ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Recursion breaks one problem into several smaller problems. A significant difference in recursion is that smaller problems have the same type as the original problem. The mirror analogy represents how one object has the same reflections in smaller sizes. Iterative solutions use a sequential search that utilizes repeated actions or loops, while recursion uses a binary search to divide the problem. Cases that result from dividing the problem into several smaller ones are called the base case. Using recursion is not recommended for problems that have simple solutions. Recursion divides problems into tasks with immediate clear answers and those requiring additional operations. For example, computing factorial (4) involves determining the factorial (0), which equals 1, and then computing the factorial (3) with the known data. Therefore, computing factorial (4) requires several multiplication tasks with the base case – factorial (0). Determining that n is 0, in this case, allows ensuring that the function will always come back to the base case. Box trace includes labeling each recursive call, introducing a new box for the local environment, and drawing an arrow from the recursive process initiation statement to the first box. On the other hand, the recursive void function could be perceived as writing a word in backward order. In this case, completing the task requires introducing two pseudocode functions, writeBackward, and writeBackward2. It is vital to trace the actions associated with the pseudocode carefully. Even though two functions use different values for the letter, they both correctly write the string backward. The box traces and court statements are important for debugging recursive functions. Recursion can be practical when used with arrays. Passing includes anArray minus the last character through a recursive call that will decrease the number of characters by one. Passing the index of the last character through the recursive call on the subarray anArray [0..last-1] is simplified through a general variation of passing anArray[first..last]. Searching a sorted array through the binarySearch function implies searching an array of integers for a given value or target. Binary search through the integers or dictionary is conducted through the recursive binary search function that includes the array and the target information. Separating the first part of the dictionary is performed by introduction of the midpoint, where mid = (first+last)/2. Lastly, determining which half of the array or dictionary contains the target is done through if (target < anArray [mid]). Base cases for binary search could be both first > last for the case if the target is not in the original array and target == anArray [mid] when the target is in the array. The results of the binarySearch function will include the index of the target value in the ar
Introduction Throughout the 21st century, people’s interest in global environmental problems has increased due to growing awareness. People start to realize that our planet is close to a catastrophe and are willing to make efforts to save it. However, it is very challenging to improve the situation on the planet without concerning social issues. Environmental justice connects both spheres, dealing with such problems as inadequate access to food, problems of unsafe dwellings, transport air pollution, et cetera. As part of these initiatives, the environmental impact statement has been adopted by many countries, aiming to involve the population in solving environmental issues. Its effectiveness, however, is a question of discussion, and arguments for and against it will be presented in this paper. The History of Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment was first adopted in 1960 when society’s environmental awareness started to increase. Since then, it has been adopted by many countries, such as the U.S., the Russian Federation, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and others. Thus, it has a worldwide significance, serving as a tool for improving the process of deciding on certain environmental issues. Caro-Gonzalez (2) notes that this tool includes a wide range of methods aimed at identifying, predicting, and mitigating the impact of projects, activities, and works on the environment. The Effectiveness of EIA The effectiveness of EIA can be measured in several dimensions: normative, procedural, substantive, and transactive effectiveness. In addition, legal framework and procedural analysis should also be considered during the assessment (Jenny 12). Caro-Gonzalez made a research on EIA’s impact on the example of Columbian projects aimed at impact assessment that was held in the period between 2012 and 2014. The analysis revealed the low efficiency of the tool almost in all cases. Only in one case, the effectiveness was high due to the implemented good practices. In the hydrocarbons sector, the effectiveness of EIA was higher (2). Ritter et al. also note that although the EIA aims to assess the potential impact of projects on the environment, in practice, their influence on decision-making is often limited (161). Thus, the EAI system needs further methodological development based on profound research. The evidence shows that current environmental impact assessment systems have very general and imprecise requirements. For example, in Brazil, they are limited in their temporal and spatial scopes and need a biological characterization (Ritter et al. 166). It is important both for documenting and assessment of biodiversity and for providing a suitable baseline between altered and essentially pristine environments (Ritter et al. 166). As for the description of the species composition or the quality of soil and water, EAI often does not succeed in these fields. In addition, it does not deliver a proper description of the abiotic environment. Thus, although EAIs are considered to be a tool of environmental justice, allowing the local people to decide whether they want the project to be launched or not, the evidence shows that m
