ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Ethical Framework for Discussing U.S. Health Care Reforms An ethical approach to a decision-making process should provide a significant shift to the perception of health care insurance and cost issues in the United States. Adhering to the idea of free and equal access of all people to the high quality medical care irrespective of social status, nationality, race distinction, and gender, introducing new approaches to allocating resources, as well as rationalizing the costs and insurance of health care system would be paramount for the U.S. health sphere. To introduce changes to the American health care, it is imperative to keep to a utilitarian ethical framework where a worth action is morally justified if it provides positive outcomes to individuals. In this respect, “the consequences of leading health care solely to market forces… is not viewed as acceptable when a significant portion of the population lacks access to health services” (Steinbock, Arras, & London, 191). Introducing liberty-limiting principles, particularly the concept of paternalism and social welfare should provide significant improvements to the quality of health care in particular and life of U.S. citizens in general. Moreover, looking at the problem of resources allocation, specific attention should be paid to the issue of human rights, particularly to the equality of men and women in society. This principle should be applicable to health care system as well. Underpinnings for Introducing Health Care Reforms: Comparing Current Situation with That in Other Countries Criticism of health care sphere in the United States is justified because many researchers highlight the pitfalls and drawbacks of the current situation. In particular, Orszag insists on the idea that “improving the quality of health care and reducing its cost will require that doctors make many changes” among which “working on weekends and consenting to quality management are two clear ones” (n. p.). In other words, the primary focus should be made on the quality of health care delivery, as well as equal access of all people to free medical treatment. At least all people should be provided with professional help irrespective of insurance policies. Similar concerns are expressed Affordable Health Choices Act foreseeing reorganization of healthcare system and its shit to a patient-centered approach to medical therapy services (Morgan 1). In addition, high quality of care should envision social safety and welfare for all U.S. citizens, which according to legislature have equal rights for medical treatment (Steinbock, Arras, & London 175). A comparative analysis of U.S. health care system with the health care systems in other countries highlights the existing gaps in the American insurance health issues, as well as quality of medical treatme
Summary of Key Points Having endured decades of criticism on an international scale for being the advance scouts, so to speak, of American culture on foreign shores and for advertising campaigns that relentlessly induced the mass of consumers to keep buying a beverage not essential to life and health, The Coca-Cola Company has lately had to confront criticism about harm done to ecosystems everywhere. For instance, carbonated soft drinks bottlers use massive amounts of water. Fears have been raised and protests mounted in Africa and India about Coke and Pepsi plants depriving neighbouring communities of water needed not only for drinking but also irrigation to be self-sufficient in food and sanitation systems to forestall disease (Stecklow, 2005). Even in industrialised nations, the soft drink companies have also come under fire for adding to the volume of non-recyclable trash. Whereas soft drinks were originally distributed in glass bottles that could be brought back to the plant, cleaned and refilled, the goal of saving on the cost of retrieval led to a shift to, first, aluminium cans, followed by clear plastic or PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles. Both are one-way packaging. The world has learned to recycle aluminium but PET, as will plastic goods, had long defied solution. In response, Coke has committed to 100% recycling of aluminium and PET packaging (AZo Journal of Materials Online, 2009). In the article subject of this paper, Gunther (2009) reports how Coca-Cola CEO Muhtar Kent took it upon himself to be “prominent corporate advocate” for climate change by showing up in Copenhagen for the recently-concluded global summit on the same populist theme. With the eyes of all the world’s press on the protesters, the leaders of the U.S.A., China and all other non-European countries attending the summit, Mr. Kent made his pitch for the company to be seen as doing something about climate change and sharing what might become scarce water supplies. In fact, the article is a thinly-disguised publicity piece about the company having developed:  1. Composite PET bottles that are 30% cellulose from sugarcane waste, already available in Denmark (alone among European countries as a showcase perhaps for this climate change), Canada and the United States (EarthFirst, 2009).  2. The latest effort to reduce consumption of fossil fuels are bottles that are 50% recycled PET and 15% cellulose.  3. An action plan to become “100% water neutral by 2020” (Gunther, 2009, p. 1) essentially a promise to recycle wastewater at all 900 bottling plants around the world and replenish the balance of freshwater supply used in the product that actually leaves the pla
