ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The essay under analysis is Nuclear Terrorism: Risks, Consequences, and Response by Jim Walsh. This essay can be regarded as an example of the process of writing or the writing that “analyzes the process in which we are interested, break it down into steps, and shows how the process works” (Vandermey, Meyer, Rys, and Sebranek 229). This paper presents an analysis of Walsh’s essay concerning such traits as stimulating ideas, logical organization, engaging voice, appropriate word choice, overall fluency, correct, accurate copy, and reader-friendly design (Vandermey et al. 134). Stimulating Ideas The essay under analysis presents the information in which the entire world is currently interested. Not only is it devoted to the subject of terrorism, but it considers nuclear terrorism, the kind of terrorism the peaceful citizens fear most of all. The essay focuses on its main purpose, to look “at the problem of terrorism and, in particular, at the role of state and local officials who may have to respond to such an event” (Walsh in Howitt and Pangi 175). Moreover, the essay develops this focus by elaborating on different details of the topic. For instance, first, the author defines nuclear terrorism; then he considers several threats and risks it presents, rates these risks, and discusses their consequences. Through this, Walsh holds the attention of the readers and answers their most widespread questions about nuclear terrorism. Logical Organization The essay seems to be properly structured and logically organized for its biggest part. It has a solid introduction; though it is not long (taking into account the length of the essay), it is quite rich in content. It has a well-defined statement of the problem: “Today, threats of nuclear war and nuclear proliferation persist, but many worries that a new danger threatens the United States – a terrorist attack involving nuclear bombs, materials, or facilities” (Walsh in Howitt and Pangi 175). In addition, the essay has a succinct thesis and clearly defined tasks. These tasks are then fulfilled step-by-step; the essay has separate sections for each task, which facilitates reading and understanding of the essay’s topic. Since the arguments are presented in separate sections, the author rarely utilizes linking elements. However, this does not hamper reading in any way. Engaging Voice What makes Walsh’s essay especially interesting to read is his laying out the facts in a natural way. For instance, he never uses specialized terms that would be unknown to the audience, as well as he does not try to smooth anything over. However, this does not mean that he frightens his readers; after writing abou
Problem Statement Considerable progress in comprehending the relations between greenhouse gases and the severity of weather events has been seen in the past few decades. Research demonstrates that anthropogenic warming accelerates the rate of heatwaves, and dynamical models of forecasting depict this pattern will persist longer (Tewari et al. 1). With the exponential increase in urban population, many challenges such as pollution, especially air, water, and noise, urban heat island, and global warming will likely ensure due to insufficient vegetation places. It can certainly be affirmed for such areas that the scarcity of greenery leads to a notable surge in the environmental temperatures, thereby affecting the thermal comfort situations of indoor surroundings. Therefore, the application of greenery systems in building roofs remains one of the leading strategies for curbing the effects of growing urban heat islands, as witnessed in New York City. Goals and Objectives The adoption of green roofs is increasingly gaining acceptance in urban housing designs. The new intervention has not only become instrumental in addressing some of the key environmental challenges but also brought along economic gains. Vegetation systems are regarded as one of the leading solutions to realizing sustainable and livable cities having minimal disruptions from urban heat island-associated concerns. Foliage’s presence principally consisting of green roofs is increasingly being embraced as part of building’s architectural designs. From this perspective, incorporating recommended plants into buildings in cities can enhance the quality of municipal surroundings (Tewari et al. 3). Such green systems will better air and water quality, provide dense vegetation cover in town settings, stormwater management, carbon emissions management, and reduce heat island impacts. Apart from the profound positive impacts on the environment, vegetation systems offer additional advantages to the community, such as economic and social elements while improving the aesthetics of the town and valuations of real estate. Consequently, by utilizing various green systems, it is possible to alter the micro-climatic status of current structures in eco-friendly and cost-effective ways (Tewari et al. 5). Town settings, which already grapple with urban heat islands, will continue to suffer unless suitable strategies are adopted. Consequently, the goals of this research are to evaluate the effects of vegetation through green roofs on urban heat islands in New York and Phoenix. Specific objectives of the study include:   * To evaluate the connection between heat waves and urban heat islands, as well as their mitigation through green rooftops in Phoenix (PHX) and New York City (NYC).   * To offer a pragmatic assessment of green roofs in managing urban heat island-associated concerns. Scope Due to the indecision of future town
