ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Death of a loved one within the family, a distant relative or someone in the society is an irreversible loss that leads to grieving. Due to the diversity of cultural religious beliefs, different people respond uniquely to death, which causes loss and subsequent grieving. Although death has been occurring since the creation of the world, it has confounded the meaning and the purpose of living, and it still scares everybody even today. Death is a mystery that human beings strive to unravel because; unfortunately no one can predict or control its occurrence in humanity. The death of loved one is a great loss that one can experience in life and it takes the process of grieving to accept the fact that loss has actually occurred. Attig argues that, “…human experiences of bereavement and grieving … recur throughout our lifetimes and serve as lenses through which we can see many meanings of death, human existence, suffering, the life of the deceased, the life of mourner, and the love” (2004, p.342). Human experiences due to the death and loss of loved ones have different perceptions and responses in the society; nevertheless, Elisabeth Kubler-Ross gave a typical model that explains five stages of grieving. Human Experiences Death and loss are constant human experiences that people encounter in the course of life. The experiences surrounding death and loss of loved one depend on religious and cultural beliefs, which define the nature of life and death in the society. Without religious and cultural beliefs in the society, the death would still be a remote and mysterious incident that strikes human beings obliviously. Research findings revealed that there is “…ethnic differences in the character of death attitudes, with American whites reporting greater fears of a protracted and painful dying process, whereas American blacks were more fearful about what transpired after death itself, including fears of being buried alive” (Neimeyer, 2004, p.10). Such disparity in ethnicity and beliefs determines the perception and understanding of death in the society. Death is a scary reality in that people are struggling to deny and run away from it. Human beings face great challenges in understanding the nature of death and accepting its occurrence. Since death is a mystery that has instilled fears into humanity across all ages, discussions regarding death or news about death are scary for they remind people that they are going to die. According to Attig, death has diverse meanings and “…an expansion of focus within the field to encompass consciousness of death across the lifespan and to foster a vision of our place in the u
The growing popularity of smartphones and the Internet in India has become the perfect background for the development of the e-commerce market. Bearing in mind that e-commerce sales amounted to $16 billion in 2015, and this figure is forecasted to be seven times bigger by 2020, companies strive to enter the market and win leading positions (“Online Retailing in India: The Great Race” par. 3). This paper will study the most influential companies in the e-commerce segment of the Indian market and speculate on the possibility of coming into it. The Indian e-commerce market is an emerging one. The history of its development is short. Starting from 2012, the rates of sales are increasing fantastically from $2,3 billion to the current 16 billion (“Statistics and Facts About E-Commerce in India” par. 2). As for now, the leaders of the Indian e-commerce market are such companies as Flipkart, Myntra, Snapdeal, Amazon India, and Paytm. It should be mentioned that the top three online retailers (Flipkart, Snapdeal, and Amazon India) have surpassed the top ten offline retailers in their revenues in 2015 (Maheshwari par. 8). The primary reason for such spectacular growth of this segment is the rapid introduction of the newest technologies to the everyday life of common citizens and the transition towards online shopping. The leader of the market is Flipkart launched in 2014 including Myntra acquired in 2014. The company’s market share is 45% (Maheshwari par. 8). It is an online retailer offering more than 20 million products across 70 categories such as accessories, baby care, laptops, clothes, books, footwear, home, and kitchen, etc. (Khanna and Sampat 70). The key to the company’s success is its presence outside the biggest cities, i.e. nationwide coverage of deliveries, 30-day return policy, various payment methods, and offering the same-day guarantees for their products. The second biggest company is Snapdeal with 26% of the market (Maheshwari par. 8). It is also an online marketplace. Its success is devoted to the website translated into seven languages, which attracts more customers, and has its own mobile payment company (“Statistics and Facts About E-Commerce in India” par 18, 22). Amazon India with 12% of the market share in the third leader (Maheshwari par. 8). It is the branch of the international company, Amazon. Except for being the online retailer, it is the platform for e-commerce re
Abstract Malware is software, which performs malicious actions on a network once it gets access to it. Malwares are destructive hence; they are unacceptable in any organization network. The desire of every organization is to have a network as safe as possible. In today’s networks, various threats are eminent and their modes of attacks keep changing every day. This is a common challenge to networks; even the World Wide Web. In essence, the struggle of every network is to discover the most appropriate preventive, protective and corrective strategies against malware. Some networks apply malware-detecting systems. They do this by implementing software known as sandbox to monitor the behavior of programs in order to ascertain whether they are malwares or not. Sandbox is a vital tool for decision making regarding relevant treatments to malware threats upon detection. This paper dwells on the execution of various methods to protect networks against possible malware attacks, inclusive of sandbox. Introduction The rate of Computer usage has increased tremendously especially owing to the use of internet and multimedia applications. Another contributing factor is the declining computer prices as well as internet connection costs, accelerated by the higher speeds of connection. Internet encourages disguise of identity among users. Studies have shown that approximately 80% of subscribers to social sites use anonymous identity to communicate, a fact that promotes internet crime (Couture & Massicotte, 2009). Similarly, malwares originate from unknown sources yet their impacts are devastating. Malware suppliers masquerade as noble solution providers on the internet to unsuspecting users. A malware code exists as a single auto run file with the destructive instructions. Implementation of malware protection is necessary including disabling of auto run applications. A risk evaluation of every file is equally vital. This is where a sand box plays an essential role. Examples of Malware There are various types of malwares with various modes of attack on systems.