One of the significant movements which characterized the 20 th was the feminism movement which advocated for equal rights for women. The success of this moment resulted in rise of women’s rights. This ascendancy resulted in better treatment of women in much of the developed world. As a result of the calls for equality and the respect of rights for women, women were given similar privileges to men. No longer was the life of the women seen as secondary to men’s as they were afforded similar educational, political and occupational opportunities. However, these positive results of the 20 th century feminism movement were not reaped by all countries. Some countries still continue to treat their women in appalling ways. One such country is Afghanistan which has been noted for its violation of women’s rights. The United Nations High Commission for Human Rights which has taken a special interest in the plight of women in this country notes that Afghan women are subject to intensified violence (UNAMA 1). Women in Afghanistan still lack rights, protection and freedoms that most women in the western world take for granted. As a result of this oppression and violence, some Afghan women have resulted to suicide as an escape from this repressive existence. This points out to the desperate situation that the women are in. As such, help from the international community is needed so as to improve the women’s rights situation in Afghanistan. This paper shall argue that the U.S. which is a major player in Afghan affairs should do more to protect the human rights of women who have continued to live in oppression in Afghanistan. To reinforce this assertion, this paper shall discuss the oppressive and desolate environment in which many Afghan women are forced to live in. Human Rights and the Afghan Women The history of the Afghan women is a turbulent one with incidents of abuses and oppression being rife. These abuses were heightened during the Taliban rule which lasted through the 1990s. The Taliban was made up of Afghan men and boys who trained in Pakistan along with mujahedin to fight for the freedom of their country. This “freedom fighters” were raised in refugee camps and trained in ultraconservative religious schools which instilled in them fundamentalist values. Once the Soviet forces had been expelled from Afghanistan, the Taliban group formed the government
Introduction Ajmal Perfume Company is a global cosmetic company that operates in several Middle Eastern countries and specific parts of Asia. The company mainly has a strong market base in key Middle East destinations, such as, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Bahrain, and Qatar. Other markets include Malaysia and India. The company’s product strategy mainly centers on producing Arabian and French fragrances. It distributes its products through several retail outlets located in its key markets. This report, takes a keen look at Ajmal’s strategy by focusing on its goal of increasing its market presence and dominance in existing and potential markets. Specifically, this paper evaluates Ajmal’s strategy in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as a key market in the Middle East. A further analysis that explains how industry dynamics and the external environment influence Ajmal’s strategy also forms an important part of this report. Therefore, this paper evaluates the company’s external environment (macro environment) and industry dynamics (industry life cycle, industry driving forces, porter’s five-force analysis, and the industry profile and attractiveness). These analyses compare with the company situation (financial analysis and SWOT analysis) to show a bigger picture of Ajmal’s operations. Comprehensively, these analyses provide a backdrop of the recommendations that this study provides to address Ajmal’s strategic issues, situational profile, company prospects, and strategic problems. Strategic Issue Ajmal’s company strategy has always centered on the sales and distribution of prestige brands. Through this strategy, the company mainly meets the demand of affluent Middle East clientele. Ajmal’s target market comprises mainly of young people. In fact, about 65% of the company’s clientele are young people, below the age of 25 years. Besides the strategy of floating premium brands, Ajmal also embarked on a global strategy of using online communication to spread its brand outreach. So far, the company is modernizing its brand to have a global appeal. The company only recently opened new outlets in Malaysia (as a global strategy to go beyond its GCC market and explore new market opportunities). In the future, the company aims to cement its dominance in the global market by strengthening its market base in new and emerging markets. Nonetheless, even as Ajmal aims to expand its market outreach in these markets, unfavorable industry dynamics, and the hostilities of the company’s external environment pose several opportunities and challenges to the company’s strategy. External Environment Ajmal’s external environment has a significant impact on the company’s future strategy of cementing its market foothold in the UAE and other parts of Asia. The external environment contains several environmental dynamics that are beyond the company’s control. Macro environment Economic Conditions One significant attribute about the UAE fragrance industry is the favorable economic conditions of the market. While many developed countries are
