ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Feminist reading to IR started to enter World Politics academia late in time in the late 1980’s. Examining this perspective within IR helps explore fresh ideas about the discipline, notably the argument advanced by many feminists that World Politics is gendered and have been monopolized for a while by men and the male perspective. A Historic Overview on Feminist Contribution to IR Feminists started to appear in IR-related Conferences and issue their writings in the late 1980’s, early 1990’s (Wibben 2004, p.98). This is illustrated in such classic books as Jean Bethke Elshtain’s Women and War (1987), Cynthia Enloe’s Bananas, and Beaches and Bases (1989) (Wibben 2004, p.98). These are early female contributions to IR academic and the In terms of conferences, the theme of gender and politics was being explored in conferences. This is perhaps helped shed light onto feminist thought because conferences, by virtue of their interactive character, help disseminate thought. Accordingly, female perspective into IR was introduced to the academic platform through such conferences as the 1988 Millennium special issue: Journal of International Studies conference at the London School of Economics, the 1989 conference at the University of Southern California, and the 1990 conference at Wellesley (Wibben 2004, p.98-99). These are briefly the debuts of a minor stream in IR, the feminist, within a male-dominant stream. The Millennium special issue, afore-mentioned, in particular has marked a turning point. The significance of it lies in that feminist writings having become recognize as literature (Steans 2006). A school of thought has been initiated, allowing the discipline of IR that had been monopolized by men’s writing to have some space. Taking advantage of this space, feminist IR scholars have tried to demonstrate that IR can be approached from a gender perspective. The Gendering of IR: Examination of the Feminist Perspective IR is a multi-dimensional discipline. It touches upon various sub-issues: international politics, international economics, international institutions and so on and so forth (Steans, 2006, p.03). Correspondently, there are many issues that feminist IR scholars have studied. Perhaps the most important ones are the ones related to international which, stereotypically, represents the subject of predilection for male scholars. First of all, although the label feminism is attributed to female IR writings, one must say that there is nothing such as a homogeneous corpus of feminist writings. One may find, for instance, a stream that starts out from the premise that there should be equality between males and females (liberal feminists) while there is another that stresses the difference between genders (Steans, 2006, p.12). However, all schools brought fresh perspectives to IR by adding a dimension not present before- gender. Female scholarship brought about new formalization of the nature of IR. Whereas the Westphalian reading into IR has prevailed academe for decades, female perspective drew the attention to matters beyond boundaries between states to that of matters related
The economic impacts, military conquest, as well as the implementation of Christianity and education were major factors contributing to the domination of India by Britain between 1757 and 1858. In essence, the British Empire is perceived as one of the biggest formal empire that the world had ever come to see. Its economic, political and military power as well as influence extended all over the world; shaping and manipulating the diverse cultures considerably. The British Empire employed diverse political channels to gain over the natives or new colonies. Some of these approaches concerned the creation of protectorates, colonies, dominions, mandates, as well as the exploitation of company rule. Along these lines religious, education and economic factors were in most instances given a greater consideration in regard to overcoming the lands controlled by the empire 1 . Practically, by controlling the masses through the dynamics of military, religion and economic supremacy the empire had a vivid picture of what she needed in India. Therefore, the period beginning from the wake of 1758 to 1558 is marked with what can be termed as British hegemony in India. Overview India was the largest as well as the longest colony dominated and equally exploited in regard to British conquests. With its rich fields, the British generated the incalculable plunder as well as profit 2 . This included becoming the base for Asiatic expansionism where the British exploited India citizens in her countless wars. Hence, the British Empire viewed India as her foundation of strategic objectives including being the key fulcrum of the empire as well as its global and local dominance. This resulted in a trail of destruction where the Indians were subject to hunger, poverty, exploitation and diseases. Coupled with advanced production technologies the British abused the nation’s natural resources and equally destroyed the established economic frameworks. Hence, the British dominance is plagued by economic abuses as well as military warfare and the conquest of Indian knowledge through religion and education. Economic impact Exploring the past history of India the British rule had a tremendous effect on the India’s economy. The major reason the British established a political control in India was chiefly linked to the exploitation of both economic as well as commercial circumstances of this nation. The Britons anticipated instituting a colonial market allied to the British products. This illustrates why the British economic impact was both harmful and equally devastating. This can be allied to the fact that the British Empire exploited the extreme and complicated techniques to exploits India’s economic reserves 3 . This resulted in the country experiencing spells of extreme hunger, poverty as well as low income. From a historical perspective, India’s major source of income was the land. The land was typically exploited for agricultural purposes. It is
