ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Ethics is an important concept which enables people to observe high moral standards in all their dealings. In the case of Merck Company, the firm took important steps to address different problems that resulted from selling a defective drug known as Vioxx to various consumers in the market. The aftermath of the scandal elicited different reactions from both consumers and other organizations due to negative effects that were experienced by some patients after taking it. This case shows that modern organizations need to be more responsible in their dealings to avoid selling products which are likely to endanger their customers’ health. Vioxx was sold to more than twenty million during the four year period it was in the market that is from 1999 to 2004. Consequently, it earned the firm more than 2.5 billion dollars in sales by the time it was withdrawn from the market in 2004. However, the negative publicity associated with the firm’s unethical practices made it lose a significant portion of its market value by more than 27 billion dollars. . The failure by the firm to implement high ethical practices had a negative impact on its image in the market. Therefore, the firm found itself on the defensive due to its failure to take its moral and ethical obligations in the industry seriously. Even though it later used product labels to warn customers about the side effects of Vioxx, the firm continued to reap rewards from the drug despite the dangers it posed to consumers. Therefore, the firm’s failure to address safety concerns associated with the product before it was launched into the market exposed it to many risks which were harmful to its long term operations. This paper will discuss various ethical factors which can be associated with Merck Company and how they impacted on the firm’s operations in the industry (Giacalone & Thompson, 2006, p. 270). Summary The role of ethics in any organization helps it to understand its responsibilities to help it relate better with its customers and employees. Therefore, all organizations need to work harder to avoid the situation which Merck found itself in after releasing a faulty pharmaceutical product in the market. Vioxx which was intended to treat arthritis pain had undergone a lot of marketing which helped it to become successful after it was certified by the Food and Drug Administration in 1999. The financial rewards which the firm realized from the sale of the drug were immense and on average it earned more than 2 billion dollars annually. This was about 10 percent of the firm’s total sales revenues obtained from the pharmaceuticals market each year (Culp & Berry, 2007, p. 7). However, even though the firm had invested large sums of money to market the product, it failed to conduct appropriate studies to measure if it was safe enough to be consumed by people. In the 1980’s and 1990’s, the firm had managed to maintain a reputation of ethical responsibility to its clients and had won several awards as one of America’s most loved companies. However, the firm’s problem
Introduction A policy can be described as a plan of action adopted by a state, individual or groups of individuals in order to realize a given set of goals and objectives; it is a framework of ideas put together to guide the achievements of certain objectives within an institution. A policy is utilized to make some rational choice within an organization or institution. A public policy can be defined as a course of action adopted by the state or government with regard to specific issues of national or international concerns. A number of scholars have defined a public policy as a set or specific regulatory measure and laws regarding certain concerns that are promulgated by government agents, organs or institutions. In the United States of America, the concept of public policy does not only refer to the final outcome of a set of policies, but it also entails the making of decisions and analyses of decisions made by the government. The significance of public policy has prompted the study of the subject in public policy schools found within a significant number of the America’s major universities (Strassmann, 1995). The public policy is shaped by the influence of the governmental public policy makers, scholars and interest and or pressure groups. In many cases, these shapers of policy have divergent opinions and some times clash with regards to the nature of public policy that should be in place. The consequence of this is that such policies are most likely to become controversial. This is because, all the stakeholders cannot agree on the nature of the public policy itself. The theme of this paper is about the controversial new health policy in the United States of American initiated by the Obama’s administration. It will examine how controversial it is and the stakeholders involved in the policy process (Marzotto, 2000). The scope of the healthcare policy concern in the United States of America The proposal to overhaul healthcare policy within the United States of America began with the heated campaigns by Barack Obama in his quest to capture the presidency of the United States of America in 2008 elections. The reasons for the new healthcare policy is to ensure low cost healthcare services, sufficient healthcare information and technology, transparency within the healthcare sector or industry, personalized healthcare and access to better healthcare facilities and services by all the public members. The new healthcare policy was intentioned to ensure universal access to healthcare by all the American citizens (Wasik, 2010). The new healthcare policy is also meant to make health insurance to be more affordable by offering the largest known middle class cut on taxes (Davis, 2009); this is supposed to reduce premium costs fo
