ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction International business refers to commercial transactions that are conducted across political boarders. The boarder may describe countries, nations, states or even regions. International business is normally undertaken for purposes of profit making though transactions by governments at times carry political benefits. This paper seeks to discuss aspects of international business with respect to a case study about TATA Company. The paper will look into the case study to identify contemporary issues that are facing the company and to carry out an evaluator analysis into the company’s position and environment. The house of Tata The house of Tata is a family enterprise that was established in the year 1868. Having been established as a trading organization, the firm evolved over time to expand and diversify its operations in different sectors. Just six years after its establishment, the firm turned into dealing in textiles. The company also expanded in its financial capacity and was able to establish a luxury hotel in the country in the year 1903. Four years later, the firm established a steel company. Though the firm then took time before entering into another venture, it made a major step in the year 1932 to own an airline. The house of Tata also developed a subsidiary firm that, in the year 1968, deals in software. Besides its economic significance, the Tata group has been identified as a socially sensitive enterprise following its participation in charity activities. By the year 1938, the group had expanded to thirteen companies following the ventures that established its subsidiaries. One of the administrative approaches that the group developed under J. Tata as its chairman was the autonomy that the subsidiaries were granted. A level of independence in management was advocated for which led to the group’s firms expanding to overlap in their products. By the end of J. Tata’s reign as the group’s chairperson in the year 1991, Tata group had expanded from thirteen companies to three hundred companies. The entrance of R. Tata in the year 1991 to head the group was characterized with a lot of change in the organization. Ratan managed to revive some of the organization’s subsidiaries that were not stable such as the steel company and the motors company. He also restructured the firms many subsidiaries to work in groups that were based on the type of products offered. His restructuring reorganized the group into sectors that were “information systems and communications; engineering; materials; chemicals; consumer products; energy; and services” (Khanna, Palepu and Bullock, 2009, p. 2). Some of the company’s later significant developments have been international ventures through acquisitions and mergers with foreign companies (Khanna, Palepu and Bullock, 2009, p. 2). Contemporary issues facing the company The long time duration in which the Tata group has existed has been characterized with features of opportunities, threats, strengths and even weaknesses. One of the issues that have
Introduction According to most researchers, it is a belief that The Great Goddess marked out the limits of a matriarchal society uniquely from what used to be followed. The differences are Venus, the Goddess of Beauty, and Mars, the God of War. The great Goddess in the traditional description gives the major reasons why the Goddess is treated and worshiped with such deep respect. According to Livingston, the Age of Taurus (the astrological indication uniquely related to the Goddess) preceded the Age of Aries (a sign closely associated with the male gods). In this cycle, the Goddess’s powerful believes and spiritual practices are eventually deserted. The Sumerian myth is a narrative of the Ninki Goddess, who was the half-sister of Enki and gave birth to Adam. These tales seem to be true and appropriate based on the scientific details given in the Sumerian tablets. Despite Enki’s claim of commonly known as the God of Wisdom, a strong affirmation on the Goddess as the source of wisdom exists. There exists a central understanding of the Goddess in three forms of nature referred to as the Triple Goddess (Virgin, Mother, and Crone). Virginity here means beholden to no man. The Mother represents feminine power, while the Crone represents wisdom (Livingston, 2010). Discussion During Biblical times as Judaism, both Christianity and Islam gradually developed. While the female Gods are slowly declining out of the religion, Pagans are forcibly declining to an end. It was a belief that women were believed to be inferior to men. The living God, Kings, Christian priests, and fathers became conquerors of the Christian religion and replaced the Goddess, Queen, and Priestess. In the Jewish courts, a woman’s statements were stigmatized and unrecognized in comparison to men. Men took all positions of authority in the Christian churches. It was an exemption for women to contribute to any church position. After marriage, any possession belonging to a woman has to change to their husband’s names (Livingston, 2010). From the Biblical analysis, Jesus Christ rejected the millennia of religious customs and beliefs by giving women equal treatment. In the early Christian religion, women played significant roles in the running of the church. Women’s recognition later regained power by the Ephesus council when the Virgin Mary held the name Mother of God, but her roles were substantially restricted.
