ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Human beings are accorded some basic rights that are meant to enable them, live sustainable and peaceful lives. Human rights can be defined as morally acceptable behaviors towards humanity (Payne, 2017). This is expected of every individual and should be enforced by those in positions of leadership. Human security is the basis for national security since national security entails the security of all individuals within a country. A person can interfere with human security without necessarily impacting national security. However, national security has an implication on every individual in a given country. In most cases, leaders who perpetrate inhuman acts may go free without facing any legal action. Morally, human security should be given a higher priority because it entails direct actions which harm individuals. Therefore, human security is more morally justifiable, and calls for local and international attention, than national security. Globalization has facilitated interactions between states, regions, and continents. The increased interaction implies that human conditions in one country have an impact on the individuals in another country. In this regard, human rights are a global issue that has raised the attention of international organizations including Amnesty International and, the more common, International Criminal Court (ICC). In accordance with social contract theories, governments are expected to uphold human rights and can be held accountable by other countries on an international scale (Payne, 2017). Therefore, foreign governments can get involved in protecting citizens’ human rights in any country. Human rights are no longer the responsibility of only the country’s leaders and therefore should not be viewed in the line of cultural relativism where people assume that human rights vary depending on a country’s culture. Citizens have a right to be protected against brutal leaders through the intervention of foreign and international organizations. Reference Payne, R. (2017). Global issues (5th ed.). Digital.
Abstract The sentinel event that is the basis of this RCA paper is the Lewis Blackman case. Lewis had pectus excavatum and was taken into a teaching hospital for an operation to fix his condition (“Patient story,” n.d.). Lewis experienced severe pain after the operation and was put on opioids and Toradol. On the third day, he experienced severe pain in his stomach area, which the nursing staff diagnosed as ileus. The patient’s condition worsened, his blood pressure dropped, and he became pale. However, the medical personnel never contacted an attending physician to review Lewis’ case. On the fourth day after the surgery, Lewis had a cardiac arrest and died. The autopsy showed that he had a perforated duodenal ulcer, which is a complication from Toradol. The Lewis Blackman case is a scenario where lack of experience and negligence from the medical personnel, which led to an inaccurate assessment of vital signs and a decision to modify the pulse oximeter settings resulted in an inaccurate assessment and patient’s death. Introduction The issue that this RCA address is the negligence from the medical personnel that led to them missing signs of perforated duodenal ulcer. Firstly, Lewis was in a teaching hospital, which means that the majority of physicians were in their first years of training and professional work. They did not treat Lewis’s case seriously, since at first, his low oxygen saturation was attributed to asthma, and the pulse oximeter was set to 85% and eventually turned off (“Patient story,” n.d.). Moreover, the staff failed to acknowledge that this patient’s case is serious, and they did not contact an attending physician to review Lewis’s v
Executive summary This paper looks at five main issues that relate to visitor management in wildlife parks. It considers wildlife parks that have plants and animals, as well as those that only have wild plants. Parks of any size are included in the discussion as long as they have wildlife and are recognised as wildlife parks. The paper considers some example cases in specific aspects of management such as systems used or the legal status of the parks. The five issues that it identifies as being critical and having the highest effect of visitor management are as follows. One of them is the visitor inventory management, which concerns the handling of things that visitors possess and use as part of their visitation, including vehicles. Another issue is visitor flow modelling, which looks at the extent of analysing the characteristics and movements of visitors in the parks. The modelling is a technique used to come up with capacity needs for the parks and to influence decisions regarding other visitor management efforts. The goal is to have accurate and timely information about visitor characteristics that is useful for making strategic choices such as altering the flow of visitors. However, the paper also shows that the legal basis of sustaining park visitor management efforts is also another issue affecting park administration. The parks have a set of laws that governs their operations. However, in case of handling visitors, they can be limited in their jurisdiction or their ability to enforce rules so that visitors adhere to restrictions. Finally, the report discusses a final issue of budgetary support. It shows that all efforts by park managers rely on the availability of adequate funds for operations. The paper also considers the structure of parks that might affect their source of funds and ability to self-generate funds. Introduction Wildlife parks around the world are key attraction points for tourists keen on exploring nature. An increase in the number of visitor to a particular park is beneficial because of the associated increase in revenue. However, the increased footprint also acts as a cost to management of the park ecosystem. Administrators of wildlife parks have to employ different strategies of visitor management to ensure that they have a balance of demand by visitors and the available regeneration capacity of the wildlife parks. Visitors
