ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Initially, Galileo started to explore the stresses induced in beams by bending loads but the theory we accepted today is mainly proposed by the mathematician Leonard Euler (1707-1783). A beam undergoes or develops normal stresses lengthwise with a varying magnitude. The tension is maximum at one surface whereas zero at the mid-plane of the beam with maximum compression at the opposite surface. Shear stresses are also induced along with the normal stresses. In the case of the large length-to-height ratio of a beam, these shear stresses can be neglected. Normal stress When a beam is subjected to a positive bending moment, it will gain a tendency to possess a concave-upward curvature. It implies that the material near the top surface of the beam is in compression with the x-direction with the bottom surface in tension. There exists a neutral axis of the beam. It is a transition between the compressive and tensile regions where the stress becomes zero in magnitude. In case of strong tension but weak compression forces present in a material, resulting in the failure at the upper compressive surface. An expression is desired that relates the magnitudes of axial normal stresses to the shear and bending moment within the beam in correspondence with the shear stresses induced in a circular shaft by torsion.  1. Geometrical statement: as shown in the figure given below, the transverse planes within the beam remain planar under bending but are rotated by an angle θ on the neutral axis. The expression for the curvature is, dθ/ds = (d 2 v / dx 2 ) / [1 + (dv / dx) 2 ] 3/2 also, θ ≈ dv / dx, the squared derivative in the denominator is quite compared to 1. The angle can be expressed by the given relation: u = – y dv / dx Where, v(x) = the x-derivative of the beam’s vertical deflection function v(x). y is measured positive upward from the neutral axis.  1. Kinematic equation: the x-direction normal strain ε x is expressed as the gradient of the displacement: ε x = du/ dx = -y d 2 v / dx 2 Where d 2 v / dx 2 = the spatial rate of change of the slope of the beam deflection curve, known as the curvature of the beam. The strains are zero at the neutral axis where y = 0. Compressive (negative) above the axis, tensile (positive) below the axis. These quantities are directly proportional to y, that is they increase linearly with y as the shear strains increase linearly with r in a torsionally loaded circular shaft. Constitutive equation: using the Hooke’s law, the stresses can be expressed as σ = E ε x = -e E d 2 v / dx 2 This derivation is not applicable to linear elastic materials. Therefore, the axial normal stress such as strain linearly increases from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum value at the outer surfaces of the beam.  1. Equilibrium relations: the total axial force generated by the normal σ x str
Introduction The need for a strategic compensation plan, as a form of promoting quality and productivity, has made companies across the global village to adopt different incentive plans to give employees an array of benefits. Often, these plans are aimed at enticing the workforce to perform above the normal standards. To increase productive behaviour for all employees, it is vital to create a healthy work environment and personal growth perspectives that apply to all situations. Labour efficiency is a critical element in optimal performance in any organisational environment. Among the merits of incentive plans include minimisation of envy between employees, acquisition of different learning skills from several interacting teams, and collective responsibility in the execution of duties. This analytical treatise will present comprehensive reward statements for two employees working at the Nesbitt and Thomson Company and the National Bank of Canada respectively. These companies are based in Montreal. Interview of two employees In order to gather data on the reward choices and employee benefits, I interviewed Mr. John Smart, who is an accountant at the Nesbitt and Thomson Company, and Mrs. Jane Mathews, who is also an accountant at the National Bank of Canada. The two em
What happens to a human being after death is a topic covered with mystery and confusion. People go out of their way to bicker and fight about their vision of the afterlife, of the void that one awaits after dying. They become so invested in trying to define their fate that they forget to pay attention to what is happening around them. Chuy, or Jesus, the main character in Gary Soto’s The Afterlife , is a fifteen-year-old boy whose sudden and senseless death shows others the value of cherishing the present. The author uses magical realism to embark the reader on a journey of reflecting on life when nothing can be done to change it. Such a technique of combining reality and the afterlife makes the readers lose themselves between the two worlds, empathizing with the main characters as if their fate could be redeemed. The primary purpose of Gary Soto’s The Afterlife is to show the significance of human life and forgiveness from the perspective of those who lose it. Chuy, being a self-conscious 15-year-old kid, managed to discover the blessings of love and compassion only after he became a lifeless ghost whose days on Earth were counted. During a long journey coming back and forth to Yellow Shoes, a man who killed Chuy for a compliment, the boy discovers the power of forgiveness and love for others. The boy, whose insecurities catalyzed hatred for everything surrounding him, became the one to forgive his killer (Soto). However, while he wanted to convey the message of forgiveness to his family, he could not do anything. No matter how one’s perception of life may change after death, it will never have a meaningful impact on real life itself. Hence, it makes sense to learn these things while one is alive. Throughout the story, the author manages to successfully combine the worlds of reality and the afterlife. At some point, there were moments when Chuy stood among real people as there was no line between life and death. The only thing that someh
