ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The recent years have brought a resurgence of interest in philosophical questions about free will and determinism. In the current paper, one more attempt is made to understand these notions, their importance in human life and the complexity of their close interconnection and interaction. Free will is people’s ability to choose according to their desires. Having free will means making unforced decisions. Jonathan Edwards, in his fundamental work The Freedom of the Will (1754), argues that the will always choose according to its greatest desire at the moment of choice. Few simple examples illustrate this fact: if a person can choose whether to stay at home and have a tedious time alone or to go to see his or her friends and enjoy meeting them, the person will surely choose the first alternative. But if, for example, the person is to decide whether to read up for an exam or to go to a disco that night, he or she faces a more difficult dilemma. In this case, the person realizes that he or she will get more benefits from studying than from the short term enjoyment that dances will bring. So, when the person chooses to study, he or she still chooses according to personal preferences, all things considered. A question might appear: what determines a person’s preference? Determinism theory states that every event, including human cognition and behaviour, decision and action, is caused by a chain of prior occurrences. There exist different points for free will compatibility with determinism. Some philosophers, known as Hard Determinists, argue that this world is deterministic and deny that there exists free will. Others deny that the world is entirely deterministic and argue for contra-causal freedom. Also, there are such philosophers who do not agree that free will is incompatible with determinism, they are known as Soft Determinists or Compatibilists. Roger Sperry, in his work Changing Conceptions of Consciousness and Free Will, tries to prove that free will exists. This neuropsychologist argues that while consciousness is determined by the biochemical activity of the brain, it also helps to integrate and organize this activity. This gives people some degree of freedom from purely physiological mechanisms. But even though Sperry argues that contra-casual freedom would not be freedom at all, it still does not allow one to call him a compatibilist. The neuropsychologist believes that free will depends on “degrees of freedom” from causal control rather than complete freedom (Sperr
Introduction People got used to the innovative technologies which make their life better and easier. People cannot imagine their lives without phones and especially mobile phones. If one forgets a mobile phone at home, he/she feels as if lost in this world. Thus, the role of telecommunication companies and the services they provide may not be overvalued especially if to consider the international communication. It became easier to run business with international partners and to control the business being on the foreign land. Moreover, people can communicate with their friends and relatives no matter how far they live. The borders are obliterated when people take a mobile phone and make a call. The main purpose of this report is to identify one of the operations provided by GlobalTel, consider its objectives, check design and utilization of technology, and to understand the main planning and control facilities. It is also important to provide the analysis at the end of the report which will identify improvements, failures, and operation quality. Brief Description of GlobalTel Company and Operation/Process Selected GlobalTel is a company which was founded in 1991. The headquarters of the organization is located in Boca Raton, Florida. The services of the GlobalTel are provided by InterActive Media Technologies, Inc. The company operates in more than 240 countries. There are a lot of different services and operations the company provides, like “Universal International Free Number (UIFN) Direct Dial service, Callback Service, GlobalTel USA Calling card service – a US & Canada domestic service, CallMeBack Prepaid Phone Cards for any country, switching and carrier services for resellers and phone card distributors” (GlobalTel International Telecommunications 2006). The Callback Service is the operation chosen as a focus of this discussion. It is important to know how the service works and what its essential features are. Callback Service is the service which is extremely important for the customers all over the world as it makes it possible to communicate being in any part of the world (GlobalTel International Telecommunications 2006). Methodology The literature review is the main idea of our research. This method is chosen for the report as the consideration of the company website and other sources found online as well as in the printed materials may help us understand whether the chosen operation/process is useful for people or not. Moreover, we are going to analyze the Callback Service and its value as a process due to the found information. The information for this report is located mostly on the Internet what proves one more time that telecommunication companies are really important for the mankind in the modern world. Strategic Objectives of GlobalTel and Operation/Process GlobalTel is the company which provides its business customers with “fixed voice and data services” (Polishuk 2002, p. 5). The main objective of the GlobalTel is to provide the internat
