ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Benhabib, Seyla. “Feminism and the Question of Postmodernism.” The New Social Theory Reader . Routledge, 2020. 156-162. Benhabib’s chapter, “Feminism and the Question of Postmodernism,” highlights the connection between feminism and postmodernism in contemporary society. According to Benhabib, the two concepts have become the “leading currents of time” (157). Western civilization and modernity can therefore be evaluated in line with feminism and postmodernism in society. In essence, the authors feel that the norms that constitute a culture should be criticized for a better future. Charan, Dr. Swati. “Shift In the Role of Women In The Society: Through The Lens Of A Doll’s House By Henrik Ibsen.” International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences , vol 5, no. 4, 2020, pp. 191-193. AI Publications. In this article, the author examines the role of women in society through the issues presented in A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen. Charan mentions that women’s role in society is changing as they no longer subscribe to the old manipulative habits. The main point presented in the article is that changes in social roles and cultural values are changing. Through Ibsen’s play, women are shown to be radical and committed to implementing changes in society. Nasrin, Sohana. “New Ways of Activism: Design Justice and Data Feminism.” Social Movement Studies (2021): 1-5. Nasrin examines the role of feminism in enforcing justice and human rights activism. This work is founded on activists’ role in fighting for perceived human rights. However, most have not considered that justice and feminism are interrelated. Nasrin’s main point is that social movements should consider activism through women’s rights and feminism. Siagian, Farida Hannum, I. Wy Dirgeyasa, and Indra Hartoyo. “Feminism in Patriarchal Society Reflected in the Main Character of Perempuan Berkalung Sorbian Movie.” LINGUISTICA 7.3. In this article, the author handles one of the core concepts in feminism; its varieties and forms. Siagian notes that there are three primary types of feminism: liberal, radical and socialist Marxist. These forms of feminism are evident in a patriarchal society, as shown through the author’s analysis of the Perempuan Berkalung Sorbian movie character. Essentially, the author’s idea is that women demonstrate feminism in various forms based on their motivating factors.
Abstract Modern society suffers from diverse problems deteriorating the health of the nation, and heroin addiction are one of them. In this regard, the given paper delves into the biological aspects of this problem. The central points of addiction, the ways it appears, how it impacts peoples behaviors, factors that increase vulnerability to drugs, some tendencies in its treatment, and the unsatisfying statistics related to the rise of the problem are revealed in the paper. It consists of the introductory section creating the background for the investigation; a body in which the above-mentioned aspects are discussed; and a conclusion summarizing key findings. Introduction Regarding the shift of priorities towards the cultivation of the improved quality of peoples lives and promotion of the appropriate lifestyle, the health of the nation becomes the central concern for the government and diverse institutions regulating the functioning of society and its evolution. Much effort is devoted to the elimination of social stigmas that might result in the emergence of significant problems in different spheres of human activity. Unfortunately, despite all these attempts, there are still multiple problematic issues that should be solved to ensure that people will enjoy the high quality of their lives. Drug addiction is one of these concerns. The fact is that today a significant part of the population globally suffers from this health issue. Moreover, the rapid rise of technologies stipulated the appearance of new drugs that might have adverse effects on individuals. That is why the topicality of the problem becomes apparent. The given paper is devoted to the investigation of heroin as one of the most widespread drugs, biological aspects of its addiction, and how it impacts individuals, their personality, brain, and behavior. Statistics Starting investigation of the outlined issue, it is critical to determine the scope of the problem and tendencies related to it. Thus, in accordance with the latest statistical data, 21,5 million American citizens experienced substance use disorder (CDC, 2018). Additionally, data related to drug overdose shows that the situation is critical as 63,632 people died in 2016 because of the use of heroin and other drugs (CDC, 2018). In such a way, the epidemic spreads across the state and affects different population groups (CDC, 2018). Specialists investigating the given problematic issue admit the fact that a significant deterioration of the situation in the future will be observed (CDC, 2018). What is even worse, more and more young people become addicted. For instance, about 55% of all adolescents have tried substances at least once in their lives; 15% of them have acquired addiction (CDC, 2018). The scale of the problem proves the necessity of its investigation to improve the comprehension of the concern and its main aspects. The Way Heroin Affects Individuals Nevertheless, the high speed of the development of addiction and drug spread is explain
