ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Human trafficking is a significant problem in the United States and abroad, which is considered to be modern-day slavery. Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act (Zhang et al., 2012). In Latin America, the problem is crucial, as many gangs and criminal organizations use human trafficking as one of the sources of funding their illegal activities (Zhang et al., 2012). Thus, it is crucial to partner with organizations in Mexico and other Latin countries to address the problem. It is also crucial to focus on women and children, as they are the most frequent victims of human trafficking (Zhang et al., 2012). Therefore, I would partner with Justicia Para Nuestras Hijas, as it provides legal and psychological help for women and girls in Chihuahua, Mexico. Justicia Para Nuestras Hijas is a civil organization that was created in 2002 in the city of Chihuahua (Mexico) with the purpose of promoting access justice in the cases of missing or murdered women (HHRI, 2017). This phenomenon is particularly serious in the state of Chihuahua, where the organization was created, as the murder and kidnapping rates of women were very high in the 2000s (HHRI, 2017). I would allocate the funding to the expansion of the program and building direct relationships with the US to maximize the efficiency of preventing human trafficking. Moreover, I would focus on advertising the organization in the country so that women in danger could contact it using the most convenient way. Increased awareness about the organization could also encourage people to report any known cases of women and children abuse.
Introduction Economic scholars contend that the 2007-2008 global financial crisis was the worst since the 1930s great depression. However, valid explanations of what caused it have been postulated. For example, according to Wray, economists who are inclined to the Minsky school of thought believe that the disaster was caused by ‘money manager’ entrepreneurship, which led to capitalistic gaps in terms of economy management. 5 The crisis resulted from misguided financial policies that led to the taking of excessive uncalculated risks. Irrespective of the validity of all possible explanations, the last global financial crisis had negative ramifications to many organizations across the globe. For example, SkyEurope collapsed in 2009 while British Airways received an immense shock due to a reduction in consumer spending. This paper analyzes the performance of British Airways’ leadership in the wake of the global financial crisis. Its focus is on actions that the British Airways corporate leadership took to respond to the international economic disaster. British Airways (BA) and its Leadership British Airways dominates the United Kingdom airline industry. 1 It is a major flag carrier in terms of fleet size and international operations. Measuring the company’s operations from the context of passenger carriage capacity, BA ranks second after easyJet. The company’s main offices are located close to Heathrow Airport. As Duffy reveals, the inauguration of the BA administrative centers was held in 1998. 2 The company operates centers such as London municipality and Gatwick. British Airways offers airline services in over 160 destinations that are distributed around the globe. Heathrow forms the main operations base for BA, although it has other chief operations in Gatwick. BA CityFlyer, which is a subsidiary of the British Airways, dominates operations in the London municipality airport. BA also operates flights from Manchester Airport. However, due to the reduced profitability, operations within and outside London were closed when BA Connect was sold out. This situation forced people who were traveling to international destinations, especially the UK, to apply for transfers to London. Over 40 percent of all operations at Heathrow are reserved for BA. This observation suggests that the company dominates airline operations from the airport. 2 Upon the company’s privatization in 1987, it acquired immense privileges in comparison with its competitors. The privileges included a reservation of 43% of landing openings and departures at Heathrow Airport. Thus, BA a major airline brand in the UK. Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on British Airways The global financial crisis influenced all sectors of the UK economy, including the air travel industry. Oprea states that the United Kingdom experienced a sharp decline in the number of air travel passengers, especially in routes that connected the US and Spain. 4 Tourists usually connected to these nations via the UK. A dec
Introduction Family is the basic element of the structure of modern human society. People from families and develop their personal and social lives in accordance with the needs of their family members and other society members (Anderko, 2003, p. 14). Accordingly, the major function of the institution of family in the society is to facilitate the development of the latter and develop itself as an integral part of the society (Barnes & Rowe, 2008, pp. 12 – 13). Thus, as far as family is vitally important for the human society, any issues observed in every particular family or in the institution of the family, on the whole, can negatively affect the whole community of human beings (Browne and Shlosberg, 2006, pp. 134 – 135). Illnesses, mental or physical, the family members can suffer from the damage to the inner atmosphere in the family and need special treatment not to become threats to the society as a whole. For this purpose, numerous theories of family, caregiving in families, and nursing practices for families have been designed by scholars (Browne and Shlosberg, 2006, pp. 134 – 135). These theories try to be comprehensive and include all possible aspects of family life and the development of family members, their physical health and mental stability, etc. The theories of the