ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Azerbaijan is a country located in Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range. The country has three dominant features that dominate its landscape. To the Eastern part, the country borders the Caspian Sea. This is its natural boundary. To Northern side, the Caucasus mountain ranges characterize its landscape. Third, there are widespread flatlands that are located to the central part of the country. It is a nation with a majority Turkic and Shia-Muslim population. Azerbaijan was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920), following the Russian Revolution; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it became a free country. According to Pipes, the country suffers from a near dictatorial regime that abolished the limit of the terms that an incumbent president ought to serve in 2009 (34). In addition, the country has been typical of massive corruption and graft. Despite numerous resources that the country has the revenues does not lead to development as Azerbaijanis would wish. This is because of the aforementioned endemic corruption, which has made the energy sector to stagnate. Indeed, the energy sector is highly underdeveloped. The national language of the country is Azerbaijani. The language has its roots in Turkish native language and is spoken by many countries within the region. Since the language originated from Turkey, it is similar to many Turkish languages including Qashqai and Oghuz. As such, many inhabitants of the Southwest language suffer from little if any language barrier owing to the close relationship of their languages. This paper is an explorative paper that seeks to utilize available literature to expound on various economic, political and social features of Azerbaijan. Geography Azerbaijan is situated in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. The coastal town of Baku is the oldest city of the country, which also serves as the capital city. It hosts one of the largest harbors due to its deep waters at the coastline of Caspian Sea. It is also the central city where all oil industries are located. Azerbaijan occupies an average land of over 86 thousand kilometers squared and is the largest when compared to Georgia, Armenia that are within the same region. Save for its natural boundary at the shores of Caspian Sea, the rest of the country is typified by mountains that extend to Georgia and Iran to the South. Azerbaijan is ringed by mountains. Owing to its central location, the country borders The Greater Caucasus range in the North. To the south, the country’s mountains reach the Abseron Puninsula. The mountains also reach the Caspian Sea in the Western part of the country.
Introduction A liver function test (LFTs or LFs) is used to identify the degree of hepatotoxicity or liver damage. In LFTs, the levels of various enzymes and compounds like Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase, Creatine kinase, Albumin, Alkaline phosphatase, Bilirubin are measured to ensure the state of the liver. Abnormal Liver function test result Based on the case study test results, elevated levels of the two Aminotransferases can be correlated to paracetamol overdose, especially elevated ALT which is more specific for liver cell damage. Alkaline phosphatase remains in the range of 70-350U/L in growing children which is considered normal. Blood Collection for Paracetamol Test The patient’s blood is collected every two hours for the Paracetamol Test as the level of paracetamol in plasma will give an assessment of the risk of liver damage. “As there are chances of continuing absorption and distribution of the drug, plasma concentrations after four hours from the time of overdose is generally taken into consideration” (Guideline for the management of acute paracetamol overdosage [updated 2007]). So, it will be important to know from the patient the exact time of intake of the paracetamol overdosage in order to calculate the interval in which the paracetamol test must be taken. Paracetamol concentration below 1000 units after 4 hours is considered safe for the patient. Role of Parvolex and Liver’s Detoxification Mechanism “In paracetamol overdose, hepatic centrilobular necrosis occurs. Studies have revealed that cytochrome P450 enzymes convert Paracetamol into a reactive metabolite called N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which depletes glutathione (GSH) and covalently binds to proteins leading to the destruction of the cell” (James et al. 2003). Glutathione is an antioxidant known to protect cells against toxic reactive oxygen species which are mainly free radicals and peroxides. “Parvolex is known to have a sulphydryl(SH) group donor which seems to play a potential role in restoring depleted hepatic concentrations of reduced glutathione levels or can act as an alternative substrate to the toxic metabolite NAPQI, thereby saving the cell from high toxicity.” (Paw, Park). “Liver is known to carry out detoxification of a wide variety of organic compounds by a system of oxygen transferring enzymes (oxygenases). These enzymes lack substrate specificity and oxidize hydrophobic compounds to hydrophilic nature which can be easily excreted” (Karp 2002). Elevated Transaminases The two transaminases are mainly intracellular enzymes, but normal levels of these enzymes are found in the blood due to cell turnover. The elevated levels of these enzymes in blood signify cellular damage due to paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity as pertaining to this case study. Indications of Elevated Bilirubin Level “Elevated bilirubin levels are usually related to its increased production (breakdown of haem), deficiencies in bilirubin excretion and hepatobiliary diseases. Bilirubin levels remain in the normal range at i