Introduction Many governments across the globe have moved to ban smocking in public places. Whether the action is justified or not, is a matter of fierce debate. Often, the proponents of the proposition carry the day arguing that smoke from cigarette inhaled by non-smokers poses health risks. Thus, the banning action is based on the premise that non-smokers should be protected from risks associated with proximity to cigarette smoke (Warner 71). The other premise is that effects of smoke whether directly inhaled or partially taken in proximity with smokers are the same. However, little attention has been given to the opposing views which have always been dismissed as baseless. Most academic studies and researches have cited individual rights as the basis for smocking in public ignoring other factors such as economy, social as well as other individualistic reasons (Viscusi 31). Moreover, much attention has also been given to dangers posed by cigarette smoking specifically health problems while ignoring the opponent side of view. Further, little research has also been conducted to ascertain some of the issues that support public smoking or smoking in general (Viscusi 31). This does not necessarily mean that smoking should be allowed. However, other factors should be considered. Besides, various options should be explored before imposing a ban on smoking cigarette in public. Thesis statement Smoking in public places poses health risks to non smokers and should be banned. This paper will be discussing whether cigarette smoking should not be allowed in public places. First the paper will explore dangers associated with smoking in public and not on those who smoke, but on non-smokers. The paper will then examine these propositions and ascertain whether they hold and establish counter arguments against the propositions. It is concluded that even though smoking poses health risks among the individuals, economic, social and individual values must be taken into consideration before a blanket ban on the practice is imposed (Abedian et al. 71). Reasons for the ban of smoking in public places The proponents of this rule have several arguments majorly based on scientific studies and results from health institutions. These arguments cannot be disputed, but over reliance on them is what makes the arguments a bit absurd (Warner 71). However, various researches have always pointed health risks associated with smoking. Besides, smoking is an environmental hazard as much of the content in the cigarette contains chemicals and hydrocarbons that are considered to be dangerous to both life and environment (Lott and Richard 102). Biologists and epidemiologists point out passive smoking is harmful to health. In other words, those who come in contact with second-hand smoke risk their health statuses (Lott and Richard 102). Several risks are associated with second-hand smoke that majority come in contact with in public places. In most cases, partial smokers suffer from cardiac arrests, lung cancers, central nervous system impairments as wel
The Inbev – Anheuser Busch Merger The merger of the Belgian beer maker Inbev and the American beer giant Anheuser-Busch in 2008 made world headlines. It was the coming together of two beer manufacturing giants, Inbev of Belgium and Anheuser-Busch of the USA. Inbev headquartered in Leuven, Belgium boasted worldwide net sales of $ 16.7 billion in 2007 through sales of its key products like Stella Artois, Beck’s, etc. (Birnbaum 2008). Anheuser-Busch headquartered in St Louis boasts of brand names like Bud Light, Budweiser, etc. While Inbev took over Anheuser-Busch after a concerted effort by its acquisition team, initially Anheuser-Busch took the takeover initiative as a hostile bid. Lawsuits were filed by both companies in the process. But when the merger happened, the merged entity with its headquarters at St Louis was estimated to have annual net sales of around $ 36.4 billion and the price tag of Anheuser-Busch was around $ 52 billion (The Indian Express July 2008). Inbev paid $ 70 per share in the other beer maker for closing the dealing. The takeover was regarded as the third largest takeover by a foreign firm of an American company. Influence of Government on Company Business Strategy With the repeal of the Prohibition under the 21 st Amendment to the US Constitution in 1933, the states got the power to “regulate production, importation, distribution, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages within their own borders” (NYSBWA 2009). The system of regulation then introduced to control the alcoholic industry in the US was the Three-Tier System which envisaged three distinct tiers, namely, the manufacturer, the distributor, and the retailer. This meant that beer could be sold only through intermediate independent distributors. This system was more or less implemented along similar lines in each state. Also, other regulatory laws were put in force. For instance, beer sales on credit and sales on consignment were banned. The objectives of such a system were to preclude the aggressive marketing or sales promotions that could otherwise have been resorted to by beer sellers and manufacturers, to facilitate the control over manufacture and sale of all types of alcoholic beverages, restrict consumption of alcohol to moderate quantities and also to help generate revenues for the government in the form of taxes from the beer industry (NYSBWA 2009). As per the Clayton Act, Sec 7, “beer is considered as a line of commerce and also a relevant product market”. Also, the US federal government was driven by the constitutional requirement to see that the competition in the beer market was not minimized by mergers of companies. In the backdrop of the strict federal and state legislation for controlling the manufacture, sale, and distribution of beer in the US markets, the company Inbev needed to tailor its busi
