ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In many cases, research that was conducted ignoring the main ethical principles was based on subjects’ exploitation. In the more recent situations, a similar picture can be observed. In 2014, a bioethicist noticed a common problem of homeless people being recruited as participants in clinical drug trials across America (Perry, 2014). While these cases were not brought to court, their failure to address research ethics continues to endanger people. Some people whom the bioethicist interviewed stated that these trials were nothing but beneficial for them. However, they often exhibited adverse effects of the drugs they were taking. These individuals did not receive any medical health and were not supported by the companies initiating these trials apart from a small financial compensation. This paper aims to discuss the clinical trials recruiting homeless people and whether they breach such ethical principles as informed consent, beneficence, and people’s vulnerability. Breached Ethical Principles While analyzing this case, a number of ethical principles can be regarded. First of all, homeless people may be deemed a vulnerable population, especially noting the fact that all participants had a mental illness (Fouka & Mantzorou, 2011; Perry, 2014). This also relates to the first principle of ethical research – informed consent. According to Fouka and Mantzorou (2011), people with mental illnesses may not be considered able to consent to certain activities fully. Therefore, their agreement to these trials can be viewed as invalid. This is also supported by the fact that their living environment increased the possibility of them being used becau
Introduction Despite the development of public awareness and legal system enhancement, sexual assault remains extremely frequent and disturbing in contemporary society. The terms “sexual assault” and “sexual abuse” are commonly interchangeable and defined as “offenses in which an assailant forces a victim to participate in a variety of sexual behaviors that may include the actual or attempted penetration” (Dedel, 2011, p. 5). According to researchers, around 20% of women underwent committed or attempted sexual abuse during a lifetime, though the number of reports is enormously small. The purpose of this research is an analysis of reasons why sexual assault is so frequently underreported, other scholars’ theories and concepts in this area, and further directions of this issue’s investigation. The rape report movement altered social and legal attitudes to sexual assaults; it contributed to victim-blaming mentality change by initiating a reorientation toward the offender’s penalty, rather than the victim’s discrimination. Besides, public campaigns and activities for sexual abuse awareness and the legal system’s severe punitive measures for committing rape aimed to reduce barriers and encourage victims’ report the crime. Though, despite this progress, sexual assault remains a significant public issue and one of the most underreported crimes against humanity in modern society. Reporting Sexual Assaults among College Students Sexual assaults among college students remain an essential public concern. According to the national research, up to 25% of women, being students, became the victim of performed or potential sexual abuse before graduation (Hines, Armstrong, Reed, Cameron, 2012). A substantial number of examinations, dedicated to this critical issue, are regularly performed by the authorities. The investigation by the Center for Public Integrity included interviews of experts and sexually assaulted students, the review of selected cases data, and surveys of clinics and crisis centers in the vicinity of college campuses. During the research, students were asked to point barriers that discourage victims from a legal report; the most significant listed barriers were feelings of shame, self-doubt, embarrassment, confidentiality concerns, fears of rejection by friends, not being believed by the college authorities, and perpetrator’s retaliation. Reasons For Underreporting Sexual Assaults Committed by Strangers Many scholars review the issue of women’s sexual assault to the full extent and investigate reasons for its underreporting by victims; they afford essential arguments, enlightening victims’ routine underreporting of assaults committed by strangers. Dedel (2011) underlines the importance of the victim’s cooperation with the p
Background The hydrocarbon industry forms the back bone of the Libyan economy. It is estimated by the IMF that contributed to about 95% of export earnings in Libya in 2010 (Country Analysis Briefs, 2011). The oil and gas journal (OGJ) has approximated Libya’s oil reserves to be about 46.4 billion barrels, the largest in the African continent. In 2010, it is estimated that the total oil production was about 1.8 million barrels per day. A majority of the oil in Libya (about 80%) is in Sirte basin. 