ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Free market and mixed economy An economic system is made up of the organizations and the techniques that are used to determine the commodities to be produced, the approach of producing them, and the intended consumer of these commodities. These decisions are important because resources are scarce. There are several types of economic systems. In this paper, the free market and mixed economy will be discussed. The two economic systems have different characteristics. In the case of a free-market economy, resources are allocated by the forces of demand and supply. Thus, either an individual or a group of central players cannot allocate resources. In a free-market economy, the price mechanism ensures that all aspects of the economy are in balance (Douma & Hein 2013). For instance, growth in demand pushes the price upwards. This stimulates manufacturers to increase production. Further, the amount of consumption depends on the income of individuals. Therefore, in a free-market economy, a government will concentrate on safeguarding property rights (Tucker 2010). A free-market economy is hypothetical and does not exist in the real world. In the case of a mixed economy, resources are owned by both the public and the private sector. A mixed economy can also be viewed as a market economy with significant government involvement. In most cases, a government intercedes to rectify market failures and to provide public and merit commodities. Most economies in the world are mixed (Ruth & Hannon, 2012). A change in quantity supplied and change in supply There is a difference between a change in supply and a change in quantity supplied. The differences are explained below. A change in quantity supplied A change in quantity supplied can be explained as the movement long a stationary supply curve while holding other factors constant. This movement is drawn from the law of supply, which states that there is a positive relationship between price and supply while holding other factors constant (Perloff 2012). Thus, if the price moves up along the y-axis, the quantity supplied will move to the right along the x-a
According to Brewer & Gavin (2002), a developed country is defined with several factors in consideration, and this can be seen where different scholars have looked at this in different ways. Some scholars determine whether a country is developed by considering the Gross domestic product per capital income. However, the scholars do not singly use this as a reason of terming a country as being developed but also adds on to the fact that people in that country should be having the freedom to do as they please. For instance, some countries in the Middle East have high GDP but cannot be said to be developed since they do not experience the same kind of freedom as most of their counterparts do. From the point of view of macroeconomists, a developed country is one where economic growth is high and steadily increases. A country that is considered developed also has low inflation and in most cases, the rate of unemployment is considerably low. Broaman, Paas & Welfens (2006) says that developed countries also boast a healthy balance of payment. Such countries have alleviated poverty especially the type that is absolute and to this effect, the literacy of the individuals is improved. Feldstein (2003) adds that some resources are made available such as water and wholesome food to ensure that the individuals are healthy and they can be productive hence reducing poverty in that country. Heale (2011) suggests that developed countries seem to have reached the epitome of financial stability but with time, this can be destabilized by different circumstances. The United States of America is a developed country and even at some point referred to as a superpower. However, some disadvantages came along with this in the year 2008. It faced severe financial crisis that had to be evaluated. The United States of America is a developed country and with years, it has even supported other countries that are developing by giving donations. One disadvantage that was felt in 2008 when the country was going through financial crisis was that other countries were also disrupted in their economies. Hemming & Schimmelpfennig (2003) suggest that there is a common saying that goes, ‘when America sneezes, the east gets a cold and Africa gets pneumonia”. From this, we can deduce that America economy’s stability really is vital in the general development of the world’s economy. America is heavily industrious and it may supply the east with products, which they need for their activities to continue. In 2008 when the financial crisis hit America, the production reduced and the amount of resources exported from Africa was greatly reduced. This also brought about the financial strain in Africa as well as the east since they were also financially destabilized. Hemming & Schimmelpfennig (2003) continue to argue that, America facilitated the free market system in the world. However, after the crisis in 20
