ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary Emily Martin in her article concentrates on how scientific language and description of male and female biological processes are different. The author analyzes how exactly the language shapes negative associations with the female reproductive system while the same language elevates the male reproductive functions (Martin, 1991). According to the author, such an approach can cause sexism and inequality in a scientific field as the language used creates negative stereotypes against the female body, its functions, and goals (Martin, 1991). In its turn, the words correlate with the cultural and social views on female anatomy, which is considered wasteful or failed because of the scientific language that is wrong. Analysis The process of menstruation is a vivid example of sex discrimination in science. The absolute majority of scientists uses negative connotations to describe menstruation. The most common words are “failure”, “death”, “end”, and “loss”; they describe menstruation as a failed process which does not have any positive impact or should be considered an unreasonable waste of the resources (Martin, 1991). At the same time, the production of sperm is seen as a “beginning”, “transformation”, “life”, and “achievement” for the males. Obviously, the inequality between the descriptions derives from functions of these processes. The menstruation is the end of the cycle when the woman is not impregnated, while the production of semen is the beginning of a potential new life. The rhetorical position of the author focuses on scientific language and terms promote sexism and negative image of the female reproductive system. The author provides a clear thesis and supports it with relevant arguments. The entire article is organic and coherent, there are no contradictions or unnecessary details about the topic. The most convincing part of the research is its contrast. The comparison among different descriptions creates a strong idea of prejudice against the female body. However, at the same time, the study seems too focused and therefore limited by the single terms and words using to describe the reproductive system. The author is an anthropologist and sees the issue within cultural and social context, ignoring the anatomical and biological background of the names and words. As a matter of fact, the scientific language is mostly based on Latin. Many modern terms and names of the diseases are adaptation or translation of Latin words (Lysanets & Bieliaieva, 2018). The author considers the term egg as something passive and lacking strength. It can be her personal opinion; however, this word does not have the meaning of something passive. The cell was called that way because of assoc
A passenger car is a railcar in which passengers ride (The Free Dictionary). The first of this means of transport in Great Britain started operation in the early 19 th century as Europe entered the peak of the Industrial Revolution. This proved to be a great impetus to the economic standing of Britain and powered a growth that would probably have headed in a radically different direction if the passenger car did not commence operations in the country. As with most engineering novelties in the world, passenger cars brought numerous advantages and disadvantages that shaped the way in which Britain subsequently developed economically and socially. On the economic front, Britain became the first country to have a rapid mass transportation system, greatly improving human movement. This made possible the rapid deployment of human resource across the island state, cutting transportation time, and boosting the dispersal or distribution of expertise and goods across the whole country at a lower cost. Bagwell and Lyth (2006) quantified the impact of the enterprise as follows: Cost of Royal George, £425; number of tons conveyed by her in one year (1828), 22,442 tons over twenty miles; cost of conveyance, one farthing per ton per mile, including all repairs and maintenance, and interest on sunk capital at 10 per cent, £466. They continued to say that an economy was working which “rarely exceeded at the present day, after a lapse of twenty three years… the cost of the same work performed by horses was £998, showing a difference of £532 in favour of the engine over the animal power” (Bagwell & Lyth, 2006). However, many ethical issues arose that would soon reshape the way that the country functioned. The first effect that had an ethical dimension was the amount of pollution that passenger cars emitted, affecting both the environment and the passengers themselves, especially the operators of the vehicles. The first passenger cars were steam locomotives powered by coal and the amount of air pollution that these vehicles emitted was so immense that they affected the environment in ways not anticipated (Profillidis, 2006).
