ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Government’s Role The United States government had noble intentions in creating Fannie Mae, Ginnie Mae and Freddie Mac. They wanted to ensure that more citizens could afford a home, and thus promote the “American Dream”. The first of these programmes was Fannie Mae. It ensured there was a secondary market where mortgage loans insured by the government under the Federal Housing Administration could be traded. The creation of a secondary market reduced the holding period of loans greatly. Originators of loans no longer had to wait up to ten years to recover their principal and interest. They could easily transfer them to interested third parties on the secondary market. This option served its purpose well. The companies risk appetite was increased and they advanced riskier loans. After all, they could always sell these loans to someone on the secondary market, thus transferring the risk of default to them. More Americans purchased homes under this scheme, and the government was pleased. The downside is that nobody considered the final brunt of these risky loans. Eventually, someone had to bear the burden in case borrowers defaulted. If it were not the originator companies, or the government that insured these loans, then the secondary market investors would suffer. Ginnie Mae helped to achieve Fannie Mae’s goals, thus expanding home ownership in America in its time. The Government created Freddie Mac to deal with the problem of conventional conforming loans. This refers to those loans not guaranteed by the government. This means that in the event of borrower default, the secondary investors in Freddie Mac would definitely suffer loss. This programme enabled borrowers with higher risk profile than under Fannie Mae to obtain loans from originator companies while transferring the risk of default to third parties. Thus, the US government looked good in the eyes of its citizens. There were two positive outcomes of these government initiatives. More Americans became homeowners and the underwriting procedures countrywide were standardized. However, the question remains whether the price paid was worth it. This increased risk and demand for homes aided in the creation of a housing bubble. The Laws The government enacted several laws to support its aim. The first was the Community Reinvestment Act, which addressed issues of discrimination in issuing of home ownership loans. People had begun to complain that the increased home ownership did not benefit the poor neighbourhoods. Lenders were accused of both racial and geographical discrimination. In their defence, loan originators explained this trend by pointing out the high unemployment and crime rates associated with the mentioned regions. To counter these risks, the government enacted the Depository Institution Deregulation and Monetary Control Act. This allowed originators to create subprime loans for high-risk borrowers. This law increased the access to homes while simultaneously increasing the risk portfolio of the originators. These laws created a
Definition of the realm The realm can be described as a dry world containing the expansive Sahara and Arabian deserts. The inhabitants of the region are known to live near water sources. They live along the Mediterranean coastal strip of north-west Africa, eastern Asia and north eastern shores of Mediterranean sea, Nile Delta,Tigris-Euphraites basin, oases and along the mountain slopes of Iran(south of the Caspian sea) and northeast of Turkestan. The people in this region lead a nomadic lifestyle and some carryout sedentary farming along the oases and trade. Generally the realm covers North Africa and Southwest Asia regions. It is believed to be a center of the ancient civilization that thrived from its river valleys and basins. Out of the “realms culture, hearths diffused ideas, innovations, technologies that changed the world and also resulted into three world religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam” (Schaefer 289). The natural “environment of the realm is majorly comprised of drought and unreliable precipitation” (Schaefer 290). Population settlement is “characterized by clusters around where water supply is adequate to marginal” (Schaefer 290). Some of the countries in this realm have enormous oil reserves that have created wealth for some and on the other hand doing little to raise the living standards for the majority. The boundaries of North Africa and Southwest Asia realm is composed of volatile transition zones with conflicts over the scarce resources. Religious, “ethnic and cultural differences cause disharmony in the region and especially in the Middle East region where Israel lies at the center of the conflict within the region” (Schaefer 291). An “Arab world” This refers to North Africa and south west Asia regions. This term is used to refer to a uniformity that is not in existence. The name Arab is used to refer to the people who speak Arabic and other related languages though some ethnologists associate it to the Arabian Peninsula. The Turks are not Arabs in any case and are neither Iranians nor Israelis. It is a fact that Arabic is spoken across Mauritania in North Africa to the Arabian Peninsula, Syria and Iraq but not spoken some parts of the realm. For instance, in Turkey, Turkish is the language and has Ural-Altaic other than Arabic, Semitic or Hermitic roots. On the other hand, the Iranian languages belong to the Indo-European linguistic family. The Tuareg, the Jews. Berbers and the people living in the transition zone between the North and South Africa speak different languages though they all belong in the Arab world (MacLeod and Jones 705). An “Islamic world” The realm is also called the World of Islam. This is mainly attributed to
