ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The genus Aesculus consists of (depending on classifications) 13-19 plant species named after the territories in which they are distributed. All of these species are trees with green leaves. At the flowering time, pink, red, or yellow flowers appear on the trees, depending on the species. For example, typical in eastern Asia, Aesculus Indica (Indian horse chestnut) has pale pink flowers. Aesculus Pavia (red buckeye) has bright red, catchy flowers; the inflorescences later give brown fruits called chestnuts. The most common (broad area of distribution) and known to all is the horse chestnut or Aesculus hippocastanum. This species is expected in the Balkans, Europe, and North America. Other species are common in eastern Asia (China, Japan) and differ from western species in their inflorescences and leaves. These trees are common in urban environments: they grow along roads, and alleys and interact closely with cars. Often the health of these trees deteriorates due to a large amount of exhaust from vehicles (Ianovici, Latis, & Radac, 2017, pp. 12406-12408). These trees need constant supervision by botanists; otherwise, their photosynthetic abilities decline. Aesculus hippocastanum is not picky about food and can grow for a long time in the shade and on sub-hourly soils. Clay soils are also suitable for it, “grow in different site conditions, both soil and microclimatic” (Swoczyna & Latocha, 2020, p. 575). It can tolerate steppe soils well, although excessive acidity of the earth can harm the roots. Broad leaves are well photosynthesized until they get sick and take on the color of rust instead of green (until the amount of chlorophyll A and B pigment in the leaf drops). In addition, green leaves contain xanthophyll pigment (localized in the inner membranes of chloroplasts). They photosynthesize as C3, and this process is bypassed in one stage. Chloroplast organelles store solar energy, subsequently combining ATP and NADP; at the exit, the plant receives a sugar molecule.
Peter and Catherine were both leaders determined to modernize Russia and make it competitive with the European countries. Peter initiated the western ideas and Catherine ensured continuity of his reforms as well as implementing additional cultural reforms. The reforms helped in modernizing Russia but hurt the peasantry in the process. Peter realized that Russia was behind the Europeans in terms of technology, culture and reliable government systems and tried to modernize the state between the years 1689 to 1725. He was exposed to European tactics when he went to Kolomenskoe and interacted with European militaries. He interacted with monarchs and worked as a carpenter in Holland where he participated in building ships. On returning to Russia, he became a ruler with passion to implement reforms on the things he had experienced such as technical schools, simplifying alphabets, introducing new calendar, initiating military drafts, replacing the title Tsar with Emperor and banning the traditional Muscovite dress for men (Freeze 125). Catherine’s leadership was largely continuation of the reforms that Peter had started towards modernizing Russia. Among the reforms she introduced were extending her country’s influence to Europe, constructing heritage museum, increasing funding for buildings in the state and building academies and libraries. Catherine stopped implementing the reforms to avoid criticism by the French when the French revolution began. Catharine’s reforms also adversely affected the peasantry through serfs who were used to cater for expenses incurred in the reform process. The two leaders helped Russia through implementation of European government and military tactics as well as culture through arts led by Catherine. They were successful in making Russia competitive with European countries but their reforms hurt the peasantry (Freeze 125). The League of Nations from its Birth to Its Death The League of Nations was meant to create order in the world after the world war one that led to destruction. The move was based on critique of the international systems that existed before the world war one, which led to the carnage between the years 1914 and 1918 and aimed at removing the four old European laws. National self-determination principle for independence states was to be introduced in place of monarchial empires. Secret diplomacy would also be phased out and open discussion would be introduced to solve disputes. Alliances for military systems would be removed from the governance and replaced with collective guarantees to secure the nations. Fi
The Nick Adams Stories by Ernest Hemingway mainly reflect on the author’s personal life and his own experience. What the readers can find in these stories appears very true to life and amazingly realistic. One of the short stories belonging to the book “The Nick Adams Stories” is Wedding Day. This short story is the embodiment of great literary techniques including autobiography along with involving plot. The story “Wedding Day” is a part of the final section from The Nick Adams Stories. Nick is a young man here who is just married and alone with his charming bride they are traveling on their honeymoon. The young couple goes down the river to settle in their cottage for their honeymoon. They are amazed by the beauty of nature in the places surrounding their cottage and those ones they see on their way to the cottage. The main characters of the story are Nick Adams himself and his bride. Discussing Nick Adams’ character, it should be stated that he is a reflection of Hemingway himself and is much the embodiment of the author’s very personality. In this story, we find Nick at such an important