ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Normally any person who earns some income out of any occupation has the following uses for his income:  1. to meet the current living expenses;  2. to provide for the personal requirements and other future expenses and,  3. some part of the income to be saved (Narach Investment). The saving is meant to meet any emergent expenditure or to revitalize the income by employing some financial returns in the future which amount to invest. Thus, ‘investment’ may be defined as the action to keep aside and employing the money in different financial and other instruments. Such deployment of funds will be done in the present with the objective of obtaining a positive return in the future. To describe briefly investment is a sacrifice being made in the present with the anticipation of a possible future gain. There are a number of possible combinations in which the investments can be planned and each one of them will represent a portfolio. It is possible to combine the investment opportunities of a particular investor into a number of portfolios, depending on his choice of risk-taking levels. The investments may be made in deposits, stocks and debt instruments, mutual funds, or real estate. Normally the expected return from any portfolio forms the basis of arriving at the possible portfolios for investment. There are various risks attached to each kind of investment and different advantages and disadvantages attached to each class of investments. This paper details the risks and pros of various investments. Investment Portfolio An investment portfolio can be defined as a group of investments that an individual may hold. A portfolio is thus the different investments in sectors like real estate, stocks, bonds, and commodities, and so on, which together create a portfolio. The portfolio of investments normally reflects the risk-taking capacity and character of the investing individual (VideoJug). Different Kinds of Investments There are various kinds of investments with each one described as a ‘sector’. The sectors may be stock, bonds, mutual funds, etc. The stocks represent the ownership rights in a company. The stocks also provide some voting rights to the individual who owns the stocks which help to control the affairs of the company to which the shares belong. A bond in contrast to the stock is a debt instrument, where the investor lends money to the company or the government based on a bond. Normally the company or the government pays interest to the investor for using his/her money. A mutual fund on the other hand represents a pool of investments where different individuals combine their resources under professional management. The investment managers of the mutual fund using the pooled resources make investments in different kinds of securities like bonds or stocks whicheve
Things Fall Apart written by Chinua Achebe underwent deep analysis on the part of the critics and readers. It should be mentioned that this book is considered to have two narrators representing different epochs and views on life traditions expressing ancient and modern features of the society. Events in Things Fall Apart takes place in a small village called Umuofia located in the southeastern part of Nigeria in the late 1880s, before missionaries and other outsiders had arrived. Igbo society is highly religious with regular customs that include magic, polytheism, offering sacrifices, magic and war. To be a leader one must have several titles to his name. The basic idea of the story is to show the cultural values of the particular society. The author managed to demonstrate the brutality in the behavior of the main characters through their attitude to the culture. The basic notions and values of the society were presented through the customs and traditions. “Every year… before I put any crop in the earth, I sacrifice a cock to Ani, the owner of all land. I also kill a cock at the shrine of Ifejioku, the god of yams” (Achebe, 17) Ibo culture is shown through the world look of the Western society that is why the aspect of behavioral brutality was presented in the images of the characters. Cruelty and the customs of sacrifice are used not in vain making the fair assessment of the cultural techniques in the story. The story under analysis can be compared with The Second Coming written by William Yeats. Both works demonstrate the global changes in the cultural formation and conversion in the world. It should be stated that Things Fall Apart as well as The Second Coming is the reflection of the control loss of the high power over the low one. The fight between the superior power and the insignificant one is considered to be illustrated through the chaos creation because of the cultural interference or apocalypse. Both stories present the symbolic end of life; Achebe provided this aspect through the brutal treatment of cultural values. Gradual gradation and global change of the established standards are considered to be the principal elements of the compared works. The central character of the novel Okonkwo is a person with rather a tragic life and unexpected life events. “… his whole life was dominated by fear, the fear of failure and weakness” (Achebe, 16) Okonkwo is considered to be a respected man in Umuofia; every person is terrified by his immense power and huge physique. His own family is terrified by his excessive masculinity. Okonkwo is more often than not haunted by his father’s lazy and weak past—”agbala” is what the tribe calls Unoka. The tribe detests any feminine, lazy or weak characteristics in male members of the tribe. On the other hand, Okonkwo does not tolerate indolence, softness and sensitiv
