ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
While there is an almost uncountable number of religions in the world, not each of them is equally prominent. Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, comprise billions of believers and have a great impact on the culture of their respective peoples and countries. As a result, studying the most prominent religions in the world, even if the person does not believe in wither, is a useful and even crucial way to understanding the people of other cultures. Thus, understanding Islam as a religion practiced by hundreds of millions all over the world and particularly prominent in such important yet turbulent regions as the Middle East and Central Asia is undoubtedly crucial. The obvious point to begin this understanding is the Five Pillars of Islam – the religion’s core tenets, including the Muslim creed, charity, pilgrimage to Mecca, prayer, and fasting on the holy month of Ramadan. This paper will cover the latter to stress Ramadan’s significance in Islam, religious and social practices associated with it, and the lessons that people may mean from studying this pillar of the Muslim faith. Origins and Spiritual Meaning Before discussing what people do on Ramadan, it is necessary to explain what the holy month is in the first and how it came to be. Ramadan is the eleventh month in the Muslim religious calendar – and since this calendar is lunar, Ramadan’s beginning moves 11 days every year (“Information Sheet,” 2021). As mentioned above, observing the monthly fact from sunrise to sunset is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, which constitute the most sacred requirements a Muslim believer needs to follow. The reason why the month of Ramadan is considered so sacred is the tradition stating that the Prophet Muhammad received his revelations during this month. Accordingly, the Quran (n.d.) states: “The month of Ramazan is that in which the Quran was revealed… therefore whoever of you is present in the month, he shall fast therein” (2:185). Thus, fasting throughout Ramadan is meant to remind the believers about the origins of their faith and prompt them to contemplate it more thoroughly. Fasting should promote this contemplation of life and faith in several ways at once. To begin with, restricting one’s intake of food means training in self-discipline and endurance. At the core of maintaining the fast lies the ability to resist temptations and use one’s will to persist with the right choice. The fasting requirements are quite strict – throughout the daylight, Muslims have to refrain from partaking in both food and drinks, including water (Elnakib, 2021). Yet the training in self-control that the person receives by fasting has importance beyond eating and drinking itself. A person who can resist the temptations of hunger and thirst for the attainment of the spiritual goal is also quite likely a person who will overcome other basic bodily urges for the sake of decent behavior. Another purpose
In an ideal world, community development is predicated on principles of social justice and environmental justice (Ledwith, 2005, p.197). In other words, the end goal of a successful community development program should lead to sustainability and the creation of an ecosystem wherein everything flourishes (Ledwith, 2005). It is a force that could lead to positive change. In fact, many people would agree that community development has a lot to offer the public and private sectors. Nevertheless, resistance towards community development is also a reality. It is imperative to acknowledge resistance to change and yet at the same time community leaders must strive hard in order to deliver change within their sphere of influence. Challenges of Community Development A mild form of resistance to change is seen in the way people choose not to get involved in the transformation process. However, those men and women who did not participate in the community development program are considered as untapped resources. With the right leader, they are able to “bring new human capital, ideas, and diversity to the community development process” (Robinson and Green, 2011, p.95). Any potential solution in dealing with apathy or the refusal to get involved must start with information dissemination and education. These people must be taught and they must understand the importance of community development. Leaders on the other hand must not assume that the members of the community are already familiar with the benefits of community development. Members of the community must be persuaded that community development is a positive force. If one takes the practical approach, the members of the community will realise that there are two basic aspects of community development that they can focus on, and these are related to infrastructure and crime prevention (Bel, 2010, p.47). If the people are aware of the benefits, it is not only the residents in a given area who will realise the importance of community development but also private companies serving in that particular area (Brown and Trevino, 2006, p.595). As a result, there would be a direct community engagement of private service suppliers. The collaboration of the private and public sector would result in improving services such as garbage collection. At the same time, more people would be involved in the monitoring of the delivery of services financed by public funds. The participation of talented people in the community could lead to a chain-reaction of events (Nohria, 2004, p.20). Many of them would come to realise that the sustainable development of a community is not always dependent on the delivery of basic services but also on crime prevention. Members of the community would realise that an area riddled with crime could never develop a sustainable engine of growth (Crane and Matten, 2007, p.10). Many residents are indifferent to the idea of community development because they rely on the local government for many of the things that they need. For example, they rely on the local government to develop an effective law enforcement and litigation program. They believed that the combined elements of law
