ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
John Maynard Keynes is a British economist whose theory revolutionized economic thinking in the early 20th century and helped to overcome one of the greatest economic crises in history. His major ideas and suggestions concerning the necessity of spending and the government’s intervention were adopted by Franklin D. Roosevelt to battle the Great Depression. Even now, Keynes’ diagnosis of recessions remains the basis of modern macroeconomics and is used by modern economists to predict severe economic challenges. In general, the focus on investments and the necessity of the government’s intervention in economy for its stabilization may be regarded as the main elements of Keynes’ theory. Before a stock market crash and subsequent severe global economic depression started in 1029, a capitalist economy was believed to have an automatic mechanism of the regulation of the free market and full employment (Ghosh & Ghosh, 2020). In turn, Keynes argued the existence of this mechanism and identified several factors that, along with unemployment, may lead to recessions. First of all, according to the economist, insufficient aggregate demand and focus on saving instead of investing are the major causes of downturns. In other words, when people start to save money instead of spending, the demand for services and goods inevitably declines, and businesses’ sales fall off as well. Therefore, saving causes lower national income that, in turn, prevents households from new saving goals’ achievement. As a result, lower sales lead to limited production, declining profits, a rise in unemployment, and an economic slowdown. Thus, prevailing investment rate
In most economies, entertainment is one the fastest growing industries and video games occupy top positions. As a video console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment, the Playstation game is rated as one of the greatest games in the history of video games. In September 2011, a total of seventy one million units were sold. It is important to note that the series was first introduced into the global market in the year 1994. The game’s features have been improved over the years and the high sales are attributed to this fact. This success caught attention of researchers and scholars in a variety of fields. All of them agree that Playstation has revolutionized the world of video games (Yoon, 2013, n.p). It has also made substantial contributions to the economy and social field. First, the Playstation is both a direct and indirect source of employment (Gallagher, 2012, n.p). The manufacturing industry employs hundreds of employees in its various departments. This is a direct employment. Also, a variety of people are employed in the gaming lounges. A lot of businessmen are involved in the selling of the game and its accessories. The Playstation contributes to the economy by offering employment. Apparently, it contributed to a 16% growth of America’s Gross Domestic Product (Games improving the economy, n.d, n.p). The Playstation offers a means through which people can communicate. This has been done effectively through the Playstation channel (Channels, n.d, n.p). A typical example in this case is the channel known as ‘United Village’. This channel allows young people to know about the problems of people living in third world courtiers and rural areas (Yoon, 2013, n.p). Other young people are also encouraged to give their ideas on how this situation can be improved. In this way, there is a two way communication. The young people get to know a lot of things about the world. This sort of information not only promotes creativity, but it also offers food for thought. This is an avenue for creativity. The Playstation video game has also improved the education sector. Through the above channel, a lot of young people get enlightened on the issues facing the rest of the world. Furthermore, the Playstation has applications which allow users to access information on other channels such as the ‘Live Channel’. All these are forms of education for any person who utilizes this game. The Playstation is not like any other video game. It has merged both information technology and entertainment (Channels, n.d, n.p). In this way, gamers have access to useful information. Moreover, evidence shows that most gamers prefer to use this game as a mode of relaxation. As a result, they become even more productive (Gallagher, 2012, n.p). This is a complete transformation from the normal video games. The Playstation is a great invention that has revolutionized the wor
In 2009, a fire broke out at the cold-storage and warehouse building and killed six fire fighters. The firefighters died after they lost their way in the warehouse. They were searching for two homeless people who had allegedly started the fire and exited the building. After a police officer on patrol noticed smoke coming from the building, he contacted Central Dispatch for help. The police officer reported that smoke was visible on the top of the building indicting that part of the building was on fire. The fire raged for more than an hour before the first alarm was sounded. Among the rescue team were 73 fire fighters who responded after disappearance of six fire fighters in the first rescue team. The fire fighters who died were responding to the first alarm call. During the search mission, two firefighters lost way in the warehouse and died. Even though one of them raised alarm, there was no time to save him. After thorough investigation, the missing fire fighters were identified. The office of the District Attorney attributed the death of the firefighters to complications that resulted from effects of the