ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Vivisection or what is described as animal testing is an old practice. It could be dated back at a time of the primitive man, who could feed new food to some wild dogs to determine if it would be edible. Importantly, some princes utilized human guinea pigs to test whether their food was suitable for consumption (Rowan 194). The act of animal testing is dated back to Greeks. 1n 450 BCE a Greek philosopher Alcmaeon did a vivisection and interfered with the dog’s optic nerve, which was essential for physicians to evaluate the cause of blindness in human. (Watson 11). In the third and fourth centuries BCE, Aristotle (384-322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304-258 BCE) utilized animals for their experiments (Watson 11). In the second century Rome, Claudius Galen, a physician experimenter performed dissections on goats as well as pigs to get knowledge of muscles and nerves and thus is renowned as the father of Vivisection (Watson 11). Moreover, in the twelfth century, another Arabic physician, Avenzoar dissected animals and established animal testing experiment in testing surgical processes prior to their application to man. Historical milestones due to animal testing In later centuries, William Harvey, a British surgeon evaluated the circulation of blood through animal testing, whose work triggered many researchers to engage in animal vivisection. Later, Anktoni Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), had a microscopic study on animal tissues. Several historical milestones can be attributed to animal testing (Watson 12). For instance, in 1796, Edward Jenner, an English physician got sample from a cow with cowpox infection, inherited it into a boy and a vaccine for small pox was achieved. Moreover, Louis Pasteur a French Chemist was the initiator for anthrax, rabies, cholera vaccine using animal tests m (Athanasiou & Darzi 208). The practice established in the seventeenth century when Jeremy Bentham, a philosopher, discarded the theory of Rene Descartes, which pointed out that animals could not reason, thus lacked pain or distress. However, Bentham stated that animals have feelings and their reason is not crucial in determining ethical issues surrounding their treatment (Watson 12). Animal testing to safeguard public heath could be dated at the time the Romans, who came up with a public health mechanism to inspect food products while protecting the aqueducts from pollutants. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, public health procedures were not systematically used up to the 19 th century. Systematic animal testing on synthetic item for safety measures established in the 20 th century when vaccines and biological therapeutic measures were being developed (Rowan 194). In England, Cruelty to Animal Act of 1876 passage aimed at regulating animal testing where its notable that in 1921, just twenty thousand animals
Dietary intake and blood concentrations of antioxidants and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. The research report was compiled by ten authors: Dagfinn Aune, NaNa Keum, Edward Giovannucci, Lars T Fadnes, Paolo Boffetta, Darren C Greenwood, Serena Tonstad, Lars J Vatten, Elio Riboli, and Teresa Norat. The research was published on 23 November 2018. The researchers looked into the PubMed and Embase databases record of relative risks (RR) based on nested case studies and prospective cohort studies. Studies that exclusively looked at supplementary antioxidant consumption were eliminated (Aune et al., 2018). A quantifiable measure of ingestion or blood concentrations for three categories was required to be supplied for the dose-response study. The type of study can be best described as a meta-analysis and systematic review of prospective and case studies on dietary intake and the blood concentration of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E and carotenoids in relation to cardiovascular RR (Aune et al., 2018). The researchers focused on secondary data found in the Embase and PubMed databases to evaluate the relationship between antioxidant intake and coronary heart diseases. The research involved sixty-nine prospective studies that were contained in ninety-nine publications. All the prospective cohort and case studies dated from May 2014 to February 2018 were included in the study (Aune et al., 2018). Out of the sixty-nine studies, thirty-six were from Europe, nine from Asia, and twenty-four from America. The research was done once with no repetitions since the results were satisfactory. The research was focused on the human species. In their study, the researchers found that multiple studies had attempted to unveil the relationship between dietary intakes of antioxidants to stroke in a meta-analysis. Other studies had focused on blood concentrations of carotenoids in relation to dietary intake. However, it is unclear whether blood concentrations of various types of antioxidants are linked to the risk of coronary heart disease, overall cancer, and death. Additionally, no meta-analysis has been examined within the context of several exposures and outcomes. Therefore, researchers conducted a meta-analysis of nutritional intake and blood concentrations of vitamin C and E and carotenoids, including carotene, lycopene, and cryptoxanthin (Aune et al., 2018). They hoped to find the impact of these antioxidants on the incidence of cardiovascular disease, stroke, total cancer, and all-cause death rates. The research was expected to provide details of the strength and the shape of the evidence. The authors wanted to account for study heterogeneity to generate a comprehensive rep
