ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Identify two potential treatment techniques that would be suitable for use with an adult. Your answer should name the treatment and include a summary of evidence from the literature which supports the use of the treatment with adults (20 marks) With respect to stuttering treatment in adults, the type of positive feedback system suggested earlier involving the interplay between the hemispheres and between emotions and speech implies that successful therapy or management of stuttering must have at least two components. The first is to counteract the fragility of the left hemisphere system. This is done when speech is modified through the use of fluency shaping skills, or through the use of stuttering modification skills. The deliberate use of gentle onsets, linking phonation or respiration control, for example, focuses attention on motor skills and brings speech within the capability of an inefficient and fragile speech motor system. The second component of successful treatment or management of stuttering is to remove sources of interference with speech. A major source of interference is right-hemisphere activity. One implication is that, therapy include dealing with avoidance, withdrawal, and apprehension. As these tendencies are overcome, the right-hemisphere activation associated with them decreases and then the interference with the left-hemisphere SMA decreases. Currently, the influence of theory on treatment for adults who stutter appears to be minimal. However, the literature suggests that the management of stuttering in young children is still predominantly theory driven. Specifically, the theoretical perspective that drives much current treatment for young children is that stuttering is a multifactorial disorder. The real context within which stuttering treatment decisions are made is actually often a small room containing a clinician, a worried parent, and a preschooler who has unquestionably been stuttering for some number of months or even years. Alternatively, the room might contain a clinician and a slightly diffident teen who would rather not stutter but who is not entirely comfortable seeking help, or even a clinician and a cautiously hopeful adult who has decided to try stuttering treatment again. In these and most other clinical situations, the theoretical and academic arguments discussed here become much less relevant, and the practicalities of clinical decision-making take precedence. Given this context, many authors writing about stuttering treatment seem to agree that restricting oneself or one’s clients to only one approach may be artificially limiting, recommending combined or eclectic treatments as an alternative. Outline a potential management plan for Catherine. Include in your plan goals and techniques relating to: Multifactorial models describe stuttering as the result of a combination of a number of innate and environmental factors. In their strongest form, multifactorial models maintain that any combination of a range of innate and environmental factors may cause stuttering and that the combination of causal factors is different in each person. Further, according to t
Introduction Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder characterized by disintegration of thought process and emotional responses and a person looses touch with reality (Roofman & Janng, 2009). Mr. Bill is a 37 years old man who lives with his brother in private rentals but the brother recently moved due to bill relapse. Mr. Bill has a two-year history of schizophrenia but he stopped taking his medication since March 2011 and as a result, he became intoxicated. This aggravated his condition and he was unable to neither work nor eat. Consequently, he did not go to work for three weeks and he went hungry for two to three days. Additionally, he experienced auditory hallucination for five days. Upon receiving a call from the case manager about his psychological appointment, he answered with an intoxicated voice and reported that he was sick. As a result, the case manager suggested a voluntary admission in acute care unit of the mental hospital. History taking On history taking, Mr. Bill had normal birth and milestone and has neither suffered from any medical condition nor undergone any surgery but he always feels sick with poor appetite. Additionally, he has had two admissions because of a psychiatry condition and the first was in December 2007 due to attempted suicide secondary to distressing auditory hallucination while the second was in June 2009 due to poor medication outcome despite compliance because auditory hallucination worsened. Social history revealed the he left school in 2010; he is not married but has had two significant relationships with female partners in the past five years, he takes alcohol although he recently decrease the amount and he is currently employed as a store man. Finally, family history showed that mother had a mental breakdown twenty-five years ago. The chief complain of Mr. Ben is hallucination, confusion, anxiety, insomnia and anorexia. Assessment Assessment of a psychiatry patient usually begins with a physical examination then a mental status examination follows (Aberg, 2008). The physical examination of Mr. Bill showed that he was sick looking and a little anxious. Otherwise, on head to toe examination, there was nothing abnormal detected. The mental status examination performed gave the following results. On appearance and behavior, he was relaxed and he attributed it to the valium that he had taken earlier. Besides, he had a cooperative behavior because he showed willingness to comply with the treatment regimen. He had an alexithymic mood because he was unable to describe his mood state and he reported that he felt nothing. On the other hand, he had a heightened affect because he appeared bright and reactive. Although he was well oriented to time, person and place and had good insight, his speech was slurred, he had auditory hallucination and poor judgment because he consume alcohol yet he is on medication. The assessment of risk factor for schizophrenia is important in every individual case of schizophrenia and social factor, psychological and biographical data need consideration (Hume, 2010). Biographical assessment entails previous attempt, demographic data and previou
