ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Strategy is the course and level that an organization tends to pursue over a given time so that it can achieve competitive advantage over its competitors. Such organization has to use the available resources to meet the continuous market needs and even satisfy the expectations of its stakeholders. According to Markides 2004, strategy means making difficult decisions on a few activities. A company must define the parameters under which they base their decisions. On the other hand, strategy can mean, moulding of available resources within a firm in a specified direction in order to achieve success (Mintzberg 1987, p. 68). A clear image of the strategy must be revealed to ensure effectiveness of the strategy. Kathlene Eisenhart upholds that a strategy is a limited structure that outlines the path in which a firm will follow and expect to maintain in the future (Eisenhardt 1997). The operation level involves activities that the firm should engage in when in the market. The course is the direction that the business ought to take in the long-term (Zitani 1985). The resources are the skills, technocrats, finances, facilities, and assets that a firm requires in order to compete while those who have interests in the running of the business either directly or indirectly are the stakeholders. Stakeholders can be either internal or external. Additionally, there are three levels of strategies namely: corporate, business-unit and operational strategy. Operational strategy involves the organization of each part of the business to deliver the business-unit and corporate levels. This level deals with people, internal and external resources amongst others. The business-unit strategy, however, deals with the choice of products, customers’ needs, adventuring into new markets, and gaining competitive advantage over the competitors (The Strategic Planning Process 2010). Lastly, corporate strategy is the essential level as it encompasses the overall business scope and even guides the business decision-making procedures. On the other hand, strategic planning entails the attempt of defining or shaping the future. In addition, one has to develop a clear structure of the desired destination and expectation (Definition of strategic planning 2012). Therefore, an organization has to define its vision, goals, tactics, and objectives. Businesses have to forecast into the future in order to remain relevant and successful in the future and present dynamic market. Moreover, these firms have to evaluate both their internal and external abilities that can enable them sta
“Looking Glass Self” is a theory of sociology that explains the formation of personality through reflection. The theory posits that individuals learn from their family members how to behave, relate, associate, and carry out activities. The family influences an individual to adopt behaviors that are believed to suit the family culture (Yeung and Levi 17). Consequently, individuals tend to judge the actions of others through their own culture. This form of discrimination is referred to as ethnocentrism whereby an individual uses his own culture as a yardstick in measuring the performance of others. The three have three major rudiments. First, an individual imagines how he or she appears in front of other members of society. In society, each group has its values and beliefs. Groups tend to believe that their lifestyles are superior and as such, they should not be compared to those of others. In this regard, an individual would imagine the reaction of other groups towards his or her behavior. If other groups rebel against an individual’s behavior, such an individual would tend to revolt as well, and would probably develop a negative attitude towards other individuals in society. In society, change is inevitable implying that people are required to adjust to fit well in society. Ethnocentrism is known to prevent an individual from socializing with other members of society. Through judgment and evaluation, an individual develops an image, which shapes his or her appearance, verbal communication, attitude, and actions (Shaffer 16). From the theory, people’s actions are indeed shaped by cultural values and lifestyles. In my life, family symbols and sign language has helped in restructuring my consciousness. I tend to evaluate the actions of other members of society through my own culture and family values. When I receive negative comments regarding my behavior, I am tempted to believe that I am less attractive and appealing. Conversely, when I receive positive comments regarding my behavior, I am tempted to believe that people are pleased with my behavior. In the future, I will try as much as possible to keep off from behaviors that attracted negative comments from those I socialize within society. However, I tend to do things that received positive comments quite often. It is observed that the reflection of the self shapes behavior in many ways. In the film, the teacher experimented to show how class conflict is a result of societal construction. The teacher wanted to prove that children with blue eyes superior to children with brown eyes. After an experiment, children with blue eyes started accusing their brown-eyed counterparts. This is because they were believed to be inferior. In the next experiment, the teacher convinced the student to believe that those with brown eyes were superior to those with blue eyes. After the test, all students agreed that eye color should not be used to favor some groups in society. The teacher explained that she was against discrimination after the assassinatio