Teaching language and literacy is one of the crucial tasks of preschool teachers. Based on the knowledge obtained at a very young age, children will build their further education. Teaching a foreign language to preschoolers presents a lot of challenges to educators. Not only teacher’s knowledge and experience make up a beneficial teaching and learning environment. Lesson planning is an essential part of the successful implementation of education techniques and methodologies. A good lesson plan allows the teacher to manage his/her work successfully and make the lesson most beneficial for the pupils. Taking into consideration the requirements to lesson planning, we can see that a suggested English lesson plan (see Appendix A) has some drawbacks which restrict it from fulfilling the objectives of foreign language teaching. The limitations of this plan will be discussed further, and a refined lesson plan will be proposed. Time of Implementation According to ACTFL’s Performance descriptors for language learning, timing is a crucial element of productive lesson planning (The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages [ACTFL], 2012). A thirty-minute lesson is a good idea for such young learners as the K-1 class. The children in such a class are three years old, and a longer lesson might make them bored and discouraged in learning. However, this is probably the only positive thing concerning timing in the suggested lesson plan. Two major drawbacks are present in this plan: the first one is associated with the time assigned for the chosen theme, and the second one is connected with the time-division between various lesson procedures. Let us consider the first problem. The theme of the proposed lesson is “Animals.” Besides, the teacher included the rainbow picture poster in the materials for the lesson, which means that he/she is planning to engage the children in coloring. Taking into consideration that the names of some animals are too difficult for Chinese children to pronounce, it seems that more than only one lesson should be dedicated to teaching this theme. It is noted by the scholars that the three-year-old children have a vocabulary of nearly one thousand words (Vukelich, Christie, Enz, & Roskos, 2015). However, such words as “hippopotamus,” “giraffe,” “elephant,” “flamingo,” and some others may present a serious difficulty for very young pupils. Therefore, I would propose to dedicate at least two lessons to this theme. The second time-concerned drawback of the suggested lesson plan is its time division between the various lesson phases. Out of the total lesson duration, which is thirty minutes, fifteen minutes are planned for only one activity – learning the sounds ‘a,’ ‘b,’ and ‘c.’ Further, five minutes are allowed for learning the word ‘animals’ and learning the names of the animals each. With the three minutes allocated for greeting, this leaves us with twenty-eight minutes divided between various lesson procedures, two minutes allocated nowhere, and two tasks with no time divis
Driving involves the mind of the driver; for safe driving, drivers should make the right decision when on road; they should follow traffic rules as required by the law. When driving under the influence of alcohol, the risk of causing an accident is high. When someone is intoxicated with alcohol to a state of high blood alcohol content (BAC), his or her decision making capacity is hampered. Different states have different laws and legislations to legal drinking limit (blood alcohol content (BAC)), that someone can be allowed to drive. For instance some countries have blood alcohol content in excess of 0.05% or 0.08% defines the offense while others have higher levels. Despite the varying rates, the underlying principle is that drinking under the influence of alcohol is risky (Laurence & Gusfield, 1994). This paper discusses issues and consequences relating to drunk-driving. Issues around drunk-driving In all states of the United States, it is illegal to drive under the influence of alcohol beyond the set limit per state, according the countries legal definition, drunk driving is driving when one has taken alcohol to the extent that his or her mental and motor skills are impaired. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), about 40% of death on road accidents in 2006 was as a result of drunk-driving; it estimated that 17,941 people died in 2006 in alcohol-related collisions. It is the realisation of such statistics that each state in the country has its own drunk-driving reinforcement measures and methods. Consequences of drunk-driving When driving under the influence of alcohol, the driver ignores traffic signs, symbols, and lights; with the ignorance there is high chance that he will do the forbidden causing an accident. In the United States for instance, the leading cause of deaths for people under the age of 24 years is motor vehicle wrecks, of which 40% are alcohol related. When driving, the driver is in control of the machine with the decisions that he will make, when someone is drunk, the decisions that he or she will make are likely to be triggered by the intoxication resulting to the wrong decision. Some of the common forms of accidents that drunkenness leads to include getting into ditch, rolling, hitting another car (either stationary or otherwise), using the wrong lane resulting to head on collision, hitting pedestrians, and unnecessary hooting. When any form of above form of accidents occurs
