ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Depression is a severe mental health disorder that can substantially affect the life of diagnosed persons. It can be defined as a condition that impairs the patients’ cognition, the ability to control emotions, motivation, memory, and motoric function (Dean & Keshavan, 2017). Several perspectives can be applied to describe the disease and understand its nature. Thus, this post will discuss biological and social-cognitive perspectives on depression and the difference between these approaches. The social-cognitive perspective states that the disorder’s development is influenced by the events in the patient’s life and their way of thinking. Specifically, the theory claims that human behavior is influenced and shaped by an individual’s expectations, thoughts, beliefs, and social environment (Bennett et al., 2018). The author of the theory, Albert Bandura, pointed out that depressed people tend to believe they are responsible for the adverse events in their lives and those events negatively affect their self-concept, thoughts, and expectations (An American Addiction Centers Resource, 2020). Thus, cognition and the environment of an individual are key predictive factors for depressive disorder. In contrast, the biological perspective views depression as a condition influenced by natural factors, such as genetics and the chemistry of the brain. According to Dean and Keshavan (2017), emotional processing can be impaired by such biological factors as an extreme amygdalar response to stressful events or hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Abnormal dopaminergic transmission and altered mesolimbic pathways, among other factors, can also affect the development of the condition (Dean & Keshavan, 2017). Overall, genetic predisposition and neurochemistry of the brain are the main predictors of depression. Thus, the main difference between the social-cognitive and biological perspectives is the different views on the causes of the disorder’s development. In summary, depression is a serious syndrome that can be influenced by a wide range of factors. The social-cognitive theory states that it results from the adverse environmental events, thoughts, beliefs, and expectations of the affected persons. These factors affect each other, leading to the development of depression. In contrast, the biological perspective states that the disorder can be explained by genetics and the abnormal neurochemistry of the brain.
Introduction Bilingual education is the study that focuses on two languages and this case being Spanish as first language and English as the second language. This kind of study was due to the demands by the Spanish immigrants in the United States that their children learn the English language as well. They wanted a form of an understanding of the language of instruction to help their children create good communication skills in the public schools for better learning environment. For a long time in America, the public schools focused on two languages for instruction, the main one being the English language with the aim of helping students get familiar with the English language (Angela 16). It has always been available to those students who hardly spoke any English or were non-proficient in English. These students have been referred to as ‘Limited-English-proficient’ (LEP) or ‘English Language learners’ (ELL). Though the federal government had attempted to distance itself from this program in the early twenty first century, its implementation has received immense support by both the State governments, local education agencies and even the federal government in United States. Debates over the usefulness of the program has caused a great spectacle with each team arguing why they each think that the program is or is not very useful in the country. This argument had taken an interesting turn especially with the notion that the Mexican American students are the largest language minority in the United States. Background Of Bilingual Education According to Cummins (16), bilingual education embraces both the public and private schooling in America. It is not a new phenomenon as its application dates back to almost five hundred years. In 18 th and 19 th centuries, similar programs were introduced with a specialty to German, French and Scandinavian all of which slowly waned during the two World Wars which saw a decrease in the European Immigration. The years1958 – 1968 saw the evolution of Spanish being introduced as a foreign language in the States. During this period, reforms were made in the curriculum programs to embrace improved learning in mathematics, sciences and also foreign languages. This was after the Soviet launched its first earth artificial satellite in 1958. During this period, it also saw many Spanish citizens migrating to America as a result of the Cuba Revolution. They settled in Southern Florida around the Miami area. The Spanish speaking residents needed to learn and assimilate English as a second language a
