ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Plot summary This is a novel by Thomas Hardy, whose setting is in the 19th century. Hardy tells the story of a young woman Tess Durbeyfield and uses her character to bring out main themes. Tess is from a poor family background, the Durbeyfields. Her parents after realizing that they are descendants of a royal family blood, the D’urbervilles, decide to send her there to acquire fortune. She meets Alec, the D’Urbevilles’ son, who gives her a job. One day Alec takes advantage of her in the woods. She becomes pregnant; goes back home and give birth to a baby who soon dies. She then finds work as a milkmaid. Tess meets Angel who later proposes to her, and they get married. After discovering her past, Angel does not forgive Tess, making him to leave her for Brazil. When he finally comes back for her, she is living with Alec. Tess then kills Alec and run into hiding with Angel. The law catches up with her. The story ends by her execution. Hardy’s development of Tess’ identity In his bid to highlight the main themes in this novel, Thomas Hardy brings out the identity of Tess. There is an emphasis on the economic status of Tess from beginning of the story. Hardy informs us that Tess is from a poor family background (Hardy & Basset, 2008). We learn that she is obedient when she follows her parents’ instructions to go find fortune from her supposed relatives, the D’Urbevilles. When she losses, the only source of income to the family, Tess takes up a job at the D’Urbevilles family estate so that she can take care of her family. This shows that she is responsible and caring. As a milkmaid, she identifies with her workmates and befriends them. This identity comes naturally because they share something, which is poverty. Hardy uses situations revolving around gender to show the role of women in the 19th century. From the novel, men are dominant over women and have power over them. This dominance over women slowly shapes out the identity of Tess throughout this story (Silverman, 2002). Alec admits that his intention of sleeping with Tess was for momentary pleasure. Tess, on the other hand, does not have feelings for her at the time. This situation brings out Tess’ character of being vulnerable. Alec takes advantage of this vulnerability and ends up making her pregnant. This happens again towards the end of the story as Alec lies to her that Angel will never come back for. She obliges and ends up living with him. Male dominance continues to the end of the story when male police officers arrest her even though she did not mean to kill Alec (Schmoop, 2007). Thomas hardy clearly defines the boundary between different social classes within the novel. He informs us that people with royal blood are automatically wealthy. Tess was sent by her parents to the D’Urbevilles, who were royal, to claim her fortune. Change of social status is evident as Angel, who is from a royal family, ends up being a farmer, and marries a milkmaid. This put emphasis on her vulne
The meaning of time in our life is very important and significant. Time is an integral part of any sphere of human activities; it runs our life but only people are responsible for it. Time and business are closely interrelated with each other. Business is deeply dependent on time and all its operations are closely connected with this aspect of measurement. A relative saying “Time is Money” is really truthful in a modern business environment. Business requires collectiveness which is directed to the fulfilment of the common purpose and reaching success. This statement really makes sense in the resolution of particular problems. The state of togetherness in business is vital and can result in committing profitable deals and working out beneficial strategies. Partnerships mean to work in one direction, to have one common purpose aimed at reaching something important for your company and business. But it is an open secret that no matter how togetherness is important, it is destroyable to take time for yourself in business. An example of the time role in business can be observed in the banking system. The longer your money remains deposited to the bank, the greater interest one can get. Both parts in these cases are interested in the time running; the part deposited and the bank receive profits if the period of time is long enough for this. Thus, it proves that the meaning and power of money really exist in the sphere of business and profits making. The notions “togetherness” and “time” are closely connected with each other and if they “work together” they can bring real success to the company. But there are some cases when time plays against the business – it means that partners take time for themselves. In cases like these, a chance for success is reduced to minimal. Partners have always to remember that time is a progress mover and taking time can lead to crucial consequences. To be more exact the meaning and importance of togetherness have no sense and its power is broken if the partners take time for themselves. The sphere of business can be compared with the game field where all its partners are the players. So, everyone is to remember that he plays for the team but works out his own strategies for the fulfilment of his own purpose. The value of money, in this case, should be taken into account beforehand. The company can lose, for example, important clients in case of great competitiveness level and time waste by the partners. The members of the business should catch every moment and every opportunity even if they see that their colleagues are lacking somewhere behind. So, as a way of summing everything up, it is important to state that our life and our success depend on time but only we can decide how this time is to be spent and what profits it can bring to our business. Though togetherness is very important in work and partners’ relations, one should remember that only time saving not its wasting can bring real suc
