ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A history of almost four decades of conflict culminated in South Sudan achieving autonomy from Sudan. The expectation was that an autonomous Sudan would be a peaceful nation. However, the violence that broke out in South Sudan in 2013 brought a new dimension into this persisting Sub-Saharan conflict. The new conflict consists of political disputes that are intertwined with ethnic and political issues. In the past, there have been a few attempts to associate social anthropology and policies in South Sudan. This anthropological association begins with the colonial era, post-colonial developments, and lengthy conflicts about resources. Various scholars have attempted to form the missing link between the conflict in Sudan and cultural issues. This paper is a report on the situation in South Sudan from a historical and current events standpoint. The paper will also curve out an anthropological perspective from the situation in South Sudan in a bid to explain why this conflict has persisted. Environment and Natural History Geographically, South Sudan is a landlocked country that is situated in the Northern part of Africa. The country’s vast geographical area borders six other East African countries. The White Nile also passes through South Sudan including the country’s capital city, Juba. The country has a large and complex eco-system that includes wetlands, grasslands, national parks, escarpments, woodlands, deserts, and rivers. Currently, the country has a population of close to ten million people, although there has not been an official census to confirm these statistics. One of the most notable aspects of South Sudan is the country’s lack of basic infrastructure (Deng, 2011). Decades of conflict have left the country virtually without development. Currently, South Sudan has close to five million refugees and internally displaced persons, most of whom live in camps across the country and in the neighboring countries of East Africa. Dinka is the most dominant ethnic group in the multi-ethnic country followed by the Neur, Bari, Azande, and Shilluk. Most of the country’s social and institutional systems mimic those of their neighboring country Kenya, as opposed to those of Sudan. Although the country’s official language is English, there are approximately 50 indigenous languages in Kenya. On the other hand, the country’s policies have been aimed towards a shift from Arabic to Swahili in a bid to fit the country into the East African Community. The Pre-Colonial Era In the pre-colonial era, South Sudan has never had a legitimate connection to the geographical area of Northern Sudan. The two regions were only united by the ambitions of the Ottoman Empire. Consequently, in the pre-colonial times, South Sudan has gone from being part of Mahdist, Anglo-Egyptian, and British regions (Middleton & O’keefe, 2006). The earliest forms of civilization in Sudan consist of Kush Kingdoms, which were constantly in conflict with Arabic Egyptian Kingdoms. Christianity’s influence in South Sudan dates back to medieval times. Nevertheless, for a long time, South Sudan for
Introduction Cloud computing refers to a computer system in which users sign in to a service based on the web, which has all the software and storage capabilities that the user needs in order to carry out his/her job. This implies that the user does not have to install a collection of software in his/her computer. All he/she needs is to have access to the cloud computing system. Therefore, with an account in the cloud computing system, a user is able to perform all his/her computer-related tasks like e-mail, complex data analysis, word processing, etc. (Strickland 1). In a computer system using cloud computing, the workload of running applications is shifted from the local computer to the cloud, which consists of network computers. The user therefore has less hardware and software requirements because most of the processing work is done by the cloud. The computer of the user thus only runs the interface software that links him/her to the cloud. This can be a simple application. In some cases, the interface software of the cloud computing system is a web browser (Strickland 1). Most computer users have had a chance to use cloud computing in one of its forms. Users who have web-based email accounts with Hotmail, Gmail, and Yahoo! Mail have used cloud computing. This is because in these e-mail services, the user does not run the e-mail program on his/her computer. Instead of this, the user is required to sign in to an account remotely. Therefore, the storage and software for his/her account is not in his/her computer system, but it is on a cloud created by the service provider (Strickland 1). With this kind of capability, it is no wonder that banks and financial institutions have been keen to use cloud computing in their work. Cloud computing comes with several advantages and disadvantages that make it suitable in certain cases, and unsuitable in others. It is therefore vital that before a business organization switches their computing operations to cloud computing, it carries out a cost-benefit and suitability analysis. This paper defines cloud computing and explores the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing, as well as establishing the ideal environment in which cloud computing can be used. Domain of usage of cloud computing The use of cloud computing is only appropriate in certain environments. Therefore, businesses in these environments are likely to reap maximum benefits from using cloud-computing services than others in unfavorable environments. An example is an environment in which a business is anticipating to scale up its operations. A business that is operating in a dynamic environment that can see
