ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Many people seem to have different perceptions about alcohol with many looking at it as a fashion especially in today’s changing world. However people may look at it, alcohol is and remains an addictive drug that is being abused every day by many people. Alcohol may be consumed for various reasons amongst them; relieving stress or evading a certain problem or for social reasons. However, many teenagers engage in drinking due to peer pressure while other people drink, not for the above reasons, but because they are addicted to alcohol. Despite the dangers associated with alcohol consumption, many people just go ahead and use with many people being aware of these dangers. Dangers associated with alcohol consumption One of the major effects of alcohol consumption is physical violence. Heavy intoxications due to alcohol consumption induce acts of violence such as abuse to family members, physical assault to anyone encountered or even killing. However, not all people get violent after consuming alcohol. Another very significant danger of alcohol consumption is the risks it poses to one’s health. Long term consumption of alcohol increases the possibility of one getting heart related diseases especially heart failure. Failure of the liver is also a common health problem to heavy drinkers. Other health risks include improper functioning of body systems such as the circulatory system. Development of cancer and peptic ulcers is another risk to one’s health. The brain may as well be permanently damaged. Besides health problems, alcoholics suffer personal problems including inability to control one self’s stability, poor mental alertness, lack of consciousness, inability to coordinate words into a proper speech and slurred vision. Sexual assault is also very common in alcohol abusers. Many people tend to behave in a sexual manner under the influence of alcohol because such people cannot control themselves and even think straight (Zegata, 1999, p. 1). Curing alcoholism The initiation of curing alcoholism begins with the alcoholic himself by making that strong resolution of stopping drinking. Making this resolution is very important in helping one initiate the process of healing. One of the major ways of curing alcoholism is from the nutritional perspective. This involves building nutritional values that leads to zero cravings for any of the stimulating drinks. First of all, fruity juices should be used in the initial stage
Abstract The present report utilized secondary research and positivist research philosophy to critically evaluate two Consumer Decision-making Process (CDP) models – the Consumer Decision Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior –, with the aim to bring into the limelight the dark spots of the models when applied to the hospitality industry. Current literature, though anecdotal in scope and context, has illuminated the fact that many CDP models are vague, inconsistent, and assume an all-encompassing orientation, which constricts their effectiveness and efficacy in explaining post-modernism consumer behavior. Many of these models have been accused of being largely descriptive in nature and ascribing to a ‘phases-based’ school of thought that is not in sync with today’s consumers and their behavior orientations. Upon analysis and critique of the sampled models, it has been demonstrated that these models may no longer be tenable in explaining behavior as they view consumers in a rather mechanistic approach and constrict behavior to rationalistic approaches, devoid of any interpretation relating to the consumer as a unique individual who desires to sample unique experiences in the hospitality industry. The models are vague in their explanation of why consumers must follow the noted phases, and fail to account for external factors that influence consumer behavior in the hospitality industry, such as globalization, hyperreality, and hedonistic consumption patterns. It is recommended that new paradigms must have the capacity to delineate how consumers find fulfillment through consumption, and how they develop creativity and express their individual capabilities through the consumption of services. Introduction The present paper is an attempt to account for perceived vagueness, inconsistencies and all-encompassing orientations of consumer decision-making models by evaluating and critiquing two such models, namely the Consumer Decision Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). These models will be evaluated and analyzed within the services context, with particular reference to the hospitality industry. Despite the broad attention focused on the concept of consumer behavior (Dellaert et al 2012), and in spite of the obvious advantage generated by consumer decision-making models in providing conceptual frames of reference that make it easy to understand different consumer decision processes and marketing paradigms (Erasmus et al 2001), a large portion o
