ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The first years of a child’s life are critical: they shape his or her outlook on the world. Be they fulfilling, happy, or traumatic, the experiences that he or she has left a lasting imprint. Early childhood education is a field that emerged during the Enlightenment era and brought the public’s attention to children’s autonomy and integrity. For many centuries, children had not been seen as human beings who could enjoy their rights and liberties the way adults could. Even though, as of now, researchers have gathered an extensive body of evidence on developmental psychology, there is still no consensus as to what approach to early education benefits children best. This paper discusses Maria Montessori’s contribution to early childhood education, the main concepts introduced by her, and ideas for practical implementation of her methods. Brief Biographical Overview Maria Montessori was born in 1870 in Chiaravalle, Italy, in a well-educated family. Her academic and professional background was quite diverse: in secondary school, Montessori was studying natural and precise sciences, and later, she entered a medical university in Rome (Kramer 10). During their university years, she was working with children with mental retardation, and after graduation, she was involved with psychiatric clinics and asylums where she continued studying developmental disabilities. As a passionate social justice advocate, Maria Montessori supported several causes, such as women’s rights in education and restoration for juvenile delinquents. In 1906, Montessori opened her first institution – Casa dei Bambini (Children’s House) – where she decided to apply her methods to mentally healthy children (Kramer 35). Her education program proved to be a major success, and soon her ideas spread across Italy. Montessori’s Main Concepts and Ideas Montessori’s methods are based on the assumption that natural child development involves free, uninhibited acting in an environment that responds to children’s needs. The researcher had a deep respect for children’s spontaneity in making discoveries about the world. She was convinced that there was no need to pressure children into learning new things by establishing a rigid curriculum or setting strict evaluation metrics. Instead, it
The key to enter and dominate a market place is to introduce new innovative products. Wolcott, Robert and Michael aver that companies that are planning to penetrate a new market should come up with innovative products that make the consumers wonder how they survive without the product. A good example is Apple Company that revolutionized the buying and listening of music through iTunes. Failure to innovate leads to loss of customers especially with entrance of new competitors. This paper will focus on Google Company and Nike and how they have introduced innovative products into the market place. The paper will demonstrate that the key to success in the current business environment is not keeping in tandem with customers’ needs. Rather, success comes from anticipating needs of customers and creating innovative products that exceed customers’ expectations. In the world of sports wear, Nike Company leads in production of innovative products. In 2010, the company created the Digital Sports Division to come up with innovative products that employ sophisticated technology to manufacture products. In 2012, the digital division created two innovative products, the FuelBand and FlyKnit Racer. The products have given Nike Company a head start in production of digital products for sportsmen. FuelBand allows users to measure various aspects of the body of an athlete in the course of playing. It uses color cues to show movements and changes within the body. FlyKnit Racer heralds a revolution in shoe making by producing very light shoes. Google Company’s search engine dominates over 65% of the market in spite of the many search engine companies (Wolcott, Robert & Michael 32). This success emanates from the company’s innovative products. Before the launch of Google search engine, there were more than fifty companies offering the same services. Those companies had been in the market for as long as thirty years. Google came up with products that allow consumers to interact with each other conveniently. Through Google, it is possible for consumers to buy products through the internet. Google allows
