ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In day-to-day life, a number of children and adults are exposed to a variety of domestic violence. Some of the violence overspills and affects the psychological development of the children, especially when the latter are at their early stages of development. In order to curtail the extensive damage of domestic violence, there should be legal orders to minimize and eventually stop their occurrence. The escalating criminal activities have necessitated the legal intervention that should be executed in a hands-on manner. This could help prevent the couples from engaging in fierce actions than being in rush to counter the aftermath of already committed criminal activities. This research seeks to determine the impacts of domestic violence orders in reducing the escalating cases of family brutality in most households. The researcher conducted this study using qualitative and quantitative techniques, particularly applying interviews and surveys in carrying out the study. Therefore, this study was conducted using a practical design. A Criminal Justice Intervention Notably, domestic violence is a crime that a number of couples often commit among themselves or against the children in the homestead (Bacchus, 2004). Usually, the aggression could lead to physical harm, assault, sexual abuse, stalking, and intimidation among other forms of battering. Bacchus (2004) asserts that the extent of damage that such violence causes in the family could be as great as the death of either couple or the child who suffers the abuse. Therefore, it needs a criminal justice intervention to prevent the occurrence of such abuse or stop it altogether. More importantly, the assertion of the Department of Health (2003) that the criminal intervention should be proactive, thus preventing the parents from engaging in violent actions than being reactive to the already committed offenses. Department of Health report (2005) revealed that a proactive approach in dealing with a domestic criminal act is vital as it might enhance family integration and overall development. Notably, a child who grows up in a non-violent environment is more likely to be violent than those who grow under the care of hostile and ever quarreling parents (Department of Health, 2003). Therefore, this research would utilize the existing literature to ascertain the significance of domestic violence orders in reducing the occurrence of such aggressions. An Evaluation Question This study asks, do domestic violence orders reduce quarrels in the family? This question is critical in understanding the extent to which the domestic violence orders help in reducing acts of aggression among the couples or against the children in the family. Hypothesis In investigating and evaluating the question for this study, the null and alternative hypotheses are as follows;   * N 0 : There is no significant relationship between domestic violence orders and the occurrence of acts of aggression in the family.   * N 1 : There is a significant relationship between domestic violence orders and the occurrence of acts of aggression in the family. Literature Review In reducing the family aggressions a
Introduction In the international system, states relate through cooperation or conflicts. It is therefore true that states strive to maintain peace or explore some ways of solving conflicts. The US has had a cooperative relationship with Kingdom of Saudi Arabia both economically and politically. The interests of the US in the MENA region have been furthered through Saudi Arabia. In other words, the US uses Saudi Arabia to access the Middle East region. Through the efforts of the US, GCC (Gulf Cooperating Countries) was formed (Coll, 1994). GCC is much concerned about economic development in the MENA region, whose leader is Saudi Arabia. Scholars observe that KSA is strategic to the survival of the US in the region. Recently, the US wanted to dispose off radar to the government of Saudi Arabia in order to obtain economic benefits. This would mean that the US could obtain oil and other natural products at a fair price. Through analysis, it is established that the US gains more from Saudi Arabia because products entering KSA are not worth what it gets out of the state. In other words, there is unfavorable balance of trade and payment between the two states. In the international system, states exist according to the Hobbestian state of nature, where life is anarchic, brutal, short lived and characterized by tensions. The US relates with Saudi Arabia in terms of oil and security. The US ensures that its national interests are met through cooperation with other states. This is the same case with Saudi Arabia. Therefore, states play a zero-sum game, whereby one’s lose is another’s gain. This paper explores economic relationships between the US and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The paper evaluates relations that have been going on since 1970s to 2000s. The paper employs realist theory to explain what has been going on between the two countries in the economic front. The Arms Market In 1970s, the government of Saudi Arabia bought sophisticated types of military weapons from the government of the US. This was after Saudi Arabia had recoded high margins of profits from the sale of oil. The US encouraged Saudi Arabia to arm itself after the Iranian revolution, which was viewed as a threat to the security of the region. Saudi Arabia decided to embark on military proliferation, with the US being their main adviser, as well as supplier. Through the assistance of the US, the Royal Air Force was established to counter any threats posed by Iraq-Iran war. Arms trad