Introduction According to the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM–III–R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) the essential features of a panic attack are discrete periods of intense fear and at least four of the symptoms which appear during each attack: “dyspnea (shortness of breath) or smothering sensations; choking; palpitations or accelerated heart rate (tachycardia); chest pain or discomfort; sweating” (Burns 2006, p. 76). During some of the attacks at “least four of these symptoms develop suddenly and increase in intensity within 10 minutes of the first noticed symptom. Episodes involving fewer than four symptoms are called “limited symptom attacks” (Burns 2006, p. 77). As the course of the disorder proceeds particular settings (e.g., in a car, in the market, on an elevator) may become associated with having a panic attack. The individual may fear having a panic attack in this setting, but is uncertain as to its timing or whether or not it will occur at all (America
Introduction Lebanon has had a great political shake-up following the resolutions that led to the solving of the civil war that rocked the nation. This comes as a result of the deep-rooted political system that had been the norm in the country for several years. Lebanon had been governed for years under a political system called confessionalism. Consequently, this had led to a civil war that threatened to tear up Lebanon based on its religious ground. Later, a consensus was reached which came up with policies to enable Lebanon to remain as an independent and peaceful country despite its diversity in terms of religion. This paper will, as a result, analyze the problems of confessionalism in the Lebanese political system and the effects caused by the inertia of the system about the reforms promised by the new reform-minded leaders. In addition, the paper will attempt to outline whether the policies put up to bridge the gap caused by confessionalism have been effective or not. To have a good understanding of this topic, we will first have to understand what confessionalism is. Harb (2006) defines confessionalism as a form of a political system that “…Proportionally allocates political power among a country’s communities- whether religious or ethnic- according to their percentage of the population. In Lebanon for example, its form of confessionalism is based on the religious foundation. In this state, cabinet positions, parliamentary seats, positions in the civil service, and other government institutions are apportioned relatively to the religious populations. Other countries that have used this system of government are Netherlands, India, Belgium, Spain, and Switzerland. CJPME 2006 further classifies confessionalism under a larger form of the political system referred to as consociationalism. The basic pillars of this system are communities receiving a proportionate allocation of leadership posts basing on their population’s numerical representation, on matters of great importance on all the communities, the system demands that leaders form a grand coalition to reach a consensus for common good, freedom for each community to determine their own affairs like the laws of personal status, and finally the availability of “mutual veto power.” In this provision, a community has the power to vote out any decision that seems to undermine their well-being. History of Confessionalism in Lebanon Many scholars argue that confessionalism had existed in Leb
Abstract There has been a lot of research exploring the phenomenon of statistics anxiety that is expected to be driven by various factors, including gender, age, inability to understand statistics concepts, mathematical capability, and others. It is argued that statistics anxiety adversely affects students’ performance, and there is a need to implement interventions that could help students lower their anxiety. The current study aims to determine the impact of statistics anxiety on academic performance of students. The data collected for this study comprises of views and results of 140 students. The primary research collects data on students’ demographics, academic performance, personality characteristics, and statistics anxiety. The univariate analysis showed that the anxiety of students reduced at the end of the course. The correlation analysis found significant relationships between total module marks and change in anxiety, A-level maths, and attendance. No personal characteristic has a significant impact on statistics anxiety. However, extraversion and agreeableness have significant effects on total module marks. Introduction Macher, Papousek, Ruggeri, and Paechte (2015) explain statistical anxiety as the situation where individuals feel pressurized when exposed to statistics information, methods, and instructions. It is indicated that students experience a high level of anxiety when they have to take the statistics course and face problems following the curriculum. The inclusion of statistics in different courses such as psychology, mathematics, and finance has increased their problems. It also affects their academic performance, and they are demotivated. Macher et al. (2015) critically discussed the findings of previous studies and highlighted that statistics anxiety is found to have varying effects on the academic performance of students. Moreover, it is suggested that statistics anxiety make students spend more time preparing for their assignments and exams, which is beneficial to them. Paechter, Macher, Martskvishvili, Wimmer, and Papousek (2017) also indicated that statistics anxiety indirectly and negatively affects the academic performance of students as they are found to experience increased levels of tension and anxiety in the statistics course and exam. Similarly, Siew, McCartney, and Vitevitch (2019) state that the indirect effects of statistics anxiety on students’ performance. The researchers highlighted that it is an incorrect perception that students need to have strong mathematical skills to perform well in the statistics course. They need effective support and teaching in classrooms to develop a clear understanding of statistical concepts and methods. Primi, Donati, and Chiesi (2018), Morsanyi et al. (2016) and Bourn