Architecture Design The movement of the wind is very difficult to predict and modern architects take this factor into account when they develop structure of the building as well as ventilation system. They base their decisions on the simulation data received from consultants. At a rule, wind is regarded as two interacting forces: 1) external wind that affecting a building from outside and internal one that circulates within the construction. Due to the time and cost limitations, it is hard to integrate and correlate the external and internal with one another. In this chapter, I would like to show how leading architects deal with this problem. The discussion will be based on eight architects’ 8 projects that illustrate how the movements of the wind can be predicted. Apart from that, I would like to speak about one of the most recent construction projects, carried out in Tokyo. It is believed to accelerate the heat island phenomenon. Additionally, I would like to illustrate the decisions-making of various architects as well designers. The list of projects is presented in the following table. This picture shows the building which is said to have enhanced the heat island phenomenon in Tokyo, Japan. The building was designed by Jean Nouvel and constructed by Obayashi Corporation, Japanese general contractor. This construction was one of the 11 buildings of the Shiodome New Development Project in Tokyo. The district contains many companies’ new head offices, including the biggest TV company, Nippon TV, cosmetic company, Shiseido and other residential constructions. The district also incorporates a new train station, Shiodome. Total construction area is 300,000m2. Overall, it was one of the largest urban re-development projects in Tokyo, performed over the last decade. This district is located at bay side of Tokyo Bay. In close proximity, there is a spacious public park, called Hamarikyu, which lies between this district and the Tokyo Bay. In the back side of the district, there is the Shinbashi Station, one of Tokyo’s largest business areas. Also near the Shiodome, there are Tsukiji fish market, and Ginza, which is renowned as the center of commerce. Dentsu was the first building completed in the district and one of the tallest buildings as well. So, this construction is regarded as the landmark of the area. The design of the Dentsu building was quite challenging at the time. The design of high rise buildings is usually limited by many structural and safety restrictions. Therefore the building usually resembled a box that looked rather heavy and coercively. De
Abstract Information System (IS) is an essential component in the running and management of organizations in the modern world. The main issue discussed on this paper is how organizations incorporate IT into their IS plans to improve their productivity. The literature that was covered in this paper state that IT has become an essential component in the management of information within organizations. However, for IT to achieve the management goals of an organization, it needs to be implemented in an effective and efficient manner. To determine this, this paper focused on the role played by IS in two organizations; The Brotherhood of St. Lawrence and Somerville Retail Services. Despite the difference that these two organizations have in the nature of their operations, the implementation of IS plans, the manner in which they have integrated IT, and the means through which they manage IT and manage IT staff within their organization is relatively similar. It was thus concluded that IS and IT are essential in sustaining the operations of modern organizations. Introduction Information Systems (IS) have become a critical aspect in the running and management of organizations in the modern era. Consequently, the incorporation of Information Technology (IT) to support IS plans has been increasing with the advancement in the field of Information Communication and Technology (ICT). The literature covered in this paper show that that many organization in the world have adopted and implemented various policies and strategies in the field of IT to enhance their operations. T he storage, retrieval and transmission of information within an organization in an effective and efficient manner has always ensured that the internal and external operations of a firm are efficient hence enabling them to achieve their short term and long term goals and objectives. Organization Background The Brotherhood of St. Lawrence ( http://www.bsl.org.au/ ) Located in Melbourne, Australia, The Brotherhood of St. Lawrence commenced its operations during the era of the great depression. It is during these trying times that the level of poverty, inequality and social injustice increased in Australia and the entire world in general. Based on the Christian ideologies of Father Gerald Tucker, the Brotherhood of St. Lawrence vision is to eradicate poverty and to end social injustices in Australia. The Brotherhood of St. Lawrence is involved research and development activities all over Australia. The firm is also involved in the delivery of services and advocacy to the people of Australia. In the course of its operation, The Brotherhood of St. Lawrence focuses on the unmet needs of the society through innovate and efficient techniques from the results gathered from its studies. This move ensures that the policies, programs and practices are developed and implemented within Australia that result in the respect of the rights and dignity of all individuals and