Introduction Criminality in individuals of all cultural and economic backgrounds is traceable to a pint of trigger or beginning. Gender causes of criminal acts are often intense at early adulthood when individuals compete for marriage mates and realize their sexuality. In addition, certain challenges of upbringing, social class, neighborhood culture with regard to crime as well as peer groupings in many cases influence nature and intensity of crime. Crime happens within social and economic situations in the life of individuals, criminal orientation has a socialization aspect in the sense individual attempts of crime appear in a gradual sequence, minor crime attempts precede major crime attempts. In the process of maturation in crime individuals could be intercepted and corrected (Francis et al, 2006). Counseling and other soft interventions could be employed to address less serious involvements as more restrictive approaches used to punish severe crime. Criminal attempts among young males and adolescent youth are mainly motivated by material gain, particularly as a result of challenges of inferiority within neighborhoods. Since young male adults are challenged on many frontiers they have a tendency and willpower to overcome their circumstances, prove heroic and end up deviants (Messerschmidt, 1986). Role modeling after criminal characters in the society and media promote crime. Adequate regulation of media is important particularly during times of heightened crime incidences as during holidays, in less secure residential zones and crime hot-spots. Moreover, social institutions as schools often are breeding grounds for negative influence through the curriculum content and extracurricular activities. Challenges, intervention and the detrimental effects of criminality The family unit is often an important controlling and regulating institution for the socialization and character formation of its members in many aspects. At the onset of criminal orientation, mentorship as well as guidance and counseling are adequate enough to achieve adequate corrective measures (William et al, 2003). The influences in the media of representing certain criminal actions as heroic or advertisement of liquor with false impressions of humanity above real circumstances could be checked (Francis et al, 2006). Films as well as books of fiction embodying aggressive opinions and characterization are potential source of crime motivation. Socio-economic structure of the society also may promote crime due to cultural determinism. Crimes particularly arising along gender causes are in the manners of biological causes, that is a woman would engage in crime to acquire food to feed the children, emotional instability during menstruation, of between spouses who feel abused of infidelity grounds from the partners (William et al, 2003). Marriage counseling would address such deviance. In addition, equitable macro-welfare schemes promote healthy living and minimize deviance. Encounter with terror or physical abuse within the family may influence violence among growing up individuals (Walker, 200
The Challenge to Solve   * People worldwide have to move to new locations, and they always want to modify their new dwellings. They want to make them comfortable and personalized. People are moving from city to city, from country to country, which makes the application a potential hit of a large market.   * Even without moving to new places, people often want to change something in their dwellings. Some important events may make people want to change the decoration in their houses, apartments, and so on. Such events as marriage, divorce, finding a new job, having a baby, midlife crisis, moving to a college can account for the need for change.   * Many people have certain budgets but lack for ideas to be able to decorate their rooms, houses with funds available. The application can be further developed and decorate rooms with furniture and accessories available. People will be able to redecorate their dwellings very often.   * The cost-effectiveness of the application makes it an attractive product to develop and market. The application’s cost is not very high while the revenue may be significant due to the size of the market and the trends existing in the society. LifeDecor: Decorate Your Room App   * Provides options to decorate different types of rooms (living room, bathroom, kitchen, etc.).   * Provides data on items available (online stores) with the option to choose by price.   * Users share their decors (photos of their rooms or digital variants).   * Users can sell their ideas to other users. Value propositions: People are looking for creativity and variety of options at affordable prices. Customer segments: The mass market includes people between 20 and 60 years old. The majority of users may be females. People of all professions can use the app. Customer relationship: Users get automatized services, but they can also receive some self-service options, through the option of creating one’s own styles, buying from e-commerce companies. Channels: Apart from mobile app channel, e-commerce companies can also advertise the product. Revenue streams: Premium subscription may include such services as becoming a designer (ability to sell one’s designs), having discounts for furniture and accessories. Key partners: Suppliers of furniture and accessories (they can provide funds for allocation of items). Cost structure: Marketing can require significant investment (e-commerce companies). The segment of the customer can be referred to as Apps and Social Networks Lovers. These are people (of different ages and backgrounds) who are keen users of various mobile applications. These people value sharing ideas, connectedness and convenience. An important aspect quite recurrent is the change. Ardent users of apps and the Internet often look for options to carry out the changes in their life (moving, breaking up, moving together, going to college, etc.). The app in question is perfect for such people. Mapping the customer profile. The target audience of the product is very wide, but this applica
