ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Psychological tests are techniques or processes that are used in assessing as well as evaluating information one gives to whoever is examining him or her. This marks the origination of its name, which is psychological evaluation (Kaplan, 2005). Whoever is being evaluated gives correspondence in form of solutions verbal or written. The accuracy of a psychological test will depend mostly on answers or questions. Types of psychological tests  1. Achievement and Aptitude Tests Is commonly practiced in educational as well as employment set ups, since they tend to measure the scope of understanding of a given knowledge. Most educational institutions incorporate this kind of test within its system. For instance during the new enrollment in schools; where new students are interviewed on their competence and possession of the set standard of that particular institution. Achievement and aptitude tests are usually observed in the educational or service background. This kind of tests, therefore try to gauge either on how much an individual is acquainted with about a definite subject (Kline, 2005). This test therefore, entails that an individual requires to be tested on what achievements in terms of knowledge one has maybe in mathematics or spelling. Also on how much of ability an individual has this is an individuals’ ability in mastering a matter in an exact region, such as mechanical associations.  1. Intelligence Test Measures ones intelligence ability of an individual, which a better knowledge of the general world surrounding him or her. Intelligence tend to measure ones potential and not what has been acquired or learned as its in the achievement test, this make it call for it being autonomous from culture. While designing this tests it becomes hard to make it be free fro culture-this is its weakness (Kaplan, 2005). There are also the intelligence tests that put more effort in measuring your intelligence. That is, your basic aptitude for an individual to appreciate the humanity around you, incorporate its performance, and applies this knowledge to enhance the eminence of a person’s life. Therefore this enables an individual to profit by mistake without being murdered by it. Therefore, intelligence is a gauge of a latent, not a gauge of what a person has learned in terms of the achievement examination. c) Neuropsychological test This is a psychological test which endeavor to assess the inefficiency in cognitive functioning, for instance ones ability to think, speak as well as to reason, that could have started as a given class of brain injury (Kline, 2005). The test is commonly used in institution for mentally challenged people or special school for students with special cases. Psychological tests are in most cases undertaken or administered by psychologists or counselors who have qualified or trained in that field. Some of the considerations these tests were created for include;  1. Easy of getting information Psychological information give easy access of the necessary knowledge required as compared to some techniques of measuring evaluation of information like clinical interviews.  1. Consistency of information The information from
Introduction Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were two political figures whose contrasting opinions about the United States’ politics and economy significantly affected America’s path of development. This division created a dual system the remnants of which exist to this day. The two men saw a very different future for the country based on the duties and powers of the federal and local governments. As a result, their influence on the industries and policies also varied. Main body Hamilton envisioned the U.S. under the guidance of a strong federal government that can interfere in and manage the economy of the country, believing that the concept of a single united nation is more important than the independence of its states (Montgomery and Chirot 219). Thus, he thought that a powerful central authority that could decide to support specific industries and improve local trade with import tariffs would create a stronger country. Jefferson, on the other hand, believed that states should have more power, leaving the central government virtually devoid of any major responsibilities. His focus on local governments, economies, and militaries was rooted in the notion that the needs of people in various states cannot be the same (Montgomery and Chirot 219). Thus, state laws should be able to accommodate specific needs as opposed to having one source of authority that leads the whole nation. These views of political power also impacted the men’s economic philosophies. It should be noted that Hamilton’s supporters were of urban origin, while Jefferson’s followers mostly came from rural regions (Montgomery and Chirot 219). Therefore, it was beneficial for merchants and manufacturers to have local industries that were controlled and supported by the government. Hamilton believed that commerce in the U.S. would become stronger if local goods were favored by customers, while imported products would be disregarded. Thus, he introduced the idea of having additional tariffs for imports, driving the local industry forward (Bakija et al. 4). As a contrast, Jefferson’s views were inspired by farmers who sold their crops and wanted to buy cheap products in return. The politician opposed the tariffs declaring that it would be unfair to interfere with the market relations. Thus, he believed in the economy free of governmental support or control. Two fundamentally different opinions affected the politicians’ views on domestic and foreign policy. As noted above, Hamilton wanted to focus on local investments and create a nation with one shared objective. Jefferson opposed such interference and argued that the economy would be the most stable if it could operate and guide itself. After comparing the men’s beliefs about the country, it can be assumed that both contributed to the country’s dual system. However, Hamilton’s philosophy was possibly more influential, leaving traces in the
