ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The concepts of linguistic determinism, as well as the hypothesis of linguistic relativity, have long been a question of controversy. Linguistic determinism, in general, is the idea according to which one’s native language and its structures limit and identify the speaker’s process of thinking as well as knowledge, thought, perception, and memory. Linguistic relativity, on the other hand, is the form of linguistic determinism. The authors of the linguistic relativity hypothesis, also known as Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, proclaim that “the speakers of different languages think and perceive reality in different ways and that each language has its own world view” (Hussein 642). That means that very often that are certain concepts or words in one language that can be understood only by its native speakers and cannot be understood by those who do not live and think in it. As provided by one of the authors of this hypothesis, Edward Sapir, language shapes the speaker’s reality not simply reflects it, that is why people who speak and think in different languages have different perceptions of the world (Hussein 642). The other author, Benjamin Lee Whorf, who was Sapir’s student, went further and believed that the structures of the language, i.e. grammar, define the speaker’s mental activity and how he analyzes impressions but does not determine his worldview (Hussein 643). Linguistic relativity hypothesis, to my mind, is a controversial concept, but it does explain why people who think in different languages may have a different perception of reality, think and express their ideas differently. It can be proven, for example, by the fact that in one language there may be many words describing one common thing in a variety of its states while there is just one or not a single in the other or a number of words for naming colors depending on the nature of the speakers’ primary activities, etc. That is why I agree that the concepts of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity do prove that language influences the perception of reality. Syntax and Semantics Every language is a system functioning according to a certain set of rules that are known as syntax and semantics. Syntax is a set of grammar rules regarding word order in the sentences or their structure while semantics is about their meaning (Anderson 284). They are
Apple’s Supplier Code of Conduct includes more than twenty categories, which are published on their website in; the file provides a detailed description of different areas and dimensions and explains why the Code of Conduct is essential for the company and, therefore, its suppliers. The company has made changes in the following areas: accountability, empowering workers, labor and human rights, and environment, health and safety, (Apple Inc., 2017). The company conducts audits based on different risks of a facility such as social, environmental, and business risks (Apple Inc., 2017). Moreover, the company also examines the previous audit performance of a facility to understand how to prioritize the conducted audits. Furthermore, the company also uses anonymous complaint systems to ensure that every worker can report workplace violations and retaliations. Conducted audits are also reviewed by local third-party experts; this is done in order to show that Apple’s audits are free of possible bias or prejudices towards a facility. Moreover, audits supported by third-party experts are expected to be professional and quality (Apple Inc., 2017). The company avoids unethical business practices and strives to ensure that every supplier strictly follows the rules and demands expressed in the Code of Conduct because Apple sees itself a socially and environmentally responsible enterprise. That is why the company conducts thorough investigations of possible human right and environmental violations. Furthermore, the company’s representatives also develop a plan of improvement if any violations are detected; the company and the supplier work on the issues together so that the company can assess the improvement later. In 2015, 640 audits were conducted (Apple Inc., 2017). As the company’s mission and vision are directly linked to social change, it needs to work only with those suppliers that will agree to the expressed demands; some violations might lead to the contract’s termination. The next area is labor and human rights. Apple requires all suppliers that used underage labor to return children home and pay for their education until the child reaches the legal working age. It appears that this was done due to the several human right violations detected in 2013 and 2016. The company had to investigate child labor at the suppliers’ facility; child labor negatively influenced the company’s image as well because of their focus on changes and empowerment in society (Apple Inc., 2017). The supplier compliance has increased by 5% in 2016 (Apple Inc., 2017). The current trends in global business indicate that human rights and safe labor are becoming more important, especially for multinational enterprises such as Apple or Google. Therefore, the company cannot rely on or sign contracts with suppliers that cannot prove their competency in the discussed areas. First, it is contradictory to the company’s mission (Apple Inc., 2017). Second, the company’s image and reputation revolve around societal innovation and change, which is why violations in this area