fire. Two of them died of severe burns, inhalation of toxic gases, and exposure to heat. The other four died due to inhalation of smoke, hot gases, and soot. Rescue operations were ineffective because they succumbed to the effects of the fire before being rescued. After the incident, several recommendations were proposed to improve firefighters’ safety. Inspection of vacant houses should be conducted to enable firefighters familiarize with their construction plans and designs. In addition, establishing a plan that includes possible obstacles is also important. Inspection of buildings will enable easy navigation by firefighters during a fire. Two of the six fire fighters died because they lost their way in the building. The fire department should always be prepared for fires by ensuring that their fire equipment is functional and in good condition. There should be a different command protocol followed. For example, the Incident Commander should have a partner so that during emergencies such as fires, an automatic response can help save lives. The fire department equipment should be upgrade. This will involve ensuring that their equipment is fully functional and adequate. Failure to save the six who did resulted from inadequacies in their firefighting equipment. The incident commander should be more responsible. This will involve knowing all personnel offering help in a rescue mission. In case of a fire situation, he can easily identify missing individuals and start a search. A Rapid Intervention Team should be established and be ready whenever there is an emergency. In most cases, fire-fighting companies are usually busy and may not be able to respond to an alarm call when an emergency occurs. To avoid losses because of unavailabili
Introduction There are a variety of options used by psychologists, psychiatrists, and counselors to identify the symptoms of mental health issues and psychiatric disorders among patients. In turn, the Rorschach test is considered one of the most popular and developed assessment systems utilized in different parts of the world. This test has got a vast spread throughout the media, which is why the majority of the worldwide population is aware of this test due to movies, TV-shows, and fictional stories. On the one hand, such considerable popularity of this assessment tool can be explained by its effectiveness in the process of detecting numerous psychiatric issues. On the other hand, this test has been criticized by scientists and healthcare providers for several decades in a row. Nowadays, this te
Japanese Effects of the American voyage were felt widely on Japanese territory. This prompted them to embrace the technical and industrial culture that was a preserve of the Europeans. The nation passed on this culture to its colonies during the occupation (Everett & Lau 200). It should be noted that Japan bore economic interests in the territories to which she expanded. They took an interest in Korea due to the prescience of agricultural land and raw materials. They also had their security in mind as they undertook the venture. Okinawa was taken for the resources therein and territorial security, while Hokkaido provided prospects for the agro-industry and lumber, among other resources. Their attempt at taking China was propelled by the availability of a ready market, raw materials and farmland. They were able to expand their territories successfully into Hokkaido, Meiji and Ainu regions, spreading agriculturalist tendencies in place of hunting and gathering. They also exploited Korea’s sea ports for personal benefit. It is noteworthy, that they encountered resistance from the Soviet nation, which also had interests in the region and the Chinese troops who were protecting their territory from occupation. North American The only North American state that took up colonialism and migratory activities was the United States of America. There are glaring differences in tact between the American and European take over strategies. This is because American took up permanent residences in these states and worked to wards their prosperity on all fronts. On the other hand, the Britons and other European colonizers established their territories for political and economic success. It should be noted that some of the islands th
Discussion Pablo Carlos Pineda, a 32-year-old homeless male, has been charged with raping four females in Santa Monica and Los Angeles, California. The crimes were performed between January and July of 2016 (Emerson, 2016). Currently, Pineda’s case is analyzed by prosecutors. In order to discuss the male’s crimes in detail, it is important to focus on the relationship between the suspect and victims from the perspective of Hans von Hentig’s theory. Pineda attacked his female victims when they were walking near the waterline in the evening. The victims were not accompanied by other persons. According to von Hentig’s typology of victims, females were selected as the target of the aggressor’s actions because they are usually perceived as being weaker than males (Jaishankar & Ronel, 2013). Thus, females cannot repel the aggressor, and they become potential victims if they are unaccompanied in a public place (Zaykowski & Campagna, 2014). In addition, Pineda did not pay much attention to the time when he attacked victims, and crimes were performed before the sunset (Emerson, 2016). From this point, the aggressor did not expect that females could repel the sexual attack and attract the public’s attention. When the first victim did not demonstrate the effective repulse, Pineda understood that, in his relationship with a victim, he had more power. As a result, attacks became more aggressive, and, in April, Pineda not