25% of total oil production is from Murzuq basin and the remaining largely comes from Pelagian Shelf Basin (Country Analysis Briefs, 2011). Sector Organization The Oil industry is run by state owned National Oil Corporation (NOC) which implements Exploration and Production Sharing Agreements (EPSA) with international oil companies (IOC’s) such as Total, Repsol YPF, Statoil Hydro, Occidental, OMV, ConocoPhillips, Hess, Marathon, Shell, BP and Exxon Mobil. NOC also engages in field development and downstream activities (Country Analysis Briefs, 2011). Production and refining Libya’s oil production has been on the decline despite hitting 3 million barrels per day (bbI/d) in 1960’s. Despite the decline, crude oil has increased from 1.4 million bbl/d in 2000 to 1.8 million bbl/d in 2010. There are about 5 refineries with a total capacity of 378000 bbI/d. These include Ras Lanuf-crude oil capacity of 220,000 bbl/d; Az Zawiya -120,000 bbl/d; Tobruk -20,000 bbl/d; Sarir, 10,000 bbl/d; and Brega – 8,000 bbl/d (Country Analysis Briefs, 2011).. Challenges Facing Oil Production Civil war and a decade of the United States and international sanctions have affected oil industry.These include sanctions by the United States and the United Nations in 2003 and 2004. Since sanctionS were lifted, Libya has been the target of international oil companies which boosted oil production even despite uncertainties in terms of regulations and renewal of contracts. However, government plans to increase oil production were slapped by the US’s designation of Libya as a state sponsor of terrorist activities in 2006 and the civil war (Country Analysis Briefs, 2011). Operational Polices With Global Societal Impacts Oil companies in Libya are usually locally or globally subjected to operational policies which have global societal impacts. Such policies are geared towards environmental protection (Wawryk, 2010). For example IOC’s operating in Libya that are members of other bodies and are subjected to laws and best practices to im
Introduction Hinduism is the third most popular religion on earth. This paper seeks to discuss Hinduism in details by covering its Origin, diffusion, location, and characteristics. The discussion will bring out what makes Hinduism unique. Origin of Hinduism Hinduism is one of the oldest religions, and it is considered to be approximately 20,000 years old. It was the first religion of human civilization. The chief prophets that introduced the Hindu religion were BRAMHA from central India together with BISHNU and MAHESWARA from the south and north India respectively. Hinduism, unlike Christianity and Muslim, does not subscribe to a single book either does it derive origin from a human being like Jesus and Mohammed for Christians and Muslims respectively, instead it is an amalgamation of numerous religions and various set of beliefs. Hindu lacks creed and a single authority which makes it unique. Hinduism as a name was derived from central Asia as an explanation of the civilization that took place along the river Sindhu. The pronunciation of s as H by the residents brought the real meaning of the name of the religion. The specific origin of Hindu was at the Indus valley in Pakistan; the Hindu religion was originally referred to as SANATANA DHARMA. The residents of Sindhu invaded India and integrated with the local population and adopted the Hindu religion. Hinduism is divided into various divisions and includes the Punjab and the Gujarati as the main groups while the others come from India, Sri Lanka, and other countries. The language used in the summons is Sanskrit. Other distinguishing features that make Hinduism unique are: they lack a theological doctrinarian, lacks a single system of morality and also there is an absence of the concept of the prophet (Dogra and Dogra 5). Diffusion of Hinduism From the Indus valley, Hinduism spread into Southeast Asia all through to the island of Bali in Indonesia. Hindu has an estimated population of 750 million followers. The largest numbers of people who subscribe to the Hindu religion are in India where it is the main religion with almost 80% of believers. The Hindu religion also has some followers in the United Kingdom that amount to approximately 1% of the UK population; in the UK it developed in the 1960s and 1970s following the migration of people from Africa and India to the UK. Location of Hinduism Being the third largest religion in the world Hindu is the predominant religion in the south Asia region. That means it is the main religion in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. The spread of Hindu religion was primarily due to trade. The Indians used their merchandising power to assimilate people into the Hindu culture. This is explained by the presence of Hindu in the dominantly Muslim countries like Malaysia, the main reason why it operates in these Muslim countries is due to its appealing and universal nature. Characteristics of Hinduism Just like the other religions, Hindu has an inherent characteristic that distinguishes it from other religions. Among the characteristics of Hindu are: there exists no universal Hinduism, and it lacks a conventional system of beliefs
Cover Letter This essay explores the dilemma of keeping animals in zoos. In this essence, the legitimacy of restricting the animals is investigated. Moreover, the essay seeks to establish harmony between advocacy for abolition of zoos and the need to preserve some species of animals. In addition, there is the necessity to control the interaction between animals and human beings. I have observed that there is no solution to such dilemmas. Any observer has to establish a middle ground and maintain balance between the arguments. This is because it is not possible to take a radical action on the issue at hand. I had an experience of arguing over the issue, which has two equal sides while writing the paper. I was able to examine both sides of the argument and analyze the arguments. While it seemed appropriate to me that people should keep animals in the zoos prior to this assignment, my perception changed after analyzing both sides of the argument. I had to take a middle ground and analyze the perceptions as a neutral observer. When writing the arguments in the