ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction During the 19th century, women lived in a male oriented world. That means that women’s rights did not exist as we know them today. Instead, women then were like Mrs. Louise Mallard, subservient and obedient to the wishes of her husband. Always agreeing with him and never actually having made a decision or choice that was her very own. Kate Chopin lived during this era, causing her to become an advocate of women’s rights of sorts. One of her most popular short stories regarding women’s rights is The Story Of An Hour. A short narrative that all happened within one hour, in a single location, and without any secondary story lines to distract from the main theme of the paper. Analysis Early in the story, we are told that Mrs. Mallard has a heart condition that may or may not allow her to survive too much good news or bad news. Which is why her family friend and sister could not figure out how to tell her about her husband dying in an accident. When the family friend finally told her about it, she appears to be distraught and inconsolable. Until such a time when she finally has some alone time in one of the rooms in the house. It is in this room where she begins to question herself. Does she grieve the loss of her husband? The man she loved so dearly over the years, or, does she give in to sense of freedom and relief that is offered by her becoming a widow? This is the main conflict of the story and it is my belief that she chose to be happy at her newfound freedom while grieving for her husband a little. All of these emotions are played out within an hour ending with her death in the end because her “dead husband” walked through the door and gave her a heart attack because nobody had expected him to survive the accident. Women who lived during this time were treated no better than slaves who existed to serve their masters. The only difference between the two is that one is called a slave and the other is called wife because she carries the man’s name. But just like slaves, these women, once married no longer had the freedoms they had before marriage. Being married meant that they no longer could make decisions for themselves and were obligated to do everything and agree with everything the husband said. For some women, like Mrs. Mallard, the only way out of a relationship that made her act like a zombie was if her husband died. Such unexpected husband deaths are, for women of Mrs. Mallard’s kind, something to be celebrated because of the freedom it offers the widow. She can finally go back to being herself and not having to think about how to best serve and obey her husband instead. It is because of this mindset that Mrs. Mallard seems to be celebrating the news of her husband’s death upon learning of it instead of being distraught and inconsolable bec
Introduction Differentiated teaching or instruction predominantly centres on the student, through matching the individual characteristic needs to teaching instruction and assessment. This method brings on board the entire students irrespective of individual’s emotional orientation or ability because the performance depend on entry points, work covered, and teacher’s end expectation from the student (outcomes). In order to achieve the laid objective in a lesson plan, the student’s level of readiness and differentiated learning strategies are incorporated. In the teaching – learning process, each party (teacher and student) plays the designated clear role, which reflects the learning outcomes (Tomlinson, 1999). The guiding principles of differentiated instructions are; inclusive lesson plan, tiered assignment, students’ grouping, compacting and learning contracts. Properly enhance teaching and learning activity entails marrying day-to-day activities with subject content. The approach of relating theoretical thinking and practical make the student’s attitude improve significantly. High profile conceptualization of content is directly proportional to individual’s readiness and intellectual capacity. A teacher should ensure that all learning environs whether within a classroom or outside must have minimized obstructions and in a case where one cannot avoid, obstructions, and then learning activity must be more appealing and capturing. Instructional strategies The instructional procedure involves three key strategies all working to meet individual student’s need and expectation. They are differentiated process, differentiated content, and differentiated product. The incorporation of the three gathers the ability, learning profile, degree of readiness and interest of each learner at that given period (Sternberg, Torff, & Grigorenko, 1998). For proper analysis of the mentioned instructional strategies, a teacher needs to draw a lesson plan that addresses the student’s level of readiness to grasp the content and recall thereafter. The lesson plan gives the general out-look of a format that entails instructional strategies and the level of administering each. The lesson plan below is for a secondary grade for 50 minutes. Differentiated Lesson plan for Secondary level 1. Standard/Concept/Unit/Topic/Subject                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                (This contains the details of a subjects’ main Topic and the sub- topic in question.)
