ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The wide use of technologies we observe nowadays increases the speed of diverse activities digitalisation. Innovative technologies are an integral part of peoples lives as they contribute to the enhanced performance and provide the needed level of comfort. At the same time, there is another side of the problem. Extreme levels of societys digitalisation deprive people of their personal space and privacy. To a greater degree, it happens because of the mass use of social networks such as Facebook or Twitter that contain gigabytes of information users share with their friends or close people. On the other hand, they might prefer not to share these files with other individuals beyond their social circle. That is why such issues as cybersecurity, data theft, ethics, and privacy acquire the top priority as data social networks contain might be used by malefactors or other companies with diverse purposes. The given paper delves into the case of Facebook and Cambridge Analytica, investigates peculiarities of this incident, and applies central concepts of data security, information share, risks, and ethics with the primary aim to attain the enhanced understanding of the problem. Background The Facebook-Cambridge Analytica case revolves around the collection of private information of Facebook users to impact their decision-making. The central issue of the given case is an unethical and inappropriate use of data to manipulate the public opinion and monitor oscillations in peoples moods and preferences to gather support regarding a particular issue, policy, or actor (Ingram, 2018). Additionally, Facebook was blamed for supporting Cambridge Analytica in their actions and collection of personal information which started in 2014 (Ingram, 2018). The scandal triggered the growth of users dissatisfaction with the quality of services suggested to them and the lack of protection that resulted in the leak of information. In the course of numerous investigations, a significant scale of the problem was proven (Ingram, 2018). The data leak and its further use could have impacted the results of Brexit and the Presidential elections in the USA (The Associated Press, 2018). The head of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, accepts the blame for this accident saying that the companys mistake was to believe that Cambridge Analytica deleted all information it had harvested (The Associated Press, 2018). The case has given rise to several significant concerns that should be discussed. Cybercrime First, the contradictory character of the case is evidenced by the fact that there are numerous debates whether a cybercrime has been committed or not. Representatives of both opinions provide their arguments to explain the nature of both actors actions and their conduct. However, analysing the case from the perspective of cybercrime and data theft, a definite answer can be obtained. The modern criminology defines a cybercrime as criminal wrongdoing (such as fraud, theft, intellectual property violations, distribution of prohibited materials) committed using electronic devices
Introduction During the Gettysburg address, President Lincoln declared that the government of the people by the people would not perish from the earth’s face. In brief, he implied that a democratic government constituted a regime that could guarantee shared prosperity among all classes of people. Idealists who developed and campaigned for a democratic government had a vision of a world in which the elected people would represent masses in a selfless manner to ensure collective development of societies. However, many nations now see democracy as a system that does not work well for the citizenry. They see it as a tool that favours the flourishing of those people in the top classes, especially the rulers and the leaders. These concerns lead to the question of whether or not to shift to other systems of governance such as autocracy. In this line, this paper discusses why the concerns about the health democracy are exaggerated by considering the argument that democracy is the most preferred system of governance. Nevertheless, despite the challenges, the paper concludes that democracy is the shortest route that can guarantee shared prosperity, accountability, and peaceful coexistence amongst all classes of people within a nation. Concerns about Democracy Considering the developments of democracy and the criticisms that revolve around power inequalities between the elected officials and the voters, questions emerge on whether the concerns of democracy are exaggerated. One would anticipate the falling of communists’ societies such as the Soviet Union to usher in a new era in which such societies would embrace democracy. Indeed, as Kabul (2010) reveals, the perception that ex-communist societies could humbly borrow democracy lessons from western nations is laughable. For example, the article confirms that pro-Kremlin United Russia movement held a meeting with the Communist Party of China towards the end of 2010 with the goal of seeking to understand how the Chinese political system that is dominated by only one party was possible to sustain. The article nullifies the assertion that Russians have any belief that they would emulate the Chinese model of governance. Does this observation mean that authoritarian regimes do not have anything to learn from democratic regimes due to the exaggeration of democratic health concerns? A major argument in support of autocracy is that it ensures the flourishing of national stability that facilitates growth (Kabul 2010). However, this argument lacks any non-contestable evidence. For example, Crick (2013) observes the non-existence of evidence that autocratic nations are more established compared to autonomous countries. Democratic politicians engage in the exchange of words and arguments characterised by disagreements on the most effective course of action or policy that would deliver the best outcomes. While this claim may be challenged from an authoritarian perspective, it results in short-term stability by creating a podium under which different views, interests, and positions of
