ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Causes Population size has been a key driving factor in water supply scarcity. The water consumption patterns across the global vary making the water scarcity and depletion of its sources worse. The world population is skyrocketing. This implies that there will be critical shortfalls of water resources translating into a greater misery for future generation. Demographers conclude that the population transitions result from increasing material prosperity such as better nutrition, sanitation, higher literacy rates, the emancipation of women, and increasing access to contraceptives. The UN projects that the world’s total population will grow from the current 6 billion to 8 billion by the year 2025. Regional population growth varies widely. For instance, Western Europe’s population will grow with a small margin, but China will grow by 16 per cent in the year 2025 while North America will grow by 12 per cent, and Africa will take the lead at 18 percent. This uneven growth of population causes uneven demand for water supplies, both for human consumption and other uses. The world population is mainly high in urban centers. The implication is that as population size continues to grow, the demand for water also grows leading to depletion of natural water sources. Global warming, particular consumption of fossil fuels and hydrocarbons, release a number of gases that impede the escape of heat from the surface of the earth into space. Concentrations of these gases increase the temperature of the surface of the planet. The earth relies on the naturally occurring greenhouse effects in order to sustain most of its life (Homer-Dixon, 1999). The global mean surface temperature has risen up between 0.3 and 0.6 degrees Celsius. The decade of the year 2000 has experienced the warmest temperature in the records. Interestingly, scientists have begun to understand the positive counteracting effects on global warming. Human emissions of sulfate aerosols reflect some sunlight back into space particular in heavily industrialized regions. Conversely, studies show noticeable human effects on global climate. The evidences gathered from analysis of ice-core, analysis of ocean circulation, sea temperature and earth’s temperature show that the earth’s surface temperature is on the increase around the world. We must begin to wonder what effects of global warming might do in the next few decades to natural resources. Obviously, the sea levels will rise principally from thermal expansion of sea water. The seasonal temperatures differences in some areas will decrease. Subsequently, winter will become warm and abnormal hot days will be common. Finally, the water cycles will become more vigorous. These changes will result into floods, droughts and heat waves, which will have severe effects on water supplies. Further, changes in global warming will have adverse effects
Organizational learning is one area that is developing fast. This concept is ideal especially in the field of strategic management, as aims at improving organization’s competitive advantage in terms of market analysis, improvement of corporate performance and future forecasting. Besides these benefits, organizational learning affects financial and non-financial sectors of the company. In embracing network interpretation of organizational learning, learning utilizes social network, thus, it is imperative for facilitators to ensure the learner plays a fundamental target for the entire learning process (Hakansson and Johnson, 2001). Therefore, networks in organizational learning can be considered better learning objectives than conventional methods. According to Hakansson and Johnson (2001), network learning supports numerous advantages over the other types of learning. This is in terms of content, method, the organization and the level of research. On content, network learning ensures that the learner obtains the skills and knowledge about the company hence, ends up becoming an experienced practitioner in the company. Moreover, networking learning encourages practical methods. Practical techniques used integrate the learner to interact with real- life situations while learning the theoretical parts hence shaping his or her knowledge. This saves organizations time required to expose the employees to “real” working environment (Hakansson and Johnson, 2001). Consequently, it facilitates interaction with social worlds besides encouraging research. By encouraging research network learning combines different research levels which may include; multiple and the relational level. Jones and Macpherson’s article articulates how developed SME’s with shortage of internal resources tend to source for external resources to facilitate possible strategic renewal. In organizational learning, it is considered of great importance for managers to distribute knowledge across the organization if competitive benefits are to be realized. External knowledge holders which include; suppliers, customers and learning institutions strengthens the development of new concepts in the organization, hence, they then spread across the organization to be implemented, improving efficiency. The process of ensuring all people in the organization aware of new strategies being introduced, integrates the learning process. In this sense, external resources are considered to complement internal strategies, because internal strategies sometimes fail to meet organization’s needs. External strategies ensure that organization is able to acquire information relating to market performance hence adjusting their operations accordingly. Absorptive capacity refers to the ability of the organization to adapt to new policies and ideas being introduced in the organization (Mazzucto, 2002). This is determined by skills possessed by individuals within the organization as well as the time available for these new skill
The issue of optimization of efficiency of a business process is one of the most frequently discussed problems in the contemporary business world. A number of researchers and scholars are involved into the analysis of the processes that influence the income, reputation, popularity and effectiveness of a business. In the modern era of information, knowledge and data play a vital role in the development of business advantage. This is why businesses are determined to collect as much information as possible concerning all of the spheres related to their companies including their customer base, brand reputation, product quality, supply chain, equipment, employees and policies. Besides, in order to develop a successful business, a company is to collect the data related to its market and the processes within it, forecast the future trends and tendencies and also be aware of the development of their competitors. The process directed at the acquisition and collection of the data concerning the advantages and disadvantages of a business and its competitors is referred to as competitive intelligence. It is important to mention that business intelligence works only within the legal and ethical limitations, which means that the business are to collect the relevant data using lawful methods and strategies without turning to espionage, privacy violations or information theft. The Use of