stage of his life as his marriage and honeymoon journey. What is told in this story is a reflection of Hemingway’s honeymoon when he and his wife enjoyed staying in a beautiful cottage situated on the bank of the picturesque river. Nick’s bride can be also described as a reflection of Hemingway’s first and ever love Hadley Richardson; this charming lady personifies all the dreams by any decent man. Speaking about literary techniques applied in the story, one of them should be mentioned as a very successful one. In this story, Ernest Hemingway resorts to the use of repetition to emphasize his narration. This stylistic method by Hemingway can be acclaimed as very successful; sometimes it is even mentioned as his “carte-de-visite”. The readers may see the way the author begins the story paragraphs describing the beauty of the nature surrounding the places the couple visits while their honeymoon, and ends up with similar descriptions; thus, the ideas are repeatedly revisited with slightly different words. This literary technique enables Hemingway to highlight his ideas and gives the storytelling sort of complete and cyclical feeling adding to the self-contained impression it produces. One more interesting literary technique is autobiography. Nick Adams represents Hemingway himself as has been mentioned above. This literary technique can be seen many times throughout the storytelling. For example, the readers may well remember Hemingway’s honeymoon with his beloved Hadley Richardson when reading about Nick and his bride’s honeymoon experience. In conclusion, Wedding Day short story can be acclaimed as a great piece from the book “The Nick Adams Stories” by Ernest Hemingway. The readers are invited to see Nick and Hemingway himself as Nick’s prototype in a new light of a lover and a young husband. Nick’s character strikes with
The United States experienced tremendous industrial development in the twentieth century. It is in the twentieth century that technology was developed to a modern scale, with inventions and innovations being the order of the day. These new scientific creations and findings needed verification as viable innovations. Since this century was plagued by the most destructive wars in the history of humankind, inventions for military applications were many, and were often tested using human beings as specimen. Some non-military tests of inventions and processes involved human specimen. Since the United States of America was one of the leading powers in the scientific developments, some of the experiments involving humans were conducted within the United States (Moreno, 2000). Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Soldiers Immediately after the Second World War, the United States was in fear of being attacked by communist powers. The tension between the two ideological blocs called for development of some of the most potent nuclear weapons. Some tests were carried out in Nevada to investigate the effect of a nuclear radiation on military personnel. Military officers were exposed to nuclear fallouts after detonation of a nuclear bomb to orient them to the logistics used to fight in a battlefield with a high level of nuclear radiation. The psychological effects of the sight of an exploding nuclear weapon on soldiers were investigated in preparation of the troops for engagement in an anticipated nuclear war. However, the use of human subjects for such potentially dangerous tests faced criticism. Ethical issues arose due to lack of consideration of the fatal disorders and the permanent damage that the radiation may would cause (Moreno, 2000). Use of Radioactive Iodine Scientists at the University of Iowa conducted an experiment using pregnant women to investigate the effect of the iodine on the expectant women. The experiment was intended to investigate the amount of the lethal substance that would cross the placental barrier, which is known to have highly selective membranes. Experimentation with radioactive iodine continued with use of human subjects. Humans were exposed to radioactive iodine in an effort to determine the effect of the iodine on mature and premature fetuses. Critical ethical issues arose due to the inability of the participating individuals to give a well informed consent to the scientists conducting the experiment. Some of the experiments involved direct injection of the potentially dangerous substance into infants (Cantwell, 2001). Vanderbilt University Experiment Scientists at the Vanderbilt University gave a substance the medics claimed would improve the health of unborn infants to more than eigh
The area of peoples’ interests goes forward to gain more benefits by means of different actions. In fact, this truth is inevitable while working or participating in a team. In fact, the world of management is rather striking in episodes when people suffered from being oppressed by other colleagues. The reasons may be different: cases of cheating, stealing or misusing company’s resources. At such moments aggression and bullying becomes the most effective weapon for arranging so-called balance in the company. In practice, such situations are all over. The most significant feature about them is that they are mostly based on the features of financial and career profits. Buchanan (2008) indicates that the politics of “back-stabbing” is a common practice that is enforced by such factors as: “misinformation, spreading rumours, and keeping dirt files for blackmail” (49). This is a domain of agenda-driven managers and their bosses who are seeking for the most useful pulls among the high and mighties. Needless to say, “back-stabbing” is mutual between key players in the dimension of great financial investments and political