ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Despite major advances in democratic, political, economical, and social aspects of life, male dominance over women is still rampant the world over. The modern feminist movement has not achieved many gains compared to the feminist movements of the 1970s. Laws to guarantee equal opportunities for both men and women have been passed in all democratic nations but still, nothing much has been achieved in bringing down male dominance. Just like her 1970s counterpart, the modern woman has continued to struggle to gain her rightful place in society. According to Geoff Dench, in his book Transforming Men , patriarchy is “men’s physical, social, political and economic domination over women” . This domination limits women’s opportunities and choices in determining their destiny and their own lives. Over the years, this system has been sustained as it functions to the men’s benefit. Male domination of women is offensive and an attempt by society to eradicate it is laudable. Main body In relation to past society, Male domination was generally acceptable. Breadwinning conferred special privileges on men in the family . (Geoff, 1996) The man earned money and that meant that he had the right to control how it is used. This control was extended to other areas of the family as men took authority in decisions makings of all issues. Breadwinning afforded men freedom from various domestic responsibilities and ample time for leisure. In essence, a man’s income guaranteed him privileges and more power within a family. To balance the equation of money and power, many women pursued an education in the late 1950s and early 1960s to guarantee them better employment which could empower them (Goldberg, 1993) This led to the feminist movement in the early 1970s as women fought to enter in employment and get equal pay as their male counterparts. However, women’s entry into job markets hasn’t changed much. Employment has given them very little increase in family control as men’s privileges and power have been preserved. The largest percentage of women earns a smaller percentage of what men earn doing the same kind of work. Most men earn more than their wives and retain significant power and control based on their better incomes. Even men who earn significantly less than their wives have continued to be branded as the family provider and exercise greater authority in the family. They enjoy great respect and have much power to make decisions and define the terms of the marital contract. This clearly shows that by earning an income, women are not guaranteed that they will be able to exercise greater power in marriages. Away from family and into jobs, most of the CEO and top companies’ heads and leaders are men. A significant number of women have taken up positions in quite a number of companies, but it is always through a lot of constant struggle with their men counterparts who have nothing much more than biological power. In the history of mankind, throughout the world, men have not had to fight for their place within the society like their women co
Introduction Since ancient times, when the Egyptians built the Pyramids, to the vast armies of Rome, the conquests of Alexander the Great to the modern armies, hospitals, and the Industries, the importance of people in turning a dream into reality has always been emphasized. Without people, all plans and strategies come to nothing, and the grandest dreams, remain just that. The power of like-minded groups with similar goals and objectives or teams as such groups are called is very vital to changing a dream or a vision to reality. The process gives rise to the concept of teamwork and team play. The paper discusses the statement from a wide range of perspectives and also examines the role of people in teams engaged in different activities such as the defense, healthcare, IT industry, and quality teams in automobile engineering. The concept of people and teams needs to be understood clearly. In a disaster, there would be hundreds of passive onlookers but only a handful of firefighters who risk their lives to help others. In this scenario, by people, we mean the team of firefighters and not the general public and it is such a team that helps to realize the goals, dreams, and aspirations of organizations and leaders. Ethics for Life Boss (2003) has discussed the role of ethics and leadership from the ancient philosophers to modern times. The author has discussed the roles, works, and views of great philosophers such as Aristotle, David Hume, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Aquinas and presented the various theories and concepts the philosophers had about people and their concepts of ethics from a philosophical view. He has discussed at the length the philosophical framework of ethical dogma and subjectivism and all the related concepts of ethical skeptics and emotivism and has arguments that went contrary to these concepts. Presenting a discussion that is multicultural and interdisciplinary, she has discussed at length the works and lives of philosophers such as Mahatma Gandhi, the Buddha, Carol Gilligan, Ayan Rand, and even Black Eli. Boss has displayed her orientation towards the eastern philosophies when she promotes fell good eastern philosophies and puts all the blames on capitalism, western philosophy, and white males. She as said “genuine praxis demands a shift away from how an individual routinely sees the world, to a viewing of the world through the eyes of the collective ‘we’ and this suggests that deep bias she had for people who functioned as a group and team (p. 44). Again Boss suggests that the role of men when it comes to the care for women has always been misguided. She has suggested “Men may have kept women out of the dog-eat-dog job market out of consideration for their well-being, but the effect has been harmful to women” (p. 51). In another instance she has suggested “the neglect of both philosophers and psychologists to take the women’s perspective into
