ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The term supernova is used to refer to the explosion of a very huge star. When such a star explodes, it can release energy of up to 10 44 joules. This amount of energy can be equated to the energy that the sun has given out since it came into existence. This form of an explosion has the capacity to give out brightness equivalent to the one that 10 billion suns can produce. Supernovae have the capacity to outshine the whole galaxy before they start fading after several weeks. Supernovae are normally split depending on the attributes of light that human beings see coming from the different stars that explode. To enable people understand the elements that light from the stars contains, a special technique referred to as spectroscopy is normally used (Koupelis 56). This technique enables people to view the spectrum that light creates on its way to earth. There are different types of supernovae that are known to exist. These are type I and type II supernovae. Type I supernovae is further classified into Type Ia, Type Ib, and Type Ic (Howell 34). There are two ways through which these supernovae can be formed. The ways in which supernovae are formed is when the nuclear fusion process does not produce energy and vice versa. For example, there is an instance whereby a massive aging star can cease to generate energy through the process of nuclear energy. This makes the star to experience gravitational downfall making it to become a black hole or a neutron star. This process results to a release of gravitational potential energy which then heats and dismisses the outer layer of the star (Koupelis 43). The other way through which supernovae can result is when a white dwarf star gathers enough material through merging with a stellar companion thus raising the core temperature of the star. The high temperature then ignites a carbon fusion process which then makes the star to experience runaway nuclear fusion thus disrupting the star completely. White dwarfs can also undergo a different type of thermonuclear explosion. This type of explosion is usually powered by hydrogen present on the surfaces of the stars (Koupelis 44). The sun falls in the category of solitary stars. These types of stars are said to have a solar mass that is below 9 solar masses thereby making it possible for these types of stars to develop into white dwarfs even before they convert to supernovae. This analysis will therefore give a report of Type Ia supernova and give its results on whether it can be used to act as secondary standard candle. Formation Process of Type Ia supernova There are various ways in which the Type Ia supernovae are formed but the main process is associated with the eruptio
Warm Hand-Off Initiative The Warm Hand-Off Initiative in Pennsylvania enables patients to immediately start treatment to replace the previous act of giving the patient an appointment card after discharge from the hospital after surviving an overdose (Mauck, 2018). Previous research indicates that most overdose survivors leaving the hospital without practitioner intervention often overdosed recurrently. The city counties and law enforcement ensure that health professionals use emergency service protocols to successfully transfer overdose survivors using an individualized treatment plan with assessment and clinical placement criteria. Therefore, the Warm-Hand Off initiative is a reliable, viable, and long-term approach that works to reduce the prevalence of overdose incidents. The Audience The audience for this information is the primary care providers, city counties, criminal justice populations, Substance Use Disorder (SUD) treatment providers, family members, recovery specialists, social workers, law enforcement leaders, first respondents, state agencies, public health officials, mental health agencies, health personnel, and the healthcare insurance providers. The first responders facilitate the identification of survivors needing emergency health care systems A Summary of the Policy Issue House Bill 424 of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania (2019), known as the Warm Hand-Off to Treatment Act, provides a comprehensive initiative that facilitates the transfer of overdose survivors to addiction treatment. Under the Overdose Recovery Task Force, Pennsylvania’s Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs (DDAP) initiated an intervention that directly transfers overdose survivors from the hospital’s emergency department to the drug treatment provider (The General Assembly of Pennsylvania, 2019). The policy ensures that health professionals dealing with survivors understand the intense stigma and shame that a drug addict experiences. Hence, health care providers need to treat overdose survivors with care and respect (Miller et al., 2016). Therefore, the warm hand-off policy saves the patient’s life while ensuring that they receive the support needed to avoid a relapse or even death resulting from subsequent overdose. Identified Key Stakeholders The key stakeholders of the Warm Hand-Off policy include the first responders who constitute the emergency medical care providers, the law enforcement officers, the family, the social workers, recovering community members, and firefighters (The General Assembly, 2019). The Warm Hand-Off programs need information from the first responders who report repeated overdosing experienced by survivors who do not successfully transition into recovery support service or treatment (Miller et al., 2016). Hence, the community and health care system suffers strain from admission or death reports from survivors that never fully recovered due to a lack of compre
