ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Problem description In March 2013, Kenya, a small country in East Africa, held its general election to elect a new president. There were two main candidates vying for the post; Uhuru Kenyatta and Raila Odinga. Prior to the election process, the country had installed a digital system, which would help make the voting and tallying processes seamless (Curtis 1). The system had been touted to reduce the time taken to count the votes. In this system, the polling officers would key in the data from the ballot paper count into a system that would send the information to one national tallying center (Marks 1). The polling officers would then call the central tallying center and present the same information by voice, for confirmation purposes. The system worked well for the first few hours after the polling stations closed. The country was keeping track of the tallying process because the data was updated in real-time and broadcast on live television (Marks 1). However, as the data kept increasing, the system started getting overwhelmed (Warigia and Longwe 1). The digital portal that had been installed to collect information from remote polling stations collapsed. The system was at one point reported having been multiplying the actual vote count by five (Curtis 1). The mobile phone network that had been dedicated to communication between the electoral commission’s officers also got jammed because of the high number of phone calls and short messages it was forced to handle. Given the fact that the country had gone into the election on the back of political tension, any lapse in the system was viewed as an attempt by one of the competing candidates to rig the election (Marks 1). The government officials running the systems had been believed to be partisan, and every time the system failed, social media was awash with complaints by supporters of both candidates. Supporters of Uhuru said Raila had sent hackers to weaken the system and feed data that would give him an edge. On the other hand, Raila’s supporters accused the government of having intentionally damaged the system in order to modify the data in favor of Uhuru (Warigia and Longwe 1). After 36 hours of counting, the electoral commission’s chief executive officer announced that they were re-starting the tally because of the failure of the digital system (Curtis 1). The new tally was to be done by getting all data from the remote centers to one point in the country’s capital Nairobi and having it manually totaled. Various parties went public to complain about the ensuing disorganization because the digital system had been made to appear secure (Warigia and Longwe 1). After the manual count, Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the winner and was subsequently sworn in as president. His rival, Raila Odinga, went to court to contest the outcome of the election, arguing that the damage in the digital system was intentionally caused to
Summary The authors of the article are focused on the transition from performance measurement to management, and discuss the ways in which associated techniques can be utilized by facilities management (FM) firms. They explain the reason such organizations should take advantage of information received during assessments and argue that it could facilitate changes. The second part of the article highlights the relationships between measurement and management and the authors believe that efficient application of collected data is a foundation of successful enterprises. The next section is devoted to the application of such concepts in FM businesses and state that it is one of the most important tasks because it could affect current and future performance. The authors discuss the overall impact of performance assessments on organizational changes. Moreover, they suggest that the implementation of performance management systems is a crucial factor that leads to efficient strategic development and education of employees in the firm, and has other benefits in the long-term. All of the central points are summarized in the final section, and it is noted that such concepts could have a tremendous impact on financial performance of the organization if strategies are well-developed and successfully implemented. Key Learning Points The first learning point that needs to be mentioned is that performance measurement and performance management are closely connected. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop the activities based on the information received as the result of assessments. The second learning point is that it is imperative to have well-defined organizational objectives and ensure that the goals are aligned with performance management programs. Another learning point is that the success and profitability of FM organizations are dependent on the efficient transition from assessments to management. Moreover, it is suggested that the central objective of a system that is focused on the evaluation of performance is to be capable of controlling operations within a firm. The organization may be provided with direct instructions on how the business may increase productivity and it is possible to identify required contribution from every stakeholder involved. Relevant Statements to the Session “Measurement provides the basis for an organization to assess how well it is progressing towards its predetermined objectives, helps to identify areas of strengths and weaknesses, and decides on future initiatives” (Amaratunga and Baldry 218). In other words, assessments should be used during the development of strategies because it is easier to determine overall goals. “Performance management programs provide feedback based on specifics rather than generalizations and are based on specific objectives derived from the desired outcome of performance measurement results” (Amaratunga and Baldry 218). Differently put, management team no longer has to base its decisions on assumptions, and activities aimed at the enhancemen
