ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The concept of a charity appeal is traditionally viewed as one of the opportunities that must be provided to vulnerable groups in a democratic state as the means of providing them with the opportunity to enjoy the same freedoms and rights as other members of the population. However, a charitable appeal is not devoid of controversies, which is why considering the arguments against is also necessary. Nonetheless, after examining the arguments in favor of a charitable appeal and against it, one must acknowledge its necessity due to the imperfections in the justice system and the necessity to provide a possibly innocent person with an opportunity to defend themselves in court. The significance of a charitable appeal as the tool for seeking justice for those that belong to disadvantaged communities and do not have resources for supporting themselves in a difficult situation cannot possibly be underestimated. The very premise on which the concept of a charitable appeal is based is rooted in the foundational ideas of democracy, namely, the provision of equal opportunities for all people, no matter their social background. Without the existence of a charity appeal, people from underfunded communities would not be able to fight for their rights in court, which would have led to detrimental outcomes in multiple cases. Thus, the application of a charitable appeal as the means of assisting people that require additional social and economic support is central to maintaining the principles of equality and democracy within the social and legal system. Arguably, the concept of charitable appeal is not safe from being abused by the people who are not entitled to it. Indeed, it is comparatively easy to imagine the scenario in which a rich person would use a charitable appeal to bypass the law and gain more resources for working their way out of a situation for which they are partially responsible (Nilsson et al., 2016). Indeed, several scholars define the specified option as the appeal to pity and, therefore, deem it to be a manipulation of the jury’s feelings, particularly, their sympathy for the person in need (Nilsson et al., 2016). Therefore, charitable appeal can be easily represented and used as a vehicle for locating loopholes in the existing legal system and the means of manipulating people’s emotions (Nilsson et al., 2016). Thus, the framework under analysis could be interpreted as ethically and legally questionable. However, at the same time, charitable appeal allows addressing the cases in which the person in need could have an opportunity to win the case, yet the lack of financial resources prevents them from doing so. Therefore, apart from assisting people on an individual level, the existence of a charity appeal contributes to bringing justice to the community, in general, since it helps to create precedents that would, later on, provide the basis for achieving justice in similar cases. Since the power structures by which modern society is represented allow for significant inequalities to be observed across different population groups and classes, it is essential to provide people with a
Introduction This paper will critically examine smoking and how to reduce tobacco-related harm among Australians. Records reveal that about 22 south Australians lose their lives every week from health complications relating to smoking cigarettes (Cancer Council NSW, 2010). Non-smokers are adversely affected by those who smoke as they breathe secondary smoke. Approximately 15,000 people die in Australia due to smoking. This number surpasses death caused by alcohol and other illegal drugs, obesity, HIV and traffic accidents combined. Ideally, it has been established that the problem also accounts to close to 45,000 hospitalizations annually (Fisher, Taylor & Tilashalski, 2005). Statistics reveal that smoking is the cause of approximately 12.0% of death in the country, about 8.0% of the burden of diseases and injury, 13.0% of new cancer infections as well as slightly above 20.0% of cancer-related deaths. Lastly, smoking is associated with the economic cost of about $30 billion exceeding the taxes from tobacco which is $5.6 billion (Health Select Committee, 2000). Researchers have linked this phenomenon with some diseases such as cancer, asthma, tuberculosis, optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis among others (British Medical Association, 2009). With this in mind, relevant stakeholders including the government through the Ministry of Health have tried to fight the problem. From such efforts, it is evident that there has been a reduction in the rate of smoking taking records from the past four decades. The rate now stands at 18.0%. Despite this effort, there are still other groups that are still at risk and vulnerable. Research shows that the young population has the highest rate of smoking at 24.0%; this population entails individuals between the ages of 25 and 34 years (Cancer Council NSW, 2010). Additionally, single parents who are categorized as low-income earners have a smoking rate of 45.0% while aboriginal people’s smoking rate is 50.0%. Interestingly, those Australians who are suffering from the mental problem have smoking rates of between 20.0% and 90.0% while those categorized as drug addicts have smoking rates of between 51.0% and 91.0% (Cancer Council NSW, 2010). Reducing tobacco-related harm Restricting advertising and sponsorship There is no powerful tool in the marketing field as advertisement and promotion. Scholars have shown that there is nothing like immunity to advertisements. However, the youths are at risk compared to other age groups when it comes to being influenced by adverts (Peto, Lopez & Boreham, 2004). It is worth noting that advertising has depicted smoking in a way that will appeal to young people. Other countries have enforced legislation prohibiting tobacco advertising. Australia accomplished this back in 1990. This made it illegal to advertise tobacco in print media as well as television (Health Select Committee, 2000). Although there are arguments that this does not work like in the case of Finland, there was no reduction in the rate of smoking after the
