ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This paper provides a conceptual approach to solve problems of governance, management, and leadership in an academic institution in order to improve on; accountability, student enrollment, and cost reduction. An institution should develop a new approach to governance, management and leadership that is based upon a cybernetic model (Birnbaum, 1991). The cybernetic model approach is important because it suggests how other subsystems in an institution function simultaneously, in all types of colleges and universities, to enhance a self-correcting institution. The self-correcting process of an institution focus on a control structure that is defined in terms of a signaling mechanism to monitor acceptable changes that can enhance fundamental changes within an institution. There are four main models of institutional governance that are crucial in the evolving literature of higher education. These models include; the institution as a bureaucracy, a collegial system, a political system, and an organized anarchy. These models assist in the analysis of an organizational structure of an institution. Organizations are composed of three levels of control and responsibility. These comprise of the technical level, the institutional level, and the managerial level. The managerial level is important because it provides a link between the technical level and the institutional level and buffers the technical level against problems of funding, fluctuations in student enrollments and political interference (Birnbaum, 1991). According to Birnbaum (1991), the technical level should ensure rationality in decision making and should also encompass bureaucracy in management. The technical level in an institution comprises of elements that turn inputs, such as, students, finances, and societal expectations, into outputs, such as, graduates, knowledge, service and status. In an educational institution, inputs in an open system are more complex and encompass various components like; different ideologies, individuals, resources, as well as, other subsystems (Birnbaum, 1988). Moreover, a faculty should make transformations in response to the technological advancements and the institution should develop an effective administrative system, technical system, and improve the learning environment. Putting more emphasis on the technical system ensures that an institution will transform the inputs into outputs in a process through which teaching, research and other services are accomplished. Teaching and research are the most basic elements that pose a greater degree of uncertainty to most institutions. According to Birnbau
Disaster and crisis are inevitable aspects in our day to day life. This is because they occur unexpectedly. The best thing is therefore to put on strategic plans that are aimed towards curbing any form of disasters and crisis once they occur so as to avoid occurrence of major losses that could take different forms for instance destruction, injuries or even death. There have been various disasters that have been witnessed in various parts of the world each of them being associated with different effects. This piece of work gives an in depth discussion of the cultural considerations that are faced by disaster and crisis related workers with much emphasis being given to the Hurricane Katrina crisis workers and Sri Lankan tsunami community support officers. There are various response efforts that have been taken by the responsible individuals and agencies in order to curb the Hurricane Katrina and the tsunami in Sri Lanka each of them having different levels of effectiveness in regard to the solutions they provide in the situations. In the case of the tsunami in Sri Lanka, some of the responses taken include provision of medical treatment, accommodation as well as food and drinking water to the affected individuals. Psychological distress was also identified as a major problem and hence the appointment of community based mental health workers to deal with the situations. The fact that the health workers were community based gave them a good opportunity to understand the people due to cultural similarities. Choosing the community support officers based on cultural background was however linked with some limitations as some skills and knowledge was lacking hence making their practices and activities ineffective to a certain degree. A good example is where nine out of 14 communities affected by the tsunami lacked a psychiatrist, an element that is very crucial in dealing with the mentally affected victims and those with varying psychosocial needs (Mahoney et al, 2006). The Hurricane Katrina victims also suffered from different problems for instance trauma and stress and therefore certain measures had to be put in place to deal with the situation. Some of the needs to be catered for included medical conditions, shelter as well as food. In the evacuation process, cultural aspects led to inefficiency and ineffectiveness which exacerbated the losses incurred especially in terms of death of victims. A relevant example is in regard to the time taken in evacuating people of different cultural backgrounds. The black victims waited for approximately five days to be evacuated while the number of days taken to evacuate the whites was estimated to be three days. Cultural difference is also seen in regard to the number of people employed in different positions to handle the hurricane Katrina crisis. The chances were accorded according to races and hence some of them were incompetent and had no required qualifications such as psychiat
