ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Emile Durkheim is one of the most famous scientists in the history of sociology. His research, however, touches upon multiple fields of study. In particular, his theory of division of labor and legal evolution attempts to explain the correlation between the evolution of the society and its legal system. The current paper investigates Durkheim’s theory of legal evolution and attempts to find out how it agrees with the facts uncovered by a study of two communal settlements in Israel in the 1950s. The consistencies and inconsistencies between Durkheim’s theory and the facts are discussed, as well as certain aspects of these facts to which the theory is irrelevant; also, some nuances which cannot be explained by Durkheim’s theory are pointed out. Durkheim’s Theory of Legal Evolution, and the Consistencies and Inconsistencies Between That Theory and Findings of the Study of the Communities According to Durkheim’s theory of legal evolution, the development of the society from simpler forms (in which the division of labor is not high, so, in fact, most people participate in all the activities that exist in the community to a certain degree), to more complex forms (in which the division of labor is high and the labor is highly specialized, so that every member of the society, in fact, perform their own specified role), is followed by the development of legal means of regulating relationships and conflicts within that society (Sutton 35-37). In accordance with that theory, this occurs due to the fact that in the simpler forms of society, the collective conscience is rather strong, the sense of the individual identity is quite weak, and so there exists a high degree of the agreement pertaining to the rules (explicit or implicit) that should be followed in that society; on the other hand, is a specialized society, each individual has their own area in which they specialize and act, so they may understand little about the life of others, and no such agreement exists between persons, which is why an outside formal force such as law is needed in order to help people solve disputes and restore the bonds or contracts that have been broken due to some adverse action of one of the participants of these bonds or contracts (Sutton 36-38). Therefore, the consistencies between Durkheim’s theory and the findings of the study pertaining to the kibbutz and moshav communities can easily be seen. In the kibbutz there was no division between the labor, and, in fact, all the members of the community participated in all the types of work that existed in the kibbutz.
Abortion has been a contentious issue in the American society. The society has been controlling fertility using abortion irrespective of its legality. The United States legalised this practice before 1880; afterwards, it was banned in most states but only allowed when a woman’s life was to be saved or in case a woman’s life was in danger. Traditionally, women practiced abortion amid public support and no court conviction (Libertarianism). Notably, during this time even the Church did not lead a repression against this act. Before the 19th century, women could assist each other in the abortion process. Women healers in US openly trained other women to abort without judicial interventions. The US government has overtime remained in focus on abortion issues. Historical court rulings reveal the divisions that have existed in the US on the topic of abortion. The government has been changing positions on this issue with numerous amendments. This has been due to the differences in opinion between the Democrats and Republicans on abortion. In the early 1800, there was no law touching on abortion for women, it was not easy for them to refuse to go along with abortion practices hence eliminating the need for it (Abortion | American Civil Liberties Union). The US government has ensured that women experiencing inferior abortions and affected by abdominal infections are treated in the emergency wards that were established in some of their hospitals. Markedly, the doctors were the ones allowed to perform this process. If abortion was to be done to a young female, the doctors were to inform their parents before carrying out this operation. This information was to remove any liability from the doctor in case of any risk that can arise like death of the young female. In 1973, in a case between Roe versus Wade, the Supreme Court ruled that a woman should be the one to decide when to have an abortion. This Amendment Concept of Human Liberty was considered as a right of privacy. In Roe versus Wade, the term ‘right of privacy’ was viewed as broad to include whether a woman opts to abort or not. Notably, this ruling legalised abortion in the US. During this time, the government initiative that supports health care, Medicaid, offered funding to women who wanted to stop pregnancy. The land-mark ruling by the Supreme Court made women have the legal right to abortion. This ruling ensured that the women’s rights were entrenched in the constitution. Therefore, barriers of whichever nature to abortion were deemed to be unconstitutional at this point. It is clear that the government was not able to determine out rightly when life begins. The Texas and Georgia court rulings left a key question on whether a foetus has right to life or not. Obviously, the rulings had little concern for the life of the unborn babies; therefore, presuming that life begins at the start of the third trimester and not necessarily at conception. The third trimester is a period between the 7th and the 9th month of
