ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction and Background Reading comprehension is a significant skill that learners should acquire to achieve a high level of academic performance. However, some of the students may encounter challenges associated with this skill; the majority of individuals experiencing difficulties are English language learners (ELLs). The primary objective of this literature review is to analyze how improvement in students’ comprehension skills and academic vocabulary can lead to a decrease in the academic reading gap among ELLs. To achieve this goal, the analysis addresses several articles on the issue, discussing their main points and ideas. The paper presents two research questions and the background information on the reading performance gap, along with the significance of the analysis. Then, it features scholarly articles and governmental reports on reading comprehension statistics and the effectiveness of the graphic organizer’s strategy and the vocabulary learning strategy, outlining their possible disadvantages as well. The literature review concludes by identifying the gaps in existing evidence and addressing the possible contributions of the report. There is a significant need for the elimination of the reading performance gap among ELLs. Currently, there are almost 5 million ELLs studying in the USA, constituting more than 9.5% of all students in the country (National Center for Education Statistics, 2019). The number of ELLs has decreased significantly within the past decades, as in 2000, less than 4 million such students were registered. In addition, more than nine states report that the percentage of ELLs in public schools is 10% or higher (National Center for Education Statistics, 2019). It is possible to suggest that the number will continue to grow. Despite many years of instructional and assessment-related changes to improve reading instructions in American public schools, many ELLs’ reading comprehension scores remain low (August, McCardle, & Shanahan, 2014). Many ELLs lack language skills that are essential for their academic future and can deprive them of an opportunity to continue quality education. Several factors and challenges may be associated with ELLs’ reading performance. For example, these stude
Overview of the Two Contracting Companies Dronetech and VectorCal are manufacturers of drone navigation systems. The US government has made efforts to invest more on defense. As such, there is need to purchase more aerial unmanned vehicles. Currently, the machines are commonly referred to as drones. They share the US air space with commercial and other aircrafts. There is need to develop navigation technologies that will enable the unmanned drones to avoid other crafts in the air (Austin, 2010). The aim is to reduce cases of loss of drones following aerial accidents. The Department of Defense is in the process of advertising a $400000 government contract to achieve this objective. The money has been set aside to purchase drone navigation technologies for the government. A government auditor has been contacted with the aim of examining the operational data of the companies that will express their interest to participate in the contract. In the US, contract auditors are employees of the federal government. Their role is to assess the suitability of each of all companies and entities vying for the contract in question (Sol, 2014). They pay more attention to the price and cost analysis of the operations carried out by each of the companies. Following the analysis, they make recommendations to the federal government regarding the company that is best suited for
Introduction Economic theories continue to evolve to conform to prevailing economic situations. In the early 1950s people and governments relied on the findings of Keynes to make their economic decisions. Further research by modern economists has confirmed his findings while others dispute them. Quantity controlled macroeconomics confirms Keynes findings thus contradicting the relationship between macroeconomics and the general equilibrium theory. Coddington thus labels quantity controlled macroeconomics as reductionist. This paper looks at the reasons that made Coddington take that stance. Macroeconomics is basically involved in policymaking via fiscal and monetary policies. These policies have a direct effect on individual firms. The general equilibrium rule states that supply equals demand. However, when their quantities are controlled they confirm what Keynes proposed about macroeconomics. He called for the government’s intervention in the operations of the market and private sector. Coddington’s views Suppose we first understand what Coddington meant by the word reductionist in regards to economics or macroeconomic at a more specific level. Keynes proposes that utilization of resources could be high or low while previous economists stressed the particular case of full utilization. Coddington expresses his opposition to this proposal by saying that quantity controlled macroeconomics promotes a reductionism effect in the levels of performance to a firm or an economy for that matter. He says that market forces can handle the problem with no need for government involvement to limit certain factors. He bases his reasoning on the following. (Markusen, 2001) General equilibrium calls for non-interference with the determinants of demand and supply in the market both in micro and macroeconomics. Coddington says that limiting the supply of a product or service in the market will pull down the performance of a firm since the firm will lose its market share to competitors. On the macroeconomic front, a government’s