Introduction Viruses and cancer are linked. These are very small organisms which most are not seen from an ordinary microscope. The protein coat surrounds their genetic form of DNA or RNA. Viruses are reproduced by entering a living cell where they multiply to make more viruses, this means that they cannot reproduce on their own but do by entering the host’s living cells. There they reproduce; this is done by inserting their own RNA or DNA into the host’s cell machinery. This insertion of the virus into the host’s cell may alter the host’s genome which may become cancerous. Cell fusion in a human being is a process of bone and muscle formation. 1 Viral infection in some instances causes cell fusion in human tissue, although this is harmless because they are believed to die without causing harm to the host. However, cell fusion triggered by viruses, according to a recent study shows that virus plays a role in the development of human cancer. Viruses are used as a vector for human gene therapy. These fusogenic viruses as vectors might cause cancer. The use of fusogenic viruses as vectors for gene therapy or other clinical applications should be looked into consideration to avoid the development of cancer. It has also been established that the AIDS virus may directly cause cancer of the immune system. This is done by switching on a dormant cancer gene when it enters the cell’s DNA of the host. HIV the virus which causes AIDS suppresses the immune system. Thus people with AIDS have higher chances of getting this cancer. Research has shown that retroviruses can cause cancer in birds by inserting themselves near a dormant cancer gene. The same sort of thing could also happen to a human being. Viruses are spread from one person to another in different ways: Oral, Vaginal or Anal sex with an HIV- HBV Infected person without any protection, Needle injection or any equipment used on an HIV, HBV Infected person, during birth (careless handling of infants from mother with HIV or breastfeeding by mothers with HIV, HBV,) and lastly Blood products, example in blood transfusion containing HIV or organ transplant from an HIV infected person. The virus can help to cause some cancer by causing genetic changes; several viruses have been researched and have shown their possibility of causing cancer in human beings. These viruses are Human papillomaviruses (HPVS), Epstein- Barr virus (EBV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), Human T- lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), Feline leukemia virus (FELV) and Simian Virus 40(SV40). HPV causes cervical cancer and warts on the genital organs, skin, mouth, and larynx. They are a g
A public private partnership (PPP) is a corporation between a public sector and private sector party where the private sector and the government work together on projects involved with agreed risks and task division and each sector maintaining its responsibilities and identity. In a PPP contract, private sectors are committed in providing public services which were traditionally represented by public institutions both financially and operationally. Thus, the private sector assumes any operational, financial and technical risks accompanying the project and in most cases, it bears the service cost which would otherwise have been borne by taxpayers in traditional procurement. In addition, the private parties do seek government assistance in where they get into contracts of providing goods and services during capital investment, with government contributing either whole amount or part of it. In other cases, government may opt not to provide its contribution in cash but rather in kind; a service known as “transfer of existing assets.” Where the private sector gets involved in projects concerning public goods such as infrastructure, the government extends it contribution by subsidizing the required capital in a one-time grant form. The government also supports the private sector by reducing their tax with provision of guaranteed partly or fixed revenue. This has greatly attracted private investors in provision of public services. (Akintoye, Matthias & Hardcastle 2007, p. 163). Unlike the traditional public procurement which obtained only a substantial value for money, PPP has been able to obtain this value in a great measure. This has enabled the PPPs to acquire a capability of implementing public services and works faster, distributing risk in a good way, minimizing the cost of life-cycle as well as improving the quality of its service accompanied by increase in revenue streams. Furthermore, the public-private partnership has been able to utilize the qualifications of the management improving the efficiency of the private sectors, with maintenance of the output’s quality standard. The main objective of PPPs adoption was to enhance the provision of different services to the public, ranging from the construction of infrastructure, to health and education amenities with other services like waste management, criminal justice, water supply and management as well as environmental management. The contracts between the private and public sector are characterized by long-term service provision to public parties by the private ones, with these contracts may taking as long as 30 years. During this time private sectors conduct most of the services as well as provision of assets (Grimsey & Lewis, 2007, p. 37). PPP is involved in various models which range from private sector involvement to transferring public risk to the private sectors. The first model involves Service contract. This involves the public and private party’s agreement on requirements pertaining short-term and simple o
