ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Necklace: Introduction Written by Guy de Maupassant in 1881, The Necklace is a captivating short story that ends in a surprise. It is the most eye-catching work of Maupassant with all words contributing to the events that the narrative unfolds. It has garnered him a lot of acknowledgment. The tale is set in Paris, France specifically covering Loisel’s home and the neighborhoods, ministry of education inclusive. Employing the elements of literature, Maupassant has used characters like monsieur Loisel, a clerk in the ministry of education, Mathilde, Loisel’s wife, Madame Jeanne Forestier, Mathilde’s neighbor and friend, Housemaid, Mathilde’s house servant, among others. The writer takes the reader through the life of these characters and in particular, the poor family of Loisel and the rich family of Forestier. It unfolds that the kind of life depicted by these two categories of people is far from the reality. This illustration builds up the prevailing theme of the narrative ‘the deceptiveness of appearance’, which the writer employs to show how people are deceived by the appearance of others. Deceptiveness of appearance Mathilde is a reasonably attractive girl regardless of her unfortunate family backgrounds. She regrets much owing to this poverty because she always compares herself with the other girls from well up homes. For instance, Forestier’s family is rich. She gets married to a mere government clerk. The ministry of education organizes a party for all its staff members, giving them a chance to invite their wives or husbands. Ironically, thinking that this would thrill his wife, Loisel on delivering the invitation, realizes that it is more of a stress than joy to her. “Instead of being delighted, she threw the invitation on the table with disdain murmuring…” (Maupassant 39). The reason behind this is that she lacks elegant dresses and necklaces like other women, a case that makes her imagine how odd she can be if she attends the occasion. They end up borrowing these from Forestier, but unfortunately the necklace gets lost after the event, an incidence that costs Loisel’s family virtually everything as they toil for ten years looking the money to purchase another one. They finally buy 36000 francs worthy necklace but on returning it to Forestier; she reveals its cost as just 500 francs. They are now in a severe financial crisis, though had they realized the truth, this would not be the case. A major problem that the writer fails to clarify is whether Forestier resells the necklace to refund the extra money in order to reduce the debt incurred or not. This paves way to criticisms of his story, though he has managed to develop the dominant theme of the story. Mathilde stands out in the party as a rich and a high class wife owing to the diamond-appearing necklace that the people fail to realize that it was borrowed. Still on this theme, Forestier’s family is depicted as financially stable. It can afford some of the expensive things that poor families imagine
Introduction The global human population is increasing. Food has now become an important concern due to the soaring population. The high population has reduced farming area to build homesteads (Pollan, 2007). Wild animals have suffered the most. As a result, global meat production has decreased. A new trend has been developed. Animals are now domesticated specifically for meat production. Mixed opinions have resulted due to this new trend. Vegetarians have opposed this trend while the activists have taken to war with mass killing of animals to provide meat. The most affected animal is chicken. Many people keep chicken because it is a good source of protein. This paper will explore farming and animal consumption. Initially, chicken production was done under the free-range system. The system has changed to deep litter system. Here, chickens are confined in a poultry house. They are fed from the house with little movement. This system has denied chickens the freedom to eat all nutritious food that occurs naturally in the environment (Pollan, 2007). Generally, all animals are confined with one aim of providing food. This trend has denied animals the basic fundamental animal rights to access proper nutrition and free life. Few traditional cultures, have maintained the respect for animal life as a basic component for human survival (Kalof, 2012). The advancement of industrialization has contributed to massive processing of livestock products. Farming as a business, is a new farming trend that has ignored alternative sources of food. This poses a great challenge and respect for nature. Therefore, it is important to develop changes that will respect the importance of animals in nature. The first problem with farming and animal consumption is its impact on the environment. Different farming methods contribute to environmental degradation. The obvious effects are environmental pollution and land degradation (Adler & Lawler, 2012). The first reason of environmental pollution is through processing. Meat processing plants are heavy industries. They emit greenhouse gases and require a lot of water to cool the engines (Koneswaran & Nierenberg, 2008). The byproducts, containing toxic substances, are released to the rivers or other water bodies. Hence, both air and water is polluted. The second problem of farming and animal consumption is competition for scarce natural resources. Water is the major natural resource. Every living thing competes for it. People have resorted to stocking many animals on small pieces of land (Weber& Matthews, 2008). Due to the increasing human population, water has become scarce. Animals require water for drinking, and cultural practices like spraying. Humans too require water for domestic use and other recreational obligations. Therefore, competition sets in for this scarce commodity. For example, cattle require about 50 Liters of water per day (Adler & Lawler, 2012). Therefore, changes need to be made to reduce growing competition for water. Farming Farming techniques range from small to large production schemes. Besides, farmers farm for different reasons. In this regard, farmers choose