Introduction Despite the rapid development of society and the emergence of an increasing number of innovative technologies, many countries still suffer from such a problem as poverty. One example is the Republic of Chad in Central Africa. The country is characterized by rich natural resources but is one of the poorest in the world. This fact is facilitated by such aspects as lack of technology, difficult weather conditions, lack of investment, and the proper level of education of the population. Moreover, the low level of medicine contributes to the emergence of deadly diseases among the population. Thus, the study of the causes of poverty in the Republic of Chad will help to form a complete understanding of the problem under study and find the most effective ways to solve it. Factors Influencing Poverty in the Country The first factor that contributes to the increase in poverty in Chad is an unfavorable environment. This condition prevents the effective and efficient implementation of agricultural policy, which would improve not only the quality of life of the population but also would help the economy through imports and exports (Angerbrandt, 2017; Wakdok & Bleischwitz, 2021). It is also worth noting that according to the main economic indicators, the country occupies one of the last places in comparison with other countries. These indicators include the level of development of the republic’s industry and the well-being of its residents. Research highlights that “The 2018 National Nutrition Survey recorded that 13.5% of the global population endures acute malnutrition” (“What to know about hunger in Chad”, n.d.). Despite such negative indicators, most of Chad’s workforce is involved in the agricultural sector and its development is of critical importance. Moreover, its changeable climate is of great importance for the country. This geographical location has a negative impact on the increase in poverty of the population. As already mentioned, a significant part of the inhabitants of the republic are engaged in agriculture and fishing. Thus, a frequently and sharply changing climate, for example, a change in the nature and strength of rain flows, can lead either to oversaturation of the soil or its desiccation. In the same way, these weather conditions can affect the reservoirs and the success of the catch among fishermen. Temperature jumps also worsen the situation with the amount of harvest in the country. The last fact of climate influence is contributing to an increase in the level of infectious diseases. Due to frequent changes in weather conditions, the immunity of the population is falling, and they are more susceptible to various diseases. Difficult natural and weather conditions are not the only reason for such a high level of poverty. One of the influential factors of such a serious and unfavorable situation is social aspect that causes the increase in the poverty level of the populat
International labor laws prohibit making employment decisions regarding individuals’ age and disabilities. It means that Etihad Airways infringed on the existing regulations by introducing its approach to layoff. Considering the fact that social justice is a central demand for multinational corporations, Etihad’s conduct can be viewed as unethical and irrelevant. The more significant employee involvement in the decision-making process could have helped to avoid this situation. It directly influences performance and guarantees that fair decisions considering the workers’ input are made. Thus, Etihad attained success in compensating employees for their contribution and work. Payment processing is a critical factor influencing job security and employees’ motivation, meaning that this decision helps Etihad to generate benefits and rehire them in the future. From the case, one can also see that reduction in job security was a critical factor associated with the change process in Etihad. The decision to fire workers resulted in a lack of confidence among specialists and reduced their motivation and long-term plans in the corporation. For this reason, it is critical to secure employee positions to ensure individuals are engaged and fulfill their duties effectively. Discrimination was another factor peculiar to the change process at Etihad Airways. The corporation disregarded the corporate social responsibility issues, which resulted in the growth of dissatisfaction, lack of motivation, and engagement. It means that the company ignored possible alternatives that could have been used instead of its discriminative practices undermining job security and individuals’ readiness to work with such entities. Altogether, the case shows that lack of employee involvement was one of the fundamental issues in the case. The company’s top management made changes with minimal employee involvement. It resulted in creating an unpopular and ineffective strategy that cultivated dissatisfaction among workers. Etihad Airways ignored employees’ need for self-actualization, decreasing their motivation. The remaining workers did not feel their importance to the corporation and the power to influence its development. It demonstrates that modern workers should be provided with the chance to participate in corporate decision-making to realize their significance and become motivated. Trying to manage the wage bill, Etihad Airways accepted the wrong decision, viewing layoff as the only possible option. The choice of disability and age as criteria for decision-making infringed on the existing labor laws. Moreover, it undermined job security as employees realized their vulnerable position. Outcomes prove the low effectiveness of this strategy. Regarding the absence of available manpower, the remaining employees started to suffer from burnout because of the high level of stress. Moreover, the lack of motivation and engagement because of the processes mentioned above influenced their performance. As a result, Etihad Airways’ ability to achieve existing objectives was hindered. The case proves the cri
