ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Labor unions in the United States are legal entities, which act as representatives for workers in most American industries, especially in the public sectors. These unions normally focus on workers’ wages, workers’ working conditions, their benefits, and hence these unions can be seen as contracts between the organization and the workers. You find that in most of the public entities like schools, workers unions have b been established for instance the teacher’s service commission in Kenya and you find that in this organization, the teachers elect their leader every five years, and these leaders are supposed to represent teachers in terms of the terms of work so as a result, workers unions should be encouraged in almost every organization in order to ensure that the workers working condition is catered for. (Dewitt, 1978) History of the American labor This was a century of achievement whereby the workers united in America in the struggle of achieving the gains they accumulated during this century. They formed trade unions and appointed their representatives although this did not come so easily. But at the end of it all, they formed the unions using the collective bargaining process and fought against discrimination. It is clear that in the united states, labor is one of the leading factors in the growth of its economy and these unions have led to benefits in the public as a whole since it’s clear that it was actually labor that led to the introduction of public education for every child. In the United States labor second century, it had a set of goals to achieve with reference to the century of achievement. These unions have led to improving standards of living in America. (Dewitt, 1978) Towards a federation of labor The trade unions in America are as old as America itself. These unions started with primitive unions formed by pilgrims who arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620 and worked as craftsmen. These pilgrims had their much business, which included the following, carpenters, cabinetmakers, and cordwainers. These workers also played a significant role in the achievement of its independence. As work continued, they formed various unions which were intended to reduce the working hours from 12 to 10 hours a day and this was to show interest in the federation of coming together in order to achieve the selected objectives. The number of local unions increased drastically in the mid 19 th century. a better method of federal intervention occurred in the 1902 strike of coal miners whereby more than 100,000 miners called for a strike which kept the mine closed for a while. As a
Introduction Indeed, it was a day in infamy. December 7, 1941 marked the day that Japanese forces struck what was thought to be the defining blow to the Pacific fleet. However, this was not that case as history has shown. Although some Hollywood films have sought to recapture the events of the Pear Harbor attacks, they have all too some degree, failed. Michael Bay’s Pearl Harbor (2001) is a gleaming example of the attempt at turning the astonishing military debacle that was Pearl Harbor into a stylized pseudo loved story. Although Bay follows the life of two pilots through the attack and beyond, he does not mention the build up of tensions between American and Japanese forces that ultimately incited Japan to attack. Bay’s fascination with the, then, Army’s Air Corps leads one to believe that the Japanese planned Pearl Harbor as an attack on the aerial and ground forces, not the awe inspiring naval fleet. Finally, the battle scenes give rise to the notion that Pearl Harbor was a significant handicap from which America narrowly escaped, but history proves otherwise. Discussion Scholars have studied the events leading up to the Pearl Harbor attack in order to identify reasons for the Japanese bombardment of the Pacific fleet. However, Pearl Harbor did not feel it necessary to include such portions to its good war hero motif. The embargo implemented by the United States to halt trade relations within the Pacific region was the beginning of many more actions taken. (Suid, 38). Since China was seen as the ultimate power in the region, America decided to offer military support in order to spite the Japanese. (Boggs, 454). All along, the tensions are building although the United States remained neutral, figuratively, during the early portions of World War II. The Japanese, history explains, would not sit back for long. In perhaps the single most seditious action leading to the Pearl Harbor bombing, America decided to expand the Pacific fleet and send naval vessels into Japanese waters. By sending the Navy into Japanese waters for various tasks, mostly were for intelligence gathering, the United States violated international law. (Suid, 42). This proves to be the most significant expunged piece of Bay’s Pearl Harbor. However, it makes perfect sense. Hollywood could not produce a successful war hero motif if the war is portrayed as anything but heroic. The omission of such information insures the audience will not question the history of Pearl Harbor and thus except whatever Bay was willing to put on screen as the actual events. During moments in the movie, Bay catches images from the life of Doris Miller, played by Cuba Gooding Jr., the first African American to receive the Navy Cross. Mackie and Norton explain, “that once the battle sequence begins, Miller is shown shooting down two different Japanese fighter planes, which is completely false.” (240). The idea that Japanese fighter planes w