Introduction Any company relies on its customers to generate revenue. It is therefore very important to establish a strong working relationship with them. In the hotel industry for example, the management deals directly with the client and any unresolved dispute between the two can lead to the hotel incurring major losses. It is therefore important for the management to implement a customer relationship management strategy to maintain a good relationship with its customers. The strategy is important to offer satisfactory services that lead to increased sales in the hotel (Wenderoth 23). A new hotel being established should put up a workable strategy that will help it capture the customers from other competing hotels. Case Study: Carlton Hotel Saudi Arabia Carlton Hotel is strategically located in the heart of the capital city in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain. Being a new entrant into the competitive market of Saudi Arabia, Carlton has adopted unique features that make it more outstanding from its competitors. The location is ideal for customers to access it at any time. Carlton offers a unique model of comfort that is only experienced in a first class hotel. The rooms have been built strategically to enable the guest have the most impressive views of the city. The interior and exterior design of the hotel reflects the culture of the people of Saudi Arabia mixed with a touch of international art. However, despite the beautiful aspect of the hotel and its ideal location, the management has implemented a customer relationship strategies that have made the services offered at the hotel exceptional. This has made the hotel to be one of the leading hotels in Saudi Arabia with the competitors unable to keep up with its pace. The Service Marketing Used By Carlton Hotel The service marketing adopted by Carlton Hotel to maintain its customers is unique hence making the venture successful. For a business to successfully market its services, there are things that it should consider. These factors are known as the 3 P’s that comprise the marketing mix of a service (Hoffman and Bateson 43). The first factor that should be considered is the people to deliver the services. Carlton Hotel has employed the best workforce to deal with the customers. All the employees from the different departments in the hotel possess the required training to enable them deliver their services appropriately. This is an important aspect to consider as most of judgments by a customer are based on the services received from the staff. Carlton’s management ensures that the staff members are friendly and any dispute between a member of the staff and a customer is resolved amicably. The other factor is the process involved to get that service. Carlton has made it their policy to make the process of dealing with customers simple an
Introduction Canada is home to a battery of industries that make a tremendous profit from women’s beauty and body images. Such industries include the beauty, diet, cosmetic surgery, and fitness industries, which have formed a multibillion-dollar success as a result of their ability to advertise effectively and market the ultra-thin modern body ideal. The enormity of this success is further enhanced by the mass media, which serves as a conveyer belt of women to their body images (Naiman, 2009). According to Paul Schilder’s studies in the 1920s, body image is not only a cognitive construct but also depicts attitudes and how one interacts with others i.e. body image is a mental picture of our bodies. However, due to globalization trends after 1950, the perception of body image has dramatically changed. Currently, social media has made women perceive body image in terms of their attractiveness, perception of bodily boundaries, and distortion in body size. Research in sociological sciences has pointed out that disordered body image initially common in western culture is now being immensely replicated throughout the world. Similarly, in line with empirical research in social and behavioral sciences, there exists a high rate of eating disorders, and many girls and women in Canada fall victim (Wilcox and Laird, 2000; Naiman, 2009). Thesis Research findings on the effects of exposing women to thin body-image- advertisements has been a topic of recent focus. Although some researchers have refuted the effect of exposure to thin idealized images on the body images of women, others have pointed out that exposure to the media has adverse effects on their body image and self-esteem. For instance, when young women are exposed to thin body images in adverts, they develop low self-esteem characterized by negative feelings about their body image hence causing dissatisfaction. Images of thin bodies in magazines cause body image dissatisfaction and create a desire for thinning, especially among women and girls. Therefore, because average women rarely look like images shown in advertisements, their comparison approaches make them dissatisfied with their body image. Advertising and body image In the Canadian context, both the global and regional media have massively disseminated images of western origin regarding aspects of beauty and the availability of the products and services to accomplish the ultra-thin body ideal to girls and women. Such effects of social media have resulted in numerous surveys that have established that girls and women have a negative feeling about their body image. As a result, feminist scholars have critically analyzed s