Different market models There are different market models in various business environments. These include oligopoly and monopoly (Keith, 2010, p. 195). In a monopoly market model, the market is characterized by a single business that dominates the market (Koenigsberg, 1980, p. 151). In such a call, the entry of other competitors in the market is demanding. On the other hand, an oligopoly is a market with a few large corporations dominating the market. In most cases, these corporations have more or less similar standards of operations, which again makes any entry hard. Therefore, because of competition, prices may be low as opposed to a monopoly market economy. The company to be discussed is the Safaricom company in Kenya, which provides communication, as well as internet services to its clients. It is a publicly-traded company in the Nairobi securities exchange. Initially, a monopoly company, expansion of markets, and the emergence of other companies offering similar services to their clients changed it to an oligopoly company. Other companies have entered the markets, thus affecting the pricing strategy of the company. These other companies include Bharti Airtel, which is the major competitor, besides Orange and Essar. All provide similar services to the Safaricom Company. Hypothesis about the basic short-run behaviors As a hypothesis about the basic short-run and long-run behaviors of the Safaricom Company in a market economy, there is a predictable significant reduction in the sales output and profit of the company. When the other three mobile service companies joined the market, they reduced the number of customers of Safaricom. This claim has a negative impact on the company because the company’s sales went down. It had to adjust its prices to conform to that of other companies, which came with a pricing strategy to woo many customers. Therefore, in the short run, the behavior of the oligopoly model is that it is tough to enter such a market, especially if the economic scale does not measure up to the companies in the market. Therefore, this may deter new entrance to the market. This was not a problem for rival companies like Bharti Airtel, which was an international company that had enough resources to enter the market. As such, in the end (long run), the company, as well as the new entrants, will have to come up with strategies that would enable them to remain competitive in the market (Koenigsberg, 1980, p. 151). This strategy includes the reduction of the company’s fees for accessing its services. Regardless of the stiff competition However, regardless of the stiff competition that this company has continued to receive, it has improvised various strategies that have helped it continue to be competitive. Even though its shares reduced in the securities exchange, the company has slowly recovered from this downfall. Various measures have contributed to this. One of the factors is the provision of better services to its customers. The co
Introduction The culture of any country is a generalizing concept for the forms of the vital activities of man, created by us in the process of evolution. Culture – is the moral and material values, skill, knowledge, customs, and traditions of the country. In this era of the technology the bonds that connect the people to the culture and history of their land are somewhat missed. In spite of the efforts of the government to influence the young people to cherish the history of their country, the most effective way that remains is the books. In this essay the importance of stories in creating and preserving cultural or personal history will be analyzed. The basis of this analysis is the story of “The two sisters” from the book “Legends of Vancouver” by Pauline Johnson. The main concept of the essay can be divided between the importance of the tales to raise the sense of pride in own history which recently has been weakened by the modern influence and the language methodic used that keeps the story enjoyable to read, along with outlining the connection that still exists between the past and the present. Analysis The rich usage of descriptive language in portraying the nature is the first and one of the most important points that should be mentioned about this story. Even for someone who visited the places described in the book, he would wish to revisit them when reading about “slanting rains festoon scarves of mist about their crests, and the peaks fade into shadowy outlines, melting, melting, forever melting into the distances.”(Johnson 7) The language that the author used is so imaginative and rich that it could substitute images and photographs in tourism booklets. When reading about “the smoke of forest fires blurs them until they gleam like opals in a purple atmosphere” (7) the desire to witness the same view fills the readers with so much pride about their sightings that its aura of myth is already present encouraging to discover the story behind the peaks that are called “the lions” in the modern world. The value of the historical names of objects is appreciated through the whole story and especially could be sensed through the words of the chief. When the chief who was already acquainted with the modern life did not know the name that was given to the peaks, implies that the historical connection is stronger than the modern influence. This connection was the reason to share this legend in this story with the author, who perfectly transferred the setting of past times to let the reader relive those events. The value of the cultural history of those times is reflected through the words “Indian law ruled the land. Indian customs prevailed. Indian beliefs were regarded.”(8) Definitely the imply on the word Indian could not be explained as the tendency to return that time, but rather an emphasis on the words custom and traditions. Comparing to the world today where people live according to laws, that time was ruled by customs and traditions, which might be rephrased as “the customs and traditions better deal with situations than modern laws.” One of the aspects that modern society is trying to teach the young generation i
