ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
How the Industrial Revolution Affected the Conditions of the Working Class in England with References to Society, Economy, and Technology The 19 th century can be characterized by the shift from accentuating the role of the humans in manufacturing and in the economic process to emphasizing the possibilities of machines for the industries’ development. In his book The Conditions of the Working Class in England , Friedrich Engels discusses the effects of the Industrial Revolution as the main event of the 19 th century for the workers in England, paying attention to the situation in Manchester and Liverpool. Engels as one of the most influential social scientists and political theorists of the 19 th century provides the complete discussion of the challenges which the working class in England experienced under the impact of the Industrial Revolution in 1844, and the significance of the work is in the fact Engels’s work is based on his own observations of the situation in England. According to Engels, in spite of developing technologies with inventing the steam engine and jenny and contributing to the economic growth with increasing the gains, the Industrial Revolution influenced the society negatively, making workers the “slaves” in the industrial world where human forces were changed with machines. Thus, the inventions led to the “radical change in the state of English workers” (Engels 52). First of all, to characterize the period of the Industrial Revolution from the point of its impact on the social and economic development, it is necessary to pay attention to the inventions which made the revolution possible. The changes in the technological process of many industries were based on the invention of the steam engine and jenny. Thus, “the history of the proletariat in England begins with the second half of the last century, with the invention of the steam-engine and of machinery for working cotton” (Engels 50). It was the start of the Industrial Revolution which further changed the basic principles of the English economic and social systems. The approach to manufacturing was changed significantly, and the industries’ productivity could move to the higher level. As a result, the changes and improvements in the technological process led to the changes in the economic rates of the country. The new technologies contributed to making the process of producing goods faster and more effective. Thus, the public demands increase and the costs and prices decrease. The industries’ productivity changed with using machines results in making the goods more available for the population. This situation becomes extremely influential for the economic progress of the country in which the main accents are made on commerce. It is important to note that the accentuation of the national wealth in the context of the successful free trade between countries can be discussed from several perspectives. Although the economic growth dependent on the active usage of the new technologies as a result of the Industrial Revolution can be observed in Great Britain during the second half of the 19 th century, Engels states th
Introduction Child development refers to changes that take place in human beings from childbirth to adolescent stage, involving emotional, biological, as well as biological transformations, while progressing from a stage of dependence to independence (Kail, 2011). Blades et al. (2011) points out that a meaningful and satisfactory life is a product of competence in two major areas. These include the capacity to develop persevering interpersonal associations and the ability to be productive. It is expected that by early adulthood, children should have attained the ability to develop relationships that are stable, mutually supportive, as well as cooperative with fellow human beings. The developmental features that lead to positive results in people are manifest in 10-12 years of age (Blades et al., 2011). Many theories have been postulated to explain the process of child development, and this paper seeks to tackle three major theories: Cognitive, socio health and behaviorist theory. Theories on development provide an understanding on how children grow and how they acquire knowledge. These theories can be handy in making decisions and understanding of the strategies to promote the development of a child (Blades et al., 2011). Cognitive Theory This theory seeks to explain how one’s thoughts and perceptions develop, and how these thoughts affect the way one understands and interacts with the surrounding. Generally, the cognitive theory explains that children build up skills and abilities in a predictable series. Jean Piaget first postulated the cognitive theory in the 1980s. Cognitive development involves distinct stages: Qualitative change holds that children of varied ages think in varied ways. The other stage is broad applicability, which argues that thoughts at each particular stage encompass topic and content areas. Thirdly, there is the brief transition stage, which states that there is no substantial necessity to have higher-stage transitions. The invariant sequence stage argues that at all times, the series of stages in human beings are constant (Sternberg & Zang, 2001). Children think differently depending on age difference; children increasingly develop the capacity to tackle more intricate and abstract ideas as they age. Younger children, for instance, are bound to have trouble in understanding figurative language. In the early years of school, children undergo fast developments in conceptual and language aspects as they learn to read and write. Cognitively, therefore, they tend to be more literalistic as they gradually acquire the capacity to think abstractly. Children between four to nine years possess high energies and will have trouble concentrating on senseless or uninteresting things as far as they are concerned (Blades et al., 2011). However, through the adolescent stage, they begin to interpret problems that are more sophisticated. In advanced years, children experience qualitative transformations as they tend towards abstract thinkin
