ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The holocaust is one unfortunate occurrence in the history of the world. It is a permanent scar left on the face of the earth. Though it took place decades ago the question of who should be held responsible for the worst atrocities ever, has never been answered. Philosophers and scholars have analyzed and come up with their reasoning but they still leave much to be debated upon. Is holocaust Germans’ way of life? That holocaust is Germans’ way of life is a little on the biased side though Goldhagen’s argument brings it a little closer. Goldhagen (1996) states that holocaust was never a monocausal incident but a product of a multiple other factors which in themselves had deep-rooted causes (Mahoney & Ellsberg, 1999). Goldhagen presents his case in a model-like structure whereby he puts it forward that the holocaust was as a result of many causes and effects. Goldhagen’s model points on six major causes of the holocaust. These include the German political culture, eliminationist anti-Semitism, the will to participate, German material conditions, Nazis and the opportunity to participate. The German political culture The first reason is the German political culture. He states clearly that even deep-rooted hatred will never materialize into killings unless fuelled by political leadership. Political leaders have a way of capturing peoples’ psyche and manipulating them to their own advantage. Eliminationist anti-Semitism Eliminationist anti-Semitism is another factor, which though does not give a clear excuse as to why the holocaust had to happen. Goldhagen states that during the time of the holocaust, eliminationist anti-Semitism was all over Europe and mainly Eastern Europe. Therefore, this could have only served as a mere icing on the cake. The other countries never witnessed such merciless acts of killing, torture, persecution and murder. I concur with Brubaker who sees ethnicity, race and nation as not things in the world but perspectives of envisioning the world. Ethnicity amongst other grouping segregations exists only in and through our perceptions, interpretations representations, categorizations and identifications (Brubaker, 2002, p. 174). The Germans created the illusion-ethnicity in their minds, a situation that made them point out on the Jews as intruders into their territory. To say that the holocaust is the Germans’ way of life may seem far-fetched and abrasive but this may remain true for as long the eliminationist-anti-Semitism factor exists. Eliminationist anti-Semitism may seem obsolete but that may only be for the present. Anti-Semitism is not extinct but merely in a latent state and may easily flourish once the pre-existing favorable conditions are revived. Bauer states that although no event will ever be repeated exactly, it will, if it is followed by similar events (Bauer, 2001, p. 2). In relation to the Holocaust, Dominick LaCapra and Saul Friedlander argue that, prior to and during any act of genocide, there occurs a he
Introduction This paper will highlight various factors regarding a genogram. A genogram is usually a pictorial representation of an individual’s relationship within a family set up. The pictorial representation will go beyond the traditional family presentation or family tree. The genogram will use psychological factors and hereditary patterns which punctuate a family relationship. It therefore uses some of the repetitive patterns and behaviors in the family hierarchy and to identify hereditary outcomes (Levine, 2004). Genograms are not only used in the education sector but also in other disciplines such as medicine, social work, psychology, genetic and genealogy. Genograms are also used by some practitioners for personal records in family and personal therapy. The genogram discussed below is based on my family hierarchy. Discussion Family Set up Sir Nicolas Bricks who is my grandfather hails from my father’s lineage and had several children i.e. Mr. Bradley Samuels, Mr. Philip Simons, Peterson Mulls, Angela Jane, Mary Suzy and my father who is Mr. Dickson Allan. Our grandfather married a lady by the name Mary Gonzales from Spain and they had a romantic relationship but she later died in the late 80’s because of depression. My grandfather’s son, Mr. Bradley Samuel who is an addict in smoking married madam Mary Jane, after which they later divorced. Mary Jane had a miscarriage in her earlier years of marriage and since then they did not sire other children thus leading to their divorce. The other son, Philip Simons who is the second born in the family is married to Luisa Mendes, but they are forced to live together due to a court injunction in that their marriage is frosty. Since their marriage is not based on romance and love they therefore manipulate each other’s feelings so as to take advantage of their finances. Angela and Suzy are happily married but Suzy suffers from diabetes and she is well. Dickson Allan got married in the year 1960 to Anne Jacobs and their marriage is one of the best, since it is based on mutual trust, love and harmony. My father has only four children, three boys and a sister but two of the children are now deceased i.e. Philip Simons Junior and Jack Edwin who were very close to each other. We used to share most of the things and exchange ideas since we had almost similar characteristics. I am married to a young man by the name David Collins and we have three children but one of them suffers from diabetes and the youngest is a chain smoker. The third child is a lady who is happily married. My grandfather who is from my mother’s lineage has three children, my mother (Jane Clare), Stephen Bauer and Michael Joseph who is the youngest. Jane Clare is the eldest of all and she is happily married while Michael suffers from heart disease. Mr. Bauer is divorced and seeking for another marriage. My elder cousin Samuel Bricks also suffers from heart disease which he inher
