ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
RNA interference (RNAi) was first discovered and characterized in the nematode worm, Caenorhabditis Elegans (Fire et al. 1998). RNAi is a technology that induces gene silencing by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that has been processed into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In 1995, Guo & Kemphues discovered that downregulation of gene expression in the C. elegans germline can be caused by the injection of antisense RNA. In 1998, Fire et al. carried out further studies of this phenomenon and named it RNA interference because they considered that it was distinct from antisense inhibition of gene expression. They also described some important characteristics of RNAi, namely that it is induced by double-stranded RNA, that the effect of RNAi is systemic, and that RNAi is heritable. Following this, RNAi studies were performed on various other systems, which revealed post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants and fungi (Baulcombe, 2004; Cogoni and G. Macino, 1999) and endogenous regulation by miRNAs (Ambros, 2001.) RNAi is systemic in plants and worms, i.e., the effect can be maintained for three or more generations and can be transmitted with a single sperm (Grishok, Tabara, and Mello, 2000). This systemic feature, which is found in plants and worms, has not been seen in other organisms. It has been found that dsRNA can induce both post-transcriptional (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) (Montgomery et al.1998; Grishok et al. 2005; Robert et al. 2005) in C. elegans. Various components of the gene silencing process have been identified. While some of these components act as initiators, others act as effectors, amplifiers, and transmitters of the process (Agrawal et al. 2003). In 2001, Bernstein et al. discovered an RNase III-like enzyme in an extract of Drosophila . This enzyme could produce fragments of 22 nucleotides (which was similar to the size produced during RNAi) and is also involved in RNAi initiation. The authors named this enzyme Dicer (DCR) because it could digest dsRNA into uniformly sized small RNAs (siRNA). It is believed that the tandem RNase III domains catalyzes the cleavage by Dicer. Figure A (see appendix) shows the classical RNAi pathway. This pathway is induced by exogenous dsRNA that is processed into siRNAs by the Dicer complex containing Dicer, the PAZ-PIWI protein Rde-1, the Dicer related helicase Drh-1 and the dsRNA binding protein Rde-4 (Grishok, 2005.) After Rde-1 is bound to siRNAs, the next step in the RNAi pathway starts. Eri-1 degrades siRNAs, and thereby antagonizes RNAi (Grishok, 2005)
Executive Summary Private health insurance industries play essential role in the healthcare system of America. Reflectively, “one dollar out of every three dollars spent in 2011 on healthcare was paid to private insurers” (Davies and Crombie 22). The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) was created to establish a standardized system of classification for business organizations to aid in the comparison of statistical data used in describing various aspects of the United States economy. Reflectively, the main objective of health economics is to promote better understanding of economic aspects of health care problems so that corrective health policies can be designed. Therefore, it is important to analyze fixed and variable costs in private health care insurance industry and how these determinants interact with demand in the market. Among the general strategies adopted by players in this industry include developments of an inclusive stakeholder strategy, designing of competitive insurance packages, and diversification in terms of designing tailored products. This reflective treatise attempts to explicitly reflect on the Porter’s model founded on the premises that corporate plans should meet the opportunities and pressure in the organizations outside setting. Among t
Tools for Integrating the Best Information The inclusion of evidence-based approaches into health systems and communities can result in better medical outcomes. Several tools can help caregivers “integrate the best information with public health policy and practice” (Fielding and Briss 976). The first tool is the Health Impact Assessment (HIA). HIS makes it easier for policymakers and caregivers to make the best decisions to offer better health support. The tool examines the socio-economic and physical issues within the community. The tool also examines the health challenges affecting the targeted population. Systematic Reviews (SR) are formal processes used to identify relevant scientific facts. Such facts increase the level of medical transparency and understandability. Practitioners and nurses use the tool to collect information and make informed healthcare recommendations (Fielding and Briss 973). The third set of tools includes “participatory researches, analytical and modeling models, and economic evaluations” (Fielding and Briss 976). The authors exclude some important tools such as Community Data Collection and analysis systems. These systems allow practitioners to gather accurate data and make informed healthcare decisions. Some useful tools also include training and planning programs, health surveillance systems, gray literature, and economic evaluations. These tools can improve the quality of community health. Such tools will support the use of evidence-based information for better nursing practice. Challenges Related to the Use of Scientific Evidence According to Fielding and Briss (972), “the use of scientific inquisitions continues to face many impediments.” People in the community resist new information. Most of the studies that show minimal