ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is an ongoing debate among political scientists about the current and future trends in international relations. The key question is whether the world of nation states becomes more centralized and interdependent or it grows more fragmented and nation states tend to be more separated from one another. This paper will defend the argument that international politics is more inclined toward unity rather than fragmentation and that despite numerous conflicts and disagreements, nation states try to find some common denominators in their relations with one another. To some extent this argument supports the theory of political liberalism which postulates that the policies of a state are inevitably affected by the interests of other players (Griffiths, O’Callaghan & Roach, 2008). This trend can be explained by different economic, social, and technological factors. Finally, we need to say that international players have already understood that partnership is more conducive to the solution of common problems, faced by different countries. It is possible to draw several examples supporting this point of view. One of them is the large number of political alliances that emerged in the course of the twentieth century. One should speak primarily about the United Nations Organizations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organizations, the European Union, the Union of South American Nations and so forth. These alliances include practically every country of the world. Nowadays, they are taken for granted, while in the nineteenth century they were non-existent. This contrast indicates that contemporary international politics is more oriented toward centralization and unity. The key issue is that a country which wants to be a member of these alliances, has to comply with certain rules and regulations. Thus, the rights of nation states are no longer unlimited. Furthermore, one should not focus only on historical comparison. It is also possible to refer to the current events which also demonstrate that modern world is becoming more centralized. One of the most eloquent examples is the recent nuclear disarmament agreement commonly known as New START (Strategic Arms Reduction) treaty reached by the United States and Russia. According to it both sides will have to reduce the number of nuclear warheads. Political and economic interests of these countries may contradict one another but mutual willingness to promote global security forced them into this agreement. In this case, the centralization or unification of states appears to be a natural process since it will allow both countries to promote security and reduce expenses on the maintenance of nuclear weapon. We need to mention that the very concept of nation state is being transformed. Before the World War II, the state was regarded as a primary and unitary actor within the territory of a country; in other words, the state could do virtually everything with the citizens
Analysis of Do not go gentle into that good night The main theme in the poem “Do not go gentle into that good night” by Dylan Thomas, is an argument to fight against the encroaching arms of death. While the word “fight” is never actually utilized despite its similarity to the meter of the poem, words such as rage, burn and rave are all utilized in such a way that it portrays a fight against death itself. In order to better understanding the overall context of the poem, it is important to examine the last stanza which states “and you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless me now with your fierce tears, I pray, Do not go gentle into that good night” (Thomas, 1). From this, the entire context of the poem becomes clear wherein it appears that the author wrote the poem as an appeal to his father who is near the death in that he wanted his father to continue to live and to fight. The author phrases his arguments to fight by mentioning various types of praiseworthy behavior by “wise mean”, “good men”, “grave men” and wild men” (Thomas, 1). This is one of the symbolisms of the poem wherein the author attempts to parallel the traits of such individuals and attributes them to his father in order to convince him to live on. This is seen in the use of the phrase “Do not go gentle into that good night” and “Rage, rage against the dying of the light” after each description of each type of man as if to imply that men of such character and distinction would not allow themselves to die so easily (Thomas, 1). This is a particularly interesting motif that the author is using since it shows that he is not ready to let his father go just yet. This may be due to unresolved issues, the love of a son for his father or an assortment of other factors that are not evident within the poem itself. Other interesting symbols utiliz
