ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Ghost Dance Movement was a significant event from historical, cultural, and social perspectives. The well-documented spiritual riot of Indigenous peoples of the United States presented continuous deliberate dancing of tribal participants. Men, women, and children united in one action with a hopeless attempt to restore the days of yore when they were the hosts of their lands. The movement had no aggressive, threatening intention but only the last endeavors of perishing, wretched people, yet the American government recognized it as a dangerous upheaval. The situation resulted in the Wounded Knee Massacre that took the lives of numerous Lacotas, an Indian American tribe, registered as collateral damage in the war conditions by officials (Dunbar-Ortiz 155–57). The Ghost Dancing emerged in the context of hunger, oppression, the need for returning the well-being, and messianic hope fused with indigenous beliefs. Main body First of all, the economic reasons for the practice development are reduced resources of Native Americans and their hunter-gatherer lifestyle. For example, the Lakota people mentioned above faced a wide range of difficulties that made them fight for their survival. The rapid change in the abundance of essential living resources disturbed the cycle of provision obtaining customs. The primary food source, buffalo, was prohibited for hunting and later went extinct. Various diseases depopulated the tribe, diminishing its labor forces to a minimum. Additionally, the proposed by American-European agriculture could not have been readily adopted by Lakotas. They had practiced hunting and gathering for their entire history and were not accustomed to the new civilization’s achievements (“Section 7: The Ghost Dance,” pars. 1–2). Obviously, this instability caused a surge of despair that was incorporated into a novel religious movement. Consequently, the economic factor is among the most important for understanding the Ghost Dance as it explains the grounds of the peoples’ distress resulting in resorting to the ritual. Secondly, the political perspective of the time should not be omitted since American colonialism defined the emergence of the Ghost Dance Movement. Namely, the United States government supported expanding its territory by removing the unwanted population. The Indigenous cultures were seen as uncivilized, inferior, and dangerous to new inhabitants; thus, reservoirs for Indians appeared. The domination of a different community was proclaimed and accompanied by numerous armed conflicts with the native population. Moreover, the US officials encouraged the biased judgments of citizens about the tribes, declaring their guilt in every encounter with the army. The Knee Massacre illustrates the campaign: the soldiers who committed war crimes against Lacotas received honorable rewards for their involvement in the affairs (Dunbar-Ortiz 155–57). American Indians, in their turn, stopped fighting for their in
Students with communication impairments may not be able to meet their communication needs with their natural voices and tones. This issue causes them a lot of troubles in their social interactions with other people. However, they can be aided to cope with this problem in the society. They are thus recommended to use special argumentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems, which can vary depending on the skills and the needs of each student, in order to compensate for the natural communication. Supporting social competence in children who use augmentative and alternative communication is very important. Though AAC systems provide them with a way to communicate, the children who use them face several challenges, especially, in social communication. They experience feelings of isolation as it is difficult for them to make friends with other children, maintain friendship, start profitable conversations, and not to create a negative image of themselves among the others. Teachers should, therefore, know that children who use AAC systems communicate differently from the others who use natural vocals. They are known to be passive, communicate for limited purposes, and use less developed linguistic forms. Due to the children’s needs and challenges, they are more likely to communicate to teachers and other skilled professionals who are able to meet their demands as opposed to same age peers which render classroom goals unachieved. To aid this, certain modification techniques are to be used to improve peer interaction among children using AAC systems. These include modifying the environment, collateral skills intervention, child-specific intervention, peer-mediated intervention, and comprehensive interventions. Multimodal communication is the use of different modes of communication like facial expression and gestures. When students come to get a better understanding of multimodal communications skills, they are able to better understand their AAC fellows and improve their interaction levels. These skills can be embedded in established lessons, such as student theatres or pretence plays. Other activities can comprise:   * Watching a video of someone speaking in another language and try to determine meaning through nonverbal modes of communication.   * Observe people talking and document forms of communication (for example, gestures, natural