In the US, individuals can be exempted from payment of taxes especially those with qualifying dependents. They have a right to claim exemptions for themselves as well as for their dependents e.g. a spouse, child or themselves. This is a deduction in the tax paid from the income taxes paid by individuals (Simon, 2012). The tax exemption amount has been increased in order to adjust for inflation each year. For example, for the year 2012, each person can claim $3,800 per annum which was increased from $3700 last year. Spouses are entitled to claim two personal exemptions if they have filed a joint tax return. For a divorced parent, the parent who stays with the children for the longest time in the year can claim the exemption. In the previous years, high income earners were not allowed personal exemptions as their gross income exceeded certain limits, but this no longer applies. Dependent exemptions are available for children under the age of 19 years, and therefore the parents can claim an exemption for each child. For the permanently disabled children, the age does not apply and therefore one can claim the dependent exemption if the child is disabled in any of the years. However, for this to apply, one must prove that the disabled child is related to him e.g. a child, grand-child, cousin, brother or sister, half-sister or brother, nephew and niece (Perez, 2011). The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has set rules to ensure that only the actual or real dependents are given the exemptions to avoid cases of frauds that may be committed by taxpayers who want to evade the payment of taxes. No parent can claim dependent exemptions for children who are non-residents of the US, Mexic
Literature has defined language as the basic means of communication. Productive thinking varies depending on the level of one’s understanding of the language. The majority of speakers, poets, as well as writers who use English language may need to express their ideas in a definite way. Thus, the need to apply the figurative language arises. The comprehension of the application of a figurative language requires from one to be able to understand it in depth. On the contrary, literal language is clear, easy to understand, as well as it is easy to use (Kaplan, 2009). Ideas and opinions, as expressed in a figurative language, sometimes complicate the autonomous process of the productive thinking and reasoning. Figurative language requires one to find a deeper meaning of the expressions and statements applied. The necessity for a well thought-out judgment is critical in figurative language use (French & Vettstein, 2001). It is notable that the misuse of the figurative language may alter its expected meaning. This makes the thinking and interpretation of the intended meaning of the language difficult. Idiomatic expressions appear as frozen words with a deeper figurative meaning which help to emphasize the author’s definite emotions and reactions with using literal words. ‘Break the ice’ is an example of an idiomatic expression. The meaning in this example does not literally imply cracking, or splitting the ice. Instead, it means to start or invent an idea or an activity. This idiom is appropriate to the circumstances when the activity in question has not started. Misunderstanding of the idiom can occur in the case of interpreting it from the literal meaning of smashing the ice. An analogy, as applied in figurative language, refers to making a judgment based on a similar past case. The present case might have different superficial characteristics from the reference case, but should share some deeper interpretations. Appropriate examples of an analogy appear when we speak about general and common phenomena but use the indirect definition for them. For instance, when we s
African Americans are citizens of United States of America forming an African American ethnic minority group whose ancestral land is Africa. Perhaps one of the poignant questions to ask is on how these African descendants arrived in America. From the age period of 1620 to around 1865, there was massive slave trade taking place in Africa to the west especially in countries like France, Belgium and England. In the west, these captives intermarried themselves and with white people, hence siring the African American ethnic group. As captives, the group faced serious challenges composing of racial discrimination, prejudice and segregation. The white Americans took them as tools and elements of hard labor with poor or no pay in return. Moreover, these African Americans had no right to do anything leave alone airing their own views or making their own decisions. The dual labor market hit them hard as most of them were not educated and even if the white Americans allowed them to go to school, education was expensive for them. In addition to that, the white Americans did not allow black American children to sit in the same class with their white counterparts. Redlining became common in those days (Kolchin, 1994, pp.78-83). The American history denotes that, even if the labor market became decentralized, African American ethnic minority group had little knowledge on the operation of these markets. Low level of knowledge meant derailment of African Americans from acquiring high stake office jobs perceived to belong to white Americans only. The only place for work available for the African American minorities was hard labor jobs like digging and other manual activities (Beijborn, 1996, Para.5-7). The environmental setup of the black people in America did not allow them to question the deeds of the white man and the inequalities they met. In unison, the African Americans struggled in vain to meet their liberties albeit a myriad of obstacles. In return, the white Americans fought mercilessly to deny them civil right liberties. For example, they had no right to neither vote nor choose a leader of their own. Segregation became dominant right from education to food to clothing and accommodation. In the south of America, segregation laws applied strongly eliminating black Americans from schooling in white schools. The white Americans barred African Americans from achieving federal rights like employment rights as a form of discriminating them (Magar, 2009, Para.2-8). Another issue of concern was affirmative action, which violated the rights of women. Sexual harassment to black women was common, leading to race ethnic clashes. Race ethnic sex generated racism imperfectly. Consequently, racism took precedent so strong to quicken liberation front then civil war escalated. In fact, for every three white Americans killed, about fifty African Americans died as well. To prove these facts, during the electoral process of 1867, a gang called Ku Klux
