ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Campaign description The campaign about SunSmart Victoria Australia is one of the most successful community health campaigns in Australia (SunSmart Victoria, 2012a). The initiative which was started in 1980s uses advertising with the aim of promoting sun protection and skin cancer prevention messages. The media messages used by SunSmart have been tailored to work with the community and culture awareness in Australia. The message used by the campaign has positively impacted the society as people have been able to consume the messages through the awareness. As a result, it has been possible for them to reduce the associated risks of skin cancer and sunburns. Australia is ranked as one of the countries in the world with the highest levels of skin cancer (SunSmart Victoria, 2012a). Current statistics indicates that among 3 Australians 2 will be diagnosed of skin cancer as they reach seventy. With more than a thousand Australians being threatened by skin cancer on a daily basis, the need to campaign by SunSmart to promote skin cancer prevention and sun protection campaigns has been prompted. In Victoria alone, reports by SunSmart show that four hundred and one people die annually from skin cancer. The major cause of skin cancer is overexposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Through SunSmart campaign, awareness has been created where people are informed on ways of preventing and protecting themselves from skin cancer. Ideally, the five measures adopted for sun protection are slip, slop, slap, seek, and slide. Media for the campaign The campaign is carried through the use of the print media, documentaries, video, through the radio and television. Currently, the campaigns are carried online to have the SunSmart campaign in the public domain. Campaigns carried through Facebook, for instance, are able to reach different people both at local and international levels. Market group The campaign major market group are the young people in the society who are prone to overexposure to the UV radiation which may lead to skin cancer. One of the memorable campaigns was carried by SunMart with Cooch Creative in 2010 where posters were placed in bus stops with the conveyed message of skin protection (Samuel, Colliss, Battista, & Zappia, 2010). According to SunSmart projections, Australia prepares for an increase in cancer among the ageing population, hence the need to emphasize on preventive skin cancer measures in early age (SunSmart Victoria, 2012a). As a result, SunSmart has been able to promote heath protective campaigns through social marketing with the aim of changing the behaviour of many Australians which improves health outcomes. Based by the analysis carried by the National Skin Cancer Awareness Campaign in 2006-2007 summers among the adolescents and adults, it emerged that most of the people in the population have been able to use any of the five measures advocated for the prevention of skin cancer. In Victoria there has been an increase in skin cancer and change in people’s behaviours as a result of SunSmart skin cancer prevention campaign (Sinclair, 2009). According to SunSmart Victoria (2012), young Australians of between 12 and 24 years are
Introduction Afghanistan has experienced many armed conflicts in its historical developments. The terms ‘war in Afghanistan’ may refer to Afghanistan’s Islamic conquest between 637 and 709, the subjugation of Afghanistan during 330 BCE and 327 BCE by Alexander the great, Mongol empire downfall of Afghanistan in the13th century, or a myriad of Mughal Empire campaigns against Persians in the effort to gain control of Afghanistan. Studying war in Afghanistan may also focus on the Anglo-afghan war, which occurred between 1839 and 1881 (first and second Anglo-Afghan wars), third Anglo-afghan war (1919), Soviet Afghanistan war of 1979 and 1989, and even various Afghan civil wars lasting until 2001. Although different scenarios in which the war was experienced in Afghanistan may be deployed in the discussions of this paper, the main focus is on Afghanistan war that resulted in the collapsing of Taliban, which is still ongoing since 2001. Summary The war that began in Afghanistan from 2001 up to the present time rose following the attacks of September 2001 in the World Trade Center twin towers in the United States of America. The war involves the US, NATO forces, and the allied forces that aimed to politically liberate Afghanistan by toppling the Taliban government. Taliban government was allied to the al-Qaida, which is the group that is held responsible for the September 2001 attacks. Gorge W. Bush of the US had made an order to that terrorist group to bring Osama Bin Laden in the hands of the United States while also banishing any links of the Al-Qaida, which boosted the group’s control in the fight involving Afghanistan’s Northern treaty. However, instead of extraditing bin Laden, Taliban recommended that he should depart from Afghanistan due to lack of evidence that he was the main architect behind the September 11 attacks. The move by the Taliban prompted America to initiate operations in Afghanistan without necessarily having to engage in negotiations. The United Kingdom, together with Germany, joined in the war later to topple the Taliban government, thus raising heavy attacks on the Northern Alliance (Keppel, Jean-Pierre, and Ghazaleh 32). The US and the associated troops forced the Taliban government out of supremacy and put in place martial camps within the main town of Afghanistan. However, this did not end the operations of the Taliban and al-Qaeda. The groups retreated to rural mountainous regions and in Pakistan. While operating from these bases, Mullar Omar reorganized the Taliban in 2003. The group initiated insurgency attacks against ISAF and the Afghanistan government. In this context, Keppel, Jean-Pierre, and Ghazaleh note, “though vastly outgunned and outnumbered by NATO forces and the Afghan National Army, the Taliban insurgents have waged asymmetric warfare with guerilla raids and ambushes in the countryside, suicide attacks against urban targets, and turncoat killings against coalition forces” (45). The government felt the impacts of the Taliban on the war. The gang subjugated the flaws of the government, such as fraud to ga