The organisation is called Bank Butterfield, which is a Bank based in Bermuda. The organisation operates internationally and has multiple overseas branches in the UK and other countries of Europe, Canada and Singapore. The banks areas of specialisation are Private Banking, Institutional Services, Wealth Management and Group Services. Private Banking and Wealth management departments perform operations related to investment and banking needs of high net world individuals. The Group Services are responsible for fund management and work with both institutions and individuals. The Bank provides a big variety of commercial banking services. Currently Bank Butterfield experiences the loss of customers, which progresses at an unacceptably high speed. The interviews with the customers revealed that the reason of the loss of the Bank’s authority is the lack of professionalism in the rows of the Bank’s employees. The customers informed the organisation’s management that the assistants, consultants and financial planners of the Bank have insufficient product knowledge and lack of knowledge about regulations considering such subjects are risk management, cross-border taxation arrangements, fraud prevention, counterfeit detection, capital adequacy. Many other popular and important questions also cannot be answered by our workers because of the lack of knowledge. The organisation’s management concludes that the issue that needs to be addressed is the approach towards employee training especially in the overseas branches and facilities. Currently the company’s employee training is performed face-to-face. The team consisting of ten professional trainers works in four training rooms that contain all the necessary equipment. The Training Department is located in the building of the head office of the organisation. In order to provide training for the branch offices, the employees of remote branches need to travel to the head office and attend the sessions. Their transportation costs are fully refunded. The senior managers of the overseas branches receive training only once a year, they also have to travel to the head office. In order to prepare junior employees sub-contracted trainers visit the remote branches. Travelling costs estimate seventeen per cent of the total training budget. Today, e-learning is adopted by the two thirds of for-profit organisations (Class Differences: Online Education in the United States, 2010). It is a highly convenient method of passing the knowledge that allows saving costs and time. Besides, e-learning is considered the best option for the large international organisations with multiple overseas branches. E-learning is diverse and allows delive
I like the author’s description of the impact of the Internet in his life. It is truly the end of absence (Harris, 2014). I believe that Harris was talking about the absence of gaps. Before the Internet came to enrich, and at the same time to mess up our lives, there were many gaps. These gaps are not problems or weaknesses. These gaps are like spices that enhances the flavor of life. I remember a quote about the silence or rests in a musical piece. Musicians say that these rests or stops are the things that made music beautiful. The entry of the Internet in our lives creates bittersweet experiences, because people are enjoying the benefits it brings, and lamenting the end of absence. The gaps are important in providing rest. It allows us to enjoy the moment. Consider the joy of birthday parties, and consider the delight of spending time with friends. The feeling of happiness that people experience during these special occasions are made possible by the gaps in the schedule. It is a different story when the body is physically present, but the mind dwells on something else. The availability of the Internet through mobile phones allows people to open up the sacred areas of their lives. These sacred areas are off-limits to others. However, the Internet provides easy access to these sacred places. As a result, it allows less sensitive people to impose their needs and desires on us. It is impossible to add gaps into time schedules. Even the prudent leader who values the importance of rest and recreation, he finds it hard to sustain this mindset. Gaps in schedules seems to evaporate, even if you make the deliberate effort to disengage from social media and instant messaging tools. The absence of gaps forces people to work without rest. The author shares this view when he quotes Dr. Small: “In the short run, these stress hormones boost energy levels and augment memory, but over time they actually impair cognition, lead to depression, and alter the neural circuitry in the brain” (Harris, 2014, p.3). It is difficult to compare the work rate of 21 st century people, and those who did not have access to the Internet. The unnecessary workload piles up, because we do not know how to stop. The additional workload creeps in, because we do not have the ability to comprehend the amount of time that is needed to sustain the deadly habit. According to Harris, “We rationalize the interruptions that our phones and tablets demand – each checking of email or scanning of YouTube is, after all, just a momentary concession” (Harris, 2014, p.7). This is the justification that serves as the currency to indulge people’s desire for greater interconnections. However, there is a price to pay for increasing the efficiency rate, and the ability to speed up the process of doing things. The gaps ensures enough time for rest. The gaps also ensures enough time to reflect. Deep learning is the consequence of allowing gaps to develop in our schedules. I wonder if this is the reason why there were so many discov
