ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cultural dimensions are useful in understanding the values rooted in people from different cultural backgrounds. These cultural values will impact on how people behave and interact in different social settings. The five cultural dimensions developed by Hofstede are useful in understanding cultural variation in one country relative to other countries in the world. For instance, looking at Japan from the Hofstede five dimensional models will give the most significant drivers in the culture of the country in comparison to other countries across the world (Herkenhoff 33). Five Cultural Dimensions Power Distance This dimensional model relates to the concept that people are not equal in every society and, therefore, demonstrates the attitudes in relation to inequalities. It is how those in the lower hierarchy perceive and accept the uneven power distribution in a social setting. Japan is averagely hierarchical society where members in a social setting are conscious of the different positions in the hierarchy (De Mooij and Hofstede 87). In comparison to other cultures of Asia, they are not highly hierarchical. Business decisions are ordinarily slow because of many hierarchical levels involved in the process. In Japanese culture, there is no single person at the top with the monopoly of decision making, unlike other highly hierarchical societies. On the other hand, the Japanese culture values meritocracy and anybody could easily get a head in any field (Herkenhoff 38). Individualism vs. Collectivism This dimension addresses the nature of interdependence among the members of the society, with individualistic societies expecting the members to take care of themselves and their immediate family members. This is not the case with collective societies where the group plays a critical role of taking care of the members and the group receive loyalty in return. Japan is a collective society but not as much as their neighboring countries because they do not have the extended family system. Japanese have a high sense of loyalty to organizations they are employed, which is a personal decision rather than a collective. In comparison to other western
Introduction Kampgrounds of America (KOA) is a privately owned organization that has around 500 locations across Canada and the United States (Fogelson, 2012). The company provides camping services offering tent, RV, and cabin rentals among other services (Fogelson, 2012). Recently, the CFO of KOA expressed their interest in using climatic data to calculate the effect of potential financial investment. Specifically, the company wanted to open new campgrounds and needed to forecast the possible implications of expanding its business in one of the following locations: Hot Spring, AR, and Billings, MT. There is a strong scientific basis for asserting that warming of the climate system was brought about by human influence (Pederson, Graumlich, Fagre, Kipfer, & Muhlfeld, 2009). It is seen from observing the data on global average air temperatures as well as the melting of glacial ice and snow that causes the rise of sea level (Pederson et al., 2009). If warming trends continue, Montana will experience a rise in temperature by 4-6 degrees (F) in the following decades (Pederson et al., 2009). To assess the climatic differences between the two locations, statistical comparison of temperature and precipitation in Hot Spring and Billings will be made. The temperature and precipitation data were chosen for analysis, and the range was from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2015. Methods and Results To analyze Global Summary of the Month data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, t-testing and correlation were used. The results of the study revealed that the difference in temperature between Hot Spring and Billings is not statistically significant (p =.009). There also was not a significant difference in precipitation levels between the two towns (p =.02). However, there was a strong correlation in precipitation levels (r =.06) and a strong correlation in temperature (r =.09). There also were week local correlations between temperature and precipitation within both locations (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2016). Analysis According to the study results, the difference between temperature trends is negligible; however, spring months are usually warmer in Hot Spring than in Billings. Most of the winter months in the analyzed range were also warmer in Hot Spring. Nonetheless, there was a slightly higher rate of precipitation in Hot Spring than in Billings. The graph also shows that the period between 2012 and 2015 was not marked by significant monthly precipitation spikes. Discussion Judging by the study results, the CFO of KOA should be advised to consider opening their facilities in Billings. Even though the variation in temperature between the two towns is not statistically significant, the difference in precipitation levels means that Billings would be a more promising location in terms of financial investment in
Most societies in the modern world comprise of a variety of individuals. This is because they are made up of people who are from different cultures and background. As a result, these societies contain a rich heritage due to the interaction of the culture, traditions and beliefs of the people who are part and parcel of it. Normally, the main factor that constitute to the difference of the individuals who make up these societies is race. Many societies in the modern civilization comprise of individuals who are from different races of the world. In America, for example, a community can be made up of Latinos, African Americans and individuals from the white community (Manasseh, 2010). This ratio complexity has its own advantages and disadvantages. The culture, background and traditions of these individuals play an important role in the determination of the various factors of their lives. This includes their behaviour, beliefs, psychological status, cognitive