ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the article “The Edge of Animal Rights” of Sun Yajun, the Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics argues that the moral culture is made up of all things worthy of moral concern. The main emphasis is on analyzing the edge of true conviction within the context of animal rights philosophy. It also looks at the similarities and discrepancies in the moral issue boundary between different environmental ethics schools. The comparison shows a subtle relationship between science and moral philosophy and a standard philosophical premise shared by all environmental ethics (Sun, 2018). This study contributes to clarifying ecological ethics’ moral concern, which is a necessary precondition for establishing a new ethic and consolidating ecological ethics’ link to environmental sustainability. Animal Rights “Rights,” in the ethic framework, refer to “moral rights,” rather than legal rights, which refer to individuals’ legitimate claims. In other words, a person’s noble rights are linked to any ethical concern that the person needs. Meanwhile, whether or not a person has virtuous rights is unrelated to whether they can comprehend and protect those rights. Sun (2018) believes that all people with intrinsic meaning, whether they are moral agents or righteous victims, humans or nonhumans, have the same ethical right to be treated with dignity. According to this logic, the principle that “the individual has intrinsic worth” is reasonable because “the person has noble rights” still, it may not be a requirement (Sun, 2018). “Animal rights,” in particular, are virtuous rights, and human people, as moral agents, should protect animals that have ethical rights. Not all animals, in specific, have moral rights, but all aspects of life have the same intrinsic worth. According to Sun (2018), the subject-of-a-life criterion is an acceptable criterion; it does not seem difficult to attribute intrinsic importance to individuals who do not meet the subject-of-a-life criterion. However, as per Sun (2018), assigning inherent value to individuals (particularly an entity as a group, such as a species or an ecosystem, rather than an individual) is extremely difficult to make “intelligible and non-arbitrary.” As a result, the subject-of-a-life parameter can be considered a sufficient factor for the constructed ethical context’s inherent-value criterion (Sun, 2018). In my view, the beneficiary of moral rights that contribute to noble interests, the possessor of inherent integrity, and the subject-of-life all fall into the same group. Subjects-of-a-Life Subjects-of-a-life should be “mentally normal creatures of a year or more,” but they do not have to be mammals. As a result, this delineation of the boundary between subjects-of-a-life and non-subjects-of-a-life is a “conservative” demarcation: “mentally normal mammals of a year or more” are appropriate, but not mandatory, condition for subjects-of-a-life. Given the concept of the “subject-of-a-life” and moral concern in practice in the rights view, I believe that the term “mentally normal” should be interpreted as having an essential awareness
Many contentious and assiduous researchers often encounter difficulties when it comes to the research presentation. This is because of the very simple fact that the process of research presentation targets the wider audience, not the researchers or individuals who may be in the know. Many research studies are initiated to come up with practical answers to problems affecting individuals, institutions or the wider society. It is therefore imperative for researchers to make the presentations as effective and easy to comprehend as possible if the intended audience is to benefit from the whole research process. The level and scope of the research content must invariably depend on the intended audience (McNamara, 2008, para.4). In business research, the audience may be comprised of financial sponsors, clients, customers, employees, financial institutions, or the larger public. This is a critique of Laura Thomson’s study on community networks and social capital in rural Scotland. Judging by the title of Laura’s research, it seems the most pertinent purpose of the research is to evaluate if the creation of community networks can really enhance social capital in rural Scotland. This is a good topic to research on bearing in mind that few studies have been conducted on her topic of interest. Effective studies are those that investigate new topics of interest, including evaluating conventional topics in a way that no researcher has done before (Wash & Wigens, 2003, p. 41). All her research questions are simply formulated, and able to offer the reader a glimpse of what the study is all about – new technologies, community networks, and how the interrelation between the two impacts the creation of social capital in rural communities. The success of any research process depends on the proper formulation of key research questions (Babbie, 2009, p.255). This enables the researcher to comprehensively test her hypothesis using qualitative and quantitative research techniques, as well as a review of related literature. Indeed, her stated hypothesis relates well with key research questions to give the study an appealing connectedness. The above methodologies enable the researcher to come up with interesting findings of community networks and social capital in rural Scotland. However, the researcher fails to give relevant background information on her key area of study in her introduction. Also, the study lacks a proper definition of the dependent and independent variables, while their operationalization is somehow vague, especially i