Introduction Execution of Emperor Maximilian is a painting by Edouard Manet. The painting presents the political tension faced in Mexico during the mid 19th century. One thing about Manet’s painting is that it is complex in terms of its historical context. The painting by Manet explores the decision by Napoleon III to control Mexico during the 1860s and the ineffectiveness of his policies. It also explains the reaction of the world against Napoleon’s inability to handle the matters affecting the world in the 19th century. This paper will, therefore, provide a formal analysis of Edouard Manet’s painting of 1867. Historical Context of the Painting In the 1860s, the allied troops from Britain, Spain, and France invaded Mexico to settle the debts owed by the Mexican government. The invasion resulted in the French occupation in the country. After forming the territory, Napoleon decided to make Maximilian Archduke of Austria the emperor of the newly created state. The outstanding thing about the plan was that it was disastrous and ineffective thereby leading to greater problems in the country (Elderfield 26). Napoleon appointed Maximilian the emperor of the new territory after the Mexicans had weakened the French troops. Soon the troops withdrew from Mexico leaving the emperor unprotected. The painting by Manet treats the politics of Mexico as something delicate and controversial. After examining the painting carefully, the two generals and Maximilian are easy to identify from the work. This makes it possible for the audience to explain what is happening in the scene and message intended by the painter. The tone of this work is ambiguous and coolly (Timothy 19). The painting appears as reportage of the political unrest faced in the world at the historical period when the execution took place. Through this painting, the painter has successfully managed to satirize the society. The viewer can interpret this painting as a work of art trying to explain the controversies and issues that surrounded the death of Maximilian as the emperor of the state. As a Republican, Manet was opposed to the policies applied by Napoleon and so he was ready to criticize everything about the leader. The work is significant because it illuminates an important historical development that led to the execution of Maximilian. To come up with the painting, Manet followed the events of French occupation espec
Introduction Innovation is one of the causal factors of fundamental changes in the livelihood of people in the society. Innovation is a concept that can be applied in different disciplines that govern the nature of life that people live. For instance, innovation has been applied in the development of governance models like the American democratic governance model. This model has played a major role in determining the outlook of different administrations across the world in developing governance. This innovation has influenced the development of freedom among many societies by eliminating some traditional models of governance that hindered the same. It is also apparent that innovation is the main cause of economic growth among people and nations in the world. For instance, the development of innovative business ideas results in the creation of employment, and this subsequently leads to an increase in national GDP. Growth in technology is perhaps the most important field that innovation has played a major role. Innovative technology has changed lives for people across the world. For instance, technology has facilitated the efficient production of commodities that enhance the quality of life for people. Technology has also facilitated faster communication avenues for people. Society needs to embrace innovation as a tool for influencing positive social, economic, and political changes. This paper looks at innovation at the micro-level, meso-level, and macro-level. The evolution of human societies and the role of innovation Innovation is one of the factors whose interplay with economic, social, and political elements enable some societies to dominate others. Jared Diamond talks of proximate and ultimate causes to describe different factors that are associated with the development of human history. Diamond addresses proximate causes as the immediate causes that influenced the historical outcomes of the society (Haberman 2014). In his book Guns, Germs, and Steel , the proximal cause of the attainment of historical success was their possession of better fighting weapons and steel. Ultimate causes, on the other hand, are the factors that influence the existence of proximal causes. In Diamond’s book, the ultimate factor was the geographical location of the Europeans. The location facilitated their innovation to develop guns and to process steel into tools that facilitated agricultural production. Diamond believes that the Europeans came to dominate other societies because of the afor