speculations. Suchlike manipulation in the area of business and professional relationships is considered to be a norm in the most cases. Even when people talk about corruption and fraud of the top of a company, politics of “back-stabbing” is especially used to regulate each step of the members and partners inside the company. “Back-stabbing” makes people go toxic about their destination in the work place (Dent, 2008). They are forced by looking for the counter factors that could reduce pressure on them from the part of colleagues or chief. To eliminate the politics of “back-stabbing” is not that easy. It is a matter for the administration. The thing is that the cases of “mobbing” in the work space are constructed on the psychological or some personal details of an employee. Everything goes around the character of relationships between the dominants and subordinates. Turner (2006) makes special emphasis on what is that specific in relationships between the “top” and the “bottom” of the personnel: “Politicians in positions of authority demand “loyalty” from their followers and accuse aspirants for their office of “treachery” or “back stabbing” for contemplating a challenge” (16). Hence, the best way to eliminate politics of “back-stabbing” is when a person just does his/her job without provoking somebody’s blame. It is especially hard to rise in careers because of spontaneity of probable “back-stabbing” from the side of colleagues surrounding a person. Soo (2009) points out that reaching “the pinnacle of the profession” may appear as a stimulus for “back-stabbing” (1). This is why it is better to find means to resist the pressure of negative effects throughout the work space. However, more dexterous people are contacting well even with the most scoundrels. Thus, it is possible to engage with political “back stabbing.” As a result, it may indemni
The case study “Fired over Facebook” by Gossett (2012) from Case Studies in Organizational Communication is concerned with employers monitoring workers’ social media. This problem is high on the agenda in the modern world because a significant amount of communication and information sharing happens online, and general access to such information is nowadays unlimited. The largest issue, in this case, is associated with the variety of ways whereby employees’ organizational responsibilities may come into direct conflict with their rights (Gossett, 2012). In this assessment, a situation reflecting the problem under consideration will be discussed along with solutions for addressing such incidents. Because an employee of BRIXX restaurant made a negative comment online that mentioned the company’s name, she was fired instantly regardless of the situation not being as transparent as it first seemed. The solution was rather ineffective because it raised questions about the appropriateness of monitoring employees’ behaviors online, prompting arguments on social media policies in the workplace. Evaluation of Solution The ongoing increase in the number of social media platforms has blurred the boundaries between personal and workplace privacy. From the perspective of ethical theory, some level of controversy arises between supporting an employee’s duty to an organization and supporting individual rights (Gossett, 2012). The key conflict, in this case, arises when bosses monitor the activities of their subordinates online because they are afraid of their reputation being ruined. On one side of the argument, workers must support the rules and interests of their companies online if they want to retain their positions. On the other side, collective systems have a responsibility to protect the interests of employees. Overall, the issue is complex and requires serious collaboration between employers and employees to establish boundaries that all parties will find acceptable. The case study mentioned the example of an employee being fired because of her online behavior. In this case, a waitress, Ms. Johnson, complained about a customer who left a small tip after occupying a table in her station for three hours. Upset with the customer, she posted the following on her Facebook page: “Thanks for eating at BRIXX, you cheap piece of **** camper” (Gossett, 2012, p. 210). The restaurant’s management justified firing the waitress because she violated a policy clause that prohibited workers from making negative online statements involving the company. Thus, the company sought to solve the problem of a negative post on social media by firing a worke
Introduction According to research, individualism is a self-orientation that emphasizes on self-reliance and direct search of entity ambitions that may or may not be constant with inset aims (Harbridge & Crawford 2000, p.67). In addition, it also emphasizes the willingness to face affiliates of the inset to which an individual fit in and an ethnicity where people obtain self-importance from their personal achievements. In most cases, people in an individualistic environment are provoked by self-centeredness and attainment of private goals. Such a group of people are reluctant to make contribution to cooperative ventures except that their own hard work are identified and desired instead to benefits from the endeavor of others. On the other hand, collectivism comprises the combination of personal welfare to the objectives of the broader work group. It involves allocation, collaboration, as well as group agreement. It shows concern over the welfare of the group and aggression headed for out-group affiliates. The extent to which there has been a shift from collectivism to individualism in the management of the employment relationship In most circumstance, collectivists feel that they are an