ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
According to Wensveen (2012), air transport industry refers to the aviation sector. It involves all the aviation activities, from passenger to cargo transport using airlines, to management of their airlines. The industry also includes all the activities which support the normal operations of the air transport. Difference between Certified Air Carriers and General Aviation Ferguson and Nelson (2014) defines general aviation as “All civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire” (p. 48). They include a wide range of flights, from the powered parachutes and gliders, to corporate jet flights (Ferguson & Nelson, 2014). According to Ferguson and Nelson (2014), general aviation involves a wide range of activities from the commercial to non-commercial flights clubs, manufacturing and maintenance of airplanes, trainings among other activities. On the other hand, certified air carriers are airline companies that seek to offer specific aviation services including scheduled passenger airline and military flights. To get this certification, a firm will have to get an approval from FAA and authority from Secretary of Transport’s office. U.S. Airline Deregulation Act In 1978, the United States government enacted an Act that transformed the regulations in the aviation sector within the country. According to Ferguson and Nelson (2014), this policy eliminated its control over aviation issues such as market entry, routes, and fares charged by commercial airlines. Till then, these factors were defined by the federal CAB (Civil Aeronautical Board). However, the government realized that it was in the interest of the players in this industry to let these
The United Arabs Emirates is one of the leading oil producing countries in the world. Despite the fact that UAE depends on oil for all her energy needs, there are efforts to invest in alternative sources of energy. As such, huge investments have been made in nuclear energy, creating optimism about the country’s future as a leading producer of clean and cost effective power. However, there are potential pitfalls associated with nuclear energy programs. In 2005, the United Arab Emirates commissioned a study to explore the possibilities of developing nuclear energy. This led to the formation of The Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation. The Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation, ENEC, brought together six UAE member states, the International Atomic Energy Agency and other countries such as the United States of America. ENEC’s main aim was to propose ways through which these countries peacefully shares nuclear energy. There were notable short term benefits accrued as a result. This includes improved relations between UAE and other countries especially the USA as well as an improved sense of national pride (World Nuclear Association, 2011). Additionally, in awarding contracts for generation of nuclear energy, priority was given to companies from the UAE. This boosted political cooperation as well as strengthened economic relationship between UAE’s member states (Murphy, 2011). The World Nuclear Association (2011) explains that for a long time, the UAE has over relied on fossil fuels. Development of nuclear energy came at a time when UAE’s electricity needs were at an all time high. By 2009, statistics indicate that UAE’s electricity needs increased by 9% annually. Experts argued that overreliance on fossil fuels and the increasing demand for electricity created an energy supply gap. Thus, nuclear energy was perceived to be the best alternative source of reliable and environmental friendly energy. Additionally, while the initial cost of building nuclear power plants was very high, nuclear energy significantly lowered the cost per kilowatt. As such, nuclear power proved to be cost effective as compared to fossil and hydroelectricity. It is imperative to note that cheap, reliable and clean energy lowers the cost of production. This leads to economic growth. While UAE accrues numerous benefits from nuclear energy, there are also notable disadvantages associated with it. Murphy (2011) explains that the Nuclear Energy Agreement signed between UAE, IAEA and the USA includes a non-binding safety clause. As such, questions have emerged on safety and other issues invo
The Ricardian model of international trade The Ricardian model usually illustrates the universe where commodities are produced competitively from just one production factor called labour. During the production, the level of technology applied by different nations differs significantly to generate the competitive advantage amid countries. From the supply side economics, the Ricardian model tries to clarify the comparative advantage disparities arising from the nations technological differences. According to this model, different nations have identical production factors except the level of technological adoption and capability. The labour value theory is perceived to be the basis of the model though differences in technological endowment are key grounds under which trade activities are conducted. The Ricardian model assumptions   * The manufactured commodities are perceived to be homogeneous athwart nations   * At home borders, labour is supposedly homogenous although the productivities of laborers fluctuate athwart states   * The Ricardian model was created based on the structure of the universal equilibrium.   * During the production process, labour is assumed to be the only critical production factor   * There are two nations that take part in the commerce activities Comparative and absolute advantage Assuming that there are two nations namely foreign (F) and home (H) countries. However, only a single production factor named labor is available, but in every nation, labor (Lc) supply is constant. Besides, both countries can produce two commodities such as C and W. The returns to scale in the adopted technology are constant and the level of output will hardly vary since labour supply is fixed (Ld). The available labour in every nation is used to produce both the commodities C and W irrespective of the total quantity produced. When the countries draw on the Ricardian trade model, they are likely to gain from free trade. Given that, the budget is constrained while the nations want to produce both goods, it is important to determine the opportunity costs of producing these commodities. When country F can produce product W at a relatively lower cost than product C while country H can produce C at extremely lower cost than it can produce
The kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established in the year 1747 by a ruler who was known as Mohammed Bin Sand. The Al-sand family ruled the Arabian Peninsula in the 19 th century, but in the year 1902 Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman Al-sand took over the management of the country. The economic activities of Saudi Arabia were the mining of petroleum products and then exporting them to international markets in foreign countries. It had the largest petroleum reserves in the world. The petroleum sector accounts took about 75% of the country’s budget revenues it contributed to about 40% of the gross domestic product of the economy and 90% of the export earnings of the country. About 4 million workers worked in the country’s mining industries and they contributed to the growth of the economy and also increased their living standards. In the year 2000, the prices of oil remained stable, but there were suggestions that the members of Oil Petroleum and Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the international companies would increase the prices of petroleum products since the commodity was scarce in the country due to depletion of oil wells and also faced stiff competition from international countries that produced the same commodity. The government of Saudi Arabia experienced a budget deficit of 47.5 million because it had planned to increase the spending of the country’s children’s education and for other social problems that affected the company. The government in the year 1999 announced plans to privatize the electricity companies and the telecommunications company to increase its investments to increase the earnings of the country. The country experienced increased oil production from 0.3 million barrels of oil per day in the year 2005 to a forecasted amount of about 1.1 million barrels of oil per day in the year 2009 according to its budget. The increased productions of oil in the country lead the management to develop programs that would ensure that the revenue increased and also improve the economic status of the country. The programs were used to facilitate the increase of the government expenditure to increase the infrastructure of the company which would enhance the production of goods and services that would facilitate the growth of the economy. The government raised the wages and pensions of the employees in its budgets to increase their living standards and also to facilitate productivity among the employees of the country. The government expenditures were classified into three types: government consumption, government investment, and government borrowing. Government consumption referred to the purchase of goods and services for the current use of the government. The government expenditure referred to expenditure that was intended to create future benefits to an organization and also the country as a whole. The transfer payments were the expenditures that were not related to the purchase of goods and services by they represented the transfer of money and
Introduction The topic of racism is not new to the American population. The history of this phenomenon has century-long roots, and over time, many opinions and attitudes have developed. This research paper will focus attention on the way popular culture depicts the idea of racial inequality through a content analysis of the movie Get Out . The 2017 film was directed by Jordan Peele and stars Daniel Kaluuya as Chris Washington, a young man who experiences certain changes and specific treatment due to the color of his skin. When a black photographer meets the family of his white girlfriend, he cannot begin to guess how dangerous and strange all the members of the household, including the servants, are. Along with a number of horror scenes, a theme of racism develops, turning the concept into a demon of the 21st century. Modern parties are compared to slave auctions of the past, and a fascination for black skin color proves the power of the white race’s decision-making. As Get Out is a unique example of popular culture, the content analysis of this film shows how crucial the idea of racism is through the prism of human relations and police regulations. Methods The content analysis of the movie was developed in several stages. First, it was necessary to choose scenes where racism is properly depicted. For example, an early scene shows a young black man talking on a phone and demonstrating mild indignation about the name of the street and the location of this “creepy, confusing-ass suburb” where he feels like “a sore thumb” ( Get Out ). In the end, he is kidnapped by an unknown person in a car. This scene raises the idea that despite evident progress and a lack of obvious racial bias, black people continue to feel uncomfortable in areas where only white people live. The situation when