ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article “Gender, Race, and the Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An Overview” by Bonita Lawrence talks about the Native people, the way the laws and relationships between the modern world and long standing traditions have changed and shaped the present treatment of a whole population. It is evident that previously Native people had a much different life and the population of Canada and the United States has drastically changed the lives and freedoms of Natives. Presently, things have changed for the better but there is still much discrimination that is seen everywhere. There is no doubt that the Native population of Canada and the United States was greatly segregated and deprived of their land and freedoms, at the time of colonization. The white man has taken possession of land as if it was empty of people who lived there for generations. The Natives of North America had established traditions and cultures, which were not considered and abused during the populating of the Americas. The Indian Act was put in place to regulate and control the Native people and greatly limit their freedom, movement rights, ability to participate in the country’s matters and use the land that was rightfully belonging to Natives (Lawrence 5). It is clear that the Act itself and the actions of people who came to the North America are much discriminator. The oppression that Native people faced was accompanied with much violence and unequal treatment. Even the word “Indian” itself is politically incorrect and shows how little attention and care people have paid to those they have deprived of rights, equality and deserved ability to enjoy a life free of stereotypical behavior. The land was divided and Native people were placed into Reservations, which were strictly regulated by the government and the necessary laws. The Indian Act violates the rights of Native people, it limits their movement, deprives them of the rights of possession towards land and the available resources, as well as their reputation and acknowledgement. Gender is another major issue that is present in the Indian Act. A woman of Native descent would lose her Native status after marring a white man. This is ridiculous, as it is unreasonable and is not admissible. This sort of thing does not happen to people of other races and origins and so, the discrimination is clearly evident here (Lawrence 8). Another article titled “Housing America’s Native People” by Wendy Helgemo, talks about the legal provision of housing that the government has put in place towards the Native people. A large number of Native population was homeless due to the hardships they had to experience. This has become a significant problem and the government was forced to change several things. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was created to administer changes and provide Native population with housing (Helgemo 10). The policies that are being enacted in the present days are the proof of how much segregation Native population had to face. The change in laws and the life of a whole population have ch
Homeschooling is a form of education which implies that children should be taught by parents or by tutors at home, rather than in the formal setting of public or private schools (Vahid 9). This is the main peculiarity that should be kept in mind. It is estimated that in the United States at least 2.2 percent of school-age children are educated at home (Vahid 9). However, this trend is likely to become more popular in the future. This is why educators and policy-makers pay close attention to the advantages and disadvantages of homeschooling. This paper is aimed at discussing the peculiarities of this approach in greater detail and its impact on learners, especially their academic performance and socialization. Overall, it is possible to argue that homeschooling can be a valid alternative to formal education provided that parents and tutors can properly design courses and foster intellectual and psychological development of a child. Moreover, there is no evidence which can confirm the alleged negative effects of education at home, especially lack of social skills. Admittedly, there are certain difficulties, but parents and tutors can cope with them. This is the main thesis that should be examined in greater detail. One of the main questions that should be examined is the academic performance of children who were educated in this way. This is the main criteria to which educators and parents usually pay attention to. On the whole, the results of standardized tests indicate that the test scores of these learners are not lower in comparison with those learners who attended private or public schools (Lines 81). This trend can be observed in many areas of study such as mathematics, natural sciences, languages, and other disciplines. Moreover, many of them show better results than their peers (Lines 81). In this case, one should also speak about the integrity of homeschooling which means that a tutor, who works with a single child or a very small group of children, is more able to ensure that each of them understands the topics or questions that should be examined. Under such circumstances, a learner has virtually no opportunities for cheating. Certainly, one can say that these children could