ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Sexual behavior plays an important role in modern life. Nowadays, youths speak about sex without borders. The increased level of youths pregnancy, raised level of sexually transmitted diseases and other problems are put at the first place. Speaking about sexual behavior among youths, it is possible to correct it and form by means of sexual education. It is essential to deal with professionals while delivering information to youths. Moreover, sexual education is very important both for boys and girls before they have their first sexual experience. Speaking about sexual education and its affect on sexual behavior, it is essential to refer to the studies of Douglas Kirby. Having written numerous papers devoted to sexual education and its effect on youths, he managed to find something new and add to each of his research. Having developed a hypothesis that sexual behavior depends on education, Douglas Kirby managed to prove that the earlier students receive information about sexual behavior the lower the level of pregnancy among them and the less sexually transmitted diseases are noticed. Reporting about “The impact of sex education on the sexual behavior of young people”, Douglas Kirby states that sex educational programs affect adolescents’ sexual behavior greatly. The early sex education programs are started, the earlier students understand how their sexual behavior should be organized. Douglas Kirby is sure that “Sex education programmes do not increase sexual activity among adolescents and young people but they are not always effective at reducing it or in promoting safer sexual behavior” (Kirby “The impact of sex education on the sexual behavior” 10). Nevertheless, Douglas Kirby notices that if sexual education is regularly conducted with structured information delivery the rate of HIV/AIDS infections reduces. Moreover, apart from the reduction of the infected, sex education “can delay the onset of sexual activity among adolescents and young people, reduce the frequency of intercourse, reduce the frequency of unprotected sex, reduce the number of sexual partners, and increase condom use and contraceptive use” (Kirby “The impact of sex education on the sexual behavior” 10). Speaking about the level of youths’ pregnancy and the way to reduce its rate, programs are very effective in this case. Starting structured discussion with youths about the ways of protection, the future difficulties and the general unfavorable position of those who fail to protect themselves from pregnancy, it is important to stress on the possibility to have assistance at any stage of sexual relationships. Sexual education should be conducted among students and their relatives as family treatment of the program is an essential step on the way to correct sexual education. When both boys and girls are aware of the problem of youths pregnancy and the responsibility they are to experience in case of its occurrence, their behavior becomes more valued. The quarrels about the increased level of sexual activity among adolescents because of sexual education programs do not h
Introduction In our contemporary society electrical and civil engineering has not been left behind by the enormous wave of technological advancements. Light rail systems that support metro buses are being deployed to facilitate rapid transit with minimal frequency in comparison with the heavier mass rapid systems. In this paper we consider designing metro shuttle in Riyadh as an alternative mode of transport. The paper however, is biased, investigating the power supply, types of rails used and how the metro is controlled. Metro transport systems are powered by light rail systems, a modern variation of transport where trains run separately from the road traffic. On this kind of a system stopovers are normally less and boarding is done over a platform. Sakae M (1990) Background Light rail is a modern concept that is versatile in nature and it fits perfectly in the engineering visions of a bus and the heavy metro. In comparison with bus on the streets, it’ ideally an expensive venture to develop although it could also be cheaper in terms of the functionality on a given capacity, It’s however cheaper to build and operate at minimal commercial speed. It is also a form of transport that enhances smooth traveling, it doesn’t emit pollutants over pedestrians and its frequent run is somewhat economical. William. M (1998) Types of Rails Light rails Light rail systems are the most appropriate architectures suitable for the Riyadh metro service. Light rail infrastructure offers a high platform that is fully separated from roads and pedestrians. This makes the system more convenient in the transport sector. Many light rail systems should be designed in an embedded way with both on road and