ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The field of medicine has been practiced by human beings for many centuries. Today, it has advanced in such a way that evidence-based models are used to deliver quality services to patients. Hippocrates, who is believed to be the father of medicine, presented numerous insights that are still relevant today. Using his ideas and arguments, this paper gives a detailed analysis of the treatment of conditions and diseases. Definition of Disease For very many years, health professionals have defined “disease” as any condition caused by organisms such as bacteria and that disorients the normal functioning of body organs (Sontacroce, Bottalico, & Charitos, 2017). In the recent past, the definition has been expanded to include any health problem or challenge that is caused by internal forces in the body. Despite these definitions, many scholars and professionals in the field of medicine still believe that diseases are abnormalities that disorient normal body functions. This means that “diseases” is a broad term that includes conditions such as cancer, overweight, addiction, obesity, and stress. The appreciation of this definition is something that can dictate how healthcare professionals are prepared to improve people’s lifestyles. Treatment of Diseases Physicians use their competencies and philosophies to analyze patients’ health needs, design appropriate care delivery models, and treat diseases using a wide range of resources. Physicians have several reasons for treating various conditions or diseases. The first one is that they are called to safeguard the lives of their patients (Blackwood & Childs, 2016). When diseases are untreated, chances are high that the affected individuals will have poor health outcomes. Some might even die if they fail to get adequate medical attention. The second reason is that many diseases are communicable. A good example is HIV/AIDS. Failure to treat or manage some of these diseases can result in an epidemic and claim the lives of many people. The third explanation is that the treatment of diseases is a positive indicator of a sustainable health sector. Treatment is undertaken in an attempt to improve people’s health outcomes and empower them to pursue their goals. Although the term “treatment” is used to refer to the provision of medicines to disrupt the course of a specific disease, many theorists have gone further to describe how surgery and therapy can result in positive outcomes. Modern medicine has been expanded to include numerous approaches such as counseling and behavioral therapy (Pai-Dhungat, 2015). The concept also includes practices such as medical care, guidance, counseling, and rest. This means that physicians should design the most appropriate treatment models depending on the needs of individual patients. Improved personal habits or behaviors can be used as powerful treatment methods for different conditions. Some of these illnesses include alcoholism,
Case study 2 – Short answer questions: word count and referencing stated where required Read each question carefully and ensure you answer each part. You have been asked to attend to the dressing of Johns wound. What would be a suitable dressing to use on Johns wound? The dressing choice for the wound may be affected by various factors, including a patient’s age, available resources, costs, convenience, and so on. In this case, such moist dressing as Hydrocolloid should be pr
Executive summary The project relates to opening a new shop of cap sports in Dubai. The master budget is prepared to forecast revenue and expenses that will incur in the manufacturing and selling of caps. The master budget shows an estimation of different direct and indirect costs that will incur in producing and selling the product. The main purpose of this master budget is to predict the performance of various business operations of the business. The master budget refers to different low-level budgets of a manufacturing company which is prepared after estimations of all functional areas. Different types of budgets are discussed separately in this report along with their discussion. Introduction Cap Sport is a new company that specializes in manufacturing caps that are used in various sports. The master budget is prepared by making financial projections of the company in each quarter for the first year. The company plan is to open a new shop to sell its products in Dubai, U.A.E. Master Budget The master budget is a plan that comprises of plans for different operational or functional activities of the business. It helps owners and managers to prepare a strategic plan according to financial projections (Vallabhaneni 833). The assumptions about the business are made to prepare a master budget as it is essential to forecast sales and expenses according to the expected market conditions. Purpose and Benefits of the Master Budget The main purpose of a master budget is to make estimations of costs and expenses that are likely to incur in the future. The main benefit of the master budget is to analyze the current market and make the decision of investment by analyzing opportunities and risks associated with the new project. Budget Process The master budget has no fixed process as it depends on the operations and functions of the business. The main element is to determine the key areas of business and bifurcate it into different small budgets. The key components such as project sales and cash flows, and estimated costs and expenses should be included in the process of budgeting (Vallabhaneni 812). The main elements of the master budget are presented below. Sales Budget Sales budget refers to the forecasting of sales predicted by a company based on the market conditions. It contains information about the number of units that are expected to be sold during a particular period and price of each unit. Total revenue is also indicated in it to show the expected revenue that will be generated from sales of the company’s products. The sales budget of Cap Sport is presented in Table 1. Table 1 Sales Budget Cap Sport                             Forecasted Sales or Sales Budget      For the Year Ending December 31, 2017                                        Quarters