Event one The recent global financial crisis has dealt a heavy blow on the American International Group, leading to loss of mortgage-backed securities. Following this loss, AIG has filed a suit against Bank of America in a bid to recover over $ 10 billion USD (Story and Morgenson 2011). AIG maintains that Bank of America, along with its Countrywide Financial units and Merrily Lynch sold to investors misrepresented mortgages that had been placed as securities. AIG is blaming banks for this historic loss and maintains that it was misled into purchasing risky securities while the property market was still faced with a housing boom. Other large financial institutions that IAG plans to sue on similar grounds include JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs, and Deutche Bank. The US Justice Department has also received a number of credit crisis cases but because none has yet been prosecuted, consumers and investors are now apportioning blame on financial institutions for the loss (Story and Morgenson 2011). Nonetheless, the Justice Department is pushing for the prosecution of these cases, albeit at a slow pace. For example, a former chairman of Taylor, Bean & Whitaker, a mortgage company, has been handed a jail sentence. Requests by investors and consumers for the Justice Department to hold investment banks accountable for the losses occasioned by the global financial crisis are being weighed in by State attorney-general. These cases mainly involve foreclosures and mortgage servicing. This is despite the fact that the government is yet to start following up on the most fundamental of these practices. Event Two President Obama is pushing a strategy to create more jobs and at the same time, ensure larger long-term deficit cuts. The proposed tax cuts are aimed at combating long-term unemployment. Therefore, new spending on the construction industry is anticipated, as well as extending tax cuts to firms hiring workers. The president is also proposing for a new deficit reduction (Calmes 2011). These moves are aimed at stimulating economic growth by encouraging consumers to spend and businesses to hire. However, the Republicans are opposed to additional stimulus proposal, blaming President Obama for lacking a detailed debt-reduction plan. They are also opposed to higher tax revenue. The pledge by the central bank to maintain interest rates at a near zero for a minimum period of two years has received opposition from two policymakers with the US Federal Reserve. They argue that such a move is an indication that the government intends to support the stock market. The decision to reduce interest rates up to mid-2013 has also been criticized, with opponents terming the policy as inappropriate. Event Three A strong Australian dollar in 2011 has resulted in low domestic travel and this has prompted Wotif.com, an Australian based online travel company to consider expanding its business to the Asian market. In 2009, domestic leisure travel business, which also happens to be Wotif.com’s core business, was stronger because the
The importance of database management systems in organizations cannot be overemphasized. Databases serve as an integral brain of an organization since they contain relevant documentation that is necessary in steering the firm forward. Several departments at Party Places have been relying on an information system for their day to day interaction, both with each other and with clients. Due to the need to streamline some work operations of the sales department and help improve the internal communication system, I offer to improve the current information system to move towards more collaborative software. I also suggest that the company should migrate from a spreadsheets-based interface to a more relational one like Microsoft Access, for example, as far as our database for personnel and sales is concerned. Spreadsheets are efficient as far as data entry and manipulation are concerned. However, the company will be better off with Microsoft Access as the software can handle a larger amount of data. There is a limit of the number of records that an Excel spreadsheet can handle while Access is virtually limitless. Since the company has ambitious plans in regards to its growing, it is, therefore, advisable to have a database system that is likely to handle huge amounts of data that come with such growth. In addition, it is important to stress out that Microsoft Access allows a more flexible retrieval of data even when the volume of data gets high. If Party Places wishes to go beyond graphical simulations after crunching numbers, then Microsoft Access would be the programme to adopt due to the fact that Access allows users to seek connection between different sets of data. It will also be easier to reference data in different places which will in turn allow different users to retrieve it. Formation of MS Access’s queries and forms, for instance, can go a long way in ensuring that data is accessible in different forms for easy analysis. Laudon & laudon (1988) pointed out one drawback of Excel spreadsheets, it consists in the fact that one needs to reset formulas every time he or she adds new data. Microsoft Access overcomes this problem since it generates accurate data irrespective of the additions that are made subsequent to the original data. The most important aspect of Microsoft Access is it