obligatory fraction of the cluster, and therefore will willingly continue to make contributions without apprehension for improvement being taken of them or for whether other are handling their fraction. This is because they are always sensitivity individually accountable for the group creation and are thus oriented towards allocation group rewards. Many organizations depict both functional and dysfunctional features concerning the application of communism and individuality in the administration of remuneration within the firm (Guest 2008, p.24). On the contrary, collectivism managerial method in return provides the benefits of more harmonious relationship among employees and the human resource manager. In this type of relationship within an organization, larger synergies may be seen from the incorporated efforts of people with different abilities, while people may take pleasure in a network of communal support (Foster 2005, p.56). On the contrary, there are high chances of the loss of an individual’s self to the group or the persona of the firm while posing high chances of relying on the firm emotionally. In general, the world has been transformed at an incredibly high rate in the recent past. The various establishments in the past century have created a superior influence on the world int
Introduction The United States of America is constantly facing a lot of domestic and foreign policy implementations which have direct impact on the global economic stability. This paper looks into the American leadership impacts and its dominance in the international system on administration, peace, food security, and trade. As the world is steadily becoming a global village, the need to protect human rights from illegal activities in ungoverned areas across the world makes the American leadership ideal in managing such issues. Moreover, the paper reviews leadership style of the American democratic system and the reasons why this style is significant in the unity, growth, and globalization of democracy. Besides, this reflective paper attempts to explicitly support the activities of the US towards building governance and the rule of law often associated with massive use of resources in these areas to promote a stable global economic system. In addition, the paper identifies the main reasons why these activities and investment portfolios are justified. Economic Democratization of Global Trade The democratic system of the US functions on social, political, security issues and the need for appreciation of diversity in practicing moral economic trade. From the history, it is evident that the US political system operates on the facets of foreign policy evaluation, forging allies, and modifying democracy in order to maintain relevance in line with the American dream and maintaining beneficial trade. As a matter of fact, the foundation of America consisted in the belief of existence of a supernatural being who would bless the nation on business prosperity and freedom of the entire globe. Since the historical perspective, America resonates on the ideology of ultimate triumph from involuntary slavery and exploitation (Johnson 2004). Interestingly, the same has been rolled out successfully in regions deemed undemocratic, and has led to positive results such as liberation in Libya, Egypt, and the struggle going on in Syria where the population attempt to restore economic democracy. Since the foundation of America, the society is known to incline itself towards beneficial global trade. Statesmen would do everything to defend what they believe in as affirmed by Reagan’s strong defense of morality and the rule of law in the society of America in practicing business and signing long lasting business treaties with allies. The rule of law defines the moral standards of doing business being a clear guideline for the beneficial trade. Economic policies of America define democracy and its practical aspects. Democratization of the economic system reveals the level of maturity of a nation. For instance, the contribution for a Democratic Society movement of 1962 by the students are accredited for the participatory approach in handling the problems affecting the global economic system rather than leaving the same to partisan politicians. According to Johnson (2004), “We have the power to
Legal Statutes and Considerations First of all, it is worth noting that the legal right for self-defense does not cover cyberspace. This means that a victim of a hacker attack is not allowed to “hack back,” in other words, attack the perpetrator (1). This determines the need for special legal statutes provide governmental regulation in the given sphere. Currently, all 50 states have the laws of such a kind that “encompass a variety of actions that destroy or interfere with normal operation of a computer system” (2). As much as anything else, cybercrime-related laws regularize evidence collection, which should involve the participation of electronic experts and not allow for any privacy right violation (3). Therefore, approaching the crime scene has to be based upon the existing legal considerations. Steps and Procedures When collecting digital evidence, it is critical to maintain data originality. This means that a forensic analysis should be a so-called clone, which stands for a copy of the original data collected from the device under analysis (3). After the submission of the evidence to the court, it has to be possible to explain any change from its initial state; ideally, there should not be any. Considering the latter fact, neither transfer process nor the analysis itself presupposes changing the data. Another essential point is the supervision of experts, under which only both evidence collection and i