ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Validity is regarded as one of the most successful approximation to the effectiveness of an idea, research, or suggestion. In other words, validity makes the evaluation of the chosen project thorough and definite. There are two types of validity, external and internal; and each of them has its own peculiarities, nature, and variables. In this paper, the two types of validity will be evaluated from the perspective of the implemented by a teacher scenario during which one group of students has to undergo changes and follow new curriculum, and another group continue studying under the same conditions. Considering the conditions provided, there are several threats to both external and internal validity which may influence the results of the research and have to be evaluated, and the threats to internal validity like maturation, instrumentation, or selection are harder to prevent because they are true causes of the results achieved, when external validity touches upon generalization of the situation. Scenario chosen A teacher implements a new curriculum on the exam score where students are divided into two groups. In one class, students undergo considerable changes and improvements with the help of a new curriculum, and in another class, students continue to use the previous evaluation system. The results of the experiment are the following: the vast majority of students from the experimental group get more than 90, and the control group’s results are from 85 to 90. Threats of validity in study: nature and peculiarities According to Berg and Latin, internal validity is “the extent to which the research condition is controlled so that the independent variable causes an effect or change in the dependent variable” (p. 202); and external validity is a kind of extent in accordance with which the results of research may be generalizable (Lodico, Spaulding, & Voegtle, 2010). Threats to validity in the study under consideration are the following: the maturation that deals with a number of biological and psychological aspects, the idea of novelty helps to attract students’ attention and involve them into the process of education, social desirability that lies into the fact that students rely on their own interests and evaluators, and finally, the threat of instrumentation that is based on various measurement tools inherent for different groups. These are the threats of both internal and external validity; this is why the scenario offered by the teacher has
Wunnava (2004) compares the United States’ private- sector trade unions to an endangered animal or plant species. However, Wunnava (2004) reiterates that public-sector unions are much stronger. The density of public-sector trade unions is four times that of the private-sector (Wunnava, 2004). However, the public sector employs less than 15% of the United States labor force (Wunnava, 2004). For that reason, the majority of the citizens are unlikely to enjoy gains made by the public-sector unions. Nonetheless, labor unions have greatly contributed to the development of an American worker (Fantsia and Voss, 2004). Guthrie (2002) adds that workers should not take for granted rights that were fought for and won by previous unions. Some of these rights include a paid sick leave and vacation, a workday of eight hours, decent wages, pension, and retirement benefits, and a voice in management (Guthrie, 2002). This essay provides an insight into what the public sector and private sector employees expect from their trade unions. According to Fortunato and Bonilla (2006), trade unions are an expression of the techniques and results of pure democracy. In one of his speech, Herbert Hoover talked in favor of collective bargaining (Fortunato and Bonilla, 2006). For that reason, trade unionism is not a new thing in the United States. The climate that shapes the attitude towards trade unions is, therefore, around a century old. However, according to Fantsia and Voss (2004) the United States, unlike most European countries, lacks some social provision in its economic policies. Additionally, some parts of the country have high levels of poverty and inequality (Fantsia and Voss, 2004). For that reason, a good number of United States workers lack a decent livelihood. Trade unions, therefore, have a lot to do. Consequently, the public sector and private sector employees expect trade unions to correct these injustices and imbalances (Fantsia and Voss, 2004). In the United States, there are constant complaints on the cost of employment benefits by both the public and the private sector (Budd, 2005). Accordingly, there is a high probability that the United States workforce might be denied these benefits. Therefore, employees require a more powerful voice to fight for them. Trade unions are best placed to provide this voice. Additionally, benefits that workers want trade unions to continue fighting for include profit-sharing, bonuses and stock options (Budd, 2005). Other benefits include employer-paid health, life and disability insurance, pension, vacation, and sick leaves, educational and legal assistance and several other items (Budd, 2005). In his s