Introduction There are different types of reasoning most of which are explained in psychology books and texts. This paper discusses two types of reasoning – deductive and inductive reasoning. The paper utilizes cognitive research to discuss given cases of these two types of reasoning. The paper focuses on the teaching of science and technical courses in High Schools. It explores cases of science and mathematical teaching in schools. Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning is a logical process where conclusions are made form general cases. General cases are studied after which conclusions are made as it applies to a certain case (Rips, 1994). Argument from analogy is one of the examples under deductive reasoning. The rule underlying this module is that in the case where P and Q are similar and have properties a, b and c; object P has an extra property “x”. Therefore, Q will automatically have the same extra property “x” as the two are similar (Dancy, 1994). Most high school students in the United States do come across the argument from analogy model of deductive reasoning while studying science subjects. Nonetheless, most students do not realize the applicability of this rule. They apply the rule unconsciously. Therefore, high school students should learn about this model of reasoning. This will help them know certain instances under which they should apply this rule when making arguments in science subjects (Singer, Hilton & Schweingruber, 2006). Researches conducted on analogies give a clear way of explaining why student reports have added ideas. While studying scientific subjects, students do make productive analogies. They apply scientific principles for instance energy conservation principles to different settings. Unproductive analogies are also made by students; for example, in experiments between temperature and heat. Research which compare different forms of analogies gain from visual and animated representations. Such studies distinguish the functions of different brain parts. It emphasizes the benefits of activating correct pathways for specific learning forms. Research on analogies emphasizes on the selection and inclusion of right analogies in the reports. It also encourages the analysis of different analogies (Alexander & Winne, 2006). Argument from analogy is one of the tools that students can use to advance reasonable arguments in different science subjects. This is according to a study that was conducted to ascertain the model that can be used by hi
Modern technology has allowed people to communicate instantly and resolve many tasks that were difficult before within seconds. However, with these benefits, a challenge has emerged, since smartphones, video games, and the Internet makes people feel addicted to technology, as Miller reports. One solution would be to ban smartphones by children, but this could cause other issues. Children should be allowed to have cellphones to ensure their safety and security and help them adapt to modern technology. The reasoning behind not allowing children to have smartphones is the fear that they would develop an addiction. According to Miller, in one survey, “half of the teenagers said they “feel” they’re addicted to their mobile device.” This is alarming, but it is necessary to acknowledge that children and adults alike are surrounded by technology. Hence, by not allowing children to use cell phones, caregivers deprive them of experiences they need to function in modern society. Moreover, smartphones allow them to make phone calls and message others, which is vital for child security and safety. With cell phones, children can contact their parents in case of emergency. Hence, it is best to ensure that they have access to cell phones but that their use is regulated. For example, children should not be allowed to use smartphones during studying or several hours before sleep. Overall, children should have cellphones because the benefits outweigh the potential danger. Work Cited Miller, Caroline. “Is Internet Addiction Real?” Child Mind Institute , Web.
Introduction Salsbury, Crossley, McNamara, authors of this article use word information from the Medical Research council (MRC) psycholinguistic database to analyze the word development in the spontaneous speech data of six adult learners of English as a second language (L2) in one-year longitudinal study. Their focus was on the psycholinguistic values for concreteness, imagability, meaningfulness, and familiarity that are used as measures for learners’ depth of word knowledge. However, they also focus on the word frequency and lexical diversity that are the broad measures of the lexical development although with less weight than the psycholinguistic values. The data used in their writing was repeatedly carried by MRC using ANOVAs to yield the significant difference overtime for concreteness, imagability, and meaningfulness. In the ANOVA analysis, the temporal intervals act as the independent variables and MRC values function as the dependent variables. Salsbury, Crossley and McNamara findings were that learners’ productive vocabularies became more abstract, less context dependent, and more tightly associated overtime an indicator of deeper knowledge of L2 vocabulary. In this paper, I summarize the article and offer my comments and remarks on the viability of Salsbury, Crossley and McNamara findings on the psycholinguistic values as an important measure of vocabulary knowledge in the future studies of L2 lexical development. Article Summary Salsbury, Crossley and McNamara use various techniques which would help them to get to their conclusion. They started with the evaluation of the effects of the psycholinguistic elements to word learning. They addressed each value on its own and the effects it has in L2 vocabulary. On concreteness, their