ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) is a type of surgery performed to increase the efficiency of the flow of blood to the muscles of the heart. It is used to decrease the risks of death caused by coronary artery disease. Blood vessels are removed from other areas of the victim’s body and used to replace the damaged arteries. These arteries of the heart are referred to as the coronary arteries. This is mainly done to create new routes in areas where the arteries had narrowed or blocked up (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2008). This allows enough blood to flow through it and supply blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the muscles of the heart, which is referred to as the myocardium. Overview of the disease The CABG surgery is necessary when a patient is suffering from coronary artery disease (Glenn, 1972). This is mostly done on a heart that is not pumping blood. This calls for the use of a cardiopulmonary bypass. However, there are techniques that can be employed to perform the same surgery on a beating heart. When this is done, it is referred to as an ‘off-pump’ surgery (Shroyer et al. , 2009). This disease occurs when the arteries harden and build up within the walls of the coronary arteries. This hardening is what is referred to as atherosclerotic plaque. The plaque is mostly made of cholesterol. Some habits or diseases may accelerate the amount of accumulation in the arteries (plaque). For example, habits such as smoking may accelerate the effect. Diseases and conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes and elevated cholesterol may work in a way as to accelerate the accumulation effect. Age is a determining factor when it comes to this disease. Men of ages 45 and above and wom
Introduction Inferior vana cava umbrella filter is also called Greenfield filter was designed in its primitive form in 1968 when a young surgeon named Lazar Greenfield lost a young patient with motorcycle. “This young man came in with broken legs and a broken pelvis, but the fractures were not the cause of death it was a pulmonary embolism, which had started in the man’s legs and then lodged in his lung, plugging up the body’s blood supply and threatening instant death” (Garber, 2006). He tried removing the clots surgically and was able to clear them but the lungs had got severely affected that death could not be prevented. “Greenfield told himself, there ought to be a better way.” (Bernard 1994). And within two years he found a way that was going towards the solution. A suggestion from an oil-industry engineer led the two men to create an implantable filter for trapping blood clots before they can reach the lungs. Since then more than half a million Greenfield filters have been placed in patients” (Garber, 2006).Arterial and venous thrombosis is a life threatening phenomenon and there are different treatment options like pharmacological and non pharmacological available for it. One safest way of treating this problem locally and taking out the blood clots or any other thrombi locally through placement of a filter is a favorable mode of treatment for thrombosis. This removal of clots mechanically is a very safe mode of treatment, but the prognosis mainly depends upon the type, material, size and the design of the filter used. These filters have transformed from non retrievable to retrievable and from the ones that used to require surgical intervention for placement to the ones that can be placed through a peripheral access just like along intravascular canola. Main body These filter the way medication come with different brand names with a different set of side effect profile and different efficacy is available form different companies. The design, material used and shape of it carries characterizes to it. It is “A co-axial filtering device for removing particles from arteries and veins comprises of an outer catheter that can be inserted into a blood vessel and an inner catheter with a filter at its distal end” (Bruckheimer 2007). Here its installation is more like an intravenous canola but there the filter is long and it does not f
I have chose an article that is based on a technological innovation or application of technology. The article was published in the New York Times on 28 th September, 2011. It highlights the way the technological companies are going to stop cell phone hacking. There are recent increased incidences of phone hacking that have led to the innovation of software by different anti hack and malware protection companies to protect phones from such incidences (Pierce, 2007). There are many issues of the article that are related to the concepts discussed in the text. The article firstly stresses out the concept of demand as explained in the textbook whereby the increased hacking activities have led to increased demand of computer protection and mobile protection software (Miller, 2011). In the recent past, hacking activities have mostly been involved in computers. They include desk top computers, work computers or laptops where hackers send viruses that siphon up one’s information (Kroenke, Gemino and Tingling, 2008). However, due to the establishment of companies that have designed software to prevent us from the effects of these viruses, this problem has been kept at bay. This has, therefore, created a business opportunity and a highly profitable industry as well as business opportunity within the Information technological world. However, now the hackers have taken step forward and began to hack cell phones. It was only recently that hacker hacked the phones of famous people such as Scarlet Johansson and Prince Wil
Introduction John Lock in his works the two treaties of government examines how prerogative powers are exercised; the powers have social impacts to the lives of people making them to be constitutional (Cook 205). They are applied in resolving emergencies; they are natural and superior to the constitution. The prerogative powers do not coexist with constitutional powers since the constitution is more liberal in decision making and more encompassing. For emergence to be declared, the provisions of the law must be weakened by suspension. Scholars and policy makers have been applying the ideas of John Lock contained in the two treaties of government to solve urgent problems that affect society from time to time. Lock’s idea that the natural law is supreme than human law allows the president to make decisions that he/she believes will solve the immediate problems (Fatovic 278). This paper examines whether or not the Bush and Obama policies can properly be described as “prerogative.” This has generated heated debate since the 9/11 attack. The war on terrorism requires extra-ordinary measures that do not rely on the constitution. The legality of prerogative powers favors the government in foreign policy formulation that is why the leaders elected must be accountable and trusted with leadership. The government holds delegated authority. Corbet argues that any individual or organization does not pressurize the president to perform or not perform some functions only the electorate tames the president, people monitor the