development and intellectuality. With regards to these factors, it will therefore be true to state that racial differences, among other factors play a critical role in determining the academic performance of an individual (Murphy, 2009). Due to this fact, this essay shall on the effects of racial differences and achievement gap. Education has become an essential requirement in the modern world. This is due to the role it plays in determining and shaping the career of an individual. Education gives individuals the knowledge and skills that is required to perform given roles in a specific profession. As a result, individuals who are learned stand a better chance of having desirable careers as compared to individuals who are not learned or perform poorly in school. From studies that have been conducted, a strong correlation has been identified between the performance of a student and his ethnic background. Students from white families tend to perform better as compared to those from Latino and African American communities (Murphy, 2009). This difference can be attributed to a number of factors. This may include cultural differences, financial stability, cognitive development and so on. Due to the increased levels of poor performance, many governments have employed a number of strategies to improve the educational status of their countries. To achieve this, most schools have mainly concentrated on modifying their educational system. This, for example, entails having favourable leadership that ensures that teachers conduct their roles as per the expected standards and that there is proper allocation of resources to all the departments. Other governments have modified their curriculum and education system in order to meet the current needs and requirements of the modern world. In other circumstances, schools have maintained teachers who exhibit high performance but have replaced those who were performing poorly. These are just but some of the strategies that schools have been employing over time to improve the performance of their students. However, in all these strategies, a critical aspect has always been lef
The world today is facing several socio-economical problems some of which include corruption, unemployment, and terrorism just to mention a few. Terrorism is defined as the coordinated use of fear as a way of compulsion. It is a practice that has been widely used by opinionated individuals and organizations to promote their demands and goals. The main feature of terrorism is the use of brutality against opponents with the aim of exposing a certain group, sect, or entity. This paper looks at the hurdles experienced by international cooperation in combating terrorism. It is agreed that the present day terrorism has taken a different dimension all together. Terrorists have turned to the use of sophisticated weapons and techniques thus making it difficult to stop terrorism (Tuck, 1999). A report conducted by the United States of America indicated that the present day terrorists are self funded and freely arranged in global associations. This makes it difficult for international cooperation to deal with terrorists given their large numbers and the fact that corporations operating in the targeted regions fund them. The Islamic groupings have been of global concern in most nations including the United States of America. The ever-increasing political chipping in of revolutionary Islamic parties in most of the overseas nations is also something of worry. This is an indication that terrorism is getting to the roots of many nations thus becoming difficult to deal with. In addition to this, terrorist associations have been noted to escalate in cross-national connections. The associations are responsible for training of the terrorist forces, transferring skills, and issuance of political instructions. For instance, the Al Qaeda group has links touching on several Islamic nations across the globe. With this linkage, terrorists have a strong bond that has proven difficult for international cooperation to break. It is also important to note that a larger group of the terrorists in the world today is from the Middle East and Islam related nations. The Middle East and its environs generate high income from oil mining most of which is used in funding terrorists. Despite the much effort that has been put to curb terrorism, the issue of their funding has been a major hurdle. This is because of the fact that it is difficult for the terrorists to go down given the much support they get in terms of funding. The issue of holy war also comes in as another hurdle for combating terrorism. As mentioned earlier in the paper, a higher percentage of the total terrorists are Muslims. Muslims are known to believe in holy war, which is known as Jihad . This means that they are ready to be suicide bombers as well as carry out other terrorists attacks in targeted nations (Scheider and Davis, 2009). With this strong belief, it becomes hard to convince Muslim terrorists to stop terror
Introduction The skin of human beings is at higher risk of being infected compared to other parts of the body because it is exposed to the environment. Skin infections are caused by a bacteria or virus that enters the body from the surrounding. Some pathogens are found within the body, and this means that they can stay there for a long time before they affect a person (Flaherty and Resnick 2011). Older people are at higher risks of skin infections than children because of poor immunity and unhygienic conditions. This essay presents ways of diagnosing and treating shingles. Definition Shingles are skin inflammations caused by varicella zoster viruses that make the skin to have painful rashes (Tsutsumi 2013). They usually attack one side of the body and pathologists believe that people that have suffered from chickenpox have higher chances of developing this skin infection than those that have never been affected by it. A colony is a combination of various infections; for instance, a person can suffer from bumps, shingles and herpes