ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Rape has increasingly been used as a tool of war, both in past and recent history. It was used by the Japanese, Nazi’s, and Soviets during the Second World War (Kirchner, 30). Today, rape is still used as a tool in conflicts in many countries. However, rape cases in the Democratic Republic of Congo occur at the highest rate in the whole world. There have been conflicts in Congo since the 1990s and hundreds of thousands of women have been raped. Many more cases go unreported for fear of stigmatization and the realization of the fact that no action will be taken against the rapists (Kirchner 24). Rape as a Tool of War Rape is used as a tool to demoralize and stigmatize communities and families. The conflicts in Congo are mostly as a result of competition for natural resources. Most of these resources are minerals such as gold, tin, tantalum, and tungsten. Armed groups have found rape to be a most effective tool for displacing communities from disputed areas. Sexual violence traumatizes the victims and once displaced, have no desire to return to the places where they were subjected to such atrocious violation. Rape affects not only the victim but the family and the entire community. After watching their loved ones raped, the whole community is demoralized and consequently it disintegrates. Armed groups have successfully used rape to intimidate and control people. Many victims are sexually abused while their husbands and families are forced to watch. They often get pregnant from the rape and are rejected by their husbands and communities. Rape is used as a tactic to humiliate families and communities, cause terror and force them into submission. The victims are further traumatized by their rejection by their families and they become more exposed to more sexual abuse (Human Rights Watch 16). Sexual violence is a punishable crime according to both the International Human Rights law and the Congolese law. However, sexual violence crimes are continually committed by the Congolese army and the perpetrators go unpunished. The Congolese army, particularly the 14th brigade, together with other armed groups continues to commit sexual crimes against women and girls all over the country. The soldiers ambush women on their way from the fields to look for food and rape them violently. The cases are reported to the commanders but the perpetrators are not brought to justice. Therefore, many Congolese rape victims see no point in reporting the crimes since the offenders are not punished (Kirchner 39). Congolese soldiers blame their poor living conditions as the cause of their raids on civilians. They can barely afford the basic needs. Their salaries are not sufficient to sustain their families and there are no military barracks. The soldiers have no access to proper housing, food, water, and medical care. They get meager salaries that are sometimes stolen by the commanders. Other times, their salaries are not released for months. Moreover, they are forced to live away from their families for many years. There are no barracks where the soldier
The story sea oak by George Saunders employs ideas and images that the reader needs to interpret and decipher more keenly. The reader needs to dig deeper to find the true meaning. Saunders uses metaphors, stereotypes, and satire. Sea oak illustrates the Capitalist society showing the stark contrast between the rich and the poor, the working class, and the non-working class. He argues that one can move up the social ladder, but this comes with a price. Freddy says, “You kids make squat. And therefore you live in a dangerous craphole. And what happens in a dangerous craphole? Bad, tragic shit. It’s the freaking American Way – you start in a dangerous craphole and work hard so you can someday move up to a somewhat less dangerous craphole” (Marcus 15) The price one pays to sell your body. In return, you acquire your earthly desires that you so longed for. This is evidenced by Thomas, who works in a strip club, and Auntie Bernice continually tells Thomas to go out and show his cock. This implies that one has to prostitute oneself to get ahead. She also regrets that she died a virgin, sacrificing a lot for those she cared about, but she has nothing to show in return. Min and Jade portray the poor as morons who are detested by society for they are clueless about anything. They are illiterates who think “regicide is a virus” (Saunders 5) and argue on the number of sides that a triangle has. They are also lazy individuals who choose to be low instead of working hard. However, Saunders is quick to balance the equation with Auntie Bernice and Thomas. They are hard workers who contribute to the family. The sea oak illuminates the deplorable living conditions the poor live in. The existence of the crack house, child gangs, and “big scary dawgs” (Marcus 8). The Corporate world is also illuminated by Mr. Frendt, whose only priority is profit. In the end, the individual gets a better school, neighborhood, and the chance to offer his children a better life.