Recently, several nations around the world have attempted to devalue their currencies through artificial means. This has resulted in global currency wars as countries battle for economic recovery by intervening so as not to allow their currencies to float freely in the market. Besides China, the other country that has been criticized for fuelling this battle is Japan. The Japanese government has historically been concerned about the rising value of the yen against other countries. Therefore, it has been engaged in buying and selling of dollars so as to make the country’s products competitive in the international market. Most recently, on 15 September 2010, the Japanese government unilaterally intervened in the foreign exchange market with the intention of lowering the exchange rate of the yen. It sold about one trillion yen that was equal to about twenty billion dollars (Grey; Butler). As illustrated by the figure below, the Japanese government took the biggest ever one-day currency action since the value of the yen had risen by more than ten percent since the month of May. It is important to note that the action was contrary to the international agreement that prevents industrial powers from effecting unilateral currency moves in the financial market. Figure1: USDJPY Monthly outlook from October 2009 to October 2010. Since October 2009, USDJPY has been on a downtrend and now the pair is at its 15-year record bottom (Prescience; Nasdaq). The behavior of the pair for the past one year can be contributed to a number of fundamental and technical factors. The downtrend suggests that the yen has been growing stronger against the dollar. During the period, the Japanese government has traditionally maintained its interest rates at low levels. This is a strategy by the country to artificially keep the yen weak in the international market so as to increase profits for its exports (Keating; Hotten). Nonetheless, from the chart above, it is evident that the interest rate action has not had very much impact on the behavior of the pair (Saettele). The USD continued to fall against the JPY signifying the speculation of the United States Federal Reserve possible expansion of the country’s quantitative easing program. The balance of trade represents the quantity of goods that the U.S. is importing in relation to the quantity that it is exporting to other countries. If the U.S. is exporting more than it is importing, then it implies that it will have a positive balance of trade. On the other hand, if it is importing more than it is exporting, then the balance of trade will be negative. Currently, the U.S. is accustomed to operating at a negative balance of trade since it imports more goods from Japan than it exports to Japan. It is believed that most of the U.S. negative trade bala
Abstract The health care system is a vital part of the social infrastructure in every country. Care for people is the primary goal of any government. However, not every country in the world is an example of health care of high quality. Cuba is an interesting country in this context. Although it is a poor country, its health care system is one of the best in the world. The care for people’s health was one of the main slogans of Che Guevara, a leader of the Cuban revolutions. The actions of the new revolutionary government were so effective in the field of health care that the island became the bright example of a reliable and qualitative health care system. Main body There are a number of reasons for the outstanding achievements of the Cuban government in the sphere of health care. Free education is one of them. The future doctors should not only study for six years in the university but also have to work on allocation from two to three years. In such a way, the government ensures that future specialists obtain initial experience. Besides, there are a sufficient number of universities where Medicine can be studied. “Cubans call their system medicina general integral (MGI, comprehensive general medicine)” (Fitz, 2012, par. 3). As every system, it is based on some fundamental principles. The Cuban health care system is based on the principles of diseases prevention as well as the immediate reaction to the cases of illness (Fitz, 2012). The immediate reaction is achieved thanks to the high integration of the doctors’ offices in the communities with the hospitals. This allows accomplishing an immediate emergency if necessary. The system proved its efficiency. “Well over 100 countries are looking to the example of Cuba, which has the same 78-year life expectancy of the US while spending 4% per person annually of what the US does” (Fitz, 2012, par. 2). The world recognizes the high qualification of the Cuban medical personnel. The thousands of the health care tourists visit the island each year. The health care system has even become the tool of the diplomatic relations of the Cuban government. Cuban doctors progressed essentially in the treatment of such diseases as hepatitis B, meningitis, breast cancer, Parkinson’s disease and others. Nevertheless, the problems remain. The experts mark out the following challenges: although the health care is free, the medication is not and very often the pharmacies are poorly stocked and hardly available; the hospitals equipment requires modernization and financing, many doctors have to bring in their own supplies of the instruments to treat the patients; the pharmacies are often available in the U.S. dollars meaning that not all Cubans can afford them (Plant, par. 7). Accordingly, the problems of the equal access to the health care still exist. The drug-stores selling in pesos and local state hospitals lack the sufficient amount of stock resulting in the relative inequality in the access to the medicines, though the services are free (Plant, n.d.). The experts emphasize one more problem of the health care system in the island. It is the low salary of the medical personnel. Undoubtedly, the knowledge and exp