off-road sections. William. M (1998). The modest variation of light rails is the dominant form of urban rail development that should be incorporated in Riyadh. www.lightrail.com. By borrowing a leaflet on systems such as the Air Train JFK of New York, we can adopt a driver guided Metro in Riyadh, that is supported by light rails; developed to offer cost effective and easy deployment infrastructure that hinges on modern technology that embraces materials that dramatically reduce the weight of the metro shuttle. Sakae M (1990) Gaps Light rails should contain gaps where the substations feed the line; in most cases the metro should be fed towards the next station. This is important to enhance over supply and also in facilitating continuity in the event that one substation crushes. The sub station should be labeled by an iconography or light, which connotes the presence of current in the sections ahead. The metros are meant to alight before trading on inert territories. www.lightrail.com In the event where currents are short circuited, it is fundamental for the metro not to connect the inert territory to the live section by passing over the gap hence facilitating the completeness of the gap. To help contain
Executive Summary The chosen statement to write this paper is ‘Statement of Financial Accounting Standards no. 142- Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets’. The standard was introduced in December 2001 superseding APB opinion no. 17. The objective was to provide maximum disclosure with regard to goodwill and other intangibles to the financial statement users. The statement straight away debarred amortization of goodwill and other intangible which are longer- lived and have indefinite useful life. In order to examine the practical applicability of the directions and suggestions of statement no. 142, the Annual Report 2008 of ‘Wal- Mart Stores Inc.’ was selected. On a critical analysis of the way goodwill and other intangibles were dealt in the financial statements of Wal- Mart, it was found that Wal- Mart has normally followed all the directions and guidance of Statement no 142, except in the area of presentation of intangible assets. Those have not been shown as separate line items in the balance sheet. Instead those have been clubbed with other long- lived assets. However, goodwill has been shown properly as a separate line item. Introduction Statement no.142, one of the statements issued by FASB dealing with Goodwill and other Intangible assets has been selected for this write up in order to evaluate its practical applicability. A critical analysis of the relevant portion of financial statements appearing in Annual report 2008 of ‘Wal- Mart Stores Inc.’ha
Introduction Communication within organizations is vital for full attainment of goals and objectives to enhance customer satisfaction in terms of service experience. Company interactions with customers involve applying different methods that ensure that customers’ pieces of information reach the sales department. Since this communication process involves many people, it requires appropriate management to guarantee best customer service to the present and future customers. Currently, organizations are adopting the use of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software to improve quality of their service provisions to their clients. The software helps in organizing and tracking contacts of both the present and future customers. Just as other online applications, the software minimizes logistical requirements and time wastage since all employees in every department can view a customer’s information and respond appropriately (Murray 2013). At the same time, a customer will obtain timely response from the necessary departments hence saving productive time. The Database Management System that Swansea Metropolitan University and the University of Wales: Trinity Saint Davids included in their system will ease the logistics required in communicating to and managing their students. The report expounds on the benefits that will accrue to the two institutions after adopting CRM, especially in decision-making processes. In addition, it will discuss the principles of Big Data and metrics and examines the gains that the University of Wales is likely to realise in adopting CRM. Finally, the treatise will expound on the ethical and legal implications that may face the institution for storing students’ data for future marketing purposes. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System Organisations interact with customers in three main ways: back office operations, front office contacts, and business contacts. In marketing, business contacts is where a company’s workforce intermingles with suppliers and customers through trade associations and various industry activities (Malhotra & Birks 2007). Front office contacts entail straight connections that company workers have with dealers and consumers through mails and phone messaging. On the other hand, back office operations are sequences that aid phone call and e-mailing services such as marketing, promotion, and investment relations. The use of CRM pays more focus to customers thereby enabling organizat
