ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary The current memo presents the evaluation of two reactionaries that were reviewed by a consultant. Two assessments of reactionaries are included in the appendices of this memo. They comprise major aspects such as the general criteria for instrument development and the question construction. Summaries of the assessments are provided in the comments sections. Introduction The purpose of this assessment was to evaluate two reactionaries. One of them is going to be used for the employee benefits survey, and the other summarizes impressions from a training program. Both of them are necessary to receive effective feedback from the employees to develop interventions for improvement of both, employee benefits policy and the courses organized for the employees. Thus, they should be appealing, include meaningful questions, and stimulate employees to give honest answers. Evaluation A reactionary, frequently called a questionnaire, is an instrument used for surveys. They are aimed at obtaining valid information from a certain sample that represents some population, for example, employees of a company. Reactionaries are useful tools in discovering reactions of employees to the company policies or interventions implemented by the company’s management. The first reactionary is a part of the employee benefits survey. It is expected to provide the company’s management with information necessary to meet the needs and expectations of the employees. It includes four sections such as health benefits, financial benefits, paid time off, and additional benefits. It contains an introductory statement which states the purpose of the survey and appeal for cooperation. Still, it does not have a closing statement or any directions for respondents. However, the directions may be not necessary because it is evident that a participant should rate the statements. Five rating options can be confusing but are expected to provide relevant information. There are no questions. They are replaced by statements. Although the reactionary is a little crowded, a grid-based design makes it easy to follow. Still, the overall design looks amateur. The statements are not long. Only three of them violate the guideline of the double-barreled question using ‘and’ as the conjunction. On the whole, they are clear and cannot be misinterpreted. The second reactionary is aimed at the evaluation of a training program. It begins with a well-structured introductory statement which informs a respondent about its purpose which is to improve the learning process and appeals for cooperation. Its closing statement expresses gratitude for participation. Both introductory and closing statements are written. This reactionary contains brief overall instructions about rating the course. This assessment applies statements that have to be rated instead of questions. The rating scale is 1 to 4 which maybe not enough to provide a precise assessment. The reactionary is grid-based, has clustered statements with labels, and its layout design is easy to follow. On the whole, it looks professional. As for the construction of statements, there are no violations of g
Educational expansion led to reforms that have changed educational attainment for many students irrespective of their gender, race, ethnicity, or class. With the major aim being to attain quality education for all kids of the world, global educational expansion has led to an improved rate of enrollment in primary and post-primary schools. Most of the developing countries, which are mostly in Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, have a pronounced number of school-aged children who are not enrolled in any school girls being among the most affected. Despite an increased number of school enrollment both in primary and secondary schools, the level of education attained by these pupils is of low quality measured by the educational practices and systems portrayed in the third world countries. Most researches show that educational expansion in itself does not reduce the advantage of educational attainment between the rich and the poor. Studies show that the rich continue to maintain their class by gaining more education as compared to the poor. Walters shows that an increase in the educational system can have an effect on educational opportunities. This calls for a total overhaul of the rules governing educational opportunities (Hannum & Buchman, 2003). This means that there is a need for school reforms to improve educational opportunities. Reforms aimed at the modification of educational opportunity allocation also don’t help in the reduction of the advantages enjoyed by the elites in education attainment. Efforts can be made to promote participation in education by all people through the removal of tuition fees. Though this is meant to make educational opportunities equal, the result is usually not that. The elite still possesses an advantage over the low-class people. This level of educational expansion does not result inequality because that the wealthy section of the so