Importance of Internet Marketing Despite the fact that there is a fast-growing tendency to integrate World Wide Wed to the marketing, the success and importance of the Internet for business is still identified by the nature and quality of products and customer’s demands (Chaffey, 2006, p. 33). So, if a company specializes in providing the services, it is much easier for it to use online communication for accepting the orders. One of such companies is Easyjet for which the Internet is quite important because their operations mostly deal with selling and booking tickets (EasyJet.com, n.d.). However, there are organizations whose products cannot be efficiently sold via the Internet, such as BP, an energy company whose operations are more beneficial when applying to traditional methods of marketing. One way or another, e-commerce offers a wide range of innovative strategies and tools for constructing a successful business infrastructure within the virtual worlds (Mohammed et al. 2003; Hanson and Kalyanam, 2006; Hanson, 2000). Internet culture has, therefore, contributed to the construction of online communities such as Second Life that fostered the spread of Internet marketing. In this regard, it is necessary to define the main components of Second Life and how the virtual world influences marketing advancement. Definitions of Second Life Second Life, a brainchild of Linden Lab whose director Philip Rosedale presented another opportunity of the Internet Marketing in the virtual world. It has become the popular among online users and leading Internet companies because it opened new possibilities and marketing strategies (Mahar and Mahar, 2009, p. 4). In this regard, the creation of this online product has turned the World Wide Wed into the virtual platform for shopping, information, and particularly for building alternative marketing businesses (Mahar and Mahar, 2009, p. 7). Second Life is also considered to be a three-dimensional world grasping the basics of social structuring and comprehending various academic disciplines such Mathematics and Physics. Such areas will be of great use in the sphere of e-commerce. Apart from being a mere entertainment for online users, Philip Rosedale, the creator of the virtual wolrd, has also introduced a bulk of consistent and efficient strategies that can be implemented to real Internet marketing. Therefore, Second life is one of innovations that allow marketing to be fully absorbed with social networking where it is possible to engage people for developing marketing relationship in a more effective way. The principle of online trade and communication with the cyber-space can advance the marketing segment considerably (Mahar and Mahar, 2009, p. 125). Tools and business strategies promoted by Second Life Building relationships. The metave
The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical cycle that describes how nitrogen is converted to compounds and circulates through the air, water, and soil. Nitrogen is an element that is abundant in the atmosphere; however, it may have limited availability for biological use (Stüeken et al. 221). Nitrogen is a part of various compounds, both organic and non-organic, such as ammonium, nitrogen gas, nitrates, nitrites, and nitrous oxides. In the cycle, nitrogen transforms from one form to another through processes including fixation, assimilation, and decomposition of organisms. In short, the normal circulation of the chemical is crucial the environmental sustainability. Humans have greatly influenced the natural circulation of nitrogen through various processes. The most obvious process that impacted the matter is the burning of fossilized fuel. Due to emissions from cars, trucks, buses, power plants, and off-road equipment, nitrogen becomes overly abundant in the atmosphere and leads to adverse effects both for the environment and human health (the United States Environmental Protection Agency). Nitrogen cycle disturbance causes acid rains that make the soil overly acidized, leading to disruption in diverse ecosystems. Therefore, one of the ways to stabilize the biogeochemical cycle is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses by using renewable energy. Another way humans have disturbed the nitrogen cycle is through extensive land use for livestock production. According to Leip et al., 42% of the land area of the European Union is used as agricultural land (115004). A significant proportion of the area is grasslands to feed the livestock (Leip et al. 115004). Humans use nitrogen fertilizers to increase yields and improve the production of feed for livestock. The process is associated with deterioration of air quality, global climate, soil quality, biodiversity, and water quality (Leip et al., 115004). However, the matter can be effectively addressed by changing everyday habits. Eating fewer animal products can lead to improvements in the nitrogen cycle. According to Rosi et al., vegetarians and vegans have a smaller impact on the environment due to their plant-based diet (6). Therefore, it can be stated that shifting towards eating fewer animal products may lead to improvements in the nitrogen cycle. Less land and fewer fertilizers are needed to produce vegetables and crops rather than meat (Leip et al. 115004). Hence, every person can improve the problem with the disturbance of the nitrogen cycle by adopting a vegetarian, vegan, or Mediterranean diet. Works Cited Leip, Adrian et al. “Impacts of European Livestock Production: Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorus and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Land-Use, Water Eutrophication and Biodiversity.” Environmental Research Letters , vol. 10, no. 11, 2015, p. 115004. IOP Publishing , Web. Rosi, Alice et al. “Environmental Impact of Omnivorous, Ovo-Lacto-Vegetarian, and Vegan Diet.” Scientific Reports , vol. 7, no. 1, 2017, pp. 1-9. Springer Nature , Web. Stüeken, Eva E. et al. “The Evolution of Earth’s Biogeochemical Nitrogen Cycle.” Earth-Science Reviews , vol. 160, 2016, pp. 220-239.