Introduction History of Cyber Crime The virtual environment of the global network has been inundated with cybercriminals (Yar, 2013). According to Lewis University, the phenomenon of a cybercrime dates back to 1971, when the web was first invaded by the virus notoriously known as Creeper. It was very simple by the present-day standards, yet it managed to cause havoc across the Internet (Ruiz, Winter, & Park, 2015). Unfortunately, viruses and other tools used by cybercriminals are getting smarter and increasingly more sophisticated; causing global concerns regarding personal information and business data. A similar situation can be observed in the UAE (Enzer, 2011), which was identified by the Assocham-Mahindra SSG study as one of the countries that cybercriminals attacked India from (Sethi, 2015). Cyber Crime in the United Arab Emirates The recent introduction of updates to the UAE Cybercrime Law 2016 will impose a set of more augmented penalties on the offenders, including a life sentence. However; the specified regulation does not have tangible effects on cybercriminals as it does not allow for the willing acceptance of proper behavioral patterns and the recognition of cybercrime as an intrinsically negative phenomenon. Therefore; the development of programs aimed at changing the target audience’s concept of cybercrime is crucial. Cyber Crime in Dubai It is viewed positively that the current legislation reinforces the significance of the letter of the law. For instance, “Dubai Police have urged victims of online social networking sites to approach authorities because their hesitation encourages suspects to target more victims” (Al-Najami, 2010). However, the lack of information regarding the concept of cybercrime, the ways of inhibiting it and the tools that the UAE society can use to prevent cybercrimes are not completely obvious. Thus; the number of cybercrimes has been increasing in the UAE generally, and in Dubai particularly as shown in Figure 1 (Hasbini, 2014). Figure 1. Cyber Crimes in Dubai (2011–2013) (Hasbini, 2014). Therefore, the focus should be shifted from providing penalties to reinforcing knowledge promotion among ICT users. Also, awareness programs should be created to educate people on cybercrimes. Thus; significant progress can be expected. Accordingly, the UAE government saw the necessity and urgency to review the cybercrime law of 2012 and amend it to protect the society, economy, and environment more effectively. Policy Understanding, Formulation and Development The Federal Law No (2) of 2006 on the Prevention of Information Technology Crimes This law is meant to regulate the telecommunication sector and to deter the occurrence of cybercrimes. Article two through to four deals with t
Introduction In numerous schools where psychology is taught, psychology tutors and students define cognitive psychology as a discipline that deals with memory, erudition, thoughts, verbal communication, and sometimes visual processing of information in individuals. The main aim of studying psychology is to gain a deeper understanding of a person’s ability in performing things normally. Different individuals face different challenges; many that leave them puzzled and wondering why they did happen that way. Sometimes, these people find it hard to deploy an answer or even speculate the core reason as to why things happen either positively, or negatively. However, this was not to remain that way forever. Several researchers and scholars developed theories leading to the explanation of these facts. As far as the mental ability of a person concerns, the ups and downs of life seem to pose serious challenges to people; hence, the need for quick developmental adjustments. Nevertheless, from these theories sprung beliefs that each should embrace, to experience proper human conduct and stimulations. Today, the study of cognitive psychology has led to the establishment of one school of thought-cognitivism, which will look at various disciplines in the psychology of human beings. Among these fields include the study of people’s perceptions and thinking styles, ability to flashback, conduct, study skills and mental abilities like idiom and recollection. The paper will examine milestones within cognitive psychology that have so far led to the successful study of psychological disciplines. (Eckardt, 1993, pp. 1-12). Milestones in the development of cognitive psychology as a discipline The struggle to adopt new and substantive theories to explain cognitive psychology continued even up to the end of the 19th century. The rise in cognitive descriptions among individuals continued to fascinate psychologists even more; thus demanding more explanations and new theories. For example, at the dawn of the 19th cent
Introduction In any institution, managers play a significant role in motivating their employees. Efficient management in the workplace is very important in creating positive motivation and high morale among employees (Ingram, 2009). Morale is the most powerful emotion that employees bring to any work. On the other hand, the ability of managers to motivate their employees through shared communication and vision is the most important ability that great managers bring to their workplaces. Therefore, for employees to be highly motivated, there must be good management. Statement of the problem St Peter’s Hospital, just like other hospitals, is faced with a lot of challenges, which include technological changes, cuts in budgets, new management, and a need for increased productivity among its employees. All these factors have contributed significantly to dampening the morale of employees. Different studies carried on the causes of low morale among employees showed that poor management is a key factor that influences morale. It is, therefore, the aim of this study to look into the morale and satisfaction of employees of St Peter’s Hospital and to investigate the relationship between management and morale. Literature review Morale can be defined as an abstract concept that refers to how constructive and positive a particular group feels towards the institution they work for, including the special feeling that they share with each other like, trust. Ingram (2009) also defines morale as “the broad level