ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article “Boys and Their Toys: The Fisher Body Craftsman’s Guild, 1930-1968, and the Making of a Male” by Ruth Oldenziel discusses various topics such as men’s interest in technology, General Motors and The Fisher Body Craftsman’s Guild’s policy regarding young men, their recruitment processes, and advertisements. At the beginning of the 20 th century, those companies were mostly men-oriented, claiming that men’s predisposition to technology comes from childhood as boys are used to playing with toy cars, planes, and trains. Therefore, the ad and the recruitment processes are based on the understanding of men as future specialists and consumers of GM’s goods. The guild presented various competitions, events, and tasks in order to teach the future generation of corporate workers and expand the consumer markets of those companies. However, women were never an option for GM and The Fisher Body Craftsman’s Guild, and they were never considered appropriate customers or specialists, even such possibility was excluded. GM’s intention of future specialist creation paid off handsomely and led to the recruitment of many winners in the leading positions, such as chief designers or managers at General Motors and other companies. The companies provided the winners of their competitions in automobile design with scholarships that could cover all college expenses. Therefore, many American families actively participated in their children’s technical development and provided an environment to concentrate on the competition. Many teenage boys tried to get a membership card from the guild, and several organizations such as YMCA, the Boy Scouts, and high school could help with it. Along with all modifications in the recruitment process, GM introduced a judging system that brought together engineering educators, high school teachers, and General Motor’s corporate management. Social and economic networks such as newspapers and media supported the organization in questions of sponsorships or event announcements. Therefore, all the contests were about building models and male characters along with improving the correlation with social media. However, females still did not have access to any kind of events announced by the corporations and the guild.
Important cultural beliefs in history have significant links to tobacco use and the instrument used. Smoking can be ceremonial, social, or recreational. The Middle East culture is connected to the hookah, the Native American cultures use pipes, and the Canadian culture is linked to cigarettes. Each culture uses tobacco, but they each use a unique apparatus, and have different reasoning for the use thereof. The Middle East and the Hookah Traditional to Middle Eastern Culture, the hookah is a large water pipe that filters the tobacco using steam. The hookah is typically used in restaurant and café settings, as well as in homes. Smoking is a social event and is to be done with other people. Smoking a hookah is time consuming while being used for pleasure as well as a way to relax. Smoking is enjoyed and encouraged by all. The hookah has been a long used smoking apparatus in the Middle East. The hookah is used as a social as well as cultural tool that is synonyms with hours of social smoking every day. In the Middle East it is typical to find hookah bars where people will sit, smoke, and discuss their day as a group. It is common to smoke during family gatherings or after large meals. The hookah encourages calmness and reflection; it is similar to the importance of the coffee shop or bar setting in the United States. The hookah is not meant to be a means just for smoking. Smoking is to be an enjoyable and relaxing experience. There is no hurry in smoking the hookah, the intent is pleasure and peace (Hookah, n.d.). The hookah can be made with multiple protruding hoses so that people can share the device. Cultural and traditional ideals encourage the use of multiple hoses for gatherings and parties. In some settings, the hookah will have one hose that is placed on the table after a user is finished, and then the next user knows the hookah is available. Alternatively, the entire device can be handed to the next user. While being passed along, the hoses of the hookah are not to be pointed at others. To prevent the pointing of the hose, the hookah is to be passed in a manner that the hose is tucked inward. The Shah of Persia consider
During the Victorian era, roughly the second half of the 1800s, the world was forever changed by the effects of the Industrial Revolution. The widespread use of machines and factories significantly altered the way in which people lived their lives and thought about their world. “By the beginning of the Victorian period, the Industrial Revolution … had created profound economic and social changes, including a mass migration of workers to industrial towns, where they lived in new urban slums” (“The Victorian Age”, 2007). Achievements of technology and machinery inspired a great deal of new scientific debate in all areas of life. Charles Darwin’s recently published Theory of Evolution caused people to question the assertions of the Bible itself (Landow, 2006). An increasingly educated public added ever more voices to these debates, which was helped by the growth in newspaper and other periodical publications. These were made possible as a result of the introduction and increased production of the printing press. Literature in all its forms made it possible for every educated individual in the country, no matter how far out in the rural areas, to learn about and contribute to the widespread discussions that were taking