Job Evaluation at Blazers I recently interviewed Jane Woo, the human resources manager at Blazers, a firm that deals in beauty and cosmetic products in Canberra. She informed me that as a human resource practitioner, she is involved in job evaluation. According to her, job evaluation is the process of gathering and organizing and describing information about specific tasks, responsibilities, and duties of employees to determine the compensation that is commensurate with employees’ duties and responsibilities or when particular, training is to be recommended for staff. In other words, it is the process through which the importance or value of a certain job about the rest is determined to arrive at the appropriate remuneration for each job or simply rank jobs for internal analysis. She informed me that her department uses the Mercer Cullen Egan Dell (CED) job evaluation system, which entails evaluating a job based on eight criteria conceptualized under three factors: judgment, accountability, and expertise, that give each job its value. The judgment factor seeks to evaluate judgment challenges of the position and is made up of two components: job environment and reasoning. In the job environment, she informed me that they seek to determine the tasks and activities required for the position as well as the possibilities of position holders to come up with new techniques to accomplish tasks. Evaluation in terms of reasoning, on the other hand, examines the requirement of a job holder to solve problems and exercise judgment for simple and complex tasks. The second factor that is evaluated is accountability, which is concerned with the kind of authority the position attracts and the level of the holder’s involvement in the allocation of resources in the organization. She said that the components for this factor are influence, impact, and involvement. According to her, influence particularly centers on the level of influence the position has on service delivery and the production process. She noted that top management has a higher level of influence than middle management. The involvement component examines
Introduction Economics refers to the study of the allocation of our limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants (Sivagnanam 2010). Economics helps professionals develop a disciplined method of thinking about problems. The application of Economics in problem solving does not always provide clear cut answers, but offers an avenue towards the correct course of action. On the other hand, having some knowledge of market trends can help economists make informed decisions, including financial decisions (Sivagnanam 2010). In order to gain a deeper understanding of these concepts, this paper is going to give a detailed analysis of the business operations and economics of Vodafone. The Business and the Competitive Environment Vodafone is the world’s largest mobile telecommunication company in terms of revenue, and it is headquartered in London (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson 2009). Vodafone is also the world second largest mobile telecommunication company in terms of subscriber numbers (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson 2009). The company is mainly involved with the provision of data and voice services through mobile phones. As a multinational company, Vodafone has established networks in over thirty counties around the globe (Khosrow-Pour 2006). On top of that, it has partnered with other networks in other forty counties across the world (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson 2009). Vodafone is ranked number two on London Stock Exchange in terms of market capitalisation (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson 2009). Core business The core business of Vodafone is in the information and communication sector. The company’s main core business is the provision of voice and data services through mobile phones. Communication through mobile phones has grown remarkably in the last two decades. As one of the pioneers in the mobile telecommunication sector, Vodafone has established its network across the globe providing its customers with reliable mobile services. Thus, Vodafone mainly acts as a service provider in mobile phones communication. The services are two fold. The first service involves voice communication via mobile phones. The second service involves data transfer via mobile phones. In other, words, Vodafone also provides internet connectivity. Vodafone has a number of braded products that depict its core business. They include Vodaphone mobile connect USB modem, Vodafone 360, Vodafone live, Vodaphone connect to friends, Vodafone freedom packs, Vodafone passport, Vodafone 710 and Vodafone at home (Happer & Buress 2008). Vodafone’s subsidiary Safaricom limited of Kenya launched another unique service called MPESA five years ago (Mohapatra & Ratha 2011). MPESA is the latest mobile money transfer method on the globe.
