ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The following paper is an investigation into the issue of the development of the American nation as well as the development of the Industrial Revolution. The present study seeks to investigate both the side of the issue by the side. It aims to look for the relationship that both historical milestones offered to the American Nation. Therefore, the development of the nation here is studied in the connection of the Industrial Revolution. The paper aims to look for one prime factor which played an important role in this very regard. The present examination is thus a study prior to the time of 1850. The structure of the paper holds first of all the review of literature in which major themes of the paper are elaborated; afterward, the paper moves ahead to examine one important factor that was, according to the personal investigation of the present researcher, eminently manifest for the development of the nation simultaneously playing a role in the development of the Industrial Revolution. In the last chapter (Conclusion), the paper aims to bring forth an analysis based on the present investigation. This analysis is aimed to open new ways for further research, which can be conducted both in the revision of the previously set paradigm regarding the same issues and setting up newer horizons in the understanding of the past times as well as trying to shed some light from this analysis to the upcoming future of the very nation. Literature Review Today, at the start of the twenty-first century, the American nation has come to stand at a standpoint where it is seen in the “surprising dominance around the world” (Lipset, p. 31). When an attempt to chase back the history of this remarkable achievement by this nation is made, it is found out that the long journey of sublime dominance over the globe was “a triumph of ideas and values perhaps even more than of power” (Lipset, p. 31). Thus, today, the United States of America enjoys the lead way in the world as other countries “are also following the American lead way from class awareness and organization” (Lipset, p. 31). It becomes an important point to look at the process of this enormous change toward development by going back to a time when it was really happening. One of the reasons that the author points out in this regard is that the United States of America “differed from all the European nations in lacking a feudal past and in being more socially egalitarian, more meritocratic, more individualistic, more rights-oriented, and more religious” (Lipset, p. 31). As such, these tendencies came into play and led the nation to the presently enjoyed prosperity. In the words of More (2000, p. 1), the wo
A probability distribution lists all possible values for a random variable alongside their probabilities. If a random variable can take on specific predetermined values, then the probability distribution is discrete. Otherwise, the probability distribution is continuous. For example, the probability of getting a head or a tail when one flips a coin can be either one or zero. This means that it is impossible to get values with decimals in Discrete Probability Distributions. For instance, it is impossible to get 2.7 heads when one a coin. On the other hand, it is possible to get values with decimals in continuous distributions. A clearly and carefully constructed probability distribution is useful in determining many variables that may be of interest to a forecaster. For example, a car dealer may be interested in finding the probable number of cars that may visit the dealership on particular days of the week. This may be important for appropriate staffing, getting additional parking and savings costs. Hence, the dealership looks at the historical number of cars that visit the workshop for a month and the subsequent probabilities that the cycle will repeat itself. Discrete probability is also used in football matches where every decision that involves either of the two teams is decided using a flip of a coin. Additionally, discrete probability plays a major role in a game of cards. This is a perfect example of a discrete probability distribution where the variables are fixed. The following is an example of a probability distribution. Random Variable  Probability 71               0.1         18               0.3         97               0.1         18               0.05        43               0.3         62               0.03        45               0.04        85               0.03        22               0.05         Types of Discrete Probability Distributions There are three types of discrete probability distributions. This includes Binomial Distribution, Poisson distribution, and Hyper-geometric Distribution. The most common are Binomial Distribution and Poisson distribution. Binomial Distribution The following characteristics define a Binomial Distribution. First, to get a Binomial Distribution, the experiment should consist of a number of trials (n). Secondly, the results of the trials should be mutually exclusive, with either failure or success expected. This denotes that the expected results are only two. Thirdly, the probability of each outcome should not vary from one trial to another. Lastly, the trials should be independent. This means that the concept of replacement should be employed to satisfy this condition. Examples of a Binomial Distribution include, true or false questions, birth of children in terms of gender (male or female) and answering multiple-answer questions.