It could be argued that advertising is a driving force of marketing. Art & Copy is a documentary directed by Doug Pray that explores a creative dimension of commercial messages and the people behind them. It focuses on the most successful ads while leaving aside boring, unappealing, and condescending production (Souza, 2016). The movie features the most creative minds in the advertising industry that have made their contributions to the most successful marketing campaigns over the last fifty years. It tells the story of Doyle Dane Bernbach—a person behind the “Think Small” campaign for the Volkswagen Beetle that was launched in 1959 (Souza, 2016). The documentary also introduces Lee Clow—a creator of a Super Bowl ad that framed the idea that a personal computer can be something more than just a tool. A creator of the Nike slogan “Just Do It” Dan Wieden is also featured in the movie. The Story of Content: Rise of the New Marketing is a 42-minute documentary produced by the Content Marketing Institute. Just like Art & Copy , it tells the story of marketing industry pioneers whose efforts have helped to shape the way advertisements are being presented to the public. The movie manages to provide its audience with a clear view of the life and work of Don Schultz, David Meerman Scott, Scott Stratten, and Kirk Cheyfitz among others (Content Marketing Institute, 2015). However, the biggest portion of The Story of Content: Rise of the New Marketing is dedicated to the story of Marcus Sheridan—a legend in the world of content marketing. It could be argued that the two documentaries are extremely structurally similar in that they both familiarize their viewers with the most influential marketers of our time. However, unlike The Story of Content: Rise of the New Marketing , Art & Copy is interspersed with statistics that reflect the amount of advertising an average person is subjected to daily. Even though it focuses more on the creative dimension of the marketing than on the factual one, it manages not to supply its viewers with ad-exposure statistics. The Story of Content: Rise of the New Marketing , on the other hand, does not contain infographics or any numerical data. Therefore, it could be argued that even though the documentary makes the story of marketers extremely immersive and compelling, it is much less focused on the factual side of the marketing. Even though both documentaries explore the subject of marketing, The Story of Content: Rise of the New Marketing emphasizes more on its collision with the new media of the twenty-first century and teaches how to reach wide audiences through content. M
Introduction One of the common problems in Medical-Surgical is the transition period from a student into a registered nurse. There are many demands in the field of nursing because they are expected to operate under pressure while maintaining efficiency and quality of services. Under typical working conditions, these nurses attend to patients’ needs, interact with next of kin, and maintain an inter-professional collaboration. As a result, most of these nurses feel overwhelmed, causing stress, exhaustion, and fatigue, all of which affects the quality of services. Managerial intervention is needed to address this problem by putting relevant measures in place to smooth the transition process and offer appropriate support to all medical-surgical nurses. Managerial Interventions There are several intervention methods, such as managerial support that aims to improve job satisfaction and role transition. One strategy the management could apply to solve the problem is experiential learning. In most cases, people learn by doing, and in experiential learning, new graduate nurses could address patients’ needs under the supervision of a senior clinician. As noted in Speight et al. (2019), experiential learning promotes confidence and competency development as well as confidence in clinical knowledge. As a result, graduate medical nurses learn to adjust to a new working environment because of the acquired confidence in their abilities that boosts job satisfaction. The second strategy for addressing this problem is professional socialization. This strategy is essential in forging an institutional and professional identity for a nurse (Huber, 2018). Graduate nurses integrate with a senior clinician and other experienced care providers through activities such as conflict resolution and group meetings where they learn about values, beliefs, and skills. Continued interaction between the graduate nurses and experienced professionals enables them to acquire behaviors and attitudes that make them feel like part of a group, thus easing the transitioning process.