effectiveness are not published (Fielding and Briss 975). This discourages future scientific researches. The government and other healthcare organizations have not supported the use of evidence-based information and ideas. Policymakers and caregivers do not execute most of the data and information gained from these scientific inquiries. Healthcare centers should redesign the best practices to provide quality health decisions and support. The community lacks better policies and programs to implement these evidence-based findings (Fielding and Briss 976). The science base is inadequate towards supporting most of the healthcare decisions. The country lacks registries for HIAs to address every healthcare question. How Public Health has Succeeded/Struggled in Using the Best Available Evidence The global community has made several strides in an attempt to use the best available information for better healthcare practice. According to Fielding and Briss (973), “the Los Angeles (LA) health department uses HIAs to make accurate decisions about affordable housing and land use.” The U.S. government uses scientific evidence to support the best medical recommendations. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force uses SRs to deal with every disease (Fielding and Briss, 975). The Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination (CTFPHE
Discussion and Analysis There are many critical issues regarding underfunding of small businesses in the wake of globalization and strong competition from mega businesses. In particular, the risk-averse behavior of financial institutions when funding small businesses, the government monetary policy, and the financial implications of recession influence funding of small businesses. Additionally, inadequate capital base and ineffectiveness of government initiatives meant to solve the problem of funding to small-scale businesses. The problem of underfunding of small businesses has implications to the financial stability of the small businesses sector and the economy at large. Small businesses contribute significantly to the growth and development of any economy. However, among the challenges that face the establishment and expansion of small businesses is inadequate capital. Thus, improving accessibility to loans from financial institutions by small businesses will enhance their growth. In addition, governments need to implement urgently measures to solve the problem of financial intermediaries and at the same time ensure stability of the small businesses sector (De Soto 2000, p. 132). On the other hand, banks can actualize the objectives of small businesses through increasing credit accessibility by small businesses. Indeed, the principal reason why small businesses fail to obtain credit from banks is due to the problem of weak asset base and heavy collateral requirements. However, by stabilizing the macroeconomic environment of through proper monetary policies, the interest rates will decline and at the same time stabilize prices to allow the small businesses to compete effectively. This report analysis highlights the significance of capital to small businesses and discusses the importance of stabilizing the financial sector to promote bank lending to assist small businesses. The Bank Evaluation Rules on External Funding Most mega businesses were initially small-scale with their expansion facilitated by more investments or funding. Indeed, generating an entrepreneurial idea alone is not sufficient but the capacity to access funding to actualize the idea is paramount
Chekov’s “The Lady with Dog” is perhaps one of the most captivating and intriguing pieces of writing that could easily inspire the mind of any reader. The author begins with a range of signals that demonstrate the unyielding transformation of his characters in the short story (Chekhov 34). The author’s choice of event is keen; they are able to reveal the inherent ability of things to change. The author uses his characters to exhibit the inconceivable change that makes his main characters rediscover themselves beyond the scope of ordinary. The story begins by focusing on Gurov, the main protagonist who likes the opposite gender a lot. Although he is old already, he discovers a new feeling and affection to the woman he has for a long time despised and looked down upon (Chekhov 56). His acceptance of the fact that he is aging leads him to change his perception in regards to the woman in order to find the true and only love. His quest to rediscover himself within the social context leads him to discover another side of the woman (Chekhov 76). Gurov managed to unravel the mysterious woman who was always walking with her dog. In his short story, Checkhov writes that no one has ever known this woman. However, change obscures this lost identity. The feeling of falling in love can have a profound effect on how people’s perceptions can change over time. Anna’s shift from the usual “the lady with dog” to the woman that Gurov falls in love with serves to show how Chekhov selectively chooses to bring forth the idealistic change that fills the short story (Chekhov 56). Transformation continues throughout the story as characters become aware of the undiscovered truth about themselves and their close acquaintances. In the story, transformation has been given enormous space to demonstrate how the main theme and topic changes. While it is critical to note that the key characters have succeeded in remaining secluded, the author signifies that the change is inevitable as people come to discover themselves. Works Cited Camus, Albert. The Guest . New York: Creative Company, 1992. Print. Chekhov, Anton. The Lady With the Dog and Other Stories. New York: John Willey & Sons, 2006. Print.