Introduction Literature concerning professionals working with traumatized clients or patients is enormous. The interaction between the professional and clients takes place on daily basis where the professional may be affected by the client’s problem through exposure to the problem. Vicarious traumatization (VT) was first identified in early 1990s through an extensive research done by McCann and Pearlman (1990) and the two defined the concept as, “cumulative transformative effects upon therapists resulting from empathic engagement with traumatized clients” (Harrison and Westwood, 2009, p.1). Generally, part of clinician’s job is to listen to the narration a client gives about a horrific event, and the clinician is forced to bear witness to the psychological and in other cases to physical aftermath of actions that can be described as intense in cruelty or aggravated violence (Harrison and Westwood, 2009). As clinicians go through these cumulative experiences largely reflecting empathic engagement, they invite injurious effects upon themselves whereby, in most instances, they may experience physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms similar to those of their traumatized clients (Pearlman and Saakvitne, 1995 cited in Harrison and Westwood, 2009). While noting the emergence of vicarious trauma among clinicians, the consensus backed with relative evidence shows that little or scanty literature exists of the known factors that might lead or results into vicarious trauma, with further literature existing on the possible available practices that may thwart or improve its harmful effects (Figley, 2004 cited in Harrison and Westwood, 2009). Nevertheless, some considerable research and theory have started to emerge detailing information and investigating the vulnerability of VT and the possible treatment (Figley, 1995 cited in Harrison and Westwood, 2009). Equally, it has become essential to understand the necessary protections that are effective in ensuring clinicians work well with the traumatized population. The current trend is worrying where clinicians with appropriate training to be instrumental and providing help to clients resign from their duties as the issue of caring for traumatized clients become challenging. When this occurs, then the profession loses enormous and most useful assets leaving a vacuum. At the same time, when the very clinicians stick to their roles but are largely dissatisfied as due to strong impact of VT effect, then the general welfare of the community is compromised as instances of disservice become evident and clear (Harrison and Westwood, 2009). First Nations communities, as numerous literature would postulate, are characterized by many factors or instances of deficiency, vulnerability, hopelessness, traumatized and general health
History of the Saudia Dairy & Foodstuff Company In 1976 a joint venture among Saudi businessmen, Kuwaiti businessmen, and the Danish Turnkey Dairies gave rise to the establishment of the Saudia Dairy & Foodstuff Company. At the beginning, owing to financial constrains the company began its operations with the production of the UHT milk. During this time the company’s factory was located in Jeddah. Ireland (112) points out that over time the company managed to make massive profits and as a result in 1987 Saudia Dairy & Foodstuff Company acquired the Saudi Danish Dairy Company as well as the Medina Danish Dairy Company. It is as a result of this acquisition that the company merged the two and it started being referred to as Saudia Dairy & Foodstuff Company. According to her, the change to Saudia Dairy & Foodstuff Company did not take place immediately and therefore it had to wait until all the formalities are concluded. The company changed its name to Saudia Dairy & Foodstuff Company (SADAFCO) in the year 1993. Beginning with UHT at the time of inception, the company had by early 1990s managed to introduce other products in the market most notably being the tomato paste, cheese- although this was a joint venture with a subsidiary of the New Zealand Dairy Board, hommos, bottled mineral water as well as snacks. Global Investment House (p 3) says that Saudia Dairy & Foodstuff Company has undergone other important milestones that have placed it among the largest producers of dairy products in Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East as a whole. It notes that in 1989 Saudia Dairy & Foodstuff Company was the first company in the Middle East to begin commercial production of tomato paste in Tetra Pak packaging. In addition, it notes that this same company became the first to launch long life hommos in Tetra Pak packaging. Furthermore, in the year 1998 the company commenced the production of bottled water as well as carbonated juice drinks and also established regional distribution centre in Jeddah so that their products could reach as many people as possible. Having done all this that company was well placed to compete with other multi nationals that were planning to initiate similar projects in the area. Industry in which the Saudia Dairy & Foodstuff Company operates Saudia Dairy & Foodstuff Company is a manufacturing industry. This means that it converts raw materials into finished goods. Some of the finished products produced include Tomato paste, UHT milk, and juice. Then the question is where do their raw materials come from? According to Bricault (p 124) the key ingredients in the production of juice are fruits. He says that to produce an orange juice, the machine has to first of all crash orange fruits after which other preservative chemicals are added to it. In addition to that he notes that tomato paste production has to follow an almost similar way in its production. This is also a similar case when it comes to the production of UHT milk. Therefore, according to him Saudia Dairy & Foodstuff Company changes the original state of a substance like orange,
