ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The effect of the Prohibition on popular perceptions The increase in crime The 1920-1930 period can safely be said to be the beginning of an era that gave America a most radical and unexpected evolution in terms of cultural perceptions. It was the decade that gave birth to the prohibition of manufacture and sale of liquor. This is attributed to one Andrew Volstead, the legislator responsible for sponsoring the Prohibition Act of 1920 (Murray 13). The advocates of the law had for the previous century dreams of implementing a law that would oversee the reduction of crime and the elevation of sanity and morality crashed when they realized that the Act did the exact opposite. But the many Minnesotans who had been fond of drinking opted for moon shining and bootlegging (Willard 7). This led to the development of increased crime, and from this culture, famous gangsters were nurtured. One such gangster was Al Capone. The influence of the prohibition laws on the lifestyles of these gangsters and the reception by the people of that era forms the basis of this research. This research paper discusses the historical components that constituted the Prohibition-era cultural lifestyles and attempts to link the era with the economic, political and socio-cultural consequences of the prohibition. It demonstrates the various ways in which the prohibition caused a change in the movie industry and in perceptions towards organized crime. The popularized illegal activities The result of the Prohibition Act was that since the production and sale of alcoholic beverages was now banned, it meant that illegal supply of the drinks could not be taxed, and the bootleggers discovered a huge market for illegal brew. The criminals who made lots of wealth from the illegal sale of alcohol were revered in films, acquiring a culture of figurative names and characterizations. For instance, A Capone was characterized as Scarface in the 1932 movie The Public Enemy (Fischer 57). To date, most film makers of gangster films prefer to depict their criminal characters in the fashion that can be said to have originated in Al Capone criminal era. To understand this culture, it is necessary to look into the lifestyle of these prohibition era gangsters, through the rather short criminal life of Al Capone (Willard 43 and Pfleger 29). Al Capone in the film industry A generation of notorious gangsters was born out of the loophole created through the enactment of the Prohibition Act. Since the lawful manufacture and sale of brew was banished, the adamant alcohol consumers, who formed a huge market, had to be satisfied in some way. There was, therefore, a willing market for anyone who would have the guts to supply the products, and it came at a considerably high price. Gangsters such as Al Capone and John Dillinger cropped out of this silent revolution, to take advantage of the black market and its associated crimes of extortion, murder, robberies, kidnapping and gambling (Asbury 142). This revolution is evident in th
Such concept as individualism has always been a subject of heated philosophical and sociological debate. Scholars have not come to the consensus as to the definition of this phenomenon and whether it is possible or not. There are a great number of works, dedicated to this issue, among them, we can single out such as The Division of Labor , written by Emile Durkheim and Theodor Adornos treatise, which is called Sociology and Empirical Research . The books examine the relations between modernity and individual autonomy. They explore the trends in contemporary society, and analyze the methods of sociological research. The authors present drastically different views on the question of autonomy or independence. Emile Durkheim suggests that modern society is conducive to individuality; he mostly ascribes it to the process of labor division, whereas his opponent argues that one can hardly draw a clear distinction between the “individual and societal realms” (Adorno, p 1). In his opinion these notions are related as the whole and the part. It seems that his approach is more grounded and productive, because it enables us to see the way, in which society influences and restricts the inner world of a person. Nonetheless, some aspects of Durkheim theory must not be disregarded, in particular, he points out due to several reasons members of community become more and more alienated. It should be borne in mind that the Division of Labor was completed at the end of the nineteenth century; however, we should say that sometimes Emile Durkheim makes very accurate predictions about the tendencies in contemporary society, namely the specification of human activities and consequently high level of isolation but not individuality as the sociologist claims. In addition to that, it should be mentioned that Durkheim and Adorno do not agree on such issue as the methods of sociological research. According to Durkheim, society should be studied separately from individual because they are not connected with each other, in his turn, Theodor Adorno is firmly convinced that these two concepts should be treated a complex entity. Such interpretation of problem appears to be effective because under some circumstances individuality may affect the development of community and vice versa. To some extent, it is a two-sided process. It stands to reason that society is much more likely to form a person’s outlook. However, there are some exceptions, which contradict this rule, and it is impermissible to overlook them. Besides, Adorno places emphasis on the fact that occasionally sociologists are not able to deal with real facts, because they mostly focus on the public opinion, which often relies on stenotypes and misconceptions. In his view, a great number of empirical researches are not based on valid information. Nevertheless, we cannot say that Durkheim and Adorno entirely contradict each other; there are certain moments at which they agree; both scholars are firmly convinced that current practices in sociological research should be recon
