ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In his essay The Ethics of Belief , William Clifford argued that every form of belief had to be based on some evidence or inquiry. Moreover, in his opinion, it was unethical to suppress ones doubts and accept the ideas of others for granted. This paper is aimed at evaluating Clifford’s claims. It will also examine the ideas of William James who defended the belief without prior evidence. Overall, Clifford’s argument has a significant limitation, because he described the situations when it was possible to obtain some verifiable evidence. Unfortunately, even scientists cannot always do it. Additionally, there is nothing unethical in beliefs without evidence when they do not pose a threat to others. William Clifford constructed a hypothetical situation when a ship-owner sent his crew on a dangerous trip knowing that the ship had not been seaworthy. Yet, he stifled his doubts and convinced himself that nothing had threatened those people. William Clifford argued that this person could really believe that the ship had been safe. Yet, his reasoning was based on wishful thinking, rather than facts. The author said that this person was guilty of other peoples’ deaths because he had chosen to believe what he wanted to believe. In this way, Clifford tried to demonstrate that a person had no right to stifle ones doubt especially when other people could be affected. This idea is quite acceptable and William Clifford was quite right in criticizing those individuals who indulged themselves in wishful thinking. However, he extended this argument and said that religious faith was also impossible without inquiry and doubt. The author pointed out that people often took the idea of God for granted and they acted like the ship-owner who he described at the beginning of his work. Overall, Clifford’s argument has several weaknesses. First of all, people cannot always obtain verifiable evidence that can confirm their beliefs. Yet, one cannot argue that their opinions should be rejected entirely. In his essay, William James also noted that even scientists often had to act without prior evidence. For instance, he described a chemist who could spend a significant amount of time in order to support a certain conjecture about chemical substances. This person might have some opinions or beliefs, but he/she could not prove them in any way. So, one should remember that objective evidence is not always accessible to people, but they can still believe in something. Additionally, William Clifford focused on situations when a person’s beliefs could influence other people. His example of a ship-owner is very telling, but it does not show that beliefs without prior evidence are always dangerous. In many cases, the beliefs of an individual do not affect others. For instance, one can mention a person’s religious beliefs that do not harm anyone. William James also pointed out that a belief without evidence could be acceptable when it did not pose any threat to others. In his essay, William Clifford did not respond to this objection. So, there are several cases when a belief without sufficient evidence can be justified. In particular, one should speak about the situati
Improving the Article This article narrates the story of Azza AlQubaisi. Azza is a prominent Emirati artist whose jewelry brand has succeeded in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). ARJMST is the name given to Azza’s Emirati brand. The article analyzes the strengths of this product. The author begins by exploring the background of the artist. The article goes further to introduce the product to the reader. The article gives minimal information about Azza’s jewelry brand. The author presents unnecessary information while ignoring the relevant details. I can improve the article by focusing on brand’s strength in the UAE market. The author should have improved the paper using the best marketing concepts and theories. The article presents one competitive advantage. The presented SWOT Analysis is also shallow. The author of the article should have presented more details in order to make it more meaningful and practical. The reader does not get much information about the Emirati brand. I would amend the above issues in order to make the article readable and informative (Cateora, Graham, & Gilly, 2012). The article does not present the best way forward for this product. I would provide the above recommendations in order to improve this paper. Internationalizing the Brand Companies and entrepreneurs use various strategies to internationalize their brands. Azza should consider the best strategies in order to succeed in her business. The other approach is targeting several foreign markets. A good entry approach should embrace the use of partnerships. Azza should collaborate with various companies such as Hugo Boss and Wal-Mart in order to market her brand. The strategy will ensure more foreign customers purchase these products. The entrepreneur should also produce quality jewelries. The approach will “make the products competitive and outstanding in the market” (Cateora et al., 2012, p. 68). Azza can also use direct market entries in every foreign country. The entrepreneur should market her products in new countries such as China, India, and Australia. The marketer should also encourage international firms and corporations to purchase her trophies. These market entry strategies will make the business successful. Azza should use better marketing practices and product management approaches to support the process. Azza can also use online marketing to internationalize her brand. The plan will attract more customers from different parts of the world. The consumers will place their orders and benefit from free delivery services (Cateora et al., 2012). The Best International Marketing Strategy The above internationalizing strategy will succeed if Azza uses the best marketing mix and strategy. The best decision is