Introduction Mall of the Emirates is one of the biggest shopping malls in the United Arab Emirates. According to Viardot (2012, p. 81), the Mall of Emirates is a modern retailer shopping complex that has learned the art of customer care. The management of this firm has developed policies which are meant to ensure that customers get the best service every time they visit this shopping mall. With the policy which emphasizes on customer satisfaction at every stage, this firm has been keen to ensure that they deliver the best value to its customers. To this firm, the customer is always right. A customer of Mall of Emirates will always get served in the best way possible and within the time one desires. McLaughlin (2010, p.) notes that other shopping malls in this country that were in existence before the inception of this firm have found themselves displaced as market leaders by this mall because of its prowess in customer management. The firm has a policy which stipulates that employees must meet all the needs of the customer in a special way. When a customer enters one of the Mall of Emirates stores, he or she is greeted by a cheerful customer care officer who is ready to give any direction if needed. As one moves into the mall, there are several other employees strategically positioned, ready to attend to a customer’s need. All the products in the stores are clearly labeled and with a price tag. Despite this, there will always be a customer care officer nearby who is always ready to respond to the needs of the employee. This is the strategy that has helped this firm attract a lot of customers in its various stores in this country. Customers feel valued whenever they visit this store. Whenever a customer visits the store with a child, the firm has developed various gaming facilities where children can be left playing while their parents go shopping. As
Introduction Every stage of Development of human being is very important especially the adolescence. This is because it is purported that it’s at this stage that the formulation of sense of identity takes place. Basically identity is described as the cohesive set of personal qualities concerning life goals like career developmental religious values and political ideologies. Achieving e a stable ego identity allows adaptability and future development besides creating an integrated sense of oneself (Faber et al, 2008, p. 244). Besides, attaining a stable mature quality experience is a crucial part of adolescent identity formulation. It’s believed that before adolescents can commit themselves to certain value system they observe and exploit the value their parents portray, assess and compare them with other alternative ideologies. Hence, parents’ idea and qualities can play a critical role in formation of child identity. Objectives The aim of the paper will be to explore the role of active involvement of parents in raising their children through adolescence and the impact on the formation of identity. Basically, theory states that native participation in their children’s lives influential on how they behaved and set their goals in life. Specifically, the research will explore the process through which identity statuses are related to the process of achieving parent-child value similarity – the accurate perception of parent value and the acceptance of these values by children. The paper will also describe the role of parents as reflective agents in comparison with the process of formulation of identity (Knafo & Schwartz, 2004, p. 441; Schachter & Ventura, 2008, p. 449). Purpose of Study This research will be aimed at examining the relationship between the process of identify development in adolescents and the process of parent child value analogy. The research will exploit the impact of active interaction of parents with children builds their identity formation (Faber et al, 2008, p. 243). The paper will present a theoretical assessment of the significance of the theory for the formation of an all-inclusive background theory of identity formation. Hypothesis The active involvement of parents in the lives of their adolescent children contributed greatly to healthy identity formulation of these adolescent as opposed to inactive participation of parents in the lives of their children. Parent participation plays a crucial role in the process of adolescents’ (aged 13 – 17 years) identity formulations. Literature Review Due to the signifi
Introduction Robert Glennon in the article, Water Scarcity, Marketing, and Privatisation , expresses great concern on water wastage against a strong possibility of scarcity crisis. The same concern is aired in the report, Hidden Water , by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). The articles suggest several options for increasing water supply as counter strategies against increasing water depletion. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive summary of the two articles. Articles Summary According to Glennon (2005), there is depletion of the main fresh water reservoirs across the US since diversions and continuous pumping has exerted extreme pressure on the aquifers. Besides, the effects of industrial solvents have contaminated the few remaining water sources (Glennon 2005, par. 3). In a quick rejoinder, the report by the UNEP, excessive pumping of water from rivers and lakes to support agriculture threatens to dry up water sources. For instance, water usage in India to support agriculture is one hundred cubic kilometres more than the rain water each year. In order to counter such crisis, countries have resorted to trade, that is, importing crops that consume a lot of water when grown locally to save on the ‘virtual water’ (UNEP 2008, par. 2). This is a strategy to minimize a possibility of water wars between countries since the current water supply cannot be sustained (Glennon 2005, par. 3). Another threat to sustainable water demand and supply is the climatic elements such as drought, excessive release of carbon gases, and global warming as a result of climate change (Glennon 2005, par. 4). Prolonged high temperatures have the effect of shortening the snow season and increasing the speed of melting snow. In addition, higher temperatures result in increased evaporation from water reservoirs (Glennon 2005, par. 4). The report by the UNEP notes that “climate change means that more and more countries are likely to suffer drought in future” (UNEP 2008, par. 3). This is because nations that heavily rely on virtual water may not sustain the trade of importing crops that require a lot of water. At the same time increasing water demand as a result of increasing population growth exerts further pressure on the available water sources (UNEP 2008, par. 5). As indicated in the report by the UNEP, the first option for increasing water supply would be seawater desalination, channelling water from a reservoir to another, aggressive rain water harvest, and efficient water usage (UNEP 2008). For instance, farmers may embrace drip irrigation as opposed to flooding. Glennon (2005) provides options of increasing water supply such as efficiency in water usage, creation o