Shirin Ebadi is a prominent Iranian political thinker, lawyer, women’s rights activist, and a winner of the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize. In her acceptance speech, the activist emphasized the compatibility of human rights principles and Islam. Also, she urged the international community to eliminate neo-imperialist and secular-inspired labels and stereotypes about the inherent illiberality and patriarchy of Islam and Iranian society (Ebadi, 2003). In Ebadi’s opinion, the infringement of women’s rights in Islamic countries is rooted in discriminatory politics and patriarchal environment and not in religion (Sameh, 2019). On the contrary, during her lifelong political and civic activism, Ebadi strived to promote democratic values and women’s human rights in the Islamic world and Iran in particular. Ebadi’s standing regarding the distinction between international human rights and a separate “Islamic Path” is complex and multifaceted. In her Deutsche Welle article, the Nobel Peace Prize winner points out that illiberal regimes, which attempt to formulate counterstatements on human rights, often violate internationally recognized principles. The author also calls for the globalization of justice while noting that the latter can bring positive results if it is designed according to the legal principles of the given community (Ebadi, 2018). Therefore, although the application of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights cannot be allowed to serve as an instrument in the political gambit of authoritarian regimes, it should be applied according to the socio-cultural realities of the community. Ebadi pays special attention to the lack of performance of the United Nations and the hypocritical policies of Western democracies in promoting human rights. In her speech, the Nobel Prize winner explicitly criticizes the militaristic and anti-humane policies of Iran and the United States as examples of how governments are instrumentalizing the human rights agenda. Specifically, the activist addresses the human rights abuses in Guantanamo in the name of universal safety and security as the case for such political hypocrisy. Additionally, she stresses the need for Iranian feminists to raise their voices to develop a nonviolent indigenous movement that fits within the socio-cultural framework of Islam (Sameh, 2019). As an Iranian feminist reformist, Ebadi has repeatedly advocated decolonizing the discourse on women’s rights and liberating it from the West-centric ideology of transnational feminism. Like a number of other Islamic women’s rights activists, Ebadi seeks to decolonize the fight for human rights in the Islamic world. Additionally, the activist highlights the need to build a new indigenously informed discourse on human rights that would contribute to the diversity and pluralism of women’s experiences. In summary, it is worth noting that Shirin Ebadi’s self-identity as an Iranian woman and a Muslim empowers her experience and perspective in women’s rights activism. She seeks to show the compatibility of the principles of Islam and democracy, as well as to free religion from charges of its ingrained patriarchy. Her position on huma
Introduction Childhood obesity is considered as one of the top ten global health issues, due to the fact that childhood obesity prevalence is on a dramatic increase. Basically, the short-term problems of childhood obesity include respiratory morbidities and elevated cardiovascular risk factors. According to the World Health Organization, obesity is defined as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health” (WHO, Para. 1). Hills, King and Byrne are on the view that the World Health Organization define overweight adults as having a body mass index (BMI) of 25kg/m2 or more and obese adults as having a body mass index of 30kg/m2 or more (Hills, King, and Byrne 11). Although there is less research on long-term health consequences of childhood obesity, evidence has shown that abnormalities attained at childhood level result in cardiovascular consequences at the on-set of adult obesity. In summation of the researches conducted, it has been found that over weight adolescents and children have a likelihood of attaining several heart disease risk factors and adult morbidities e.g. cardiovascular diseases (Hills, King, and Byrne 20). Nevertheless, obese children often suffer from diseases and develop depression. Aetiology of obesity Factors like diet, physical activity, and metabolic status are some of the major environmental factors that contribute to obesity, which are said to be a genetic trait influence (Hills, King, and Byrne 2). Diet: High fat and refined foods have been identified as major contributors to the obesity condition. In North America and Europe, it has been noted that fat and simple sugars account for more than half consumption and energy intake of refined grain that has replaced whole grains (Hills, King, and Byrne 2). Physical activity: physical activity among the youth has notably decline in recent decades. In addition, it is suggested that corresponding prevalence increase in obesity is the direct result of decline in physical activity (Hills, King, and Byrne 2). Consequences of obesity Depression: Evidence has shown that obesity is linked to mood disorders, low-self esteem, and depression in children. However, this relation is neither simple nor consistent due to variations noted in age, family context, gender, and duration of obesity (Davies, Fitzgerald, and Mousouli 73). It is believed that obese children undergo social stigmatization caused by their body weight, leading to the children being dissatisfied with the image of their body hence causing depression and low self-esteem (Davies, Fitzgerald, and Mousouli 74). According to Martin, Volkmar, and Lewis (608), depressive symptoms have been noted in later childhood obesity. In spite of results and design of these studies differing, the linkage findings on depression to subsequent weight increase are consistent. Moreover, causality has been implied by the fact that the length of time o0f depression between the adulthood and childhood is a predictor of body mass index. It has also been found that