place regarding the major political and social issues of the time. This did not occur simply in the realm of the non-fiction news articles but also happened within the pages of the increasingly popular fiction novels being produced. “The Victorian novel, with its emphasis on the realistic portrayal of social life, represented many Victorian issues in the stories of its characters” (“The Victorian Age”, 2007). One of the biggest questions of the time concerned itself with the role of the scientist and his potential scheme to claim the position of God. This is one of the primary questions dealt with in Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein in which Dr. Frankenstein can be seen to take on the role of God in his creation of the monster as the ‘new’ Adam. Victor Frankenstein, the main character of the story, intentionally adopts the position of God in his attempt to overcome the forces of life and death and place them directly in the hands of man. His goal is not simply to understand how life comes to be but to overcome the natural forces of death in order to more fully serve his own individual needs. His intention is to reanimate already dead tissue in order to create a new life based on Frankenstein’s terms rather than God’s. While Shelley discounts the science of the past as being unproductive and unimaginative, she illustrates that the science of the future will manage to break through these boundaries. “The ancient teachers of this science,’ said he [Frankenstein’s first professor], ‘promised impossibilities, and performed nothing. The modern masters promise very little; they know that metals can
Introduction Races entail social realities, which form potent constituents of personal identities in the society. Most studies show that races arise from self-identification and they are sometimes consistent with various ancestral foundations. However, the social categorization and classification of different individuals in the society is based on various racial and ethnic groups, which vary from region to region because of various factors associated with intermarriages, self-identification, migration, and different social categories (Henderson and Olasiji 2). On the other hand, ethnicity shares some social concepts with races. Here, ethnicity involves the social categorization and classification of individuals relative to their skin color, historical origins, language, customs, and religious denominations (Henderson and Olasiji 5). In the contemporary societies, various physical and cultural attributes are used to classify individuals into different racial and ethnic groups. As a result, different individuals have learned to co-exist with other individuals from different racial and ethnic groups in divergent ways while losing or maintaining the basic attributes of their ancestral origins. This essay reviews the movie; ‘Mi Familia’ relative to how various characteristics of race and ethnic groups changes from generation to generation. Video Summary The movie, ‘Mi Familia’ entails a story, which is presented by the eldest son of the Sanchez family living in Mexico. The movie unfolds as the head of the family; Jose Sanchez makes a long trip from Mexico to Los Angeles, LA in the USA. Mr. Sanchez travels to LA to visit a relative, El Californio who lived in the city since it was part of Mexico. As a result, Sanchez and El Californio become friends and they join forces to grow corn. Unfortunately, El Californio dies a few years later while insisting that LA is part of Mexico. Later, Sanchez marries an American Native known as Maria with whom they have a son called Chucho who was born when Maria was mistakenly deported to Mexico by the US government. Later on, Maria makes
Introduction Early Childhood Education commonly termed as ECE refers to the intervention programs that are provided to children before compulsory schooling. The concept of early childhood education began at the beginning of the 20 th century. Prior to this period, early childhood education for children around the world was marginalized. The proponent of early childhood programs was Johann Pestalozzi who was a Swiss educator. The concept was later developed by Friedrich Froebel who was Pestalozzi’s student. The following essay examines the approaches used in early childhood education in the 20 th century. The essay also provides a conclusion based on the comparison of the two approaches. The reason why the approaches work and how they can be best implemented is also discussed. This study is important as it recognizes the need on ensuring that children are well prepared for success while young (Feeney, Moravcik, Nolte, & Chritensen, 2010, P.240). Approaches used in early childhood education in the 20th century There are two main approaches that are used in early childhood education in the 20th century i.e. the Kindergarten model and the nursery school model. These two approaches of early childhood education were enhanced by adopting ideas and best practices from western countries and the former Soviet Union. Kindergarten is derived from German word kinder which means ‘children.’Kindergarten concept of early childhood education began in Germany and refers to an educational experience among children before they joins their first grade. The concept was invented by Friedrich Froebel in 1837. This concept was designed to enhance the transition from a home based schooling to a formal schooling.Originally, Kindergarten mode of ECE acted as a play based program that ensured that a child developed socially, emotionally and physically. This concept is based on the principle that children should be allowed to grow freely. This model has been adopted by many states among them the United States where children are required to attend kindergarten before joining their first grade. The concept has enabled children to learn and view the world from a different perspective. Through this concept, young children are separated from older children and adults and thus their special interests are well catered for. The nursery school model is the other model of Early Childhood Education. The Nursery school model is part and parcel of the primary education that allows children to provide children with an opportunity of joining primary school at the age of five. This concept allows a smooth transition by facilitating the acquisition of skills i.e. it enables children to learn how to read