Introduction The impacts of climate change are among the greatest threats that humanity has experienced ever. It has been so much rampant that the concept of global warming has become a prime issue of interest in government and policy formulating bodies around the world and that is why its study and conceptualization is among the tenets that describe the future of modern world (Morrison, Slywotzky, Moser, Mundt and Quella 1999). Climate change can be defined as a long term statistical change of prevailing weather patterns in an area over a long time in some times ranging from as less as decades to as long as millions of years (Morrison, Slywotzky, Moser, Mundt and Quella 1999). These climatic changes and prevalence may be restricted to a regional area or in some instances may be felt globally. This paper chooses a local planning problem that has three integrated issues which are environmental, social and economic challenges and is taken from a real place situation which is the protection of Natural Coastal Environments. This paper will clearly explain these issues regarding the planning challenges, planning opportunities and proposed solutions and how the community around can be engaged in the development and implementation of the suggested solutions of the problem. The three problem issues for the paper Social Challenges of Climatic Change The three areas of interest that this report discusses are the impacts of climate change on social, economic and environmental fronts which are the key areas that have created a lot of debate and discussion in the recent times. The issue is challenging when it comes to environmental protection arises when regarding the equity and inequality of the strategies and policies that are formulated and implemented by policy makers and governments. As the policies makers come with up with policies to mitigate the impact of climate change, it has been observed that the persons less responsible of climate deg
Introduction Infectious diseases have always been and remain dangerous for the human body because of their ability to affect a large number of healthy people in a short period. Viruses are the carriers and contributors of human genetic information, which can be transmitted both sexually and asexually. In medical terms, these microorganisms are pathogens, the causative agents of infections. The number of illnesses caused by viruses is large, and many ailments are extremely dangerous, for instance, HIV. In microbiology, there is such a term as a nanobacterium – it is the particle of the minimal size that can penetrate a living organism. Often, nanobacteria cause infectious diseases, which, in turn, are not easy to treat because of deep tissue damage. The danger of such particles is that their behavior is not fully understood, and the risk of developing coexisting illnesses remains. Therefore, the implications of nanobacterial infections are the topic that deserves discussion and detailed consideration for determining the most frequent ailments and the ways of their treatment. The Danger of Infectious Diseases Infectious diseases differ from other illnesses with the fact that such ailments can result in a large-scale epidemic and affect many people. That is why doctors pay close attention to patients with certain symptoms. To prevent the further spreading of infection among the healthy population, it is recommended for people to be isolated, and special care should be taken when performing hygiene procedures. The causative agents of some diseases live and reproduce only in the human body, and they die when they are in the external environment. However, some viruses and bacteria remain viable due to their ability to stop their life cycle temporarily. After finding themselves in a favorable temperature regime and humidity, they begin to multiply again. According to Ansari, Sepahi, and Sepahi (2017), “one of the most controversial issues about nanobacteria relates to its resistance to physical and chemical agents as well as its strong heat resistance” (p. 5001). Therefore, the risk of infections is significant, and the study of this issue is topical. Nanobacteria in Infectology Nanobacteria represent a relatively new chapter in infectology and are the area for active learning. Although many issues concerning the detection of nanoparticles have not been finally solved, it is proved that these microorganisms are “known as cal
What does Camillus promise to Queen Juno of Veii? The promise Camillus made to Queen was a tenth of the spoils from the City of Veii and, at the same time, beseeched her to follow them in victory to the city they will share since she will be accorded a temple worth her greatness (Livy 286). In his triumph, why was Camillus thought to have displayed irreverent behavior? Camillus was thought to have displayed an irreverent behavior when he considered himself the most conspicuous object amidst victory celebrations. He drove into the City on a chariot drawn by white horses, an act which surprised men who considered it undemocratic and irreverent. This is since the men were trouble at the thought that in respect to his steeds he was made equal to Jupiter and the sun-god making the triumph more brilliant than popular (Livy 288). How did Camillus propose to conquer the Faliscans when the children of the Faliscans were handed over as hostages? Camillus proposed to conquer the Faliscans the same way he conquered Veii in the Roman way by dint of courage, toil, and arms. The traitor who had presented the children was stripped, his hands bound behind his back, and given up to the boys to lead him back to Falerii while scourging him with rods (Livy 291). Why was Camillus indicted and sent into exile? Camillus was indicted and sent to exile since against Roman traditions he conquered his enemies by use of justice and fair-dealing. He decided to set fair-dealing in the war against Faliscans and commanded them to pay the soldiers hence exempting Roman citizens from war tax that year. This made the senators ill-at-ease with him and decided to free him without delay, the obligations of his vow (Livy 292). What prevented the Gauls from reaching and taking the Capitoline Hill in Ro