Barriers to human service There are a number of barriers in an organization or any business setting that mitigates the efficiency of the entire human resource in an organization. These barriers in essence affect the daily activities of an organization, a factor that contributes to reduction in the production rate of these organizations. Barriers influence a wide range of the organization spheres such as: planning, empowerment and even funding of the organization in question. An organization strategic planning committee or any other relevant body responsible for overseeing these issues is thus obliged to find the best possible solution to these inherent barriers of human service. Technology came in handy to aid in the process of dealing with barriers to effective service delivery. Use of technology can increase or decrease the efficiency of a company depending on how it is employed to solve these problems (Patterson, 2000). The modern world has almost entirely adopted technology in various fields of human service. If used effectively, technology can eliminate or reduce significantly any barriers to human services that may be eminent in the course of duty. Technology can thus enhance resilience from any difficulty that may result in a business setting. Three barriers to human service This paper will succinctly and exhaustively select and discuss three barriers to human service that are evident in any organization’s setting. These barriers are; privacy to health information, fiscal planning and communication respectively. The paper will further discuss the weaknesses of these barriers and their possible solution using technology. Privacy of health information Despite the fact that technology has aided medicine development in the recent past, the challenge has been about the new system that will see the mapping of patient private information in the Internet. According to Chinna (2005) the aim of this decision is based on the fact that making patients medical history readily available in the Internet will ease a doctor’s work in case of illness. The information will provide details of the patient’s medical status and diseases that they have suffered from in the past. This in the end will reduce the doctor’s workload of accessing the medical history of patients. The overall effect of availing such medical det
Introduction Hyatt Hotels Corporation began operations in 1957 through acquisition of the Hyatt house at the Los Angeles International Airport. The hotel chain has grown over the years to over 200 hotels, resorts and vacation spots. The hotel chain which was started in the United States has hotels and resorts in all continents of the world. From the year 1957, the hotel chain has grown and diversified into many other groups such as Park Hyatt, Hyatt Regency, Hyatt Resorts and AmeriSuites. The hotel chain has been one of the best performing hotel chains in the world and this is evidenced by the good results that the hotel chain returned in the last quarter of 2012. According to these results, the hotel chain had an EBITDA of $ 147 million for the fourth quarter of 2012 which was an increase of 2.8% compared to 2011. The company’s net earnings for the period ended 2012 stood at $ 16 million which contributed to around $ 0.09 per share. These results were lower than those of 2011 when the hotel chain had a net income of $ 52 million contributing to $ 0.31 per share. During the year 2012, the hotel chain was performing well but its performance was compromised by the poor performance of its segments. Moreover, the hotel chain acquired a lot of properties and hotels during this period contributing to increased costs and expenses. For instance, the hotel chain acquired Hyatt Regency Birmingham at a cost of $ 43 million and other hotels at a cost of $ 87 million. Analysis of Hyatt Kathmandu Hyatt hotel chain has established hotels in different parts of the world and this include the establishment of the Hyatt Kathmandu. The hotel was opened in the year 2000 in a ceremony graced by top Hyatt and Nepalese government officials. This establishment was significant for the hotel chain since the Kathmandu hotel is a 5-star facility that sits on a 37 acres of land in well landscaped rounds based on the traditional Nepalese architecture. The hotel is located close to a UNESCO world heritage site and 4 km away from the airport while the Kathmandu city centre is 6 km away from the hotel (Stephen, 2007). The Hyatt hotel is also located 5 minutes away from the Boudhanath Stupa, a holy shrine which is a world heritage site. The architecture of the hotel is breath taking and it has a great panoramic view of the surrounding mountains and areas around Kathmandu. The Hyatt Kathmandu hotel comprises of 280 rooms which are designed to suite the different needs of customers visiting the hotel (Orbaşlı,
Every company that operates internationally must respond to local needs as well as global needs (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2011). This paper analyzes the demands placed on Kawasaki and H&M when trying to respond to local needs and global pressures. Kawasaki’s pressure for local responsiveness comes from the needs of the Japanese economy. The company is a major defense contractor for the Japanese military. In this sense, it is a key player in Japan’s national security. The pressure for global integration comes from the company’s international business. Kawasaki has very many business lines in various industries that supply products globally (MSU, 2014). In this regard, the company requires global infrastructure to manage its international business interests. On the other hand, H&M’s pressure for local responsiveness comes from the need to provide relevant products to its customers in different countries. Fashion is culture-specific. The company must localize its collections for every market to ensure that each local market responds favorably to its offerings. H&M’s need for global integration arises from its business model. The company has operations in thirty-four countries. It centrally controls all the activities of its subsidiaries from Sweden. H&M has a greater pull towards local responsiveness compared to Kawasaki. The three main reasons that underlie this proposition are as follows. First, H&M targets the lower market segment in all the countries where it operates. This segment displays fast-changing tastes and preferences when it comes to fashion. Changes in different regions do not take place simultaneously.
