ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Communication is a very key component of any business, job or relationship. It is with a good communication between people or groups that we express our views and thoughts. Most people overlook basic communication skills especially at work places. For entrepreneurs, most of them have affected their businesses either positively or negatively depending on how influential their mode of communication is. Contrary to what I knew and believed over the ages, how one talks to his customers determine the number of customers in his shop (Wrench, McCroskey, & Richmond, 2008). The course was significant in many ways. It is in this era that good communication skills are on high demand in work places. Employment counselors have come to this attention and now more emphasis is put on the satisfaction levels of its employees. From the course I learned that language is a powerful force. Verbal communication is one of the key areas that need good communication skills (Schramm, 1954). Having acquired these skills one can speak clearly and concisely. The qualities of a good communicator include speaking clearly with clear pronunciation so as the addressees get the information clear and easy to understand. A good communicator also practices turn taking. He should talk and let others talk too. The main goal of any communication is to reach an understanding. This is achieved when the parties talk and give chances to others to express their views too. From the course study another critical area in relation to verbal communication is the choice of language. The today business world has grown to be diverse, employing staffs from all over the world. Therefore, for one to make effective communication, he/she has to be knowledgeable of the language he chooses to use. It will be of no use addressing a Chinese group of staffs in Swahili. As thus, the communicator must make a proper choice of language. Being this significant, it is therefore advisable that communicators at job places evaluate their verbal communication skills. Is it their presentation, choice of language or their speech that they should improve on? This can be determined by asking a trusted colleague for advice (Baluska, Marcuso, & Volkmann 2006). Similarly, one can attend workshops or other courses at teaching institutions. Whichever the cases, speaking skills are important and should be taken seriously especially at job places that largely depend on these skill. Conveying messages in written form is another skill of communication. Unlike verbal communication, written communication may be a bit technical as it involves issues of grammar and spellings that are a bit diverse (Baluska, Marcuso, & Volkmann (2006). A good written work
Criminologists use theories to explain criminality or explore phenomena that arise in the society’s criminal justice system. The role of criminological theory in providing useful cues for appropriate criminal and social justice practice and policy can hardly be underestimated. Each criminological theory alludes to a policy or a therapy. Scholars and practitioners in criminology believe that if a theory explains criminality, it is suitable to guide endeavors to address the problem (Akers, 2013). Indeed, criminal justice practitioners base every therapy, police policy, prison regimen, treatment program or criminal justice approach, on some description of human nature or criminal behaviour. This essay explores the role of various criminological perspectives in the development of criminal justice policy. The interactional theory of crime has three fundamental premises: life course perspective, bidirectional causality and the effect of social structural pressures. Interactional views explain that the factors behind delinquency vary with a person’s developmental stage. The theory assumes that previous states and behaviour have significant developmental consequences. Interactional theorists explain that behaviour patterns develop out of interaction with surroundings. Social structural factors also determine an individual’s life course trajectories (Cullen and Agnew, 2011). In the 1970s, criminal justice policy makers championed the get-tough approach in crime control. Policy makers increased the certainty and cruelty of punishment (Barlow and Decker, 2010). Prior to 1970 the criminal justice policy makers were guided by a philosophy of rehabilitation. Unfortunately, the philosophy came under immense criticism from scholars and politicians. Conservative policy makers and criminologists hold that crime can only be reduced through increased crime (Cullen and Agnew, 2011). They hold that deviance is a deliberately option made on the belief that crime pays. In addition, conservatives propose that increased certainty and harshness of punishment would deter deviants from committing more crime and prevent potential offenders from joining criminal activities. From 1970s, legislators passed laws to increase the severity and certainty of punishment as a result of the conservative views on crime (Barlow and Decker, 2010). With time, the tough approach to crime came under severe attack from criminologists and human rights activists. Criminologist found imprisonment to be inadequate in crime prevention.
