ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Brief History of the Civil War in Sierra Leone The famous Sierra Leone Civil War erupted in March 1991, lasting for more than a decade before peaceful intervention calmed the prevailing tensions in 2002. The conflict emanated from a move by former Liberian government official Charles Taylor who returned to Liberia with the aim of upsetting the regime in the early 1990s. Consequently, Taylor’s actions triggered civil unrest that took root in Liberia before spreading to Sierra Leone within a short period. Sierra Leone’s rebel army, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), in collaboration with special forces from Taylor’s previous government associates in the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), sought to overthrow Sierra Leone’s president, Joseph Saidu Momoh. In response, President Momoh sent his troops to push the rebels fighting for Taylor back into Liberia. In the course of events, Taylor’s rebels and RUF supporters led by Foday Sankoh, a former leader of Sierra Leone’s defense force, ambushed Momoh’s army, thereby intensifying the conflict. A close examination of the civil war reveals the extent to which it exposed Sierra Leone to devastation and adversity while at the same time claiming the lives of over 50,000 people. Major Problems of the War The unrest witnessed in Sierra Leone triggered significant problems, disrupting peace in the country for over a decade. One notable problem associated with these civil hostilities was the high death rate recorded between 1991 and 2002. Estimates indicate that the civil war in Sierra Leone led to the loss of approximately 30,000 to 50,000livesand left over 400,00 people injured (Ainley et al. “Transitional Justice” 11). War atrocities and crimes against humanity triggered by perpetrators such as Taylor and his supporters accounted for the massive death count witnessed in Sierra Leone. The war also reduced the country’s population to a state of poverty. Currently, Sierra Leone is considered among the poorest countries in the world, in 14th position out of 25 countries having populations subject to extreme poverty (Millar 1703). Approximately 70% of citizens in this country live below the poverty line. The civil war, which spanned slightly over a decade, considerably undermined developmental agendas in Sierra Leone, despite the country’s possession of valuable natural resources, especially diamonds, gold, and iron ore. After gaining independence from Great Britain in 1961, Sierra Leone was projected to record substantial growth and development due to its rich resources (Ainley et al. “Transitional Justice” 9). Thus, the civil war that Taylor orchestrated also denoted his interest in diamonds, leading to the emergence of the phrase “blood diamonds.” As such, by targeting the rich resources in Sierra Leone’s eastern provinces, Taylor financed rebels and supplied them with arms to gain control of all eastern territories. The adverse effec
Introduction World war 1 is one of the historical wars that has been documented and well remembered by many people. Its history has attracted attention from the present historians. The war began because of a small conflict after Australia-Hungary declared to wage war on Serbia. The war began on 28 July 1914 and lasted for 5years ending in 1919. This was after the refusal of Serbia to accept the harsh penalties imposed to them by Austria-Hungary after the shooting of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife. Francis was to become the next king of Austria-Hungary. He was killed in Sarajevo in Bosnia and assassins were thought to be Serbian nationalist (Aaron 2006, 50). This conflict draw attention to other nations like Russia, Germany, Great Britain and France because of their prior involvement in making of treaties which had obliged them to defend some nations of their interest. A number of events contributed to the war. Some of these events include the assassination of the incumbent king of Austria-Hungary by the Serbian nationalist, formation of alliances, military agreement between France and Russia, nationalism, imperialism, fight or interests in Morocco in northern Africa by both France and Germany, attempts by Austria-Hungary to annex Herzegovina and Bosnia on its territory amongst others. Formation of Alliances Before the actual break of the war, events happened demonstrating the break of a great war, which was breezing. Alliances were formed early even before the war broke up. The purpose of these alliances was to ensure support and unity in case of an attack or an invasion by alien nations. For instance, in 1882, Bismarck of Germany) went into an alliance with Italy and Austria-Hungary. This alliance, otherwise referred to as the ‘triple alliance’ was meant to ensure that every nation was to come to rescue of on another in times of attacks. Military agreement In 1893, a military agreement was made between France and Russia. This alliance was joined by the Great Britain in 1907 in alliance called the triple entente. Similar to the triple alliance, this alliance was also formed with intention of protecting each other in the cause of an attack. These nations signed a memorandum, which they could supplement or intervene in the event of war or conflict by supplying weapons and even military personalities. Some of the agreements were broken for instance, when the war broke up, Italy, which had entered into agreement with Germany, and Austria-Hungary broke the agreement and entered in a secret agreement with the Great Britain and France in the Triple entente agreement. Many other secret agreements were entered into by other small European nations. Nationa
The issue of defining professionalism is controversial and multifaceted, especially in the field of such a broad sphere of expertise as law enforcement. Mere adherence to the three basic requirements provided by Glenn et al. (2003) does not suffice the meaning of professionalism. Strict adherence to the professional ethics elevates policing above just an occupation that provides wages and attributes it with the values of a real profession. According to Thompson and Payne (2019), the police Code of Ethics is a core of the implementation of human rights into every sphere of policing. By introducing ethical behaviors, values, and standards of professional demeanor as the basic requirements of a professional in policing, one will be able to eliminate misconduct in the sphere and establish better outcomes for the communities (Westmarland & Rowe, 2018). However, is it better to integrate ethics into policing through culture reforming or education?
