ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Purgatorio is considered to be referred to Divine Comedies by Dante reflecting the features of Italian and classical Roman history; the author managed to mix cultural and historical issues with political commentary. The Purgatorio discloses the peculiarities of author’s travel accompanied by Statius, a poet of epic Roman epoch, and Sordello, who is considered to be a Medieval troubadour. The role of Statius is presented by the author from theological point of view; it should be noted that this character was introduced as a Christ figure hiding under the mask of a poet/ the concept of the Bible place in the work is merely shown through Statius’ reflection of the Christianity features through inner sins and soul investigation. Dante shows the growing toward Christianity of the world population by means of Statius; he stressed that religion was perceived without any political power in the center of it, describing “the corruption of church and state and the ideal society that might be, and will return to earth with a message and a promise of salvation”(Ferrante, p. 239). The role of Sordello, described by Dante as the representative of Middle Ages, is aimed at illustration of such concepts as hatred, pride and human division observed in the Hell and contradicted to the character’s fight with social sins in Italian society. He had no relation to the development of Roman Empire and wrote creative poets for the generation of 13 th century. Dante showed this character as a political analyst through his moral and political poetry. The words “sola, soletta” (Purgatorio, 59) characterizing Sordello prove that he was the first solitary soul introduced by Dante; he was depicted as a spiritual and intellective character rather than a recollective one. The author described Sordello as “come ti stavi altera e disdegnosa” stressing the character’s attitude to the political strife. Now let us go down into the valley among the grade shades, And we will speak to them; well pleasing will it be to them to see you (Purgatorio, p. 32). The lines demonstrate the role of Sordello as the guide to goal achievements being a strong and self confident representative of mid cultural movements. Statius supported the idea of “possible intellect” sticking to intellective soul creation. He noted that every person had threefold soul comprising sensitive, vegetative and intellective spirits. And here-even as Luke records for us that Christ, new-risen from his burial cave… (Purgatorio, 27,7-10) Dante strived to show the combination of political and religious messages introduced with the help of Statius’ role introduction. This character appeared to be the embodiment of Christianity in the period of Italian religion development reflecting the place of politics and culture in the society. So, the work Purgatorio showed the depiction of religious and political issues in the characters of Sordello and Statius; poems and literature works created by these po
The company I selected for the analysis is Apple. Its annual report for the previous year contains plenty of business-related information and is divided into four major parts (Apple Inc., 2016):   * Part 1 encompasses all the background information about the company, the history of its development, its products, markets, business strategies, competitors, problems and risk factors it has to deal with (including unresolved issues), legal proceedings, and safety disclosures.   * Part 2 provides information about stakeholder matters, analysis of financial conditions and results of operations, supplementary financial data, financial disclosure, controls and procedures, and other finance-related issues.   * Part 3 is devoted to corporate governance. It covers information about directors, executive officers, security ownership, management, director independence, etc.   * Part 4 provides financial statement schedules. Thus, the information provided in the report is full and comprehensive. It encompasses all organizational issues that must be covered in the annual report. It is difficult to say what information is the most useful as no data provided in the report can be excluded from it without affecting its integrity. It would be reasonable to say that the first section of the report is the most informative, especially for those who do not have any particular idea about the company’s operations and want to obtain some general knowledge about it. The quality of the business description determines whether the reader will go further in his/her investigation. In this particular report, it becomes quite evident what the company produces, in which activities it is engaged, who its target customers are, what competitors it has, and what problems it has to deal with. This information is sufficient to make some conclusions about the company’s profitability and overall success. However, I believe that for those who want to penetrate deeper into the topic, the third section of the report would be more useful and interesting because it gives insight into corporate governance, directors, and composition of committees. The composition of the board of directors is highly important for understanding what policies can be expected from the company in the future. Moreover, with the increasing role of leadership in international business, personalities of leaders become key success factors. Taking into account that the company is operating in a highly competitive industry, its comp