Brief Description of the Company The company that is reviewed within the framework of this paper is called 8th Light. The company’s key area of practice is software consulting, but they also build custom applications for the clients from all over the Web (“8th Light team,” n.d.). The multinational team of professionals that form the 8th light worked on a number of projects that received worldwide recognition. Overall, the company did not complete a vast number of orders and cannot boast an extensive portfolio, but their work is done professionally. The team always comes up with the best decisions and develops excellent applications that are both stylish and innovative (“8th Light team,” n.d.). The company values productive partnerships, eminent software, and diligent company organisation. The customers of the 8th Light call the company a community of professionals that is always up for a challenge and never accepts defeat. These trivial aspects are also considered to be the essential peculiarities that predefine the motto of the company and the attitudes of the employees. The 8th Light is comprised of skilful individuals who are motivated to provide their customers with high-quality applications, and there are several aspects that make the company stand out against the background of other similar companies (“8th Light team,” n.d.). Organisational Structure The organisational structure of the 8th Light company is represented by the flatter organisation model. This organisational structure helps the company to move away from the traditional hierarchy when the top managers convey the vision and the goals to their subordinates. Instead, the 8th Light allowed communication at all organisational levels and got rid of the variety of organisational layers. Occasionally, this leads to the situation where the company is able to perform at a very high level while being less complex than other similar businesses. It is safe to say that this approach to the organisational structure of the 8th Light is logical and practical. Therefore, the management decided to deploy this approach across the whole company, and it helped the 8th Light to trigger progress and move forward while maintaining the performance at a high level. Even though it is evident that hierarchy still exists within the flatter organisation, it does not take away the value of the organisation and does not affect the employees’ performance in a negative way. On the contrary, the company is interested in focusing on partnerships and effective communication. This will ultimately lead to the development of experienced employees who are motivated to change the status quo in the niche and prove that traditional management models may not be as efficient as novel models that are based on the conventional organisational postulates. It is worth mentioning that th
Introduction General overview The evolution development provides us with a great variety of variables that can influence the look and behavior of species. In this respect, we can impact the species by knowing variants that can be produced as a result of mutation or hybridization including phenotypes that are results of the genotype implemented into a certain environment. In other words, knowledge about evolution development can be used to introduce other new species with features and characteristics appropriate for a certain setting, especially viewing the climate changes and global warming. As far as a new species is introduced, it is necessary to analyze its perception and features in terms of the phenotype caused by a certain environment, characteristics obtained as a result of the adaptation to certain conditions and neighboring settings and species as well as morphogenesis and potential limitations and deviations that can lead to the development of other mutant species. Thesis A new species should have characteristics typical of already existing species so that it could adjust to the climate changes and other changes that take place in the contemporary environment including water and soil pollution, contamination of air, the shift of natural environments of other species that occurs due to deforestation and other actions aimed at technological and industrial development. Aim and scope The research aims to introduce a new species that will be adjusted to the changes in the natural environment. The collection of relevant information gave the basis for the introduction of the organism about the evolutionary development and analysis of the characteristics typical of already existing species. Ten scholarly articles were used as the background for the research. Background Historical basis The historical basis for the introduction of a new organism is the analysis of literary sources written by reputable scholars. The main features of a new organism include the ones typical of crocodiles, threespine sticklebacks, snakes, cavefish, and wolves. In this respect, it is necessary to discuss the features that will be combined in a single organism. The first feature to be discussed includes the ability of crocodilians to shunt the blood flow right-to-left to facilitate the digestion of the food hence making crocodilians one of the most powerful and dangerous predators and excluding all potential competitors that may occur in the natural environment. As reported by Farmer et al., “The mechanism remains to be demonstrated, but the shunt probably serves to carry CO2 to the gastrointestinal tract, where it is then used in the formation of gastric acid” (133). The second feature that will be used to introduce a new organism will be borrowed from snakes that have rudimentary limbs and axial patterning which facilitates their moves and improves the dynamics and speed of movement. The researches on the limblessness of snakes were conducted by Cohn and Tickle whereas the venom and other features of the development of snakes were explored by Chipman. The next characterist