Introduction The prison system in the US is a complex mechanism aimed at re-educating criminals and reintegrating them into society. Over the past decades, the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and the US Department of Justice have adopted many reforms to ensure successful reentry, including the transfer of prisoners to halfway houses in the final months of imprisonment, the issuance of IDs still in prison, and the education system that goes as far as university grants ( Prison reform: Reducing recidivism , 2017). This paper aims to describe the structure of the prison system in the US. Statistics According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, there are 122 federal and 12 contract prisons. These institutions contain 154,071 prisoners and employ 37,344 correctional professionals ( About our agency , 2021). The Bureau is especially proud of the reduction in the recidivism rate to 34%, which is an outstanding achievement compared to the penitentiary systems of other states and the statistics of the past years. Educational and reentry programs make the main input to reducing the level of relapses. Types of Institutions There are five types of correctional facilities where offenders who have committed crimes of varying severity are kept. In minimum-security institutions or Federal Prison Camps (FPCs), inmates live in dormitories, there is a low staff-to-inmate ratio, and limited or no perimeter fencing. Such institutions are focused on work and education in the framework of various government and non-government programs. Further, low-security Federal Correctional Institutions (FCIs) are usually surrounded by double fences ( About our facilities , 2021). Inmates live in dormitory or cubicle housing, and their daily routine is built around work and program components; the staff-to-inmate ratio is higher here. Medium security FCIs are more like the picture that people imagine when they say ‘prison’ or ‘correctional system.’ These facilities have double-fencing with electronic detection systems, a higher staff-to-inmate ratio, more internal controls, and cell-type housing ( About our facilities , 2021). However, there are also many work and treatment programs operating here. High-security institutions or United States Penitentiaries (USPs) have the most secured perimeters, with walls or reinforced fences, the highest staff-to-inmate ratio, cell-type housing with multiple and single type cells, and close control of inmate movement. The Bureau’s official website does not indicate the availability of educational programs for USPs, unlike the other four types of incarceration. There are also jails for criminals awaiting trial or sentencing ( The US correctional system defined , 2021). Besides, convicted criminals are placed in solitary confinement if they exhibit incredibly aggressive behavior. Another type of interaction between offenders and the US prison system is community supe
Global strategy defines a set of actions that a company performs when it wants to expand on the worldwide market and shift from domestic level to the international one. Apart from a global strategy, a company might use a strategy of expansion on the international market through cooperation, internationalization, integration, concentration, or diversification. This way, the difference between other international expansion strategies and a global one is that the latter is more integrated and includes various methods to expand. The current essay contains a marketing plan for the company that tries to enter the global market. Talking about the possible countries for globalization, it is essential to consider the rate of globalization of a particular nation and the demand for the products that an organization sells. According to Duffin (2020), the top-three globalized countries in the world are Switzerland, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The problem with these countries is that the local furniture industry is marked by the high rate of development and, therefore, the high standard of competition (Pisa & Pelizzari, 2019). This way, it could be suggested that the better choice for the organization is not to move to Western Europe but move in the direction of Asia instead. Therefore, Singapore, South Korea, and Hong Kong seem to be suitable options for globalization. These countries are marked by a high economic development speed and have the reputation of countries appealing for business dealing. The possible disadvantage of entering these countries might be the protectionist measures, directed against foreign companies, taken by the local governments. Out of the three mentioned countries, the most suitable one is Hong Kong. That is so because, first of all, this country depends on international trade. Besides, the current political situation, conflicts between Hong Kong and China, and the trade war between China and the US, make Hong Kong politically valuable for American companies. In addition, in this state, there is a free-market economy and absent import tariffs and barriers. Finally, Hong Kong is a densely populated area, and this implies a greater demand for goods. Still, one could argue against Hong Kong in favor of Switzerland. The principal argument is that this country has a stable political situation and a strong economy. This fact makes it favorable for the development of businesses since Switzerland does not expose them to shocks. What is more, it could be suggested that the competitive economy would motivate the company to develop itself and think of new strategies that could improve the quality of the produced goods. Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that the market for furniture in Western Europe is rather old, and there are giants there that could hinder newcomers’ development. Finally, moving to the issue of areas that should be considered, it is crucial to notice that global marketing requires diversification of practices and does not imply standardization (Steenkamp, 2017). This s