Introduction Literature as a form of art is a rather specific matter for analysis. To compare and contrast literary works it is necessary to consider the techniques the author uses for this or that aim. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to contrast and compare the techniques used by Ernest Hemingway and Russell Banks to render the topic of gender relations in society. This paper will concentrate on the analysis of the short stories “Hills like White Elephants” by Ernest Hemingway and “Black Man and White Woman in Dark Green Rowboat” by Russell Banks. The essence of the comparative analysis of these stories will lie in the techniques used by the writers to develop their characters, render the same theme of their stories and convey the tone and atmosphere of the stories as single wholes. Comparison To begin with, it is necessary to state that how the authors develop their characters differs in the stories under consideration. The major difference in this aspect is the fact that Ernest Hemingway introduces his characters to the story in an abrupt manner as if the readers already know these people and are familiar with their backgrounds. At the same time, Russell Banks uses the technique of a gradual, even postponed, introduction of characters into his story. Further on, the development of the readers’ knowledge about the characters and the impression made by them is also delivered in different ways. Ernest Hemingway tells the story which makes the reader feel present at the conversation of the man and the girl in the café somewhere near Barcelona. Thus, there is no need to provide any preliminary narration and explain who the characters are and what they are talking about. On the contrary, Banks makes use of substantial narration in the story that introduces the readers to the situation and gradually explains who the characters are and how are they interrelated. Thus, the different rendering of relations between sexes is observed as viewed by both authors. Consequently, how both authors render the major topic of their stories differs as well. The main idea of both stories is the relations of sexes in society as exemplified by particular stories of specific people. However, the way Hemingway develops this topic can be described as the conversation of a couple of people who love each other but are ready to give freedom to their beloved ones: “I don’t want you to do it if you don’t want to.” (Hemingway, 650) At the same time, the relations of the black man and the white woman in the story by Banks are rather binding. In other words, they both want to change each other by imposing views hostile to their outlooks of the world. For example, the woman wants the men to take up the customs and values of the white race, while the man wants her to have a baby and live following his views of life. In these points, the main difference between the writers themselves can
Covid-19 has affected the healthcare systems worldwide, and the situation is worsening with the increasing number of infections reported daily. Governments and private facilities are overwhelmed with a surging number of positive cases as health practitioners on the frontline of defense are being infected. Practitioners who have contracted the virus cannot attend to patients creating further shortages. The global scarcity of medical equipment and physical protective equipment (PPEs) undermines the fight against coronavirus, especially in developing countries (Burki, 2020). People with underlying conditions who depend on regular medications cannot access health services, further deteriorating their physical and mental health. The situation is even worse among the old-aged groups above 60 years. At 60 years and over, the body’s immune system is weaker, and coupled with some preexisting conditions that are rampant among older adults, their ability to fight infectious diseases such as covid-19 is undermined (Duplaga et al., 2016). Although all age groups are at risk of contracting covid-19, the older population has a significant danger of developing severe illness if they become infected due to their aging physiological changes. Health promotion has become an integral part of life for all people regardless of their age, gender, or social group. However, health education is critical among the elderly population since this age group is highly vulnerable to diseases and other health-threatening conditions. In some countries, older people are subjected to counseling and health education to help them cope with different situations. However, the demands for such services have significantly increased due to the vast spread of covid-19. There is no approved medication for coronavirus. The information regarding prevention measures is conveyed via media platforms such as radio, television, and social media platforms that older people rarely access (Nadikattu, 2020). The combination of global panic and lack of awareness of coronavirus significantly complicates the process of educating people. Therefore, educating older people on containment measures, remaining safe, coronavirus symptoms, and how they should handle themselves when they contract the virus would be crucial. Social distancing and other measures that restrict older people from socializing with their loved ones have affected their psychological well-being. Initiating community counseling groups in which older people can virtually share their experiences during lockdowns could make a considerable difference (Diamond et al., 2020). Indeed, older people need to be educated on all the facets of healthcare services. There are currently no sufficient theoretical frameworks or research that have been developed to give more insight into covid-19. No research has been done on the importance of teaching covid-19 to the elderly population. In this paper, available publications on covid-19 will be reviewed aga
