ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Relapse is widely defined as the failure to maintain any behavioral change in an individual. Therefore, relapse occurs in various sets of behaviors such as alcoholism, smoking, overeating, and sexual malpractices among others (The National Psychologist, 2000, para. 1-2). On the other hand, Relapse Prevention (RP) entails a set of procedures designed to teach recovering patients and their families various self-management practices during the recovery period, which in turn enable them to identify and prevent relapse warning signs (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996, part 2 of 3). As a result, considering that relapse is a major challenge in the management and treatment of all forms of substance abuse disorders and other social vices, there is the need to recognize and manage the underlying psychological components regarding these maladaptive behaviors. This forms the basis for the Relapse Prevention approach proposed by Marlatt and Gordon in their cognitive-behavioral model. This paper will summarize the effectiveness of the Relapse Prevention approach besides recommending some of the strategies and methods, which can be used by counselors in helping their clients. The importance of Relapse Prevention The psychological treatment model (Relapse Treatment Model) was designed with the aim of augmenting other treatment approaches regarding various addictive behaviors including smoking, overeating, and drug/substance abuse (Dowden, Antonowicz, & Andrews, 2003, p. 516). In various programs entailing relapse prevention, the treating professionals help their clients in identifying potentially risky situations besides teaching them the strategies useful in avoiding habitual coping styles. Furthermore, various professionals help their clients in terms of promoting their self-efficacy, which plays a major role in preparing them to deal with high-risk situations. Therefore, over the years, RP techniques have been widely applied in helping sexual and substance-abusing offenders. Conversely, other researchers have shown the efficacy of relapse prevention in the treatment and management of general offender populations (Dowden et al., 2003, p. 516; Irvin, Bowers, Dunn, & Wang, 1999, pp. 563-565). Despite that the original RP model was designed for treatment maintenance purposes, it is now finding various applications as a stand-alone behavioral management strategy. Here, besides the original purpose of augmenting treatment services, RP services have been used in the treatment of sexual offenders whereby the treating professionals help their clients to develop anger management strategies besides providing them with information on sexual education and helping the victims in different contexts (Dowden et al., 2003, pp. 516-517). Overall, it is important to note that the effectiveness of the RP treatment approach is based on the finding that most maladaptive behaviors such as substance abuse, drinking, smoking, and even gambling follow through similar behavioral, affective, and mental processes (pathways). As a result, this model is
Que Corporation was founded in mid-1960s and has established its headquarters in Brisbane, Queensland. The Corporation is involved in the manufacture of industrial products that are used in the exploitation of mineral resources. As a medium company, Que has steadily grown in domestic mining and exploration of mineral resources. Since its inception, Que has utilized small scale supplier for their moderately priced products with overall good reliability. In the contemporary world, supply chain management has become a vital component for companies and their businesses to design make and deliver a product or service (Hugos 2010). Basically, supply chain management constitute model of collaboration, planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR). Supply chain management (SCM) has been defined as “the integration of key business processes from end-user through original suppliers that provides products, services, and information that add value for customers and other stakeholders” (Lambert, 2008, p.2). Companies therefore continue to depend more on supply chains to provide them with what they need to endure and thrive. It has been suggested that companies in any supply chain must make decisions individually and collectively regarding their actions in five areas:  1. Production, which includes creation of master production schedules that considers account plant capacities, workload balancing, quality control, and equipment maintenance;  2. Inventory, where inventory act as a buffer against uncertainty in the supply chain and the main aim is to know what inventory should be stocked at each stage in a supply chain;  3. Location, has to do with where facilities for production and storage inventory should be located, the most cost-effective appropriate locations for production and inventory;  4. Transportation, where consideration has to be made as to how inventory should be moved from one supply chain location to another; and  5. Information, whereby questions concerning how much information should be collected and how much should be shared (Hugos, 2010). Immediate Issue at Que Corporation Que Corporation has made great strides as far as its sales are concerned. As a result of its great success that has been evident in gross sales, the corporation for sometime has been contemplating on increasing its sales and reach new foreign markets. Notable thing concerning the corporation as far as its delivery systems are concerned is the fact that increased number of the corporation’s customers has constantly preferred and expected faster deliveries; unfortunately, Que corporation continues to experience difficulties in meeting its customers expectations in terms of product delivery. The impacts of this particular problem have proliferated all the way to Que’s own suppliers. The corporation’s marketing and sales department on the other hand has made future delivery promises but the purchasing department has not managed to achieve the same success especially in sourcing additional suppliers. But the purchasing department has not entirely failed but has consistently demonstrated efforts but the problem l