There are trillions of cells in the human body and each cell contains a nucleus. Within the nucleus, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. The chromosomes contain the DNA or Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid. These chromosomes are basically an instruction set for the construction and maintenance of you. A part of the DNA contains genes. It is this gene which carries a specific character or behavior which a human has. Every gene has a proper laid out syntax, grammar and a word which spells out the trait of an individual. The genes contain a large pairing of nucleotides, i.e. A, T, G, and C. The pairing decides what character a human being will possess. Even a slight change in the pairing of the nucleotides will completely change the behavior of the human in question. It is basically the way the nucleotides are put which largely account for the variety in the physical, and behavioral aspects of human beings. Human genetic engineering has the potential to change human beings’ appearance, adaptability, intelligence, character and behavior. The human variety or the race is a very confusing topic since it’s difficult to determine what makes the black and the white, the African and the American different from each other in looks. It is definitely the genes. That is the reason why we know that why does a child resemble its parents. The skin color though, is controlled by more than one gene. when combined with studies on modern human and Neanderthal DNA, it is clear that Pleistocene Earth witnessed hominid biological variation at the species level (White Tim, D, Human Variety: Evolution’s Creation). Also, human genetic engineering is also put into use in cases where a human is suffering from any kind of an illness. Moreover, women who are unable to bear children are treated with this technique. Also, the genetic engineering helps the scientist to find out what is the function of a particular gene. It also finds out the consequences if a gene is mutated. There are several ways through which genetic engineering is accomplished. Essentially, the process has five main steps:  1. Isolation of the genes of interest  2. Insertion of the genes into a transfer vector  3. transfer of vector to the organism to be modified  4. Transformation of cells of organism  5. Separation of the genetically modified organism (GMO) from those that have not been successfully modified. There are two important terms related to genes which are ‘Ge
Introduction Quality assurance programs serve different roles in healthcare settings. They ensure that health services are cost-effective, responsive to public needs, and of high quality so that the safety of patients is enhanced (Donabedian, 2002). I believe that patients value the safety of health services more than the cost or their response to public needs. Many patients evaluate the quality of health services based on the level of safety during treatment and the potential to improve wellbeing after treatment (Spath, 2009). Patient safety encompasses practices that prevent medical errors and that utilize medical knowledge to improve patients’ wellbeing (Donabedian, 2002). Many people value safety more than other benefits related to quality assurance because of the reduction of the risk of adverse events or outcomes during treatment and the recovery process. Avoidance of errors during evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment is critical to the improvement of patient safety (Spath, 2009). I think that many patients are ready to embrace the high costs of health services if the risk of succumbing to medical errors is minimal. High-quality health care processes improve patient safety and as a result, lead to positive health outcomes. It is possible to have quality care and cost-effective programs in place by encouraging collaboration between the government and stakeholders in the private sector. Fragmentation and high costs of health care are two main reasons why many health care facilities lack quality care and cost-effective programs. More collaboration would improve patient safety and the quality of health services. Working together with organizations such as Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and the American Healthcare Association would lower the costs of health care and improve collaboration between the government and the health care sector. CMS has implemented several programs and initiatives that promote the delivery of quality medical care at low costs. Therefore, utilizing government programs and collaborating with government agencies is critical in ensuring that health care facilities have both quality assurance and cost-effective programs. Utilization Review Utilization review (UR) is a provision in health care that protects patients from inappropriate medical care through the evaluation of patient care (Spector, 2004). Health care providers review patient care based on aspects such as necessity, quality of care, length of hospital stay, and quality of decisions. The main functions of UR include enhancement of medical judgment, improvement of patient care, and achievement of better treatment outcomes (Spector, 2004). UR can be included under the practice of medicine because its outcomes can directly affect the health of patients (Kongstvedt, 2001).