Before the implementation of a new ordering system, Girl Scout Cookies faced several challenges. In particular, they had to cope with an excessive amount of paperwork (Laudon & Laudon, 2007). For example, the employees had to mark their sales on individual order cards that were later transferred to the troop leaders. In turn, these cards had to be delivered to local headquarters and only then these data had to be provided to manufacturers. Thus, one can say that this process was very time-consuming. Moreover, it involved a great number of steps. Furthermore, such an approach did have any safeguards against the individual mistakes of workers. For instance, one can mention calculation errors (Laudon & Laudon, 2007). Thus, the new ordering system had to address these problems; otherwise the performance of the company could decline. In order to respond to these issues the management of Girl Scout Cookies adopted a computerized system called QuickBase. It is a Web-based software solution that is specifically designed for the needs of small businesses. This program enables companies to create various database applications that are used to transfer various kinds of data between different departments. The main advantage of this solution is that it is very inexpensive and user-friendly (Laudon & Laudon, 2007). It should be noted that other many businesses pay attention to user-friendliness of software solutions, because they do want to spend money on the training of employees (Vaman, 2007, p. 95). These examples indicate that management should pay attention to the skills of their workers and their needs. Overall, the adoption of this system brought several changes to the company. First of all, it reduced the time that company needed to processes each of its orders placed by the clients. As soon as they received a request from the customer, they could start working on the order almost immediately. Moreover, computerized order tracking system enabled the company to reduce the calculation errors of the employees by more 90 percent (Laudon & Laudon, 2007). Finally, the adoption of this software helped them develop shipment schedules (Laudon & Laudon, 2007). Thus, one can argue that the new system greatly increased the efficiency of the company. This is the main benefit brought by the new system. This case illustrates several challenges faced by businesses, especially when they want to implement new software solutions. Fi
Introduction Discussing the role of the subtractive and additive processes in the creation of sculpture, it is important to describe and compare those processes. Therefore, it is important to analyze the traditional subtractive techniques containing “pointing, blocking, surfacing and finishing processes” (Sayre, 2003). It is also important to analyze the additive process’ basic techniques containing “fabrication and assemblage in a variety of materials including wood, found objects and mixed media” (Sayre, 2003). Discussion The exploration of the above provided problem would enable one to look into the exciting art world’s traditional and new sculpture materials, and thus, processes. The acknowledgement of the additive and subtractive processes of sculpture working is necessary condition in the creation of the sculpture; therefore it would be relevant to describe the technical skills, the physical and expressive possibilities of the usage of the diverse materials and tools involved in the given processes. If refer to the famous art scholar’s Alberti’s definition (the first made in the art history) of creating sculptures’ process, wrote by him in the book “De Statua”, and provided in the others’ credible, but modern art scholars’ (Elliot W. Eisner and Michael D. Day) book, then it can generally be categorized as the mixture of the additive and subtractive processes, “If an artist adds material to a sculpture, it is considered additive, like adding lumps of clay to form a portrait bust. If an artist takes material away, it is considered subtractive, like chiseling stone away to carve a statue” (Alberti, cited from Eisner, Day, 2004). And here, one may point out the significant feature of the subtractive process: it is entirely irreversible; therefore, while creating a sculpture, an artist often makes a prior small model or prototype of his or her final work. This is usually done with the view to define the precisely exact proportions priory to the creation process. Following this, one may firmly assert that the subtractive process starts with the selection of a block of a solid material with the further intention of the artist to carve it. Although it might seem that the carving is an easy process to perform, it must be noted that it is an aggressive and quite complex process, which requires the sculptor’s good eye and skills. Using this block, the sculptor must think up “a topographical image from all 4 sides, that is a very time consuming physical process, because if too much is taken off, it usually cannot be added, especially when working with stone” (Eisner, Day, 2004). Therefore, analyzing the above provided view point, one my suggest that while creating the sculpture, especially working with the stone, the sculptor should consider the negative space and structure