Introduction Personality has been associated with one’s behavior and characteristics and has not yet found a true definition of the word. However, it can be defined as a supreme realization of the natural habit of a living being (Eliasz, Hampson & de Raad, 2006). Personality determines whether one is energetic, happy, dull, smart or apathetic and thus majority of people have been led to define the term as a collection of psychological parts incorporating emotions, thoughts and motives (Burger, 2007). It is also the entire mental organization of an individual at any phase of his growth and development. Daily interactions with others enable people to assess and interpret personalities around them. Personality is an individual’s wholeness that incorporates traits, attitudes and qualities which forms one of the basic foundations of the study of Psychology (Eliasz, et al., 2006). There are a number of characteristics associated with personality that enhance positive development and growth for instance honesty where one is open in the way they behave as well as the attitude they have towards their work. Intelligence is yet another characteristic that is perhaps considered as the most basic of positive personality traits and is highly valued in a human being (Burger 2007). This particular trait usually leads to others respecting someone. A person who also shows the ability to be helpful, courteous and empathic is also welcomed by the society and garners him respect (Eliasz, et al., 2006). In order to determine one’s personality majority of psychologists give tests based on five key traits making up the essence of one’s personality and these include extraversion, openness, neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness (Eliasz, et al., 2006). Essay The Latin word ‘persona’ connotes the term personality meaning a mask worn by actors while playing key roles on stage. This, therefore, means that one’s personality should be a reflection of style of behavior or pattern of that individual revealed through their internal and external properties (Burger, 2007). When studying the behavior of people it is important to keep in mind that they are different and thus possess distinct characteristics and traits which define their unique personalities. These differences in personality are great determinants of how people behave, react or act under corresponding stimuli (Eliasz, et al., 2006). In the past modern psychological studies have revealed that there are factors that tend to influenc
Although the Middle East is experiencing a fundamental tension between the aims of the leaders to incorporate their nations into the international economy, there are concrete and substantial extents of integration that have been supported by foreign direct investment, market expansion, incorporation into global markets, and competitiveness. Consequently, the non-democratic countries in the region have constantly fallen behind in development indices. Oil proceeds have enabled nations in the Middle East to venture greatly into infrastructural projects that develop a solid foundation for the establishment of a more diversified financial system (Wright et al. 287-290). Nevertheless, the recent decrease in the prices of oil may impede imminent investment and growth, although lasting viewpoints remain positive with respect to oil and non-oil advancement. Despite the existing impediments, the development of the Middle East has risen tremendously after the 2008-2009 economic crisis, and this has been driven mainly by development in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries such as Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. There are generally aboriginal and exogenous aspects accountable for the restricted nature of economic internationalization within the Middle East. Though a wide pool of studies has shown the external aspects eliciting investment across the globe to be apprehensive about the position of the countries, the internal impediments to globalization have been highly unexplored. Nevertheless, some researchers analyze the internal obstacles and assert that the occurrence of the authoritarian progressions and political formations in the Middle East considerably weaken prospects for great extents of global economic incorporation (Cammett 23-25). Such internal impediments to globalization go to the core of the political nature of the dictatorial regimes in the region. Research on globalization in the Middle East has usually associated the region’s comparatively low rates of international economic incorporation with the combination of numerous aspects. These include inadequately developed marketplaces, an underdeveloped or destitute local workforce, insufficient and inaccessible information expertise, and moralizing or self-protective responses by leaders to the identified socio-cultural as well as political hazards of development. In an actual sense, every one of such causes may and usually does act as an impediment to high levels of development in the Middle East. Dictatorial ruling practices seek to hold up continually the possibility of increased integration into the international economy. Though the particular dynamics of such practices usually differ, in broad expressions, they consist of stipulations where the country caters to the demands of politically pertinent social groups to achieve their supremacy
