ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Research Background Since the beginning of the twenty first century, international trade has remained significant in the global business arena. In the last two decades, the world trade has doubled to more than $13 trillion from $7 trillion in the 1970s (Asafu-Adjaye 423). Due to the boom in the international trade, nations across the global business arena have benefited through creation of free zone trade areas. The various global linkages have not only made the free trade zones possible, but also offered series of opportunities for businesses that operate in the international arena. In order to gain from this opportunity, the United Arab Emirates has established a strategic global trading platform through the free zone trading regions in the major cities. Specifically, the UAE has come up with efforts tailored to reconcile the international trade as a prerequisite for achieving trade developments that are sustainable in the free trade zones (Asafu-Adjaye 426). Therefore, it is important to establish how the creations of these free zone markets have contributed to establishment of a strong global business platform for the UAE. Overview of the Free Zone Market Development in the UAE Since the beginning of the new millennium, the UAE has made steps towards becoming a power house in the global business trade through creation of numerous jobs, privatization of vital organs of its economy, and investment boosting through creation of strategic free zone markets in the major cities (Asafu-Adjaye 424). In the last ten years, the free zone markets have experienced expansionary growth in terms of capital and infrastructure expansion. Specifically, the export trade of goods and services within this free zone markets in UAE forms the largest part of the country’s GDP and currently stands at 40% of the annual GDP (Asafu-Adjaye 427). Research Rationale It important to establish the link between the free zone markets in the UAE and improved growth in the country’s global business position in the Middle East and beyond. Specifically, the findings of the research will be an eye opener on the need for creation of more strategic zones to foster sustainable business growth and competitive advantage in the Middle East and beyond. Research Question How has the creation of the free zone markets contributed to establishment of a strong global business platform for the UAE? Literature Review The research will rely on academic journals, past research papers, books, and internet to gather existing literature about the research topic. The research will carry out the empirical and theoretical literature review to build a strong background that can scientifically support the scope of the proposed case study. Methodology This research will be c
This article underlines the strategies that the Bill & Melinda Gates foundation program aims to use to assist students achieve their fullest potential in education. The program takes cognizance of the fact that education opens the floodgates to in addition to enriching our lives, enlightening our decisions, and preparing us for the job market. In using an approach that is based on evidence and practical lessons accumulated over the years, the program actively focus on assisting high school students, especially from low income backgrounds and minorities, to access opportunities that will make them college ready and continue to pursue an area of interest that will have real economic value upon completion of college education. The foundation plans to achieve these fundamental objectives by focusing on the learning partnership between the instructor and the student (BMGF, 2009). One of the program’s agenda is to accelerate academic performance aimed at increasing college readiness among high school students. The program has developed some set components towards achieving this strategy. First, the program aims to focus on success at an elevated level by working with policymakers to identify clear standards defining the way to college readiness to guide classroom instruction. The program also aims to support and share techniques and materials to assist teachers and students to incorporate the standards, not mentioning the fact that it will design fair measures to appraise success (BMGF, 2009). Second, the program aims to focus on innovation to support and actively engage students through the development of well researched topics that assist them to improve academic performance and leverage technology with the objective of developing modern models of education. In other words, the program aims to employ technological innovations to solve the problems bedeviling high schools. Third, the program aim to develop strategies that will empower the teachers in keeping with the fact that effective teachers are fundamental in ensuring student success. This is to be achieved by designing a standardized and reliable means for evaluating teacher effectiveness as well as working with other stakeholders to reward instructors who meet more meticulous criteria for tenure. In all this, quality data and advocacy are needed to show if the program is making the desired progress (BMGF, 2009). Works Cited Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. College-Ready for all: Preparing Students for Success. 2009. Retrieved from https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/Documents/College-ready-for-all-education-plan.pdf
