ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Antitrust laws are known as ‘competition laws’; they are created by the government to protect consumers from harmful and unfair business practices and establish an honest competition between companies (Bynum, 2017). Antitrust laws fight barriers to entry such as price-fixing and monopolization of resources that kill competition in the industries by preventing new companies from entering the spheres and diversifying competition that promotes respect for consumers. Some of the known antitrust statutes in the United States are the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act. The latter regulation was the first act in the US history to outlaw monopolistic and predatory business practices; it was signed into law in 1890 and focused on the prevention of the trust practices that killed the competition in multiple industries allowing the trustees to monopolize resources and revenue (“Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890),” n.d.). Clayton Act was signed a couple of decades later as an amendment of Sherman Act; it targeted such practices as price discrimination and price-fixing specifically (“Clayton Antitrust Act,” 2017). The latter barriers to entry are some of the most significant and the cases of their breach still exist in the modern business. For example, the case of AT&T that was accused on monopolizing the telecommunications industry by taking over the resources and spreading to locations where its brand image and economy of scale served as the barriers for new entrants; the company claimed to be the so-called “natural monopoly” – the only owner of resources in the industry; however, the court decided that AT&T should be broken into several smaller companies operating in separate geographical markets (“Infamous antitrust cases,” 2017). Based on Sherman Act, the Supreme Court has decided many cases. In Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc., the Supreme Court ruled that it was not per se illegal for manufacturers to set a minimum resale price for the distributors to change for their products (“Supreme Court antitrust rulings,” 2017). This case was an overruled precedent of 1911 (Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park & Sons Co.) where such practice was decided to be per se illegal (“Supreme Court Antitrust Rulings,” 2017). However, according to the latest ruling, the price-fixing for resellers could promote competition and help the distributors protect their profit margins. In that way, price-fixing is considered illegal only in the cases when it is anti-competitive.
Introduction Chemistry is a very special subject. Every human being has a basic form of understanding concerning chemistry. Right from birth, it’s something that we use to learn the environment. Education notwithstanding senses tend to recognize our surroundings and what they are made up of in an unusual manner. This unusual manner uses chemistry a sense of recognizing the environment. The main senses in human beings that they are naturally endowed with are the sense of smell, touch, sight, hearing and tasting. These senses interact with the surroundings so that the recognition process can take place. Recognition involves the mind which has to carry out a sound judgment and help in deciding the course of action to take. Description of the actions that chemistry provides The body has receptors that pick something from the environment and help the body to recognize it. In our day to day living, science is employed to make so that we be able to make choices on where we stay, we eat an actually determine what kind of lives that we lead. In smelling, there are different kinds of receptors in the nose and in the body that sense a chemical. This sense interacts with the environment, pick the smell and relays a message to the brain. After that the brain can check the memory to see if it can recognize the smell and associate it with the material. Although physical, touching also uses chemistry. The hands feel the texture of the surface. After relaying a message to the brain, someone can think and know which surface or what kind of object there really is around them. In hearing, the sound has to excite the noise receptors in the middle and the inner ear. Chemicals are involved in detecting this sound and it is relayed to the brain. The mind then can inform the body the next cause of action after getting the source and kind of the sound. In tasting, the receptors which are located at the tongue’s taste buds, detect and differentiate what kind of food has been taken in. this helps one to know what kind of food one is to consuming and what to leave. When it comes to seeing, the photoreceptors that are located in the eye carry the message and relay it to the brain. The brain can think and connect with the other senses in a bid to recognize what object one has. This sense of recognition relies on chemicals. Messages are relayed from theses senses to the brain. This messaging system relies on chemicals called transmitters. When there is a genetic disorder in the form
Introduction Many researchers highlight the importance of equality and diversity in the workplace (Shakhray 2009; Macdonald 2004). However, both concepts are more than a buzzword; they determine whether organisations would enjoy the benefits of creative thinking, or not (Macdonald 2004). It is essential to understand the importance of diversity and equality in the workplace because the world is becoming more diverse and many organisations are learning to manage employees from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds (Kumra and Manfredi 2012). Multinational organisations are championing this trend because they do business globally (Shakhray 2009). Some countries also require registered companies to uphold such principles and practices. For example, the UK law prohibits employers from discriminating on their employees. Such provisions are included in the Equality Act, Race relations Act, Sexual discrimination Act, Disability Discrimination Act, and the Human Rights Act (TJL 2014). The US and other countries also have similar legislations. They outline the minimum standards required of organisations to embrace equality and diversity in the workplace. From this background, this paper investigates the benefits of equality and diversity in the workplace by understanding how it benefits organisations, employers, and employees alike. Benefits to Employers The confidence to do the work Albeit indirectly, equality and diversity programs in the workplace are important to employees because they help to reassure them that they would not experience discrimination in the workplace (TJL 2014). This benefit gives them an opportunity to look forward to career progression and fair consideration when they seek new placements in an organisation. This provision