paper, it became difficult to make an objective analysis of the arguments due to the influence of personal opinion. It is difficult to establish a middle ground that does not favor either side. The topic of the essay generates significant interest in me because most people assume that animals have their specific places in the ecosystem, which are subject to manipulation by human beings at will. On the other hand, liberal people advocate that fair competition can exist between animals and people naturally. This article proves that neither case is entirely true. Body Throughout the history of humanity, interaction with animals has been inevitable. Superiority of human beings has made them highly competitive. Other living things have to adapt to new environments or leave their natural habitat to create space for human beings and their activities. The human population is evenly distributed around the world. On the other hand, animal population is partially distributed, with different species occupying different parts of the world. Since animals have always fascinated people, there has always been the urge to observe animals and their behavior. In addition, all living organisms on earth survive through competition for resources with each other (McKinley & Shepard 65). This has led to endangerment of some species of animals. Generally, animals are considered important to human beings, regardless of the material value of each species. Gradually, it has become important to protect animal species that are facing the danger of extinction, either due to encroachment of their immediate space in the ecosystem, or due to competition with other organisms whose lives depend on common resources. For this reason, zoos have been built, and animals are kept inside for the sole purpose of preservation of animal life or for entertainment (Norton 42). It is true that the zoos protect a small number of animals from the competition t
The connection between the national level and quality of education and the future development of the state has been obvious ever since ancient times. The up-stream approach dominant in a variety of fields today encourages the professionals of various spheres to look for the roots of contemporary issues and address them to improve future outcomes. In the field of education, many professionals have been focused on identifying the main causes of low academic performance. Several reforms and special programs have been implemented to overcome educational difficulties for students coming from low-income families, learners of diverse cultural backgrounds, children whose native language is not English, students with disabilities and health issues. No Child Left Behind Act created in 2001 and ratified in 2002 is the most well-known program designed for the improvement of basic skills assessment for the students of elementary and secondary schools. To enhance the impacts of education assessment and get to the very root of the issues it was decided to create special programs targeting the youngest learners, one of which is called head Start. Early childhood education today is viewed as the most effective human capital investment. This paper is designed to discuss the impacts of standards and accountability on early childhood education, their positive and negative features, and their influences on students and educators. The Impacts of Standards and Accountability on Early Childhood Education No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is designed to improve the level of literacy and academic success in American schools. Its targets are not only students but also thei
Introduction Managers are charged with the responsibility of undertaking various managerial roles which include planning, controlling, organizing, directing and staffing. Through staffing, an organization is able to have the right workforce. According to Deb (2007, p.165), the success of an organization is dependent on the quality of its employees. To achieve this, human resource managers are required to undertake comprehensive staffing by considering all the necessary processes. One of these processes is selection which involves choosing candidates who are fit or most suitable to undertake a certain job in the organization (Berman, Bowman & West, 2010, p.110). Therefore, for a firm to succeed, the candidates selected must portray a high degree of competence. Currently, the selection process is increasingly becoming sophisticated. As a result, employers are adopting testing techniques in addition to interviews in an effort to enhance reliability of the selection decision. However, the selection process and quality of selection decisions is influenced by a number of factors. Despite this, human resource managers are required to ensure that the selection process is effective by integrating the concepts of validity and reliability. For example, in making the selection decision, employers are required to take into account equality and diversity when compiling the shortlist. By short-listing, a firm is able to identify candidates who closely fit the desired personnel (Elearn Limited, 2007, p.73). However, some inconsistencies might arise during the short-listing process leading to a decline in the validity of the selection process. Factors affecting the quality of selection decision There are a number of factors which influence the quality of the selection decision. The first factor is the type of personnel which the organization is searching from the labor market. In their selection process, human resource managers must ensure that they select the right candidates for the right job. According to Elearn Limited (2007, p.32), this plays a vital role in the long term success of a firm irrespective of its size and sector. In addition, this aids in avoiding misplacing candidates (Moore, 2007, p.109). For example, if a firm is seeking a candidate to fill a post in the managerial position, the selection process is