family include the historical theory, the stress theory, the functional-structural theory, and of course the attachment theory (Murray, 2000, p. 134). The latter theory deals with the closeness of relations that family members tend to have to each other, especially the younger ones towards the older family members, relatives, parents (Browne and Shlosberg, 2006, pp. 136). This paper will focus on the consideration of the basic principles of the attachment theory, consider its application in family nursing, sum up the data obtained by previous researchers on the topic, and state the skills necessary to practice the attachment theory in nursing. The Attachment Theory Background Thus, the attachment theory is viewed by scholars like Adams and Clarke (1999), Buchalter and Lantz (2001), and Russell & Marshall (2005) as the way to explain the strong bonds that exist between children and their parents, siblings in the family, and close relatives on the whole. According to Browne and Shlosberg (2006), the attachment theory of family is “a way of conceptualizing the propensity of human beings to make strong affectional bonds to particular others and of explaining the many forms of emotional distress and personality disturbance, including anxiety, anger, depression, and emotional detachment, to which unwilling separation and loss give rise” (p. 134). In other words, the attachment th
Introduction Racism and anti-Semitism are two forms of discrimination that have been practiced in the USA for generations. Historians indicate that racism was a core foundation of the United States of America as a white society and it resulted in the destruction of the native Indian population and the usage of Black slaves to provide labor for the new nation’s economy. Anti-Semitism on the other hand is discrimination directed towards the Jewish people and the US State Department defines anti-Semitism as “hatred toward Jews -individually and as a group- that can be attributed to the Jewish religion and/or ethnicity” (Falk, 2008, p.6). Both racism and anti-Semitism have historically been used to justify abuse perpetrated by Whites against other groups. They both make it acceptable for the non-White groups to be treated without human consideration since they are perceived as inferior creatures with adverse repercussions being felt by the victims and the society at large. However, there have been significant changes in the society and as a result of government initiatives and civil rights movements, both racism and anti-Semitism has been purged from many parts of our society. This paper will argue that while racism and anti-Semitism still exists in the US, it is not a big problem since it has been, and will continue to be, on a steady decline throughout the country. A case for the Decline in Racism and Anti-Semitism Racism Key has been on a steady decline in the USA with equal opportunities being afforded to members of all races. A key indicator supporting this argument is the emergence of the African American middle class. Before the 1970s, racial discrimination was a significant problem in the US and political and socio-economic barriers existed which gave white Americans advantages over other groups, most notably of whom were the African Americans. Racism had been used as a justification for discriminatory actions perpetrated against other races by white Americans. In that time, there was marginal representation of minority groups in the middle and upper classes of society. Due to civil activism in the US, these oppressive barriers were removed and there has been a marked decline in racism with all racial group being given opportunities to advance. Today soci
Confucius, a high-ranking Chinese researcher argues that good governance ought to tag along certain fundamental values to ensure its triumph. He notes that leaders should posses certain traits for them to win the affection, devotion and support of their people. Good governance should focus on establishing a strapping relationship between leaders and their followers for the benefit of humanity. To advance humanity, leaders should aim at gaining the commitment of their followers as well as securing their human rights. Confucius reasons that leaders will gain the commitment of their followers “If they are led by virtue and uniformity….” (Analects, par.1) Confucius notes good behavior as a virtuous feature in a leader. Good government should model good behavior by not harboring immoral judgment. Modeling good behavior should inculcate virtuous values in people as well as gratifying them, which is a significant obligation of a first-rate government. If people are gratified, leaders will lead in harmony, as no one will rebel against them. Confucius says “…they will have the sense of shame, and moreover will become good.” (Analects, par.4) Confucius believes that people can execute their purpose in society and governance effectively if they learn to perform their family functions well. If leaders loved their followers like family, they would in turn get devotion and admiration. Confucius identifies the past as a lead to triumphant government. He states that, “If keeping the old warm one can provide understanding of the new, one is fit to be a teacher.” (Analects, par.11) He frequently uses examples of triumphant and unsuccessful leaders to teach. In his writing, Confucius hailed legendary heroes like Bo Yi, Shun and Shu Qi. Largely, Confucian viewpoint is pinched from that of prehistoric Chinese politicians, rulers and renowned leaders. The utmost persuasion on Confucius was the thinking of the Duke of Chou, whom he outlined as having a desirable quality. The Duke counseled his nephew in appropriate modesty and virtuous manners. This inclined to Confucius’s thought of avoiding deviance as the way to servant leadership. Confucius was also highly motivated by philosophers. His highest
