ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Canada is one of the most democratic countries in the world. However, like other modern democracies, it faces democratic challenges. According to Simpson (2001), Canadian system can be regarded as a friendly dictatorship and lacks the idealness to be a fully democratic country. There is no clear theory of assessing democratic level of a country. There has been a debate on democratic deficit in Canada with some people arguing that democracy should be assessed by its voting practice. Although some issues have been addressed and people made to vote, others like human rights, competitive political parties, a wide representative institutions, rule of law, consultative and deliberative exercise, free press and the protection of individual rights and liberties have not been exhaustively achieved. Basing on different assessments, the state of democracy in Canada will depend entirely on the background theory of democracy one endorses (Simpson, 2001). The country’s political system is not pro-active and has lagged behind mature democracies like Britain. Furthermore, Canada has inappropriately relied on the United State for reforms, excess of provincialism and ignorance on how the Canadian political system functions. There is overreliance on voting as a measure of democracy in Canada putting it in a doubted position. Civil disobedience has been used in several countries to force political systems to embrace real political democracies. In the past, courts have inflamed dissatisfaction with status quo by adhering to the strict letter of the law. This means that at some point, either the citizens or people in power may feel that courts administer unjust or unfair judgment. This can justify reasons to embrace civil disobedience. Most people believe that the governments have a responsibility of giving health care, education, provision of social safety for the poor, sick and afflicted. However, in many cases governments fail to exhaustively address or attend to such cases. Government and lawmakers have the power to change laws which are inadequate or oppressive to the people. On the other hand, courts interpret and administer justice based on these laws without favoring any party in a case. When such laws are oppressive, the public may resort to civil disobedience to pressure the government and those in power to act or change laws. Therefore, civil disobedience can be appropriate when justice cannot be delivered using of existing laws. Classic civil disobedience should take four forms; clear identification of the law being challenged, open disobedience of the law, non-violence and acceptance of the legal consequences of breaking the law. Aboriginal people and women have been faced with poverty because of marginali
Developing countries can attract and support foreign direct investment (FDI) by creating open markets which are transparent and dependable. Reduced restrictions create conditions that allow FDI inflows by creating entry points on the market and producing flexible labor regulations or protections of intellectual property. A country can introduce investment promotion that would target foreign investors and connect them with domestic sectors and businesses which may benefit from multinational investors (Moran, Görg, Seric, & Krieger-Boden, 2017). Once the policy and regulatory framework are in place, the next aspect of attracting FDI for developing countries is economic determinants. Determinants can consist of location-bound resources, size of markets for trade, and production capabilities or cost-advantages. Quality and availability of infrastructure, market growth, technology, and human capital are also considerable factors (Sauvant, 2015). If these economic determinants are weak or non-existent, then any foreign investment will be ineffective and result in low net outflow values. Finally, it is crucial to increase the contribution of FDI inflows that would create incentives for further investment. This ties in with investment promotion and helps to build a solid case for developing nations. The United Nations has recently emphasized the critical role of FDI in attaining sustainable development goals such as food security. A country can exploit its competitive advantage to grow its economy. It will help to regulate sustainability and improve risk management that provides better access to financial markets (Svensson, 2015).