The renaissance was a movement which occurred in Europe between the 14th and 17th century that mainly affected the culture and the lifestyles of people (Mason 5). Due to its nature, the renaissance period is viewed as a transition between the middle ages to the modern era. William Shakespeare’s and the Renaissance are inseparably associated due to the playwright’s impact on the period. The essay shall analyze how the famous playwright’s works influenced the renaissance. During this period, a lot of changes took place in religion, education system, politics, culture, and lifestyle. It is during this period that Europeans moved away from their traditional beliefs and embraced modern ideology. During the middle ages, people tended to believe that God was the Supreme Being and that he had the absolute power of the whole world. However, people started to develop different ideologies concerning religion during the renaissance era. Even though they still believed in God, they also began to question his relationship to humanity, an ideology that threatened the influence of the Catholic Church in society. Shakespeare and the Renaissance. General Information William Shakespeare was among the people who brought about a lot of changes during the renaissance period in England and transformed literature, thus affecting later culture. His biography evidences that Shakespeare (1564-1616) was among the most prominent poets and authors who ever lived (E-Notes.com 2011). He is the most famous writer of all times with his works being used even today in many societies in the world. He started his career in London in 1592 when the theatre in England has just begun to flourish. Due to his excellent work, he had a broad audience, mainly composed of people from the middle class who flocked to the theatres to see his work (McEvoy 92). The most famous and important plays Shakespeare wrote during the renaissance are Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, and King Lear. Before his retirement, he had made a lot of innovations in the genres, comedy, drama, romance, and other forms of performing arts, which we still use up to the present moment. How Did Shakespeare Impact the Renaissance Period? Shakespeare is usually referred to as the Renaissance man due to the contributions he had on the lives of people during this period. As stated earlier, there were a lot of cultural changes during this period. Most of these changes were initiated by the elite people in the society who felt that the rights and freedoms of individuals in the community were being violated. These people noticed that the few people of the upper class were using the law and religion to their advantage, which led them to benefit more from the available resources as compared to the other people of the society who composed the bulk of the community. This led to the emergence of a group of philosophers, artists, writers, and scholars who were inquisitive about their surroundings. As a result, these elite people advocated for equality of all people in the society, raising a lot of issues that affected the economy, religion, and political stability of the community. To protect their dignity, the governmen
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), a well-known English philosopher is best known for his political and social thoughts. He had a unique vision for the world. He was concerned with the social and political order of the world (Michaelis 101). Hobbes implied that every individual in this world holds obedience to an unaccountable sovereign, e.g. each person or group has been empowered to decide their political and social order (Williams 213). Hobbes had a complex view of human lifestyle. His philosophy reversed the ancient perception of relating reason to passion (Pink 541). He purported that the world as a society ought to be a peaceful place, where everyone lived in harmony (Michaelis 104). Despite his political views, Hobbes concentrated his efforts on the social aspects of the world. He availed temporal understanding of human beings’ privileges that the future held (Michaelis 104). Hobbes frame social issues as a state of nature. He believes that every human being ought to avoid implications that cause harm (disharmony) to the society (Thivet 709). According to him, it is easy for a society to avoid social vices like violent deaths and civil wars. Hobbes often empowered people to embrace freedom. He advocated for freedom because it was the key to liberty, right and liberation. The right to liberty authorizes an individual to exercise power (Pink 559). Moreover, he cautioned the use of freedom as a multi-way to gain power. Hobbes vehemently condemned the illegitimacy of political orders, lack of ideology and knowledge (Williams 213). Currently, the world has taken a different twist from what Hobbes had in mind. Every society holds different duties and responsibilities towards moral obligations. The natural law, which all philosophers in the medieval period used in their philosophy, no longer applies in the current world (Pink 550). People in the world today disregard the moral instructions and governing principles set by natural law (Pink 559). Societies have resorted to make laws that govern themselves. Many people have resolved to disobey the laws enacted by the government. In addition, the ethics of freedom is overstepped. People are using it to kindle uprising and movements whose objectives are to overthrow sovereignty (Michaelis 104). A good example is the current uprisings and political movements taking place in the Middle East. Moreover, there is an increase in human rights and vocal protests by religious clergymen. These protesters believe they are attesting universal moral truth. Hobbes advocacy to right to liberty no longer applies (Pink 559). It was overshadowed by obligations of law imposed on people. To add to that, religion has been ignored. Hobbes thought and believed that all individuals will be at the fore front in respecting and obeying the natural law of religion. The law of nature set up by God strictly demands that all religious individual obey God’s commandments (Pink 550). On the contrary, the religious conscience is a thing of the past. Immoral laws have taken precedence over God’s commandments. Furthermore, national political authorities have taken control.
