ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Stress is a common physiological challenge faced by all human beings. Stress results from prolonged exposure to cortisol hormone that is produced by suprarenal glands. When this hormone is released, it discourages the generation of new cells (neurogenesis) that replaces nerve cells in the hippocampus. Hippocampal neurons are responsible for regulating emotions, thoughts and the creation of new memories. Researchers have established the genetic mechanism that occurs in the brain to trigger stress or prolonged trauma. Scientists have shown that people with depression have brain tissues that show activation of particular genetic transcription. The transcription factor acts like a “switch” that provokes the genes to be turned on or off. During a depression, TF turns off five genes responsible for the normal formation of synaptic connections in the brain that controls emotions and cognition. These brain units are responsible for a normal emotional response in human beings. Glucocorticoids release a stress hormone that affects the hippocampus nerve cells and prefrontal neurons. Glucocorticoids are hormones released after the amygdala nerve cells are activated by stimuli from the brain. The activation neurons send a signal to the hypothalamic tissues that release glucocorticoids hormones such as cortisol. According to Lajtha, Baker, Dunn, and Holt (2007) cortisol hormone are regarded as a stress hormone since it prepares the brain to sustain a fight or respond to an attack (p. 582). Cortisol affects hippocampal nerve cells and prefrontal neurons by disrupting normal communication between the genes that aid neuronal connections. Recent studies have shown that stress hormone causes hippocampal neurons to retract while it precipitates amygdala neurons to expand. Stress provokes hippocampal-dependent memory to decrease when exposed to cortisol for a long period of time. Stress also causes over-excitability of nerve cells that are regulated via adrenal steroids (Siegel, Sapru, & Siegel, 2006). Mental pressure induces prefrontal cortex interruption that is characterized by the enlargement of dendrite and atrophied dendrites. The expansion of these dendrite cause disruption of cognitive flexibility that causes aging. Severe depression can also affect the replacement and generation (neurogenesis) of neurons in the dentate gyrus. Replacement of human brain nerve cells ensues in the subventricular zone. This region is responsible for the generation of new neurons for the olfactory bulbs. Reproduced units are located in the area where neurogenesis takes place. The new nerve cells are then extended to the CA3 region of the hippocampal cells (Melanie, 2012). Stress hormone causes the amygdala to produce large amounts of somatropin (growth hormone); however, it is dependent on the presenc
Introduction Suicide refers to “the act of intentionally, causing one’s own death”. Individuals often commit suicide out of despair. Despair can be caused by a number of reasons such as mental disorder, substance abuse and failed relationships. Suicide is ranked 13 th among the leading causes of death in the world. In the United Sates of America, suicide is the sixth leading cause of death. In US, suicide cases are not only high among civilians, but also in the military. Studies indicate that the number of suicide cases reported in the military between 1977 and 2003 were comparable to those reported among the civilian population. However, the suicide rate in the military began to rise sharply from 2004. Currently, more suicide cases are reported in the military than among the civilians. Studies reveal that suicide cases in the US military have increased by 80% since 2004. In 2009 and 2010, the soldiers who died as a result of suicide were more than those who died in combat. This paper focuses on suicide in the US military. In particular, the causes of suicide in the military will be discussed. Additionally, the treatments and interventions being used to prevent suicide in the military will be analyzed. Causes of Suicide in the US military The rise in suicide rate in the military has been associated with a number of factors. These factors include social, environmental, biological, as well as, behavioral issues. The contributions of these factors to the rise in suicide in US military can be explained as follows. Biological Studies reveal that individuals who have attempted to commit suicide have low levels of serotonin. Serotonin is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain. Approximately, 90% of suicides are committed by individuals who suffer from some mental disorder or illness. The most common mental disorders associated with suicide include schizophrenia, depression and personality disorders. A 2008 study on suicide in US military revealed that majority of soldiers who committed suicide had been diagnosed with a mental disorder or illness prior to their death. Over 25% of the soldiers who committed suicide had adjustment disorder. Soldiers who had depression were 11 times more likely to kill themselves. Additionally, soldiers with anxiety were 10 times likely to commit suicide. The high cases of suicide among soldiers are also attributed to medical conditions. Medical conditions such as chronic pain cause some psychiatric disorders such as depression which in turn leads to suicide. Chronic pain, as well as, physical disability is the main cause of suicide among older soldiers and even high ranking military officers. Empirical studies indicate that soldiers suffering from chronic pain as a result of major injuries often develop depressive symptoms. Soldiers who become disabled often develop anxiety and despair due to the fact that they can no longer be the soldiers they used to be. Such soldiers resort to suicide as a way of ending their pain and frustrations. Social Several social factors contribute to the high