Compare and Contrast Conundrum is a true story of Jan Morris hitherto known as James Morris. This transsexual realized that he was not meant to be a man. She says, “I was three or perhaps four years old when I realized that I had been born into the wrong body, and should really be a girl” (1). James Morris; the man, underwent surgery to become Jan Morris; the woman. On the other hand, Twelfth Night is a movie based on Shakespeare’s play by the same name. In this play, Viola a woman masquerades as a man, Cesario to enter in a service that she really wanted to get involved. This is only a play. Comparison Twelfth Night compares strongly to a Conundrum . Both are stories of gender change. In Conundrum, James Morris realized that, even though he had been born as a boy, he felt like a woman from deep within. Genetically and phenotypically, James was male; however, he knew that he was a female. He says, “To me gender is not physical at all, but is altogether insubstantial; it is soul, perhaps, it is talent it is the essentialness of oneself” (25). After consulting with many medical doctors, his dream finally came true and after a successful surgery, James Morris became Jan Morris, a female. This did not stop her from pursuing her dreams and today she is a successful journalist. On the other side, Twelfth Night talks of a woman, Viola acting as Cesario who masquerades as a man. She fools many people in the play that she is a man until the final stages of the movie when she reveals her identity. Throughout the play, viola is only known as a man; actually, Olivia falls in love with her. Both Conundrum and Twelfth Night talk about the same thing, change of gender. In both cases, there is change of gender from either male to female or female to male. Contrast Even though these two stories major on the issue of gender change, there are outstanding differences between them. First
Pathophysiology of Glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis (GN), nephritis, or Bright’s disease is an acute inflammatory condition of the renal system that affects the glomerular capillary vessels (Couser, 2016). GN pathophysiology has an immunological basis where circulating antibody-antigen complexes, immunoglobulins (IgAs), and proteins resulting from an immune response become entrapped in the kidney glomerular tuft and peri-tubular capillary walls branching from the efferent arterioles. The trapping of these deposits induces an immune response via the classical pathway and elevated production of leucocytes and platelets, which produce proteases and cytokines (Couser, 2016). The proteases and chemical mediators produced induce inflammatory responses that cause acute glomerular tissue injury. The inflammatory response affects glomerular ultra-filtration, capillary wall permeability to red blood cells and proteins, and impaired renal salt balance (Couser, 2016). The disturbances manifest as edema, proteinuria, haematuria, and elevated blood pressure in patients. Typically, GN appears following an allergic reaction or infectious disease. Protein components are resulting from an atopic allergy lodge in the glomerulus, triggering an immune response. It is also suggested that initial glomerular inflammation may cause the malpighian body to acquire antigenic properties and induce post-infectious GN (Wilhelmus et al., 2015). Infection-related GN follows recurrent streptococcal infections, especially β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngeal and skin infections (Couser, 2016). Other pathogenic agents, e.g., viruses, and certain drugs (corticosteroids) also induce progressive impairment of glomerular function. Exposure to aetiologic/external agents activates the adaptive immune response via molecular mimicry or other mechanisms, resulting in the release of immune reactants that end up being entrapped in the glomerulus (Couser, 2016). Thus, infection and autoimmunity precipitate the acute lesions/inflammations underlying GN syndrome pathogenesis. Current Pharmacological Research and Pharmacological Management of GN Current guidelines recommend ACE/ARB inhibitors and corticosteroid agents for the pharmacological management of GN subtypes – post-infectious GN, nephritic syndrome, IgA neuropathy, and lupus nephritis. KDIGO (2012) recommends a 12-week course of corticosteroid therapy of prednisone/Prednisolone (20mg–60mg/day) for pediatric patients with steroid-sensitive GN and calcineurin inhibitor for steroid-resistant GN. In contrast, adults should receive high-dose corticosteroids (80mg-120mg/day prednisone/Prednisolone) for 4-12 weeks for steroid-sensitive GN and cyclosporine (3mg/kg/d) for the resistant form (KDIGO, 2012). With regard to post-streptococcal GN or PSGN, symptom remission has been achieved with Eculizumab therapy in patients exhibiting steroid-resistance (Levart, Ferluga, Vizjak, Mraz, & Kojc, 2016). The drug is a recombinant monoclonal antibody that suppresses complement component 5 or C5 activity to curb the progression of glomerular inflammation (Levart et al., 2016). It targets and represses the complemen
Introduction In the fiscal 1989 on March 24, the reservoir base of Exxon Valdez ship 987 smacked the Alaska’s Prince William Sound Bligh Reef. The subsequent impact was the prevalent oil spill that has ever since then been remembered in the history of the United States. In less than five hours, the most receptive ecological unit of one state was flooded with rudimentary oil approximated to be more than ten million gallons. In fact, in the Prince William Sound only, the spilt crude oil scattered and covered more than three hundred and fifty miles of the offshore while the total area flooded with oil spill was in excess of three thousand square miles (Bryan, 2003). The preliminary response to the Ship Valdez Oil Spill was perceived to be deficient and sluggish. However, according to the OSHA Act of 1970, Exxon Company failed to enforce or institute safety measures and standards, which could have ensured that both women and men who worked in the corporation had healthy and safe working conditions. Thus, from the failure of Exxon Corp to comply with the stipulated OSHA regulatory standards, a historical publicized incident occurred at Prince William Sound in Alaska. The incident violated and greatly affected the environment, human beings, plants, as well as other land and sea animals besides affecting the country’s economic performance. This paper discusses particular sections of the applicable OSHA regulations that Exxon Corporation neglected, the