Introduction When one encounters the word “research”, it would essentially mean something that would yield information. As Cooper and Schindler (2006) aptly defined it, “research is any organized inquiry carried out to provide information for solving problems”. Thus, research is a guided quest that someone undertakes in order to gather data and translate it to become more meaningful in any field of study. In the field of education, research is a very essential aspect in determining, analyzing and interpreting data that has to do with the improvement of student performance, teacher performance and other valuable things that can ultimately change our educational system to become more effective and efficient in the future. As we all know, the teaching profession is a composed of teaching and learning processes, which means teachers also learn as they do their profession. Educational research comprises a large chunk of the learning aspect because teachers can apply research to solve practical, classroom-based problems. Teachers validate the accuracy and usefulness of educational research by identifying appropriate areas to investigate. As consumers of educational research, teachers can improve their teaching, contribute to educational reform and enhance the professional status of teaching. In education, research can be undertaken using two distinct perspectives on how knowledge should be acquired. Research using quantitative methods rests on the belief that individuals, groups, organizations, and the environments in which they operate have an objective reality that is relatively constant across time and settings. For example, a teacher might want to know if her storytelling method would increase his or her student’s test scores in mathematics. The teacher will use the test scores as a basis for determining the effectiveness of a new method and use statistical tests to compare and analyze the results. Higher test scores would mean the new method is effective, while lower or no change would mean the new method has no significant effect to the learning of his or her students. In contrast, qualitative research methods are rooted in the conviction that “features of the social environment are constructed as interpretations by individuals and that these interpretations tend to be transitory and situational” (Gall, Borg, and Gall 1966, p. 28). It is only through intensive study of specific cases in natural settings that these meanings and interpretations can be revealed and common themes deduced. For example, a teacher can use a qualitative method if he or she wants to determine if the new seating arrangement will change the behavior of her students. In this case, the teacher will record his or her observations about the attitude changes in students and use this in analyzing if there are significant changes or not. Although debate over which perspective is “right” continues, qualitative and quantitative resear
Motivational factors that managers must be proficient   * Interesting work;   * Good wages;   * Full appreciation of work done;   * Job security;   * Good working conditions. In a study by Lindner (1998), it was established that the most important motivating factors were interesting work, good wages, full appreciation of work done, job security and good working conditions (Casserly, 2013). Lindner concluded that any manager that wished to enhance motivation in an organization had to consider Maslow’s theory of needs. He noted that “interesting work, physiological, safety, social, and esteem factors must first be satisfied” (Lindner, 1998). Further, employees considered good pay as the second most important motivational factor and thus managers had to consider it (Lindner, 1998). This observation did not follow Maslow’s theory because different motivational factors could be found mixed in various levels. That is, motivational factors did not ascend from lower levels to higher levels, but instead they were mixed up in the hierarchy.   * Promotions and growth in the organization;   * Feeling of being in on things;   * Personal loyalty to employees;   * Tactful discipline;   * Sympathetic help with personal problems. The manager must however observe that motivational factors may differ or provide different results based on the strategy used. Hence, managers must understand how motivation works in their organizations. For instance, different researchers, such as Hertzberg, Adams and Vroom, have found that these motivational factors may assume different positions when ranked. Motivation, which is defined as inner force that compels employees to accomplish personal and organizational goals, also includes other elements such as promotion and growth, feeling of being in control, employee loyalty, tactful discipline and sympathy. Managers are therefore encouraged to consider all these elements when implementing motivational factors for different employees because employee needs are met differently (Daft, 2014). Does motivation come from within a person, or is it a result of the situation? Explain cognitive evaluation theory Extrinsic Motivation:   * The task does not offer direct motivation;   * Expects some form of extrinsic reward e.g., pay, promotion;   * Cost verse benefit scenario;   * Rewards are greater than the cost;   * Great extrinsic reward required. Scholl (2002) has identified three types of motivation. Type I motivation is extrinsic motivation or pure extrinsic motivation. Employees engage in tasks that do not provide any direct motivation. These tasks may appear to be natural or distasteful but they perform them because of extrinsic rewards such as promotion, increased pay, time off or good rating. In this type of motivation, employees consider task engagement as a cost with related expected extrinsic reward as benefit. This type of motivation may only take place when employees consider the reward as greater relative to cost. Thus, the great extrinsic reward may make employees to engage in more physically or emotionally