The problem of high readmission rates in surgical units requires an effective solution. The project oriented to decreasing readmissions should have a well-organized implementation plan (Clari et al., 2015). The purpose of this paper is to develop an implementation plan while discussing the organizational setting, timeline, process, resources, methods, data collection tools, budget, and plans for further actions. Setting and Subjects Administrators of the surgical unit have focused on implementing an intervention to decrease readmission rates. Project participants are surgical patients who will be discharged during following several months. This sample population will be divided into control and test groups. During a post-discharge period, patients from the test group will be contacted by registered nurses (RNs), medical doctors (MDs), and nurse practitioners (NPs). Patients from the control group will not receive telephone calls. To guarantee that patients agree with conditions and rules, it is necessary to prepare a consent form (Appendix A). Timeline To complete the project, it is necessary to develop a plan for six months. The pre-implementation stage of the project lasts four weeks and includes the development of a post-discharge procedure, assignment of RNs, MDs, NPs, and surgical patients, improvement of schedules, development of assessment tools, and integration of the procedure in a working process. The results will be evaluated during four months, and final changes in readmission rates will be assessed during the sixth month (Appendix B). Solution Process and Resources The solution process depends on using such human resources as RNs, MDs, and NPs, who work in the surgical unit of the selected hospital. It is also necessary to guarantee that all professionals who work with the test group have access to mobile devices during the scheduled time to perform follow-up calls and document them in digital protocols. The post-discharge procedure includes the following steps: (a) RNs, MDs, and NPs call patients within thirty days; (b) if the initial call is not answered, specialists should attempt one more time; (c) specialists ask questions and document the information; (d) practitioners answer patients’ questions; (e) if some risks are determined, specialists plan interventions (Chen, Li, & Lin, 2016; Daniels et al., 2016). The resource list is provided as Appendix C. Solution Methods and Instruments To monitor the implementation process, it is necessary to use a protocol that is effective to demonstrate differences in test and control groups regarding changes in readmissions. Examples of such protocols are proposed in the recent research on the problem of high readmission levels among surgi
Don Quixote was very quixotic because even in his old age and very limited means he still wanted to emulate what he has read in romances of chivalry and that is to be an errant knight. Thus, with an old armor and a bony old horse he went out to rescue damsels in distress and perform mighty deeds even if to the outside world he seemed ill-suited for the job and more so, he looked ridiculous (Paulson, 1998, p.1). Because of the things that he said and the things that he did a term was soon coined to describe his strange view of the world and it is now known all over as being “quixotic” a term of ridicule and endearment depending on how it was used. More than a hundred years or so later another great writer by the name of Mark Twain penned a classic entitled The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and interestingly it is a novel full of “quixotic” characters and written for the same purpose and it is to satirize the excesses and pretensions of that particular day and age. The Message The purpose of this study is to analyze Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer but not using the usual method of analyzing a work of literature such as a classic novel. A slight deviation from the norm is justified because of the similarity in patterns that can be seen in Don Quixote and Mark Twain’s famous work. It can even be argued that Twain was influenced by the masterpiece of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra and used some of the ideas from Don Quixote to fashion characters of the same “quixotic” temperament. Don Quixote, the Spanish novel was not only written to entertain, although it must be said that no one who seriously gave time to read this 17 th century novel could honestly say that he was not entertain. Far from it the novel is something that both young and old can enjoy because they can relate to it. The teenager who happens to hold Don Quixote in his or her hands will immediately understand the satire. They will appreciate how Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra tried to make an indirect but effective criticism of the excesses of the Spanish court and the general population’s obsession with knights in shining armor who seem perfect no matter from what angle they are viewed from. The older set of people who chance to read the novel for the first time will quickly understand the expert use of satire but it is the other facet of the novel that will grab them and it is the sad and ridiculous behavior of an old man who had seen better days and desperately tried to recapture the glory of the old days. Those who are middle aged and even those who are elderly can reminisce the time when everything was fresh and the old fellow was once strong and the old lady was once flawlessly beautiful. This is the impact of the novel but as one will focus the attention on Mark Twain and his masterpiece it is easy to be led into the conclusion that there is a