Requirements for the formation of a valid contract A contract can be defined as a lawfully binding agreement between two parties. It has consequences on either party. Therefore, as discussed below, a contract has to contain some basic elements that should be used to define it. An Offer There should be an offer by the first party to invite the second party into the contract for negotiations purposes. An ascent to the same by the second party will lead to the contract coming into being and becoming legally binding. An offer can be described as an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms (Jalil 2011, p. 110). The offer is usually made to the second party with an intention that it will become binding when accepted. When an offer is declined, it extinguishes the idea of the probable contract. Therefore, one cannot be held to account for it. Acceptance The second element of a contract that is very important is the acceptance bit, which should be done within the terms of the contract. A party to the contract will be assumed to have understood the terms of the contract when he or she enters agreement consent to the same (Jalil 2011, p. 110). One is legally bound by a contract once he or she accepts it. He or she has the duty to make sure that he or she understands the terms of the contract before accepting it. Breach of contract after acceptance might lead to legal consequences. Legal purpose/ Objective There must be an intention for the two parties to create a legal relationship between them with the contract. An absence of legal intent will render the contract null and void because social agreements between parties or agreements of a domestic nature are not regarded as legally binding because they do not contemplate legal relations (Jalil 2011, p. 111) as in the case of Balfour vs. Balfour (1919). Mutuality of Obligation Mutuality of obligation can be described in other words as the meeting of minds. In fact, “parties in the contract must agree to the same thing in terms of the drawn contract, and at the same time” (Jalil 2011, p. 111). Mutuality of obligation can only be achieved when the contract is still on offer. Once the offer has been withdrawn, it cannot happen. Lawful Consideration Lawful consideration is an element of the contract that represents either a benefit to the promisor or detriment to the promise (Jalil 2011, p. 112). It denotes the price offered in exchange for a promise, otherwise known as quid pro-quo. Competent Parties A contract can only be made between two legally competent parties (Jalil 2011, p. 112). Therefore, a contract can only be made between people of legal age and sound mind. How the law approach the issues of consideration, intention to create legal relations, and the capacity to contract According to the law, a contract becomes legally binding once the promisee accepts and signs it. The promisee is believed to have read the details of the contract, or is supposed to have read the details of the contract before appending a signature on the same (Jalil 2011, p. 110). In the above scenario, Al has advertised the goods he has on offer to potential buy
The principle of falsifiability as advocated for by Popper, argues that there is always a possibility of disapproving any scientific theory. Popper argues that empirical experiments give results that can be disapproved by conducting the experiments continuously (Dahnke & Dreher, 2011). If a given experiment or theory cannot be falsified, then that theory cannot be regarded as being scientific as far as the principle of falsifiability is concerned. On the other hand, nursing being a science that is concerned with human body needs to be specific and dynamic. Human beings are not similar in every aspect, given the fact that different people react differently to various situations or substances. Therefore, to a certain extent the principle of falsifiability applies in the nursing science. It is important to note that there is no theory that can have strengths only, since several assumptions are made when coming up with scientific theories. For example, it is believed that if quality care and attention is given to a patient, chances of the patient recovering increase (Klemke, Hollinger & Rudge, 1998). As much as this may hold in many instances due to its psychological aspect, there are patients who are less concerned with the type of care they receive. This minimal cases, of patients to whom it does not matter how you handle them, can be used in falsification of the belief. On the same note, certainty is not an option in nursing science. When dealing with the human body, one cannot afford to take chances or gamble as that may lead to death. Therefore, each patient is given special consideration and all necessary tests taken afresh each time (klemke, Hollinger & Rudge, 1998). This requires reasoning which will ensure that proper decisions are made given the prevaili
