ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The common cold, also known as nasopharyngitis or non-specific upper respiratory infection (URI), is a viral infection and one of the world’s most common respiratory health illnesses, other causes include coronavirus, parainfluenza, and influenza (Eccles et al., 2015; Hemilä, 2017). It is associated with acute morbidity, acute ear infections, acute sinusitis, asthma, and other secondary infections (Heimer, Hart, Martin, & Rubio-Wallace, 2009). In the United States alone, more than one billion cases of the common cold are diagnosed annually (Heimer et al., 2009). Loosely translated, each person experiences about two to six colds every year. Therefore, it is one of the main reasons why people seek health care services and possibly a key driver for the high number of clinic visits reported annually (Heimer et al., 2009). The common cold has several implications for the social, economic, and political development of many communities. It is a nuisance to daily life and is a recurrent and common cause of morbidity (Braun et al., 2000). Additionally, it has huge financial costs to societies because it has several direct and indirect costs related to health care service provision (Fendrick, Monto, Nightengale, & Sarnes, 2003). The treatment of the common cold is largely limited to interventions that focus on symptom relief. The most common methods used to manage the condition are based on the administration of pharmacological interventions such as pseudoephedrine and guaifenesin as well as popular marketed herbal supplement vitamin C, including Airborne, and Halls Defense Vitamin C Drops. (Heimer et al., 2009). However, the efficacy of these techniques in the management of common cold symptoms is inconclusive. Particularly, there is no proper understanding regarding the use of nutritional supplements, such as vitamin C, in the management of common cold symptoms. At present, the literature appears to be lacking information about the use of vitamin C for treatment or prophylaxis of the common cold thus leaving practitioners to face the dilemma of how to advise patients regarding its use. The purpose of this paper is to understand the effects of vitamin C supplements have on the frequency and incidence of the common cold. The findings may potentially lead to the development of evidence-based suggestions to manage the common cold. Search Process for the Articles A literature search, for primary research reports, was done using search engines EBSCO, CINAHL, The National Library of Medicine (PubMed), and google scholar in June 2018 regarding the efficacy of vitamin C for the prevention and treatment of the common cold. Key terms and phrases were vitamin C AND common cold, ascorbic acid AND common cold, common cold, complimentary AND alternative medicine, and upper respiratory infection. The search period was 1990 – 2018. The review was limited to articles that contained original research, systematic reviews, or meta-analysis. Exclusion criteria were articles in languages other than English, articles that were unpublished, and publication dates of 1990 – 2018. I
The value added by social networking sites when used by the employees of a company to pursue the goals and objectives set by the company cannot be underrated or simply swept below the carpet. In this generation, social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook are currently being used by other businesses as a medium of advertising their products and services in an effort to reach clients not easily accessible through conventional methods of media adverts such as television and radio. A clear example is drawn from Drapers magazine that states “Dell is believed to have generated more than $3m in incremental revenue through Twitter within a year” (Social media: A tactical tool or a core business strategy, p.1). Dell is a reputable electronics company, yet in some ways it has embraced the use of social networking sites; thus, this is a largely untapped potential goldmine that can add a lot of value to the business. The idea of doing away with the use of social networking sites during office hours may be well informed, but most of my colleagues are young and techno conversant and they clearly understand the company’s rules which require them to separate their personal lives and work. Hence, they may use the sites to find new information that leads to the increased revenues of the company, interact with their peers working for the competitors and thus get information about the latest trends in the market. They also learn new laws that are directly or indirectly related to the company’s business and in this case the company is not justified to cut off this form of communication as it could lead to reduced sales and revenues of the company. There is also a remedy if the company believes employees are wasting time, then they should advocate for them to have two social networking accounts just as it is advocated by Alan Katz’s, who “finds the now-common practice of having multiple Facebook accounts, one personal and one business, to be a smart strategy for using the site” (Galentine, p.2). Another important fact to note is that most of us know about this company from the social media networking sites specifically Twitter. It is from there that I was able to research about the company and learn more details about its operations; I bet the same is also true about my colleagues. It is also through the social media that we are able to research the different preferences of our potential customers or corporate companies. Thus, in the work process we are able to provide a service that suits them and meets their immediate and long term needs. Restricting access to social media from now henceforth, will banish u