Regulations affect nearly all professionals from various fields including nurses and their practice, licensure and education; these regulations are always either external or internal. External regulations include laws, rules and standards formulated by legal authorities to govern the entire nursing body, while internal rules refer to the professional self-regulatory laws or principles that govern a nurse. This case study portrays a direct violation of the HIPAA privacy regulation rules since Dr. G discloses patient E’s personal health information (PHI) to Mr. H who has no permission by the patient to access his PHI. This rule states, “covered entities should not use or disclose individually identifiable health information to any party unless authorized by the individual or permitted under the regulations” (George et al, 2008). According to the 13 th rule of the New York State Public Health Laws (PHLs), the patient’s PHI and records should be kept private and confidential but this was violated. The patient acted within the law by refusing to be put in ventilator (rule 11). Dr. G also violated rule 10 by allowing Mr. H who is not a legal signatory to the patient’s medication records to sign against his wishes and to authorize him to be put in a ventilator. In as much as we witness a typical violation of HIPAA privacy regulation rules, in this case, Dr. G actually acted within the nursing code of ethics that emphasizes on the value of a patient’s life, protection from pressure and proper decision making over the strict observance of nursing regulations (Tschudin, 1992). This means that in a situation where strict observance of the rules might lead to fatal impacts; it is advisable for the doctor or registered nurse (RN) in-charge to execute decisions that would save the patient’s life at all costs. To save his brother’s life, Mr. B was justified to go against the details of the agreement he signed and to authorize the use of a ventilator. However, the impacts of such decisions on a RN could be devastating because they should document and report all occurrences to the administration according to the stipulated regulations. The state where registered nurses have the liberty to make essential decisions in line with their extent of practice and readiness to act is referred to as nurse autonomy. This area of practice largely clashes with the Board of nursing regulations, but they both work for the greater good of the patients. Moreover, Stewart & Dock (2006) verified that Nightingale Florence supported autonomy by quoting her vow that …I will do all in my authority to maintain and raise the level of my work , and will hold in self-belief all private matters committed to my custody and all famil
Introduction: The Legends, Revived Ancient Egypt is one of those mysteries which are yet to be solved. Taking a closer look at the specific culture and historical details of the famous state, one can see the whimsical mechanism of the world long gone. Djoser and Imhotep: The First Pyramid and the Last Tomb The pharaoh and his successor The pharaoh who made Egypt complete, Djoser ruled Ancient Egypt in 2635 B. C. His major accomplishment was developing the Egyptian architecture and making the state complete. As for Imhotep, he was Djoser’s right hand and the one who contributed to the further development of the architecture and art. A famous Egyptian architect, he was also considered the man who started the development of medicine in Ancient Egypt. A vizier, a physician and an architect, Imhotep was a true genius; no wonder that he was defined as a deity later on. Djoser and Imhotep, carved in people’s memories: the architecture When it comes to the architecture associated with Djoser, the first and the foremost thing to mention is that he was the one to begin the tradition of building pyramids. The pyramid of Djoser is considered the oldest and the first one ever made. As for Djoser’s second self, Imhotep, one must mark that Imhotep was actually responsible for building the Pyramid of Djoser. In addition, Imhotep is considered to be the first one who suggested using columns in architecture, not to mention the numerous drawings and plans which Imhotep made for various architectural elements. Realism in Ancient Egypt When reality strikes: the most accurate representations of the world When it comes to the specifics of the Egyptian sculptures, it strikes how well-designed the images of human bodies are and how weirdly these images are mixed with the animalistic imagery, mostly the images of animals’ or birds’ heads. For instance, the realism in the images of pharaohs is truly striking. Diving into the universe of the unrealistic: let your fantasy go However, when it comes to the images of Egyptian gods, the unrealistic elements become obvious. For example, the image of Ptah makes the audience rub their eyes – the image of a human body with a bird’s head at the top is truly striking. Falcon in Ancie