The process of conversation, while seemingly simple, consists not only of verbal elements; apart from the messages that people transmit to each other with the help of words, the participants of a real-life conversation also receive a variety of nonverbal messages. Though people rarely give an account of the nonverbal elements of their speech and the effects that these elements have on their perception of the opponent, these elements, define the communication climate to a considerable extent. More to the point, nonverbal communication can be seen as the process that facilitates an emotional connection between the participants and, therefore, the feeling of emotional satisfaction. Though nonverbal elements of a conversation are harder to notice, they affect the communication setting much more than words do. The nonverbal elements, which people use to convey their emotions, contribute to the creation of a specific atmosphere to a much greater extent than any elaborate words do. By expressing their feelings with the help of gestures, mimics, etc., people shape the atmosphere of the conversation, whereas their speech only allows for representing their opinions on a specific issue. Likewise, nonverbal elements of speech affect the communication climate greatly. Allowing for transmitting the feelings of the people that participate in the conversation, nonverbal elements render the mood of the participants, therefore, shaping the climate within a specific team. It is with the help of nonverbal elements that the environment of empathy can be created; as a result, the process of sharing one’s feelings becomes possible. Though the process of noticing and decoding the nonverbal signals transmitted by the opponent occurs on a subconscious level and, therefore, cannot be traced in the course of a conversation, it does affect the personal perception that people relate to their opponents. A closer look at the process will show that the images and actions, which people attribute to certain personal qualities, are noticed immediately in the process of a talk As a result, the opinion about the person that one is talking to shapes immediately; which is even more important, this opinion is quite hard to change, since it has been formed subconsciously. As a result, nonverbal elements of other people’s speech contribute to the process of our personal perception shaping to an impressive degree. On a subconscious level, we notice the details that our brain defines as positive, negative, or questionable, and we gradually form an opinion of the opponent as the latter speaks. It is quite peculiar that the content of the opponent’s speech hardly matters – even if the ideas that the latter expresses coincide with ours, we immediately discard a person once the nonverbal elements of their speech display their negative intentions. The information that people receive from the nonverbal signals sent by the opponent affects their thinking process to an impressive extent. As it has been stressed above, it is extremely hard to keep the track of one’s chan
Introduction Cisco Systems is among the leading multinational corporations in the world in terms of service provision in communications technology, networking and the sale of electronics to various consumers in the world. With its headquarters in American city of California at San Jose, the company brags of having employees numbering over 65, 000 and a United States revenue of about $40.0 billion of US dollars by the year 2010. This giant technology corporation with it name derived from the city of San Francisco began its operations in 1984 thanks to its co-founders who at that time were married; Sandy Lerner and Len Bosack. Growth of Cisco Systems With prior knowledge of existence of other companies that sold routers, Cisco initially decided to diversify their mode of operation by strategically developing routers that offered simultaneous support to various networking protocols. This strategy thus enabled Cisco to acquire more clients even at its inception stage. With decline in the use of routing via multi-protocols and adoption of IP protocol, Cisco became the largest producer of routers that are used for the delivery of Internet Protocol packets. By 1990 Cisco had been listed on Nasdaq (Bunnell 19) and the same year Lerner got fired. Bosack decided to quit and got paid $200,000,000.00 of which most was donated to charities and unfortunately the couple divorced. A variety of companies were acquired by Cisco in an effort of bringing new talents to the company. Such companies include Stratacom and Cerent Corporation which was acquired during the internet boom in 1999 (Paulson 3). This and other acquisitions did turn around and made Cisco the number 1 valuable company especially by late 2000 March. Having a market capitalization hitting into $1Billion dollars makes it one of the few success stories that have been voted as one with stock of the decade. Success of Cisco Systems With the first strategy of success being the incorporation of bright new ideas into the company through the purchase of other companies, Cisco has experienced immense growth (Young 21). The latest of such acquisitions has been the purchase of a company dealing in mobile technology i.e. Starent Networks and a group of Moto Development. The Moto Group eventually ended up developing a Flip camera for video recording which now bore the brand of Cisco Systems. Through partnership agreement with other corporations, Cisco is seemed to have ensured a complementation of its function and thus becoming an even more force to reckon with (Stauffer 12). A practical example is the acquisition by Cisco of Linksys company and another company; Scientific Atlanta in2003. Eventually through Scientific Atlanta, the company now provided Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) equipments to providers of this service like Time Warner, UPC and many more. As these service providers target homes, Cisco’s presence is automatically felt in consumer’s homes. Further, the company is known to have integrated consu