Death though feared by many, subject death remains a controversial topic. Death is a natural occurrence that every human being must experience. It is a stage that every person must undergo. The impact of death on human life does not occur in seclusion; this means when anybody dies, the people who are in agony are more than just close relatives. Death occurs within a given human context. It is for this reason that I interviewed to help study the human perspective on dying and death. Different cultures and religions have different views on death; every individual has his perspective on death. In the following paragraphs, I have provided an evident view of my interviewee’s perspective on death and dying concerning his culture, experience, and opinions on the subject. I have also provided my personal opinions and reactions on the same. Mustafa is an African aged sixty-seven, and lives in a grass-thatched hut at Msambweni; a small village in the southern part of Tanzania. He is a father of seven and a grandfather of twenty-four. He is also a polygamist. In his homestead, there are two graveyards that he says are of his two elder sons who died in road carnage. His name suggests that he may be a Muslim but he says that he inherited the name from his late grandfather who had converted to Muslim during World War Two. Mustapha is an African who believes in his African faith and religion. He is very free and opens up to narrate his experiences of dying and death. From Mustapha’s narration, it is evident that almost all Africans have a belief in one Supreme Being (Mawere, 2011). The Supreme Being is the creator of both heaven and earth. It is believed that the dead are closer to the Supreme Being than the living. The rift between the human beings and the Supreme Being remains inevitable and natural in the place of the dead. The African culture maintains that it is only in the land of the living where rewards and punishments are inevitable. In the land of the dead, reward and punishment are automatic experiences irrespective of one’s behavior. What is crucial is ensuring that the rite is fully observed. If these passage rites are properly observed, rewards and punishment are automatically inevitable elements (Mawere, 2011). If the deceased for instance, was a killer, a thief or might have at one time broke the social code of the community or one who at his death was not accorded a proper burial, then such an individual may be destined to severe punishment in the land of the dead as a roving spirit. The individual may also be whipped or expelled by the ancestors based on the seriousness of the offense committed during the life period, just with the Christian’s experience on death “Catholic view of purgatory” (Walls, 2012).In the African context of death, the witches and sorcerers are never accepted in the spirit world, this is normally attributed to the poor burial they are given. In most cases, their bodies are normally chopped and fed to hyenas or even burnt. Most African cultures believe that a denial of entry into the ancestral land is equivalent to
The Great Depression is considered as being one of the worst economic periods in the history of the U.S., much greater than the 2007 financial crisis since it impacted multiple industries and sectors resulting in years of declined economic activity. Stock Speculation One of the causes behind the great depression was actually America’s unprecedented level of growth during the 1920s. During this period, America had just emerged victorious from World War I and was experiencing an influx of new domestic technologies in the form of home radio systems, automotive vehicles, and a subsequent “boom” in economic activity (Irwin 211). In fact, it was thought that this period of growth and prosperity would never end resulting in considerable levels of stock speculation on the part of corporate and small-time investors. Investment speculation is basically the act of investing in a particular form of stock-based on perceived future gains and not on the actual performance indicators of companies (Payne and Uren 358). This means that an investor is betting on the future rise of the stock due to its current rate of growth and not necessarily on current company revenues and operations. Unrealistic Stock Valuations The inherent problem with this practice in the 1920s was that speculation increased stock values well beyond realistic valuation. Some stocks were trending at 400 to 500 percent their actual market value which is indicative of the development of a stock price bubble. Bad Bank Loans Aside from this, banks were approving loans for stock price speculation based on the perception of continuous growth over the long term. It was believed at the time that even if a person failed to pay back their loan, the seizure of assets to cover the cost of the loan in the form of stocks would have more than paid for the loan in the future. It was due to this that banks continued to approve loans for stocks which further increased the amount of stock price speculation. Bank Loan Restrictions When the bubble finally “burst” banks found themselves with clients that we’re unable to pay back their loans and stock prices had declined by more than 300 or 400 percent of the value that they were purchased at. This caused the banks to tighten their loan practices due to liquidity shortfalls (Geschwind 598). Since many small to medium scale enterprises in the U.S. relied on short term bank loans in order to operate, this sudden absence of loan sources caused many of them to close down which further contributed to the rising levels of unemployment that the country was experiencing. Decline in Consumer Spending Since the health of a country’s economy is directly tied to consumer spending, the sudden spread of unemployment caused many consumers to save their assets rather than spend. This action further contributed to the decline of the U.S. economy and caused