The main issue affecting Malesckowski and the company is that the Oconomo plant has lost its economic viability. This situation is forcing the management of the company to consider alternatives to justify the economic performance of the Oconomo plant. Three sets of issues arise from this situation. First, the company must solve the business concerns relating to the operations of the Oconomo plant. The profits are currently so low that if the company put the same investment in a bank it would receive more income through interest. Competitors have already managed to offer similar products at a reduced cost. Projections show that competitors will soon overtake the Oconomo plant in volume of sales. The second issue affecting Malesckowski is an ethical dilemma. He is the one who identified the poor business performance of the Oconomo plant, and he went to Mexico to compare the production cost there. His report may determine whether the five hundred and twenty workers in Oconomo will keep their jobs. The focus of the company’s CEO is to get the company back to profitability. The CEO is considering closing down the Oconomo plant and opening a new production plant in Mexico. This is because labor costs in Mexico are ninety percent lower that the labor costs in Oconomo. The third aspect is the legal angle. The workers union at Oconomo does not want to take pay cuts to save the company. The company has no way of forcing the workers to take a pay cut (Goldman & Nieuwenhuizen, 2006). If the workers union does not agree to a pay cut, then the company will have to close down. Malesckowski prefers to save the company. Strategy for Changing Things The strategy for changing things to resolve the impasse must solve the issue of profitability. The only way that the Oconomo plant will remain profitable is by reducing its labor costs (Kazmi, 2008). It can achieve this in two ways. First, it may force the workers to take a pay cut. This way, it will retain its current volume of production, and compete favorably with its competitors. The second option is to reduce the number of employees in the plant (Kazmi, 2008). This option will also require it to increase the efficiency of its operations to enable it to improve its margin. Increased efficiency means that the output per worker will increase without a corresponding increase in the cost of labor. Strategy for Changing People Malesckowski needs to change the attitude of the workers union as well as the attitude of the CEO to ensure that the plant remains in Oconomo. The union refused to take pay cuts at the plant. It also opposed efforts to cross-train existing employees. These two measures can help to turn around the
Own analysis of the situation The case scenario, contained in the assignment, provides us with insight on what can be considered pros and cons, within the context of implementing organizational change. Given the described situation, the associated pros can be outlined as follows:  1. Reducing the rate of employees’ turnover,  2. Increasing the extent of employees’ professional effectiveness,  3. Increasing the extent of the company’s overall rate of commercial competitiveness. At the same time, there are a number of drawbacks to the proposed organizational change, such as  1. The factor of employees’ psychological resistance to change,  2. The ri
Project Description Wildlife conservation has been one of the major revolutionary goals in the 21 st century across the globe; in which wildlife animals have become one of major sources of income among many nations. Following this conservation and protection for wild animals call across the nations in the contemporary society, an attention to conserve the zoos in Australia by rescuing the endangered species has been drawn. Over the past few decades, wild animals have been one of the major income generators through tourism as well as adding aesthetic value to the Australian environment. More so, Jenkins (2010) reports that, some species among the wildlife animals in Australia have been observed to decline sharply in their number, which threatens their posterity; thus the need to rescue them. Perhaps, Jackson (2003) argues that; as a result of industrialization and modernization, the natural habitats for wildlife animals have been encroached and interfered with, endangering the animals in habitats. As a result of some harmful effluents from industries and harsh climatic conditions, some of the animals in zoos often get sick and consequently die. In this regard therefore, there arises the urge and need to rescue these endangered animal species so as to avoid their extinction. Generally, there rises a great need of conserving and rescuing most of these endangered animal species in the Australian territory as Jackson (2003) puts it. The potential cause of the problems facing wildlife animals Following the recent developments in technology and modernization, most habitats for wildlife animals have been faced with various problems which results into endangering of the animals in their natural habitats. The following flow chart represents the various causes of problems facing wildlife animals and their effects as presented by Jenkins (2010). The sponsors of The Australian Zoo Rescue Unit Project The Australian Zoo Rescue Unit Project has been put under sponsorship of various identities; so as raise enough funds to drive the project to its accomplishment. It has been believed that, the wide variety of sponsors would ensure the raising of enough money to cater for the rescue strategy of the endangered species in Australian zoos. In this case, some of the corporate sponsors of this project include the Coca Cola Company, the Toyota Company, the Fuji Film Company and Life’s Good Company among others. In addition, there has been created a link in which members of the public can drop their donations towards the support of the project. By providing diversified sources of income for the project, its accomplishment is assured as opposed to when there only source whose failure may result into its termination prematurely. The objectives of The Australian Zoo Rescue Unit Project Being a conservation project, its main objectives are embedded on the well being of th