Every educational institution has its vision statement. Both colleges and universities formulate them as a base for activity. Moreover, having a vision is a key to steady development and progress (Snyder, 1993). A vision statement is not merely an aim; it is the combination of the institution’s values, its primary purpose, the ways to achieve it and the depiction of the institution’s future when the objective is achieved (Angelica, 2013; Ewy, 2009). Both colleges and universities see the basis of their vision statement in becoming a leader at the local level as well as national and international. Speaking of colleges, they are usually more practical and aim at being leaders in providing knowledge for meeting society needs in careers and services ( Mission, Vision and Values, 2015, para. 1; Mission, Vision & Core Values Statements , 2015, para. 1). In the case of universities, their vision statements are the desire to become national and international leaders in educating and changing the global system for the better ( University Mission, Vision and Values, 2015, para. 2). So, the main difference between the two is that the colleges are more local while the universities are national or international in their vision statements. To my mind, such visions can be attainable if the process of achieving the ultimate target is driven by an effective leader. They should not be altered because aimed changes at different levels they can initiate system shifts on all levels from local to international. So, formulating a vision statement is an indispensable part of the ongoing development and progress of the educational institution. Whether a college or a university, it is necessary to keep to it to achieve progress on different levels of the educational system.
The Rise of Non-State Actors in International Conflict International terrorism has led to the rise of armed non-state actors as key players in the international conflict. The shift is a departure from past conflicts that only involved states. The legal frameworks that have been inexistence since the inception of the United Nations approached international conflict from the point of view of the state players. Therefore, applying the same laws on non-state actors presents various legal and practical challenges. According to Paust, conflict that involves one or more non-state actors is referred to as non-international armed conflict (NIAC). 1 International humanitarian law (IHL) has expressly defined what constitutes an international conflict. As Chelimo reveals, Article 2 of the Geneva Convention II of 1949 defines international conflict as a conflict that takes place between two or more contracting parties. 2 This definition limits the scope of the international conflict to state actors. Going by Article 2, the situation does not qualify to be an international conflict if one of the parties is a non-state actor even if the said p
Summarizing a source is an essential skill that has to be mastered by any student that wants to either add credibility to their writing or provide examples from scholarly papers that might support their arguments (Spatt, 2010). It also helps to highlight particularly important ideas that are essential for the development of an argument. The voting choice was guided by the importance of summarizing for any academic discipline. It can be argued that without being able to summarize an article or a book it is difficult to make a proper background for the work that is being written (Spatt, 2010). Moreover, including the main points of someone else’s writing into a paper helps to significantly expand its breadth (Spatt, 2010). A research essay is a type of academic writing that heavily relies on the summaries of different articles and books. Without presenting the relevance of sources dealing with a particular subject and analyzing them, it is hard to develop a framework for a new study (Spatt, 2010). It is necessary to remember, that summarizing is only one of many tools for the integration of borrowed ideas and concepts into one’s writing (GeneseeLibrary, 2014). Such instruments as paraphrasing and quoting are also essential for academic writing. They have to be skillfully blended with the author’s ideas in order to create an excellent paper. The students that are able to adequately use those methods and techniques are usually distinguished by clear and comprehensive writing that has a proper context and structure (Spatt, 2010). Summarizing a source is the process of “condensing ideas” (Spatt, 2010). The main points of the text have to be extracted and repackaged with the help of paraphrasing. However, some keywords and phrases can be used in a summary without change if they are properly quoted (GeneseeLibrary, 2014). It is necessary to retain the meaning and emphasis of the original text; however, it can be rearranged in order to highlight important details or to fit it better in the structure of the paper that is being written. While summarizing an article or a passage, key ideas have to be separated from the general information (GeneseeLibrary, 2014). They are usually repeated with minor variations in a text. It is necessary to pay close attention to facts and details in order to make a better categorization of crucial and non-crucial p