a police officer asks a passenger for his driver’s license provides evidence that racial prejudice exists in different regions of the United States. A young woman, Rose, expresses concern to her boyfriend about the policeman’s disrespect and tries to change the situation. She tells him that “you don’t have to give him your ID because you haven’t done anything wrong,” and that it is “bullshit” to ask for IDs “anytime there is an incident” ( Get Out ). Although many people, like Rose, have already discarded racial bias, American society still has many racists and other prejudiced people. During the party, a climax in the discussion of racial issues is shown. In this scene, a white guest begins sharing his opinion about skin color and its role in the modern world. Chris finds it strange to hear that “people want to change. Some people want to be stronger, faster, cooler. Bla
During the 18th century, art was one of the primary means of communication. It also helped to preserve the people’s tradition. A majority of the people believed in the existence of religion and the deities. There were various arguments concerning culture. Jean-Antoine made a significant advance in the work of art by drawing the Pilgrimage to Cythera. Jean-Antoine Watteau was a French painter who lived in the years 1684-1721. He was famous for the out-of-door gallant parties he depicted through his work. The artwork portrayed eventful fashion and social gallantry (Crawford 212). On one occasion he painted the Pilgrimage to Cythera. According to ancient mythology, Cythera was the birthplace for Venus, the goddess of love. The place was an Island of love. Lovers used to go to the Island using boats and dhows to honor Venus. The painter reveals the activities of that time. On the right side of the paint is the goddess, Venus. There is a crowd that has had its time on the Island. The cupids are hovering above their heads. The sun is just setting, and it means that the time is up. The pilgrims have to leave the Island. The painter portrays them as being sorrowful. They are hesitant to get back to the real world. Some people even glance back showing that they are very reluctant to go back home (Gough and Musashi 301). In the contemporary society, such paintings are valuable assets. Organizations have set up various locations for trade in the ancient collections. As such, the paintings have become assets. They increase in value as years go by and become very expensive in the long run (Crawford and Eva 103). A buyer can get the painting to keep it as an asset. Just like the prices of
Executive orders represent a power which has been utilized by all presidents of the U.S. except William Henry Harrison. This right, while sometimes used for minor events such as the proclamation of holidays and small changes to previously defined rules, can have a significant effect on the country’s law. Therefore, it often attracts the attention of people who believe that it disrupts the separation of powers given to the government’s different branches. The current President, Donald Trump, has issued a total of 63 orders since his inauguration till March 2018. This report will compare President Trump’s use of executive power to that of his predecessor, Barack Obama, and a number of past presidents. Moreover, it will discuss the possible reasons behind the current President’s actions, his relationship with Congress, examine three Executive Orders (EOs) and present a personal opinion about presidents’ powers. Use of Executive Power: Comparison As it was mentioned above, almost all presidents used this power and issued many executive orders during their time at the Office. The previous president, Barack Obama, had published 276 orders in eight years. This number is far from the largest one. The record belongs to President Franklin D. Roosevelt who created 3,712 of EOs. Other presidents with many EOs are Woodrow Wilson with 1,803 orders and Theodore Roosevelt with a total of 1,081 orders. These presidents were dealing with rather critical situations connected to the country’s political, economic, or social problems. For instance, the majority of EOs from President Rooseve
Historical background William Shakespeare is perhaps one of the well-known poets and playwrights. Although it seems not well known when he began his writing career, Greenblatt reports the staging of his plays in 1592 in London (12). He was born of a staunch Roman Catholic family with his parents living in the times of conflicting stands between Catholics and Protestants. His cultural background and experiences appears to spring all through his 38 plays, two long poems amongst others in one way or another. His father, John Shakespeare, “dealt in trading in wool, malt and corn” (Grady 10) at Stratford with his father, Richard Shakespeare producing the noble objects of the trade on his farm. John then bought a house in Henley Street, Stratford to place himself conveniently near the market place. He then “started in the dubious business of money lending” (Grady 10): reminiscent of the Merchant ; Jewish moneylender and Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. In 1557, John married Mary Arden. Several cultural and religious conflicts determined the choice of Mary Arden as the probable wife to John. On one hand, he had to choose a fellow catholic, due to the wave that stood between the catholic and the Protestants, making the Catholics face a treatment characterized by suspicion and hatred. On the other hand, John had to live up to his prominence ambitions, though illiterate. By marrying a young wealthy woman at the age of 17 while in 26s, he stood assured of good start in marriage life and in line with his ambitions. Later in 1558, they gave