ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Census is carried out in America every ten years and thus it is called the decennial census. During the census, the Census Bureau collects information and data from all households in the United States and its territories. The data collected is normally about the households, education, and income, and homeownership. This data is used to apportion seats in the House of Representatives. (US Census Bureau, 2008). The United States is divided into three regions i.e. the North, the South, and the West. Description of the North The north of America is composed of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri. This region had the highest urban population compared to the West and the South. Connecticut was leading with 89% of its population being urban and Illinois had 3,476,929 people in the urban area that represented 61% of the state’s population. In Massachusetts, 92% of the population was urban. There were very few Indian, Chinese, Japanese & persons of all other races in the north in 1910. There were few illiterate males who could vote in the northern part of America. The highest rates of illiteracy were only 6.78% in Connecticut and 6.06% in Massachusetts of the total males who could vote. The north had the lowest amount of farmland that was run by share tenants. New Hampshire had only 0.56% and Massachusetts had 0.58%, Maine had 0.48% while Connecticut had 1.07%. There was a large amount of farmland owned by white natives. The rate in Vermont was 85.57%. In 1900, the amount of land in the northern part of America was low compared to the other areas. Massachusetts had an average of 83 acres while New Hampshire had an average of 123 acres. The north had the highest number of manufacturing companies compared to the other regions. The states with the highest number were Pennsylvania with 52,185, Ohio with 32,398, and New York with 78,658. The north had the highest number of wage earners in the year 1900 in comparison to the other two regions. Pennsylvania had 733,834 and New York had 849056. The north had the highest average wage earners in manufacturing. The north had a high number of valuable products of all manufacturing establishments with Pennsylvania having 1834791 and New York having 2,175,727. (University of Virginia Library) Interpretation of the North The north was highly developed as most people lived in the urban area. There were also few illiterate people who could vote. This area did not depend much on agriculture as a means of gaining economic benefits. The north was the most developed region as seen from the high number of manufacturing industries and wage earners. Description of the South The United States Census Bureau described the Southern region of the United States as including 16 states and the District of Columbia. The states in the southern region include Florida, Nor
Introduction The GEM study program is a yearly evaluation of the international level of entrepreneurial activities. The research offers information on the entrepreneurial landscape of nations in an international context. From the studies, the variations in entrepreneurial capacity between Sweden and China can be obtained. The differences are based on their institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, and higher educations (GEM 2014). The above factors have influenced the variations in the two countries’ business environments, legal systems, and procedures required in establishing an enterprise. Sweden is an industrialised nation with established market structures and legal systems. On the contrary, China is an emerging country. Its market environments and legal structures are relatively weak and progressively improving (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000). Correspondingly, the business setting and the system to begin a bu
Introduction Before the metaphor of organization as organism was introduced, organizations were viewed as machines. This metaphor of organizations as machines laid the foundation upon which organizations sought for more effective ways of responding to their external environment. The lack of flexibility that many bureaucratic organizations experienced forced organizational theorists to look for a different perception of organizations. As a result, theorists sought for answers in to biology, and more specifically ecology, to understand how organizations work. Hence the metaphor of organizations as organism was born. Ecology explains how organisms relate with their environments. When applied to organizations, “the social ecology of an organization implies there is a living system of relations between people, their small groups, and their communities,” (Morgan, 1998, p. 34). This paper discusses the metaphor of organization as an organism as proposed by Gareth Morgan. Discussion The notion of population ecology and its application to organizations borrows a leaf from the Darwinian assertion “survival for the fittest” whereby only the strongest of a particular species survives. The idea that organizations need to survive in the highly competitive business world in the wider external setting forced some organization theorists to look at organizations as open systems. Responding to the external environment requires a “stimulus response” (Buono & Jamieson, 2010, p. 120) that is inherent in the organism metaphor. The open system ideology not only views the organization as a component of a bigger system, but also as