EI is a measure of one’s ability to recognize, assess and control emotions (Cherniss & Goleman, 2001). Peter Salovey and John Mayer coined the term in 2001 (Mayer et al., 2001). These two individuals believed that human beings had a set of social intelligences that allowed them to monitor other people’s emotions and feelings. Furthermore, it caused them to distinguish those emotions and thus use the information to direct their actions and thoughts. Emotional intelligence has four main facets: perception of emotions, cognitive use of emotions, understanding emotions and managing those emotions. Perception is the first category. Prior to using or understanding emotions, one must first detect them. This entails analysing people’s non verbal cues, facial expressions, and body language. The cognitive aspect entails the facilitation of better thinking through the use of emotions. Emotions guide the cognitive process by telling the mind what to prioritise (Weisenger, 1998). This is because emotions will already have drawn attention to those things. Step three entails understanding the emotions. Here, one must understand the context behind the emotion. For instance, a co-worker may seem happy and energetic, but this does not necessarily imply that the individual is pleased about his colleagues’ group efforts. The person might have received a present from his wife, or may be looking forward to the end of the month when he can receive his salary. Therefore, one emotion may mean so many things. An emotionally intelligent person needs to establish the meaning behind them. The last and most complex step is managing emotions. A person who needs to cope with other individuals should know about the right emotional responses at any given time. One should control those emotions, and respond to other people’s emotions in the right way; all the latter processes make the ability model. In order to determine whether someone is emotionally intelligent, one must carry out one or more assessment tests. Some of them include the Goleman model, the Bar-on-model, and the Trait Emotional intelligence model. These tests focus on various items, but the common thing among them is that they analyse one’s self regulatory ability, motivational ability, empathy, social skills and self awareness. People with self awareness abilities tend to understand their own emotional weaknesses, drives, needs and strengths. Additionally, they are quite truthful about themselves. They also have a fair grasp of what to expect from others. Self awareness also means staying away from too much criticism or unrealistic hopefulness. Such a trait allows one to know how people’s emotions change in the workplace (Bradberry & Greaves, 2009). Self regulatory ability entails freeing oneself from one’s emotions. A person with this trait can cope with unpredictable external circumstances in the
Abstract The American Beverage Association was established with the intention of protecting all players in the soft drink industry. This report will provide knowledge on the history of the association and its roles in the industry. It will also highlight factors that influence business and the financial outlay both in the present and in future. A market demographic trend and ethical issues in the industry are also explored. The purpose of this report is to equip the accounts department with necessary background knowledge on the industry. Problem/Background The American Beverage Association is currently seeking to enlist the services of a new advertisement agency in light of its dissatisfaction with its current agency. One Way Advertising Agency is looking towards applying for the bid and therefore gave its marketing department the mandate to research on the American soft drink industry and compile a report to be used in preparation for launching the bid. The purpose of this report is to provide basic information to the accounts department on the soft drink industry to help it launch a successful bid that would eventually culminate in its winning of the advertising tender successfully. The American Beverage Association The American beverage Association was established in 1919 and over the years, the company has represented various stakeholders in the soft drink industry such as franchise owners, suppliers and industry support organizations. In 1966, The American beverage Association changed its name to National Soft Drink Association. The American beverage Association is one of the greatest contributors to the American economy. The American Beverage Association acts as the representative of hundreds of distributors, franchise companies, producers, and support industries (ABA, 2011). The direct economic impact of the beverage industry is huge, and is estimated to be approximately $178.5 billion. Moreover, member companies of the ABA are thought to employ over 208,000 employees. These member countries are actively involved in the marketing of various flavors, packages, and brands. These also include diet and regular soft drinks, water beverages, and bottled water. Other products marketed by ABA affiliate companies include energy drinks, juice drinks, sports drinks, as well as the ready-to-drinks teas. The American Beverage Association helps its members market all categories of soft drinks including, fresh juice, carbonated drinks, bottled water, sport drinks, juice concentrated syrups, among others. The American Beverage Association plays the role of a neutral forum whereby it allows the affiliate member companies to assemble and brainstorm on some of the common issues facing them, even as they endeavor to uphold their spirited competition tradition (ABA, 2011. In addition, the ABA also plays the role of liaising between the government, the beverage industry, as well as the public. Moreover, the A