Introduction Addressing the reading issues that low ability students face during a reading class is an essential step towards increasing the academic potential of the students in question. The class selected for the intervention, included a group of thirteen seventh-grade low-ability students. It should be noted that the class consisted of twenty people. Among the specified group of students, two students face problems communicating English, as they are EAL students (Shin 2010); three fifth of the students (i.e., 12 students) have SEN, whereas one student out of five in the group (i.e., 4 students) has either dyslexia or ADHD. Their knowledge of grammar and syntax rules also leaves much to be desired (3c to 4a, the KSE test returning the results ranging from 5a to 6c). Though, compared to the initial test results, the final ones can be rendered as a minor improvement, the current evidence points at the need for the students to work on new skills acquisition and memorizing skills. The literature review allowed for defining the methods for addressing the needs of the students in question. For instance, the fact that students usually lack understanding of the role of peer assessment, as well as the significance of providing accurate evaluations of their peers (Falchikov & Goldfinch 2000) has led to the necessity to not only provide students with a detailed explanation on the process of evaluation of their peers’ success, but also a very close supervision of the specified procedure (Zingaro 2013). Moreover, it has also been noted that the students will most likely need to provide the students with positive reinforcement so that they could feel motivated enough to strive for a better performance (Cox & Maher 2007). In addition, an overview of the existing sources helped design the strategy that was supposed to help students with high scores to maintain the level of their accomplishments just as high. Specifically, the need to incorporate a set of graphic principles for the students to comply with emerged after analyzing the methods of tending to the needs of low-achieving students. To be more exact, the fact that low achieving students need graphic data in order to understand the mechanics of the learning process better and, thus, engage into the meta-cognition process was discovered with the help of the review of the readings and their application in the classroom setting. Moreover, an overview of the existing literature has shown that the students need a positive reinforcement from their instructor in order to attain success in the course of the intervention deserves to be mentioned. Indeed, as Freedman’s study shows, it is the teacher’s responsibility to condition a positive impact of tpeer assessment (Falchikov & Goldfinch 2000). Therefore, the need
The society of human beings is a rather complicated phenomenon. It possesses its own positive sides due to which human beings are able to cooperate and reach universal goals, like happiness, success, etc., but it also displays numerous negative features which are terrible in their essence and need to be eliminated from society. The poem “Howl for Carl Solomon” by Allen Ginsberg is the brightest example of the artistic protest against the humiliating and unfair standards and norms according to which human society lives (Rothschild, 1997). Written and published in 1956, the poem became the subject of a lot of controversy in American society and worldwide. It was, however, not surprising because the masterpiece of literature, firstly intended to be a formal poem, turned into an accuser of the major social sins and drawbacks. They are social inequality, social isolation and community integration, mental and physical pleasures that are prohibited in the society for being immoral, political and economic questions, topics of loneliness and family, light and darkness, suffering and freedom, and many others (Raskin, 2004). They are the major focuses of this paper. The author of the poem, Allen Ginsberg (born in 1926) is a rather interesting person and his works reflect his own life experiences combined with the emotions and feelings of other people whom he loves or is close to. The poem “Howl”, for example, is dedicated to one of the author’s best friends Carl Solomon who became one of the victims of the cruel society of today. He was locked up in the asylum for mentally disabled people, and that was the place where both the author and Mr. Solomon got acquainted. Moreover, Solomon’s mother also suffered from schizophrenia and this topic was especially hurting for the author. Also, the limitedness of the world where people are made to live on their own surrounded by natural and artificial walls of human misunderstanding and cruelty are the significant topics that impacted Allen Ginsberg to write his masterpiece of literary work (Rothschild, 1997). Thus, the poem by Allen Ginsberg is a rather skillful and literary artistic masterpiece of art. Its main ideas are to reflect the sufferings that people go through in the limits of the cells they have t live in like in their own little worlds without any possibility to get outside and hear and be heard by other people (Raskin, 2004). The author’s friend, to whom the poem is dedicated,
Abstract Airline reservations agents are people tasked with the duties of handling customer inquiries, booking flights and hotel rooms for them, especially for long distant travel. As such, such people are supposed to be highly trained as far as customer service and their individual tasks are concerned. For this reason, JetBlue Airways has employed new 30 airline reservations agents. In order to tackle their tasks effectively, these agents are required to undergo thorough training on the duties of reservations agents. This paper, therefore, provides a training schedule for JetBlue Airways’ reservations agents. Program title Airline Reservations Agents Training Schedule. Objectives of the lesson To equip the reservations agents being trained with numerous skills, expertise, and knowledge required to handle clients efficiently. Preparation required Physical environment The training will take place at JetBlue Airways training hall, where all trainees are expected to assemble as early as 7 o’clock. Equipment environment The company will provide training equipment such as computers, phones, travel manuals for the trainees to familiarize themselves with what is expected of them. Trainees The training will include 30 newly recruited reservations agents. Background Airline reservations agents are personnel tasked with the duty of booking schedules and flights for passengers. Often, the agents only make contact with the clients through the phone. At the central offices of any airline company, the reservations agents sit behind computer terminals with their headsets on ready to take any inquiry calls from clie