The radical shift in the aesthetic value as well as the cultural sensibilities of the works of literature of the early 20 th century is what people regard to as literary modernism. This shift altered the originally ordered, seemingly stable and meaningful worldview perceived in the 19 th century realism. For instance, the famous quotation from Walt Whitman’s ‘Leaves of Grass’, “I sound my barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world” started the modernist shift in American literature. In its manner of distorting the realism upheld by many Victorian writers, the poem as well as other later works of modernists works by introducing a new way of thinking in the discipline of literature. Walt Whitman faced a good share of criticism from people who deemed his poetry untranslatable and ambiguous. Literary modernism as evident in the works of most modernists such as Willa Cather displays a number of similar characteristics. These include a variety of features such as the rejection of history and the need to focus on a complex modern life. For instance, in Robert Frost’s “Mending wall”, the poem is a contrast between the traditional and the modern. The neighbor bases his motive to build a fencing wall and alienate himself on a proverb that his father told him “a good fence makes a good neighbor” (Frost line 10). There is an obvious shift, which results into ambiguity. Modernists seem to go against what the realists upheld in that as displayed in most of their literary works they break what people viewed as taboo. It is however important to note that modernism is formed of a conglomeration of other literary movements in that they borrowed from each one of them. For instance, they took the allusiveness upheld by the symbolists as seen in the interest they show in rare field mental states. They also took from realism the urban setting of the works and the desire to go against the set conventions. As seen in the “Red Wheelbarrow” by William Carlos Williams, the original formality and conventions in writing poetry take a quick turn and there are no limitations in the writing of poems (Williams 1-6). Modernism in literature upholds the fact that there cannot be an absolute interpretation of meanings in texts. In this sense, the reality portrayed in the texts is subject to the interpretations of the readers. This stands out in works such as Eliot’s “The Love song of Albert Prufrock” where the character of Prufrock is contradictory and his source of fear is not clear (Eliot 10). Modernists inherit the narcissistic view of the artist upheld by the romanticists. Most of the literary works by the modernists therefore dissolve the limitations of time and space therefore retreating into irrationalism and hallucinations. This distorts the understanding of the works considering how the writers do it intentionally. For instance, this is evident in “Mr. Flood’s Party” where Eben talks alone and imagines having company while he does not “”Well, Mr. Flood, since you propose it, I believe I will.” (Robinson lines 14-15). Modernity in literature having been inspired greatly by the e
Mere movement of inanimate objects is subject to certain mechanisms and principles. However, the principles of movement of various objects need to be analyzed to define the reasons and initial origins of these movements, including the controlling mechanisms and the various meanings they have for people 1 . In this respect, it is possible to consider an automobile as an object that moves in accordance with certain principles despite the fact that it is controlled by a human. So far, care is considered as a means of transportation where further development of different models has been defined as an individualized representation. The assigned personality makes car movement even more meaningful. So, it can be admitted that the car is a mask that a human bears to prove its respectable image. The speed, therefore, is the main sign of the quality of the mechanism, as well as the opportunity that a human can enjoy. An automobile can be compared with marionettes that are controlled by a superior mind, as it represented in Von Kleist’s account on the Puppeter and his puppets 2 . In fact, the person who controls inanimate objects is also able to give life to them and make them move in different directions 3 . Similarly, people control cars that can ride slowly or with high speed. Some cars can lose control, which indicates humans’ inability to control their movements. The wheels of the car are enacted by means of pushing the foot-throttle. The car engine can be identified with the heart of the mechanism that influences the rest of automated functions. Together with overall appearance, it is often compared with a unique ‘attitude’ and ‘behavior’ that an automobile can disclose. In the majority of cases, car can have various meanings, depending on the person controlling this mechanism. By looking at the car, it is possible to find similarities between the car and its owner. During movement, one can also find out the connection between its ‘psychological’ qualities and the owner’s attitude to the surrounding world. Similar concepts are discussed in Rudlin’s introductory essay, claiming, “’Mask’ refers to character type and is inclusive of each individual mask” 4 . Therefore, car image can also be inclusive in the image of its owner who has certain tastes and preferences while driving. The symbolism and aesthetics of car driving is of high importance because it contributes to the owner’s individuality, just like a human face. This significance is explained in simplistic terms and is confined to the idea that face has features that allow to understand the human soul 5 . Similar to these characteristics, car as a mechanism moves under control of human actions and, therefore, it becomes the part of human’s nature and individuality. In conclusion, movement of inanimate objects is distinct from those of animate ones because it is not controlled by similar powers. At the same time, the mechanism has its own prin