Introduction Shoham, Hammond, Rahmandad, Wang, and Hovmand (2015) assert that there is an increasing number of studies that have established a correlation between body image and health behaviors such as physical activity, eating, and dieting particularly among the youth in the United States. The implication of such studies is that body image affects obesity. A person who interacts with such studies and bears is ignorant of sociological imagination may wrongly believe that obesity is solely an individual’s problem; obese persons are overweight because of genetic predisposition or personal dietary choices. However, from a sociological perspective, by analyzing the work of Carey, Malbon, Crammond, Pescud, and Baker (2016), it is evident that obesity is a widespread social issue resulting from an array of contemporary social and economic factors. Main body According to Kendall (2018), sociological imagination is “the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society” (p.6). From a sociological imagination perspective, there is both a subtle and direct linkage between obesity and the obese person’s surroundings. According to Shoham and others (2015), some studies contend that people’s social contacts, directly and indirectly, affect obesity-related behaviors, and therefore, the structures of social networks determine who becomes obese and who does not. Such linkage is what Shoham et al. (2015) call the social influence hypothesis. The model by Shoham and colleagues is correlational, and a critique would want to know if there is a causal relationship between one’s social contacts and being obese instead of just a correlational relationship. Causal or correlational, “a “model” is any simplified representation of reality that omits many details in order to provide insight into a problem” Shoham et al. (2015, p.2). in theory, many types of social influences on a health outcome are possible, and these include mechanisms other than social norms such as marketing, market forces, promotion campaigns, neighborhood crime, and socioeconomic factors like social capital. Social influence can be permissive or prospective, depending on the relatedness of those interacting. If a social interaction can encourage or limit behavior, it implies that it has a causal effect and not just a correlational one. In a study by Arhire (2015), the researcher uses the principle of luck egalitarianism to contend that “inequalities deriving from un-chosen features of people’s circumstances are unjust and therefore should be compensated for” (p.325). This statement implies that if there is proof that a given problem affects a group of people who are unequally predisposed to the risk factors of an adverse health outcome, then such an outcome ceases to be a personal problem, and it becomes a social one. In this way, indeed, obesity is a social problem and not just an individual’s issue. In the study by Carey et al. (2016), the researchers employ the residual conversion model as well as lifestyle drift on the issue of obesity to establish whether their approa
A number of factors fuelled the benevolent empire of the antebellum period, one of them being sectionalism. The north considered itself an economically stable region. In this regard, it never saw any reason of associating itself with slavery, which was a controversial policy in the world. On the other hand, the south was reluctant to abolish the system it was relied in producing goods. In fact, slavery was the backbone of the southern economy. The south could not manage to achieve anything economically without slavery. Due to this, the south could not let slaves free. A national debate emerged, with some individuals suggesting that the south should be forced to give slaves their freedom while others supporting the actions of the southerners. This angered the south to an extent of seceding from the union. With these new developments, the civil war was inevitable. Continued disputes between the powers of various states and the federal government were another factor that fueled the benevolent empire of the antebellum period. The states and the federal government engaged in legal tussles to establish who was superior to the other, with the case involving Dred Scott serving as an example. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Missouri state since the federal government had no powers to force any of the southern states to abolish slavery. Many people believed that states had more powers than the federal government, which brought about conflicts and tensions. Differences in economic developments in the south and the north could also be viewed as one of the factors that fuelled benevolent empire in the antebellum period. The north was in support of tariffs because it could give their industries and factories an advantage over foreign firms. However, the south was against imposition of tariffs since it could affect the prices of cotton, which was mainly exported to Europe. With this in mind, each region wanted the transcontinental railway to pass through their land. Since no agreement could be reached, the benevolent empire was inevitable in the antebellum period. Many people who demonstrated at the time wanted the south to abolish slavery and adopt a sound economic policy that would encourage development without humiliating one group. Reformers were able to bring some reforms in the country. Blacks and women were given some rights that would allow them to exercise their political and economic rights. For instance, women were allowed to engage in politics as voters while blacks could also select a candidate of their choice.
