ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence (AI) gradually takes over all spheres of human life. Nowadays, people feel a severe fear of robots and artificial intelligence. Partly, it is the fault of mass culture and popular films, such as I, robot, and The Matrix, in which malicious androids and clever AI want to destroy humans. However, there are also more real reasons for fear. For example, the prospect of replacing human resources and giving their jobs to robots is one of them. For a long time, the developing sphere of digital technologies and robotics has been introducing its achievements in people’s lives. Although artificial intelligence helps improve companies’ productivity and profits, there are many contentious questions about the potential harm it can do. Directions and tendencies in relationships between the organization, management, leadership, and employees are usually based on two main perspectives – Taylor’s scientific management and Mayo’s human relations management. In the early 20th century, Taylor’s work focused on production management and labor efficiency, which led to the attention of managers to the problems of selection, the motivation of employees, and their training. He believed that using observations, measurements, and analysis, much of manual labor operations could be improved and performed more effectively (Smith, 2017). At the beginning of the 20th century, the emphasis was on an individual worker, in the second half – on groups of workers. Mayo’s Hawthorne experiments, whose goal was to reduce employees’ turnover, deserve special attention (Smith, 2017). These experiments have proved a link between job satisfaction and productivity. It can be argued that Taylor’s approach is not refuted, as some theorists believe, but develops in two directions, intertwined with a humanistic approach. On the one hand, there is the development of psychological aspects – psycho-techniques, humanization of work. On the other – the development of concepts of management processes improvement. AI and robots are able to improve both work efficiency and working conditions for employees. There are a lot of routine tasks, which with the development of machines, will be completely transferred to them. Moreover, dangerous jobs, like a miner, can also be replaced by robots (Digital Trends, 2018). It will cause the disappearance of a number of professions. Nevertheless, as AI solutions develop, so will the scale of opportunities for the professional development of people in this area – there will be specialties that did not exist before. A robot is a smart machine that can perform tasks and interact with the environment on its own. The main thing about robots is their autonomy and ability to navigate in space. Artificial intelligence is a system in which software algorithms are not pre-defined, but are generated by the system itself based on formalized descriptions of targets, knowledge of possible actions, and information about current changes in the state of the external environment. Artificial intelligence allows computers to learn from their own experience, adapt t
The book Origins of American Slavery proposes a unique and captivating narration about the causes and factors of slavery in America. Wood states that in American history, slavery was one of the most important and controversial periods which had a great impact on the economic and social development of the nation. The book assesses the impact of slavery on economic conditions and its role in the economic development of America. The investigation evaluates the influence of slavery on agriculture and manufacturing. Economic analyses and participation of the slave labor force in economic development are used to analyze the impact and role of slave labor in the development of the American economy. The book consists of five main sections devoted to different problems and issues of slavery and the first decades of slavery. I like the structure of the book and its approach based on historiography and primary sources analysis. The author mentions different sources of slavery and their significance for the American population. Wood underlines that slaves did resist being enslaved. Acts of insubordination, such as running away, were motivated by the slave’s desire to be with his family, to escape from the brutal treatment of overseer or owner, or to flee permanently from his bondage. His chances for successful escape from the South were remote since he had to go many miles through slave states to reach a free state. The slave knew this, but the act itself, a compelling impulse to remove himself from the impositions forced upon him in bondage, could not be contained. Wood pays special attention to relations between Native American and the Europeans, and analyses problems and wars took place between these groups. I like the detailed analysis of causes and economic conditions in American before the period of slavery. Wood states that before the period of slavery, the American nation had slow economic growth rates in contrast to European countries. The productive capacity of the American Colonies was materially affected by the power of the labor market. Because of the scarcity of labor, particularly of skilled workmen, this market favored the laborer rather than the employer. With the development of manufacturing facilities and machinery, these industries required more labor to expand production. Slavery was the cheapest labor which allowed agriculture and manufacturing to save costs and invest them into production. Without cheap labor these industries would fail to meet changing social conditions and economic demands. The sources used for analysis are based on theoretical background and economic data analysis. Both of them are academic sources written from historical and economic perspectives. Wood gives a substantial analysis of the causes of slavery, the lives of slaves and thei
