ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Islamic banking can be regarded as an alternative to conventional financial services industry because this approach is based on the rules and restrictions that are derived from religious tradition, rather than legislation only. This paper is aimed at discussing the main features of this model and its adoption in non-Muslim regions such as Europe. Moreover, it is important to look at the challenges and obstacles that prevent further development of Islamic banking in countries when the laws of Shariah are not officially recognized. These are the main questions that should be examined. Overall, the main problem lies in the differences between the local legislation and the rules that Shariah banks have to follow. However, this issue can be addressed by legislators and managers of financial institutions. In the future, the role of Islamic banking will only increase because the percentage of Muslim population in different countries will grow significantly. The main features and activities of Islamic banks Overall, there are several distinguishing features of Islamic banking. First of all, one should say that the laws of Shariah completely prohibit the payment or reception of interest (Shah, Raza, & Khurshid, 2012, p. 1019). So, financial institutions in the Muslim world are not allowed to loan money to a person and receive a surplus of the borrower (Shah, Raza, & Khurshid, 2012, p. 1019). In turn, this is one of the most widespread practices among conventional banks in Europe or the United States. This is the most important peculiarity that people should take into account. Moreover, a client, who deposits money in the bank, also cannot receive the interest from this organization. Secondly, Islamic banks are supposed to act as responsible investors. In particular, they must not invest capital into enterprises that may be engaged in the production of alcohol, pork, or tobacco (Kettell, 2011, p. 24). Therefore, this is another restriction that should be considered because conventional banks do not have to cope with these restrictions. Additionally, it should be mentioned that Islamic banks are opposed to futures contracts. For instance, these institutions may not allow the transfer of goods that have not been already produced. In other words, every financial transaction should be supported by existing assets such as collateral (Volk & Pudelko, 2010, p. 193). Thus, the rules of Shariah do not accept gambling or uncertainty, while this policy is fully accepted by the managers of conventional banks (Kettell, 2011, p. 24). However, one should not suppose that Islamic financial institutions do not make profits. For instance, these institutions can purchase property for a customer and re-sell it at a higher price (Kettell, 2011, p. 24). In turn, the customer will have to repay this money in separate installments. In this case, the bank uses this house as collateral that can later be resold. Addit
Level of cognitive demand and context represented by a student who performs a set of activities Learning does not just involve passively receiving and remembering what is taught but entails actively constructing meanings of the learner’s concepts and ideas gained from the environment and are better comprehended if the learner is motivated to learn as advocated by the Implicit Theories of Intelligence. This therefore means that teaching ELL should involve creative meaning-making process through the use of a variety of different teaching methods such as discovery and lecture; and the learner should be given the opportunity to socialize with environment. Learning should be reinforced to make it meaningful to the learner. In the learning process, goals to be achieved should be set and pursued. The teaching strategy for teaching ELL which involves consideration of the Implicit Theories of Intelligence enables the learner to acquire English concepts from the teacher, other learners as well as adults who have already acquired English language concepts. It allows the learner to inquire more information on the English language and also allows the learner to communicate and acquire more language vocabularies from others (Mickovska, 2009). Changing activities to fit learner’s abilities A learner who reads for comprehension represents the fourth grade of cognitive demand as well as low context. Reading for comprehension represents higher cognitive demand as the learner attempts to understand the main idea in the text. Such a learner requires low levels of contextual support, such as the use of non-verbal communication to enhance the learner’s higher cognitive skills by learning to fill in the gaps. Using the language by referring to situations as well as pattern of events which are well-known to the learner enhances comprehension in the learner (Bailey, L. Beauregard, Huang, Kerr, & Martínez, 2010). A learner who acts out of a historical event is in the third level of cognitive demands and high level contextual support. Such level makes learning of English language to be complex and abstract to the learner. In this stage learning of English language can be enhanced by involving the learner in tasks such as role-play that involves acting out situations as well as involving the learner in dramatized case studies (Bailey, L. Beauregard, Huang, Kerr, & Martínez, 2010). Pointing out items in the classroom represents the second level of cognitive demand and low context as it entails learner’s ability to match corresponding items and differentiating items that have no similarity. Developing a learner’s language through this method can be enhanced by providing various options for the learner to choose from (Abbott, David, Goouch, & Powell 2007). A learner who writes short paragraphs represents the fourth level of cognitive demand and low con