Introduction Organisational change refers to the changes in the operations within the organisation. The change may likely alter the organisational structure and distribution of resources (Chia 2014, p. 10). Obviously, organisational change may frustrate or facilitate the operations of the organisation. For this reason, management of organisational change is an indispensible factor within the management. Management of organisational change requires accuracy in the decision-making in the organisation. This essay discusses how Royal Mail group dealt with the organisational change. At the Royal Mail, there was depiction of new cultures that led to a different way of managing the organisation. The new management styles are because of the new plans to restructure the operations in the organisation. Clearly, the duty of the manager is to develop strategies ensures tranquillity in the organisation (Liberati 2005, p. 225). Royal Mail Company serves a large population in the country hence it is important to develop management skills that see through the services of the organisation. The organisation change comes amid the introduction of the advanced technology in the sector of communication. Outline of the change (privatisation) progress The company cannot continue obvious under the current thriving conditions. Some of the factors identified as the obstacles to the success of the company include the pension deficit, the level of operations, and the relationship between the company and the unions and regulators (Armstrong 2005, p. 23). Therefore, the modernisation of the company will address the like exchanging the duty of responsibility of regulation. The duties will be changed from Postcomm to Ofcom. This change will ensure financial support to stabilise the services of UPS in the country. Secondly, the modernisation of the company is concerned with the provision of ultimate powers make new government scheme (Parker 2014, p. 80). Moreover, privatisation of the company will enable the company to remain part of the government through owning of shares. This will lead to the partnership of the company. The partnership will be between the new shareholders and the government that will have the remaining 30% of the total shares. In essence, the planned change was the preferred type of change that could enhance the operations of the company than the emergent changes (Kolb 2008, p. 118). This is because the planned changes encompass the strategic objectives aimed at changing the working conditions to improve the efficiency of the company while the emergent change which is unpredictable hence not able to accommodate the dynamic changes. The privatisation of the company was affected by the criticisms from the external parties like CWU. For exam
The Federal Budget: Issues for FY2011 and FY2012 The federal budget is an important instrument used by the Congress to distribute resources and influence federal policies. The budget cycle for a single year takes about three calendar years to be completed. The managerial agencies open the budgetary procedure by assembling complete budget requests in the fiscal year before the President’s budget obedience. Usually, numerous agencies commence working on their budget estimates during the summer before the onset of the fiscal year. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) supervises the development of budget estimates from these agencies. The president is then expected to present a budget before the Congress on the first Monday of February (Levit, 2011, p.1). Budget Baseline Projections Financial plan Baseline projections review the brunt of future legislation on the budget. The CBO calculates current law baseline projections based on the postulations outlined in the budget enforcement legislation. Estimates based on these postulations usually produce superior revenue projections and slower growth of discretionary expenditure relative to scenarios autonomous forecasters perceive as likely. There are certain assumptions incorporated by CBO baseline projections: that the 2001/2003/2010 tax reliefs expire after 2012; that discretionary expenditure stays unchanged in inflation-adjusted terms; that sharp cutbacks in Medicare’s payment rates for doctors’ services will commence at the end of 2011 as planned; and that protraction of unemployment benefit will end on 31 st , 2011 as planned. Nonetheless, CBO offers estimates of these overheads independently from its baseline (Levit, 2011, p.2). Federal Spending and Revenue Trends The federal spending accounted for about 21.2% of the gross domestic product (GDP) whereas federal revenues were estimated at 18.1% of GDP over the last four decades. Since FY2000, the US has experienced a budget deficit as a result of imbalances between spending and revenues (Table 1 in the appendix). For instance, in FY2010, the regime used up over $3.49 trillion in contrast to the $2.2 trillion in proceeds during this time. In addition, between the fiscal years 2008 and 2010, expenditures grew by $472.8 billion whereas revenues shrank by $362.1 billion (Levit, 2011, p.3). Federal Spending Federal expenditures are usually split into: mandatory, discretionary, and net interest categories. Mandatory expenditure includes expenditure on entitle