What is Elie Saab’s core business? Describe its product in terms of the three levels of a product; core, actual and augmented product The three product/service levels include the core, the actual, and the augment level. These levels are closely connected with one another. Elie Saab employs branding and designing to gain a competitive edge in the market place. These two are at the level of actual product. They support the core level to influence customers to purchase a product or service. For instance, through branding and designing, the company influences customers to gain confidence and trust in consuming Elie Saab’s products. The augmented level of a product is when companies offer after sales services, customer relationship management activities, and warranties among others. In this level, the marketers of this company research on the potential consumers of its offers. This helps it to design the actual product by employing augmenting strategies with an aim of meeting the needs of consumers. Elie Saab offers its customers all these to make them loyal to the brand, and hence increase sales, profits, and revenues. This makes the company gain a competitive edge. Conduct a brief SWOT analysis, and identify Elie Saab’s competitive advantage based on your SWOT findings                  * Elie Saab is a member of the Chambre Syndicale de la couture;                                                                * The company owns its own stores except the one in Dubai, which is left for local expertise;                                  * Has consumer trust and loyalty due to its branding and designing (stars and royalty);                       Strengths        * The company is among the few that are certified, and hence gains a competitive edge;                                         * Third party distributions;                                                                                                   * Partnerships;                                                                                                                * Licensing.                                                                                                                   * The company is not well represented in multi-brand shops;                                                   Weaknesses       * The brand is diluted due to its involvement in different activities such as hotels and yachts among others;                  * Elie Saab has low sales in Asia, USA and Russia, and hence poor performance.                                                 * The increase in wealth and number of the World’s High-net-worth Individuals, especially in Asian countries; Opportunities    * The emerging markets, for instance, the Asian market;                                                                        * Huge potential in Asian markets that need to be fulfilled.                                                                   * Reverse trends, whereby organizations mix luxury and affordability;                                         Threats          * People switching to casual wear;
European contact significantly changed the lives of Native Americans. First, Europeans’ diseases previously unknown to the continent led to whole tribes succumbing to smallpox and other infections. The invaders brought domesticated animals (horses and cattle), which helped Native Americans acquire new resources. However, the long-term legacy is the significant decrease in numbers of Native American people and their land ownership limitation – some tribes dissolved, while others were restricted to reservations. At first, indentured servants arrived in the US with hopes to eventually own land, although their treatment was harsh. The Virginia Slave Codes of 1705 limited Black people’s rights regardless of their status by taking away the right to own arms, making a whole population defenseless. At the same time, the elites became wary of indentured servants’ claim to the land. Wealthy whites started using the Slave Codes to limit Black people’s rights and turned to Africa for slave labor, which replaced indentured servitude. Upon arrival, the colonists quickly learned that the land had many different zones where some produce would grow better than others. They established a trading system where most goods were agricultural. In some regions, such as New England, farming was difficult because of the weather, but the colonists took over forests, developing a lumbering industry and shipbuilding. The land also had many natural ports, where the colonists established trade relations with European nations. However, the British system’s mercantilist laws led to imposing taxes and stifled industrialization. This contributed to the rise in American colonists’ revolutionary ideas. Although the British Empire gained many new territories from the Seven Years’ War, it also accrued significant debt. The empires’ government had to oversee a vast number of colonies, making it difficult for the empire to control all occupied lands. The American colonies were dissatisfied with the Royal Proclamation of 1763 – it limited their ability to invade new territories and expand the colonization. This decision created a rift between settlements and the British government. The American Revolution could be called a revolution since it was a change in political power – the colony under British rule turned into an independent country with a different government structure. However, it did not result in significant positive changes for enslaved people, Native Americans, and women. Slavery in North America lasted longer than in the former British Empire. The Proclamation of 1763 that somewhat protected Native American borders was made null, allowing colonists to destroy the native population further.