Introduction Written by Khaled Hosseini and narrated by Amir, the story’s protagonist, The Kite Runner expatiates how a single event changed Amir’s life completely. Amir narrates of his childhood back in Afghanistan as he grew up in one of the wealthiest families in Kabul back then. Violence in the volatile Afghanistan dominates the text of this book as people try to replace monarchy with republicanism. The book cuts across many social aspects tackling different themes ranging from inhumanity, through nationalism to family relations among others. This paper elaborates the theme of sin and redemption as applied in The Kite Runner. Theme of Sin and Redemption Redemption comes only after sin and this idea of redemption stands out in The Kite Runner because sin is so bearing. The story starts by highlighting the enduring nature of sin in this society. Amir says, “It’s wrong what they say about the past, I’ve learned, about how you can bury it. Because the past claws its way out” (Hosseini 1). What creeps back from the past? It is sin in this context. Amir betrays Hassan twice despite the fact that they are friends. The first incidence occurs when he finds Assef raping Hassan in the alley. Even though Hassan had stood for Amir in the past, Amir does not help him from his predicament or report the issue to Ali for he would help Hassan! Amir is sinning by betraying his close friend. During his thirteen birthday celebrations, Amir betrays Hassan once again by plotting to bring him out as a thief. Again, sin abounds. As the story unfold, it becomes clear that everyone is almost guilty of sin and he or she needs redemption. Assef is a sinner for he rapes Hassan. Amir learns later in the story how Baba, his father sinned. After Rahim Khan discloses Baba’s secret to Amir, he realizes that everyone is sinful and the reason why Baba was tough on is that he was guilty of his sin. This makes Amir realize that their life has been one big lie; sin prevailed from yesteryears, and his betrayal to Hassan is just but a drop in a sea of sins. On the other side, to justify their cold blood killing of the adulteress, the Taliban are busy skewing Muhammad’s words to vindicate their actions. They are sinful and they know that they need redemption and this is why they change Muhammad’s words; something that Amir compar
The analysis of the cultural industry as presented in the works of Adorno and Horkheimer, Eco, and Borges provide much interesting insight into the modes and laws of its functioning. Following Adorno’s notion of negative dialectics, it is useful though to ‘criticize the critiques’ in order to reveal whether those theoretical assumptions provided by the abovementioned authors are effective in describing cultural industry and mass culture. Hence the purpose of the current essay is premised on the notion of critique as one of the most crucial ways for finding the truth. At the beginning of their joint work Dialectic of Enlightenment, Adorno and Horkheimer claim that ‘Myth was already the Enlightenment and Enlightenment tends to become a myth’ (Adorno, Horkheimer, 1972). This metaphor is used to describe the modern dominance of rationality which penetrates every sphere of social life and leads to the alienation of people from the conditions of their living. This alienation may be found in the form of rational organization of mass culture, which increasingly becomes subjugated to the monopoly standardization and instrumentalization used not to reveal aesthetic truths but to generate profit. Authors claim that the structure of cultural production is isomorphic to the structure of capitalist production with its emphasis on unification and homogeneity. Notwithstanding the fact that this critique is effective and helps us understand the reality of mass culture, it is premised on the absolutist debunking of reason and rationality as the main source of totalitarianism, be it democratic or authoritarian. As we know, Adorno and Horkheimer claim that every identity means violence, and thus every mode of rationalization is totalitarian. In fact, it leads to some baseless critique of reason. The way in which rationality is used depends on social conditions. If rational methods are properly used in favor of ordinary people, they become the source of progress. Furthermore, it seems to be a complete reductionism to say that the structure of mass culture is isomorphic to the structure of the capitalist enterprise: it is unjustified to analyze the discursive sphere through the prism of the economy. Sometimes it seems that these theoreticians are too radical in their critiques of rationality in mass media. For instance, they claim that radio and television are totalitarian since the voice that people hear can be disputed by them, and they can express their point of view, and thus radio and TV become a means for translation of the dominant ideology. But we must understand that under o
