ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
As people say, education is the key to life. It can open doors of opportunity to people and the society in general. Education is not just about acquiring academic knowledge but it is more about applying this knowledge to the wellbeing of the society. Education is multidimensional, it has aspects that enable someone to influence the society, improve social skills and one is able to rise up to the challenges that affect our society. There is therefore an enormous responsibility on the part of those seeking education to do all they can so that they can make use of formal and informal educational opportunities in the society and educational institutions. Since educational institutions like schools, colleges and universities have a primary role of educating the society, it is important for these institutions to create an environment of academic and social excellence. My school campus has taken an important step to promote an environment of respect and appreciation. This is a very important step that would promote the wellbeing of students, our immediate society and the general society in general. An environment of respect and appreciation will boost the self esteem of all the students at my school campus. Just the way one can look himself at the mirror to judge his/her physical; appearance, the power of other people’s judgment on someone is very significant. The need for appreciation is an inherent human want that we are all in need of. People are therefore only able to achieve their full potential when they are encouraged by others (not continuously criticized). Internal self confidence is so important because it determines our attitudes which inturn determine our capacity to achieve anything. This internal self confidence is directly proportional to the treatment that we get from others. Personally in my life, I have felt greatly been pained to see talents go to waste and people’s lives wasted just because they had no self confidence. For the few that personally took an obligation to try and encourage, I came to use an approach that I have always believed is helpful. My approach in such circumstances is trying and boring into the past lives of the people concerned. One truth that I have always discovered is that these are people who have suffered from a wrong social atmosphere where they did not get the appreciation and respect for who they are, what they have done and what they are capable of. My observation is that such kind of people normally hide themselves in social cocoons as they live isolated lives since they cannot trust anyone and believe that every one is out to hurt them and that no one appreciates them. It
Introduction Food-borne diseases are at times referred to as food poisoning. These are illnesses that result from the consumption of food that is contaminated. It may contain pathogenic bacteria, parasites, or viruses that have contaminated the food (McKellar et al. , 1994). These diseases may also be caused when one consumes some natural or chemical toxins. Such toxins include those found in poisonous mushrooms. Chilled, ready-to-eat meals are believed to be of the highest risk (Michino and Otsuki, 2000). Reasons include fabrication or distribution of food with no thermal sanitation procedures. These are required to treat them. This paper will discuss the causes of food-borne illnesses associated with chilled, ready-to-eat food. It will also discuss the factors affecting them and the prevention and control measures to be put in place. The diseases The causes of these illnesses are diverse. Examples include improper handling of the food materials, contamination during the preparation phase, and improper food storage. Various toxins present in the environment can also cause these diseases. Aside from the microbial pathogens and natural toxins that cause the diseases, there are artificial chemicals that may cause food-borne diseases. These include medicines and pesticides, among various other chemicals. Food-borne microbial pathogens that cause diseases include bacteria and viruses. Many of the food-borne diseases that are well known are caused by bacteria. The major bacteria (pathogens) that are known to cause such diseases include Escherichia coli , Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella, Staphylococcal enteritis, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera , and Campylobacter jejuni. Certain records have been kept concerning the prevalence and frequency of foodborne diseases caused by these bacteria. In a study conducted in the U.K., Campylobacter jejuni was the bacteria that caused most of the food-borne diseases. It was responsible for at least 77.3% of all foodborne diseases. This means that it is the most prevalent. Salmonella came second in the rating. It caused 20.9% of the food-borne diseases in the U.K. Escherichia coli was responsible for 1.4% of all foodborne diseases. The remaining 0.1% of cases of food-borne diseases were caused by the other contaminants (McKellar et al. , 1994). A long time ago, people used to believe that bacteria caused most food-borne diseases (Michino and Otsuki, 2000). This was due to the lack of the proper technologies that were required to test for norovirus. Surveillance of the specific agents was also not being conducted. Normally, infections from bacteria take time to be effective. This is because of the nature of bacteria. It needs more time to multiply. The symptoms from bacterial infections may take between 12 hours and three days to be seen. Examples of diseases include periodontitis, Salmonella typhimurium, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and many other diseases. Viruses also cause many foodborne diseases in developed countries. It has been estimated that viruses cause one-third of all such diseases. In the U.S., for example, more than fifty percent of all food-borne diseases are ca