The premiere of Mikhail Glinka’s Ruslan and Lyudmila took place in 1842. Still, in 1995, Kirov Orchestra, Opera Chorus, and Ballet in association with San Francisco Opera presented their new version with Anna Netrebko as Lyudmila, Vladimir Ognovenko as Ruslan, and Larissa Diadkova as Ratmir (“Glinka: Rouslan et Ludmila”). The musical performance can be viewed as perfect, and it is important to focus on the work of such singers as Netrebko and Diadkova. The characters performed by these singers are lively, and they are interesting to the audience. Netrebko, a coloratura soprano, demonstrates that her Lyudmila is a spirited and vivid character. Still, Diadkova’s Ratmir seems to compel the public’s attention even more actively because of her virtuosity in expressing the character’s feelings. The performance can be discussed as impressive also in terms of the used theatrical scenery and costumes. They are effective to accentuate fantastic and epic adventures of the characters. These sets also make the audience follow the plot and concentrate on the fairytale interpretation of the fight between good and evil forces presented in the opera. Much attention should be paid to the ballet parties and the orchestra’s work. Glinka’s scores can be discussed as challenging, and some performances of Ruslan and Lyudmila are often viewed as unsuccessful because of problems with the orchestra (“Glinka: Rouslan et Ludmila”). However, the performance of Kirov Orchestra is exceptional. Still, in spite of the perfect performance of singers, the chorus, and ballet dancers, the opera seems to lack the dramatic action. Thus, unique theatrical images are created with the help of the singers’ mastery, their costumes, and sets, rather than the stage director’s skills.
Cultural psychology Cultural psychology is defined by involving culture as a significant factor in determining psychological and behavioral elements in an individual. From this perspective, individuals derive behaviors from close association with the immediate cultural environment. Alternatively, culture is also established from a set of commonly held behaviors among people living under the same environmental conditions. Cultural psychology involves studying how cultural practices evolve and affect human behavior and vice versa. In this regard, understanding how cultural psychology regulates an individual’s psychology is necessary to psychologists. In addition, learning behavioral tendencies acknowledged by another individual from similar cultural background is critical in cultural psychology. However, cultural psychology does not involve psychological processes as compared to cross-cultural psychology. Cross-cultural psychology Cross-cultural psychology involves learning how different elements of a culture influence an individual’s behavior. From this perspective, this branch of psychology acknowledges that a culture is made up of various elements such as customs, values, stereotypes and attitudes. Moreover, cross-cultural psychology unearths the similarities and differences among world cultures, and how they are expressed by different groups of people. This justifies the commonality of behaviors replicated among diverse cultures. In this regard, cross-cultural psychology tries to define u
Introduction Lavender, De Young, Wonderlich, Crosby, Engel, Mitchell, Crow, and Peterson (2013) tend to look into the relationship between various types of anxiety in anorexia nervosa associated with eating disorder behaviors. The researchers examined the probability of the prevalence of the food consumption disorders, chronological distribution of food consumption behaviors on daily basis and the level on the propensity to demonstrate particular concern as related to baseline investigative and variability in individuality traits. According to the researchers, anxiety in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) particularly related to eating disorders behavior patterns has not been fully studied. Organization of the article, research questions and literature review Essentially, the researchers tended to address the following questions in their study. Whether there is any relationship between eating disorders and anxiety in AN, the existence of anxiety among individuals diagnosed with AN as well as whether the symptoms of anxiety may cause variations in patients experiencing remissions from AN. However, the research questions are not explicit in terms of the objectives of the study. Even though the article is organized in such a way that the main problem is clearly brought out from the beginning, the organization of the article does not meet the standards required on a research paper. The researchers failed to indicate the distinct and important sections such as the study objectives and the significance of the study. Most importantly, literature review of the study topic is not clearly indicated. Moreover, the literature review is not exhaustive since findings of various researches and the work of other scholars have not been thoroughly included in the article. Nevertheless, the article provides a clear findings and explanations to the targeted audience. Research methods, samples and data analysis Lavender, De Young, Wonderlich, Crosby, Engel, Mitchell, Crow, and Peterson (2013) majorly applied quantitative research method in their data collection. The quantitative aspect focused on the primary information from the sampled population of the study. In fact, the researchers were