Definition: It is possible to speak about the quality of a product when it meets the definite standards. These standards and qualities can be correlated with the design of the product and its functions. Thus, standards or values according to which the product is designed and possible variations which are permissible to meet standards can be discussed as specifications (Collier & Evans, 2011, p. 303). From this point, the concept of specifications in operation management is based on certain values which can be explained as targets and variations which are known as tolerances. Specifications can be defined with references to targets and tolerances as the main features to speak about the quality of the product in relation to its design and process of manufacturing (Collier & Evans, 2011, p. 303). Role: Specifications are important to set definite standards for the production of different goods. Moreover, the quality of the product is also discussed with references to its design specifications and associated measures. Specifications in the form of targets and tolerances are set by designers in order to meet the quality standards and manufacture the product which can be used widely to respond to the customers’ needs and expectations. Thus, it is important to pay attention not only to targets as the values met while producing goods but also to tolerances as the permissible variations which can affect the quality of the end product (Collier & Evans, 2011, p. 303). As a result, specifications can be standard and permissible, and they depend on the definite measures. Applicability: Specifications are the necessary aspect to discuss the quality of the product, especially with references to producing vehicles. Customers are inclined to draw conclusions about the quality of the product paying much attention to the standard specifications, and professionals usually analyze the quality of the vehicle concentrating on the possible tolerances as the features to affect the general quality of the end product. It is important to note that the product cannot be discussed as meeting the quality standards when it does not conform to specifications (Collier & Evans, 2011, p. 303). Thus, the problem is in the fact that designers can work out different specifications for various models in order to accentuate the uniqueness of the product. However, the general standards and values should be followed strictly to guarantee the production of high-quality goods. For instance, choosing a vehicle, customers pay attention to such engine specifications as the type of the engine used, horsepower, fuel delivery and economy, and the transmission type. The task of the Ford Motor Company’s designers is to develop a model with the characteristics and specifications which could meet the highest technology standards and customers’ expectations in relation to the new model of a vehicle. The success of the car model within the market usually depends on the definite specifications because these characteristics can influence the quality of the product directly. That is why, the designers of Ford Motor Company concentrate on the necessary research, development, and improvement
If We Must Die by Claude McKay The poem, “If we must Die” has always provided me courage and determination to fight on and overcome challenges I face in my day-to-day activities. The tone and the spirit the poem provides have served me a great deal in my life. When I remember the spirit, the soldiers have put on regardless of knowing their status I get encouraged to face difficult situations without any fear. Therefore, my choice of the poem is because it has provided me with guards to face complex circumstances with brevity, which has seen me achieve and reach where I am today. I picked this poem in particular because of the motivation McKay portrays through it which enables me to solve and overcome problems, which I may not have managed without such encouragement from the poem. The most arresting and captivating line in the poem is “If we must die, O let us nobly die” (Connelly and Trimmer 45). The speaker is optimistic to go and face the rivals and although the chances of surviving the fight look minimal, he wants the group to die a noble death, a death that will be of importance to the remaining people. They do not want to die like hogs but die a purposeful death, which will have a positive impact even in their absence. This line inspires me as it encourages me as a reader to avoid selfish interest but engage in initiatives that add value to the large society even in my absence. The poem has several themes. One of the themes is “warfare” which the author brings out indirectly. From the explanation and description, an impression of a raging battle is brought out as the speakers urge his groups to put on a spirited heart and attack their rivals bravely without fear even if their chances of survival are small. Honor is another theme presented in the poem. The theme comes out clear and is the most prominent idea that emerges through the poem as the speaker is optimistic about his groups and hopes that they will represent him well until the end of the fight. We Wear the Mask by Paul Laurence Dunbar Picking this poem by Laurence Paul resulted from my desire to have an accommodative society for every person and freedom to every person to residence wherever place he wants. Even with the changing times, it is astonishing to witness several cases of racial discrimination and oppression by some communities, which feel superior to others. This poem provides me with a sense of goodwill whenever I read it and that is why I picked on it. Furthermore, the poem seems well written in a simple and easy to understand language, presenting the message systematically through metaphors hence facilitating understanding. The most interesting line that I like reads, “We wear the mask that grins and lies”. The line carries the whole picture of how black Americans are treated and pretense. The line shows a clear picture of the pretense that black America does to avoid any retaliation or aggression towards them. This line, therefore, has a great effect on the readers because it carries the largest portion of the poem as it hig