Executive Summary Organizations are usually involved with many activities depending on the type of business they are involved with or rather the products and services they trade in. Holden General Motors is a well-known company in the motor industry. It is an automaker in Australia and has a long history and various changes have been experienced since it was started. The main aim of this report is to give a critical evaluation of the Holden General Motors. Various aspects associated with this company will be brought out for instance the historical background, the management system, the social and ethical issues surrounding the company, the impact brought about by environmental aspect as well as its sustainability and future prospects. Introduction There are various issues that surround an organization. Most of them are however related to management functions for instance planning, organization, staffing, coordination as well as controlling. Management is therefore a critical element in an organization and it greatly determines the success or failure level that an organization attains at any given time. For this reason, it should be upheld to the best standards possible. Holden General Motors is an automaker with its headquarters in Australia, Victoria. The company has undergone a lot of changes, some of them bringing positive outcomes while others have got negative impacts to the company and the society at large. This piece of paper will give an in depth discussion of Holden General Motors including all the aspects that surrounds it from the time it originated as a manufacturer of saddles, to its venture into the automotives, its current state as well as the future prospects and what could be done to improve the situation. Holden General Motors’ management Before we get into the current management of Holden General Motors,
Introduction The Supply chain is a significant aspect of every organization or industry since it involves the sourcing of the raw materials, manufacture of products and distribution of manufactured goods to the end consumer. While the producer must add value to the raw materials in order to obtain finished goods, the added value requires inclusion of technology, which is a significant source of power for the firm in the supply chain. Other sources of power for supply chain firms include the changing needs of the market, deregulation, economic liberalization and application of sophisticated strategies for competitive advantage among others. All these sources of power can be applied across the different types of chains such as the global commodity chains, global value chains and global food chains as discussed in this paper. Approaches to Global Supply Chain The global supply chain as noted by Appelbaum and Lichtenstein (2006, p. 115) is a significant aspect of the global business environment since it is enables firms to make decisions on whether or not to buy products in their lines of operation. They are a source of the competitive advantages through which firms strategically dominate their markets. The globalization of the supply chain is a continued and extended concept of globalization that comes with advanced technology. The force of globalization continues to offer many opportunities, challenges and uncertainties as firms expand their activities to include many countries across the globe. With advanced technology that is significant for the global supply chain, many firms can now sell their products in other markets across the world other than the domestic market. Similarly, they can obtain resources from other countries. Despite the opportunities that it offers to firms, the global supply chain faces challenges from political stability and economic uncertainties (Burch & Lawrence 2005, p. 13). The global supply chain can take many forms such as the global commodity chains, global commodity value chains and the global food supply chains that common among firms operating in different industries in the global economy. Global commodity chains determine the access to markets and resources for the firms in the industry thereby determining the power of the firms as well. Strange and Newton (2006) Argues that understanding the concept of power among the elements of the global supply chain could be enhanced by the understanding of market power, which was developed by Hymer. According to Glassman (2011, p. 2), global commodity chain can be defined as sets of inter-organizational networks that are clustered around one commodity that links households that produce the commodity, the enterprises that process the products and the world states that end up consuming the final output. GCCs have four significant dimensions that help its participants gain power. They are the input-output structure, territoriality, the structure of governance and the institutional framework. The determination of power in the firms in the GCC involves the governance structure of the GCC, which may be either buyer or producer driven. According to Gereffi (1994), some