Introduction The advancement of technologies has affected various aspects of people’s lives, as well as different industries and associated social and economic areas. Thus, at a current stage of the technological development of the world, it is possible to speak about the digital transformation of the entertainment industry (Poniewozik). This process can be observed not only in the United States but also globally. However, the focus on the American context is important to explain basic trends related to this change (Crawford 138). While speaking about the most significant transformations in the entertainment industry associated with changes in the digital content, as well as changes in technologies of distributing information and gaining revenues, it is important to focus on the recent competition between streaming services and broadcast television networks or systems (Irwin; Poniewozik). The purpose of this paper is to examine the aspects of the current competition between streaming companies and television networks with the focus on observed digital transformations in sharing information and to discuss what further changes can be expected in the entertainment industry with reference to the increased popularity of streaming resources. Origins of the Competition between Television Networks and Streaming Services Television networks are viewed today as traditional ways of broadcasting information. Still, the spread of such streaming companies and services as Netflix, Amazon, HBO Now, Hulu, and Showtime has created a new experience for viewers, and their interest in streaming channels can be discussed as constantly increasing (Jenner 258). Therefore, it is important to pay attention to discussing the origins of the developed competition between streaming companies and television networks. The availability of such digital devices as computers, smartphones, laptops, and tablets, as well as the availability of the Internet, has created resources for developing streaming services in the 2000s (Irwin; Poniewozik; Rodriguez-Gil et al. 6). Thus, “today, viewers can watch football, drama, news and the latest cat video at will, sometimes simultaneously with their tablet or smartphones” (Montpetit). From this point, the shift of viewers’ focus from TV sets to different wireless devices and gadgets as sources to watch shows and programs became a result of a prolonged transformation in the media industry
Introduction Unpredictable business trends had raised a need to formulate apt methods for managing uncertainties that can have significant effects on an organization. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is a method that is used for determining uncertainties and opportunities that influence the accomplishment of business goals. It involves the identification of internal and external factors that lead to the success or failure of the business. This essay provides an insight into enterprise risk management as a tool for assessing the future of a business. How Enterprise Risk Management is similar or different from Basic Risk Management Risk management refers to the process of identifying, assessing, monitoring, and mitigating unforeseen uncertainties that can result in business failure. It involves seeking unanticipated factors that are likely to affect the performance of employees at different organizational levels (Brannan & Taylor, 2006). However, this technique also entails the identification of opportunities that can promote the overall accomplishment of business goals. Both basic and enterprise risk management strategies share common practices such as identification of unpredictable events and/or solutions that can affect the organization. However, enterprise risk management takes a broader perspective of determining the possibilities that pose danger to business operations. It encompasses the identification of risks in every unit of the enterprise. It also takes an entity-level view of the risk (Simona-Iulia, 2014). According to COSO (2004), enterprise risk management focuses on the determination of threats and opportunities to ensure the success of the organization. It also promotes activities that lay emphasis on the attainment of the organization’s objectives in overlapping categories. Furthermore, ERM aims at enhancing business strategies. Basic risk management only deals with the protection of physical and financial assets (Hall, 2010). Explanation of figure 5 on page 9 of the Brannan and Taylor (2006) paper on ERM The figure elaborates on the JCAHO accreditation. It shows how ERM can be incorporated to the JCAHAO factors. All risks that are associated with the National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGS) are depicted in the figure. It also provides an illustration of how they link with ERM. In addition, it shows the JCAHO top ten items that are applied in hospital accreditation. The ERM fusion model shows how ERM can unite and incorporate the risk factors that are associated with the National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs). From the figure, the National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs) are patient identification, slips and falls, communication, medication safety, reduce infections, and reconcile medications. Lastly, the top ten items that can