There are some recommendations, which could have played a crucial role in the earlier discovery of the case; they are as discussed below. First, the fact that Adelphia remained a family-run business, even though it was a publicly-traded company, was enough to raise some eyebrows (Jennings, 2012). The conduct of John Rigas was also questionable; he seldom turned a person down. He gave corporate jets to fly patients to hospitals for treatments and even sent checks to certain individuals he felt required help. This could have helped in discovering malpractices (Adelphia Communications, 2013). The payment of taxes for both Rigas and Adelphia with one Adelphia check and the outrageous spending of the company could also be used as a recommendation for the discovery of the case. For example, the extravagant and large homes, the lavish classical corporate head office building, and the family apartments were an indication of fraud. The centrality in making decisions in the firm gave the Rigas family a chance to make vital decisions. Hence, this gave them unnecessary control over the whole firm and at the same time protected them in case of a bankruptcy of any subsidiary (Adelphia Communications, 2013). The consequent drop in Adelphia’s stock and the inquisitiveness of a bond analyst, Merrill Lynch concerning the Rigases vast stock were just an addition to many circumstances, which in
From the name of the book, it is clear that the cardinal theme of the book is the American dream. This is just but an insight into the many promises that the United States makes to its citizens. It is important, with the changing of times, to be able to comprehend how various issues such as family, history, religion, politics, and work among others are integrated into the American dream (DeParle, 2005). Jason DeParle, in his book, seeks to address how the American dream is a agglomeration of real-life models of real lives that are made up of several emerges that are in most cases only approached in a philosophical point of view. It is based on Bill Clinton’s vow to end ‘welfare as the Americans knew it’ in 1992. This was a welfare that was very much detested by the general public due to its nature of undercutting most significant American values such as personal responsibility and self governance despite the many efforts they managed to put in (Kloppenberg, 1998). Jason, then, a reporter with the New York Times, tracking urban poverty, had all reasons to typify the agnosticism surrounding this kind of welfare reform. He however, goes way beyond partisanship by delving into what is capable of dissipating ignorance and confounding not only liberalists but also critics of welfare as well. The book goes a step further to dig into the equivocal interaction between life in the hood and public policy. It is clear that just like any other politician, President Bill Clinton was aware of the fact that every individual had this general hatred for welfare. It also occurred to him that most poor people were bouncier as compared to the thinking of most of the liberals. His push for reforming welfare was inspired by one thing: his wish to give the poor “the same piss and vinegar” possessed by the immigrants (DeParle, 2005). Relevance DeParle’s literary work is centered between Milwaukee and Washington DC. It is about three women who live totally different lives, which however, have a similar trend. Angie abandons welfare and devotes herself to her work. Jewell on the other hand decided to put a stake on a man that was imprisoned while Opal conceals a very sad secret that have detrimental effects to herself and her children. The book goes further to trace the family lineage six generations back to the times of slavery and threads paupers, politicians, reformers and rogues into a hypnotizing story. Putting humanity into mind, DeParle shows that though American citizens live in a country where everyone is given an equal chance to be successful in life, some may not be in a position to do so from generation to another (Krueger, 1994). Peter Drucker is yet another renowned author whose book The Essential Drucker captures a contracted descriptor of his works of management over a span of sixty years. During the 1850s, when the concept and process of management was least thought of, or known, there were no
Introduction Michelangelo is among the few individuals who are eminently known by their Christian names. Indeed, even as a youngster, all that he sought after was paint and to be an art practitioner. He was able to practice with a number of fine artists and philosophical experts of that age. Growing up in Florence amid the Italian Renaissance was the ideal setting for youthful Michelangelo (Cronin 6). The Renaissance was an era in the history of Europe that was exemplified by blossoming culture, starting in Florence towards the end of the 15 th century and, from then on, spread to whatever remains of Europe up to the 16 th century. Its impact influenced writing, philosophical thinking, work of art, governmental issues, science, religious conviction, and so forth (Goffen 12). Michelangelo’s initial work was an excellent sculpture known as Pieta. He made Pieta before he was 25 years of age. Pieta symbolizes Jesus lying in his mother’s lap and was made from a mass of marble using a chisel, a tack hammer, and pumice rocks. As a matter of fact, it is believed that Pieta was the only piece of Michelangelo’s work that he ever signed (Coonin 23). David was Michelangelo’s greatest piece of work, which turned out to be a gem. It took him almost a half a decade to complete (between 1501 and 1504). David was carved from a block of Tuscan marble. It is 14.0 ft. high and weighs 12478.1 lbs. It was the biggest sculpture to be made since Ancient Rome. It is regarded by numerous specialists in the work of art as a near-flawless model (Baldwin 3). The sculpture shows the biblical King David, standing nude and confidently clutching his slingshot before his fight with the giant Goliath. Michelangelo once alleged that the figure was caught inside the piece of marble and it was his business to set it free. According to Giorgio Vasari, a painter and blogger, anybody who has seen Michelangelo’s David don’t need to see any other sculpture made by anyone else, deceased or alive. He describes David as a work of perfection in terms of proportion and beauty (Lavin 3). Michelangelo’s piece was different from the previous Renaissance portrayal of David. The metallic sculpture by Donatello and Verrochio depicted David as a champion standing triumphantly over Goliath’s head, whereas Castagno who was a painter represented David as a teenager in mid-swing with the head of Goliath resting on his feet; no previous artists had ever omitted Goliath in their work (Baldwin 9). I