Competitive Intelligence The proper use of competitive intelligence will allow the businesses to stay ahead of their competitors because in the contemporary world knowledge is power. The modern all-consuming heavy use of the Internet and total connectedness create a huge field for creativity for the competitive intelligence professionals because now they can track the actions of their competitors online viewing their websites, blogs, and social media accounts and collecting the most recent data instantly. All kinds of information can be accessed online, but the most successful companies do not just collect every piece of data about their competitors. Instead, they focus on particular issues or aspects and target them in order to beat their competitors in one specific area. This approach has proved to be much more productive than random and purposeless data collection. It goes without saying that the Internet is a powerful and limitless tool for data collection, but it is not the only means competitive intelligence relies on. The employees are another important source of data collection. The employees provide a strong base of opinions concerning services and products of their company; besides, they directly interact with the clients many of whom are also in communication with the competitors. This way, if data collection is a part of the company’s organizational culture, the flow of data can be maximized. Finally, the generous body of data needs to be properly analyzed in order to the company to be able to get reliable data concerning the most important changes employed by the competitors. For example, the changes in the staffing practices may signify new focuses of the rival organization, internal re-structur
Introduction The debate on whether faith groups should be allowed to influence government and governance can be described as a never-ending one based on the different positions taken by different people. The divisive factor that can be established here is that not all citizens have religious affiliations. Therefore, people should not be subject to values and views that they do not subscribe to in terms of their spiritual affairs. The Everson v. Board of Education (1947) case
Profitability rates are specific financial metrics used for measuring the ability of a certain company to make a profit with regard to a range of parameters. Those parameters are the company’s operating costs, sales revenue, balance sheet assets, and shareholders’ equity. There exist two types of profitability ratios, in particular, margin and return ones. The former indicate the efficiency of transforming sales revenue into profits, meanwhile, the latter shows how profitable a business is for its owners as well as stakeholders (Black, 2020). In turn, each of the types comprises several subtypes that are variously meaningful for various sizes of a business and roles in it, for instance, owners or investors. Profitability ratios enable comparing a business to the competitors, attracting new investors, and revealing the areas that require improvements. In terms of comparison, they allow a
Introduction One mode of transport that has awed me ever since I was a small child is air transport. The technique that can make a plane to literally “float” in the air is something that has always been beyond my understanding. I have always wondered why unlike other modes of transport that there are so few air accidents. This was well before I knew about the role of air traffic controllers. For all of us who have been to an airport and seen how they operate, we know how important these people are. However, I have been looking at the numerous qualifications that air traffic controllers are required to have, and then I am led to ask, “Are these qualifications significant or important in any way?” (McDougall, & Roberts, 2007, p.48) Main body In order for this question to sink in clearly, perhaps it would be good to first understand what these qualifications are. The first important trait that these people should possess is organization. Almost all air traffic controllers are required to be well organized in their private and public life. They should also have very good mathematical and operational skills. Such kind of people should not be diabetic, epileptic or have any heart conditions. Having such kind of diseases automatically disqualifies one for such a position. Their employer’s literary order these people’s lives. Right from the food they eat to the drugs they take, everything they do is accounted for. (Flight international, n.d). I have friends in many circles and one thing that I have noticed to be a common trait with individuals who are exceptionally bright is that majority of them lack proper organization in their life. The only thing that worries me when I look at the position of air traffic controllers is that it might be locking out good brains out of the profession. In most cases, air traffic controllers require a lot of concentration. The air traffic controllers are trained to center on the precise word the pilots and the other controllers give since a small misunderstanding among them can for instance end up into a disaster. They communicate with pilots by use of radiotelephony method that require a lot of attention such as the fact that just one transmission can take place at a time, transmissions sometimes come together or obstruct each other thus they become incomprehensible. This therefore calls for teamwork between the controllers as well as with the pilots, engineers and managers. It also calls for some good organizational skill on the part of the air controller. (Exforsys Inc, n.d) The air traffic controllers have different functions in various positions in their field of work. There are the area controllers or en route, as they are fondly known. These are responsible for checking that the plane is safe at higher attitudes. The airspace is divided into segments that are three dimension blocks of air and are clearly distinct. An area controller is therefore responsible for each segment and radar can be used or not. The work of radar is to help a segment take care
Strategic management can be viewed as one of the management tools that have been widely applied in many organizations across the world. Strategic management is one of the most important business activities that have enabled many organizations to conduct its activities towards the realization of its goals (Cole 2003). It is through the strategic management that an organization is enabled to direct the members such that they work towards the realization of organizational goals (Hill & Jones 2006). Strategic management therefore involves the efforts in which an organization is involved in and plays a significant role to determine what an organization is as well as what it does. Demographics are very significant in strategic planning. In fact, demographics are all what matter in planning in the long term. OECD is one of the organizations that heavily rely on demographics in making critical long term decisions (OECD 2011). The main objective of OECD is to come up with the most effective policies that will promote both economic and social well being in the society (Kusek & Rist 2004). This strategy is even more beneficial to the less developed countries where the majority