Introduction The theme of war enjoys popularity among film directors as it allows imprint epic historical events on the memory of new generations. “The Green Berets” is a war film that came out in 1968 and was based on the book of the same name, written by Robin Moore in 1965 ( The Green Berets ). The film depicts war actions during the Vietnam War. According to the plot, one American journalist named George Beckworth is to cover the topic of the military involvement of the USA in this war. Feeling skeptical about it, he finds the war to be pointless until he comes across facts that encourage him to go on an in-country mission to see the war actions for himself. A group of Green Berets headed by Colonel Kirby arrives in South Vietnam, where they meet Beckworth. They allow him to stay, but that very evening their camp is damaged by a Viet Cong, causing the death of an American commander, Captain Coleman. A couple of days later, the reporter accompanies the Green Berets, who are going to patrol a nearby settlement. The settlement has been attacked by a Viet Cong group. Almost all the villagers have been tortured and killed for their cooperation with the American army. This moment of discovery becomes crucial for Beckworth as he loses his illusion of the pointlessness of the war. After a few battles, Beckworth returns home. American soldiers in collaboration with a Vietnamese colonel are planning to kidnap General Pha Son Ti with the help of a model named Lin, who has to seduce him. They manage to do that but the majority of their team is killed. The film finishes with a scene on an Air Force base where a few American survivors arrive. The Message of “The Green Berets” “The Green Berets” was filmed during the Vietnam War, which ended only in 1975. The time when it was made has a significant influence on the way that the characters and events are shown. In the middle of the Vietnam War, there was a lack of public support for American military operations in Vietnam. More and more Americans were adopting pacifistic beliefs, and this is why the US Government needed to appeal to people’s patriotic feelings by creating a certain image of an enemy. As for the message of this film, it tends to portray the US army as being morally superior to their rivals. The plot is constructed in such a way that highlights the bravery and human dignity of American soldiers whereas all the characters struggling for the opposing state regime are shown as mean and undeserving, and all their actions are driven by their inherent cruelty. In opposition to that, the only motive of American soldiers that is shown in the film is their inexpugnable desire to protect the weaker ones. The film was made in the middle of the war and it makes it different from other Vietnam War movies as this film was the first. Its directors collaborated with the government and the location was furnished with military equipment that had been used during the war actions. Therefore, we can speak about the film’s high historical credibility in the matter of stage requisites. Historical Credibility This movie has many brig
Critics of the Exclusionary Rule claim that it sets the criminals free due to technicalities even though the Supreme Court has depended upon three justifications of the rule. The three rationales for the Exclusionary Rule are:  1. Protect citizens from unlawful search and seizure since it is grounded on the Fourth Amendment of the Bills of Rights.  2. The Exclusionary Rule offers remedy and protection for criminal prosecution from police and prosecutors who illegitimately collect evidence, which violates Fifth Amendment’s immunity against self-incrimination.  3. Protects against infringement of defendants’ right to counsel as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. The Exclusionary Rule’s extension, “the Fruits of the Poisonous Tree” doctrine, shields the citizens from unwarranted searches. The law guarantees that any evidence acquired illegally cannot be used in a court of law against the defendant. It originates from the Fourth Amendment, which provides that every individual should be secure in their persons and homes ( The Fourth Amendment and the exclusionary Rule’, 2019). Nonetheless, there are three exceptions to the “the Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine.”  1. Inevitable discovery exception. The exception refers to evidence admissible to the court, although it was initially gathered illegally. The rationale behind this doctrine is that the evidence would have been inescapably retrieved anyway.  2. Good faith exception. The law allows the police to conduct search and seizure with objectively reasonable reliance even if the search is not legal.  3. Independent evidence exception. The justification behind the doctrine is that if the evidence was first gathered illegally but rightfully found later, the evidence is admissible in court. During the first appearance of the defendant in the court, the judge conducts four important tasks. Usually, the first appearance takes a short time as there is no hearing and cross-examining of the defendant. The first responsibility of the judge is to provide the defendant with a copy of the criminal complaint. The document contains the charges and the possible maximum sentence if found guilty. The second task is the first probable cause determination. At this level, the judge reviews the case and evaluates the facts to determine if the accused committed the said offense. The third action is where the judge informs the defendant of their right to counsel. Mostly, it happens when the accused appears before the court without an attorney. The last procedure for the first appearance in court is informing the accused of his or her right to a preliminary hearing. At the preliminary hearing, the judges decide not whether the defendant is guilty or not but whether the evidence collected is sufficient for the defendant to stand trial. While testing the government’s case against the potential defendants, the state and federal prosecutors may choose to use