Any type of commercial organization, such as a firm, can achieve a competitive advantage through a wide range of key elements. According to Disaggregated Competitive Priorities Analysis, a company gains such an advantage by focusing on improving quality, which can be divided into eight dimensions (Garvin, 1987). These include perceived quality, aesthetics, serviceability, durability, conformance, reliability, features, and performance (Garvin, 1987). The given characteristics can be considered as analytical framework components of the strategic level. By focusing on eight dimensions, a firm can obtain a significant degree of competitiveness in the market. For example, perceived quality is a major aspect of a product or service because it is based on reputation and marketing rather than objective measurements. Aesthetics build a basis for the brand identity of a firm by making appealing associations between the overall style and good within the customers’ minds. Serviceability also contributes to increasing the competitive advantage of a company. One should understand that no product or service can be generated with any faults. Therefore, a firm needs to provide repair options for defective ones. Durability is critical in determining the product l
Introduction Managerial communication is a very significant process to any organization. This is mainly because it provides information required for work to be done. It is defined as a function that enables managers to communicate with one another as well as with staff of the organization. It, therefore, allows for smooth flow of information between managers that work for a common goal. Several concepts and strategies are utilized in achieving effective interpersonal communication. This paper will compare and contrast two approaches to communication as utilized by two managers in their workplace. It will also explore their approaches to achieve effective communication as well as their consequences (Hynes, 2004, p. 15). The issue, concept, or consequences Recently, an event in my working place between the operations manager and sales manger caught my attention. The sales manager had just secured a new niche in the market that needed breakdown of the product into smaller units. The prospect of sale in smaller potions was promising given that it appealed to the low-income earners. Moreover, it formed the highest percentage of population. However, the operations manager was not convinced about it. This was because breaking down the product meant to order smaller packages and hence more workers and resources. Sales manager communicated through telephone over the issue to the operations manager. The latter seemed to have accepted the former’s proposal over telephone; however, he later sent an email to the sales manager citing reasons why the proposal could not work. Unfortunately, by this time, the sales manager had prepared quotations for most customers who waited expectantly for the goods. What transpired was a breakdown in communication that led to confusion and a bad reputation for the company as customers felt shortchanged over the quotations. The director suspended both managers pending investigation into the crisis (Wilbers, 2010, p. 1). Concepts According to the example, the operations manager utilizes contingency approach to managerial communication when he consents on telephone but does the opposite in writing. In essence, he is influenced by each method of communication differently. On the other hand, the sales manager portrays behavioral approach to his managerial communication. He is influenced by customers’ need for smaller and affordable products. External factors are hence influential in his decisions. The two approaches are, therefore, in conflict since contingency depends on the situation. Opinion From the example above, it can be noted that there was a breakdown in communication between the sales manager and his operations counterpart. It is instrumental to note that effective interpersonal communication is essential in managerial communication. Lateral communication between managers is expected to be fluid and comprehensive in order to allow for smooth flow of information and hence improve efficiency. Vertical communication both downward and upward is also essential to the smooth flow of information. Sal