Though the art forms that Kayla Briët (2017) cites in her speech cannot be directly connected to the fine arts, the interconnectedness she references between folk songs and ancient instruments exists between different forms of expression too. Briët discusses how the guzheng zither and Native American folk songs share the universal, pentatonic scale, and by default, share a common feature despite being founded hundreds of years apart in totally different countries and cultures. Briët utilizes the art forms of film, music, and traditional crafting in her self-expression. Though the mediums may differ, the fine arts practice the same model and use it to determine either personal, cultural, social, or other perspectives. Briët proposes that the loss of culture can be devastating, which is the thesis of her documentary and opened her to interactions between a number of minorities around the world. This expresses the necessity of preserving culture, as the loss of identity, language, and traditions are not limited to some parts of the world but occur among smaller groups worldwide. Not only would such a loss lead to gaps in cultural history, but it also diminishes the potential of interaction with unlimited formats, topics, and sources of art and human identity. The original reasons for certain traditions may be lost or evolved, they are still a reflection of a culture’s values. Briët herself explains the purpose of certain aspects of her culture, such as the Taos Pueblo Hoop Dance. The dance attempts to recreate formations that can be seen in the natural world, thereby celebrating its variety of beauty. The continuous spinning of the dance reflects the movement of the sun and the passing of time. A myriad of traditions exists as a form of celebration, whether it addresses the world, a deity, human events, or something else entirely. Additionally, traditions exist for other vital aspects of life cycles such as birth, marriages, coming of age, and death. All traditions reflect aspects and features that a society or culture finds valuable. Even more modern works or practices are deeply ingrained in both ingrained and newly acquired values. While some aspects of or reasoning behind ancient traditions may be lost to the current world, just as Briët mentions herself, they also exist as time capsules. They illustrate the values of ancestors and entire cultures that have ceased to exist or transformed into completely new groups. Archiving and preservation of any and all artworks and traditions are possible and should occur in the modern day. The digital age allows for any form of medium to be saved and observed at a later date. A camera can be utilized to record dances and rituals, audio recordings for songs and speech, and even more fragile artifacts can be immortalized in some way by 3D scanners. The re
Introduction An outstanding title for the case would be: ‘Emergency Services: Saving Lives, Time and Resources through Adoption of Modern Technology.” The topic generally revolves around how technology can be used to enhance efficiency in service delivery by reducing the costs of operation and saving time that could be used to perform other duties. In the emergency services sector, time is essential both for the patients requiring the services and the service providers, that is, the patient may be in a critical condition requiring urgent medical intervention, while the service providers need to spare time so that they can attend to other emergencies. According to Goessi (n.d.), one of the most cost-effective means organizations can operate in the harsh business environment is to make their processes and practices more efficient through the use of innovative technology. When organizations conduct their operations in an efficient way, staff members will have ample time to devote to other pressing issues. Summary of Case The case orbits around how organizations, especially those offering emergency services, can benefit immensely from the emerging trends in technology through efficient service delivery. The case has used the Washington Township Fire Department (WTFD) to reveal how time is of critical importance when responding to multiplicity of emergency requests from patients in high-risk situations. Accordingly, it is the function of the emergency medical technicians (EMTs) to provide first aid services to these victims, while rushing against time to take them to the hospital. It is also the function of the EMTs to provide a patient-care report detailing the nature of treatments already offered to the patient, and a detailed account on any health-related symptoms detected. Lastly, the EMTs must update their records at the base for future forecasting, budgeting, and reporting to relevant authorities. It takes a lot of time and maneuverings to manually undertake all those functions and still remain efficient in offering emergency services to thousands of patients every year. This argument informs the decision to adopt newer and more efficient technologies to enhance service delivery. According to Walker et al (2002), the adoption of tailor-made technology solutions to facilitate service delivery has the latent potential to benefit users and providers alike. Statement of the problem According to Walker et al (2002), many organizations across the world are at cross-roads on whether