Executive Summary The behavior of customers when it comes to online room reservation is an issue that has attracted the attention of many leading multinational hotel groups in the modern market. The global hospitality industry is increasingly becoming competitive, and it forces firms to find ways of dealing with stiff competition. In such a competitive industry, it is critical for a company to understand the changing trends and be able to adjust its operations in line with the market changes. Traditionally, hotels relied on travel agents and regular customers to ensure that their rooms were fully booked. However, the emergence of online room reservation has completely changed the mode of operations in this industry. The internet has made shopping easy for clients. They no longer have to visit brick-and-mortar stores to purchase what they need. In the hospitality industry, these customers no longer have to visit hotels or make phone calls to agents to book rooms. New technology has emerged that enables them to view products, which are available in the market, the prices charged, quality promised, and any other detail they may need when planning to travel. They can make their advanced booking online at the comfort of their offices or homes. The popularity of online room reservation has been witnessed not only in developed economies such as the United States and the United Kingdom but also in the emerging economies of Asia and Africa. Time has come when multinational companies have to take seriously the opportunity presented in the online market. For multinational companies to take full advantage of the opportunities in the online market to boost their sales, they have to understand the online behavior of their customers when they make online room reservations. They should know the factors that influence their decision-making processes. They need to know what makes them choose a given product and not the other. This information is critical because the online market is proving to be very important for multinational hotel groups. Most of the new clients in the online platform want different products based on their unique demographical factors. Factors such as customers’ age, gender, social status, race, religious, cultural beliefs, among other demographical factors influence their decision-making process. The problem is that a lack of physical interaction between a company and its customers make it almost impossible for the companies to know these needs. There is also the desire for these firms to prove to their clients that they understand and are capable of meeting their desires. As such, these firms are forced to use available means to collect data about the online behavior of their clients to identify what they desire. Some of them will be interested in low-cost products. Others are concerned about reliability than anything else when making their purchases. Some of them place a massive emphasis on quality while others love adventure. The company must understand the uniqueness of these needs so that it can proposition its brand and products in the appropriate way. This paper is divided into five chapters. The firs
During the decades prior to the rebellion, deindustrialization and suburbanization were significant drivers of change in Newark’s demographics. Middle-class whites who fled to other cities in North Jersey are some of the most prominent examples of this population exodus in the country. Under the Military Rebuilding Act of 1944 legislation, white veterans fresh from the fighting in World War II began to emigrate from Newark to the suburbs, where access to interstate highways, mortgages, and colleges was improved. The outflow of white veterans from Newark to the suburbs was quickly counteracted by an influx of blacks into the Central District. Before the rebellion, the black community faced discrimination in work and housing, resulting in their lives being more likely to fall into a cycle of poverty. By 1967, Newark was one of the first colored-dominated US cities but was still controlled by white politicians (Curvin, “Rebellion and City Politics” 103). Racial profiling, redlining, and a lack of education, training opportunities, and jobs had made the city’s African American residents feel powerless and disadvantaged. In particular, many felt that they were largely excluded from meaningful political representation and frequently subjected to police violence. Unemployment and poverty were very high, which caused the city’s traditional manufacturing base to be destroyed entirely and liquidated by 1967. Many African Americans, especially young community leaders, felt they were largely disenfranchised in Newark, despite the city’s dramatic demographic change (Curvin, “Winds of Change 60). Mayor Hugh Addonizio, the city’s last white mayor, took several steps to adjust to the change and provide African Americans with civilian leadership positions and better job opportunities. Black leaders became increasingly frustrated that the Newark Police Department was still dominated by white officers who routinely stopped and interrogated black youths with or without provocation. In about 1900, blacks made up only 3% to 4% of Newark’s population, but by 1910 poor economic conditions and Jim Crow segregation laws in the south forced blacks to migrate to cities in the north, including Newark. As Curvin states, between 1940 and 1950, there was a net migration of just over 1.2 million blacks from the South; between 1950 and 1960, that number reached 1.4 million (“Winds of Change” 35). In addition, the predominantly rural black population transformed into an urban one reaching 73% by 1960 (Curvin, “Winds of Change” 35). This dramatic change led to a shortage of jobs, housing, and health services and led to disastrous consequences. In addition, this turn of events forced part of the white population to leave the city, although this process intensified already in the 1950s, during the Second Great Migrat
