ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Many of the exceptional leaders in the past have spent some time in detention centers due to their aspiration to transform the society. King is one of these leaders, who wrote an essay talking about the injustices in the society while addressing the church (Armstrong and Fahey 113). In his essay, King states that he received an invitation to Birmingham. The existing governmental ties and the presence of discrimination resulted in his imprisonment (Schumaker 343). There is an association between communities since King deduced that what affects one community will affect the other. He discussed two types of laws and gave reference to several past figures to support his measures. King led many passive protests to prove that lack of integration went against societal impartiality and the spiritual practices of Americans (Charters 24). Birmingham was arguably the most isolated regions in the United States. King differentiates fair and unfair laws by explaining that a fair law is in harmony with existing ethical or saintly laws (Mayfield 359). Any convention that is out of synchronization with the expected and ethical law is known as unjust law (Charters 30). Laws which validate segregation and demean human self-esteem are regarded as unreasonable. An unjust is forced on people with less say and opinions by the empowered personalities in the society; however such laws are not followed by the latter group (Starzl 231). A just law will be followed by both the majority and the marginal (Armstrong and Fahey 113). Those laws, which are enacted, yet the marginal are denied the right to vote for or against them, are regarded as unfair laws. There are some laws which could be understood as fair and unfair upon relation to their formulation and application. This convinced King to go against some of the laws (Charters 31). King associated his behavior to those of biblical times when disciples traveled abroad to spread the gospel. He could not watch human privileges being violated in Birmingham (Charters 24). He referred to Socrates when he addressed productive tension which aids development. Socrates felt that creating anxiety in the brain is necessary to prevent people from being blinded by tradition, and think more creatively and critically analyze issues challenging the society. Creating tension which does not involve hostility enables human beings to embrace brotherhood and fight ethnic isolation (Charters 27). Segregation creates a feeling of inadequacy on those who are being discriminated against by affecting their personality negatively. Martin Buber stated that segregation degraded an individual to a simple object. King concludes from the Greek philosopher’s reaction that the vice is dishonest communally and politically (Charters 30). Paul Tilch related sin to division stating that segregation expressed the unpleasant drifting apart of humans. The principles of an individual may lead to a counter-reaction against an unfair law (Lawler & Schaefer 265). The willingness to fac
Abstract The proposed study aims at establishing if there is a relationship between dust events and respiratory diseases in United Arabs Emirates. This is will help bring to light the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases in the region as well equip relevant stakeholders with vital information concerning dust and its effects on human health. Existing literatures draw association between dust storms and respiratory diseases. Mixed research approach will be used in the study. Both questionnaires and records from hospitals will provide the researcher with the desired data. Before the study begins, the researcher will get approval from Independent Regulation Board from the collage as well as obtain informed consent from the subjects. Introduction and problem statement The study seeks to establish the association between respiratory diseases and dust events in the United Arab Emirates. It is worth noting that UAE is in a region where dust storms occur regularly. Ideally dust is composed of very tiny solid particles floating in the air. This is capable of getting past the lung’s natural defense and build up resulting in serious health complications (Qiu, Zou & Zhan, 2006). Scholars have tried to link dust events and incidences of respiratory diseases. Research shows that when an individual is exposed to air pollutants, they are at higher risk of contracting respiratory related illnesses for instance asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer as well as allergies. Since UAE is in a dry region, the greatest pollutant is dust caused by wind and storms. This poses a great danger particularly to children, teenagers, infants, asthmatic individuals, pregnant women, healthy adults who exercise vigorously in the fields, people suffering from cardiovascular diseases and the elderly in the society. In the United States of America, a study carried out in 6 cities considered to be the most polluted by dust concluded that residents from these cities were at higher risk of being hospitalized as a result of respiratory illnesses. Similarly majority died due to lung cancer as compared to others residing in cities that are less polluted. Additionally children in these areas were 5 times more likely to suffer from low lung functions. It is worth noting that dust events can worsen health conditions of people who suffer from respiratory related diseases (Host et al., 2008). World Health Organization h