Introduction An organelle is a structure within a cell specialized to perform specific activity or function. An organelle is also enclosed by a specialized membrane known as lipid bi-layer. There are many organelle types within eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Major organelles include the nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosomes as well as chloroplasts. Other significant organelles include the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes in addition to vacuoles [9]. Compared to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have many and more complex organelles. The word organelle is derived from the word organ. This is because the organelle has a specific activity in the cell as an organ has a specific function in the body [12]. In the early 1920’s scientists used the term organelle while describing propulsion structures; examples of such includes the flagella in addition to their anchors [10]. Another example includes protists structures such as ciliates [7]. As science advanced, the term organelle was used by scientists to describe cellular structures enclosed by a membrane [13] that was in the 1950’s. Today organelles refer to structures within the cell that perform specialized activities and are enclosed by a lipid membrane. There are organelles responsible for energy production; main organelle involved includes the mitochondrion. Another example includes the chloroplasts whose function is production of chlorophyll which is vital in photosynthesis. Prokaryotic organelles Prokaryotes are less complex than eukaryotes metabolically and structurally. Early scientists believed that prokaryotes contained no membrane-enclosed structures. However; research has proved that prokaryotes indeed have organelles. At one time, Prokaryotes were time and again viewed as organelles that were less endowed in terms of their internal organization. Nevertheless, research into the internal structure of prokaryotes has already yielded details regarding the internal structure of these organelles. During the early 1970s, an idea was developed to the effect that bacteria did contain mesosomes; some kind of membrane folds. However, further researcher revealed that these were in fact production artifacts of the various chemical agents that were then in use for the preparation of bacterial cells prior to further study on an electron microscope [9]. Nonetheless, recent research studies have divulged the fact that some prokaryotes do indeed contain microcompartments. An example of such microcompartmets is carboxysomes. The microcompartments found in Prokaryotes tend to be subcellular in nature, with their diameter size ranging between 100 and 200 nm. In addition, the subcellular compartments are usually enclosed by a proteinaceous shell [6]. Evidence supporting this argument is the existence of magnetosomes. Despite the absence of nucleus within a prokaryotic cell, prokaryotes have structures resembling a nucleus; they are referred to as planctomycetes. These are normally surrounded by membranes made up of lipids. The endosymbiotic theory This theory is involved
The institution that the research hopes to highlight is the military. Special focus will be laid on the expansion that has taken place in the military since the end of World War 2. The expansion that has been taking place in the military is not justified. There are economic and social implications to this expansion. The United States of America has always been an economic and military superpower since the end of World War II. It is a known fact that the Soviet Union and the United States both expanded militarily in order to deter each other from war. It was absolutely reasonable and necessary to maintain a large military spending under such conditions. Despite the fact that the Cold War had already ended, and the United States continues to top the list of top spenders on defense throughout the world. Though it is in debt and has large deficits every year, the U.S. is spending more money on defense even. This is the basis of the questions that arise throughout the course of the research. Since the Cold War had ended, should the United States cut defense spending? How much is the United States spending on defense compared to other countries? What are some reasons to support cutting defense pending? What are some reasons to oppose cutting defense spending? Borch, Casey, and Michael Wallace. “Military Spending and Economic Well-Being in the American States : The Post-Vietnam War Era.” Social Forces 88.4 (2010): 1727-1752. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. This resource is important as it assists in the historical detailing of the US military. Important details about the US military are outlined in this reference and this provides the research with background information through which analysis is to be done. The source is relevant to the study as it presents details about the history of the military, the significance of expansion, and the changes that have taken place in regards to allocation of funds to the military. This reference material is important because it analyzes the military in different eras. The material is accurate and the informatio
Introduction According to Kuhlemeyer (2004), time value of money means that money at hand today is worth more than the same amount at a future date. It is the amount by which money will grow to in the future. In simpler terms, it is the net increase or decrease in the amount of money. He affirms that the concept helps to determine the amount that one will earn in the future. This concept results from the existence of charges due to the use of other people money. There are different sections under time value of money. According to Kuhlemeyer (2004), the concept of simple interest, compound interest, compounding and discounting are used to assess the time value of money. The process of growing money from its present value to its future value at a given duration and interest rate is known as compounding. Discounting is the process of calculating how much future value of money equal to at present. Decisions that utilized the concept of time value of money The instance was when one of my business partners owed me money which I had lent to him as a loan. The person