ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The main point The article by Dr. Stacy Smith discusses gender stereotyping of women in roles assigned in films and television, with regards to children programs. The author expresses concern on the intentional misrepresentation of women as lesser members of the society who should be given minor roles in films and television. The author is not happy with the continuous action of the society to paint a picture of women as inferior and mere objects sexual gratification. From the four studies by Dr. Stacy Smith, the author is unfortunate that despite the fact that population of men and women is equal, the womenfolk, the society is not really to accept this equality in assigning roles, even when a female actor is more efficient. The surprise The most surprising thing is that women are portrayed in films that are meant for children as passive objects of hyper sexuality despite taking up the same portion of the population as their male counterparts. From the four studies, the findings reveal that female in the film industry as treated in the same way; lesser beings who are only suitable for smaller or support roles. Apparently, there is a very open imbalance in the number of single speaking women personalities as compared to the number of males assigned the same role. Apparently, very few female actions have managed to break the glass ceiling phenomenon. The Glass Ceiling Phenomenon refers to the invisible forces that make it very difficult for women to be given leading roles in the films industry in general, despite having outstanding achievements and qualifications. Regardless of the existence of different channels of countering this misrepresentation, the phenomenon is still operational and continues to bar women from getting the leading actor role in films targeting children. Despite existence of many agencies promoting equality and equity among the male and female actors, the number of women to men occupying the leading role in films is within the ratio of 1:3, despite having similar or even higher qualifications. Gender imbalance enables the author to articulate her ideas in the article to summarize gender orientation and eliminate the egotistic nature of most human beings. This balanced state of mind is known to warrant that wholesome creativity and facts important for in
The legislators closely evaluate various methods of crime prevention. As a rule, they focus on such approaches as punishment and rehabilitation. This paper is aimed at discussing the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies. Overall, one can argue that policy-makers should place more emphasis on rehabilitation since it is essential for the improvement of a person’s behavior. Nevertheless, this policy should be applicable to the individuals who are not convicted of felonies such as arson, murder, rape, or other aggravated crimes. This is the main argument that should be discussed more closely. At first, one should focus on punishment since this method has been the most widespread one in various countries, including the United States. This main advantage of this policy is that a person, who poses a significant threat to the society, can be fully isolated from the community. This argument is particularly relevant about people who committed serious felonies. Much attention should be paid to people convicted of homicide, rape, or child abuse (Waller, 2008, p. 265). For instance, some perpetrators of child abuse are very likely to commit this crime once again since therapy offered to these people is not very effective (Waller, 2008, p. 265). Under such circumstances, incarceration as a form of punishment seems to be the only option available to policy-makers. Furthermore, the victims can also demand retribution against people who inflicted suffering on them (Pollock, 2008, p. 60). In this case, punishment is a form of retributive justice. Nevertheless, there are significant weaknesses of this strategy. First of all, an individual, who might have committed some minor crime, can commit a recidivist offense. The incarceration does not produce significant changes in the behavior. It is more likely that this individual can only become more deviant (Pollock, 2008). Furthermore, by focusing on punishment of offenders, the state can contribute to the increase of prison population (Kahan, 2008, p. 171). In turn, this policy can increase the burden carried by taxpayers. This is one of the main aspects that should be considered. In turn, it is possible to speak about rehabilitation. This strategy is based on the premise that an offender should have an opportunity to change or correct his/her behavior (Johnson & Dipietro, 2012, p. 813). For instance, a person, who was pronounced guilty of storing drugs, should overcome the addition. Similarly, many crimes can be committed by people struggling with alcoholism. In turn, the rehabilitation is aimed at eliminating the factors that could have contributed to their crimes (Roesch, 2009, p. 110). The main strength of this policy is that it helps to reduce the rates of recidivism among convicted offenders (Johnson & Dipietro, 2012). N
