ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The whole field of astrophysics and astronomy, in general, is quite perplexing. The rich history and significant discoveries made by well-known scientists paved the way for the technological revolutions of the 20th and 21st centuries. However, these distinct discoveries would not have been made without equipment. The article The telescope in the seventeenth century written by Albert Van Helden, sheds light on the device and its significant importance in the history of astronomy. In this article, the author made several strong arguments. In the beginning, he indicates that the telescope was used against the enemies as a terrestrial instrument. However, with the advancement and multiple improvements to the lense, the writer indicates that the telescope started to be applied to magnify objects (Van Helden 1974). According to Van Helden, it was the telescope that made the difference in science, and it is the main reason why astronomers encouraged the telescope-makers to work on lenses (Van Helden 1974). I agree that the telescope can be the conduit of information for astronomers, and with its help, they can gather new data and make new discoveries. Nevertheless, I disagree that it is the only source of achieving such significant results in the astronomy. Consequently, as has been mentioned by Van Helden, different methods of encouragement of telescope makers were used. There are also other sciences that contribute to the development of engineering. For example, physics and chemistry focus on the appliance of knowledge about forces, pressure, and chemicals and their combination. The most recent developments might include the development of new technologies like phones or modern motors for vehicles. Moreover, while the advancements have been so big, there are no fields of engineering which are prohibited. Specific developments might be prohibited if they jeopardize the health or lives of people. The activity of engineering is, therefore, controlled by special laws. Hence, the development of telescopes and the improvement of the lenses gave an impetus to the advances in astronomy. While the telescope was first used as a terrestrial tool, it soon became astronomers’ tool. With the help of telescope-makers and developments of lenses, it was possible to make discoveries. However, other kinds of sciences, such as physics and chemistry, contribute to the technological advancements of our time. While there are no strong prohibitions of engineering, it is unlawful to jeopardize the health or lives of people. Reference Van Helden, Albert. 1974. “The telescope in the seventeenth century.” Isis , vol. 65, no. 1, 38-58.
Introduction As the world continues to usher in new generations, social, economic, and other demographic changes emerge. The current literature and empirical studies have focused on the significant socio-economic issues such as youth and development, women empowerment, gender parity, and empowerment of physically and mentally challenged. According to Bempechat (43), family and youth studies, have continuously revolved around youth, children, or even teenagers with drug menace and parental responsibilities being at the centre stage. Some researchers have argued that parental or family setting heavily influences the behavioral characteristics of individuals, while others believe acquaintances and peer group influence behaviors in children. Children behaviors and family responsiveness to the life of children has now dominated public debates, research studies, and the media as religious organizations and human rights organizations seem more worried about the issue. Unfortunately, some parents have become failed role models in the society, which puts the future generation at risk because poorly mentored children translates to a poor and weak future generation. This essay seeks to investigate if parents have really become failed role models as shown in A Doll’s House and Fight Club . A Doll’s House and Fight Club A close look at the story of A Doll’s House reveals pertinent issues surrounding family matters pertaining to immorality and extravagancy as demonstrated by Nora (Ibsen 10). Two important women characters stand out in this play. Nora, the wife to Torvald Helmer and Christine Linde, a childless widow, are both seen desperately squandering money from other men outside the wedlock, and thus they commit adultery through secret affairs. Surviving through controversial loans and secretly hiding money from her husband, Nora portrays childish behaviors to a point where her husband disregards her as the mother to his children. On the other hand, Fight Club, a 1996 masterpiece novel, brings an important theme about men’s lifestyles including drinking and drug taking. The characters in the novel become careless alcohol takers and engage in fights that form fight clubs spreading their dirty behaviors across the city. Parents and children’s behavior Human studies have significantly concluded that the environment in which human beings live is quite influential on their behavioral characteristics. This assertion explains the reasons behind changes experienced in different stages of human growth and development. In specific attention to children’s growth, family set up is a significant environment that influences children’s growth behavior. Drawing lessons learnt from the two novels mentioned-above, the mannerism found in the parent’s dishonest and immoral affair practiced by the two women, and the behaviors found in Norton, Marla, and Tyler, children are likely to emulate their parent’s attributes (Palahniuk 10). Since the attributes found in them form negative images in children, this consequently affects their growth behavior as well as their academic performance, which has remaine
