ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
For those who were branded as Negro Slaves, there was no real freedom during the period before the Civil War. There was no freedom for Negro Slaves in the southern states because a system was in place to force them into a life of servitude. The life of Solomon Northup exemplifies this truth. He was a free man living in New York when he was kidnapped and sold as a slave. However, when he was kidnapped and brought to the South, his former status as a freeman was never considered by his new slave master. The system in place was perpetuated by laws applicable to the southern states, and a philosophy that was exemplified in a speech delivered by James Henry Hammond. There was no real freedom for the Negro slaves living in the South in the three decades before the Civil War. A system was in a place that smothered any idea or suggestion that human beings were created equal in the sight of God. If there was an argument to the contrary, this was brought to a decisive end when Solomon Northup was kidnapped from his home in one of the northern states, and dragged into a life of slavery into one of the plantations in the south. Northup’s kidnapping demonstrated the belief system that dictated the values of the people in the southern states. Northup’s abduction proved beyond a reasonable doubt that slavery was based on race. There were two primary reasons why Negro slaves in the southern states were never able to taste true freedom before the onset of the Civil War. First, the law of the land made it possible for slave owners to own Negro slaves and treat them as beasts of burden. Second, the whole region in the south was governed by a philosophy that persuaded them to believe that men and women of African descent were destined to serve white masters. An overview of the Virginia Slave Code of 1705 provided an idea of how the law of the land stifled any hope of freedom. The law described the power of the slave owner over a Negro slave. The law described the severe limitations of Negro slaves, especially when it came to their mobility—the slave owners of Virginia where authorized by law to destroy or kill runaway slaves. The code specifically stated that those who chose to punish runaway slaves in a violent manner were not guilty of any crime (Virginia Slave Code of 1705 1). The law also stated that Negro slaves were not allowed to wander off into nearby plantations, and they were forbidden to stay there for more than four hours without securing the permission of their master. If the slave owner did not give prior permission for the slave to visit other plantations or to interact socially with other slaves, then, the erring party was expected to suffer from the hands of an angry slave owner. Negro slaves in southern states did not experience real freedom in the decades before the Civil War, because of a belief system that men and women of African descent were created to serve white masters. This belief system was dignified using “The Mudsill Theory” (Hammond 1). In the said theory, there was a race of men that were created to perform menial tasks. This theory stated that it is necessary to subjugate Negro slaves for the purpose of civilization and progr
Introduction For being part of the former Soviet Union, Bulgaria has long been perceived a communist state (Katsikas 157). The country is mainly comprised of a Slavic-speaking population and historically, it has been part of the Ottoman Empire (for close to half a century before it attained independence in the 19 th century) (Katsikas 157). Bulgaria’s entry to the European Union (EU) was characterized by several political and economic intrigues. These developments characterize the contents of this research paper because we seek to undertake an economic analysis of Bulgaria and understand the influence of the EU in the country’s political and economic welfare. Economic Data Analysis Between 2001 and 2005, the Bulgarian government embarked on formulating several economic plans to boost the country’s economic development (Katsikas 157). The implementation of these economic plans saw the country reduce its unemployment rate and inflation levels in the last decade. As seen in appendix one, Bulgaria had previously witnessed unemployment levels of up to 20%. From appendix one, it is observed that the rate of unemployment in Bulgaria was directly related to the rate of gross domestic product (GDP). As the gross domestic product increased, the level of unemployment decreased. This observation has been witnessed in many other economies around the world. Estimates from the Bulgarian government show that in the year 2010, the unemployment rate in Bulgaria was 9.5%, but in 2011, the government reported that this figure had dropped to 8.8% (Katsikas 157). Also, from appendix one, we can also establish that, since 2001, Bulgaria has witnessed increased growth in its GDP projections. Indeed, the country’s GDP growth has been consistent until the onset of global economic downturn. Nonetheless, economists attribute Bulgaria’s GDP growth to its entry into the European Union (EU) (Katsikas 157). This observation is affirmed by the fact that, Bulgaria registered an economic growth of about 6% after it was included in the EU, and for the four years preceding the global economic downturn of 2008/2009, there was a consistent growth in GDP (Katsikas 157). The main drivers for Bulgaria’s economic growth were increased spending, more bank lending and increased foreign direct investments into the European country. Appendix