Amazon is an E-commerce company whose headquarters are in Seattle, Washington. It is the largest online retailer in the world. Apart from the United States, the company has retail websites in nine other countries namely the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, and China (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes 2011). This presentation shall analyze the elements that give the company a competitive advantage. In order to establish dominance in its line of business, Amazon had to maintain long-term market leadership. This was achieved through a focus on fast-moving products, adoption of a diversification strategy and the avoidance of debt. Strategy Amazon’s stability has been grounded on a three-pillar strategy whose key constituent elements are selection, price and convenience (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes 2011). In terms of selection, the company’s success has come through the provision of a wide selection of products (Saunders 2001). The company has also developed its own electronic products, notably the Kindle e-book reader and the Kindle Fire tablet computer (Spector 2000; Mara 2004). This, in addition to the provision of cloud-computing services, has made the company grow from strength to strength. Amazon has also managed to maintain a competitive edge through offering prices that buyers regard as favorable (Daisy 2002). Unlike its competitors, the company has ensured that the quality of service provided is superior even when they offer discounts and other forms of price reduction (Kalpanik and Pamela T 2011). For instance, there are situations in which the company offers free shipping for products bought through its various websites. In such cases, the company still provides a quality guarantee even when this is bound to reduce the profits made from the sale (Marcus 2004). The other element that has made the company continue with its strong growth is ensuring that the demand for convenience by customers is well met. This has been achieved by constantly seeking customer feedback, something that has helped the company make informed decisions, including the opening of new storage facilities (Brandt 2011). For instance, in 2008 after analyzing customer feedback, the company opened warehouses in Hazleton and Arizona to help deal with growing customer demands (Schepp, Schepp and Richardson 2009). It is also by listening to customer demands that the company moved to
The target market of Aetna In his speech, Ron William emphasizes that in the United States, healthcare services are provided to the citizens through their employers; this approach is very different from those of other countries. In the United States, employers have to contract with healthcare plans such as Aetna to deliver healthcare services. In turn, Aetna contracts with physicians, doctors, and hospitals, and other healthcare providers. Aetna’s purpose is to negotiate with the healthcare providers and arrange discounts for the employers and, this way, influence the availability of healthcare services for the population. This means that Aetna’s target market includes employers who provide cover healthcare services for the employees and the providers of healthcare services. Aetna’s target market also includes the healthcare systems of other countries and unique customers who purchase Aetna’s products. The positive aspect of Aetna’s target market definition is that it unites both the providers and the receivers of the healthcare services. At the same time, this approach creates more than one focus for the organization, which could cause conflicts within Aetna due to the different needs and interests of the two parties they target. Financial performance of Aetna Speaking about Aetna’s financial performance, Ron Williams compares the time when Aetna was among the lowest performers of the industry to a sinking ship. He mentions that when a ship is sinking, it becomes very clear what to do. By this comparison, Ron Williams means that when the company is at the very bottom of its industry, there is only one direction for it to move in – upwards. When the company is at the bottom – its goal is clear; its plan is simple. At the same time, when the company is doing well, there are so many options and directions for development that confusion is inevitable. Managing a change Ron Williams emphasizes that being able to manage change is vital for a professional in any field. Being able to manage change is having the needed flexibility to operate in the circumstances of rapid developm
Despite being one of the densely populated cities across the globe, Hong Kong is admired by many people because of its unique features, natural habitats, and living conditions. The availability of opportunities and avenues for pursuing personal goals explain why the city is admired by many people. However, the latest rankings show conclusively that Hong Kong is no longer the best city to live in (Fu, Guo, & Zang 2012). Such rankings should be used as a wake-up call to implement new measures to ensure Hong Kong reclaims its position. Viewpoints About the Current Results The latest findings have indicated that Hong Kong does not feature anywhere as one of the best cities to live in ( HK rated ‘most livable’ city in China 2016). For instance, the Economist Intelligence Unit indicated that Hong Kong is the 43 rd best city in terms of livability. Similar studies conducted by the Chinese University of Hong Kong placed the city at number 70 in terms of quality of life (QoF) index. The Monocle placed the city at number of eighteen. Such findings show conclusively that something is ineffective somewhere. This situation should therefore be considered in order to come up with new strategies and implementations (The Chinese University of Hong Kong University, 2015). The most important thing is to embrace the power of different models such as the lean approach and sustainability science. Models of change have the potential to transform the cultural values, social features, and attributes of a specific