Over the years, the human societies have changed dramatically; from the way they dress, talk and believe. Without a doubt, these changes have infringed the religious ways of life and norms. This leaves has left many religious people in a quagmire. Like many other religious followers, Christians and Jews have to declare their stand on issues like homosexuality, stem cell research, euthanasia, ordination and marriage. Since religious books do not often give clear guidelines on some of these issues, debates have erupted on the level of tolerance regarding these issues. The thesis of this paper is that division among Judaism and Christianity in relation to contemporary issues, can be divided into two; conservative groups and liberal groups. Both Judaism and Christianity consider human sexuality to be a leading cause in sinning. In general homosexual, bisexual and transgendered people are considered to have sinned, but there are differing opinions on the issue. Some of the Christian religious groups are tolerant, for example, The Unitarian Universalist Association and United Church of Christ. Both of these denominations consider lesbians and gay people to have committed no sin, therefore, they should be treated the same as everybody else. They have demonstrated equal rights for homosexuals and bisexuals by proclaiming some as clergy. Other conservative Christian groups like the Evangelical Christian denominations have declared that homosexuality is a sin. They have even denied lesbians and gay people membership to their denomination. Presbyterians and Methodists have not resolved on where they stand, but there seem to be some division between the young and the old. The youth are more moderate on the matter but the older members are still conventional (Eisenbaum, 630). This attitude is also evident in the Judaism denominations. Liberal groups like Reform Judaism have commonly acknowledged homosexuals and bisexuals as part of their community. They regard them as ordinary people who have a particular rare sexual preference. They respect their scriptures which denounce homosexuality and bisexuality but, claim that these scriptures refer to particular homosexual practices like rape and prostitution. In short, they also advocate for equal rights to all, whether Jews or not. Orthodox Jews are conformist on the matter and therefore, they consider homosexuality and bisexuality as unusual, perverted and a sin. They interpret the scriptures to mean that all forms of homosexuality are wrong (Gale, 56). Transgendered individuals are those people who have changed their gender through a medical procedure. Orthodox Judaism states that; the type of sex is inborn and it is a perpetual phenomenal. Therefore, there should be no way a human should change the gender of another human being. The catholic worshippers hold a similar thought as demonstrated in the 2000 Doctrine of Faith. It says that even though there might be a physical change, deep down, the person will always remain the same. Therefore, medical procedures do not change the gender of someone. On the other
Nursing is one of the most complex and multidimensional professions today. It requires strong personal values and medical knowledge, good practical skills, and excellent communication skills. Like other organizations, health care depends upon the social, cultural, and political impact of the modern environment and events. For this reason, a nurse should be flexible in order to meet changing cultural and social conditions. Nursing is defined as “a profession whose focus is to help the client to prevent, solve, alleviate or cope with problems associated with the activities he or she carries out in order to live” (Roper, Logan, and Tierney, 1990 cited Mckenna 1997, p. 4). Nurses like other health care professionals cannot escape the tensions that are being caused by the radically opposing and competing for moral viewpoints that are presently pulling the health care arena and indeed the world apart. The older definition states that nursing is: “A socially valued service whose goal is to promote a positive adaptation to the stimuli and stresses encountered by the client (Roy, 1971 cited Mckenna 1997, p. 4). An important question to arise here is: how can the nursing profession best respond to this predicament? There is, of course, no simple ‘final answer’ to this question. Nevertheless, there is at least one crucial point that needs to be made, and it is this: it is vitally important that nurses learn to recognize the cyclical processes of social and cultural change and realize that they themselves are participants in this change (Anderson, 1983). Once realizing this, they also need to learn that, as participants in these cyclical transformations, they are positioned and have a stringent moral responsibility to sensitively and artfully advocate for the mediation of the extreme and multiple positions they might (and very often do) find themselves caught between. The core of these definitions is that nursing means to care about patients and promotion of well-being. Newer definitions state that where able, they also have a moral responsibility to facilitate this mediation by acting as mediators themselves (Kozier et al 2004). However, the additional point needs to be made that fulfilling these responsibilities requires much more than ordinary commonsense and intuition. The ramifications of these ‘new’ moral responsibilities for the nursing profession, and not least for nursing education and research, are obviously enormous. They are not, however, insurmountable (Mckenna, 1997). So long as the nursing profession can keep its collective mind even and not become unbalanced by the ‘vertigo of relativity, can view the present moral crisis of the world as a crucial stage or ‘turning point’ rather than as destructive chaos, and can approach the future with vision, informed knowledge and skill, it will be able to correctly anticipate the challenges ahead in its practice, and in its education and research programs (Daniels, 2004). Special attention is given to the cultural and social context of moder