Abstract “What you pawn I will redeem” is a short story about an Indian who shows extra ordinary strength in a tough time. Jackson the main character in the story is a homeless Indian who is on a quest to get back his grandmother’s regalia. This story has many interesting characters that collectively make the story an intriguing one. (Porter, 2006) Been a homeless Indian in Seattle is enough problems but when you are faced with the task of raising nearly one thousand dollars in 24 hours it compounds a person’s problems. Jackson the central character was determined to get back his grandmother’s stolen regalia at the pawn shop but his care free friends always led him astray. In the course of the story, the narrator tell how he spent any money he got on alcohol with his friends. Though he got the regalia at the end of the story but that was due to the sympathy of the pawnbroker who felt he had been through enough trouble. In this essay, we would be identifying and analyzing the various characters in the story. One character that is flat Jackson’s friends in the story can be described as the flat and rigid characters throughout the entire story. Jackson was on the quest to save his grandmother’s regalia at the pawn shop and he indulged in different ventures to get the money the pawnbroker had requested. But rather than be encouraged and motivated by his friends, they instead led him astray. (Porter, 2006) The friends are described as been rigid because all the wanted throughout the course of the story was to have fun at the expense Jackson’s happiness. Perhaps if Jackson’s friends were not included in the story there would have been no humor in the story. He would have simply saved and paid the pawnbroker. Jackson’s friends as characters added humor to the entire story. There carefree attitude made the story hilarious. (Porter, 2006) One character that is round The pawnbroker can be described as a round character in this story due to his complex attitude. The pawnbroker had initially insisted that Jackson had to come up with the sum of $999 before lunch time. This had prompted Jackson to plot different ways of coming up with the money. (Porter, 2006) However, Jackson spent whatever he was able to raise on food and drinks for his friends. At the end, the same pawnbroker who had insisted that Jackson came up with the money within a stipulated time frame changed his mind. This character
Introduction International trade is the exchange of goods and services across national boundaries or between two countries. It is a trade that is transacted in the global arena and the principles of demand and supply are affected by international factors. Political changes or conflict in a particular region will have a strong impact on international trade by altering factors such as the cost of labor, the costs of production or the cost of oil which may trigger an increase in prices of commodities. International trade is beneficial in the sense that it exposes consumers in different countries to a wide range of products. At the international trade, the goods that are sold are exports and those that are bought are called imports. Global market gives the developed countries the opportunity to exercise leverage due their wealthy nature and their advantage over the countries at the periphery. International trade gives these countries chances to use their labor, technology and capital. The principle of comparative advantage as advocated by Ricardo and Adam Smith is more put into the practice in international trade. Do countries benefit from international trade? It is true that international trade is beneficial to countries in the globe. This is because it has been flourishing in the exchange of goods, services and also facilitates free flow of capital among nations. To substantiate the significance of international trade is evidence that international trade accounts for a large percentage of countries’ gross domestic products and an important generator of revenue in developing countries (Economy watch 1). David Ricardo who was one of the classical economists in market principle of comparative advantage clearly illustrated how trade between countries can benefit several parties. He defined this benefit as that of gains from trade. It is noted that “the principle of comparative advantage shows that benefits of trade are dependent on the opportunity cost of production” (Globalization 1). Adam smith, also a classical economist introduced the principle of absolute advantage. This theory argued that a country can only benefit from the principle of absolute advantage when it incurs the minimum cost of production. Theories to explain international trade Adam smith theory of absolute advantage In his book the wealth of nations , Adam smith analyzed the operations in a modern international market. He identified two principles in his book: the division of labor and absolute advantage. According to Adam Smith, a country enjoys absolute advantage over its trading partners if it can produce more outputs with a certain amount of input. Therefore, if a country can participate in the production of what it has an absolute advantage on, then it will be in a position to enjoy the benefits of international trade. Comparative Advantage T