How did the Great War affect European society? The war-affected almost all aspects of European society. During and after the supplies which most Europeans depended on were interrupted the greatest part of the population was deprived. The harsh monetary penalties imposed on European countries that were considered enemy states caused great economic distress. Social bonds were broken by the war due to the loss of life during the war. Why Keynes does oppose the extraction of war reparations from Germany? Keynes is opposed to the extraction of war reparations from Germany because he believes those who suffered from their harsh effects were the wrong people since these wrongdoings were not committed by them, but by their parents. He argues that no nation has the authority to collect reparations from another state. Keynes identifies inflation as an important danger to economic and political stability. Why? Inflation is dangerous because it brings the country economy down, resulting in hopelessness on the part of the masses, which makes it easy for them to be easily manipulated by unethical political leaders and their regimes. It can also cause social unrest and revolts. What, according to Keynes, has happened to the once-confident class of capitalist entrepreneurs in Europe? Due to the effects of high inflation prices were going up and a lot of hatred was directed towards the capitalist. Their confidence waned away they became terrified and timid hence they lost their position in society. Woodrow Wilson saw World War I as a crusade for democracy and peace. From Keynes’s work, would you say that the outcome of the war had promoted those values? No, it resulted in more dictatorships i.e. Benito Mussolini and Hitler, on the other hand, it did not bring peace, but it resulted in another war i.e. World War II.
Companies that enter new markets usually encounter situations when they need to operate within the globalized environment. Some organizations also tend to collaborate and partner with other firms worldwide. To be successful in the international business environment and establish strong partnerships, companies ought to be culturally competent. Thus, the comparison of British and Italian cultures in terms of business negotiations along with management transformations in global organizations will be reviewed. Great Britain is a great country with a rich history that has shaped its culture and business negotiation style. As a rule, individuals do not spend much time on the preparation for negotiations in this country. They prefer to get acquainted with general information about the subject of the meeting and stay flexible during a conversation. Thus, British people “can easily tolerate uncertainty and find it easy to change plans” (Haffar & Perez, 2015, p. 2796). Furthermore, Britain is characterized as an individualistic society where personal interests have high value. Therefore, British organizations usually select one person to be in charge of decision-making during negotiations. Another characteristic feature of British business culture is that people are always eager to innovate and upgrade something without spending too much time on the decision-making process. They also consider long-term benefits rather than short-term ones (Haffar & Perez, 2015). Thus, British people value time and prefer planning everything in advance. Italy is another great European country with rich heritage and manifold culture. In contrast to British people, Italians have a different climate, mindset, and style of life. Subsequently, all these things influence the way people negotiate in business spheres. Unlike British, Italians prefer collectivism to individualism, where bigger negotiating teams are evident and every opinion is considered (Haffar & Perez, 2015). Furthermore, Italy has a large proportion of family-owned businesses handed down to forthcoming generations. Each family has its own style of doing business, but bureaucracy makes them comply with changing regulatory enforcements based on which it is necessary to manage invoices, production, personnel, and other aspects. (Glover & Gibson, 2017). However, Italians are not likely to accept innovations easily and take risks. This makes their style of negotiations different compared to British people. The culture of collectivism in Italy results in the longer time needed for the decision-making process and a rejection of innovative approaches. With each coming year, the companies get acquainted with the global market more closely. Thus, managers need to realize that doing business outside their own country is not the same as inland. Understanding cultural, religious, political, economic, and legislative differences may benefit businesses that operate globally. Undou