Introduction In order to analyze online public relations (PR), one is to understand its peculiarities and deepen in its framework. The main feature that should be taken into consideration is the fact that online PR are driven by a set of main elements. Transparency The concept of transparency deals with the individual’s willingness to be open to new ideas and to take responsibility for particular actions. It has become extremely popular in recent years, and the majority of organizations tend to maintain their ‘corporate transparency’. In other words, companies and individuals disclose information about themselves, their rules, operations, etc. Organizational transparency can be measured by identifying the degree to which it shares the information and to which it allows contact with people who can provide this information. Being transparent is a good practice for politics and information sector as well. It controls the power of authorities and prevents abuse. For example, meetings can be open to the general public and press so that they get to know and discuss new rules or consider financial aspects. In the framework of media, the focus is on the sources of information and its delivery. People should also have an opportunity to know how it is funded. Transparency allows to build trust-based relations with the public and enhance reputation through the communication of information. Professionals can use the Internet for such purpose as it gives an opportunity to interact and share various data. There are two main forms of transparency:   * Radical. It presupposes that all information about organizational processes is available to the general public.   * Controlled. It deals with partial disclosure of information to particular people in the particular period of time (via the Internet in perspective of online PR):   * Institutional: free access to the information about an organization;   * Overt: company wants to make information available;   * Covert: information is ‘pushed’;   * Unintentional: offices make information available and people gather it from websites. Still, it is not enough to provide the public with information to apply transparency, as it should be adapted for non-professionals and be relevant and accurate. Porosity Porosity occurs when the information is ‘escaping’ from the company. Such actions are always maintained, as people communicate and gossips occur. Nowadays they can be posted online or shared via e-mails, messages or social media. Trying to prevent information ‘leaking’, companies refer to:   * Technologies – professionals check the information shared via online transactions;   * Guidance – employees are made to act according to particular policies and rules. Porosity may happen incidentally when some information was shared by mistake. Accidentally, when there were problems with firewall. Intentionally, when a worker was not satisfied and decided to disclose some information. Maliciously, when gossips happen from time to time. Still, porosity can have a positive effect on the organization as it can reveal authentic voice and competitive advantage when it is controll
Introduction A contract is an agreement that outlines specifics details of an issue between different parties regarding a certain matter; it is usually a written document, although it can also be verbal and is enforceable in a court of law (Kinzie, 2004). For a contract to be considered valid, it must contain seven important elements: consideration, form, intention to create legal relations, agreement, genuine consent, and capacity to implement the contract (Turner, 2008). When a contract has been broken, a breach is said to have occurred; breach of contract in legal terms is used to describe actions that have been undertaken by one of the parties in contravention to the binding agreement as originally agreed between the parties. It is also used to describe cases where the terms of an agreement as entered between various parties are not honored according to the article of the agreement. In general, all forms of contracts reached upon between various parties are governed by the principle of pacta sunt servanda (Yovel, 2008). One of the essential features of a valid contract that is encompassed by the seven elements discussed above is what is referred to as “vitiating elements” (Vermeesch and Lindgren, 2005); based on common law that governs contract laws, for a contract to be enforceable it must not have any vitiating elements. Vitiating elements imply the presence of any factors that might incline the court to “decide that a contract is void, voidable or unenforceable” (Vermeesch and Lindgren, 2005); it is in this context that the element of mistake can be discussed in contract law. This is because generally, the courts have over time, through precedents, summarized the major forms of vitiating elements found in contracts to be six, which are; mistake, illegality, duress, misrepresentation, undue influence, and what is referred to as non est factum (Parker and Box, 2008). In this case and for the contract in question, it is clear that there are two obvious vitiating elements; that of mistake and fraudulent misrepresentation. The type of mistake, in this case, is what is referred to as unilateral mistake since it is only one party who was mistaken as to the terms and conditions of the contract, which we realize to have been deliberately orchestrated by the other party. As such unilateral mistake in contract law is defined as “a mistake where only one party to a contract is mistaken as to the terms or subject-matter contained therein under circumstances where it would be unconscionable or unfair for them to be held to perform the contract” (Atkinson, 1999). Additionally, there is an element of fraudulent misrepresentation since “false statement of fact (was) made during negotiations by a contracting party…that was fraudulent and caused loss (Khoury and Yamouni, 2004) Now that we have identified the pertinent issues that are central to this discussion let us now proceed and discuss the implications of these acts from the perspective of the contract law. Implications of the Unilateral Mistake Generally, there are two outcomes that result in the event of a unilateral mistake made by any of the parti