Workers compensation is a kind of insurance provided if a person is damaged or injured in the working process (Shafar para 1). There were different approaches to this issue throughout the time. In the USA it started to obtain its modern treatment at the beginning of the 20th century. Workers movements promoted the development of this instrument, and nowadays, it is a rather complicated tool which is modeled “after the original Prussian system” (Guyton 107). Tripartism is an economic model based on the cooperation of business, labor, and state. Moreover, each of these components should act as a social partner. For example, the International Labor organization is based on this principle. Besides, sometimes representatives of government, workers, and employers work together to create some new principle or approach. Social dialogue is any kind of conversation between two partners, which can lead to finding some compromise or decision. That means that two sides of the industry, workers, and employers (“Social dialogue” para. 1) can negotiate to find some solution. Usually, social dialogue is used when one side is unsatisfied with some conditions. For example, the best solution to the problem of strikes will be a social dialogue. On the contrary, if employers are not satisfied with their workers, they can talk with representatives of employees. The International Labor organization is an institution which deals with regulation of labor relations (“The role and mandate of the ILO” para.1). Its main function is to watch the rights of workers to be preserved. Its resolutions have a great value for countries which are the members of the UN. Collective bargaining is a kind of social dialogue between employers and employees. The main aim of this dialogue is to achieve understanding between these two groups. Agreements, achieved in the process of these negotiations, regulate working conditions at enterprises. The USA recognizes this institution, while in Europe, in the UK, for example, these agreements do not have such legislative power. According to the labor law, there is a great number of different tools and remedies which regulate the relationship between employees and employers, trying to make this relation fair. However, power is not balanced. An employer has much more remedies to control his employees, while they do not have such a possibility. It is possible to prove this statement by the fact, that if an employee wants to get rid of a worker he will find the way to do it and nothing will be able to prevent him. Workmans Compensation Problem Having analyzed the situation, it is possible to come to certain conclusions. First of all, there are several things which should be taken into account. The first is tha
Introduction Over the years, different civilisations have relied on the construction industry to support human activities (Ralph 2000). Presently, the global construction industry is experiencing a surge in construction projects because of increased human activities like trade and industrialisation. Like other economic sectors, the construction industry is characterised by multiple challenges (Ralph 2000). In this dissertation, the author focuses on delays and poor quality of work within the industry as some of these challenges. The study focuses on the construction industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (herein referred to as KSA) to illustrate the effects of delays and poor work quality. Ralph (2000) is of the view that a construction industry is an important component of economic growth. Therefore, the study highlights the KSA’s construction policy in relation to the economy. Thereafter, this paper makes an analysis of the said challenges to determine their effects on the kingdom’s construction policies. In this chapter, the author lays the foundation for a discourse, which seeks to illustrate the negative impacts of delays and poor work quality in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This paper further provides a background of the study by providing details of the infrastructure policy in the KSA. Thereafter, the aims and objectives are itemised alongside the scope. In this section, this paper also outlines the limitations of the study. Delimitations to the same are further provided. Background of Study The construction industry is playing a significant role in the development of the Saudi economy. Still, the industry has a big room to develop. Since the Saudi government is expanding its operations with respect to the country’s development, the growth and development of the industry is bringing in revenues and higher profits in the kingdom. Since the country is developing its construction sector and the economy has a large scope of good construction projects. The development of the construction industry has widened the scope of the projects and by maintaining the overall profits for the country. The Saudi projects are expanding the construction projects as well as the overall revenues that shall take part in the development of the country. The construction and development of the several projects in Saudi shall expand the overall revenues as well as the cost of production in Saudi. The country expands the developmental projects and maintains the performance of the country. The overall construction in Saudi will grow the affiliated industries and improve income in Saudi Arabia. However, since the last deca