Marketing decisions and planning are one of the main and most important parts of successful product management. The marketing team must constantly analyze and evaluate alternative situations and choose among them. To do so requires the simplification of marketing reality and the resolution of conflicts. Given conflicting marketing situations, the choice is often difficult and involves balancing risks and payoffs, knowledge, attitudes, opinions, feelings, judgments and facts, and current situations and future opportunities. In the case of Climate change chocolate, the decision-making process shapes a company’s destiny, since today’s decisions are a prelude to tomorrow’s marketing situations. Product Description Understanding buyer behavior is one of the more perplexing tasks confronting Climate change chocolate. The difficulty arises from the heterogeneity of buyers, from their being groups of individuals who differ from one another (Fill1999). The climate change chocolate market is divided into two main segments, regular buyers and occasional buyers. Climate change chocolate has developed a unique product that better satisfies customer wants and needs. Also, the product is intended for both children and adults category. “Our Climate change chocolate bar is meant to educate while tasting great. It comes in a wrapper with 15 tips for lightening your environmental impact. These helpful hints teach you how to save energy by making small changes to your daily habits. And of course, thanks to Bloomsberry & Co., you can be sure the finest chocolate is attached to these green lifestyle lessons” (Climate change chocolate Home Page 2008). The product involves a unique packing attracting millions of buyers. This product has psychological assets that convey something besides its physical utility. Relatively peripheral or superficial factors, which have only symbolic meaning rather than functional value, are important. In the case of this product, psychological influences play an important role in purchase decisions, because the willingness to buy — a significant component of demand — is dependent on more than income. While research findings may not establish unequivocally why purchasers react as they do, the insights, tendencies, and perspectives offered by behavioral scientists are helpful. Particularly valuable are the psychological theories and concepts relevant to personalities, wants, needs, motivations, perceptions, attitudes, opinions, expectations, aspirations, security levels, and images. “Now, Climate Change Chocolate has joined the mix, offering a fun and delicious way to educate consumers on ways to reduce energy consumption.” (Climate Change Chocolate Home Page 2008) Custo
Introduction Islam is the second largest religion in the world in terms of the population as well as global spread. Prophet Muhammad started the religion in the year 610 CE after receiving a revelation through Gabriel who delivered a message to him from God. Islam believers and followers are referred to as Muslims. The Quran is their holy book that acts as a guide for all Muslims as it contains the message from Prophet Muhammad. It guides Muslims on how to live and or conduct their lives religiously. Blanchard (2009, 2) indicates that several Muslim groups have emerged. The groups are defined by their beliefs and practices through their interpretation of the Quran. Among them are the Shia, the Sunnis, Sufism, Ahmadiya, Ibadi, and Yazdanism amongst others. The paper focuses on the Sunni and Shia groups, which are the largest in the world of Muslims, in an effort to find out their defining factors in terms of development, beliefs and traditions, and their significant followers amongst other parameters. Development of the Shia The Shia group of Muslims is the second largest group after the Sunnis. It constitutes about 10-20% of the whole Muslim population in the world. The development of the Shia community started immediately the prophet died due to the different schools of thought adopted by leaders who were around the prophet. This difference was brought about by a succession in terms of who should succeed the prophet in addition to how it should be done. In fact, the prophet had died without clearly indicating how the succession would happen. Therefore, the leading clerics around him took upon themselves to define what the prophet’s succession would have meant thus leading to the emergence of the two groups. Shomali (2003) postulates that the Shia group was guided by the belief that the prophet had appointed his caliph through divine messages that he had given his followers when he was alive. This revelation was simply an interpretation of the messages he had left behind, which was contrary to what the Sunni group believed. The Shia group is guided by the belief that the Muslim nation’s leadership is a prerogative of God who should be the sole appointer of their leader. This teaching led this group to follow Ali ibn Abi Talib who was Prophet Mohammad’s son in-law. Development of the Sunni The development of the Sunni can be traced back to the time when the prophet Muhammad died. There was a need to appoint a successor in his place. The Sunni can be described as the largest branch of Islam making up 75-90% of the Muslim population in approximation. The emergence of the Sunni group came about the same time as the Shia group. The two can be described as the original groups of Islam immediately after the demise of the prophet. Elshamsy (2008) states that the Sunni came about due to the belief that the appointment of the caliphate was a prerogative of the people and that the first four caliphs were s