ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Sheri Booker, the author of Nine Years Under (2013), presents her story of how she prematurely learned about misfortune when she was only under the age of 15. The book describes the personal story of a young protagonist who had to work at the Albert Wylie Funeral House after the death of girl’s Aunt Mary. However, Nine Years Under provides insights not only into the personal development of the protagonist but also in the understanding of the complex social situation around her. The book is thought provoking and important because it allows representing the difficult social situation and the problems of gang violence and drugs in the United States from the personal point of view. The intended audience of the book is persons who were teenagers during the 1990s and modern young people. This critique discusses the Nine Years Under written by Sheri Booker from the sociological perspective, analyzing how the protagonist of the story was influenced by events that occurred to her during nine years and what social environments affected the protagonist’s development. The historical setting of the story told by Sheri Booker is Inner-City Baltimore during the controversial period of the 1990s when streets of Baltimore were full of youth gangs, and people died from AIDS and drug addiction. It is the period of Sheri’s adolescence when the girl faced many challenges and sufferings. Sheri was only 15-year-old when she had to witness the person’s sufferings and workers from nursing home passing through their small and cozy family house in Baltimore. The reason for such inconvenience and change of lifestyle was the disease of Aunt Mary, who had an inoperable tumor and was slowly dying from cancer. After Mary’s death, Sheri felt that her life was ruined, and she noted in the book: “After Aunt Mary died, the ground beneath me shifted. I expected the world to pause for my grief – and it didn’t, not even for a moment of silence” (Booker, 2013, p. 13). Under such conditions, while still recovering from the death of Aunt Mary and shaking from the grief that surrounded her, Sheri experienced more unexpected changes in her life. One Sunday, the teenager met Al Wylie, who was an owner of a funeral house where Sheri’s parents were arranging a funeral of Aunt Mary. The meeting of Sheri and Al was entirely unexpected, and it changed the girl’s life because she expressed an intention of working in his funeral parlor. Sheri received the consent from her parents and started her job at the Albert Wylie Funeral House. The girl was only 15-year-old, and she intended to work at the funeral house for only one summer. Instead, Sheri stayed working as an employee of Albert Wylie for nine long years, and she observed and experienced a lot of painful cases during her practice. The reason was in the fact that the period during which she was working at the Albert Wylie Funeral House was rather unstable, and the pop
Introduction Nowadays, junk food has become common in our daily diets. The reason why most people opt for fast foods is that they are cheap, tasty, and readily available. Despite the high current intake of fast foods, many nutritionists complain they lack essential nutrients and are unhealthy to our bodies due to their high-calorie content, cholesterol level, and sodium. Nutrition value of Fast foods How it’s lost Overcooking of fast foods makes them lose essential nutrients. Destruction of essential nutrients renders these foods less beneficial to our bodies. Most fast foods consist of high-calorie foods as well as foods that are rich in cholesterol. Moreover, fast foods are largely prepared using a lot of addictives as well as preservatives to make them delicious, and so that they can last longer. Addictives contain a lot of sodium, which is unhealthy to our bodies when taken in large quantities. Fast foods are mainly prepared with fats that have high quantities of Trans fat that is responsible for increasing the level of cholesterol (Gulnaz par. 7). Health Problems of Fast Foods High-calorie content Fast foods are mainly junk foods which have high-calorie contents and high level of cholesterol. When people take junky foods for a long period, they accumulate a lot of fat and become overweight and obese. It is noted that a single fast food meal can contain as high as 1700 calorie, which is about the overall calorie that one requires per day. Causes obesity Currently, obesity is a major health issue in the United States of America as well as in Australia. In these regions, there is a high prevalence of many young people as well as adults who are diagnosed as being overweight as well as obese. It is observed that Continuous consumption of fast food results to overweight and obese conditions that make most people experience various physical discomforts such as joint pains as well as tiredness. In cases of children overweight, those children who are overweight are often discriminated by other children during playing. This discrimination makes such children not to have children who they can play with. Thus, lack of playing mates as well as their continuous consumption of junk food makes their overweight condition to deteriorate into obesity which is a very detrimental condition that can increase children mortality rate (Bowman, Gortmaker, Ebbeling, Pereira and Ludwig par. 10). Causes food poisonin