explicit in their sample selection criteria and came up with appropriate sample in terms of quality and distribution. However, the number of respondents making the sample was too small taking into consideration the objectives of the study. The model the researchers used to analyze the data was designed to attain the reliable and verifiable results. The researchers achieved validity and reliability of the study through adoption of appropriate modeling design as well as the application of standard instruments for collection and analysis of data. The validity and reliability means that the findings of the study can be applied in the intervention and treatment of anorexia nervosa. Findings and conclusions The overall findings indicate that there is close correlation between eating disorder behavior patterns and anxiety in anorexia nervosa. The findings indicate the presence of individual variability in the patterns of daily anxiety on people diagnosed wit
The Economic Impact of Unions Many people assume that unionized employees receive better earnings compared to their non-unionized counterparts. This perception is based on the fact that a union can initiate an industrial strike to compel a firm to pay its members better wages. As a matter of fact, the data prepared by the Bureau of Labour Statistics in 2008 showed that unionized workers earned approximately $23.8/hour compared to their non-unionized counterparts who earned $19.95/hour. However, the wage differential between the unionized and non-unionized workers is not clear. For example, consider a union member employed by a firm in an extremely competitive industry. If other employees in rival firms are non-unionized, this firm will incur substantial losses if it offers a superior pay to its unionized workers compared to the earnings of the non-unionized employees in rival firms. Even though the union can inflict strike costs on the firm, it would nonetheless have to deal with the predicament of “no firm” or “no wage advantage” if it proceeds with the industrial strike. Another major dilemma is how to measure pure union-nonunion differential. This dilemma surfaces since the unionization can increase or decrease the wage rate in nonunion labour markets thereby generating a predisposition with respect to the estimation of the union wage advantage. At this point, it is important to note that the pure union wage advantage refers to the percentage difference by which the union wage surpasses the nonunion wage. The pu
Background Placing patients under close observation is a critical clinical practice, especially in the context of mental health. The essence of this exercise is to ensure the safety of patients who are likely to cause harm to themselves, especially those deemed to have suicidal tendencies. Despite this practice being common across the world, the current literature illustrates that the lived experiences of clients under close observation are hardly explored. There may have been attempts to explore the perspectives of the nurses but even this stream of research appears to be in dire need of updates. This literature will explore some of the literature available on the subject. Ideally, it would be prudent to examine the most recent literature, mostly not older than five years. However, this would not help to offer a full picture of the practice partly due to the scarcity of recent studies and partly because many studies on the subject span the past two decades. Therefore, older materials may be critical in examining how close observation has evolved or failed to do so, which will become a key indicator of the need for fresh studies. Patients Targeted in Close Observation Exploring the available literature reveals that a diversified population of patients is targeted for this practice, which means that the potential for harm is not the sole concern for the nurses. For example, a study by Wilkes et al. (2010) explores close observation of older persons with behavioral disturbances. In this case, the focus is n
Abstract The significance of implementing the latest approaches to the provision of the nursing services of the finest quality within a specific community cannot possibly be underrated. However, compliance with the key quality standards seems to have deteriorated over the past few years in the realm of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). Therefore, the necessity to check the key issues that emerge in the specified environment, as well as locate the means of improving the present-day state of affairs within the NCSBN environment, emerges. By introducing the latest technological advances for facilitating a fast and efficient information transfer among the members of the organization and its subordinate services, one will be capable of promoting change in the NCSBN organization. Healthcare Initiatives for the National Council of State Boards of Nursing The promotion of high-quality nursing care is essential for promoting health among the target population, especially when it comes to the operation of the organizations as great as the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). The organization in question has issued a range of innovative regulations and created several innovative programs over the course of the past few years. However, the further implementation of these programs will require cohesion between the present-day healthcare initiatives and the current laws that the nursing system works according to. Among the key