was reluctant to repay the money, and I took him to a law court. After the careful analysis of the evidence that I presented, the case was ruled in my favor and the judgment specified that the loan should be repaid to me. I further made a request that the borrower should not repay the exact amount that I lent. In that instance, I was claiming that the amount I lent should be repaid with an interest. An agreement had to be entered to determine the amount of interest that was payable to me. The rate of interest was determined by considering the prevailing economic conditions, and it was determined as the prevailing market interest rate at that time. Compounding was done on the amount that I had lent out using the market rate over the duration of time the person held my money. As a result, the amount of money that I received increased tremendously. Computation was done using the future value annuity factor, considering that variables like principal, interest rate and duration were known. Having applied the concept of time value money, I was able to obtain extra income from that transaction. If I had claimed the original amount I had lent out, I would have obtained relatively less. Another instance where the concept of time value of money was applied was during a rotary competition in my home country. The winners were to be awarded a total of half a million shillings. It happened that I was declared a winner among other people. As the winner claimed their money, I was reluctant since I had a decision to grow t
The notion of health care cannot exist in isolation from a variety of external influencers that surround human beings in terms of their day-to-day existence. Thus, to comprehend the extent to which social paradigm impacts human health, the US Department of Health and Human Services outlined five major social determinants of health (SDOH). They include economic stability, education access and its quality, health care access and quality, neighborhood and environment, and social and community background (Healthy People 2030, n.d.). These factors, although seemingly having no direct correlation to the issue of disease development, are crucial in terms of people’s access to quality lifestyle and care. A prime example of such importance may be noted in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. People who are less likely to have access to quality nutrition and public health care are at higher risk of infection and suffering from disease complications. The causal link in such a scenario could be traced as follows: people with poor socio-economic stability have limited access to proper nutrition, increasing their risk of obtaining a chronic condition such as heart disease, diabetes, or obesity – these people are more liable to struggle with acute forms of COVID-19 virus and be hospitalized (Finer et al., 2020). For this reason, it may be rightfully concluded that SDOH has a serious impact on one’s health condition and physical and mental well-being. When speaking of the communicable disease chain, it should be mentioned that nurses play a vital role in terms of securing proper preventive measures in order not to escalate the scopes of disease dissemination. The overall communicable chain disease is aimed at representing the ways in which infection travels from one host to another. It includes such components as disease, human reservoir, a portal of exit, transmission, a portal of entry, and the establishment of a new host (The Open University, n.d.). The preventive measures for each stage are divided into the ones that depend on individuals and the ones that depend on health care facilities. Thus, in order to break the link within the communicable disease chain, nurses are to establis
Provision of aid programs to nations suffering from poverty has raised intense debate on the effectiveness of the practice in eradicating poverty. Proponents of the aid programs have lauded provision of aid as one of the most viable development steps that has seen many poor economies and needy nations all over the world gain wealth and grow towards economic stability. On the other hand, those opposing the effectiveness of aid programs claim that it increases poverty levels since it creates dependence on aid and takes away the ability of a nation to become innovative and creative. Opponents also assert that aid programs to poor nations discourage hard work in addition to creating dependency syndrome. Aid program is a concept that has been discussed in a wide perspective by several scholars (Mehrotra 2002, p. 531). For instance, the book entitled Just give money to the poor has raised a lot of concern on the uncontrolled rising rate of poverty in Mozambique. According to the authors, one can quickly conclude that the gap between the poor and rich is rapidly widening irrespective of the rise in GDP especially in underdeveloped countries (Hanlon, Barrientos & Hulme 2010, p. 6). It is notable that the majority of the population in Mozambique has been caught up in the poverty cycle making it difficult for them to even own a simple house. This book presents a convincing program on how to create a platform upon, which poor families can build a solid financial future. In addition, the book calls for a dramatic simplification of the already existing measures of reducing poverty by the aid industry. In this case, it questions on the need for conditioning behavior that are related to the money transfer program (Hanlon, Barrientos & Hulme 2010, p.10). Therefore, the authors argue that the best way to decimate poverty is to motivate poor people by giving them money. It is imperative to note that the authors are emphasizing that giving financial aids to individuals who are poor should not be attached to any condition in order to ensure long-term development. Furthermore, Barrientos, Hulme and Hanlon (2010, p. 100) strongly support the provision of aid to the poor. They argue in their book Just Give Money to the Poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South Development Revolution from the Global South that provision of aid is an