Summarize and explain the principles of the ‘scientific management of work’ (Taylor) approach. Are scientific management principles applied of any value in the contemporary hospitality industry? Provide examples After studying how workers performed their duties, Taylor realized that managers relied heavily on efforts put forth by workers to ensure that production progressed. This strategy did not work because, the high expectations that managers placed on their workers were often miscalculated. Taylor’s observation led him to develop four principles of scientific management. The first principle he proposed was that management should adopt work methods that are based on scientific study of work done by workers. The second principle was that management should select their workers using scientific means and train them on how to work. The third principle was that management should then empower the trained workers to ensure that scientifically acquired methods are being applied in carrying out their duties. And the last principle was that management should cooperate with workers in sharing work whereby managers ought to use scientific principles in management to come up with tasks to be performed by workers (Halsall, 1998, p. 1). Using these principles, Taylor aimed at minimizing wastes by methods that were efficient in performing a given job. By studying motion in a workplace management, Taylor was able to determine how much time different tasks consumed thereby helping in task management to ensure that there was efficiency. This approach also ensured that there was job specialization whereby each person knew very well what his/her tasks were (Smith, n.d, 3). Today’s managers see Taylor’s approach as one that ignored the social motives of workers; it therefore, has acquired a bad reputation. However, this approach brought about major changes in management. It helped managers know their roles and how they affected the output of their workers. This impact has lasted for years and can still be seen in the way managers organize work in many current organizations. Job automation and standardization all own their beginnings from Taylor’s scientific principles; in fact, it has become a common work practice in many of the contemporary work settings. It brought about job specialization that has been very effective in the hospitality industry. The MacDonald’s Brothers have put the scientific management technique into use with great success. Tasks are divided with different people taking different tasks and this was found to reduce the overall time for production process. This increased efficiency because customers could receive their orders without much delay (Management, 2010, p. 1). Is the understanding and management of diversity in hospitality organizations important? If so, then why? Critically discuss the relevance, or otherwise, of the work on ‘dimensions of cross-cultural differences’ by Geert Hofstede Understanding diversity in the hospitality industry helps management to ensure that primary differences within
Introduction Marketing is described as a procedure which business establishments determine what a specific target group are interested with. It also extends to the strategies used by companies in conducting sales, contact and business development. This means that marketing is an integrated process where business ventures generate value for the target audience and build rapport with the customers in order to cultivate returns from investments. From this explanation, it is evident that marketing is a tool used to identify customers, keep them and ultimately satisfy their needs at all times. The customers therefore are the main focus of the activities of a business and thus have to be managed appropriately. In the past, business ventures focused on production but the recent development upholds the value of the customers in order to make profits from its undertakings. This paper presents a marketing program for a new business venture in the health and fitness industry. The proposed location of the business is south east London. To be addressed in the research are: behavior of the buyer in the market, methods of business promotion, role of customer service and determination of pricing technique. More emphasis will be on relationship between the business and the customers. This will be achieved by giving the best possible attention, customer care and summarily build customer loyalty. Buyer behavior in the market It is important to verify the buying behavior of customers in order to record a success in marketing a product. To persuade a customer to buy a product, marketing agency establishes the behavioral progression of how a given product is purchased. This behavior is usually subdivided into two paradigms. One of them is known as business to consumer (B2C) and the other is called business to business (B2B). Business to consumer behavior This deals with the consumers in the purchase of a specific product. The consumers involve themselves in the search for the products they need. Emotional attachment is well practiced in the model. While looking for information on a product, customers exploit the available channels of advertisement such as the newspapers, magazines and other media. Businesses must consequently distribute their products and services in a convenient manner. If the search for information is not sufficient, the customers resort to other means of satisfying their needs. In such a situation, competing goods are optimally exploited (Rakesh, 2005). After such an experience the buyer decides to actualize the dream of buying a product or a service. An analysis is thereafter done by the consumer to deduce if it actually meets the utility or value gain. If the gain is high, there is a probability that the consumer will buy the product again in the near future. This enhances consumer loyalty for the