At the moment, I am volunteering as an intern at First Home Care in Portsmouth, VA. My work is associated with Day Support Treatments for adults diagnosed with autism. Autism is characterized by an entire spectrum of conditions that make it challenging for individuals to be successful in their social interactions, verbal and non-verbal communication, and behaviors. Although caring for autistic adults is a complicated task that requires strength, dedication, and courage, I have learned a lot about being compassionate and respecting other people’s lives and needs. Respect is one of Saint Leo University’s core values, which implies strengthening the community by ensuring diversity of people who live and work together in harmony. Because I was able to see the courage and strength of people diagnosed with autism and how they value the time they have on this Earth, I recognized how important it was to be open to new experiences and help those who enrich our communities with diversity. Previously, I volunteered as a staff member and helped pack food that then got delivered to churches and given out to the homeless. I also believe that this gesture coincides with the mentioned core value since it shows respect for the life of other people that were unfortunate to be left without a roof over their heads. I would also like to mention that in the beginning, I was skeptical about my work as a volunteer because working for free is a luxury that not everyone can afford. However, when I began seeing the contribution that I had made to the lives of other people, I understood that my volunteering work was far more fulfilling emotionally than any other job. Also, I participated in my first intake process, during which I worked with clients to assess their behaviors and determine whether they were eligible to participate in the program. There was usually a period of sixty days during which I determined what clients could be enrolled in the program. As an intern, I felt a great responsibility when working with clients since my life experiences were not enough to make informed decisions. I had to be very careful during paperwork and was dedicated to paying attention to every detail that could make a difference in the final decision. I liked talking to clients, asking them about their emotional struggles and what they wanted to change in their lives. The overall experience was not only rewarding but also challenging for me as a young person since many of the clients with whom I worked had seen far more in life than I had. I want to conclude the reflection on my volunteering experience by recommending this to everyone who would like to pursue psychology as a career. Face-to-face interactions with clients and other volunteers allowed me to become more open-minded to new experiences while trying to help other people who happen to be less fortunate. I link the core value of respect with my experience because it is associated with enriching communities with different perspectives that people can offer. Alt
Introduction Football is a game that is played all across the globe; millions of fans watch the game each day and enjoy the experience of watching it. Soccer is more than a game; the game has got everything in it which a person can expect. Ecstasy, emotion, outburst you name it the game has got it. There are so many legends of the game, Ronaldinho, Maradona, Pele, Romario, Ronaldo just to name a few. These players have become household names and this just goes to show the popularity of the game and its global reach. There is no denying that the game has a global reach. It reaches every part of the world that one can imagine. Be it Africa, America, or for that matter any other continent. “In its broadest sense, corporate social responsibility represents a concern with the needs and goals of society, which goes beyond the merely economic. Insofar as the business system as it exists today can only survive in an effectively functioning free society, the corporate social responsibility movement represents a broad concern with the business’s role in supporting and improving that social order” (Eells, 1974).” The world cup is the most eagerly awaited tournament of all; it brings a lot of joy to all the spectators. In addition to the world cup, there are so many other tournaments that are conducted all through the year, for instance, the EPL, the Spanish League, the Italian Serie A, and other club-level tournaments. The UEFA Champions League is probably the most difficult to win at the club level. UEFA is the governing body of European Football; it stands for Union of European Football Association. This paper will throw light upon FIFA which is the governing body of Football and is headed by Sir Joseph Sepp Blatter. The activities of FIFA in Africa will be highlighted in this paper. The federation of the International Football Association better known as FIFA is headed by Sir Joseph Sepp Blatter, football is a global game and in addition to making the game popular each day, the game also tries to reach out to numerous underprivileged people. The social responsibilities are very well fulfilled by FIFA and it is included in the Agenda of FIFA. This is another way of making the game popular and it is the right way to do it too. Poor children are encouraged to play football and FIFA helps such people with Education and other necessities. The Stand-up speak-up Campaign initiated by some of the top players like Thierry Henry, Ronaldinho, Rio Ferdinand, etc caught many an eye. The campaign was against Racism and left a very deep impact and this is what FIFA aims to do, with the help of its global reach it aims at removing the ill practices in society. It also helps in the growth and the development of people all across the glo
