ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The United States has experienced an electrifying shift of events against the tobacco companies since 2009. Cigarette-related ailments are among the most outstanding health problems facing the United States and the world at large. However, this article will analyze the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act passed by the United States Congress in 2009. The focus will be to elaborate on the evidence on the regulation of tobacco products. The paper will commence with an evaluation of the motivations for controlling tobacco use, both at the individual and federal levels. The body will discuss the relevant literature regarding benefits or losses induced by the policies. The paper will conclude by revisiting the main ideas presented in the essay. Introduction Tobacco consumption instills massive damage on the global population. This damage is not necessarily mortality oriented but also on expenditures incurred in tobacco-related conditions. The toll on tobacco’s lethal effects extends from the active smoker to the passive smoker. In a bid to minimize the costly effects of tobacco use, this paper seeks to analyze how the current legislation regarding tobacco use can serve as the solution to this problem. This paper seeks to emphasize that the Food and Drug Administration’s authority to regulate tobacco should exercise the right to prevent harmful consumption of tobacco through legislation. This situation is provoked by the high rate of tobacco-related fatalities and the high health care costs. Evidence from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests that more than 60 percent of the American population is affected by cigarette smoking directly or indirectly (DiFranza, 2011). Cigarette-related conditions are feared to be among the leading causes of death in the world. Lack of legislation and regulation to cigarette smoking has contributed to cigarette-related health complications for many years. Consequently, following overwhelming research revealing cigarette’s harmful impacts, tobacco control acts have emerged. Background information Within the last two decades, the Food and Drug Administration authority (FDA) was not involved in the regulation of tobacco goods. The State and Congress were mandated with the regulation of tobacco products. Principal regulations by most States focused on matters of selling tobacco to underage people and licensing of distributors (Zeller, 2012). Even though a stern warning was issued to discourage tobacco use through advertising, less effort targeted the health factors of cigarette smoking. In a bid to fill this void, in 1996 the FDA formulated a rule that sought to regulate tobacco products and passed a law to restrict tobacco use by minors. Since the FDA had not been offered the green light to tobacco products regulation, tobacc
Narmer Palette seems to have a clear meaning as it symbolizes the forcible unification of the country’s two parts. It is one of the key themes of Egyptian art and literature throughout the period of pharaohs’ reign. The evidence shows that it was created in the era of the unification of Egypt and possibly tells about the victory of Upper Egypt over the Lower (Brewer 198). On one side of the palette, Pharaoh Narmer is presented with a crown, indicating the dominion over Upper Egypt (see Picture 1). On the other side, the shape of the crown changes that reflects of domination over the Lower Egypt. On the right side of the palette, there are ritually executed decapitated bodies of ten enemies with heads between their legs. It seems that the bodies of enemies beheaded by Pharaoh lie on the ground, while the horizon line is raised vertically. Evidently, it was done specifically to visually show the symbolic number of executed prisoners. On the other hand, it is possible to suggest that the meaning of the scene depicted on Narmer Palette is not the execution of prisoners, yet a form of initiation to be faithful to Pharaoh (Brewer 198). The above statement may be confirmed by the condition that Narmer holds the staff in the middle and not in the end of the handle. The plate features specific signs of the art of the dynastic period, such as the arrangement of scenes along horizontal registers, the diversity of figures on social grounds, and the improper perspective of images. Picture 1. Narmer Palette. Work Cited Brewer, Douglas J. Ancient Egypt: Foundations of a Civilization . Routledge, 2014.