reluctance to control the flow and supply of money in an economy, for example, will lead to inflation and an upsurge in interest rates. High-interest rates will hinder the expansion of an economy and other firms as well. However, Coddington is against this saying that market dynamics should be the ones to determine the interest rates to be charged and the amount of money circulating within a particular system and not the government to set limits. He views that dictating the interests rate that banks are to charge will interfere with their performance. Limiting the supply of money will have the locals lacking access to money according to Coddington. Lack of access to money or liquidity as such will interfere with the collection of taxes and availability of funds to the government itself. Again, the government’s decision to limit the number of reserves that
Introduction to Induction Training Program Research Background to the Research The study of the induction training program is focused on the nature of the induction program at the XYZ Company. The study also considers the effects of the current program to the performance of the employees. Glass is a very fragile product, and therefore its manufacturing process has to be carefully planned. Recently, the standards of glass manufactured have dropped, and also their packaging is poor. Additionally, the number of accidents in glass manufacturing has increased in comparison to previous years. This research tries to identify the relationship between this poor performance and the induction program in use. Training new employees are very important to the organization because it helps prevent frequent staff turnover. It also helps in identifying the best working relationship between the management and the employees (Armstrong, 2006). The main reasons why the HR department should conduct an efficient Induction Program are as follows. First, the company is in a position to explain to the new employees on its culture regarding performance and regulations. In addition to regulations, socialization in the company is enhanced by this program (Vonnegut, 2009). Secondly, various managerial issues are discussed, such as the procedure of payment and also the mode of payment used by the company. Induction training sets up employees in the organization and gives a detailed introduction to the work environment (Clement, 1995). Further, induction training enables new employees to become useful members of the company. As a result, short term staff turnover will be reduced, and productivity improved (Vonnegut, 2009). This research will identify the type of induction program at XYZ Company. The research will also focus on identifying the effects of the induction program to the employees’ performance. Objectives of the Research The aim of this research is to identify the form of Induction Training Program in Company XYZ. The research, therefore, seeks to evaluate the different methods of induction. Secondly, the research seeks to explore the method of induction that is more effective. The third objective of this research is to investigate the importance of a proper induction training program for the company. Lastly, this research seeks to identify the flaws in the current induction program. Relevance of the Research to the Organization The research conducted is very important because it explores areas that can explain the high staff turnover in company XYZ and also explains ways in which the company can improve performance. Proper induction program might also reduce the high number of accidents in the company. Identification of the Research Needs This is a broad area of research, and therefore a lot of information in the form of data is required. Most of the literature required in the research was obtained from the internet and library. The employees provided essential information through interviews questionnaires. Money for travelling as well as time for the research was essential for the successful outcome of the
Introduction The advertisement claims that stem cell technology has made a breakthrough in skin care by utilizing anti-aging properties of apple stem cells. Researchers have shown that extracts from Swiss apple, Malus domestica , have regenerative effect on skin, and thus have utilized them in the production of apple stem cells from adult cells. Adult stem cells are unique because they have no limited life span and are effective in repairing cells in the body, particularly skin tissue. According to The Age (2011), M . domestica apple’s extracts have regenerative effect on cell culture as laboratory tests have shown that they significantly increase proliferation of adult cells by 80% (p.1). Thus, it means that apple’s extracts have the ability to stimulate regeneration of adult cells in the skin. Therefore, this essay critically evaluates the relevance of information, claims, and the supporting evidence of the advertisement. Critical Evaluation of the Advertisement The advertisement is relevant in skin care because it suggests that apple stem cells are very important in rejuvenating aging skin. The advertisement further asserts that apple stem cell technology is unique because it uses adult stem cells that have no ethical concerns, unlike previous stem cell technology that relied on embryonic stem cells. Thus, the advertisement seeks to dispel fears associated with ethical issues that customers had by asserting that apple stem cell technology has no ethical concerns. According to Watson (2011), advertisement of skin care products with apple stem cells has recorded unprecedented demand from customers because monthly sales are twice as expected (p.1). This shows that the advertisement