only raped the woman but also beat her using a brick (Emerson, 2016). The fourth victim was kidnapped because the criminal realized his impact on females. From this point, the victims were determinants of the crime. The effective repulse and active women’s actions could prevent Pineda from continuing his crimes. According to von Hentig’s theory, the control and prevention of crimes depend on the nature of relationships between victims and aggressors (Jaishankar & Ronel, 2013). Thus, Pineda continued attacking and raping women because female victims allowed him to treat them in that manner. In addition, victims can behave in such a way that their actions provoke attacks of aggressors. This notion is known as victim precipitation (Zaykowski & Campagna, 2014). A crime is a specific type of social interaction, and both Pineda and his victims contributed to the observed outcomes. Therefore, those females who became the victims of the suspect could provoke the man in any manner. The women could walk in lonely places, they could wear provocative clothes, and they could stare at the suspect or
The relationship between the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the African Union (AU) is among the hottest topics in Africa. Consequently, the AU has discussed its soaring relationship with the ICC in all its recent summits. An article by Maru, in the opinion segment of the Aljazeera, best explains this debacle. An earlier article by Hoile, in the New African Magazine, also breaks down this fiasco. Both articles look at the current state of affairs between African nations and the ICC. Maru gives a general picture of why Africans are critical about the ICC, but takes the court’s side at the end of the article. For instance, he relates AU’s displeasure with the court to the Kenyan case and warrant of arrest for President Omar Al Bashir. Hoile, on the other hand, seems to hold the notion that the ICC has failed in its mandate. He challenges the court to produce any tangible achievement that can justify millions of euros spent on it since its establishment. Nonetheless, these two articles provide an insight into an important issue in Africa. Maru’s article follows a global campaign by the AU against the ICC in a bid to fulfill a request by the East African countries. The arrest warrant for President Al Bashir and the ongoing court proceedings facing President Uhuru Kenyatta and his deputy have resulted into AU’s recent spat with the court. According to Maru, this war reached its peak when the AU blocked the ICC from opening a liaison office in Addis Ababa. In addition, AU’s recent extraordinary summit has the ICC as the only agenda. This shows that African leaders have scores to settle with the ICC. In this summit, the AU resolved that it will continue to cooperate with the ICC as long as the court respects its leaders (Maru). The resolutions continued to state that the ICC should desist from prosecuting sitting African presidents. Additionally, AU urged the UN Security Council to consider postponing the Kenyan cases or shifting them to a location closer to Kenya. Giving his insight on the issue, Maru argues that the ICC is important to Africa, but agrees that the former chief prosecutor, Louis Moreno Ocampo tainted ICC’s image. He adds that African dictators and rebels should not act victim as they are the causes of major problems within the ‘cradle of mankind’. Maru concludes by reiterating that recent elections in Kenya were a contest between Uhuru Kenyatta and the ICC’s prosecution office. Therefore, Uhuru’s victory was a triumph against his criminal charges. Many questions remain unanswered pertaining to the conduct of the court. Hoile believes that the ICC has placed its focus exclusively on Africa. “The court is also logistically dependent on the UN” (Hoile par. 17)
Musée du Quai Branly, popularly known as Quai Branly Museum, is a museum in France that houses innate art, culture and civilisations of Asia, Africa and the Americas. Situated close to the legendary Eiffel Tower, the museum was named after the noted physicist Edouard Branly and aimed at preserving and bringing to light some of the world’s oldest civilisations from across the globe. The living wall, which is a part of the exterior of the museum, is a stunning element that once was famed as a visual treat for the visitors is today in a not so glorious state as a result of an inadequate support system for the plants, roots and proper drainage facilities. The museum consists of exhibits of pride from the erstwhile glorious museums like Musée national des Arts d’Afrique et d’Océanie and the ethnographic department of the Musée de l’Homme. Museums that preserve history and time through their variety of labelled and identified displays are not a rarity and can be found in every state or country that houses their very own ethnic demographic details and history. What makes Quai Branly Museum different is the amount of painstaking research that has undergone at every aspect of preserving and data tabulating of this huge knowledge pool that consists of a well-stocked library with two reading rooms and three main departments, a picture museum with photographs and historical drawings, and stunning archive collections too. Aboriginal artists from Asia and Africa represent the museum at various gatherings and introduce, expose and educate people to the lesser-known history and civilisation. The Permanent Collections in the museum comprises artefacts from all parts of the world and has over 6,000 artefacts to its credit that attracts students, scholars and curious visitors on a daily basis. The artefacts are not caged or glassed displays but become a part of the walk-through that the spectator experiences. The visitor can walk through the civilisations and cultural divides without experiencing any borders between cultures. This walk brings fluidity to the spectator and allows them to feel and grasp history without any hindrance. Apart from the visual treat of photographs and drawings, the museography introduces the visitor to various themes that include masks and art forms, musical instruments, weapons, costumes, communicating media and the likes of the aborigines. The museum also utilises the internet and the web to educate and generate awareness among the public about
