ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Ludwig Wittgenstein, the Austrian philosopher, made a great contribution to the study of logic, philosophy of mind, and language. He supposes that the subject of knowing how to go on is somewhat of a labyrinth. There are aspects of it that Wittgenstein handles more darkly than others, but because various strands of the subject are woven together in his discourse, it can be difficult to disentangle even the aspects that are in themselves clear (Penalver, 1997). The idea of an independent standard is a picturesque expression of the care and precision that is demanded of us in the training. People are taught to proceed diligently as if God’s eye were upon us; but if that were true, the eye would be that of someone who has learned our mathematics, gets his answers by calculation and gets them right if he does as we do; but perhaps is not so prone to the blunders we sometimes inattentively commit. Taking into account his philosophical conceptions and ideas, it is possible to assume that Wittgenstein would believe that “it is irrational to believe in God”. Main body It is irrational to believe in God because we cannot perceive it and see it. According to Wittgenstein while we might, if we thought the only way of explaining the gesture is by pointing, reckon that it is unteachable, and there must be some happy genetic adaptation that makes people construe it in the way we wish, it is not so clear that in fact, we would have either to abandon anyone who lacked this happy adaptation or in any case not correct his mistake in any way that we could call ‘teaching’ or ‘showing’. It would not have to be done, even if it could, with drugs, radiation, or psycho-analysis: there are dozens of things we could try, none of which is sure to work, but any of which might succeed (Dienstag, 1998). The account requires people to say that ‘God created Adam’ means something, it is just mysterious, and probably impossible for us to say, what it means; and all the indications so far have been that Wittgenstein would not accept this. In the case of each of these interpretations, there is something against attributing it to Wittgenstein, but nothing very conclusive; and nothing much that counts in favor. Perhaps he had no particular ‘service’ in mind, and his aim was to set us to thinking about what service, in any sense, the words and pictures performed, or whether indeed they performed any; because it is at least clear that any service they perform will be of a peculiar nature (Read & Crary 2000). If it is sometimes true that a person has an agile mind, then (we think) there must be minds, and there is a question what they are; and if wanting to know what is going on in his head is wanting to know what he is thinking, then (we think) thinking must be something that goes on in the head (Read & Crary 2000). Since these expressions have settled into the language, and seem to be among the primary, plain ways we ha
Introduction Finding a purpose for art is just as hard as giving it a precise definition. There are many reasons and purposes for art. Some art styles focus on perfection of the physical form, while others are intent on sending a message to the viewer. The choice of a purpose does not make one style inherently superior or inferior to another. As history shows, purposes and messages behind art can become points of contention and criticism within the art community. An example of such a confrontation could be found between the adepts of two different art styles that were prevalent in the 18th century – Baroque and Rococo. While Baroque was based on tragedy, darkness, raw emotion, and meaningful messages, Rococo was a light-hearted style centered around beauty, fun, love, and playful behavior. St. Gerome by Caravaggio In order to see the difference between the two styles, it is necessary to compare the works of their iconic representatives – Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio and Joan-Honore Fragonard. One of Caravaggio’s famous works is St. Gerome , which depicts a saint at a table filled with manuscripts and books. 1 One of the books has a human skull on top of it. The picture is dark and full of contrast, as the deep shadows come in conflict with the bright robes worn by the saint. The artist demonstrates an excellent use of chiaroscuro – a technique used to balance the light and the dark colors in a painting. 2 St. Gerome is a classic example of Baroque style – the painting has a deep meaning and a great philosophical value. It illustrates a Biblical scene. Many Baroque artists, including Caravaggio, were deeply religious. The underlying contexts behind Caravaggio’s art could not be contained within a single picture frame, which creates a feeling of a question left unanswered. Like many Baroque paintings, his work is best observed from afar. 3 The Swing by Joan-Honore Fragonard Rococo art is a complete opposite to Baroque. It evolved from a style used for decoration. Its distinctive features are minimalism and attention to the detail. Rococo art presents a palette of bright and gentle colors with limited use of the color black. Joan-Honore Fragonard’s painting, The Swing , is one of the greatest examples of Rococo art. 4 It depicts a maiden having fun on a swing in the park and a young man who is surprised by the maiden swinging through the brush. It has all the traits of a classic Rococo-style painting – the main characters are members of aristocracy, the surroundings are cheerful and beautiful, and there is a degree of mischief to the setting, as it is implied that the flustered young man caught sight of the maiden’s legs as she swung herself up on the swing. Rococo art, in contrast to dark and serious Baroque paintings, does not