The numbers in the U. S. demonstrate the nation’s growth, how people spread across the country, and other subjects such as wealth distribution densities. The Official Census is carried out every ten years, counting all residents in the U.S. More than 100 additional surveys by households and businesses are also collected by the Agency every one to five years (Qiu et al. 7). The results of these surveys can be explored, or fast facts can be found. For instance, how does the Census result influence the political decisions of the regional leaders? Can the number of immigrants inform politicians, sociologists, and economists to address the undesirable inequalities in the distribution of resources and also promote social prejudice in the American region? American society values the numeric system because it enables them to distinguish themselves from the rest of the world. The two countries of England and the United States are split by the same language. For instance, whereas Americans will name “3,000,000,000” three billion, an English person will pronounce it as three thousand million. Although a scientist may write 3×1012 or say it loudly, another way to say the very same thing was for a programmer is to the right or say 3E12 (Qiu et al. 5). All these are different ways to say the same thing. As a result, the use of numbers in the United States is critical to understanding the cultures and professional abilities of the people who live within its borders. The dependency on the numerical systems by the U.S. citizens as a diverse population has distinct perceptions of the environment and everything. Work Cited Qiu, Jiangxiao, et al. “Understanding relationships among ecosystem services across spatial scales and over time.” Environmental Research Letters, vol.13, no.5, 2018, p. 054020.
An acquisition presents a perfect chance for a business organization to expand its operations and provide a prospect of increased revenue. As a result, many managers jump into an offer as soon as it surfaces. However, the deal is not always smart and therefore, calls for critical evaluation. In his article “rules to acquire by,” Nolop offers insights into acquisitions by outlining essential rules that must be followed. First Rule: Sticking To Adjacent Spaces An acquisition is not always the first option to do, and if done, should not involve faraway strange organizations. Instead, a business has to stick to adjacent spaces to succeed in acquisitions. Adjacent spaces are nearby logical extensions the business can venture into to succeed in the market. In this case, extending to the nearby opportunity makes sense compared to venturing into dark far away territories where one knows nothing about. A nearby extension promotes cultural orientation of the business, leverage of expertise of the management, and provides more insights into the customer. In addition, the company manages to create brand consistency because sticking to adjacent spaces does not alter the brand image, but rather strengthens it. When sticking to adjacent spaces, one should consider alternative ways of adding value to the business rather than acquisitions (Nolop 129). Second Rule: Bet on Portfolio Performance This rule suggests that managers should consider performance rather than the size of the deal during acquisitions. This means managers should make small successive acquisitions rather than one big acquisition. In this case, the risks are hedged and management process is simplified. Making small acquisitions ensures effective management of financial results, and provides a learning curve to the business. Third rule: Get a Business Sponsor A business sponsor is a party supposed to initiate and run the acquisition as owners. Sponsors functions as a corporate development group. They are responsible for the running of the acquisition and are required to provide a detailed report about the operations of acquisitions. As soon as a business enters into acquisition agreement, plans should be made to have a sponsor who will ensure accountability because he or she will own the process. This is not an exception if the company wants to succeed in a given acquisition. The sponsors or corporate development group owns the entire process implying that the office of the human resource management is not supposed to run the acquisition. The sponsors should be involved in talent retention, formulation of policies to govern human resource, and ensuring the flow of finances. In addition all reports made to the management should incorporate business sponsors. If the acquisition wants to integrate a new information and technolo