The effects of diversity in the classroom environment are not limited to only cultural identity but also include other aspects, such as race, social class, religion, gender, and language. Cultural identity is said to affect teaching, learning and home-school relationship in a variety of ways. Students from different cultural settings always face culture shock in a new class, which affects their ability to learn. In some cases, cultural identity can create physical and emotional upset, especially when students feel uncomfortable in the classroom. In extreme cases, when students feel that their cultural values are not considered, or their culture is put into question, teaching, learning as well as home-school relationship are affected, and the outcome of such a situation may include physical and emotional stresses as well as aggressive behaviour. The issue of poverty has highly contributed to making classroom education extremely diverse. This issue is becoming a big problem for students as it affects their learning. It is also a challenge to teachers as it has an impact on teaching. The conditions and learning environment in which these students live may greatly influence their education. Due to the mobility of the families of these less fortunate children, making new friends becomes very difficult for them. In the academic and social aspect of school, it may be very difficult to improve their records or even involve these students in a classroom with additional activities from which their education may benefit. In order to make the learning environment favourable to students faced with cultural identity issues, parents need to be directly connected and involved in managing these diverse background issues. This is because negative information caused by cultural differences may reach the parents and, in turn, greatly affect their relationship with the school. Hence, to enhance a positive relationship, the school needs to improve the involvement of parents by welcoming the last to participate in their children’s schooling, positively and respectfully communicate with them, be flexible in planning parents’ involvement activities and ensure there is a good and warm atmosphere to attend the various school events. The way in which the school communicates with the parents determines if there will be a good relationship and partnership between the school and the parents. The most important thing to have in mind is that the message to be addressed to parents need not create any confusion that might bring the conflict between both sides involved. The goal to create a positive partnership may be achieved through respectful and positive communication. This is because most families are willing to ignore the language barrier when they get the feeling that they are respected. Enhancing good communication between parents and school needs to be done both in oral and written form, a
Introduction Parkinson’s disease is a disease that is degenerative in nature, whereby the brain is affected leading to the impairment of functional parts of the body relating to motor movement, speaking and other functions (Perkin, 1998). The major primary cause of this disease is the loss of cells in the brain that produce dopamine (p. 12). Other causes which are secondary in nature include drugs causing toxicity in the body, or it might occur as a result of trauma on the head. Parkinson disease has been associated with people who are mostly fifty years and above and leads to slowing or freezing of movement among those who suffer from it (Fischer, 2007). The disease can either be genetically caused or as a result of other factors. Genetic predisposition may cause a person to have less dopamine; which performs the task of sending chemical messages to the brain (Smith, 2005). Some people with some specific genetic mutations have been found to get it. Additionally, people who suffer from it are more likely to have relatives that also have the disease. Other causes which are not genetic in nature may be a result of exposure to toxins in the environment. Some toxins present in pesticides and various like iron have been seen as major causes (Goldberg, 2002). Main body There are various side effects and symptoms that are associated with this disease. These symptoms are both motor related and non-motor related. The development of the disease is gradual and it mostly starts with subtle tremors in the hands (p. 9). The effects of each individual suffer may differ, and also the rate of progression is not the same. People with this disease experience slowed motion, and ass it progresses, it may impair the ability of one to move voluntarily out of one’s own initiation. Muscles may also become stiff and sometimes painful, and hence reducing a person’s ability to move freely. Further effects include poor posture and balance leading to stooped posture, especially when a person has succumbed to more advanced stages of the disease (Smith, p. 16). The other non motor related symptoms include emotional problems like depression and disruptions in sleep patterns. They encounter problems whereby they have trouble when trying to fall asleep during the night; and also experience sporadic sleep attacks during the day time (Perkin, p. 19). Problems affecting memory start occurring in the later stages of the disease. Even though Parkinson disease cannot be cured by any known conventional medicine, there are different ways through which it is managed in order to reduce the symptoms. Accurate diagnosis of the disease is very difficult since current laboratory tests have not been able to diagnose sporadic cases of the disease (Goldberg, p. 6). Testing of the disease is mostly done through examination of medical histories and the brains of those who suffer from it. The most effective treatment involves the combination of several medications and occupational therapy (p. 8). Medication treatment includes use of d