Nowadays policing plays an integral part of the modern society. It contributes to the enhanced security system, law enforcement, and interaction with the community. Policing is open to both seasoned officers and ordinary people who can promote safety ensuring as well. In this regard, this paper aims at discussing the three paramount policing models including problem-oriented policing, community policing, and intelligence-led policing resulting in the identification of the most beneficial approach. Problem-Oriented Policing A problem-oriented policing might be referred to as a model that focuses on understanding the problem instead of resolving it in a short-term perspective. This model assumes the precise focusing on the problem itself instead of concentrating on the crime (Gaines & Kappeler, 2014). Let us take an example with prostitution when police officers arrest criminals and put them in jail. However, criminal rates related to this area do not decrease as the problem was not resolved. Instead of this, according to Gaines and Kappeler (2014), the problem-oriented policing tries to detect the cause of this crime. Interviewing criminals, neighborhood residents, and other interested parties is the best decision in the context of this model. In other words, the paramount goal of the mentioned model is to address the cause of the crime by changing the very way the police deals with it. It is also quite significant to point out the fact that the problem-oriented policing takes into account all the responses and details. It also tends to engage other public agencies to analyze crime prevention. For instance, National Crime Agency or local businesses might be used for collaborative work. Also, police officers following the problem-oriented model are expected to be fully committed to perform their work effectively. Community Policing In turn, a community policing strives to create strong community relationships. Prioritizing the positive attitude of the population to the law enforcement agencies, this model presumes close interaction with the community (Carter, Phillips, & Gayadeen, 2014). In particular, strong community ties appearing due to police efforts are an essential factor in crime prevention. The model is based on the fact that law-abiding citizens receive some extent of access to the process of policing. They get this right due to the active support of police in matters of policing (Carter et al., 2014). This model of policing might be considered as an organizational strategy encouraging the residents of the community and police officers to work closely resolving crime issues in a new way. The basis of the community policing model is that the solution of problems existing in modern society requires new approaches from both police and the population along with other interested parties. In its turn, satisfaction with police work leads to the increased quality of life and collective efficacy of people. As a result, one might note an increased level of society engagement in ensuring security and public order. Another issue concerning the community policing is the fact that the community shoul
The endocrine system of humans includes anatomically unrelated glands of internal secretion, such as the epiphysis, the parathyroid glands, the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the thymus gland, the pancreas, the adrenal glands, and others. Most diseases of the endocrine system cause vital dysfunctions, involving neurological disorders and psychological abnormalities. Thus, given the wide range of hormonal diseases and constant interactions between humans’ nervous and endocrine systems, accurate diagnostics and screening of patients should precede psychological therapy and counseling. Psychological problems and disturbances caused by the endocrine gland pathology are polymorphic. Endocrine diseases and hormone imbalance are associated with a wide spectrum of cognitive and emotional problems, including distress, anxiety, depression, restlessness, insomnia, decreased concentration, emotional liability, and so forth (Fisher et al. 766; Kravets 365; Pruneti et al. 250). As an endocrine disease progresses, the acerbation of psychological abnormalities is observed. The aforementioned neuropsychological dysfunctions are specific to patients with diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome, and other endocrine disorders. Depression and emotional distress are the major psychological problems and neurological dysfunctions in patients with diabetes (Fisher et al. 765). These aberrancies are caused by diabetes-related vascular, neuroendocrine, and metabolic factors. This endocrine disease is associated with the deficiency of insulin or its low biological activity and is accompanied by hyperglycemia, worsened metabolic processes, tissue hypoxia, and damaged large and small blood vessels. Diabetes-caused depression and distress are characterized by patients’ withdrawal, increased fatigue, hypersensitivity to emotional irritants, multiple cognitive impairments, failure to comply with treatment and dietary restrictions required for this