Summary The poem, “The Bean Eaters” portrays the old couple’s poor state they live in alongside how they are fighting to be alive despite all their difficulties. Some visible hardships include their old age, poor diet but live with positivism. Their household materials are as old as they are. The couple feeds on beans most of the time and considers dinner as a casual activity. Their endurance, humility, and perseverance portray them as people with a positive attitude. Analysis The couple’s lifestyle is extraordinarily straightforward as portrayed in the first stanza of the poem. For instance, beans are their main meal simply because they do not have the energy to cook any heavy or more complicated meal. From the poem, dinner is considered a casual or a luxurious meal. The couple prefers to eat a soft meal that does not require much time and force to prepare. Therefore, beans are soft, and the most appropriate meal for them since their teeth are weaker and might fall if in contact with hard items. Their dishes are old and unsophisticated. On the other hand, the couple has lived for several years with the same utensils. Their cutlery is blunt as stated in stanza 1, line 3 “plain chipware” (Brooks). This means that they live an ordinary life, but still there is a need to replace their dishes. Their dinner table is as old as they are and this is depicted by the sound it produces any time it is moved, or something is placed on it. In stanza 1, line 3, the term “creaking wood” is a symbol of old and weak (Brooks). The couple places their old dishes on the worn-out table, which is risky because the food might fall due to lack of stability. The tone of stanza 2 portrays kindness, love, endurance, and humility. The old couple has lived together for many years taking care of each other’s problems. The poet brings out their character as remarkably good (Brooks, stanza 2, line 1). Endurance and perseverance is also portrayed in stanza 2, “Two who have lived their day” (Brooks). In real life, many people fail to satisfy the needs of their partner, and may end up splitting, which is not the case with the couple. The couple talked about by the poet never gives up because they keep putting on their clothes (Brooks, stanza 2 line 3). No matter how hard life may be they still, look positive with sizeable strength to carry on with their lives. Conclusion The long last line suggests that the couple lived a poor life. The things they have saved are not worth savings; they are just leftover. They are the remnants of their lives. These materials may not generate a lot of income for them. This is because few people may wish to purchase their saved clothes and tobacco crumbs.
The story about twelve jurors who debated on a question of the young man’s guilt is one of the most repetitive in the history of cinematography. The plot of the movie 12 Angry Men (1957) directed by Sidney Lumet is based on the plot of the play written for television by Reginald Rose. Starring Henry Fonda, 12 Angry Men did not attract the audience, but it received the critical acclaim because of the topics discussed in the movie and because of the director’s specific approach to representing the aspects of the human nature in the certain context and limited space (Cunningham, 2001). Referring to the topic of the juror system in the USA, Lumet discusses such problems as the personal responsibility, fair trial, justice, and reasonable doubt; and the director emphasizes the importance and controversy of the discussion with the help of spatial restriction, the definite play of shots, and specific camera work. In 12 Angry Men, Lumet focuses on the aspects of the work of the juror system in the USA and pays attention to its imperfectness because of humans’ ability to make mistakes and draw wrong conclusions. Thus, such mistakes in the court can lead to breaking the person’s life. The movie presents twelve jurors who discuss the case of a young man belonging to the ethnic minority who is accused of killing his father. Twelve jurors gather in the jury room in order to provide a certain verdict. In spite of the fact the majority of jurors insist on the guilty verdict, one juror does not agree with the point because they did not discuss all the aspects of the problem. Thus, twelve jurors who have different views on the problem, various backgrounds, and life experiences are isolated in the jury room in order to act according to their personal responsibility and confirm the principles of the fair trial. Much discussion results in the non-guilty verdict and breaking the personality barriers for many jurors (Lumet & Fonda, 1957). The readiness of eleven jurors to state the guilty of a person without any discussion is associated with such issues as reasonable doubt and presumption of innocence. To accentuate the controversy of the situation, Lumet uses such elements of the plot as atmosphere and mood. Thus, eleven jurors feel no doubts to accuse the young man and state his guilty with the exception of Juror # 8 who can be discussed as the indirect protagonist of the story. Juror # 8 states “We’re talking about somebody’s life here. We can’t decide in five minutes. Supposing we’re wrong?” (Lumet & Fonda, 1957). The impossibility to stop the process of discussing the issue in several minutes leads to increasing the tension between jurors whose main goal is to escape from the jury room as quickly as possible (Lumet & Fonda, 1957). The director creates the oppressive and tense atmosphere of debates where the conflict is increasing with each moment. The jurors’ readiness to reject the principles of fair trial and jus