William Hogarth (10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English artist, printmaker, a social critic and is widely known today as a founder of sequential art. His famous satirical and moral caricatures have later developed into cartoons. By overcoming particular difficulties in personal and professional lives, the artist reached great success and influenced the future culture. Hogarth was born in London in a middle-class family of a school teacher and a textbook writer. Demonstrating the talent in painting, he began to work as an apprentice of the engraver Ellis Gamble at the age of sixteen. Shortly afterward, he started producing his own engraved works. Feeling the lack of experience, Hogarth started attending the James Thornhill’s Academy of Art, where he enhanced his artistic skills. During this period, Hogarth met his future wife Jane, the daughter of James Thornhill who was against the marriage and accepted Hogarth only after his success as an artist. Since 1730 Hogarth started producing “modern morality” paintings. These were the series of three to six paintings presenting a sequential narrative. In 1730-1731, he produced Harlot’s and Rake’s Progresses , two series of his first “moral” works that led him to recognition. In 1745, the world saw the famous Marriage à-la-mode, followed by Industry and Idleness in 1747, Beer Street and Gin Lane and The Four Stages of Cruelty in 1751, Election in 1755, and so on. In his works, Hogarth focused his attention on the scandalous events in politics and elite’s life in 18th century. These themes were satirically depicted in his works. Hogarth’s works have influenced the culture to a great extent. Many films, ballet and opera performances are based on his works. For example, in 1935, Ninette de Valois produced the ballet performance based on the Rake’s Progress series. The Rake’s Progress Opera (written by Igor Stravinsky) and the Bedlam movie (directed by Mark Robson) were also inspired by Hogarth’s works.
Introduction The Nayar of India represents a native group living in the Kerala region of South west India. The Nayar’s culture is highly complicated and interesting. The indigenous Nayar’s practices polygyny. They engage in agricultural activities for survival. The customs, beliefs, and civilization of the Nayar’s are a constant debate subject among anthropologists. This paper explores the culture of the Indian Nayar’s with the perspective to establish their subsistence methods. Further, it discusses how the subsistence mode has influenced their social organization, kinship, and gender relations. Subsistence Mode of the Nayar of India The Nayar’s villages consist of farms belonging to different families. Coconut and rice are the main subsistence foods cultivated by the Nayar’s. They normally transfer farming practices to their younger generations by allowing them to inherit farmlands (Haviland, Prins, McBride & Walrath, 2010). This takes place when mothers give their daughters family land to enable them carry on with food production. The Nayar’s keep servants to obtain plantation labor from them in order to escalate production. The servants were originally slaves. However, the eradication of slave trade reduced the acquirement slaves. The traditional Nayar family’s home compound is a garden, which allows them to grow everything that they require for subsistence (Haviland et al., 2010). The Nayar families rarely acquire farm produce from the market since their produce is often adequate to meet their needs. Their diet comprises of rice, coconut, pork, and fish. They cook the same foods in diverse ways for different meals because of the limitation of their dietary diversity (Haviland et al., 2010). This has made them to have identical socio-economic standing as well as enjoy stable fiscal statuses. Some of the Nayar’s pursue education and utilize their income to sustain farming activities back at their homes (Haviland et al., 2010). The emergence of civilization has transformed diverse aspects of the Nayar’s lifestyles. They presently supplement their diet using eggs, meat and chicken. Their interaction with others has also enabled them to include other vegetables from the West such carrots and potatoes in their diet. The Impact of Agricultural Practice on Social Organization The Nayar’s social organization incorporated a high-level hierarchy of close relationships between caste and status. They possessed land according to the varying degrees of infeudation and subfeudations because the highly feudal indigenous group practiced subsistence activity on their farmlands. Taravads constantly split into smaller units due population expansion (Haviland et al., 2010). They have close social ties among similar caste members. The close ties are also seen among the Nayar families who enjoyed similar socioeconomic backgrounds. The educated members of different castes showed minimal differences in their social ties and interactions. The Impact of Agricultural Practice on Kinship The Nayar’s are a matrilineal society where women had massive control over property in the feudal kingdoms (