Introduction Teaching science and mathematics at school is often associated with various issues. It is crucial to consider the issues to be able to come up with appropriate solutions. Educators should possess the necessary tools to enable their students to learn effectively. The two articles in question focus on different issues and help reveal the areas of special concern. Science The first article to be discussed is written by Eidietis and Jewkes (2011). The researchers focus on the issues concerning curriculum decisions in K-8 science. The researchers note that teachers are free to make curriculum decisions. They also argue that there is a strong correlation between the decisions made and teachers’ preparedness to teach as well as their attitude towards a particular topic (Eidietis & Jewkes, 2011). Eidietis and Jewkes (2011) illustrate their assumption concentrating on a particular topic, ocean literacy. According to the research, teachers reveal their preparedness to teach this topic, but they also report that there is insufficient training on the topic (Eidietis & Jewkes, 2011). Though the majority of participants revealed positive attitude towards the subject, they also expressed their concern about their efficacy, which led to limited hours devoted to the topic (Eidietis & Jewkes, 2011). This article revealed an important trend that explains curriculum choices made. Admittedly, it is essential to make the choices based on objective analysis of the significance of this or that topic. It is unacceptable to make choices based on personal preferences. This article helps understand that educators should evaluate each topic and consider whether they are ready to teach it. If there are certain gaps, educators should get the necessary training to be able to provide high-quality teaching. Mathematics The second article in question is written by Lee, Lee and Amaro-Jimenez (2011) dwells upon teaching mathematics. The researchers concentrate on one of the most burning issues of the contemporary US school, i.e. teaching mathematics to students who speak other than English as their first language. The researchers note that these students often have difficulties with learning mathematics as they are not proficient in English (Lee, Lee & Amaro-Jimenez, 2011). Lee, Lee and Amaro-Jimenez (2011) stress that teachers should take this into account. The researchers provide a set of effective techniques to cope with the issue. Thus, teachers should incorporate learners’ stories (their real life experie
Introduction It should be noted that the beer production process is centered around fermentation by yeast organisms to convert sugar into alcohol. However, the process also produces significant carbon dioxide, which requires capturing and reuse. There are three major ways CO2 can be used: beer recycling, photosynthetic organisms, and genetically modified strains of bacteria. Main body The beer manufacturing process uses CO2 in order to make the beverage more acidic and crisp. Therefore, the most evident use of the released CO2 from the fermentation is its reuse at the same facilities. However, the latter requires a capturing mechanism, which can be expensive. In the case of microorganisms, photosynthetic microbes can use light and CO2 to create carbohydrates. Thus, using algae or cyanobacteria might be useful in order to convert the CO2 byproduct into sugar, which can also be used for future fermentations. In addition, the latest developments indicate that E. coli can be genetically modified in order to capture and consume CO2, similar to cyanobacteria (Callaway, 2019). The main advantage of such bacteria is the fact that they are “relatively easy to engineer, and its fast growth means that changes can be quickly tested and tweaked to optimize genetic alterations” (Callaway, 2019, para. 5). In other words, there is a wide range of alternatives when it comes to the reuse of CO2 from beer fermentation. Conclusion In conclusion, the beer fermentation process involves the conversion of sugar into alcohol and CO2 by yeast cells. The released carbon dioxide gas can be reused with proper capturing within the beer manufacturing process itself. However, the use of photosynthetic autotrophic microorganisms is also feasible. It should also be noted that genetically modified strains of E. coli can be applied due to their fast growth times. Reference Callaway, E. (2019). E. coli bacteria engineered to eat carbon dioxide. Nature. Web.