The notion that socialism is only attainable by revolution and not by reform is one that has been explored extensively and still remains a subject of great political debate. In examining this question, one has to revert to the original tenets of socialism as delineated by Karl Mark and Frederick Engels in the Communist Manifesto (1848). In their description of the Marxist principles embodied in socialism, they carefully detail a system whereby the working-class members of a given society would violently overthrow the existing bourgeois state and establish a system of government that is ruled by the working class. Since the writing of the Communist Manifesto , there have been many attempts at establishing socialist states. These attempts ranged from bringing about socialism through violent revolutions to impacting socialism through gradual governmental reform initiatives. The two decades between 1900 and 1920 were marked by very active governmental participation which involved the socialist parties in many European states, especially within Germany wherein there were different socialist ideologies were adopted. In some instances, the radical socialists who once opposed the bourgeois system were willing to compromise in order to achieve a form of socialism that was less radical and proved less detrimental to the health and well-being of the citizens within the nation. The notion of moderate socialism is one that incorporates the basic tenets of socialism wherein there are economic and political arrangements within the government which focus on the public or community ownership of the materials which produce the economic wealth of the nation. These materials include land, factories, and other property which are used to produce goods and services for society. Moderate socialism was able to achieve this aim to some degree without the revolutionary underpinnings. One example of this can be seen in the Fabian Society which was founded in 1884 in London and existed within the United Kingdom. Within this adaptation, the members of society we’re taught that socialist ideology could be achieved in a gradual manner with the utility of a clearly defined set of reforms. These methods were predominantly described as methods of social defiance which included strikes, boycotts, acts of noncooperation, protests, and setting up alternative institutions (Crick 1976). Another more stringent adaptation of the construct of socialism is the Erfurt Programme which was adopted by the German Social Democratic Party in 1891. Under this program, it was declared that “the struggle of the working class against capitalist exploitation is necessarily a political struggle. The working class canno
The National Association for the Specialty Food Trade Backgrounder The National Association for the Specialty Food Trade (NASFT) is a unique not-for-profit organization found in 1952 to promote commerce, trade, and relations in the specialty food industry. The international organization consists of both domestic and foreign distributors, suppliers, producers, importers, retails, and caterers operating in the specialty foods business. The organization counts more than 3 thousand members in the United States and abroad. It is committed to the success of those who are interested in enriching their emotional experience in offering specialty goods to the customers. Therefore, most of the events organized by the company are focused on training, education, and innovation. The main purpose of NASFT is to reinforce cultural engagement into international cooperation among various specialty food producers. The organization’s strategies also seek to predict consumer needs and requirements in the present and future. Finally, the NASFT partners also strive to develop a rich base of members who would take part in building a healthy international community interested in the specialty food industry. The company’s managerial infrastructure involves various types of partnerships and involves affiliate members, representative entities, producer/supplier relationships, and buyer-retailer networks. All these members are actively involved in organizing events, such as the Winter Fancy Food Show that will be held on January 20-23, 2013. The show is aimed at creating and strengthening international cooperation with small suppliers of specialty food. This is also a marvelous opportunity for suppliers to attract customers and advertise their products. Fact Sheet   * Who: the Fancy Food Shows have been arranged by the NASFT since 1955 in San Francisco to invite over 40.000 attendees from about 80 countries. This is a great opportunity to see novelties in specialty food products, including cheese, coffee, confections, spices, snacks, and natural products.   * What: The Fancy Food Show.   * When: January 20: 10.00 a. m. – 5 p. m; January 21: 10.00 a. m. – 5 p. m; January 22: 10.00 a. m. – 5 p. m.   * Where: Moscone Center, 747 Howard Street, San Francisco CA 94103; Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, 665 West 34 th Street, New York, NY. 10001.   * Why: Attending the show is a marvelous opportunity to discover 80.000 types of specialty food and beverages placed in over 1.300 exhibitions from more than 35 countries. The show is also a good chance to familiarize yourself with multiple educational exhibitions and tours that address the main essence of the specialty food industry, social media marketing techniques, and other topics related to manufacturing, selling, and retailing. The seminars will be held by experts in various fields of specialty food production and will take place from January 18 till January 22. Finally, the Fancy Food Show provides valuable information about the new trends in food consumption, as well a