“It’s the sense of touch. In any real city, you walk, you know? You brush past people, people bump into you. In L.A., nobody touches you. We’re always behind this metal and glass. I think we miss that touch so much, that we crash into each other, just so we can feel something “(Crash 2005). The crash is a heart-touching story displaying the increasing need for multi-cultural Los Angeles individuals to relate with each other. The movie successfully exposes racism, stereotyping, apprehension, and prejudice like never before. It starts with a multi-car collision and gradually slips into the personal life and inhibitions of each of the twenty characters. Star performers, including Don Cheadle, Terrence Howard, Nona Gaye, Sandra Bullock, Michael Pena Matt Dillon, Brendan Fraser, Thandie Newton, Ryan Phillipe, Jennifer Esposito, William Fichtner, Chris Bridges, and Larenz Tate, complimented the inciting story and supplemented the punch characters were expected to invoke in viewers. The movie remarkably won three awards, out of the nominated six, in 78 th Academy Awards; it was also nominated for two Golden Globe awards. “Other awards include Best Ensemble Cast at the 2005 Screen Actors Guild Awards; Best Original Screenplay at the Writers Guild of America Awards 2005; Best Original Screenplay and Best Supporting Actress (Newton) at the BAFTA Awards; Best Writer at the Critics’ Choice Awards; Outstanding Motion Picture and Outstanding Actor in a Leading Role (Howard) at the Black Movie Awards; Best First Feature and Best Supporting Male (Dillon) at the Independent Spirit Awards; Best Acting Ensemble and Best Writer at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards; and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture (Howard) and Outstanding Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards“(Answers.com). Baffled characters, who were either culprits or victims, struggled emotionally and physically to confirm or to condemn racial stereotyping. Surprisingly, all events depicted racial discrimination in some other form. Ria (Jennifer Esposito), the Latino woman got in an argument with another Asian lady over the car accident and her racist remark. Ria was accompanied by Waters, an African-American detective, and her boyfriend, who came to inspect the adjoining crime scenes. Farhad (Shaun Toub), a Persian store owner retorted to the gun shop owner, who mistook him for an Arab and made a racial remark on him and his daughter Dorri. Dorri (Bahar Soomekh), a doctor, was better acquainted with the language and conduct of Los Angeles but, was concerned about his father’s insecurity and bias towards other communities. Farhan and his wife Shereen resented being taken as Arabs and this and the robbery incident added to their frustration. Anthony (Chris “Ludacris” B
Introduction Hennes and Mauritz is a Swedish based company, which deals exclusively with clothes and cosmetics. H&M has grown over the years and currently it is operated from a leased store, with its sales available over the internet and on a franchise basis. The company has lived its business concept “fashion and quality for everyone at the best price”, by offering exactly that. H&M’s 2010 financial report indicates that amongst its 38 markets, 9 of them are franchise based. The company has registered high sales over the years, attributed to their technique of delivering fast fashion at very affordable prices in comparison to others. Their stores have variety of clothes for women, men, teenagers and children. The varieties include basic modern fashion to high fashion. H&M’s major collection are accompanied by matching accessories, nightwear, underwear and accessories, a major selling strategy (Datamonitor, 2010). Despite not owning a factory of its own, H&M is surrounded by very talented designers who produce exemplary good collections for all at vey low prices. As aforementioned, their operations are mainly on leased stores, coupled with internet and catalogue sales. The latter are mainly in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, The Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom. The company’s 2010/1 report indicates that it had 2,206 stores including 50 franchise stores, 35 collection of style, 48 monki stores and a one cheap Monday store. The end of 2010 saw H&M expand immensely by opening another 168 stores. The stores are located in attractive business locations, however a particular focus on the US as been noted with its new branches stemming up. However, this does not mean that the emerging markets are down played as the company has an eye on Eastern Europe, China and Japan. Its new branches are self-financed; this is supported by the fact that its sales in the past five years have been on steady rise totalling to almost 72% annually with shares amounting to almost 183% per share. The exemplary growth is characterized with the company’s sole reliant on new and striking fashions for all genres. H&M aims at increasing its products range, online shopping and in regard to the above; it has already begun an entirely new chain store, named Collection of Style. The COS is integrated with high fashion while offering very competitive prices. The company boasts of very good designs that have graced the ho-off-the catwalk at very affordable prices, a major marketing strategy. Their store displays are very captivating and allow customers to experiment with entirely new fashions. Due to its popularity, the stores turnover is very fast and new designs keep emerging. The company is entirely sensitive of the host culture and unlike other firms that provide almost similar fashions in all their countries, H&M insist on custom-tailored fashions that integrate both the local market and their buying preferences. The technique is however supported by the great feedback the company gets from its central centre, where information from all over the country’s branches is collected, product re-in ovation carried