THESIS: Arriving at Perfection by Benjamin Franklin and The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln can be considered as the examples of reflections on the essential wisdom to be deemed. I. The personal improvement and unity of nation as the basic aspects of the essays of Franklin and Lincoln II. Literary techniques of the texts of The Gettysburg Address and Arriving at Perfection as a method of providing more persuasive and comprehensive narration III. Personal experience in the essay of Franklin and history of the country in the speech of Lincoln as the argumentative ground The Gettysburg Address is a speech of Abraham Lincoln dedicated to the soldiers of the Civil War in 1863. In the opposite, Benjamin Franklin wrote an essay Arriving at Perfection as in order to proclaim that everyone can try to be better. Both authors emphasize the significance of the everyday reflection, learning, training of memory, respect of the history in order to the personal improvement. The essays of two greatest Presidents can be considered as the examples of reflections on the essential wisdom to be deemed. Abraham Lincoln’s speech presented in the Gettysburg National Cemetery emphasizes an importance of the national memory, patriotism and bravery. This evocative message tries to consolidate the citizens and their patriotism. In spite of Lincoln, Franklin indicates the personal characteristics’ improvement as a basic method of cultural, social, career development. Lincoln analyses a capability of the nation, summarizing the consequences of the Civil War. Thus, he writes about a significant characteristic of the nation to “resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain” (Lincoln, 2010, p. 216). The country was in the middle of the Civil War, and the President could understand an importance of the citizens’ consolidation. For Lincoln, only future victory can be a real method to honor the fallen. In this case, the personal motivation and inspiration connect Lincoln’s speech with Franklin’s essay. Benjamin Franklin writes about his will to improve the personality. Being a perfectionist, Franklin describes his methods of improving the memory, composing a book with the names and ideas. As Lincoln says about the historical lessons that test the nation, Franklin says about the personal experience and mistakes as a ground that should be analyzed by everyone. Franklin (2010) describes his method of analyzing: I cross’d these Columns with thirteen red Lines, marking the Beginn
Abstract Group knowledge sharing applies different strategies, depending on the scope of the project and level of participation by the parties involved. The most predominant group knowledge sharing approaches within group projects are participatory and autocratic involvement. This research paper reviews these knowledge sharing orientations in group projects at the department of Polytechnic Studies at Southeast Missouri State University through a case study of 30 respondents who have participated in group projects or are currently involved in one. The research study relates the level of participant satisfaction as directly related to the type of knowledge sharing approach adopted. In this study, the dependent variable will be group knowledge sharing while the independent variable is participant satisfaction. Through research survey, the study will involve questionnaire and direct interview instruments. Data analysis will be carried out through ANOVA. The research project will take a period of one month to complete. Introduction Understanding the perception and reaction to different situations is involving. A blend of different behaviors and personalities form a group. It is apparent that the behavior or approach that one group adopt may not be same as the approach of another despite existing in the same environment and doing the same thing (Antunes & Costa, 2010). This proposal attempts to explicitly review the psychodynamics and developmental processes that occur within the group knowledge sharing through group projects in relation to satisfaction in the learning experience. For instance, Aiken, Vanjani and Krosp (2013), established that group knowledge sharing in group project has a very vital role towards the outcomes and level of participant satisfaction with the results. Apparently, there are limited literatures available on the quantifiable relationship between group knowledge sharing and participant perception on the outcome of the group projects. Therefore, the impetus of this study is to establish the tangible influences of group knowledge sharing through group projects on the project outcome as perceived by the participants. This section of the research will discuss the background of research, problem statement, research questions, research objectives, and research hypothesis. In addition, this section will review rationale, timeline, limitations, and significance of the research study. Statement of the Problem (Research Motivation) There is need for extensive research to establish the relationship between group knowledge sharing and level of satisfaction with the outcome by the participants. In the same retrospect, series of research studies have been carried out on the role of group knowledge sharing in group programs towards the outcome and level of participant satisfaction (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010; Ackermann et al., 2010; Aiken, Vanjani, & Krosp, 2013). Therefore, the research will attempt to present the satisfaction with group projects as influenced by the level of group knowledge sharing. At the e