Introduction Culture can be described as the way in which a certain group of people lives. Kroeber and Kluckhohn describe culture as being a pattern of feeling, adaptation, and belief that are practiced by a certain group of individuals and the common mindset they possess (p. 2). This mindset influences the perception and general outlook of the group of people. Culture also influences the attitude that these groups of people have towards other people and other notions. Culture differs amongst groups of people even though they may occupy similar or close geographical locations. For instance, China and Japan are different in terms of culture. This is despite the fact that they both are in Asia, and they may have very many similarities. Most people can be forgiven for confusing various aspects of these two cultures because they have so many similarities on face value. Individuals in these cultural groups are characterized with the same physical appearance of a short stature, dark hair, and oriental almond eyes. Their clothing also bears close resemblance and their martial arts skills are popular worldwide. However, a closer look reveals that there are differences between these two cultures. This work will closely evaluate these two cultures with the aim of comparing and contrasting the several aspects of their cultures to bring out the unique nature of each. The work also evaluates different aspects of these two cultures and brings out the comparisons and contradictions between them that may influence business and sociological aspects of an organization. History The aspect of history has to do with the origin of a certain people. China and Japan, apart from the being close to one another in a geographical sense; they have a very interesting and unique history. China is said to have been the origin of Japan. China has a culture that has been heavily borrowed by Korea, Japan, Tibet, and Mongolia (Morton & Lewis, p. 21). In Japan, it can be proved by the fact that the name Japan is written in the Chinese Kanji and not the Japanese Katakana or Hiragana. This is a very interesting fact, which arouses the curiosity of many individuals, and there is a theory that might support this critical fact. China comprises of one big tribe and four small ones, which is depicted by the large star that is surrounded by four small ones on the Japanese flag. History has it that the king of China in 2000 BC, whose name was Shin, united the scattered tribes and became very powerful. He had power and fame that spread far and wide, and only one thing was lacking, immortality. Therefore, he assigned a close right man to search the world for medicine that would ensure he lived forever. The right man gathered a group of people and set off to an unknown shore. This was after knowing too well that getting such herb was a difficult task. He settled there and named the land Japan, which is in Chinese Kanji. After all, it was the only language he knew (Morton & Lewis, p.
The proposed energy consumption saver is an innovative technology that aims to increase the efficiency of energy consumption in residential buildings, production and commercial facilities, and other types of structures. It integrates an artificial intelligence (AI) system that reads energy consumption data autonomously through power points (electrical outlets with wireless adapters attached to them), analyses the collected information, calculates optimal consumption levels, and informs users about a need to adapt consumption behaviours. This report will review the major elements contributing to the effective functioning of the AI-based technology, including datasets, pre-processing factors, and machine learning mechanisms. Additionally, potential sources of error that may arise from data sources will be discussed, along with the primary ethical and security implications of the AI system. Machine Learning Model: Reinforcement Learning For data analysis, the energy consumption saver will utilise the Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm. The RL model is concerned with “how a learning agent learns what to do (action) in a given situation (state) by interacting with an environment to maximize or minimize numerical returns (rewards)” (Kim & Lim, 2018, p. 2). A schematic depiction of basic RL mechanisms is given in Figure 1. Figure 1: An illustration of mechanisms driving RL, where Agent is the AI technology interacting with the environment (Juvin, 2017). In formal terms, the primary problem of this learning model is to optimise a reward function R within a certain location or state in an environment x. The objective of RL is to define the variable of location/state x* that affords the maximum reward R(x*) (Sutton & Barto, 2018). Compared to Deep Learning that implies learning from a training set and then implementing the same mechanism on newly gathered data, RL is usually not provided with any training examples. However, for the proposed energy consumption monitoring technology, RL will be given an initial system condition based on the consumption and expense preferences of power consumers in a building. Two conditioning variants, cost-preferred and comfort-preferred, will be available, and a user will be able to find the most suitable balance between the two solutions. The main distinguishing feature of RL – a high degree of dynamism – will be preserved in the proposed AI technology. The term “dynamism” implies here that the RL system adjusts its actions depending on continual feedback in order to maximise rewards, that is, the best-expected outcomes associated with power use (Marr, 2018). In other words, the AI technology will try different actions aimed to increase the efficiency of energy consumption and will evaluate whether a certain action helps to achieve a more favourable change. Afterwards, it will reinforce the actions that work best and, in this way, the computer will engage in an ongoing, autonomous modification of its algorithms through the proce