Introduction In the past the solution to a competitive job market is to get higher education. But for many people a bachelor’s degree is no longer enough to let them get ahead of the pack (Ozbilgin & Malach-Pines, 2007). It is also not enough to get them promoted to a position that they so desired. Thus, the answer for all of that is an MBA degree; it used to be the sure ticket to achieving all of the above. But in recent years many are questioning the importance of having an MBA degree in the 21 st century. Based on a review of related literature it can be argued that a typical MBA program does not reflect market demand, especially with regards to the need of hiring an MBA graduate able to handle the impact of multicultural diversity in the workplace. The criticism regarding the relevance of having an MBA degree stems from common sense, requiring no complicated theory. It is based on the fact that in a fast changing world rules and systems are changing in the blink of an eye (Ozbilgin & Malach-Pines, 2007). In a moment skills and competencies can be rendered obsolete. From the point of view of postgraduate students the question remains: Is it pru
Relating findings from psychological research to the movie The purpose of this assignment is to identify theoretical psychology concepts in realistic scenarios presented in a movie and draw relevant conclusions to more competently comprehend human behavior based on these depictions. The film 50/50 tells the story of a young man named Adam who is diagnosed with cancer. He has a close relationship with his best friend Kyle and a troubled interaction with his girlfriend Rachael. Their romantic relationship lacks intimacy and Rachael who at first volunteered to take care of Adam becomes distant and fails at her duties as a caretaker. Eventually, after Kyle catches Rachael being unfaithful and Adam ends the relationship. Afterward, Adam begins to see an inexperienced therapist named Katherine and they form a personal connection. As Adam undergoes treatment, Kyle and Katherine show their unconditional care for him. When Adam successfully undergoes surgery and is now free of cancer, he begins a romantic relationship with Katherine (Levine, 2011). The terror management theory (TMT) is a psychological concept to describe the instinct of self-preservation present in all humans which drives motivation and behavior under the threat of mortality. Therefore, humans seek to protect themselves from the resulting anxiety through a cultural buffer that consists of faith in a specific worldview and self-esteem. Strachman and Schimel (2006) examined the mortality salience hypothesis of whether feelings of commitment depended on compatibility of worldviews based on a controlled topic (dental pain) that served as a reminder of mortality. The study invited 266 individuals, all of which were in a romantic relationship. The subjects were randomly distributed to a 2×2 factorial design. The participants completed a self-evaluation, a test, and answered questions on worldviews. In the final part of the study, participants had to fill out a 7-item evaluation of commitment. The resu
Introduction During legal forced labor in America, which was from 1830s to 1865 when the Civil war was concluding, African American narrators intensified one of the country’s truly aboriginal kinds of published texts. The Douglass’s narrative examines North American slave story. This text realizes the most articulate expression in the works of Fredrick Douglass on Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass: an American slave. Just like all other slave narratives, the narrator analyzes the tension between slaves and slave owners. There was a conflict between slaves and their masters during slavery. The narrator aimed at eliminating slavery by condemning it through written texts. He gave an account based on experiences and nature of slavery. This means that the narrator had a different account of slavery. The slave owners tried to manipulate slaves to narrate only the benefits of slavery. The writers on the other hand tried to expose the injustices that had denied people their rights to equality and equal opportunities. For this reason, narrators at the time had to be cautious because any sensitive literature could land them in trouble. Furthermore, readers of their works were mainly Whites, which forced them to use balanced language and to give accounts of their own personal lives. Major Aspects In chapter, the narrator gives some of the most astonishing revelations that determine his entire life. Therefore, in this part, the author wrote that he moved to the biggest city of Maryland and this act changed his life completely. The author stated that if he had no opportunity to move to another state, he would have remained a person legally owned by another. In other words, Douglass could not realize what freedom was. Another important point the readers are to draw their attention to when reading is the appearance of hope in the author’s heart. Another important moment that is worth discussing is the meaning of reading. Consequently, when Douglass got an opportunity to understand how to read , he realized the possibilities he could receive and use. It happened when Mrs. Auld’s husband said that the slave is not supposed to be educated. If the slave can read, he or she is not a slave anymore. That statement really impressed the author. He wanted to be a free man. He desired to feel freedom. It seems that the moment is one of the most important in the Narrative. At the beginning of the nineteenth century and in our days, getting education is one of the key things, which gives an individual an opportunity and desire to achieve more goals he or she sets in life. Douglass still experienced cruelty. However, at the time, his descriptions were not as hopel