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the issues presented in the FIFA case and present advice on how they could be addressed. This memo will provide a concise summary of the ongoing FBI investigation and recommend some internal changes to remedy the situation. It will also attempt to predict any other challenges that FIFA might encounter in the future and mention potential measures that could be taken to mitigate the damage. FIFA is an exceptional institution with an uncontested monopoly on football. Despite being a non-profit organization, it has earned $5.7 billion of gross income in the four-year period of the world cup from 2011 to 2014. This international governing body of soccer was founded on May 21, 1904, and has grown to include 209 members in 2015. The original purpose of FIFA was to simplify international matches by introducing and enforcing a uniform set of rules and regulations in all associate countries. Nowadays, however, the area of FIFA’s influence has extended past the rules of the game, as it controls almost every variable in professional football. With such great power comes great responsibility, and, unfortunately, there are rumors that FIFA executives abused this power for monetary gain with no regard to the initial objective of the organization. It is well known that some level of corruption is imminent in any high-profile organization, but the scale of this phenomenon in FIFA is unprecedented. Decisions such as the location of the games, and what companies would organize and televise the events are heavily affected by bribes. Some rumors go as far as to compare FIFA to the mafia, and even the FBI uses language usually found in official depictions of large-scale organized crime to describe the practices present at FIFA. What i
Introduction Two general elections were held in the UK in 1974. During that time, there were three dominant political parties namely; Liberal, Conservative and the Labour party. The first election was held in February and the second one in October. In the first general election, the Conservative party won by a slim margin but was not enough to give it a conclusive majority in the House of Commons. In fact, the Conservative Party had 37.9% of the votes cast while the Labour Party had 37.2%. In the second elections held in October, the Labour party emerged victorious garnering 39.2% of the votes while the Conservative Party came in second with 35.8% of the votes. Though we can say that the Conservative party did not lose the first elections per se, the argument still holds that the party lost the election since it did not occupy office as is the case with winning an election. The losing is cemented by the resigning of the incumbent Conservative Party leader Edward Heath. Various authors and political analysts have come out to dissect the reasons as to why such a previously dominant party and an incumbent by then lost two general elections in the space of one year. In this paper, we critically take an incisive look at the various factors that could have contributed to the party’s failure of retaining its position in forming a government. Why the Conservatives lost the 1974 general elections The main failing of the Conservative Party was placed on its policies expressed in the party’s manifesto. In the party’s manifesto emphasis was placed on protecting Britain from external threats, protecting the environment, curbing the energy crisis, rewarding pensioners more handsomely, protecting the rights of the individual, reforming the local governments, seeking peace in Northern Ireland, protect and preserve the Sovereignty of Britain, restraining and strengthening of immigration laws, promoting the arts and music sector of the economy and finally improving education. However, it is important to note some of these ideas were the same as those of other parties including the Labour Party as the major threat to the Conser
Introduction Discrimination is the process of implementation of acts or policies that negatively affect a given social group. According to Altman, discrimination is the product of negative treatment imposed on individuals by a different group of persons. The types of discrimination include direct and indirect discrimination, intentional and unintentional discrimination, individual and institutional discrimination. Direct discrimination Some of the organizations directly refuse to serve people from a given minority group due to differences in religion, color, or ethnicity. In his article, Altman gives an example of the situation faced by Roma men who had entered a bar and intentionally disregarded by the barman. The act of neglecting the Roma men by the barman portrayed the wrong policies enacted by many organizations with the aim of looking down upon some members from different ethnic groups. Many schools in the developed countries also employed direct discrimination; these schools did this by disregarding the blacks by not giving them the chance of access to education in some schools. Altman further relates direct discrimination to intentional discrimination, according to him; direct discrimination is affected by the presence of negative intentions in the enactor (Andrew, 2011). Indirect discrimination Although some acts or policies seem not to be directional in their functionality to a given social group, they implore negative influence and implications on the victims. Unlike direct discrimination, indirect discrimination agents uninten