Introduction The United States has a federal structure of government with elected members of the government and cabinet coming from the national level and the local level. Top of the rank is the president who is from the national level. The president is elected by the people of the United States through an election governing body. (Barone and Richard, 13) says that this body is mandated the role of conducting a free and fair election not only at the national level but also at the local level. In the voting process, the candidate with the highest number of votes assumes the post and the whole of this process must be eligible and transparent. Such economies lead to transparency and democracy in the voting process. This paper takes a keen look at one of the elections that took place between two candidates during the 2010 Mid-Term Election. This was a campaign race between rivals Timothy Bishop and Randy Altschuler. Randy Altschuler won the election by a narrow margin. The paper seeks to look at the factors that lead to Timothy Bishop losing the hotly contested seat. Body First was the human error in the tally that occurred in the counting process. The democratic incumbent Bishop was competing against a republican challenger who was a businessman. Despite the race being tight, we could see from the beginning that the democrat was actually ahead of the pools by close to 51% against the closest and major rival Randy Altschuler who had 49%. This actually made the people make a dangerous assumption that it was obviously going to be a win for the democrat. Despite the absentees’ votes still remaining for the official release, it would seem they would make close to 0% difference on the then tally. To alls surprise, it was discovered that close to 4,000 votes were missing just hours after the closing of the polls. This to meet was a strong reason since it could not just be solved easily unless a recount was conducted. This estimate which was clearly not a machine error changed a lot at this stage of the polls. The campaign strategy that was used by Randy Altschuler against his opponent Tim Bishop was a good strategy to help him outdo his opponent. We see the famous republican renewing his campaign strategies by calling for his opponent to resign or return dollars 15,000 donated to his campaign team. This was a scandal since the donation source was through the scandalous Charlie Rangel was a Congressman. This call though it had a little impact on the opponent, it created a very big impact. (Davidson and Walter, 15) says that a candidate must be fraud-free for him or her to stand a better chance of winning an election. There was also an element of corruption and ethnicity that marked Timothy Bishop’s campaign. When Randy Altschuler called for the resignation of both Bishop and Charlie Rangel, it was evident that Charlie was challenged ethnically because unlike the democrat’s view on the return of the money, the majority of the colleagues saw this since. Also, Charlie proved to the people that there was an act of corruption and due to his funding to the democrat, no one would hide this scandalous act and fail to condemn such a poor cu
The Pros and Cons of Gluten Free (GF) Diet Many people around the world are trying to use diets to lose weight or treat a specific medical condition. In many cases, making a diet involves reworking the current nutrition and eliminating some components. A gluten-free diet follows the same principle and, as the name suggests, is built around reducing gluten. It is a group of proteins contained in the seeds of various cereal plants: wheat, rye, barley ( Gluten-Free Diet ). Therefore, to comply with this diet, a person needs to exclude dishes that include these components from their diet ultimately. Unlike many other techniques, a gluten-free diet focuses on treating symptoms of celiac disease and a range of other conditions associated with gluten intolerance or cereal allergies. This essay aims to analyze the properties of this diet to explore its possible advantages and disadvantages. First of all, it should be noted that this diet is used not only by adherents of a healthy lifestyle but also by people for whom it is vital. Moreover, its primary goal is to eliminate symptoms and support a person without consuming cereals. Although the gluten-free diet is popular with the general public, the reported benefits of improving wellness and weight loss require further research and confirmation ( Gluten-Free Diet ). Weight loss with this technique is more likely associated with avoiding junk food and carbohydrate-rich foods (Raman). Moreover, current research does not find clear health benefits for healthy patients (El Khoury et al. 1410). Therefore, the benefits of this diet are best viewed in the context of gluten-related diseases. In these cases, using such a diet is the only way to avoid severe symptoms and infections. For celiac patients, this diet is the only choice and vital necessity, without which they will not be able to live comfortably. On the one hand, since this diet is scientifically purely medical and vital for a specific group of people, it is difficult to assess its shortcomings. Even though there are some difficulties associated with eliminating all gluten from the diet, patients have no other alternative. Nevertheless, it is possible to note some negative aspects that adherents of this diet have to face. First, the elimination of gluten from consumption entails a severe deficiency in many essential elements. In the first place, a gluten-free diet is often associated with a lack of fiber, which is found in baked goods and cereals, leading to constipation (Raman). Second, people who follow this diet often recklessly follow the “gluten-free” label in an effort to keep themselves safe and thus consume mainly processed foods. However, a wide variety of nuts, fruits, and vegetables is ignored by them, which leads to a lack of vitamins and minerals (Raman). Finally, due to the need for a careful approach to the diet, the cost of food increases significantly, which makes a gluten-free diet quite difficult and expensive. Due to its medical