Biomedical fiction does have a lasting impact on human beings (Manfredini, 1999). Stories on the television or in films have the capacity to become dramas beyond the reality of life. False presentations of the reality could actually be non-educational and harm general people. Some series showed people with arrhythmias being rescued within minutes through defibrillation and being discharged from hospital in an hour’s time (Manfredini, 1999). People have become so dependent on the television that they have a tendency to believe all that happens there. Medical activity is nothing like that depicted in it. It is mostly monotonous and hardly 10% of cases are emergencies. People come in and ask for a brain scan for simple headaches. Long waiting times for admission are part of real life situations. Interests of biomedical writers Biology, biochemistry, biotechnology, medicine, animal science, pharmacy, zoology are all subjects of interest for biomedical writers. Technical writers are interested in chemistry, engineering, computer science and management (Interests, Earthlink). The majority of biomedical writers use the experiences of their own professions in their writings. Their familiarity and depth of their knowledge of hospital incidents, about the medicines and pathological reports provide interesting reading for fans of such works. The chances of giving a more correct description of hospital incidents and the weaving of crimes into medical life cater to the fancies of the public (Interests, Earthlink). Details or secrets of the world of hospitals of which the common people know nothing about but would have liked to know are divulged in the form of crime thrillers, sharpening the knowledge of the readers and triggering their interest for more. Medicine, allied health professions, occupational therapy, nursing, dentistry, veterinary science, psychology and pharmacy have interesting aspects which the general public relishes (Interests, Earthlink). The relationships of the staff thrown together to treat patients with the possibility of romantic relationships is lapped up greedily. Incidents and new ideas allied to the professions of these biomedical writers are usually taken as the essence of their writings. Tales about pets may form part of the writings. Real life incidents generally help the wr
The global recession has affected all sectors and industries negatively. The recessionary phase in the UK also had a negative impact on the earnings of the UK football clubs as well as individual players as the recession hit. The reason lies in the adverse economic condition and government policy. The 20 English Premier League clubs were expected to generate revenue of £1.9bn for the 2007/2008 season; however, this was thwarted due to a lack of investor incentive (Ruddick). The recession has led to slashing of the budget of Premier football grounds and salaries of club CEOs (Ruddick). This raises the question of the impact of the present and future economic trend of the UK on football clubs of the country. This essay reviews the current trend of the UK economy and the way it may affect the UK football clubs and their earnings. The UK economy has been reported to enter economic recession since 2008 (Blanchflower 1). It was in 2008 that the economic deceleration led to a reduced growth rate to 0.7 percent 2008 (Datamonitor 1). The economy shrank by 1.8 percent in the last quarter of 2008, which is supposed to worst ever downfall. The UK has faced an increase in inflation from 3.19 percent in 2006 to 3.72 in 2008 and is expected to rise further (Datamonitor). The economic recession has increased the employment rate (Datamonitor 16). Further, the government has been increased tax rates, reduced social benefits, and reduced interest rates in 2009 to fight the recession (Datamonitor 35). With the recession, there have been tensions of its negative impact on the UK football business and especially the UK football clubs (M2PressWIRE). The recession had led to the depletion of finances for the football clubs, which had made the future of the clubs uncertain. The English Premier League recorded total revenue of £1.9bn in 2007/8, which was an increase of 26 percent and a profit increase of 95 percent (Management Today). However, there is expected to be a slight dip in the revenue in 2009 (Management Today). The main reason for the decline can be found in the wages given by the clubs to their football players (Management Today). Another woe of the English football clubs is their ever-increasing debt, which amounts to £3.1 billion (Management Today). Therefore, clubs like Portsmouth, Leeds United, West Ham United, etc. have faced financial upheavals in 2009 (Sauer). Evidently, the English football clubs have found themselves in a pile of debt and increasing wage liability. This pressure has become more evident due to the recession. However, the negative effect of the UK financial crisis on the football clubs is evident, but the nature of the effect is not explicit. So the question arises, how has the present UK economic condition affected the football clubs? A few factors that have affected the English Clubs are the increase in taxes, interest rate lowering, unemployment, and the inflation rate. The tax increase in the UK was