Skyway proposal   * It is proposed to replace an 11 mile road build in 1928 with a skyway to address the issue of the Everglades restoration   * The project is to be carried out on Tamiami Trail (US high way 41) that cuts through Shark River Slough. This is one of Everglades’ deepest and regarded as the most important passageway   * The restoration of Everglades is expected to be achieved through the returning historic sheet water flow through the parched Everglades National Park into Florida bay   * The project is estimated to cost $300 million dollars   * The proposal rejects the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers alternative of rebuilding the 11mile trail with a bridge that is one mile and an addition of eight miles of dirt berm then another bridge that will be two mile with a total cost of $128 million (Miami Herald)   * It is argued that the Army Corp’s project does not do enough to restore Everglades water flow which is viewed by scientist to be very important in improving South Florida’s aquifer and its ecosystem that is very fragile   * Research is being done to find new potential funding which will supplement federal money   * There should be political will for the project to succeed   * The Army Corps of Engineers project crusaders argue that their project has already consumed a lot of money in terms of design, engineering studies and planning and after all they see no chances of the skyway project being funded City of Miami   * City of Miami Beach   * City of Miami Gardens   * City of Coral Gables   * City of North Miami   * Town of Miami Lakes   * Miami-Dade County   * Monroe County   * 1000 Friends of Florida   * Audubon of Florida   * Biscayne Gardens Civic Association   * Builders Association of South Florida   * Chamber South   * Clean Water Action   * Council of Garden Club Presidents of Dade County   * Dade Heritage Trust   * Defenders of Wildlife   * Izaak Walton League   * Everglades Coalition   * Everglades Foundation   * Everglades Law Center   * Everglades Trust   * Florida Biodiversity Project   * Florida Federation of Garden Clubs   * Florida Keys Fishing Guides Association   * Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Advisory Council   * Friends of the Everglades   * Miami-Dade Citizens Transportation Advisory Council   * Miami-Dade Green Party Social and monetary cost of the project   * The project is estimated to cost $300 million (Miami Herald)   * If the alternative of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project is abandoned for this project there will be losses incurred. These loses should be accounted as part of the cost of the skyway project   * If the project will see many people especially men moving away from their home to the site to work on the project. This will bring about social disharmony at their homes which can be counted as a social cost   * The men being away from their spouses may resort to sexual immorality as an alternative   * The project brings together experts who may be from different religious back
Summary and Hypothesis Negative aspects of factors that affect human body functions cause stress. Negative factors, or stressors, arise from abnormalities in the physiological functions of the body. The physiological processes that keep the human body functioning properly may suffer interference from outside or within the body such that they are not in equilibrium (Goldstein & Kopin, 2007). This is the biological perspective of stress. From a psychological perspective, stress is characterized by behavioral symptoms accompanied by a negative state of mind. A person experiencing psychological stress may withdraw from various participative aspects of life. In addition, a person experiencing stress will show physical changes, and physiological processes in the body might be affected. Psychological stress results to unwillingness of an individual to engage in social activities. Imbalance in the physiology of the body results to conditions such as hypertension, lack of sleep, and irregularity of sexual desire. Stress has many effects that are less evident in the first stages of its development (Goldstein & Kopin, 2007). Psychological stress is scientifically associated with physiological processes in the cell and the balance of chemical activity in the body. For example, if an individual senses that a dangerous event is about to take place, he or she might react physically by running away or emotionally by getting psychologically prepared to fight back. Thus, psychological reaction involves physiological processes. This proves that reaction to stress has both psychological and physiological aspects. While the anatomy and physical construction of the brain is well known, its operation and the precise mechanisms responsible for its proper functioning are poorly understood (Fleshner et al., 2011). This makes it necessary to study psychology through empirical examination and randomized trials. In this paper, stress is examined from both biological and psychological perspectives. Physiological factors that cause stress and the external factors that influence physiology of the human body are examined. Throughout an individual’s life, residual stress is always present. When an infant is born, mechanisms are usually in place so that the child reacts to stressors whenever they are present. Thus, stress is natural and cannot be eliminated. A situation where one does not experience stress at all is inconceivable. When there are no stressors at all, an individual will not feel pressured to react to any event even when the matter is of critical urgency. If a particular stressor affects a person repeatedly, the reaction of the individual to the stressor is often different on every occasion. The experience of the event in the past may either improve the ability of the individual to cope with stress or worsen it (Goldstein, & Kopin, 2007). Stress is only considered harmful to an individual if it builds up beyond a certain level. However, stress is normally present in all human beings, and is a critical factor in