two shows the level of direct foreign investments by geographical structure up to the year ending 2011. Although successive Bulgarian governments have expressed their commitment to improve the country’s economic prospects, the global economic downturn of 2008 significantly dented the Bulgarian economy. Katsikas explains that, “the global downturn sharply reduced domestic demand, exports, capital inflows, and industrial production” (157). The global economic downturn reduced the country’s Gross Domestic Product by 5.5% (in the year 2009) where it quickly stagnated in 2010 only to pick up again by 2.2% the following year (Katsikas 157). Appendix three shows this trend. The Bulgarian population, which is estimated to be living below the poverty line, is 21.8% (Katsikas 157). When we assess the distribution of family income according to
First Steps Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, began to code at the age of 11, and a few years later, he created ZuckNet messenger. Still in school, he was invited to work in Microsoft and AOL. In 2002 Mark was admitted to Harvard; there, he first developed the Facemash, which allowed fellow students to evaluate each other’s attractiveness and create ratings (Boyd, 2019). In February 2004, Zuckerberg released TheFacebook platform, which did not differ much from the modern version. During the first month, 50% of Harvard students registered there. In June 2004, Mark moved his office to Palo Alto and received a $500,000 investment from PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel (Boyd, 2019). By the end of the year, Zuckerberg opened membership for all students in the United States and Canada. In May 2005, the company gained $12.7 million from Accel and $1 million from Jim Breyer (Boyd, 2019). Mark decided to remove an article from the name, bought the facebook.com domain, and expanded the audience with high school students and employees of Microsoft and Apple (Boyd, 2019). Finally, Zuckerberg left Harvard, officially becoming the CEO of the company, and the Facebook take-off curve got a vertical slope. Mind-Blowing Market Growth In December 2005, Australian and New Zealand universities and high schools in the UK, Ireland, and Mexico gained access to the platform. Then, in September 2006, the platform became open to everyone. The number of participants was growing exponentially from 12 million users in December 2006 to 20 million in April 2007 and 30 million in July 2007 (Boyd, 2019). The company started to develop its strengths associated with technology. In May 2007, Facebook released the Marketplace and Application Developer tools. After 100,000 companies registered on the site, Facebook launched Pages for Business, analyzing the possible increase in advertising revenue (Boyd, 2019). Facebook Chat was released in April 2008, and then appeared Facebook Wall, People You May Know, and Facebook Connect features. The number of users was growing steadily until, in December 2009, Facebook became the most popular social platform in the world, with 350 million registered users and 132 million unique monthly users (Boyd, 2019). In 2010 additional features were developed, particularly ‘likes’ under the comments. The number of registered users reached 500 million, and Facebook was valued at $41 billion, becoming the third-largest web company in the United States after Google and Amazon (Boyd, 2019). In July 2011, the number of page views reached 1 trillion. Also, this year facebook.com became the second
During the early days of his teaching career, the author of the article took a lot of time to prepare for his classes. He then taught with the conviction that he was making a difference in the understanding of the students, but they were often left confused. The principal commented that he was a good teacher although the students were capable of doing better than they did, so he decided to change his teaching strategies. This essay analyzes the article; never say anything a child can say. In this article, the author is compelled by the low performance of the students to find out what is wrong with his teaching methods. After doing intensive research, he discovers that there is a fundamental flaw in his teaching methods and embarks on a journey to change them. He makes a list of strategies that work and ones that he revisits regularly. He says that it is important to create a plan, share with students the reasons behind asking questions, be non-judgmental about responses or comments by students and avoid repeating the answers of students . The author takes a strong position that, participation is not optional in the class room. Based on the long-term experience in teaching he has, participation is one of the strategies through which students can perform well. This is an expectation that he reminds the students every time for them to know that they are expected to contribute. It is a valid and useful position since through participation, he is able to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the students. Consequently, the best ways of assisting them can be devised. In my opinion, it is important for teachers to ensure that they do not teach for the sake of teaching. A teacher should be in a position to determine whether the students understand or not. The strategies of teaching well outlined by the author are very important and practical. I would therefore advise other teachers to follow them in order to ensure that students understand all the content taught. Reference Reinhart, S. (2000). Never Say Anything A Kid Can Say. Web.
