination of project performance, the serious advantage of BPM is the ability to identify vulnerabilities and weaknesses automatically. This effect is crucial for timely correction of software errors and inaccuracies, which, even in the short term, leads to smoother SolDistHR operation and reduced use of resources for intermediate quality assessments. Thus, the desire to develop a commercially and organizationally valuable product is inextricably linked with the application of BPM principles. Five Stages of Change Management Management’s primary task in planning organizational changes is to modify the corporate culture to assess the importance and necessity of any changes. An essential role is played by a manager who conducts professional conversations and training with employees. The central purpose of this stage should be to recognize that SPD will not achieve high competitiveness without changes and remain outside the market leadership. The next stage is to prepare a de
Summary Psychological disorders are the leading cause of abnormal behavior among individuals. Schizophrenia is one of the psychological illnesses that alter the way people behave. According to the World Health Organization (2019), the disease is a severe and chronic mental disorder that affects approximately 20 million persons worldwide. Additionally, the chances of schizophrenia patients dying early are 2 to 3 times higher than the general population. Distorted perception, thinking, language, emotions, behavior, and sense of self are key factors that characterize the disorder. Various media pieces, such as the soloist, depict elements of schizophrenia to sensitize the public about the disorder and how it impacts individuals. An evaluation of a character in the soloist, Nathaniel Ayers, and different perspectives of abnormal behavior can help understand schizophrenia and its treatment or management approaches. The soloist is an American-based film produced in 2009. The film is based on a true story of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia. The movie starts by featuring Lopez, one of the main characters, frustrated due to the lack of captivating story in his column that could help him save his job (Wright, 2009). He goes out to look for inspiration from the streets, where he meets the schizophrenic character, Nathaniel Ayers. Ayers is homeless, speaks hurriedly, avoids eye contact, and repeats topics about unrealistic topics. While Lopez believes that he has found a lead story, Ayers is confident that he has found a friend. Lopez and Ayers become acquainted, and they develop a unique relationship, making them inseparable. The flashback about Ayers’ childhood showed when the symptoms of schizophrenia started. During his adolescence, Ayers became more focused on music than anything else (Wright, 2009). He withdrew from others and could spell his full name aloud to himself. Ayers then started experiencing auditory hallucinations while participating in music rehearsals at school. He could hear the commanding voices of men, women, and children. The hallucinations began to impair his performance at school as they became more frightening and deprecating (Wright, 2009). As a result, he dropped out of school and ran away from family and friends, ending up on the streets. Ayers opposed the idea of Lopez getting a house at the lamp apartment. Although Lopez helped him continue performing music, sometimes Ayers could walk off stage when schizophrenic symptoms exacerbated. Ayers became anno