Coase Theorem: A New Way of Looking at Entrepreneurship Though the technological breakthrough made in the 21 st century has redefined the strategies adopted in business and economy, to the point where the above-mentioned fields have been reinvented almost entirely, the key economic theories still provide a solid basis for the strategies of both large corporation and SMEs to be built on. Among these theories, the Coase Theorem takes a special place. Often doubted and considered rather unconvincing, the theory, nevertheless, still exists and, more to the point, often proves to be quite viable (Hahn & Stavins 2012, p. 293). Though the Coase Theorem presupposes that an entrepreneurship should exist in the environment where the transactional costs could be driven to zero, i.e., demands ideal conditions for its implementation, it still may boost the profits of an entrepreneurship considerably, since it helps isolate and embrace every single factor, or externality, that may affect the performance efficiency of the organization in question. Definition: Coase Theorem as It Is The essence of the Coase Theorem is rather hard to nail down; according to the existing definition, the Coase Theorem is traditionally referred to as the concept of economic efficiency achieved through the decrease of transaction costs (i.e., the so-called externalities), no matter what the initial property allocation was. It should be kept in mind, though, that different renditions of the theorem exist; originally, the principle of organization’s efficiency was outlined by Coase by saying that “if nothing obstructs efficient bargaining then people will negotiate until they reach Pareto-efficiency” (Farrell 1987, p. 113). However, as the economy evolved under the influence of the globalization process, the Coase Theorem was reconsidered several times until it took its final shape: “under certain conditions, the market equilibrium in a cap-and-trade system will be cost-effective and independent of the initial allocation of tradable rights” (Hahn & Stavins 2012, p. 267). Again, the aforementioned interpretation can be considered a slightly simplified version of the theory, since the initial definition included the necessity to include such elements as two agents, knowledge of convex productions, competitive markets, no costs for transaction or weight effects, and the integration of profit maximizing producers, as well as utility maximizing customers, in the analysis (Hoffman & Spitzer 1982, p. 73). Historical Background: Across the Sands of Time Surprisingly enough, the Coase Theorem was developed not by Coase, but by George Stigler in 1966. Though Coase had his hand in the creation of the theory, Stigler should also be given credit for putting the theory together. Working o
Introduction Education is usually the key element a government is supposed to put more effort into so as to bring development in various issues of life. For this case, the ministry concerned has a very hard task of ensuring there are no critical issues that are left unsolved that relate to education, failure to which will affect the performance of students in schools which in turn affect the economic growth of the country (Provenzo, 2006). Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Drug abuse and alcoholism among the students are one critical issue in education that is usually overlooked when it comes to tackling critical issues in education. Many students in both public and private schools abuse drugs and take alcohol, and as a result, performance in school has significantly deteriorated. Many students get involved in drug abuse and alcoholism in schools as a result of peer influence. As a result, they become drug addicts, and for this case, they lose concentration in class. When students are under the control of drugs, understanding any concept in class becomes a problem since their mind is just thinking about their next drug-taking session in class. Students who take drugs tend to have deviant behaviors such as bullying others; they become violent and, at a time, even stealing. Since they purchase drugs out of the little pocket money they are issued to them by the parent, they tend to source more money by stealing from other students and even neighbors. This is to ensure they have enough money to buy drugs they have already gotten addicted to it. Many parents end up spending a lot of money when trying to rehabilitate their sons and daughters from diseases related to drug abuse and alcoholism. Some students end up even dropping from school as a result of staying for many months or even years in the rehabilitation centers. Some students even become drug peddlers and traffickers, which is a serious crime according to the law and they end spending most part of their lives in prisons (Provenzo, 2006). The adolescence stage is a very crucial stage in life that comes up when a student is in high school, and for this case, the students require proper guidance and counseling since they usually think they can make their own decision. This is a very difficult stage in the human growth and development of an individual who must be guided on how to go about difficult challenges in life. This is the stage many students begin using drugs such as cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine, and Cannabis sativa. Conclusion The issue of drug abuse and alcoholism should be taken more seriously by the government and school administrators to ensure that students do not get involved in drug abuse and alcoholism. For this case, the measure should be taken to counsel those students already taking drugs in an