birth to their first child, Joan. Unfortunately, Joan succumbed to Black Death (the plaque). Their second daughter, born in 1562, lived for one year. In 1564 (though not supported by official document due to inexistency of registration then in English history), came William Shakespeare. William was the eldest son of a family of eight siblings. Probably William was educated in king’s new school based in Stratford. However, “during the Elizabethan era, the curriculum remained dictated by the law throughout England, and the school would have provided an intensive education in Latin grammar and the classics” (Burns 5). At 18, he married Anne Hathaway, the then 26-year old. They gave birth to their first child Susanne baptized on 26 may 1583 and later to twins: Hamnet and Judith, in 1585. In all biographies of William Shakespeare, missing marks of his history between 1585 and 1592 exist. Many scholars for instance Rowe upholds the opinion that William fled from Stratford to London “to escape prosecution for deer poaching in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy” (7). John Aubrey (Gray 79) on his part speculated that, William was a country schoolmaster during the Shakespeare ‘lost years’. Furthermore, “Some 20th-century scholars have suggested that Shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Houghton of Lancashire: a Catholic landowner who named a certain ‘William Shakeshafte’” (Gager 45). W
Question of Usefulness It is not exactly easy to tell whether the wide use of social media in the last decade has had a positive or negative impact on online sports betting. On the one hand, the availability of information on the Internet allows for informed decisions on betters’ part. They no longer solely depend on their own intuition or predictions concerning the odds of a particular team winning (Lopez-Gonzalez & Griffiths 810). At the same time, if these people’s end goal is strictly the money that they can gain from winning a bet, they can even put their personal preferences aside. Instead, they can concentrate on a team’s history and experts’ opinions. Spheres of Use On the other hand, social media can trick betters into thinking that a specific team or a player is more successful than they are in real life. Social media marketing is a developing field of expertise with a variety of tools that can present a person or a product in the best way possible. Many sports events launch their own hashtags, generating more traction and gaining followers on Twitter and Instagram. Athletes themselves are also going online and reach out to their fans, creating an illusion of camaraderie. Some sports teams have outstanding SMM specialists working on their online image and reputation. In this case, the motives of a better can be classified as somewhat emotional: he or she is no longer guided by objective facts but by a sense of novelty and excitement. In summation, social media gave both betters and marketing experts more agency and tools of influence. While betters now can be independent researchers and cross-reference information, online specialists do everything possible to promote a specific team and manipulate betters’ judgment. Work Cited Lopez-Gonzalez, Hibai, and Mark D. Griffiths. “Understanding the Convergence of Markets in Online Sports Betting.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport, vol. 53, no. 7, 2018, pp. 807-823.
Introduction Enron Corporation was an American company that used to manufacture diverse products and provide services. It was based in Houston, Texas. According to Fusaro & Miller (2002), the story of this company is considered to be “the most spectacular and scandalous business failure in history”. Before it became bankrupt in 2001, the company had employed about 22,000 people. Enron was among the leading company in products such as gas, paper, pulp, electricity and many more. Its revenue hit the $ 101 billion mark by the year 2000 but unfortunately met its death a year later (Deakin and Konzelmann, 2003). The downfall came as a surprise to many, since it had been named as the most innovative company a while ago. It was realized later that financial situation and success had been sustained by mere acts of corruption in form of accounting fraud. This got the name the “Enron scandal”. Since then, the company has served as an example of a company run through corruption and fraud (Salter, 2008). This paper will use Enron as a case study while addressing how it upset the tenets of agency theory and looked at the presumed priority of shareholders’ interests above those of other stakeholders. Agency theory The classic definition of agency theory proposes that a company can be regarded as a network of contracts between the holders of resources. This relationship occurs when one or more people, known as principals, hire other people to do particular tasks and leave the decision-making process to the agents. Some examples of such a relationship are the manager and stakeholder, and the relationship between stockholders and debt holders (Jesen and Meckling, 1994). Agency theory depicts the issues that occur in these relationships and they are referred to as the agency conflicts. These are the conflicting interests of the agents and their principals. Such things have a negative effect on the business ethics and on corporate governance (Fischer and Lovell, 2006). This also has a negative impact on the economy since there is an agency cost, which is the cost incurred in order to sustain an efficient agency relationship. Such costs may come in form of the management performance bonuses that are meant to give encouragement to the managers to behave in such a way as to favor the shareholders. Limitations to agency theory One assu