ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Managing a common pool resource is often a complicated task. Its complexity has interested conservationists, environmentalists and scholars alike. Particularly, the need for societies to adopt sustainable natural resource exploitation practices has emphasized this issue in social and economic studies. Before delving further into the details of this issue, it is crucial to understand that common properties encompass natural resources that are only useful when communities, or groups of people, protect and derive benefits from it. These resources are unique because, unlike public goods, they are often susceptible to misuse and overexploitation. Moreover, since they have a limited supply, they are extremely vulnerable to human activities. Therefore, it is important to adopt a common property use regime that addresses the unique challenges of managing common property resources. This paper explores the above issue by discussing the use of common property philosophies in natural resource management. This discussion mainly focuses on marine resource management, as a common resource. Using the arguments from renowned theorists in this field, including Wade (95) and Hardin (1243), this paper shows that common resource management has a limited viability in modern societies. Similarly, using the findings of Cinner (36), through his investigations into the socioeconomic factors that influence customary marine tenure in the Indo-Pacific region, this paper shows that only a few socioeconomic changes (that happen today) support the common resource management regime. As a practical example of this fact, this paper explores how different societies have used the customary marine tenure, as a common resource management framework. Customary Marine Tenure Cinner (36) says that, for many generations, governments and community organizations in the western pacific region have used many resource management techniques that involve private restrictions on resource use to manage common pool resources. Most governments have adopted these measures through the customary marine tenure (CMT) – localized control over natural resources. This system outlines the legal and cultural foundations for exploiting marine resources. Many communities, governments, and non-governmental organizations prefer to use this system, as opposed to other methods, because it addresses their conservation and community goals (Cinner 36). Although this system has protected natural resources, in some communities, some critics have questioned its long-term viability, based on social and economic changes. For example, as shown below, Cinner (36) has investigated how changing socioeconomic factors affect CMT’s reliability to protect marine resources. Socioeconomic Changes Wade (96) says the CMT system thrives when “groups of people live in a situation where they could mutually benefit if they restrained their use of common-pool reso
Introduction This was a real experiment done with students who were provided Albino rats who were to run towards a darker platform for being rewarded. Every investigator faces the problem of influencing his subjects in experiments and he takes caution not to be so influenced. However, there is an unconscious influence that one cannot control. Unexpected findings in experiments are probably due to this uncontrollable influence. The hypothesis that an experimenter is able to get the results or data that he desires has not been tested before. This study has done just that. Summary Hypothesis tested The E effect was tested in this experiment. The E effect is understood to be the outcome in an experiment which is the one expected by the experimenter. The hypothesis that Es are able to obtain from animal Ss the data they wanted or expected to obtain is studied here. Participants 12 students who were enrolled in the senior division course were the participant Es in this experiment. The 13 th student participant was an undergraduate student who had one years’ experience in the program as an experimenter. The sample was adequate. Subjects The subjects Ss were Sprague-Dawley albino rats of age 64-105 days. Each group was composed of 2 males and 3 females between 83 to 91 days of age. Setting An elevated T maze was built to the specifications of Ehrenfreund (1952). This had 2 interchangeable arms which were painted differently, one white and the other dark gray. The position of the arms would be interchanged daily. The instrument used A questionnaire that had 20-point rating scales and was similar to previously used ones was constructed for this experiment. The Es were required to rate various emotions during the experiment. They were to rate their satisfaction with their participation in the experiment, their feelings about the animal’s Ss, and the perception of their own behavior during the experiment. The scales were marked as -10 for extreme dissatisfaction to +10 for extreme satisfaction and the intermediate points were to be used as required. Preparation for the experiment The Es were given 5 rats each and was told that the experiment was a repetition of what they had been doing earlier. Some would be getting maze-bright rats and some maze-dull. The Es were told that the maze-bright rats were expected to show some evidence of learning on the first day itself and thereafter would show daily improvement and that the maze-dull rats would be expected to show little evidence of learning. The experiment would involve a discriminatio