Ontology Ontology is the study that deals with the reality that may exist either outside research and gain the forms of realist or objectivist ontology or as a part of research and be defined as nominalist ontology (Conway, 2015). In current research on leadership as a practice, it is expected to take into consideration human traits and behaviors and clarify how to develop these traits in order to succeed in leading people. In this case, a practice has to be identified as a cooperative effort that is made by the individuals, who are able to analyze their knowledge, investigate their skills, and make decisions that help to achieve good leadership results (Raelin, 2011). Individuals, who want to become leaders, have to be ready to recognize the main differences in their practice, consider their emotions and characters, and use their best skills participating in various mundane or extraordinary activities. Relying on such requirements and expectations, a leadership-as-practice ap
According to Berk (2006), peer relationships are significant for normal psychological and social behaviors because they allow them to shape models and strategies for successful communication. More importantly, interacting with peers can also create new response mechanisms that can contribute to their normal existence in a social environment. However, children with disabilities might encounter social barriers while learning and communicating with other children due to different strategies they have for interaction (Berk, 2006). In particular, there are tangible difficulties with processing information due to neurologically predetermined problem, including communicating delays, poor coordination, and problems with memory and socialization (Silver, 2008). While reading, children might have problems with understanding, retrieving, and processing information they receive while reading. The above-presented challenges prevent children from normal learning and socializing, and the role of counselor lies in introducing alternative, narrow-focused strategies that help disabled children adjust to new learning and social settings (Berk, 2008, p. 604). In particular, specific attention requires the development technologically advanced and specialized counseling, which can contribute to children’s comfortable adaptation to a new environment (Silver, 2008). Creating classes with disabled children may allow children to feel their connection and identity to peers with similar problems. Under these circumstances, peer sociability could be developed through these environments more effectively (Berk, 2006, 470). Berk (2008) argues that children under age 8 focus solely on attitudes and emotions, behaviors, and activities. Once children fail to receive appropriate patterns to respond to social clues, they can experience inappropriate decisions, leading to conflicts and wrong decisions. Under these circumstances, sociodramatic play becomes “especially common during the preschool years and supports cognitive, emotional and social development” (Berk, 2006, p. 606). In addition, psychology can also employ teaching strategies by using models and example of other children with appropriate behaviors. Ericson’s psychological theory focuses on various stages of development. With regard to the case, Catherine belongs to adolescence stage, at which she longs to finding her social and culture identity (Berk, 2006, p. 18). At this point, child upbringing can be perceived in regard with the competences and values that are accepted and needed in society (Berk, 2006, p. 19). Thus, understanding culture’s life situation in which Catherine is placed can provide new perspectives on strategies and techniques for preventing problems. Sometimes teenagers face difficulties in evaluating their social relationships because of constraints they encounter in a family environment (Berk, 2006). Confronting social and cultural challenges alone does not allow them to define their life goals because aspiration for social recognition and support prevails over desire to self-identification (Berk, 2006, p. 17). Lack of appropriate
Reliability This is a gauge of domestic evenness, which comes in handy when quantifying something at a consistent rate. It should be noted that this procedure is comparable to precision. It is enforced in several ways, some of which are discussed below. Test-Retest Here, a researcher issues the same examination to a similar set of respondents on separate occasions twice. Afterward, the results are correlated in a bid, to determine the coefficient of stability. The study of these results will determine the stability of these tests over a given time frame. The main disadvantage of this method is the fact that the result varies concerning time; hence similar parameters may produce different results if the timescale is altered. The principal benefit of applying this technique is saved costs since the same test is applied to an existing group of respondents (Trochim, 2006). Split-half reliability Here, a test is issued to respondents who are divided into two halves. The scores are categorized separately, and the score of one half is compared to that of the other. Lastly, a comparison of the results is studied to determine the reliability of the study. It is advantageous since it has lower cost and time implications. The main challenge posed is the lack of a proper way by which the questions can be separated before they are administered (Trochim, 2006). Parallel and alternate forms Parallel forms When dealing with parallel tests of reliability, two examinations covering the same area of study are formulated in a similar format. The questions should be of comparable difficulty since they will be distributed at random whilst preparing the tests. Both question papers are then administered to a set of respondents, whose feedback is analyzed for conclusions. A break is allocated between the tests, to prevent instances of fatigue by the respondents (Trochim, 2006). Among the notable weaknesses of this method, is the fact that the response received is subject to motivation and fatigue levels of the examinees. In addition, the cost implications for creating similar tests are time-consuming and expensive. On the contrary, this method is advantageous, since tendencies of memorization are lowered substantially. The method is also flexible, hence can be used together with other tests (Trochim, 2006). Alternate forms This method bears semblance to the test-retest method, save for the fact that a different form is administered for the second time in this case. The examinations are set to ensure close resemblance in the content. After they have been administered, the scores are correlated to produce a coefficient of equivalence. High values imply reliability since a majority of the items will have assessed similar traits. It may be disadvantageous if the time between the tests is lengthy, due to cost implications. On the other hand, the test has greater integrity since the outcome of the subsequent test is not easily alterable. Validity It deals with assessment methods em