ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The concept of economies of scope is based on the premise that a collective production of goods that use the same raw materials or constituents decreases the average total cost of production. According to Towse (2018), a business can benefit from the opportunity of cost advantages when a range of products are produced at the same time. Organizations often focus on their core competencies to maximize production. It is worth noting that any inaccuracy in the process of aligning production with specialization in economies of scale approach can result in tremendous losses. On the other hand, the economy of scale is achieved when a company purchases raw materials in bulk to manufacture the same product. Given this discussion, this essay examines the business concept used in the acquisition of Pandora by Sirius XM. In 2019, Sirius XM Holdings, an online channel for streaming music, completed an acquisition of Pandora Media for $3.5 billion in a move that was believed to leverage economies of scale, giving rise to numerous synergies. The merger gave rise to the world’s largest audio entertainment company (Aswad, 2019). Today, the company has more than 36 million subscribers only in North America, and over 23 million users are already enrolled in Sirius’s annual subscription plan. Active users on Pandora radio have exceeded 70 million, and 6 million subscribers have already paid for the entertainment service. Within the context of this merger, the companies benefitted from offering similar services; hence, pulling together enabled them to integrate technology and offer a large number of tracks to music lovers (Aswad, 2019). The scenario satisfied an economy of scale as opposed to scope since the merger was focused on the streaming of music from diverse artists and genres. However, the combination of two companies in the same line of entertainment business resulted in a large volume of music tr
Introduction Innovation is a key attribute of a successful business, particularly in the technology sector, which allows companies to grow and adapt to changing markets and the global economy. Innovation is characterized by challenging conventional notions, creating new frontiers, and applying meaningful strategy to fulfill consumer needs. Apparently, with the fast rate of technol
Introduction All living things require food for healthy growth and development. Despite its importance however, food can easily transmit disease-causing pathogens from one organism to another, in this case, people. According to Redman, food can also serve as a host or medium for growth and development of pathogens especially bacteria that cause food poisoning and conditions such as typhoid and cholera (59). Therefore, to avoid hazards caused by food poisoning, authorities have adopted various regulations and standards that have to be followed to ensure food safety. Sherrow defines food safety as the discipline that deals and gives guidelines on appropriate ways of food handling, preparation and storage to avoid illness associated with improper food handling (23). Food safety involves five key principles that include prevention of contamination, separation of raw from cooked foods, cooking food in the right temperature and length of time, proper storage and use of safe and clean water for cooking purposes. The above-mentioned principles are part of an elaborate system that details handling of food for safety. The food control system is an internationally recognized system that details various elements that are involved in food handling and to ensure safety and fitness for human consumption. Elements of Food Control System The principles forming the food control system are generally described for every nation to adopt and modify according to its requirements. There is need for an effective national control system to ensure the safety of domestic consumers. Additional, they help national governments in ensuring that the foods entering international trade as well as those imported are safe and meet the quality and safety standards set nationally and internationally. Hopper adds that the main objectives of a food control system are to protect the public of a particular country by reducing chances of the occurrence of food-borne illnesses, protecting consumers from dangers posed by mislabeled, unclean and unwholesome food and also contribution to economic growth and development through maintenance of consumer confidence (98). The elements of a national food control system include a food law system, a food control strategy, food control functions, inspection services, laboratory or analytical services and compliance or enforcement services. According to Clute, the above-mentioned elements help in regulating safety of food that is produced, processed and marketed within a country including food that is imported. Food law and regulation system The success
Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic gram-positive bacterium that forms spores. These bacteria produce toxins and cause opportunistic infections. Clostridium difficile bacteria produce A and B toxins. It accounts for 15%-25% of all episodes of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. A new strain of Clostridium difficile that is more virulent was isolated recently. Its high virulence is related to the production of a larger level of toxins (Maja and Nelson 3). The major reservoirs of clostridium difficile bacteria are individuals infected or colonized by these bacteria. Also, a contaminated environment is perfect for Clostridium difficile bacteria. Clostridium difficile spores can survive on the surfaces for weeks and months. Rectal thermometers and bathing tubs are examples of materials and devices that, when contaminated with infected feces, can act as Clostridium difficile reservoirs (Kyne 129). Defecation is a portal of exit for Clostridium difficile spores. It is shed in the stool of symptomatic and asymptomatic people. After spores shedding, they contaminate hands, bathroom fixtures, floor surfaces, and incontinent individuals, such as hospital staff. Clostridium difficile is transmitted through feces. Examples of materials that transmit Clostridium difficile spores include feces, contaminated rectal thermometers, and bathing tubs (Maja and Nelson 3). Health workers should observe aseptic techniques to avoid transmitting Clostridium difficile spores to patients. Ingestion is a portal of entry for Clostridium difficile spores. This happens when an individual picks up spores from environmental surfaces. Patients should wash their hands before meals. Additionally, health personnel should thoroughly clean rooms before new patients come to prevent Clostridium difficile infection. Susceptible hosts include individuals on broad-spectrum antibiotics, immune-compromised individuals, surgical patients, those on treatment, and the elderly (Kelly 78). Some of the necessary precautions against Clostridium difficile include all staff and visitors washing their hands when entering and leaving patients’ rooms. Gloves and gowns are effective measures in preventing the spread of Clostridium difficile spores. It is, therefore, recommended that health staff and visitors go to attending patients to put on gloves and gowns to minimize the chances of spreading these spores. Signs should be placed outside the Clostridium difficile patients’ rooms for precaution purposes. Before sending patients for laboratory tests or treatment, health workers must wash their hands, wear gowns and gloves (“CDC: Frequently Asked Questions” par. 4). There are various ways to break the Clostridium difficile chain of infection
The difference between a doctor approaching a patient in comparison with nursing practice on the same subject can be an excellent topic due to the highlighted features that are emphasized when parallel. Thus, medical practice using one’s physiological status while nursing also implementing psychological responses is an effective way in making the difference between the two clear while operating based on PICOT. The points to be included are the difference in the research approach. Since medical practice is more objective due to the fact that it relies on specific outcomes and facts, the research is quantitative. On the other hand, the PICOT question included in the nursing practice implies mixed research that considers both opinions and data. Topic presents the differentiation between nursing and medical practice in terms of approach to diagnosis. The vital factor that is being brought up is the PICOT in relation to lab results versus assessment based on symptoms. The research can highlight the outcomes in terms of the accuracy of the findings while focusing on the comparison between the two concepts. The aspect that illustrates its importance is the overall parallel between the two models that may have similar results depending on how the research will be conducted and its findings. The potential research focusing on the nursing practice of preventing certain injuries and providing more patient-centered and personalized care can emphasize the importance of decision-making in the field. Decision-making is an essential concept in the nursing care field (Nibbelink & Brewer, 2018). Hence, a PICOT question on the topic of providing specialized care in terms of preventing falls versus solely treating them can be an effective way of discussing nursing from a personalized perspective.
Introduction There are different forms of technical communication channels that may be sued in an organization. These include business letters, memos, reports and notices among others. Reports and memos are critical because they target a larger audience. A report acts like an advisory paper for the management on what needs to be done in an organization. A memo can pass information to both internal and external stakeholders. There are recommended lengths, tones of communication and styles for these forms of technical communication. This paper analyzes four memos and a report based on their tone, length and style of writing. Memorandum one The memo has not been formatted in the right way. For instance, an ideal memo starts with the word ‘From ’ then followed by ‘To’. The source of the memo should also have a signature of the sender. As such, an email address may also be included as part of important contact details. On the other hand, the memo should have the names of the recipients accompanied by their titles in respective organizations. An ideal situation is when the memo is directed to several recipients at the same time. This particular memo mentions specific names as recipients. They should be identified by their titles such as Managing Director, Sales Staff and so on. A memo should also have the title Memorandum or Memo at the top center of the page. The memo does not have the right tone which is usually expected in a formal document. In most cases, a memo should have a direct and conversational tone that delivers the intended information a friendlier and firm manner. In addition, a memo should be divided into paragraphs which communicate different ideas. In this memo, various ideas are mixed within same paragraphs making it quite difficult for the reader to follow. On the same note, the length of the letter is not appropriate. Although