The extent to which Google governs the internet today is unsurpassable. Google has tactfully developed products and services that are ubiquitous in the cyber realm, in addition, these products and services are user friendly designed to meet the consumer needs, encompassing current and potentially future market trends. Google seems to set standards for the industry by influencing every sector and reasserting the company’s market dominance. This document will highlight Google’s efforts in revolutionizing the internet industry focusing specifically on products, services, market command and their usability. Google has greatly invested in internet based search engine, software, data and advertizing. AdWords, a Google subsidiary, has the primary function of income generation from advertisements. Other than Google’s core web search engine, it has successfully developed a series of online services as well as acquiring other internet-based brands in collaboration with some innovative online companies. This has led to the Company’s rapid growth since it was incorporated in 1998. According to Pandia Search Engine News (2007), Google has established over one million servers and three million computers worldwide to handle search traffic and support their online products and services, which translates to twenty-four Pet bytes of processed data each day. Alexa (2011) lists www.google.com as the most visited site on the internet, more so in the United States and several other countries in the world. It also ranks highly other Google owned sites such as YouTube, Blogger, and Orkut. As a market leader, Google has been criticized on issues such as violation of privacy, copyright, censorship as well as high-energy consumption of the servers. This has not legally hurt Google because most of these criticisms are based on issues that do not feature in the cyber laws (Rosen, 2008). Google Web Search According to Alexa (2011), over the last three months, Google Web Search has been the most utilized search engine on the internet. On October 10, 2011, approximately 48% of the people who logged into the internet visited Google’s search engine with 27% spending an average of thirteen minutes. On the above mentioned date, Google ranked first in the United States of America, Iran, South Korea, Bangladesh to mention a few. It ranked second in India, Brazil, Netherlands, Algeria, Ukraine and ranked third in most European countries including, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy. Google search engine is a simple website that features a search bar in the middle. This simplicity has not changed much for the last fourteen years. In additio
Overview   * Pop culture as a reproduction.   * Pop culture as an agent.   * The negative effect of popular culture.   * The positive effect of popular culture.   * Conclusion. Popular culture surrounds us everywhere: on television, in our computers and phones, in our homes and outside. It has several functions and a vast potential to unite and divide people. This presentation aims at showing how pop culture, depending on the approach to its definition, influences social change across cultures and how it is connected to it. First, we are going to define the concept of pop culture and talk about different approaches to this phenomenon. Then the presentation will discuss how pop culture challenges intercultural communication. Finally, it will dwell on several issues that popular culture might help solving. In the end, the conclusions will be drawn and references provided. Pop Culture as a Reproduction   * Accepted messages, knowledge, and practices.   * Represent popular values, attitudes, beliefs. When we think about popular culture, most of us think about film, television, music, video games, books that people consume every day. Indeed, these are examples of pop culture. However, if we try to define pop culture beyond listing specific products, we can use the definition given in the handbook. It says: “Pop culture is a collection of widely accepted messages, knowledge, and practices that represent current popular values, attitudes, and beliefs” (McLean, 2018, p. 336). In this light, popular culture is seen as a commodity and a set of clichés that serves as a reproduction of societal opinions. The media sell only those messages that are widely accepted and make the division between people even wider. This means that casting Scarlet Johansson to portray a Japanese character is normal and acceptable. Pop Culture as an Agent   * New messages, knowledge, and practices.   * Defines values, attitudes, beliefs. The different approach to popular culture can be embraced if we look at it as an agent and a way towards significant social changes. Thus, pop culture does not only reflect values and opinions, it can also define them. Popular culture has “the potential to be a powerful agent for change” and can improve public opinion and behaviour toward stigmatized groups (Godsil, MacFarlane, & Sheppard, 2016, p. 3). Therefore, popular culture can play a key role in establishing successful personal and intercultural communication by defining attitudes towards different races, ethnicities, and other cultural groups of people. This issue becomes even more apparent if we look at the possible negative and positive impact of popular culture on cultural perceptions and follow-up communication. The Negative Impact of Popular Culture   * Stereotyping and misrepresentation.   * Discrimination.   * Cultural appropriation. The choice to look at popular culture as reproduction of accepted beliefs, attitudes and values leads to the actual reproduction of these views. The following effect is multifaceted and it results in inevitable cases of stereotyping, misrepresentation, discrimination, and cultural appropriation. Casting black people as best friends of white pro