not perform equally successfully in public or private schools. In fact, they could easily achieve similar results. Nonetheless, it is not possible to argue that homeschooling impedes academic attainment of learners. They are able to meet the requirements set by educational organizations that are governed by the state. This is one of the main aspects that should be considered by policy-makers who determine the legal status of homeschooling. Furthermore, it is important to note that homeschooling provides more flexibility to children and parents. For instance, the teacher can choose the order of topics that should be covered. Similarly, a learner will have more opportunity to review the previous material and evaluate his/her knowledge. As a result, he/she can acquire in-depth understanding of the material. This is one of the main issues that should be considered. Certainly, sch
Watzke et al. state at the outset that the population of interest comprises German patients with severe mental illness and undergoing vocational rehabilitation. The research team may perhaps be forgiven an excess of bravado. In fact, the results of this prospective study can reasonably be projected to the universe of Germans with mental disorders only if Rehabilitation Psychisch Kranker (Institution of Rehabilitation for the Psychiatrically Ill and Disabled) in the city of Halle is a kind of secondary care, central referral institution that receives the mentally ill referred for vocational rehabilitation from all over the country. Strictly speaking, therefore, applicability to a nationwide population of interest will be true only if a second study were to replicate research findings in some other German institute. The sample consisted of 41 patients with some mental disorder or other and, the authors declare, “symptomatically stable on neuroleptic medication, had German as their native language, were … 18 to 65 years, had no co-occurring diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence according to DSM-IV, and had premorbid IQ not lower than 70 points.” (Watzke et al ., 2008: 249) One assumes that by “points”, the authors meant percentile ranking. If so, the researchers may have been overly conservative since a meta-analysis (Woodberry, Giuliano, and Seidman, 2008) suggests that the typical mental ability deficiency on onset of frank psychosis is closer to half a standard deviation below that of normal subjects, meaning a minimum of approximately 84 points of IQ. On the other hand, the researchers were decidedly wrong to label the study concerning learning potential and rehabilitation outcomes in schizophrenia since 39 of the 41 subjects were diagnosed for some other mental disorder besides schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. With respect to ethical considerations, an appraisal of the article shows that the following were satisfied:  1. The researchers had the relevant training since Dr. Watzke was affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics of Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Dr. Kuss was with the Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics of the same University, Dr. Brieger was a staff psychiatrist at Bezirkskrankenhaus in Kempten, while Drs. Schoettke and Wiedl were associated with the Department of Psychology, University of Osnabrueck. All Institutions mentioned are in Germany.  2. Study participation was voluntary since two patients were allowed to withdraw prior to data-gathering. This is a quantitative study because the sample size, though modest, exceeded the threshold required for parametric statistics, because the authors employed a standardized study instrument, and they confidently subjected the data to measures of central tendency, dispersion and the Spearman correlation coefficient. As to
Anthem   * Balanced Scorecard:       + Provides relevant data regarding financial outcomes of operations (Kaplan & Norton, 1992);       + Helps incorporate innovation into the daily tasks;   * Main Facts about Anthem:       + 1 in 8 Americans uses Anthem’s insurance (“Anthem 2017 annual report,” 2017);       + Innovation, such as telehealth or LiveHealth is the primary focus of the company;       + Revenue in 2017 is estimated at $90 billion (“Anthem 2017 annual report,” 2017);       + 60% of the reimbursement is connected to value-based programs. A balanced scorecard is an approach to measuring a company’s performance over a specific time frame that helps executives define goals consistent with the current strategy. This is especially important in the healthcare industry where the challenging environment requires organizations to locate innovational models of service provision that cannot be evaluated using standard accounting methods. This presentation aims to introduce Anthem, review the company’s performance using the balanced scorecard approach, and offer four recommendations that will help this company achieve its targets. The selected organization is Anthem, a nationwide health insurance company that provides a variety of services to consumers across the US. According to the 2017 performance report, the company’s insurance was purchased by 1 out of 8 citizens in the US (“Anthem 2017 annual report,” 2017). Thus, this organization serves as a health care organization to many Americans, and it is its responsibility to develop value-based care practices that will help improve the quality of medicine. One of the strategies that Anthem declares is applying innovation in its work to improve the approaches to treatment that are currently used (“Anthem 2017 annual report,” 2017). This is facilitated through the Blue Cross telehealth program. It can be argued that the current strategy of the company emphasizes innovation and value in medical services. Balanced Scorecard – Financial Perspective   * Goals:       + Improve profitability;       + Increase revenu
