ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction One of the key challenges that have emerged in the 21st century is how to deal with the waste produced by individuals and the harmful effects associated with it. The level of waste material has exhibited significant increase over the past century due to the rise in human population and higher living standards, which have made it possible for people to afford more commodities. Waste management is an important issue since trash takes up the land resources of a country and negatively affects the environment if it is not dealt with properly. Since getting people to reduce the amount of trash they produce may be hard to achieve, recycling is the most feasible solution to the problem. This method can help improve the growing waste problem globally at the same time reducing the environmental impact. Recycling is a practical solution since most of the waste disposed of by people can be recycled. However, the level of recycling is still significantly low in the US. Cantu reveals that while 80% of the waste produces by Americans is recyclable, only 28% of it gets recycled (14). Recycling of waste is the only way through which the world can deal with its growing waste problem and as such, policies should be put in place to ensure that everyone engages in this activity. A Case for Recycling For many materials, recycling decreases the energy consumption in the manufacturing industries. The manufacturing industry is an energy intensive one with vast quantities of energy being used in the mineral extraction and processing stages. The reuse of materials such as metals can help significantly reduce the energy consumption by the industry. Tulchinsky states that the production of steel and aluminum from virgin ore are both very polluting and energy intensive (343). The energy consumed during the mineral extraction phases can be saved on by reusing material. Gaustad and Elsa document that while 175 megajoules per kilogram of energy is used to produce aluminum from primary sources; recycled aluminum only required 10 to 20 megajoules per kilogram (287). This energy advantage should create a strong economic incentive to recycle since the manufacturing cost will be reduced and the end product less costly. The reduced energy consumption facilitated by recycling is beneficial to the environment since it will mitigate the negative environmental costs of burning fuels. The energy needs of the manufacturing industry have contributed significantly to the
Abstract Today is the world of science and technology. Extensive human probing in the space domains, technological inventions such as cable TV and the Internet have changed the entire course of things in the way it was never witnessed before. Today the pace with which the body of knowledge is expanding is enormous. The flow of information is one thing that is regarded as the most important aspect to survive in today’s world, whichever walk of life it may be. As such, advertising has come to dominate the business and consumer markets with a heavy blow. Today, development in the advertising industry has also gone manifold with a number of media, both traditional and digital, contributing significantly to a firm’s market share, its reputation, as well as the growth aspects for the very firm in the future. As such, the attention of the professionals and scholars has shifted to focus on the specific functionality of advertising. Today, it is not merely displaying the items for sales in the window; indeed, it is a state-of-the-art field that requires highly trained professionals with necessary logistics. In the twenty-first century, when the world has shrunk into a global village, the norms of advertising have become international mainly due to business firms spanning their products across the globe. In this way, the term international advertising has emerged widely in the advertising literature. If the trends in the area of international advertising have helped boost profitability, there are certain issues related to this very trend. Cross-cultural, linguistic, ethnic issues have been given great concern in this very domain. Henceforth, the present paper reviews extensive literature to investigate the recent several aspects and issues confronted by international advertising. It begins by tracing the history, definition, and other basic concepts of international advertising. In the later section, the present study undertakes to examine issues and challenges present in this very domain critically. International Advertising Definition The idea of international advertising has acquired considerable attention. In this section, the present writer critically examines various aspects of international advertising, starting from its commonly known definition. In the advertising literature, international advertising is defined as the dissemination of a message made for some target audience for business purposes, and the target audience is spread over a number of countries. As such, the role of international advertising is highly challenging given the fact that the different audiences in different countries have varied languages, cultures, values, norms, and so forth. In this way, the functioning of advertising in each country is likely to differ in nature