Mergers and acquisitions are common in the business world with each case featuring unique circumstances that could affect stockholders’ wealth reserve. Where a target firm resists acquisition, it is hostile takeover and such a firm can apply various takeover defenses to prevent the acquisition, which may be detrimental to its future. The bidding company’s success at acquisition depends on the chosen defense. Nevertheless, mergers and acquisitions are not always bad and sometimes managers only stall for time to allow other parties to enter the auction and thereby raise the final offer price (Bebchuk 45). Defenses include: White Knight: the target solicits a preferable firm’s assistance by recommending it to purchase its shares (the target company’s) at a better deal than the hostile bidder’s. A white knight’s deal is likely to favor incumbent managers and employees. The case of White Knight JP Morgan Chase acquiring Bear Stearns in 2008 when due to the ongoing global credit crisis Bear Stearns was in imminent danger of bankruptcy illustrates this defense. Bear Stearns, an 85-years-old brokerage firm had survived the recession, the depression, and other major crises. Several companies wanted to grab it at almost nothing because it had gone bankrupt by Thursday night (JP Morgan closed the deal on Sunday at $ 2 a share, but guaranteeing Bear’s shareholders a secure future with maximum profits) and while the private auction ensued, Bear’s executives were drafting bankruptcy documents just in case the deal fell through (Cohen 2). Luckily, JP Morgan acquired Bear Stearns before the next working day when Asian markets would have opened up and sealed Bear’s fate. Pension Deficits: as a pre-takeover bid defense, a firm can put in place a pension scheme that in effect thwarts any potential hostile bidder due to unwillingness to be saddled with extra expenditure accruing to the target company due to pension deficits activated by an acquisition. Ordinarily, this defense is a sufficient buffer because it incorporates both the accounting and actuarial segments of a pension scheme but in a disjointed format such that the accruing expenses are never constant and could vary over a wide margin thus creating instability for the incumbent management. A good example was the attempted merger between British Airways and Iberia of Spain in 2008. Due to British Airways’ anomalous pension scheme, Iberia could not accept the deal and risk liability for BA’s pension deficits and so they postponed the deal to 2010 and still it would be conditional upon the stabilization of these pension deficits (Gregg 159) Failing defences include: Acquisitions and Divestitures: a change of the asset structures to appear unattractive to a potential hostile bidder by: divesting an asset that the bidder wants; acquiring assets that a bidder does not want, or; acquiring assets likely to create anti-trust or reg
Tanzania is one of the countries in the East Africa with a rich history and a complicated road to independence (Okoth 46). Heale and Wong call Tanzania as “home to a fascinating collection of wildlife” (5). The peculiar feature of this African country is the fact that it is the only union of two independent countries, Tanganyika and Zanzibar, that was formed on the whole continent and exists today (Lawrence 5). The traditions of two different countries were mixed and complicated. They merged successfully and promoted the development of the place, where many people can find peace and personal satisfaction. Being a crossroad of different cultures, Tanzania remains to be a fascinating region that attracts people by its nature, attitudes of natives, and the intentions to follow their traditions. Tanzania is the country with a rich history that began with the migration of the first Cushitic tribes, continued with its colonization by Germany and Britain and its struggle for independence, and resulted in the development of the country with powerful cultural, economic, and political aspects. Tanzanian history reaches back to the prehistoric times. The first Tanzanian people appeared in 1000 BC. They used different methods to survive and develop their skills. For example, the majority of them preferred hunting animals and gathering plants (Lambert par.1). Agriculture was another activity the Tanzanians were fond of. People could use the sources of the land and meet their needs to survive. In a short period, a number of people from different regions got to know about the benefits the Tanzanian people enjoyed on their land. The process of migration began. It was called the Iron Age. Bantu people were the first, who migrated to the land Tanganyika. The peculiar feature of that migration was the introduction of iron tools and weapons the production of which could replace agriculture. Though the possibilities of the Tanzanians were improved considerably with the help of iron, agriculture remained to be a crucial aspect of people’s work. They did not want to neglect or misuse the opportunities available to them. Therefore, the people, who lived on the land of Tanganyika succeeded in different occupations and were able to develop trade relations with other regions. In the 8 th century, first Arab merchants visited the land and brought new views on trade and religion. The majority of people, who lived in Tanzania, were Muslims. Arabs promoted the power of Islam and its impact on people. The Africans learned a lot of new things about religion and its abilities to establish new levels of relations between people. Besides, the location of Arab migrants made the deve