Information Governance COBIT is the framework for the “corporate governance of information technology” (Gelinas, Dull, & Wheeler 2014, p. 295). This paradigm enables companies to improve their IT operations and overall information management. COBIT provides a big picture due to the use of the holistic approach. The framework is based on five principles. The first principle is meeting stakeholders’ needs, which implies the balance between the organizational goals, the use of resources, and the realization of benefits through IT utilization ( COBIT 5: enabling information 2013). The second principle is “covering the enterprise end-to-end” ( COBIT 5: enabling information 2013, p. 16). The framework sees IT-governance enablers (policies, processes, structures, culture, services, and so on) as inclusive and relevant for the entire organization. The third principle is the application of a single integrated framework, which involves the use of comprehensive practices and standards. The fourth principle is associated with the seven enablers, which includes principles and policies, processes, structures, culture, information, services and infrastructures, and skills and competencies ( COBIT 5: enabling information 2013). This principle focuses on the use of a holistic approach and a focus on the seven enablers. Finally, the fifth principle implies a clear separation of principles and activities that refer to governance and management. It is necessary to note that these principles enable organizations to operate efficiently through the use of effective IT governance strategies. The case in question is illustrative in terms of the importance of the implementation of the principles mentioned above (Austin & Short 2009). It is possible to focus on such principles as covering the enterprise end-to-end, application of an integrated framework, and enabling the holistic approach. iPremier focuses on profits and meeting organizational goals. IT is seen as a tool to achieve the aim rather than a company’s asset. This attitude is related to the second principle mentioned above, and it is clear that the company did not follow it. The company’s approach translated into inefficient equipment and the lack of resources in the IT department. The company does not have a server where the data concerning customers (such valuable information as financial data) could be stored. This information was vulnerable to attack. It is crucial to make sure that the data are safe
Introduction One common characteristic of most team sports such as American football, rugby, soccer and ice hockey is that they often involve a high level of physical and sometimes aggressive contact. This in fact is the main difference between these and other non contact sports such as basketball, netball, volley ball, etc. which involve much less contact. In studies that focus on the motivation and emotion involved in contact sports, it has been reported that much of the pleasure associated with these sports lies in the aggression involved in the physical aspect. Within such sports it is unlikely to see a player receive punitive action for aggressive response such as a hard tackle or a strong body check and aggressive physical plays form a key aspect of these games (Kerr 1999, Page 115). Research on the motives and emotion in sport indicate most researchers agree that the violence that characterizes most contact sports is not the same as what is typically understood of aggression outside of sport. In the context of sport aggression is mainly aimed at expressing dominance over opponents. Within the rules of the games there are often means to check unsporting conduct when it occurs during play. However, despite of the existence of such safety measures it goes without saying that the risks inherent in contact sports can not be compared with those of non contact sports. In non contact sports the greatest risk is often losing the match or failing to complete the task where as in the case of contact sports a real risk of injury exists (Kerr 1999, Page 120). Another major concern and common cause of decline among top sporting personalities can be associated with stress. Taking the case of George Best, the English soccer star of the 70’s, we have a clear case of stress related decline. It is reported that after having a brilliant career with his team Manchester United, Best suffered from depression, alcoholism and had legal issues leading to his eventual exit from the sport. Among the reasons cited for this behavior included stress of not being able to perform after the club failed to sustain the high performing squad it once had enlisted. In other cases the sports men and women faced with pressure to produce favorable results resort to use of performance enhancing drugs or other recreational drugs to relieve the associated pressure (Kerr 1999, Page 155). In this paper the discussion will provide some information on stress and injury in sport with a view to providing the reader with the sports men and women’s perspective. Definition of Stress The term stress is widely used and refers to any factor whether internal or external that makes the adaptation to an environment difficult. In addition to the increased c