Importance of Coaching Coaching is one of the methods to train and instruct people in order to achieve the desirable goals and improve personal skills and abilities. There are so many ways of coaching, which are connected by one significant point – proper motivation. Without proper coaching, people will hardly enjoy high results in sport, business, education, and even family affairs. In order to comprehend the essence of coaching, it is better to start from the end and grasp its purpose. (Flaherty, 2005, 3). Coaching: Ways of Improving The field of coaching develops day by day. More and more theorists try to ad something new in order to achieve higher purposes and help the others to be better, smarter, and more successful. According to Flaherty, there are 5 stages in the flow of coaching:   * Relationships;   * Openings;   * Assessment;   * Enrollment;   * Coaching Itself. Theorists, Who Have Made Contribution to the Coaching Field   * Barbara Braham;   * Patrick Williams;   * Bruce Peltier;   * James Flaherty;   * Frederic Hudson. Theorists and Contributions Barbara Braham Her practice is all about interdisciplinary approach. With the help of her theories, it is easier to concentrate on strength and benefits of the work than on possible weaknesses and shortages. Bruce Peltier His suggestion to differ coaching and counseling is rather captivating and significant. One of the issues described by Peltier is woman participation in coaching and business arena, and the problems, women face almost every day. He talks about three similarities, which are inherent to coaching: clear agreements, whistle-blowing, and limitations. However, there are several areas in coaching, which remain unclear. Client’s definition is one of them. James Flaherty He underlines the fact that coaching may fails because of the mistakes made by coachers, who do not choose the right start of their practice. He also proves that coachers usually train people’s nervous system, and this is why it is crucially important to be ready to change our habits and preferences somehow in order to achieve the desirable results. Patrick Williams He truly believes that coaching should be clear and theoretically comprehensible. Also, it is necessary to pay attention to the philosophies, which will support the chosen theory or coaching approach. Frederick Hudson This theorist in the field of coaching deserves attention because of his unbelievable style of analyzing and explaining all material. He is one of the most respected theorists in the sphere of coachi
Sarah Waters’ novel Tipping the Velvet enables the readers to better understand the Victorian society with its values and norms. To a great extent, this work focuses on gender distinctions and behavior patterns that were considered to be appropriate for men and women. The main female characters try to evade and violate these norms by impersonating themselves as men. Overall, clothing plays an important role for them for two reasons. Cross-dressing, drag, and passing as men offers the main character more opportunities and freedom. These strategies allow Nancy to better understand the society in which she lives and people’s attitude toward homosexuality. Secondly, in this way she is able to express her lesbian identity without incurring the indignation of other people who were normally prejudiced against any form of homosexuality or deviance from existing norms. It should first be noted that Tipping the Velvet has the element of a picaresque novel which means that it describes the adventures of a character, who impersonates oneself as someone else and overcomes various difficulties in effort to achieve happiness or success (Hermans, 136). Traditionally, in picaresque novels, women act mostly as supporting characters who accompany and help men. Sarah Waters departs from this tradition and describes women’s adventures in the world of men. However, her characters can acquire new roles in the world of men only by cross-dressing, in other words. wearing the clothes associated with members of the opposite sex. Overall, Sarah Waters emphasizes the importance of cross-dressing and impersonation because these themes allowed her to develop the plot and create female characters who can reject the gender rules accepted by the society. The story revolves around Nancy Astley, who lives a conservative life and helps her family run an oyster restaurant. Yet, she meets a woman named Kitty Butler, who acts as a male impersonator and her lifestyle greatly appeals to her. This is how Nancy describes her reasons for joining Kitty and wearing men’s clothes, “whatever successes I might achieve as a girl, they would be nothing compared to the triumphs I should enjoy clad, however girlishly, as a boy” (Waters, 123). Thus, one can argue that cross-dressing lets Nancy have a more fulfilling life. For example, they can go pubs that were not deemed suitable for women, except prostitutes. In this regard, one can also remember Nancy’s speech at the rally of the socialist party. Thus, by passing as a man, Nancy is able to attract men’s attention. She might not be able to do it without impers
Introduction This paper evaluates the idea of leadership, the practice, and manipulation on individual motivation within corporations. Leadership entails employment of facts and skills to sway a group to accomplish certain defined objectives. A leader is responsible for direction of an organization in an effective and efficient manner (Doohan 200, p. 3). Motivation concerns personal or collective spirit or urge to dedicated service. There are varied leadership impacts on employee motivation; this usually follows a need-satisfaction profile that may be unique in organizations (Hoffmann 2007, pg. 3). Organization’s culture follows the principle that both the person and association manipulate one another’s behavior and life practices. Each entity joins group with unique individual attributes, values, distinctiveness, and skills from other places. The boss should thus be keen to identify and motivate or reprimand practices that are or not suited for the performance of his organization (Griffin &Moorhead 2009, p.68). The most central factor here is that individuals do not labor alone; there are contacts from managers, co-workers, measures within the work setting, and transformations that may occur overtime. Leadership and Motivation in Organizations An investigation into the various leadership models and principles and their consequential stimuli on the motivation and attitudes of the workers or individuals in an organization is important. Leadership styles