The issue of HIV/AIDS-positive status disclosure has become of major importance over the past decades. Whereas at the beginning of the epidemic, the therapists felt it was their duty to inform the patient’s surroundings of the issue, the introduction of the HIV/AIDS Confidentiality Act turned this duty into a forthright crime (“Limits on confidentiality,” 2017). Although this act is quite relevant in terms of human rights safety, there is a significant disadvantage of being unable to prevent others from the infection. The most vivid example on the matter is the case of Nushawn J. Williams, who is believed to have intentionally infected more than a dozen women across the US. The man abused unsafe sexual intercourse after the medicals had revealed to him the positive results of the HIV test (Cooper, 1999). In order to find a balance between one’s privacy and others’ safety, the following options can be introduced. The first option may seem general, but it still requires more recognition. Although almost every modern world community resident should now be aware of the potential unsafe sex implications, there are still many people who undermine the importance of contraception. Hence, there exists a strong necessity to introduce more preventative information via specific applications, advertisements, and voluntary events (Huang, Williams, Hocking, & Lim, 2016). In such a way, the significance of carefulness can be conveyed on the level of subconsciousness. Another important matter is the fact that people who accidentally had unsafe sexual intercourse or were forced into it, still have a chance to protect themselves from being infected. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can be taken within the first few hours after the intercourse in order to block the infection (CDC, 2019). Thus, medical specialists should tell this to both HIV/AIDS-positive and negative sexually active individuals. Taking everything into consideration, I may conclude that the revelation of one’s HIV/AIDS status is not an option to prevent the infection from spreading. As long as many people think that informing the sexual partner on the subject is a matter of trust, no one is safe. People should, first of all, think of their health and secure their safety with the help of contraception or prophylaxis treatment. In such a way, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, if not stopped, can be controlled.
Kaplan analyzes the portrayal of women in a film using Laura Mulvey’s The Male Gaze theory and psychoanalysis. Kaplan argues that historically women have only been the focus of attention in the melodrama genre, and while melodrama exposes the limitations that the family places on women, it also forces women to accept those limitations as inevitable and normal. Kaplan argues that culture is deeply rooted in male and female dominance-submission patterns. The male gaze calls for a sexual, political gaze and offers a sexualized way of looking that empowers men and objectifies women. In the male gaze, a woman is visually positioned as an object of heterosexual male desire. Her feelings, thoughts, and sexual desires are less important than her framing of male desire. The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946) is a famous example of the male gaze. The viewer is introduced to the main character of the film, Cora Smith, focusing on her sexuality. Indeed, the viewer knows that Cora is sexy even before knowing her name. Using close-ups, the camera forces the viewer to look at Cora’s body. It creates a way of looking that is sexy and connected to the point of view of the male protagonist. In terms of contemporary examples, the Transformers film series (2006–2014) presents women as desirable sex objects. Filmmakers often try to avoid portraying female characters as just sex objects by giving them complex backstories, strong motivations, and an active role in the plot of their story. However, the male gaze is still common. Catwoman in The Dark Knight Rises (2012) has important personal motivations, but she is still clearly there to be looked at. Works Cited Kaplan, E. Ann. “Is the Gaze Male?” Women and Film: Both Sides of the Camera edited by E. Ann Kaplan, Routledge, 1983, pp. 119-138.
As in this fast moving world, business become more complex and complicated, business men are facing lots of challenges, for better growth and outcome they need management and marketing consultancy. For that purpose, number of business is relying on marketing and management strategies. Many organizations depends on management and marketing analyst to help them in a mid of difficult period. Proper management and marketing is the key to the path of success for every organization. Proper consultancy and proper management lead the organization up to high extent. In recent years, the value of management consultancy market grew by 4.4%to achieve a target of $27.8 billion. In upcoming years, it is forecast that the value of management and marketing will reach $33.1, an increase of 19.3%. Japan, the growing country accounts 68% for the Asia Pacific market. The value of marketing and management consultancy is always recorded on the basis of revenues of corporate strategy services, operations management services, information technology solutions, human resource management services and outsourcing services. This value doesn’t include revenues generated by accountancy. To run a business is not an easy task, an organization must have to look at every aspect of success (Global Bussiness, 2002). Purpose of Research The Asia Pacific market generated $27.8 billion revenues in the year of 2006, with a CAGR of 3.8% in the time span of 2002-2006. The information technology segment of Asia pacific’s market generated revenues of $8.5 equivalent to 30.5% of overall market. Information technology segment of Asia pacific market has been the most remunerative segment in 2006. The forecast of upcoming years is CAGR will reach up to 3.6% for the year of 2006-2011. In the year 2006, different department generated following revenues. Fig: 1 Market Segmentation. Research Problem In the year 2006, Asia pacific market generated CAGR (compound annual growth rate) of 3.8% on the other hand; United States and European markets generated CAGR of 5% and 1.6% values equal to $127.3 billion and $54.3 billion respectively over the same period of 2002-2006. The
