ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Public policy administration can be defined as “the implementation of government policies, based on the expert analysis and the resolution of specific issues that generally have far-reaching impact on the citizens who live under the government in question” (Stewart, 2007). Public policy is mainly handled by the following groups. First, we have interests groups and they are “people who always bargain on behalf of the citizens” (Cochran & Mayer, 2011). For example they can pressurize for the implementation of the public interests. Secondly, we have politicians. This group of individuals is mainly preoccupied with the role of ensuring that the government operates within the country’s constitution and also implements its policies within the accepted framework (Stewart, 2007). The third group is the citizens and they mainly participate in public administration through voting. The public vote is very important because it is one of the key mechanisms that are used in choosing the public leaders. The constituents can channel their interests to the government through their representatives. Public policy is meant to improve the leaving conditions of the citizens and at the same time it is meant to ensure that the government bureaucracy is well maintained. In this case the policy stakeholders ensure that both the government and public interests are fulfilled. Healthcare inequalities People have always been discriminated in social economic and political circles. For example there many inequalities when it comes to access to medical and healthcare services. Healthcare inequality can be defined “as the disparities in the access to adequate healthcare between different gender, race, and socioeconomic groups” (Dolgoff, 2008). Healthcare inequalities are more common in countries which are poor and still develop as compared to the industrialized nations. However, healthcare inequalities have also been experienced in developed countries like USA (Dolgoff, 2008). There are three examples of healthcare inequalities in USA and they include the following. Socioeconomic constrains always hinder people from getting proper healthcare. For example the poor people in USA cannot take health insurance covers to cater for their medical bills. Most of the poor people do odd jobs which do not offer medical allowances. They are also not much aware of their healthcare needs due to their poor education backgrounds. The rich people on the other hand have enough money to spend on healthcare and in most cases they do well paying jobs that provide incentives such as family health insurance cover. Health inequalities are also based on race. For instance in USA the provision of healthcare is still dictated by ones race. People from minority groups always get the worst medical attention and they do not have substantial health insurance covers compared to the whites who have well developed healthcare facilities and more insurance covers. The last category of healthcare inequality is gender based. M
The process of globalization as the global trend of the development of modern societies leads to active interactions and the integration of national communities, regions, and countries. Globalization is accompanied by an increase in the tension of interethnic conflicts as well as migration processes that affect the ethnocultural and social life of societies. The understanding of these processes and the attempts to solve the interrelated educational and social problems brought plenty of countries to the awareness of the phenomenon of multiculturalism in education. Various scholars explore the notion of multicultural education from different perspectives. As noted by Banks (2015), the educational process aimed at building a tolerant and inclusive society should go beyond simple transferring of knowledge since it should equip students with cross-cultural competence. In her turn, Turner-Vorbeck (2013) emphasizes the role of multicultural education to include family diversity, pinpointing its “sensitivity to the broader diversity issues of class, race, ethnicity, and language and to further struggle to avoid generalizations” (p. 6). With this in mind, this paper will focus on the specification of the course description, expected outcomes, and curriculum design associated with religious oppression and its elimination. Body The name of this course is EDU526 that refers to the special topics in graduate education. Focusing on supervision and leadership, the course offers the fundamentals of curriculum development, inclusion, achievement gap elimination, measurement, and diversity awareness. For the selected curriculum that is presented in Appendix A, the course title can be identified as follows: a religious aspect in diversity promotion: challenges and opportunities. The need for such a curriculum is caused by the current religious conflicts occurring in different countries all over the globe (Connor, 2012; Turner-Vorbeck, 2013). Therefore, the curriculum covers such essential concepts as religious family background, privileges, oppression, social activism, etc. The closing questions and the follow-up assignment will ensure appropriate learning and measurement. The core goal of this course can be regarded as the promotion of equal learning opportunities through a specific curriculum design construction. More to the point, effective supervision is to be reached through the robust synthesis of knowledge, interpersonal communication, and organizational tasks set by a teacher. The expected course learning outcomes can be identified through the lenses of the present-day needs in the field of adult education regarding inclusion. In the recent study, Connor (2012) argues that scholars widely explore ableism as a discrimination of people with disabilities, diverse religious beliefs, etc. in favor of able-bodied or those who have another religion. The author reviews the works by Steinberg (2009), Ayres, Quinn, and Stovall (2009), and Chapman and Hobbel (2010), elaborating on the idea of ableism instances and suggesting potential ways t