Geography and climate are two basic factors shaping the lives of all societies throughout human history. They can greatly affect society’s political and economic structure, cultural habits, religious beliefs, and allegedly even the individuals’ personalities (Wei et al., 2017). In this regard, life in early American colonies is not an exception as the natural environment significantly influenced the production and trade, the number of slaves, and the overall life expectancy of the local people. The average temperature, the existence of big rivers, frequency of precipitation, and availability of arable lands determined the main economic activities that prevailed in colonies. For instance, Southern States enjoyed warm weather and regular rainfalls, which allowed their inhabitants to grow tobacco, rice, sugarcane, and indigo; thus, agriculture was the most profitable industry in the region (Tindall and Shi, 2016). On the other hand, in New England, the soil was not that good for farming. However, this territory was abundant with forests, which gave rise to developed shipbuilding production. Additionally, another important industry was fishing in the sea, as New England’s coast had the biggest concentration of cod in the world. At last, the Middle Colonies’ economy was based on agriculture growing such grains as wheat, barley, and oats and the fur trade with Native Americans thanks to the existing rivers. The dominant industries, in turn, also determined the prevalence of slaves in the region. New England had the least number of slaves compared to the Middle and South Colonies due to the small number of plantations there (Wilkinson, 2020). Instead, there was a large number of indentured servants that primarily were new immigrants. On the contrary, the South Colonies had the biggest number of slaves, whereas the Middle Colonies were in the “middle”. Finally, the life expectancy of the settlers also varied in different regions, primarily explained by the climate conditions. For example, warmer southern weather facilitated the spread of certain deadly diseases such as malaria. As a result, people in South Colonies would be considered lucky to reach 50 for men and 40 for women. Conversely, in Middle Colonies and New England, where the weather was not that hot, the average life expectancy would reach 70 years.
Introduction Corporate social responsibility is increasingly becoming part of the competitive strategies of profit oriented and even non-profit inclined organisations. Firms have been realising a gap in their strategic plans because of the failure to pay attention to corporate social activities (Porter and Kramer 2002). Corporate social activities and strategic management cannot be easily separated from firms that are embracing modern management practices (Bhattacharya, Korschun and Sen 2009). In this paper, it is argued that corporate social responsibility links the firm with their stakeholder, and most importantly, with the customers of the firm. The Unilever Company has been pursuing strategic management in an attempt to improve the competitiveness of the company on the global scale. Unilever has been including and executing corporate activities in its strategic plans. This paper thus discusses how corporate social activities inform strategic management in Unilever. The paper also discusses the benefits of including corporate social responsibility in the strategic plan of the company. Mission and business objectives of Unilever Unilever has expanded and carries out its operation in more than one hundred countries around the world. The growth in the company has been attained through the help of business objectives of the company. Success in business often comes from the articulation of business practices and business objectives. The objectives of the company have been inclined towards helping the company gain a considerable share of the market amidst the competition that exists in the market. Corporate social goals have been crafted and included in the strategic objectives of the company so as to facilitate the growth path. The mission of Unilever is to create a product that will satisfy its customers on a sustainable basis. The company sets several objective and activities to help it in achieving its mission (Unilever Website 2012). The objectives of the company centre on three main issues that include increasing business growth, increasing the social impacts of the company, and aiding in the attainment of a safe environment. Just like any other business company, the major objective of the Unilever is to attain growth through penetrating into the market. Sustainability and social development come as secondary objectives. They are supportive to the main objectives of the company and are included in what is called corporate governance or corporate management. Corporate social responsibility is discharged through these objectives. The two objectives have been found to be very supportive of business objectives of firms. Therefore, firms are often forced into it because they have to meet their major business objectives. Organizational success is dependent on how a firm interacts with its environment. CSR has been found to be a better way through which a firm can interact with its business environment. Unilever has thus been active in including corporate social plans in its strategic management activities (Unilever Web