The fact is the majority of people do not pay much attention to the objects that surround them. Such ordinary things as pieces of furniture, dress, and dishes have become ingrained in our everyday lives and are perceived as something trivial. At the same time, practically everything of a daily routine may say a lot about its owner, his habits, his lifestyle, his education, and so on. One of the brightest examples of such a thing is an umbrella. The majority of us perceive it as an element of rain protection. At the same time, many people carry umbrellas regardless of weather conditions, just because this thing has become an integrated part of their image. In the history of humanity, there are such inventions that, despite the development of technologies practically have not undergone a change. Though over the course of history mechanisms and shapes of umbrellas have been changing, the general principle of its functioning remains the same. Nowadays scientists dispute the fact of the invention of an umbrella. The major part of them are apt to think that an umbrella has been invented in China. According to the Chinese legend, the idea of its creation was inspired by children who had been using leaves of lotus to protect themselves from sun. (“Kaleidoscope. Science and Invention.” para1). An umbrella in ancient China was not only the item of sun protection, but it was also a symbol of a high rank and nobility of its owner. There also exists an opinion that an umbrella was invented in Africa over 3500 years ago (“Interesting Umbrella Facts.” para.2). Apart from their direct functions, umbrellas were also used in religious ceremonies. The attitude towards this ordinary thing varies in different cultures. For some nations, it is the unnecessary item, which can be easily replaced with a water coat or a special dress. For others it is the article of daily necessity. For instance in Japan there is hardly a person who does not have an umbrella. In addition, “Japan is extremely different from America when it comes to umbrellas”. (“Japanese Umbrella Culture.”para.2). In Japan practically in every establishment, there is a special rack for umbrellas. Moreover many of them are equipped with a special lock in order an umbrella no to be stolen. At the same time, it must be admitted that umbrellas are not always used as the protective device from rain or sun. Many people use it in order to emphasize their high status or image. There are many cases when this device is used other than as intended. Sometimes it is used as a walking stick, sometimes as an item for self-defense (“12 Amazing Ways to Use an Umbrella.” para.4). Producers of umbrell
Barbara Ehrenreich, Elizabeth Hess and Gloria Jacobs wrote an article to explain a phenomenon called Beatlemania. The authors presented several theories why American teenage girls screamed and fainted at the sight of the Beatles. When the British music group visited the United States in 1964, a great number of American teenage girls were reduced to helpless fanatics. These theories were simplified as follows:  1. The Jitterbug phenomenon;  2. Beatlemania was an indirect byproduct of the race riots of the 1960s;  3. Beatlemania was an outlet for teenagers’ repressed sexual feelings;  4. Beatlemania was a rebellion against the status quo;  5. Beatlemania was a mechanism to express sexual yearnings without the consequences that usually accompany illicit sexual acts;  6. Beatlemania was the end product of consumer manipulation. The authors expounded the meaning and the implications of the theory, and as they went along, they gave hints on the ideas that they believed were the more likely explanation for the emergence of Beatlemania. The Anthropological and Psychosexual Explanations Ehrenreich, Hess and Jacobs presented first the least likely explanation to the Beatlemania phenomenon. The Jitterbug theory was created from an anthropological point of view. The core idea blamed mass hysteria to the teenage girls’ desperate need to conform. According to the authors, the proponent of the said theory lost credibility when he presented a racist response to rock and roll. In other words, he blamed the music of the Beatles. He said that the music had a hypnotic effect similar to the sound created by native villagers in Africa. The alternative explanation came from an iconic magazine called Variety , and the author said that Beatlemania was the indirect result of race riots in the 1960s. Beatlemania was seen as a form of protest against certain social controls. This assertion was based on documented behavior of teenage girls, especially the violence against law enforcers given the task to secure the Beatles. In some cases, girls assaulted law enforcement personnel in order to get near John, Paul, Ringo, and George. The third explanation delved into the world of sexual repression. The authors alluded to the influence of Sigmund Freud in the study of repressed sexual feelings. Nevertheless, the authors Ehrenreich, Hess, and Jacobs shoot down the argument as an incomplete framework that could help explain the marvel that was Beatlemania. They pointed out that repressed sexual energy could not explain the girls’ ability to scream and cry out for several hours while attending a Beatles concert. Nevertheless, they did not deny the impact of certain sexual elements in Beatlemania. Rebellion, Repressed Sexual Yearnings, and Consumer Manipulation The fourth theory viewed Beatlemania as the need to speak against the status quo. Ehrenreich, Hess, and Jacobs devoted a great deal of space to explain the American teenagers’ struggles against the mores and social controls associated with marriage and sexual purity. Teenage girls were expected to remain chaste until they get married in their early twenties. American teenagers in the