Introduction Technological advancements have made it possible for the world to be closely connected. Many business organizations have opted to widen the scope of their markets from just being localized to serving the world wide market. In as much as this is a good step to take, there are considerations which need to be taken seriously before a business can embark on this journey. This article is a brief review of what it takes to globalize business activities. Going Global is a Long Term Project It is very significant to acknowledge that going global is a long term project. Being a long term project therefore implies that the benefits may not be enjoyed in the short run and thus the need to have some funds set aside for this process. This might not be welcome for companies seeking profits in the short run. When venturing into different markets, one needs to carry out an extensive research as in most cases there are many factors that differ among different regions which need to be taken care of. Such factors may include issues such as customer preferences, legal considerations, and other logistics. These factors can not be taken care of at once; they have to be considered in a step wise manner hence making the whole process a long term one. The Need for Research Going global means venturing into new markets around the world; markets constitute of people with different values which in most cases become determinants of what they consume. Going global has to be preceded by a market research (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2010). An effective market research will take time and funds. Carrying out a market research is extremely important if the process of going global has to be successfully carried out. By carrying out a market research various significant aspects will be brought into light making it possible for a business to engage in strategic modification of its goods to fit the new markets – it is worth noting that it is the goods to fit the markets and not markets to fit the goods. Some of the significant aspects which need to be researched on include legal issues, cultural factors, competition, and presence of strategic partners among other factors. All these factors have to be examined carefully to retrieve accurate information because any assumptions made may likely make a huge contribution to failure of a company in its globalization process (Levi, 2007). It is quite unfortunate that in most cases, a primary research has to be carried out to find out how best goods can be adapted to fit in a new market. This is especially the case when the goods are unique in the market. New kinds of goods are often confronted with cultural challenges in new markets and in some cases they may even be rejected in some areas depending on cultural backgrounds of such areas. If an organization decides to bring in goods whose substitu
Abstract The customers experience that result in satisfaction while availing a service is point of concern in this paper. The discussion explores how the managements of different companies who offered various services to the narrators are successful in making customers happy even in adverse conditions. Customer experience management, customer focused activities as well as emotional satisfaction of customers is featured in discussion as well as in conclusion. Four customers who availed different types of services reveal their experiences and the researcher extract their thoughts through their narration and group discussion to enable the memory work instead of usual question and answer interviews. This method is to extract the originality of expression from the satisfied customer and to avoid the effect of interviewer on the interviewee. The researcher reviews the relevant literature that is similar to the customer satisfaction attitudes of the participants. The same is discussed with other sources that analyze the reasons for the satisfaction even in the adverse circumstances faced by customers. Introduction “Social case records are a series of miniature biographies,” says professor J.M.Vincent. He explains them as the materials gathered in the course of life of the subject (Mary E. Richmond. (1917, p. 68). Hence, in this memory work paper, the customer’s satisfaction is a study of emotional experiences of the customers, which lead to satisfaction regarding a service. The reason to take this aspect to study is the exploring personal memoirs that lead to an emotional wellbeing. In order to have that, the paper examines the recent experiences of various people about the services they availed. The group discussion between the participants is used as a source to collect their emotional outbursts, which resulted in satisfaction about the services they hired. The consideration of group discussion is due to the fact the questions of researcher may influence the expression of the customer or narrator. To avoid this aspect further, the stories and articles that are written as the experiences of the customers are considered as part of the sources that analyzed and evaluated customers’ satisfaction. Literature Review The literature review in this paper is about the relation between customers’ personal experiences that decide their satisfaction regarding a service received. The first such one reviewed is about Jing, who went on a cruise liner for a pleasure trip from Brisbane to three nearby Islands and then return to Brisbane. Jing liked the cruise as it is affordable and she enjoyed the programs and food in the cruise liner. This is about the pleasure in a leisure trip (Jing, 2010). The satisfaction of Jing lies in human standard of value, which appreciates the comfort and pleasure in the situation they face. The entertainment offered by the cruise liner can be termed as humanly desirable and when the service provider offers exactly that wit