finding in memory literature concrete words have an advantage over the abstract words in relation of recalling, word recognition, lexical decision, pronunciation, and comprehension. Similarly in L2 vocabulary, concrete words are learnt earlier and easier than abstract words. On imagability, they found that words score higher on imagery dimension than on the concrete dimension. These scores are important because words and concepts that arouse mental images easily and quickly are easier to recall. High imagery words were good candidates for keyword techniques in L2 vocabulary learning. On meaningfulness of the words, the words with high scores were found to be easy to learn than the words with fewer score (Gass & Selinker, 2008). Higher scores meaningfulness indicates the association of the word to other words, which makes this kind of words easy to learn. The other value is familiarity, which highlights the incremental nature of vocabulary and is therefore evident that vocabulary proficiency develops overtime as more words that are familiar are acquired. They then proceeded from the purpose of each value to the development of word knowledge and acquisition. They used four hypotheses and the first was in reference to concreteness. Their prediction is that oral discourse of L2 learners exhibit a greater number of lexical items that are less concrete as time progress and
Pole to pole was a premier episode that was produced in 2006, and aired in BBC. The main theme of the film is to show how natural features in the universe are I interconnected. The author proofs to people in the world that all lives in the universe are interconnected in one way or the other. Starting from the highest mountains that are seen all over to the deepest caves that we do not see every feature is connected to the other. The way earth rotate with its axis dictates the type of lives that we live (BBC, 2010). When earth is rotating, it comes up with various seasons that make lives complete. These seasons allow us to enjoy during the summer seasons, guide the wild animals on when to migrate, and above all prepare us psychologically on what to do next. The film gives the world a unique view of the planet, and the life of the amazing creatures that are present. Several topics are covered in the documentary such as shallow water, deep oceans, plains, mountains, and forests deserts. Was the topic covered fully and accurately? There were several topics covered in the documentary as mentioned above such as mountain. Concerning this topic, the series cover the biggest mountains also the creatures that are found in them. Some of the animals that are mentioned to live in big mountains include the lions, leopards, and puma (BBC, 2010). The full history of these big mountains and the animals that live there are covered fully, although they are rarely filmed. Through this documentary, people receive a very mysterious geological history of bar headed geese, and their interesting lives. To some extent, the topic for mountains and the creatures that live there were fully covered. Deep Ocean is another topic that was featured in the film. It was clear and evident that, deep oceans are biggest natural habitat on earth, although it has not been explored fully by human beings. Through this episode, the oceans surface is fully scanned, and the creature that depends on this surface such as the small insects. Then the author goes to the extent of covering the depths of deep oceans and the lives of some creatures. This was evident that, every part of the ocean whether on the surface or deep parts of it, supports some form of lives (BBC,
Abstract Nowadays, healthcare-associated infections constitute a serious problem in healthcare environment due to the increasing morbidity rates. In this respect, nurse should express greater awareness of the seriousness of the problem through recognizing and monitoring the rates of infections caused by insufficiently protected healthcare setting for patients. In this paper, the emphasis is placed on discussing how evidence-based practice, antibiotics prescription, and personal hygiene can contribute to the reduction of healthcare-induced infections and improve the overall quality of treatment. Additionally, there are many risk factors and determinants that influence the emergence and transmission of infections and threaten patient safety. These issues should be discussed within the given topic. Main Body Healthcare-associated infections create a serious threat to patient’s safety, including undesirable complications that can even lead to lethal outcomes. Patient safety studies have defined the increasing role of nurse professionals in ensuring a health and protected environment for all patients during treatment sessions. The infection control department plays an important role in reducing the influence of healthcare-induced infections on patients and healthcare professionals. In this respect, nurses take important responsibilities for performing surveillance of various infectious diseases, as well as for implementing resolute measures. Additionally, clinical care personnel should shape the frontline defend mechanisms for employing daily control of infections, as well as for preventing the transmission of organisms to patients. Nurses are endowed with unique opportunity to reduce the influence of healthcare-associated infections through employing evidence-based practice. The role of clinical care nurses is confined to direct participation in preventing infections through monitoring and performing compliance with aseptic procedures. Additionally, nurses should provide a collaborative approach to treating environmental decontamination to reduce transmission of microorganism from one patient to another. Healthcare workers make incredible efforts to ensure sufficient support and meet patients’ sophisticated medical needs, such as therapy, healing, and improving quality of care. Additionally, nurses should take control for all medical errors and side effects that might occur during patient treatment. Such a procedure can significantly reduce an undesired outcome. Nurses’ responsibility does not only imply controlling and preventing the infection transmission, but also responding to infections based on nurse-patient cooperation. According to the research studies by Cimiotti