community. These models focus on new behaviors and practices to drive sustainability. Individuals who want to realize their potentials must be on the frontline to implement the most desirable changes. Teamwork should also be embraced throughout the process. The practice has the potential to attract more people with similar expectations. These skills explain why I always work hard in an attempt to realize my potentials (Ng 2016). This knowledge can therefore be embraced by the people in Hong Kong to make their city admirable once again. New skills in science and technology have the potential to promote knowledge and eventually make the city livable. The ultimate goal of scientific knowledge is to use evidence-based data and information to make informed decisions. Science can be used effectively to understand the major issues defining the surrounding natural world (Johns & Lindner 2012). These two fields present powerful models and concepts that can bring mankind to a new level of knowledge. Science and technology are powerful forces that dictate the nature of the world today. When used adequately, both technology and science can transform the manner in which human beings live. These notions can be analyzed and considered in order to transform a number of areas in Hong Kong. The first stage is engaging in scientific research in order to understand why Hong Kong is no longer one of the most livable cities in Asia. This practice will guide and help more people in Hong Kong to come up with new ideas and knowledge. The “development of tech
Obesity is considered to be a chronic metabolic disease occurring at any age. This disease manifests by a bodyweight increase due to the accumulation of fatty tissue. Obesity is predisposed by genetic and hereditary factors. The main reason for this is an imbalance between the expenditure of energy index in the body and its absorption. The interaction of interconnected systems controlling the energy system is the incentive for body regulation weight (Hauff et al., 2020). Patients with obesity require help from teams that include doctors, pharmacists, nurses, and other medical personnel. The current health issue of obesity requires the constant observation of health care experts. The nurse’s primary responsibility is to counsel and support patients while they combat this disease. The evidence-based intervention involves 20 patients and 5 nurses. A particular plan for each patient has to be designed by a nurse and presented with a schedule of exercises and a balanced diet. It is essential to operate on evidence-based practices to get a working knowledge in this sphere. It is necessary to conduct evaluations to detect possible side-effects of obesity disease undergoing. My preceptor advised me to concentrate on the visual part while presenting the prevalence of obesity globally and emphasizing the importance of preventing this condition. We also discussed the details of the evidence-based intervention, which made me improve my presentation and make it more high-yield. The oral presentation helped me train my reporting skills and the skill of conducting a dialogue with the audience. I was asked a few questions, most of them related to future perspectives of this intervention and my ideas about researching obesity in general. The experience of both interprofessional collaboration and oral presentation of the results will be beneficial for me and my future practice. Reference Hauff, C., Fruh, S. M., Sims, B. M., Williams, S. G., Herf, C., Golden, A., Graves, R. J., Minchew, L. A., & Hall, H. R. (2020). Nurse practitioner students’ observations of preceptor engagement in obesity management and weight bias: A mixed-methods approach. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 32 (7), 520–529.
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in maintaining a healthy immune system. Beginning in the 1990s, researchers began classifying a new group of T cells that is now known as regulatory T cells. There is therefore a need to fully understand the mechanism that allows Tregs to inhibit the hyperactivity of T cells that can be both beneficial as well as cause significant damage to the human body. Understanding the action of Tregs is not only important when it comes to preventing autoimmune diseases, it can also be used to solve the problem of organ transplants. On the other hand, knowledge of both Tregs and T cells can increase the ability of man to prevent not only harmful infections but also the prevention of cancer and other abnormal cell growth. Mechanism It is imperative that there must be a balance between immunity and tolerance in order to maintain immune homeostasis (Taams & Akbar, p. 115). This has been clearly framed by researchers from the Department of Experimental Pathology, Kyoto University when they asserted that, “The mammalian immune system protects the host from a broad range of pathogenic micro-organisms while avoiding misguided or excessive immune reactions that would be deleterious to the host” (Sakaguchi et al., p. 775). A weak immune response will make the body susceptible to diseases as well as increasing the risk for cancer and related problems. On the other hand an overly active immune response will cause unwanted damage to human tissues. There is therefore great importance in striking the correct balance between immunological self-tolerance and the strengthening of weak immune responses (Sakaguchi et al., p. 775). The mammalian immune system uses a complex mechanism that aids in the destruc