Introduction Nurses require theoretical and practical training that can enable them to perform their duties in nursing care. Experienced nurses accredited for educational duties provide nursing education to nursing students, and this depends on the relevant areas of nursing, including mental health and physical health (Gormley, 2003). In most countries, the issue of language barrier presents some difficulty in education delivery, and this requires educators in the nursing industry to consider different languages to nurture their students, especially in a multicultural environment. The language barrier is a challenge in both local and international nursing schools. When nurses are trained to use their native language such as English, they have a hard time attending patients from culturally diverse backgrounds such as those who speak Arabic as their native language. Language barriers can have negative results on a student’s academic excellence. Many universities in the faculty of nursing have not been able to deliver education on multicultural nursing (Gilchrist & Rector, 2007). However, few colleges which have given students multicultural nursing education have produced graduates who have knowledge, ability and wide understanding of multiculturalism and hence they are capable of attending patients from different cultural backgrounds. This paper focuses on language barriers in nursing education delivery. In essence, nurses have played a great role in delivering health care in many countries all over the world. Their task entails educating patients as well as the public on how to stay healthy and prevent diseases, provide health care, support in the cure, recuperating and any other assistance. Nurses usually have broad roles as compared to other health care professionals. They teach the patients about the emotional, mental and cultural experiences they come across during the period of illness. They also help patients to live with incurable diseases, manage the illness, and deal with the disease situation (Potter, Perry, 2005). Moreover, nurses have the responsibility of evaluating a patients’ health and their intense observation skills allows doctors to make clear diagnoses and provide the right treatment. Nurses have saved many lives because of their zeal to prevent diseases such as cardiac arrest through early diagnosis (Kreber, 2005). Nursing Education Battin (2007) argues that nurses are still advancing their education to gain more knowledge. As this knowledge increases, nurses help in improving patients’ lives. There is a need to keep on learning because new diseases continually arise, and nurses have to learn
According to Hansell (2008), behavioral theories provide a basis that can be used to explain cognitive psychological disorders, such as mental retardation, delirium, dementia, as well as amnesia. Mental organization and thoughts can create a dysfunctional behavior, which leads to subsequent behavioral reactions. It can also lead to self-destructive, unpleasing behavior, and cognitive impairment. Such conditions include hallucinations, aggression, delusions, mood change, limited memory formation, irritability, or wake and sleep problems (Hansell, 2008). Behavioral therapy is ideal in the treatment of behavioral-related cognitive disorders (Hansell, 2008). For example, the maladaptive thought process of a patient can be disabled through replacing unwanted behaviors with positive desirable ones (Kaplan, Sadock & Sadock, 2007). Psychiatric and theorists identify emotions as one of the components of cognitive disorders. This component is critical in explaining possible causes of cognitive behaviors in situations where biological, behavioral, and cognitive components fail to provide the causes. The emotional component is a psychodynamic perspective and an explanation of the cognitive impairments (Hansell, 2008). Emotional disturbances may arise from complex environmental expectations and disturbances that an individual is exposed to in many situations. The oversensitivity and overreaction to these disturbances cause automatic negative dysfunctional attitudes that result in emotional distress, causing dissociative cognitive disorders. Dissociative cognitive disorders can be dealt with through avoidance behavior therapy (Kaplan, Sadock & Sadock, 2007). Cognitive components are also responsible for cognitive and other psychological disorders (Hansell, 2008). To a large extent, these distortions are responsible for causing different psychological cognitive disorders, such as dementia, which is more prevalent with old age. Cognitive deterioration results in exaggeration to emotional responses to situations that are normal. Prolonged exaggerations to normal situations lead to persistent hyper-vigilant state (Hansell, 2008). Persistent hyper-vigilance is detrimental to the mental an
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and lastly James Madison were the three responsible people in the 18 th century who took up the initiative to publish the Federalist papers and these papers were first published in New York in the year 1787 and 1788. The main aim of these papers was to ratify the new American constitution. It is believed that one of the most influential papers was written by James Madison and it is called the No 10 paper. The paper mainly focuses on main aspects like the role of Faction, how the Government controls excess of Faction etc. James Madison wrote as many as twenty one such papers which were instrumental in shaping up the US constitution. James Madison is believed to be one of the most influential people that the US has ever had, his Father was a plantation owner and he studied in the state of Virginia in the US. James Madison holds a very big role in drafting the constitution of the