Core values guide different professionals helping them to better fulfill their roles, and dentists are no exception (ACD, 2016). Codes of ethics outlined by professional organizations help to guide members of dental hygiene profession in situations where they experience ethical dilemmas pertinent to the behavior at work or work-related circumstances. Demonstration of adherence to a code of ethics indicates devotion to high standards of professional practice (ACD, 2016). Upon reviewing ACD, ADA, and ADHA ethics guidelines, it becomes clear that they differ in statutory force, content and structure. While some differences are minor other are quite substantial. Nonetheless, the core principles on which these codes are based remain the same throughout the three guidelines. Even though ACD handbook, unlike ADA and ADHA, does not mention the principle of veracity as one of the key elements of dental practice, it, nonetheless, refers to beneficence (ACD, 2016). Taking into consideration the fact that both the principle of veracity and the principle of beneficence are concerned with balancing harms and benefits to patients’ health and seeking the truth, it could be argued that they represent the same approach to creating a comprehensive guidance system for dentists. The associations issuing codes of conduct for the dental profession firmly believe that dental hygiene profession has to be guided by a set of standards helping to hold it accountable for behavior and practices of its members (ACD, 2016). The organizations such as ACD, ADA, and ADHA believe in the notion of accountability and are driven by the principle of self-regulation. They all agree that “dentists should possess not only knowledge, skill, and technical competence but also those traits of character that foster adherence to ethical principles” (ADA, 2016, p. 4). Therefore, professional associations go to great lengths to ensure that dental codes of ethics developed by them are clear and precise (ACD, 2016). However, the process of development, review, and revision of codes influences their application. It means that content and structure of codes varies from one to another. For example, the code of ethics issued by ADHA lists the following core values: individual autonomy and respect for human beings, confidentiality, societal trust, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice and fairness, and veracity (ADHA, 2016). ADA, on the other hand, provides only five principles of dental ethics: patient autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice and veracity (ADA, 2016). Code of ethics issued by ACD lists even fewer core principles: regard for self-determination, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice (ACD, 2016). However, even though ADHA code of ethics contains more standards of professional responsibility in the realm of ethics, it is not more comprehensive than ACD and ADA codes. It could be argued that the guideline issued by ADA is more
Articles of Confederation In the United States of American, the first constitution, as well as the first governing document, has been referred to as the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. In the summer of the year 1777, the final draft of the Articles of Confederation was written. Subsequently, on November 15, 1777, the Second Continental Congress adopted the abovementioned articles, which have been given significant importance since then in the country. In practice, Congress uses these articles as the de facto system of government of the United States. However, on March 1, 1781, the final ratification of these articles of Confederation was done, which resulted in its significance as de jure. As a result, the significance and referring of the Congress of Confederation was given to the Congress. Furthermore, operating rules for the amalgamation were set by these articles. (Feinberg, 2002) A number of issues and reasons were significantly responsible for the adaptation of the Articles of Confederation by Congress. In this regard, we will try to define, discuss, and analyze the abovementioned reasons and consequences that were associated before, as well as after the adaptation of the Articles of Confederation by Congress. In this regard, some of the capabilities of the Articles of Confederation included the creation of wars, which were enabled after its adaptation by Congress. Furthermore, diplomatic agreements were negotiated after the adjustment of these articles in the United States. Moreover, a number of issues regarding the western territories were resolved by the amalgamation of the articles of confederation. In this regard, the Articles of Confederation affect the government, as well as the operations in the United States. It has been observed that taxing authority was lacked by the abovementioned articles, which was one of the criticisms by the people who favored the emergence of a more powerful central state. Secondly, the ideology of one-state, as well as, one-vote was the basis of these articles. In this regard, a mutual defense amalgamation was created by these articles, by which the American Revolutionary War was managed by its design. In the year 1783, the abovementioned war was ended in the region. Consequently, the creation of a new merchant state was conspired by the special interests. Particularly, a central government was wanted by the holders of war scrip, as well as speculators of the land. One of the reasons for the need for a central government would be the need for the legalization of western land holdings that were associated with disputed claims. In addition, a high tariff was wanted by t