Introduction Hyperemesis gravidarum is a specific condition associated with pregnancy that is characterized by nausea and vomiting observed in pregnant women. However, not all cases of nausea and vomiting can be diagnosed as hyperemesis gravidarum because of its severe form. In spite of the fact that nausea and associated signs are typical of “50% to 90% of pregnant women,” the cases of hyperemesis gravidarum are rare, and this condition is diagnosed only in “0.3% to 2.0% of pregnancies” (Nayeri, 2012, p. 22). Hyperemesis gravidarum affects all aspects of a pregnant woman’s life, and much attention should be paid to examining the impact of this state on a woman and a fetus. The purpose of this paper is to discuss hyperemesis gravidarum with the focus on its signs, describe the possible treatment and nurses’ actions, focus on the patient education, and concentrate on the possible effects that the state has on a woman and a fetus. Definition of Hyperemesis Gravidarum Physicians and nurses experience certain problems with defining hyperemesis gravidarum because this condition is discussed as the extreme form of nausea and vomiting typical of pregnancy, but there are differences in individuals regarding the severity of the state (Duman, Ozcan, & Bostanci, 2015). Hyperemesis gravidarum is usually defined as a complication of pregnancy that is characterized by extreme sickness and uncontrolled vomiting (Bolin, Akerud, Cnattingius, Stephansson, & Wikstrom, 2013). A woman having hyperemesis usually suffers from dehydration, the weight loss, the imbalance of electrolytes, and ketonuria among other complications. Women who have such symptoms require hospitalization and treatment (Nayeri, 2012). The problem is in the fact that it is rather difficult to determine causes of hyperemesis gravidarum, and the condition is associated with imbalances in hormone levels, fetal anomalies, and women’s psychological problems. Symptoms of Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Treatment While concentrating on signs and symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum, it is important to identify the following ones: severe nausea, uncontrolled vomiting, sensitiveness to smells, changes in appetite, the weight loss, headache, fatigue, fever, dehydration, and possible abdominal pain (Wegrzyniak, Repke, & Ural, 2012). These symptoms are usually observed during weeks 5-9 of pregnancy. The signs are associated with the first trimester, but some women suffer from these symptoms till the third trimester of pregnancy (Almond, Edlund, Joffe, & Palme, 2016). In addition, the symptoms can be present during the day. The treatment modalities proposed to overcome these symptoms are usually associated with the outpatient care, the non-pharmacological treatment, hospitalization, and the controlled use of medications. It is important to modify diets and consume the low-fat food. The regime should be focused on relaxing activities. In cases when medications are prescribed, it is possible to use pyridoxine and other antiemetics (Wegrzyniak et al., 2012). In severe cases, the parenteral nutrition and intravenous fluids are used during the hospitalization. Nurses’ Activ
Introduction Financial analysts recognize that the evaluation of a company’s capital structure is a key step to understanding its financial prospects over the long term (Arnold, 2013). The strength of a company’s balance sheet is determined to a great extent by the composition of its capital structure. A firm’s capital structure refers to the composition of investor-supplied capital that is used to fund overall operations and growth (Brigham & Houston, 2015). A capital structure or capitalization is a mix of an organization’s debt and equity (Brigham & Houston, 2015). Taking into consideration the fact that no company functions in the perfect market in which its long-term capital has no bearing on its success, it is extremely important to understand the effects of capital structure decisions. This paper aims to analyze the capital structure of Tesco PLC (henceforth Tesco). The paper will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the company’s current position and provide comments on the firm’s long-term financing decisions based on several theories of capital structure. Overview Tesco is a multinational food retailer headquartered in Welwyn Garden City, England (“Annual report,” 2017). The company was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen who opened the first grocery stall in the East End of London (“History,” n.d.). Tesco built
Introduction There is no doubt that the success of any company and the degree to which its products and services satisfy target customers are inextricably connected with the way that staff members’ work is organized. In addition, defining the outcomes of the collaboration with any company for its customers, it is important to consider such factors as the level of employee happiness and the number of long-standing employees. As for the role of long-standing employees, their vast experience and knowledge of their companies’ history allow them to teach new colleagues and avoid repeating mistakes that have caused problems with customers in the past. Unfortunately, as is clear from the reports presented by HR specialists working in our company, we are experiencing issues related to the resourcing of staff in managerial and reception roles. According to various opinions, the resourcing problems influencing our position in the market of hotel services occur due to the necessity of specialists filling these positions to work unsociable hours paired with the extensive responsibility peculiar to these roles in our company. Due to the shortage of staff that may deal a heavy blow to our established working practices, many employees have