English is an international language, and learning it as a second or foreign language has become a necessity for many people around the world. Most scholarly texts are written in it or translated into it. English is the language of internet and business communication, it is used for the majority of literary and cinematographic works. People realise the significance of speaking English as not knowing it restricts them from access to a large amount of useful data. Teaching ESL, as well as studying it, presents many challenges for educators and students. Each nation has language peculiarities which make it difficult to cope with some aspects of a foreign language acquisition. Teaching English for Arab students is not an easy matter. Most frequently, these learners have problems with various aspects of English grammar, such as the use of articles, tenses, prepositions, and other issues. Another difficulty is that not all students realise the importance of learning a foreign language and feel that they are forced to study it. To manage these and other complications, teachers and scholars in the sphere of linguistics are constantly working to find novel methods of encouraging learners to master English. One of the most productive ways is corpus linguistics that provides ESL learners with access to authentic texts which can be used for educational purposes. Corpora are considered a valuable method for improving students’ grammar skills. Arab Students’ Difficulties in Learning English Grammar Knowing English gives people a lot of opportunities, but learning it as a second language presents many challenges that students may find rather difficult to overcome. In the Arab World countries, many improvements to the EFL program have been made with the aim of simplifying the learning process for the students. However, even with all these efforts, EFL programs still do not produce the expected outcomes, and the learners’ mastery of English is insufficient and does not correspond to the necessary level. Fareh (2010) identifies the following obstacles to proper mastery of English:   * poorly trained teachers or weak teaching methodology;   * activities that are centred on a teacher rather than on the students;   * lack of motivation and inclination to learning english;   * teaching language in compartments rather than using an integrated approach;   * focus on rote learning rather than on developing skills;   * inappropriate textbooks and other teaching materials;   * inadequate evaluation methods;   * insufficient exposure to English. The problem with teachers’ preparedness is that most of those who teach English for Arabic students have certificates or degrees in English but do not possess any teaching experience and are not qualified for performing the educational process. Since it is up to them to create the atmosphere in the classroom and encourage students to be dedicated and diligent, it is crucial to pay thorough attention when hiring teachers of ESL (Fareh 2010). The second difficulty is concerned with teachers’ concentration on average-level students and neglect of slower and faster ones. Thus, these groups of learne
Introduction Organizations increasingly face a complex, fast changing and volatile environment. This situation demands a rethink of how management and leadership are exercised in organizations. In the subsequent sub-sections this essay will explore the issue of complexities that organizations face in the current business environment. It will also provide an analysis of why the traditional approaches of management and leadership prove ineffective in addressing this complexity. The Complexity That Organization Face Today Workforce unavailability The global economy is facing a significant workforce shortage. This is due to inadequate supply of workers with skills needed to perform the jobs being added in the market by organizations. Nowadays, there are routine reports of companies and industries facing shortages of qualified and experienced workers. Organizations that are mostly facing these complex problems are those dealing in specialized information systems, medicine and pharmaceuticals, construction industries among others. Workforce quality deficit Many organizations are in need of well educated staff in the current years. The number of jobs that require advanced knowledge and skills is growing at a faster rate than that with which the training institutions are churning the students out in the field. There is a growing gap between the knowledge and skills required by organizations and those possessed by employees and applicants. This poses a big challenge to managers in many organizations as they experience difficulties in obtaining well educated and trained workers. For instance, in the U.S, which is the world’s largest economy, it is estimated that about half of the workforce (totaling to about 50 million workers) need or will need enhanced workplace training to adapt to the myriad jobs and technological changes that are occurring in the global economy. China, the second largest economy is no better; it is a pointer of the glaring danger facing organizations across the world. When an organization is faced with this problem, it is susceptible to produce goods and services of low quality which might not go well with the expectations of the customers. Growth in contingent workforce Contingent workers represent a group of workers who are either on short-term employment, on contract, leased, or part timers. In the past, this group was used to cater for the deficit created by workers on maternity leave, vacation relief or during workload peak. However, this has changed drastically with contingent workforce representing a significant percentage of the global workforce. In U.S for instance, they form around 20% of the entire workforce. Many employers have been forced to operate with a core group of regular workers with crucial skills and then fill the rest of the workforce through contracts (Coveney and Highfield, 1995). The overreliance on contingency workforce is a complex issue for the organizations since this is a group that promises no future in the