Introduction Criminal law refers to a set of rules in various commands that with their universal features, govern the impositions of various degrees of punishments upon failure by an individual to comply. According to Gross (2005), there are a number of criminal offenses that are liable to prosecution in a court of law. One of the areas is on personal offenses and homicide is an example. This paper seeks to discuss the degrees of homicide in detail and their justifications for prosecution. Types and Degrees of Homicide Voluntary Manslaughter Tom allegedly arrived at his apartment one evening to find his friend Bill in a compromising situation with his wife, Mary. He then pulled his drawer, drew out a gun and shot both of them, killing them instantly. Schmalleger (2006), a renowned law scholar explains that to be guilty of Voluntary Manslaughter, it has to be proven beyond reasonable doubt, that Tom was provoked beyond control. The provocation, however, has to be proven to be adequate, i.e. for an individual with a reasonable personality to lose self-control. On the other hand, intent to kill has to be clearly seen in the action of the defendant (Schmalleger, 2006). Negligent Homicide Three hundred people on board the Atlantic Airline allegedly died as a result of the negligence caused by one of the engineers who forgot a masking tape while in the process of cleaning the airbus. Proof has to be shown that the conduct of the defendant was the resultant cause of the victims’ death and that it was due to negligence. Fundamentally, the defendant should have be
What Is a Disciple? Living our Christian life as it was lived by Jesus Christ is what depicts the meaning of one being a true disciple. This is because the first true believers lived their Christian lives the way Jesus did. In the Bible, Mark 24:14 Jesus told Mathew “Follow me”. By these words, Jesus meant that to be a true disciple one has to follow the life of Jesus as a whole. All true disciples have to bear fruit and lead by example. The lives of the disciples should be dominated by the love of God and it is only through this that they can forgive others and be forgiven by God. For one to bear fruit, he or she should be in a deep relationship of love with God. All those who will work for the Lord need to be disciplined and have a lot of perseverance and this also applies to worship. One should cultivate the fruits of the Holy Spirit so as to enjoy living in Christ (Laurie 3-6). A trademark of true discipleship is found in John 13:35, Jesus says that “By this, all will know that you are my disciples if you have a love for one another”. Are You His Disciple? Quoting Dwight Pentecost, who highlights what makes a true disciple. He argues that every Christian must have the urge to
The events of recent months associated with the coronavirus’s rapid spread have forced many people in business to change their priorities. Even local companies that used to traditionally provide offline services have tried to adapt their services to the new reality conditions. Despite the pandemic’s disastrous impact on the global economy, the virus may become more a plus than a minus for its digital component. With the spread of COVID-19 in the world, more and more people work remotely using video conferencing services and instant messengers. Demand for software such as Microsoft Teams, Skype, Cisco’s Webex, and Zoom has increased. In China, the use of telecommuting services from WeChat, Tencent, and Ding rose significantly in late January 2020 when COVID-19 restrictions came into effect. The use of online platforms drives the development of cloud technologies for storing and analyzing data, increasing the demand for renting such services from technology companies: Amazon Web Services, Microsoft, Tencent, and Alibaba (Dwivedi 10). The crisis also contributed to the transition of schools and universities to distance learning. Digital tools and online coaching enable teachers and educators to stay connected with students. The COVID-19 crisis has negatively impacted digital platforms, primarily in the areas of mobility and travel. This group includes transportation-related services: Uber, Lyft, Didi Chuxing, and rental services Airbnb, Booking.com (Dwivedi 11). This trend reflects the overall decline in the travel and tourism industries during the pandemic. The accelerating pace of digitalization is helping to strengthen their position in the markets. The network benefit effect and their ability to track, extract, and analyze information have given these companies an edge. Subsequently, the obtained data can be transformed into digital knowledge and monetized in various ways. Changes in social behavior during the spread of COVID19 will have long-term consequences. Many organizations and users will be more active in using digital solutions to develop a particular habit during a crisis. Work Cited Dwivedi, Yogesh K., et al. “Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Information Management Research and Practice: Transforming Education, Work and Life.” International Journal of Information Management , vol. 55, 2020, pp. 1-25.
The three articles reviewed in this paper are “From reviled to respected: The half-century evolution from Muhammad Ali’s “Draft Dodging” by Fuller (2017), “On the shoulders of giants,” by NPR (2019), and “Playing and protesting: Sport as a vehicle for social change” by Kaufman and Wolff (2010). The similarities in the way that athlete activists are portrayed in these articles are shown in the importance that sports activism has for the promotion of social change. There are differences since NPR (2019) and Kaufman and Fuller (2017) state that black athletes have long been involved in activism. However, Kaufman and Wolff (2010) argue that most athletes do not have a favorable view of activism. The way activism has been done in the sports world are discussed differently in these articles; for example, Kaufman and Wolf (2010) argue that athletes typically have a negative view of activism, while NPR (2019) suggest that activism has been an integral element of the career of some athletes. Moreover, Fuller (2017) cites the example of Muhammed Ali, who has been an activist throughout his career, protesting against the Vietnam war and supporting Muslims. Activism in the sports world has been received with crit