Summary The object relations theory has two definitions used in different senses. In the first definition, it’s in a synonymous relationship with the relationships between and among persons. For instance, in the early stages of human development, the developmental stages of intimate relationships with others have a link with the development of instincts in the individual. For example, in the early oral stage of infants, the associated object relations is known as autoerotic meaning a stage with no object. While in the latter stage of the oral phase, the object relations associated was known as narcissistic meaning incorporation of an object (Goldstein 1995). Propelled by internal instincts, the object incorporation was viewed as important but not fully understood by the researchers. The other defined usage of the object relations theory is used in the sense of intrapersonal structures and external relations with others which is a concept of the ego organization. In this context, the theory a baby is born with the desire for object relation. It’s of great usefulness to understand that after the baby is born the object relations is between the baby and the mother (Ogden 1990). This results in a social attachment between the mother and the baby. From the fourth or sixth month to the thirteenth or thirty-sixth months, the child starts to have a separation where he/she is separated from the fused state to a stage of development with unique characteristics for the interaction with the real environment. The separation process is known as the individuation stage. The stage is further subdivided into autistic and symbiotic sub-phases. At the autistic stage, the inborn is too sensitive to environmental stimuli and he/she sleeps all the time and wakes up only when need states of the body arouse him/her. At this stage, the infant exists in her own world but slowly gets responsive to environmental stimuli (Goldstein 1995). In the symbiotic stage, the child starts to have a wider perspective or view than before. At this stage, the mother acts as a mediator between the environment and the child. In any social setting, the presence of an acceptable environment is only determined by the relations among the society members. A society with poor social relations is more likely to experience more disagreements which compel the leaders to divert part of their efforts in conflict resolution instead of initiating development activities. This re-experiencing of some necessary vital object-relational issues as intimacy in feelings, control, loss, transparency, dependency and autonomy, and trust forms the primary curative influence on any relation problem. Whereas some ideas may be interpreted and then some confrontations arise, the resolution of personal and components of relationships in the world of objects for any needy individual requires the first action be aimed at primary therapy. Segal (1990) claims that it is necessary because the initial source or roots of the problem need to b
Ethics in School Leadership: Solution In the Best Interests of the Students To make sure that the needs of all students are met, one must promote diversity in SIAA. Thus, the foundation for the relationships based on equality can be built. Consequently, it will be necessary to establish a dialogue with Board 1 and the superintendent Board so that the issue of diversity could be discussed. In the Best Interests of SIAA SIAA Definition The SIAA can be defined as the body that represents the students and their interests in the area of athletics and the associated events. Therefore, it needs to encompass the issues faced by the people studying in district schools accordingly. SIAA’s interests To address the needs of SIAA, one will have to suggest a different principle of realignment. Particularly, it will be reasonable to offer a framework based on the target population characteristics. Thus, the needs of all students will be addressed. Example: A Story to Consider More efficient management of the problem can be promoted once a detailed analysis of the target population is carried out. For instance, a personal experience related to diversity could be mentioned. Once, a local school had problems meeting the needs of students of Asian descent. By introducing Asian members into the committee, the local authorities managed to determine the cross-cultural communication strategy based on the Confucian philosophy that triggered a significant improvement (Tran, 2012). Furthermore, the curriculum was altered so that the needs of the target population could be met more successfully. Additionally, Chinese learners started being represented in sports events as Chinese members appeared in SIAA. Thus, the prerequisites for equality were built in the identified educational environment. Reference Tran, T. T. (2012). Is the learning approach of students from the Confucian heritage culture problematic? Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 12 (1), 57-65. Web.