The whole process through which information is passed through different computers is not magic; it is something which has worked. In order to understand the whole process the open system interconnection (OSI) model is used. Remember computers are linked for the purposes of sharing information or sources globally. The open system interconnection (OSI) is like an industry standard framework that is used to divide the functions of networking. The OSI model of explaining how information is passed from the computer to another is divided into seven layers. A message begins at the top of the layer and moves down the OSI layers. Layer 1 is known as the physical layer. The layer physically transmits an unstructured bit over a physical link. It consists of voltages, wires and connections that receives signal sent from the ISP then sends it to layer2 (Erjavec, 2004). Layer 2 is known as the Data link. It adds reliability to the transfer of data across media or physical link and the network topology. The layer is concerned with making the delivery of data reliable but layer one basically deals with delivery of data.Layer3 is called the network layer. It provides a link and path selection between two end systems. It provides functionality for the delivery of data from source node to destination node. Layer 4 is called the transport layer. It handles the information flow control, fault detection and recovery, and data transport reliability. It partitions larger messages into smaller data bits for easy flow across the network (Eli, 2007) Layer5 is known as the session or protocol layer. It manages and ends connections between cooperating applications. It involves the control structure for communication between applications. Layer 6 is called the presentation layer and it performs useful transformations on data. It ensures that data are readable by the receiving system. Layer7 is the application layer. The layer receives data from layer6 and sends it to the user of the system. It generally provides connection system in application processes such as email. Layer   Layer name    PDU       Purpose                                                                                            Number                                                                                                                             7       Application   Data      Provides network services to application                                                                                           Processes (such as email, ftp and telnet)                                                          6       Presentation  Data      Ensures that data are readable by the receiving                                                                                    System. Deals with data presentation                                                               5       Session       Data      Manages and terminates sessions
Safety in the Workplace Safety in the workplace is one of the foremost concerns of both the workers and the business owners. Safety in the workplace may include both the source of stress and its relation to critical incidents that normally happens everyday. Critical incidents in the workforce perspective refers to the “sudden, unexpected events that often are significant enough to overwhelm normal coping responses and they normally vary in type and severity and can affect employees as well as management” (Regehr and Hill, 2000). Because critical incidents normally happen unexpectedly, there are special prevention and/or restoration techniques that companies usually follow. Preventions techniques are focused on minimizing intense negative effects and making sure employees are safe from harm and trauma. In cases of accidents, natural or man-initiated disasters, there are safety gears and equipments available in the most accessible areas of the workplace building coupled with the safe exit points. Fire alarm systems and easy access with communication lines to contact the proper authorities (such as emergency hotlines, hospitals, ambulance, fire departments, etc) are also ensured. In cases wherein the unexpected incident has persisted, there are restoration strategies that management usually takes into consideration. This includes physical, psychological and/or emotional therapy for the workers who may have suffered from trauma and emotional imbalance. Treatment and care for those who suffered physical pains. Lastly, there are medical and/or financial assistance and even insurance coverage to those who are extremely affected. Needless to say, when critical incidents do happen, management of it must be based not only on what he company can do, but also on what the people need and what the situation calls. Workplace Stress in Relation to Workplace Safety In the minds of many business owners and managers, workplace stress is an everyday part of business. They think that stress does not become worrisome until it explodes into a screaming match or a violent act. However, by then, it may be too late to prevent an incident (Venkateshwara, 2006). By recognizing and dealing with early signs of stress, managers can help create a calmer, more productive atmosphere for all employees – and ward off potentially dangerous behavior. Humans exhibit a physical response to stress, characterized by heightened senses, increased heart rate, muscular tension, and increased blood pressure. This evolutionary throwback is designed to help humans flee wild animals or physically protect loved ones from danger. However, left untreated, this repeated physical response to an emotionally stressful stimulus can cause real health problems, and it can reduce a valued employee’s productivity (Chiavenato, 2001). In dealing with stress,