Introduction Nowadays rapidly changing world sets new opportunities and challenges in the field of leadership, where transformational leadership attracts more and more attention due to the unpredictability of the modern social, economic, and political changes. In this regard, it is essential to examine Alan Bollard, one of the most successful transformational leaders, including his identity and type of leadership. Individual’s Identity Bollard is an Executive Director of the Singapore APEC Secretariat. Prior to 2012, he was the Governor of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand helping the country to overcome the financial crisis. Earlier, he was the Secretary to the New Zealand Treasury and assisted in rebuilding the hydraulic model of the British economy that is well-known as MONIAC. Bollard also published a valuable book called “Crisis: One Central Bank Governor and the Global Financial Collapse”. Bollard has several honorary doctorate degrees. Rationale I would like to analyze the transformational leadership style of Bollard as he has thought-provoking ideas and opinions concerning the current challenges faced by businesses. His views are devoted to change that is required by the society. Besides, as one can note from his biography, Bollard succeeded in different areas. The leader’s communication style seems to be one of the integral parts of his success. Bollard uses strong and clear arguments. For example, in his “Three Friends of Winter” public lecture, Bollard states that the Great Depression, the Great Inflation, and the Global Financial Crisis generated innovative economic thinking. As the intended audience of the lecture is students, Bollard tries to be convincing and open. He uses a vivid metaphor of three friends of winter painted in a Chinese canvas, where the pine, the bamboo, an
The world’s history is closely intertwined with the history of war conflicts. In fact, I’m inclined to think that war and peace are two sides of the same coin because, it seems, one concept could not even exist without the other. Nowadays, we live in peace that has been successfully sustained for almost 70 years. Unfortunately, we do not often think about those who established it for future generations. With the course of time, the Second World War becomes more and more distant from us because many of those who took part in war actions or survived the wartime while working hard at factories and farms to produce supplies for the army has passed away. But any war always has two sides: winners and losers. Concerning the winning party (the USA) the outcome of the war contributed greatly to its national history and pride: there were built many monuments, museums, and libraries dedicated to the war. As for Japanese people it was a disaster and ever since the period between 1931 and 1945 is literally scratched out of Japan’s history (e.g., the art and the literature was denied and denounced) (Cook, and Cook 10). Therefore, much is known about the winner and very few about the loser. Nonetheless, there were people who one way or another were related to the war and had an urge to talk about it. Their accounts were compiled and presented to the public in the book Japan at War: an Oral history by Haruko and Theodore Cook. Thus the main objective of this paper is to reveal how Japanese people perceived the war and how their perception changed during the war based on the aforementioned book. Japan At War On the 7th of July 1937, Japan launched an attack on China without declaring a war. Thus the wartime for Japan started off. Its actions were severely condemned by the Allies, but it was not until the year 1941 that the Allies declared war on Japan. Hence, Japan was forced to open the second front and with scarce resources supply both fronts. It resulted in a total defeat for Japan. On September 2, 1945, the country surrendered to the Allies. An undeclared war (Nohara Teishin’s Story). This story tells us about a man who participated in the Japanese attack on China in 1937. During the interview, he kept saying that he did many different things because it was his duty. For example, many people were injur