Ethics Ethics can be applied in any profession. Basically, ethics denote set of laws or moral systems that provide a basis for discerning whether an action is correct or erroneous. Therefore, members of a profession can come up with ethical principles that guide them when carrying out their duties. The five common ethical principles are “independence, integrity, responsibilities and practices, competence and technical standards, responsibilities to clients, responsibilities to colleagues, and other responsibilities and practices” (Anthony 10). This paper reviews the applicability of ethical and legal principles in the case of insider trading involving Stephen Cohen. Case The founder of SAC Capital Advisor, Stephen Cohen and the portfolio manager, Mathew Martoma were involved in what is considered as the most profitable insider trading in the history of the United States of America. Initially, “the court had charged Mr. Martoma with conspiracy to commit securities fraud and two counts of securities fraud” (The Wall Street Journal 2). He obtained secret data for trading the company from a university. “The two bought shares for their funds in two drug companies involved in the clinical trial, and then bet on the companies’ shares to fall when Mr. Martoma learned of negative news in 2008” (The Wall Street Journal 1). “Mr. Martoma, a portfolio manager at SAC’s CR Intrinsic Investors division, received secret data over an 18-month period from the professor about a trial for a drug being developed by Elan and Wyeth” (The Wall Street Journal 1). The results of the trail of the drop were negative and the price of shares of the two companies flopped drastically. The two companies suffered serious losses. It is also reported that the profits generated by Mr. Martoma were paid to Mr. Cohen. “The Hedge fund gathered $276 million in profits and losses avoided based on the information obtained by Mr. Martoma “(The Wall Street Journal 1). From the case, it is evident that the two parties used information that was not known by the entire public to obtain undue benefits. In their actions, there is an outright breach of the professional ethical code of conduct such as integrity, confidentiality, professional due care, and professional behavior. The act of the two individuals is regarded as white collar crime. Ethical and Legal Implication The case displays a scenario of classical insider trading where the insider passes on the material information to another party who in turn trades with it. This type of insider trading is less common and often very difficult to identify. A legal trade is not necessarily ethical. The transactions carried out by the two managers were legal but not ethical. This is as a result of the fact that the actions abov
Children’s literature has glorified childhood imaginings and make-believe play. Some authors who have presented imaginative games by children in their works are Robert Luis Stevenson and Mark Twain (Singer and Singer 14). Fantasy and imagination have a strong thematic influence on the narrative structure of children’s literature. Two children’s novel written at the end of the nineteenth century shows a different kind of make-believe world. Little Women by Louisa May Alcott and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain targeted different groups of readers. Little Women is a story about four sisters – Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy March – living in a poverty-stricken genteel household with their mother during the American Civil War. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is about the escapades of a young boy growing up in the fictional village called St. Petersburg with his half-brother Sid and Aunt Poly. The young characters from both novels belong to an impoverished genteel home but the stories follow different structures. This variance creates distinctive make-believe games for the characters. A child has an imaginative mind and creates a world, separate from the realities of his/her life, in the form of a make-believe play. Sigmund Freud pointed out that children “hallucinate” to create a distinct world where their unfulfilled needs to find immediate gratification (Singer and Singer 17). The immediate needs are an outcome of social conditions. Children’s literature often has a gendered target (Nikolajeva 125). The stories intended for boys are usually structured around an adventure that is experienced or performed but the female narrative is closed and restricted (Nikolajeva 125). Male-centric and female-centric narratives are usually structured differently and so are the make-believe games played by the characters in the novel. Alcott called Little Women a “domestic drama” about young girls in a familial sphere under precarious conditions (Fetterley 32). In the novel, the sisters mostly play indoors. Their lives, fantasies, make-believe world is confined within the four walls. The uncertainty in their life fuelled their psychosomatic curiosity and retracted them inward, helping to develop their imagination. The March sisters face these newfound hardships with the aid of what they had at disposal – their imagination. They were adolescent girls growing up at a time when gender roles were firmly defined. The
