ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The modern international relations could be characterized by numerous tensions between parties and the leading actors who impact the global policy and try to attain a better position for their states using diverse levers of influence. Thus, the given diplomatic crisis reminds about the high importance of negotiations as one of the most potent tools to outline a certain position and protect it by using multiple factors. Significance of this sort of dialogue could be evidenced by the events of Cold War when negotiations between the parties to the conflict were the only possible way to avoid global military confrontations and come to an agreement on specific contradictory issues. Therefore, there have always been numerous attempts to improve this element of diplomacy by investigating factors that might impact parties to the conflict, their motifs, decisions, and solutions. Additionally, multiple researchers suggested their models of international relations and aspects that might facilitate problem resolution with the primary aim to attain better results during the negotiation and precondition their enhanced efficiency (Schoppa 353). Besides, among these ideas mentioned above, the two-level game theory remains one of the most influential ones as it is still used by specialists while analyzing particular events and negotiations between different parties. That is why, regarding the high significance of the model, its basic features and assumptions will be researched using the article by Schoppa Two Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes: Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others as the background for the investigation. Putnams Model First of all, starting the analysis of the paper, it is central to determine Putnams model and its fundamental aspects. Thus, the two-level game theory is a model that considers international negotiations between multiple states as those which consist of simultaneous negotiations at domestic and international levels (between agents within a state and between governments correspondingly) (Schoppa 353). In such a way, in the course of negotiations at the domestic level, an agent engages in specific collaborations with the most potent authorities, gathers their support, and builds coalitions (Schoppa 354). At the same time, these aspects precondition the agents activity at the international level as negotiating, he/she tries to make an agreement that will meet requirements of interest groups presented at the domestic level, or create a win-set (acceptable outcomes) (Schoppa 355). Under these conditions, any international agreement becomes possible only if win-sets of all states involved in the process coincide (Schoppa 355). The given model encompasses a wide variety of diplomatic policies and negotiations as negotiators are not independent agents and all their actions are stipulated by specific demands and needs of domestic interest groups. Background Nevertheless, the
Although I have always known that public speaking skills are crucial for delivering a message to the audience, this class taught me what particular impact some skills could make on the speech. By looking closely at each aspect of public speaking, I could see how it can be improved to influence the general impression. I find that the knowledge about our body language is one of the most valuable takeaways of this class. The most important aspect of the course is that it teaches what the perfect speech should be and also allows practicing and identifying our flaws. By doing this, we get the chance of self-analysis and know what skills should be trained. As I am a shy person, this class has given me immense motivation by showing that there is no inborn talent for public speaking, but every skill can be trained if one knows how to work on it. Apart from body language, voice is a powerful instrument in public speaking. By management of its volume and pace, making pauses, and emphasizing key points with the help of pitch, one can gain full control of the listeners’ attention. I find this aspect of public speaking one of the most fascinating but also challenging. Our voice reveals each detail of our emotional state, and I find it challenging to avoid stuttering when I feel nervous. From the feedback about my project, I learned that I should work on the breath and try to control my voice to sound more convincing. Keeping eye contact and proximity is essential for a speaker to engage with the listeners. Unprepared people often tend to fix their stare at the back of the hall for the whole presentation. By doing this, they fail to deliver an engaging message, and their audience cannot stay focused. In this class, I have learned that one should keep eye contact with people most of the time while presenting and switch it from one listener to another so often as needed to look in the eyes of each person. Proximity to the audience is often defined by the size of the place and the number of people present, but some actions help to make a connection and increase proximity. I have learned that by exercising open posture and approaching movement, one can demonstrate the willingness to be closer. Although the public speaking technique is essential, one should always focus on the content and find the best ways to deliver it. Having a strong position and a clearly defined statement is vital to sound impressive. The project I was doing for this class taught me how to organize the information and what instruments to use (photos, numbers) to present my ideas convincingly. Moreover, having these tools helps to hold the presentation better and sound more fluent as I have more material to work with. In this class, I have also learned how to address the specific audience keeping in mind their interests and making the presentation relevant.