Human trafficking is regarded as a modern illustration of slavery. This is a persistent problem for many countries. People from developing countries are often brought to developed countries and sold into slavery (be it sexual, labor or any other kind of slavery). Researchers and officials agree that the UK anti-trafficking legal response heavily relies on international practices and regulation, which can be seen as its strengths and weakness (Juss, 2016). On the one hand, there are quite efficient tools to combat human trafficking and provide assistance to the victims. For instance, the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons 2000 is an effective ground. Nevertheless, the protocols and law enforcement created on its basis have proved to be inefficient. The bureaucracy and lack of flexibility pose quite significant threats to the success of the UK anti-trafficking strategies. An illustration of this lack of flexibility and focus is the case of the Subatkis brothers. Young Lithuanian men paid £800 to get to the UK and land decent jobs (Lawrence, 2016). However, on their arrival, they found themselves in a food factory where they were forced to work with no payments. The brothers managed to escape and address the police. They were rescued and promised assistance during their state in the UK as they were important witnesses. They could use the benefits of the country’s National Referral Mechanism as the agency provides assistance (including financial support) to human trafficking victims. They received the aid during the period of 45 days, but after that, they were asked to leave their accommodations. In the end, they found themselves in the streets in a constant search for food and shelter. This situation was a result of the change in the program in 2014. Since then, EU citizens could not be passed to the mechanism mentioned above. An NGO managed to help the two brothers obtain a decent job with decent pay. Importantly, one of the key traffickers managed to escape and, potentially, proceed with his activities in the UK. Clearly, the strategy has proved to be ineffective in a number of aspects. One of these is the support of the victim. It is obvious that the period of 45 days is insufficient especially when the victim is a witness in a criminal case. The Subatkis brothers faced the problems associated with such limited help. The young men could end up in one of the gangs and cause more issues to British society. It is possible to extend this period, but the focus should be made on practical aid, n
Introduction The levels of conflict in Pierre’s Breaking Smith’s Quarter Horse can be classified in the forms of environmental conflict, situational conflict, physical conflict, and psychological conflict. The story is centered on the predicament of Smith who seems to lead a ridiculously virtuous life amid a world full of chaos, unrest, and deceit. Conflict with the environment In his seemingly righteous indignation against chaos and trouble, Smith endeavors by all means to avoid all forms of associations and relationships that might lead him into conflict with the environment. He is content to be a passive observer of situations around him to an extent to which he appears to be a stranger to his very self. This earnest desire to shun conflict dislocates him psychologically from his physical environment so that throughout the discourse it appears like his wife Norah has to occasionally play the role of a link that reunites him back to reality. However, it would appear that despite his best efforts, the reality of conflicts almost always seems to find its way to him. For instance, when Gabriele shows up in his backyard, he fails to act appropriately to safeguard his own welfare and that of his kin. He instead chooses to close ranks with Gabriele at least on the score of friendship. His uneasy association with Gabriele eventually draws him into t
Introduction Hunting has existed since the very first days of men. Driven by natural demand for food, humans have managed to come up with various methods of hunting their prey. The history of hunting is not as easy as it may look. As hunting has been an integral part of our lives throughout millennia, to fully understand its history a breakdown of each era of hunting is required. Furthermore, different countries have their methods of hunting, as well as their weapons, types of traps, equipment, etc., which only proves yet again that the history of hunting is one of the most complicated. History and traditions Contrary to the modern trend of hunting being more of a sport, during the pre-civilization era hunting was one of the main means of survival (Blain, n.d.). Men were hunters while their women stayed at home waiting for them to return. Their prey served not only as food but also as a material for a craft of the weapons needed for the hunt. Hunters used various weapons for their preys: slings, spears, arrows, nets, clubs and other things they could come up with. When hunting for bigger animals, hunters usually attacked in groups. The creation of traps was also one of the most useful additions to the hunting arsenal, as it does not even require hunters to physically engage with their preys. Sure at first all those weapons and traps were rather primitive, but they still served their purpose well, and as the time progressed, so did the quality of weapons and hunting equipment. However, back in the day, in order to be a successful hunter, just having a weapon or placing a trap was not enough. It required special skills, knowledge of the surroundings, animals, their habits and behavior, and, of course, creativity. For instance, hunters have also resorted to the usage of camouflage, so they would become harder to see. People during the prehistoric era also used poison to strengthen their weapons, as more often than not their weapons were not powerful enough to kill a larger animal. When people finally began to live together and the first civilizations appeared, hunting transformed from a means of survival into a game. Babylonians, Egyptians, and Romans – all are known for treating hunt as a sport, especially Romans, who even used captured animals for glad