The primary responsibility of the police is to serve and protect the right of the citizens. Though most policemen and women carry out their functions diligently, there are some who willingly violate the rules and regulations of their work and use the powers that have been vested in them wrongly. The police take advantage of the fact that they have certain powers that allow them to carry out their work in the most appropriate manner, while attempting to apprehend persons suspected of criminal activities. However, these powers are not absolute. The state has also established laws that protect the citizens from being mistreated by the police. However, civil rights movements and law firms have come up to champion for the rights of citizens who may be mistreated by the police. This essay compares and contrasts the civil rights activities in Ferguson and Missouri in response to police brutality, the prison industrial complex, systematic economic suppression, and discrimination against the blacks. Goals of Establishment The various civil rights movements were formed to protect the civilians against abuses, such as excessive use of force and brutality from police, seizures and searches carried out unconstitutionally, as well as imprisonment or being arrested falsely. They also protect civilians against prosecution in an unconstitutional manner, discrimination based on gender, race, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, or gender. Government Response The response of the government to brutal dealings of police and discrimination against the blacks is usually slow, unsatisfactory, and defensive. They always seem to evade the issue by lengthening the process of finding justice and they only act as a reaction to the public protests. For instance, after the public outcry following the shooting of an innocent Blackman “Michael Brown” in Fergusson, the government through its attorney general, stated that it would review and analyze all the complaints of police brutality that have been reported to the Federal Government in the past six years. Even in this act, the officials said that they only aim at establishing if there is gross misconduct among the police forces, but not to initiate fresh prosecutions against the responsible police. It was very clear that the police demonstrated pure laxity in maintaining discipline and taking advantage of the poor and innocent. However, the move by the government was calculated in such a way that it cooled down the rights activities, yet they did not offend the police officers. Method of Resistance The public and the civil rights activities react to police misconduct through various ways. The most common and the most efficient ways entail the mobilization of the general public to engage in peaceful demonstration to pursue the government to take the required actions. During the protest, the activists carry banners bearing the message they intend to pass to the government. The next form of resistance is by filing cases in court and hiring advocates on behalf of the victims. Lastly, the activist address the g
Introduction Relationships amongst countries are governed by rules that ensure there is a fair, healthy, and legal interaction business environment. Political and social-economic factors also affect how countries interact and conduct their businesses. All nations are supposed to respect laws that govern their interactions to ensure international relations are promoted. However, those that do not respect the rules set by international bodies like the United Nations, European Union, and African Union are usually subjected to harsh penalties to ensure they conform to the required standards or stop participating in international trade. This paper examines the trade sanctions imposed on North Korea by the USA in January 2013. Background Sanctions are political trade restrictions imposed by countries on nations that engage in practices that threaten international peace, development, and security. It is important to explain that nations must not violate international treaties or the sovereignty of other countries. The United States imposed trade sanctions on the Republic of Korea in January 2013 after the PRK decided to launch a rocket carrying a satellite into orbit (Klingner par. 3). The United Nations condemned this act because it believed that it violated international treaties that required nations to refrain from activities that were perceived to threaten global peace. The economic restrictions imposed on the People’s Republic of Korea ensured some individuals, companies, and government agencies were blacklisted by the United States and the United Nations. This means that North Korea was not free to do its business activities with other countries because of the trade restrictions imposed. Impacts of the Restriction International trade ensures there is a healthy interaction between different countries. However, the economic restriction imposed on North Korea meant that it was not free to interact with other nations. The international trade agreements stipulate that a country that has been earned restrictions cannot freely import or export goods and services from and to other countries respectively (Klingner par. 7). Its interactions with other nations are minimized. However, North Korea and other countries located in the Hermit Kingdom can transact their businesses because the United Nations has no power over this group. Therefore, trade activities between North Korea and these countries will take place, but not with other nations that are governed by international trade organization agreements. Secondly, the role of a trade restriction is to ensure the victim realizes his mistakes and corrects them. Therefore, North Korea was wrong in launching its rocket