also gives them confidence that their aptitude would be the main consideration when their employers consider them for new positions. Provision of Right Tools Equality and diversity programs are beneficial to employees because they allow them to get the right tools needed to complete their jobs. For example, such programs allow employees to have flexible working hours, thereby increasing employee efficiency (TJL 2014). For disabled employees, an equality and diversity program would provide them with facilities to conduct their duties as well. Increased Morale Kumra and Manfredi (2012) say that equality and diversity boost employee morale because workers are bound to be motivated when they know there are no barriers in an organisation. Kumra and Manfredi (2012) also explain the underpinnings of this advantage by saying that most organisations that adopt the principles of equality and diversity often help their employees to understand that their value to the organisation depends on their contributions. This fact (alone) motivates employees to work better and harder. Comparatively, organisations that do not promote fairness, or condone discriminatory practices, are likely to demoralise their employees in this regard (TJL 2014). Benefits to Employers Diverse Employee Pool Kumra and Manfredi (2012) say the benefits of equality and diversity programs in an organisation are equal for employers and employees alik
Students in first grade are young children who are still developing especially brain wise. They need their teachers to be patient and understanding because different children have different rate of grasping information (Greenfield, 67). An educator dealing with a first grade student will use different techniques to teach them unlike high school or college students who are mature enough. This essay will discuss the thinking skills that students use in lessons. Objective of studying the unit The unit in this discussion is germs a topic in science. There are five objectives in this lesson. They include  1. Students will manage to learn more about germs,  2. Students will get to know how germs develop,  3. Students will learn how to avoid germs,  4. Students learn how to clean off germs,  5. Students will be able to educate others about germs. The students know about dirt, but they do not know more about germs. This lesson would help them achieve the above objectives in order to keep them safe but most of all healthy. The first rule of cleanliness is to wash hands after visiting the toilet, before meals and after coming into contact with any dirty substance (Santoro, 396). This ensures that a person is clean and healthy all the time. In order to enable students to understand, the teacher would ask some questions to the students about the places they thought they would get germs. This participation would help children to understand the areas they should avoid or the areas they should be careful in if they want to remain healthy. The teacher’s main objective was to demonstrate to the children how they got germs. She took them for a field trip around the school. They made several stops at the washrooms, the garbage, and the playing ground. These are the main areas where the children get germs from most of the time (Santoro, 397). The teacher would show them how they get germs from the three areas then show them how to wash their hands using soaps in order to keep them germ free. After the discussion, the teacher took them to the science laboratory to enable them to see the clean student’s hands and the dirty ones. Two students, one with clean hands, and the other dirty hands would look through a microscope to check on the germs. Students found it rather disturbing as to how many germs they handle in a day. Application of thinking skills The teacher would pose a question to the whole class in order to make sure that they would think and answer the questions wisely. Of course, not all students would know the answers, but through discussion and participation, they would learn from the answers that their classmates are giving to the class. This enables the teacher to understand the knowledge that the students’ have on germs and what they do not know (Greenfield, 69). The teacher will emphasize on the areas that students need to understand most in the topic. The slow students can always lag b
Introduction It is imperative to note that corporate social responsibility is a fascinating topic that is actively discussed by scholars. The role of this concept has been increasing, and many companies have focused on the development of numerous strategies and approaches (Mullerat & Brennan 2011). Understandably, the primary goal of every firm is profit, and it would be beneficial to deliver the information regarding such activities to the public to increase the level of trust and to avoid possible risks (Combs & Holladay 2011). Sustainability reporting is the process that is focused on the provision of information regarding vital decisions made by an organisation and is mainly focused on environmental and social aspects (Carnevale & Mazzuca 2014). It is paramount to understand that sustainability has become vital because of the enormous demands of customers (Brinkmann 2016). Furthermore, this term has become closely connected with social responsibility, and it has led to changes in reporting. Discussion Many individuals are willing to support only socially responsible enterprises. Moreover, many think that it should be viewed as an essential part of every business, and can be regarded as a viable business strategy. One of the most significant differences between these two approaches is that the Inditex Group devotes much more attention to the development of sustainability reports and it is possible to state that they are aimed at different audiences ( Inditex annual report n.d.). The problem is that companies in this industry have been criticized because of the use of cheap labour, and it has been trying to take the necessary measures to resolve this problem (Perez 2014). Moreover, Inditex Group has devoted enormous attention to this aspect and has developed a range of policies to ensure that child labour is not used, discrimination in the workplace is not acceptable, working hours are appropriate, and other vital aspects are taken into account ( Code for manufacturers and suppliers n.d). Coca-Cola Company acknowledges the fact that consumers are incredibly interested in the product, and they are worried about possible harm to their health. Moreover, it tries to ensure that all of the core aspects of sustainability are addressed. Sustainability goals that are set by the enterprise are quite high in most cases, and it will not be an easy task to accomplish them in the coming years (see Table 1). Table 1: Coca-Cola Company’s environmental goals. Water stewardship   One billion dollars invested.