Introduction Business conflicts are inevitable. Conflicts may range from small disagreements to big and costly disagreements. Sometimes, if left unattended, minor conflicts may easily become major conflicts, thereby creating devastating consequences for the parties involved. Businesses may suffer reputational damage, time and resource wastage, and the loss of future investment opportunities (among other ramifications) from business conflicts (Davis, 2012). To avoid these consequences, many businesses prefer to avoid conflict altogether, as opposed to solving them. However, some businesses are unsuccessful in doing so. The Trump Organization is one such entity that has failed to avoid conflict in the last decade. This article delves into the intrigues of a recently concluded dispute between the organization and New York-based licensing firm, ALM Unlimited. This paper explains the details of the conflict, including the cost of the conflict, the resolution of the conflict, and the undertones of the disagreement. The Case Informed of its role in helping the flamboyant real estate developer, Donald Trump, to secure a lucrative clothing contract with Phillips-Van Heusen (PVH) Company, ALM Unlimited named the Trump Organization in a lawsuit for unlawful termination of remittances to its organization (Clarke, 2013). In its defense, the Trump Organization claimed it had wrongfully remitted payments to ALM Unlimited. The company also said its payment to ALM Unlimited was supposed to be a one-off payment (McCoy, 2011). Moreover, according to Donald Trump, ALM Unlimited played a minimal role in helping the Trump Organization to secure the multimillion-dollar contract with PVH. In his submissions at a New York court, Donald Trump revealed that his company had received above $3,000,000 in royalties from the contentious deal (Clarke, 2013). Cost of the Conflict The cost of conflict is the amount of money a party aims to gain or lose from a business conflict. However, Davis (2012) says that when businesses are in conflict, the cost of the conflict often transcends the amount of money quoted in lawsuits, or the fees paid out to the lawy
Introduction The past few years have seen a rapid interest in entrepreneurship that is linked to the fact that small business contributes significantly to economic growth and buoyancy. Many people are also venturing into entrepreneurial careers since there are several economic rewards offered by it compared to larger companies. An entrepreneur is a person who has decided to work for himself or herself. A successful entrepreneur, on the other hand, is a person who initiates change, who has a creative mind and is an inventor (Stokes, Wilson and Mador 16). In short, an entrepreneur in business is someone who thinks of an idea, puts it into practice to earn money, and is willing to take any risk to ensure its success. The concept of entrepreneurship is all about innovation: a person thinks about new forms of organizations, new products, new markets, and new production methods (Scarborough 27). Why Is Entrepreneurship Important When innovations create demands, then wealth is created. Thus, the main role of an entrepreneur in business is to combine a number of inputs in a creative manner to produce value to the customer (Boettke 56). The production occurs while an entrepreneur assumes that the value will outdo the price of the inputs. When the cost of the value is higher than that of the input factors, then there is are superior returns. As a result, wealth is created. Steve Jobs managed it with Apple. To launch any successful business, there has to be an entrepreneur, a person that will see an opportunity on the market and then develop the drive, motivation, and the ability to find resources to reach this opportunity. An entrepreneur has the confidence in being able to take risks and continue doing business, an outstanding example of which is the revolutionary leader of Apple, Steve Jobs (Audretsch and Keilbach 36). He viewed failure as a way of learning, not as a setback. He was able to set distinct goals and targets to ensure that they succeed. Entrepreneurship is a key element of business management since business requires a visionary with unique ideas. These ideas can be implemented to make a product better, less expensive, make it meet a specific need, or create an entirely new market segment, as was done by Apple. A visionary is an individual that is able to think about something that has never been done before and is flexible enough to adapt to changes that occur in the fast-growing market. People need to embrace different ideas and techniques each day. Entrepreneurial profit will depend on the manager providing productive services that will create profits (Landstrom 68). Furthermore, an entrepreneur is an individual th
Introduction Body alteration or otherwise body modification involves the deliberate changing of one’s natural composition. There are many reasons to carry out body modification among them being aesthetics, marking a rite of passage among some cultures, portrayal of certain sexual enhancements, displaying body arts, and depicting affiliation to certain membership groups among others. Body modifications take a variety of forms including plastic surgery, socially acceptable decorations, for instance ear piercing, and religious rites of passage, for instance circumcision among others. Today, types of body modifications have expanded to include practices such as cosmetic surgery and body implants. From a sociological perspective, some practices of body modifications have attracted many controversies. Some of these controversies are akin to the notion of “attempting to beautify the natural form of a body often leading to charges of disfiguration and mutilation” (Atkinson, 2004, p.125). Consequently, critics of body modifications that encompass extreme alterations of the natural form of the human body as indicative of symptoms of dysmorphic