What evidence is presented in this story that Bartz has good cognitive skills? The text indicates that Bartz possesses knowledge of her task, insight, creativity, and possibly problem-solving abilities. Mental capabilities are extremely important for a successful leader. DuBrin describes several of them: creativity (the innate ability to find unusual solutions), insight (a deep understanding of people and situations that interlaces with intuition), and farsightedness and conceptual thinking (long-term and system thinking). Analytical intelligence and business-related knowledge appear to be a basis for the leader’s activities. Bratz is introduced as a person possessing insight: it is stated that her deal with Microsoft invited criticism, but she could see that it was viable. The same action demonstrates her creativity, farsightedness, and conceptual thinking: she regarded the situation from an original point of view and as a system (taking into account internal and external aspects). The text reports her approach to be “working,” which may indicate her problem-solving ability (DuBrin 94). However, the fact that her method was working too slow to her superiors’ liking might show that her farsightedness was more appreciated than her ability to solve everyday problems. To sum up, Bartz appears to be a very bright innovative leader, but her superiors were not satisfied with her performance under normal conditions. Which personality traits does Bartz appear to possess? Bartz appears to possess a number of traits (general and task-related), including self-confidence, authenticity, extraversion, enthusiasm and optimism, sense of humor, courage and passion, and flexibility. DuBrin describes passion as the “dominant” trait of “effective leaders” and trustworthiness (together with authenticity as its part) as a characteristic that has multiple positive effects on employees. According to the author, self-confidence and optimism improve a leader’s performance and can be projected on employees. Flexibility, according to DuBrin, is necessary to facilitate change. Courage is necessary for initiative and taking risks. Bartz possesses all these significant traits and many others. Her interest in executive life shows her as a courageous, enthusiastic, passionate, and self-confident person. Her deal with Microsoft demonstrated her readiness to introduce change. Her authenticity, extraversion, sense of humor, and self-confidence are shown by her language and messages, including honest words concerning Jobs. Her essential trait (she points it out herself) appears to be bravery, but what helps her to be brave seems to be her enthusiasm and passion. To sum up, Bartz has a number of pronounced leadership personality traits, which makes her an attractive leader made of the “right stuff” (DuBrin 71). W
Introduction Accessibility refers to the capacity to reach amenities or services that are outside an individual’s home and are deemed important for people’s health and quality of life (Mayaud et al. 2019). Vickermand and A (1974) argued that accessibility comprises two essential facets. They argued that one of the components of accessibility characterized a substantial location on a region in relation to appropriate destinations while the other depicted the features of transportation systems that connected the points on the surface. The majority of scholars who have delved into the field of accessibility focus on numerous areas, including urban settings (Deboosere, El-Geneidy & Levinson 2018; Zhao et al. 2018), economic growth (Reggiani 2019), and the distance to the workplaces (Cui et al. 2019). These initial studies touch on subjects like transportation, availability of housing, land use, health facilities, and civil structures (Ben-Elia, Benenson & Practice 2019). Accessibility is essential mostly due to its unequal division, the need for careful and elaborate preparation, and the ability to satisfy existing demand. Analyzing accessibility aids in ascertaining the presence of diverse facilities, especially in regions that are inadequately served (Neutens 2015) and the spatially and economically deprived residents who do not enjoy financial and transportation services and have difficulties reaching certain facilities. Depending on these parameters, accessibility can become a critical concern. Main body Regarding social fairness and impartiality, which call for thorough planning and effective laws or policies by government organizations (Wang, FJC, June 2007). Although many people use the word accessibility, they lack the means to quantify or define this term (Karner 2018). Diverse circumstances have referred to the idea of accessibility differently. In some instances, this term has been used to signify a target in transportation guidelines, a medium in rural development laws (Lucas, Van Wee & Maat 2016), or evaluated with regard to the price of reaching a prospective destination (Tal & Handy 2012). Ingram (1971) identified two categories of accessibility, which were ‘integral’ and ‘relative’. Relative accessibility referred to the extent to which two sites that fall on the same surface are networked. Conversely, integral accessibility depicts the level of interconnection between a particular spot and all the other locations that fall on the same plane. It has also been regarded as the likelihood of prospects for contact. As per an explanation fronted by Dalvi (1978), accessibility signifies