at the same time (Burr 2012). An infection refers to the negative impacts of a bacteria or virus on the human body. Diagnosing Shingles in Frail Elders The elderly population is at higher risk of infections compared to other groups of people in the society. The process of diagnosing this infection starts with the history of a patient (Flaherty and Resnick 2011). This means that people that have suffered from chickenpox have high chances of developing shingles. Chickenpox is caused by a virus called varicella zoster that remains in the human body, even after this condition has been managed (Burr 2012). However, it reappears as shingles after some years and the most common symptoms of this infection in frail adults include the following. The first symptom of this disease is called post-herpetic neuralgia that is associated with the following issues. The patient feels pain and numbness in the affected area, and this is usually on one side of the body. Itching and tingling may occur, and these conditions can last for a long time. Dermatologists claim that victims usually have little appetite, sleepless nights and fatigue; moreover, they become very sensitive to touch and this may be painful when the condition advances (Tsutsumi 2013). Secondly, rashes appear on the itching area, and after a few days they turn into clear blisters. These blisters last for two to three weeks before they turn red or yellow before they heal (Burr 2012). In addition, the pain, reduces when blisters heal, but this may take several weeks or months depending on the antibiotics used. These symptoms may be accompanied with fever, and that is why it is not easy to diagnose this infection. Therefore, patients should seek immediate medical attent
The Construct of Symbolic Racism Racism is an issue that at first glance could be considered obsolete in modern society. Yet, according to multiple researchers, this phenomenon still persists in the form of symbolic racism (Henry & Sears, 2002; McConahay, 1986). Symbolic or modern racism is differentiated from conventional racism on the basis of its implicit and less outward nature. It is described as a multidimensional system of beliefs, stereotypes, and prejudices towards people of the race that is perceived to be inferior (Henry & Sears, 2002). It features subtle verbal and non-verbal manifestations of resentment and in direct violation of basic human rights such as freedom of self-expression, free speech, professional, social, and personal development. The construct has been a subject of scrutiny as to the themes pertaining to it. Currently, coherence in understanding has been achieved, and four major themes have been agreed upon in the scientific community. Thus, Tarman and Sears (2005) identify the following: 1) denial of the presence of discrimination; 2) support for the thesis that work-related difficulties of African-Americans are the cause of their disadvantaged state; 3) unwarranted nature of their social and political demands; 4) unfair nature of their benefits and privileges. According to Seras and McConahay (1973), the concept is established through basic aspects such as opposition to black politicians on account of their race and features adherent to it. In addition, it encompasses a perception of black politics as a power capable of and willing to dominate over white politics. The originators of the concept applied it only to the African-American race, while other scientists engaged in researching and applying the construct of symbolic racism to other races and cultures. As such, Augoustinos, Ahrens, and Inness (1994) furthered the research in the sphere and narrowed it to the experiences of the indigenous Australian population. They conclude that both in low-prejudice and high-prejudice subjects there is still a degree of indecisiveness and conflict about the image of and attitude to native Australians. Therefore, the concept of modern racism is to be further researched and measured in relation to this group. Measurement of the Construct The mere statement of the presence of symbolic racism is not enough to give it credibility and a scientific basis. The construct has to be measured and based on substantial and up-to-date facts, confirming its existence, scale, and significance. Symbolic racism, as it has been described in the scientific community, has a significant imp
Data Retrieval and Analysis This paper aims to illustrate the use of various research methods which can be employed in order to retrieve informational resources. The topic which I would like to study is post-colonialism in contemporary Australian society. In particular, I decided to examine cultural aspects of colonialism and its impacts on indigenous population of the country. Currently, the relations between Western-European and aboriginal people are still extremely tense and the origins of this problem lie mostly in the domain of culture. This is one of the reasons why this question is of great interest to me. At the very beginning I entered such keywords as “Australia”, “culture” and “colonialism” and “post-colonialism” in various databases. I used Boolean operators like And, Or, Not, in order to narrow down the scope of the research. These logical algorithms offer a good opportunity refine the results of query and make them more specific. Of course, search hits were numerous; however, certain articles were appearing on the screen more often than others and attracted my attention. One of them was Rethinking Cultural Genocide: Aboriginal Child Removal and Settler-Colonial State Formation, written by Robert Krieken. The author examines removal of children from aboriginal people and evaluates the aftereffects of this policy. His thought-provoking and argumentative discussion explains a great number of difficulties, faced by the Indigenous Australians 1 and one of them is cultural arrogance of the first colonizers and their descendants. Afterwards, I tried to slightly modify my search requirements and added additional keywords such as “stolen generations” and “removal of children”. The search