ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Role of Government Government public programs require significant costs to implement and operate without a direct monetary return on investment. They are fully funded from the budget of various levels of government. The purpose of budget preparation ensures that there is funding for government policies and operational capacity. Since governments often function on severely limited and overdrawn budgets, it is critical to ensure complete efficiency and maintain aggregate expenditure control within the confines of macroeconomic reality. The best method to evaluate any policy or public program is to examine its marginal utility. The equi-marginal principle ensures that the value added by each input is equal to all the previous ones. Thus, when applied to budgeting, resources are allocated most productively, eliminating possibilities of wasted funding. However, on a government budgeting level, it is difficult to evaluate utility practically. Political agenda overshadows rational economic decisions with the assumption that programs are created or eliminated without proper consideration of marginal utility. It is critical to evaluate a public program’s benefit in comparison to the costs. Usually, the more widespread a program in terms of geography and targeted demographics, the more utility it has. Furthermore, programs that demonstrate efficient operation while positively impacting the macro-economic climate (i.e., job creation) justify their funding from the government budget (Rubin, 2016). Policymakers should carefully balance fiscal responsibilities with marginal utility in public programs. Certain projects must be funded regardless of economic utility due to societal needs. Meanwhile, other programs maintain positive growth to a certain point but do not justify expansion since their utility would drop considerably. Guided by Financial Control Concerns An analyst guided by financial control concerns would seek to analyze the budget f
Introduction Child sexual assault/abuse (CSA) falls under the larger context of child abuse. An act qualifies to be child sexual abuse when for purposes of stimulation an adult or older juvenile engages in an activity that can be deemed sexual. Within the above-defined context, child sexual abuse is takes numerous forms. It includes exposure of children to pornographic material or using juveniles in the production of materials with adult content. It may also include physical contact and exposure of juveniles’ genitals. Additionally, it may include coercion or pressuring a juvenile into engaging in sexual acts, mild o otherwise with or without her/his consent. Additionally, CSA includes selling if children sexual services and pressuring a child to engage in sexual activity with or without her/his consent and regardless of the outcome. According to Tracy (2008, p. 56) child sexual abuse is especially complicated because of the psychological impacts it has on the victims. The effects of child sexual abuse include but not limited to, low self-esteem, nightmares, insomnia, and fear of the things that are associated with or that remind the child of the abuse, sexual dysfunction, fatalities, pain, anxiety and depression. Others include posttraumatic stress order, mental illnesses that include a wide range of personality disorders and suicidal thoughts. In some cases, sexually abused children grow up to become abusers themselves. One of the most consistent characteristics of child sex abuse in many researches is the fact that the abusers are close people who are normally trusted by the child. Strangers do account for a significant portion of the abusers but over 80% of the molesters are family members and friends including baby sitters, family friends, and neighbors (Hunter, J.A et al., 2003, p. 276). The problem is widely prevalent and it’s believed statistics have not yet effectively captured the true picture. Many cases still go unreported owing to the shame and guilt that is associated with it. Estimates show that close to 15% of men and 25% of women in the United States did experience sexual molestation when they were children. Causes of child abuse are as complex as the problem itself. It’s important to note that most offenders act on their own. However, the extent to which operations of the criminal justice system and the failure of the social justice system cannot be overlooked when examining the causes of the problem. The widely prevalent vice of sexual assault against children has reached alarming rates. It has therefore necessitated the need to come up with a new approach using sociology, law, psychology, and ethics to find a lasting solution that will help eradicate the vice besides the existing legal mechanisms. An already existsing mechanism that draws information from the mentioned disciplines is doing a good job. However, there is no doubt that there needs to be an overhaul to the established strategies of combating child sexual abuse. In the US, the criminal justice system is closely
The Silk Road, which is times known or referred to as the silk route, is a wide-ranging interconnected set of connections of trade routes which transverse the Asian continent. It connects East, West, and Southern Asia with the Mediterranean countries, as well as eastern and northern Europe and Africa. The origin of the name Silk Road is linked to the extensive trans-continental silk trade that takes place in India (Koschorke 35). The silk trade came into operation at a time when India had the reign of the Han dynasty. Also, to silk, the other significant feature is the Silk Road which was also used to carry some other commodity that forms part of the significant world history (Kelley 56). The merchants trading goods between these nations used camels as the means of transport to traverse through the desert route. This was coupled with the use of ports. The goods that were being exchanged include ivory, pearls, species, gold, textiles, as well as precious stones. Most of the countries in Southern Arabian gained from the transportation carried out using