of assurance or optimism experienced by an individual or a group of persons and which has an effect on their willingness to do something.” Management, on the other hand, is the process of putting people together in a working environment with the aim of achieving the goals and objectives of an organization by making use of available resources effectively and competently (Watson, 2009). Different studies show that there is a direct relationship between how organizations manage their human resources and employee’s morale. Managers normally perform different functions, among them organizing, planning, and staffing. However, the most important job of a manager is managing and motivating employees. This is because employees are the heart of any organization, and they have a great impact on the overall performance of a company. Highly motivated employees are more productive, while less motivated employees are less productive. Managers must, therefore, come up with ways of ensuring that their employees are always motivated. Some of the major managerial factors that influence employees’ morale include pay, the w
Child abuse is one of the most important social problems in the whole world that has to be solved as soon as it is identified. People cannot even understand the true effects of child abuse on the future of a society; this is why the question of child abuse as well as child neglect has to be discussed all the time in order to avoid the most unpleasant consequences and help children in need. The development of a Capstone Project will become a new step in solving the problem and thinking about the possible ways of improvement the situation and creation the most appropriate living conditions for children. The following time line with the specific dates should serve as evidence that the project mentioned above is about to start and has to be improved. 03/09/15  Read the articles on how to develop a powerful problem of a capstone project.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 03/13/15  Identify a problem for a project and prove its urgency for research (the effects of child abuse is a too general topic that has to be narrowed in order to propose definite solutions).                                                                                                                                                                       03/16/15  Visit a library and surf the web in order to think about the possible options for a problem statement (the effects of child abuse is a frequently discussion topic, this is why it is necessary to consider up-to-date sources and make notes with all necessary references not to lose the most interesting sources with statistics and real-life examples). 03/20/15  Write a problem statement and get an approval from a tutor.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   03/23/15  Start collecting sources that will become a basis for a project.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              03/25/15  Interview children and parents around what they think about the issue of child abuse, whether they face this problem, and what solutions they are eager to offer.                                                                                                                                                                                             03/27/15  Critique and summarise the ideas from different sources in order to create an integrated literature review.
Introduction Handcuffs on the hands of an individual are the symbol of a person that has been arrested. Nonetheless, this attribute continuously sparks discussions concerning the necessity of such measures when arresting a person (Martinot, 2014). The debaters divided into two camps. One-half believed that handcuffing was obligatory, and the other thought of handcuffing as of excessive force. Consequently, the court policy on handcuffing should be reevaluated in order to minimize the disparity between the two camps (Phillips, 2013). Policy The current handcuffing policy states that the use of limiting devices is obligatory for all inmates, except if in the law enforcement officer’s decision unusual conditions appear which make the exploitation of handcuffs intolerable or needless (Quintard-Morenas, 2015). The current policy also presupposes that there should be only a limited number of situations when pre-arresting handcuffing may be lawful. Theory The updated policy is intended to diminish the use of excessive force when arresting individuals. This objective has to be achieved by tolerant use of handcuffs in cases when the police officer recognizes unlawful activity (Iv, Frank, & Liederbach, 2014). The new policy is based on the belief that law enforcement officers are only permitted to use the minimum amount of power required to defend themselves and transport the suspect into police department custody (Phillips, 2013). Intended Outcome The new policy is designed to minimize the number of arrests where the wrongdoers were put in handcuffs and treated with an excessive amount of force. Another intended outcome of this policy is improved self-assurance of the police officers and their upgraded ability to conduct detention (Martinot, 2014). The most important outcome is the minimization of the number of restrained individuals that are handcuffed while attending court. Efficacy The efficacy of this novel policy lies in the fact that by being just towards the convicts the court will be able to elicit trust and respect in the detained individuals (Quintard-Morenas, 2015). The efficacy of this policy can be evaluated by the percentage of people who behaved appropriately during the court hearing (not wearing handcuffs). Nonetheless, the act of handcuffing an individual may not correlate with the probable personal objectives of a convicted criminal. Efficiency The efficiency of the policy can be measured by the number of the detainees that the court will be able to judge without applying any excessive force throughout the process (Quintard-Morenas, 2015). It is rather important to understand that the efficiency of this new policy cannot