Introduction With the advent of modern synthetic drugs, herbal medical practice was pushed to the periphery in many countries around the world (Anderson, Barnes, Ernst, Halkes, & Houghton, 2000). Very few countries, mostly in Asia, South America, and Africa continued to depend significantly on herbal extracts for their health care needs. Today, medical herbalism has been thrust back into the limelight due to awareness campaigns and the loss of substantive faith in western medicine (Lee, 2003). Many types of research have been conducted to provide evidence that indeed herbal medicine works. This paper seeks to explore the available literature on herbal medicine to determine whether it is a viable alternative to traditional medicine. Paradigm shift Herbal extracts have continued to provide effective treatments for diseases in many different societies, as they have done for centuries (Akerele, 1995). For instance, Ayurvedic medicine in India and traditional Chinese medicine both depend, to a large extend, on the use of precise plant-based prescriptions for the treatment of particular diseases. Similar practices are found in many other areas of the world such as South America, Russia, Africa, Other parts of Asia, and the Middle East. Western medicine practices have led to the abandonment of herbal extracts in favor of synthetic medicines. “The perceived advantages of dose control were consistent with prevailing red
The failure of Reconstruction and the implementation of the racial segregation threw the Afro-Americans into a difficult dilemma. The majority of them lived in the Southern States and they faced open hostility and even violence. There were strong doubts that attempts of the Afro-Americans to assert their civil rights would be successful. Booker Washington was a prominent figure of the Post-Reconstruction Era and the leader of the Afro-American community. He was an adherent of the economic development of the Black American population. Another outstanding representative of the African-American civil rights movement was William DuBois who insisted on an uncompromising struggle for electoral and civil rights, which were codified in the Constitution and its Amendments. Booker T. Washington was born in slavery. At the age of nine, his family gained freedom due to the Emancipation Proclamation. Later on, he entered the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia and succeeded in studying here. He worked as a teacher at the same institute when he was proposed to head a new specialized educational establishment for the Afro-Americans in Alabama. According to Washington’s opinion, the main factors of a wellbeing of the Afro-Americans are skills in craft and economic independence. As a basis of an educational program in the Tuskegee Institute headed by him, he saw the industrial training. Men learned such trades as blacksmithing or carpentry, while women were taught sewing or nursing. The Tuskegee Institute prepared teachers for Afro-American schools for the Southern states. Such an approach permitted to train skilled specialists and reliable taxpayers. At the same time, there was no need for the government to deal directly with the problem of the civil rights. This educational establishment had a very good reputation. In his famous speech, which is also known as Atlanta Compromise, Washington states that the greatest dander “is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands” (Washington 112). It is no wonder that the representatives of the White population were satisfied with the idea that Afro-Americans would acquire knowledge in the spheres of real property and industrial arts and they would not engage in politics. In addition, the so-called laws of Jim Crow, according to which there were segregated community schools, rail wagons and public libraries, were preserved. In his speech, Washington states, “the opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera–house” (Washington 114). At the same time the careful examination of the Washingtons speech suggests that he is not about to bear with the permanent racial inequality. Instead, he proposes for Afro-Americans to cumulate social capital. The fact that workspaces are
Pollution means the introduction into the environment of substances or energy that is liable to cause hazards to human health, harm to living resources and ecological systems, damage to structure or interfere with the legitimate use of environment. (Eloise, 2003) Polluting is to make impure and to contaminate with man made waste. It means introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment. It is a major problem in the whole world. Pollution not only damages the environment but also damages our vital life sustaining needs such as the water we drink. Pollution problem have arisen in all industrialized areas as well as various inland and coastal waters. Everyone at one time or another has heard the phrase’ every dollar counts” this is true to big business operations and companies because they make every dollar count even if it pollutes the water which organisms depend on pollution is an obvious problem in our world today. Therefore it is ultimately important that we