Advertising has had a significant role on people and especially on children. Their young and developing mind is very influential and everything they see is considered to be real and true. Television has become a great part of every child’s life, not to mention the internet and the extreme amount of ads that can be found there. Often, children are suscepted to uncontrollable TV and internet usage and so, great care should be applied when allowing children to watch TV (Metroka-Kirkham 30). Commercials and different advertisements can prove to be harmful but at the same time, there are things that are very positive and mind stimulating. Lego is one of such things; it is a toy, a puzzle that allows children to use their imagination. The building blocks of the constructor can be compared to the building blocks in the mind that develop in the process of child’s play. It has been proven by numerous studies that play and games are an important and crucial part in the development of a healthy individual. Pretend play and toys are a large part of children’s life and childhood. The paper/study will focus on the effects of Lego and other toy’s advertisement on the desire of children to receive the above products. The specific focus on Lego will examine the type of toy and the benefits that it might have for the children, as well as some disadvantages. The advertisement also has to have specific qualities in order to attract potential customers, so a close look at the parameters of advertisements will also be analyzed. The advertisement industry is familiar with the effects it has on children and it is used by manipulating colors, voices, themes, products, presence of other children or already known characters that children will respond to. The method of the study will be a close look at the qualities and details of the advertisement. One of the criteria will be the story or theme that is being used in the advertisement. For example, if it is Lego with a pirate theme then it is mostly directed towards boys. The same is true if there are cars, fire trucks, tanks, soldiers and other male related themes. If it is a Lego playhouse with dolls, natural scenes and other female preferred pretend play scenarios then the difference will be obvious. This means that the advertisements should be developed with a gender orientation in planning. Another factor is the age of the child. If it is a simple and small amount of blocks then it can be used by younger children. A more complex Lego set with moving parts and potentially remote controls; it is directed towards an older audience. Some Lego toys are not to be used by children under 3 years of age because of the small parts that can become dangerous and even lethal in case they are used without supervision and care. Thus, it is important to determine the relationship between parental control and children’s Lego use because parents are the ones who will be acquiring the toy for their children (Gunter 81). The academic articles analyzing the amount of advertisements watched wi
Artifacts, ecofacts, and features Any archaeological site habitually presents an array of valuable evidence. These include artifacts, features, and ecofacts. Objects that were made or utilized by people are called artifacts. Archaeologists thoroughly analyze artifacts to attain the data concerning the individuals who contributed to the creation of those objects or were merely using them (Dirkmaat, 2012). There is a kind of artifact that cannot be transported. These artifacts are termed features and are the key sources of evidence on archaeological sites. Features comprise items such as soil pigments because these items designate where diverse structures, fences, or junk dumps once existed. The third type of evidence is called ecofacts (Muckle, 2012). Ecofacts can be found on the majority of archaeological sites and are represented by natural relics such as herbal and animal remnants that can assist archaeologists in recognizing digestional and existential patterns. When it comes to discussing the process of finding, categorizing, and interpreting an archaeological site, archaeologists are also known to revise various kinds of data sources, such as artifact sets, site chronicles, and available reports from formerly finalized projects (Muckle, 2012). Correspondingly, they tend to recurrently return to ancient data equipped with an improved knowledge base and an updated array of questions. Archaeological experts occasionally use novel investigational methods to help them realize how individuals may have performed their everyday jobs long ago (Dirkmaat, 2012). For instance, numerous archaeologists reconstruct stone utensils using manufacturing procedures similar to the methods that ancient societies utilized. The methods of interpreting archaeological data There are different methods for interpreting archaeological data. As time passed, absolute dating methods have been polished by the elaboration of quite a few new approaches. The three most widely known methods are radiocarbon dating, and archaeomagnetic dating, and obsidian hydration dating. Radiocarbon dating is a method founded on the examination of the carbon parts of biological resources that are emitting radiation. The method turned out to be a consequence of atomic technology, and it had far-reaching consequences for archaeology (Dirkmaat, 2012). This method is usually used when it is necessary to examine fossils that are from 500 to 50000 years old (E.g., Dead Sea Scrolls). Obsidian hydration dating is grounded on the belief that any type of glass tends to engross minor amounts of atmospheric humidity (E.g., Great Basin of North America). There are numerous complications inherent in this method, so it is not widely used (Muckle, 2012). The phenomenon of archaeomagnetic dating can be explained by the fact that the Earth’s magnetic poles have left their initial locat