Safety is a significant health concern in both developed and developing countries. The number of individuals rushed to the emergency response department in health care institutions as victims of road accidents is considerable. The issue causes a burden on the healthcare system and leads to adverse social and economic impacts. Although most people survive after treatment, some sustain permanent disabilities, making them dependent on their families and friends for the rest of their life. Equally, some road accidents are fatal, causing deaths and depriving the economy productive labor force. As a result, the World Health Organization acknowledged traffic accidents as a substantial global health issue that is among the leading cause of death and infirmity. Nevertheless, there has been a notable improvement the automotive safety over the decades despite the looming threats. An evaluation of the development of automotive safety is vital in understanding its impact on public health. The initial cars had no features that modern vehicles have, which increased their chances of causing fatal accidents. According to DeBuono (2006), the developments that started in the early 20th century have enhanced automotive safety. For instance, Oldsmobile and General Motors (GM) introduce the first speedometer and electric headlamp, respectively, in the first decade of the 20th century. These features have been helpful since they allow drivers to monitor their speed and move easily at night or during foggy seasons. Consequently, the possibilities of vehicles colliding due to environmental factors or veering off the road because of overspeeding were minimized (DeBuono, 2006). However, a lot needs to be done to address the issue of individuals who drive cars when under the influence of substances such as alcohol that cause impaired judgment when on the road. Injuries are inevitable when road accidents occur, whether a collision between vehicles or a car hitting a pedestrian. The injuries can lead to profuse bleeding to the extent of the victims dying. Initially, glasses on cars’ windows shattered into sharp pieces that contributed to deep wounds to the occupants when accidents happened (DeBuono, 2006). The nighttime glare from oncoming vehicles’ headlamps was another factor that increased the chance of accidents. Nonetheless, the introduction of shatterproof glass on vehicle windows and tinted windshields in 1928 and 1930 correspondingly are significant milestones towards enhancing automotive safety (DeBuono, 2006). The growing automotive industry needed regulations to ensure that manufactured cars and constructed roads do not jeopardize the well-being of the users. The United States Congress took a fundamental step to help address the safety concern related to vehicles and roads. The legislative body passed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and Highway Safety Act in 1966 (DeBuono, 2006). The two laws authorized the federal government to set regulatory standards for highways and motor vehicles vital to enhanced safety. For instance, the government demanded that all car manufacturers integrate new and more effective safety fe
Rap and country western (C&W) music is extremely popular genre and have gained mass popularity over the years. They depict the lifestyle of two diverse groups of people – the white southerners and the African Americans respectively. Violence and gender violence is rampant in rap music but country music too describes violence in them (Herd 395; Ryan, Calhoun and Wentworth 122). However, the rhetoric of violence is reflected in both rap and C&W music. Rebecca Thomas notes the presence of misogynistic rhetoric and themes of criminal affliction in both rap and C&W (Thomas 74). The presence of violence, crime, and prison is rampant in both music forms. This paper discusses C&W and rap song and discusses the similarities and dissimilarities between their lyrical rhetoric. For this paper, we analyze Johnny Cash’s “Folsom prison blues” and Ice-T’s “the tower.” Both these songs are about prison life and narrated by convicted prisoners. I believe that the presence of violence and prison as an inevitable outcome of crime is presented in both rap and C&W music but they differ in their depiction of prison life and adjustment to it, which show the cultural differences underlying the two genres. C&W and rap music have graphic description of violence and crime (Thomas 75; Armstrong 64). Songs by Johnny Cash and Ice-T are similar in the choice of narrator. The narrators of both the sings are prisoners, relating their experience from the jail. Both songs relate the stress and anxiety of prison life and the desperation and longing for freedom. The C&W version is a poetic narration of the train whistling that the narrator hears while in isolation in the Folsom Prison (Cash). The desolation of the prisoner in isolation (since the narrator says that he has not seen the “sunshine” and “stuck in Folsom Prison”) reiterates his desire to be free, which the whistling train that moves to San Antone metaphorically represents. Similarly, the rap song by Ice-T also talks of a prisoner in shackles, sentenced for ten years. The desperation and fear are evident in the voice of the prisoner. The songs are similar in their choice of narrator – both being convicted criminals. Both the C&W and the rap song depict violence. Cash croons about how he took a gun and “shot a man in Reno” (Cash). On the other hand, Ice-T sings of the violence and power play that goes within the prison walls. The similarities between the songs are evident, as both describe the tough life within the prison walls. Both genre talks of class distinction. Cash narrates the lifestyle difference between the rich and the poor white folk
Introduction Creative writing is very important because as children enter school, they have a natural interest in writing and an inherent need to express themselves in work. This will mean that it is important for such children to be taught how to write so that they can know and come up as responsible people in the nation. This will be important because the nation with children who do not know how to write and read and express themselves will be hard to cater to their needs. There are reasons why children like creative writing, and they include: writing of stories will lead to entertainment in that children will get leisure from such stories which they write. Creative writing will foster artistic expression in that a child will know the arts that are set for writing to be attractive to the reader. The child is able to know the functions and values that are basic for writing. This is because there are guidelines that are set for creative writing, which will assist this child in knowing how to write as expected. There is stimulation of imagination, which implies that a child will think and come up with something that will help in the future through the imagination of ideas that are helpful. There is a clarification of thinking, which will mean that a child who has been taught how to write stories will not find it hard to think and come up with something of help to him or her to others who will require assistance in the future. (Tompkins, 1990) Essay Body The child will be able to search for identity and will learn how to read and write stories that are important because they assist a child in relating with others in school and society where they live. In creative