ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: About the Chosen Article Prejudice has always stood in the way of efficient communication and developing trustworthy relationships (Chin, 2004). The communication issues between Africa American population and the American population are, unfortunately, no exception to this rule. The current state of affairs is hardly tolerable already; however, when it comes to prejudice standing in the way of African American people becoming foster parents, it becomes obvious that the issue needs further research. In her article Just doing what they gotta do: Single Black custodian fathers coping with the stresses and reaping the rewards of parenting , Coles explores the nature of prejudice and their effect on foster parent-child relationships. Article Methodology, Argument and Conclusions In her paper, Coles adopts a rather questionable approach towards the research of the problem. On the one hand, the researcher obviously uses case studies as the means to get the key message across, which helps the audience define the methods rather precisely. On the other hand, Coles does not establish the research methods in her articled clearly, which begs a question concerning the validity of her conclusions and the significance of the results. It could be argued, though, that at some point, Coles mentions that she is going to use the longitudinal approach in her study: “a longitudinal methodology comparing father’s and children’s narratives on stress and coping and measuring child outcomes would add depth to the literature” (Coles, 2009, 1335). However, either the effects of the longitudinal approach, or its efficacy, are nowhere to be found in the rest of the paper. The same can be said about the results of the research – the latter are not tied in with the research methodology, which brings o
Introduction Strategic management entails the managers, acting on behalf of the owners of the business, to utilize the resources they have so that they better the performance of the organization. In order to utilize the resources of the business effectively, the managers of the business must consider the mission, the objectives of the business and the vision of the business in order to develop the plans and the policies that the business seeks to achieve. Human Resource Management in the strategic management of an organization Human resource management in the world today plays a very important function when it comes to strategic management of an organization. To start with, human resource management seeks to achieve the organization’s desirable features: that is the objectives of the organization as well as the goals of the organization. Among the principles that human resource management focus on is establishment of effectiveness, increasing of productivity, establishment of effective competitive advantage in the organization, as well as establishment of flexibility in the organization. All these principles are aimed at getting the business to gain the objectives of the organization, which is highly highlighted in strategic management. In the world today, human resource management has been strategized to become what is now known as strategic human resource management. Strategic human resource management entails the organization in focusing on the long term plans of the organization along with the strategies and objectives of the business organization that affects the external environment. Such is an important consideration that is greatly considered by strategic management of an organization. The external environment is inclusive of global and technological issues, the competitors of the business, and the economic conditions so as to achieve success in the organization. Saudi Arabian Airlines is one of the organizations that the human resource management plays a great role to strategic management. One of the ways the human resource management department plays a part is achieving the objectives of strategic management in helping out formulation of policies (Nankervis et al., 2005). The human resource management is involved in making policies that aim at benefiting the organization when it is meeting its strategic management policies. In Saudi Arabian Airlines, human resource management is also involved in the personnel employment and effectives. The personnel and the staff are the main players that usually ensure that the policies that the organization set out to achieve are attained. They are what can be considered as the drive towards achieving the goals and strategies of the organization. Therefore, human resource management can be considered as a key player in strategic management as it brings in place the personnel, which is needed in achieving the objectives and the goals of the organization. The human resource management acts as a coordin
Introduction Negligence and malpractice lawsuits constitute the majority of legal quarries directed at the healthcare systems around the world. Each year sees more than 550 closed claims in the US alone, which ends up in over 90 million dollars a year paid over the 5-year-long period (“More Nurses,” 2016). The majority of these claims are directed towards registered nurses (89%), followed by licensed practical nurses and licensed vocational nurses (11.5%) (“More Nurses,” 2016). Negligence and malpractice present not only significant financial risks to the hospital in question but also a serious danger to the patients’ health and wellbeing. The purpose of this paper is to provide a set of negligence and malpractice guidelines for medical employees. Definitions Negligence, as defined by the joint commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), is the provision of a subpar standard of care in comparison to the delivery by a prudent and careful person under similar circumstances (Croke, 2003). If a nurse performs worse than an average person should, regardless of the outcome, it is classified as an act of negligence. Malpractice, on the other hand, is defined