ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In what way(s) could the high economic growth have contributed to the observed changes in poverty and inequality in Vietnam? Economic inequality and poverty levels increase or decrease with changes in GDP. For example, when countries are restructuring or are in the initial stage of economic development, inequality increases. On the other hand, when countries have restructured and have strong economic systems, economic inequality decreases (Smith, 2009). In Vietnam, levels of poverty and inequality decreased between the years 1993 and 2002. In 1993, the Income share held by 20% of the population was 44, while that held by 20% of the population was 8. This changed in 2002 when the Income share held by the highest 20% increased to 46 while that held by the lowest 20% decreased to 7. There was also a change in the percentage of the population that lived on or below the poverty line. In1993, 60% of the population was living on or below the poverty line through this reduced to 40% in 2002. There are several things that can be attributed to the high economic growth experienced in Vietnam. These include   * Productivity increase in agriculture   * Productivity increase in industry & service   * Creation of new industry & service jobs (1998-2001) Productivity increase in agriculture During the period 1993-2002, there was early land reform in Vietnam, and this led to the egalitarian distribution of land and encouragement of the family economy. This also led to an overall increase in productivity, which translated to a higher income for the population. Using the extra income, people were able to raise their living standards and thus the noticeable reduction in poverty level and economic inequalities. With the Doi Moi Reforms, farmers in the rural sides of the country were awarded more rights on land and free markets. Through this liberalization, farmers were encouraged to produce more, and this increased their income. The free market enabled farmers to sell their produce at profitable levels, and this translated to improved standards of living and reduced economic inequalities between people living in the rural sides and those living in the urban centers (Taylor, 2004). Creation of
The contemporary professional life requires specific attention to additional skills and capabilities that can distinguish an individual from others. Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages fluently or partially that allows an individual to communicate with native speakers. The apparent advantage of this capability provides a person with an opportunity to work in diverse cultural environments. This paper aims to examine bilingualism in professional life and study evidence regarding the benefits of this cognitive ability. Importance of Bilingualism The importance of bilingualism at the professional level is displayed through the changes in society as a whole and the advantages that are speaking two languages has. According to Walsh (2015), bilingualism was proven to enhance one’s executive functions such as problem-solving, reasoning, and attention. The experiments conducted with bilingual children showcased their enhanced ability to resolve tasks when compared to kids who only spoke one language. Moreover, Walsh (2015) states that this skill improves cognitive skills, resulting in better memory functioning in older aged people. While these elements mainly refer to the personal benefits that bilingualism provides, they can also be applied at work. One can argue that the current environment and innovation enable easy cooperation with people from other states or even continents. Lazar (2018) states that the changes affecting the global economy demand individuals to be able to speak more than one language to communicate. In business, this is especially necessary due to the growing importance of multinational companies. Lazar (2018) argues that in the future, the workforce will be heterogeneous in terms of culture and language due to globalization. Therefore, a bilingual individual can bring more benefits to companies in the modern world. Yi and You (2018) state that “the development of foreign trade in various countries has accelerated the demand for international bilingual business professionals in various countries” (p. 248). According to my personal reality, academic perspective, and professional experience, bilingualism provides many advantages. Individuals who know more than one language can communicate with a culturally diverse population, which expands their knowledge and understanding of the world. Despite the advantages of bilingualism that were discussed above, there are several issues outlined by the recent research. Folke, Ouzia, Bright, De
Many of the Supreme Court’s decisions are improving the position of victims and victim handling during various procedures. An example is the 1991 decision that allows suppressing the defense attempts at referring to rape victims’ past sexual experiences as irrelevant (which they are). I believe that it was a major step forward for our society, and even though nowadays it is still possible to meet sexist remarks on the behavior of rape victims, at court they officially cannot be regarded as any kind of evidence to a particular case of a sexual offense. A more controversial precedent took place in 1990 and provided child rape victims with the right to not facing their alleged abuser during a trial. They may testify via closed-circuit television. In this case, the psychological and physical well-being of the victim (abused child) is considered more valuable than the right of the defendant to face the accuser that is granted by the Sixth Amendment. In this case, I find