Introduction Axel Honneth’s theory of recognition is a revision of Hegelian theory of recognition and presents an open support for garnering recognition of women but falls short of identifying the real reason for the continued denigration of women and women’s work even in the contemporary society. An enormously productive work that aims at building an interdisciplinary work of social theory has been admirably delineated in Honneth’s book The Struggle for Recognition . Honneth’s contention has been to evaluate the dilemma confronted by Hegel in his Philosophy of Right discussion the place of critical theory to elaborate the status of the individual’s personal freedom and the subsequent restrictions imposed on it. The Hegelian dilemma was to impose constraints on personal freedom of individuals in order to optimize the self-interest of people constructed through isolated rational agents. The problem that arises from the construction of ideas of personal freedom in order to free the social life from the institutional foundations those are discursively rational. In other words, to answer the question arising of acquitting people from the their social life in order to establish individual and collective freedom. However, Hegelian theory of recognition and justice does not extend to the familial life, which is believed to be constrained within the perceived canopy of equality of conjugal love. Honneth differs from Hegel on this point and extends his idea that women’s work is not simply constrained to her caregiving and nurturing tasks and this task must be recognized even when unpaid. However, his theory falls short there, as it does not extend his ideas of recognition and esteem to familial life. The struggle of women to fight for her equality within family and gender roles and the political rights attained by women through the nineteenth and twentieth century makes Honneth’s propositions out of context. Modern societies are based on to its members and their mutual relationship binding the various limitations arising out of accommodation in society. However, these relationships cannot move beyond the sphere of friendship, familial relations, faith, ideological beliefs, and so on. The problem that thus arises is how to maintain this solidarity within modern society from the point of view of critical theory and maintain such relations. Thus, the Hegelian concept of independence of women rested on the idea that women identity rests on their desire to impress men. In this paper, I argue that that Axel Honneth begins by expanding on the idea of recognition based on Hegelian concepts but later diverges from him to form the a pro-feminist
A Roman portraiture and sculpture are characterized by specific stylistics. Each stage of sculpture and, especially, portraiture, is marked with certain elements that were a characteristic of each dynasty. One of the brightest representatives of such portraiture is a statue of Augustus of Prima Porta. It is not only a statue of a man, it is a symbol of new époque of Rome, new tendencies in sculpture and portrait. Thus, the sculpture of Augustus is symbol of a rupture with “the worst of times” and its traditions, and it is an important mean of propaganda. As it has already been mentioned, the statue of Augustus marked a new period when Roman Republic became Roman Empire. Everything had changed. An old Iron Age passed and new Golden Age became the riches and the most glorious time in the history of the Roman Empire. The city was restored after the last political conflict (Civil War) in the Republic that exhausted the country. Augustus called this time “the worst of time”. Constant wars did not let the country to develop its sciences and art. The brightest characteristic of the Roman Republic is the portraiture. A realistic “face” with all its lacks and imperfections is associated with “the worst of times”. The old “face” of the Republic was very detailed and realisti
Indie Rock is a genre of the alternative rock music. The Killers is one of the most popular indie rock bands in the USA. The other famous indie rock bands are The White Stripes (USA), The Strokes (USA), Yeah Yeah Yeahs (USA), and Franz Ferdinand (UK). The indie rock bands round the world are The Cardigans (Sweden), Cutout Collective (South Africa), Beat Crusaders (Japan), and Molotov (Mexico). As a genre of the alternative rock, indie rock is characterised by the usage of guitar, bass, percussion, keyboards, and drums as the main instruments. However, this genre is extremely diverse in its nature because of being influenced by the other genres of the alternative rock, pop rock, and rock-n-roll and because of producing many other forms (Britpop, Indie Pop). The music of indie-rock bands is characterised by rather positive and light or melancholic melodies performed