Bureaucracy is an organization that is composed of non-elected officials in a government who play an important role in the implementing of proposed policies. Bureaucracy is one of the major ways that has helped many governments to implement their policies effectively. In bureaucracy, an organisation is structured hierarchically where particular functions are conducted in a certain way. In the government bureaucracy, there is no single set of leaders who dominates the management unlike in the case of private bureaucracies. In any government, the major role of bureaucracies is to serve the citizenry. They play a pivotal role in mitigating the government inefficiencies that tend to undermine the progress in the country. Generally, bureaucracy plays a significant role in the formulation and implementation of policies and participating in other issues on governance. In every system adopted by the government, bureaucracy is important in running the state affairs since it is characterized by a higher level of efficiency and effectiveness. Federal bureaucracy in the United States plays a significant role in the government. It ensures that the citizens achieves maximum benefits from the taxes they pay (Schmidt, Shelley, Bardes, and Ford 483). In this case, the federal bureaucracy plays a significant role in the implementation of the budget and other financial functions. Therefore, the federal bureaucracy is very powerful in the US. However, it has been politicized; the fact that tends to undermine its effectiveness. The federal bureaucracy is also connected to other state bodies by providing the financial assistance. For instance, both the department of Housing and Urban Development and the Department of Education distributed the funds to other branches at the state levels (Schmidt, Shelley, Bardes, and Ford 485). Foreign Policy: Export Policy The export policy is one of the most critical policies in the US. This is because it has a significant implication to the country’s economic performance and security. The policy provides the guidelines on the export of some sensitive equipment like software and technology in an effort to control the country’s security interests (Export Control par 3). The effectiveness of the Export Control System policies is significantly determined by the political decisions to adhere to the norms set (Export Control par 5). One of the institutions involved in this process is the Department of State. This plays an important role in implementing the statutes related to exports (Export Control par 6). The Department of Commerce also has a significant role in the implementation of export policies. In collaboration with other agencies, the Department of Commerce regulates the export or ev
The American legal system recognizes two main types of court actions, namely, criminal and civil actions (Ashworth and Horder, 2013). A civil action involves a dispute between the wronged party (the plaintiff) and the accused party (the defendant). The dispute involves claims of imposition of injury and/ or destruction of property. On the other hand, a criminal action involves the state or society bringing a case against the accused party in the determination of whether the latter committed the offence in question, thereby leading to punishment of the guilty party (Herring, 2012). The goal and objective of a civil case is to ensure that the legal duty entitled to the plaintiff is fulfilled by the defendant. On the contrary, the goal of a criminal case is to prosecute the accused party and ensure justice prevails, that is, the determination of innocence or guilt of the accused party. The remedy and outcome of a civil case is the financial compensation of loss suffered by the plaintiff, if the defendant is considered guilty of the accusation. On the other hand, the outcome of a criminal case involves imprisonment or payment of a fine by the guilty party. The plaintiff in a civil case commences legal action by filing a complaint against the accused party in a court of law. The plaintiff can also call the defendant to testify and vice versa. In a criminal case, however, the prosecutor, acting on behalf of the state or society, is tasked with filing the case with the court. In this case, the victim does not file the complaint as in the case of a civil action. In addition, the victim cannot be forced to testify in a criminal case (Ross, 2014).
Public transit forms the backbone of commuter transport in Melbourne 1 . It consists of buses, trams, and trains. City circle tram, which offers a free service, forms the main mode of transport around the perimeter of the Central Business District (CBD). In the year 2010, these three combined made 504 million trips, which played a major role in easing public transport 2 . Trains play the biggest role with a single Melbourne train line being able to move more than 50,000 passengers per hour 3 . The Central Business District is served by two railway stations namely Flinders Street Station and Southern Cross Station. Moreover, there is a light train service that serves Port Melbourne and St Kilda, which are very popular tourist destinations. Tram departure points are spread throughout the CBD. These facts leave no doubt that Melbourne public transit in the form of buses trams and trains have achieved their goal of easing transportation. A closer look however reveals the social impact of public transit in Melbourne in regard to social interaction. Unlike private transport, Public transport brings people from all walks of life together. Private transport has been known to inhibit interaction by effectively secluding people or confining them to their families. In Melbourne for example one tram moves as many passengers as 140 cars would and one train moves as many passengers as 800 cars would 4 . Looking at these statistics it is evident that one tram is capable of bringing 140 families together or better still one train can bring 800 families together. Some these strangers brought together by circumstances start conversing about mundane things like weather and go on and on about other things in life and many times friendships are started. On other instances, friends commute together and increase the time they usually spend together which is also a form of interaction. Social interaction theory is the process where human beings respond to others. In respect to that theory, social interaction occurs when these families and individuals brought toge