Protection of human participants The study used 16 male adolescents with high functioning autism (HFA) and Asperger Syndrome (AS). The same number of controls was used (Freitag, Kleser, Schneider & von Gontard, 2007). The study authors did not give the benefits and/or risks associated with the study participation. However, it could be concluded that the participants who had a history of cerebral palsy, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and genetic disorders could be exposed to risks that could lead to unhealthy outcomes. For adolescents to participate in the study, they gave informed consent. It seemed that the study participants voluntarily participated in the study since there were no incentives offered. Studies involving human subjects are closely monitored to prevent participants from (Burns & Grove, 2011). A local institutional ethics committee approved the study design after evaluating the anticipated risks/and benefits (Freitag et al., 2007). Data collection High functioning autism (HFA) and AS measurements were used as the independent variables. The independent variables were hypothesized to influence the manifestation of motor problems (the dependent variables). Neuromotor development data were collected through the ZNA. The authors indicated that the ZNA was appropriate for collecting the data because it could measure the 11 parameters of movements that were being investigated. The ZNA could also assess timed movements and adaptive movements. The period for the data collection for the study was not given. For each participant, movements were assessed while standing and/or sitting (Freitag et al., 2007). When a participant was ready to be assessed, the following movements were measured following the sequence:  1. Repetitive toe-tapping  2. Repetitive patting  3. Repetitive and sequential finger tapping  4. Pegboard  5. Static and dynamic balance  6. Heel-toe alternation  7. Supination of hands  8. Diadochokinesis  9. Stress gaits 10. Static balance 11. Dynamic balance Data management and analysis The data collected were analyzed with SAS statistical package (SAS,
Nowadays, personal computers, laptops, and tablets are devices that are regularly used for a range of purposes, including the education and creative work. However, in the 1960-1970s, the concepts of portable computers for the personal use were only developing. In the 1960s, Vannevar Bush presented his revolutionary vision of Memex, and in the 1970s, Alan Kay and Adele Goldberg proposed a prototype of the Dynabook that demonstrated even more advantages for individuals. Although ideas of Bush regarding Memex and concepts represented by Kay and Goldberg regarding Dynabook can be discussed as generally similar, Kay and Goldberg’s visions are more progressive because a decade in the computer industry development allowed the expansion of the Memex idea. The reason to state that both Memex and Dynabook are based on the same idea and vision of the personal computer’s development is in the fact that Bush, Kay, and Goldberg were focused on creating the effective device in order to store the information for the personal use. It was important for Bush to propose the device that avoids losing the human thoughts and allows the easy access to a lot of sources of information. In this context, Memex was designed as a kind of the mechanized personal library (Bush, 2006, p. 85). Kay and Goldberg (2002) also focused on the idea of the information storage, but they mentioned the possibility to use both visual and auditory information (p. 178). The devices were designed to help individuals receive the access to manipulating great amounts of information to enable them to live and work effectively. The other similarity in the researchers’ ideas is the reference to the work of the human mind and brain in order to design the most effective operating system for the device. Thus, Bush (2006) paid attention to associations, webs, and ‘trails’ to connect the data on the web (p. 87). In their turn, Kay and Goldberg (2002) also referred to the mind work and developed the concepts of creative work and simulation (p. 180). The researchers were intended to add to the individuals’ knowledge, development, and creativity and used the principles of the mind work to improve the selection, search, and problem-solving with the help of devices. However, the main difference in the discussed concepts and devices is that Kay and Goldberg’s Dynabook can be viewed as the improved version of Bush’s Memex with the expanded functions. If Bush (2006) referred to Memex as the mechanized variant of a library and the development of the person’s knowledge, Kay and Goldberg (2002) put an emphasis on creativity and development of a person’s skills in writing, drawing, animating, and composing music. The researchers developed the idea of the dynamic media or hypermedia allowing the improvement of work for many professionals, including educators or musicians. Another difference i
Summary Promoting educational change is a challenging task that requires the use of appropriate drivers. The adoption of internal accountability as the foundation for enhancing the performance of learners must be viewed as an essential strategy that a teacher must consider. The application of the identified approach will require recognizing the significance of social factors as crucial drivers that define the motivation of learners. Furthermore, the emphasis on expanding the learners’ capacity will have to be interpreted as the primary step toward improving their performance (Fullan, 2016). The principles of leadership leverage should be viewed as the key tools for helping students explore their capacities and use their advantages to attain new and improved results. Furthermore, the principles of continuity must be introduced to the learning environment so that the target audience could engage in the active and uninhibited knowledge acquisition process. As a result, the phenomenon known as “systemness” (Fullan, 2016, p. 47) can be observed in the learning environment. Compelling learners to get their priorities straight, the specified concept is bound to help build the foundation for consistent improvement and successful learning (Fullan, 2016). Reaction I believe that the focus on systemness and the enhancement of internal accountability