camels (Curtin 60). Art acts as a noteworthy agent regarding cultural diffusion all along the Silk Road. The available art takes the form of design motifs, an art object, buildings, or statues, and as such the art and iconography play a significant role as a medium of cultural diffusion. Furthermore, the art plays another equally central role of acting as an agent which facilitate the trans-continent switch over of religious traditions down the Silk Road. In the light of this point, it is necessary to note that the single most significant features of art and iconography that smooth the progress of its role in advancing various religious traditions, as well as religious global standpoint at the time is the piece of information that art is a worldwide language across all cultures and nations. This means that art utilizes a language that can be understood by all people in the world and all cultures, as well. For instance, the fundamental structural features that are incorporated in a Mosque can to a large extent reflect the life out of Islam. Apart from the mosque serving as a center of worship, as well as of community activity, it also goes together with the spread of Islam. There exist a close link between religion and religious architecture and religion. This is owed to the fact that with the lapse of ti
George W Bush, the 43 rd American president is one of the significant education system reformists in the history of American Education. The development and establishment of the Every Student Succeed Act (ESSA), is an attribute of Bush’s education reforms from his initiative to provide every child with the right to education in his bipartisan act of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) in 2002. From the NCLB act, Bush advocated for an increase in federal involvement in the education sector by providing funds and scholarships to cater to needy students ensuring every child gets an education. Apart from funding, Bush was also a promoter of high standards in academics to ensure excellence and great achievements in all schools through a standard testing procedure. In the act, parents have a say in choosing their children’s schools. The involvement of the federal government has ensured adequate funding, competency, and accountability in students’ academic standards which has given rise to many reforms strengthening the act since 2002. One of the reforms is the ESSA act in 2015 which promotes the devolution of the education sector from the central governm
The documentary film “ Sicko ” by Michael Moore introduced the health care system in the United States and highlighted its existing problems. In comparison, the relationship between citizens and the state in other countries was also shown. Of the countries represented in the film, France cares the most about its citizens. In France, the director met with fellow Americans over a meal. Moore expressed confidence that they will tell him the truth about the healthcare system in France. One of his acquaintances told how, while having an illness he was initially even afraid to go to the hospital and report that he might have a chronic illness. Others also support that they initially came to hospitals in a nervous state, and the hospital staff told them to “rest” (Moore, 2007, 1:17:34). The French system differs in that they clarify already existing deviations solely to help a client. The system also differs in that the time spent on a sick leave is unlimited. In addition, a woman living in France said that she never waited in line for more than an hour. Also, she emphasizes that they can call and representatives of the hospital will arrive at the house for a personal examination within half an hour. “House call doctor” is available and free of charge for the citizens. In addition, the healthcare system treats families with loyalty and care, and children’s medicine is well developed. The state takes care of health, education and maintaining a high standard of living. A minimum of 5-8 weeks off paid leave is provided to full-time and part-time employees depending on the company they work for and there are 35 working hours per week. At the same time, the productivity of employees is higher compared to the United States. Over time employees receive additional payments or extra days off. When getting married or for other special occasions weekends may also be added to the existing ones. France also provides dedicated family assistants. Assistants come several times a week and help with household chores so that parents have time for other wants and needs. Moore especially highlights there is nothing similar to this in the United States, “nobody from the government comes to your home in America” (Moore, 2007, 1:22:57). Many Americans living in France feel “very privileged” precisely because of the opportunities provided by the state (Moore, 2007, 1:23:15). They also emphasize that this inequality seems unfair to them. They begin to feel guilty comparing themselves to families and friends who have never had this experience of receiving government service. At the same time, the Americans highlight that the system in France is conditioned by the fear of the state of the discontent of the people and protests. Moore also says that he began to think that perhaps the American authorities are deliberately broadcasting a negative picture of France in the media (Moore, 2007, 1:27:15). In the USA