Social theories suggest the allocation of the following functions of war and terrorism. First, these are conducive to social solidarity, the importance of symbols, and the experience of civilians and war veterans. Second, war promotes the interests of the military-industrial complex, while militarism takes money away from unmet social needs ( Social Problems: Continuity and Change , 2016). Terrorism and war have common political motives and implications. Conflict theory most accurately reflects the vision of war since national security goals often hide the desire for sustainable power and financial well-being of politicians who spend so much money on the army ( Social Problems: Continuity and Change , 2016). World peace is possible with a systematic approach to eradicate the biological and social prerequisites for war, to rehabilitate people after the experience of combat actions, which is difficult to achieve due to the complexity of many countries’ social and political contexts. Even though the United States is in the lead in terms of spending on medicine, there are many problems in this area. First, the phenomenon of structural racism, which is based on social discrimination, leads to high mortality rates during illness among certain ethnic groups. To be precise, in 1918, American Indians had a rate of four times higher, which now, almost forty and thirty percent of all diseases and deaths from COVID-19 occur in this ethnic group (Yearby & Mohapatra, 2020). Moreover, the majority of healthcare workers implicitly prefer to work with white people (Yearby & Mohapatra, 2020). Finally, another problem is the availability of health insurance: the percentage of white people without insurance is less than 15, while representatives of other ethnic groups, as it is correct, exceed 20 ( Social Problems: Continuity and Change , 2016). It becomes almost impossible to pay for treatment without insurance due to its high cost, which negatively correlates with poverty in the country. The criminal justice system’s functionalist, symbolic interactionist, and conflict perspectives are compared, and they share the same view. Three points agree that the criminal justice system helps control social problems (Spector & Kitsuse, 2017). In contrast, the symbolic interactionist view holds that the system promotes social interactions in society. Moreover, from a functionalist perspective, crime benefits society, and the criminal justice system improves social regulation. These three perspectives also diverge because the conflict perspective holds that the crimin
Introduction Hinkle (2006, p. 6) describes a standard as a set of guidelines and best practices that can be used as a reference point in business management. The set of guidelines may be voluntary or mandatory. A model is a set of components that helps users and developers to understand, analyze, improve or replace a process in a system. Models are sometimes integrated in an organization’s operation. It makes models to function in the same way as standards. There are consensus, de jure, and de facto standards. Tatsumoto, Ogawa & Shintaku (2011, p. 14) explain that consensus standards are more flexible than de jure standards. Consensus standards are formed by organizations agreeing on acceptable standards. They can set standards for products that exists, and even for anticipated products. An example of the de jure standards is the one developed by the ISO. The standards are procedures set by an organization that has been accredited with setting standards for other firms. De facto standards are set by a leading industry player for competitive advantage. Other firms can use consensus standards to break the barrier of a firm that uses de facto standards. National standards help local firms to compete in the global market. It enables products from a country gain competitive advantage by providing quality assurance. By creating a global market, standardization has a positive effect on exports (DIN 2000, p. 25). Quality standards are adopted by the entire organization to ensure consumer satisfaction. Consumers obtain products that are produced under specific models, and meet certain standards. Standards encourage organizations to pursue methods that make their products economically viable for the consumer (Oakland 1999, p. 13). It increases competitive pricing. Standardized products are safer because of compatibility, and interoperability. Compatible products tend to create a global market for products. DIN (2000, p. 17) explains that standardization “increases awareness of product safety”. Companies which conform to international standards are able to compete in a global market which is wider, and more profitable (Tatsumoto, Ogawa & Shintaku 2011, p. 13). Good examples global products are PCs, and mobile phones. Standardization also creates a market for peripherals. In the automobile industry, standardized products have created a market for automobile components. Standardization increases entry opportunities for market entrants. Ease of entry is likely to increase growth in an industry. Tatsumoto, Ogawa & Shintaku (2011, p. 18) discuss that new companies may enter the industry with limited knowledge in industrial contexts. They are able to compete with other companies simply by producing products that comply with the set standards. Standardization results in efficient methods and procedures for dissemination of innovation (DIN, 2000, p. 20). Standards also need to be updated to enhance their effectiveness. DIN (2000, p. 22) discusses that “leaders in technology should become more involved in standardization”. In this case, standardization pla