is very captivating due to scientific evidences that it claims. Furthermore, the advertisement is credible because endless regeneration of apple stem cells makes them applicable in anti-aging therapy of skin care. According to the Age (2011), application of apple’s extracts in generation of apple stem cells for rejuvenating skin is a breakthrough in stem cell technology (p.1). Therefore, since information in the advertisement is relevant in informing customers about advancement in stem cell technology and skin care, people need to rejuvenate their skin. The advertisement claims that M. domestica is a unique apple in that has a long shelf life and it can repair itself. Furthermore, the advertisement claims that M. domestica has regenerative effect on adult cells by transforming them to adult stem cells. The claims are consistent with scientific research as Reunad (2009) confirms that apple stem cells have restorative and regenerative effect,
In the American history, reconstruction has two meanings. The first meaning wraps up the history of America during and after the Civil War. The meaning covers the renovation of the Southern United States, which was a period ranging from 1863 to 1877. After the Civil War, Washington came up policies that would help in rebuilding the region that encounter losses after the war. Presidents Lincoln and Johnson took a moderate position while radical Republicans came up with stern policies aimed at transforming the southern states (Barney 65). After the 1866 general elections, the radicals had an opportunity to implement their tough policies. The radicals used various state machineries to suppress white insurgency from the southern masters. One of the policies adopted by the government was the deployment of the military to the southern states to maintain peace and order. The military was instructed to quell violence during campaigns and voting periods (Blair 31). In 1864, the Lincoln came up with governmental policy requesting voters to swear that they have never supported the activities of the Confederacy. Voters were supposed to take an oath of ironclad. The policy was later referred to as ‘malice toward none’ whereby Lincoln requested voters to support only the Union. The president sponsored a bill referred to as Wade-Davis Bill, which was aimed at strengthening the union and weakening the Confederacy. The Congress came up with a policy aimed at uplifting the standards of those states that had declared their independence. In this case, universal suffrage was one of the policies adopted to encourage voters to support the Union. The moderates demanded that all voters were to be allowed to vote while the radicals claimed that only a few voters were to vote. In the southern states, a conflict between Five Civilized Tribes existed. From the above analysis, it can be observed that the reconstruction policies were not successful in any way. The policies did not solve the problems that faced the southerners because the gap between the rich and the poor increased. In most states, the blacks offered their labor without receiving a substantial pay. The aim of the policies was to enhance equality in terms of property ownership. In the south, the whites had huge tracts of land and all major investments belonged to them. The blacks existed at the mercy of the whites since the government did little to protect them from the brutality of property owners. The policy on universal suffrage aimed at giving the blacks an opportunity to participate in elections. This meant that blacks could present their candidature, and they would vote for their preferred candidate during the general elections. However, the policies did not provide equal opportunities to all races. The white race was favored because it was provided with adequate security during campaigns. The black race was used as a rubberstamp since it was neve
There are many ways for a business to achieve a competitive advantage. Some managers choose to focus on pursuing innovation and improving their companies, while others prefer to focus on internal issues and mitigate them. Other examples are businesses introducing a new product that overtakes the revenue and sales volume of the previous, which is cannibalization. This paper will compare and contrast different strategies for achieving competitive advantage, discuss information systems and social IT. There are two primary ways to approach business management. The destroy your business approach (DYB) implies a focus on the weaknesses that competitors would use to eliminate their rival (Chen, n.d.). DYB is a strategic action that allows the executives to identify the most significant weaknesses and destroy them. For example, having an office in a state that is not profitable for a company may be a considerable weakness unless this unit has a good plan for development and reaching profitability. If this organization aims to overcome its competition, it should apply DYB to destroy the weak elements of it, in this case, the unit that does not provide profits. In the long-term, DYB allows maintaining operations by illuminating the obstacles and improving profitability. In contrast to DYB, some business managers focus on innovation as their selected business strategy. Grow your business (GYB) approach implies improving the business’s services, for example, by finding novel ways of reaching different consumer segments (Pearlson, Saunders, & Galetta, 2019). GYB is essential for long-term operations because businesses need new developments to remain competitive and continue receiving profits. Arguably, both DYB and GYB are necessary for contemporary businesses that operate in highly competitive environments. One allows th