Conflict management in human service is extremely important for leaders to be able to sustain effective and efficient workplace culture. There are five basic types of conflict management styles, including competing, accommodating, compromising, avoiding, and collaborating (McShane, n.d.). According to the self assessment tool provided by the McShane (n.d.) I can equally effectively collaborate and compromise to solve conflicts. This implies that I am relatively flexible in my attempts to solve the problem and I always want to make the opinion of the opposing party count. However, such conflict management style is associated requires much time to solve a problem, which may be unavailable in some situations. Thus, even though my preferred conflict management style is flexible, it remains situational. The strengths and weaknesses of my conflict management style can be better understood using an example. The limitations of the approach can be seen in the situation with Stacey and John described in Hart City Scenario 8. In this scenario, John wanted to give Stacey a present for provision of job finding services, which is prohibited in by the organization’s rules. In this situation, compromising is inappropriate, as one cannot compromise on organizational standards. The only approach I feel like using in the situation is collaboration. If I were to solve the problem, I would ask John to visit the Community Center and have a three-way conversation. I would explain that presents are prohibited; however, if John wanted to express his gratitude, he could make a donation to the organization. I would also allow them to find another solution to the problem. While this approach may minimize the conflict and leave everyone somewhat satisfied, it has a definite flaw, as it is very time-consuming. It would be more efficient to just state that presents are prohibited and inform John personally about this decision. Even though this may have led to client’s and employee’s dissatisfaction, it would be appropriate if there is no time available to solve the problem in a different way. The strengths of my approach, however, can be best observed when analyzing the second case scenario with James and Dan. In the situation, James has recently been promoted to a service coordinator, which caused Dan to start frustrating James in different ways. The only reasonable approach to solve the problem here is to collaborate with participation of the third party, the leader of the organization.
The metropolitan life is a multifaceted phenomenon that significantly affects the spectral view of an individual’s perception of existence. Historically, a man measured happiness based on the present moments and the available resources to facilitate the quality of survival. Simmel (n.a) establishes that “social problems arise from the attempt to balance the dynamic factors such as culture, history, and the modernization that cause the complexity in attaining satisfaction” (p. 11). It is a perception based on the necessity to ensure the optimal exploitation of opportunities to establish the compatibility and the ability to determine the significance and relevance of inspirations. Individuality is a concept that relies on the proficient integration of character development and the variables that attribute the content while engaging in daily human activities. The comparison between metropolis and mental life is a platform that renders the proficient essence of enhancing the impact of the evolution of society to individualism. Simmel (n.a) suggests that “the meaning of existence to a man depends on the spatial differences such as the historical accounts and the modern society” (p. 11). In this case, the author attempts to explore the contrast between the past and the present and its attribution to the quality of being. It is a spectrum that Simmel achieves due to the optimal focus on the ideal baseline perspective regarding urbanization and its measure of psychological health. Al
It would be impossible to describe the previous century without mentioning McDonald’s. Its golden arches sign is as ubiquitous as other symbols of modernity. Since its early beginnings many decades ago this company has now become a conglomerate that spans the globe. In fact, in 1992 McDonald’s sold its 90 billionth burger and the company did not bother to count ever since (Shamsie, 2009, p.25). But in 2002 the corporate leaders of this company came to realize that things can change so quickly. In that same year, McDonald’s posted its first quarterly loss amounting to $343.8 million and that is not a small amount (Shamsie, 2009, p.25). One of the top managers explained the decline in just a few short words when he remarked “We were hip 15 years ago, but I think we lost that” (Shamsie, 2009, p.27). In other words there was a time when McDonald’s was a dominant force in the fast-food industry but now a slowdown in the economy and a host of other problems worked in unison to help weaken its position. It is now time for the company to bounce back from defeat and be in the forefront of the fast-food industry once again. This paper will attempt to outline an analysis of the various forces at work within and without. In order to develop a battle plan that will transform the organization from one that is behaving in a mediocre manner into a company that is on top of the world once again. It has to be pointed out that in recent years corporate leaders at this company tried their best to turn things around. This study is just a small contribution to that endeavor. In this study, strategic management principles will be utilized and hopefully the final product can be added into the other strategic papers being compiled to solve McDonald’s woes. The Problem It was discovered by researchers that the company began to lower its standards when it decided to expand globally in the 1990s (Shamsie, 2009, p.24). As a result the head office stopped evaluating its franchises in terms of cleanliness, speed, and service (Shamsie, 2009, p.24). Aside from negligence ,the company’s strategy to diversify and provide different types of products such as those that are not related to their main burger business was seen to have a negative effect on the company. This is made more problematic by the fact that McDonald’s decided to acquire non-burger fast-food chains that did not make mone