Introduction A key factor in the success of the top-ranking companies operating in the hospitality sector is their emphasis on development as an ongoing process of adaptation and improvement. Unfortunately, not all business executives realize the importance of organizational development (OD) and change in fast-paced environments of hospitality settings (Burnes & Cooke, 2012). Some managers are not capable of leveraging the relationship between their skill sets and OD, thereby failing to create innovative teams, build ethical strength, and elevate and extend transformative practices within their organizations. This paper aims to analyze Choice Hotels International from an OD point of view. The paper will explain in detail how Lewin’s change model can be used to improve the effectiveness of the organization. Discussion Choice Hotels International is a successful lodging holding corporation headquartered in Rockville, Maryland ( About Choice hotels , n.d.). The company’s portfolio of brands includes Comfort Inn, Clarion, Sleep Inn, Econo Lodge, Suburban Extended Stay Hotel, and MainStay Suites among others ( Form 10-K , 2016). Choice Hotels International owns more than 6, 400 hotels in more than 40 countries and territories around the world ( Investor Information , n.d.). The growth of hotel room supply is one of the chief concerns of the company’s management. Therefore, in 2016, the organization offered its customers more than 500, 000 rooms in the economy, mid-scale, and up-scale price segments (
Introduction Abstract It is well known that there is a worldwide boom in tourism and this has resulted in an upsurge in the restaurant industry. Today, restaurants have a lot of opportunities but simultaneously, the competition has also become greater and stiffer. In order to grab such opportunities and excel, the restaurants have to be distinctive in the food that they serve. The aim of this dissertation is to ascertain the importance of aroma in food being served in restaurants in China and the impact that it has on the customers. The study will be more specific to Xintiandi Fountain restaurant in Shanghai, China. Due to the intense competition, the management has to formulate its own distinctive aroma that may help the restaurant to retain its customers and simultaneously, attract new ones. Due to numerous options in restaurants available with customers, unless there is something special at any particular restaurant, the manager is ought to face a tough time in retaining the customers. This dissertation includes a major survey done in order to get feedback from the general public regarding the importance of aroma in food and the impact that it has on the customers and the business. The results clearly showed that food aroma is a crucial factor for customers to decide on the restaurant to be visited. Good food aroma is even capable of developing emotional feelings and loyalty within the customers. So it can be said that good food aroma has the capacity to have an encouraging effect on the business profitability of a restaurant. The study and the consolidated data can be of great help to the restaurant industry. The management can take heed and formulate cost effective food aroma to further popularise the restaurant and thus increase the restaurant’s revenue. Background The importance of service-encounter performance as a fundamental component towards the realization and reinforcement of customer loyalty and customer satisfaction paradigms has been proposed in the literature for more than half a century (Adebanjo, 2001). This relationship has elicited great interest in the antecedents of service-encounter performance from both the academic and managerial spheres (Jani & Han, 2011), understandably driven by the impetus for organizations to find ways to not only keep and attract new customers but also to remain competitive and profitable in the increasingly shifting business environment of the 21st century (Walter et al, 2011; Namkung & Jang, 2008). As customers now have more information available, are more elastic in their purchasing and consumption patterns, and have more choices than before, it is becoming increasingly imperative for service organizations to put in place proactive strategies with the aim to win the loyalt
The world of science has, for the longest time, been dominated by men. In previous decades, there were legal, academic, corporate, and government barriers enacted to prevent the involvement of women in various subjects. Today, most of these measures do not exist to allow for a smooth entry for all genders into the various scientific fields. Despite these efforts, “science has a very long way to go to be inclusive in terms of gender” (McClellan & Dorn, 2006, p. 423). Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge moments and people who devoted their lives to turning the tide against most of these primitive norms. One of these figureheads is Margaret Rossiter, a professor at Cornell University. It was back in 1969 when Rossiter had the moment that would shape the rest of her life. As an enrolled member of the Yale program devoted to the history of science, she was eligible to attend the weekly camaraderie meetings between professors and students at the local den (Dominus, 2019). In one of these moments, she asked about the possibility of female scientists having made an impact in science. An emphatic negative answer was all she got before someone mentioned Marie Curie. Despite Curie having won the Nobel Prize, the group dismissed her by relegating her accomplishments to her husband’s. Rossiter did not argue against their opinions, instead choosing to focus on the bigger picture: her life’s work. For the next decade after that, she brought female science accomplishments to the fore and got them the recognition they deserved (Dominus, 2019). She scoured and found records of women buried in history and excavated those records for the world to see. The impact of showing that women have made strides in science in the past means that the present and future female scientists have paved the way for them. It showed that progress for women in science was always happening despite the adversity of those eras, and the only thing preventing other accomplishments would be despair. There is even more acceptability for women’s participation in scientific research and achievements for society.