hazards the workforce of this company encountered because of the failure to comply with OSHA regulations, and the recommended corrective actions that Exxon should implement to avoid future reoccurrence of similar neglect. Sections of the applicable OSHA regulations that Exxon Corporation neglected From the historically publicized Ship Valdez Oil Spill that occurred in the fiscal 1989 at Prince William Sound in Alaska, it is clear that Exxon Corp neglected certain regulations stipulated in the OSHA Act that might have warranted healthy and safe working conditions for its employees. From the investigations carried out by NTSB (The Board of National Transportation Safety) on the cause of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill incident, it was apparent that the accident occurred from various negligence causes (Wells, 1995). The negligence causes of the oil spill are as discussed below. The regulations set in the OSHA Act require companies such as Exxon to train and educate their workforce on issues relating to workplace safety and aspects of healthy working conditions. However, Exxon Corp neglected this regulation by sending incompetent master to be in charge of the ship that was transporting million gallons of oil. From the case, it is apparent that the captain, Hazelwood Joe, rotated those on shift without the knowledge that the ship had started encountering some navigation problems (Skinner & Reilly, 1989). Thus, Exxon Corp failed to provide escort services and a more effective ship pilots to give directions on h
In 2019, the state of Texas spearheaded the implementation of the Medicaid expansion for promoting affordable healthcare for middle and low Americans. The bill number for the Medicaid Expansion program in Texas is HR584 and was sponsored by Rep. Veasey, Marc A, with other House of Representatives (Sommers, 2016). The cosponsors included Sewell, Terri A., and Cohen, Steve, with many others. The benefit of the Medicaid expansion was strengthening health coverage, increased access to medical care, and promoting better health outcomes by reducing deaths, escalating economic security and opportunities, increased response to Covid-19, and lower care costs (Sommers, 2016). Advocacy in population health plays a significant role in influencing the public and policy-makers that significantly influence health policies (Artiga et al., 2019). The advocacy in population health has the function of serving as the trusted voice for informing the health department’s population. Advocacy also provides a capacity-building necessary for reporting public health departments and population health and improving public health policies. The advocacy also provides the roles of educating, provisioning patients, and supporting patients by forming the right decision in the exact situation. ANA codes provide several obligations, including ethics, responsibility, duties, ethical standards, and the nurses’ commitment to society. The ANA codes foster respect for human dignity, interaction with patients, and the nature of health. They also provide the right to self-determination, the nurse’s relationship among colleagues and other providers. It also addresses the conflict of interest, collaboration, and professional boundaries. They provide the right of privacy and confidentiality, the guidelines for research, performance standards and the review mechanism, and practices competencies. The codes promote the protection of the patients and their safety as well as protection from impaired practices.
It has been an accepted practice in hospitals and medical clinics that sick patients will be treated by doctors based on the symptoms being manifested If the sickness is just common colds, the doctor will examine the throat possibly for tonsillitis and then medicines will be prescribed. In instances that the doctor cannot identify the ailment, laboratory analysis of sputum, urine, and blood will be required. This is being done to narrow down the possibility of an ailment that the doctor has in mind but not yet certain. Normally, the doctor will not explain in detail the reasons for the laboratory analysis and why you have to spend extra money. When the laboratory analysis is completed and the doctor has the result, he will just read it and then he will tell you what is the ailment about. Unless you inquire further, no detailed explanation to prove his findings will be done and if the doctor heed to the request, the explanation is done in a manner that layman cannot fully grasp and with a sense of time pressure as if telling the patient that the doctor got so many things to do and the patient should better stop asking questions and have to go. Analyzing the scenario that was presented, the doctor is legally liable for his actions due to the fact that he ordered the conduct of sample collection and laboratory analysis without the informed consent of the patient. The patient has the right to informed consent and asks for the reason as to the need for laboratory analysis. The right to informed consent is explicitly guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution which says “ No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,…” (krusch.com, “The Fourteenth…). Informed consent is related to provision for life, liberty and property. Informed consent is a voluntary decision by a competent and independent individual that is devoid of coercion to accept or reject some proposed action made by a medical practitioner with the end in view of giving a solution to his/her (patient) medical problems. In our case, the patient was given no choice as the doctor ordered the laboratory analysis without proper consultation from the patient as to the wisdom of doing it. Under the informed consent consideration, the patient has the right to be informed of the proposed treatment or care and give the consent or approval to