ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: The Legislative Process The first step of the legislative process involves the introduction of a bill to the senate. Members are expected to realize the problems with a view of highlighting pertinent solutions. However, such resolutions should be drafted before any bill is tabled. The bill must be precise and detailed. It should also portray a clear understanding of the likely implementation processes concerning the solution. This essay provides an insight into the legislative process and healthcare lobbying in the United States of America. Committee Action After a proper analysis, the bill is presented to the committee of action based on the imminent problem. The passage of the bill to the next stage requires a substantial number of supportive congress members. The public and various stakeholders should be informed on the bill to examine its impacts on the economic, social, and political spheres of life. The Voting Process The governing bodies subject the bill to voting once the committee approves it. However, the process can only take place after the ruling it is scheduled by the majority of members of the house. It is accomplished by a minimum of 218 out of 435 representatives. The majority party also influences the senate floor voting. At least 51 out of 100 members have to be present to enable passage or amendment of the bill (American Nurses Association, 2010). Committee Conference The committee conference plays a critical role in ensuring that the outcome differences are reconciled. The new bill is then subjected to further voting to ensure that the majority number of members is taken into account. This stage does not require public participation an
Introduction Principle products account for a sizeable percentage of a company’s profits. Companies use various strategies to improve the competitiveness of their products. Branding is one of the major strategies that companies use to improve the competitiveness of their products. Brand recognition makes customers associate with the product. 1 Companies may employ several branding strategies. A company may use a certain line of products that uses a similar brand name. A bastion brand is the most profitable product in the product line. Competitors may try to undercut the bastion brand by offering other products that compete with it using price or quality. This necessitates companies that own the bastion brands to formulate strategies that would help in tackling competition from rivals. Companies may use flanker brands to improve their competitiveness. 2 The purpose of flanker brands is to pre-empt competition from rivals. In addition, flanker brands help in covering the market more efficiently. Intel is one of the companies that use flanker brands to tackle competition from rivals. Intel used the Celeron to overcome competition from AMD’s K6 chips. Celeron was a cheaper version Pentium, which was the company’s premium brand. However, there is no guarantee that this strategy would be successful. GM’s Saturn is a clear illustration of how failure of flanker brands may affect a company. GM lost billions of dollars due to the failure of Saturn. Therefore, it is vital for companies to use an efficient strategy in launching flanker brands. Companies must ensure that flanker brands are profitable. This would guarantee the long-term stability of the company. Flanker Brands It is vital for companies to respond to attacks by competitors. Competitors may offer products that have unique attributes that may enable it to conquer the market. Therefore, failure to respond to the attacks would risk the company’s image and brand equity. Using flanker brands is one of the most efficient strategies that companies use to tackle threats from competitors. Flanker brands help in insulating the original brand from threats posed by rivals. 3 A war metaphor is the source of the flanker brand name. A flanker brand helps in protecting a bastion brand from rival brands. The major aim of the flanker brand is to overcome competition from rivals. The major characteristic of flanker brands is the fact that they reduce the need for bastion brands to change their focus. This enables a company to maintain its customers. Companies often use a flanker brand if rivals develop low-cost products that strive to weaken the market position of the bastion brand. Failure to respond to the rival products would reduce the profitability of the bastion brand. 4 A flanker brand offers stiff resistance to the entry o
Terms of Reference This report was commissioned by the manager and owner of Marco’s Restaurant. It seeks to address the increasing losses that the restaurant continuously incurs. The profits have been declining since 1998 and beginning 2006, the restaurant has been on the downward trend incurring serious losses. The objective of the report is to determine the root cause of the increasing losses of the restaurant by analysing the management problems which include staff recruitment, training and motivation, communication, customer service, innovativeness and production efficiency; and to suggest strategies to revamp the restaurant. Procedure The report will analyse the background information provided by the manager as well as the findings of a recent customer and staff survey carried out to determine customer satisfaction and staff perception and attitude towards the management of the restaurant. The background information and the survey results will be used to explore the recurring problems and their relationships with the current downward trends of the restaurant. Findings Employee perception survey was given to a section of the staff across all the departments within the restaurant with an aim of determining their feelings towards the management of the