Introduction Negotiation is one of the most skills in the corporate world. It is a skill that would be needed in every department of the firm. As Downs (2008) notes, an organization cannot move if it lacks individuals who are able to properly negotiate on its behalf. Internally, various departments may need to negotiate over various issues. The marketing department would need to convince the finance unit to allocate it enough finance to support various financial obligations it has to undertake. Similarly, the production unit would need a close coordination with the procurement and logistics unit on the flow of raw materials into the firm, and transportation of the manufactured products to the desired destinations. Individuals within the firm would also need to negotiate when they find themselves in competitive situations. Externally, organizations are involved in negotiations almost on a daily basis. The procurement unit must negotiate for quality raw materials at a cheaper price, while the marketing department would look for a better market for the firm’s product. It would require success from all the departments and individuals concerned for the organization to ensure overall success in its endeavors. Negotiation has seen a shift from what it used to be before. According to Adam and Healy (2000), unlike before when most negotiation’s ultimate end would be a win-lose situation, currently negotiations are aimed at a win-win scenario. Both parties involved should come out of the negotiation with what he or she desired, or a compromise that would be satisfactory to them. However, most discussions today still end in a win-lose situation, a fact that has seen many organizations focus on having the best team to negotiate their dealings. Both men and women comprise such team of negotiators. According to Fifield (2007) the society has changed from what used to be a highly patriarchal world, to a more liberal one where both genders feel equal to each other. Many women have since become as successful in the corporate world as men. Despite these positive changes, the two genders still exhibit differences in many set ups. The notion that men are the dominant group over women is still held in various quarters. Many individuals still believe that men still have more authority than women in most of the decision making practices. Ward (1999) singles out Saudi Arabia where women have to seek permission from men before making serious decisions in life. Inasmuch as the Saudi case is extreme, many societies, even in the developed democracies still have a difficulty in accepting that the two genders are pretty much equal when it comes to issues about decision making. In negotiations, both the genders have registered marked differences in their ability to make dealings that are beneficial to them. There have been divergent views as to which gender is more superior in decision making and what each uses to
Best practices   * Operational clarity implies that the counter-insurgent forces have a clear idea of the purpose of their actions. Moreover, the command system must be effective and unified enough so that measures undertaken in an emergency situation would only have one clear direction.   * Unified effort means that there must be a consistent strategic idea that would help coordinating counter-insurgent actions.   * Intelligence system is crucial to the efficiency of the operations.   * Sound intelligence work presupposes that various units provide valid information on the insurgency that would create a coherent image of its motivations and help predict the behavior.   * Resolute leadership involves having a clear understanding of the operation and the nature of the issue. This feature, as well as ethical perspective and national issues, constitutes an important part of a counter-insurgent approach and should be developed in the U.S. From the emergency management perspective, among the best counter-insurgency practices are resolute leadership, intelligence system, unified effort, operational clarity, and military force structures (Goswami, 2012, par. 3). The latter presupposes the development of an appropriate and efficient system of military mechanisms. Implementation In order to improve the efficiency of counter-insurgent measures, it is necessary to incorporate innovative technology solutions into the intelligence structures. Moreover, maintaining the right balance between economic aspect and military security presence is necessary in order to avoid insurgents taking advantage of a flawed institutional organization (United States Government Interagency Counterinsurgency Initiative, 2009, p. 27). Developing an efficacious intelligence system is of utmost importance, as well as a unified effort needed to reach the goal or a compromise. The unit must be headed by one officer with a right to make the most important decisions. Terrorist Groups The latter include assassination , arson , hijacking , bombing , kidnapping , raids , and sabotages (Global Security, n.d., par. 5). Kydd and Walter (2006) single out several types of logic that terrorists employ in order to reach their goal (p. 49). These include attrition, outbidding, spoiling, intimidation, and provocation . The latter is used when the terrorists want to influence the public opinion and convince the society that they are trustworthy, as opposed to their adversaries, as the latter were provoked to behave in an aggressive way. Intimidation serves as a threat and a promise in order for everyone to remember that terrorists are to be taken seriously. Spoiling is a rather interesting method, as it in