take action by making companies pay for their own mess, because soon there will be serious consequences that we may face in the future which might lead to our extinction on earth. (Eloise, 2003). Substances that cause pollution are known as pollutants and they include; Industrial affluent, Pesticides and insecticides, Fertilizers, Ultra – violet rays from nuclear plants, Dust, Smoke, Noise, Waste heat, Exhaust geysers from automobiles, Radioactivity and electromagnetic pulses Major types of pollutions include; Land, Air, Water and Noise. Land Pollution This is any physical or chemical alteration to land which causes change in it’s use and renders it incapable of beneficial use without treatment. Land is polluted when solid and semisolid waste from industries, commercial, medical and domestic buildings is left on the land surface. Such industrial waste corrodes or degrades the land surface and makes it unproductive. Garbage heaps in urban areas has destroyed the beauty of the environment. They also contain dangerous contents like broken glasses which may cause injury. The heaps are also a breeding ground for disease transmitting insects, for example, mosquitoes which cause malaria. The rotten garbage produces foul smell and act like hiding places for muggers and thieves thus making the place uninhabitable. Some of the dumped waste causes obstruction and may cause accidents especially at night. (Eloise, 2003). Land pollution also occurs through the use of chemicals such as fertilizers herbicides and pesticides which make land acidic and eventually infertile. When chemical substances enter the natural cycles and eco-systems they affect the food, health and life of animals’ plants and human beings. Air Pollution  1. Air pollution is another form of pollution that negatively affects the earth. It is the presence of contaminants or objects like metal which are injurious to human plant or animal life in the atmosphere. Air pollutant may be transported for long distances causing adverse effects in environment far removed from the source of emission.
Introduction The 2007-2010 financial depression caught the American government unaware, prompting it to consider a number of methods for intervention. To safe the ailing economy, bailing out banks became the most significant intervention method that the Bush and Obama administrations used. However, political interventions and corruption cases prevailed. In this podcast, Neil Barofsky informs Russ Roberts about the cases of corruption, government failures, poor planning and the role of the Wall street during the time of bailing out the banks. Barofsky acted as the first Special Inspector General for the TARP program. Barofsky’s main theme in the arguments concerns the role that the government played during the crisis, especially in terms of bailing out corporations to avert the effect of the crisis. The interviewee brings about the idea of bureaucracy and political aspects that contributed to the problem, highlighting the corruption and ineffectiveness in the government when bailing out the institutions. Inefficient crisis prevention program Barofsky argues that prior to the government’s idea of bailing out the banks affected by the crisis, Washington’s ineffective nature of mitigating and controlling credit crunch became
Mass communication is a historically developed and developing in time technically mediated process of creating, storing, distributing, disseminating, perceiving information and exchanging it between a social subject (communicator) and an object (communicant). The communication system book stage began with the Gutenberg machine (1440 – 1450). 1 Precisely from this moment books became the main source of the intellectual and spiritual fullness of society, bearing in themselves an uncountable mass of unique information, therefore they can not be replaced by any other source of information. Books in Communication System The industrial communication system is the highest point of the book culture development, but already at its peak, signs of its dilution are visible, for example, impersonal mass communication, opposition information and documentary activities, and the spread of the myth about the information crisis. The book informatics efficiency has begun to decrease; there is a situation where it is easier to open a new fact or create a new theory than to make sure that they have not yet been opened. Thus, there was a need for more sophisticated technical means to address the information crisis. The book is currently acquiring an electronic form. The disappearance of the book is not predicted. It is necessary to preserve the book as an attribute of culture, the formation of figurative, abstract thinking. 1 Irving Kristol, the godfather of neo-conservatism, said “If you believe that no one was ever corrupted by a book, you have also to believe that no one was ever improved by a book. You have to believe, in other words, that all art is morally trivial, and that, consequently, all education is morally irrelevant.” The quote brightly reveals the idea that people are what they read. A person is a reflection of the inner world of the individual, the quality of which is directly dependent on the acquired skills and knowledge. Quality books are the only intellectual source capable of progressive development of the human thought. Books’ ban from public libraries or their censor violates freedom of speech and press. A person has the right to independently choose literature, be it a printed or electronic publication. The Choice Between a Printed Edition and an Electronic Book It is not so simple to give the answer to the question whether electronic books will replace printed ones. There are many factors, su