Introduction In September 2000, 191 members of the United Nations ratified a charter known as the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MGDs). The MDGs established goals that were to be achieved by all UN member states by 2015. The goals were premised on the desire to improve healthcare by improving access to universal education, gender equality, eradication of poverty and hunger and international cooperation. Summary of eight MDGs and their relation to health The united nations MDGs were ratified by member states to the United Nations and this signified the beginning of a journey to improve living standards by the end of 2015. First, member states made a commitment to eradicate poverty and extreme hunger from their countries. The United Nations noted that most member states had more than half their population living below the poverty line. By 2000, it was estimated that over 1.2 billion people were exposed to extreme poverty, hunger and deplorable living conditions. Developing countries contributed a larger number of people living below the poverty line according to the United Nations (Piebalgs, 2010). Under the Millennium Development Goals, members made a commitment to achieve specific goals aimed at reducing the level of poverty in their countries. Based on the first goal of the MDGs, member states made a commitment to lower the number of people earning less than a one dollar per day. Under this goal, the member states committed to providing productive employment and proper working condition for all without gender or age discrimination. Nations that ratified the declaration also committed to reducing by half the number of people living in extreme poverty. A poor nation cannot be able to support the healthcare needs of its people due to lack of adequate facilities. By improving the economic status of the people through poverty eradication, the Millennium Development Goals sought to ensure that everyone had equal access to universal healthcare (Vilsack, 2013). Achieving access to universal primary education by 2015 was the second goal of the declaration. Member states made a commitment to ensure that all children have access to universal primary education irrespective of their social and economic status. Before the ratification of the declaration, most developing countries lacked adequate capacity to provide universal primary education to children. With low literacy levels, residents of developing countries lack the capacity to control and manage infectious diseases. The high mortality and morbidity rates in Africa and some parts of Asia can be attributed to the low literacy levels (Vilsack, 2013). The promotion of gender equality and access to employment opportunities, education and healthcare facilities was the third goal of the MDGs.
At first glance of the problem, it seems somewhat a catch 22 situation. Superficially, it seems as if all the possibilities will end up having one, two, or all the animals killing each other. There are three animals in question and a man who needs to cross the animals to the other side of the river; the dog, the mouse and the cat. The dog can eat the cat and the cat can also eat the mouse. The first thought that crossed my mind is that the problem can be solved but it required some superior technique of thinking. The problem was like a riddle. Practically the problem represented one of those life challenges where one only had one chance to make a crucial decision in a situation where there were multiple options. Decision-making is usually easier when the options are limited; however, when options are multiple the process of making a decision becomes more and more complex. I approached the problem by laying out the facts first:  1. One animal could only be carried at a time.  2. The dog could not be left with the cat.  3. The cat could not be left with the dog.  4. The only two animals that could be left together are the dog and the mouse. The second approach was that the problem was meant to be solved and that there had to be a solution. Then I set out to find a solution to the problem. I was already aware of the risks at hand and the available opportunities. Secondly, I employed the power of simulation to try out all the available opportunities. A simulation is a tool that has been used by many scientists especially when dealing with situations that is life-threatening. For instance, when Ben Carson set out to perform the first surgery to separate conjoined twins, simulation of the actual surgery in his mind helped him to determine the kind of tools and equipment he would need for the surgery and the challenges that he may encounter. (Carson, 1992). Just as outlined by Morris and Maisto, “when we think we are simply talking to ourselves?” The statement implies that when we strengthen the process of ‘talking to ourselves then perhaps we can optimize the process of thinking. (Morris & Maisto, 2005). The progress in this instance was obvious because when all the animals were alive I knew that the progress was positive. Luckily, there was always a warning in the instances that the wrong decision was made. Every process of decision-making or problem solving is bound to have challenges. This is because some problems may emerge that were not anticipated. I decided to cross with the cat first, I however realized that it would be impossible to leave the cat with the mouse. Crossing with the mouse also meant that the dog would eat the cat. The major problem was to decide on the animal to cross with first. The thought process I had employed was not apparent to me and t is observable that I made use of my instincts in combination with what I had read in literature. This is because I was already aware that there was certainly a solution to the problem, and that the process required critical thinking.