For artists, it is almost impossible to shed art tradition completely because their previous knowledge, impressions, ideas, and universal symbols influence their future works. Although Abstract Expressionist artists tried to reject the European art tradition as their reaction to World War II, they still referred to earlier traditions, symbols, and images. For example, in Man Looking at Woman (1949), Adolph Gottlieb used the symbols associated with hieroglyphic forms, and Lee Krasner in Untitled (1949) used a variety of symbolic shapes (“Abstract Expressionism,” n.d.). These paintings are similar to ancient traditions and examples of primitive art. When trying to reconsider their approach to art, Abstract Expressionist artists rejected the tradition associated with the horrors of war, but they could not avoid the influence of conventional rules completely. It is possible to state that artists are usually bound to the tradition, but not to the previous one in all cases. When, for instance, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, and Norman Lewis created their artworks, they were influenced by the tradition of referring to archetypes and the collective unconscious (“Abstract Expressionism,” n.d.). While using abstract images, the artists tried to reject all the conventional principles of creating art, but they still referred to some kind of trada ition when generating a new art movement in the United States. Furthermore, it is almost impossible to ignore the fact that the Abstract Expressionist artists were rather greatly influenced by World War II and its consequences because of using extremely dark palettes and abstraction in their works.
The article under consideration is called Adolescents’ Perception of Bullying: Who Is the Victim? Who is the Bully? What Can Be Done To Stop Bullying? The research conducted by the group of scientists, Ann Frisen, Anna-Karin Jonsson, and Camilla Persson (Department of Psychology, Göteborg University, Sweden), was aimed at describing “ adolescents’ perceptions and experiences of bullying : their thoughts about why children and adolescents are bullied, their ideas about why some bully others, and what they believe is important in order to stop bullying.” (Frisen et al. 749) The second and the third aims of the study were “to describe how adolescents perceive bullies” and “to describe what adolescents believe to be important in order to stop bullying”, respectively (Frisen et al. 750). One more aim was “to determine whether there are differences in the perceptions of victims, bullies, bully-victims, and uninvolved adolescents.” (Frisen et al. 750) The research focused on the following areas:   * Who gets bullied?   * Who bullies others?   * What is important in order to stop bullying ? To achieve the goals set the authors inquired adolescents about their experiences throughout their school years. A total of 119 adolescents took part in the investigation (48 boys and 71 girls); two high schools in Göteborg were involved in the study. The age of participants differed from 15 to 20 years. The participation was on a voluntary basis. The questions to the participants were about the students’ involvement in bullying in each specific age period according to the Swedish school system. The participants were asked about their views on the reasons for bullying and possible ways of stopping it. The answers obtained from the respondents were classified into categories, like: Who Gets Bullied?   * Victim’s appearance, example: thin, fat, ugly;   * Victim’s behavior, example: behaves strangely, talks with a different dialect, shy, insecure; Characteristics of bullies, example: bullies think they are cool, bullies want to feel superior, bullies want to show that they have power;   * Social background, for example, different culture, religion, economic situation.   * Other, examples: bad luck, the vict
Many Americans do not like bureaucracy despite its widespread existence in contemporary organizations. Many aspects of bureaucracy are evident in institutions like hospitals and other government offices, and thus people deal with bureaucrats almost on a daily basis. Some organizations have operated with bureaucracy for centuries due to its effectiveness in helping them achieve their goals. Analyzing the advantages of bureaucracies will help in understanding why some organizations have used it for long. This paper is an analysis of positive functions of bureaucracies. One of the main functions of bureaucracy is that it reduces favoritism. Ideally, bureaucracy employs objectivity to the process of selecting employees by basing the selection criteria on the qualifications of the candidates. This is a good aspect of bureaucracy because it helps to reduce nepotism in organizations. In bureaucracies, promotion of employees is based on their performance. This is an objective method of dealing with the promotion issue because it substantially reduces cases of favoritism in organizations. Organizations that adopt bureaucracy normally pay employees depending on their seniority. This ensures that