Introduction The Book of Job has been one of the most controversial parts of Bible. Many preachers find it difficult to talk about Job’s message with their congregation as the book touches upon some of the most serious and difficult issues concerning the faith. Some regard The Book of Job as a literary masterpiece where wisdom of the nation was revealed. 1 Admittedly, the book is seen as one of the brightest examples of the “book of wisdom”. 2 The book contains the eternal questions of people concerning suffering. The story of Job is a didactic illustration of God’s almightiness. However, it is possible to note that the story itself is an axiom to be taken for granted whereas the dialogues of Job’s friends can be and should be considered in detail. The dialogues manifest people’s eternal hesitations and quest for the reason. Notably, speeches of Job’s friends can be regarded as an example of the discourse that has not finished yet. The discourse is confined to questions raised (which are revealed in speeches of Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar) and answers provided (these answers can be found in Elihu’s speech). The Two Views First, it is necessary to note that Job as well as his friends remains unaware of the reason of Job’s sufferings. They never knew why Job had to suffer. 3 This is a very important point as it perfectly reveals the concept of faith. People cannot be sure in anything concerning faith. They have not found the reason yet. Likewise, Job’s friends and Job do not know why Job has to suffer. Noteworthy, they try to find a particular reason. Job’s friends and even Job himself “all shared a basic traditional sense of divine justice without which the whole moral nature of the universe would be upended”. 4 However, there is no particular answer to their major question at the end of the book. Even though Elihu and Job are praised for their rightfulness, it is not explicitly stated that they were right in their views on the universal justice. God does not reveal the reason of Job’s suffering to Job and his friends. The book simply depicts a particular example, i.e. Job’s sufferings which can hardly be justified. The book also contains a dominating view on suffering, i.e. suffering can only be certain punishment for misdeeds. 5 The book also contains another view on the matter. It is suggested that people should not think about reasons and causes and just to accept anything the universe has to offer. Importantly, God supports one of these views as revealed in the book. However, The Book of Job does not contain a precise answer but just reveals people’s views on suffering and universal justice. One (Dominating) Opinion Eliphaz As has been mentioned above, Job’s friends have a very specific and important role in the book as they represent two opposing views on faith. First, the role of Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar should be considered. The three friends are sure that the basic law is based on moral principles which are persistent in the society, i.e. any wrongdoing should be punished and righteous deeds should be rewarded. Therefore, the three friends deem that Job sinned since he is punished. 6 Eliph
Introduction This paper has highlighted various issues which will assist Mountain bank to penetrate the market and be able to counter competition. Mountain bank is in a very competitive business and requires well-formulated strategies of competition and marketing in order to stay afloat in the market. Without proper implementation of these important features of doing business, Mountain bank will eventually collapse. The paper will also discuss the cooperate responsibility of employees in the bank: the employees have a responsibility to ensure that they provide better services to customers in order for the bank to market itself through quality services. Competition strategies for Mountain Bank The introduction of free trade markets has led to massive competition between banks, thus forcing many banks to introduce different types of products which can easily penetrate these markets. It is important to note that, this trading system has caused imperfect competition, which is normally called monopolistic competition. Since the cropping up of this type of competition different types of models have been introduced in order to counter monopolistic competition, an example of these models is as shown by this equation: Q = S x [1/n – b x (P – P )]. This model helps to determine the number of competitors in the market and the prices of the products being offered. The introduction of a new product in the market is one way in which Mountain bank can overcome competition. Another strategy that will help Mountain bank to beat competitors is the use of modern ways of advertising. Such methods may include chat rooms, viral marketing and anonymous emails. The use of archaic methods of advertising which have been overrun by time will cost Mountain bank a fortune since they have now become obsolete. One of the best examples of modern technology advertising which is used in marketing is viral marketing (Stewart & Brown,