The graduate retention rate in Nottingham is the lowest among the core cities of United Kingdom (Graham 2016, p. 2). There are many factors that contribute to this issue: for instance, the high level of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and a low number of graduate job opportunities (Graham 2016, p. 2). The brain drain of graduates in Nottingham affects the local businesses, which are forced to employ less qualified staff, and the overall economy of the region since many business owners are required to increase their training expenditures to promote workforce competency. As a consultancy agency, our team is required to analyse the current situation and explore it in terms of the economic theory to find a suitable solution to propose to policymakers. We will be using the law of supply and demand to explain the higher prevalence of graduate retention problem in Nottingham comparing to other cities, such as London. The main question for this research, therefore, is whether or not the economic theory can be used to explain and solve the brain drain of graduates in the city of Nottingham. Method In economic theory, supply refers to the amount of goods or services delivered by the producer to the market, whereas demand reflects the customer’s willingness and ability to purchase the said goods or services (Gerhard 2009, para. 1). The law of supply and demand states that the relationship between supply and demand determines the price of the products supplied, and for the economy to be in equilibrium, the two variables must match (Gerhard 2009, para. 1-2). When looking at the job market, the law of supply and demand is still in force (Metcalf 2016, para. 1). Applying the economic theory to the issue of graduate retention, we assume that supply represents the number of graduates in the area, while demand stands for the number of job opportunities. Another variable at stake is the unemployment rate, which depends on the relationship between the two: if the supply is
Brief Background Public healthcare in the United Kingdom is provided by the National Health Service where all citizens with permanent residence status have free access to healthcare. This program’s budget comes from the general taxation funds. The provisions of public healthcare differ from one territory of the United Kingdom to the other (Triggle, 2008). Healthcare programs throughout the United Kingdom have been created to aid citizens in taking care of their well-beings. Importance of Public Health Public health does not generally concern with the individual level, but with the population level. With basically everyone in a location as the market, it is not easy for governments to device systems that will cater to everyone and in all aspects. The Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2007) stated that the central issue in public health is whether it is acceptable for the state to establish policies that will affect national health or not. Liberties of individuals to act on their own health care on their own preferences are considered. However, the Council (2007) notes that constraining liberties to some extent play an important role in assisting people to act autonomously in the first place, like in establishing primary and secondary education as compulsory acts. States, including liberal states, have the responsibility to cater to people’s universal needs, whether individually or collectively. Thus, healthcare programs are created that aim to reduce illness and promote health among the people. These programs also aim to ensure that health care is easily available to anyone qualified for it (members of its nation). Difficulties in Promoting Health One reason the government has difficulties with promoting public health is that since the devolution of powers in the UK, the different nations implemented different healthcare systems amongst themselves. NHS Confederation boss Gill Morgan stated that the UK basically has four different systems albeit with the same set of values (Triggle, 2008). England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have the same or similar healthcare goals but execute their systems differently. For example, in England, hospitals and community centres compete with the private sector for patients, while in Scotland; the private sectors have limited involvement. In Wales, health agencies work well with their local governments, while in Northern Ireland; political issues hamper innovations in the system. The problem with this diverse system is that patients from one nation compare services they receive from patients of other nations. Joyce Robins of a patient group called Patient Concern said that the differences were “breeding envy” (Triggle, 2008) from patients across the UK. Patients of one nation observe patients from other nations and wonder why they do not receive the same services as the other. This incites negative reactions towards nations’ healthcare systems. Hea
Lots of students face too many problems at their first year of education at universities: new culture that is inherent to one particular university only, new people, new rules, lack of participation in public activities, and more responsibility in some areas. All these changes may disturb students, frustrate their plans, and prevent achieving success; this is why it is crucially important to think about motivation and learning beforehand and create proper conditions for education. Very often, first-year students do not feel quite comfortable to start own business within a new university; numerous researches demonstrate that students’ enrolment into study that really captivates them and activities, which develop their talents – this is what makes successful students and good professionals in future. Motivation and learning are considered to be the most important issues, which may help a first-year student transit into new university culture with its own peculiarities; teachers are those people, who should provide students with the necessary support from the very beginning in order to discern talents and abilities and develop them during students’ education. There are lots of varieties of motivation; such motives as financial reward or desire to achieve success in the preferred spheres of life should help first-year students to make a good start in their student career. Students should see and comprehend that they are becoming a significant part of something really great and important, something that may change their lives for ever, something that will help them make this world better. This is why the issues of motivation and learning should bother teachers, first of all. Some researches prove that when a student deals with the subjects he/she is really interesting at, he/she gets much more chances