Social Psychology Social psychology is one of the primary subdivisions of psychology that tries to understand human behavior, through uncovering the effect of the social and cognitive process on human actions. That is, through the application of scientific research insights, it tries to understand how different individuals think, perceive their immediate environments, and react to varying occurrences in their lives. Unlike other branches of psychology that use global theories, for example, the personality theory to understand human behavior, social psychology uses a wide range of social and cognitive methods to comprehend human actions. The most common theories that social psychologists use include the attribution theory, cognitive dissonance, elaboration likelihood model, observational learning, and self-perception (Pinkney, 2010, p.1). Therefore, the primary goal of social psychologists is to analyze people’s thoughts, beliefs, and actions, by analyzing interpersonal relationships and interactions between individuals and effects of cultural factors, for example, the media, on people’s behaviors. How Social Psychology Differs from Other Disciplines Although there are numerous similarities between social psychology and other branches of psychology, one primary concept that makes social psychology a distinct discipline is its focus on understanding the main “social” elements, which shape human behavior. One feature that makes social psychology a unique subject is its principle of correlating different concepts from different disciplines, done through research and analysis, in an endeavor to understand human behavior. Human beings have a tendency to learning from each other; whereby, depending on the level of reinforcement or punishment, individuals can either copy or avoid certain behaviors. Therefore, to understand such ideas, it is the function of social psychologists to conduct empirical studies on effects of the different social and cognitive process on human actions; hence making social psychology a unique discipline, because of its distinctive methodical approach. For example, unlike folk wisdom whose primary sources of facts are anecdotal observations and prejudiced interpretations, social psychology is an empirical-based discipline, whose main source of insights are scientific researches. There is also a difference between social psychology and personality psychology, in that, unlike personality psychology that centers on single traits, characteristics, and views, social psychology focuses on the effects of occurrences in people’s immediate environments on their behaviors (Istudi, 2010, pp. 1-3). Another discipline that most individuals confuse with social ps
Discuss the early role of the NAACP. What were they working for? Would you consider them radical? The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed at a time when Booker Washington had been the most influential African American leader (Holt 1997). The NAACP was formed mainly to help stop racial discrimination and segregation. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) also fought for African Americans to be granted voting rights. The NAACP also helped fight for better political and economic conditions. The NAACP was radical since it fought many legal battles and fought against ideologies of some of the most prominent African American leaders like those of the late Booker Washington and the government (Dagbovie 2010). Discuss the role of African American women in Progressive Era reform. What types of activities were they in and why? African American women formed various clubs that helped the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to fight against the Jim Crow segregation laws (Dagbovie 2010). They came together and formed numerous clubs that were instrumental in assisting the less privileged African Americans in the society. They provided accommodation for the sick and poor African Americans. They also provided accommodation for African American women who were at the time working. These clubs also helped the NAACP to fight discrimination against African Americans through the legal and political systems (Painter 2006). Why did African Americans leave the South and rural areas in the early 20th century? What reality did they find in urban communities? African Americans moved from the rural south after Jim Crow segregation laws were enacted. The whites in the south decided to enforce the segregation laws by lynching African Americans who tried to compete with them politically or economically. African Americans left the south in search of better economic opportunities. However, their migration brought about racial tension and riots in both the northern and southern states (Dagbovie 2010). The riots were a result of conflicts over job resources, segregation, and racism. The African Americans who had migrated slowly came to realize that racism was not only limited to the rural south. What were the views of Marcus Garvey? How was he different or like his predecessors? Choose at least 2 and explain. Marcus Garvey had been among one of the most influential African American leaders in the 1920s. Marcus Garvey wanted African Americans to move back to Africa. However, his plans never materialized as he was subjected to ridicule by fellow African American leaders and the government (Sadler 2009). The two groups worked together to make sure that Marcus Garvey was out of the picture and he was soon deported. He was different from the other prominent African American leaders since he, unlike the rest had a large number of followers
Microcredit is kind of loaning that instigated in Bangladesh in the fiscal 1970s. The process entailed giving out loans to micro-enterprises or small businesses with the objective of assuaging the skyrocketing levels of poverty. In fact, the micro-loans were issued by the Microfinance Institutions that had very high interest rates that were intended to cover the allied high outlays of giving such micro-credits (Pitt & Khandker 1998, p.960). Since the micro-credit was purposely a mechanism to relieve poverty, people who lacked steady employment and those who had low credit scores were able to receive these micro-loans which acted as their capital to start and advance their respective business enterprises. Microfinance pains and gains For many years, announcements by organizations that they extend their commitment to microfinance investing substantial amounts of funds have been indications that institutions now take the strategy seriously. Microfinance investment has the capacity to give the fund with a combination of solid growth and attractive returns, relatively different from equity markets in developed economies. Nonetheless, many efforts of individuals in microfinance institutions show a sector on edge with its new position as asset class for global investors. Indeed, many are troubled b