The tourism industry in British Columbia has been growing rapidly over the past years thus making it quite possible for hotels within the hospitality industry such as Cortes In to enjoy more commercial success. As of the year 2000, the region had over 22 million visitors who raked in an amazing $ 10 million. Additionally, the tourism mix of the district of British Columbia did not only come from locals but also from foreigners ensuring that demand is stable. Despite the fact that business opportunities did present themselves for those within the hospitality industry in Cortes Island, it apparently became difficult for those within the tourism industry especially inns such as The Inn on Cortes Island due to the threats on tourism industry that were brought by the 9-11-01 attack by terrorists that reduced tourist traffic. Issues of human resource availability and skill levels of those employees expected to serve within the industry also made it hard for the industry to flourish due to the perception jobs within that industry did not pay well. Additionally, the outbreak of SARS and the west Nile virus made it hard for the tourism industry to flourish. The Task environment within the Island was suitable and good for business considering that the industry raked in over $ 10billion annually. Vancouver was well known for its business expos and this had made British Columbia a respected destination in the tourism industry attracting millions of people especially during expos which brought the society together. The only form of political hostility arose from terrorism activities that followed 9-11 bombings. The availability of websites, DVD/CD technology available to customers meant that the customer experience was maximized. The task environment was thus highly favorable due to the fairly good political, economic and socio-economic culture that was good for tourists arriving from local and international destinations. The Hotel and hospitality industry within British Columbia was a free and fair industry in accordance with the principles of free market economy, meaning that just as Jonathan Armitage entered the industry since he had the capital, any other participant could to enter the industry. This fact made the threat of entry quite high within the market. Due to the fact that there were other many similar Inns and resorts in the region, some of which were in the high end and low end of the market this meant that consumers had a wider range from which they could choose from. Thus, making the business environment even more competitive. Hollyhock retreat resort is one such resort that offered camping facilities which can serve as a substitute for
Introduction The healthcare sector in America has arguably been the most complex globally. Technological and environmental factors are essential in executing healthcare adjustments (Braithwaite et al. 823). America will continue to evolve in the next decade leading to significant structural healthcare system changes. These transitions play a crucial role in the well-being of patients and clinicians. They include more patients, enhanced technology, different models of healthcare delivery, increased costs, less pay for healthcare providers, more information, innovation opportunities, increased insurers, and patients being the ultimate consumers. More Patients and Enhanced Technology The number of people arriving at sixty-five years will drastically increase with “Baby Boomers.” Braithwaite et al. expound that more ill persons will be living longer ten years from now (824). Additionally, the ability to treat patients with chronic illnesses such as heart diseases increases their lifespan. Therefore, individuals with severe illnesses are expected to rise dramatically with the evolution of America’s healthcare sector. Moreover, the armamentarium and information available to healthcare providers will increase as treatment changes from cell to bedside and diagnosis becomes genetic (Braithwaite et al. 824). Improved, less invasive imaging and the decreased use of catheter techniques will result in enhanced functional results. Risks knowledge will promote the use of other technology to prolong individuals’ lives. Using electronic technology in areas such as medical records will ease the billing procedure. As a result, physicians can directly dictate the records and get the software that analyzes patients’ visits or medical procedures and automatically establish current procedural terminology (CPT) codes (Braithwaite et al. 825). Therefore, complex compliance programs’ needs would be reduced because billing will relate directly to the content of the medical records. More Information and Different Delivery Models Data deriving from ill people will improve with the enhancement of technology. The internet can store the information of patients and provide the best care plan instantly (Braithwaite et al. 826). Moreover, clinicians will have the ability to question many patients, improving the quality of care they deliver. Besides, enhanced data about disease severity will also be developed. Understanding risks of diseases’ costs will be improved, therefore enabling clinicians to attend to critically ill individuals. The availability of enhanced public data will improve the treatment processes and results. Healthcare professionals who are incapable of acquiring desirable outcomes will either stop or put more effort when treating patients (Braithwaite et al. 826). The results and procedures will be optimized in the next ten years for a proportion of individuals with