Introduction Thomas Kuhn’s edition of the Structure of Scientific Revolution that was written in 1962 made him to be regarded as one of the great academician of science. He wrote on the science history and came up with important notions concerning philosophy. The book ‘The Structure of Scientific Revolution’ made him famous and its one of the academic books that is cited mostly today. Kuhn made significant contributions that helped to create a different approach as far as the philosophy of science is concerned. He came up with a completely different view about life and the scientific changes that occurs during ones lifetime. He argued that science has really enjoyed stable growth periods that are characterized by revolutions, which are reversionary. The science visionaries that preceded Kuhn did not have any different views but they only made some advancement to what Kuhn had already initiated. Kuhn held the view that science was basically altered profoundly by a new law that brought about significant changes in the field of science. Just like in politics, science also involves social institutions and thus Kuhn argues that no one scientist can work alone and that science are usually conducted by a group of scientists who have a similar research agenda. Kuhn also presented the idea that science usually doesn’t evolve towards truth gradually but instead there arises some periodic revolutions known as paradigm shifts i.e. the journey towards scientific revolution is marathon one but not an instant one (Kuhn, 1962). This paper explores the meaning of the period of pre-science and normal science according to Kuhn. The paper also distinguishes the two periods by the use of the period of mercantilism as well as the century of classical economics. Finally the paper examines on how the distinctions by the two periods agrees with the Kuhn’s views i.e. to see if there is a correlation between the Kuhn’s distinction of both the pre science and normal science and the classical economists’ mercantilism and the century of classical economics . Definitions of pre science and normal science During his analysis on the science history, Kuhn identified that there are normally three phases that are common in the development of science namely; the pre-science, normal science and the emergence of problems. Kuhn describes the first phase i.e. the pre-science, as a period which was characterized by the absence of consensus regarding the manner in which the theories were developed. Some theorists thus criticize this phase as having no clear explanation about the concepts and development of science while others claims that the theories are too comprehensive as they lack consensus and explanation. Kuhn was noted that the theories in this phase were incomplete and incompatible. He defined pre-science period as an early development period of field research during which the field is delimiting its scope and subject matter i.e. a period during which the field is establishing its roots. During this period, no single theoretical position or paradigm is sufficien
Introduction Bierce starts the story with an unusual and shocking description of a man who is being prepared for hanging. The last seconds of his life are passing away, and the inevitability of fate is felt in the following words: “Striking through the thought of his dear ones was a sound which he could neither ignore nor understand, a sharp, distinct, metallic percussion… The intervals of silence grew progressively longer; the delays became maddening” (Charters). At his point, the reader does not know the man’s name or his story, and focuses only on his feeling of being trapped in the horror of coming death. Another important quotation is, “he dug his fingers into the sand, threw it over himself in handfuls and audibly blessed it. It looked like gold, like diamonds, rubies, emeralds; he could think of nothing beautiful which it did not resemble” (Charters). This is the moment when a beautiful and romantic world of Farquhar’s illusion is unfolding in front of the reader. Literary qualities It is necessary to mention a special Bierce’s style of narration as he mixes all the events and confuses the reader’s sense of time. Although the imaginary escape is described in detail and takes a substantial part of the story, in the end, the reader discovers that Farquhar’s illusion lasted only a few seconds. Thus, the writer shows that people perceive time in a specific and subjective way, especially under mental and emotional pressure. Also, Bierce focuses on the natural desire of a human being to deceive death and flee from it. Farquhar cannot submit to death, so he starts imagining the escape. His senses are so acute at the moment; he can imagine every single detail of it. Questions Nevertheless, there is a question, why does a usual farmer leave his family and put his life at risk in an attempt to destroy the bridge? He undertook a task too difficult and dangerous for a civil person. He could do so. He was a courageous man ready to stand up for his views, or, maybe, because he was just a naïve and romantic villager. Works Cited Charters, Ann, editor. The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction . 9th ed. Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2015.