Introduction Children with hearing impairments strongly require special education interventions to properly develop social and communication skills. But it appears that in some countries, regions, cities, etc., these interventions are carried out at a suboptimal level; therefore, it is paramount to study the results of interventions on-site to improve them. Literature review Our literature review shows that early interventions do allow young children with hearing impairments to better develop social skills, more effectively adapt to their environment, and become more active members of their community. A number of interventions are proposed in the reviewed studies. However, there is often space for both improving the interventions and the quality of their implementation on-site. Besides, little data is available on the implementation of interventions in particular regions, and Saudi Arabia is among such regions. Rationale It is known that the interventions are beneficial for young children with hearing impairments and that the interventions are sometimes carried out at a suboptimal level. Also, our literature review shows there is little data available on the interventions in Saudi Arabia. Thus, it is important to study how the interventions are carried out in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to be able to improve the quality of their implementation in that region. Method The intervention consists of a number of training lessons during which the teachers working with groups of auditory impaired students will engage them in social activities. The results will be assessed by filming the children during breaks at school for a week before and for a week after the interventions and measuring the difference in time that the children from the working groups will spend interacting with peers before and after the interventions. All the children (including those classmates of the children from training groups who do not have hearing impairments) will also fill in surveys to measure their attitudes towards one another, before and after the intervention; they will indicate whether they would like to play with their peers (in particular, importantly, the peers from the training groups). The results obtained before and after the intervention will be compared to see whether the attitudes of children changed after the intervention. Limitations Children from the experimental and control groups will come from different schools, which means that external factors might influence the outcomes of the experiment. In addition, the sample of the study is rather small, which means that it will be necessary to generalize the obtained results with caution.
These days, medicine appears to be the sphere of rapid development, and a great number of innovations are applied to the practice. For instance, health information technology and health information system are comprehensively installed in health settings. That is why the demand for evaluating the effectiveness of new approaches is constantly increasing, and particular frameworks are advanced for fulfilling this requirement. The evaluation framework implies “a set of guidelines for conducting technological appraisals of designs, objectives, subjects, methods, and data analysis skills or processes” (as cited in Ting-Ting, 2016, papa. 1). This measure allows to reveal specific problems and barriers in the treatment process, identify the effectiveness and advantages, and elaborate some methods of improvement. In order to analyze and evaluate the topic thoroughly, it is crucial to get acquainted with the models of health informatics evaluation. This way, the purpose of this paper is to describe the four comment models of health informatics evaluation. Technology Acceptance Model The active development of information systems and a tendency to improve the medical field continually have resulted in the comprehensive appliance of technological achievements in healthcare. Medicine restores IT in order to increase the effectiveness of the treatment to a more considerable extent. Electronic health records and e-prescribing have become an integral part of medical services. For these reasons, the technology acceptance model (TAM) appears to be relevant in evaluating healthcare performance. It is intended to identify the extent to which patients tend to accept and use a particular technology. The theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) underlie this evaluation model (Strudwick, 2015). The key factors that determine the extent of preference are the usefulness of technology and the ease
Sourcing Sourcing refers simply to the process through which IMW will seek to identify those factors in its business setup that have to be moved more towards the supplier focal point or, have an option of in sourcing within IMW. As it stands, IMW will have to consider some different types of sourcing options that are available. The five alternatives are customer importance, technological clock speed, the competitive status, the supply base ability, and lastly the architectural connection in place (Gambino, 2008). The inferences that can be derived from choosing any of the above alternative sourcing options are that, in relation to a client, how can a sourcing choice alter client preferences for instance? Secondly, what is the rate of technological changes and advancement in the industry that can impact the Slovakian market? IMW will also be keen in edging its competitiveness and attaining the quality, outlay or technology within the industry in its location. In terms of the supply base, interest will be pegged on the outsourcing ability of the outside supply base. Finally, it is significant to identify the importance of the sourcing option to be utilized by IMW for the entire project. As is described in this section, the sourcing options explained above can be qualitatively and prescriptively assessed as: The more significance that a client can derive from the source should add importance to that particular sourcing decision. Secondly, the quicker the technology clock speed is implying that the more dangerous or risky it will be to fully rely on a supplier from out. Thirdly, the more potent IMW’s competitive edge is in its designs will increase the desire for an option of in sourcing. The increased capacity of the outside supply base and their sufficient availability as well as their technological aptness will offer the easy choice of deciding to outsource rather than in source in IMW. Lastly, if the architectural relationship happens to be quite important to the overall production of IMW’s products, then it will not be clever to fully rely on any outside suppliers for the raw materials needed for productions. Once IMW sets its site, then an appropriate sourcing option will be duly selected from