The focus of Chris Hesketh’s article “Clean development or the development of dispossession? The political economy of wind parks in Southern Mexico “is an issue of emerging cognitive and material inequities associated with clean development technology. I think that this study provides a different look at the trend of the introduction of green technologies in developing countries. Taking care of the ecology, class, and racial problems of subaltern groups, having realized on the concrete example of Mexico the existence of various forms of exploitation of the indigenous population through innovative technologies, one must understand the importance of combating the domination of colonialism and capitalism. Synopsis The author of the article is concerned about the perception of wind energy as flawless in all areas of energy development. Wind power is thus considered as one of the clean development projects. In the author’s view, this branch of energy reproduces colonial power relations. An empirical analysis of the specific location of wind farms leads to a global reflection on the essence of environmental justice in the modern world. In my opinion, the importance of the text lies in its attempt to rethink the traditional view of the colonial policy of introducing new technologies of the Nordic countries. The author emphasizes the need to consider the south indigenous population’s voices in making such decisions. Mainly focusing his attention on the situation in Oaxaca, the author nevertheless brings the research into the level of discussion of current global environmental problems. The text asks many inconvenient questions for the owners of capital, calling for an end to the imperialist policy of imposing the only possible path of development, in their opinion. The purpose of the work seems to me, in addition to actualizing the environmental problems of Mexico, is an attempt to propose a draft solution to the impending threats, taking into account the lifestyle and desires of the local inhabitants of the region. Comments I agree with the author in his position on the policy pursued in Mexico. Indeed, the denial of indigenous views as irrelevant to the dominant colonial ideas is unacceptable if we want to combat the oppression of developing countries by capital-rich countries. Before reading the article, I did not critically consider the impact of clean development projects on the local population where such technology projects are being implemented. While making seemingly environmentally sound decisions, it did not seem evident to me that the state does not care about the well-being of the living people but rather about the possibility of extracting additional profit. However, the
Introduction With the fall of communism, the world became enjoined in a unitary global political economy, but of great importance was the formation of global markets, crossing national borders an event that resulted into globalization. For some time, the definition of globalization has conceptualized on the process of economic exchange in finished goods and commodities but as the trend shows, this historical definition is changing as more global production concept sets in. Revolutionary advances in communications and information technology have facilitated globalization of production (Maswood, 2008). The factors that have resulted into globalization of production can be traced to include trade liberation in the postwar era, neo-protectionism in the 1970s and 1980s and the Plaza Accord of 1985 (Maswood, 2008). Globalization in its essence is regarded as a logical extension of the liberalization process and the interdependence networks that were created among the nations after the Second World War. More so, it has been largely been influenced by the illiberal forces of neo-protectionism and by the exchange rate adjustments that took place in 1980s (Maswood, 2008). As the world becomes more global, barriers in trade and transport become minimal resulting in reduced costs of conducting businesses across nations. This in turn leads to increased trade between producers located in one country and consumers found in another country (Hanson, 2001, p.1). Today, as globalization continues to entail increased trade in finished goods, there is also continued fragmentation of industrial operations internationally where industries are moving to locate their firms in a country operations can be carried out with minimal cost (Hanson 2001, p.1). Hill, McKaig and Richardson (2010) define globalization of production as, “the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like labor and capital” ( p.1). To the author, this is taking place in the world because there is developments in the technological environment and numerous regions are presenting varying and unique advantages as far as economic is concerned. As these happen, there is increased transportation of voluminous goods covering long distances. In addition, many people are moving further and further from their original places due to impacts of information and communication (Hill, McKaig and Richardson, 2010). The role of communication is further played in the global environment in that it is becoming cheaper to purchase numerous component parts at cheaper prices. Lastly, as manufacturing continue to take place there is greater sourcing of components from different locations within the particular nation or from outside the country (Hill, McKaig and Richardson, 2010). Historical development of globalization of production Scholte (2000) noted that globalization is at forefront in helping capitalism to become more widespread and strong than ever. As such, globalization can be seen to be anoth