Introduction In a hospital setting, an active shooter represents a massive threat since it implies that the people exposed to danger have health issues, some of them being quite severe. Therefore, an exercise scenario for ensuring that all people involved can survive the supposed shooting scenario unscathed both physically and mentally has to be considered. Although there is no uniform strategy that can be applied to manage any shooting scenario, increasing the levels of preparedness and keeping patients and staff members alert are essential measures. Mainbody The process of planning the exercise will require creating an ethical platform based on which decision-making will take place. Specifically, the hospital staff will need to be fully aware of their priorities in the identified situation. A patient-centered approach and the essential principles of Utilitarianism ethics will be incorporated into the ethical framework to ensure that the staff members will make decisions to maximize the well-being of patients (Bhimji & Goldstein, 2018). Afterward, several response plans will have to be adopted, with the staff members receiving extensive training to learn to apply an appropriate response to a particular shooting scenario. For instance, the following approaches will be included as possible means of addressing a shooting: the Run-hide-Fight paradigm, the Avoid-Deny-Defend one, the 4As response, and the ALICE framework (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2017). To be able to accomplish each of the suggested strategies, a nurse must be capable of locating evacuation opportunities, determine the areas where patients can hide safely, and contact law enforcement units or any other legal authority available. In other words, staff members must receive the training that will help them to develop resourcefulness, critical thinking, and communication skills. However, to conduct the exercise at the target facility, one must meet the existing legal and administrative requirements. Specifically, it is crucial to involve law enforcement officials in the process. Thus, a hospital can receive the permit to conduct the drill and use the services of law enforcement officials, who may participate as well and provide the hospital staff with essential information and necessary resources. Furthermore, the specified step will help avoid any legal issues that may emerge. Afterward, the hospital managers will have to develop a communication plan that will allow transferring crucial information within the shortest amount of time possible (Wexler & Flamm, 2017). As a result, the threat of omitting essential data or misinterpreting it and, thus ultimately failing will be mitigated. Finally, one will have to assess the building and check it for the characteristics that may either inhibit the evacuation process or assist in accomplishing it. One will have to take note of every available exit and locate all places that can be potentially dangerous for patients or any other stakeholders involved in the case of a shooting. Besides, the device that will allow locking the building down an
My Philosophy on Gender Parity and Cultural Diversity Leaders should always serve as role models for their subordinates. As a leader, I should guide my employees in a particular direction, which is in line with organizational deliverables. The changing trend in contemporary societies places many administrators in complicated situations owing to the increasing gender and cultural diversity. Frequently, managers encounter issues that revolve around gender disparity and cultural discrimination. From my standpoint, I believe that employees should treat each other equally and should not disrespect their colleagues basing on culture or gender. Remarkably, effective performance hinges on the nature of the relationship that exists among the members of staff. When there is disharmony in workplaces, productivity diminishes. Therefore, it is within my consideration that subordinates and the executive should treat each other assertively and refrain from acts that demean the gender or culture of others. Actions That Prevent Gender Disparity and Cultural Discrimination in Workplaces To prevent my staff from engaging in acts that propagate gender and cultural disparity, I will enact policies to govern workplace behavior. Before establishing these policies, I will educate my team on the essence of valuing the beliefs and gender of their colleagues. By training them, I will be addressing the stereotypes instilled by various media that often link particular culture or gender with specific tasks or behaviors. According to Northouse (2016), leaders should empower their teams and instill positive behavior in organizations. As such, I will undertake intensive training on the relevance of respecting one another in workplaces. Subsequently, I will inform them that acts, which demean their colleagues, attract penalties relative to the intensity of a particular behavior. The essence of drafting ethical codes that govern employee interaction emanates from the unique personalities associated with members of staff. Due to the different characters, some workers may try to propagate discriminatory acts, a phenomenon that calls for the utility of the disciplinary measures. Actions That Promote Gender Parity and Cultural Appreciation in Workplaces Provision of equal opportunities and encouraging teamwork are some of the acts intended to support gender parity and appreciation of cultural diversity in a firm. Promotions, recruitment, and pay hikes need to be fair and should cut across all gender and cultures. Members of staff should understand that hard work and credentials are instruments used by the executive when making decisions on promotions, employment, and when providing incentives. Another significant initiative that I will undertake as a leader in the emergency department is encouraging teamwork. Northouse (2016) alludes that teamwork is vital in improving employee satisfaction and in creating a favorable working environment. Through collaboration, members of staff get a better understanding of the behavior of their colleagues and learn to interact with them positively. I believe that a combination of equal treatment and teamwork encourages cooperation in