Introduction East Asian crisis of 1997/1989 is listed among the most transmittable economic crises in the last two decades (Shambaugh & Yahuda, 2009, p. 5). Countries which were most affected include Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and South Korea. However, the crisis also affected other economies like China, Singapore and Taiwan. This crisis started as a speculative attack on Thailand’s economy in mid 1997 but quickly spread to the neighbouring economies. By October 1997, Thai currency had fallen by approximately 40 percent, Philippine and Malaysian currencies by 30 percent and the rest of East Asian currencies by 35 to 40 percent against the American dollar. The worst hit economies experienced grave socio-economic and political challenges (Lane, 1999, p. 5). This crisis later took a new dimension, commonly known as twin crisis. The policy response to the currency crisis later led to a crisis in the financial institutions. This took place mainly in South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. This crisis caused total chaos in Indonesia due to its impact in the political and economic front. However, Taiwan and Singapore escaped without dire consequences. Republic of China, particularly Hong Kong took ground-breaking steps to avert the effect of the crisis (Radelet & Sachs, 2001, p. 2). The financial crisis was attributed to the advent of globalization. However, there are numerous alternative explanations on the cause of this crisis. Frankel and Kose (1996, p.352) attributed the looming crisis to flagging fundamentals. In other words, huge budgetary deficits, increased money supply, massive deficits in the current account, and reserve losses. They explain that when these principle elements are not consistent with monetary supply they can cause speculative attack. Lane (1999, p. 8) attribute it to moral hazards such as lack of transparency which leads to selection challenges making the economy defenceless. These vulnerabilities can be hidden until the crisis hit. He also adds that economies’ inability to service outstanding short-term debts may have caused the crisis. Radelet and Sachs (2001, p. 12) argued that herding and panicking may have forced rational investors to pull out their investment in anticipation of the crisis. This paper will focus only on three countries: Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand. Pre-Crisis Before the crisis, these countries were experiencing stellar economic growth. Their GDP grew very rapidly at two digits from 1990 to 1996. With their cumulative growth rate being over 110 percent in the seven year period, there is no wonder economists referred to them as miracle economies. However, when the crisis hit between 1997 and1998, these countries were most affected (Berger, 2003, p.388). Experts argue that the current account deficit might have played a huge role in the currency crisis in these three countries. Prior to the crisis, these three countries had massive current account deficit. Their percentages were way above five percent which many would regard as very risky. It is believed that the high economic growth experienced in the three countries before the cr
Act and Rule Utilitarianism Act-utilitarian believes that whenever a decision making process is in progress, an individual should and must take the action that creates the utmost net utility (Barrow 25). According to this view, the principle of utility is angled on the good results of an action in comparison to other alternative deeds. On the other hand, the rule-utilitarian is driven by the moral regulations associated with an action. Rule-utilitarianism has two parts (Mill 33). The first component states that an action can only be morality justifiable if it is conventional to a moral code (Markel 25). The second part states that a moral rule is only justifiable if its integration into the moral code would result in the highest utility (Sher 41). Thus, the rule-utilitarianism suggests that moral rules should be the basis for judging the morality of any action (Lazari-Radek and Singer 51). Therefore, an act-utilitarian directly applies the utility principles in evaluation the actions of an individual while the rule-utilitarian is more interested in how these actions are aligned to moral code that produces the most utility (Patrick and Werkhoven 18). Decision Process Applying Act-Utilitarianism As an act-utilitarian, the decision process will examine the line of action that is likely to generate the greatest good. Although the two patients, genetics researcher and unsuccessfully, deserve similar treatment on equality ground, it is important to examine end results of giving the trial drug. On the basis of the act-utilitarianism, as an oncologist, I would give the trial drug to the genetics researcher since her recovery would benefit many people under the Malaria research. In fact, this action would be a service to the global humanity. I would not give the unsuccessful musician the trial drug because the outcome of this action would only benefit the dependent uncle. Therefore, the greatest good (utility) would be realized if the genetic researcher is given the first priority. Saving lives of a million plus people through the Malaria research cannot be compared to taking care of an uncle and supporting charities. Applying Rule-Utilitarianism As a rule-utilitarian, an action must conform to a moral code. At the same time, the action can only be justified when its alignment to the moral code produces the greatest utility. In applying the rule-utilitarianism, as an oncology, I would give the unsuccessful musician the first priority for the trial drug. This action is informed by the fact that the musician has shown signs of recovery as compared to the researcher, whose fate is unknown. It would be morally diluting to prefer the unknown for the know