Learning and development do not directly coincide but are two processes that are in a complex relationship. Learning is only effective when it goes ahead of development. Then it awakens and brings to life a number of functions that are in the stage of maturation, lying in the zone of proximal development. This represents the main role of learning in development. Training is most fruitful only when it takes place within the period determined by the period of earliest development. Designing these approaches requires substantial knowledge and organisational abilities in order to effectively propagate through the transfer of information. All the given measures are crucial for creating an effective L&D activity, which sets up clear objective and systematic methodology to deliver information. There are essential legislative measures that need to be considered when designing learning and development activities. Among them, the health and safety of the surrounding environment are crucial in order to enable learners to flourish. The lack of given requirements will significantly hinder and diminish the learning process. In addition, equality legislation must be present, because it ensures that discriminatory actions are prohibited (Ravindra, Foresti, Rajadurai & Zubaran 2018, p. 492). This measure will allow people to possess equal access for necessary resources and knowledge. Moreover, there are two major organisational factors, which greatly influence the process of L&D activities designing (Nguyen & Aoyama 2014, p. 637). First, the corporate culture must value and uphold development as a virtue without condemning as a distraction from other responsibilities. Second, a firm as a whole must be involved and interested in creating an appropriately suitable environment for the overall growth of its people. These managerial adjustments are vital for setting up and outlining a highly effective L&D activity. A distinctive feature of adult learning principles is the principle of reliance on previous life experience. It is primarily relevant about the professional experience: the skills, knowledge and skills acquired at a previous job. In the case of adults, their experience becomes a kind of basis for the formation of new skills and the assimilation of new knowledge. However, the principle of adjusting outdated exposure also directly follows from the
Overview This report will cover the topic of an economic phenomenon known as a race to the bottom which has become a critical issue in the midst of globalisation and modern labour practices. The principle implies the practice of countries or companies attempting to attract new investment by purposefully lowering production costs, most often through labour wages. It is most often seen in developing countries which seek to attract foreign direct investment, but at the cost of deregulation which violates ethical norms and human rights. The report will identify, define and establish an economic basis for a race to the bottom effect. Furthermore, it will be critically analysed by identifying its origins and then highlighting its positive and negative aspects. Finally, a race to the bottom effect will be analysed through a practical lens in the garment industry, in the country of Bangladesh. Business Responsibility and Sustainability The recent financial crisis of 2008 and its extensive impact on the global economies has led the world to consider the economic aspects such as income inequality. The core of the policy debate is motivated by increasing disparity in wage inequality in OECD countries throughout recent decades and its causes. It has always been considered that job creation is attainable through wage moderation and economic growth can only be achieved through lower wage share. The viewpoint is reinforced by the globalisation context and national competition for higher profits and foreign direct investment is causing a “race to the bottom” (Kiefer & Rada, 2014). As an economic term, a race to the bottom is essentially a competitive environment where companies and countries attempt to undercut their direct competitors by cutting costs of production. This comes at the expense of deregulation, low wages and poor quality of workplace safety standards. Instead of using honest and healthy competition methods in a capitalistic economy to attract investment and businesses, a race to the bottom phenomenon causes irrational competition which violates ethical and regulatory norms. As a result, it becomes unsustainable and can be economically destructive to involved parties (Olney, 2013). Globalisation in its nature has been critiqued for causing a race to the bottom as evidence emerges that countries rapidly decrease labour and environmental standards as well as tax rates in order to attract foreign companies to invest in production. A race to the bottom phenomenon hinges on two predictions. Multinational corporations must choose to invest based on less problematic regulatory standards. Second, the implication that countries will undercut regulatory standards in order to appease and attract foreign investment. Anecdotal economic evidence demonstrates that there is a crucial correlation between foreign direct investment and labour standards (Olney, 2013). Data i