a memo is usually expected to be brief in terms of length, all the main ideas ought to be communicated adequately. For example, the sex and salary scandals should be mentioned and explained in separate paragraphs. Then, the issue of getting a better offer may not be mentioned at this stage. The writer should only concentrate on giving the director all the list of grievances. It is also imperative to mention that the sexual scandal is not explained adequately; and so is the salary scandal. Report The report has not been written in the most effective and professional way as it should be. For example, right form the outset, this report does not contain important details such as the title, date when it was written as well as the location. According to Markel (2009), a good report should bear some of the aforementioned details so that readers can identify with it. Some of the important details include the title, date, findings, participants or target audience, the strengths, recommendations and conclusions. There should be an introduction that gives the reader an overview of what the report contains. This particular report does not mention when it was commissioned. It does not even mention the date it was written. The title of the ‘report’ sho
The act of mass murder that had taken place in the past week in a small provincial town has shocked the society. The criminal, who is the unemployed Gregory Johnson, is convicted of the murder of seven person. During the accident fifteen person were injured. The citizens of the town assert that the mass murderer has been living alone. At the same time, none of the citizens had ever supposed that Johnson would be able to commit such a terrible act. At the present moment the crime is identified as a murder with malice aforethought. Johnson has planned this crime beforehand. For committing the crime, Johnson has chosen the most crowded supermarket in the town. The murder was committed in the rush hours. At the same time, the initial purpose of the crime as explained by Johnson was the robbery, and the murder of the customers in the supermarket had not been planned. As Johnson explained it in his testimony, the murder had been caused by his sense of fear. For committing his crime, Johnson has prepared the mask and the gun beforehand. Having entered the building of the supermarket in the mask, Johnson began to menace the employee with a gun demanding to give him money from the cash register. When the employee has refused to fulfil Johnson’s requirement the criminal has opened the sporadic fire from the gun. Having killed seven person and having injured fifteen customers of the supermarket, Johnson has turned himself into the police. At the present moment he remains in custody. In accordance with the law of the state for committing such a crime, Johnson will be sentenced to death. At the same time, his lawyer tries to prove his insanity. For this purpose, the medical expert review is conducted. In spite the fact, that the experts have already found several deviations in the murderers mental health, they are too insignificant to be the evidence in court. The major part of the jurists are apt to think that Johnson will be found guilty in committing the mass murder and he will be sentenced to the capital punishment. Moreover, last time the jurists are reluctant in recognizing the mental illness of the criminals. Apart from the death penalty, which would be probably enforced to Johnson, he was also punished by the meeting with the relatives of people killed by him. After the meeting, Johnson has shown repentance in committing this crime. Many experts disagree over the issue of the reasons causing this crime. There is a group of criminals who are apt to think that Johnsons behavior was caused by his psychological disorder. At the same time during this case investigation several interesting facts appear. Johnsons neighbor has mentioned that not so long ago he had bought a new car of the famous brand. Johnson was very interested with the new acquisition of his neighbor. Later on, he mentioned that he would like to buy the same car, but he lacked of money. It is known that Johnson has been dismissed from the organization where he had
Summary The article “Corporate sustainability and financial performance of banks in Muslim economies: The role of institutions” by M. A. Khattak intends to investigate whether institutional quality mediates the relationship between sustainability and financial performance. The author states that during recent years the topic of corporate social responsibility has gained increased attention from various stakeholders. As a result, more and more top-level corporations disclose their investments in sustainable initiatives. For instance, based on the study conducted by KPMG in 2017, 93% of the 250 largest companies revealed their environmental, social, and corporate governance. However, Khattak maintains that not all managers are convinced that sustainable behavior may lead to certain benefits for the company. Particularly, people doubt that the former may positively impact an organization’s financial performance. In this regard, the scholar hypothesizes that the relationship between those two variables may not be as straightforward as it may first seem. Therefore, Khattak proposes to analyze the role of institutional quality as the mediator of a causal link between sustainable behavior and financial performance. Methodology The final panel under investigation included the data of banks from 13 Muslim countries from 2007 to 2016. In order to avoid the problems with heterogeneity, correlation, and endogeneity, Khattak uses the system GMM (generalized method of moments) approach. The author uses financial performance – which consists of two indicators, namely return of assets and returns on equity – as the dependent variable. Independent variables encompassed sustainable performance, institute quality, company capitalization and liquidity, asset quality, GDP growth, and inflation rate. Results The regression model revealed that banks that invest more in sustainable practices have better financial performance. It is explained by the fact that high levels of corporate social responsibility positively influence a company’s image, resulting in more people who are willing to use the services of brands that act sustainably. It is argued that, as a consequence, banks that have more customers experience a surge in deposit rates and a decline in loan rates. Also, it was found that insti
Teaching is one of those spheres where it is comparatively hard to come up with innovative approaches – with the existing variety of learning theories and strategies, inventing a brand new concept is quite complicated. However, with the rapid pace of technical progress and the appearance of computers and Internet, the existing teaching theories have evolved into another approach known as online teaching. Offering new opportunities for the students to learn certain subjects distantly and to train their skills with the help of specific programs, online teaching, indeed, provides a number of issues for teachers to consider and has a lot of advantages compared to the old-fashioned manner of teaching. However, it must be taken into account that online teaching also presupposes facing a lot of new challenges, one of which concerns the relationships between the teacher and the students as well as the relationships among the students. Because of the lack of live communication between the students and the teacher and among the students, online learning can fall flat as a means to teach the students the basic group interaction skills and to help the students solve the conflicts which can arise in the course of communication. Hence, while offering more opportunities for the students, the online teaching approach misses out the aspect of live communication, which makes it look rather as an addition to the real-life classes than an independent teaching approach. In the course of online teaching, I have had the experience concerning the communication aspect, and to say that this experience left much to be desired would be to color the truth. Actually, the students in the group which I was to provide with tasks and whose progress I was to control displayed consistently increasing improvements in such aspects of language learning as reading and writing, yet started experiencing great problems when it came to listening and speaking. When rethinking the given experience and analyzing the factors which could have possibly led to such deplorable results, I had to consider the learning theory. As it turned out, the idea of teaching students solely with the help of online teaching, which made the bulk of the chosen method, did not work as well as one might have expected it to. Before going straight to emphasizing the downsides of the online learning concept, one must
Offering patients with terminal illnesses advanced care planning options is central to the ethical management of their needs. Due to the possible loss of autonomy that the specified population may face when undergoing a medical crisis, further decision-making must meet their requirements to ensure that they are provided with maximum comfort and support (Koffer et al., 2019). For this reason, an exhaustive discussion of the options associated with advanced care planning and the actions that should be taken by a healthcare team in the situation of a health crisis is vital (Jackson et al., 2019). However, due to multiple barriers standing in the way of creating an advanced care plan, the specified goals are very difficult to meet, which is why additional tools for communication between a nurse and a patient play a critical role. Furthermore, the involvement of family members, or anyone whom a patient deems to be suitable support is vital. Barriers Currently, several barriers toward compiling a thorough and exhausting advanced care plan exist. Dents in patients’ health literacy represent the main obstacle toward creating an accurate and detailed plan. Analyzing the case of Dorothy, one will notice that she used to have no idea either about advanced care planning or the importance that it holds. However, after a conversation with a nurse, who was kind enough to guide Dorothy through the key concepts of advanced care planning and the role that it would play in her life, Dorothy decided to discuss the entirety of her options, which led to important insights. For instance, Dorothy’s unwillingness to receive healthcare support in the care of a crisis was a rather unusual choice that had to be documented; otherwise, she would be resuscitated by a medical team (Lee et al., 2019). Therefore, the lack of patient education or, as the case of Dorothy shows, even awareness about the issue, represents the key barrier. In addition to the described barriers, the issue of time management and the opportunity to provide each patient with an appropriate amount of attention and communication often represents significant obstacle to overcome when considering the design of an advanced care plan. As Dorothy’s case has shown, she was very lucky to find a nurse who had the time and patience to help her navigate through the complex path of outlining the decisions for her future care (Hsieh et al., 2019). According to recent research, the