Introduction The focus of this paper is to clarify, elaborate and organize emerging perspectives of problem definition. Particular aims are: analysis of malleable nature involving public cases based on the problem definition, determination of common kinds of problem definition as such description posse powerful impacts for policy design and agenda access. In addition, the treatise aims to provide myriad illustrations of persuasive importance of problem definition within political contemporary context. Also, form strategy of investigation, ramification, and elements of the problem definition are addressed. Nature of the traffic safety problem in Oman The analysis of social reality shows that problem definition refers to a political claim which provides solution to such vital policy inquiry. The main aim is to delineate key problem descriptions with their options. Nature of social problem embraces several dimensions that go beyond causality. Such features may reduce or enhance opportunities of public acts. Problem nature may be analyzed in terms of severity, crisis, novelty, incidence and proximity. Severity is how serious a challenge and its impacts are. For example, if an issue encounters trouble of pubic crowd, magnitude of people will affect public agenda. On the other side, devastating effects of little population may also contribute to a persistent problem. How severity is strong may be a contentious issue because such problem definition is crucial in capturing agenda of the media and public official. Incidence of social problem is a vital dimension which represents affected people such as groups in trouble. Incidence is a debatable issue which intermix existing information and politics. In some cases, the issue is likely to change with time. A problem may be stable, develop, or decline. Exponential and linear projections are commonly ominous. If accepted to be valid, then it may build intense pressure that is suitable for faster public intervention (Smith & Larimer 67-68). New projection of such kind captures space in daily newspapers. For example, troubling forecast on global deforestation, surging traffic challenge experienced in New York due to increased quantity of vehicles’ registration, and issue of declining trends of airline safety are just but a few. Incidence cases have social dimensions that affect human society such as child abuse and poverty issues. Novelty issue is a trailblazing, unprecedented or novel whose effects draw attention. After some time, a novel issue many wane, and media or public get bored with the matter and thus withdrawn from it. Matters that have never been witnessed are not easy to be conceptualized since they don’t have familiar resolutions from people. Therefore, when tension emerges, it may be publicized while people expect solution from it, though no consensus may be reached by political system to solve the challenge (Shaha
The basic philosophy of quality management system (QMS) is the customers’ satisfaction. This is because customers seek value that is worth products they buy. Satisfying customers will also ensure that Domhus UK Ltd gets repeat businesses, referrals and few cases of customers’ complaints. At the same time, the company must also satisfy its internal customers i.e. workers. There are also chains of customers the company should seek to satisfy. The whole process of satisfying customers must end in satisfying external customers of the company (Tang, 2005). QMS should give Domhus UK Ltd opportunities to satisfy its suppliers. Domhus UK Ltd suppliers include timber suppliers from Sweden and Scotland, electrical cabling suppliers from Guangzhou, China and glass suppliers from Wigan, UK. It is also necessary to note that these suppliers use various modes of transportation to make their deliveries. Domhus UK Ltd must take this into account as a part of basic philosophy in satisfying its chain of suppliers. The company should satisfy both suppliers within the country and those outside the UK. QMS also looks at continuous improvement in outputs. Domhus UK Ltd should always strive to improve its operational processes and outputs. There are always chances of improvement in the construction industry. The company must also recognise that competition is also improving, and it must strive to offer quality and affordable housing. Domhus UK Ltd must achieve this through effective workforce and reliable machinery. It must examine the sources of delays and poor work outputs, and embarks on the process of eliminating them. The company can achieve this through workers suggestions on improvement and elimination of unnecessary wastes. There should also be continuous use of quality methods in construction processes that eliminate wastages and reduce time (Patterson, 2009). An appropriate ISO 9001 compliant Quality Management System (QMS), which the organisation could employ to improve their quality problems Domhus UK Ltd should adopt ISO 9001:2000 in order to have a quality system that is effective and efficient. This will help Domhus UK Ltd eliminate errors, wastages, and save construction costs. The company will also have a model to allow them implement expansion programmes as it maintains its same quality of work. Therefore, Domhus UK Ltd will improve on satisfaction of its customers, and suppliers. The ISO 9001 will give the company marketing advantages that come with the level of ISO 9001 quality. Despite these advantages, small companies think that ISO 9001 is expensive and time consuming process. Domhus UK Ltd must become ISO 900