The metaphor which describes diversity best is the most recent one, “kaleidoscope.” While its superiority over the “melting pot” is obvious enough, the difference from “salad bowl” requires some explanation. The earliest and most recognizable metaphor, the “melting pot,” has received so much criticism it is unlikely to be used nowadays with a positive connotation. The main point of criticism to it is the emphasis on assimilation which is depicted through melting – itself a very powerful image. Aside from the presupposition that it strips the individuals of identity, it implies a certain level of power which the newcomers cannot overcome, giving it the authoritarian feel. However, it certainly gets one thing right which the next contestant misses. The “salad bowl,” introduced in the seventies (Schaefer 12), attempted to emphasize the individuality instead of transformation. It certainly is true that the contemporary American society is more favorable to pluralism, making it possible for the citizens to retain their personality and at the same time take part in the creation of the unique society (the salad, in this case). However, the salad metaphor omits one important detail, the one which probably was the reason behind the “melting pot” one: the society inevitably changes its members. No matter how much the current community embraces the diversity, it eventually alters everyone, or, to be more precise, the presence of the people around you does. Like the light that passes through the colored glass shards in the kaleidoscope change the color of each next piece, and once the pieces shuffle, the process repeats, producing each time new environment. Besides, while the pot analogy is irreversible, possessing a vibe of doom, the process inside the kaleidoscope is fluent, ever-moving, and does no permanent change to the shards. Of course, the amusing and joyous nature of the toy also contributes to the pleasant impression. The category of race has a long history of presence in the human culture. As recently as half a century ago, the American society was influenced by the notion of race on a major scale, with many traces of it still visible today (Bonilla-Silva xiv). The race was predominantly determined by the biological characteristics, most famously the skin color. Interestingly, it is currently a scientifically established fact that biologically speaking, race does not exist. The notion has been exhaustively studied by experts in genetics, anthropology, and psychology, and all of the data has added up to a conclusive statement: there are no distinctive differences shared by any group of people that can be interpreted as the racial characteristics (Mountain and Risch 48). Paradoxically, race remains relevant as a biological construct in some fields. The lack of distinctive characteristics does not mean that all people are the same, and some of the differences can be extrapolated from the “racial features.” The field of healthcare notably takes advantage of it b
Health is an essential condition for human existence, contributing to complete physical, spiritual and social well-being. The topic devoted to maintaining and strengthening health into everyday life is extremely relevant in our time because the introduction of behavioral changes in health care is the prevention of diseases. A health promotion model is comprehensive and positively affects different aspects of life, including education. A study was conducted in which the focus group consisted of young people, college students, or people just entering adulthood. The research topic was an ecological model for healthy behavior. Even with wide recognition that “the food that we consume has a strong impact on our health, consumers ’food preferences do not always lead to the best nutritional choices, according to the research arguments.” (Sogari, 2018, p. 13) This fact led scientists to look in more detail at the factors that influence poor food choices, the conditions under which it occurs, and “specific social factors”. (West, 2020, p. 455) The availability of healthy food, “promotion of physical activity”, and programs dedicated to cooking and planning healthy meals have become important conditions for choosing a healthy lifestyle in general. (Fletcher, 2018, p. 1631) The findings noted that the introduction of healthy eating habits is very important and significantly affects the productivity of people in general. An ecological model includes certain behavioral changes, and teaching them consists in the fact that people realize good eating habits through the dissemination of information. “Common barriers to an ecological model in eating habits were time constraints, unhealthy snacking, convenience high-calorie food, stress, high prices of healthy food, and easy access to junk food”. (Sogari, 2018, p. 13) A person’s readiness for change is a key ability of our time, every day the world is improving, and in this case it is imperative to find a way to adapt to the new rhythm of life. To conclude, nutrition has been shown to affect intellectual development and learning ability, so changing behavioral habits within an ecological model is effective and generally helps to strengthen the body.