Introduction In the Cenozoic, compared to the previous Phanerozoic eras, climatic reconstructions according to paleobotany and geographical finds have a higher degree of reliability. The study of the High Canadian Arctic through the prism of such important climate parameters as average annual temperature and carbon dioxide concentration allows studying the evolution of Earth. Geological processes throughout the Cenozoic have shaped the modern appearance of the oceans and continents. The climate and, as a consequence, the flora was gradually changing. This also affected the development of mammals, in particular the emergence of humans. Humankind, having reached a particular stage of civilization, began to render a strong influence on the surrounding nature. In this regard, there is often talk of global warming seen in the Holocene. The purpose of this work is to compare the Eocene and Holocene epochs in the northern latitudes, in particular, the High Canadian Arctic. Brief Description The Cenozoic era is remarkable for the development of mammals that have replaced dinosaurs and other reptiles, which are almost entirely extinct. The Cenozoic is divided into several eras, among which the Eocene and Holocene. The Eocene is the second Paleogene period, which lasted until 33.9 million years ago (Willard et al., 2019). The Eocene Earth healed its wounds thoroughly after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The death of reptiles contributed to the development of all the mammals that inhabited the entire planet. Holocene is the last epoch of the Quaternary, which began 11,700 years ago and continues to this day (Briner et al., 2016). In other words, there is a difference of nearly forty million years between the two analyzed epochs, for which not only life has changed, but also climatic conditions. According to data presented in Figure 1, the average temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide decreased. The total CO2 content has been declining for tens of millions of years but has started to increase gradually in recent times. Figure 1. Concentration of CO2 and temperature fluctuation (Ruddiman, 2001) Life in the Eocene Era The parallel drop in temperature and carbon dioxide concentration has left an indelible mark in the Eocene High Canadian Arctic. The prehistoric Arctic can be compared to the tropical zones where favorable conditions have been created for exotic plants such as palms (Willard et al., 2019). This is confirmed by numerous paleontological remains of fossil forms of cypress forests and swamps (Eberle & Greenwood, 2012). Gradual cooling occurred from the middle Eocene, the continental climate became drier, and therefore the forests consisting of the Metasequoia were replaced by broad-leaved areas (Eberle & Greenwood, 2012). Only in those areas of the High Canadian Arctic, where the climat
Modern day definition of globalization takes into account world cultures and civilizations in defining globalization. On the other hand, to economists, globalization refers to the way the world is integrating to one economic domain when barriers of trade and communication are eliminated. From rich countries to developing continents like Africa, globalization is a topic that is spurring debate in our day to day activities. With these in mind, my essay focuses on explaining the meaning of the following statement “In African cities today, the logic of accumulation and expenditure is so pervasive, so thoroughly connected to the world economy, that it generates its own social reality” (Hoffman 405). In regard to the article by Davis, it is reported that most of the times; Africans have the illusion that the informal sector which requires little capital to start and mostly dominated by women in Africa can be equivalent to employment in the formal sector. The illusion is perpetrated by World Bank into the African continent and this has challenged economists as to how the low wage earners are able to meet their daily obligations if they barely earn enough money to see them through their daily needs. In connection to the world economy, the low wage earners with little or no skills become easier targets for exploitation by companies who subcontract them to the formal sector to compose the company’s workforce (Davis 20). On a different note, Hoffman seeks to explain the way economies in the African continent are linked to the world economy. In most cases, people who are under NGOs aid and other sponsorship programs from governments outside Africa rely entirely on such aid to acquire basic services in African countries. Many are the times such people always feel safe under the care of NGOs in such a way that if aid from NGOs ceases to exist (Hoffman 406), people in such programs would not afford their basic needs and therefore the link of African cities to world economy. When ruling governments in countries that give donor aid to Africa change hand, people in the cities and most of them in NGOs aids programs will be left without basic services (Hoffman 409). What Davis refers to as Darwinism, Hoffman sees it differently. According to Davis, Africans compete for the few resources that are available to make ends meet but to Hoffman, it’s a means of survival where people involved have to move and occupy space in the social and also physical context. As long as moving produces positive effects, people in African cities are bound to move and occupy space for the sole reason of surviving the hardships (Hoffman 419). In most African countries, slums are as a result of people moving from their rural homes to the cities in search of greener pastures such as jobs. The illusion that people hold that they will get greener pastures in the cities is well demonstrated by the increasing numbers of slums which is an eyesore to the cities and therefore becomes a suitable ground where crime and violence is breed. Peop