as the primary quality that will encourage learners to adopt the suggested behaviors is a legitimate strategy that is bound to contribute to a massive improvement in students’ academic performance. That being said, the approach needs further elaboration. For instance, tools for promoting lifelong learning as the academic philosophy that learners must develop should have been discussed in the article as an essential addition to the strategy for academic success. Moreover, the issue of leadership could use more elaboration, including the description of the approach that would provide enough flexibility and at the same time allow building the model that all learners could follow to meet the set standards. Nevertheless, the overall focus on the importance of fostering internal accountability as the foundation for encouraging learners to develop the necessary academic skills seems reasonable. The article focuses on how a teacher can provide students with appropriate directions, specifying that building knowledge should be given much higher priority than criticizing students as the means of encouraging them to develop the necessary knowledge and skills. Therefore, it enables educators to design the approaches that will help them retain their flexibility, offer learners enough room for developing academic independence, and at the same time guiding them toward success. While the approach rooted in systemness may have its flaws, its strengths, nevertheless, indicate that it has potential as a teaching strategy. Therefore, it needs to be included in the list of teaching frameworks so that students could develop internal accountability and, thus, focus on acquiring and training the necessa
Introduction In the 2010s, when environmentalism issues were gaining impressive weight, the discovery of violations of the Clean Air Act by Volkswagen triggered a massive response with the following scandal surrounding the company. In retrospect, by reconsidering its approach toward corporate ethics and focusing on the promotion of ethical behaviors, the organization could have avoided the trouble. Because of the poor corporate ethics standards that were promoted at the time among the members of the organization and its employees, Volkswagen failed to not only prevent the instance of an environmental violation but also produce an adequate response that could have helped manage the issue more efficiently. According to the details of the study, Volkswagen failed to meet the current standards of environmental sustainability when it implanted what would later be called the defeat device into the design of its products. As a result, the emission tests, which Volkswagen cars had to pass for them to be considered appropriate for further usage and, therefore, allowed to be sold in the global market, were created successfully. The resulting damage that the sold cars have done to the global environment because of the immense rise in the CO2 emission levels is huge. Even though ICTT managed to disclose the fraud within a comparatively small amount of time, Volkswagen will still have to face significant repercussions and carry out some changes to its current ethical standards and approaches to corporate leadership. A closer look at the bad ethical choices made by the organization will reveal that the firm was guilty of not only having polluted the environment but also denying its obvious fault afterward, thus, exacerbating the issue. If Volkswagen had accepted the blame and admitted its guilt, it would have positioned itself as a responsible firm that, while having slipped when managing its sustainability levels, was still capable of handling the problem maturely and responsibly. However, Volkswagen preferred to wrap itself in denial. The fact that the company was resorting to an evident lie showed that Volkswagen’s ethical standards had dropped significantly. More importantly, the failure to accept the respondents indicated that Volkswagen was suffering from internal issues that had led to the inability to comply with the basic ethical standards. Therefore, at present, the organization needs to respond to not only the accusations of its failure to meet the EPA standards and the following attempt at concealing the problems in its sustainability policy but also the relationships with its customers and the potential target audience. Indeed, seeing that Volkswagen has jeopardized both the safety and the health of the global community by allowi
Identify how the interaction of the drug with its molecular target(s) accounts for the major therapeutic effect (i.e. the effect you want the drug to cause in clinical practice; e.g. for paracetamol – pain relief). Morphine is an opioid that binds with the opioid receptors at the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the grey region. The receptors onto which morphine binds are of mu (µ). Kappa and delta types, of these receptor types, µ are the most important for analgesia effects to be realized. There are two µ subtypes: the µ1 and the µ2 (Stoelting 1999, p. 96). The µ1 subtype is involved in analgesia more than the µ2, the second subtype, which is involved more in respiratory depression. In addition, the µ2 subtype is also involved in mediating bradycardia and physical dependence (Hasslesstrom & Sawe 2001, p. 349). Include a Description of How the Drug Alters Function At the Cellular Level The presence of Morphine activates the G-protein and this is important for it to elicit its effect within the cell. Upon being activated, the G protein alters the permeability at the neural receptors (Chay, Duff, & Walker 2002, p. 336). When the permeability is affected, neuronal activity is altered through hyperpolarization of the membrane. When neuronal activities stop, analgesia is initiated (Dolin 2000. p. 25). The opiate receptors at the Central Nervous System are