disorder, evidence of some mental illness, or even a portrayal of some unchecked sanity. Indeed, unlicensed cosmetic surgeries are often considered illegal in many nations since they threaten the lives of their wearers. From the perspective of non-universal acceptability of some forms of body modifications, this study examines and evaluates how body modification practices have been understood as acts of inscription. Besides, the study points out why such modifications are understood as practices of difference. An effort is also made to discuss what happens when people read about body modifications with the aim of analysing how they represent embodied experiences within sociology. Understanding Body Modifications as acts of Inscription Body modifications can act as a means of inscribing people’s experiences and moments in life that one may not wish to forget. For instance, inscription of love on one’s body may act as a constant reminder of emotional attachment to certain people. Indeed, people have their arms inscribed with the names of their lovers and demised close family members such as their mothers, sisters, brothers, or even their fathers among others. By so doing, it means that an inscribed tattoo reminds one’s of the demise of close relative in a physical form of a body modification. Apart from the inscription of love, some people have had their bodies inscribed with names of places across the globe where they have ever visited at particular times. A good example of such a scenario is described by the Art of Listening (2007) with a man having “his arms and chest bearing the name of a place: Burma, Singapore, and Malaysia” (p.71). Furthermore, according to the Art of Listening (2007), body modifications can be incredible mechanisms of showing inscriptions that tell the whole lot of one’s eulogy in a more real and exhaustive manner. This assertion
Facilitating the communication between different elements of the city infrastructure is a crucial task, and the transportation system is what the success of communication hinges on. With the integration of improved transportation system principles into the infrastructure of Melbourne, the environment for purring the growth of local SMEs has been created. Affecting the PPP (public–private partnership) market on an internal level, the changes within the transportation system have incorporated the key principles of the Australian economy and, thus, contribute to the advance of the Australian market. The most obvious changes made to the Australian transportation system so far, the alterations in the process of decision making process must be mentioned. With the incorporation of the key economic principles into the supervision of the transportation processes, a rapid increase in the flexibility of the transportation processes for all parties involved (Australian Government vi). The decision making process, therefore, has been shifted towards the reduction of financial risks and the proper distribution of liabilities among the parties. The recent suggestion of integrating the key economic concepts into the improvement of the city infrastructure has triggered the necessity to reinvent the cost assessment strategies. At present, the traditional CBA approach allows for estimating the approximate revenue that the Australian government and the local SMEs, as well as major entrepreneurships, are going to attain with the incorporation of the new transportation principles into the city infrastructure, is rather viable. The new approach, however, will require a rearrangement of financial resources, since the costs for the issues related to transportation, are expected to be cut: “By reducing the comparative cost of public transport as compared to driving, we will encourage more people to use the public transport that is closest to them” (Department of Transport, Planning and Local Transportation (Planning) 101). Thus, with the integration of the economic principles integrated into the projects related to public transportation, the CBA analysis is most likely to be shaped considerably,
The conditions known as systolic and diastolic heart failure are quite the opposite in nature. The former means the inability of one’s heart to contract properly during heartbeats. In other words, it emerges due to the loss of contractile strength and leads to a low ejection fraction (< 45%), disrupting the work of this organ (Liu, 2021). This disease is more common than the second type because of the prevalence of particular symptoms among the patients, such as increased afterload, increased preload, or cardiac arrhythmias (“Congestive heart failure,” 2020). On the contrary, diastolic heart failure is an issue characterized by the heart’s inability to relax between the beats. As a result, it cannot function due to this impairment in filling, whereas a patient’s ejection fraction can be normal (Liu, 2021). This problem is also revealed by increased afterload and preload, but these symptoms are complemented by decreased ventricular compliance indicating the heart’s failure to expand when pressing (Liu, 2021). Therefore, even though these two diseases might have similar manifestations, they vary depending on the mechanism of their action and, in fact, correspond to different issues. The Patient’s Condition The patient under consideration is in diastolic heart failure due to several reasons stemming from the results of the diagnostics. First, the presence of the third heart sound normally appears when one’s heart has a problem in the ventricular filling, which corresponds to this condition (“Congestive heart failure,” 2020). Second, the high sinus rhythm (at 110 bpm) indicates the man’s irregular heartbeat, which is the result of