ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Dye (2010 p.4) explains policy analysis as the process of getting to know the activities of governments, why they have to undertake such events, and the difference they realize from the activities. Policy analysis is primarily concerned with an explanation as opposed to the prescription of policy matters. It involves a rigorous investigation into the causes of public policies and the associated consequences. Generally, policy analysis includes an effort to come up with and test propositions about events and activities that lead to public policy and the consequences thereof, to collect enough and reliable findings from a research activity of significant relevance (Dye, 2010, p.5). According to Jans (2007) public policy is concerned with the public and the problems it faces, that is, how the issues and problems are described and constructed, how they fit in the policy and political agenda, how options in policymaking emerge, why governments act or fail to work and the effects of the system. Through policy analysis, it becomes possible to describe, using factual information, what a given government is doing, and what it is not doing. Policy analysis also sets the platform for an inquiry into determinants and causes of particular public policy issues. From the established causes and determinants, the consequences and impacts of public policy can be inquired, including evaluation of the system in a clear and precise way (Dye, 2010, p.6). Policy analysis reveals time and context as the significant determinants of the government agenda; for instance, similar agenda items are likely to be prioritized in states whose welfare levels are identical. Moreover, issues are determined by economic cycles, for example, flexibility in labor terms and increase in efficiency alleviates public crises while the improved quality of life and enhanced worker welfare leads to overall growth in the economy (Jans, 2007). Generally, issues that conform to the policy paradigm that is, the leading policy ideas determine the policy that is adopted by the government at a given time. Policy analysis culminates in the understanding of public policy. It is both an art and a craft. As an art, it requires creativity, imagination, and insight in identification and description of
The introduction: the fundamentals of the Civil War While writing about the American Civil War, I would like to highlight some fundamentals of the period. Thus, the Civil War in the United States started in April 1861 and lasted till April 1865. It covered Southern, Northeastern, and Western United States. One of the most interesting points, which is still to be discussed, is the cause of the tragic event. Generally, they say that the most common reason for the war was a fight against or for slavery. On the other hand, one is to keep in mind that many historians are of the opinion that the reasons for the war are not so easy to explain. The most interesting thing, which I want to draw the readers’ attention to, is the so-called background of slavery. Thus, it seems that there were political leaders, who were more interested in the war. For instance, I have to say that Southerners had no opportunity to own the slaves. On the other hand, Northerners hadn’t seen someone who was the property of another person. For this reason, one can make a conclusion that for the average American slavery was a really unfamiliar thing. So, in my opinion, the only individuals who were interested in the subjection of a person to another one were political leaders. In other words, “The political leaders of the South, such as Robert Barnwell Rhett of South Carolina, William Lowndes Yancey of Alabama, Robert Augustus Toombs of Georgia, recognized that if the South lost her slaves, her entire socio-economic system would probably collapse” (Leidner par. 5). So, I suppose that they were slave owners who started the war. These owners were afraid of collapsing their economy. The thesis statement In our day’s slavery is recognized to be a moral issue; however, people are to keep in mind the time the Civil War started. To my mind, the fact that the Civil War started in the 19 th century can explain numerous complicated things. For instance, nobody can deny the fact that in the 19 th -century slavery wasn’t regarded as a moral issue; on the contrary, one is to suppose that slavery was mostly associated with economic prosperity. Thus, the concept of slavery is to be analyzed according to
Introduction Background to the Study The growth and popularity of the Internet and the Word Wide Web in the marketing of products and services have been broadly documented in the existing literature (Law & Bai 2008). Increasingly, organisations the world over are reaching out to customers via available web-based platforms, with ever greater percentages of products and services being offered online to reach consumers who are more conscious and eager to exercise their choice than ever before (Xu & Cenfetelli 2013; Kandulapati & Bellamkonda 2014). A strand of existing literature demonstrates that organisations continue to benefit from the use of web-based platforms in terms of remaining competitive in the cost and the overall service they offer compared to their competitors (Kumar & Petersen 2006), achieving high level of efficiency and integration via their business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-customer (B2C) business processes (Santouridis, Trivellas & Tsimonis 2012), reducing inventory, operational and transactional costs (Roy, Lasser & Butoney 2014), facilitating customers