Executive summary According to the Health Care Cost Institute (HCCI), in 2016, the annual cost of insulin for a patient with type 1 diabetes amounted to $ 5,705, which is almost twice as high as in 2012 – $ 2,864 (Hargraves & Frost, 2017). As a result, some patients put their own health at risk. According to experts from the Yale Diabetes Center in New Haven, many people with diabetes are forced to reduce their intake of insulin-containing drugs due to their high cost. One in four diabetic patients took less insulin than doctors recommended due to the high price of the drug, which led to an increased risk of complications compared to those who used insulin-containing drugs regularly (Herkert et al., 2019). Inappropriate insulin intake in people with type 1 diabetes can be fatal, and in the case of type 2 diabetes, patients may have an increased risk of long-term complications (blindness, kidney failure, nervous system problems, and amputation). Introduction In recent months, it has become common in the United States that people with diabetes have reduced insulin intake because of its high cost. At the same time, daily insulin consumption increased from 2012 to 2016 by only 3% (Hargraves & Frost, 2017). The drugmakers say they need to periodically raise prices to offset the significant discounts they offer to buyers under their health plans. The current analysis looked at data from 15,000 patients with type 1 diabetes who were prescribed insulin at least once a year. As a result, it was found that from 2012 to 2016, the average price of insulin increased from 13 cents per unit to 25 cents. For an average patient, using 60 units per day, the daily cost increased from $ 7.8 in 2012 to $ 15 in 2016. The study by Herkert and colleagues involved 199 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Of these, 51 people (25.5%) admitted to using less insulin due to financial difficulties (Herkert et al., 2019). Thirty-one patients who had reduced their insulin intake reported this to their doctor, and 15 of them switched to another less expensive drug. In patients who reduced the consumption of insulin-containing drugs, a deterioration in blood glucose levels was recorded. According to the forecast of researchers from Stanford University, the number of people with type 2 diabetes who need insulin-containing drugs in the world will increase by about 79 million people by 2030, which will lead to a sharp increase in the need for insulin (Basu et al., 2019). The experts reviewed data from the International Diabetes Federation and 14 separate coho
Executive Summary Despite the range of products and services that Best Buy offers, the company has not yet incorporated the latest network systems in its information systems infrastructures. Although Best Buy has incorporated network systems in order to offer better service, the network systems incorporated by Best Buy show that the company has reached its networks limit. However, Best Buy has not yet integrated the latest network infrastructures in order to expand as well as produce better products that will make the company be more competitive. To ensure that Best Buy employs the latest network infrastructure in order to enhance the company market advantages, a network system upgrade needs to take place that will make Best Buy enhance competitive edges, and improve their customer’s experience to be ahead of its competitors. In total, this project has a proposed ROI that will fit into a 10 million dollar budget. Introduction The need to enhance organizational agility as well as meet customers’ demand within the short term has led to the increase in the demand for information systems which include network systems that enhance the performance and availability of its website, including the reliable delivery of dynamically generated content. In addition, upgrading the network infrastructure will enable Best Buy to simplify its front-end infrastructure by off-loading traffic to a third-party service provider’s globally distributed network and reducing the utilization of its back-end servers. In addition, Best Buy stands to gain from upgrading to the new network design. Analysis of the existing network technology of Best Buy reveals that its network infrastructure cannot connect to all the locations that t
Money and Commodity Circulatory Processes Common characteristics and differences in C-M-C and M-C-M Marx realized that problems existed amid commodities circulation. He then approached this dilemma by classifying the two ways that commodities could possibly circulate namely C-M-C and M-C-M. The difference and similarities between money that is just money and capitalized money appear only in the mode of circulation. The circuit M-C-M is when money is circulated as capital and is also referred to as the capitalists’ circulation. In this circuit, M is money meant to purchase the commodity that is traded again for M (money). On the contrary, the monetary flow also known as the simple commodities circulation can be illustrated via the C-M-C circuit. In this circuit, commodities are traded to get money. This money is then used to purchase different commodities. In capitalists circulation, M-C-M, individuals buy commodities with the intention of selling them. The main aim in the simple circulation is to attain the utility values. However, the