Saudi culture: wedding In Arabia, cultural marriages are facilitated by the elders from the prospective bride. Marriage proposal, on the other hand, is initiated by the groom, often done by himself or by his parents to the bride’s father. According to the Arabia culture, it is the responsibility of the womenfolk to seek for an eligible bride, after which they would contact the bride’s mother or sister for an alliance. After the alliance, the groom’s father would be informed. The groom’s father would then take the initiative of contacting the bride’s family. If an agreement is reached between the two negotiating families, the bride and the groom may be allowed to meet. The man, on the other hand, may shoe his consent by giving gifts. However, the bride has the right to decline the gifts if she would not like the marriage alliance to go ahead. Preceding this moment, a small wedding ceremony will be held before the main celebrations. The actual wedding celebrations involves solemnizing the union before a religious Sheikh. The religious Sheikh is always an Islamic magistrate. The ceremony is always witnessed by three people who maybe all male or at times they could be two female and one male. During this ceremony, the Sheikh asks the groom his exchange to the groom for her hand in marriage, often referred to as mehr. This would then be followed by a celebration held in a designated place for the occasion. Throughout the celebrations, a separate sitting arrangement would be maintained between the male and females. In most of the times, the groom would be seated with the friends in a different place from the males. After the celebrations, the couple is then escorted to a place where they get to sit as family among their relatives and friends. Camping The Badouins in Saudi Arabia generally live a nomadic lifestyle. The word Badouins is derived from the word ‘Bedou’, which also means ‘dessert dwellers’. The population of Badouins in Middle East is estimated at one tenth of the entire population. The Badouins are pastoralist who heard a number of animals like cattle camels, sheep and goats. The Badouins always move furt
Introduction The Greek evolution is traced back to the ”Dark Age,” also called the Archaic Age, which led to significant political reforms. The most significant political change is the development of the city-state called a polis (poleis in plural). During this archaic period, there was significant transformation, but the formation of the city of polis initiated a large amount of civilization in the country. Following the development of the polis, the Greeks initiated the formation of different political structures in the country. Communities of citizens governed themselves by making their laws and customs after (800 B.C.E.). Food was distributed to the polis to boost the economy. The polis also had the acropolis (temple and alters) and the Agaro, where market activities took place, public buildings, and courts. Athens and Sparta were the main polis in the land of Greek and rose distinctly. Sparta gained prominence and became the leading military power in Greek and later expanded to Messenia (Petrakis et al. 44). Later on, Sparta changed to conquer Messenia’s helots. The rebellion sparked a significant political change in Sparta. After Sparta’s unfolding, all the citizens were made equal after they were led by two kings who ensured that they played a role in the counsel of the noble, five Ephors, and military leaders. Sparta trained their children as a military at seven while the helots worked in the land. In (612 B.C.E), Draco made public the first law code for Athens. The four forms of government that existed in the polis were democracy, monarchy, Oligarchy, and tyranny. The forms of government changed because they wanted to have a form of government that would fit all its citizens and avoid any form of rebellion. The similarities between Sparta and Athens are that they had the same form of government; they both had an assembly with members elected by the people (Bottalico 67). Athens had a government while the oligarchy form of government was that of Sparta. Athens had a mighty navy, while Sparta had a dynamic land army. Athens is the center of learning, psychology, and art. At the same time, Sparta is a warrior society; in Athens economy was mainly growing from trade, while in Sparta economy was from conquering and agriculture, and the women had less freedom and status. In contrast, in Sparta, women had more status and freedom. The two states were different because they had different leadership beliefs and governance. Athens played a vital role in the Persian war by defeating the Persians in the salamis and the marathon. Sparta was a trained military and hence provided the soldiers for the war and fought in the Thermopylae, which provided time for Athens to prepare (Petrakis et al. 44). The Greeks repelled the Persians because they could not allow other countries to invade their country, and also, the city-states empire created skills for the Greeks to win. After winning the war, Athens united all the islands and the city-states in Greek into alliance
Annotated Bibliography Hodges, R. (2011). Sickle cell disease: acute complications and management. Journal Of Paramedic Practice, 3(11), 608-613. In this article, Ross Hodges (2011) provides specific instructions to medical professionals working with the patients who have sickle cell disease (SCD). In particular, the author focuses on the tasks that should be done by prehospital clinicians. The scholar urges medical professionals to pay attention to such risk factors as dehydration, low oxygen levels, dehydration, or pregnancy because they can increase the likelihood of complications related to SCD (Hodges, 2011, p. 610). Additionally, the author shows that there are certain signs that should be recognized by medical workers, for example, pallor, hypotension, abdominal mass. They are the symptoms of splenic sequestration crisis which poses a significant threat to the life of a person (Hodges, 2011, p. 611). Additionally, the author speaks about specific actions that should be taken in order to mitigate the risks of SCD complications. Overall, Ross Hodges discusses a variety of issues that prehospital clinicians should address. This article is a very useful source because it provides detailed instructions that should be taken by medical professionals in order to assist the patient. Moreover, these guidelines can eventually save a person suffering from complications. The instructions provided by the scholar are based on numerous clinical studies published in peer-reviewed journals. This is this source can be used by medical professionals. Overall, this article can increase a person’s understanding of the complications that SCD can produce. This