ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Business leaders are charged with the duty of ensuring that companies are run gainfully coupled with selecting a leadership style that will improve the workplace effectiveness. Initially, leadership was mistaken to belong to a certain group of persons who were born with leadership traits. This school of thought explains that leadership traits come naturally, and thus they cannot be learnt. However, the contemporary business world has undergone major changes. Such changes are noticeable in the nature of businesses established specially the formation of companies, which requires leadership by professionals. This change has necessitated the need for professional leadership since business owners may not be competent enough to run their firms. The separation of management and ownership has led to vigorous research on the area of leadership in a bid to inform leaders on the best practices on leading others (Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt, and Engen 569). The type of leadership adopted by a manager varies from one organisation to another. The major leadership styles exercised by managers are the participative leadership style, aristocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership styles. The type of leadership adopted dictates the success of a business. Research in the area of leadership indicates that personality and leadership are correlated. This essay analyses the connection between leadership style and personality to come up with an informed conclusion on whether the two are correlated. The essay will also analyse leaders who have been successful in their management role due to their personality. The relationship between personality and leadership Businesses owners nowadays face the challenge of identifying the best type of leaders to hire. Companies dedicate huge amounts of money in training and developing talents amongst their staff including managers (Cable and Judge 198). During interviews for managers, the aspect of personality features greatly, thus personality and personal traits are important aspects when selecting the best candidate (Johnson, Vernon, Harris, and Jang 27). This assertion is a clear indication that personality plays a key role in leadership styles. There are four approaches to leadership, viz. the personal trait approach, knowledge approach, the style approach, and the situational approach. The value of personality Reputation of a prospective manager must be assessed during an interview. Assessing personality is a suitable forward planner of leadership aptitude, when viewed from two contexts, viz. the thinking capacity of the candidate and views by others about the leadership of the individual in question. The two aspects considered are the reaction of the individual candidate in times of good and poor performances. The two aspects have become the evaluation aspects in the recent past as interviewers seek to measure the reaction of the interviewee in practice. The interviewers pose provoking questions to the intervie
Introduction Often times, the world has suffered terrible financial crises. The most severe being the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. Every time, a financial crisis has struck, economic policy makers meet in a conference like they did in 1944 in Bretton Woods conference (Hellener, 2010, p. 1). However, the crisis has been recurrent regardless of the many policies that have been formulated. The failure of the policies in implementation has more often been blamed on policy mistakes made by developing world where the crisis emerges from (Hellener, 2010, p. 10). Out of this, the solution in 1980s was perceived could originate from loaning the developing countries. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank were given the role of protecting global market from sovereign defaults and promote the adjustment programs in developing countries (Hellener, 2010, p. 9). This paper will seek to evaluate the effects of IMF and World Bank in the developing countries. IMF and World Bank effects on Developed and Developing Countries Both IMF and World Bank definitions of developed and developing counties are based on either high or low capital incomes which in turn depict the degree of interaction into the global financial system. Their definitions have created an aspect of losers and winners (Esty, 2002, p. 2) where the developed countries are the winners, and the developing countries are the losers. The developing world has been placed in a losing position; most often than not, they are in need of support as they do not meet the set standards of the definition. It has always been an unfair judgment as the benefits of global trade may not be fairly distributed because not in all countries people are able to access free trade and fair economic growth (Esty, 2002, p. 3). Therefore, the developing countries are the ones who have been utilizing the policy set in Bretton Woods conference of borrowing, and thereby, giving IMF and World Bank a great chance of influence as policy enforcers. The influence of IMF and World Bank has greatly “contributed to the strengthening of the macroeconomic framework of member countries, reducing the public sector deficits and public debt accumulation, improving monetary control and reducing the distortions and dislocation of resources brought about by high rates of inflation” (Buira, 2003, p. 1). This has set the de