Are People Born Bad? Background, History, Definitions   * Lombroso’s criminal heredity theory (19th century) was replaced by the sociological approach.   * Lombroso estimated up to 40% of criminals to be innate (Sirgiovanni, 2017).   * Definition of criminals: a regression to a primitive stage of human evolution (Sirgiovanni, 2017).   * Criticism: insufficient evidence, poor methodologies, excessive determinism. Notes: Innate criminal propensity was a popular criminological narrative back in the 19th century. Having identified the physiognomic characteristics that were widespread in arrested criminals, Lombroso developed his theory of criminal heredity. He defined potential criminals as a biological class of people with atavistic physical traits, claiming that being “bad” was genetically predetermined in about 40% of cases. Criticism, both methodological and ethical, has exposed the theory’s practical irrelevance.   * Sociological approaches: unfavorable conditions “create” a criminal.   * Hot spot mapping statistics: environmentally/socially vulnerable areas experience more crime events (Garnier et al., 2018).   * Crime – a healthy individual’s response to criminogenic social conditions.   * Hirschi’s social control theory: attachment to parents/having important things to lose (relationships, achievement) => higher law obedience (Costello & Laub, 2020). Notes: Sociological theories that posit that people become “bad” because of specific exposures during their lifetime are more evidence-based compared to the opposite viewpoint. From hot spot mapping interventions, it is known that crime concentrates in poor and unstable areas, which implies links between social circumstances and becoming bad. From Hirschi’s theory, it follows that poor relationships with parents and having nothing to lose in terms of interpersonal relationships, social position, and success increase crime risks. These factors can change as a person grows, which implies that criminal propensity is not predetermined. Anders Breivik – Motives, Criminal Justice Issues   * Author of “2083: A European Declaration of Independence”.   * Manifesto of far-right ideology and xenophobia.   * Demand for deportation of all Muslims from Europe.   * Self-perception as a “knight dedicated to eradicate Muslim immigration”.   * CJ issues: Radicalization, terrorism, law enforcement agencies’ responses to hate mongering. Speaker notes: The 2011 Norway attacks, also referred as the 22/7 assaults in Norway, were two separate terrorist acts carried out by Anders Breivik, a Norwegian right-wing extremist. Breiv
The IDS is an intrusion detection system that helps people quickly identify potential security breaches in a device or network. There are several types of IDS, the main ones being HIDS and NIDS. These IDSs are focused on different analytics and data control. For all IDSs, the main advantage is a quick notification system about an attack or file deletion. Saving time and committing changes allows administrators to take action to protect information as soon as possible. NIDS analyze incoming and internal network traffic; the purpose of the analysis is to detect malicious activity. However, when port coverage is disabled, additional sensors should be installed, and this is the main problem of NIDS (Magalhaes, 2018). This is due to the fact that the switch does not directly transmit the packet to the entire network, but only to the recipient. This arguably makes working with NIDS difficult, forcing administrators to do extra work. HIDS are tools that control the operation of individual devices. Typically, HIDS captures the status of all files hosted on an endpoint and informs the administrator when system objects are removed or modified. In addition, this kind of IDS checks all data packets transmitted to or from the device (Magalhaes, 2018). HIDS usually has advantages over NIDS, and administrators find that HIDS is ideal for laptops, servers, and workstations. HIDS and NIDS can be compared in different ways, and analytics show that HIDS more often outperforms or is not inferior to NIDS, at least. HIDS protects files even if the administrator is disconnected from the LAN because HIDS is installed on the device directly. The ideas about the universality of HIDS are also connected with this fact. HIDS and NIDS are equally easy to implement and easy to control (Magalhaes, 2018). The most important advantage of HIDS is that it is not necessary to go through training before using it. This makes HIDS the most desirable for most administrators, along with the price of HIDS, which is significantly lower than NIDS. NIDS also uses the bandwidth of the LAN, which leads to increased requirements for it. The general advice for administrators is to use HIDS and NIDS together on firewalls and clients, even though it may seem reasonable to use only HIDS. In the modern world, protecting information from intruders is equivalent to protecting money from criminals. Many layers of protection can save the administrator and files that devices keep safe. In the case of using HIDS and NIDS, the first one will provide protection in a complex, and the second one will solve local issues (Magalhaes, 2018). The combined use of HIDS and NIDS will provide an effective and fast alarm when a breach is d
Carl von Clausewitz and Antoine-Henri Jomini individual perceptions were largely based on the Napoleonic wars and Prussian military policies. Jomini just like Clausewitz saw the battle of the French Revolution and the various activities that shaped historical events at the time of the Napoleonic era. Jomini started the work of strategic study while he was in the military through help from General Ney, a counselor and prominent leader in the French Army. Clausewitz was also able to get lessons from Gerhard von Scharnhorst an influential Prussian Army Commander. They both were able to be appointed generals in their earlier career in the military. (Paret, Craig, & Gilbert 1986, p.694) Jomini is remembered for his writings on Grand Military Operations and Precise of the Art of War . These are analysis of the Napoleonic period. In his writing, it is clear that he wanted to explain the ideologies of what he thought led to Napoleon’s exceptional victory. Jomini argues that simplicity and precision are important strategy in a war. He states that the idea of gathering large group of soldiers and attacking makes one to have crucial victories. He further says that the attacks should occur in areas that are weak from the side of the enemy defense. Jomini referred to this strategy as depending on the principle of the line of operation. This means that in order to succeed, the army has to make out the crucial area and then strike. The army should be gathered in large group and then push the enemy away or destroy them completely. He