From prehistoric times to the present day, dreams have intrigued mankind across all civilizations. Dream researchers have over the years attempted to front various propositions about why humans engage in these ‘mystic’ processes and their real or perceived functions in life, but consensus on the outcomes of their studies has so far remained as elusive as ever. However, there has been a broad concurrence among the researchers that emotional memories are triggered during the process of dreaming and that emotions play a domineering part in the thematic development of the dream (Valli et al., 2008; Myers, 2009). This paper purposes of evaluating some of the functions researchers think dreams serve today. Researchers concur that 80 percent of dreams occur during the sleep phase known as ‘Rapid Eye Movement’ or simply REM as this is the phase when consolidation of emotional memories becomes more enhanced (Valli et al., 2008; Myers, 2009). Although Sigmund Freud didn’t have this knowledge beforehand when he constructed his notions about dreams, the Austrian neurologist projected a psychoanalytic disposition to argue that the main “…function of dreams was to allow the release of repressed thoughts and impulses which cause excitation and neural activity” (Berman, 1999, para. 8). Freud argued that every dream has an explicit significance which is carried in the form of a message manifested by unconscious processes. The content of the dream, according to Freud, is a symbol for some camouflaged, or rather suppressed wish of the consciousness and therefore individuals must reason backward in a process known as ‘free association’ for them to interpret the real meaning of their dreams (Berman, 1999). Freud was also of the opinion that dreams functioned to preserve sleep. Another view projected by researchers such as Vygotsky and Lacan suggests that the main function of dreams is to fulfill a specific human need that attributes a cause to the things that we experience within the environment daily (Valli et al., 2008). When this function of dreams is put into perspective, it would, therefore, be true to argue that dreams very often have a deep-seated effect on how individuals relate to the outside world. In line with this perspective, other dream researchers argue that dreams possess a problem-solving function in that they assist individuals in solving challenges that they are incapable of solving in waking life. Still, other researchers argue that one of the key functions of dreams is to maintain our bodily and psychological health (Domhoff, n.d.). However, information about how dreams sustain our health is still lacking. Moving on, some researchers have come up with yet another theoretical perspective – the threat simulation theory (TST) – in an attempt to explain one of the core functions of dreams. According to these researchers, “…the funct
Semiotics It is necessary to know what human society is like to understand what semiotics is. In general, semiotics is the study of signs. No wonder people who have no idea about this science at all usually keep on asking questions about what you mean by the signs. Semiotics studies the signs people produce consciously or subconsciously and the role of those signs within social life. It is not easy to present the most typical sign within this study case. I can say that the signs’ range varies from the road ones to the body language that only humans can read without even noticing it. To enlarge on the meaning of semiotics I may call it a part of the communication process between people. It is one of the facets through which thought is conveyed from one person to another. Examples include sounds, gestures, and even textures. Consumer Society A consumer society is a term frequently addressed when speaking about Western countries. The US is now a country organized around the consumption of goods and entertainment. Of course, from one point of view, this is a part of economics that forces our country to stand on a powerful basis within the macroeconomy. However, consumer society is particularly a term that defines a society that does not think about the production of goods. Moreover, consumer society entailed the emergence of the following developments: mass popular culture, the demise of social class, and enhancing individualism. Definitely, the existence of consumer society also means the emergence of a very distinct line between the rich and the poor. Ideology Ideology is an idea that is thought of as a comprehensive vision proposed to the entire society to follow the offered tendencies. For us, ideology is important as a matter of influencing factor on society directly. Also, once the society accepts the rules or does not, ideology edges politics closely. The main idea of ideology is to kindly force society to adhere to the rules that will most likely conform to different aspects of social, political, and economical life. Ideology is the way society looks at things. Once again, ideology is a social order accepted by the society naturally or forced to accept, thus reflecting the ideas of the political system. Each political system in the world has ideological ideas to a certain extent. Representation It is very important to understand the order and
Introduction When people lack real facts concerning some issues, they develop mythical theories which aim at accounting for them. These speculations are based on religion, culture, and misconceived understanding which aim at closing the gap that exists when those issues are not explained. Often, the speculations and mythical theories are not challenged by laymen. Instead, they follow and believe in those theories until professionals challenge them. Professionals identify the real facts that lead to occurrence of eventualities based on factual evidence that can be proofed by scientific, statistical, and mathematical means of determination. In this light, they carry out detailed research on the issues, analyze the results, and make relevant conclusions regarding them. This paper aims at reviewing relevant literature in order to obtain factual explanations on yawning which is a behavior that has created profound contention. Facts about Yawning Thermoregulation The biological researches suggest that human system, which is one of the most complicated systems, has various ways of regulating temperature, pressure and other factors of the body. In fact, it suggests that human body has mechanisms that keep all these factors at optimum levels so that they are maintained at a desirable range. In light of this regulation, the brain plays a crucial role when initiating the regulatory function. In this case, biologists argue that yawning is a crucial regulatory function which aims at regulating the temperature of the body (Donhoffer 435). This holistic process, which involves other mechanisms besides yawning, is often referred to as thermoregulation. It was discovered that differences in ambient temperatures affected the