Background Venezuela is a Latin American country that did not gain any type of attention until 1998, until Hugo Chavez got elected as the president of Venezuela. It was considered as a stable country even under the pressure of the neo-liberal economic reforms. In the event of initialization of the socialism of the 21st century, many programs like economic independence, import changeover was brought, and also the foreign investment was kept under control. Organization of Oil Producers and Exporters (OPEC), which was remaining stagnant for many years in that country, was restarted. Many other oil producing countries were persuaded to cut the production so that the oil prices could be hiked. Opposition from many parts began to occur because of his new policies and procedures. Venezuela is one of the most powerful “petrostates” on the earth with 80 million barrels of conventional oil, which is 7 percent of the conventional reserves. Its reserves to annual production ratio (73 percent) are also highest and stand third in the world. And because of all these factors, Venezuela can continue to become a stable economy in the years to come. It is currently challenging to organize its crude oil as ‘proven reserves, which will also get doubled in the coming years and will become 360 billion barrels, which will be the worlds largest oil reserves. But the factor is that the revenue generated from this should be properly managed. “According to Paul Isbell, Senior Analyst of International economy and trade, Hugo Chavez was very much successful in enforcing control over the oil sector of Venezuela which helped in surviving against the oil crises that occurred during the year 2002 and 2003. But his style of management of the oil resources and h
Introduction The film Young and Restless in China is a documentary highlighting the struggle of nine Chinese youths who face different challenges and opportunities in the new China society. The youthful Chinese persons have struggled with their past and have made something for their lives as they positioned themselves in different careers to benefit from the economic boom (Williams, 2008). The nine characters include a lawyer, two businessmen, two immigrant workers, a doctor, and a rapper. This paper responds to the film, Young and Restless in China , in terms of impact on western popular culture and technological advancements. Impact of western popular culture As showed in the documentary, Young, and Restless in China , the society in China is changing at a very rapid rate as the economy experiences a boom. The young people in China are becoming more and more westernized as they abandon their conservative Chinese culture. Besides, this group has become very savvy and conscious of the current nature ‘CMof interconnectivity as technological advances replace the traditional methods of interaction (Williams, 2008). This group is also embracing the western culture of extreme ambition that is often characterized by conflict between personal aspirations and the prevalent culture in society. Same as is the case in the western world, the young Chinese featured in the documentary are all struggling with social and business ethics in order to find a middle ground between family needs and work (Williams, 2008). Irrespective of the choices they make, the consequences have negative and positive effects on their social and economic status. Interesting, as seen in the documentary, the struggles of the Chinese youths are similar to the struggles that their western counterparts face. These Chinese youths are determined to amass wealth and become as independent as possible in order to break from the bondage of absolute penury in favor of comfort (Williams, 2008). The scope of the ambitions held by Chinese youths can be largely related to their social and economic backgrounds. For instance, a migrant worker from a peasant farming family is only interested in getting opportunities to make enough money to comfortable take care of her needs. Apart from the apparent struggle to overcome total loneliness, she takes the bold step of dodge the prearranged marriage (Williams, 2008). This means that young Chinese women are becoming aware of their freedom of choice in marriage partners and the need to gain economic independence, which are concepts associated with westernization. In another instance, the cyber café entrepreneur who is trained in the US is struggling with the bureaucratic and corrupt nature of the business environment in China in his ambition of establishing a trendy cyber café. The entrepreneur is very lonely since his family remained in the US (Williams, 2008). The other person sharing a similar struggle to fulfill his ambition is the business school graduate in China who is at the brink of losing lifetime savings since the risks associated with his
Aqualisa Industry In the U.K. shower market, Aqualisa is one of the well-known manufacturers. Aqualisa has succeeded in the production of three shower types: mixed, power, and electric. Aqualisa uses three channels of distribution: trade shops, showrooms, and DIY sheds. 100% of UK homes have bathtubs, and only 60% of UK homes have showers because of low pressure and fluctuations in temperature. In 2001, Aqualisa launched the Quartz shower and produced an innovation in the UK shower market. It was a winning product in terms of the quality of water pressure, installation ease, comfortable usage, and interesting design. Still, the production faced considerable challenges in marketing. Market Segments Quartz Segment Justification Aqualisa Competitors For example, Triton is one of the oldest shower manufacturers in the UK ( Triton 2016). Therefore, its history and experience can serve as the best explanation of why this particular company is one of the main competitors for Aqualisa. Aqualisa Competitors Positioning Statement Aqualisa’s Quartz is a breakthrough innovation for premium consumers and plumbers, who want to enjoy convenience, reliability, and high performance of their shower needs. Aqualisa’s Quartz is the combination of such characteristics as style, new design, adjustable climate control, a new touchtronic operation, and other adjustments that satisfy consumers’ shower needs (Moon 2006). Selling Features and Benefits Features/Benefits of Competitors Aqualisa vs. Competitors   * O – equivalent.   * + – superior.   * – – inferior. Aqualisa vs. Competitors Aqualisa’s Statements: Part One General Equivalence Statement Aqualisa is about more than shower technology ( About Aqualisa 2016). The company tries to understand what it means to have a great shower. It is not enough to attract the attention of customers. It is also important to provide plumbers with the required portion of attention and improve the conditions under which they should work. As soon as plumbers understand the worth and quality of Quartz showers, they can offer Aqualisa an additional ad for customers and recommend it to many people, who are in need of a good shower. General Equivalence Statement – The company has its goals and missions that have to inspire employees and provide customers with guarantees and explanations. Aqualisa’s Statements: Part Two Recommendation Statement It is necessary to learn more about what can be offered to customers and share information about the product by any possible means. Aqualisa has to focus on targeting different segments. Plumbers have to be identified as the main target influencers, who can explain customers the worth of Quartz showers. Plumbers and premium segment have to be the main goals of the marketing strategy. With time, it is possible to attract the attention of the customers from standard, value, and DIY segments. Recomme
Introduction Marketing refers to the commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a product or service. It is basically the mechanism through which producers of commodities and service providers build up consumer interest in their goods and/or services. Marketing comes up with an elaborate and systematic course of action that forms the base for sales methods, business communication and enterprise growth. It is an incorporated practice by way of which firms establish and develop solid client affiliations and build value for their commodity and service consumers and for themselves. Marketing application was perceived as a creative trade in years gone by and it involved promotions, circulation and general trading. However, with the advancement of intellectual study in marketing, there is a wide scale use of other sciences like psychology, economics, mathematics, among others, which end up making marketing a science in itself. Nevertheless, marketing is also interconnected to many of the imaginative arts. Marketing literature is normally proficient at recreating itself and its lexicon in relation to the prevailing times and the culture. The whole process commences with marketing exploration and passes through market partitioning, commerce arrangement and implementation, finishing up with pre and after-sales promotional undertakings. The role of marketing The main purpose of marketing is to identify the consumer of a product or service, to retain the client, and to gratify him or her. With the customer as the spotlight of any business, it is therefore appropriate to conclude that marketing is a key element of the running of such establishments. Over time, marketing developed to meet up the stasis in growing new marketplaces brought about by already developed client bases and overproduction of commodities and services. Marketing strategies Taking up and practicing of marketing schemes and strategies calls for business establishments to alter their emphasis from just production to the observed needs and wants of the commodity and/or service end users as the way of staying gainful. Attaining organizational aspirations is usually dependent on establishing the needs and wants of the target clientele and working toward achieving them. Any business organization needs to satisfy the needs of its customers in a much better way than its competitors in the marketplace. This is what gives a distinction between good and bad marketing approaches. Approaches used in the past are generally considered to be below par as compared to their contemporary counterparts. These approaches have had to
Introduction Economic conditions have a strong impact on the development of countries. At times of crises, people face issues such as unemployment, loss of income, reduced buying power, and more. One of the most recent examples of such events is the Great Recession, which peaked around the time of the 2008 economic crisis. The Great Recession was characterized by a long-term economic decline, which was particularly evident in the United States. The period of the Great Recession and its aftermath affected the lives of millions in America, causing an increase in unemployment due to financial losses associated with the crisis. The Great Recession also influenced the public’s perception of democracy, as many began to think that the democratic government was incapable of supporting the country’s economy and returning it to a stable position. A similar historical example can be observed in the period of the Great Depression, which hit the United States around the 1930s. In parallel the Great Recession, this period affected the economic, social, and political environment of the country. The Great Depression began when the stock market crashed in October 1929, leading to billions of losses in market value (Foner). The crisis also affected the political landscape of the country, which caused people to question the reliability of the government in managing an economic crisis. The present essay will explore the issue of the Great Recession, focusing on its represent