Executive Summary Since the establishment of Primark in 1969, the company has grown from a local outfit to a global entity. Over the past four decades, the company has expanded its operations from Ireland to over ten nations across Europe. As a result, Primark has emerged as one of the most reputable retailers in the European apparel industry. Investing in offshore markets is proposed as one of the ways to further the growth and success of the entity. Italy and Brazil were the two suggested markets where the company wanted to invest. Following a thorough market analysis, Brazil was selected as the desired new market for Primark. The reason why Brazil was considered as the country of choice is that it is experiencing a rapid growth in its apparel industry. The cost of establishing presence in the country is considerably low. Licensing is the preferred market entry strategy. The approach is less risky and requires little capital and engagement compared to other approaches. Brief Synopsis of the Issue Primark should enter into the Brazilian market to remain competitive and to increase its revenues. Recommendations   * Primark is one of the most successful retailers in the European apparel industry. As a result, it can succeed in the Brazilian market   * Licensing is the preferred market entry strategy since it involves minimal risks and involvement.   * Brazil is the market of choice since it has a rapidly growing apparel industry.   * Following the licensing process, it is important to monitor the activities of the licensee to safeguard the company’s interests. Background Primark is a British clothing retailer based in Ireland (Jones, Temperley & Lima 2009). Since its inception in 1969, the company has continued to expand its market by opening stores across Ireland and other parts of the world, such as Germany, Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Portugal, Austria, Hungary, Spain, and Belgium (Jones et al. 2009). The organisation made the decision to expand after the realisation that firms have to move from local to global by entering into new markets. Entry into new frontiers is often referred to as globalisation. However, the strategy is characterised by a number of challenges. Competition is one of the major issues impeding expansion to new markets by a business. As a result, a firm wishing to expand its operations to a foreign country must carry out a market study to determine the opportunities available. The research also highlights the factors that promote business and the entry strategy to be used. Primark’s entry into the Brazilian market will be an important undertaking for the company. While there are great opportunities in the country, the apparel industry is also associated with stiff competition (Pinto & Souza 2013). The country has a large population of over 190 million people that provides a wide market for the goods. Over the past few years, the country’s apparel industry has continually grown and is currently valued at $50 billion. Analysis of Ma
Introduction It can hardly be argued that development is an inseparable part of our life. It is also obvious that development can only be achieved by resolving conflicts. In other words, when the two opposite poles coincide, they start a struggle. Indeed, our whole life consists of confronting pairs: truth and lies, joy and sorrow, love and hatred, piece and war, etc. This confrontation incites people to think analytically, to be critical, and finally, to make their choice. This scheme works every day, and it constitutes the fundament of humanity development. One of the best illustrations for this simple truth is the book “Chocolat” by Joanne Harris. The novel tells about a small French village, its inhabitants, and their ways of life. To be more specific, their way of life, as far as everyone in the village is subordinated to the laws of church and moral principles. The latter are convincingly instilled and thoroughly checked by the curate of the parish, Francis Reynaud. The author offers us an exiting and rather amusing observation of how the life in the village changed with the arrival of a new citizen, Vianne Rocher, who opens a chocolaterie there. Opposition of the characters As we can see, the plot of the book is based on the confrontation of two heroes, their beliefs and lifestyles. Obviously, in order to make their confrontation brighter and more saturated, the author used certain exaggeration. Francis Reynaud represents an embodiment of self-restraint; he shows severity both to himself and to others. Independent from all the joys on Earth, “Mr. Whiter-than-White” (Harris, 81), Reynaud seemed to have only one obsession, religion. On the contrary, Vianne Rocher enjoys her life to the full. She travels around the world with her daughter, whose father, by the way, is unknown; she does not visit church, and seems to have no prejudices against anything or anyone. In other words, she is open to the life and is ready to take all that it offers, unlike Reynaud, who puts a lot of efforts to restrict himself from the creature comforts and joys. Religion vs. chocolate Such opposition chosen by the author represents an everlasting struggle between the hedonist and puritan principles, which are present in every human. It has to be noted that for her book Harris chose very meaningful powers, which are equally strong in society. On one hand, it is religion with its traditions and beliefs. It plays a great role in human life, and the God’s law is impossible to deny. Religion is the only source of energy for soul and spirit, and it makes this power extremely important. On the other hand, there is chocolate, a very simple, even naïve, sweetness of our life. Chocolate represents delight and enjoyment, the things that the human body seeks to. Chocolate is a little prank, which simply brings pleasure. It does not demand any heavy thi