Literature Review Many researchers have conducted their studies on agricultural practices in the gulf region, including the UAE. According to Al Qaydi & Arthur (2008), Abu Dhabi is one of the seven emirates in the United Arab Emirates, which is known for its sustainable agricultural practices in the country. Although agriculture has not been the main economic activity in the gulf region, contemporary food security trends have influenced most Arab countries, including the UAE, to practice agriculture and farming (Behnassi, Pollmann, & Kissinger, 2013). Importantly, Al Qaydi & Arthur (2008) note that the UAE government offers both financial and labor support to farmers in order to promote agriculture in the country. Many researches have been done on soil taxonomy in the UAE, with the invention of a non-absorbent type of soil that was one of the breakthroughs that have greatly influenced agriculture in Abu Dhabi (Shahid, Abdelfattah, Wilson, Kelley, & Chiaretti, 2014; Oxford Business Group, 2010). Nevertheless, agriculture and farming in Abu Dhabi have witnessed growth in recent years, thus having enhanced food security in the country despite climatic challenges and water shortage (Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture 2014 – Abu Dhabi, 2014). The paper provides a review of literature about farming in Abu Dhabi, including its importance, land coverage, water sources, cost of farming, types of harvests, and type of soil. What is the Importance of farming in Abu Dhabi Various researchers have highlighted the importance of farming in Abu Dhabi. According to Al Qaydi & Arthur (2008), agriculture is one of the main sources of income in Abu Dhabi, with main exports being fruits, wheat, dates, and other exotic food crops. Apart from agriculture, United Arab Emirate citizens also practice livestock farming and fishery (Al Qaydi & Arthur, 2008). This increases the amount of food production for local consumption, thus boosting food security in the emirate. According to Statistics Centre − Abu Dhabi (2012), tree farming has been practiced in the region for some time with the aim of offering protection against sandstorms and creating favorable climatic conditions. These trees also house different breeds of birds and invertebrates, which in turn create a tourist attraction for the country. The main tree species in Abu Dhabi are different types of palm trees, making the city to be the largest date producer and processor in the world (Statistics Centre − Abu Dhabi, 2012). Indeed, the UAE is globally popular for producing high-quality dates. Amount of Land Covered By Farming Behnassi, Pollmann, & Kissinger (2013), in their book titled “Sustainable Food Security in the Era of Local and Global Environmental Change,” have established that approximately 5.44% of land in Abu Dhabi was utilized for agricultural purposes. However, a big portion of fertile land is yet to be used for cultivation. On average, the largest portion of land has been used up in planting date palm trees. The remaining land is utilized for plantations used for wheat and livestock farming (Behnassi, Pollmann, & Kissinger, 2013). However, the government of the UAE and investors are encour
In the given paper, the issue of psychological disorders is being addressed in reference to the ideas expressed in Chapter 11 “Psychological Disorders” in Carole Wade and Carol Tavris’s Invitation to Psychology (5 th Ed.). Section I Textbook References: Psychological Disorders and Their Treatment Chapter 1 What Is Psychology, Court Finds no Evidence in Linking
Introduction Interpersonal communication represents an important part of organizational behavior and human relations. In this paper, I am going to analyze my interpersonal relations with colleagues because they have a great impact on success of my future job and position in new team. I pay a special attention to these relations because they determine my performance and acceptance of others. From the very beginning, it was really difficult to maintain friendly and positive relations because of personal differences and high turnover rates in the organization Discussion section From the very first day of my enjoyment, I assume that communication is a necessary condition for cooperative work to be accomplished, and that technology makes a variety of kinds of communication possible. The work discussed here has examined one function of communication–information exchange. Certainly this is an important function, but it’s probably a good idea for those of us who work in this area to remind ourselves periodically that it is not the only purpose that communication serves and, in many situations, it may not be the most important one. People communicate for a variety of reasons, and a technology that optimizes the efficiency of information exchange may be