the organization’s salary structure is fair. Another positive function of bureaucracy is that employees are committed to bureaucratic employers. This commitment is a product of job security, which is a common characteristic of bureaucratic organizations. Most bureaucracies have lifetime employees who are loyal and committed to them. Bureaucracies also protect their employees from arbitrary actions by senior management. The aforementioned benefits, which accrue to employees working in a bureaucracy, make them good performers in their work. For instance, employees who know that senior management cannot easily fire them will take reasonable risks to ensure that they satisfactorily complete their assignments. The protection that bureaucracies offer their employees against arbitrary actions by senior management check vices in organizations because any employee can report misconduct without fear of reprisal. This function of bureaucracy has particularly been effective in government departments, where ethics and proper conduct are treasured. Lastly, a bureaucracy has increased uniformity of action. This is because bureaucracies are governed by regulations, rules and predefined policy directions that ensure employees respond to similar situations in the same way. Higher-level management in bureaucracies ensures conformance with organizational policies. The aforementioned policies guarantee continuity to the bureaucracy because new employees will be able to accomplish tasks well even without training. New employees may enter a bureaucracy after the resignation, death, retirement or firing of veterans. Therefore, a bureaucracy does not depend on particular employees to operate. It perpetuates itself. For functions that are result-oriented like cleaning of streets, collection of taxes and so forth, bureaucracy is the best. Despite the negative perception that the public has about bureaucracy, it has its
It is quite interesting to note that when examining the various countries where European colonization occurred, it can be see that religious fervor and the proliferation of devout followers is a common theme among such countries at the present. Gibson (1978) explains this current predilection by stating that in order to overtake the cultures and original religions that used to play important roles in such cultures, European colonizers utilized religious conversion as a means by which the local populace could be influenced and as a result subvert the practices that were in existence at the time with something more akin to what the European colonizers wanted (Gibson, 1978). The present day fervor seen in various South American countries as well as in the Philippines is clear evidence of the effectiveness of such a tactic. Sustaining Cultural Practices Researchers such as Weeden Sr. (2009) have shown that oral tradition played an important role in helping various societies sustain their cultural practices despite the cultural domination instituted by European traders and colonizers (Weeden Sr. 2009). Weeden Sr. (2009) explains this by indicating that while various types of cultural texts and religious iconography can be burned or destroyed, oral traditions can easily be passed from one generation to the next resulting in the survival of various types of cultural practices (Weeden Sr. 2009). This was seen in the case of the Philippines wherein various aspects of its ancient cultural traditions involving elemental and idol worship were subtlety incorporated into social convention despite the best efforts of the Catholic priests at the time to stamp out all previous forms of “alternative” cultural or religious practices. Cultural resistance While the Forbidden City can be considered a representation of the power and history of China, it cannot be stated that through its existence it was able to prevent the influences of the European powers(Carter, 2011). For example, the ill-fated Boxer rebellion in the 1900s, combined with the annexation of Hong Kong, the spread of the opium trade within China and the proliferation of unequal treaties in favor of foreign powers was clear evidence that despite all it represented the Forbidden City could not prevent foreign interests from subverting the power of the Chinese government (Carter, 2011). Three Surprising Things about This Course The first thing that surprised me from this course is learning how culture can in effect be used as a weapon in order to control a society in order to have it conform to the wishes of those who conquered it. The second surprising revelation from this course is related to how historical events have a great deal of relevancy towards understanding the actions of countries at the present. For example, the history of what the European powers did to China now makes it clear as to why China is suspicious of foreign actions within its sphere of influence. Lastly, one of the more lasting surprising impacts from this course is how various aspects of ancient traditions continue to survive despite hundreds of years of change and various attempts at stamping them out comple