ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Sweetness and Power is one of the most popular works by Sydney Mintz, where the author makes a wonderful attempt to evaluate the role of sugar in our world, in human past, and future. In fact, his approach to evaluate human history by means of analyzing sugar industry may seem not that clear to every reader; however, if several facts from Sydney Mintz’s life and career are taken into consideration, many unclear things become more understandable for people. First of all, it is necessary to admit that Sydney Mintz was an anthropologist. His profession implied a thorough analysis of people, their history, and its impact on their future. It was not that interesting just to evaluate conditions, under which people lived and developed; however, if social and economic aspects are evaluated through a certain industry and with the help of particular examples, such approach should attract many readers. Mintz’s major purpose in this work was to clear up the changes, which took place on social and economic arenas. He compared social and economic aspects with people’s consumption, and underlined the necessity of sugar use for each Englishmen’s diets. So, in Sweetness and Power , the main intention of Sydney Mintz was to pay readers’ attention on how capitalism may control human lives even in their eating process and impose the use of sugar as something really important and even crucial. A topical question arises from the very beginning: if common people consume sugar without a slightest idea of its importance for society, what could motivate the author of the book to start his unique research and to produce this book as a result of it? The answer is in the question: Mintz has managed to prove that he is not only efficient scientist, but a skillful writer and psychologist, who is able to conduct a unique research, prove its importance and create a new attitude towards conventional matter. In the book he is trying to persuade the reader that the role of sugar in the world system can scarcely be overestimated, and he tries to explain this role. The author’s main ambition was to reveal “the complex way in which sugar production was connected to the development and organization of slavery and capitalist expansion” (Kuever par. 8). Facts from Mintz’s Biography Play a Very Important Role While writing Sweetness and Power , much was depended on the author’s personal live and his connections. It would be really difficult to find a person, who could cope with the task to analyze human history from the pure anthropological perspective better than it was done by Sydney Mintz. To prove this, it is necessary to say that due to his work he is considered to be “foremost scholar on sweetness” (Kuever par.1). His professional experience of fifty years of work as an anthropologist is also a convincing argument. One more fact that
Introduction Multiculturalism is the living together of people from different cultures. A culture is defined as the way of life of a given people; it entails such aspects as their race, their religion and their groupings which forms their behaviors and their values. Multicultural societies must aim at addressing social, political, and economic needs of the minority thus ensuring that each and every member in that society has his needs catered for. Governing of societies with many ethnic and religious groups must be given the due priority in any multicultural society. Identity Countries all over the world have continued to experience ethnic based conflicts with the worst of these being the genocide experienced in Rwanda in 1994. Other countries such as Sudan (Darfur region), East Timor, Sri Lanka, and Kashmir have also had violent conflict for their failure to embrace multiculturalism. The question is; what really causes all these conflicts? The answer lies not only in ensuring equal distribution of economic resources but also practicing good governance that is democratic (Panossian, Berman & Linscott 2007). Countries that have employed the above two principle rules have also realized the utmost importance of considering those issues that touch on ethnicity and nationalism, simply stated, identity. Components of Multicultural Societies Any multicultural society must striv
Legal Environment and Total Rewards Competition for employees has always been on the rise. Each and every employer wants to hire and keep that experienced, talented and dedicated employee that will be instrumental in delivering quality towards the achievement of the company’s goal (Chapman, & Kelliher, 2011). In this paper, I am going to look at several employee benefits that provide great opportunities to increase their productivity. The advantage of these benefits is that the employee gets satisfaction, less likely to quit, and at the same time, can be more committed to their work. What are the basic benefits that business is able to offer to their employees? Basic Benefits Offered The law stipulates that you need to allow your employees to leave for an electoral process and national duties either in military or jury. These are salary, hourly pay, piece-rate payment, whichever applies to the business. The employer is required to provide their employees with retirement benefits and disability benefits. The government expects employers to act accordingly in reference to the FFML (Atkinson, 2009). Other benefits apart from these are not required or stated in the law. However, the normal practice has been that firms have come up with other benefits outside the law margins to remain competitive. Such benefits are discussed below. Paid Holiday, Vacations and Sick Leaves This is one of the benefits that employers have for a long time now used to attract and keep their employees. This benefit is given, especially during the national holidays, New Year Day, Christmas festivities, and other occasions. Other employers