Purpose of the Book The author of this masterpiece wanted to illuminate the challenges faced by many African Americans in the Jim Crow South. The book indicates that the construct of Jim Crow brought numerous troubles to many Africans Americans in the South. Litwack shows clearly that even “the whites became slaves to the system” (Litwack 421). Consequently, the system created a race war whereby both the whites and blacks found themselves in states of distress (Litwack 422). By writing this book, the author informs the reader about the challenges and problems associated with Jim Crow. The most outstanding question is how the extraordinary courage of these African Americans brought them closer to their dreams. Themes of the Book The first theme evident in this book is white supremacy . Although the early 20 th century was described as a new beginning for many people in the United States, the problem of slavery continued to affect many African Americans. The Jim Crow construct emerged as an oppressive system that trapped African Americans. The whites supported the Jim Crow system in an attempt to maintain its significance (Tischauser 19). Throughout the period, the African American community struggled to achieve economic growth and accommodation. However, these efforts “did not guarantee them the targeted human rights” (Litwack 317). The second theme portrayed in this book is struggle and courage . The text indicates that many African Americans worked tirelessly to create a new world that could support their goals. These individuals remained courageous despite the deaths and challenges affecting them. They gradually destroyed most of the barriers that deterred them from achieving their goals. The whites continued to inflect
Introduction More African women are suffering from the HIV epidemic today than men. According to the UNAIDS (n.d), the activists and international agencies’ research continue to show astonishing figures concerning the subject of HIV/AIDS infections in Africa with relation to the gender parity. It also placed forward the importance of campaign to help the women in the effort to counter the disease. Social Cultural Issues of HIV/AIDS on African Women The African woman encounters many challenges in her daily life. Even at the time of illness, she has to find the strength to get out of bed and cater for the children’s needs. Every morning calls for the process to search for food, fetch water and maybe firewood. Most people in these developing countries live a day at a time, without any extra or future plans (Fuler, 2008). In most instances, the dependence fall on the well-wishers or the non-governmental charitable organization and this probably befalls occasionally. Considering majority of the women who mainly hail from the poverty infested areas, if the child is not infected, the probability of that child suffering from malnutrition is very high. Most husbands do not have stable work to support the families and these forces the men to live the family to search for the same and such actions are mostly never counterproductive. Most of the infected women also face discrimination from the family members especially the in-laws who point accusing fingers at them. They are treated as outcasts as a way of expelling the condition from the community. The only available resources remain dedicated for the drugs of which the “Mother Nature” consciousness causes her to serve the infected children first or probably because her hope for life is long gone. The women’s only concern therefore remains to be that of the children. T
Mission, Vision, and Values Vision and mission statements, as well as organizational values, not only can be regarded as integral parts of the corporate culture but also as indispensable components of strategic management. If used intelligently, they may contribute to the company’s sustainable growth and longevity. According to Sherman (2017), one of the major attributes of success in strategic management is when the intended corporate behavior matches the actual one. Many examples are illustrating how the disconnection between the two impacted enterprises in a negative way. For instance, Lumber Liquidators states that they value safety and aim to deliver it in every organizational process, yet, some time ago, it was revealed that the company ships products exposed to toxic substances (Sherman, 2017). As a result, of such revelations, customer loyalty and trust may significantly decrease and cause declines in profits. Despite a large number of unfortunate examples of inefficient value management, some companies can do it well. One of them is LEGO. In his article, Sherman (2017) writes that about thirteen years ago, LEGO had been going through a period of decline in sales and product demand due to changes in the market and customer preferences. The company tried to improve the situation by diversifying the product range, but then things got worse instead − by offering too many products to consumers, LEGO deviated from its core values and mission. Nevertheless, the sales increased almost tenfold as soon as the organization started to move towards restoring its core values which include simplicity in the product line development and low-quality service. As Sherman (2017) observes, the given strategy allowed LEGO to increase customer appeal, improve employee commitment, and better financial performance. The example of LEGO demonstrates that the connection between proclaimed vision, mission, and value statements and organizational behavior is important. Thus, to enhance performance, companies should, first of all, develop a clear understanding of what they are, what they aim to achieve, and why they want that. Moreover, they need to identify the criteria and standards which seem to be of primary significance, and then try to comply with them in everyday business activities and communicate them to stakeholders. So what are the major benefits of having a clear mission and vision statements? Researchers suggest that they determine the company’s commitment to financial goals and long-term survival in the market, its identity, and the overall foundation for building competitive advantages, its value-adding capabilities, and the target