One of the most helpful definitions of motivation is the statement that says that people are motivated to perform an action that directly results in satisfying their personal needs (Certo & Certo, 2011). In the context of an organization a corporate leader, manager, and team leader would do well if he can align the needs of the group with that of the individual. It is therefore crucial to understand the basic needs of the worker and then communicate the goals and objectives of the organization in such a way that the employee and the employer is looking at the same thing and working towards one goal. This is easier said than done and if one would like to proceed in this course of action then one of the skills that has to be developed is the ability of the manager to communicate well and persuade people to make the organization’s needs as their own. There are two important things to consider. First of all is the skill of the leader or manager to determine the specific needs of the workers. In the case of Jack Cooper and his team he has to figure out how to find common ground between his need to implement an Internet strategy and the employers’ needs. It is not enough to simply talk about needs. The leader must communicate to them using specific terms. The ability to communicate with power is only possible if the speaker is able to develop a message that directly addresses the needs of the recipient of the message. It is therefore not unusual for Jack Cooper to spend a great deal of time motivating his workforce. If left on their own they would not find Internet strategy appealing. It is Maslow’s self-actualization needs that Jack Cooper must utilize to develop a message that would motivate his people (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2010). He had to convince them that they can increase their value if they learn more about Internet strategy. Cooper must explain to them that before they came to this company they had very little knowledge about this strategy and must consider it a privilege to receive free training with regards to learning this cutting-edge concept. Nevertheless, it must be pointed out that Jack Cooper may succeed in motivating employees and yet create a detrimental effect for the whole organization. This can be understood if one will take a close look at the kind of investment needed to motivate people and change their mindset regarding a particular idea that they have very little knowledge or an idea that they are not interested to learn. By investing time and other resources Cooper may succeed but at the same time it can use up tremendous amounts of resources and at the same time it is possible that the organization may lose focus on the bigger picture and simply put all their energies in learning about Internet strategy when their primary goal is to sell pharmaceutical products. Conclusion It can be said that motivation as a concept is easy to understand. However, the actual step of motivating another person is easier said than done. It requires both knowledge and skill. It requires knowledge about the target audience. It also requires the skill of an effective communicator. The
Introduction Global obesity has reached epic proportions in countries across the world (Sadaqat, 2020). United Arab Emirates (UAE) is among the leading high-income, oil-producing nations to be affected by this health issue. The increase in obesity among the UAE population is alarming. Obesity levels were as high as 37% in 2010, double the global average (Sadaqat, 2020). This report will provide a detailed analysis of obesity from the perspective of three recurring factors – nutrition, physical activity, and lifestyle choices, while also describing the measures taken by the UAE authorities to curb obesity. Adult Obesity Prevalence Obesity Prevalence Today According to the National Health Survey (2019), the proportion of 18-year-old adults and above who were obese reduced to 27.8% compared to 37.2% in 2010. This improvement became possible due to government actions, including health awareness campaigns, early adult and child intervention programs, weight loss challenges, public health draft law, interactive map for physical activity, and other. For example, ‘Etminan’ initiative, which is an examination program measuring body mass and promoting weight management through visits to nutrition centers and healthcare clinics ( National Health Survey results , 2019). Besides, the UAE government, under its Vision 2021 National Agenda, is focused on reducing obesity rates through various programs and initiatives promoting healthy living ( UAE Vision , n.d.). In the framework of the program, scientists record the prevalence of