James Scullin, Joseph Lyons, and Robert Menzies – the ninth, tenth, and twelfth prime ministers of Australia respectively – have contributed greatly to the development of Australian society, acting in various spheres of life. To begin with, James Scullin was recognized as an active political activist who managed to introduce improvements to legislature and provided serious changes to the Court System of Australia. In addition, the Prime Minister persuaded the UK government to decrease the Commonwealth interest payments by almost £ 1.6 million annually. While appraising his personal characteristics, Scullin was considered as decent, stoic, and honest man of modest tastes. Being acknowledged as a brilliant public speaker, the minister, however, brought in economic recession and destruction to the country. The activist of the Australian Labor Party, Joseph Lyons integrated fiscal management and, in such a manner, the politicians managed to maintain stability in the country. His reforms in the sphere of education and social life were also a great contribution to the Australian society. Despite his radical policy in various spheres of life, Lyons was known as a man of conventional, even conservative tastes. Despite his simplicity, the prime minister managed to introduce stability to the country. Robert Menzies, the representative of the new Liberal Party, was an active politician activist who was also known by his radical reforms and strong beliefs in the necessity of establishing Monarchy. Menzies was also a brilliant and inspiring speaker whose insistence and revolutionary approach contributed to the improvements in the sphere of education, trade, social services, and employment. As per personal qualities, Menzies was known as a man with a great sense of political and intellectual superiority. His exceptional communication and leadership skills allowed him to control the government and introduce reforms. With regard to the above-presented achievements, activities, and reforms, all the politicians definitely promoted social, cultural, and economic welfare in Australia. However, the approaches they used to establishing their leadership and taking control over the Australian government and society vary. As a result, there are both differences and similarities in their views on power and how it should be used to introduce changes and new ideology in the country. As per the similarities, it should be stressed that all the leaders were great speakers and managed to control the public opinion. As per differences, Scullin and Lyons had similar outlooks on power and preferred introduced conservative, puritan policies. Unlike these two political leaders, Menzies was more radically oriented and preferred to apply to a new liberal approach for governing the country. In addition, the twelfth prime minister’s strong political and idealistic vision allowed him to introduce a variety of reforms and strengthens the position of Australia in the world. In conclusion, all the political leaders left a rich ancestry of political ideologies and strategies that could become t
Arbitration awards and their enforcement in other countries and how UK Law of arbitration 1996 is helpful. Commercial arbitration, whether nationally or internationally highlights not only the existence of many controversies in international commercial transactions but also represents the ways in which these conflicts of interest can be resolved. It is no doubt a competitive industry which is revealed in its laws, statutes and awards. (Drahozal, 2000) However the implementation of arbitral awards varies according to developed and developing states. Usually the awards work along with alternative dispute resolution (ADR) depending upon the country’s policies and development infrastructure. Arbitration according to every Arbitral law is deemed to protect and maintain the privacy and confidentiality between the parties, thereby settling down the dispute between two parties. The most obvious benefit of using arbitration is that awards are easier to enforce as compared to the traditional court proceedings. However despite lacking any particular statutory, the law of Arbitration 1996 generally considers privacy and dispute resolution as part of the law. An ‘award’ is associated with arbitration when all claimants’ claims do not meet the law. Arbitration Act 1996 The New English Arbitral Act 1996 affect disputing parties in such a manner that they are able to reserve their confidentiality on a legal basis. According to the English Arbitral Act, the award is dealt separately in the light of legal rights of a third party to protect the agreement. (2007a) UK Arbitral law 1996 is useful in the sense that it provides full confidentiality not only to the conflicts but also to the legal proceedings in the court room. This reserves the right and obligation on the part of the documents or material that are used in award arbitration, not to reuse again. Therefore it protects the legal rights of the proceedings and in this manner every dispute is dealt with strict confidentiality. Advantages of Arbitration Act 1996 Apart from being useful, in serving to resolve the conflicts within the two parties’ management relationship, it rivals strike activity and surpasses court litigation as a cathartic outlet for frustration, emotion, and discontent. As a less formal mechanism of dispute resolution, the parties can say things and introduce evidence that would not be tolerated within the formal structure of the cou