Introduction In infancy, the window of opportunity is the period where unless corrective measures are address in the establishment of well formulated dietary patterns the outcome will remain the same henceforth. This stage is amid the first two years of an infant’s life. This implies that within these two years, when a complication is not met or poor dietary patterns prevail, or an incidence of disease occurs within an infant, this guarantees chances that this aspect will continue even after the child’s development to later life. Breastfeeding is the ideal method for infants feeding for the first two years of life this is in accordance to (Carlson 1996). Breast milk has specific antibodies that are able to provide all the immunity that the infant needs. In some cases the mothers breast milk is usually limited or lacks completely and this will necessitate the consumption of the cow’s milk by the infant. It should be diluted in a ration of two glasses of milk per one glass of water to facilitate the growing digestive system of the infant to accommodate it since it has not yet fully developed. Within the first six months of an infant’s life, exclusive breast feeding has to be practiced i.e., giving the infant only breast milk. This is so because at this stage breast milk has all the necessary nutrient requirements and immune aspects that are able to prevent the occurrence of diseases and sustain the infant’s health. After six months other foods can be introduced starting progressively with liquids, semisolid then solids even though breastfeeding continues. At this stage, the criterion for the selection of the infant’s foods and choice of an infant’s food should be careful so that they are offered in a form that can be manipulated in the mouth without the possibility of choking and aspirating. (Carlson 1996). Main body Breastfeeding should be incorporated fully for up to two years to give a corrective pattern in the future development of the infant. The diets of the majority of infants should be alike to that of the family at the end of the first year. There should be the reduction in the consumption of low energy with low fat foods since this result to growth failure. The sufficient intakes of fiber will normalize digestive and absorption processes. Nutritional diseases and disorder might arise when there is lack of well formulated nutritional guidelines to the children. Toddlers who started the consumption of other foods early in life more so before the attainment of six months are most likely to develop disorders such as obesity, hypertension and even cardiovascular infections and diarrhea. This instance occurs since the body immunity is not yet fully developed and at the times their digestive system is unable to counter these foods. At two years, toddlers are very active crawling all over and trying to put in their mouth whatever they find on their
Introduction Demand and supply are the foundation of any economic analysis as the interaction of the two forms a market. The law of demand and supply works in the divergent ways in the sense that, for a normal good, when the prices of commodities changes, demand and supply will change in opposite direction holding other factors constant. This will depend on the nature of the goods as forces demand and supply will be dictated by the type of the products in question. For instance, demand or supply of some goods will respond more than changes in price as compared to others. This brings us to the concept of elasticity of goods. In addition, it is not only price that affects demand and supply of goods, there are other factors that would affect the market such as changes in technology, taste and preferences, favorable climatic conditions and many other factors (Barber 2010). This paper explores demand, supply and elasticity of tourism products in various conditions. Elasticity of tourism products Elasticity measures how the quantity demanded or supplied will change when there are changes in market conditions. Price elasticity of demand is a measure how the quantity demanded of a good change when the price of the commodity changes (Mankiw 2011). However, this measure of elasticity of demand of a commodity is subject to some inadequacies. First, it ignores the presence of other related goods in the market such as close substitutes and compliments as changes in prices or demand of these goods would affect the elasticity of the good in question. It also ignores the type of product in question since necessities and luxuries would have different elasticities. Demand for luxuries do not respond to changes in price. In addition, this measure overlooks time horizons. Goods tend to be more elastic over a longer period of time. Finally, elasticity depends on how well a market condition is defined (Moon 2013; Bade & Parkin 2009). Goods will tend to be elastic in a more narrowly defined market. Various studies have been conducted to establish the nature of elasticity of demand for tourism products. The general result is that demand for tourism products is price inelastic, holding other factors constant. This can be attributed to the fact that tourism products are luxuries and their demand would not be responsive to changes in price. As pointed out earlier, the demand for tourism products stays strong despite high prices in the market. This would imply that demand for tourism products is perfectly inel
The social and cultural life in England has seen some major changes over the course of its history. Particularly, the ways in which universities affected the society were altered. In the medieval era, religion and the church defined the ideas and philosophies that were accepted and strictly followed by the society. Therefore, the academic setting of medieval England could also be described as highly dependent on the church and the philosophy that it encouraged. However, the following secularization took its toll on the academic environment. With the alterations in the state philosophies and priorities, the usefulness of universities has grown. Providing the foundation for the progress, universities have spurred the economic growth of the state, therefore, prompting a significant change. Nowadays, several elements of the English universities bear a distinct connection to the medieval times. For instance, the idea of higher education being a chance to enter an entirely new world that gives a chance to learn and research persists in English universities. However, the sense of purpose that universities have gained since then is quite new. The focus on research and exploration of new areas opens new horizons for students and teachers. Thus, scientific progress has become a possibility.