as an act of improper or unethical conduct, often performed with an unreasonable lack of skill by an individual who is supposed to be able to perform better (Croke, 2003). This type of infraction can be applied not only to nurses but to other medical and supporting personnel, such as physicians, dentists, lawyers, health managers, and others. Malpractice lawsuits allow for paying damages, thus eligible for being brought into court. Examples of Negligence and Malpractice Failure to Follow Established Standards of Care All nurses are expected to follow two established sets of standards for care, one of them being the federal standards and the other being the hospital’s own processes and procedures, which are often made to increase the quality of the delivered services (Pozgar, 2020). Breaching one of these standards often constitutes the violation of the other, as the two are tightly interwoven. An example of a malpractice lawsuit associated with standards of care would be Hall v. Arthur (1998), which held a hospital liable for the damages for a nurse’s breach of standard during an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. The violation revolved around the use of a ceramic substance (Orthoblock) to replace a part of Mr. Hall’s spine during the surgery, which resulted in prolonged back difficulties during the next four months, after which a second operation was required to remove the Orthoblock and implant the part of the patient’s spine back (Croke, 2003). Negligence, in this scenario, was the use of an unusual product instead of following the standard procedure. Failure to Use Tools and Equipment Appropriately Modern medical treatments are often provided with the use of equipment, which, if used improperl
Client hearing instrument fitting is done to help the functionality of the ear. This assists in the amplification of acoustic signs to the extent that it enables a person with hearing difficulties to make use of the left capabilities effectively. “The instrument is fitted to the patient’s ear and the acoustic performance is then evaluated” (Harvey, 2001). This paper is therefore going to focus on Mrs. W, who has hearing problems. The paper will conclude by giving an insight into these rehabilitative strategies. In the first mention, speech scores are not expected, the audiogram shows that both ears are the same and speech scores should be about the same. This client may not benefit fully from this aid in both ears due to poor discrimination scores. The left ear is slightly disadvantaged and needs an ENT for determination on aid and amplification fitting. In the second mention, the hearing aid-fitting can be paused once the ENT provides medical clearance. If the problem persists though, hearing aids should be fitted. The patient should be subjected to speech rudimentary, binaurally as well as monaurally. If binaural results are good, then binaural fitting will be recommended if not, right ear amplification will be recommended. This is because binaural inhibition effects can be realized, “which are responsible for shaping frequency selectivity of single neurons in the inferior calculus” (Gooler, 2000). The recommended hearing aid is the Phonak Certena. This aid has a fitting range for Mrs. W. The product’s frequency compression is recommended as; HF sounds can be audible to her without the aid being at uncomfortable levels. Frequency compression is highly advisable because, “in this aid, high frequencies (above 1600Hz) are amplified in addition to a lowered frequency without shifts” (Simpson, 2005). Phonak-Certena-BTEs are the most economical aids that have this. BTEs suit high-frequency hearing loss because “it is designed to amplify and modulate sound for the wearer and can connect to assistive listening devices (Simpson, 2005). The patient needs BTEs and Hard Acrylic Skeleton molds since soft molds deteriorate and needs replacement frequently. Once more, “acoustic feedbacks with short models are likely to be problematic. Skeleton molds are more comfortable, reduced, easy to insert and are made with extended helix for better retention” (Hayes, 2004) As shown by Simpson (2005), 1.5 mm vents are reliable for the first time because of low-frequencies, prevention of occlusions, and hearing of own voice, hence the small vent. Alternatively, if still intolerable, audiologists can increase vent size in the client’s ear-mold. Considering the gain needed at 4000-Hz, “the Libby horn which leaves the amplifier available for future gain-increase is recommended should the patient’s hearing decrease” (Valante, 2007). In the third mention, the patient is highly motivated to use a hearing aid. If she cannot take this up because of poor management, assistive listening devices would come in handy. The ALDs would be helpful with the TV, phone, and doorbell. These devices are fitted with flashlights a
Collective bargaining entails a series of negotiations between employers and the representatives of workers with the major aim of arriving at an agreement to regulate, improve, or enhance the conditions of working. In the current labor market, Marczely (2008) is of the view that trade unions are charged with the role of ensuring workers are not subjected to inhuman conditions that degrade them. Through the process of collective bargaining, the writer notes that the two parties usually agree to set out a wage scale, working hours, the training needs, healthcare issues, overtime, conflict resolution, mechanisms, rights, freedoms, and safety of workers as they undertake their normal duties in their respective stations. The author’s views are valid and credible in the sense that he captures the most important aspect of trade unions since they are expected to engage in talks with a single employer or group of employers representing various businesses. He further observes that the country’s laws usually determine the terms and conditions of negotiating, but the aim is always to reach at a consensus in order to prevent conflicts, as they