Introduction The contemporary world has been crawling towards better socio-economic positions with numerous regional, state, and international challenges constantly influencing the socio-political paradigms. Most recently, the uprising of protestors within the Arab states is becoming a constant international political concern. What started as simple regional protests and rebellions has turned to a massive influx of interconnected political channels across the Arab states that are currently creating a looming danger to global security, especially countries neighboring these states. Sophisticated technologies and social media have been influential in generating changes in information sharing and are currently raising worries. An Arab political cartoon, dubbed “weapons of Arab revolt” emerged after the Arab Spring of 2011and since then; it has been a key instrument in sharing incitement information through Twitter and Facebook, and it was successful in Libya, Bahrain, Egypt, and Tunisia (Aday et al., 2012). Central to this observation, this study evaluates the case of Egypt to affirm the relevance of the Internet and social media technologies when it comes to these Arab protests and uprisings. Case of Arab protests and uprisings in Egypt Most challenging in the current days within the global political realm is the steady growth and awakening of the Arab states that have start
Introduction It is important to know the political, economical, historical, physical geography and the social system of a country before one decides whether to visit it or not. In addition, the travel guide that is availed to tourists can help one understand the political, economical, social, historical and the physical geography of a country. The new insight that I got from reading the travel guide concerning Peru The first thing that I learnt after reading the travel guides is about the places that one can visit in Peru and the amount of money that one can expect to spend while there. Additionally, one should know the different locations and the best means that one can use to reach to those places. The terrain of the country is well defined and this shows the geographical layout of the country. The pictures of some of geographical features that are present in the country were also indicated in the travel guides (Frommer’s Travel Guide, n.d). All these information helped me to know the political, social, physical geography, economy and the history of Peru. History and political system of Peru The Spaniards ultimately colonized Peru and during that period, the economy of the country deteriorated but after gaining its own independence, its economy rose significantly. It is also clear that a president after gaining power has stabilized its economy and steered a good political path for efficiency and rules of the country. Physical geography of Peru The maps that are drawn in the travel guide indicate the places that one can visit in the country and how to get there (Let us go Travel Guides, n.d). In addition, it is clear in the maps that Peru’s central part is highly rugged because of the presence of mountains while the eastern part is lowland and the coastal area is a plain. There are also deserts and forests in Peru. Economic patterns of Peru The presence of tourists’ sites and their number can help us know whether the country is economically stable or not. In addition, the amount of money that tourists end up spending as indicated in the travel guide can also help us know whether a country is doing well economically or not.This is so since the money got from tourists sites acts as a source of income. Social system of the country While I was reading my travel guide, I realized that Peru is organized into three groups, the upper class that form a small percentage of the total population, the middle class and the lower class people that form the large part of the social class (Let us go Travel Guides, n.d). Importance of knowing the above information It is important to have the above information since they are global issues and affect all of us(Frommer’s Travel Guides, n.d).Therefore, when we have an insight of the systems existing in a certain country , we will be in a position to reduce any negative effects.Additionaly, when we know for example that a country is stable economically and politically we will not fear visiting such a country and will be able to plan for our visits(Fodor’s Travel Guides, nd).We will also be in a position to help a country if we know what their problem is. The link between the book and the travel guide It is e
Many countries such as India, Indonesia, and Japan among others have endorsed the use of Bitcoin and Ripple, despite the lack of clear policies on the operations and sustainability of such new digital currencies. However, others, including China, have banned the entire crypto-mining phenomenon, hence blurring the future of Bitcoin and Ripple. Owing to the uncertainty concerning whether these two cryptocurrencies will ever be vital financial assets, this article argues that more countries are expected to emulate China’s move to the extent that Bitcoin and Ripple will be useless in the next half a century. According to Chancellor, the state theory presents currency as a form of credit given by a country, owing to its value that is derived from the fact that it can facilitate the reimbursement of taxes. Capitalist