In modern realities, people are forced to stay away from each other, and for the majority, social platforms are the only opportunity to communicate with the world. Nevertheless, young people are prone to quickly develop an inferiority complex from the imposed standards of wealth, beauty, and success displayed on social media. Nowadays, being an active Instagram user has become a competition to showcase a life that does not exist. Thus, Instagram promotes life standards heavily detached from reality and becomes the reason for depression, social anxiety, and low self-esteem development in the younger generation. In the conditions of a lack of physical interaction, people have to resort to virtual communication. Collective mental health seems to benefit from it: one may highlight that social media has become a wellspring for political activism, allowing people with similar views to meet and unite. In particular, the movements such as Black Lives Matter or #MeToo emerged due to the Internet; they both fight for the social change that the public has been waiting for many years. Besides, Bekalu et al. discovered that routine non-excessive social media use positively affects human well-being and increases happiness as it compensates for the lack of real-life communication (78). However, the researchers avoid admitting that, in most cases, public network services manipulate human consciousness, mostly immature minds, as they involuntarily promote creating illusory pictures of life that users willingly believe. Instagram is one of the most popular formats of personal interaction among people today. Nonetheless, the Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) proclaimed the platform to have the most dangerous effect on youth’s mental health (19). The order of social media from less to more harmful, according to the study, is as follows: Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram (Royal Society for Public Health 18). It is widely accepted that Instagram has a specific unwritten format. One must be beautifully and fashionably dressed in the photo with a good-looking background, eat and drink esthetic food only. It all encourages the content that promotes false beauty and living standards, which exerts pressure on individuals. The network has turned into a factory of illusions; it forces people to live not the way they want but to seem what they are not. Vivid photos from the accounts of stars, popular fitness models, and travelers on social networks often do not correspond to the average person’s relatively dull everyday life. The problem under consideration is open to d
What is the relationship between ethics and law? Ethics is part of moral philosophy that addresses issues to do with morality. As human beings, we often do we ask ourselves what is good and what is considered evil in today’s society. Fundamentally, ethics is not universal, but situational and dependent on certain types of culture that is considered wrong in Japan may be a well-accepted norm in American society. For example, in certain parts of the world marrying a girl who hasn’t yet attained the majority age may be a norm, while in other parts, it may be considered a taboo. Both ethics and law may sometimes overlap, and what may be considered or perceived as ethical in some instances may be against the law, therefore, ethics and law are not the same things (Green, 10). The law may be set by the government or society for some particular reasons but it does not imply that law is always right in distinguishing what is either good or evil. Ethics is simply both implicit and explicit therefore it gives an individual the right to think about what benefits, and detriment may arise as a result of his actions and how they impact not only him/her but also how it will impact the society at large. On the other hand, the law is quite specific and rigid, unlike ethical and moral obligations. It is, therefore, good to comply with both the law and moral obligations, which are also called categorical imperatives and serve as the heart of ethics. There are some behaviors that human beings exhibit that is not against the law but on the other hand, they may be very repulsive, unfair, and unethical. Therefore, such a situation leads to a conflict between ethics and the law. It, therefore, becomes the duty of an individual to wisely look at all existing alternatives and make a wise decision. But generally, moral principles often are the backbone and heart of ethics. When such a conflict arises, it becomes the duty of an individual to think objectively, respect the customs and culture of other people without compromising his/her own, think of his consequences not only as a part of himself but as part of the society. Furthermore, an individual should take look at all possible outcomes and ask himself the question, what kind of person is most likely to do such a thing and how would society embrace his action and therefore make his decision within well-known categorical imperatives (Green, 21). What is meant by ethical relativism? Ethics is not only subjective but also relative. Ethical decisions do not only affect a person at an individual level but also affect the society and the immediate environment. Therefore, businesses should not be subjective because subjectivism is selfish and looks at benefits that can only benefit the direct owner of the business, businesses should therefore try and use ethical relativity because if a business carries out a business de