Gender A person can be classified as masculine or feminine because of biological orientation and social roles that society expects him or her to play. An individual can be identified as male, female, both, or neither. It is through socialization that individuals are categorized into different genders. Gender disorder in marriage often leads to problems as a partner can think that the other has taken over his or her roles. Love Love is defined differently by different people. This paper defines it as a strong affection towards someone. Love is what binds two people in a marriage. Love should therefore exist before marriage. Commitment Commitment is defined as a promise to someone regarding an obligation. Individuals in marriages and partnerships need to be loyal to each other to ensure that whatever the feelings they stay together for long (Lamana and Reidman, 2005). Trust Trust can be defined as the ability of a person to rely on another’s integrity and promise. Parties in marriage must have trust in each other because it is a basis for the growth of their union. It is an undeniable fact that lack of trust results in problems in marriage. Fidelity Fidelity is a virtue of loyalty or faithfulness between couples. Since marriage is a lifetime union, faithfulness is a pertinent ingredient. Couples must be faithful and loyal to each other by not having affairs with other parties. If fidelity is maintained, marriage is bound to last for a lifetime. Spouse and life partner A spouse is an individual who is a party to marriage while a life partner is a close friend who often lasts for a lifetime. Life partners can marry or remain unmarried. They can be of the same or opposite sexes. Pleasure This term refers to a sense of feeling which leads to delight and gratification. This sense of gratification among couples leads to satisfaction and thereby minimizes chances of unfaithfulness. Partnership It is an understanding in which two or more people consent to get into to better their interests. The moment two people decide to get married, it marks the commencement of a partnership to which they must always remain committed (Lamana and Reidman, 2005). Sexuality This is a means by which individuals express themselves personally. Sexuality in marriage is crucial as it begins with gender identity. It clearly outlines who plays the masculine or the feminine role. Both parties must be comfortable with each other’s sexuality to attain and maintain contentment in marriage. Romance Romance is an outcome of a strong affectionate feeling towards another person which generates gratifying emotion that is full of exhilaration and intimacy. Romance comes about when physical needs are met. Parties in a marriage need to be romantic as it harnesses love and loyalty. Sexual satisfaction Sexual contact between partners guarantees the fulfillment of a basic want. It is a necessity for good marriage because it is what physically bonds the partners. Communication This is the passage of information from one person to another. It is vital for a couple to always effectively communicate to minimi
Introduction The fashion industry is reported to be cyclical which creates a periodical but relatively constant demand for clothes from earlier trends. Historical research on global vintage apparel consumption behaviors states that nostalgia is the main drive behind the latter (Cervellon et al. , 2012). Such claims are also supported by modern studies that suggest that people are motivated to buy clothes from other periods to experience their spirit (Cozer, 2018). Such a drive can be explained through the prism of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the aspect of belonging. It appears that this sense of connection aligns perfectly with nostalgic themes in buyers’ motivation. Another motivation that multiple researchers agree plays a large part in buyers’ behavior is the desire to economize. Indeed, saving money on secondhand apparel without a sufficient decrease in stylishness may be a good motivator. Yet, this point of view is not fully supported by contemporary scholars. Thus, Leipämaa-Leskinen and Turunen (2015) argue that there is rather a combination of factors at play than just one. They suggest that presently, people are driven by ecological concerns, uniqueness, and the treasure-hunt attitude besides simply buying cheap. This point of view seems more logical, as human buying behavior is a complex phenomenon that is difficult to explain using a single factor. Other motivational theories are nonetheless consistent with Leipämaa-Leskinen and Turunen’s (2015) views on the multimodal nature of motivation. For instance, Azevedo et al . (2009) cited in Cozer (2018) argues that motivations for vintage clothes consumption can be influenced by “psychological, socio-cultural, personal, psychological and rational factors” (p. 8). The apparent drawback of current motivation frameworks is their dependence on culture as in different societies values and priorities may differ significantly (Xu et al., 2014; Liang and Xu, 2018; Antola, 2017). Customer Attitude The attitude towards vintage fashion is also formed from different factors. Thus, as noted by Henninger et al. (2018),