In the poem Thank you for the song by Jennifer Rondeau, the poet is trying to express deep feelings of thanksgiving to her loved one who sang her a song. From the context of the poem, the person who sang this song to her must probably be a close family member, friend, or lover. This person must have been on his or her way off and decided to sing for her the out of love. She says that the song was unique and only known to the two of them. She expresses how much she is in love with the song that was sung to her and that the song makes her sleep completely every moment she listens to it. The poet expresses the feeling of the possibility that she may never get to see the person who sung to hear the song, but the song itself makes her believe the fact that both of them may never meet and this makes her forget this person completely. She says that despite being a song that only the two of them knows, the song makes her heart healed due to its forgiveness and swears that this is a song that can not be forgotten. He describes the song as memorable and that both of them lived the song. She expresses feelings of a need to hear the same song repeatedly. She expresses her appreciation and sincerity to her loved one for singing her such a memorable song that is only known to them alone (Haung 128). In the song Thank You for the Music by Abba , this group of singers is also trying to explain its deep feelings of thanksgiving and this time to the Lord for the talent of singing He awarded to them. According to their song, singing is the only thing that gives them recognition in public, and everyone who listens to them when they start to sing appreciates them considerably, and this makes them very proud since there is no any other thing that makes them feel this way. They are vowing to use this talent given to them free of charge from God by singing the music even much louder. Due to this talent, they decided to make up this song purposely a
A society, or human society, is a group of individuals linked by long-term relationships or a large society that shares the same geographical or social territory and is often dominated by the same political authority and cultural norms. Human society is defined by the pattern of relationships (social relationships) between individuals who share a common culture or institution (Lazer et al., 2021). Members of the society can be considered the sum of these relationships. In the social sciences, subgroup stratification or dominance patterns are often observed in larger societies. Society can enable its members to benefit in unthinkable ways without personal cooperation. Therefore, personal and social outcomes can be identified or duplicated in many situations (Lazer et al., 2021). Within a dominant and larger society, societies can also be composed of like-minded people dominated by their own customs and values. This is sometimes referred to as a subculture, a term widely used in criminology. Society can also be thought of as an economic, social, or industrial infrastructure made up of diverse groups of people. Members of the society can come from several ethnic groups. Society can be a specific ethnic group like the Saxons, a nation-state like Bhutan, or a broader cultural community like Western culture. An association is a voluntary group of people organized for religious, philanthropic, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes. I have walked to Miami beach and started to observe the environment around me in order to see the society. I saw people doing morning jogging, families having time together, and many different people who were walking to work. All of these people were of various ethnicities, genders, and probably with many other individual characteristics. Despite that, all of them are living in the same geographical area and are bound by certain social relationships. That is what made me recognize and explore the society around me. Reference Lazer, D., Hargittai, E., Freelon, D., Gonzalez-Bailon, S., Munger, K., Ognyanova, K., & Radford, J. (2021). Meaningful measures of human society in the twenty-first century. Nature , 595 (7866), 189-196. Web.
Among criminological concepts explaining the nature of people’s unlawful actions, the social disorganization theory occupies a significant place. According to Cullen, Agnew, and Wilcox (2017), this term describes the emergence of crime as a logical factor, which is manifested in those communities that are unstable or disorganized. Behavioral aspects are the main criteria that determine the essence of this concept. As Lynch and Boggess (2016) note, “social disorganization impedes the formation of common goals among residents,” and this reason prevents them from controlling their actions (p. 19). As a result, people commit crimes based on personal bias, beliefs, and aggression. When considering the application of this theory to the current situation, it finds its manifestation in some scandalous criminal cases. As an example, a resonance incident that occurred in New York a few days ago may be cited. According to Pager (2019), the police arrested a 37-year-old transgender African American woman who attacked people with her pepper spray. The author of the article notes that the main motive for the aggression was the racist views of the accused who deliberately chose white citizens (Pager, 2019). While evaluating this crime from a theoretical point of view, using the aforementioned social disorganization theory may be justified. Barkan and Rocque (2018) argue that racism is one of the most common causes of crime on American streets. Class and social inequalities lead to bitterness and deviant behavior, which is manifested in aggression towards one another. Some people do not have clear life goals and priorities, preferring to criticize others and demonstrate their dissatisfaction with both passive and active methods. Therefore, the theory in question may be applicable to this case.