Introduction Cryptography signifies that which is concealed or hidden. It is writing or a description in a brief manner that secretly conveys a particular intelligence or words that we may wish to communicate. Cryptography may be used as a form of clandestine communication. The art of cryptography is a legitimate form of communication that is acknowledged in the world. This is because there can be some times of danger and stress between individuals or nations that will make the use of cryptography inevitable especially when there is need to carry out a successful operation, by ensuring that the enemy does not get to understand the deliberations or communications between various agents of government (Ashchenko, 2002). Cryptography is the study of mathematical techniques for different dimensions of security. The other words that are closely related to cryptography are cryptanalysis and cryptology. Cryptanalysis is the science that is applied in defeating the mathematical techniques while cryptology is the study of both cryptography and cryptanalysis. The terminologies that are applied in cryptography include: Encryption : this is the action of concealing or disguising a message with an intention of hiding the information content. This may be achieved through encoding or enciphering. Protocol : this is an algorithm which can be defined by series of steps and can specify the series to various parties. Plain text : this is the message that can be transited or that can be stored whether encoded or decoded. Cipher : this is a map from a space of plain text to a space of cipher text Encode : to convert a message into a representation in a particular standard alphabet Decode :
Advantages and disadvantages of 1-800-Got-Junk franchisees’ experience The daily operations at the company headquarters followed a routine of a short meeting between the CEO, Brian Scudamore, and staff which are centered on discussions about important daily data and keynote addresses from the CEO on how to attain set goals. -1-800-Got-Junk Company runs the most successful franchise businesses as a result of its focus on franchise partnership development and support. A franchise partnership with 1-800-Got-Junk Company brings forth the following benefits:  1. Success is more certain because of the 94% satisfaction rating policy that the parent company continuously pursues.  2. Franchise partners enter into a successful business system that offers comprehensive support in prime areas such as training, coaching, field visits, and other benefits from the national commercial alliance developed by the mother company.  3. The agreement entered into remains secure and any major changes while the contract is operating do not affect the contract; this is left to the franchisee to decide whether to adopt the new changes or not.  4. 1-800-Got-Junk Company nurtures a business environment in which the participation of all partners is encouraged. As such the partners are always motivated and more bonded to the mother company. In Scudomore’s words; it is putting all these brilliant minds and saying “let’s innovate together” (International Accounting Standards; IAS-16). Further, to make this much easier the mother company runs an extensive call center from where all calls are handled.  5. The company network developed an umbrella body (franchise advisory council) which is a group of 6 partners elected by the others and mandated to collect feedback from their respective regions, summarizing and then meet the management at least two times a year to discuss improvement plans. Why 1-800-Got-Junk changed its franchisees’ territory sizes On the other hand, the 1-800-Got-Junk company system presents a few challenges to the franchise partners. These include; 1) overregulation of the franchise partnership. The structure of 1-800-Got-Junk is run in a very standardized routine thereby leaving little room for the individual partners to increase or improve regional performance. This denies the franchisees the opportunity to be their boss an attribute of most small businesses. 2) it’s costly as it charges ongoing royalty of 8% per dollar earned cutting on profits to the franchisees. The change of franchisees’ territories emanated from the increased number of franch
Clinical hours are the hours in which people experience their abilities and confidence in patient care settings and skills workshops. During clinical hours, an individual spends time studying, using new methods, and practicing skills in a clinical atmosphere. I think the proposal to divide the time evenly is a smart one. My current clinical time plan is for a specialist’s clinic to work for 50 hours, an emergency department for 50 hours, and the remainder of the hours in primary health care. I will accompany a psychiatrist-narcologist at a specialist clinical facility, which primarily addresses the treatment of drug abuse, drug addiction, and alcohol misuse patients. Psychiatry is a medical specialty dealing with mental disease identification and treatment. It is a required field of clinical medicine that investigates human illnesses that prevent adequate environmental adjustment and produce inadequate, often hazardous conduct. According to Semple and Smyth, “psychiatry considers all aspects of human experience over the whole of lifespan” (Semple & Smyth, 2019, p. 2). Psychiatry examines the predominance of diagnostic and therapeutic concepts, etiology, pathophysiology, mental disease, and psychiatric care systems. I want to gain some specific abilities to recognize the origin of mental illnesses throughout this clinical transformation. The competence of the patient examination depends on a good understanding of the definition of symptoms and indicators (Harrison et al., 2017, p. 1). According to Gillan and Daw, “unlike the rest of medicine, psychiatry has no objective diagnostic tests, instead of relying entirely on self-report symptoms to classify and treat patients” (Gillan & Daw, 2016, p. 19). Evidence-based pra