to have superior access to the information they need in an expedited manner (Usher 2009), and improving the quality of services provided compared to traditional service delivery paradigms (Sun, Teh & Chiu 2012; Jingjun, Benbasat & Cenfetelli 2013). According to Kuo et al (2005, p. 311), “academic research has acknowledged a number of criteria that influence customers in evaluating websites in general, and in particular, service quality delivery through websites.” However, in spite of the increasing importance of web-oriented service quality delivery in the contemporary business arena (Sun et al 2012), surprisingly very few studies have focused attention on analysing how web presence has improved the customer service of organisations doing business in the developing world (Apulu, Latham & Moreton 2011; Ayo, Adewoye & Oni 2011). Indeed, Lysonski and Durvasula (2013) argue that the researchers’ comprehension of African customers is insignificant when compared to the oversupply of marketing and electronic commerce studies done in established markets such as the United States, Asia or Europe. Consequently, the present study is founded on the need to investigate how the development and use of a website have affected the customer service of a bottled water company based in Nigeria. In the service quality context, consecutive research studies have demonstrated that the imperative for organisations to provide excellent service quality is not abrogated by moving from an offline to an online channel; rather, organisations wishing to use web-based platforms to reach their customers must discover, often through trial and error, the ways and means to provide consistently high quality services using this new technological medium (Liang & Chen 2009; Sun et al 2012; Xu & Cenfetelli 2013). Jingjun et al (2013) posit that it is of immense significance for senior
Abstract Business enterprises operate in competitive environments, which compel them to use data mining methodologies to convert unstructured data into information for business intelligence. The data consisting of millions of transactions is used to fragment existing and target markets according to consumer behavior. Here, the business intelligence information gained from data mining is also used to detect fraud, understand consumer behavior, gain deeper insight into business operations, and to benchmark business operations based on data classification, prediction, and association rules. Introduction Many organisations struggling to remain competitive in the market use data mining to gain business intelligence information. Business intelligence is important for forecast demand management, supply chain management, cost management, category management, and to exploit existing business intelligence opportunities to improve the core business processes (Giudici 69). For instance, Intel uses data mining to strategically access business intelligence information, which yields accurate information for effective decision making to enhance value creation opportunities at different strategic levels of the organization (Giudici 89). Literature review Many organizations have established that data mining is a new powerful tool that has been integrated into the business practices of different firms for analyzing large amounts of unstructured data to discover new and emerging trends in the fiercely competitive markets. Here, business organizations use automatic methods to analyze data from large databases to establish previously unknown patterns of data. The amounts of business data, which is generated from millions of transactions, cannot be processed promptly using traditional mechanisms. However, with the advent of new technologies, which have high processing powers, large amounts of unstructured raw data can be mined and processed in a short time form large data warehouses (Delmater and Hancock 2). Intel is one of the examples of firms, which mine data from different data warehouses to evaluate the company’s performance by benchmarking her business processes against successful business practices. The tangible benefits that accrue from lintel’s business processes include the elimination of unnecessary costs using analytical reports to determine the performance and trend of the business. Data mining process The data mining process consists of data classification, prediction, and association rules. To ensure that the data, which is mined for business intelligence is used appropriately to meet Intel’s business goals and objectives, Intel first classifies unknown data according to established classification rules. The process includes identifying 90% of the portions of data of the organisation, which has not been classified for current and future use by ensuring that the classification process factors the goals or the purpose for, which the data to be used. The classification process captures data from different sources in different unstructured forms, which when processes into information is used to determine the economies of scale, switching costs,