This legislation was introduced on September 21, 2012 and passed by the Senate on the second day after its introduction. The House of Representatives passed the legislation on the 28 th of November, 2012. The legislation passed both stages without any amendment and objection. The bill became a Public Law, No: 112-196 on October 19, 2012 after being signed by the US President. The bill revised part of the commercial driver’s license (CDL) section with which the states were opposed to individuals acquiring CDLs in other states. This legislation was aimed at allowing states to issue CDLs to military servicemen and women operating or willing to operate heavy, commercial vehicles regardless of their states of residence. However, the recommendation for qualification required a person to be an active duty member of the armed force like the National Guard, U.S. Coast Guard, and Armed Forces Reserves amongst others (Truckinginfo.com, para. 3). Sponsors and Cosponsors of the bill The bill was sponsored by Senator Snowe Olympia J., and co-sponsored by ten Senators. The ten Senators included: Sen. Begich, Mark Sen. Brown, Scott P. Sen. Brown, Sherrod Sen. Inhofe, James M. Sen. Isakson, Johnny Sen. Klobuchar, Amy Sen. Moran, Jerry Sen. Murray, Patty Sen. Rockefeller, John D., IV Sen. Rubio, Marco In addition, the legislation passed through the Senate and House of Representatives without any objection and amendment. Moreover, even the President accented to the bill without second thoughts. Apart from the Senate and House of Representatives, other associations provided support for this legislation. These include the America’s Trucking Association, Military Officers, Legion, and Independent Drivers. Strengths of the legislation The CDL law would eliminate some of the obstacles hindering veteran drivers from acquiring commercial driving licenses. Under the previous law, commercial driving licenses were only available to individuals who were legal residents of the state. The military personnel were the major victims of this law. In this case, the majority of them received their driving training away from their home states such as in their stations of duty. This law posed a challenge for the people to obtain the commercial driving license before leaving the military. Adoption of the new CDL law provided a platform upon which states could issue the CDLs to veterans posted in other states. According to Sen. Snowe who sponsored the bill, it was unbearable to see many veterans especially those who were returning from Afghanistan and Iraq unable to secure CDLs and enter into the civilian profession of which they had world class experience. The legislation would reduce the unemployment rate for the veteran driver
Introduction Business Corporations define objectives that are used to help in reinforcing the position of business Companies; this leads towards strengthening of some respected positions within the industries which establishes the business above existing competitors. Business ethics and regulations are observed for the purposes of realigning business institutions towards their respectful positions. The corporate and financial ethics revolves around the company’s key strengths and opportunities, and at the same time assist in preventing any form of weaknesses as well as protecting the company against threats. However, there is a possibility that a company could create competitive advantage through the implementation of appropriate business models (Camardella, 2003, pp. 103-107) Summary of the author’s overa
We live in the world of rapid development and changes: what was a norm twenty years ago became a weird phenomenon nowadays, and vice versa. Critical thinking is the sphere of knowledge which is necessary for every person to preserve his/her viewpoint and not to get lost in such a mess of life. Nevertheless, what we may observe today is a total imposition of ideas, culture, motives, values, etc. on common citizens. Mass culture and mass media have become an illness of the twentieth and twenty first centuries. There are almost no places in the world where one’s mind is not influenced by any product of mass culture. “Every so often we hear or read about oppressive communities within which the thinking of individual members, and particularly of young people, is subjected to high levels of destructive influence and control” (Rudinow and Barry 4). Still, such influence is observed not only as a characteristic of young generation. There are lots of historical examples when reasonable people are being easily convinced by unreasonable statements (Rudinow and Barry 4) which is often proved by TV commercials and other kinds of advertising which force people to consume without thinking. Critical analysis is not just an ability to find negative or positive, true of false sides of this or that phenomenon. It means to be ready to examine not only somebody’s opinion, but also analyze our own attitudes and evaluations: whether they are reliable, true and objective or they are just products of our subjective but not critical thinking mind. In her work Christine Rose highlights that majority of people cannot objectively analyze products of mass culture. It means that majority of people are easily driven to a certain point of view. Thereby, many people are easily motivated and programmed. Still, it rather difficult to admit that such phenomenon of mass lack of objective analysis skills is an aftereffect of mass culture. In order to prove it, we should not look for some unusual reason. Let us recollect religious beliefs of our forefathers. There were lots of theories. For example, people believed that our planet has a flat form, it stands on three elephants which stand on the turtle. Why did people not think that it could be a mistake? Only some of them were courageous enough to criticize this viewpoint. “Courageous” is the most appropriate word in this case. The thing is that to oppose oneself to the established social principles is to oppose oneself, a little self, to the majority. However, there are lots of mechanisms contemporary mass media “machine” uses to make other people believe it implicitly. Thus, semiotics and its theory of signs is a real godsend for people who promote this or that good within mass culture. In this aspect such process works as