The works in question cover such an area as sports psychology, which is still developing and improving. Many sports teams are increasingly resorting to the help of specialists in the fields of psychology and spirituality. In this context, psychology is considered not only as a solution to current problems but also as a spiritual part of an athlete’s life. The major themes in the chapters evolve around the idea of the necessity to eliminate the stereotypes about sports chaplains and psychologists’ roles in professional sports (Nesti, 2016). Moreover, the chapters particularly emphasize the need of integrating faith and spirituality as consulted by chaplains into the field of sports psychology (Egli & Fisher, 2016). Both chapters specifically articulate the challenges associated with such integration and outline beneficial athletes’ performance and wellbeing outcomes as a result of chaplainship. Sports chaplains are significantly underestimated these days because their role is most often played by sports psychologists when they try to get closer to players with the help of religion. The article’s author reveals in detail the advantages of this position in sports teams (Egli & Fisher, 2016). It is beneficial to receive such information to understand how valuable it is in the sports world now. Most of the players are religious (Catholics and Muslims predominate), and therefore they need to have a person in the team to whom they can confess, talk about their problems, and pray (Nesti, 2016). When it is possible to reach a certain spiritual level between an athlete and a chaplain, their work begins to bear fruit and positively affect the results of the athlete and the team as a whole. My fundamental position is that a chaplain can only be a church person who understands the spiritual needs of an athlete better and can work with him most
Abstract In 2005, there were as many as 2.1 million people incarcerated in jails and prisons in the U.S. that is an equivalent of 1 in every 136 residents U.S (Golembeski et al 2005). There has been a great harmful impact on this mechanism, especially African Americans. These offenders are a big burden for the prison department of the country. The offenders who are incarcerated for the drug offenses when released from prison are faced with numerous social problems as well as other obstacles to their livelihoods (Travis et al 2005). Some of the problems they face include unemployment, housing problems, lack of health services among others. It is a sad state of affairs when the people who suffer most due to these incarcerations are the families and the communities of the offenders. The families stand the chance of lack of very basic amenities like food, health, and medication plus the important education because in most cases the children of the offenders are dependent on him or her to provide these amenities (O’Brien et al 1996). The family also is at risk of stigmatization due to the incarceration of one of their family members. Most of the offenders are aged between twenty and forty years. This shows that the youths and a proportion of the middle-aged are the most vulnerable to drug addiction and hence to being convicted with drug offenses (Golembeski et al 2005). Introduction The central government began the drug war in 1967. At first, the war was intended at eliminating poverty which gave rise to criminal activities. There were many programs developed each geared towards offender rehabilitation, caring treatment for the offenders, and constitutional rights. However, thirteen years later the state policy shifted to spotlight on drug-related crime deterrence through arrest and imprisonment (Golembeski et al 2005). This was the era of the war on drugs. The law enforcement agencies and the overall criminal justice system established a new consent to counter the drug supply and radically increasing the arrest of drug criminals, ending up sending more numbers than the prisons could accommodate (Travis et al 2005). The arrest figures rose up from 661,000 to 1,126,300 in a span of 10 years in1983 to 1993. Owing to the drug war, African American men were convicted and imprisoned at alarming rates much higher than other racial groups. Would incarceration reduce crime? The only aspect affecting prison is the crime rates. For the last 30 years, U.S has been on an imprisonment spree as compared to 50 years before that for she had flat imprisonment of 110 per 100,000 people (Golembeski et al 2005). In that period, the criminal justice which comprised the courts, parole board/ officials, and the prosecutors controlled the imprisonment policy. Then, in the 1970s there was public concern about crime and this led to a response by the political system that came up with a variety of legislations with an intention of increasing prison sentences to reduce the notion that the state was soft on crime (Travis