Introduction People experience different problems that can impact their mental health and behaviors. Moreover, the contemporary world has various issues such as domestic violence, financial challenges, and conflicts. Thus, individuals have developed ways to respond to difficulties and ensure that they are not affected by the problems they face. Self-esteem and cognitive disorders have also become common in the modern world. Consequently, people have ways to improve their mental health and boost their self-esteem using some mechanisms. Self-handicapping is one of the approaches that many people practice. It is a cognitive strategy where people avoid putting more effort into a particular issue to guarantee that failure does not affect them and impact their self-esteem. The approach is common in schools and workplaces since students and workers ensure that they self-handicap to have excuses for why they failed. The concept of self-handicapping also has a significant impact on how individuals make their decisions. This report focuses on what the Bible says about self-handicapping and how psychological science aligns with the Biblical truth. The Biblical Worldview Regarding Self-Handicapping The topic of self-handicapping can be analyzed using scriptures to determine how individuals can ensure that their decisions do not hurt them. Moreover, it involves having hopes about achieving a particular issue. The Bible has primarily encouraged people to ensure that they emulate God’s ways and guarantee that they make good decisions to help them achieve their goals. Additionally, many scriptures have assured that people can learn to be honest with themselves and motivate themselves to do their best. For instance, “Examine yourselves, whether you be in the faith; prove your own selves” is a scripture that encourages individuals to be determined in life ( English Standard Version Bible ( ESV ), 2001, 2 Corinthians 13:5). The Bible educates people to ensure that they trust God and avoid the anxiety that can lead to low self-esteem. Additionally, procrastination is common in many people and has led to poor decision-making. Therefore, the Bible motivates people to trust and have faith to avoid self-handicapping. Hope is another vital aspect that has been encouraged in the Bible. People experience challenges due to loss of hope which can lead to challenges such as poor mental health. For instance, many university students have developed depression due to poor academic performance. Therefore, they develop the self-handicapping approach as a way of defending themselves. Researchers have argued that the college environment involves learning and risk-taking opportunities that can affect the psychological stress of the scholars’ handicap (Karami et al., 2020). These challenges can lead to short-term self-handicapping, which increases self-esteem. However, long-term self-handicapping is common in schools and has led many students to experience decreased self-esteem. The challenges can be minimized by focusing on the Biblical approach whereby scriptures motivate people to do their best a
Abstract Recently, there have been statistics showing a steady growing trend among the senior citizens. Most of these statistics are based on different research programs that have taken place especially in rehabilitation facility. This is because misuse of alcohol has been rising and the elderly have not been left behind. Generally speaking, alcohol is increasingly being used even among the elderly women. This report tries to dissect through the many reasons as to why alcohol is secretly being abused among the elderly. It should be noted that there are many reasons that cause senior citizens to drink alcoholic beverages. The reasons emanate from loneliness, despair, as a way of mourning the loss of a loved one or even just for pleasure. These are only but some of those reasons. The society tends to forget the elderly because of their needful nature. As people grow old, the younger generation tends to ignore their needs forgetting that the elderly also need to be loved, cherished and taken care of. Nowadays most of the senior citizens will find this only in the rehabilitation programs since everyone is busy caring about their own business. Drinking patterns usually change as one grows older. Much as moderate drinking can be quite beneficial to the older generation, drinking may be dangerous especially if it becomes an addiction. Excessive drinking can cause serious health risks especially to the elderly who are more vulnerable. Much as we may leave the elderly to take care of their own health, the repercussions thereafter could be greater than we think. Special attention therefore is needed to this group of people in terms of preventing, treatment and policy. A policy framework has to be designed to take care of this neglected group. Introduction A study into this topic indicates that the elderly due to their vulnerability in health need special attention to avoid various age related atrocities. Socio-economic, physiological and psychological problems can be caused when we chose to neglect this age group. Nowadays contrary to the former belief, the habit has been gradually and steadily growing to become more familiar to women. As younger women continue to join in this practice, special policies should be formulated to take care of this generation so that subsequent problems will not be overwhelming in future. This is because as age advances, the number of elderly women who engage in this practice continues to rise. The effects of moderate consumption of alcohol are more beneficial to the elderly than to the younger generations. Studies have shown that moderate drinking can be an effective tool for prevention of cor