also said they should then be able to capture the cities so that they can have victory. (Clausewitz 1976) Jomini classified military actions into three classes namely; strategy, impressive policies and logistics. He believed in staging the operation to achieve the required results. Jomini did not believe that political propositions are important. He argued that the government role is to appoint the appropriate army commander to go to war. The government should then leave the commander to do his job without any interference by following the scientific guidelines. Critics feel that Jomini’s strategies are very simplified and they are not flexible. For Jomini, when an experimental proof was not lining with his theory he did away with it. He was not clear on the significance of a genius and at the same time he contradicted himself on certain issues. (Paret, Craig, & Gilbert 1986, p.696) Jomini’s book Summary of the Art of War became very influential in the mid 1840s. The military force came to use his ideas and tactics in the time of the Mexican War which happened in 1846 to 1848. His ideologies were also used in the American Civil war betwe
Introduction Epidemiology is the scientific study of public health aimed at preventing diseases. It is an important branch of the public health sector as it helps to formulate the policies used to control certain diseases. Today, epidemiology is critical since there have been drastic changes in patterns and types of diseases. The Chinese Americans as the minority group is also characterized by certain health problems and deseases. Diseases contributing to high morbidity among the Chinese The results of the research show that the risk of cancer is much high for the male Chinese Americans than for the general population. The scholars argue that the Chinese Americans as well as other represantatives of the Asian nations living in the United States are prone to cancer due to the mix of the internal and external factors. It is said that the Chinese males are predisposed to cancer under the conditions of the American environment. The cancer among the Chinese Americans is the result of the impact of the external factors on the genetics. The Priority Diseases Diseases mostly affecting the Chinese Americans are diabetes and cancer. They are considered to be the major factors influencing the number of total deaths in the ethnic group. The diabetes is mostly of a non-insulin-dependent type (Aubert 664). Here, a large part of the country’s population is affected by chronic diseases. The lung cancer is widely spread among the Chinese Americans. Therefore, the diabetes and cancer can be said to be the priority diseases in the Chinese Americans epidemiology. The results of the research should be taken into consideration by the government in order to provide the necessary help to the immigrants and to ensure the equal access to healthcare. Social Behavioral Influences Overweight Poor dieting among the population has increased the number of people who are overweight. For instance, obesity is common among children above the age of seven, and this is mainly due to the poor dieting (Campbe and Campbell 17). This has contributed to an increase in the
Introduction Values are set of fundamental believes by which we choose what is right and what is wrong. They give priority on what is important. Values are very important to an individual when it comes to decision making and also the path of life one takes. Every person has a set of values which touches on the way one defines life. On the other hand, ethics are more formalized set of rules that regulate the manner of acting or rather the behavior of an individual or professionals (Hartmann, 2004). Ethical determinations are based on some code of conduct. Ethics is therefore defined by the code of conduct. Ethics develops typical social behavior defining certain activities. Therefore, it can be argued that ethics are set to protect individuals or society. Sources of professional values and ethics There are quite a number of sources of professional values and ethics. Some of these sources are discussed below. Business leaders are major source of professional values and ethics. Since they are the head of the business, they should lead by example and motivate the employees (Peterson’s, 2005). A leader with high professional ethical standards tends to have a positive impact on the employees’ values and ethics altogether. However, this is not always true as some cases of unethical behavior in business leaders have been reported. Therefore, it is important for a leader to be ethical so that he or she can set a good trend for the employees to follow. Professional integrity is also another source of professional values and ethics. Integrity defines professionalism. An organization comes up with a set of rules which governs professions, hence maintaining ethics. By doing this, an organization ensures that high standards of morals are kept, for instance, the Hippocratic Oath taken by doctors or Code of Chivalry by knights. Your own experience is a source of professional values and ethics (Peterson’s, 2005). One’s experience can have a great impact on their values. In fact, in most cases one chooses the path he or she takes depending on the experience one undergoes in life. For example, if an employer treats his/her employees with respect, one will tend to have a positive outlook toward him or her. This will help develop good professional values. Parents and early childhood mentors are also another source of professional values and ethics (Hartmann, 2004). Parents have a great influence on how one behaves. They pass on values to their children hence influencing their behavior. These sets of values acquired from parents will in turn affect the personal relationship one has. Further, childhood mentors define one’s values. These are the people one admires and emulates, hence acquiring some sets of believes from them. These believe or values tend to affect one’s moral position in the society, or in an organization. Influence of professional values and ethics on career success Although people may have different values, ethics are there to keep check. Professional values and ethics are associated with making the righ