Introduction President Bush stated the country’s intent to initiate a ‘War on Terrorism’ as a reactionary response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on America. He characterized this war as a prolonged battle against those that would employ terrorist actions along with the nations that enabled them. The ultimate culmination of this rhetoric combined with selective legal reasoning was the invasion of Iraq, an illegal act on many fronts. This war has caused great suffering and death, is costing the U.S. the respect of the world’s nations, continues to incite and encourage terrorism and has costs ranging in the hundreds of billion of dollars. Main text The Bush administration was head-strong in its cavalier use of military force and lacked respect for laws agreed to by the world’s community of nations. Bush has constantly maintained that these actions against sovereign countries were legal. First, he argues, because of existing language within the UN Security Council resolutions on Iraq, secondly, the invasions are an act of self-defense which international law permits. However, according to Richard Perle, a top official of the U.S. Defense Policy Board and advisor to U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, “international law… would have required us to leave Saddam Hussein alone” (Burkeman & Borger, 2003). Yet, this would have been “morally unacceptable” according to the Bush administration. The U.S. justified its invasion and occupation of Iraq to the nations of the world by proclaiming, if not proving, that it was a mission to remove weapons of mass destruction which threatened not only the U.S. but all other nations as well. Secretary of State Colin Powell and other administration officials, particularly with the U.S. Department of State, eagerly endeavored to state their rationale for aggressive military actions and make it as palatable to as many other countries as they could. Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz is quoted in an interview with Vanity Fair magazine dated 28 May 2003 as saying, “For bureaucratic reasons, we settled on one issue, weapons of mass destruction” (Shovelan, 2003). Prior to the invasion, Hans Blix, who headed the UN weapons inspection team in Iraq, stated without a doubt and quite publicly that they had not been able to uncover any evidence of biological, nuclear or chemical weapons in Iraq following three years of inspections. He went on to say that he doubted that these weapons had ever existed (“Hans Blix”, 2003). Following the dubious invasion of Iraq, no ‘massive stockpiles’ of weapons were ever found. On August 2, 2004, President Bush again claimed he had received false information from his own intelligence service but by now had changed his reasoning for invading Iraq. “Knowing what I know today we still would have gone on into Iraq. He [Sadd
Shame is defined as an intense and debilitating feeling of embarrassment and it can play a vital role in the development of the human conscience. The feeling can be associated with honor and pride, thereby being an important component in shaping of a person’s identity. However, shame is a double edged sword and possesses the ability to have an adverse or traumatic effect on one’s emotional well being. The essay “Shame” by Dick Gregory presents a satirical commentary of the role that shame plays in shaping the lives of the people. He illustrates through his childhood experiences what shame causes as a result of poverty and social differences. Gregory provides a glimpse of the misery by depicting his poignant experiences as a child in a community riddled with poverty, inequality and discrimination. Dick Gregory begins the essay on an ironic note while depicting his first feeling of shame. Richard, the narrator, encountered the first feelings of shame and hatred at school. As a child, Richard is subjected to the defective nature of the educational institution. The vice of hatred is introduced to the innocent child’s life not by his experiences in the outside world but rather by the experiences that happen at school. He asserts, “I never learned hate at home, or shame. I had to go to school for that” (583). Dick Gregory highlights a school system where children learn how to hate and are subjected to shame and humiliation which is detrimental to their growth and well being. As a child, Richard’s view of the world is both innocent and frank and is not colored by aspects of social injustices prevalent at the time. When talking about his only pair of clothes, Richard declares, “I’d put them on, wet or dry, because they were the only clothes I had” (583). He acknowledges these facts without delving into the evils of a society that allows a child to face such misery. Despite the daunting circumstances, Richard still remains ambitious and determined that his hard efforts will pay off. He makes great efforts to impress his beloved classmate, Helene Tucker, even though his social and economic level makes this especially hard. Richard plans to shine in front of Helene when he has prepared three dollars in dimes and quarters to top her pledge as to buy his legitimacy and a “passport” for acceptance. Richard is ready to go to great ends to achieve his goals, but his hope is extinguished when the teacher disgraces him in class by pointing out his poverty and his lack of a father. She makes the boy lose hope of ever making an impression on Helene which causes him to feel a great shame for the first time. The theme of social inequality is addressed in “Shame”. Even the eleven year old Richard is aware of this, as is evident in his relationship with Helene. He states, “if I knew my place and didn’t come too close, she’d wink at me and say hello”(583). He has hopes of building a future relationship with her and demonstrates his love and desire to protect her in different ways. Richard envisions the future with Helen and tries to impress her mother and aunts by shoveling snow off her path. Richard