US and he was able to do so because he was a highly influential figure in the US. James Madison followed his principles come what may, he firmly believed in two uncompromising things and they were republic and liberty. Even when a bloody war broke out, he still stuck to his principles and handled the situation extremely well. He was unlike the other Presidents like Abraham Lincoln and George W Bush who took an extreme step by suspending habeous Corpus when they were under pressure. Madison believed that these principles gave them an edge over Britain and compromising on the principles would bring the US on par with Britain. The series of publishing papers is called Faction and the tenth paper is believed to be one of the most instrumental in this Faction. Madison presents his argument that Faction and Liberty go hand in hand and no one can separate the two. Madison wanted the US government to control the effects of faction instead of focusing all their energy on the causes of Faction. He quoted “As long as the reason of man continues to be fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed.” (Faction, 6 February 2009). Faction was an indigenous part of liberty and Madison followed it extensively, he never compromised on his principles. “Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. But it could not be a less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency.” (Faction, 6 February 2009). From his views it is very clear that he believed in Faction and wanted it to develop in the Government of the US, he
Introduction There has been an escalation on the debate whether the homosexual trait is an acquired characteristic or a genetic trait. Majority of the human rights activists sympathizing with gay community argue that homosexuality as congenital is a genetically condition and therefore homosexuals should have the right of association and marriage (Bailey, 2003). They based their arguments on the act scientists in the late 20 th century discovered that homosexuality is a genetic or hormonal condition. Scientific studies have correlated sexual orientation to almost everything ranging from the parts of the brain, length of the finger, differences in the inner ear, and hormonal differences among others (LeVay, 1991). A Psychiatric Professor in the University of Columbia by the name Robert Spitzer contended that humans can alter their sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual through reparative therapy counselling (Bailey, 2003). Spitzer was an opponent of the ideology which conceived that homosexuality was an inborn characteristic and could not be changed. Some of the most recent studies carried out on homosexuality suggest that it is not a genetic trait but a fashion among the youths (Bailey, 2003). These studies also suggests that homosexuality among women is based on social interaction, presented as an emotional appeal besides physical attraction that may change with time (Kauth, 2000). Contrary to the increasing evidence relating to inevitability and impossibility in resisting homosexual behaviour, some studies have been extensively publicized as evidence to a genetic element. However, these studies are either badly constructed or not well presented as to their importance (Bailey, 2003). Other Columbian University professors in the psychiatric department studied the most dominant homosexual gene on the brain structure and found out that most studies have procedural flaws. These professors concluded that there is no evidence to support the genetic aspect of homosexuality. They asserted that the appeal of the present genetic explanation of sexual orientation was purely driven by discontent with the current status of psycho-social explanations than from a considerable body of investigational data (Kauth, 2000)… Despite of the opposition regarding the biological explanation of sexual orientation, some researchers are very optimistic on the correlation of the above two elements and argue that the past studies have been poorly undertaken (Bailey, 2003). The biological evidence to support the difference between the heterosexuals and homosexuals relates to the brain structure, hormonal difference, similarity of homosexuality among twin and the genetic markers in siblings (Kauth, 2000). Brain structural difference between homosexuals and heterosexuals Sex differentiation in the structure of the hypothalamus and the closest brain structures have been found to relate to sexual characteristics of humans suc
Introduction The current research is anchored upon two main points of concern related to some exposure concerning the topic of the study. These two points will be considered majorly in relation to the issues that affect exchange rate. First of all, the focal point of this study is the effect of interest rate and inflation rates on exchange rate, as well as the time when the effect becomes adversely experienced. The question at hand is; what happens to the foreign exchange rate of NZDUSD whenever there is a change of this variables? The second observation point to be made pertains to the differences in the exchange rate of NZDUSD among the two viable. Methodology of the study There is the need for coming up with a fine way of obtaining the necessary information and performing the necessary analysis in this study. The methods employed here have been considered due to their relevance and accuracy in use. The inflation and interest rates have