What were some of the plans for Reconstruction created during the war? The Emancipation Proclamation signed in 1863 signified that the end of the war would produce some far-reaching consequences (Foner 12). During the war, the first comprehensive Reconstruction plan was introduced by the end of 1863. The initial plan did not yet include racial equality before the law and black suffrage but was merely intended to end the war. The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction presupposed the restoration of all rights to those Southerners who swore to accept the abolition, with the exception of some high-ranking officers. The abolishment of slavery was a necessary requirement although the states were allowed to introduce some temporary measures regarding blacks as a “laboring, landless and serving class.” Apart from that, the so-called Ten Percent Plan aimed to establish loyal local governments in the South, if at least ten percent of voters pledged allegiance to the North (Foner 27). What was the definition of African American freedom early on in Reconstruction? In the early days of Reconstruction, the notion of freedom encompassed several definitions. Freedom was, of course, the absence of slavery, but it also extended far beyond that. To the African Americans, freedom also meant the end of injustice and access to the same rights that the white people enjoyed. Fundamentally, these definitions had one underlying theme – the independence from the control exercised by the white people. This independence included both individual and community autonomy, as black institutions – namely, churches and schools – were also freed from the white supervision (Foner 46). What were some of the desires for Reconstruction after the war ended (include both Andrew Johnson, the Radical Republicans, and others)? The stances are taken by different stakeholders largely depended on their background, ideologies, and interests. Thus, Andrew Johnson, even though he embraced emancipation, did, however, resent the expansion of political and civil freedoms of the African Americans and wanted to curtail it (Foner 90). After the end of the war, the Radical Republicans desired to ensure, above all, equality before the law and loyal Unionists’ control over the Southern governments (Foner 39). Southerners, on the other hand, intended to resist the pressure that the gover
Introduction Options are traded in the options market. Option is a term synonymous with the finance department that gives one (buyer/owner) the mandate to buy or sell a commodity as per the agreed price but within a given period. The “right or obligation to buy or sell is manifested within the seller who exercises it in order to fulfill the transaction” (William 15). An option that gives the owner the right to sell an instrument or an asset is known as a ‘put option,’ while an option that gives the owner the right to buy an instrument or an asset is known as a ‘call option’ (Hull 27). In the stock market, both options are commonly traded. Examples of options traded include equity options, bond options, over the counter options, commodity options, and the currency options. There are certain styles that are used to distinguish between properties of different options that are traded in different markets. For instance, the European option is an option that is only traded or exercised after the expiry of the specified date. Protecting a ‘short position’ with options In the options market, the owner or the buyer of an asset or instrument is said to have a ‘long position.’ At the same time the ‘writer’ or seller of the option, in this case being an underlying asset or instrument, is said to have a ‘short position’ (William 14). A trader will always want to be protected from ‘short position’ or short-term occurrences or happenings in the stock market. In order to achive this goal the following strategies are adopted. First, the protective purchase of options is adopted. It involves purchasing the ‘puts’ or ‘calls’ in proportions.It is based on either on the ‘long
Service Triangle Interactions among the company, employees and customers influence brand experience delivery. A service triangle depicts the interdependent relations involved in formulating, enabling, and keeping brand promises, which impact the service experience. Rise on Apache’s (Rise) brand proposition conveys its unique benefits to customers as superior student living, excellent location, and access to resident services. However, its history of service failure related to leasing, maintenance, and customer service points to a breakdown in customer experience management. The firm is unable to keep its brand promises to inspire client confidence and loyalty. From the service triangle model, the first step is making a promise (company to customers). Ideally, the front-line staff interacting with clients should develop the value proposition, as they understand market needs and interests. It requires adequate promotional strategies to capture customer attention to a firm’s offerings. The rise has put forward three brand promises: superior student living, extraordinary location, and resident services. However, the service experience is only realized when promises made are enabled (company to employees) through internal processes that support the workforce to deliver it. Constant service failures at Rising suggest that the firm has not empowered its employees to drive its service proposition in its target market. Staff empowerment through training on lease administration, maintenance, and customer service would enable them to deliver the company’s promises to clients. The last relation in the service triangle is delivering the promise (employee to customers). It entails service encounters between front-line staff and clients at the point of sale. Empowered employees will be able to deliver the brand experience promised by the company. Service desirability is hinged on the delivery of the promises made to customers. For Rise, chronic service failures and negative customer reviews online show that customer service and employee-customer interactions are poor. Its service workforce is not empowered to deliver the promised value proposition. Additionally, the company could be focusing more on its financial priorities than on customer satisfactio