Money, motivation and employee performance Money is categorized under financial benefits and rewards in performance management. Money has been used a major source of employee motivation in personnel management for a long time. This is still embraced in contemporary human resource management where the relevance of financial rewards and benefits in employee motivation is emphasized. Awarding employees with financial rewards is an important motivator to employees. This can be argued from basis of the organizational behavior theories like the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. According to the theory, basic needs are placed first in the hierarchy. Satisfying the needs of employees should be a priority. Financial benefits and rewards help employees meet most of their basic needs. A salary increment means that an employee can meet an extra basic need, thereby making the employee fairly comfortable to work (Caruth & Handlogten, 2001). How compensation ranges are determined by employers The contemporary human resource management practices are governed by laws and regulations. There is compensation in the present working environment, which calls for organizations to embrace rationality in the determination of salary range for their employees as part of the efforts to sustain employees. While each employer would like to have a given salary scale to reflect the control of costs and expenditure, external factors in the present managerial environment play a critical role in determining the salary range for employees. Employers keep watching what the competitor organizations are paying their employees and use it to set the salary range for their employees. Employers’ compliance with the wage and labor laws only comes in as a secondary factor, and it is only embraced in determining the salary range for low-scale employees (Chingos, 2002). What can organizations do to better control benefits costs? The goal of each organization is to enhance performance outcome. One of the desirable modalities of enhancing the performance of an organization by reducing costs through balancing of costs and their benefits to the organization. There are different methods that are used to relate costs to benefits in organizations. Some accounting tools like cost accounting are deployed by organizational managers to determine the payoff of a number of costs that are incurred by the organization. From the analyses, organizations try to eliminate functions that are deemed to have few benefits to the organization. However, it is critical to observe that most of the costs of organizations go into the maintenance of organizational workforce (Kinney & Raiborn, 2009). Therefore, most of the cost cutting measures that are implemented by organizations target the benefits of the employees. Ho
The building of the Vasa Ship construction exposed the project to several risks leading to the vessel’s capsizing. Both the king and the manufacturing team share responsibility for the catastrophe. While the king placed demands that compromised the container’s stability, the planning team failed to incorporate risk management during implementation. The engineers shifted from the original specifications; we were unable to advance the design after the chief builder’s death successfully and launched the ship despite noticing challenges with its stability. The constructors lengthened the ship’s keel from 111 feet to 135 feet, and this resulted in narrow dimensions that were disproportionate to the cruise’s size. The developers further added 24 more pounders to the upper deck from the original 24 ponders, which increased the center of gravity. The Vasa Ship construction was a disaster because the constructors neglected risks in the implementation process and offered critical lessons for modern development activity organizers. The head boat designer’s sickness, death, and confusion in the team revealed that the project team did not have managing change mechanisms. The situation led to ineffective communication and general chaos in the group. The ship’s testing for the launch took place haphazardly, and even though the exercise stopped because the container rocked violently, the team was not present to undertake corrective action. The king authorized the craft’s launch despite previously identified stability challenges, and the ship capsized in front of the spectators. The activity team failed to prepare for the administration transition, which contributed to poor implementation after the lead engineer’s death. Modern project developers can learn the importance of practical design and manufacturing from the Vasa warship disaster. Scheme scheduling will enable the team to pre-determine specifications, prepare for the possibility of management change, and initiate seamless handover to the beneficiaries. Scheduling can reduce the risk of changing the plan’s design and enhance product functionality and success. Modern venture developers can also learn the risk of political influence in engineering demonstrated by a leader’s demands that led to the vessel’s instability and the resultant disaster. The Vasa Ship disaster occurred because of the neglect of development risks and can form a reference point for implementing the current scheme.