One of the most significant benefits of inclusive education identified in the literature is that it helps culturally, linguistically, and physically diverse students fulfill their developmental needs more efficiently than isolated education models. Acknowledging the importance and benefits of inclusive school environments, Chicago’s Audubon Elementary School and many other educational facilities in Chicago continually attempted to improve their inclusive education practices throughout the past decade. Nevertheless, despite the schools’ personnel’s efforts, they have encountered numerous barriers to a successful transition from the mainstream educational model. Three main hindrances to the arrangement of inclusive class contexts are the low level of stakeholders’ awareness of advantages associated with inclusive education, physical obstacles such as inefficient building structure and limited accessibility, and the lack of essential educators’ skills needed to resolve behavioral and academic difficulties in learners with disabilities and develop appropriate instruction programs (Powell, 2015; Murphy, 2015). At the same time, the inability to create inclusive environments in schools prevents students with disabilities from developing essential social skills and achieving academic advancement. The given project aims to encourage the commitment to the elimination of the identified obstacles among educators and school administrators in the Chicago area and stimulate the development of public awareness of the significance of inclusive educational environments. The project’s primary objective is the creation of a positive attitude towards inclusion and dispelling existing stereotypes pertaining to it. The project seeks to encourage the following activities and practices:   * Staff Training: According to Connolly (2017), the lack of specially trained educators who could resolve major learning issues, address the unique needs of students with disabilities, and design strategies and tools for working with them is the main challenge posed to schools located in Chicago. Thus, school administratio
Summary Kumar, Pradeep. “A Discourse Analysis of Alice Munro’s “How I Met My Husband.” International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development , vol 2, no. 1, 2017, pp. 647-651. The author Pradeep focused on the discourse perspective of the study of “How I Met My Husband by Munro. The preliminary part of the article focuses on defining what discourse analysis means before relating it to Munro’s story and how she applied it. From the many definitions drawn by Pradeep, discourse analysis entails studying how the language is used in texts and contexts as defined in the Speech Act Theory. In other words, scholars have defined discourse analysis as the relationship between linguistic expressions and their context, which involves choosing particular expressions depending on the situation. Having defined what discourse analysis means, Pradeep examines how it applies in the story “How I Met My Husband” by Munro based on two theories; Speech Act Theory and Politeness theory. Speech Act Theory is given propositional, Perlocutionary meaning, and illocutionary meanings based on Munro’s text. For example, the narrator says that they watched the plane’s landing across the road at the place where fairgrounds used to bring out the propositional meaning. Also, the article identifies some of the negative acts of face-threatening in the text by Munro, such as damage to the hearer, damage to the speaker. Evaluation The source is effective such that it helps to extract the language used in Munro’s story and establish how the language is expressively used based on the contexts. The article comprehensively examines the story’s meaning based on already existing theory to illustrate that his analysis is theoretically supported. Thus, rather than describing the actions and interactions of characters in the “How I Met My Husband” story in a vacuum, the use of Speech Act Theory, Politeness theory, and cooperative principle show how the writer of the story allows communication. The article’s contents are also reliable considering that the author, Pradeep is a researcher in the English department at the University of Allahabad. However, the article focuses significantly on the defining discourse analysis and can lose the reader on what the paper entails in relation to Munro’s story. Relationship to Other Sources The source was unique and distinct from other sources I used. Instead of focusing on the meaning, interpretation, characters, and themes of the story like the rest of the sources, it focused on the language used, its meaning, and how such language related to the context. However, in terms of context, the source reveals what other sources had indicated about the story’s content bringing some form of love the narrator shows towards the husband.