been used as the response variables that are the dependent variables, and the New Zealand/ US dollar exchange rate has been used as the explanatory variable that is the independent variable. A basic OLS regression will then be run in order to see how these two variables are related to each other. The validity of the model will also be checked in order to discuss if there will be a violation of any assumptions. As it has been mentioned earlier, for the sake of coming up with a more conclusive deduction, there is a need to use more than one variable. The outcome for the simple regression will also be studied and some factors will be included in the model. The outcome will be checked for any form of difference with the model again. In the data given, the formulation of numerical data is seen to have certain assumptions which are not satisfied with regard to the population samples used. The numerical hypothesis provides no basis for the choice of the confidence level of 95% in relation to the number of analysis to be performed. The basis for testing the null hypothesis is affected by the nature of sample distribution. Data collected The data used in this analysis is taken from the year 1989 in order to easier comparability of the results. This is because NZD was under control regime up to 1985, and the central bank introduced inflation targeting in 1989. If we use the data with different starting dates, comparability w
Economic issues Dominance of dubbing in the French film industry has been there for the past six decades. This translation technique requires an expert to match the actor’s dialogue with lips synchrony, a factor that has economic effect on both the small and medium distributors in the industry. Hiring such experts would be hugely expensive for these small and medium distributors like what Joinville studios experienced (Christine 2004, p. 208). Major distributors have dominated the industry because their bulk production does not incur a lot of cost when dubbing (Dana 1991, p. 607). The expense for producing a dubbed film is 10 times higher than any other translational technique; these producers can only afford this form. Preferences for dubbed films have driven many filmmakers to acclimatize to their market demands by embracing dubbing as opposed to subtitling (Bogucki 2004, p. 71). A tradition by French citizens to hold firmly onto dubbing has done little to embrace translational change. It is true that any abrupt change without both technological considerations as well as market survey would mean economic woes to dubbing industry just like what subtitling companies in Europe went through before the version could, became attractive to local companies (Riggio 2010, p. 31). Dubbing has in turn created a few job opportunities for the actors doing voice translation. A survey carried out by European commission (2007, p. 1) inextricably linked economic down trend with dubbing by arguing that citizens from nations like France who grew up in a culture without diversity lack English skills to land them considerable contracts because dubbing neither promote English language development nor cultural diversity (Cattrysse 2004, p. 39). Social class issues This method of translation has been in use across France because it is a perfect way of shunning certain expressions and trademarks found in the films. This involves actors replacing vulgar words with a softer language expression that will not be offensive to the viewers. These would include advertisements on alcohol, drugs, and certain b
The scholars define Managerial Economics as the study that is focused on the application of economic theory, methods, and principles to the process of business and administrative decision-making so that the organizations can achieve their objectives in the best and most effective ways (Davies and Lam 3). Managerial Economics is viewed by Davies and Lam as the economic analysis of various business issues based on the firm theory, management scenes, and industrial economics (5). The analysis implies the creation of models, to analyze a behavior the researchers make an assumption about it, theorize about the consequences of it, form predictions, test them against the existing evidence and then see if they are supported or refuted, the result of the model-building process indicates the validity of the model. The assumptions such models are based on can be unrealistic, as long as this allows the model to create useful predictions and set hypotheses. Managerial Economics is focused on the given data and results, and instead of focusing on their evaluation (normative approach), it tries to explain what already exists (positive approach), its causes, and outcomes. Its main goal is to study the work of the market economy. The normative approach focused on “what should be” is more suitable for businessmen, while the positive approach studying the firm’s behavior is the prerogative of academic economists (Davies and Lam 13). Managerial Economics allows the application of economic analysis to form predictions, study the behavior of firms and development of the market, provides a perspective of the business. It is linked to Management Science, which also seeks to improve the decision-making process, and Industrial Organization, which studies the behavior of industries that are composed of firms. Works Cited Davies, Howard and Pun-Lee Lam. Managerial Economics: An Analysis of Business Issues.