In general, migration may be regarded as a highly complex phenomenon where various multilevel factors are united in order to determine the individual’s final decision to migrate. Such macro-factors as demographic, socio-economic, political, and environmental situations have a major impact on migration (Castelli 2018). At the same time, they are the main reasons of forced internal or international migration that traditionally cannot be controlled by people. The meso-factors that play a highly significant role as well include land grabbing, communication technology, and diasporic links (Castelli 2018). As a matter of fact, social media considerably attract people from foreign countries by raising frequently exaggerated awareness concerning living conditions in developed countries (Castelli 2018). In addition, the existence of the diaspora abroad is frequently regarded as highly attractive. Finally, the migration’s micro-factors related to marital status, religion, education, and personal attitude contribute to individual choice and the final decision as well (Castelli 2018). There is a widely-known stereotype that poor, rural, and illiterate people constitute the majority of migrants. However, this cliche should be abandoned as the poorest citizens remain trapped and do not have opportunities to escape inappropriate conditions in their countries, such as poverty or wars. In the present day, the immigration of Mexican citizens to the United States is a topic of considerably intense debates for various political and economic reasons. In general, the Mexican immigration’s history may be characterized as “the movement of unskilled, manual laborers pushed northward mostly by poverty and unemployment and pulled into American labor markets with higher wages” (Gutiérrez 2019, 1). In other words, the majority of the Mexicans were economic immigrants, males from rural communities, who crossed the border, hoping to improve their living conditions and support their families financially. At the same time, during civil strives like the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero Revolt, people fled to the United States in order to escape political and religious persecution (Gutiérrez 2019). In turn, a substantial number of citizens who felt the pressure of patriarchal, tradition-bound, conservative, and rural agrarian society, migrated for personal liberties and modern values of Western culture. According to some scholars, the Mexicans’ mass labor migration is currently limited due to economic improvements in their country, an aging population and declining fertility rates, the economic downturn, and the impact of strict anti-immigrant policies of the United States (Slack, Martínez, Whiteford and Peiffer 2015). At the same time, modern immigration has historically unprecedented features as it considerably diverse (The John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress 2015). Concerning Mexico, migration has diversified in this region as well as people move not only from historically sending states of the Mexican heartland, but from Mexico’s southern states, gulf coast, and other areas (The John W. Klu
The 1871 Paris Commune was one of the stages of the development of the present French society that provided valuable lessons regarding the cost of ineffective government. The rule of the Paris Commune lasted for approximately two months and was associated with the governance of anarchism and the dictatorship of the proletariat. The reasons for the establishment of the Commune were the complicated political and economic situation in the country and its major cities, as well as several ineffective measures undertaken by the government. The goals of the Commune were deeply rooted in democratic values as the members of the Commune, as well as the rest of the population of France, wanted justice, democracy, and equal opportunities for all. Nevertheless, the rule of the Commune turned into violence that resulted in a massacre in May 1871. The Commune appeared to be unable to respond to the challenges French people were to address, which led to its end. The Commune was constituted by the representatives of diverse groups, which was rather a considerable limitation due to the lack of strong leadership. The measures undertaken by the Commune members were often dictated by the needs of local laborers and could not meet the expectations of the entire population of the country or even Paris. The purpose of this paper is to explore the most influential internal factors that contributed to the defeat of the Paris Commune, including the lack of coordination, strong leadership, experienced Commune’s members, and homogeneity among the Commune members. Bibliography Fetridge, William Pembroke. The Rise and Fall of the Paris Commune in 1871; With a Full Account of the Bombardment, Capture, and Burning of the City . Sydney, Australia: WENTWORTH Press, 2016. Merriman, John. Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune . London, England: Yale University Press, 2014. Merriman, John. “The Spectre of the Commune and French Anarchism in the 1890s.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism , edited by Carl Levy and Matthew S. Adams, 343-352. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Nicholls, Julia. Revolutionary Thought after the Paris Commune, 1871-1885 . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Tombs, Robert. The Paris Commune 1871 . New York, NY: Routledge, 2014.
Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman and Tennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie were created with an interval of 9 years. Besides this, these two plays have much in common in terms of their subject and composition. That is why it is interesting to compare the details of the two stories, and the peculiarities of both dramas’ actions. Both plays touch on the issues of losing sense of reality and living in the bondage of wrong dreams and illusions. Although it is often said, that one has the right to be what he wants, tough reality forces an individual to adapt his dreams and goals to the general flow of life. If he fails to do it, the life “rubs him off”. The action of both plays is focused on the destinies of such “dreamers” and their families. Protagonist of the Miller’s play, 63-year old Willy Loman lives inside his memories and dreams about his son’s future. His life is devoted to eternal financial struggles, where he shows his incapacity all the time. Willy was terminated after thirty-four years of working, which confirms that during all his life, he did not manage to achieve anything and to build a stable future for himself and his family. He meets his old years in misery and despair, struggling for survival. Amanda from The Glass Menagerie seems to be a pragmatist, a self-confident and reliable mother. In some incredible way, she combines these features with complete helplessness, having lost her touch with reality. She is eager to find a suitor for her daughter and puts strong efforts to do this. Willy’s incapacity affected the destiny of his children, who initially showed big potential, but in effect did not achieve much in their lives. As well, Amanda’s son tried to escape from his boring reality, spending free time watching movies. Her daughter Laura was also influenced by Amanda’s unusual personality, having become a shy, weak-willed dreamer. Her glass unicorn is a symbol of their helplessness and fragility. Another issue that makes the two plays similar is the protagonists’ diligent and eager attempts to survive and help their children. From the outside, they both seem entrepreneurial and smart. Amanda makes her best to settle her daughter’s personal life; Willy also works hard to deal with his problems. However, the attempts of both characters seem miserable, as they imply only chaotic useless actions with no result. What makes two protagonists different is their attitude to their failures. Amanda stays confident in her rightfulness and looks to the future; Willy plunges into his memories and tries to analyze what we did wrong: No wonder Willy shouts out his name. He is listening for an echo. No wonder he researches desperately back through his life for evidence of the moment he took a wrong path… (Miller VII). The characters’ attitude to time has been embodied in the composition of both dramas’ actions. Time is performed in two plays in somewhat different ways. The play of Williams is “a memory play”, where the present and the past are separate
Introduction The introduction of a new brand of product is a decision that should be analyzed comprehensively. Such products may be well received in the market, or the sales may fail to pick up. Also, the introduction of new products may affect the sales of existing products. Therefore, it is important to carry out a multifaceted feasibility study before the launch of such products. The study can examine various areas such as the financial impact of the new product, as well as the target market, distribution channel, and effect of the new product on the sales of existing products. In this scenario, Denver Furniture Corporation, a company well known for manufacturing high-quality products, intends to introduce a new brand that has a lower margin that than the existing brands. However, some in the company’s management is concerned about the idea that the new brand will affect the sales of the existing products. Another part of the management thinks that the new product will boost overall company sales. Thus, the decline in sales of existing products will be offset by the sales of the new product. Also, the company has excess capacity. Therefore, there will be no financial requirement to expand the current level of production. Objectives of the Paper The paper seeks to carry out ratio analysis to ascertain the effect of the new brand. The three ratios that will be estimated return on assets, profit margin, and asset turnover. Thereafter, a comparison will be made between the value of ratios before and after the introduction of the new product. Also, a recommendation will be made on other options that the company can explore. Calculation of Ratios The table presented below shows the calculation of ratios. (In thousands)                              Current Results           Proposed Results without Cannibalization  Proposed Results with Cannibalization Ratios                                                                                                                                                Return on assets                            12,000 000 / 100,000 000  13,000 000 / 100,000 000                  12,000 000 / 100,000 000              (profit for the year / total assets)        = 0.12                    = 0.13                                    = 0.12                                Profit margin (net income / sales revenue)  12,000 000 / 45,000 000   13,000 000 / 60,000 000                   12,000 000 / 50,000 000                                                           = 0.2667                  = 0.2167                                  = 0.24                                Asset turnover (total assets / sales)       45,000 000 / 100,000 000  60,000 000 / 100,000 000                  50,000 000 / 100,000 000                                                          = 0.45                    =0.60                                     = 0.50                                 Discussion of Results A review of the table above shows that the current sales level is $45 million. The forecasted sales level without cannibaliz