application of prerogative powers (Corbet 430). Basis of Political Authority Individuals in society exist singly; everyone is punished individually. This is different in political world since the policy of collective responsibility is applied in judgment. The individuals are therefore controlled by the common wealth that makes policies for them. Members of a particular society surrender their sovereignty to one authority that has authority over jurisdiction of the territory. Members of society surrender powers that are inconsistent with political authority, the only right retained are the powers to disagree with the authority. The common authority does not handle the surrendered power carelessly instead, the views of the majority must be considered (Corbet 431). Lock suggests strongly that the rule by law is not enough for achieving political victory. The legislature sometimes is not focused and prepared to make urgent decisions. The constitution might be operating under hostile conditions that do not allow flexibility, the executive needs to be making extreme conditions to salvage the state. The executive, by having the power in hands has the common law of nature meaning it has a right of making use of them for the betterment of society. The constitution does not allow people to declare emergency because individual interests would p
Introduction You need to remember a set of phrases that you may say during your first contact with a client. You should put away the thought that you really need to get this client. At this stage, you should not forget that the main aim o your business is to gain money and profit. Another thing that you should not forget about is that you should not be too personal with the client. But you may be friendly. It would be a sort of a mistake to tell client yours life’s story. While holding conversations, you should be concentrated on business and stick to it. The person should speak confidently, and assert his viewpoints. It is a big mistake not to answer asked questions truthfully. If yours prospective client makes a question, which are not able to answer immediately, just be honest. Give an explanation that in order to give the reliable and appropriate answer for the question; you will need some time to think over it. Do not promise to do those things that it is difficult for you to do at the moment, because afterwards you will be obliged to do them all the time. If the communication with the future client is going well, you need to show him or her confidence about this. You should understand the particulars of the work; you should get enough basic information to be able to understand the requirements provided for work to be successfully done. If you got the clue about these issues then you need to start the conversation with your client about that how you are going to be paid. Do not plan to work with a client who is does not want to talk about payment to you. There are big chances are that client has no intention at all to pay you, if he or she does not want to set out a time for paying you. Setting up a project First of all, you and the client (project sponsor) should make a business case that you both believe in. You should ensure him that you are confident in the process of achieving the production of the certain business case in the given time. It is likely that you will be not in need of major support from others in producing the business case. This may be achieved by collaborating with the help of a special project cursor steering group. If do not have such group, then should form it. It would be helpful if to start the selection of the group members parallel with the developing of the business case. In order to form the required group you need to gather together a number of senior managers within any sphere or organization. These people should have the significant authority and must be able to authorize and sign the release of funds or certain resources with the aim t
Voting is an intriguing process that goes down to an individual decision and in case where there are many voters concerned, its very hard to analyze the voting patterns generally without first taking into some account some factors and then dissecting the whole population (Bernard, Paul & William, 1986). Two basic approaches towards this analysis can be identified which could help in sorting out the mysteries behind the voting and the reasons that motivates or influences the choice of a voter. In order to come up with these two methods, the variance of the results has to be checked which will affect the analysis of data and the inference of data. There is the micro level (sometimes referred as the individual level) analysis and the aggregate level (also known as macro level) analysis. In the aggregate approach, one concentrates mostly on masses or the national level where data is pulled together. For instance if you are looking at factors that influencing the voters like the common pledges by the campaigning candidates for example un employment and the voting patterns. The data to be collected will be based on the national statistics at a known election for a specific candidate and the current unemployment that specific time. In the whole process two aspects are compared that are continuous. One has to kook at the voting in a state and its relationship to unemployment in that state and then involves other states which then help the researcher in unearthing the underlying reasons between the two variables. This may give a conclusion like whenever unemployment rises before subsequent elections, the more the probabilities of an incumbent not appealing the election. To be able to look at the motivating factors behind the national voting factors, we have to rely on the micro level analysis of the person. This now calls the researcher for testing hypothesis of individual voters and ascertaining whether they hold. The aim of the researcher in comparing different continuous variables at different times also establishes the kind of data he/ is available to use. In the above example for determining the connection involving voting and unemployment, we were interested in country wide figures and the effects on the candidates. To test this nationwide across the states of US in different times, several observations and data would be pooled together. This constitutes comparative analysis and but also the observations are across different times (Jocelyn, 2002). At the individual point analysis, the individual voter is analyzed using a cross sectional mode. In this case it’s not a must that time variation may be considered but in some cases it is retained. A time frame can be taken in which a researcher wishes to analyze the extend of individual motivation influence on the voting process at that particular time. This can be carried out through cross sectional examination of time phases and then pool then results together. This would be a case of getting respondents at different times in different regions. As it’s the case in aggregate analysis, the type data of use depends on particular answers being s