constitute of integrated subsystems within the organization (Morgan, 1998). These systems mutually depend on each other and ideally assist each other to uphold several fundamental processes. In order for any organism to survive, it needs to understand its needs and vulnerabilities. This is also the case for an organization. Indeed, the growth and sustainability of any organization will not only enable it to survive in the highly competitive setting, but it will also enable it to be flexible enough to respond swiftly to the variations that take place as a result of variations in the environment. Flexibility and variations in an organization occur through redesign. Alvesson (2002) explains the redesigning as varying the fundamental make-up and procedure of an organization. The survival of an organization also requires effective leaders who are participative and democratic, contrary to the authoritarian or autocratic styles of leaders that are the norm for mechanistic organizations (Golembiewski, 2000.) Participative and democratic leaders support association and active participation of the members. Therefore, the survival of an organization is also dependent on the growth a
Introduction In any economic system, capitalists and managers organize natural resources, manual labor and know- how to create and bestow goods and services. The manner in which these distinct elements are brought together and used is a sign of the state’s political principles and culture. The U.S. system of government is known as federal and is composed of three different subdivisions. These include the lawmaking subdivision, the judiciary, and the executive. The U.S. has a capitalist economy whereby small groups of persons manage large sums of money and make significant economic impacts. The capitalistic economy of the U.S. has two approaches which include the standard and the nation-building approach. The standard approach is temporary and non-strategic. It views market improvement as an economic issue and promotes narrowly definite and self-sufficient leadership. The state building approach is characterized by pragmatic sovereignty, sufficient governing bodies, cultural match and deliberate leadership (Flynn & McConnell 214). Socialism is a type of government in which the community is subject to property and wealth allocation. This management may be carried out via famous persons or via the state. As an economic scheme, this type of government is exemplified by collective possession of production means and is thus accredited to communism largely because of the allocation of wealth managed as intact and un-independently. Socialist economics are the financially viable theories and activities of theoretical and accessible socialist economic structures. Socialist economy relies on public possession or sovereign cooperative possession of production techniques. In this economy, production is done to create use-value that is coordinated via economic scheduling. Totalitarianism is a form of government whereby personal freedom is restricted and all aspects of a person’s life are subordinated to the governments rule. It is a social philosophy that is understood as total control over communal activities. It is trusted that this form of government is an answer to economic problems in a nation. Totalitarian governments receive devastating support for their opinions and objectives when it comes to economic development. This paper will compare and contrast the approach to economics of the U.S. system of government to socialist and totalitarian forms of government. Discussion Compare and contrast the approach to economics of the U.S. system of government to Socialism Capitalism, which is the economic system in the U.S, and Socialism are both economic schemes. In capitalism, the economy is privatized while in socialism, there is a central government that directs the economy. While the socialist form of government vests more authority into the political organization, the capitalist economies in the U.S. contemplate more power under the rich businesspersons whose goal is profit maximization. Socialist economies are characterized by greater management by government. This leads to political goals of equal dissemination of resources in the society
Introduction With the emergence of telecommunication technology, the world is experiencing a major revolution in the communication sector. Theoretically, people are able to communicate with one another regardless of the distance separating them (Zhang, 2009). After several years of market reforms and development, China’s media had big changes in terms of communication models, management philosophy, and ownership. More importantly, however, these changes have also drastically altered the way in which the government, media, and the public interact. This paper looks at how the Chinese state is dealing with the ever increasing adoption of new media and what the state is doing to control the way citizens communicate and receive news whether local or international. Various situations are examined to help understand how the relationship between the Chinese state and the media has changed over the years as a result of development and reforms in the communication sector that has led to the expansion in the number, variety and ownership of media outlets (Shirk, 2011). The Impact of New Media To better understand the impact of new media on the Chinese state and how this has been and continues to be dealt with, different