Unexpected weight loss is a symptom that can be attributed to multiple health conditions. The likelihood of most of these conditions increases with age due to frailty. The following paper describes a recommended course of actions for a patient with complaints of weight loss, exhaustion, and a decline in physical strength. In order to determine the causes of the reported condition, the patient is to be asked several additional questions. First, it is important to acknowledge that unintentional weight loss can occur as a result of experiencing a stressful event. Thus, an inquiry is recommended regarding the recent experiences that could have resulted in a major emotional response. The patient’s family can be involved at this stage since the patient may omit important information. Next, it is recommended to ask the patient about the presence of chronic conditions such as diabetes and gastrointestinal disorders, both of which can result in weight loss after an increase in severity. Finally, in some cases, the development of cancer is associated with weight loss. Thus, the patient should be asked about his general well-being and the presence of other symptoms that may help to determine the direction of further inquiry. In some cases, weight loss and fatigue result from the exacerbation of the existing chronic conditions. Therefore, it is also recommended to conduct several screenings to account for such a possibility. First, according to a study by Saha, Hatch, Hayden, Steffens, and Potter (2016), “Higher scores on the appetite and weight loss symptom factor were associated with an increased hazard of both AD and non-AD dementia” (p. 870). Therefore, it would be necessary to conduct a physical exam and run several diagnostic tests in order to detect the possible onset of a mental disorder. In addition, it is recommended to conduct a blood test for celiac disease which is known to result in similar symptoms. Next, a test for diabetes may be necessary in order to rule out the attribution of symptoms to the condition. Finally, it is necessary to screen for infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV since both conditions produce similar effects. In addition to a number of single-system illnesses that may be considered potential candidates for the reported complaints, frailty should be considered as a possible primary cause. Defined as “a state of vulnerability to poor resolution of homoeostasis after a stressor event,” frailty is associated with a gradual decline of overall health that does not necessarily localize in a specific system (Clegg, Young, Iliffe, Rikkert, & Rockwood, 2013, p. 752). The main reason frailty needs to be considered as a possible cause of complaint is the patient’s age. The occurre
Organizational changes in healthcare facilities ought to use the most feasible models of change management. The change management approach should meet the required objectives and eliminate negative consequences. The purpose of this paper is to highlight a crisis that occurred in my organization, and to reveal the model used by the management to solve the issue. Over the past decade, the healthcare system is one of the areas that have received tremendous developments in terms of the use of technology. My employer is one of the entities that invested heavily in equipping the healthcare facility with technological equipment to enhance the quality of services offered to the patients. While the move was quite commendable and appealing to patients, the management in the healthcare facility recently faced a staffing crisis that threatened to have the hospital closed down. The crisis emanated from the greed portrayed by the management function through understaffing to save more money to purchase the latest technological equipment. The nursing team in the hospital was overworked, resulting in lower job satisfaction. Understaffing is a crisis that many hospitals are facing in their nursing teams, especially in the private hospitals, where the managements look to increase profitability by reducing the number of employees. While it was apparent that the hospital required additional staffing, the management chose to resolve the crisis by implementing changes in the workflow. The management chose to use the complex adaptive system to utilize the available human resources instead of incurring financial liabilities through hiring more nurses. The main idea was to enhance the cohesiveness of the members of the nursing team and to compel them to portray higher levels of performance in their work. The management wanted to ensure that the available human assets covered the daily workflow effectively; hence, the management called upon the non-ICU and the critical care nurses to implement a change in their approach on the workflow. The management called for the nurses with fewer duties in the teams to avail themselves in the areas that required more nurses. The nursing leaders in the teams to
Microaggressions are small instances of aggression towards a person, where one either deliberately or unconsciously insults another. Although it might seem like a minor occurrence, it is important to note that it can act as both promoter of the major issues and a marker of the hostility level. The examples used in the video by Derald Wing Sue are not surprising even though they are taken from famous Hollywood movies. I have not been a victim of microaggression, but I have seen gender oppressing types around me. The video describes two main manifestations of microaggression, which are deliberate and unconscious. These terms determine the ends of the spectrum of various types of microaggressions. In addition, they can take three main forms, which are microinvalidation, microinsult, and microassault. The former two lie closer to the unconscious end, whereas the latter is deliberate. Micro-insults are messages that convey stereotypes, rudeness, insensitivity, and thereby demean racial, gender, or sexual orientation-based heritage or identity. The neglect of micro-abuse is often difficult to grasp, often outside the conscious behavior of the speaker. I was not surprised by any example he used because I have seen such instances of aggression being done towa