Defend a plaintiff accused of a computer crime with cyber evidence It would be appropriate to highlight the fact that evidence should not be viewed as admissible because of issues with validity. It is imperative to ensure that arguments are convincing. The defense attorney may note that presented pieces are related to the incident, but it is possible to argue with such statements. It is necessary to draw attention to the fact that presented evidence is not comprehensive. Additionally, it is reasonable to question the consistency and explain the ways in which the information may be manipulated to benefit the accuser (Sammons, 2012). The focus on believability is of utmost importance. A system forensic expert must voice his or her concerns about the reliability of presented evidence. It is important to utilize the knowledge and discredit the arguments (Casey, 2011). Evidence must be linked to the incident and plaintiff to be regarded valid. Moreover, it must be supported by other pieces to be considered by the jury (Easttom, 2014). Overall, the lack of information is quite problematic in this case and can be viewed as a disadvantage, but it is possible to provide a set of arguments that would prove that evidence does not meet the criteria and should not be reviewed. Refuting the credibility of District Attorney’s forensic witness First of all, a person that tries to interfere with such procedures as collection and make inappropriate statements should not be trusted. Additionally, any attempts to influence the transportation should be viewed as questionable. It is paramount to take all the necessary measures to guarantee the safety of collected evidence, and it is reasonable to monitor the actions of forensic witnesses in such cases to ensure that they are appropriate. Such factors as aggressive marketing could be used to refute their credibility. A use of statements that suggest advocacy is inappropriate, and could have an enormous impact on the way a professional is perceived. Any personal interest is not acceptable in such situations, and it is reasonable to review previous cases. Suggestions made by forensic witnesses that show the lack of knowledge when conducting the analysis should not be viewed as reliable. Moreover, it is import to question their judgment if some of the statements are not aligned with presented evidence (Wall, 2009). Also, it is necessary to draw attention towards inconsistencies in arguments. Presentati
When a company is considering a risky strategy, it is important to ensure efficient internal communication. For the security specialist, it is crucial to evaluate the proposal personally. They have to conduct a full threat assessment and present the report to the management before any decisions are made. But it is also important to evaluate how much the company stands to benefit from the project. The security manager has to communicate with the team which proposed the idea. He needs to understand what they want to achieve. After they weigh the pros and cons of the project, the specialist has to submit the recommendation for the management and be ready to defend his opinion when the discussion starts. The security manager must both express his own opinion and ensure that both sides understand each other. That can generally help overcome the potential risks and ensure that the right decision is made. I know of a company that has failed to implement the updated security protocol after the security team failed to communicate the importance of the changes and the other employees protested the banning of certain applications. The breach resulted in the company network getting infected with a virus and valuable customer data leaking to the Internet. Generally speaking, the implementation plan should be similar to all other strategies. Initial assessment, developing the implementation schedule, training the personnel, and preparing for contingencies are important both for the new technologies and the tested ones. However, additional precautions should be taken when dealing with experimental projects. Since it is impossible to review the common risks of the new technology, the security specialist has to handle the potential risks without any guidelines. This requires additional attention to the risk assessment. It is also a good idea to launch a pilot operation before the new project is fully implemented. The test can ensure that the technology works as intended and fits into the overall company strategy. The study on medical imaging conducted in 2011 underlines the importance of data-driven objective analysis. The researcher states that careful assessment is key to the successful innovation (Reiner, 2011). The biggest advantage of the early adoption is pretty obvious – the company willing to take the risk has an opportunity to get a huge competitive advantage. New technology frees up resources and optimizes the workflow in unique ways allowing for more efficient operation compared to the competitors. In 2013, Arizona State University was one of the first educational institutions to adopt Knewton’s Adaptive Learning Program. The innovative application automatically customizes student assignments and tracks their progress. The university claims that the system has allowed them to free up the much-needed workforce which underlines the advantages of the early adoption (Asher-Shapiro, 2013a). Undoubtedly, the untested applications are associated