avenues of access to information will be examined to determine their effect. Specifically, Citizen News, Official Television News and Newspaper and the Internet use will be discussed. Citizen News In 2003, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) General Secretary Hu Jianto announced set of guidelines requiring that any news reporting be as close as possible to reality, close to livelihood, and close to the people. CCP further published a report that suggested a decreasing level of coverage on leaders’ activities (Hewitt, 2010). Unanimously, Chinese media researchers agree that innovations such as Citizen News and telling people’s stories are in line with CCP’s approach to propaganda. Citizen News later received recognition as a permissible type of news reporting for local Chinese television stations. While some communications researchers feel that Citizen News is helpful in reinforcing the credibility of television news reporting, many do not believe it. These critics assert that Citizen News is full of trivial cove
The European powers had taken major parts of the world, including the Caribbean. In the 15 th century, the Europeans claimed the region following the establishment of Spanish settlements and conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires (Horne, 2018). Due to the conquest, it was easy for the Spanish to invade Mexico and Peru through exploration in strategic points of the Caribbean region. Following the Spanish invasion of the Caribbean in the 17th century, other European powers such as the British and French started settling in pivotal points such as the island of Tortuga and later moved to Jamaica (Horne, 2018). By mid-century, many non-Hispanic privateers had established permanent colonies and trading zones in Caribbean islands. The profitability in terms of wealth enabled rise of conquest to Caribbean region. First, it was easy to obtain gold, which was among the region’s key aspects of the scramble. The existence of Christopher Columbus in the region had shown the way for other leaders to set colonies (Horne, 2018). Second, there was the availability of a labor force drawn from the African continent as black people were used as slaves to work in the industrial openings in the area. Due to the decline of Spanish power in the region, majorly as a result of reduced native population of the area, the other European powers boosted their presence in areas that Columbus had covered. For example, Francis Drake, a privateer from England, attacked many Spanish settlements (Horne, 2018). The collaborative base between the French, British and Dutch made it possible for European powers to conquer the significant area of the Caribbean. After start of the competitive nature of colonies, sovereign battles emerged that led to stiff wars that made it hard for the Caribbean islands to unite against European rule (Horne, 2018). Because of the emergence of agricultural activities, the Atlantic slave trade saw many Africans work for the Europeans in the Caribbean, strengthening their colonialism in the area hence conquering the region significantly. Reference Horne, G. (2018). The apocalypse of settler colonialism: The roots of slavery, white supremacy, and capitalism in 17th century North America and the Caribbean . New York University Press.
This insightful article sets out to demonstrate the ground-level hardships of welfare reform in American society. Specifically, the article demonstrates that there still exists a wide gap between the more worthy objectives behind welfare reform in the US (e.g., independence, self-sufficiency, strong families, and a concern for the common good), and the ground-level realities about the failure of welfare reform to meet these noble objectives. The author undertakes qualitative research (ethnographic in design) to collect primary data from caseworkers and welfare mothers. One of the central points, coming out of the study, is that most of the poor citizens in welfare today are in a bad shape than they would have been had the Personal Responsibility Act never been passed because they seem unable to cut the cycle of dependence on welfare. Additionally, the author demonstrates that most of the failures in the welfare programs are reinforced by factors that seem innate to welfare seekers. It is a lack of education, inability to find permanent jobs, low wages, unstable living arrangements, frequent layoffs, and having to be the primary caregiver and sole breadwinner for sick children and disabled parents. Another central point relates to the discussion of the characteristics of those on reform, where the author argues that the majority are inconsistently non-white, do not have minimum educational requirements, only have experience for unskilled jobs, suffer from physical or mental health challenges, have a prolonged history of domestic violence, and have dependents to care for. In general, it can be suggested that the article is an eye-opener to the failures of the US welfare system to address the real challenges faced by poor families. The article demonstrates that although a considerable proportion of American families are faced with problems that require to be addressed through social welfare reform, the realities on the ground point to a welfare system that is averse to the needs of poor families as demonstrated by the system of rules, punishments and time limits that continue to effectively pressure the poor to steer clear of the welfare office.