The U.S. healthcare system has always maintained a certain level of detachment from the needs of the population. In the early 20 th century, hospitals were mainly for treating deadly illnesses. Eventually, as modern medicine evolved, hospitals had the ability to treat a wider range of conditions effectively, but the cost increased as well. In the 1920’s hospitals were empty. A system was launched at Baylor University Hospital which allowed individuals to contribute a small amount each month in exchange for the full health bill covered on visits. This increased public visitation rates. With the Great Depression and World War II, patient loads decreased which led to the popularization of this idea leading to the first health insurances being sold under the name of The Blue Cross (Blumberg & Davidson, 2009). Many employers began to offer health insurance and government initiatives such as Medicaid, both covering out of pocket costs for patients, increasing visitation rates. However, the health system took advantage of this and began to raise costs without fear of deterring patients since they never saw the bill. There was no inherent market competition which led to tremendous expenditures, exceeding the rate of inflation. The following events led to the emergence of market competition in healthcare. Federal initiatives were passed to increase the supply of physicians (Health Professions Educational Assistance Act) and contain costs (Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973) which sought to address the critical issues of limited competition and overextended government payments to health organizations. Furthermore, the private sector which provided 2/3 of the population with healthcare took action. High labor costs due to health benefits led to industries pressuring health insurers to create individual plans as well as redesigned benefits which caused the marked demand to transfer away from employers to health insurers. Finally, anti-trust laws began to be enforced in the healthcare sector which disrupted inhibited competition by professional associations and legal loopholes which supported price-fixing (Feldstein, 1986). Some consequences of market-based competition include improved efficiency and entry of new providers. As hospitals compete for patients and information on quality and process becomes publicly available, the quality of care increases. Economic theory implies that organizations will seek to be more efficient and innovative. Furthermore, the market will result in new competitors seeking to enter the market. In theory, it will result in improved access to healthcare, both geographically and in terms of services provided (Barros, Brouwer, Thomson, & Varkevisser, 2016). However, in recent yea
Introduction IOPP is a research organization, which deals with researching the problems that face different companies. The organization’s aim is to improve the general working environment of employers and employees, by identifying problems, and giving possible solutions to the problems (Kelley, 1992). As members of the organization, we have been working with the retail chain, UNO Company, which approached us to identify the sources of several reported problems. The history of this company shows that it started with one store in Toronto, Canada, and up to date, the chain has expanded extremely, and has many outlets throughout the US and Canada. The company has grown rapidly from a small retail to a large company with a board of directors and a multi-layered management structure. The company owns many employees, who belong to different levels of work. There are those employees who work at the corporate offices, and tend to stay a long time in offices, unlike the employees at the retail outlets
The problem Drug and alcohol abuse is a social problem that causes a person to use substance in a pattern that is dangerous to health and that which causes distress. Usually, drug abuse can lead to drug addiction a problem associated with a disparaging pattern of substance abuse. Addicted persons find it to be difficult to stop using drugs hence subjecting themselves to immense torture. Drug abuse is both common in higher learning institutions both in third and the first world countries. The aim of drug users is to attain pleasure. Many use drugs in order to avoid their problems, for example, poverty and family issues (Wilson & Kolander, 2011). Demographics of the problem Most students in higher institutions abusing drugs commenced usage of drugs at high school level. Alcohol and use of drugs such as marijuana is a common problem in with youths at high school level and tertiary level (Wilson & Kolander, 2011). Unemployment can lead to drug and alcohol abuse especially for college plus university graduates. Coping with unemployment may lead to substance and alcohol abuse in an attempt to escape problems by gaining pleasure. Research indicates that 40 percent of high school students in USA have used marijuana (Hanson, Venturelli & Fleckenstein, 2009). In the year 2000, about 30-35 percent of college students consumed marijuana. In 2006, the annual use rate among college and university students was 30.2 a slight plunge from the preceding years. According to a survey conducted to determine the association of substance abuse and alcohol use, marijuana users consumed alcohol at a higher rate than those who did not use marijuana (Hanson et al., 2009). It was clear that 99 percent of marijuana consumers abused alcohol compared to 75percent of students with no history of using the substance. Effects and Impacts Abuse of drugs and alcohol in higher institutions has devastating effects both to the society and the person using them. Developed countries have appropriate measures in place to curb cases of drug abuse in institutions (Wilson & Kolander, 2011). In Zimbabwe, the addiction cases are high due to inappropriate measures and lack of cash to fund projects aimed at countering the problem. In USA, the problem of drug use is unresolved considering that the youths drop out of school and venture in the drug trade in an attempt to sustain them. Most yo