Executive Summary Since the East African Community’s (EAC) reconstitution in 1999, the community has witnessed several accomplishments. These include the establishment of the EAC Customs Union and the strengthening of the East African Community identity. The organization has also succeeded in developing communication and transportation systems, harmonizing economic policies, launching Lake Victoria Commission and deepening co-operation in different fields, among other developments. The decision to re-establish the East African Community is impressive. It will allow the East African member states to sustain the forces of globalization as well as increase their own political and social standing amongst the states in the region. This will only be realized when the member states address or overcome the challenges arising from their individual economies, politics, overlapping membership, financial resources, and social backgrounds. The EAC has singled out these challenges as the main barriers to its stability. As such, it has instituted various instruments to ensure it remains a distinct and united entity into the future and ultimately improve the welfare of East African citizens. Introduction The East African Community (EAC) is a regional inter-Governmental entity. It is made up of the Republics of Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania. It has its headquarters in Arusha, Tanzania. The common languages spoken in the Federation are English, Kiswahili, Kirundi, and Kinyarwanda. Owing to their historical ties with France, Burundi and Rwanda speak French. The original EAC was established in 1967. However, it became a cropper in 1977 because of a number of reasons. Mumbai (263) cites the problems leading to the organization’s failure as poor organizational structure and differences in political ideologies between the founding partner states. Mumbai (265) further demonstrates that there was little input by the citizenry in decision making, coupled with a lack of a structure to manage shared services. Anyone gives a similar account on the collapse of the original EAC. He illustrates the fact that there was a lack of compensatory mechanisms for addressing inequalities in sharing costs and benefits of integration, which contributed to its collapse (125). In 2000, the organization was revived after Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya had signed a Treaty in 1999. Burundi and Rwanda were granted full membership in the EAC after complying with the Treaty in 2007. According to Senghor, the objective of EAC is coined around a deepening and widening co-operation between partner states in activities which can empower the region (22). This means that it aims at achieving sustainable growth and development of its member states by promoting healthy and harmonious development across the board. It also strives to strengthen and promote cooperation (in agreed fields), which is intended to contribute to equitable economic growth and better living standards of the citizenry in member states. Further, the organization aims at consolidating and strengthening prevailing econom
Judith Nabb. “Pregnant asylum-seekers: perceptions of maternity service provision” The article “Pregnant asylum-seekers: perceptions of maternity service provision” written by Judith Nabb in 2006 and based on the results of her research on medical care assistance given to pregnant refugees in the UK opens up a huge piece of information on the topic and represents the issue in a highly positive way. The author as an independent researcher shows particular interest in the topic of attitudes and possible complications that emerge in the process of provision of maternity care to refugees. In the process of the study, Judith Nabb focuses on a set of particular issues representing interest to her personally and being relevant in the course of general medical care studies, such as the level of medical care assistance to refugees available in the UK at the present moment, the needs of refugees that distinguish them from regular pregnant UK citizens and the empirical research on the issues of personal experience and impressions about the asylum-seekers maternity care provision that both the patients and the staff providing the medical care in the UK has. At the very beginning as well as throughout the whole work the author states that one of the main problems pregnant asylum-seekers face is lack of efficient communication and language barriers they have; together with this comes racial segregation and hostility they have to stand while being in the maternity houses. This is one of the primary assumptions Nabb puts forward in the course of her research, basing her judgment on the preliminary literary review she has conducted. As a result of the preliminary theoretical research, Judith Nabb stipulates three main objectives for her research: she wants to “determine the expressed needs of pregnant asylum-seekers regarding maternity care”, to provide for the objectivity of the research and assure the multi-faceted results she aims to “ask women for accounts of the quality of care received” and thus to come to a reasonable conclusion and to “clarify the provision of maternity care by health care professionals”. For these purposes, she chooses the descriptive, exploratory qualitative approach as the primary methodology and wants to achieve sufficient results this way. In the context of established goals and objectives the size of the sample as well as the chosen way to conduct interviews appears rather doubtable. More or less objective results cannot be a