Introduction International relation is a discipline principally developed as an avenue of facilitating peaceful processes of change hence avoiding mass conflicts in the future after WWII. Since the modern international relations view this aim as crucial in that field, political complexities are characterizing the modern world call for an extension of the discipline to incorporate wider perspectives. International relations theories entangle “the development of conceptual frameworks and theories to facilitate the understanding and explanation of events and phenomena in world politics, as well as to analyze and informing the associated policies and practices” (Jones 2000, p.11). To provide an impeccable understanding of international relations discipline, people have advanced several theories since its inception. The paper presents the contribution of the works of Robert W. Cox in enriching the discipline of international relations. It accomplishes this by sketching his autobiography, development of his scholarship thereby conducting a summary of his work followed by evaluation and contextualization of the contribution of his works to the wider field of IR. It also warrants a critique of Cox’s texts based on the introspection of two authors who have proactively engaged with his work. Autobiography Born in 1926, Robert W. Cox graduated with a master’s degree in history from Mc Gill University situated in Montreal. He started his professional career life in 1947 where he worked at the international labor organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time, he proactively participated in the engineering of the international institute for labor. In 1965 to 1971, he served as the director of the international institute for labor studies, a constituent organization of the international labor organization. Upon leaving the international labor organization, he joined the Columbia University, teaching staff. Later in 1977 to 1992, he worked in York University situated in Toronto, Canada in the capacity of a political science professor. Upon his formal retirement, he continued to give occasional lectures at the same university. Development of Robert W. Cox scholarship Robert Cox is perhaps famous for “his fierce and unwavering challenge of orthodoxy, as well as his historical approach” (Moolakkattu 2010, Para 2) in his scholarship. His first scholarly contributions, while at the University of Columbia, were merely conventional and predominantly reflective of his experience at the ILO. As Moolakkattu (2010) notes, while at York University “he began to reassert himself in a historical manner, reflective of his previous training at McGill University, which enabled him to take on more ambitious themes” (Para.3). It is from here that Robert W. Cox emerged as a critical theorist, highly inspired by Marxist theor
College years are often associated with roommates and relationships between them. Those who went to college have lots of funny stories to tell. In fact, it is really important to get ready for several years spent with a complete stranger who can become one of your closest friends. If you are going to share your room with a roommate, you should first consider different types of roommates that can come into your life. Basically, there are three larger groups of roommates: boring grinds, carefree party-goers and ideal roommates (who are perspective life-time friends). Of course, it is important to note that one can hardly find a 100% grind or party-goer, as students often combine the features of the three groups. First, it is necessary to consider peculiarities of grinds. Grinds are students who are absorbed by their studies. They spend most of their time in libraries, labs, classes, conferences, workshops, etc. They hardly ever talk to their roommates as they are reading most of their time. These students usually know a lot in spheres of their interest, but they know little or nothing in other spheres. Such students cannot be exciting interlocutors. You can hardly rely on them as they can forget about you during one of their experiments or surveys. Thus, if the features of the grind prevail in your roommate, you should not wait for a funny company or a very reliable friend. You can obtain some help in your studies, of course, if you are lucky enough to have the same subjects as your roommate has. As for party-goers, they are totally different. They are great interlocutors when it comes to some general topics. They also know how to kill time. They are very funny and amiable. Nonetheless, you should not wait for a great conversation on some scientific, political, historical (and so on) topic. They are too concerned with entertainment to learn anything else. They cannot be that reliable as well. They are too carefree to remember all those important things you may happen to tell them. Therefore, if you obtain such a roommate, you can address him/her when you feel like having fun. Do not think this roomie can help you with your studies. Finally, an ideal roommate is a student who combines features of a grind and a party-goer in the ideal ratio. This person can help you in all areas of life. For instance, you can help each other with your studies. You can go to parties together. You can count on each other in various situations. In fact, you can become really good friends. Thus, if you are lucky to have such a roommate, you can be sure your college years will become unforgettable. To sum up, roommates can be divided into three major groups: grinds, party-goers and ideal roomies. A grind can become a kind of shadow who is never here. Party-goers