China has always fascinated people all over the world due to its intricately shaped architecture, picturesque nature, customs, and traditions that greatly differed from Western ones, or even was unique and sometimes frightening. Chinese literature has greatly contributed to the consolidation of this perception with its profound novels that for many years attracted the attention of scholars. The major obstacle that prevented access to this treasury of literature was the difficulties with translation from Chinese, as the novels were written in different dialects. Besides, the characteristic feature of Chinese novels is the enormous number of characters and events. In this paper I’m going to concentrate on three Chinese novels, namely, A Madman’s Diary, The New Year’s Sacrifice, and The Story of the Stone, the first two written by a prominent Chinese writer Lu Xun and the latter one by Cao Xueqin. It must be stressed that The Story of the Stone is regarded to be one of the Four Great Classical Chinese Novels. Studying the content and the Chinese traditions and beliefs I’m going to find out how unorthodox behavior, the theme of madness are reflected through the intense feelings and different experiences of the characters. Let’s first dwell upon A Madman’s Diary a novel that is characterized by the first-person narration of the pivotal figure. The diary itself is introduced through the additional characters, the older brother of a madman who shows the diary to his friend. The diary presents the story of the years the madman spent insane, revealing the appalling details of his practices of cannibalism, which he perceived as a normal way of behavior. More than that, he’s obsessed with the idea that the people around him are cannibals and he is next to be eaten: “My sister was eaten by my brother… and now it is my turn” (Hsun 98). The last thought that comes to his delusional mind is “to save children” (Hsun 99). The author intervenes with the classical Chinese style and raises the theme of cannibalism. The madman is presented as resistant to Chinese society that is likened to cannibalism. By the end of the novel he realizes: “I have only just realized that I have been living all these years in a place where for four thousand years they have been eating human flesh” (Hsun 98). Thus, the madman sees the disruptive nature of traditions and his madness turns from his defect to his insight. The New Year Sacrifice tells a story of the old widow who was prohibited to help with the sacred ritual of the wedding during New Year’s Eve. Lu Xung depicts the tragedy of a woman that can’t oppose the difficulties in life. She’s depicted as a sacrifice to tradition, meaning that she was married twice. In return for this sacrifice, her family gets a profit. Besides, the traditions are so valued that it crosses all boundaries. A good example of this can be the comments of the narrator about the unclean dishes that the ancestors can reject during the rite (Xun 28). But the protagonist of this story suffers deeply from different losses as the rituals that ar
Culture is a unique aspect of our society. It appeared at the dawn of civilization and evolved along with our attempts to create a new, more civilized world. However, it developed not evenly. At different periods of our history, outstanding individuals stipulated the appearance of unique tendencies that altered peoples perspectives and mentalities. In this regard, the preliminary thesis for the project could be formulated in the following way:   * Famous people are the main actors who impact the evolution of culture by their actions and behaviors and precondition the creation of new trends and significant shifts in attitudes.   * My interest in the topic comes from the great importance of this phenomenon and its impact on the way society evolves. It is crucial to understand the peculiarities of culture to realize the nature of the epoch and its main trends.   * Investigating this issue, I have already used several databases that contain the most relevant and credible sources. EBSCO library provides numerous books and papers that include the needed information. Moreover, regarding the nature of the issue, all individuals have their perspective on the way culture evolves and how famous people impact it. It means that we could conduct research among close people and friends to determine their point of view and use it in the following project. Annotated Bibliography Besser, Haley. “Impact of Celebrity Culture: A Thought Piece.” Huffpost . 2017, Web. The author suggests one of the perspectives on how celebrity culture impacts the modern world. As far as it correlates with our research issue, it should be used for the project to share some ideas. Bowles, Hamish, and Calvin Klein. Vogue Living: Houses, Gardens, People . Knopf, 2007. A comprehensive investigation of the modern lifestyle and culture. The book demonstrates how celebrities precondition the appearance of certain trends in different spheres of peoples activity. It is crucial for the research. Cohen, Andy. Most Talkative: Stories from the Front Lines of Pop Culture . St. Martin’s Griffin, 2017. The source suggests an overview of pop culture and the way it was formed. The author cogitates about the impact particular celebrities had on its formation. For this reason, it could be used for our project. December Auriane. “How Do Celebrities Really Affect Us?” Urbanette , Web. The article aims at investigating the way celebrities affect our culture and everyday life. Some ideas presented in the source could be discussed in terms of our project. Eagleton, Terry. Culture . Yale University Press, 2016. Another important source that delves into the critical aspects of numerous cultural phenomena and reveals process