Introduction Koch Industries is a business that was started by Fred Koch who later left it in the ownership of his sons but with Charles Koch as the CEO. Two of the remaining brothers, William (Bill) and David would later join the management of the company while the eldest brother, Frederick, followed a different career. As such, Koch stayed away from Koch Industries. This paper discusses a power struggle between two of Koch’s brothers, Charles and Bill, which lasted over three decades. As such, the paper will discuss the different sources of power that Charles and Bill relied on on in their attempt to oust one another. Charles and Bill Koch’s Sources of Power within Koch Industries The two brothers applied different sources of power in their protracted battle against each other. The sources relied on by the brothers included reward power, legitimate authority, coercive influence, and expert supremacy. To begin with, coercive power has been utilized for a long time in the Koch family. For instance, the family members have funded presidential elections, a move that illustrates their willingness to force things their way (Schulman, 2014a). When Charles learned about his brother’s plans to oust him, he coerced the respective shareholders to reject the move. Through Howard Marshall II, an old ally, Charles was able to reacquire shares from a dissident shareholder, hence retaining the 51% required to head the company. Regarding legitimate power, the two brothers were both entitled to the leadership of Koch Industries. As Anderson (1998) points out, while Fred left the business in the hands of Charles, it belonged to all the Koch brothers. As such, both brothers were justified in their different causes. In other words, while Charles was justified in leading the company as he deemed fit, Bill was also justified in questioning his elder brother’s leadership skills. Further, when Charles decided to get rid of the troublesome brother, Bill, he chose a legitimate path. In 1983, Charles sought to buy out William and Fredrick, the eldest brother, from the business for $1.1 billion. Charles possessed expert power since he had attended schools that imparted his skills in management. Charles used these skills to turn his father’s business into a multi-billion enterprise. Also, he had worked at a management-consulting firm before joining Koch Industries. According to Anderson (1998), Charles possessed the requisite expertise to drive Koch Industries to international success. However, the same claim cannot be said of Bill. Charles always complained that the division of business under Bill’s leadership performed dismally. This observation is an indication that Bill did not possess expert power. Regarding reward power, Charles was able to win the loyalty of his brother David. Hence, David remained an important pillar for Charles during the family feud. Power Tactics used in their
Introduction The Puerto Rican immigrants have been reflected on the West Side Story film and the past paper assignments. The immigrants were a key historical element of immigration to the United States. The immigrants with Puerto Rican descent were among the many immigrants into America with the intention of obtaining suitable employment opportunities so as to better their lifestyles. Puerto Rico as a country was in crisis with a high level of poverty. The people were lacking essential needs. Their status relating to health, education and housing were being affected. All these factors influenced the Puerto Rican immigration to the United States. They migrated to the U. S. in numbers since this was the best opinion to them (Whalen and Víctor 17). The immigration process was a great challenge to the Puerto Rican people. They had been affected by social and economic problems in their home country hence being forced to move. On arriving in a foreign country, things did not get any better. They faced new challenges that they were not aware of. West Side Story Film The West Side Story film is a musical film produced in 1961. The film is based on an American musical by the same name. The American musical has a book, music, conception and choreography done by different people. It was enthused by Romeo and Juliet, a play by Shakespeare. The film’s plot was divided into two acts. This was intended at increasing more tension in the plot. The film shows the life of two gangs who are involved in music based tension in the Manhattan streets in the 1957 late summer. The gangs include the Jets and the Sharks. The Jets were a white American gang while the Sharks were a gang with Puerto Rican immigrants. The two gangs are rivals, and they harass each other. The rift between the two gangs escalates. The two rival gangs agree to meet at an agreed location for a fight. The fight begins and ends up fatally with the two gang leaders being stubbed to death. The police arrive at the location and the other gang members flee away from the scene. Later on, the co-founder of the American gang is killed by a Puerto Rican gang member. The film ends with the arrest of the killer by police. This film addresses the themes discussed in the previous assignments since it reflects on the lives of Puerto Rican immigrants. The film demonstrates the lifestyle of immigrants in a foreign nation. The film shows the elements that affected Puerto Rican immigrants. The film offers the perspective of the struggles the