that I also agree with the decision despite its controversial nature; in part because the prosecutor needs to convince the judge that the victim is likely to be traumatized by facing the alleged abuser. In other words, despite the fact that the rights of the defendant are breached, the Supreme Court works to avoid the possibility of the abuse of the right granted by this precedent. Still, most of the “landmark” precedents created by the Court are not aimed at improving the position of victims (Karmen, 2016, p. 207). The First Amendment guarantees the freedom of the press, and in 1989, six (of the nine) justices argued that the press can print the name of a woman who “was already identified as a rape victim in publicly available police reports” without any liabilities (Karmen, 2016, p. 209). I strongly disagree with such reasoning because police reports are not read by as many people as newspapers, so the “damage done” logic does not apply here. The First Amendment does not free the press from the liabilities that are connected to the information published; the press needs to be responsible for its activities. Three states (Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina) have laws that prohibit the publishing of the rape victims names, and the Court did not declare them unconstitutional (Karmen, 2016, p. 209). I think that this fact should demonstrate and prove the flawed nature of the decision, and I would work to bring this aspect of victim treatment to question and attempt to change it. If the press cannot be held liable, it is the question of victim handling and protecting their privacy throughout legal proceedings and after them. All the cases described by Karmen (2016) are most significant in one way or another (pp. 207-208). I do tend to agree (s
The position of women in Islam is an issue that has always been perceived differently by different individuals. For instance, the western world has always believed that Islamic women are oppressed and mistreated. The west believes that Islamic women are not given a chance to realize their potential as human beings but instead they are perceived as vulnerable people who are supposed to be shielded from external forces. However, the truth is that things have changed since Islamic women do virtually all the things done by men although this does not change the way the western world perceives them. The west still perceives them as victims of oppression. This article by Lorraine Ali attempts to prove to the Americans who view Islamic women as voiceless and helpless people that indeed they are not helpless. The west judges Islamic women wrongly by only citing extreme cases of Islamic women under oppression. For instance, people from the West sample cases of women oppression in countries like Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia and Iran. In these countries, women are ordered to cover themselves while others are denied a chance to go to school. This should not be used by the western world to make a generalized opinion of Islamic women. Just because there are extreme cases of women oppression in some countries does not mean that every Islamic woman is doomed and helpless. People from the west should also focus on the positive side of Islamic women rather than focusing on the negatives always and concentrating on them to depict Islamic women as oppressed people. Despite the fact that the west looks at Islamic women as oppressed and voiceless individuals, the women have proved their worth in countries like Egypt, Jordan and Syria where they have ventured in male dominated professions like law, the police and medicine. As a result, they have considered themselves strong people who should be given the chances given to men. Despite the fact that it is good for women to be engaged in productive careers, empowering them might also cause problems. Gender and equality should be addressed cautiously because some women become rebellious and uncontrollable once they succeed in their careers. In her work, Leila says that however restrictive the environment is in Islamic religions, women should not be prevented from achieving their goals. The restrictions on women Islam religion upholds should not be aimed at silencing them. The religion should control women in other ways other than restricting them from doing what they want to do. Since the main message of the article is that women are strong and that they are not what the west perceives them to be, the article should have concentrated on the positive efforts of women in
Ricardo’s theory of value focuses on determining the exchange value of a commodity by evaluating the current and past labour employed in the production of the commodity. The theory determines the past labor by analyzing the cost of capital, which entails aspects such as the value of tools, equipment, implements, and buildings involved in creating a commodity while the current labor entails the quantity of skills input in the production of raw materials. For example, changes in the exchange rate of a beaver for a deer over time to a tune of one beaver for five deer would mean that the labor input in catching a beaver has increased significantly compared to the labor invested in harvesting a deer. Ricardo’s theory shifts away from the analysis of the fair and equitable value (price) of a commodity to the determination of the quantity of a good or service that the commodity can exchange for in the market. Also, the theory shifts away from evaluating the value of labor in terms of the wages paid to workers and labor-time involved in production to the determination of the quantity of labor input in the production of a commodity. Ricardo considers that the value of labor keeps