Terrorism may be defined differently, depending on how a person is affected. While one may be defined as a terrorist for injustices he causes in the affected country, those who share similar causes consider him as a freedom fighter (Jewish virtual library, 2010). The FBI characterizes terrorism as an unlawful use of force against people with the aim of intimidation typically to attain social or political ends. The definition from the VP’s task force and individual scholars concurs with that of the FBI, further explaining that terrorism targets to change the victim’s behavior. Most of the definitions revolve around influencing political and social change through the creation of fear by intimidation (Whitaker, 2001). The American focus, however, does not mention spreading fear as terrorism. I find their meaning to be most appropriate as terrorists at times mark buildings. I would thus define terrorism as a systematic violent attack on unarmed civilians in order to achieve social-political awareness. Terrorists conjure different explanations, usually religious or political to justify their actions. Scholars and the general public would not immediately see the morals that some terrorists integrate with their actions. This action may be launched with the purpose of defending oneself from peripheral attack, or protect an innocent public from domineering regimes. Lack of diplomatic channels of information may resort to acts of terrorism in order to reach a message across. For example, America may be attacked by a country which feels that they should remove armed forces from their country (Kapitan, 2007). Intimidation behavior is not a personality disorder; rather it is acquired through social observances and teachings (Matthews, Ryan & Vanderlick, ND). The mindset of one influences the acts of terrorism, but it is exaggerated when gathering dynamics links causes with companions.
The automobile exception to the general warrant requirement as it was formulated in the Fourth Amendment can be explained with the inherent mobility of vehicles and impracticality of receiving warrants in particular situational contexts. The case Carroll vs. United States preconditioned the formulation of the Carroll exception which permits the warrantless search of a vehicle under the exigent circumstances. After the enforcement of the automobile exception in 1925, courts recognized the difference between the searches of buildings and searches of ships, automobiles and wagons which can be quickly moved from the location before the police officers receive a warrant. A warrantless car search is valid only in case if the three following demands are satisfied. The first is the requirement of applying the exception to the readily mobile vehicles only. For example, the warrantless search of a container that has been removed from a vehicle does not undergo Carroll doctrine. The searches under the automobile exception do not extend to containers which have been separated from the vehicle as well as the body search of passengers (Ferdico, Fradella, and Totten, 2008, p. 596). The second requirement is the probable cause for searching the automobile. The probable cause cannot be justified with the personal perception of an officer, the detected smell, for example. On the other hand, the smell of drugs that has been detected by police dogs is sufficient for reasoning a probable cause and conducting a warrantless search of a vehicle (Ferdico, Fradella, and Totten , 2008, p. 593). The third requirement is the impracticality of receiving a warrant in every particular situation because of the mobility of the vehicles and the risks that important evidence can be lost because of the time lag required for receiving a warrant. The warrantless search of a car is valid on condition that the three requirements of Carroll doctrine are met and the exception is reconciled with other amendments. The enforcement of the hot pursuit exception to the general warrant requirement carved out in the Fourth Amendment is constitutional on condition that it prevents the threats to people and evidence. The hot pursuit exception was recognized by the Supreme Court in the case of Warden vs. Hayden in 1967 when a taxi company had been robbed. In that case the police followed the suspect to his house and were let in it by his wife. During the search of the house, the policemen found clothing and gun which had been used by the robber. The warrantless entry and search was recognized as reasonable by the Supreme Court. “The exigencies of the situation made that course imperative” (Worall, 2010, p. 142). The Supreme Court decided in favor of police, and the case became the basis for formulation of the hot pursuit exception. In order not to sacrifice the interests of suspects, the Supreme Court has formulated the five restrictions for the warrantless searches associated with hot pursuit. According to these restrictions, the warrantless entry and search is possible only on the condition of a probable cause and the reasons to believe that pro