Introduction GoodStuff Incorporation is a retail company that has existed since 1980. Over time, the company has expanded into several retail stores across the Seattle area. In the year 1998, the company formulated GoodStuff.com, an online website, whereby it conducts almost half of its business currently. The system reports credit sales data to a single master server via Direct Server Lines (DSL). The system, however, has a problem. Problem The problem is that the company uses an outdated POS system whilst still relying on the online store for almost half of its sales. The system is also used for all the credit card transactions that occur in the Seattle stores. It was bought in the 1990s and ran on A/S400 servers located in each store. Krawetz (6) states mismatching transaction codes are risky for a company, especially during account audits. The related problem is that research shows that the ASP technology that the company uses has a loosely typed Java and Visual Basics code (Bose 21). Also, ASP is only able to update its files when the server is down. Thumati (1) claims that these ASP drawbacks impede its performance by making it more difficult for programmers to identify errors when they are writing code. For GoodStuff Incorporation, such errors will include the wrong transaction codes in the database (Simkin, Rose, and Norman 112). Analysis It is a common trend for companies to fail to update their POS systems (Kelso 1). However, according to value chain analysis, lack of technology development in a company creates a competitive disadvantage (Bose 25). Kelso, on the other hand, states that an outdated POS system makes a company lose business because it handles lesser orders at a higher cost when compared to companies with efficient and modern systems (Kelso 1). Risks Business The use of outdated POS systems will inevitably result in GoodStuff being surpassed by its numerous competitors. As soon as the firm loses its competitive advantage due to the faults in its technological processes, the company will face the risk of a rapid decline and further untimely demise. Therefore, the slowdown of the cash flow and the drop in the organization’s liquidity rates can be deemed as the key risks related to the financial processes occurring in GoodStuff. Financial A drop in the quality of the technology tools used by the company will inevitably trigger financial risks. Particularly, the issue concerning a possible drop in the number of c
This paper is focused on crimes associated with developing technologies, in particular, high-tech crimes. It describes all the main characteristics of such crimes in detail. Main up-to-date technologies used to commit and prevent them are outlined. Finally, the way they are influenced by technology, culture, and politics is revealed. As a result, the university can get to know information critical for the design of a course that focuses on high-tech crimes. Nowadays, technology develops extremely fast, which provides the representatives of the general public with numerous advantages. They obtain an opportunity to communicate with their friends and relatives as well as to get to know people from distant places. In addition to that, advanced technology allows them to maintain a lot of financial operations online without contacting professionals or going somewhere. People’s lives seem to be stored in the form of digital data. Even their homes and vehicles can be controlled with the help of computers. Of course, such innovations appeal to the individuals as they provide them with new opportunities and give a chance to save time for other activities. However, the possibilities to commit computer, cyber, and Internet crimes, which are also known as high-tech crimes, increase enormously. High-tech crimes are observed when technology is used to maintain criminal activities. In the majority of cases, this process is connected with the utilization of computers. These devices can be involved in two ways. First of all, they can be the target of criminals. Rather often, attacks are committed in order to obtain information that is stored on a computer or to alter the data, adding something new and changing original files. In other cases, computers are used only as a facilitating factor. For instance, they can provide an opportunity to prevent the organization from working so that it is easier to maintain another crime and steal some objects. There are different types of high-tech crimes, but, as a rule, they are focused on people’s personal lives. The violation of privacy is observed when one’s individual information is revealed to the public. For example, it can deal with photos and videos. The theft of personal and financial data is another crime that happens regularly. Offenders tend to maintain it because they are willing to get access to people’s bank accounts or to take loans, etc. As a rule, these crimes include:   * Hacking. It deals with exploiting vulnerabilities in the network.   *