economies, many of which are highly industrialized and powerful, for instance, the U.S., the UK, Japan, Brazil, and South Korea among others, are characterized by a huge system of credit connections (Matsuura 7). Hence, the introduction of Bitcoin and Ripple as a form of cryptocurrencies that do not provide a means of establishing credit is expected to be outlawed in virtually all capitalist nations in the next 50 years since they will hinder the already highly developed and globally accepted credit culture. Also, although the impact of broken global links following some countries’ move to endorse Bitcoin and Ripple will be gradual, the severity of the situation will be felt since issues such as “scarcity of the digital currency, a severe economic contraction, and stagnation without end” (Chancellor) will be inevitable. Based on this projection, it is crucial to point out that chances of the global community allowing transactions to be conducted using virtual currencies, specifically Bitcoin and Ripple, as opposed to money regulated by financial institutions, are significantly low. This claim holds since the already established international domination of money is almost impossible to substitute with any other form of digital currency, including Bitcoin and Ripple. According to Menegus, Bitcoin, and Ripple’s gradually declining return on investment implies that cryptocurrency companies’ business margin will tend to zero in the next 50 years. Hence, the two virtual currencies may never serve as important financial assets since many countries will have implemented China’s strategy of abolishing crypto-mining. In an article by Kettley, the latest 50% drop in Ripple’s value in a record time of 7 days may be viewed as a signal that the virtual currency will crash within the next half a century. Ripple’s falling value has shaken shareholders’ confidence, including banks that had massively invested in the virtual currency, for instance, the Bank of America (Kettley). This volatility is expected to persist in the coming decades to the extent that it will not only scare away potential investors but also result in the quitting of the current ones. Extensive investment in Ripple may never be realized, owing to its unsteadiness. Consequently,
Management Summary The general principles of digital asset management are closely linked with the values of safety, usability, flexibility of adjustments, as well as the availability of patches, service packs, and updates for the software. Considering the fact that every business strategy presupposes unique requirements towards managing data flows, the processes of data storage and sharing are performed differently. Companies with small computer networks will not require sophisticated DAM systems, especially if all the computers are located in a single building. Large companies, with up to 500 computers will require more reliable, effective, and safe systems, as geography of such a network may be large enough. This means that the type of digital asset management will be based on library asset management principles, while the focus of the data management will be made on the storage and retrieval processes of large amounts of data. These will be mainly documents, and rarely changing media files. Additionally, the packages should offer the option of data archiving, as documental flow of some companies presuppose storing documents that are addressed rarely, and for they occupied lesser space on the hard drives, they should be archived. The opportunity to make codified archives is optional; though, some companies appreciate this. The management itself will be focused on offering effective, reliable, operative, and qualified technical assistance for the companies that are served by Green Plan-IT Group were satisfied with the level of the services. Therefore, all the problems should be resolved within the nearest time, remotely, and safely for the data stored in the repositories. Introduction Data management problems are generally regarded s the cornerstone of data security for any organization. As a rule, data security is the matter of proper IT management principles, however, most SME do not have an opportunity and sufficient resources for establishing a reliable and effective IT management systems. Therefore, they resort to outsourced IT and Data management. On the one hand, this may be regarded as the violation of the data security principles, as third party persons have access to the key business data, on the other hand, the company does not have to worry on the matters of finding qualified personnel for managing IT and data security spheres. Green Plan-IT Group is an IT service company that undertakes IT management of SMEs, and looks for the most effective, reliable, and least labour-intense solutions for business needs. The aim of the paper is to analyze three particular variants of data management defined by the CEO of Green Plan-IT Group, and define which one will be the most effective and reliable in the context of data storing and sharing problems. These solutions involve Greenstone software, Dspace pack, and Fedora OS. Considering the fact that all three can