It had rained heavily last night. The streets were still littered with puddles. It was 7.00 am but the sky was still overcast. Not that it stopped anyone from going about their work. The birds were flying out of their nests to find food. As were the fishermen. And the thousands of working class men and women. Perhaps the only people who did not have any work were the ten odd families standing here around this lamppost. Leaning on it, I looked around at these people, waiting for the fishing boat which was to take them to the ship waiting out there in the sea. It was a small harbor and a ship that size could not anchor here. At this harbor, it was customary for a small fishing boat to ferry people to and from the large ships which patiently waited for the passengers in the open sea. Standing next to me was my husband of two weeks. Our honeymoon had been delayed because his father was on the deathbed on the day we took our vows. In fact, it had been a hurried wedding at the hospital chapel because my father-in-law wanted to see his only son married before he moved on to the next world. I had known John since I was twelve and he fifteen. We had grown up together, practically like brother and sister. So imagine my surprise when last month he proposed to me. But then I figured that I did not have that many suitors and at twenty nine, I wasn’t getting any younger. If I did not want to grow-up into an old maid, I better take whatever was on offer. And what was on offer wasn’t all that bad. John is a nice and caring man and ran a profitable business. While he does not have the tra
CFRC (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites) The research done by Chawla (2010, p. 118) demonstrates the fact that carbon fiber reinforced composite has been very useful in the construction industry. This is because of its two most important characteristics. The first characteristic is the strength it offers to structures. Mallick (2008, p. 87) says that carbon fiber reinforced composites have a super bond both chemically and mechanically reinforced. Such structures as bridges must be developed in a manner that would enable them withstand the pressure exerted by the weight. When this strength is lacking, then such a bridge or any other building may easily come down when exposed to excessive pressure. The second characteristic is that such composites can withstand very high temperatures. This makes them appropriate in civil engineering, especially in construction of structures that holds or works within a heated environment. Limitations of CFRP Application in Civil Engineering According to Vaidya (2011, p. 33), the limitations of CFRP application in civil engineering is majorly associated with limited research in this field. For instance, it is a common knowledge in this field that coefficient of thermal expansion is very different in the traverse direction as compared to the longitudinal one, a fact that causes longitudinal splitting in concrete when exposed to extreme temperatures. However, measures that can be taken to address this issue have not been developed. The fact that the coefficient of thermal expansion is dissimilar causing the split means that if this issue is addressed, then CFRP can last longer than they do currently. However, this issue is not yet addressed due to limited research in this area, making carbon fiber reinforced composite unattractive in this industry when it comes to constructing structures expected to last long. The limited knowledge and experience on properties of CFRP has also resulted in scenarios where CFRP is used wrongly, creating even more distrust towards it when it finally fails to deliver what it was expected to by the responsible authorities. Why Carbon Fiber and Concrete Sanders (1982, p. 84) says that another reason why carbon fiber and concrete has majorly been used is that it has a high chemical resistance. This makes the structure able to withstand chemicals that will always be exposed to in under various circumstances. The nature of carbon fiber and concrete makes it able
Introduction The tourism sector has undergone remarkable growth since the beginning of the 21st century. Some of the factors that have stimulated the growth include the high rate of globalization and market liberalization. Therefore, the intensity of competition has increased significantly. The support industries in the sector such as the hotel industry have greatly been influenced by market changes. One of the most noticeable trends in the hotel industry entails the shift towards sustainability (Tyrrell & Johnston, 2008). Goldstein and Primlani (2012) assert that sustainability involves an attempt to balance the economic, social/cultural, and environmental factors in order to foster responsible short-term and long-term business decision-making. Over the past two years, investors and managers in the hotel industry have gained great awareness on the issues linking social, economic, and environmental elements in achieving responsible business operations. Goldstein and Primlani (2012) emphasize that sustainability encompasses almost all aspects of hotel management and ownership. Therefore, hotel managers and investors have a duty to drive their organizations towards sustainability. This paper illustrates how the prevailing industry trends will affect my role as a general manager in the hotel industry. Current trends Several trends are evident in the contemporary hotel industry in pursuit of sustainability. To satisfy the environmental dimension of sustainability, the industry has experienced the emergence of a green hotel movement. This trend has led to the emergence of diverse regional and international environmental management