Introduction Every Fourth of July, all Americans celebrate the Declaration of independence. Marina in his article “Only a third of Americans supported the American Revolution” wonders what exactly is celebrated on this day, especially when one considers the fact that the US is usually involved in bringing democracy in the world. He argues that he does not really understand why a country such as the US pretends to be democratic in the world when the American Revolution, in itself, was not a democratic movement. This article will help us understand the American Revolution and determine whether Americans have a reason to celebrate Independency Day every Fourth of July or not, whether all American supported the war, and whether the Revolution taints American image in its democratic interventions in the world. The American Revolution The American Revolution witnessed the first of many wars that ended European control of both South and North America. Many of us American celebrate the Independency Day believing that all Americans fought or supported the war to independence. This article shows that actually not every American supported the revolutionary war, or in other words, not all Americans sided with fellow Americans in the war. The author Marina shows that not all Americans favored the war. This was mostly pronounced in areas occupied by mixed races and those that had not been affected by the war. Two specific regions stood out, these were the two loyal colonies to Britain, Quebec and Florida. Records show that there were fifteen British colonies in America, meaning that thirteen colonies didn’t like the way the British was ruling with the exception of Florida and Quebec. It is also shown that many Native Americans sided with the British because the colonial power promised to protect their land from the American settlers. One notable Native American who supported the British was Joseph Brant who worked with the British as their translator and fought alongside them in the war. [1] The author claimed that a letter written by John Adams during the war indicated that only a third of Americans supported the revolution, a third did not support it, and the other third were either neutral or indifferent to the revolution. The author further shows that the British also had the same view, a fact the compelled them to venture into the interior with the hope that they would find British loyalists there. They strongly believed that just a few rebellious Americans wanted independence from them. This letter has been held to be true by many intellectuals in America for many years. However, Marina says that a close look at the letter shows that its writer was emphatic about the neutral part, which, he said were lukewarm to the French and the British. He therefore concludes that the Revolutionary war was not just a war for independence, but it also determined the type of nation that would be formed out of the war. [2] For us to understa
Introduction Human cognition could be defined as not only the theoretical but also the scientific study of how the brains of human beings work. Ii is scientific in a way that it follows different scientific models to come up with an understanding. On the other side we could define language as a system of communicating information. Language thus involves certain auditory, visual or tactile form of symbols for direct communication as well as the rules and or principles used to manipulate these symbols. Analysis Language or short is not only the spoken part of it. It involves different symbols that depending on the medium of communication can be mapped to various concepts with different meanings. By saying that language is the sine qua non of human cognition we mean that language is an indispensable part of the process of human cognition. This is not necessarily true since we have witnessed instances where language was not an indispensable part of the human cognition process. From ancient times many different communities had their own ways of doing things. These specific communities were able to understand each other through different combinations
Introduction The world is recovering from the world crisis that hit beginning 2007. Different governments (as individual governments and as regional bodies) are working on policies that will ensure that they successfully win the battle of recession. The Federal Reserve System was one of the measures taken by the central bank in the United States of America since 1913 aimed at giving the government some control over the economy. The system was adopted after the experience that the country had in 1907 when there was a near financial crisis in this nation. Through age and evolution of the world economies, the system has changed and adopted means to control the economy that are responsive to the current operation in the economy (Ambachtshee, Beartty & Booth, 2008). The Great depression is one of the occurrences that have led to the changes in the system; however the system maintains its main goals, which are;   * Enacting monetary guiding principles and ensuring that the policies are working for the general good of the economy   * Regulating how commercial banks conduct their businesses   * Ensuring that it supervises and controls how financial system operates in the country   * Offering depository services to commercial banks What Function do they play in Our Economy? The system was aimed at ensuring that the government protects it economy in times of panic or financial crisis. It is through the system that the government can enact policies that lead to expansion or contraction of the economy. Governments play an important role in controlling how their country’s economy fair. In a broader perspective, they use monetary and fiscal policies for contraction or expansion reasons. When regulations are made they may hurt or benefit the economy both in short term and long term. Financial market is one of the areas that the government exercises its controlling power; the end result is felt in the entire country. Financial industry effects on the economy are more indirect than direct; they are involved in mobilization