Introduction Autism is a childhood developmental disorder seen throughout the world. The number of incidences is at increase and it is reported that one out of 150 people are having this disorder. Boys are found to have more incidences of autism. Since it is a new dangerous behavioral disorder, there lacks professionally qualified team to treat the people affected by autism. There are number of treatments and therapies to deal with the problem. But, poor people are not making use of them in time due to their financial barriers. This paper presents what is autism, how every one reacts to the problem, what is the difference between the rich and the poor in their response towards the problem. Background “Autism is one of five developmental disorders classified under the heading of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).” (Pervasive developmental disorders, 2000, para.1). Autism is becoming a dangerous developmental disorder throughout the world. More cases of autism are reported in United States recently. It is believed that it will become one of the major developmental disorders in this century. “Autism is a developmental disorder that some people are born with — it’s not something you can catch or pass along to someone else. It affects the brain and makes communicating and interacting with other people difficult.” (Autism: What is autism?, 2009, para.2). Researchers and scientists are of the opinion that there are two important causes for autism. They are genetics and environmental and the scientists have determined a number of responsible genes of autism. “Studies of people with ASD have found irregularities in several regions of the brain. Other studies suggest that people with ASD have abnormal levels of serotonin or other neurotransmitters in the brain.” (Autism fact sheet: What causes autism?, 2009, para.11). There are number of symptoms and signs in connection with the disorder of autism. Some of them are “Communication problems (e.g., using and understanding language); difficulty relating to people, objects, and events; unusual play with toys and other objects; difficulty with changes in routine or familiar surroundings; and repetitive body movements or behavior patterns.” ( Autism: What are the signs of autism?, 2009, para.11). There are three major signs and symptoms for autism. They are less “communication, social interactions and repetitive behaviors.” (Autism, 2009, para.2). There is no absolute treatment for the disease but there are number of treatment options to reduce the intensity of the disorder. “The best-studied therapies include educational/behavioral and medical interventions. Although these interventions do not cure autism, they often bring about substantial improvement.” (Autism fact sheet: How can autism be treated?, 2009, para.10). Position The people in the community are aware that autism is a behavior disorder and it can be cured through timely treatment. Since the number of cases of autism increases, people observe the children an
The present essay is dedicated to the discussion of the incorporation of pedagogical principles of combining the basics of learning into an educational course. For years the conclusions of prominent educators and pedagogues have been indicating the need for building up the unique design of every separate course to fit the special needs of students as well as the goals stipulated by the educator to be achieved by the course. Thus, every pedagogue who works on the structure of the course, whatever specificity it may have, should think carefully both about the ways to ensure students’ comprehensive and multifaceted knowledge acquisition and the ways of its interpretation and expression. Each educator faces the problem of shaping the correct vision of the subject in the students’ minds – namely, explaining to them that they may not acquire the unilateral, plain body of knowledge on the subject as it does not exist. Every studied subject is a heterogeneous notion that cannot be studied only in one direction or based on one source as knowledge is a complex phenomenon that should be considered very carefully. Thus, the basic principle of education is to combine a set of different studying techniques and means to ensure multi-level knowledge acquisition and understanding thereof. In the context of educational opportunities that may be applied to enrich the course, every pedagogue should consider the potential of community services. They are a powerful source of experience that will wonderfully complement the theory studies within the course. It is a commonplace practice that is used to connect theory and practice and to ensure adequate understanding of all peculiarities of the future job the students are likely to handle and to provide students with the chance to conduct a, so to say, ‘rehearsal’ of their future activity or participate in the theoretical subject they study in person: “There are many obvious benefits, to students and to the agencies and individuals they serve, from service-learning. Many students become eager volunteers after the ice is broken by class projects and they see where they can go, how they can help”(Herzberg, p. 308). Herzberg relies heavily on community services and states that this type of work is highly efficient in students’ complex understanding of the subject; however, he warns educators about the necessity to keep an eye open for students’ perceiving the problems they come across during community services as personal: this may limit their vision of the problem in a broader, comprehensive way (Herzberg, p. 309). Community services may be organized by an educator wishing to include them in the course he or she is planning in several ways. But it is important to organize the cooperation process efficiently because individual handling thereof may appear highly problematic, exhausting, and troublesome for the pedagogue (Herzberg, p. 318). Besides, additional efficiency of the work may be achieved by the preliminary formation of values in the students’ minds utilizing theoretical work, and additional effort applied to their realization of responsibility and live participat