also allow their employees a few days off to attend religious functions and occasions like funerals (Davis, & Blaskovich, 2012). Health Insurance Benefit There are a lot of benefits that can be provided by employers, but Health insurance is for sure the most enviable of them. With constantly rising health cover expenses, this benefit is to keep your employees motivated. In setting up this benefit, there are several options that an employer can reach out to. The available options include the traditional indemnity plan where an employee visits their preferred health care provider, and sums incurred are later reimbursed (Isenberg, 2006). The other approach is managed care. There are two forms involved, Health Maintenance (HMO) and Preferred Provider Organization (PPO). HMO healthcare workers and health facilities used must be under HMO. On the other hand, the patient pays a minimum of $10 to 20$ in one visit, and the rest of the amount is paid by the insurance company. The other health insurance plans are self-insurance and Archer Medical Savings Account (Isenberg, 2006). A practical example is the Microsoft Corporation, which profusely offers its employees paid maternity and paternity leave, unlike other companies. 3M assists its workforce socially by helping them lose weight, quit smoking, and manage stress (Business Journal). Boeing, the aircraft manufacturer, offers i
Introduction The article studies personality issues among male people with alcoholism. Social damage from addiction is enormous, where families break up, crime grows, and life expectancy and the intellectual level of society decreases. Alcoholism has a significant negative impact on the quality of the gene pool of the entire social system. Children of alcoholics have reduced mental potential, suffer from various diseases of the central nervous system, which ultimately inhibits the normal development of society as a whole. The article’s primary question is how personality features and alcoholism are linked. The main hypothesis is that personality disorders are caused by alcohol dependency, which disorganizes social and psychological adaptation patterns. This leads to the fact that maladaptive personal properties are fixed, precisely because of the specific social and socio-psychological conditions that provoke alcohol consumption. Main text Nevertheless, alcohol consumption continues to grow steadily, and the experts are inclined to consider the main reason for this non-encouraging tendency to be personality changes. The sample size of the study is 194 males, who consumed 40g of pure alcohol per day (Berglund et al., 2011). The main descriptive statistical tools are normative T-scores, where individual raw data was changed into means analysis. The applied concepts are the Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (Berglund et al., 2011). The main message of the authors is that the personality degradation occurring during alcoholism is directly caused by problems of a socio-psychological nature. The statistical approach could have included the variables of marital status and employment history, which would outline alcoholism triggering events. The statistical evaluation shows that the methodology fully covers the population sample, but it dismisses the individual level intricacies (Berglund et al., 2011). This would increase the overall understanding of the causes and allow to design of preventative measures. To a certain extent, personality changes relate to the stage of alcoholism. An alcohol-guided person counts on treating himself/herself as a patient in need of care and support, and this is seen as a conditional psychological benefit. An alcoholic is generally subject to excessive personality dissociation, which leads to an internal dialogue between alcoholic and sober subpersonalities. There are minor limitations and assumptions in the article’s statistical analysis. It makes sense to associate personality disorders in alcoholism with the level of c
Introduction An individual or organization may acquire an automobile through leasing or purchasing it. The decision of either to lease or purchase the vehicle is usually influenced by various factors including cost of the vehicle, amount of money available for spending, purpose of the vehicle, and length of ownership among other factors. Basically, purchasing a vehicle entails paying the full value of the vehicle immediately the transfer of ownership takes place, while leasing entails parting with only a part of the value of the vehicle equivalent to the depreciation value that will be incurred during the period the lessee has the right to use the vehicle (Ebony, p. 26). However, both of these two options have pros and cons associated with them as discussed in the subsequent parts of this paper. Leasing automobile Pros of Leasing Leasing requires little or no down payment (Shelly, p. 147). In the event a down payment is required, the amount involved is lesser than the amount involved in purchasing plans, and the amount is usually refundable after the expiry of lease contract. The cost of leasing is lower than purchasing in the sense that, the lessee pays for only a fraction of the value of the vehicle that will be consumed during the period of lease. In this case, monthly payments will be equivalent to the depreciation value of the vehicle during the period plus any interest applicable. In addition, monthly payments are attractive when it comes to taxation as one pays sales tax based on the monthly payment only. Leasing a car allows an individual to own and “drive a better car than what he or she would normally afford” (Ebony, p.26). Given that the monthly payments are spread over the duration of lease, it becomes convenient for one to drive even the expensive vehicles without having to worry about the cost of the vehicle. In addition, one has the opportunity to drive a new car every few