Introduction Most districts in Texas face an acute shortage of teachers in both public and private schools. As a result, the education system has embraced mentorship as a means of ensuring that teachers stick to their profession thus the increase in teacher mentees. Mentoring entails a sustained relationship for supporting teachers in their early stage of their career. According to Regins and Kram (2007), mentor is a more experienced individual or rather a colleague with the knowledge of not only the needs, but also the professional context of the other person-the mentee (p.12). Mentorship is usually a time-defined process with significant emphasis on the development of the less experienced teachers’ classroom practices and instructional skills. Wright (2010) posits that, the role of the teacher mentor is to guide the development of the teacher mentee on effective teaching using several instructional pedagogies (p.16). The increase in teacher mentees is instrumental in the enhancement of the sufficient teaching staff in the region’s educational system. Factors that have led to the increase teaching mentees Less experienced teachers face several challenges, which are both personal and professional. These challenges include huge workloads, poor student behaviour as well as improper work planning. Other elemental reasons that discourage less experienced teachers include lack of support from professional bodies or people coupled with deplorable working environments. Most teachers who find it hard to cope with the seemingly hard working environment opt to quit the profession. This has led to a high teacher turnover in many districts in the region. Rieg and Paquette (2007) rue that, an “alarming and unsustainable number of teachers leave teaching profession during their first three years of working” (p.212). Teacher attrition, the phenomenon whereby teachers leave teaching for alternative careers, is the largest single factor determining the increase in demand of teachers not only in Texas, but also in all the states of America. According to Rinke, “40% of beginning teachers leave teaching
Hawthorne’s Concept of Evil Nathaniel Hawthorne is characterized as a writer deeply concerned with the Puritan values instilled in him as a result of his upbringing in nineteenth century New England. Although the area was no longer dominated by the Puritans of the past by the time Hawthorne was writing, many of the same ideas still surfaced and became the primary themes of Hawthorne’s novels and short stories. In the short story “Rappaccini’s Daughter”, Hawthorne examines the concept of sin and evil as he tells a relatively simple story of a young man and the young woman he falls in love with. In his novel The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne tells the story of a young woman living in a Puritan community who becomes pregnant even though her husband has never been seen in New England. The way that the community dealt with this transgression of marital bonds comprises the bulk of the story, in which it is finally revealed that the highly respected Reverend Dimmesdale was the father of the child. Although the setting of “Rappaccini’s Daughter” is in Padua, Italy and The Scarlet Letter is set in New England, the two tales explore similar concepts of good and evil as they are revealed through the various characters introduced – Dr. Rappaccini, Beatrice and Giovanni in the short story and the townspeople, Pearl and Hester in The Scarlet Letter. Rappaccini’s Daughter In “Rappaccini’s Daughter”, Dr. Rappaccini is a mysterious sickly man who keeps a garden filled with unearthly beautiful flowers that each contains deadly poison. In this environment, he has brought up his lovely daughter by sustaining her on the products of this garden. As a result, Beatrice has become a deadly poison herself. From his first introduction, then, Dr. Rappaccini is presented in terms intended to link him with traditional concepts of evil. He is described as a “tall, emaciated, sallow and sickly looking man, dressed in a scholar’s garb of black” (Hawthorne). Although his face appears intelligent and well-educated, his expression is further described as one that “could never, even in his more youthful days, have expressed much warmth of heart” (Hawthorne). As more is learned of him, it is discovered that his life study has been dedicated to producing the most deadly poison in the world. His studies have not prevented him from conducting cruel experiments on even those who might be expected to have been most precious to him, like his own daughter. Professor Baglioni tells Giovanni that Dr. Rappaccini’s patients “are interesting to him only as subjects for some new experiment. He would sacrifice human life, his own among the rest, or whatever else was dear to him, for the sake of adding so much as a grain of mustard-seed to the great