Executive summary Leadership refers to the act of mobilizing people to pursue a mutual goal. Kouzes and Posner devised five practices that define an excellent leader. According to them, an excellent leader sets the way for his or her employees. Besides, the leader encourages employees to pursue a common goal, challenges organizational processes, empowers the employees, and inspires them to pursue the set goals. Sheikh Zayed is an exemplary leader who many people admire. During his tenure as the leader of the Eastern region of Abu Dhabi and the United Arab Emirates president, he mobilized people to improve the economic status of the Emirates. Sheikh Zayed went to the extent of sacrificing a number of privileges that his family enjoyed encouraging people to participate in developmental projects. Leadership assessment Competition in the business world is prompting organizations to conduct leadership assessment as a way of identifying and nurturing their future executives. As the majority of the baby boomers retire, organizations are turning to identifying various talents in their employees and working to prepare the employees to assume future leadership of the organization (Day, 2000). Organizations use different leadership assessment models based on the nature of the organization and the leaders they require. One of such leadership assessment models is MICEE, which is an abbreviation for M odel, I nspire, C hallenge, E nable, and E ncourage. According to the model, an effective leader identifies the business strategies, inspires employees to pursue the strategies, challenges the employees, and gives them the capacity to work in their different areas (Kouzes & Posner, 2007). Furthermore, the model asserts that an effective leader encourages employees to continue working hard. This paper will use MICEE model of leadership assessment to evaluate Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan’s leadership. The main reason why the paper uses this model is that it is easy to remember and remarkably comprehensive. The model identifies leadership qualities that are easy to remember when evaluating a leader. Besides, the identified qualities comprise of the factors that contribute to organizational growth. Hence, if a leader possesses all these qualities, his or her organization is sure of succeeding. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan Sheikh Zayed was born in 1918 and assumed his grandfather’s name. In 1966, he was elected to rule the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. This marked the beginning of his leadership, which culminated with him becoming the president of the United Arab Emirates in 1971. He held this position until his death in 2004. His experience in the desert with the bedu tribesmen led to him initiating an afforestation program, which helped to stop desertification. Besides, he worked hard to ensure that his people have access to quality education, health, and social services. During his tenure as the president, UAE made significant development in oil, communication, and non-oil industries (Kechichian, 2010). He achieved this by encouraging people to work towards reviving economy of their country. Other achieve
Introduction Company A produces engine components that undergo an extra heat-hardening process that provides extended life for engines from heavy-duty trucks, and it provides specialized machine engine components to all major U.S. truck and automobile manufacturers. The company would like to expand its market to China. This paper looks into major cross-cultural issues that company A will face as a new entrant in Chinese market. Major Cross-Cultural Issues Societal culture defines issues and expected response to them. It is worth saying that the culture is not written down somewhere but it exists and controls the behavior of the community that it exists in. Understanding culture of the target population will assist a company in making strategic decisions regarding marketing, sales, and the products it will manufacture. There are different issues that China does not share with United States; they include language, perception, ethnic cultural background, racism, and religion. Although the country has become an international market known for its cheap products, it uses Chinese as its national language. Secondly, since the company is highly developed in terms of technology, the population of the country perceives imported goods as inferior than their own. This will affect the company’s penetration in the market. In the country, there is freedom to worship and thus this will not be a great problem to the company. China has some elements of racisms where the local people discriminate against foreigners. This is likely to act to the disadvantage of the company since marketing in such an environment is a hard task (Zheng, 2009). United States natives are not dominant but the society can be seen to have been deepening in slavery. The black Americans are highly regarded as racists among other people though they are also discriminated by their counterpart white Americans. In China, the natives are still the dominant population; they are the ones who make the largest population. However, they have a tendency of looking down at Americans probably because of the economic battle that the two countries have. They are likely not to be very okay with American goods, however when they realize that the goods from an American company have higher utility, they are likely to embrace them. Explain How Cross-Cultural Communication Affects Marketing Strategies Communication is the only process that a marketer can sell his products to the target market. When doing segmentation it is important to ensure that the marketers and target customer