The world is experiencing a difficult time nowadays. The fact that the ecosystem and the environment suffer from human activity is undeniable, and that is, almost every aspect of the industry is affected by a need to re-think the old models of business and production. The closed-loop supply chain process receives significance as it secures the environment and aims to give a commodity a second life. The fundamental purpose of the paper is to discover the return process in the closed-loop supply chain process. The supply chain process involves certain components, namely:  1. Purchasing;  2. Manufacturing;  3. Logistics;  4. Distribution;  5. Marketing. The sustainable development and the fact that society has already changed some visions towards the environment and aims to be environmentally friendly, stimulated the improvement in the sphere of supply chain and logistics. As a matter of fact, it resulted in the creation of the closed loop supply chain management and reverse logistics. The primary objective of the closed loop supply chain process is to take into consideration the environmental impact. The term of closed loop supply chain process is commonly interpreted as “the design, control, and operation of a system to maximize value creation over the entire life cycle of a product with a dynamic recovery of value from different types and volumes of returns over time” (Kumar, 2013, p. 456). First and foremost, it should be stated that the closed loop supply chain process aims to maximize the economic profit and minimize the usage of energy resources and pollution. Moreover, the logistics system is more complex in this type of supply chain. In comparison to the traditional supply chain model, the closed loop one has a number of differences. The traditional model is centered on the supplier and the buyer; however, in the model under consideration, the second life of the good is prioritized (Stindt & Sahamie, 2012). The wastes should be reduced to the minimum. Modern people consume much more products than previous generations. The volume of consumption increase annually, and it consequently leads to the increasing rate of the wastes. The problem of wastes is not just a local issue; it is a global environmental problem that requires immediate solutions. The closed loop supply chain process is a perfect option to reduce wastes. Production without wastes is the manufacturing of the future. Almost every product can have a chance for a second life and can be re-made (Bell, Mollenkopf, & Stolze, 2013). Thus, the return process is significantly important for the closed loop supply chain model. The customers return the old well or the one that does not function appropriately and the companies can re-make it or use some details instead of sending it to the landfills. In conclusion, it should be pointed out that the c
Introduction In pursuit of implementing an information technology, there are common aspects, such as information lag, that arise and are sometimes inevitable considering that the information system of technology is implemented in an environment that is not used to information technology. Such information lag was evidenced in the city of Montreal. In order to run various information systems, the aspect of management of the very information is very crucial in such a case. As a matter of fact, information lag can be described as a delay created by the system before the information is made available to the end-users. In this case, the system is described as ineffective as it does not fulfill its main goal within the given organization. Therefore, improving information management within the city was the primary objective. In such a case, the Nolan model was critical in improving the situation. The use of the Nolan model in eliminating the information lag below is discussed (Watkins, 2012). The use of the Nolan Model to eliminate information lag The first phase of Nolan model is the initiation stage. At this stage, the director of information technology is to introduce the information system technology as a new concept to the city. The information system should prove that it aims to ensure there is a better management approach to information, and as such it requires new technology to be implemented. During the initiation stage, the director of information systems should create awareness among various departments involved. In addition, information technology experts must be sourced or availed to oversee the implementation of the information system. A team of information technology personnel should undergo training to be able later to perform an information technology planning. This planning entails identifying applications to be used to ensure the system is effective in terms of time and cost reduction. The second phase is known as a contagion stage. The contagion stage eliminates the existing information system. Apparently, this oversees opposition from many of the employees, who feel alienated by the new system. The new system may lead to adoption of new and complex applications. Consequently, running of these applications requires professionals to be employed. During this stage, the management plays a critical role in explaining the significance of a new system to the staff. The third phase of the Nolan model is known as the control stage. During this stage, information lag is eliminated by ensurin