The history of women in the United States is filled with trailblazers in the struggle for equality. Historians describe two feminism waves: one in the 19 th century that grew out of the anti-slavery movement and another wave in the 1960s and 1970s. At the end of the 1800s and the beginning of 1900s, women’s organizations and women struggled for social reforms, to gain the right to vote, and for diverse political and economic equality (Kumar, 2017). From suffragists such as Elizabeth Stanton striving for their voting rights to Hillary Clinton being the first lady to be recommended for the presidency by a key party, females have significantly fought for equality throughout the history of America. While they have achieved significant success and suffered some setbacks, progress continues to be made. This essay describes the aftermath of the progression of women’s rights from 1900 to 1975. The aftermath of the aforementioned era saw women engaging in politics in various places that they had not considered. After the progression of women’s rights, new notions broke down the impression that females exist in a different world from men; ladies needed not to be enfranchised to practice political power (“Interchange,” 2019). First, President Ronald Reagan swore in Sandra Day O’Connor to work in the Supreme Court in 1981. Sandra as the first woman to be chosen for this position served for twenty-four years and retired in 2006. Regarding riding on the Space Shuttle Challenger, Sally Ride was named the first American woman to fly in space in 1983. In 1984, Geraldine Ferraro, a US Democratic representative, was selected as the running mate of presidential nominee Walter Mondale. The selection made Geraldine the first female nominee of the vice president’s position by a major political party. Moreover, President Bill Clinton, in 1993, nominated and swore in Janet Reno as the first woman attorney general in America. President Clinton also swore in Madeleine Albright as the country’s first female state secretary. On 4 th January 2007, Rep. Nancy Pelosi became the first woman to be chosen as the House speaker. She reclaimed the title in 2019, making her the first legislator to be in the office twice in over fifty years. Sarah Palin, the Alaska Governor during this era, became the first Republican female to run for the seat of vice president. To top it all, Hillary Clinton received a major party presidential nomination in 2016 (Teele, 2018). However, she lost the Democratic election to Barack Obama. Recently, black women celebrated when Kamala Harris became the first US female vice president. As a Black American, Harris had served as an attorney general in California since 2016. Before her selection as Joe Biden’s running mate, Harris’s presidential bid had been unsuccessful. Furthermore, there have been changes in various legislation since the progression of the women’s rights movement. In 1984, the Supreme Court banned sex discrimination in all-male groups’ membership, such as rotary clubs. In the same year, the state of Mississippi ratified the 19 th Amendment, giving women a right to vote. In 1986, the court stated that th
Media has played a central part in the liberalization of communication across the global village. Through the media, exchange of information has not only become easier, but also efficient. By a click of a button, an interested party may be in a position to pass important information to as many recipients as possible. As the world steadily embraces the use of internet, teenagers are not left behind. These teenagers communicate and use internet to interact with peers. Often, internet use among teenagers is addictive and robs them of the physical interaction and association with family members as they dedicate excessive time blogging with those they perceive as equals and members of the teenage culture. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to openly analyze the connection between teenagers’ internet use and their interaction with the society. Besides, the paper attempts to establish an existing association between internet as a tool of communication and loss of desire for face-to-face communication society. In addition, the paper looks into the high risk of social networks. Reflectively, to enable a clear understanding of the above concept, the source of media reference in this paper dwells on the internet use among teenagers which has surpassed other means of communication. Scholars in the field of communication media are still fully glued to the well distributed channel of communication known as internet to predict and explain the underlying factors that enabled certain cultural influences to be more popular than others and how these cultural influences were integrated into the society as part of society alongside the