Introduction The Oxoid Streptococcal Grouping Kit is a latex agglutination test that is used to identify streptococci of A, B, C, D, F, and G groups. [1] Researchers and clinicians state that this kit is appropriate and important to be used for identifying beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections. [2, 3] Thus, the timely identification of beta-haemolytic streptococci and appropriate treatment can prevent subsequent severe respiratory diseases. According to Cunningham, group A beta-haemolytic streptococci often cause acute pharyngitis and scarlet fever, and if these bacteria are not identified, they can lead to rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, and reactive arthritis. [3] Rheumatic heart disease often leads to myocarditis and problems with the heart valve requiring the valve replacement, and rheumatic fever leads to heart diseases in children as the sequel of pharyngitis and scarlet fever. [3] Therefore, it is important to research how the use of the proposed kit can influence diagnosing respiratory diseases. Aim To research advantages and disadvantages of the Oxoid Streptococcal Grouping Kit and conclude whether or not this kit can be useful for diagnosing respiratory infections. Methods The following principles determine the work of the test used in the kit:   * Different streptococci have specific carbohydrates (Lancefield antigens) on their cell wall.   * These antigens are extracted with the extraction reagent.   * Latex particles are coated with antibodies against the specific antigen. [1]   * If the homologous antigen is present, the process of agglutination can be observed when latex particles are added.   * A lattice is observed as a result of agglutination (a positive result).   * If the homologous antigen is absent, there is no agglutination (smooth suspension, a negative result). [1] Figure 1 demonstrates steps to conduct while analyzing the positive reaction on the slide. Figure 1. Positive Reaction. Therefore, to use the kit for identifying streptococci, it is necessary to test the reaction of beta-haemolytic col
Dystopian Fiction’s Reflection on Modern Society The dystopia as the phenomenon of literature originated in the 20th century. The works of this genre created a picture of a dehumanized society, projecting into the future the existing, present, and real social institutions, tendencies, and relations that oppose a cultural person and spiritual values. Thus, dystopias were originally born as a warning to humanity about some dangers threatening it, as a basis for the critical review of cultural values, socio-historical practice, and its timely change. In this context, the attitude of dystopias to contemporary social reality may be traced. Society has faced many problems that some writers describe in their fiction stories – mass culture, the influence of the media on society, the degradation of the population, and others. Mind and common sense are powerless against the problems of cultural degradation, and the current direction of development is the new picture of the future. These expectations are naturally connected with the progress in culture and the change of these problems. The influence of the works of those dystopian fiction authors who wrote their novels in the 20 th century on modern society can be traced in different spheres of life, which explains the relevance of these stories. Based on the ideas of such writers as George Orwell, Aldous Huxley, Ray Bradbury, and others, it is possible to make a comprehensive comparison of the thoughts and hypotheses of that time regarding possible options for the future. Some ideas are relevant today, and as arguments, specific academic sources may be used. For instance, Resch (1997) argues that “Orwell’s attempt to fashion progressive politics in terms of cultural values remains instructive” (p. 140). Also, as Morgan (2018) notes, although Huxley’s dystopia does not consider the modern world from the point of view of technological progress, in his Brave New World , the state is “founded on genetic and biotechnological engineering” (p. 226). Therefore, the works of the authors of that era are directly connected with modern society and reflect some ideas that are relevant today. Discussion of Source Material Based on some academic sources, it is possible to consider what reflection the dystopian literature of the 20th century has on modern society. According to Anwar (2016), after the World Wars, authors began to pay particular attention to the problems of people in terms of their life and natural needs. The author considers the fiction works of that era as an attempt to convey the destructive nature of violence and everything related to injustice (Anwar, 2016). “The tone of dystopia is of despair and the feel it gives is that of fear,” and the novels by Orwell, Huxley, Bradbury and other representatives of this genre are the caution to future generations (p. 247). Therefore, such literature has a connection with modernity as the instruction on how to prevent the collapse of social values and norms. Political satire is a hot topic in both the works of the last century and in modern literature. Awan and Raza (2016) note that the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by Orwell purposefully makes fun of totalitari