Introduction America is a federal nation whereby there exists a written constitution that outlines the powers of the central government and that of regional governments. Each of these two forms of government has officials and laws that act directly and independently on the American citizens. The president, the congress, and the Judiciary share power reserved to the national government while the federal governments share powers with the state government. American politics are influenced by several factors, which can be classified into culture and socialization or micro social factors. Lets us have a deeper view of how micro social factors affect the political system of America. Macro social factors include state, religion, capital, work, education, and media among others. These factors may affect the political or the social life of the Americans directly or indirectly. Impact of media on the American politics One of the macro social factors affecting American politics is the media, which includes television, radio, internet, newspapers among others. Television is the most widely watched and has a major impact on the politics of America. For instance, for presidential candidacy, if his name does not appear in the media scenes, it becomes difficult for the public to recognize him. The press holds the power to influence the public on who fits to be their leader. The way in which it frames its reports on candidates and elections determines the public perception on the politics. Before 2008, only men candidates had managed to lead the United States since most of the presidential roles such as commander in chief were associated with masculinity and the Americans had this attitude from time immemorial. Since 2004, the publication in the media houses had so much influence on who the Americans thought should be their leader and this really affected the preceding general elections in 2008. The Associated Press articles led the Americans to having a different perception and made them realize that a woman can also lead the country. In addition, the AP articles had this notion of treating a woman in White House as a normal scenario and this influenced even the other media houses as well as the general public (Carroll 12). For many decades, media has always been very keen on the day-to-day lives of most of the politicians. In turn, most politician decisions are greatly influenced by media because media has a great impact on the American votes. For instance, in 2008, the then Senator Barrack Obama left his church, the Trinity Church of Chicago, in Illinois due to the information received from his political advisors and the public. This decision was a pure influence from the media houses since they had aired these
One of the major social problems facing the contemporary society is the increasing incidences of rape cases; an estimated more than quarter of a million individuals fall victim of rape, attempted rape or sexual assault each year with the majority of the victims being females (Brownmiller, 1975). This is followed by detrimental psychological consequences, physical harm, and emotional havoc on the subsequent life of the individual and in some cases, rape causes death. Rape has negative implications not only to its victims but the society at large. This has led to increased attention being directed toward this issue with researchers and scholars seeking explanations as to why human beings engage in this social deviant behavior. Facts as presented by Thornhill and Palmer (2000) Major controversy has risen in the attempt to explain this social deviant behavior since different scholars hold different opinions. Thornhill and Palmer (2000) argue that rape is not merely an act geared towards violence against women but should also be viewed as a biologically driven behavior where men resort to this kind of act as the only means through which they can gain access to women. In addition, the writers view rape as resulting from evolution where men resort to rape as an adaptation or a consequence of adaptation. Facts as presented by Brownmiller (1975) Brownmiller (1975) argues that rape results from the prevalent male-female struggle in the society where men seek to reclaim their perceived social status and domination through humiliation and degradation of women and this may take the form of rape which serve to display their physical power over women. In addition, the writer argues that the sole motivation of rape as aimed at oppressing, dehumanizing, and degrading women. The opinions of Thornhill and Palmer Thornhill and Palmer approached the issue of rape at a rather controversial orientation where they attempted to give biological explanations of rape through the Darwinian theory of evolution. From Darwinian perspective, all types of animals have evolved to produce healthy children that transmit genetic legacy to other generations and all the animals born without traits that promote reproduction have become extinct while those that reproduced succeeded their genes to posterity (Thornhill and Palmer, 2000). The writers seek t