expanding with productivity, and thus the use a fixed value of labor to determine the value of a commodity is inappropriate. He advocates for the observation that the present or past value of a commodity is proportional to the comparative quantity of commodities produced by labor rather than the comparative quantity of commodities presented to the laborer as a means of compensation for his input in the production process. Ricardo’s theory explains that the value of a commodity should be a diminishing variable due to the influence of societal improvements, which allow production to occur with a declining labor output and the capacity for the same labor to expand use-value increases over time (Brue and Randy 114). Ricardo’s theory claims that the price of a commodity will depend more on the capital invested in its production rather than the labor-time value of the commodity. In this regard, investing more capital and less labor-time will translate to a high valuation of a commodity and vice versa. Ricardo relies on the distinction between fixed and circulating capital to categorized living and dead labor. The employment of circulating capital determines the value of fixed labor embodied in a commodity while the employment of fixed capital determines the value of dead labor in a commodity (Brue and Randy 115). The association of labor with fixed and circulating capital allows Ricardo to eliminate nominal measurements of value in det
Walter Benjamin stated in the book, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction . In the statement, Benjamin was responding to the effect of reproduction on the aura of an object. Through his work, Benjamin focused on the concept of modern art development and reproduction. Due to the urge to reproduce art, there are a lot of technological production activities needed (Benjamin, 2008). The process of mechanical production eventually deprives these artworks of their original feel and aura. Benjamin argued that the absence of traditional value makes production lie upon political power, affecting an object’s intended use and value (Benjamin, 2008). Additionally, the new media can quickly get altered by those in power, thereby promoting their ideologies. The ability of modern technology to reproduce copies like in the print media strips off the uniqueness of the original piece of art. My understanding of the quote is that the reproduction of art reduces its aura. Since it is impossible to get hold of historical objects or original works of art, most people crave authenticity and originality by having a close look. The inaccessibility of closeness deprives the individuals of experiencing the object’s aura. Due to the inaccessibility of historical arts, individuals reproduce most objects and works of art. However, consistent reproduction decays the uniqueness of the work of art. For example, print media and newspapers are produced, and, in such cases, the original information gets lost. Translation of a given art may be altered, thereby passing the wrong information. The Marxist and Frankfurt schools of critical theory are discussed to elaborate on the various changes in mass production and consumption. The Frankfurt school of thought was concerned about the increase in mass culture attributed to technological developments and reproducing cultural products. Some of the cultural products include art, music, film, and photos. It is easy to alter the original work during reproduction, thereby creating something different from the actual product (Benjamin, 2008). As mentioned in the quote, the reproduced picture differs from the image seen by the unarmed eye showing that it is easy to alter the original product during reproduction (Benjamin, 2008). As an individual could see a shadow of a mountain from a far distance, producing a replica of a traditional object may show some similarities but strip off the aura of the initial thing. The Marxist view seeks to enable individuals to view capitalism and see its effects on them. Through reproduction, it is easy to use technology to assert dominance and oppress others. The ruling class efficiently uses media to represent their ideologies hence staying in control. As the quote shows that it is easy to change the realities of an object, the Marxist theory also helps shed light on the fact that news media and technology influence the economy and political situation of society. This quote is essential to communication scholars in general as it elaborates on the ways products lose their aura during reproduction. By understanding the effec
Introduction GE Healthcare is a General Electronic Company that focuses on the development of information technology that is concerned with health issues. It transforms the existing health technology to enhance accessibility, quality, and affordability of healthcare. Certain trends that were emerging from the healthcare industry compelled GE Healthcare to form apt strategies to promote the production and marketing of low-cost electroencephalography (EEG) machines. This case study analysis provides an overview of the operations of the GE Healthcare Organization by examining its internal and external barriers that had stalled its efforts to penetrate emerging markets. Based on this context, this analysis also explores the company’s strategies that eradicated the aforementioned barriers to restore the relevance of the company in the international economy. Monopoly by Superior Nations in Global Conference such as China At the outset, the development and growth of GE Healthcare had dwindled due to monopolization of the economy by superior nations such as China. The organization did not obtain sufficient returns due to low product sales to Indian customers. In the context of this analysis, the main issue is portrayed in a way that the Indian market was not popular amongst the global centralized organizations. The company’s leaders acknowledged that their business interventions failed to meet the needs and preferences of their customers (Singh, 2011). Neglect in the Global Market The main barrier of