In his play, The Tempest , Shakespeare poses a range of ethical questions to the readers. The most peculiar ones concern the use of people and the manipulation of their actions and emotions for the “greater good” of the other characters. Although the reasons behind these manipulations seem rather legitimate, Shakespeare makes it clear that the ends never justify the means. For example, Prospero uses Ariel in the course of the entire play instead of granting the spirit the long desired freedom, which is a rather mean thing to do. Even though Prospero managed to accomplish much with Ariel’s help, the fact that he had been deceiving the latter makes the results look rather cheap. It would be much more ethically appropriate if Prospero granted the spirit his freedom and then asked to help him. However, Prospero prefers an easier and much more unethical method: “Thou and thy meaner fellows your last service Did worthily perform; and I must use you In such another trick” (Shakespeare 194). It is also important, however, to consider the situation from Prospero’s perspective. This leads to yet another ethical problem related to the use of people by convincing them in a specific idea. Prospero’s use of Alonzo after misinforming the latter about his son’s presumable death is the first problem that comes to mind. Although the method that he used to take control over Alonzo is unreasonably cruel, the outcomes of this deception might actually prove worth Alonzo’s pain. In The Tempest , after the ship crashes, Ferdinand wakes up to see only its remnants and come to the conclusion that he was the only one left alive. Alonzo, on the other hand, never knew if his son stayed alive until Prospero came to announce that Ferdinand was dead: In their distractions; they now are in my power; And in these fits I leave them, while I visit Young Ferdinand, whom they suppose is drown’d, And his and mine loved darling. (Shakespeare 186) That being said, it is clear that Prospero has no right to force Alonzo into following his directions by convincing him that his son was dead. While the given lie has served its purpose well, allowing Prospero to take control of Alonzo’s actions for a while and at the same time contributed to the development of Ferdinand’s relationships with his true love, the given lie came at the cost of the father’s emotional tortures and incredible pain of losing his only son. Ferdinand also considered his father dead, and must have gone through the same emotional turmoil, suffering just as hard. However, in Ferdinand’s case, the emotional pain was the result of a misunderstanding – after the ship wrecked, Ferdinand came to the assumption that he was the only survival completely on his own. Therefore, no one was to blame in Ferdinand’s case. As for Alonzo, Prospero was carrying a burden of considerable moral responsibilities. Despite the “happy ending” and the eventual reconciliation, Prospero’s deception of Alonzo was not worth
Different researches have been conducted in the various fields over a considerable period of time now. Researchers employ varying methods while carrying out their investigations. Psychological researchers, in particular, are interested in understanding human beings and hence most of their investigations involve direct contact with human beings. Many countries, especially the United States of America and Britain have developed psychological research guidelines which must be strictly adhered to. Researchers in the field of psychology are expected to meet the highest ethical considerations (Cox, 2002). The ethical standards are prescribed by recognized psychological associations and societies. The research paper seeks to discuss the use of physical traces as one of the ethical considerations in any psychological research. The concept of ethics as well as risk/benefit ratio will be discussed. The effect of physical traces on conducting psychological research will also be evaluated. The ethical concerns involving human participants have over the last 50 years received a lot of attention from concerned quarters. Notably, all psychological researches should be conducted and guided by the highest ethical standards. Ethics in research can be defined as the guiding principles that govern the entire research process especially those involving human subjects (Flanagan & Banyard, 2005). According to the American Psychological Association, before any research is conducted, the researcher must be ethical by considering the participants and how they will be affected either directly or indirectly by the research process. The researcher should ensure the preservation of the physical and psychological dignity of the participants (Cox, 2002). Moreover, the research must not interfere with the participants’ health, safety, and general well being. This process should be done continually as the research proceeds through the consideration and evaluation of the risk/benefit ratio. Apart from the participants’ safety concerns, receiving informed consent from the subjects is also another key ethical issue in psychological research with human beings as participants. Usually, it is recommended that the consent be obtained in written form but in some cases, oral consents can be considered (Flanagan &