Introduction The concern for the environment becomes more widespread all around the world, and people try to change their lifestyle to minimise the potential harm to the ecology. Consuming organic food and supporting organic farmers are some of the most straightforward ways to contribute to the cause without significant efforts. According to New York Post (2015, p. 16), “the U.S. Department of Agriculture certifies products as organic if they meet certain requirements including being produced without synthetic pesticides or fertilisers, or routine use of antibiotics or growth hormones.” Thus, for farmers it a conscious choice that entails hard labour and extra resources, and it should be worth doing. Main Body Organic farming is a form of agriculture that employs crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control, but sometimes fertilizers and pesticides are also allowed, though only if they are considered natural (Fedigan 2015). There are some advantages related to organic farming, most of them pertaining to the ethical use of soil, seeds and labour to decrease the negative impact of human activities on the landscape, water, people and wildlife. Ecological agriculture, being a part of organic farming, is relevant not only for developed countries but even more so for the developing world because it can contribute to the growth of local people’s income, employment and socio-economic stability (Tiraieyari, Hamzar & Samah 2017). However, this approach has some disadvantages too, as not all countries are suitable for traditional crop production systems due to problematic soil and rapid growth of population. For example, to avoid food shortage and extra labour local farmers in Tanzania had to start using glyphosate after years of the traditional approach to growing maize (Lotter 2015). It was approved for small farm use and helped them fight weeds which otherwise would have needed ploughing, and, thus, protected the soil from deterioration and gave sufficient harvest. Growing interest in fitness and quality of life, environmental preservation and safe products encourage US families to choose organic. In 2011 organic food sales reached $29.2 billion and had been rising an average of 9.4% for the next five years (Lee & Yun 2015, p. 259). A whole range of factors influences the choice of consumers in favour of organic products, even though the price for them is usually higher. Rana and Paul (2017) overviewed several studies on the topic of the behaviour and intentions of buyers and summarised the results from the USA, Sweden, Malaysia and Italy. According to them, most people associate organic products with wellbeing and pleasure, and consumer
Antidumping laws are put in place to alter the existing pricing policies used by the foreign firms. Basically, the laws are made with a view to protecting domestic firms from foreign pricing that are seen as having a negative economic impact on the local industry. The anti dumping restrictions are carried out when the foreign firms are providing goods are services at much lower price than the costs incurred by the host country in the production of the same product. The imposition of large tariffs or duties on the importing companies normally has some benefits and consequences to the host nation. The essay is an analysis of the costs and benefits that a country like the US would have on putting antidumping laws on a country like China. Dumping has been defined by economists and other scholars as the behavior where exports are sold at a lower price which is relatively low compared to the same price at the exporting nation market price (Araujo, Marcio, and Steinfatt 13). This affects the local industry since its products are not bought as a cheaper and perfect substitute is available. The remedy of this through the application of anti-dumping policy has both welfare and distribution effects. This is illustrated in figure 1 below. Figure1: The simple market: perfect Substitutes Source: Diane publishing company (1997, p.5-12). The assumption made is that the dumped imports have perfect substitute in the US. u- Unfair trade practice R-remedy f- Fair value D-domestic demand Sd- domestic supply Unfair competition of solar reduces the domestic production from level Qf to Qf. The changes as a result of unfair trade “result to changes in prices and quantities in turn imply adverse effects for employment, investment, and profits for the domestic industry” (5-12). Consumers are able to consumer cheaper quantities in large volumes. Anti dumping policy by US makes the domestic industry regain initial sales (Qf) as the imports decline (QfQf1). When domestic product increases, investment, employment, and profits from US companies will increase. The associated welfare effects include consumers losing cheaper products as the producers enjoy profits. Consequently, prices increase, thereby affecting the consumer surplus (5-13). On the other hand, the producer surplus increases. The antidumping laws protect American solar companies from unfair competition. The assumptions made are that the distorting market practices by foreign importing companies protect American companies from unfair competition consequences (Lindsey 2). However, the laws have negative consequences to the welfare of the American citizens. For instance, the large number of Americans acquiring the solar panels will be affected. This is because antidumping laws have tariffs, meaning that prices would increase beyond the means of American buyers. Secondly, many American employees who work in the Chinese solar terminal will be rendered jobless. This will increase the unemployment rate, increase inflation, and reduce GDP as there will be a deficit in the balance of payments. In conclusion, antidumping policy ensures that the welfare of the host company is supported.