Abstract My education philosophy is based on the ideas of pragmatism that had given birth to the learning theory of progressivism and the concepts of social and emotional intelligence (SEI). The key point of progressivism lies in the importance of preparing students for their future lives by teaching them critical skills, including problem-solving. SEI system is an extremely important set of skills that have been traditionally ignored by school education. Consequently, I consider my educational philosophy to be appropriate for a public school: it enhances the ability of the latter to prepare its students for their future lives. The student-teacher relationship in progressivism is regarded as that of the learner and facilitator, which is why I believe that the teacher does not teach SEI skills but helps students learn them by providing suitable opportunities (environments and problems). As a result, I insist on the usage of group learning and projects as well as similar instructional strategies to foster effective SEI behavior in students. The skills that are being fostered are directly connected to diversity and help students to develop cultural intelligence as well. Introduction It is a scientifically proved fact that social and emotional intelligence (SEI) is important for a person’s psychological well-being and problem-solving abilities. A high level of SEI results in improved learning abilities, self-esteem, and lower chances of depression; underdeveloped SEI skills have an opposite effect (Chow, Chui, & Wong, 2011; Rocha & Santos, 2014). Therefore, developing these skills is necessary for any person: they are required for the normal functioning of a human being. However, it is well-known and even proved by scientific studies that SEI skills are more often underdeveloped than not in modern people (Chow et al., 2011). The reason for this fact appears to be obvious: we are not taught these skills. Learning is a vital part of human existence, and it is not limited to school experiences, but the role of the school in shaping the future of students is immense. Despite the importance of SEI skills, up until recently, they were mostly neglected by school education (Rocha & Santos, 2014). Nowadays, we realize that human intelligence is not limited to academic knowledge, and it is necessary to foster change and promote SEI through education, which is explained by the significance of these skills for the students’ future lives. Worldview & Philosophy of Life I am inclined to name pragmatism as the main type of philosophy that my worldview aligns
Introduction Organizations pass through so many unprecedented events and circumstances that it can be argued that change in strategies within organizations is inevitable. This is because during development of strategy some developments are unforeseen and some of these developments may substantially affect organizational performance if it sticks to the letter of its strategy. In the case of UK Fire and Rescue Services, the specific mandate of the organization is specified by the Fire and Rescue Services Act and most of the services demanded by the public are not part of this Act. It is, thus, of essence that the staff is made aware of the importance of change in strategies in any organization. Change process The process of undergoing change in strategic objectives is, arguably, one of the most challenging tasks any organization faces. It involves systematic steps that must be followed well in order to ensure that the organization stays focused on its objectives (Murphy 1). The first step in the process of changing strategy is involving stakeholders (staff and customers) in identifying gaps in the current strategy. This has to be the first step since it makes the organization stay focused on what it wants to achieve. In most cases, this step is characterized by substantial resistance like in the case of UK Fire and Rescue Services. This is normally a sign that some stakeholders do not understand the benefits of a change in strategy. Instead of taking resistance for lack of interest
Treatment Plan Anxiety is a serious issue that can affect a person’s everyday life, as displayed by the case of Shana who currently avoids social interactions. However, prior to treatment, more information about the patient’s condition should be assembled, including details about previous anxiety disorder that she had two years ago. Additionally, general physical health data is required to evaluate the current condition of Shana and ensure that other diseases are not causing the symptoms. In case the anxiety disorder diagnosis is confirmed, the one treatment plan that can be applied in this case is the attention bias modification program (ABM). A general approach to treating the condition is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). However, newer researches on the topic have identified several important aspects that contribute to anxiety, more specifically concentration on personal experiences is the essential aspect. The mentioned program utilizes the aid of a computer program to retrain a person’s reactions. According to MacLeod and Clarke (2015), it has therapeutic potential for improving one’s condition. The authors note that in some studies the approach has failed to display the necessary anxiety reduction result; however, their research offers alterations that can be applied to reduce such risks. De Voogd et al. (2016) conducted a trial study with children and adolescents aged 11 to 18 to identify the effectiveness of the approach. The examination found that visual search training as part of the ABM program had positive outcomes in regards to participant’s mental health. According to De Voogd et al. (2016), “symptoms of anxiety and depression reduced, whereas emotional resilience improved” (p. 12). Thus, such programs can be utilized to improve Shana’s mental health and minimize the anxiety symptoms that she is experiencing. Other studies that compare CBT and ABM should be taken into consideration when choosing an adequate approach. Huppert et al. (2018) analyzed the two to identify which of the methods is more effective. It should be noted that ABM has several