Introduction It is worth recalling that expressed powers refer to those powers of the U.S. Congress, which are defined in Article I Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution. These are specific, delegated actions to this governmental body, which are explicitly stated in the Constitution, unlike implied powers. Such powers give Congress the power to make critical national decisions on national policy, including questions of peace and war. Among all the expressed powers, some of the most significant to Congress are taxation and import relations. More specifically, the following two expressed powers are considered in this paper, “To lay and collect… Excises…” and “To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations…” as being of crucial importance to the United States Congress (NCC, n.d., p. 3). The purpose of this mini-essay is to discuss this thesis and make a compelling argument for it. Taxation It is a fact that, without taxes, no state structure can sustainably exist over time. There is always a connection between any interacting parties: in the case of the relationship between the state and citizens, taxes are a form of that cooperation. People actively enjoy the benefits created and feel within national security because they pay their taxes faithfully. On the contrary, states collect taxes from the population but ensure the sustainable functioning of national systems. However, among the many tax obligations that have been actively developing late, special attention should be paid to excise taxes. Generally speaking, excise taxes are indirect taxes imposed domestically on consumer goods, whether cigarettes or alcohol. Excise is one of the most important sources of money for the state budget for two reasons at once. First, people are unlikely to give up consuming tobacco or alcohol due to their heavy dependence. Secondly, the excise stamp can often reach half or even more of the price, which means that the revenues to the state treasury are substantial. In terms of significance, the excise tax as a type of tax allows for establishing a stable and understandable relationship between Congress and the population. In addition to the already mentioned effect of increasing the state’s tax base, the excise tax instrument allows Congress to manage the nation’s health indirectly. Since such stamps are imposed on harmful products, the state regulates their price: consequently, the higher the cost of tobacco and alcohol, the fewer people are expected to consume them. Consequently, excise taxes for Congress have a double effect and are the instrument that provides a firm connection with the masses of people. Imports Congress has the power not only in the state’s domestic policy but also in the foreign policy. The use of import policy, for example, enables it to control the products imported into the state. These c
Introduction As a rule, war is perceived as a social, political and economic catastrophe that profoundly affects the lives of many innocent people. In most cases, this clash between nations is a cruel way of resolving conflicts. This is why diplomats representing various countries attempt to avoid violent confrontations between nations at any costs. Sometimes, they even make concessions that eventually compromise their ethical principles and integrity. Nevertheless, there are situations, when it is not permissible to avoid this military conflict because in this way, political leaders can only endanger the lives of many people. This paper is aimed at examining the principles of just war theory, which postulates that sometimes that military conflict can be called ethical if it meets certain criteria. Overall, it is possible to argue that sometimes war is the only way to stop injustice or aggression that can be orchestrated by a certain state. More importantly, people, who attempt to avoid this violation, can face severe consequences in the future. This is the main thesis that should be advanced. In order to illustrate this argument, one should focus on various aspects. In particular, it is necessary to examine Biblical evidence, which can justify the use of force. The Old and New Testaments can show leaders how to evaluate the moral aspects of a military conflict. Much attention should be paid to Christian theory of just war. Furthermore, one should examine historical cases showing that sometimes it is irra
Confidence limits and hypothesis testing are some of the key components of statistical testing that are used in healthcare administration for different purposes. Both of them are interconnected, as it is impossible to establish a hypothesis without knowing the confidence limits. The numbers indicate the lower and the upper ends of the confidence interval (Kros & Rosenthal, 2016). For instance, if a man is six and the confidence limits are 4 and 7, the confidence interval will be 4 to 7. They indicate how accurate an estimate of the mean will be for a particular statistical category of objects or characteristics. Confidence limits enable medical personnel or healthcare administrators to establish how close the estimate they have is likely to be to the one that exists. In order to count the confidence limits for a particular object, one needs to calculate a confidence interval. Hypothesis testing helps establish whether a particular statement or hypothesis is true and determines how plausible it is. In order to find it out, the statists usually use sample data from a particular population, relying on the characteristics they need. The hypothesis is divided into two large groups. The first one i