Initiated in the 1960s, the affirmative action is a collection of steps that defines the federal agenda developed to counteract the historic discrimination against certain minority groups such as women and ethic groups in the United States (Dye, 2005). The government, pressurized by the impact of mass opinions against discriminations of the minority groups, sought to make affirmative action a national agenda under legislations. In 1964, the congress passed the historic Civil Rights Act with an aim of eliminating discrimination against the minority groups. It created equal opportunity for these groups to participate in the national, state and local levels. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson, issued the Executive Order 11246, which sought to cement the goals and objectives of the affirmative action agenda. According to various authors, this order is the foundation of the affirmative action programs in the modern times. However, affirmative action has become a highly controversial issue, especially due to its long-term effects (Dye, 2005). For instance, the long-term outcomes of the initiatives are analyzed by looking at the difference between the people who benefited from the program in 1970s and 1980s and their colleagues from the majority groups. In essence, there are several issues demonstrating that affirmative action has yielded better results. For example, it has reduced the degree of discrimination by providing the minorities with equal opportunities. Nevertheless, the initiative has equally produced negative results, affecting both the beneficiaries and the majority groups (Wu, 2010). Moreover, the modern and future context of discrimination has changed significantly, with other minority groups emerging. The groups considered as minorities in 1960s have slowly but progressively become more of majorities than minorities. Therefore, it is necessary that the programs be maintained but undergoes various changes to fit the modern context of minority groups and discrimination. First, one needs to determine the benefits of the affirmative action programs in the last four decades. Consider, for instance, the positive outcomes of the programs only a few years after the initiation of affirmative action plans. According to Wu (2010), the blacks, women and other minorities felt that they had achieved at least some freedom from discrimination within ten years of affirmative action. Public opinion has also shown that the minorities are able to enjoy their rights, thanks to the impact of a
Introduction Plants have many uses in people’s lives and are essential in many aspects of human life. In the prehistoric times, man relied on natural plants to satisfy his basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. Prior to the development of agriculture and domestication of plants, the hunter-gatherers derived their livelihoods directly from wild plants. In addition, plants and plant materials bear a close relationship with many aspects of human culture. Indigenous people use plants for spiritual and ritualistic purposes whereby plants play a pivotal role in material culture within the religious context. On the other hand, many indigenous plants, both in the past and presently, serve as an important source of food resources to people around the globe. Most importantly, wild plants, especially medicinal plants are indispensable sources of medicine for treating various human illnesses. In many cultures, various plants are used for medication, consumption, and narcotic stimulation purposes. In particular, different plants serve as food, fodder, fuel, timber, and medicine for various communities. Thus, the uses of plants vary from culture to culture depending on the culture or tribe, indigenous knowledge and the plant species endemic to the region. In the US, there are rich indigenous and exotic plant species used differently by the tribal groups of the American continent (Glenise, 1992, p.199). However, the traditional knowledge on the use of plant species, particularly medicinal plants is fast disappearing due to disintegration of cultures and exploitative deforestation. The indigenous knowledge on plant species influences the tribal uses of plant resources. Ethnobotanical Uses of Plants Although the uses of plants vary from one culture to another, plant uses fall into three general categories: nutritional, medicinal and cultural or ritualistic uses. In the prehistoric times, the important occupation of the hunter-gatherers community was the search for food. People of various cultures had to possess the indigenous knowledge of the various plants in their locality with regard to their use as food. In particular, knowledge of edible plants as well as poisonous plants, gained through experience, was important. Through experimentation, some plants with no nutritional value were found to possess valuable medicinal properties for treating various diseases. The nutritional needs of today’s global population largely depend on plant products as their source of food. Out of over 350,000 plant species in the world, 80,000 are suitable for human consumption. However, of the edible plant species, four principal plants viz. maize, rice, potato, and wheat are essential food crops consumed by the majority of the world’s population (Glenise, 1992, p.202). Plants form