Situation 1- Remediation of PCBs in Sandy Soils Through Incineration Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are deposited within the soils because of man made activities that are carried out on the soil surface depositing several harmful compounds. Their presence in the soil can have negative consequences for the environment, which can portend harmful environmental health for all plants and animals dependent on that ecosystem. To counter the effects of these components within the soil, incineration technology has been chosen as one of the best remediation technologies for this pollution. This is because incineration can capture the contaminated soil deposits and PCB components and carry out the detoxification process away form the site the pollution has occurred 1 . Clean up by incineration takes place through desorption in situ of contaminated soils sediments by application of high thermal procedures, which enable the PCBs to be captured for destruction away from the site. Through the use of In –Situ Thermal Desorption technology, the procedure is able to heat is applied directly within the contaminated soil and the organic contaminant is then destroyed because of the strong amounts of heat are able to destroy these harmful components 2 . The technology does not have adverse effects on the air quality surrounding the areas in which it is deployed and it is able to detect contamination in extensively deep soil deposits, which would be harder to detoxify by other technologies. The technology has been found to be able to remove contaminants where contaminant molecules are destroyed in a highly vaporized facility and the only emissions from the process are in the form of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The time that the remediation technology can take in cleaning up the soil sediments of the contaminants varies depending on the specifications and the rules that have been put in place meant to guide and supervise the incineration procedures to be adopted. The set standards for incineration in soil environments with more that 50 pmm of PCBs has been set at 2 seconds residence time at a temperature of 1200 Celsius and 3% excess oxygen that is to be emitted once the vaporization has taken place 3 . The use this technology is encouraged more for vast areas of land because of the economies of scale it offers because of the high cost implication likely to be felt during its implementation. The destruction of PCB contaminants by incineration has been found to be inefficient when compared to other non-combustible remediation technologies. Some incinerators are known to release harmful substances that may have been newly formed or undestroyed thereby polluting the environment that is surrounding. The technology has been estimated to be able to clean up to 99.9% of the PCB contamination that exists within soil deposits where contaminations as high as 5000mg/kg have been found to exist. Some of these contaminations are between 6-18 inches in depth with a concentration of PCB’s being beyond 50ppm. The technology is not very suitable for smaller sites and may have potential damages for underground infrastructure
Introduction and Background Information Bill Clinton is one of the democratic American presidents who will always be remembered in the American history, because of his peace initiatives and longest economic expansion in the American history. He was the 42 nd president of America and ruled America for two terms from 1993 to 2001. Clinton was born in Arkansas in 1946 to parents Jefferson Blythe and Virginia Dell Cassidy. At his birth he was named William Jefferson Blythe, III, but because of his father’s early death (three months before he was born), which forced his mother to be re-married to Roger Clinton; Clinton adopted his father’s name ‘Clinton,’ hence, his name Bill Clinton. All throughout his early schooling years, Bill Clinton attended public schools such as St. John’s Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School, where he assumed different leadership roles. Later on he studied at Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, from where he graduated with a bachelor’s degree of Science and Foreign Service. His good performance enabled him to win a Rhodes scholarship to study as Oxford University College. After quitting his studies in Oxford, he joined Yale University, Law School where he graduated with a law degree (Miller Center of Public Affairs 1). During his college years Clinton was an active student leader who participated in numerous activities such as the Vietnam War protests and sports. It is during his years in Yale that he met Hillary Clinton, whom he married in 1975. Although his political life began while in college, he joined politics officially in 1974, when he vied for the United State House Representatives seat, which he lost. This never killed his political ambition, because in 1978, he was elected as a governor of the state of Arkansas, a position which he lost once and won four times; hence, giving him the a better chance of becoming the Democratic presidential candidate in 1992; which he won. During his campaigns Clinton promised to help the American economic situation to improve, to control crime, protect the environment, create employment opportunities, and control both foreign and domestic military expenditures. As a result of his achievements in his first term, he was elected for a second term in the year 1997, with numerous promises of making America a better nation. Some of bill Clinton’s promises during his second term included reforming the healthcare system and promoting global peace initiatives (Miller Center of Public Affairs 1). Achievements of Bill Clinton All throughout his rule, Bill Clinton main aim was to change the face of America politically, economically, and socially.