Negative view The ‘Battle at Kruger’ shows a routine daily life in the African savanna. In it, a group of buffalo is going toward a river to drink water. There near lies a group of lions, apparently calm and relaxed. They seem to show no interest in the coming group of buffalo. Yet, as soon as a young calf disengages from the group a few yards, the lions attack surprisingly and fiercely. They persist in their attack even though the calf strives to getaway. After a while, a couple of older buffalos gathers and attacks the lions in an attempt to save the calf. Their counterattack persists until they drive all the lions away and the young calf is safe. The video depicts the principles of a struggle for survival. It is also a live example of the succumbing of the weak and the triumph of the stronger. In this case, this situation is demonstrated by the lion attack on the calf that separated from the rest of the buffalo group. If carefully viewed, it is a perfect example of how the strong, the predators, will immediately take advantage of every mistake from the weak. In this case, the moment the calf separated from the rest of the buffalo group it was attacked by the lions. It is very intere
The interviewee, an instructional technologist, works in a training facility that provides instructions to teachers on how to incorporate technology into their class plans. From the interview it was established that the major forms of technology being put into use are computer systems and networking facilities. The interviewee trains teachers on how to use computer software to draft lesson plans as well as ensure proper delivery of lecture material. Some other forms of technology that are implemented include projection systems, interactive whiteboards, interactive tablets, wireless responders, laptops, digital cameras, iPods, flip cameras, televisions and document cameras. These teachers go through sessions of training to show them how they can use the likes of power-point presentations while delivering lectures. They are taken through all the basic operations that are associated to a particular technology so that they can put it into use as effectively as possible. With most forms of technology, reliability and stability is heavily dependent on the expertise of the handler and the frequency of use (Jonassen, 2005). The more acquainted to a particular technology a person is, the easier it is for him to use it reliably. The security of the technologies mentioned above depends on a number of
What is Social Equity? Egalitarianism associated with social equity is “the principle that each citizen, regardless of economic resources or personal traits, deserves and has a right to be given equal treatment by the political system” (Shafritz et al., 2013, p. 433). Historical Barriers to Social Equality: Slavery Even though slavery is no longer a reality and has become a part of the shameful past of the United States, its shadow still haunts the American society and defines the relationships between people. In the USA, it emerged when the first African American was brought from Central Africa to Virginia as a slave (Davis, 2015). The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854 suggested that the population of the identified states should be able to choose between slavery and freedom for African Americans. The social tensions finally lead to the eruption of the Civil War (1861-1864), which resulted in slavery being officially ended in 1865 (Davis, 2015). History of Social Rights At the beginning of the 1800s, the Abolitionist movement appeared and was extensively supported by many white people. Nevertheless, minority populations were relegated to the bottom of the economic ladder through the maintenance of governmental policies which promoted inequality in education and housing. The concept of “separate but equal” was upheld by the Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson case and then dominated in multiple spheres (Ford & King, 2014). The majority population did not believe in social integration but allowed minorities to live their lives without interfering with “white business” (Ford & King, 2014). Emancipation Proclamation enacted on January 1, 1863, was the first step towards greater social equality. The document and its amendments declared the freedom from slavery (Shafritz et al., 2013). Then, in 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court first recognized that the doctrine “separate but equal” should not be present in the system of public education and expressed the idea about racially integrated society and the provision of equal opportunities in Brown v. Board of Education (Ford & King, 2014). Economic Rights: Employment Economic rights refer to basic human needs for food and shelter, fair monetary compensation for work, equal opportunities for professional growth, and so on. Affirmative action that first emerged during the Kennedy administration was mainly focused on the enforcement of anti-discrimination laws in the sphere of employment for all minority population groups including women, African Americans, and people with disabilities (Shafritz et al., 2013). As a result, since the end of the 20th century, enterprises and businesses started to pay more attention to inclusion and diversity at the workplace. Hiring tests, performance ratings, and grievance procedures continue to be widely used to fight against workplace discrim
The article by Meler and Magaš (2014) explores the links between sustainable marketing and sustainable development. The authors focus on how the concept of sustainable development evolved and how sustainable marketing is necessary to fulfill its promise. First of all, Meler and Magaš (2014) explain that the term ‘sustainability’ evolved due to the environmental crisis caused by pollution, gas emissions, and other marks of human activity. Because the environmental problems were primarily triggered by businesses and manufacturing companies, the concept of sustainability was introduced to define the future focus and behaviors that were expected from companies and governments (Meler & Magaš, 2014). Sustainability soon evolved to include social and economic aspects in addition to the environmental one. Similarly, sustainable development today means the system’s capacity to develop without causing harm to its physical, social, and economic environment and contributing to them instead (Meler & Magaš, 2014). This shift in the business environment prompted the evolution of traditional marketing into sustainable marketing, which focused on ecological and social goals instead of organizational goals (Meler & Magaš, 2014). Sustainable marketing contributes to sustainable development by striving to balance the costs of production and consumption through spreading ideas (Meler & Magaš, 2014). Hence, while this approach to marketing can help businesses to earn higher profits, it fulfills the purpose of marketing in a more responsible way. For instance, companies may use narratives of a crucial social issue in their advertisements, thus drawing the public’s attention while promoting their products or services. All in all, this article offers an in-depth review of sustainable marketing, its history, and its application. The information from it can help readers understand the subject better and learn how it can help their business. One limitation of the article is that it does not provide many strategies for sustainable marketing application, and thus, it has to be supplemented by practical materials.