pathology, and so forth. Serious mental dysfunctions are more prevalent in individuals with severe physical complications, such as vision loss, kidney failure, and vascular diseases. The combination of psychotherapy and effective medications is recommended for patients with high levels of diabetes-caused emotional distress (Fisher et al. 770). In patients with Cushing’s syndrome, the most important clinical abnormalities include major depression with alterations in mood, mania, anxiety, and various neurocognitive impairments (Pivonello et al. 2). This endocrine disease develops due to the overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the adrenal gland. Individuals with Cushing’s syndrome are atonic, inactive, and indifferent to events. They experience difficulties in concentrating on cognitive tasks, processing new information, and performing the slightest physical exertion (Pivonello et al. 3). Patients’ conditions are characterized by a heightened mood or even euphoria combined with a lack of initiative and inactivity. Depending on the disease severity, this endocrine dysfunction can
Establish parameters for the decision-making process. How will the decision be made (consensus, vote, etc)? The process of decision-making remains crucial to any project that is aimed at making positive changes to the learning environment and increasing people’s awareness of problems that often remain unnoticed or are underestimated. Within the frame of the project, the process of character development and the way that it can be impacted by the presence of regular physical exercise and the necessity to deal with interpersonal conflicts to become an effective member of a sports team were studied. To ensure that the decision-making process related to the project is able to bring positive results and contribute to the knowledge in the field, it is pivotal to set the key parameters that will make the process more effective. In order to make an effective decision that will involve the opportunity to improve the current sports education strategy used in the district, it is extremely important to include the following steps:   * Define the particular goal that the decision is supposed to fulfill (in the given case, the decision-making process is aimed at summarizing the key tendencies, indicating the connection between character development and the presence of regular physical exercise);   * Evaluate the data collected with the help of the survey and define the perspective (the research paper under consideration includes analyzing the results, giving the pride of place to the perceptions and opinions of coaches who are more objective and independent);   * Describe the importance of the chosen perspective, using the results of previous researchers in the field (the necessity to look at the problem of character formation through sports from the perspective of coaches instead of focusing on parents’ and students’ opinions);   * Compare the results of self-assessment reported by students with the results reported by their coaches in order to find the most important similarities and differences between them and make a final decision. When it comes to the perspective that has been chosen for the research paper under consideration, special attention is to be given to the key features that make professional coaches different from the participants’ parents or the participants themselves. Among the reasons that encouraged the researcher to include coaches in the representative group, there is the impact of the current state of knowledge on thei
Introduction The human body is made up of different kinds of bones. These bones perform different functions in the movement and coordination of the body parts. The patella, also commonly referred to as kneepan or kneecap is one of the bones in human structure. This circular-triangle and thick bone articulates with femur. It also protects and covers the anterior surface of the knee joint and is the largest type of sesamoid bone in the body of a human being. Patella is one of the most important bones in human beings that allows movement and lifting of weights. Without the bone, human beings cannot be able to coordinate or move from one place to another easily. Location The patella is located in the knee joints of a human body. The bone is among femur also called thighbone, and shinbone also referred to as tibia, which form the knee joint (Herlihy and Maebuis 34). At the point of contact of the three bones is a layer of cartilage that covers them. The layer of cartilage is important as it ensures that there is friction at the joints, which facilitates easy coordination. The bone is covered with tendon that joins the quadriceps its location muscles in the thighs of a person to the shin bone Physiology of the patella Tendons that form tuberculated outlines as it ossificates at its centers cover the patella. The bone has dense cancellous tissue, which helps in protecting the front of the joint and at the same time increasing the leverage or the movement of the quadriceps femoris as it triggers it to act at a bit greater angle (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2). Therefore, the bone is vital in proper functioning of the joints in the sense that it enhances easy coordination. In a mechanical perspective, the bone is proved to increase at an approximate of 30% in the strength of kicking or extension of the leg at the knee joint (Herlihy and Maebuis 44). Anatomy of the bone The bone has three borders namely an anterior, an apex and a posterior. Anterior surface of the bone is oval shaped and has small holes that allow free flow of nutrients in the body. Like any other parts of the body, patella also requires enough supply of nutrients to ensure that it carries out its functions well. It is also marked with longitudinal striea and has a rough surface. The extension of the surface has tendon that joins the superficial fibers of the ligament patella. Bursa separates the patella from the integument. The Posterior surface This is a smooth, articular and oval area above an oval, smooth and articular area that is subdivided into two parts by a ridge. The ridge of the bone lies besides on the groove of the patella. Of these facets, the lateral one is deeper and broader (Herlihy and Maebuis 46). On the other hand, under the articular surface, the areas are rough, non