Introduction Nepean Barrhaven EMC released on May 31, 2012 is the issue of a Canadian newspaper chosen for analysis. It is a community newspaper serving Eastern Ontario. The issue provides the weekly news of the community and of the country, much attention is paid to health problems. Advertising takes special place in this newspaper as well as the entertainment and business news. Reading this issue of the newspaper, it is possible to guess that the editor and the authors of the articles pay special attention to the health of the community. It is possible to predict that the issue is interesting for different layers of population as it contains important national news, community information, advertisements, entertaining section and other information presented on various topics and attractive to people with different interests. What are the primary journalistic beats covered? Considering the primary journalistic beats in the discussed issue, it should be stated that modern journalists pay much attention to the Internet and the data found there (Pavlik, 2001). The primary journalistic beats are located on the cover page. The most amazing story is devoted to a woman who managed to withstand the transplantation of the double-lungs. The less striking, however important news are devoted to the $300 million project for the reconstruction of the Bayshore Shopping Center, the 50 th anniversary of the community association in Manordale, the increase of the number of the city’s highways and the health issue which covers the services for mentally disabled youth. These stories are presented on the cover page making sure that the journalistic investigation of these themes was substantial and these stories deserve additional attention. The largest story on the cover page is devoted to 21-year-old woman, Helene Campbell, who managed to withstand a difficult operation. The story dwells upon the case pointing at the most striking and interesting facts. Even though the story has the scientific interest, the form of presentation, the striking title and the focus of the article will be interesting for many people. The same deals with other beats which are presented at the cover page. Being specifically directed at the particular audience in the scientific field, the journalists managed to present the information which makes it interesting for reading by other layers of population. Comparison and contrast of the style of this newspaper with others The style of writing in this newspaper is free if compared with The New York Times newspaper. The New York Times newspaper is more official presenting more economic, political and social data which is interesting for business people. Nepean Barrhaven EMC is less informative in these directions. Nepean Barrhaven EMC does not contain political themes, however, the social and economical data is covered. Still, the style of information layout is different. The newspaper under consideration presents the material a
In China, many philosophers and writers admit an evident connection between the ideas of Daoism and Buddhism. Daoism (also known as Taoism) is one of the oldest philosophical systems that began in China. It was introduced by the Han people at the end of the 5 th century A.D. and became an influential factor in Chinese culture, science, psychology, and customs. 1 Buddhism arrived in China later and had to encounter with the already offered Daoism traditions and rules. The necessity to live and respect two different philosophies, a new direction, was introduced. It was called Chan Buddhism, the product of Daoism and Buddhism developed in China. It was important for the citizens to recognize and consider all core concepts of Daoism and investigate the Chinese environment to create one powerful idea. Though it was “a radical reaffirmation of the primacy of embodied practice”, 2 Chan Buddhism promoted harmony between a human body and mind. However, to comprehend the peculiarities of Chan Buddhism, it is necessary to discuss the multifarious influences of Daoism on Buddhism. In this paper, the impact of Daoism on Chan Buddhism will be discussed in terms of these two philosophies’ arrivals and development in China and the understanding of such concepts as individualism, meditation, emptiness, and knowledge. Daoism’s influence on Buddhism cannot be neglected because it proves the power and importance of traditions Chinese people respected and respect for an extended period. To comprehend the connection between Daoism and Buddhism and the possible influence of the former on the latter, it is expected to identify the main concepts of Taoism in Chinese philosophy and culture first. Tang defines religion as a social phenomenon with the help of which historical development and cultural preferences could be understood and investigated. 3 China is the country known by its religious variety; however, Taoism remains its only indigenous religion. It promoted spiritual harmony and humanistic ideals. According to Taoists, there was a need to have sage, who was able to bring social order to its people and its government. 4 It was necessary to find a balance between what people wanted to do and what they had to do. It was not an easy task to be a devoted Chinese citizen. It was necessary to follow the rules but never forget about personal freedoms and interests. At the same time, people had to stay natural and free themselves from their selfish thoughts and behaviors that could embrace the desired simplicity of human life. The supporters of Taoism had to know how to embrace novelties and changes instead of fighting them. 5 Therefore, Taoists prepared people for various actions and unpredictable outcomes. In addition to some clear thoughts and beliefs, Taoists developed a metaphysical study in terms of which the importance of learning the mystery, known as Hsuan-Hsueh, could not be diminished. 6 In other words, Daoism in China has deep and influential roots. Therefore, it