frequency of yawning. In an investigation regarding yawning behavior, a cold pack of ice was put on the forehead of a girl. In this instance, the girl yawned for 45 percent of experimentation period. In the second instance, a glass of warm water was placed on the forehead where the percentage of yawning reduced to 10 percent. This indicated that high temperature increased yawning while low temperature reduced frequency of yawning (Gonzaga 199). While explaining this observation, scientists argued that human brain needs a lot of energy to coordinate the body. When ambient temperatures increase, the brain temperature rises quicker than other parts of the body. It, therefore, initiates yawning where the mouth takes a considerably big gulp of air and jaws stretch. When the jaws stretch they increase the amount of blood flowing to the brain through the dense network of blood vessels which are found in the nasal cavity. At the same time, it enables the mouth to take a gulp of air that moves above the blood vessels reducing the temperature of the blood which is flowing on the vessels towards the brain. As a result, the temperature of the brain reduces since it receives considerably cold blood in that process. When the ambient temperatures reduce, the brain aims at retaining heat and minimizing heat loss to the environment. Therefore, frequency of yawning is redu
Introduction Disney princesses are famous everywhere around the globe. The motion picture studios have made a great job in redesigning folk fairy tales and stories to create attractive images of damsels in distress and heroines. Snow White, Cinderella, and Ariel along with the rest of the princesses are extremely popular among little girls and in youth culture. The market of princess products is enormous and growing steadily with the appearance of new princesses. Nevertheless, parents and specialists hold heated discussions about the impact of Disney princesses on the development of children. The evolvement of the princess image in the films of the studio represents the developing position of strong independent women in the society, but the princess stereotypes can harm the mentality of children. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the gender stereotypes associated with the images of Disney princesses and discuss their negative and positive effects. The Real Problem: Redesign of the Disney Princess Image The recent redesign of the old and new Disney princesses shows an alarming tendency of standardization and sexualization of their images. The history of Disney princesses has begun in 1937 with the creation of the animated feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . From the 1930s till the present moment the image of Disney princesses has evolved showing the developing role of strong independent women in society (Johnson 4). Modern heroines like tomboy lass Merida or cool-headed Queen Elsa have little common with yielding Snow White serving seven dwarfs. The typical image of a housewife hiding behind the stone walls of her home from the outer world has changed gradually throughout the decades. The next princess, Cinderella, has supported Snow White fleeing from her house only to become the wife of a prince. Nevertheless, appearing in 1989, Ariel is first to break the rules of a traditional love theme film. She is eager to change her life and fights for her choice. Still, she sacrifices her voice for the love of a man what brings her closer to her
The heart rate is one of the cardiovascular measurements employed during exercise to measure the strength of the heart relative to the exercise and the rate of recovery from the exercise. This is important in terms of specifying exercise intensities for different individuals. The maximal heart rate entails the maximum increase in cardiac output, which cannot be surpassed relative to an increase in the intensity of the exercise. According to Robergs and Landwehr (2), the maximal heart rate can be predicted using the equation, HRmax = 220-age. This equation was developed in 1938 by Robinson and it is the most accepted formula in the prediction of the maximum heart rate. When starting any physical activity, there is a direct proportional increase in the heart rate with the level of intensity of the physical activity in question. This condition proceeds until the maximum intensity is reached. At this point, the heart rate begins to flatten gradually despite that the exercise continues and the intensity increases. This indicates that the highest point of the heart rate is approaching and this value remains constant until an individual gets exhausted. Moreover, an individual’s maximal heart rate remains constant each day (Robergs and Landwehr 3). However, Robinson noted that the maximal heart rate can decrease annually relative to an increase in age as from 10-15 years. Therefore, the maximal heart rate depends on an individual’s age. Consequently, when the age of a person is subtracted from 220, we are then able to approximate the heart rate of such an individual. However, a large error of prediction (Sxy=7-11 beats per minute) is involved in using the equation, HRmax=220-age. Besides, Robergs and Landwehr (4), reveal that the equation, HRmax=220-age was not developed using primary data and that the data used in developing the prediction equation was obtained from more than 11 published and unpublished studies (Robergs and Landwehr 6). Due to the inherent errors in the equation, HRmax=220-age, other equations that predict the maximal heart rate relative to age were developed. A review of these equations also notes that there is a large inherent error of prediction when using these equations to predict the maximal heart rate. These errors are attributable to lack of a mode-specific method of HRmax prediction relative to age because most regression equations are mode-specific (Robergs and Landwehr 7). Besides, mode-specificity as one of the variables in the prediction of HRmax has not been accurately incorporated into most of the equations used to determine the maximal heart rate. Therefore