To kick off the discussion, it is important to understand the meaning of cultural relativism and objectivism which are the two main philosophical terms used. In a nut shell, cultural relativisms refer to sameness or equality in cultures. It requires that cultures are evaluated with regard to their standards and focuses more on beliefs. Objectivism on the other hand is a philosophy that centers more on rational individualism. It essentially focuses more on an individual attaining the moral goal of happiness with more emphasis on individual rights and liberties. Since societies have different beliefs and cultures, this essay seeks to examine relativism and objectivism in western and Eastern cultures. It will highlight the cultural differences that exist in terms of; lifestyle, thought, and history of their cultures. First and foremost, there is sharp contrast in lifestyles adopted by western and eastern cultures. Notably, life in the western cultures revolves around individual’s wants, aspirations, and choices. People here extend respect to those who show respect, no consideration is given to parents or elders. In addition, decision making is an individualized affair hence no approvals are needed. Life in eastern culture on the other hand is characterized by tight and strong family bonds. To them, family is the most important thing above anything else. People in Eastern cultures spent most of their time with their families and often visit each other. Moreover, they congregate over meals and music. In the eastern culture, family plays a vital role in major decisions of each family member. Children in this culture uphold respect for both parents and elders. In addition, lifestyle in the Western culture is different from the east in terms of food. In western culture, processed and fact foods which are unhealthy dominate menus, while eastern cultures stick to traditional healthy foods. Learning in western cultures is through logical schools while in eastern cultures it is acquired from the elders and parents. Second, there is a difference between the western and eastern philosophical thought. Western philosophers were mainly influenced by Christianity while Eastern philosophers were influenced by Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Integral Yoga, Islam, Taoism and Zen. In light of this, western thought was that; oneself is an element of the divine, life is a service to God, the universe and life are in a linear fashion, life depends on the outer world and that, people ought to dedicate themselves to achieving success and happiness. The eastern thought on the other hand was on; cosmological unity, life a journey toward eternal realities, the world being circular due to eternal recurrence, life being dependant upon the inner world, and emphasis on behavio
Introduction International employment relations are concerned with work and also employment worldwide. It involves how employment has been managed by the HR departments in all the organizations globally. It is under international employment relations that many matters have to be put into considerations and some of these considerations include the new forms of work management, the new methods of pay determination, the new approaches which are used by the trade unions plus the new institutional mechanisms that can be reflected by the HR. So, it’s through international employment relations that we will be in a position to know the various ways of managing employment by most of the HR in the many organizations they work in. This is because most people have been discriminated against globally and there is no known country whereby work discrimination is not evident. So through the paper, am going to discuss why women still fare worse than men in the labor market. (Coppin, 2001). Why do women still fare worse than men in the labor market in relation to China and Australia Internationally, women have higher unemployment rates than men in all the countries where research has been done. This is according to research which was done in the OECD countries. you find that their women still fare worse in the labor market than men hence leading to gender differences between men and women. You find that in most of the organization, the unemployment rates for women are high unlike that for men despite their many qualifications they have on such fields. It is this which has led to a growing concern on why these women are discriminated against in many countries with the example of China which is one of the countries whereby the gender differences are so much evident. The paper tries to use the various aggregate data to try and explore some of the macroeconomic factors that are said to have contributed to these gender differences in unemployment. For example, it is known that the job segregation and the national economic conditions can explain some of the portions of job discrimination in men and women since you find that majority of men in the labor market have a high job potential than women despite their many qualifications hence this phenomenon can be taken as a possibility of job discrimination in most of the economies internationally. It is the role of HR to ensure that equal job opportunities have been awarded to all people despite the many differences and gender should not be used by HR in trying to offer jobs to these people. (Darity, 2002). For example in Australia, it was noted that in the ye