Today, the most influential initiatives of the U.S. Government in relation to the question of the national security are realized depending on the principles of the developed War on Terror. To prevent the terrorist’s activity means preserving the security of the Americans. That is why, to cope with the task successfully, it is necessary to combine all the efforts in gathering and analyzing the information which can be discussed as important for preventing the definite threats of terror and crimes dangerous for millions of people. Thus, having analyzed the problem, the authorities concluded that the information and intelligence should be shared between the federal government, and state, local, tribal, and private sector partners. The main concept following which the process can be completed effectively is the idea of collaboration. Intending to create the conditions for the public safety at the local levels and for improving the principles of national security in general, the U.S. Government developed significant programs and took the definite initiatives in order to provide the activities in preventing the treats of terror and the other crimes. From this point, it is necessary to concentrate on the importance of creating the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the State and Local Fusion Centers (SLFCs) regulated by DHS, and the National Information Sharing Strategy controlled by FBI as the initiatives the obvious effects of which can be assessed. The necessity of creating the special department for preserving the national security became obvious as a result of rethinking the threats of the terror after September 11, 2001. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security was founded in order to respond to the threats which are associated with the domestic emergencies when the Department of Defense is responsible for the military questions and issues of the state’s security in this field (Defense Intelligence Agency 2012). In this case, the threat of terrorist’s attacks is discussed as the most controversial problem which requires its continuous controlling and effective solving. Nevertheless, it is impossible to regulate the situation successfully with accentuating only the centralized control because it is significant to create the environment in which the shared information could be successfully gathered and analyzed to prevent the risky situations. The ideas on the improvement of sharing the information and intelligence between the state and local levels of government were realized with establishing the State and Local Fusion Centers. In spite of the fact the positive results of creating the SLFCs are usually stated as the system’s successes, there is no single vision of the role of these centers for pre
State and federal objectives of punishment One of the key objectives of the criminal justice system is to punish someone for the wrong they have committed. People who adhere to this school of thought are not overly concerned about the future of their decision. Their primary concern is to the right a wrong. Some of the factors that punishers consider when passing sentences in this school of thought is the magnitude of the harm caused by the perpetrator as well as the expression of remorse from the individual. It is often assumed that if a person is remorseful about their actions, then they may not have anticipated the outcomes or could have done harm accidentally. Further, the motive behind the action may sometimes neutralize the harshness of the sentence, as some intentions are more morally acceptable than others (Carlsmith et al., 2002). State and federal criminal justice systems also punish to prevent criminals from committing future crimes. Therefore, deterrence is a key reason for passing sentences. The logic behind this motive is that if a person is aware of the liability for their actions, then they will be prevented from committing future crimes. They will weigh the benefit of committing the wrong against the cost of getting caught and refrain from doing so. Common forms of punishment in the deterrence school include corporal punishment, imprisonment, and payment of fines. Usually, punishers make the sentence public such that other people will be aware of the act and refrain from engaging in it in the future. They want to treat individuals who get caught as examples to others. Persons who focus on this objective also believe that if it is difficult to detect a crime, then the magnitude of punishment should be increased to teach others a lesson. Federal and state criminal systems also punish to incapacitate the wrongdoer. These proponents believe that if a person has been caught doing a wrong, the simplest way of preventing him from committing future wrongs is by keeping him away from members of society by locking them up. The goal is to restrain such dangerous persons by removing opportunities to commit a crime. Finally, punishment may occur to rehabilitate the wrongdoer. Adherents of this school of thought focus on reducing recidivism rates by reforming the criminal within corrections systems. Sometimes this may occur through work or vocational programs. Sex-offender treatment plans, drug rehabilitation, behavioral therapy, and community employment are also other methods. These programs intend to prevent individuals from committing crimes after they leave the prison by addressing the root cause of their criminal ways. It also equips them with the knowledge needed to survive in the community legitimately. How sentencing affects federal and state corrections systems Sentencing affects corrections systems by introducing additional costs in the management of convicts or potential convicts. Hearings have to take place, and if a sentence allows for revocation of the decision, then the corrections systems will have to accommodate extra costs of transporting this person to those