Summary The article “Why are we dressing our Daughters Like this?” discusses fashion changes that seem to exaggerate the sexuality of the girl child. The author, Lianne George, analyzes the adjustments in marketing strategies as designers seek to expand their market for female clothing and beauty products. The article analyzes the perception of the girl child in the past centuries and compares the current obsession with the sexuality of the girl child to past eras. George examines the impacts of the changes in societal norms and marketing trends, which help to propagate the notion that girls as young as eight years should identify with the sexualized feminine gender. The author considers the feminist movement to have played a key role in influencing the acceptance of the sexual overtones in almost all matters relating to women. The lack of a subtle approach in the pursuit of social, economic and political empowerment of women has exposed young girls to the notion that a woman, despite her age, gains recognition through her sexualized character. George emphasizes the need for the society to exercise caution and sobriety in the upbringing of the girl child because the current obsession with feminism is creating a generation of women whose perception of the self depends on their sex appeal. The essay will provide a critique of the article “Why are we dressing our Daughters Like this?” by Lianne George. Strengths The article uses evidence from clothing historians to demonstrate the influence of the societal norms on the dressing of young girls. For example, in the 17 th century, male and female children wore outfits similar to their elders and representing their social class. The author presents an analysis of a Louis XV painting to demonstrate that sexual overtones in the dressing of children persisted amongst royal families. The paintings show the image of a girl, 6 years old, wearing a low-cut dress. In the second half of the 18 th century, the perception of children as innocent individuals emerged and became the norm in the society (George 280). The design for girls’ clothes in the Victorian age emphasized that young girls did not have any sexuality. The author compares the current trend of dressing in young girls to the 17 century when there was no distinction between girls and
Introduction The world of globalisation and industrialisation is growing at a great pace, which has sent businesspersons, merchants, and entrepreneurs into a competitive arena, thus forcing them to find alternative methods to boost their businesses. For instance, introducing a variety of products to meet consumer needs and demands as well as increasing their competence in the market structure. As new products emerge into the market, it is a common knowledge that none of them has a ready market place (Moyes & Lawrence 2003). The most common strategy utilised by manufactures and entrepreneurs is sales and marketing approach, which involves several activities that intend to provide consumers with relevant information regarding their new products. This study seeks to provide a detailed product feasibility report for new android Smartphone in the Chinese market. Synopsis of product feasibility Currently, within the business paradigm, product feasibility has become a necessary aspect to enhance business competitiveness and market dominance. According to Abou-Moghli and Abdallah (2007), product feasibility is one of the essential business marketing elements in the market analysis process, which is deemed as a scientific tool of obtaining relevant information pertinent to the provision of realities of the targeted market. Generally, product feasibility study refers to analysis and evaluation of the potency of the intended business project in terms of provision of services or product targeted at giving decision makers confidence over the execution of a business idea. Bateman (2004) affirms, “As a preliminary evaluation of a business idea, a feasibility analysis is completed to determine if an idea is worth pursuing and to screen ideas before spending resources on them” (p.72). Product or market feasibility normally provides an opportunity for recognition of prospects affiliated with the introduction of the new product or service before a company produces an everlasting business plan regarding the new business idea. For any business to become successful, market and product feasibility studies have become essential for small, medium, and commercial business enterprises. Research denotes that economic feasibility analysis must reflect on a preliminary evaluation of a business proposal to distinguish if it is worth pursuing. When decision makers deem a business idea unworkable, it is necessary to drop it or rethink it in a bid to avoid engaging in null businesses investment (Reilly & Millikin 1996). Once a business idea has proven feasible, decision makers are capable of developing a business plan and further launch the business venture. According to Bateman (2004), a positive market or product feasibility analysis gives an entrepreneur the needed morale to the gateway of pursuing the business idea. Description of the new product Growth in global technology has enhanced competition among accessory related companies, with effectiveness, efficacy, and reliability being among the considerable factors that consumers’ interests lie. The