restaurant. The survey conducted by an independent agency posed a series of questions around some key areas:   * Organisation   * Innovativeness   * Staff recruitment, training and motivation   * Equal treatment of staff   * Communication   * Production efficiency A customer satisfaction survey was also given to customers who had been previously served at the restaurant. They were asked to comment on which areas they were satisfied with in terms of the services, food and menu; and which areas they were dissatisfied with. The results of this survey also raised some questions about customer service, menu and communication. The background information provided by the management plus the surveys of both the staff and customers yielded recurring themes which suggest that poor management practices taken by the restaurant’s owner/manager are the potential sources of the poor services at the restaurant leading to the serious downward trends that is currently experienced. Results of the staff survey: Key themes Organisation A recurrent theme was that the management has been ineffective in organizing and planning for activities of the restaurant. The restaurant is managed by Marco and his wife, Maria. Marco manages the kitchen while the wife manages the services; however, planning daily activities becomes a challenge to Marco as the wife often comes late. Maria is also not able to effectively manage her department since she wastes a lot of time with the relative employees including the sister. This causes poor coordination of the workforce and the business process of the restaurant. The major problem being the large number of staff during the day when the customer turn out is low while the number of staff who serve the large number of customers in the evenings up to midnight is low. The staff also complain that roles of each employee are also not clearly defin
Introduction Legalisation of drugs has been one of the most debatable issues that are still far from being solved. Many countries implement various policies to address the problem. These policies are often shaped by the complexity of the situation as well as cultural, economic and political peculiarities (Küçükuysal 2011). Such countries as the Netherlands or the United States completely or partially legalised drugs, while the majority of nations still continue their own wars on drugs. Although numerous negative health effects have been acknowledged, analysts started paying more attention to detrimental effects on countries’ economies that lose millions of dollars. A brief analysis of the problem shows that legalisation of drugs is an efficient and even necessary measure to address the problem. The war on drugs One of the most vivid benefits can be the end of the war on drugs. Evans (2013) states that decriminalisation of drugs will result in $7 to 13 billion, in the US alone. These savings will arise through the reduction of “prosecutorial, judicial, correctional, and police resource spending” (Evans 2013, p. 2). Miron and Waldock (2010) estimate the savings in the following way: the budget will save up to $8.7 after marijuana legalisation, $20 billion after cocaine and heroin legalisation and $12.6 after other drugs legalisation. When it comes to developing countries, the situation is more alarming as the illicit drugs trade results in the increased rate of crime rates (including homicide). For example, the murder rate in Honduras is almost 67%, which is the highest level in Central America (Cachanosky, Zelaya & Block 2014). Admittedly, legalisation of drugs would reduce such crime rates and will help nations save billions that governments can relocate to such important spheres as education and healthcare. Clearly, it is crucial to implement efficient policies that would identify legal drugs and particular channels of their distribution. The market should be available to many people to reduce the niche for unregulated trade ( The great pot experiment 2014). For example, dispensaries account for more than 60% of sales in Colorado, which shows that the policies implemented are not totally efficient. Increased taxes Apart from billions of savings, legalised drugs market can pot
Introduction Immigration is defined as the movement of people from other countries into a new country where they are not natives with the intention of becoming permanent residents or citizens (Dustmann & Frattini, 2013). Immigration is not a recent phenomenon since it has been happening since the beginning of civilization. For instance, during the era of exploration in which great sailors cruised across the world, discovering and conquering new territories, many people migrated and settled in new lands permanently. The movement of Europeans to America in the 16th to 18th centuries is one of the great examples of immigration in the early periods. During the 20th century, immigration became a major debate, especially in countries such as America and Europe, which form the largest immigrant destinations in the world (Card, 2001). Although most refugee populations are found in the US and Europe, immigration is a worldwide phenomenon. Each region of the world has its share of immigrants. For instance, the Middle East is not left out. Immigration here has become an increasing situation in the recent past. This paper will discuss the main reasons for immigration and its effects on the social, economic, and political status of nations with reference to the Middle East and other examples from the world. The Causes of Immigration Numerous reasons have been established to explain why people immigrate and/or seek to become citizens of other nations. According to Rowthorn (2008), while some of the reasons for immigration have remained for long, different factors that are related to different immigration periods are also present. For instance, some of the reasons that motivated people to migrate into other nations in the 18th century may not be valid today. However, other reasons have emerged over time. However, regardless of the reason for immigration, the motivation of leaving one’s nation and leaving what a person has ever known to venture into an unknown future in an alien nation indicates a lack of any other option on the immigrant. The first ma