years, a situation that lacks in purchase plans especially when ones’ financial position is not good. Leasing relieves one from the hassles of disposing of the vehicle once term of lease ends. Basically, when the tenure of lease agreement ends, the lessee will only need to return the vehicle to the dealer or lessor, receive his refundable down payment and walk away. Cons of Leasing Under the lease agreement, the ownership of the vehicle never passes to the lessee (unless the agreement provides for the right to buy the vehicle after expiry of lease), thus denying the lessee the privileges of having the freedom to customize the vehicle. Basically, the right of usage and terms and conditions of use are provided for in the lease agreement, binding and restricting the lessee to remain within the confinement of such agreement. Under lease, one never stops paying the monthly installments until the end lease term, making it unattractive for long term plans. In addi
The topic of disease and sickness occupies a prominent place in the contemporary mass media. There are many cinematographic works which explore this issue. For example, one can mention the famous docudrama And the Band Played On . This docudrama describes the outbreak of AIDS epidemics in the United States in the eighties. In particular, the movie eloquently illustrates the experiences of patients who were virtually left to their own devices by the state ( And the Band Played On ). In many cases, they could even by stigmatized by other people. Furthermore, this film depicts the efforts of medical workers and researchers to limit the spread of this disease. On the whole, this movie highlights the idea that sickness may affect every individual. It should be mentioned this docudrama was partly aimed at increasing people’s awareness about the risks of HIV. Moreover, this film could be intended for policy-makers who should pay more attention to the challenges faced by healthcare professionals and scientists. For example, it is necessary to allocate more funds in order to support the efforts of researchers. To a great extent, this example indicates that contemporary media can be used t
Sales promotion and management of sales communication with the potential and existing clientele is vital to raise the sales performance of the company. Marketers should therefore be aware of these two aspects if they intend to be fashionable in current markets as this can be through the effectual development of ads and sales campaigns. The promotional mix consists of all activities interrelated to sales promotion, selling, advertising, direct marketing, and public relations (Bruch); promotion is an action of enticing customers through the use of the above five numbered categories. The promotion strategy ought to be urbanized to achieve the company’s goals, this is because promotional activities are improbable to be efficient unless they shape unified and incorporated promotional plans (Bruch). The key role of the marketing plan is the decision made on how this promotional mix will be implemented. The element of the promotion mix which needs superior attention is advertising because ads are the ”lubricate that impels the promotion” (Bruch). Ads are employed to build awareness to the potential customers, converse advantages, and to deliver convincing reasons why potentials customers should take advantage of promotion (Bruch). Advertising, therefore, plays a major role in attaining goals and provides ways of measuring results; also, ads enable companies to build clientele trust through the creation of high-quality brand (Bruch). Works cited Bruch, L. “Promotion strategies, 2006”. Web.
Introduction Little Red Riding Hood is perhaps one of the most popular French fairy tales today. The story revolves around a young (and naïve in some versions) girl and an evil wolf which is determined to eat her up. Depending on the version under consideration, the story has several other characters such as the grandmother, the mother, the hunter among others. As already alluded to above, several versions of this story exist today. For example, there is the Charles Perrault earlier version, the Grimm brothers’ version among others (Schilb & Clifford 24). It is noted that there are several notable differences between the various versions of this story. The differences are to be found in the themes, the structure of the narrative and such others. However, there are also some similarities such as the main character in the story. It is noted that the storyline in the various versions is more or less the same. In this paper, the author is going to make a comparison between three versions of this story. These are the versions by Charles Perrault, Jacob and Wilhem Grimm and Angela Carter. The author is going to look at some of the major similarities and differences between the three versions of the story. Little Red Riding Hood: A Brief Summary It is important at this juncture to provide a summary of the story before comparing the three different versions. This is especially so given the fact that the story line (as earlier indicated) is more or less the same among the various versions. According to Orenstein (100), the story opens with a young girl being sent by her mother to take bread and milk to her ailing grandmother who lives a few miles from the girl’s home. The girl is referred to as ‘Little Red Riding Hood’ given the fact that a red riding hood was one of her favorite piece of clothing. To get to the grandmother’s house, the girl has to pass through a forest full of wolves. On her way to the grandmother’s place, the girl comes across a wolf who tricks her into telling him where she is going. The wolf goes ahead and gets to the grandmother’s house before the girl does. He eats up the grandmother and lies on her bed waiting for the young girl. When the young girl arrives, she immediately notices that something is wrong with her ‘grandmo