Introduction Motivation is the psychological attribute that stirs up an individual to take action in order to achieve a desired objective, the motive for the action or simply that, which provides the rationale and course of activities. This dissertation illustrates the occurrences that transpire inside the brain when an individual is put under the process of being motivated. The subject under consideration, which forms the basis of this paper, is chosen to be exercise. (Hofer, 2006) There are numerous brain configurations as well as brain activity, which are implicated in exercise when used as the motivating factor. Apart from common extrinsic and intrinsic factors, other issues such as heredity and the environment, also exercise their influence on exercise as an inducement. Main body The brain comprises of various structures that work in concert with the intention of transmitting information from the body to the mind and contrariwise as well. Neurons lie at the root of all brain activity and thus form the initial point of the discussion. The brain is made up of innumerable neurons, which in effect are cells that focus on transmitting electrical impulses. They accept all external data, convert it into information and pass it on. Neurons characterize information in the form of impulses, which are extremely short durational electrical signals. The receptive organs of the body fire the picked up information from external resources towards the dendrites. Dendrites are one of the several units that form the framework of any neuron. Subsequent to sufficient electrical impulses getting through to the dendrites within a preset duration of time, the dendrite initiates a sequence of signals on its own. Once the dendrite starts, shooting, electrical signals are transmitted through the axon to the terminal buttons, the extensions located at the terminal ends of the neuron. Following the successful execution of this process, information is all set to be delivered once again. The neuron acts as a receiver when the, when information is let in and subsequently it is converted into an electrical impulse. Consequently, it sends out information to a different neuron acting as a sender in this case. (Ratelle, 2004) The neurons are not physically arranged in a manner in which they are connected to each other. Thus, the electrical impulse is transformed into a chemical signal to facilitate the transmission of the information over to the subsequent neuron. This substance is referred to as a neurotransmitter. The particles of this chemical matter diffuse through the synapse and combine with receptor sites existent on the accepting neuron. After the process of information transmission by means of this technique is over, the neurotransmitter is recaptured by the sending neuron. The chemical compound Dopamine is known to be a neurotransmitter, which is linked with the section of the brain that is related to reward and enjoyment. Because of the bliss experienced by the discharge of dopamine, several drugs as well as actions, which amplify the degree of dopamine within the brain, are capable
The architecture of the twentieth century is represented by a variety of styles and approaches. However, one of its most important concepts is the idea of autonomous architecture which was introduced by Peter Eisenman, John Hejduk, Michael Graves, and others. This theory implies that architecture should be independent of social or political forces that may impact the creative decisions of an architect. One of the main movements that should be discussed is avant-gardism. For instance, one can mention the works of Bernard Tschumi who preferred the use of geometric forms prisms, or cylinders. This architect is famous for several projects, for instance, Parc de la Villette which is located in Paris. Additionally, twentieth-century architecture is characterized by anti-centrism and regionalism. It means that the designers of different countries attempted to develop an architectural style that could distinguish a local culture from others. For instance, researchers often refer to the works of Mario Botta who designed a series of buildings in Switzerland. Furthermore, one should speak about the Japanese architecture that strived to reconcile the aesthetic principles of Japanese culture and the need to make sure that the population could have access to housing. It should be noted that during the twentieth century, architects began to discuss such concepts as sustainability and efficient use of land. They had to take into account how people could use the buildings and how these constructions could affect others. For instance, one can mention the works of Jaime Lermer who designed the transit system for the city of Curitiba. Apart from that, architects were willing to use sustainable materials such as timber. Among such architects, scholars often distinguish Yung Chang who advocated the use of bamboo. So, the designers working during the twentieth century attempted to be autonomous in their creative decisions. However, at the same time, they had to create buildings that were efficient and sustainable.