less than optimal insofar as the other functions are concerned (Littlejohn and Foss 32). Relational development In personal communication with colleagues I pay a special attention to eye contact. Non-verbal communication influence unique personal image of the speaker, his cultural and social differences. Eye contact and facial expression help me to establish a contact with another person and express my emotions. I use direct eye contact which reflects honesty and credibility. Eye contact and smile express an open and honest approach. Smiling people are perceived as more intelligent than those who do not smile. In contrast to men, women do not use vigorous hand gestures and greater movement. My gestures and body posture reflect that I am a calm and restrained person. The vocal tone makes people more likely to listen to us. Usually, I use a conversational voice which is more attractive for listeners and allows me to establish a contact with a listener at once. Many men prefer to keep silent while another person is speaking, and use gestures or eye-contact to e
Introduction A world financial services company, Lehman Brothers was involved in the banking business, trade, and research, managing investment among others. It declared bankruptcy in 2008. It was a prime trader in the treasury securities (market) of the United States. The firm’s many subsidiaries are headquartered in New York (International Business Times 1). The company filed for bankruptcy in the year 2008, a thing that virtually led to the global financial (system) meltdown following the fact that individuals in the entire world had hugely invested in this firm. It was the United States of America’s biggest filed bankruptcy case which caused an estimated loss of jobs for 25000employees and $613 billion in debts (Kelly & Saito 9). Bankruptcy This can be termed as a lawfully announced impairment or inability of an organization or an individual to reimburse its creditors. Creditors may institute a (bankruptcy) petition against a corporate debtor or a company with the aim of recovering a section of what they are to be paid or commence a restructuring but in the greater part of cases; however, bankruptcy is instigated by the debtor. The uniqueness of the housing bubble was that it also entailed a new faction of (economic) actors: individuals who managed to buy a home at least for the first time. Contrary to the conventional way of an individual purchasing a home and drawing out a mortgage, these innovative players could only part with their money on the condition that the market (housing) kept moving up. He further notes that the case could be renegotiated and the new actors would go on with owning their homes. The instances where the market declined, nonetheless, they would be forced to close out; and the securities attached to this form of mortgage would no doubt trade at a loss. It was established that even observers had the same opinion that the fall (of Lehman Brothers) was a turn around. Commentator Robert Lucas observed that the collapse of Lehman had a major significance (Zingales 10). Blinder, a famous economist, everything went down with the demise of Lehman. After the bankruptcy of this firm, no other investment appeared viable to the populace. Lending was stopped, and the economy was in turmoil. Lehman’s bankruptcy elicited panic that resulted in intimidating not only the financial system of the United States but as well the (financial) system of the entire globe. Some writers argue that the downfall of Lehman Brothers was as result of its very hard line (leverage) policy in the perspective of a main financial crisis while others are of the opinion that the cause of this crisis was a result of poor regulation, absence of transparency, and market contentment resulting from good returns occurring in a number of years. In the case of Lehman (and other investment banks), Zingales (12) explains that this problem was aggravated by two factors: the extremely high level of leverage (asset-to equity ratio) and the strong reliance on short-term debt financing. Financial leverage is a measure of how we use debts and equity to finance our assets. As our debts rise so does our financial leverage. most of the managers prefer us
Good decision-making supports the appropriate use of resources and helps tackle problems, achieve objectives, facilitate innovation, and motivate employees. According to the video, there are two categories of decision-making: programmed (repetitive, routine) and non-programmed (new, unique) (CommLab India, 2012). The process requires the collection of available information, development of different options, review of pros and cons, and commitment to a decision based on the established goals. The criteria for assessing a business decision may include the completion of the goals such as cost-efficiency, performance improvement, or production volume. Decisions might also be evaluated using the SWOT analysis providing a comprehensive assessment (Maulina & Raharja, 2018). The criteria used in the method are strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats following the implementation of the decision. Business decision-making begins with identifying possible win-win scenarios allowing to minimize harm and produce equal benefits for all parties. Ethical problems are often complex and uncertain, so it