have the potential of bringing down the performance of the organization. In this regard, his ideas are reliable because the negotiated agreement serves as the labor contract between the employees and business owners. In many countries, workers in various sectors, including both public and private sectors, are supposed to present their grievances through the trade unions. The United States is one of the countries that witnessed a complex collective bargaining process. Some analysts are of the view that the country has the best trade unions with the capacity to fight for the rights of workers appropriately. The paper looks at the developments of collective bargaining in the country with the aim of drawing a conclusion on whether the process has been successful. In their view, Haber, Malin-Adams, and Khamalah (2008) observe that employees of any country are allowed to present their issues through unions. Again, they analyze the idea suggesting that the US constitution allows members of any trade union to force their employers to provide for them what they want. They trace the activiti
In the past, widespread federal and private poisoning almost led to the extinction of the gray wolf in the United States (Goodall & Hudson, 2009). After it was listed among the endangered species in northern America, the government and animal conservationist spent millions of dollars in ensuring that this endangered species regained its initial population size. The North America’s gray wolves have played a vital role in the ecosystem (Goodall & Hudson, 2009). With the extinction of these carnivores in the North American habitats, trophic cascades in the ecosystem will undergo considerable changes (Cain, 2008). The alteration of trophic cascades affects the diversity and functioning of plants’ population. Due to the increase in ungulates’ population, plants’ biomass will reduce and affect soil and water availability. Normally, plants’ roots hold the soil together and prevent soil erosion. With their destruction, soil erosion will be unavoidable. Correspondingly, the alteration of the soil composition through soil erosion results in the modification of biotic and a-biotic resources causing changes in habitats (Cain, 2008). The presence of wolves in an ecosystem controls the distribution, conduct and foraging manner of the existing ungulates. In a research conducted in Yellow Stone National Park, the reintroduction of gray wolves resulted in behavioral change of most ungulates (Reiter, 2003). The research established that most ungulates reduce the time they spend browsing woody vegetation upon the introduction of wolves in the national park. In this regard, the woody vegetation increased. Conversely, with the extinction of the gray wolves in the ecosystem, ungulates will have ample time to browse the woody vegetation. This will lead to a decline in their number and may eventually become extinct. Likewise, the presence of wolves in a particular ecosystem can determine the behavior of scavengers. With the wolves’ extinction, the population of scavengers will decline as those unwilling to adapt and hunt on their own will starve and die (Swinburne & Brandenburg, 1999). The existence of wolves in an ecosystem helps to eliminate the weak, diseased, injured and less fitting prey. In this regard, wolves ensure the sustenance of future generations of most ungulates through the passage of desired genes from the healthy and environmentally fitting preys (Reiter, 2003). Thus, the extinction of wolves in our ecosystem will results in an increase in the ungulates population comprising of unhealthy and undesired preys. With the presence of unhealthy members of the prey, disease threats will compromise the future population (Reiter, 2003). Wolves’ population determines an ecosystem’s mechanism, process and structures. Commonly, wolves influence the profusion of ungulates in an ecosystem (Mech, 1970). In this regard, plants’ composition and population is indirectly affected. With more wolves in an ecosystem, the number of ungulat
The purpose of this paper is to present a short introduction to economics. To do so, it is necessary to address several topics. The explanation of the difference between a positive and normative statement is needed to be supported by examples of each type. Notably, the economy can achieve points that are outside the production possibility curve. It is important to review the Spillover Principle and give examples of goods with a positive externality and a negative externality. The allocation of public goods is another topic that needs close attention. Positive and Normative Statements There are two distinct approaches to solve economic issues and search for the best solutions. Positive statements explore the situation without evaluation. For example, how will an increase in the price of petroleum affect the number of car drivers? Normative statements judge the proposed solution. For instance, should the local authorities reduce registration fees on electric cars? The Production Possibility Curve According to the production possibility graph, economists can define the potential of the economy, what items can be made and marketed. The graph usually contains x and y axes for production options and a possibility curve that allows evaluating the efficiency of the resource employment. At any point on the graph enclosed by the curve, the resources are not used to the full extent. At any point on the curve, the resources are rationally allocated and serve their purpose. Any point outside of the area enclosed by the curve is a position that allows producing more items but with more resources of better quality. To reach this point the production possibility curve needs to shift outward. This becomes possible when new technologies or better financial support provide opportunities for product development. New qualified employees can also help to reach a desirable point. The Spillover Principle The costs and benefits arising from producing and consuming