The purpose of this report is to assess the Wall Street Journal article “NYC Coffee Startup Tamps Down Bro Culture by Hiring Philosopher.” According to the article, three brothers co-founded Kitu Life Inc. that produces protein-added beverage and sells it primarily in stores (Kadet, 2019). Driven by the #MeToo movement and its consequences, they decided to change their corporate culture utterly. As the CEO recalls, “I thought it was an interesting way for us to weave ethics, moral principles and values into our business without becoming this HR-compliant, corporate bureaucracy,” (Kadet, 2019). For this purpose, the brothers hired an ethical-risk consultant who helped them create policies and overcome stereotypes by having the employees “logically analyze topics such as what constitutes an offensive statement” (Kadet, 2019). As a result, not only the corporate culture has evolved dramatically, but also the company’s sales have soared since the last year, making Kitu the fastest-growing player in the U.S. ready-to-drink coffee segment. Therefore, this case presents a very successful by far startup business that was hanging in the balance but managed to survive and better than that – to become a leader in the industry. The company’s success builds on its precise differentiation and on its unexpected turn to a domain that has no connection with business from the first glance. However, a closer look at the issue of ethics in business reveals that an alternative to a lack of moral principles is a failure. Corporate scandals that jolted the business community recently are more than proof. Indeed, ethics does not make the only strategy (Collis, 2008, p. 3), but “good ethics make for good business,” as argued by Kitu consultant (Kadet, 2019). So, the most valuable thing that can be drawn from the article is that sometimes a systematic approach to the company’s philosophy, including ethical principles, makes a significant difference for a firm. When combined with other strong strategy components, such as proper differentiation and positioning (caffeine-containing beverage sold in stores for mass clientele) and tailored into a company’s long-term strategy, unexpected decisions prevail. In the long run, these strategic-related components grow into a unique company profile. Today, the most successful businesses have strong values in the sense that “ethics is the main root of business” (Kumar, 2017, p. 2), while some have only begun their reassessment of corporate philosophy. Every business, regardless of its size and niche, can interweave ethical principles into business strategy to create strong leadership instead of survival. A company’s management should realize the connection between their bus
Definition of MRSA The Acronym MRSA stands for meticillin resistant staphylococcus aureus. This is a type of bacteria that is sensitive to antibiotic treatments that usually colonizes the nose, throat and the skin of a patient. This type of infection is resistant to antibiotics such as methicillin, amoxicillin and penicillin (Lonnen , 2010). MRSA infections have been known to occur in hospitals amongst patients who have undergone surgery or are experiencing suppressed immunity. It also occurs in patients who have stayed in the hospital for an extended period of time. MRSA hospitalization statistics According to healthcare cost and utilization project (HCUP) statistics, MRSA hospitalizations were more than likely to occur in the ICU (57%), between hospital transfers (5.9%), or between transfers from long term care settings to normal hospital settings (4.4%). The number of people who were discharged with MRSA infections in 2004 were 0.7% with people who were 65 years and over recording the highest prevalence rates of 44%. The top two procedures that led to MRSA infections included surgical treatment of skin infections and skin grafting (Elixhauser & Steiner, 2007). The diagram below shows the number of hospital stays as a result of MRSA infections, 1993-2005. Identification of the Problem Overcrowding and understaffing in hospitals has increased the level of MRSA infections. These have been identified to be the root causes of HA-MRSA (Hospital associated MRSA). Overcrowding and understaffing increased the levels of HA-MRSA because of poor hand hygiene, isolation programs and poor patient screening. Community associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) is also a major problem in the US where individuals are exposed to the predisposing factors of the disease outside the hospital setting (Li et al, 2009) MRSA infections mostly occur in hospitals and health care facilities such as dialysis centers and nursing homes (Science Daily, 2008). Flow chart of MRSA Process Root Cause Analysis: What led to the increase in MRSA infections The reasons for the increase in MRSA infections in hospitals has been attributed to overcrowding and understaffing in hospitals. This has led to extended inpatient hospital stays, overcrowding in hospital wards and bed blocking which increases MRSA infections. Overstaffing and overcrowding led to MRSA infections due to poor hand hygiene, number of contacts between healthcare workers and patients and staff burnouts (Science Daily, 2008). Flow Chart of MRSA infections in hospitals Root Cause Analysis: What led to the increase in MRSA infections Overcrowding and understaffing in hospitals has been identified by most medical practitioners to be the root cause of MRSA infections. These causes have mostly been related to policies that promote high patient throughput and a fewer bed capacities. The increase of MRSA infections has also been attributed to a diminishing healthcare workforce in both hospital and healthcare facilities (Science Daily, 2008). Overcrowding and understaffing cycle that leads to MRSA infections Proximate Factors in MRSA infections The proximate factors that lea