Introduction   * Miami (Florida) is a highly-populated area;   * According to statistics, 463,347 people reside in it;   * Approximately 25% of the population suffer from different forms of addiction and alcohol abuse is one of the leading problems on that list;   * Moreover, the statistics suggest that alcohol abuse is one of the leading causes of health problems among residents (FHE Health, 2013);   * Importantly, Miami has quite a few educational institutions and universities that educate thousands of students. There have been severe cases of alcohol abuse observed among students, which lead to various health-related complications for young individuals (FHE Health, 2013). If the issue is not given due attention, it may lead to the development of various conditions, which will affect the lives of people in the long-term perspective and have a negative effect on the well-being of the population of Miami. SBIRT description   * To detect or understand the severity of alcohol abuse in a patient within primary care settings, the healthcare specialist may utilize Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) methodology (Wamsley et al., 2018);   * It is a framework that assists in providing services to individuals at risk for alcohol-use disorders through early identification and further assistance;   * During the first step, the nurse asks the patient questions such as: “How often do you have a drink containing alcohol?” and “How many drinks containing alcohol do you have on a typical day when you are drinking” (Bureau of Substance Abuse Services, 2012, p.5);   * It is crucial to encourage a patient to open up and feel comfortable sharing their experience through the use of additional questions;   * During the second step, the patient is assessed for the severity of abuse;   * Step three implies brief intervention, and then the individual is referred for treatment if necessary (Barbosa et al., 2015);   * “SBIRT: Brief intervention: At risk alcohol use” is an educational video that shows practitioners techniques and approaches of how they may interact with their patient when evaluating them on alcohol abuse (UMBCtube, 2011);   * The video vividly shows that the nurse should remain unbiased and neutral while conducting SBIRT. Problem Description   * Alcohol abuse is a chronic disease in which a person cannot control alcohol consumption despite the fact that this dependence affects various aspects of their life and has a negative impact on their physical and mental health;   * Regular alcohol consumption leads to a condition in which dopamine metabolism gradually changes, and a person ceases to experience pleasure without consuming alcohol (Wamsley, Satterfield, Curtis, Lundgren, & Satre, 2018);   * The physical and
Nowadays, people have a tendency to paying much attention to their health and diet in particular. On the one hand, such a trend is extremely beneficial for humanity and healthcare across the globe. On the other hand, however, people are nowadays exposed to the vast amount of fake news and research reports. Hence, people, while having an intention of staying healthy, may do harm to their bodies. One of the most widespread ways of mistreatment is self-prescribing dietary supplements. This medication segment is full of uncertainty as it is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (“Dietary supplements: What you need to know”, 2020). However, people still take them for a number of reasons. First of all, the vast majority of such supplements are told to consist of vitamins, which, according to general belief, cannot do any harm to the human body. However, most people are unaware that vitamins should be prescribed by the specialists, as they have to compatible with a person’s current health conditions. Secondly, the price of dietary supplements is, on average, lower than the full vitamin course recommended by doctors. The price is only so pleasant because dietary supplements are made with c
Executive Summary of market Conditions   * Competitive Analysis & future development Through well researched strategy, specific tactics, and a complete communication plan, Signature Hotel in Toronto will provide women business travelers a place to stay and return to.   * Travel intentions/forecasts The forecast will be to at least garner 80% of the women traveler market-share through corporate tie-ups with businesses around the world. Corporate incentives will be the main strategy to lure corporate accounts providing women traveler staffs and executives freebies that include discounts or free use of spa facilities at certain accumulated points. Likewise, planned company conventions are also targeted.   * Purpose of travel, radius, geographic origins, modes of travel. Mainly, purpose of travel for women are business-driven, provided for my companies who may use these travels as incentives as well as necessity in their operations. A global target or the international traveling market is targeted, including Canada itself. Main mode of travel is by air and land transport although cruises may be used in the tie-up for arranged travel & tours.   * Target segment assessment for Women travelers: 60% Corporate Traveler IT (individual traveler) 30% Group/Meetings Business 10% Leisure Business The main Business Objectives are to: 1. Achieve 70% occupancy while maintaining price integrity 2. Generate repeat business from 40% of new customer 3. Achieve a #3 spot in hotel recall and as preferred hotel in 2008 business hotel study. Executive Summary of consumer trends/behaviors Trends that have recently affected consumer behaviors include the proliferation of Internet Communication. Most customers today use company websites that offer access to coupons, and a large number of community forum sites that allow consumers to share details on how to obtain good deals where to find hotel or travel promotions. For Signature Hotel, it may use the most recent form of downloadable inte