writing, then it will mean that a child will be actively involved and actively interrogating their involvement with elements that will make up written and oral communication possible. The expectation of the instructor may not come out as he or she expects and can lead to conflicts and lack of direction for children if the right instructions are not given to the children. The instructor has the task of searching qualities of good fiction and develops strategies that will enable young children to interpreter the qualities so as to come up with his or her own writing. The strategies are similar to those used in graduate school-level writing workshops, but the instructor should ensure that there are unique requirements that can be used so that the information can fit the elementary school classroom. The students should take their growing knowledge of story structure and utilize it in their own creative writing through the use of easy to understand checklist method, and when the students are used to such checklist, then they will be able to internalize some of the general concepts of story structure and rely less on the checklist. (Sharon, 1990) Many children like this aspect of writing because it allows them to
Introduction Poetry is the highest spiritual achievement of people in the world, as through the poetry people transfer their feelings and emotions, their inner world, and they also try to hand down the information which is of the main consideration for them at the moment. Poetry may be viewed the mirror of people’s soul, and in most cases poets try to open people’s eyes on the problem, which must be considered, on the questions, which are crucial. Two poems of Walt Whitman are going to be compared and contrasted, “Beat! Beat! Drums!” and “Spirit whose work is done”, the differences and similarities are going to be pointed out and analyzed from the point of view of their structure, style of writing and main themes. The analysis of poems’ structures Starting with the structure and the main feature of presentation, the poem “Beat! Beat! Drums!” is considered to be more rhythmical thanks to alliteration. “Beat! beat! drums!—Blow! bugles! blow!” (Whitman, “Beat! Beat! Drums!”, par.1) is the line, which starts every stanza in the poem. The alliteration adds to the whole effect which is provided from the main theme of the poem, war. The poem “Spirit whose work is done” is less rhythmical, but it is easily read thanks to the repetition of the word “spirit” (Whitman, “Spirit whose work is done”, par.1), which not only opens the poem, but is present almost at every line, which gives the impression that by this word the author wants to tell something more, than he does in reality. War and spirit as the main themes of Whitman’s poems Having read these both poems, the impression is provided that they add each other. Reading about drums in “Beat! Beat! Drums!”, it is understood that the main theme of the poem is war, as drums and bugles have always been associated with war events. Furthermore, “Spirit whose work is done” dwells upon the spirit of a person, who as if struggles to cope with numerous tasks, where war is on the first consideration. Whitman and his other works with the reference to war and spirit themes Spirit of gloomiest fears and doubts, (yet onward ever unfaltering pressing;) Spirit of many a solemn day, and many a savage scene! Electric spirit! (Whitman, “Spirit whose work is done”, line 3) The spirit is in doubts, but still the obligation, which must be provided, will be done, as to protect the native land is important. The same symbols of drums, which are present in the poem, show the reader that the war spirit is discussed, which wants to fight, but some doubts limit it. Taking other poems of Walt Whitman, it should be mentioned that the theme of spirit bothers him greatly. Analyzing his poem “Song of myself”, the author depicts the spirit in some other way, but still the spiritual theme is introduced, “And I know that the spirit of God is the brother of my own” (Whitman, “Song of myself”, 30). Moreover, the theme of war and battles is introduced, “I also say it is good to fall, battles are lost in the same spirit in which they are won” (Whitman, “Song of myself”, 30). Moreover, the spirit is closely connec
There is a range of theories related to particular measures that patients can take in order to improve their physical and mental condition without the help of those specializing in healthcare. The particular theory that needs to be paid in increased attention to was developed by Dorothea Orem who remains one of the most famous nursing theorists. Unlike other ones, the theory by Orem focuses on the lack of self-care in some patients; according to the theorist, it acts as one of the most important reasons why patients’ condition become worse despite successful nursing interventions (Shah, Abdullah, & Khan, 2015). In her theory, the author touches upon a few guiding propositions for specialists in nursing. To begin with, the latter are supposed to provide their patients with the access to knowledge about proper self-care related to different diseases (Alligood, 2013). What is more, nurses should help their patients to better understand their needs and activities helping to fulfil them. To do that, it can be necessary to provide patients with support and help them to perform essential tasks that can ameliorate their condition. Apart from that, specialists are supposed to help the patients to understand which things and skills they need to possess to conduct an effective self-care intervention. In reference to the proposed research project, it can be stated that these general rules proposed by Dorothea Oren in her theory can be applied in case with people suffering from schizophrenia as self-care interventions outlined by the author can be appropriate for those with mental illnesses as well (Ciftci, Yildirim, Altun, & Avsar, 2015). Moreover, it is extremely important to define whether self-care is effective in reducing readmissions. Methodology The proposed study is a quasi-experimental quantitative research that evaluates the effects of self-management programs on health condition of the patients with schizophrenia and possibility of their readmission. The given type of study has been chosen because it provides strong evidence and helps to avoid the use of unverified information (Yin, 2014). In order to collect the data for further analysis that will help to answer the defined research question (whether self-management pr