Museum Improvement The goal in this section focuses on the improvement of the museum based on the set budgetary allocations. It is important to note that a number of areas may need to be addressed. However, that must be done within the set budget guidelines. It means that one must focus on areas that need urgent attention because of their relevance and the level of the need. One of the areas that cannot be ignored is the audiovisual setup. The following goal will be important in the improvement project:   * To set up audiovisual and lighting requirements for the first three months of screening within the budgeted cost of AED 48,000 In the budget estimates, photography and videography have been allocated AED 4000 per night. The audiovisuals fall in this category of the budget. It is also explained that there will be one screening per week for three months. It means that per week, the cost will be AED 4000, which translates to AED 16,000 per month, and AED 48,000 within the three months. It is important to note that within that budget, all the photography and videography needs must be met. ELCC Standard Element Relevant to the Goal The goal set above seeks to ensure that the museum is subjected to continuous improvement by providing the necessary facilities needed for it to function appropriately. The ELCC standards focus on numerous areas of continual improvement and it is necessary to select the one, which is most relevant to the goal. Standard Element 1.3 has been selected as the most appropriate for this goal, and it states as follows:   * Candidates understand and can promote continual and sustainable school improvement This standard emphasizes the need to promote continual and sustainable improvement. Maintaining continuous improvement is not enough, as stated in the above standard. One must ensure that it is sustainable. In the goal set above, a budget has been allocated within which the improvement requirement must be met and must be within a given duration. In this context, it means that the expenses incurred in the improvement within the three months must be recovered from the operations of the museum within the same period. The museum must be capable of funding its internal activities and improvement programs without relying on external funding. Such self-sustenance is critical for the goal to be achieved sustainably. The ability to achieve the goal set above defines the student’s capacity to meet the ELCC standard element 1.3. Learning Activities to Address Internship Goal To achieve the set goal, it will be important to look at a number of learning activities. The activities must make it possible to set up audiovisuals and lighting requirements for the first three months of screening within the budgeted cost of AED 48,000. The following are the important learning activities that can help in achieving the in
Introduction According to Commonwealth of Australia (2008) the market for retail tenancy is a complex and dynamic amalgam, comprising of large and small business ventures, which are participating within the rental market as landlords and tenants. The commission offered estimates, that 290,000 retail tenancy leases are operational in Australia, and that an estimated 58,000 new leases are drawn every year. A large number of these rental properties are owned by 6 trusts/ companies offering around 10% of all rental retail space. The Australian retail rental market is characteristic with imbalances, where the tenants feel that they have little or no control over the leases. Despite the efforts of retail tenancy legislation, concerns are as pressing, as they were earlier. These concerns include the emergence and speedy development of the shopping center model, the lack of affordable, effective, accessible dispute resolution models – for checking the disputes between the well organized landlords and the, often, small scale, powerless specialty tenants. There is also the issue of limited familiarity to the shopping center model, as opposed to the common arcade format shops and shopping strip (C W A 2008, p. XIX- XXI). The effectiveness of developments in legislative control, towards addressing these imbalances of negotiation power between landlords and tenants has not been delivered (C W A 2008, p. XXIII). Also, the collective bargaining efforts to be affected under Trade Parties Act (1974) – which sought to offer increased accessibility by Jan 2007 was greatly not able to address the bargaining of small retailers towards the large shopping centers (C W A 2008, p. XXV). The case has not been any different for city authorities, as local territorial and state governments, through cooperative work with the commonwealth faced the need to facilitate a common code of performance for shopping center leasing, which is to be enforced by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. The areas to be addressed include the formulation of fair trading, lease lodging, transparency, dispute resolution and information delivery standards. The provisions would also address the cases of intrusion in matters of rent levels, minimum lease terms and the making of new leases (C W A 2008, p. XXXIII). At the Southport suburb, which is located close to the mid-point of Gold Coast, the case has not been any different – as rental retail shops have remained vacant, because of the extremely high lease rates, which are not affordable among the residents. The case is even worse, for those that are not able to offer security for financing or borrowing, for instance, the youths and the unemployed. In this line, a documentary of some of the properties was created, showing how the uncontrolled rental rates have adversely affected commercial rental occupancy (G C C C 2001, p. 23-24). The documentary gives reference to theoretical models on the issue of discussion, the works of other photographers which are related to the discussion issue or the documentary genre. This report is a reflection of the theoretical concepts in play,