advantages as it can be performed through online sessions, which is helpful in cases where patients experience extreme symptoms that obstruct them from leaving their homes. Thus, it can be argued that in Shana’s case ABM can be applied to reduce current symptoms with a follow up of the CBT to enhance the overall mental health state and minimize negative thinking. Additionally, the dramatic change in behavior can be triggered by a specific factor, which should be identified. It is possible that stress at school or tension in interpersonal communication with peers or family worsened the condition of Shana (Beiter et al., 2015). Thus, addressing the issue that caused anxiety can help improve her state. Discussion of Peer Responses Response one provides an excellent point about the assessment of the overall healthcare state of Shana before beginning treatment. It is crucial to ensure that the symptoms are not confused with other medical conditions, based on previous me
On October 4, 2016, a famous astronaut Marsha Sue Ivins gave a speech on her experience in space traveling as part of the lecture for the World Space Week. She shared her knowledge about the space exploration and provided the audience with ideas of further plans regarding the exploration and colonization of other planets. The students, senior staff, and AUS alumnus took part in the lecture. Amer Al Sayegh also gave a speech and introduced the guest speaker to the audience. It should be stated that Mr. Amer Al Sayegh gave rather a long speech and read from the paper, which created an impression that he was not aware of the information he had to present meanwhile Ms. Marsha Ivins was very persuasive and used a variety of visual aids to support the audience’s comprehension. It should be noted that the guest speaker, Ms. Ivins, stressed out that the government should allocate resources to conduct further space explorations and travels. According to Ms. Ivins, at present, no sufficient equipment that would allow people to travel and settle further than the Moon is available. In addition, the speaker explained that the colonization of Mars that is being vividly discussed is impossible at this stage of the development of the space sector and poor availability of resources allocated to the industry. The objective of the speech was to acquaint the listeners with practices accepted during space traveling and common experiences that may not be known to the general public. It is worth mentioning that Ms. Ivins is an experienced lecturer and astronaut; consequently, it was evident that she would be able to share her experience and expertise with the listeners freely (“The History of Human Space Flight” par. 2). In contrast, Mr. Amer Al Sayegh relied on the paper materials all the time so as not to forget what he needed to tell further. It was also difficult to understand the meaning of his speech and the core ideas as he made big breaks between the sentences and, in general, procrastinated his speech (Eelen 101). However, Ms. Ivins used the time as efficiently as possible and took into account the specifics of the audience (Donovan and Avery 9). She shared her personal experiences and impressions in detail. Moreover, it was easy to understand the purpose of her speech as the visual materials such as extracts of text and pictures supported it (Rosenberg 16). To boost her speech, Ms. Ivins provided factual information and data and defined the terms that were not known to the audience. Overall, the speech was enjoyable and informative because the speaker changed the mood from serious to humorous to release the possible tension and avoid the d
Art plays a significant part in people’s lives. Art inspires people, gives them some new ideas, or just entertains. The relations inside the art community are also very difficult. Some artists influence others, and some are influenced by. The process is much interconnected, as some artists have already gained success, and the others are only at their start. Some artists, more experienced, become examples for others and objects of inspiration. So, it is not a surprise that some works of young artists may remind the paintings of more experienced. The history of art knows two painters whose names were Michelangelo: Michelangelo Buonarroti, simply known as Michelangelo, and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, known as Caravaggio. Caravaggio wanted to make Christian history more understandable for people and used religious subjects as the themes for his paintings. (Stokstad 2004) Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610) was considered to be one of the great figures, an example for others in Italian painting. This Italian artist remains an example for many other young artists even now when so much time has passed. There is such a definition as “the Caravaggeschi”. This definition is referred to other artists who imitate Caravaggio’s themes, figure types, and evocative handling of light and dark. We way name such artists as Carlo Saraceni, Diego Velazquez, Georges de la Tour, and Jusepe de Ribera, and lots of others, who kept Caravaggio’s influence alive well into the seventeenth century. (Wilkin 2000) “The consolation of Caravaggio’s paintings is the assurance that every sin is known and registered” (Danto 2002). Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio’s paintings are closely connected with religion, and religion is the immortal theme for art. In one of his paintings, Caravaggio “has composed the scene within a canvas far wider than it is high, to put as much distance between Judith and the victim as poss