Introduction One of the biggest challenges to organizations today is to motivate their workforce. Various human resource practices are, therefore yet to be formulated in light of recent research studies placing the human resource function as integral to the success of any organization (Ferris 1999). Employee development is relatively one of the most integral aspects of human resource functions today. The importance of this practice has been supported by recent research studies suggesting that employee development is likely to affect the success of organizations because it influences employee attitudes and behavior. Employee development is, therefore important in developing the overall capabilities of both employees and employers alike. A central focus with regards to perceived employee development is that employee development creates an environment that is sensitive to the contributions employers make towards the employability of their employees. The perceived employee development facilitates employer’s obligations in the organization to symbolize a sense of care towards employee welfare, which in turn prompts employees to work twice as hard to ensure the organization reaches high levels of success (Arthur 1994). Considering the turbulent business environment and the rapid changes occurring across the globe with regard to organizational structures, there is an increasing need among employers to reexamine the need for continuous development among employees with regard to their skills and techniques. Nonetheless, the perception of how an increase in employee development affects the way employees behave, and the subsequent impact on employee attitudes is not well determined. More studies, therefore, need to be undertaken to establish this relationship; like the way the organization’s climate influences personal development skills or its influence on employee attitude and behaviors (Noe & Ford, 1992, p. 345). For purposes of this study, we will evaluate existing literature relating to the effects of employee development of new engineers on the organizational commitment in an electrical organization. Organizational commitment should be analyzed in the context of the psychological link of employee development on the employees, as well as the employers. The aim of this study is, therefore to establish a relationship between employee development and organizational commitment in relation to employee and employer attitudes, commitments, policies, and procedures in order to provide a baseline where future research can be undertaken. This study will, however, be multifaceted. Firstly, the relationship between employment development, the intent to leave and job satisfaction will be evaluated as essential determinants to organizational commitment. Secondly, this study will establish the intermediary role of job satisfaction and organizational commitment o
Carl Schmitt’s concept of “the political” and its associated view of sovereignty and law are rather weak because the explanation lacks vital details and reliable support. Schmitt writes that the state is the political status of an organized people, nothing more. Nevertheless, there is no full definition of the state or the political in any of his writings. The major part of his writing is devoted to explanation of the “enemy-friend concept from different perspectives while Schmitt has failed to explain the need to include these concepts into the discussion of state. Moreover, there is little logic in other arguments as well. However, the argumentation regarding the concept of “sovereign” is stronger because the whole chapter is devoted to the ideas of “sovereign” and “sovereignty”. The final discussion on law is weak and not supported with evidence. In overall, Schmitt has failed to define “state”, “the political”, “sovereign”, and “law” because arguments and comments are rather weak and not supported with examples. The state is the specific entity of a people. Moreover, Schmitt notes that the world “the political” is used negatively to various ideas not related to the state. In addition, he relates politics and economy, politics and morality, and politics and law, while the discussion of these concepts does not contribute to the definition of “the political”. Thus, the writing space is wasted to ideas that are not relevant to the topic being discussed. Moreover, the argument that the state is qualitatively distinct from society and higher than it is rather weak because no evidence or argumentation is provided to support it. At the same time, Schmitt does not reject the general “definitions of the political which contain nothing more than additional references to the state
Introduction By comparing and contrasting various views, theories or ideas, one is able to understand any relationship between them and thus make a right choice, ruling or conclusion. It requires a good understanding of what are supposed to be compared and contrasted otherwise knowing any relationship between them might not be possible. In this piece of work, there are three theories to be compared and contrasted and they are; ‘Dream Symbolism’, ‘Epic of Gilgamesh’ and ‘Sigmund Freud’. Main body Considering any similarity among the three given theories, it is can be seen that ‘Dream Symbolism’ and ‘Sigmund Freud’ are very similar in the sense that in both of them the main subject is ‘dream’. In ‘Dream Symbolism’, flight is viewed as a very exciting experience by someone who is dreaming (Cranefield, 113). Some images which are seen in dreams are highlighted in these theories, for example, an image of a very short woman who kept on dreaming that she was floating some few feet above the ground and another image is that of a person who was preparing for a sleigh ride in a dream (Riegler, 78). In the theory of ‘Sigmund Freud’, there is a classification of dream images in to five processes which are; displacement (occurs when something or someone is represented by something or someone else), projection, symbolization, condensation and rationalization. In these two theories, imagery is used to symbolize male and female reproductive organs (Cranefield, 127). For example, in the theory of ‘Dream Symbolism’, it is said that Freud used several example dreams in which hats were used to symbolize female genitalia. In ‘Sigmund Freud’, narrow or long objects such as knives were used to symbolize