capitalists’ circulation is categorically aimed at obtaining the exchange values that must be higher than the originally presented money (M). The simplest commodities circulation form C-M-C entails purchasing commodities only after some commodities have been sold. The product is altered into cash, and this cash is once more changed back to a product. Conversely, M-C-M circulation occurs when sales take place because of the purchases made. That cash is altered into product which is afterward changed back into cash. In the last circulatory process, the transformed money materializes as the potential capital. A close examination of the M-C-M circuit shows that it is made of two adversative phases. Phase one comprises of the purchase or the M-C where money becomes transformed into commodities. The second phase entails the sale or C-M. It includes transforming the commodities back into monetary form. When these two phases are combined, they make a solitary flow where money becomes traded for commodities and similar commodities are traded for money. In this circulation, the process M-M that involves exchanging money usually varnishes in the end. Both these circulations are composed of two similar segments namely the purchases phase (M-C) and the sales phase (C-M). In fact, a retailer, a purchaser, money and commodities that have similar economic characteristics are bound to face each other. The two similar opposing phases are unified by each circuit. In all cases, the unison comes as a result of the involvement of three contracting parties. One of the parties must be a buyer while the other party has to be a seller, and the third party should both be a seller and a buyer. The M-C-M is distinguished from C-M-C by the inverted progression arrangement between the two segments. For instance, in the monetary circulation (M-C-M), the circuit ends with sales and commences with purchases. In the simple commodities circuit (C-M-C), the process ends with purchases and instigates with sales. Furthermore, in C-M-C circuit, the circulation process goals
Introduction The in-depth study of complex compounds is a particular area of analytical instrumental chemistry that uses existing theories and practices to establish a substance’s formula. Standardly, complex compounds are considered to be the most problematic substances in which the central complexing atom (M) is chemically bonded to a certain number of ligands (L), which forms the coordination number as shown in the Equation 1. The compound’s entire inner sphere then combines with the outer sphere, usually represented by a metal ion or an acidic anion. In analytical chemistry, there are several techniques for determining the formula of a complex compound, but in this laboratory work, the emphasis was on the applicability of Beer’s law, recognizing the fact that when a complex is formed, one of the substances is in excess. The following mass balance equations are characteristic of the inner sphere of the complex.: Consequently, if the ligand concentration is excessive, this leads to a negligible amount of the complexing agent, which can be excluded from the calculations. Then, applying this assumption to Beer’s law, the following expression for the optical density of the substance can be obtained: A similar expression, Equation 5, is characteristic for the situation when the complex-forming agent turns out to be an excessive amount. In both cases, the plot of the dependence of optical density on the substance concentration has a slope that depends on the complexing agent or ligand’s atomic amount. Then the ratio of these slopes is determined by the Equation 6 and is numerically equal to the ratio between the number of groupings in the inner sphere of the complex. The above information forms the purpose for this laboratory study, in which the nature of the orange-red complex formed by the reaction between divalent iron and o-phenanthroline is investigated. By the spectroscopic study of a series of different solutions with excess iron and excess tricyclic organic at a wavelength of 515 nm, the relationship between the slope coefficients was established, and as a result, the ratios of atoms in the inner sphere of the complex were determined. Experimental Reagents   * Acetic Acid-Acetate Buffer, high purity   * Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, , 10 % (w/v), high purity Solutions   * stock iron(II) solution, A substance weighing 0.3589 g was dissolved successively in 50 mL of distilled water and 1.0 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid, then diluted with distilled water to the 250 mL mark.   * working standard iron(II) solution, . Transferring 25 mL of the prepared solution into a flask for dilution with distilled water to the 250 mL mark.   * 1,10-phenanthroline solution, . 0.0906 g of organic substance was dissolved in 70 mL distilled water heated to 75 ℃, and after cooling was quantitatively transferred to a 100 mL flask. Procedure Instrumental Methods of Analysis Chem 447 Winter 2020 manual experiment titled, Determination of the Formula of a Complex with the Slope-Ratio Met