Introduction The following description is a series of important events that led to the identification and subsequent cloning of the PARK2 gene responsible for Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder that impairs various important functions. The main problems include bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability and people affected by this disorder may fall in the age range of 65-80 (Daniel Weintraub et al., 2008). The etiology of this disease is believed to have a strong relationship with hereditary factors. As such, understanding the genetic predisposition of certain families to Parkinson’s disease became more vital. Gene mapping studies have made a significant contribution in assigning the location of specific genes to particular chromosome loci. Main body Quinn, Critchley, and Marsden (1987) conducted a study on two groups of patients with PD and reported that the patients in the age range of 21 and 40 years should be called “young onset Parkinson’s disease.” and those below 21 years should be identified as having “juvenile parkinsonism.” This was supported by another similar study that described the development of juvenile parkinsonism in four of the five siblings in a family (Takahashi et al., 1994). One of the clinical forms of PD is autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP) which was regarded as a ‘familial’ type of PD and subsequent cloning of the gene responsible for the autosomal recessive type of ‘familial PD’ has contributed to the better understanding of sporadic cases of PD (Mizuno, Hattori, & Matsumine, 1998). Hiroto Matsumine et al. (1997) conducted a linkage analysis study on AR-JP. According to this study, the AR-JP gene was found to be localized at chromosome 6q25.2-27 and co-segregated with another gene known as SOD2 (Mn-superoxide dismutase gene) between D6S437 andD6S264 markers. This study has chosen the SOD2 gene because its increased activity was reported to interfere with the pathology of PD. Previously, it was believed that the alteration of mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) function would result in neuronal death in PD (Di Monte DA, 1991). Mizuno et al (1995) described a reduction in the complex I of mitochondrial electron transfer complex and loss of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) in the substantia nigra of patients with PD. These defects could have led to the generation of neuronal toxins in patients with PD (Mizuno et al. 1998). This process might have also led to impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that facilitated the excess of superoxide anions release and subsequent enhancement of the SOD 2 gene activity (Hiroto Matsumine et al. 1997). Hence, the polymorphism of the SOD 2 gene has led to the finding of the AR-JP gene and drawn further research attention. Further, lin
Introduction The objective of this report is to discuss the issues and solutions thereof that arise in the evolution of enterprise system architecture as a result of organization and business growth. The decentralization of legacy monolithic centralized enterprise network architecture has evolved into distributed client-server architecture with a TCP/IP network backbone. Processing tasks and databases reside on different computing platforms; these servers are connected to the enterprise WAN/LAN. The clients on user personal computers connected to the enterprise WAN/LAN can retrieve data from the servers. The distributed architecture requires cooperated computing between processes and databases located on different servers in order to accomplish the task. The distributed architecture with cooperated computing has resulted in the replacement of mainframe computers with small hardware platform domains. These domains have a network backbone and are the repository of mission-critical corporate data (Nezlek, 1999). The appropriate and coordinated enterprise architecture has the following benefits (Nezlek, 1999):  1. Reduction of undesirable redundancy of system components,  2. Appropriate allocation of information processing functions to platforms,  3. Meaningful allocation of computing resources to organization locations and  4. Ability to share information resources across organizational entities at a manageable cost. Enterprise System Evolution Issues The following issues have been identified and discussed in this report:  1. The organization of network resources must provide management control automation to prevent conflicts, to avoid redundancy of data for system integrity and for automation of management control.  2. The legacy systems must be utilized to reduce the equipment cost. The new system architecture must, however, ensure that the use of legacy systems must not increase system operational costs.  3. The above two points must also consider the security of network resources and information processed and stored on these resources.  4. The system architecture must provide fast, secure and optimized service to the organization employees and external customers. Network Resource Organization The structuring principles for systems architecture to enable management control are (Boutaba, 1995):   * Identify domains for grouping of resources in order to enable the control of resources and delegation of authority for control. The authority has to be assigned for peer-to-peer conflict resolution and sharing of resources.