Introduction Therapy of conflictual histories is one of the most critical therapeutic challenges. That is why there are different methods for addressing this problem. However, the paper at hand aims at reviewing and analyzing only four theoretical tools: mourning, hauntology, nostalgia, and narrative therapy. Theoretical Concept of Mourning Mourning is a mental procedure that is closely related to historical thinking, i.e. the ability to make sense of particular past events. It is one of the most common ways to draw connections between individuals and their past to identify one’s identity (Rüsen 1). According to Rüsen, mourning is helpful not only due to its value for personal re-establishment but also cope with trauma and improving one’s future (2-3). It can be explained by the fact that mourning helps understand how the past shapes one’s personality instead of ignoring it. Speaking of mourning, there are two aspects of the concept. The first one is emotional that is directly associated with one’s mental activities and sensual involvement in the process. The second aspect is cultural (Rüsen 27). Mourning as a theoretical tool for addressing conflictual histories is commonly viewed as a nation- or communitywide specificity – an ability to cope with past trauma and regain identity (Zembylas 73). From this perspective, mourning is viewed as a collective tool for coping with conflictual histories. Its major strength is relatively high efficiency in overcoming traumas because the past is not ignored but reconsidered (Rüsen 1). On the other hand, it may be weak because, in some cases, it disappears either because there is nobody to mourn for the past events or mourning (for instance, silence marches) is prohibited or not supported by the state (Cobb 16; Zembylas 73). At the same time, it is deployed for addressing only those traumas that are related to collective self-esteem, not all significant conflictual histories (Rüsen 28). Theoretical Concept of Hauntology Hauntology is a peculiar theoretical tool for coping with conflictual histories. Just like mourning, it focuses on making sense of the past to improve the future. However, its specificity is in having conversations with the ghosts of this past so that there is an opportunity to craft a promising future (Zembylas 70). In this way, the idea is to create the tomorrow instead of fixing the yesterday. To obtain a better understanding of this theoretical tool, it is essential to pay special attention to the concept of ghosts. It is a broad phenomenon, incorporating different past traumas (for instance, dictatorship and victims of wars or genocides). The fo
Every time one begins to read a text, one has this faith about the author’s ability to use language clearly in his expressing ideas. There is an assumption that the writer has enough authority on the subject and that the information contained therein is factual and not subjected to personal interpretation (Brannon & Knoblauch 1982). Therefore, a writer’s use of language is very essential in communicating in academic writing. Academic writing ought to be very objective, analytical and avoid any aspect of personalization. It should be devoid of any emotive language expressed through grammatical features such as personal pronouns. Apprentice writers therefore find themselves in this dilemma; should they stick to the already established norms or be creative and use emotional language? The use of personal pronouns, personal experiences and other grammatical features has been rejected in English academic writing as it makes an academic less formal. The aim of this paper is to give the reasons why apprentice writers need not be personal in their writing. English academic writing should have the appropriate level of formality. Formality is achieved by using the appropriate grammatical features and writing style. Grammatical features such as the use of personal pronouns such as I, we and you, and the use of imperatives is considered inappropriate. Using these personal pronouns and imperatives is associated with person-to-person dialogue (Chang & Swales 1969). Therefore including them in academic writing has been found to make academic writing less formal. It relegates the piece of work to the level of dialogue, where a speaker is allowed to use personal pronouns, as this informality therefore makes a piece of writing lack the necessary academic formality. Questions of plagiarism have been raised in academic writing. Plagiarism is presenting other writers ideas as writer’s own. Muftah and Jabr (2009) explains that a work is considered to be plagiarized “if the author uses pronouns such as we/our/ and i/my” to present other peoples ideas from a personal point of view. This creates the impression that the ideas are the writers own. The WHS English Department (2009) proposes that academic writers should limit the use of personal pronouns only to the third person pronouns in unquoted remarks. The use of these grammatical features makes a work seem personal expressing a personal rather than a scholarly perspective. They are therefore accused of academic theft: stealing, although unintentionally, of other writers work and presenting them as their own. Their academic writings therefore fail the credibility test. English academic writing ought to be culturally acceptable within the norms of English writing. For an English essay to qualify as culturally appropriate, it must be “objective, analytical and sequential” (Ha 2009 p 153). Most of apprentice academic writers es