Water symbolism in religion is the practice of associating water to particular beliefs that govern the religion’s rules. In that regard, both Christianity and Islam refer to water as a symbol of different circumstances based on the history of their teachings (Rahman, Elias, and Redding 78). This paper analyzes water symbolism beliefs in Christianity and Islam and their origin. Christians believe that water is a symbol of life. The bible states that during creation, God commanded water to give rise to living things. Immediately, aquatic animals filled the water bodies (MacDonald 42). In addition, Christians believe that rainwater is the fundamental source of life for plants, animals, and man. The Bible further states that God controls how rain spreads on the earth surface. Therefore, Christians believe that God gives life through providing the earth with enough water to sustain plants, animals, and human beings (Oestigaard 79). Water symbolizes purity in Christianity. In the Old Testament, priests washed their feet and hands in water before entering the synagogues as a sign of purity. Aaron, a biblical priest, bathed before offering sacrifices as a sign of purity before God. John the Baptist, a Christian prophet, baptized his followers in River Jordan water as a sign of purity before God. Up to date, Christians baptize to commit themselves as pure worshippers to the almighty God (Lefebvre 104). Christians believe that water is a symbol of rescue and deliverance. For instance, in the book of Exodus, Moses’ mother hid him in a floating basket in the river Nile. Later, pharaoh’s daughter rescued him and took him to her home. In the same book, God rescued Israelites from the Egyptian troops by splitting Red sea water for the Israelites to pass (Lefebvre 178). Also, the bible states God used water to save the Noah family from perishing. The raising water continuously lifted the ark preventing the Noah family and other animals from drowning Muslims believe that water is a symbol of life. Qur’an articulates that Allah created man and all other creatures from the water. Also, Islam states that water was the only thing in the universe before God created the earth. Muslims assert that Islam originated from the harsh Arabian deserts. Islam argues that Allah provided people and animals in the dessert with water for survival. Consequently, Muslims believe that water is the source of life (Abdullah, 187). Islam considers water as a symbo
Purpose The research paper was aimed at investigating the differences in communication exhibited by the Emirati men and women in their places of work. The study wanted to bring out a balanced perspective regarding gender relations in the UAE labour industry by looking at the differences within and across gender. Design A qualitative approach was used in this study. A set of semi-structured interview questions was used as the tool for data collection. There were 418 participants in the study, who were all citizens of the United Arab Emirates. There were slightly more male participants than the female participants; 218 and 200 respectively. The subjects were supposed to be at least 20 years old, with the upper age limit being 55 years. The first phase of the interviews were comprised of postgraduate students (76) undertaking master’s courses in the Abu Dhabi University. In the second phase, the students merged into groups and a total of 342 nationals who were not members of a university were interviewed. The age bracket of between 20 and 55 years was selected, as most employees belonged to this age bracket. Findings Men appeared to be direct, point specific, and quick to speak during group meetings. Men portrayed boldness in voicing their views in group settings. On the contrary, women were timid and only seemed freer to talk with female colleagues in the group settings. Women, however, spent longer periods communicating via phone compared to the males. Regarding other communities, the Emirati women were freer to communicate with persons from other nationalities, but shied off from Emirati women. During communications, men paid a lot of attention to body language than women. While men were quick to form opinions about things, women tended to go with the majority than following their own hearts. On the contrary, men subdued their emotions and avoided sharing the feelings, as opposed to women. In fact, women would freely express their emotional states to the extent of crying publicly if they were upset. Regarding listening and attention, men were poor listeners as they paid less attention as opposed to women. Women, on the other hand, gave total attention to detail. Men liked handling one issue at a time at the workplace, while women were great at multitasking. The greatest advantage that men had over women is the ability to convince others during marketing, owing to their courage and ability to provide facts and evidence. Research Limitations/Implications As expressed by the author, the study faced similar limitations that apply to all studies that use a qualitative approach. For instance, bias could have been introduced during the interview process. Chances of loss of objectivity and transparency were also high. The interviewers could also introduce inaccuracies easily. However, the major limitation observed was that the authors drew conclusions from a limited sample size. In such cases, stereotyping is always inevitable. Practical and Social Implications These findin