Introduction Netflix is a company that provides streaming media to people in USA, Caribbean and some parts of Europe. It was established in 1997 and headquartered in California where it started distributing digital products using email addresses (Villarroel & Taylor 2013). Within a period of 12 years, the company was capable of having ten million subscribers and distributing one hundred thousand DVD titles (Zeng & Gualdi 2013). In fact, it is among the most successful companies in terms of revenue, development and market share. This paper will discuss the company’s business model, identify the impacts of internet technologies on its business, and analyse opportunities alongside the challenges of the venture. Business Model A business model refers to the architecture that shows the framework of production, flow of information, and a description of various business players. It is described using its key elements which include value proposition, market, revenue models, competition, value chain, organisational structure, and management. When discussing the business model used by Netflix, the individual elements will be discussed in particularity. Value Proposition Netflix provides customers with streaming media, such as videos and songs, through online platform especially email addresses. Particularly, they use a Permit Reply Mail system that allows customers to give feedback, report problems, and make complements. The channel creates an interactive environment where customers can communicate with the providers easily. In essence, this is one of the ways that the company adds value to their services bearing in mind that communication is as important as the quality of products. For the customers to receive Netflix services, they must secure a subscription with the company. This implies that members can surf in the company’s website without worrying about the cost. This has been portrayed in one of their latest service provided under a model known as All You Can Read. The company allows subscribers to access e-books that have put in their bookstore. Since it works under their subscription platform, members are capable of reading the books without the fear of cost. Subscribers thus prefer using Netflix rather than getting those books from typical bookstores. This approach enables the company to compete effectively with its competitors. Target Market Netflix targets the nationals of various countries, including North and
The representatives of the Democratic and the Republican Parties of the United States have opposite viewpoints on immigration-related issues. In fact, 78 percent of Republicans regard immigration-restricting measures as playing a key role in the security of the country (Kagura). At the same time, 36 percent of Democrats argue that it is necessary to support incomers and increase legal immigration (Kagura). The purpose of this paper is to examine the political debate about necessary immigration reforms. The representatives of the Republican Party regard increasing immigration as dangerous. According to them, “allowing millions of unidentified persons to enter and remain in this country poses grave risks” (Kagura). In Republicans’ viewpoint, it is the major ground for the prevalence of drug dealing, terrorism, and criminality in the US. Therefore, Republicans think that it is necessary to implement strict control and prosecution policies over immigrants including the deportation of criminals (Kagura). Besides, they are opposed to legalizing amnesty programs and believe that US safety can be secured through completing the border fence. Democrats, on the contrary, regard immigration as beneficial because it can renew and enrich the American Community. They remind people of the fact that from a historical viewpoint, immigration is the key aspect of the formation of the US (Kagura). That is why the representatives of the Democratic Party think that it is necessary to implement a comprehensive reform on immigration (Kagura). Although they admit the necessity of securing the borders, Democrats are for the amnesty programs and against criminals’ deportation. The members of the party want the government to take measures aimed at making the process of incomers’ becoming permanent residents of the US easier. In conclusion, the views of Democrats and Republicans on immigration are completely different. The only aspect of the immigration policies that they agree upon is the need to secure the US borders.
Abstract There are considerable amount of pressure in organizations to raise performance and productivity and current trends indicate that the masters need to redesign and reorganize personnel into working groups or teams working towards a common goal rather than the pupils working as individuals. Teamwork assists in reducing cost, improving quality, and increasing productivity and satisfaction. The issue of employee performance has a strong basis upon organizational policies and procedures as opposed to only the leadership qualities. The nature of these rules or regulations helps in establishing the significance of a task and the importance of ensuring good results. Team leadership is integral to effective teamwork. As Addison (1996, 5) arguments, most important element of the team is a leadership role because it hugely affects the team performance. According to Reid (1993, p. 91), leaders have the role of facilitating the behavioural change that assists in moulding individual trails into teams to achieve the set goals. In relation to the writing of Stott and Walker (1995, p. 16) it is necessary for a new senior leader to equip her/himself with necessary mechanisms, information and strategies of hand