Introduction Mining is one of the activities that cause significant environmental degradation with long-term effects. As such, this commercial venture should be approached with sustainability in mind to ensure that immediate needs do not compromise the capacity of future generations to take care of their own. The sustainability framework acts as a guideline for businesses to assess and manage environmental risks linked with their operations. In mining, the advantages of venturing into a certain project should outweigh the associated disadvantages as part of feasibility aspects. This paper discusses environmental issues raised in BHP Billiton reports and explores the impact of the Ok Tedi copper mines, which are located in New Papua Guinea. BHP Billiton Reports Two reports by BHP Billiton will be compared in this section of the paper. The first report was published in 2010 and it is titled “Our Strategy Delivers: Sustainability Report 2010”, while the second one is “BHP Sustainability Report 2017: Minera Escondida Pampa Norte”. The first report covers sustainability issues associated with assets wholly operated or owned by BHP between July 1, 2009, and June 30, 2010. The second report is an account of the socio-economic and environmental performance of three of BHP’s operations in Chile between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017. However, the main interest will be in the environmental aspect of BHP’s sustainability strategy. This section identifies the major environmental issues mentioned in the two reports and establishes whether there has been a change in the emphasis on the main issues over this time. The major environmental issues mentioned in the first report include climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity, and water. In the second report, water, biodiversity, air, waste management, and climate change are the key environmental issues highlighted. Based on this information, it suffices to say that there has not been a change in the emphasis on the main environmental issues raised by BHP between 2010 and 2017. For instance, concerning greenhouse gas emissions in the 2010 report, it was stated, the company’s GHG-producing assets would develop GHG respite cost curves to “help identify and implement the most cost-effective abatement options across our global operations and provide the basis for achieving current t
Introduction In this article, the author has developed a very strong argument on whether or not training can be considered as an ultimate solution. He both agrees and disagrees with this argument but all in all, in his agreement, a negative response is clearly seen. His bottom line, however, is that training is not enough hence cannot be the only solution, rather it is part of the solution. In the article, he says that training cannot be a solution to any problem and more so when used as a way of covering up the main problem (Blanchard & Thacker 2010). Author’s Main Point He argues that a solution can only be reached when an organization checks how it dealt with a similar problem in the past, and also how other companies are dealing with the same problem. This will give the troubled company a valid structure to build up in the attempt to solve its issues. His argument is backed by the notion that there is almost zero chances for anything new to happen in the world. Everything that happens happened in the past to another organization. With such an understanding, then it is important to note that help can also be derived from other victims of the same problem. Training according to the author is not an effective method if not well administered. He says clearly that training is not an ‘information dump’ rather the main reason for effecting a training program should be to change people’s behavior (Blanchard & Thacker 2010). Training without a purpose will not have any impact on the organization and will ultimately be a waste of time and resources. Effective Training The question an organization should ask before strategizing on training should be what the training will do to the trainees: not necessarily the content of the training kit, but the way that training will affect the trainee in terms of behavior. He puts more emphasis on the transformation via training rather than passing knowledge. There are two arguments about the approach of training that the author puts in the first place in the article. The first one is suggested by Robert Reich, and it says that effective programs concentrate on the middle and low level employees. Another argument presented by the author is raised by Oberle. He argues that job training should be focused on leaders. The Oberle’s approach assumes that leaders demonstrating good behaviors will be role models for their teams and hence, will have a good influence on the rest of the workers. Barney (2010) in his article agrees with the two arguments while defining which of the approaches to the behavioral change will have a greater impact if training is focused on it. The author explicitly shows the good and the bad sides of a training program. While a program can benefit one person differently from the other, employees are developing a negative response toward training due to some reasons. One of the reasons that makes it ineffective is the fact that many employees are forced to attend these programs (Nowack, 1991). A good exam