Introduction Supporting education, researches and community development is crucial for any state; therefore, the significance of such organizations as Qatar Foundation cannot be overestimated. Providing sufficient resources for the evolution of the state economy by offering decent academic opportunities and chances for conducting new and important researches, such organizations not only create the environment for future progress, but also improve the reputation of the state. In a very unique manner, the people at the helm of the organization have managed to incorporate the elements of politics, economy, science and culture into their organization’s key concerns, which allows for an all-embracing look at the state of affairs within the country. Although Collis (1998) and Goold and Campbell (1998) tackle seemingly different problems regarding the Qatar economy and politics, they still consider the same issue that the Qatar Foundation does, and provide the solutions to the problems that the Qatar Foundation defines as the ones that require immediate solutions. Corporate and Social Responsibility In his article, Collis renders the issue that the Qatar Foundation has also handled a few times already, i.e., the potential of corporate advantage and the means to create it. While the leaders of the Qatar Foundation are clearly interested in the creative aspect of an organization’s rather than in the economical one, they still put a strong emphasis on the significance of corporate responsibility: “Ooredoo will also provide scholarships and training for CMU-Q students, and encourage them to volunteer for community service projects in the country, in line with Ooredoo’s corporate social responsibility strategy” (Qatar Foundation 2013, para. 4). Corporate Values and Mission Goold and Campbell, on the other hand, consider an issue that belongs to the field of corporate values, as well as the definition of the corporate mission and vision. The authors, however, do not analyze the phenomenon of mergers as a whole and prefer to consider a particular specimen, which is known as synergy. While Goold and Campbell also point at the necessity for companies to acquire new partners and even create mergers and acquisitions within the realm of the globalized economy, the authors are obviously more skeptical towards the effects that mergers have on the values of a company: “The pursuit of synergy often distracts managers’ attention from the nuts and bolts of their businesses” (Goold & Campbell 1998, p. 132). The attempt to explore and utilize the positive aspects of synergy can also be traced in the endeavors of the Qatar Foundation to improve the quality of the state economic processes. For instance, in July, the Qatar Foundation offered challenging executive training, in the course of which “Rashid Al Naimi emphasized the program’s importance in implementing new and practical approaches to improving teamwork and synergy throughout the organization” (Qatar Foundation 2013a, para. 4). Conclusion Despite the fact
Introduction The book explains the relationship between leadership habits and hobbies. The author begins this chapter by inquiring about leadership habits and hobbies from a renowned Emirati businessperson and an equestrian. The rider explains to the author that it is necessary to learn the terrain and the unique qualities of the horse to maximize its use. In addition, the rider urges that one take good care of the horse to ensure maximum returns. Specifically, the rider defines the long terrain with differing conditions within which one competes. He adds that one should take care to maximize the use of the horse’s energy without depleting it; this is related to leadership habits. The leader needs to maximize his workforce without breaking them. This way, one can achieve peak results over a sustained period. Main body Firstly, the rider encourages people to take care of the horse first, cooling it down during water stops. This is similar to leadership where leaders are required to take care of their employees first. Thirdly, the rider must focus throughout the race, this is important for leaders to focus throughout the project to achieve success. In essence, employees are sensitive to their employer’s direction just as a horse is to the rider’s focus. The author gives an example of Sheik Rashid’s building in the 1960s, which required focus. Sheik Rashid saw Dubai in the image of New York City long before it was built. His ideas were bigger than Rashid himself and it inspired others. According to the author, while people focus on today, leaders should focus on tomorrow. In fact, most people thought Sheik Rashid was crazy when he built the Dubai World Trade Centre. From Sheik Rashid’s story, it is evident that leadership is not always easy. Focus is required even when things are not working as planned. To maintain focus, three things are required. Firstly, a leader should communicate clearly. Secondly, the leader should evoke honor, and thirdly, the leader should put a plan in place to achieve team goals. The author thinks that most leaders tend to ignore the importance of communication. These leaders give vague descriptions of ideas to their teams. This habit can lead to time and effort wastage if the resulting product is undesirable. Therefore, leaders should know the exact thing they want and should communicate it clearly. One leadership style is to communicate to all employees just as Sheik Rashid did. The author gives an example of Dubai Airport’s free duty area that was given to the new manager to make it the best. Once that objective was achieved, he was asked to make it the biggest. The message was clear