pre set norms and regulations. Moreover, still up to date, internet remains to be the most popular central element of information transference landscape (Burton 31). In the last decade, many scholars and media consultants have come up with the open idiom ‘internet communication ‘to represent the substantially declining use of face-to-face model of communication assumed to be traditional among teenagers. With the modern technology, consumer of information has comprehensively redirected their interests on the content, reliability, comfort and privacy rather than just means of conveying information. The target audience and their response are explored after which a conclusion is made depending on the derived results. In addition market position is steadily undergoing transformation posing a threat to the usual face to face communication (Ott & Mack 34). Due to the entry of technological advancement in the world today, internet has been the most common means of social media communication among teenagers. In fact, more than 89% of American families’ teenagers have access to the internet and
Carl Hempel has been the challenge to the theories of confirmation that had been laid down in the past concerning natural science through quantitative degrees of confirmation of hypothesis and evidence. His scientific explanations were deductive nomological models and deductive arguments. In his explanation, the conclusion of the argument is of true intention whereas in the past the conclusion was meant to only convince but not to provide the truth of the case, in systematizing his data he was able to propose quantitative measures of power. The inductive logic was abandoned by Hempel as his emphasis was strongly on the problems of logical positivism more so those concerning the criteria verification as he reiterated the logical positivist’s science analysis to empirical sociology of science analysis. In the analysis for the logical model, he takes a case why the priest is thought to cause childbed fever when he enters the sick person’s ward with the bell rang or not rang, there was also another perception that the crowding led to the mortality was not the case according to him he argued that pragmatic aspects were not taken into consideration and that such features required scientific backing in terms of laws and facts. He described a fundamental theory as a true statement with quantifiers that are not removable and there are no present constants. He also added that logical consequences which are derivatives of generalized terms and statements are sources of derived theory. He argued that scientific theories are universal statements used which are expressed by generalized properties which are justifiable by facts, and are constant at all times, and do not change with time and space. However there are laws which true under certain limited conditions such as the sun and its planets hence a clear cut difference between the fundamental theory(no restrictions involved) and a derived theory that has reference to individual bodies is observed, thus
Introduction The meeting with the COO of the Dynamic Designs company indicated that four main problems threaten the company’s success in the market. However, these issues can be potentially resolved by simple yet effective changes. Key Issues Low Motivation Employee motivation seems to be one of the biggest concerns for the company at the moment. Low motivation creates difficulties in the workplace, which can affect the quality of products. Lack of a clear and relevant motivation strategy may be one of the key reasons for this issue. High Turnover High turnover is a significant problem both for the workers and the company. First, it increases the company’s costs, which are also a matter of concern. Chamberlain (2017) claims that “replacing an employee who quits costs, on average, 21% of their annual pay” (para. 1). Because the average pay of engineers and developers is already high, replacement costs become an important factor that may potentially impair the company’s profitability. Furthermore, given that the engineering department is now working to develop and build a new line of products, the introduction of new engineers may cause problems, such as delays or mistakes. Need for a Leader Given the current turnover issues in the engineering department, it seems that a new Senior Director has not been appointed yet or that his or her management strategy and business ethics are inefficient in creating a positive climate within the department. The absence of a strong leader affects the company’s culture and employees’ morale, leading to adverse business outcomes. High Expenses The company’s current cash levels are also a problem that has to be addressed. Since every department has been asked to monitor their expenditures, this may mean that a thorough expense analysis has not been performed yet and the areas where costs can be cut have not been identified. High company expenses lead to lower profitability of the company, whereas attempts to reduce the costs may result in choosing materials of lower quality and decreasing employees’ pay. These savings options will either affect employee motivation further or impair the quality of products, thus impacting the company’s success in the market. Possible Solutions Enhancing Corporate Culture A bad corporate culture may be the underlying reason of low employee morale and motivation (McGregor & Doshi, 2015). To improve corporate culture, three key steps must be taken. First, it is crucial to ensure that work is challenging an