work can assist an individual who writes a paper about this illness from the perspective of a nurse. This source demonstrates that the effective management of SCD requires in-depth knowledge of risks to which a patient can be exposed. These are the main aspects that should be considered by the readers. Lionnet, F., Hammoudi, N., Stojanovic, K., Avellino, V., Grateau, G., Girot, R., & Haymann, J. (2012). Hemoglobin sickle cell disease complications: a clinical study of 179 cases. Haematologica, 97(8), 1136-1141. In this article, Francois Lionnet et al. (2012) examine the complications produced by hemoglobin sickle cell disease. The arguments of the authors are based on the clinical study that involved 179 cases (Lionnet et al., 2012, p. 1136). The authors note that the diagnosis of this disorder is often delayed. This is one of the reasons why its symptoms can become very acute. The authors focus on such side-effects as acute chest syndrome, priapism, and painful vaso-occlusive crisis (Lionnet et al., 2012, p. 1138). In turn, the most common treatment options are phlebotomy, cholecystectomy, or hydroxycarbanide (Lionnet et al., 2012, p. 1138). The scholars say that hemoglobin sickle cell dise
Introduction The National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs) were set up eight years ago to assist recognized institutions to deal with particular issues of concern regarding patient safety. These goals have gone through a wide evaluation development procedure that was carried out last year. This resulted in the current revised version of the goals. The developmental procedure was due to the concerns arising from the need for more resources to the need for efficiency in quality and service delivery. The reforms understate the role of the Joint Commission in ensuring that patient safety and the quality of service delivered to them is of the utmost priority to health caregivers. Objectives of the goals The objectives of the goals are to ensure that there is accuracy in the process of identification of patients. This is implemented by coming up with patient identifiers in the course of health care provision. Identification of patients reduces cases of mistaken patient ID in-hospital procedures such as transfusions and others. Another objective of the goals is to improve the level of communication among caregivers as this enhances knowledge sharing. While the official role of the organization is to mitigate any cases of importation of banned substances and control and regulation of the type of goods that enter the country, the role of the department that I work for, department of finance customs administration, coordinates with the main department to ensure that the financial control of the organization (Dibella 45). is possible while also ensuring that administrative tasks and resource allocation are possible. The department has adopted various strategies in order to ensure that the organizational goals are met. One of the key adopted str
Introduction JD Sports is a retailer in sports wear. It has several stores in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The company offers a wide range of products such as sports shoes, uniform and general sports accessories. The company is one of the leading companies in the sports retail sector in the United Kingdom. This is a financial report of the company based on the financial statements for the years 2010 and 2011. The analysis is based on year to year performance and comparison of JD Sports performance against the industrial performance (Gill & Chatton 1999, p. 12-15). Summary of the financial statements Income statement The profitability of the company has been declining over the past three years of analysis. The gross profits were GPB 142.1 million and GPB 124.9 million for 2010 and 2011 respectively. The net operating loss for the Company was GPB 67.3 million and GPB 181 million for 2010 and 2011 in that order. From the trend, the company has been running at a net loss for the two years and the net loss is on the increase (JB Sports Financial Statements 2011, p. 1). Balance Sheet The cash and cash equivalents of the company have decreased greatly from 2010 to 2011. Short term investments have been disposed and they do not appear in the balance sheet for 2010 and 2011. Total cash and cash equivalents, Total receivables and the general current assets for the company are falling. The same trend is seen in the property, plant and equipment where the values are GPB 615.3 million and GPB 166.5 million 2010 and 2011. The total current liabilities and total liabilities increased in 2010 but declined in 2011. The total liabilities are GPB 430.7 million in 2010 and GPB 122.4 million in 2011. Total common equity decreased from GPB 184.6 million in 2010 to GPB 44.1 million in 2011. The total liabilities for the company decreased in the period of analysis (JB Sports Financial Statements 2011, p. 2). Cash flow The cash flow from operating activities is on the decrease in the period of comparison. The cash from operations was GPB 37.9 million and GPB -71.9 million for 2010 and 2011 respectively. There is no cash generated from investing activities. The company has reduced it’s investment over the two years since cash outflow to investment projects is GPB 5 million and GPB 4.5 million in 2010 and 2011. Cash from financing activities was GPB -6.3 million and GPB 24.1 million for 2010 and 2011. Net change in cash was GPB 26.4 million for 2010 GPB -53 million for 2011 (JB Sports Financial Statements 2011, p. 3). Key Ratios The key ratios to be considered are the ratios that show the growth and profitability of the company, the liquidity and asset management (JB Sports Key Ratios 2011, p.1). Growth ratios will be calculated based on the results for the previous year, 2010. These ratios are ratios for the recent financial year which is 2011. These ratios are current ratio, the quick ratio, return on equity, and return on assets, return on capital, inventory turnover, receivable turnover and asset turnover among others (Lee 2007, p.241) Growth Ratios These show the comparison of