Introduction The book “The Souls of Black Folk” by W.E.B. Du Bois expresses the author’s perception and reflection towards the life, fate, and self-determination of African people in America. The author attempts to convey his experiences and realization, describing past and present events he witnessed or participated in and people representing these nations. The book raises many questions by expressing essential for humanity concepts. Among them, there is the concept of double-consciousness that Du Bois inserts into his work. Are there ways that this concept still resonates in 2020? It partially seems to be reflected even nowadays. The way it resonates is the state of all the people who feel unaccepted, estranged, and not belonging anywhere. For instance, people who do not match the modern society frames, such as appearance, orientation, gender. According to Rios, Carney, and Kelekay, today, the issue seems to broaden. 1 Not only the color of a person’s skin can be a cause of unacceptance and problems with self-identity, but a much wider range of characteristics is taken into account. Nowadays, a person often faces a confrontation between the image created by what he himself wants and the image based on what the society wants him to be. It is where the “two-ness” begins. To analyze the concept of double-consciousness further, it is necessary to focus on two chapters from this book – “Of Our Spiritual Strivings” and “The Sorrow Songs”. Of Our Spiritual Strivings The first chapter concentrates on explaining the concept and its origin. Du Bois says about the feeling: “It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others.” 1 The author describes the feeling of “two-ness,” which was developing in him, starting from the boyhood. It was the time when he began to realize that the place where he was contradicted with his heart and soul. Later on, this sense transformed into a willingness to adapt to the alien culture, make something meaningful out of life, and fulfill the potential. Simultaneously, he could not deny or forget his origin and, therefore, could not be free to live in another culture with different values and realities. This “two-ness” is transferred into the sense of inner confrontation and inability to identify oneself. As was mentioned before, nowadays, many people who do not match society frames tend to suffer from similar problems. The Sorrow Songs The next chapter to be discussed focuses more on people and their self-expression through creativity and music, their ability to convey their culture and deep emotions sometimes even without comprehensible words. African people can recount so much in their songs – their origin and culture, pain, and happiness; sometimes. Apart from the concept of double-consciousness, they manage to communicate such notions as death, motherless, faith. “Sometimes it is faith in life, sometimes a faith in death, … But whichever it is, the meaning is always clear: sometime, somewhere, men will judge men by their souls and not by their sk
According to Klapper et al, supply chain management is the integrated set of functions that seek to ensure that the products of an organization reach a customer in a timely manner. Therefore, the roles of the supply chain manager at Dell computers are to ensure that the customer is satisfied with the product distribution utilized by the company. The main roles of a supply chain manager are to ensure the effective selection and management of suppliers and to supervise efficient transportation of products from the production location through storage, though storage, and finally to the consumer (Chomilier, Samii, and Wassenhove). Therefore, at Dell, the responsibilities of the supply chain manager are to ensure that there is effective communication between the customer, the supplier, and manufacturer of the final product. This role leads to a high demand for supply chain managers by firms such as Dell because the supply chain managers ensure that the company’s products are efficiently distributed to various consumers in the market (Kale, 2004). These managers are also in high demand because the company has to distribute its products to diverse populations, and to do this, effective communication in the supply chain is needed. SWOT Analysis Strengths                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Weaknesses                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     * From the Case Study onDell Computers, it is evident that the company is the largest computer maker in the world, so marketing the computers is simplified because they have a set brand name.                                                * The main weakness with the marketing potential of Dell computers is that they have a weak relationship with retailers since the company prefers marketing its own products. This means that the company does not penetrate the market effectively, and the retailers do not market the company products.   * Another strength from the customer’s perspective is the use of custom designs to make computers; some customers will order custom-made computers from the company thus increasing their brand loyalty.                                       * The other marketing weakness of the company is the fact that they do not have unique technologies to offer the market, so new products do not increase the market potential of the company.                                                                                                                * The shipment strategy used by the company is an effective method that ensures that the computers reach the customer with minimal delays, which increases the marketing potential of the company.                                             * The issue of dealing with a large amount of suppliers fro