Abstract This paper looks into the issue of mental disabilities. First, the general notion of severe disability is addressed. Then, specific examples of such disabilities are considered; namely, intellectual disability, traumatic brain injury, autism, and deaf-blindness. The definitions of these disorders are provided; their characteristics and causes are also explained. The paper is based on the data obtained from scholarly books and articles. It only provides a brief general review of the topic and does not go into detail. For a more in-depth study, further inquiries are recommended. Introduction Mental disabilities are highly adverse conditions that severely hinder or prevent people from participating in private, social, and professional life. These conditions often are inborn or develop at an early age, which means that a person suffering from them does not get a chance to become a full-fledged member of society. In our paper, we will look into the issue of mental impairments. First, we will look into the general notion of severe disability; then, we will consider more concrete examples, namely, intellectual disability, traumatic brain injury, autism, and deaf-blindness, addressing the definitions, characteristics, and causes of these conditions. Severe disabilities Severe mental disabilities are conditions that cause the inability to think, experience, or feel emotions properly, to an extent that results in functional impairment. Such conditions are characterized by difficulties that the people suffering from the experience while trying to establish and maintain relationships with others, execute tasks related to work, etc.; they find all this extremely hard or impossible to do (Perring, 2010). The causes of severe mental disabilities include genetic diseases or abnormalities, anomalous brain development, head traumas, exposure to noxious substances, viral or bacterial agents. These disorders can also develop or be further aggravated by drug abuse. Severe mental disabilities often develop at an early age (e.g., the intellectual disability), but might also emerge in adult persons, especially if exacerbated by external factors (for instance, Alzheimer’s disease). Intellectual disability (ID) Intellectual disability, or intellectual developmental disorder, is a neurodevelopmental problem that is characterized by “significantly subnormal intellectual functioning in the presence of impairment in adaptive functioning” which exposes itself before a person reaches the age of 18 (Wilmshurst, 2012). ID is “a condition of subnormal intellectual functioning or arrested/incomplete development of the mind”; the development is defined as significant if the IQ of a patient is two standard deviations lesser than the norm (i.e. if the average IQ score=100, then the IQ≈70 signifies ID) (Wilmshurst, 2012). It is characterized by the low general ability to learn but is distinguished from spe
Introduction The study involves the patent search for a new product. I have chosen Nike self-lacing shoes as the topic of study. The reason behind the choice of this product is that, such a type of shoe is not available in the market. It is also possible that a product similar to it is not likely to come in the near future. Nike is working on it and has almost finalized the technology that includes automatic ankle cinching. Patent is the exclusive right gained by a business firm on a particular product which enables it to use, produce and market the product. No other firm is entitled to produce it in the same form or market it. “A patent is a form of intellectual rights protection that enables inventors to prevent other people from making use of their ideas. Patents can be very important, both for the individual inventor whose rights are protected and for the economy” (The Importance of Patents par. 1). Patent laws can guarantee that no one is capable to obtain unfair advantage of the work and thoughts of other inventors. There are three forms of patents. They are Utility, Design and Plant patents.  1. Utility Patent : It may be obtained by any entrepreneur who invents a novel and useful process, mechanism, article of produce, or composition of material, or any innovative and useful development thereof.  2. Design Patent: It may be rewarded to any entrepreneur who invents a novel, unique, and special design for the product.  3. Plant Patent: It may be given to any entrepreneur who invents and asexually reproduces any dissimilar and novel variety of plant. The reasons for patent search are includes  1. Determining whether one can get a patent or if ones invention has already been patented.  2. Obtaining the idea about how an application for patent is structured in order to help in the preparation of the product.  3. Seeking knowledge about a pioneering field.  4. Knowing the market conditions and the involvement of the competitors.  5. Identifying the technology needed and used by the competitors. The