Introduction T. Boone Pickens was born on May 22, 1928 in a place known as Holdenville. Thomas Boone Pickens, Boone’s father was an employee in the oil sector where he worked as a landsman, he was involved in leasing mineral rights. His mother Grace was responsible for overseeing the operations of the Price administration office for the counties that surrounded Holdenville. Her role was to ensure that the gasoline and goods that went to the counties were rationed. The life of T. Boone has always been a unique one (BoonePickens 3). Early Life of T. Boone T. Boone is said to have been born in unusual circumstances since a few days before his birth, the doctors had discovered complications and informed his father that either the child or the mother would survive. Boon’s father did not agree with the decision the doctors had made, hence he sent one doctor to go and read a document on c-section. This attempt culminated in both the child and the mother surviving. From an early age, Boone followed the example of his parents and grandmother in regards to spending money sparingly and working hard. He exemplified remarkable skills in expansion without knowing that this was to be portrayed in his life. When he was 12 years old, he gained interest in a newspaper which marked his acquisition skills. His father was a risk taker while his mother was a hard worker; these are qualities that T. Boone emulated later in life. His mother ensured that he disciplined him accordingly while his grandmother Nellie and aunt Ethel influenced his bringing up to a great extend (Kinicki 185). Boone confessed that his grandmother was very influential and most of the family members consulted her before any major decision was made. His aunt was a school teacher and checked his progress in school constantly. Boone’s family went to live in Amarillo, Texas when he was a youth and he went to high school there. He spent a year in Texas A&M University before shifting to Oklahoma A&M University to study for his geology degree. Boone lost a scholarship in 2006 where he was to earn 25$ a month playing football because he was described to be short and could not run fast in the game. He started working at Philips Petroleum and was in the company for a period of 3 years after which he quit. He borrowed $2,500 and together with two other colleagues they started a firm known as petroleum Exploration Inc that dealt with gas and oil. Its focus was on gas opportunities and oil reserves that existed locally. He later started Altair Oil and Gas Company to explore gas and oil in Canada. Both companies came before Mesa Petroleum Company which became one of the most reputable oil and gas companies in America under his leadership. The company produced large volumes of oil and gas between 1964 and 1996 (CNBC 2). Reasons behind Boone’s Success It is agreeable tha
Cell phones are one of the personal devices used by individuals for communication. Rising cases of cybercrime have led to misuse of these private gadgets, and many people have been using cell phones to engage in cybercrimes at high levels. Although cell phone is a private gadget, when the police officer suspects someone is a suspect or a victim of a given crime, then the investigator can custody the cell phone for an investigation. Cell phones can be helpful to investigators during investigation since cell phones are used for communication via emails and text messages, holding transactions, and taking pictures. The pictures, emails, texts, internet, social media, transactions, notes, and maps are some of the key features that can be used by investigators to attain the needed information. Emails are some of the trusted means of communication online; it is again used in sending texts and images. Emails have got google drive and cloud as the data backup space, meaning any information that the cell phone user may like hide or store for future reference gets stored in either of the two. An investigator accessing cell phone mails, it becomes easier to track the conversations or stored images in google drive (Carter & Carter, 2016). If the case is about the missing person, then once the missing person’s image is found on the other person’s cell phone cloud or google drive, then the cell phone owner will be answerable or be held accountable to disclose more information about the missing person. Maps in the phones are also important to investigators during the investigation. Digital cell phones today record the kilometers covered, and places visited throughout the day; in cases, an assassination has happened, and the suspected criminal denies their presence in the scene, then the investigator can access their phone to prove that fact by tracing their movement throughout the day (Cahyani et al., 2017). In case of rape cases or misunderstanding between couples, an investigator can use the phone google history to see the type of data someone has been searching and the type of videos a person may have been watching. Many people have been presumed to be sexually immoral due to researching and watching pornographic-related videos (Cahyani et al., 2017). Social media such as Facebook has been a great platform for interaction among people. Through social media chats, an investigator can be able to determine the phone owner’s personality based on the types of chats held and the kind of friends chatted. Based on the c