Introduction The effects of other organisms on the human body lead to a variety of infectious conditions. The discovery of antimicrobial agents significantly changed the way healthcare views viruses and bacteria. However, many problems related to the treatment of infections still exist in clinical practice. Improper use of antibiotics – drugs that help treat bacterial infections – creates therapy-resistant organisms (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2017). Moreover, it weakens patients with viral infections, increasing the possibility of complications. Therefore, it is vital for healthcare providers to understand the differences between bacterial and viral conditions to prescribe treatment. Viral and bacterial infections differ because of their initiators; antibiotics can be utilized to kill bacteria but do not affect viral diseases, while antivirals are prescribed to suppress the activity of viruses. Categories of Antimicrobial Agents The classification of antimicrobial agents includes major groups that are divided into specific types of medications. These types include antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic agents. Each group deals with particular organisms: bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites. Furthermore, each broad category incorporates multiple drug types, and each of them has a purpose as well as strengths and weaknesses. For example, antiviral agents include medications for treating retroviruses (HIV), respiratory viruses, herpes, and hepatitis (Arcangelo et al., 2017; Sweeney, Wong, & Khatri, 2016). Antiviral drugs have specific uses, and one type cannot be used to treat multiple viruses. However, as some microbial organisms cause a number of conditions, these health issues can be cared for with one antiviral agent. For instance, herpes-related conditions may appear in different forms, but the offered vaccines may be similar in their contents. Antibacterial agents also present a wide variety of drugs, since different organisms respond to particular medications. For example, beta-lactam antibiotics such as aminoglycosides and glycopeptides are used to treat aerobic gram-negative bacilli (Arcangelo et al., 2017; World Health Organization, 2016). Other antibiotics are anti-anaerobic agents (for aerobic bacilli), carbapenems, cephalosporins of the first, second, third, and fourth generation, penicillin, fluoroquinolones, lipopeptides, macrolides, oxazolidinones, rifampin, streptogramins, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and vancomycin (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The presented variety shows that bacteria differ significantly in their reactions to drugs. Differences Between Viral and Bacterial Infections Many infections have similar clinical presentations, but they have fundamental differences based on their initiator. Bacterial infections are caused by bacteria that invade one’s body and cause an inflammatory response. This r
Homer’s composition style Various works of art attribute to legends and motivation of antiquity. Homer was one such scholar whose art attracted the milieu and other people world over. His poems and literature books posed as a great competition around the 7 th to 9 th centuries as he inscribed most of them in Greek. A better part of the world understood this language during this period and thus they gained interest in the literary compositions of Homer including Iliad and Odyssey (Foley, pg.15). Being a classical writer he received inspiration from human culture and many anthropological facets of the society during the very moment in the history of the universe. At the same time, civilization did not deter replication of material as much of his speeches and poems found way into different societies because of economic and social activities during the medieval epoch. This caused a rise in the demand for such pieces of art and therefore, necessitated the incorporation of western languages into his literature. Among the first poems to go through the transition was Iliad. The stories in this collection either indicate a tragedy or victory. As such, the Little Iliad, Theban and Oedipus among others represent part of the very composition. Homer constantly used the hardest Greek version to compile his literary works (Kawashima, pg. 169). He also incorporated multiple dialects to make the poems and stories more interesting. This also increased the readership because people found it easier to relate with other parlances formed from their languages. As aforementioned, this style portrayed independence from other literature and this paper concentrates on the input of Homer’s style in the production of Iliad. To date, Iliad commands a greater percentage of legendary editions since it is an approach that changes form with the inception of any change including technology. Iliad stands out from other poems written by the very author. He got insight to give the anthology this title because he was in a bid to give a story about Troy otherwise referred to as Ilion. It is a very long epic narrating on deities, conquerors and heroin developments. In creating realism and entertainment at the same time, Homer, integrated comedy into Iliad and this resulted in a consistent flow of ideas thus building a strong plot for the entire poem. The composition style of Iliad is of great significance to this treatise because it unveils the style, formulae, plot and general synchronization of activities that made this poem a success (Homer & Homer, pg.46). In so doing, the paper will focus on an excerpt from the same compilation and relate it to the entire work while clearly outlining the facets mentioned before. First passage from Homer’s Iliad, and its relationship to the poem as a whole (in Hammond’s translation) Each section of the entire poem presents an opportunity for prose analysis. For that reason, the characters and their traits depict the styles and themes as expressed in the entire