Introduction The rise of communism and totalitarianism in modern China was characterized by new technologies and ideologies as the traditional ones were abolished. The significance of modernization had greater impact on certain intellectuals who despite being brought up in the traditional lifestyle had already experienced westernized culture and were educated. Several factors contributed to the rise of modernization in China some of which are discussed below. Political implication of the Chinese political tradition The contribution of political implications in the rise of communism in China occurred as a result of the involvement of a political party, China Communist Party (CCP) which was previously involved in dirty politics such as terror attacks and other evil dealings. However, during the rise of communism, the CCP contributed in a positive way rather than the evil ways by making use of the resources it had acquired during its evil operations. This was because they had good knowledge of all evil deeds surrounding them. Therefore, the CCP forced the people into communism using their evil ways rather than letting them decide whether they want it or not. However, the CCP used the ideologies of Marxism-Leninism to influence people into communism and totalitarianism (Peter, 2005, p. 1). Although the party used force and other evil ways, there was a righteous side of CCP as it chose the right thing which in this case was communism and total modernization. Confucian culture Confucianism has had great contribution not only in China, but also in many other Asian countries. China has specifically benefited by adapting Confucian ideologies which have contributed in the modernization of China. The basics of adapting Confucianism in modernizing China was not necessarily involving reinstatement of Confucianism but rather using Confucianism in the modernization process by making use of the good side of it while getting rid of those which are may be harmful to the people. For instance, one of the most significant aspects of Confucianism that was adapted in modernizing China was its ideology of acquiring knowledge through learning. This has been evident in the excellent performance in sciences among Asian students especially those in China since this is where the most impact of
In the Saint Louis Art Museum, I have selected a painting “The Judgment of Paris” by Lucas Cranach the Elder. This piece was painted in 1530 in Germany. The painting’s medium represents oil and tempera on the panel. The size of the piece is 50.8 x 36.4 cm. At first, I was attracted by the bright colors of the painting. Then the story of the piece intrigued me. I have assumed that people depicted in the piece were taking part in some dramatic event. The painting invokes curiosity and brings delight. The favorable impression about this painting is strengthened by the beauty of portrayed women. Picturesque scenery, a castle in the distance, and a white horse make feel like in a fairy-tale. And Cupid with bent bow and arrows implies a future love affair. I think the artist was trying to communicate the idea of eternal beauty and the apple of discord, the rivalry between pretty women and a man doubting which woman to choose. The piece depicts two men and three women. The women are Roman goddesses Juno, Minerva, and Venus. The younger man in Paris. The painting illustrates an ancient antique myth about the golden apple of discord and the judgment of Paris that led up to the Trojan War. Shepherd Paris was asked to give this apple to the fairest among these women. He gave the apple to Venus, who promised him Helena, the most beautiful mortal woman. The artist was also inspired by a medieval legend, which concerns the knight Paris. According to the legend, he goes hunting, falls into the bush and sees a dream, in which the god Mercury in peacock feathers asks him to decide which among the three goddesses is the fairest. The knight has armor on; he has taken off his helmet. The color of the armor makes it look not heavy by weight. The knight is young and handsome, and there is an expression of attentiveness and somewhat of superiority on his face. Mercury is luxuriously and gorgeously dressed; his costume with peacock feathers and a large hat proves his status as a god. He has a golden apple in his hand. This apple is very beautifully decorated. Mercury has a long white beard and a persuasive and wise look. Juno is self-satisfied and looks with confident superiority and immense allure. Minerva at the center tries to charm the spectator. She is flirting and her bowed head excites and captivates. Venus puts her hand on the apple; she is sure in her victory due to sensual appeal and self-confidence. All three women have high foreheads; their fair hair is neatly combed back. Venus’s hair is under an elegant bonnet. The figures of the women are slender, with sloping shoulders, small round and firm breasts as if immature; the waist of each woman is narrow enough. A gent
Nurses, particularly those working in a clinic setting, are a significant workforce that can impact the general culture in various aspects. Changing patterns of the profession is portrayed by aging employees, gender disparity in the field, working in several clinical places, adaptation, and worries around a balance between life and work. Inside this worldwide setting, the medical services area confronts a specific emergency, with most nations on the planet revealing a deficiency of nurses (Lee & Jang, 2019). This lack antagonistically affects health frameworks globally and prompts adverse results for patients. Developing the specific connection between staff execution, the organizational culture that oversees an association, and achievement or disappointment in accomplishing its goals are needed to help nursing leaders. Numerous medical nurses are arriving at retirement age, and there is a decreasing inflow of new students in nursing, while demand for nursing care is expanding. The studies offer that the elements identifying with the climate and setting inside which medical caretakers work are adding to an unfriendly environment (Siket Ujváriné et al., 2020). For example, nurses’ burnout, work-acquired injury, and back torment are examples of quantifiable stressful consequences for wellbeing and prosperity, which are common among the nursing labor force (Siket Ujváriné et al., 2020