Awfully few people are contented with what they are and where they are going. Each day, millions of people try to modify their bodies by implement or fast. Numerous people try to amend their looks with cosmetics or even artificial operations. Intellectuals believe they may soon be able to slow down the ageing progression with drugs. It is in the very temperament of man to try to revolutionize what he is. But when we remember what Job underwent, every true Christian is left motivated and inspired. The chief influential biblical reality is that distress is one of the most ideal ways that our creator uses to build up our interior spiritual strength. As the book of Job states that, after all the pains the man of God, Job Underwent, he rose mightier than before. This is one of the best spiritual Motivators ever and will remain the greatest example. Man can accomplish commendable principal life through suffering. Indeed anguish has a reason for someone of devotion. The respectable readiness is not achieved through pain and suffering only, but is also another way of learning to be considerate to others. Compassion makes grace communicable and does so, in two associated habits. It enhances our capacity to assist others as well as our desire to perform so, as good actions have their rewards (Job.5.15). People should not regard lacking what they wanted in life, is a gloom, yet that is just a usual constituent of survival. The job was really a true believer, that we can not be able to compare any living person in this present world. Each and every individual is required to arise unmovable furthermore, believers ought to be ready for the endless and tiresome wraths that they may encounter, while still living in this world. .Gradually more, we are bearing in mind remorse done as a means to influence and direct God. We imagine that when we moan excessively we can induce His blessings and obtain His affections. But the reality, penitence is not advancement but an approach and a legitimate craving for alteration. The Almighty will never leave His true children whatsoever. The establishment of the quandary is that; our civilization is so worn to instantaneous fulfilments. Every person is out for immediate renaissance and impetuous results to prayers exclusive of investing occasion in a close, regular stride by God. For God loves every mankind and has proved to men in this present time that He is able to del
United States (US) and Iran initially has good relations in mid to end 19 th century. However, sour relations emerged after the end of the Second World War when the Persian Gulf started exporting huge amounts of oil and the intrigues of the cold war started taking centre stage in international politics. The good relationship between Iran and America was observed under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s rule but it took a turn for the worse after the Iranian revolution of 1979 (Lesch, 2003, p. 52). Some observers attribute the poor relations to American arrogance but others note that such conflict was unavoidable because of the wave of Islamic revolution (directed against Western domination) sweeping across many Muslim states (Dow Jones & Company, 2010, p. 3). One of the greatest hallmarks to Iran and US relations lies in the overthrow of Musdaqq in 1953 (Lesch, 2003, p. 52). Many observers are of the opinion that since the US gave a lot of support to the then leader, Muhammad Shah, and helped plan the 1953 coup (that brought Shah to power), many people supported anti-US/Western ideals which led to the 1979 Islamic revolution (Lesch, 2003, p. 52). The strong anti-US sentiments were largely harbored by many Iranians because it was widely believed that the US orchestrated the 1953 coup to overthrow Musdaqq in order to gain control of Iran’s oil wealth and establish a dictatorship government at the same time (Gasiorowski, 2004, p. 261). After the success of the coup and an establishment of Shah as the Iranian leader, the American government gave a lot of support to Shah’s government. In fact, during Shah’s first week in government, the US gave Iran more than $68million in emergency fund after which it followed by giving the oil rich nation more than $1.2 billion, the following decade (Gasiorowski, 2004, p. 273). US-Iran relations thereafter became very rosy until Iran started getting a lot of money from its oil revenues (within the 1960-1970 periods). This development slowly diluted US’s influence in Iran and consequently made Shah develop a bad reputation in the West. Nonetheless, the support US government had been giving Shah over the past years mounted a lot of criticisms on Shah as an independent leader. Unrest therefore grew in Iran over an upheaval of Western ideals in the nation. These sentiments later lead to the ousting of Shah in the 1979 Islamic revolution which also took the US by surprise. It is however interesting that six months prior to the revolution, the US had passed a verdict on Iran, saying that it was nowhere close to a revolution or prerevolutionary state (Gasiorowski, 2004). After the revolution, Ayatollah was established as Iran’s interim leader. Ayatollah was predominantly against Western ideals; further soiling relations between America and Iran. Subsequent events saw Iranians take Americans hostage for 444 days; a development that greatly angered the US and resulted in trade restrictions