There has been a big gap between scholars and practitioners in various fields. The academic society has been keen on seeing their counterparts take part in more theoretical evidence-based work. They feel that both points of view will help practitioners make better decisions in their everyday work lives. Practitioners, on the other hand, value the immense contributions made by the scholarly group. Yet, they think that more theoretical study is based on logical thinking and not the actual workplace experiences. The exertions that will be put to review and conduct an inquiry on the basis of scholarly work take more time for the decision making process. Surveys are held to indicate that individuals who rely on both scholarly and practitioner information are known to be more effective and efficient than those who rely only on one of those. However, it has been argued that putting together these two categories of work is always untenable. There is a significantly big gap between the scholarly oriented work and the practitioners’ perspective. The four articles are written by For and Ford (1994), Beech and Coupland (2009), Cadwell(2005), and Rhodes et al. (2010) show the divergent way of approaching issues. Despite the fact that Lewin’s concept of change has been taken as expert advice, it has had to work through numerous alterations in order to fit into some various traditional organizational patterns. A lot of models have been challenged for their practicability on their functionality both practically and theoretically. Organizational change is something that can be achieved as long as the process is managed rationally with a transparent agenda. This will assist in avoiding confrontations and chaos brought about by change of systems. Nevertheless, there is a need for new and flexible forms of confronting and restructuring workplaces with regard to sources and consequences of change. There is also a need to fully comprehend the questions regarding how changes have come into being and what implications they have for an organization. How well can one utilize the resources in the organization in order to accomplish change and what will be done to all the concepts that are no longer viable to an institution (Caldwell, 2005), are questions that must be reflected upon? To fully understand the essence of change in an organization, there is a need to find out the characteristics that bring about the change, and how they can be utilized to create opportunities. Observing all critical levels in concepts being put across is important because it allows an agent to know change’s functionality. The challenges affecting these concepts emerge with their effects being far-reaching. Examples that have been developed to offer organizational flexibility are radically undermining other new forms of technology with the sensory faculty that most organizational success is dependent on traditional bureaucratic modes of functioning (Caldwell, 2005). For effective change to take place, it will be extremely dependent on how an organization views and handles the different scenarios with regard to understanding chan
Native Americans inhabited California for millennia before the first Spanish explorers and settlers arrived in the region. They were suppressed once colonization began, both through force and via disease such as smallpox, to which they had no immunity, unlike the Europeans. The state of their civilizations before the arrival of the settlers may indicate that life in the region was comfortable and peaceful. Native American tribes never developed in the same way their European counterparts did, likely because there was no need for them to do so. California provided a comfortable and abundant environment for them to live in, suppressing the need to advance technologically to survive. For the most part, Native Americans in California were hunter-gatherers with limited agricultural capabilities. Sapp claims that the reason was the high availability of game, fish, and plants, due to which tribes would generally only engage in limited forest gardening (51). Moreover, the climate was mild enough that the Maidu tribe could live through winters in houses dug into the ground and covered by bark and earth (Sapp 52). Overall, it was much easier to live in California than in Europe and many other regions of the world, as it combined a warm climate and high food availability. Parallels can be drawn between Native Americans in California and Adam and Eve in Eden. Both lived a relatively easy life, not having to worry about food or shelter, and were limited in their knowledge as a result. With that said, while the Biblical pair was seduced of their own will, Native Americans often resisted the European influence, with violence common on both sides. Ultimately, once an outside force became involved, both of the groups lost their Paradise. Reference Sapp, Rick. Native Americans State by State. BlueRed Press, 2018.
Christian faith and science seem to have no relationships because the foundation of faith is a belief while the basis of science is empirical evidence. Religious beliefs are the foundation of faith that science can neither prove nor disapprove in a laboratory. While science deals with the physical environment, faith entails spiritual matters that are unseen. In spite of the inherent differences that exist between faith and science, Albl argues that, the two are mutually dependent, for they coexist harmoniously (73). Scientists, at times, use theological knowledge in answering scientific questions, and likewise, theologians employ scientific knowledge in answering theological questions. For this reason, science and faith are integral fields of knowledge that enhance understanding of the universe and human existence in the society; thus, theology should allow faith to correlate with science and seek understanding of scientific matters. Given that there are four principles for approaching faith and science, the most relevant principles are those that seek to integrate science and faith as integral fields of knowledge. The first principle is allowing science and faith to correlate because; each has different spheres, which they affect humanity. Miller argues that, science is a multicultural field of knowledge that allows diverse cultures and religions to interact effectively without any bias, hence promoting expansion of knowledge (9). Since neither science nor faith alone can answer the complex questions that humanity is grappling with, correlating the two fields of knowledge is essential. DeWolf and Meyer suggest that, religious communities need to adopt scientific vocations because they are essential in making wise, ethical, and stewardship decisions (98). Hence, both science and faith are critical in explaining and resolving issues that affect human existence. The second most relevant principle for approaching science and faith is by beginning with faith and seeking understanding through science. Faith is an essential component of knowledge because it gives theoretical perspective of life for science to approve or disapprove. This approach is consistent with scientific investigation where one formulates a theory and subsequently tests its validity in a real-life situation. The approach is relevant because it guards theologians against de