Executive Summary Top Breadz, a Sydney-based industrial bread and pastry manufacturer assigned our team to investigate how Business–to–Business (B2B) e-commerce solutions might benefit the company to reach its goals, namely, to increase sales by the retail outlets, to increase revenues by entering new markets or increasing market share, and to reduce operating costs. In regards to these objectives, our proposed B2B e-commerce solution is the design and implementation of a B2B extranet portal for Top Breadz. The extranet solution includes a secure, easy-to-use order management portal to enable partners, suppliers and buyers manage their dealings with the company more efficiently and less costly and collaborative tools to share customer information with partners. Undertaking the project will benefit Top Breadz by improving its bottom-line efficiency via cutting costs and time of the expenditure and revenue cycles. This not only reduces operating expenditures but also gives the company an edge over its competitors. Having a unified system for all partners also facilitates new market development or market penetration. The risks to be considered by the Top Breadz team studying the solution are the following:   * Retail partners might not possess the proper or compatible Information Technology (IT) background to gain advantage of Top Breadz’s new system.   * Taking into account the lack of any legacy systems, and consequently, lack of experience in IT at Top Breadz, implementing a B2B e-commerce platform requires a fundamental shift within the business processes, which might prove to be troublesome and result in early faults.   * For the same reason, defining the exact scope of the project is unsure since the requirements are not clear in terms of scalability and future development.   * Initial capital outlay is substantial, especially compared to the cost savings only to be realized on the long-term. The proposed system is perfectly capable of delivering the features that will help Top Breadz reach its goals. We therefore, recommend introducing the new B2B extranet system. Introduction Business to Business (B2B) e-commerce is becoming an increasingly important method of conducting buying and selling processes. One of the prominent lessons that have emerged from company experiences is the recognition of the significant role that extranets play in B2B e-commerce operations. Among other things, this paper provides a discussion on how the use of a B2B e-commerce extranet, which has been proposed for Top Breadz, can improve the company’s performance. Description and Explanation of the IT Innovation The information technology services required for e-commerce are Internet, intranets, and extranets. An extranet may be defined as a secure network that uses Internet and Web technologies to connect two or more intranets of business partners, thus enabling business to business communications to take place effectively (Kallioranta & Vlosky 2004). It allows trusted business partners to have secure access to information assets on another firm’s intranet. For example, Top Breadz may connect its computers with its v
For the past four years, I have been an active member of our local youth group organization which brings together all the youths both in and out of school to offer their services to our local community. We first came up with the idea when one very vocal youth died and contributions were required to help with the funeral expenses. We organized ourselves in groups to move from door to door asking for help from those who could sympathize with us and have pity on the dead. The outcome of the collection done by the youth was so good that we decided to form an association to help us in such cases as well as others where a large number was needed. We drew our plans and put down what we wanted to achieve as a unit, instead of just coming together during a tragedy. Since the initiation of the projects that we set required some money which had to be accounted for. We elected executive officials to oversee the management of the funds and the projects. I was elected the project coordinator, a position which I held for four terms (with one term lasting one year). We initiated several projects to help our local community and integrate all the idle youths in the neighborhood to have something constructive to do. As the project coordinator, I was charged with the duty of coming up with a strategy to liaising with the target group that is the community and the members who were to carry out the activities. At some point, I was to come up with a new project, introduce it to the other executive officials and if they approve it, we would share the idea with the other members before introducing it to the community. The projects included: – Stocking and Selling of livestock feeds and drugs, carrying out artificial insemination, the building of bridges, growing of tree nurseries and selling the trees, as well as voluntary afforestation, carrying of community youth counseling on AIDS awareness and drug-related issues, communal land preparation to the very aged in the community, the sick and also to those that do not have the people to help them. The four years have been a great success to me and the entire youth association. We managed to win back the confidence of the community elders who now view the youths as an important part of the community, not as in the before where we were viewed as a nuisance hindering community development. The counseling sessions helped some youths to drop drug use and embrace more productive behaviors and above all the bond between the different age groups within our community has been strengthened. Apart from just being parents to us, we have become good friends with our parents and can confide in them and tell them our worst fears. This has been my greatest achievement and away I consider best to have given back to the community which raised me.