Introduction A culture is relatively unique compared to other cultures. A certain culture may differ from another culture in terms of its traditions, practices, beliefs, and other aspects, but there would also still be some similarities between them. There are various aspects of culture, of which anthropologists, and even laymen could use as points of comparison. Included in the list would be architecture, agricultural technology, especially the type of subsistence the community utilizes, the political structure and framework, etc. One of the most visible and obvious points of comparison would be the arts, especially architecture. There are several aspects within this discipline that had been subjected to different studies from different disciplines such as arts, anthropology, psychology, engineering sciences, physics, and a lot more. Aside from being good subjects for these sciences, architecture had also become subject for the mysticists and also conspiracy theorists. There are a lot of architectural structures that can become examples of these, many of them are even famous the world over. Some of these architectural structures that some people consider as mystical and mysterious are the pyramids of Egypt, the Sphinx, The Aztec pyramids, The Leaning Tower of Pisa, the Great Wall of China, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Rice Terraces of the Philippines, the Stonehenge, and many other more. The list could go on and on because almost each of the architectural structures in the world has its own mysterious and mystical story to tell. Main text If someone is given the chance to do the listing of these structures, there would be a greater possibility that most of the structures included will be the ones that were mentioned earlier. However, not so many people know that aside from the ones that most people know, there are also those structures which have raised the curiosity of scientists, enthusiasts and laymen alike. Perhaps Stonehenge would be the most popular of the structures that can be considered as to have mysterious origins, mysterious uses and mysterious construction methods. However, there are also other structures that can equal, or even surpass the mysticism and the mysteries that Stonehenge had on most people. Two of the
Introduction Psychologists’ view on origin of motivation The complexity of motivation due to unpredictability and fluctuation from one individual to another and at different times has led to various theories being postulated to explain its causes. However, these psychologists agree that in way or another motivation is influenced by both biological and external factors. Theories on motivation Goal-setting theory Postulates that some individuals are driven to success by the goals they set. The success is measured by reaching the desired definite end. Such people set specific goals which are moderate in nature. The goals have close proximity and limited security of success. Moderate goals limit the chances of quitting or becoming complacence which are characteristics of tough or easily-achieved goals. Thus, such goals generate optimal drive to success. Setting of goals is only possible because human beings have self determination to succeed. This is what is postulated by the self-determination theory which explains what drives human beings to achieve. This theory opines that humans are inherently driven to grow and develop and hence our source of motivation inborn. However, these inherent motivators are activated by external factors. This primary innate needs include; the need to control the events of our lives in order to feel connected to others and be competent in our skills. Thus, since we are able to control these primary inherent needs by controlling our thoughts and conscious, we can channel them towards striving for excellence. We are able to control our desires for success, and feelings of pleasure and acceptance. The Need Hierarchy theory This theory states that human beings are only driven to success by those needs which they have not satisfied. Have complex needs, we satisfy our needs from bottom up with those on the higher levels satisfied first. As one moves up the hierarchy of needs, the drive to achieve increases. Thus, the drive that an individual has for quenching his thirst or filling an empty stomach is lower compared to that of achieving his full potential or self actualization which is the highest level of need. The Incentive theory This theory incorporates various aspects of the other theories and proposes that human beings are driven by incentives. These incentives can both be intrinsic or extrinsic and bring satisfaction in the form of physical rewards, pleasure and acceptance. Even though the rewards of pleasure and acceptance are intrinsic, their achievement is usually activated by external stimuli. However, it has to be noted that external and internal stimuli sometimes work antagonistically. Continued usage of external stimuli as a source of motivation may eventually replace the innate drive to succeed. Such external stimuli become part us and may even turn into ‘innate’ stimuli. Since our autonomy is very important, usage of external stimuli should limited less they