In the article “Latin America’s Fatal Gun Addiction,” Robert Muggah discusses the issue of gun violence in Latin America, its connection to legal and illegal weapon trade, and shows the role of the US to the situation. The article demonstrates that the US is contributing to the problem of gun violence, which is an unwanted and adverse side effect of gun trade that is very dangerous for the countries involved. The author suggests the means of improving the situation, which implies that the US can and probably should be involved in the activities aimed at the reduction of this side effect. In this paper, this thesis is going to be considered, and the relationship between gun violence and state fragility will be discussed. Gun Violence, Gun Trade, and State Fragility The US acts as “the world’s largest arms exporter and importer,” and Latin American countries are among their customers (Muggah par. 5). Apparently, the US is not the only supplier of weapons, but its share in the market is most notable. The year 2010, for example, saw the peak of the arms trade in the US, and its value at the time amounted to $172.7 million (Muggah par. 6). Moreover, as of recently, the export of arms and ammunition to Latin America has increased together with the attempts of the governments to battle guerrillas and drug traffickers (Muggah par. 7). The countries of Latin America consume various weaponry products; for example, some of them request military defense weapons (the missiles for Brazil) while others import the arms for crime-fighting (for instance, light weapons for Colombia). In other words, the international gun trade is primarily aimed at improving state stability and helping governments to protect their borders and sovereignty and battle crime. Naturally, such is the ideal state of events. In reality, legally traded weapons can end up in the hands of terrorists and other criminals as well as aggressive opposition. Moreover, illegal trade is also an issue, even though, according to Muggah, it occurs to a smaller share of US-produced weapons. These guns are most likely to contribute to the problem of gun violence and, therefore, to the state fragility. The fact that gun violence is directly connected to state fragility cannot be denied. Naturally, it is not the only reason for instability, but its role is noteworthy, especially in Latin America. According to the statics provided by Muggah, the homicide rate in various regions of Latin Amerca is four times greater t
Importance of Team Building Nowadays, there are many reasons why companies are eager to build diverse teams and use the skills and abilities of different people to meet the same organizational goals. Diverse teams could produce good results in case they are properly led. Therefore, leaders have to understand their roles when they create teams, combine skills, and identify needs. Besides, they have to comprehend the reasons why diversity could help companies to succeed. Globalization is one of the main factors of why so many organizations focus on team building and cultural diversity, and sociologists offer many effective theories to underline the importance of diversity in team building. Theoretical Approaches in Team Building and Leadership Social comparison theory is a significant approach to comprehend how teams should be built and developed. It focuses on individuals and their abilities to share their opinions and knowledge. Festinger proposed to use such a theory as a chance for people to use various comparative references and apply them to different situations to reduce the differences and come to the same powerful conclusion (Yeager and Nafukho 391). The strongest point of this theory is that employees themselves try to complete a kind of comparative self-evaluation to comprehend if they are ready to join a team, if their skills and knowledge are not enough to be an effective part of a team and if they really strive to be a part of the chosen team. A leader should learn how to succeed in uniting people with different tastes and abilities. The opinions of all people should be considered in the same way with the same portion of respect. Every leader should understand the possible types of differences that may be observed during the work on some global projects. The scheme of cultural dimensions developed by Hofstede is one of the possible sources to rely on and measure the relations that could be developed (Binder 25). The dimensions include power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term vs. short-term orientation, and indulgence vs. restraint (Binder 25). Pros and Cons of Cultural Dimensions All these differences have certain potential benefits and challenges that can be observed in diverse team organizations. Such outcomes as various optimal solutions offered by different people, the possibility to provide customers with different services in regards to their cultural expectations, the opportunities to communicate effectively with different customers, and constant and, what is more important, the free exchange of knowledge and experience can be defined as the main advantages of work in diverse teams. At the same time, leaders should think about the threats of diverse teams such as complicated interpersonal relations that could be hardly controlled by leaders, language or cultural differences that could not be accepted by all members, different time zones that could prevent effective communication, and possible resistance to changes. Hints for Leaders of Diverse Teams There are many ways of how leaders could succeed in building diverse teams. Today,