by the ensemble of instruments which is traditionally used in rock music. Indie rock music is positioned as the non-commercial music that is why bands often make emphasis on the usage of unordinary approaches to melodies and vocal. Focusing on the acoustic performance, indie rock bands can also concentrate on the elements of electronic music. There is the significant variety in approaches to performing indie rock songs. The Killers is one of the most popular bands performing the indie rock music. For instance, The Killers’ song “Mr. Brightside” can be characterised by the rapid tempo, high vocal, strict rhythm, and rather ironical text. This song determines the basic features of the band’s music. The style of The Killers’ music can be compared with the music of Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Franz Ferdinand in relation to the features of performance and vocal. These bands’ songs are rather gentle, but rhythmic. The songs by The White Stripes are more depressive and melancholic in their melodies, and they can be discussed as rather slow and slack. Although the music of The Killers and The Strokes is similar regarding the instruments used, The Strokes’ songs are characterised by a slightly hysterical vocal and accents on guitar solos. Nevertheless, the songs which are performed by the above-mentioned groups reflect the main common features of the indie rock music. The situation is different in relation to the international variant of this music style. It is important to pay attention to the bands from Europe, South America, Africa, and Asia. There are few similarities in the music of The Killers, Cutout Collective, Beat Crusaders, and Molotov because of the impact of the national music’s peculiarities on the bands’ songs. Thus, Cutout Collective focuses on the electronic music, Beat Crusaders significantly refer to the Japanese rock,
Introduction The usage of force as a tool of humanitarian war has been a subject of contention in years since the First World War. Some schools of thought argue that it is not legally acceptable to use violence in trying to achieve particular humanitarian objectives. On the other hand, there are some scholars who believe that in some cases it is virtually impossible to solve humanitarian crises without the using forceful strategies. This essay seeks to illustrate that the usage of war in addressing humanitarian issues can be unjustified in some grounds while at the same time justifiable in other bases. To this end, a review of the Kosovo invasion by NATO shall be conducted to illustrate the extents to which forceful means were used in addressing the humanitarian crisis in the region. The research for this essay was based on secondary data collection. Data was extracted from various journals, articles and books. The criteria of selection for the literature was relevance to the research topic and the year of publication. Both public and private libraries as well as online libraries were visited to access the data. Some of the online databases that were accessed include Ebsco, Questia, Emerald and Science Direct among others. This research was partly evidence based and partly founded on professional research by professionals in the field. Various articles were studied in order to provide background information which will essentially give credibility to the final essay. Information from the books will serve to provide explanation as regards to the NATO invasion of Kosovo. This was very vital information that made the research appeal to both professionals and the general public. For the latter, it required that some of the information obtained from the books and other publications be broken down into simple language and at the same time illustrations drawn from data on the Kosovo invasion by NATO. Proper citation of the sources of information as well as the applicable UN conventions was also given proper concentration in the final presentation. Can use of Force be justified as a Humanitarian War? A humanitarian war is generally defined as the trans-boundary use of military force for the main purpose of protecting citizens undergoing abuse from their government, either directly, or by allowing and aiding extreme mistreatment (Heinze 8). The invasion of Kosovo by NATO military forces in 1999 is widely perceived by many as the almost perfect example of a humanitarian war given that it is the first war to have been declared on humanitarian grounds (Bacevich and Cohen 79). It is therefore the best war to analyze and investigate to find out if the use of force can be justified as a humanitarian war. In March 1999, the forces of NATO under the command of General Wesley Clark of the US army started a bombing campaign against Serbia particularly targeting the region’s military forces with the aim of rescuing