the main areas where morphine acts. At the brainstem centers, hyperpolarization results in analgesia being achieved. Morphine directly affects respiratory activities, causing respiratory depression. (Bhandari, Bergqvist & Kronsberg 2005, p. 355). The respiratory depression involves the reduction in the reception capacity of the human respiratory centers, which in turn inhibits their effective reaction to an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide as well as electrical stimulation (National Center for Biotechnology Information 2011, p. 2). Apart from the analgesic effect, morphine has also been found to affect the cough center, which then causes depression in the human cough reflex. The cough center is located in the human brain in the medulla. Here morphine causes a depressant effect when it binds to and interacts with the opioid receptors. When morphine is given in smaller doses, antitussive effects may occur in place of analgesia (Meldrum 2003, p. 2472). Include a Description of How the Altered Cellular Function Manifests As a Change in Body System Function, and the Eventual Major Therapeutic Response Orthostatic hypotension can be caused by morphine through peripheral vasodilatation. Morphine can also cause hypotension through the release of histamine. Some of the detectable features after morphine intake include histamine release
Introduction Martin Luther King Jr. once noted that if human beings adopted a character that would discourage human divergent behaviors such as retribution and aggression, then that move would underscore the basis of love. This assertion implies that aggression existed during Luther’s time, but its impacts were not as grave as they are in contemporary society. In the early nineteenth century, males were aggressive when they wanted food and refuge among other human needs. Women were often belligerent when they wanted to fight for their children. However, as aggression was passed from one generation to another, it developed to become more destructive than helpful. Aggression has led people to commit violent and criminal acts, thus raising the question whether it is a form of deviance. This discussion paper will discuss whether aggression is a form of deviance. The paper will ultimately give a decisive conclusion on the issue, but it will first define the terms. Aggression, violence, and deviance defined Various studies on aggression give divergent meanings for the term. For instance, aggression in children is normally viewed as an awful behavior, while in sports and business environments it is often considered as an admirable character. However, most scholars popularly view aggression as a bad social behavior. Social psychologists equally define aggression as behavior whose aim is to cause harm to another individual’s body, emotions, and property without the knowledge of the person. Society accepts various norms and practices, but such norms become aggressive when an individual breaches the set rules (Anderson & Bushman, 2002). Studies have indicated that a person who desires to inflict pain to another is only referred as aggressive if the behavior is also considered as anti-normative. Similarly, if one’s desire to injure is driven by provocation, then his or her acts are seen as aggressive when they surpass the act that prompted the retaliation. It important to
In Zamiatin’s novel “We” all human beings are referred to as “Respected numbers” (916) who are not supposed to love, have souls, or imagination. They are expected to be human machines, obedient and hard-working. Even the main character has only a number instead of a name, in order to maintain order and eliminate individuality. The human being is reduced to a mere cog in the societal machine. But it doesn’t work like that. Just as in 1984 (Orwell, 1949) and Brave New World (Huxley 19XX), human beings turn out to be too deviant to become compliant automatons, as even the numbered humans of We find that they need more than safety to be happy. Sadly, in this dystopic novel, the machine wins and it ends on a pessimistic note as D-503, after he is cured, watches his lover being tortured and vaporized without any emotional reaction at all All the numbered humans within the glass wall are dressed in similar plain uniforms which make distinguishing any individual very difficult. In order to deal with different physical characteristics, even the equalization of noses is earnestly proposed. The only difference made between males and females is that females are identified with a vowel and an even number on their drab grey uniforms, as opposed to males with consonants and an odd number. I thought this was a little strange since most societies would require more females in order to sustain the population. However, Zamyatin was from a very patriarchal society, so it was probably an oversight. If not, he might have chosen to identify males with consonants because they are stronger, though that does not fall in line with the idea of total equality within the novel. Everything in the One State has been reduced to simple mathematics wherever possible. The purity of numbers and mathematics are seen as far superior to the biological functioning of human beings. Anything which promotes individuality is eliminated and such things as privacy and individual social activity are banned. All walls are made of transparent glass. One wonders why Zamyatin did not find some way to eliminate walls entirely. Humans could easily conduct all activities in a common space. Only sexual activity was seen to be disturbing. (Eliminating privacy both eliminates identity and allows the “machine” to monitor human activity.) Emotions are seen as a flaw that poisons humans and makes them misbehave, thus corrupting the entire society and making the world an unhappy place. Happiness is actually defined as contentment with