Introduction Justice is one of the most essential moral and political notions in both contemporary and traditional worlds. According to the modern definition of the term, the concept refers to actions that are morally right. They are also those acts that respect the freedoms and rights of all individuals in society. On their part, philosophers define justice in both moral and political aspects. The scholars try to understand how the notion applies to social and ethical decision making processes in society (Plato 140). In Greek philosophy, for example, justice was termed as a virtue in action. To most philosophers, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, the concept was used in reference to goodness and the desire to abide by laws. It was regarded as the true principle of social life. In this paper, the author will look at justice by highlighting Socrates’ critique of Cephalus and Polemarchu’s view of the concept. To this end, the author will address two key questions. They include the view of justice that forms the basis of Socrates’ criticism and the reason why the philosopher found Cephalus and Polemarchus definitions and views of justice unsatisfactory. The View of Justice that Forms the Basis of Socrates Critique The idea of justice forming the basis of Socrates’ criticism is the varying definitions by different philosophers in his time. There were various views and theories of justice that were formulated and promoted by a number of scholars. Plato saw justice as a virtue that involves developing a rational order. Each ‘branch’ of this virtue carries out the ‘right’ duty without interfering with the functioning of other parts (Plato 45). According to Aristotle, justice is a concept used to refer to lawful and fair actions carried out by individuals in society. The just acts entail equal distributions and correction of what is unfair. Cephalus was a rich and highly respected elder of Socrates City. He was a scholar in his own right. He defines justice as an endeavor to express the basic Hesiodic conception (Plato 128). The elder believed that the notion means living up to one’s legal obligations. In addition, he viewed honesty as an important aspect of justice. On the other hand, Polemarchus defines the concept as the idea of owing friends’ help and enemies’ harm. It is clear that the definition differs from that of Cephalus. However, the two descriptions also have a close relationship. The reason is that they have a similar imperative of depicting what is due to all persons in society. The imperative forms the basis of S
Introduction: On the Relationships between People and Nature There is no need to mention the sad fact that the relationships between people and nature, including most of its elements, have been rather complicated, especially since the advent of technological progress and the consequent pollution issues. According to the humanist principles, animals must be granted the right to live, as well as the right to be treated in a humane way. However, in the late XX and early XXI century, with the progress of the humanist ideas peaking as they never have before, one of the aspects of the nature-vs.-nurture conflict has become especially debatable. Since in the age of democracy, it has become obvious that every single person has his/her own rights and freedoms, it has been suggested that the concept of rights must be applicable not only to people, but also to every single living being, i.e., the animal world as well. Therefore, the given idea entails the prohibition of killing animals for the sake of fur, leather or food production (Fudge 75). Although modern technologies allow for creating artificial leather and fur, the problem of substituting meat remains open. Since most people are not ready to become vegetarian, giving animals an indefeasible right to live might be a hasty decision. From One Extreme to Another: From Beyond the Barricades It is worth admitting that both sides of the argument, i.e., the people who believe that animals should be given their indefeasible rights, as well as the people who do not consider it possible to provide animals with rights. To start with, the opinion of the proponents of animal rights crusade should be considered. The reasons behind the actions of fighters for animal rights are quite simple. According to what the activists like PETA say, animals are living beings; they can feel pain, switch moods, display certain social behavior, and, therefore, must be provided with legal rights (Fox 203). Simple enough the given argument is still very convincing. The opponents of the fighters for animal rights often use the arguments of the latter to prove the point. According to what Cohen and Regan say, “for the advocates of animal rights in the strict sense, the utilitarian arguments of the ‘liberation’ camp are not only insecure but dangerous. In some cases, at last, the calculations of good and bad consequences of animal use is virtually certain to yield a result not favorable to the animals. But in such cases the liberationist defense of animals must collapse, resting as it does on the calculations of the worth of outcomes” (Cohen and Regan 8). It would be wrong, however, to consider that the arguments of those who are against providing animals with rights are restricted to nitpicking on the ideas of the animal rights proponents. As a rule, the key argument of the people who believe that animals do not need the human concept of rights is that in the animal kingdom, there is no concept of morality. Since rights arise in the sphere of the latter (Cohen and Regan 8), it can be considered that the concept