Women form a considerable portion of a country’s population. Similarly, women constitute a large percentage of the group that participates in economical activities and particularly in agriculture. However, many women do not have proper access to natural resources and credit facilities. Moreover, women tend to be concentrated in informal sectors where they work without an employment contract and paid poorly. Women are highly discriminated in variety of ways that range from international instruments and national legislation to customary laws that are prevalent in Latin America, Africa and Asia-Pacific region. lastly, women’s discrimination deteriorates further because of the cultural attitudes that are highly internalized by women. In response to the great discrimination of women, international women conferences have played a significant role in assisting in formulation and enacting of appropriate discrimination laws to curtail gender bias. In many nations in the 19 th century, women could not execute any legal acts without the consent of their husbands. The prohibition entailed some states denying women the right to engage in any employment, without the authorization of their husbands such as in Indonesia or Syrian Arab. However, with the development of appropriate anti-discrimination laws, such laws have become outdated. For instance, the Brazilian code of 1916 restricted women from handling some legal acts without prior approval of their spouses. However, with the enacting of the laws 4131 in 1962, the law allowed Brazilian women to transact most acts without approval from their husbands. Further amendments of the constitution in 1988 and 2002 affirmed the rights and equality of both husbands and wives (Agarwal, 2004). In the 19 th century, most constitutions granted men the right to acquire and manage family properties. This limited women from accessing and managing family properties. These days, many nations have adopted laws that empower women to acquire and manage family properties. For example, by 1998 in Philippians, the law allowed joint administration of family property by spouses. However, in case of disagreements the husband decision prevailed. The Brazilian Civil Code of 2002 gave both spouses equal rights for access and management of family property, as well as rights to administer separate property. Similarly, the Turkey Civil Code of 2001 allowed husband and wives to have equal say in marriages. This encompass the access to property particularly land and mainly in nations where land sales is rare, and inheritance is the main form of land acquisition. African nations are almost at par with Europeans nations in upholding laws for equity of women and men. For instance, in Tanzania the Land Act of 1999 acknowledged impartiality of men’s and women in access and management of natural resources (Agarwal, 2004). The continuous dev
Abstract The primary objective of history is to document the events that took place in a certain period. However, those events do not happen out of context; different factors contribute to them. Silbey (2011) examines the events of the Great War in an attempt to highlight the importance of considering various aspects when evaluating history. In addition, the author argues that war has a significant influence on a nation’s culture. This paper aims to use a multidisciplinary approach for examining World War II and its effects on people. Introduction To understand the causes and effects of war one must examine it utilizing approaches from different subjects. Silbey (2011) attempts to highlight the lack of such research regarding the connection between war and culture that would be conducted by historians. Paying no attention to this aspect results in ignoring essential factors that affect the decision-making process of a person. It is evident that both in an everyday life and in a battlefield setting people utilize similar decision-making approaches. Both aspects are influenced by a variety of factors, including culture, social settings, political climate, and the portrayal of preceding events in literature. Silbey (2011) has examined these factors in the context of World War I and the succeeding nationalistic movements. This paper aims to utilize a multidisciplinary approach to explore the Great War and its effects on the people. Overview of the Case Study The primary focus of the case study is on the wars that Great Britain was involved in; however, some mentions from American history are present as well. Silbey (2011) discussed the British Forces and their tactics in the warfare. The author argued that the participation of colonies in the events of 1918 had influenced their future development. The usage of Canadian and Australian military forces as essential components of the British army, and the subsequent victories led to these nations’ realization of their identity. Thus, they did not view themselves as a part of an empire but rather as independent domains. The Australians, in particular, were not afraid to voice their opinion about their contribution to the successes of operations. The case study relates to the cultural, psychological, and literary disciplines, as the objective of it is to display how wars can be examined from the perspective of soldiers, civilians, writers, and historians. Differences and Similarities in Disciplines’ Portrayal of War An essential aspect that should be attended to is the question of why wars take place. They do not appear regardless of the national and political climate within a country. Different disciplines examine this utilizing a variety of approaches. For example, the impact of the war in literature is reflected through a method that authors choose to portray the events. Silbey (2011) states that the “moralization” approach was taken to the World War I display, which is focused on representing how people remember the events (p. 167). It can be argued that literature is an essential aspect that contributes to telling a