of the people are living below the poverty line (Office of State Budget and Budget and Management 2011). In order to be able to come up with most effective policies in various circumstances, OECD must be able to access the appropriate demographics. Through demographics, OECD will be in a position to know the characteristics of each population, an understanding which helps in coming up with the most feasible decisions. OECD also looks at the issues that affect the ordinary people (Sadler & Craig 2003). In order to be able to achieve this, an organization must be able to access the necessary data about a specific segment of a population. For instance, it will be possible to identify a particular group of the people which is adversely affected by a certain problem (UNFPA 2010). This can be easily understood by having a thorough analysis of the appropriate demographics about a place. For instance, the organization will be in a position to identify specific segments of a population which has been adversely affected by insecurity (Noel 2011). This can easily be identified by analyzing the past trends of the data collected. Armed with such information, it will be easier for OECD to come up with the most effective long term policies addressing such issues in such a segment (OECD 2001: Public Sector Leadership for the 21st Century). According to Jeffs (2008), demographics information in a specific country is very useful in making appropriate policy formulation. Such information includes information about structures, movements, living conditions, distribution and natural resources in a country. The effectiveness of the course of action taking in particular cases will significantly be determined by the ability of a country to collect, analyze, and use the available information about various
Introduction Advertisement media offers a wide range of communication tools that ride on the social dimension of client experience. The communicative power of the advertisement media has essentially replaced much of the traditional tools particularly in the world of traditional communication such as word of mouth during the 20 th century. In order to increase credibility and maintain professionalism, the advertisement media channels often encompass processes and features that flawlessly facilitate healthy and lifetime relationships between an organization and its clients. This analytical treatise will examine effectiveness of advertising in the twentieth century as part of the American media development history. Specifically, the treatise will present the argument that advertising was very effective during the twentieth century in the US. Advertising in the twentieth century within the US Twentieth century was the period between the year 1901 and the year 2000. The main forms of advertisement media during this period included the traditional print media, television, and later social media 1 . Advertisers in the US used these modes to pass information on products and services to the clients, in the most effective ways within the dynamics of the society. Effectiveness of the 20 th century advertising According to behavioral psychologists, behaviors and attitudes can be changed through conditioning. Repetition of an act followed by either punishment or rewards leads to behavioral changes. This indicates how the media can, and has been used to reinforce consumer behaviors. Imitation of authority figures form the basis on which most of the behaviors develop. Moreover, socialization process forms the basis through which learning takes place among members of a community. With the increase in globalization and emergence of a global village, print media took the front seat in directing the product acceptance in the 20 th century 2 . This is because of the aspect of validity, that is associated with written materials, can be easily assimilated in the written information template to fulfill the intended purpose as was created by the advertisers in the US. When choosing the approach to promoting a product, care should be taken to ensure that the ideal approach, that will best communicate the intended message to the target population, is adopted. The characteristic of each approach, together with their benefits and drawbacks, should be investigated in order to ensure that the best alternative is chosen within the choices available in the particular environment. Since written media is intrinsic of the behavior persuasion notes, it formed the focal point of decode-encode relationship between the Americans and the advertisement me
Introduction It is evident that the efforts to improve the performance of companies have been important ever since the commencement of the industrial era only because of the known well-documented practitioners in the area of performance improvement who were Adam, Baggage, Frank, Lillian Gilbreth, Taylor, Henry Ford Johansson and Olhager. But ever since the 1950s, we are told that the competition between companies have over time increased as markets have also become increasingly global and there are however no signs that this competition will ever come to ease up. This increase in competition creates an even much greater need for first rate improvement methods that could sustain competitiveness through the origins of a number of the methods of operations that are in use today which lie in the strong development period during and immediately after the Second World War, principally in the United States of America. It is however these kinds of methods that were imported to improve Japan, whilst the original United States methods were however successfully imported and put to work in a Japanese way of working. Body It is however evident here that from just simple, basic concepts and approaches, the Toyota production system was therefore synthesized and as a result, it resulted in various additions and derivative methods like benchmarking. We are told that some of these methods resulted in the lean manufacturing concept, such that when the methods were introduced into the West, the implementation was often not that fully successful. Womack, Jones and Ross also asserted that most of the Western companies could still or are still referred to as “traditional” mass production companies (79). They however try to compare this with General Motors Company, which has several plants in various parts of the world, several managers and sufficient workers. Therefore, the developments of such methods in Japan however, did spark a new round of thinking in the West and the development of a number of new improvement methods as a competitive counteraction against the Japanese movements like theory of constraints, business process re-engineering and kaizen which was called business process improvement. All these methods could therefore have similar fundamental aims that could be used to improve the operations. There are different means by which they could set out to accomplish this, and also in their scope. But, a common failing system is that these methods do not offer decision support as to which performance factors are there to improve. However, when it comes to measuring the literature, it often lists specific measurements to be made but this approach could also suggest that improvement methods are static. But since the operational acti