Introduction The importance of the army in the modern world is obvious. Despite the fact that the process of globalization makes the national economies integrated and national boundaries vague, the political sovereignty of every state is still to be protected with the help of military forces. In the past, this process lied in the face-to-face meeting of the two rivaling armies that found out which one is the strongest. Nowadays, the procedure has changed to the air force bombing of the enemy’s military bases and even civil cities. In any case, however, the role of the people that organize the development of the army has been crucial. In the American Army of 1775 – 1865 these were noncommissioned officers (NCOs) who were in charge of the military organizational issues (Smith, 2007). This paper will focus on the consideration of the four aspects of NCOs’ services in the US army at that period. Weapons To begin with, it is necessary to mention that the position of an NCO was not invented by the American military officials. Its roots go back to the Middle Ages when the English and French armies resorted to NCO services during the Hundred Years’ War. The major functions and duties of the NCOs have changed since that period, but the essence of their work has remained the same. They are often called the liaisons between the high-ranking military officials and ordinary soldiers. However, in the American Army of 1775 – 1865, the noncommissioned officers took part in the military operations as well. Drawing from this, they had certain weapons at their disposal, which, however, did not differ from what ordinary officers and soldiers had (Smith, 2007). First of all, the officers of the American Army of 1775 – 1865 were armed with rather symbolic, but applicable in the battle, sabers and dirks. Moreover, with the development of firearms manufacturing, the majority of the US army started resorting to the active use of rifles, rifled muskets, guns and cannons. These were the major weapons implemented for the NCOs’ use in the American Army of 1775 – 1865 (Smith, 2007). The major aim of every of the above mentioned weapon was to ensure the fulfillment of their duties by the ordinary soldiers and officers subordinated to the NCOs. For example, the usage of the Rifle and Light Tactics in 1855 added considerably to the great power of the Northern States Army in the battlefield. With the course of time, the duties of the NCOs changed, and so did the weapons they use (Smith, 2007)
“Between the World and Me by Ta-nehisi Coates” has broadly analyzed theme of African-American bodies, where Coates has based his arguments on how an individual can survive inside the body. He has highlighted how racism operates by manipulating, exploiting, and controlling black physiques and the consequential delicateness of the African bodies in a discriminatory society. Coates has drawn the fragility from blacks’ co-modification during slavery and colonialism, where black people were changed into objects with a fiscal value. He articulates, “how much they took from us and how they transfigured our very bodies into sugar, tobacco, cotton, and gold, and our stolen bodies were worth four billion dollars” (Coates 48). Between the World and Me analysis regarding the body theme reveals challenges and insecurities involved in living in an African American body. Precarious Nature of African American Body The precarious nature of African American body is dependent on the vast gulf amongst the world of blacks and whites. Coates recalls the gulfing after an incident when he was being summoned to teach the whites about his views concerning American history and racism and by explaining “what it meant to lose my body” (Coates 7). He says, “last Sunday, the host of a popular news show asked me what it meant to lose my body….no machinery could close the gap between her world and the world for which I had been summoned to speak” (Coates 7). Coates points out that a sign of the gulf between blacks and whites manifests in the context where there is expectation for him to enlighten his opinions while in mind the essential indication lies in the American history white mythologization. Coates is writing regarding Samori, his son, aged fifteen, who witnesses the fierce xenophobic killing of Renisha McBride, Eric Garner, Tamir Rice, and John Crawford. Samori seeing the killing forced him to understand that America was an aggressive environment for blacks early in life. Though Coates did not witness the killing, he points out the act of discrimination in these circumstances as inevitable because whites cannot reserve black kids in a position of “innocent” oblivion like the white children (Coates 10). Coates accenting on the body portrays the clue of personified acquaintance, meaning it is a means to understand the world via bodily experiences and bits of intelligence. Dangers Menacing Safety of the Body Coates has explained the hazards intimidating the protection of his body in the story of the death of Prince Jones after an encounter with Prince George’s County police. The report highlights how simple it could have been for Coates to be killed. Every bit of the story certifies that the total criminal justice system and American police are particularly unfair and set up to incarcerate, incriminate, and homicide black people. Coates says, “all our phrasing-race relations, racial justice, racial chasm, white privilege, racial proofing, even white supremacy – serves to obscure the racism” (Coates 10). Prince was a gene