The progress of the human thought cannot be stopped, and it is associated with a lot of changes in the spheres of the people’s life which are traditionally discussed as invariable and their aspects as constant. This statement was considered as relevant for analysing the elements of religion and faith during a long period of time. However, the 20 th century brought significant changes to all the spheres of the person’s everyday life, including the issue of spirituality and morality. From this point, the Catholic Doctrine was rethought according to the tendencies of the modern life in the middle part of the 20 th century. The triggers of the process could be observed even earlier when the representatives of the intelligence had concentrated on the problem of understanding the role of the Church in the life of a Christian in the 19 th century. The approaches to the question which were typical for the Middle Ages were inappropriate for the discussion of the issue in the new era. In spite of the fact the major norms and exegeses of the role of the Church for the Christians remained unchanged after the Second Vatican Council and its decision, the way of interpretation was altered significantly. Being a witness to Christ, the present-day Church has the sacramental nature, but its mission is to be intelligible for everyone as the part of the real world; to serve everyone and support people on their way to Christ and salvation. The nature and mission of the Church in the 21 st century is associated with the long history of the Church’s development during the centuries, but today the role of the Church and its elements should be discussed with references to the modern reality. Moreover, it is possible to state that the role of the Church depends on changes in society. To discuss the problem, it is important to focus on such an aspect as the sacramental character and nature of the Church which does not change, but new interpretations are added to the understanding of the concept. The Second Vatican Council emphasised the Church and its character as sacramental. To understand the fact, it is necessary to refer to the notion of a sacrament. Thus, Gleeson states that the main elements of Christianity have the sacramental character because it is common to discuss Christ, the Church, or the Eucharist as sacraments along with the Seven Sacraments of the Catholic Church (Gleeson, 2004, p. 1). Sacraments can be analysed from many perspectives and acquire different meanings according to the deepness of the person’s understanding the concept. That is why, it is possible to explain a sacrament as a sign of God’s presence. The Church as a living witness to Christ is one of the main sacraments because it can be discussed as the place and no
Beesmax music stop is an online music store that was launched on December, 2nd 2009. The business noticed that piracy was the main issue in this country and many artists could not get their pay due to middlemen who sold copyrighted music at extremely low prices eradicating the original artist. I decided that I would form a kind of a with an artist who had registered with the music copyright board such that I could get their albums and post them on my site and each time your music as an artist is purchased it would only require 30% of the pay and the rest is yours (Hillstrom, 2010). To be competitive enough in our genre, we had to come up with a business intelligence strategy that would suit me. I started an account on my space and twitter where most local and international artist posts their update on a new song that they are coming up with. I also frequently used goggles to find a site that is owned by the artist themselves, where they get to inform their fans of their new releases since we see music stores had to be updated of a newly released song by the artist. I also used youtube.com to find out which song had the highest views because this meant that the song was famous and needed to be on my site because sooner or later clients would begin to request it. Every day I had to get up in the early hours of the night to log on to website to be able to see which new songs have come into the chart and know how to acquire them. As the demand grew I had to assemble a team that could assist me in getting all the information on music I needed. I divided the business intelligence team into, the marketing team, the researching team, and the IT department (3BI Consulting SA, 31 Jan 2011). The marketing team was responsible for passing the word about our business and handling clients’ orders. The researching team was responsible for getting business intelligence on which song to get and which songs were most liked. The IT team dealt with developing our database, our website, uploading music into our database, and making sure the mobile money transfer network was running (SAP, n.d). In the beginning, hiring all these people was not possible but luckily I had a group of friends who were willing to help. I also got help from my so to call “cool friends” who were always updated on the latest music trends. The music copyright society also assisted me a great deal since they always informed me when