Introduction Russia is one of the countries with the oldest and richest culture around the globe. Intertwined with several factors, the country has continuously witnessed a transformation of its culture and influence from other countries throughout history. It boasts its excellence in arts with special recognition to philosophy, painting, literature, cinema, architecture and music among other artistic aspects. Additionally, Russia has strong roots in technology and material culture, which are considered as major factors which have significantly affected its popular culture. It is believed that Russian culture originated from Eastern Europe whose occupants adopted a particular way of living as pagans. According to research, Russia was tremendously influenced by the Western Europe culture during different moments of its history. With the reforms of leaders like Peter the Great who had diverse ideas, the country continued to develop within the context of European culture for two centuries as opposed to pursuing its own culture (Fleron 1996). Nevertheless, this was not to continue in the 20 th century following the emergence of the communist ideology that played a major role in the culture of the Soviet Union like no other part of the world. Regardless of these transformations and cultural interferences, the country’s cultural heritage comes seventh according to the Nation Brands Index. It, therefore, follows that there are several factors which have affected Russian popular culture throughout history with a number of these emanating from the country’s interaction with other countries via economic relationships, politics and wars among others. One of these factors, which according to analysts has immensely influenced Russian culture, is technology. This paper explores how technology affected the development of Russian popular culture in the late 19 th to early 20th centuries. To achieve this core objective, the research makes use of up to date sources like books and journals and authentic websites. Popular culture This generally refers to people’s ideas, memes, perspectives and other phenomenon that are recognized through an informal agreement within the conventional culture of a given country or community (Danesi 2008, p. 2). Popular culture is highly influenced and propagated by the media as it touches ones daily life. It has also been argued to be trivial and seeks consensual acknowledgement from the mainstream culture like religious groups and countercultural organizations. Notably, the approach is always malicious and corrupted as propagators may focus on achieving individualized objectives which do not appreciate cultural totality and inclusivity. The term “popular culture” was commonly used during 19 th century to refer to education and cultural transformation of people who belonged to the lower class in the society. This allowed members of such groups to assume certain aspects of a culture that would identify them as opposed to their counterparts with “true education” in the upper social class (Danesi 2008,
Introduction The freedom of worship and conscience is one of the basic human rights and freedoms as contained in the Universal Human Rights Declaration. In the case under discussion, the respondent was a former employee of Trans World Airlines (TWA). Hardison was sacked on the grounds of insubordination on refusing to render his services on Saturdays due to his religious beliefs. He sued TWA with a solid claim that his religious beliefs were not accommodated reasonably. The court upheld that reasonable efforts were made to provide accommodation and suggested possible alternative courses of action. Do you feel the alternatives suggested by the court of appeals were viable for TWA? Why or why not? In the Foregoing case, the options fronted by the Appeals Court were unviable and could have inflicted undue hardship on Trans World Airlines. The company made reasonable considerations to accommodate Hardison’s religious orientation. The first alternative suggested that TWA allowed Hardison to work for four days a week by deploying another employee from any other department in the company or utilizing a supervisor. The deployment of another member of the workforce from any department would have amounted to undue hardship on TWA since the firm would have to halt the operations of one of its shops. Besides, the deployment of a supervisor would not be a tenable option since such a person would be denied his or her privileges as secured in the collective bargaining agreement according to the workers union (Dankey & Hartman, 2009, p. 510). According to the Court of Appeal, TWA could have employed the services of another employee who was available to work during Saturday’s shift. However, the firm would have faced premium overtime costs. With such additional costs, the company would have invoked the undue hardship clause on the discrimination guidelines. This is attributable to the fact that religion was not accommodative. The last alternative is also unviable since TWA and the workers’ union had entered into a seniority system; the agreement bound the company from facilitating a swap. Consequently, TWA cannot be faulted for failing to facilitate a shift for Hardison. Such a move would have been tantamount to the violation of the seniority system (Dankey & Hartman, 2009). Does it seem inconsistent to prohibit religious discrimination yet say that a collective bargaining agreement cannot be violated to accommodate religious differences? The prohibition of religious discrimination in a scenario where collective bargaining agreements are immune to the violation of the accommodation of religious beliefs is quite consistent with the laid down the legal framework. Title VII exempts a discriminatory purpose from accommodation requirements (US Supreme Court Center, 1977). Notwithstanding the legal loophole, the operation of a