Introduction Human resource management has become one of the most vital emphases of the management in most organizations. The success of every organization to a great extent depends on the effectiveness of human resource management. In both manufacturing and service industries, the quality of products or services depends on the effectiveness and level of human resources management. Human resources management plays a big role in organizational and man power management, personnel administration and lastly industrial management all of which are vital in ensuring that quality services are rendered by the organization. HRM is an important tool in ensuring that there is effective total quality management in an organization. In both service and production industry, total quality management is crucial because it ensures products or services of the best quality are produced by the company. The aim of every organization is to produce the best services or products that will best serve the interest of the customers or offer great satisfaction to them (MacMillan, 41). The whole idea of customer satisfaction is addressed by total quality management commonly referred to as TQM. Human resources management plays a big role in ensuring that there is TQM in an organization. It should therefore be maintained at a high level to ensure successful TQM The general purpose of this research is to investigate the role of human resources management in ensuring that there is successful implementation of total quality management. Specifically, the research explores the concept of human resources management, the concept of total quality management as a component of HRM and then the role of HRM in ensuring successful implementation of TQM. All these areas are tackled in the context of hospitality industry. We first describe the methodology used in obtaining the information presented. Methodology The information presented in this research was gathered from different literature materials that have been published concerning the topic in question. The books, journals, web pages and articles concerning human resource management, total quality management and the role of HRM in ensuring successful implementation of TQM were also used in this research. There was no formal research that was carried out but secondary sources were used to obtain the information. Personal opinions and experiences are maintained to a minimum level. The literature materials obtained about human resources management and the role of HRM in the success of TQM are discussed in the context of hospitality industry. The concept of human resource management in hospitality industry According to McNamara (1), human resources management is a composite function consisting mainly of deciding or assessing the staf
Introduction The issue of morality has been a subject of debate in teaching field. Christian scholars are more concerned about achievement of students in terms of moral grounds and not about academics only. It has been argued that a teacher can not teach morality in schools unless he teaches morally. The moral values of teachers have been a big concern of many scholars. There are much discussion regarding the moral values in the context of teaching and their implications in the achievement of the student. The moral features of learning or teaching situations are also considered important parameters in measuring the performance of the students and the success of teaching and learning. The big question has been whether the teachers’ moral values should be communicated to the students that that particular teacher is teaching. This term paper critically evaluates Gabriel Moran’s ideas in ‘Teaching morally, teaching Morality’. And the implications it has in religious education. Moran’s view o n Teaching morally and teaching morality Moral education in schools is taken as the channel of transmitting moral values from one generation to another. There are moral education programs curricula in schools that are meant to communicate moral values to the students in the name of making them morally upright persons. There are other cases whereby these moral programs are criticized and are denied chances in education centers on the allegations tat morality is not a communal thing but a personal preference. Others believe that morality is a matter of religious conviction and a subject of culture that should take personal initiative to acquire. This view of morality has greatly affected the integration of moral matters in education. The teachers, the state and the entire society are the main player in the act of including morality education in schools but have been blocked from doing so by the people’s view of morality as a personal preference, a religious matter or the cultural commitment. The two concepts teaching morally and teaching morality differs from each other in some respects. To teach morally entails teaching in a manner that is acceptable and considered good or right on moral grounds. This calls for the teachers to act morally or in the right manner in the course of teaching. The teacher has to be good or righteous and should conduct himself in the right manner. Teaching morality on the other hand entails transmitting good and acceptable values to anther. Gabriel Moran (1997, 201) argues that if teaching is what the teacher struggle to do in class, then the issues of morality have no connection with education. According to him, the real meaning of education should consist of moral teaching and educators should be morally upright. When education does not emphasize the issue of moral teaching in schools, then it either loses its meaning or totally disconnects from morality. According to Moran (1997, p. 205), morality should be a quality of teaching but not an object of teaching. In other words, quality teaching should include morality or moral teaching. Taking morality as an object