Introduction Things change over time, but one phenomenon that will remain etched in the mind of people of many nations is the Communist Manifesto. It is a manifesto that persisted in the world for a long time without rivalry. It was unrivaled because not because it was so beneficial, but its popularity was pegged on the fact that the world at its time was full of brutality (Marx et al, 2002). Hence, between the 1970s and 1980s, millions of people in the Cuba Soviet Union, China, and the Eastern part of Europe were governed by communist rule (Marx et al, 2002). Many other people in the world mostly in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern European countries such as Italy, Portugal, Greece, and France embraced communism in the face of the struggles and revolutions at that time. However, communism was not an icing on the cake in Western Europe. The countries in this region rejected it as being authoritarian (Marx et al, 2002). Looked at from a neutral point of view, the perceptions of people about the Communist Manifesto were diverse. The Soviet Union had used the system in the 1930s to find a solution to mass unemployment, at the same manifesto was considered to be a panacea to economic empowerment. Yet it was perceived as the cause of the “Cold War” that boiled in the 1980s. Main body A critical appraisal of the “communist” definition indicates a grim picture of how the system of leadership could have been corrupted to exploit the common man. According to Marx et al (2002), a communist is a person who has the advantage of clearly comprehending the lines of march, the prevailing situation, and the ultimate results of an action. This is in line with what the ideas of the proponents of the system were. However, the English version of communism depicts it as a vast association of a nation in its entirety (Marx et al, 2002). Further, Marx et al (2002) were of the opinion that the shortcoming of the system is when the public power loses its character. In such an arrangement, there is a tendency to have the opinion that the development of one individual is a benchmark for the development of another, which eventually leads to laxity among some individuals. The endpoint is suffering to the people who are not ready to be “assets of development” to others. Dostoyevsky’s (1965) story, Notes from Underground is a depiction of a suffering person in Petersburg, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union). The man in the story is forty old and has been unemployed for twenty years, though he once served in the government (Dostoyevsky 1965). The story is characteristic of the trends in communist leadership. One can surmise that such leaderships are associated with corruption and denial of other rights to citizens. This is highlighted clearly in the story: the man could be suffering because he failed to take bribes when he was working in the government. Not only is corruption a problem, but other problems such as unemployment and insecurity are also rife. The story depicts the m
Introduction The nature and essence of financial derivatives has continued to affect and influence the world’s economic scene for centuries now. Presently, the estimated market size for derivatives is in excess of $200 trillion globally, based on the speculative value of contracts outstanding (Bells, n.d.). By definition, derivatives are products that allow individual and corporate entities to lessen their exposure to market moves that are inexorably beyond their control (Hunt & Kennedy, 2004). For instance, multinational corporations operating in foreign countries are often exposed to market moves in exchange rates that may be disastrous if a financial cushion is not availed to the MNCs to guard against such moves. It is the purpose of this essay to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of some of the financial derivatives existing in the market today, including evaluating the circumstances in which these derivatives are used. Forward Contracts A forward contract is a customized contract between two parties to purchase or sell a particular asset at a specific time in the future for a specific price agreed by the both parties today (Nelken, 2005). The underlying asset can be in terms of building, stocks, bonds, commodities, currency, among others. Under this type of contract, the entity agreeing to purchase the underlying asset at the specific time in the future takes a long position, while the entity agreeing to dispose the asset at the pre-agreed time takes a short position. In terms of advantages, risks in forward contracts tend to be small due to the fact that contracts are customized to meet precise needs of the two entities. No initial capital is required for both parties to participate in the contract. Also, the parties are not obliged to surrender margin calls such as collateral since no capital changes hands until the pre-agreed date. Under this type of contract, participants, especially in the agricultural sector, have the capacity to lock on prices they may wish to trade in the future. Lastly, forward contracts are known to last longer than standardized contracts since the terms of engagement are negotiable, and the contract can be written for any amount of money and term (ESDD, 1999). One of the major disadvantages of forward contracts is that the contract can neither be reversed nor transferred to another party. Second, prices tend to be less transparent and flexible since they are agreed upon by two parties only. Third, there is always a high risk of default since the contract does not involve a third party. Lastly, linearity factors demands that one party will eventually run at a loss while the other benefits as a direct result of fluctuation of the