Introduction Problems related to childhood obesity, diabetes and heart problems are among the few problems currently plaguing our nation’s children as a result of unhealthy eating habits. Insights into the degree of the problem reveal that on average only 42% of children who come to school actually opt to eat at the school’s cafeteria. The remainder chooses to either bring their own lunches or have their lunches handed over the fence to them by their parents. Unfortunately, a vast majority of these lunches are composed of unhealthy fast food options which can cause serious health problems when consumed consistently over a long period of time. Lunches that are brought from off campus sources usually consist of various unhealthy food options such as burgers, fries, soft drinks and chips bought from the local Mc Donald’s or a variety of other establishments scattered around the surrounding neighborhood. Project Description Based on the data given in the introduction it can be seen that childhood obesity is a real problem within the country and as such it is believed that through proper education children will be able to realize the problems that may result from unhealthy eating habits and put a stop to it by through their own volition. In this particular project children will be introduced to the concept of obesity by learning about it both physically and educationally. Initially children will be made to wear an oversized shirt with the ends taped off so as to prevent anything from escaping. After this is done the children will be encouraged to stuff as many crumpled up newspaper balls into the overlarge t-shirt till it is filled to capacity. Once this is done the children will then be asked to try to perform their daily class activities such as sitting, reading, eating and playing. The objective of this study is for students to come to realize the inherent problems in relation to being obese. Academic education can only go so far to teach students about the problems inherent in becoming obese. It has actually been shown by various studies that students learn more through a physical understanding of the concept rather than through an academic one as such by having them learn of the physical difficulties of being too large and by educating them about the concept of obesity and its connection to unhealthy eating habits it is expected that students will be able to realize on their own the problems with being overweight and come to the realization that they should strive for proper eating habits. This particular project concept is different in that it enables a more hands on approach for the students; it enables them to physically learn the sensation of being overweight and thus gives a far greater impact than merely telling them about the problems associated with obesity. Benefits to Stude
Most Appropriate Type of Sampling Sampling and sampling methods in research is a major factor that not only guides a research study throughout its preliminary stage in line with the major research objectives and research questions but helps to determine its viability (Chance, Gibson & Eisenhardt, 2010). To effectively achieve and represent all demographic and social aspects of a population, the appropriate technique to use should be a strategic sampling method. The strategic random sampling method enhances the holistic representation of all demographic and social aspects of a population in the area of study. Questionnaires The use of questionnaires as the main data collection method is widely used in research. Its design reflects the advantages and disadvantages in the vital roles it plays in determining response rate. Therefore, it is apparent that the nature of the questionnaire ensures that the respective contents and requirements are understood by respondents. The following are some of the key strengths and weaknesses of using questionnaires: One of the advantages of questionnaires is a well-constructed survey that offers high reliability (Mathers, Fox & Hunn, 2007). In certain instances, a target population could be made up of professionals who have knowledge of the technical language used in the study. However, it is important to note that the language to be used in the study might not be appreciative of the missing link between legibility and comprehension. Language construction may help or hamper the readability of the questions. Besides, the use of surveys or questionnaires offers a quick turnaround. It saves time. Only pertinent issues are included in the questionnaire. This reduces the input required from respondents and therefore plays a role in providing a suitable condition for high response rates. On the other hand, questionnaires provide a low response rate of between 25% and 50%. Regardless of the time taken, the latter is not a good representation. A questionnaire as a literary piece is affected by its internal structure issues such as the length of the sentences and the level of interconnection between various areas of the questionnaire (Chava & Nachmias, 2007). The structure is an important variable in determining the levels of understanding that respondents will attain in discerning the contents of a questionnaire and is therefore an important variable in ensuring informed consent and accuracy of data collected. Yet, respondents may not understand the questions or they may just fill anything and render the document invalid. Privacy is an important factor in determining the level of openness with which a respondents engage in a research. This factor greatly affects the levels of accuracy that can be attained and is sought by the questionnaire design. Questions relating to personal information are omitted from the questionnaires. This ensures that the subjects freely express their viewpoints. Interviewing In an interview, the quality of result is found in the measures an interviewer takes (Daniel, 2010). It is critical that the interviewer unde