Fiat Mio and Open Innovation Innovation is a definer of the company’s prosperity in the modern business world. Emphasizing the gravity of research and development and innovative initiatives could be regarded as critical components of the firm’s success and profitability. It assists the company in differentiating it from the competitors while meeting customers’ expectations and their constantly changing needs and demands. In the recent past, Fiat was able to take advantage of this opportunity and introduced the Fiat Mio project. The company wanted to not only develop a prototype of the car, which would boost the firm’s revenue and increase worldwide recognition, but also attempted to revolutionize the decision-making process, engage consumers in these activities, and develop a user-friendly environment for information sharing. In the context of the case study, both Fiat and its rivals gained a number of benefits, which had a positive influence on their financial prosperity and competitive edge. It helped the company to become one of the leading market players in the automotive segment and defined its substantial part of the market share. In the first place, these novelties could be viewed as the major drivers for a change in the company, and the critical pros included:  1. Adapting the feature of crowd-sourcing;  2. Increasing the loyalty of customers;  3. Building a trusting relationship and connection with the audience;  4. Enhancing brand image and world recognition;  5. Making it responsive to the changes in the consumer preferences;  6. Changing a way of thinking when designing a product;  7. Optimizing the organizational structure and culture; and  8. Identifying the principal concepts for improvement. In this instance, the case study emphasized Fiat’s desire to adapt the concept of crowd-sourcing and take advantage of this innovation-driven strategy. This marketing approach was beneficial since it grabbed the attention of the masses and increased the awareness of the company in Brazil and internationally. Despite the initial focus of operations in one country, this new project and the associated innovations had an advantageous impact on the worldwide recognition and brand image as they required the consumers from the different parts of the globe to participate in the development of a new car. Simultaneously, utilizing this advertising method had a beneficial impact on the customers’ loyalty as they were regarded as the significant participants of the decision-making in the firm while being viewed as the important drivers for innovation. It modified the understanding of the role of the consumers in the decision-making process and designing a strategy. It was used to cultivate trust and establish a rapport with the audience while increasing the revenues and maximizing the percentage of the clients’ retention. Overall, these matters had a positive eff
Introduction Organisational culture defines the beliefs, values, experiences, attitudes, and other factors that affect an organisation. Each organisation has goals and in order to achieve them, there are certain standard behaviours that members should have. Some cultural barriers can prevent an organisation from achieving excellence. Negative behaviours portrayed by leaders affect the employees in a negative manner. In order to achieve excellence, organisations keep on changing cultures. The management must come with a system that will ensure that the changes are integrated and the members receive proper training and orientation. Failure to do this will hinder excellence in an organisation. A Self-Assessment process can help improve performance. The concept of total quality management helps reduce errors; increase customer satisfaction; ensure that workers have proper training and help in modernization of equipment. This paper will seek to analyze the cultural barriers that hinder the achievement of excellence in many organisations. Literature Review Process Orientation The way individuals do things in organisations define culture in the organisations. The way that members of an organisation do things is affected by the attitudes, believes, values, and other factors. All organisations have at least one project at any given time. The leaders should always in the forefront to act as examples to the subordinate employees. The project if well carried out ensures that the organisation achieves high levels of excellence. For example, the Human Appeal International (HAI) has managed its projects properly so as to help the poor, needy, elderly, and orphans (Dubai City Guide 2010, par.3). If the management had a culture where no managers were concerned, the level of excellence would be low. Most organisations have some good processes in place that help in achievement high goals. The tendency of members not to follow the processes acts as a barrier to achieving excellence. The process that the management uses to ensure that it is successful ensures success of the project. In connection, failure by the management to come up with a good, scalable management process may act as a cultural barrier to achieving excellence. Organisations that do not create and follow a work plan and at the same time do not use standard procedures to handle change, risk, scope, and other issues do not achieve excellence. Process orientation helps an organisation to carry out its projects effectively. Governance For an organisation to achieve excellence, the governance by management must come with a means of enforcing the processes that produce the excellence. The management is charged with the responsibility of ensuring that all members do what they are supposed to do in an organisation. Zayed Foundation ensures that every individual acts responsibly by adhering to the rules (Araboo 2006, par.4). The behaviour of the management to show little or no concern about the undertakings of members may act as a cultural barrier to achieving excellence. Organisations whose manageme