Robert Cialdini wrote a book that shows various ways in which people are being influenced. Cialdini asserts that the overload of information pushes individuals to make decisions based on observations. At some point, individuals who value generalizations will be exploited especially by people who can turn these vulnerabilities into highly influential weapons. According to Cialdini, forms of influence include reciprocation, commitment, and consistency, social proof, liking, authority, and scarcity. Some of these weapons will be highlighted and explained in the succeeding discussions. Although the Super Bowl is months away, it has become one of the events that greatly influence individual decisions. In most instances, several people arrange their schedules just to get a glimpse of what is called “the greatest show on earth”. When the Super Bowl is about to unfold, there are several gimmicks made by firms to catch the attention of consumers. For some companies, Super Bowl week is the best time to introduce their new product to the market. It also serves as an opportunity for consumers to see several options for their everyday activities. One of the most noticeable websites that operate during the Super Bowl is ifilm.com. It runs several videos that promote products that sponsor the Super Bowl. Ifilim.com is considered an influential website. Most of the videos being showed on the website are viewed by more than 1 million consumers. The scope of the visitors ranges from football enthusiasts and other households. Some videos even show NFL players as part of the commercials. This part is the most powerful tool used to influence consumer decisions. As Cialdini explained, liking is an important influence that affects decision-making. Ifilm.com is successful in merging products with NFL players who are being idolized by several people. The commercials show these players using or consuming these products and these have a huge effect on buyer decisions. People tend to purchase the goods advertised on ifil.com because it is being used by famous NFL athletes. The website uses the liking as a weapon by exposing NFL players to several products and services. Another weapon that Cialdini mentioned is scarcity. Some use this concept to take advantage of people who prefer buying something when the goods become rare. Among the websites on the Internet, eBay provides a classic example of this influence. Aside from selling products that are readily available, eBay also auctions. Usually, auctioned products are those t
Summary The study involves the problems of sociolinguistics since it addresses the problems of loss of native language by bilinguals. The topic is important for the study of language development because, nowadays, the linguistic community is especially aimed at preserving native languages and maintaining linguistic justice. This process is caused by the changes in the attitude of the minorities that are becoming the dominating ideology in Western countries. Bilinguals often experience shame connected with their native language and feel it is inappropriate to use their mother tongue in an official setting, such as in university. It leads to the attrition or loss of the language, which, in turn, reduces the number of languages worldwide. The present research aims to analyze the process of native language loss, in particular, the age when bilinguals cease to use their language and when they start to forget it. Literature Review Four sources have been analyzed in terms of preparation for the research described. The first article by Winstead and Wang (2017) addresses the shame that Spanish bilinguals experience while speaking their native language in some environments. It also describes the cases of language loss caused by people’s unwillingness to communicate in their mother tongue. Werker (2012) has analyzed the process of language acquisition in infant bilinguals. The article is relevant for the given research because it analyses the process of learning two languages from the earliest childhood. Levy, McVeigh, Marful, & Anderson (2007) examine the interference produced by the native language that causes the forgetting of the phonology of terms in the native language. Although the study is dedicated to forgetting the native language during the acquisition of a native language, it addresses mostly phonological levels. The given research has to be concentrated more at higher linguistic levels, not only at phonological ones. McFarlane, Cipolletti, & Weissglass (2020) describe bilingualism’s positive effects on cognitive abilities. The researchers provide a profound analysis of the beneficial consequences that it has on decision-making and judgment. Proposal The present research will address the number of questions related to native language attrition in bilinguals. It should analyze in which situations people tend to speak in their mother tongue and which situations are inappropriate for it. The research hypothesizes that bilinguals tend to consider the second language more prestigious and use it in official instances and business environments. If the hypothesis confirms, it will illustrate the linguistic injustice that forces bilinguals to forget their native languages. The study also should analyze the average age at which people tend to cease speaking in their mother tongue. In addition, the research should analyze which exactly language is forgotten. Perhaps, for the languages with large diasporas, the problem of language attrition is not so acute, as in numerous communities, people can speak the native language better than the second one. If it confirms, it will illustrate