Exploitation theory of racial subordination or prejudice is a theory used to seek justification for keeping a group of people defined by race in a lower class in the society (Schaefer and Lamm, 24). This is part and parcel of Marxist tradition that views the concepts of this exploration theory as an inherent in the capitalism structure of the United States and major developed powers. This theory has been explained by sociologists in different perspectives and its consequences on the subordinates have not been good for better social and economic advancement in the society. The consequences that have been faced by this group have only been different in the degrees of harshness and have ranged from extermination to total absorption by the dominants groups. Extermination and genocide form the most extreme forms of consequences faced by the subordinate groups. The British destruction of the historic Tasmania race forms a vivid example of extermination of an entire race by a dominant race that also depicts the degree of harshness that exploitation theory of racial subordination encompasses. This fact is best illustrated by Darryl (1) stating that “in an island off the coast of Australia, there were 5,000 Tasmanians in 1800, but because they were attacked by settlers and forced to live on less inhabitable lands, the last full-blooded Tasmanian died in 1876.” This is a true demonstration of an extreme form of racial subordination or prejudice against a particular race. Genocide on the other hand refers to a systematic killing of an attire group of people and forms another extreme example of racial subordination or prejudice. According to Darryl (1), “this term is often used in reference to the Holocaust, Nazi Germany’s extermination of 12 million European Jews and other ethnic minorities during World War II and the elimination of Muslims from parts of Bosnia by ethnic Serbs.” Whereas other forms of racial subordination or prejudice have not been as severe as the other two types illustrated above, they have impacted negatively on the social and economic lives of the subordinate races. These include assimilation, expulsion and segregation. Expulsion refers to the forceful ejection of a subordinate group from their ancestral lands by a dormant group and has been historically used as a form of punishment advanced towards a racially prejudiced group. This is illustrated by Darryl (1), in demonstrating that “European colonial powers in North America and eventually the U.S. government itself drove almost all Native Americans out of their tribal lands and into unfamiliar territory and the expulsion of over 1 million Chinese from Vietnam.” Assimilation on the other hand refers to the acquisition of the life styles of the dominant race by the subordinate race bec
Introduction Raising your own fruits and vegetables in a personal garden provides one with a very satisfying experience. The taste of the home-grown fruits and vegetables is incomparable to those that are sold in the supermarket and such organic produce is even healthier since there no use of pesticides or herbicides is made. Also, most of the vegetables lose some of the healthy nutrients in them after they have been picked (Bruning & Lierberman 22); growing your own greens means that you can have them right after gathering them, thus obtaining the maximum possible health benefits from them. Main body This is certainly a great advantage to the vegetable gardeners. However it is not the sole one. Home grown fruits and vegetables are popular due to other reasons as well. One such is that gardening offers with a wide variety of benefits to your body. The fresh air and the exercise together make a perfect combination for a perfect health. In addition, it is said that working in natural surroundings leads to reduced stress and increased wellness (Francis & Hester 6). Another major benefit of home grown fruits and vegetables happens to be the financial savings that result due to this; this is more the case if the home garden is planned to be for a long term. The prices of food have been rising (Geneflow 28) and at such a moment the best option could be to grow your own fruits and vegetables. Home vegetable and fruit gardens have become extremely popular now, that is during the recession. There is an opposing view that home gardening does not lead to any economic benefits. The argument for this is that although you are working hard in order to grow your very own fruits and vegetables, you can easily get the very same items in the market and even at a lower cost. This is certainly possible since the professional growers would be having their huge farms on which they produce on a large scale. The result is the same products as yours but at a reduced price. Although the above argument has some weight in it, there are various factors that prove otherwise. Caring for your very own vegetable garden would certainly allow you to save money. Such a garden should be growing all kinds of vegetables and fruits that you require in everyday use. All you would need to do is to buy the variety that you want and you can simply cultivate that in your personal garden. This would result in a whole harvest of vegetables and fruits which you might want. The money spent for the purchase of the seeds will be only a small percentage of the money that you would spend for buying the same products in a market. You can produce huge amounts of fruits and vegetables, all in your backyard. The extra can be distributed or sold, or you can even get it canned for later use. That again means less purchasing of items from supermarkets. Apart from this, it is much cheaper if you buy a packet of seeds and grow the plants yourself. For example, you will be spending less if you purchase lettuce seeds as compar