Mobile payments are a secure and convenient alternative to traditional credit or debit card payments. However, as evidenced by recent findings, this relatively new technology has its security and privacy issues, and compliance standards that must be followed. It is commonly employed in two broad implementations: in one case, the buyer uses his or her phone with specialized software to authorize the operation. In the other, the payer uses his or her card with a magnetic stripe reader connected to the provider’s phone. In the first scenario, customers use digital wallet software such as Apple Pay or Google Pay. This type of software allows them to store their credit or debit card details on the phone. However, rather than directly storing the data, the software requests a token from the issuing bank (Google Support, n. d.). When making a payment, the user taps his or her phone to the provider’s terminal, which uses a technology called near field communication (NFC) to exchange data (Square, 2017). Specifically, the client’s phone provides the card’s token and a one-time purchase for the purchase in an encrypted form (Google Support, n. d.). At that point, the customer and the provider’s banks process the payment as normal. This approach makes the technique as secure as using a regular chip-based card as no card details are exchanged. The second scenario uses a card reader device attached to the provider’s smartphone. This device utilizes the same technology as a regular point-of-sale (POS) reader, using the phone to transmit transaction data. They can work with traditional magstripe cards or modern contactless solutions like EVC cards and digital wallets (Square, n. d.). If used correctly, mobile POS is secure; however, it presents multiple opportunities for attack. Especially where magnetic strip operations are concerned, the strip data can be copied (Osborne, 2018). Furthermore, using Bluetooth for communication between the card reader and the phone presents additional vulnerabilities (Osborne, 2018). Thus, independent providers using mPOS solutions can present serious issues for PCI-DSS compliance. Although the majority of use cases for cashless payment and mPOS solutions do not transfer credit card details directly, they can still present privacy and security issues. Notably, losing one’s phone can allow others to make purchases without the card holder’s consent even if security measures such as biometric identification are used (Porche, 2017). Similarly, a lost phone with a mobile POS solution can enable one to impersonate the provider and fraudulently charge customers. Furthermore, issues can arise from entering one’s personal data to add a card to his or her digital wallet through an unsecured or compromis
Introduction Needs assessment can be defined as the process a systematic approach to evaluating the current state of an organization with the intention of developing strategies to address the constraints in the present system. There are various driving factors behind conducting a needs assessment in an organization, with the principal goal being to address enhance the organizational performance or correct deficiencies in the state of the organization (Noe, 2010). A deficiency is defined as a performance constraint that hinders the organization from achieving optimal performance with the regard to the resources at the disposal of the organization. This implies that needs analysis serves to lessen the gap between the current and desired state of the organization. The three basic phases involved in needs assessment is information gathering, analysis and the development of an intervention or training plan to ad
In their article “The Evidence of Effective Interventions for Mental Health Promotion,” Clemens Hosman and Eva Jane-Llopis state that to prove the effectiveness of the programs contributing to mental health, it is necessary to refer to the evidence of the program’s effects received with the help of quasi-experimental studies. The authors focus on the intervention programs which have the most obvious positive effect on people’s mental health. These interventions can be divided into macro interventions and meso and micro-interventions. The programs focused on improving nutrition belong to macro interventions, and they are effective when being combined with counseling services. The programs developed to improve housing work to overcome poverty and create appropriate conditions for living. The interventions to improve education work to increase the population literacy and education level to reduce the stress of being cheated, to overcome the gender gap, and to develop cognitive and emotional competencies. I can state that these programs can contribute to people’s mental health because they are oriented to satisfying the persons’ basic needs to provide them with the opportunities to overcome everyday stress. According to Hosman and Jane-Llopis, to reduce economic insecurity, the poverty-alleviation programs are used to support the low-income population. Intervention to strengthen community networks are used to develop the persons’ vision of social responsibility and to overcome social violence. I am sure that the focus on the people’s interactions within the community is the first step to predicting the problems with mental health. The interventions used to reduce the misuse of addictive substances are based on the banning policies, laws to change the legal drinking age, and policies to predict the use of substances during pregnancy. In my opinion, the success of these interventions can contribute to people’s mental health more obviously because substance abuse often leads to mental health problems. Hosman and Jane-Llopis’s meso and micro-interventions are more diverse, and they are focused on supporting children, adults, and elderly persons. Interventions for children include the support during the early stages of life in the form of home visiting to develop the parents’ competencies; parenting interventions to develop the positive relations between parents and children; and preschool education interventions to develop the children’s emotional and cognitive skills. I should state that these interventions are effective because children need a healthy start in their life to develop their mental health in the future. Parents should know the ways of promoting the children’s mental health to avoid any disorders. Much attention is paid to the programs associated with school settings to h