particular goods can affect not only the manufacturers, suppliers, and buyers of these products but also random members of society. Economists use the term spillovers or externalities to indicate costs and benefits that influence the people external to the production and use of a product. The spillover benefits experienced by the society are called positive externalities, while the spillover costs that random people have to pay for the production and consumption of the particular item are named negative externalities. The production and use of electric cars present an array of spillover costs and benefits. Vehicle assembly plants pollute the environment what is a negative externality, but electric cars do not emit exhaust fumes reducing air pollution. Gas stations suffer from the occurrence of alternative power supplies while people in the neighborhood enjoy the absence of noise from internal combustion engines. The goods with externalities should be allocated in a way that guarantees a profound use of their spillover benefits for society. The use of electric vehicles with zero carbon dioxide emissions in national parks is a good example of product allocation. Public Goods Economists defin
Introduction Cans are useful containers used in everyday life for packaging and storing beverages. Most manufacturers use aluminum as a raw material to manufacture beer and soft drink cans. For example, 95 percent of the cans manufactured in United States are from aluminum and amounts to 100 billion beverage cans in a single year. However, it is important to note that aluminum cans are not good in storing foodstuffs. In most cases, manufacturers prefer steel in manufacturing food cans. On the other hand, the inimitable properties of aluminum make it the best raw material for manufacturing cans for holding carbonated beverages. Additionally, the shiny aluminum walls make it one of the best decorating materials hence, attracting the attention of many consumers (Hosford & John, 1994, p.48). History and Technical Description of Aluminum The identification of aluminum dates back to 1782 as the metal widely recognized with stature in France. History asserts that in 1850s, many people preferred aluminum to gold and silver for manufacturing trinkets and eating utensils such as cups, plates and cooking pots. To crown it all, King Napoleon III became so much enthralled with military lightweight aluminum equipments and immediately sponsored its extraction. In ancient times, aluminum occurred in various places. Nevertheless, due to lack of expertise in the extraction process, aluminum remained elusive for a long period. As the most fascinated metal in 19 th century, aluminum became so expensive forcing many people to look for other alternatives. However, the period of technological advancements that started after the Second World War saw a breakthrough in the extraction of aluminum and easy smelting of aluminum. Eventually, exceedingly high prices of aluminum fell considerably paving its industrial exploitation. Before the Second World War, manufacturers made beverage cans from steel. This is because many manufacturers could not afford the high price of aluminum. Besides, since the extraction of aluminum was limited due to lack of extraction expertise, many manufacturers of cans preferred the very available steel. For instance, during the Second World War, the U.S government used steel cans to transport beer to the soldiers involved in war overseas. This period saw large production of steel pipes, the production that continued even up after the end of the war. However, in 1958, the Adolph Coors Company became the first firm to create aluminum cans amid various difficulties in the manufacturing process. Nevertheless, the produced cans weighed less (198g) as compar
S.E Hinton has several characters in her book ‘The Outsiders’. I will discuss the following characters: Ponyboy, Dally and Darry. Ponyboy Curtis is a young innocent boy. He is still naïve. This is because Pony boy does not understand why his brother is so hard on him and why Darry has to work so hard.Ponyboy is a dreamer. This illustrated at the beginning of chapter 1 where he wishes he were tough and handsome like Paul Newman. Ponyboy is a shy boy. He likes to keep quiet and he talks to his friends Jonny and Cherry. They usually talk about sunsets and poetry. Dallas Winston (Dally) is a mean person. He is meaner than the other gang members are. He is a criminal who does not take the law seriously. He thinks that the law is a joke. Dally is usually angry at the world. Darrel Curtis (Darry) is Ponyboy’s eldest brother. He is tough and wants Ponyboy to be tough too. This is illustrated in chapter one where he yells at pony for not fighting back. Darry works hard. This is because the book says that he overworks himself. Darry is also caring. Being the eldest among his siblings, he protects and takes care of them. Yesterday a rival gang killed the gang leader of Socs at the Fountain. This was after a fight ensued between the two groups. The rival gang call themselves the ‘Greasers.’ Bob is the deceased gang leader. A gang member from the rival group stabbed the deceased with a knife. Johnny (a member of the Greasers) killed Bob after he threatened to drown Ponyboy (also a member of the Greasers). Bob was from a wealthy family. Bob wore rings on his fingers. He was the gang leader of the Socs (Socials). Cherry was Bob’s boyfriend. The police have speculated that Cherry could be the cause of the fight. However, the police are still investigating the matter. Ponyboy and Jonny were walking in the park.This is when a blue Mustang pulled up. The Socs were in the car. They jumped out and went straight for Ponboy and Jonny. The boys tried acting tough. One of the Socs pushed Ponyboy to the fountain. Ponyboy tried fighting back but Bob was too strong for him. Ponyboy was drowning. Jonny had to do something. Jonny pulled out Knife and stabbed Bob. Bob fell down with a thud. He was dead. When Ponyboy woke up, h