continue to adjust with the growing century age due to increased globalization and changes in trade conditions. Committed leaders overlook predictions and fads and rather focus on evidence style to leadership. Since leadership deals with relating with other people, human conduct needs approaches that will make it conducive for association and comfort (Kouzes & Posner 2010, p. xix). There is consequently no leadership model based on fad that can ensure output and efficiency. There are process theories that postulate initiation, redirection, and stoppage of worker impetus and conduct. These include “Universalist Assumption” that stipulates that personalities strive and are motivated to accomplish objectives they adore at individual levels. This may vary culturally and within different organizations (Hoffmann 2007, p. 7). “The Assumption of Content and Process” explains motivation according to things that attract and energizes employees. Leadership and Motivation on Innovation The ability of leadership to recognize presence of frontline staff exceptional in identification of novel approaches of doing activities leads to innovation. A motivational leader ought to be aware that everyone constantly adds fresh value and ideas to the organization. Therefore, indulgence of management in stimulation and appreciation of employees’ efforts to “th
Abstract An oligopoly is a market type in which an industry is controlled by a small number of sellers / firms and their products are either homogeneous or are differentiated (Riley, 2006). Market participants usually predict the actions of the competitor. Cell phone industry is a good example of an oligopolistic market structures since the number of organizations serving the industry is small. The industry is dominated by organizations such as Nextel/Sprint and Verizon among others. Existence of oligopolistic markets structures exists in markets where there are large initial capital requirements, scarcity of growth opportunities and due to government regulations. The paper will focus on the nature of oligopoly market in cell phone industry. Essentially, it brings forth how firms in the industry compete, how prices are determined, effects of demand elasticity on competition, and the application of the game theory. In addition, the essay discusses the equilibrium point of maximizing profits, advantages and disadvantages of the market structure. Oligopoly competition Oligopoly market structures are characterized by few large suppliers, the products are differentiated or homogeneous and the firm in the industry is driven by self-interest to set prices and output levels to maximize profits. Cell phone industry is of kind where products offered by the players are homogeneous and the competition is judged by the price determination. According to Thomas & Charles (2007), the decisions of one company influence the decisions of competitors and also decisions of competitors influence decisions of a company. Generally competition in the industry takes three forms. These are;  1. Free competition and one company become a price leader  2. Larger firms becomes price setters and /leaders while smaller ones become the price-taker.  3. Cartel system exists where firms collude to agree on prices to surpass stiff competition. Generally, the ability of the firm to dominate the market and have probability of control is determined by the economies of scale. This implies that organizations that take advantage of economies of scale in the oligopolistic markets will set lower prices and produce larger quantities becoming cost and price leaders (Thomas & Charles, 2007). Conversely, two or more firms in the industry might collude to lessen the level of competition by forming cartels. In this case, small firms will be denied entry and if exist remain as price takers. Typical case in the cell industry is where dominant firm such as Verizon takes lead in making prices and impacts the price decisions on the small firms thus
Introduction The separation between groups is a common characteristic of many communities and societies not only in developed countries such as the United States but also in the developing world. Available literature demonstrates that the separation is precipitated by factors such as socioeconomic status, gender considerations, racial and ethnic considerations, ethnicity, and religious convictions. 1 In the United States, race appears to override other factors in determining how people socialize and interact with each other. 2 The focus of the present paper is to discuss how race relations could be improved in the country through education. Role of Education in Improving Racial Relations Research is consistent that racial or intergroup relations are affected in adverse ways by many stereotypes, misconceptions, and negative attitudes held by the dominant racial group toward other minority racial and ethnic groupings. 3 In this light, education can be used to address stereotypes and misconceptions by not only providing accurate information about minor racial groups but also encouraging cooperation and collaboration between students from dominant racial groups and those perceived as marginalized through the lens of race. Indeed, Banks is clear that “an important aim of schools should be to provide students with experiences and materials that will help them to develop positive attitudes and behaviors toward individuals from different racial, ethnic, language, and social-class groups.” 4 Drawing from this elaboration, it is evident that education could be used to ensure that students from different racial groups are facilitated to develop positive attitudes toward each other and deal with issues of stereotyping and segregation with the view to improving race relations. It is also important to note that education can stimulate cohesion and promote social inclusion, which in turn foster the development of relationships that go beyond the confines of racial cocoons by ensuring that individual