The Most Appealing Ideas Expressed by the Author In this book titled Fair Isn’t Always Equal: Assessing & Grading in the Differentiated Classroom , Rick Wormeli explored the complexity and diversity of strategies for differentiated teaching and raises a very interesting question concerning the effects such teaching could have on the teachers, as well as their students. In particular, the author wondered whether or not this kind of teaching had limitations and could eventually become overwhelming for the educators using too much differentiation. In addition, Wormeli also expressed his concerns about the impact of differentiated education on the learners who could become used to this type of treatment and eventually grow to expect the rest of the society to adjust to their needs. The author responds to the latter issue by saying that the ultimate point of differentiated education is not to make learning easy and simple but to make it more flexible in order to meet the students’ needs of various kinds. The perspective of the author is very interesting as he elaborates on the ways how differentiated learning will help educators deliver knowledge in a more learner-centric and sensitive manner. Moreover, it is interesting that the author links the lack of differentiated education and the teachers’ knowledge of their individual learners with the children’s dropping out of schools and courses due to their perceived unsuitability for the learners’ needs. In that way, as emphasized by Wormeli, by making education more accessible and comprehensible for the students. The educators would be able to encourage them to continue studying and never give up on complex and demanding courses. Additionally, the author emphasizes that differentiation is opposed to the approach used in old-fashioned teaching strategies where the students who failed to take the grasp of certain material right away are encouraged simply to learn it by heart. In that way, the teacher seems to act in a selfish manner accomplishing his or her mission superficially; this behavior could be likened to fraud where instead of actual change, the agent facilitates its imitation to cover up their failure. The Implications of the Ideas in the Book for Me as an Educator The book under review carries many different implications for me as an educator. First of all, it encourages teachers to treat their professional duties and tasks in a fair and honest manner and to prevent the superficial teaching that occurs under the lack of differentiated approach. Secondly, the author paid a lot of effort attempting to discuss differentiated teaching and explain to the readers that it is, in fact, a very valuable concept and a useful strategy. The author did so because he knew he was addressing a common stereotype that differentiation is nothing but making the learning easier and convincing the students that the world revolves around them and everything will always match their individual needs. The information presented by the author in this book focuses on assessment in differentiated learning that, of course, needs to
Sports Law Grayson & Edward 2000 noted that in sporting events, activities are governed by terms and conditions which are usually set with consideration for all parties involved in the sporting events, to give some guidance and direction in handling matters arising in the events. These terms and conditions are usually written down or fixed as guiding principles, rules, strategies and regulations, encompassed in what is referred to as the law of sports. Therefore sports law can be defined as a combination of sub-laws, all which apply to sportsmen and women (athletes) and the sporting events they take part in. all these combined sub-laws have specific principles and guidelines which are legal, adopted and utilized by organizations to administer various specific areas in the broad sporting arena (Gardiner 2006). However some of these sub-laws differ from a sport to another, countries, regions and their legal system and procedures, but all aim in creating some harmony and fairness in sports events, as well as protecting right reserved to various stakeholders in a specific sporting event. The sports law touches on various sports related matters and issues such as athlete contracts, antitrust, torts, discrimination in terms of sex, race, nationality, criminal issues in sports, among others. The international law states that broadcasting of sport events like any other form of marketing and advertising should adhere to the set guidelines and policies (Gardiner 2006). Broadcast Rights A right can be described as an entitlement prescribed to an individual, individuals or organizations to act in a particular manner. Laws regarding sports outline some rights entitled to the parties involved in the broadcasting processes of sports events. The law on sport marketing strives to protect and regulate sports event owner’s and broadcasting corporations’ rights, over sporting events to be broadcasted, and ensures that broadcasting agents and sponsors do not violate the stipulated rights reserved to the owners and vise versa (Grayson & Edward 2000). Griffith 1997 argued that issues surrounding joint buying and selling of TV rights are among the major concerns for sports event owners and organizers in the broadcasting of sports events. The owners should ensure the value and exclusivity of broadcasting rights, through getting proper knowledge and information about each party’s right, and the legal procedures to undergo whenever a party acts in a way which goes against the stipulated rights. The awareness of legal measures to take when there is violation on broadcasting rights by a party is vital for event owners. The optimal aim of ensuring value and exclusivity on these broadcasting rights is to reduce conflicts which are likely to arise, as well as making sure that the broadcasted service satisfies the sports consumers, as they are the key movers of the broadcasting industry and sporting events in general. Broadcasting as a Sports Marketing Tool Like any other activit