engine generated a great number of returns. Among them, I can single out such studies as The Best Interests of the Child? by Julie Cassidy 2 , who analyzes legal and ethical dimensions of the policies, pursued by the then Australian government for more than a century. The scholar strives to explain the logic and fallacies of the authorities who adhered to the belief that British colonizers were better prepared to raise aboriginal children. Her analysis enabled me to gain deeper insights into the nature of colonialism in Australia. Furthermore, it helped me to specify area of study. I realized that the knowledge of such concepts as assimilation and absorption would significantly contribute to my understanding of this topic. This is why I began to look for the scholarly sources, which contained such words as “Australia”, “indigenous population”, “assimilation and/or absorption”. Several articles appeared to be of great use, for instance, Indigenous Assimilation and Absorption in the United States and Australia, by Katherine Ellinghaus. This work aims to make a comparative analysis of assimilation policies in Australia and the United States. This article turned to be very helpful in my research: examines the attitude of the state to
Introduction Motivation The legal protection granted by the copyright confers incentives for artists and authors to create valuable works. According to Baugher, copyright grants authors, performers, and publishers moral and economic rights (3). This is achieved through efficient mechanisms and procedures that enforce copyright laws. Thus, copyright is an important issue for artists across the globe. This is because songs, movies, texts, and other products in the creative industry are often used without the permission of the creators. In China, the copyright is protected much more poorly than in the USA. Therefore, comparing the two countries might shed some light on the problem present in China and expose the reasons for this situation. Thesis Statement A well balanced and efficient system for the protection of the copyright is important for the preservation of culture, national identity, and promotion of creativity (Rana and Rowland 7). The copyright laws and enforcement procedures differ depending on the country. While the copyright in the USA is rather well-protected, the situation in China is much more adverse from the legal, economic, and political points of view, and thus requires some important changes to be implemented in all the three areas in order to improve. Literature Review The Current Situation with Copyrights on Movies, Books, and Music in the USA In the USA, copyright issues are explicitly provided under article 1, section 8 of the US Constitution (Baugher 2). The clause gives powers to Congress to promote useful arts and science. This is achieved by securing for limited times that ensure that the authors and inventors have exclusive rights to their arts and discoveries. The implication of this law is that once a work is copyrighted, it is protected and secured from the use of other people. Copyrights on Movies in the US The current copyright on Movies in the US is detailed in the Federal Copyright Act Title 17 of the United States Code (Baugher 1). The law provides that motion pictures and audiovisual works that are available for purchases are limited to home and personal use only. This prohibits the use of the work for public performance. This provision ensures that public performance of films without an authorized license is illegal. However, copyright law allows movies to be shown to nonprofit educational institutions without the license for purposes of face to face teaching. Copyrights on Books in the US The authors of books in the US are given exclus
Most human actions and decisions have effects, even if people are not able to recognize all changes. Climate change is one of such outcomes, and multiple debates are developed on this topic. Some people support the opinion that global warming remains a serious problem, while others define other sources in their studies. This essay aims to discuss climate change and its influence on human life either as a real or presumptive threat. It is wrong to neglect the fact that climate change has a specific impact on global biodiversity. Many researchers discuss its threat and other characteristics through analyzing species responses and applying different ecological and molecular approaches (Lu et al., 2018; Razgour et al., 2018). Climate change means various weather and temperature shifts, which creates new living requirements for wildlife populations and habitats (Nunez, 2019). When a sea rises over its normal levels, such a hazard cannot be neglected. At the same time, climate change alone may hardly cause all those unfavorable conditions. Some journalists admit that a real threat comes from other sources like politics, economics, and immigration (Roberts, 2019). Shellenberger (2019) questions the worth of all those apocalyptical statements that distract people from other serious issues. Climate change is a threat, but its impact is not as critical as wrong political decisions, poor social support, and unstable economics. People like to think that their activities do not cause harm but provoke their development and life quality improvement. No credible academic source says that climate change is the end of the world or, at least, the collapse of civilization (Shellenberger, 2019). Modern citizens should not be afraid that natural hazards only could vanquish their children in the future. Still, these statements cannot serve as a motivational factor to continue destructing and disrespecting nature. The end of this brief debate about the impact of climate change on people remains ambiguous. People may consider unpredictable and harsh weather as a sign of human mistakes and disgrace. However, a person is not obliged to believe that climate change is a real threat. Many other factors put human life at risk, and it is recommended to pay attention to political, economic, and social relationships.