Introduction I would like to examine two topics that are closely related to one another. First of all, I want to focus on the causes of increasing inequality in the United States. Additionally, it is important to discuss the role that the government should be allowed to play to address this problem. There are several reasons why these topics are of great interest to me. In my opinion, this issue affects millions of people, and one should understand the factors that contribute to the unequal distribution of wealth. This knowledge can have significant implications for policy-makers who need to develop strategies for the long-term development of the country. However, it is even more important to identify the steps that the state should be allowed to take to achieve this goal. The main task is to make sure that governmental policies do not infringe upon the rights of citizens. Overall, the complexity and importance of these topics are the main reasons why I have selected them among others. The main questions that should be examined In my opinion, my research on this topic may reveal several important results. For instance, it is possible to conjecture that the deregulation of various industries is closely tied to growing inequalities, especially between employers and employees. Moreover, I may learn about the impact of globalization on the ability of people to make use of their economic opportunities. Additionally, the study of this topic area may indicate that the political power of the middle class has significantly decreased over the last three decades. Moreover, it is possible to speak about the increased competition in the labor market. These are some of the issues that should be considered. I intend to learn more about the successful models of diminishing inequality. In this context, the word successful implies that the economic development of the society is not impaired. The idea that wealth should be redistributed by the government has been examined by many scholars. Yet, the main objective is to identify the models that have already proved to be effective. It is important to remember that the increased wealth of some individuals can be attributed to their ingenuity, creativity, and ability to find innovative solutions to existing problems. Moreover, policy-makers must make sure that social reforms do not stifle the activities of such people. This is the key issue that should be addressed. The sources that can be used Two sources can be incorporated into this research. For instance, it is possible to mention George Packer’s essay Broken Contract. In this work, the author highlights the idea in many countries, including the United States, the economic elites were able to increase political power. This writer attaches importance to the increased role of lobbying since it is one of the forces that shape American political life (Packer par. 13). Furt
Henry IV Part One is a history play of the most prominent and outstanding writer of the English literature — William Shakespeare. This play is part of the four-part historical series or tetralogy devoted to the history of the rise of the House of Lancaster — a famous English royal family. Henry IV Part One is a play about to the story of the heir of King Henry IV — Prince Hal. The young Prince is depicted as a controversial character whose actions and behavior seem to be inappropriate for the future king. Prince’s father, Kind Henry IV is deeply disappointed in his son’s behavior. Henry IV is worried about the future of the throne as far as he believes that the Prince, who revels with criminals and wastes his treasures and time in dingy taverns, cannot become a good king. However, it turns out that Hal behaves in such a way on purpose, and his true intentions are to become a good kind. Although Hal’s type behavior is not expected from future king, his involvement in the life of ordinary people gives him significant opportunities to become a good leader. I answer to the essay question because I want to introduce and support my opinion about the controversial nature of Prince Hal’s character and behavior. The character of Prince Harry is central in the play Henry IV Part One . Actions of play are depicted in several dimensions including the serious world of the King and the comical and entertaining like of Falstaff, Hal’s friend. The play starts with the presentation of the world of King Henry IV. From this part, readers become familiar with the fact that King is not satisfied with the behavior of his son: Yes, there thou makest me sad and makest me sin In envy that my Lord Northumberland Should be the father to so blest a son, A son who is the theme of honour’s toungue… Whilst I, by looking on the praise of him, See riot and dishonor stain the bow Of my young Harry. (1.1.80-86) These words of Kind Henry demonstrate not only the disappointment because of son’s actions but also a worry about him being appropriate to become the next king of the country. The next scene of the play starts with the conversation between Prince Harry and his friend, Falstaff. William Shakespeare uses antithesis to describe a sharp difference between two worlds. The controversial and complex character of Prince Hal is vividly portrayed in Scene 2 of Act I. Harry carouses with lazy, fat, thieving, and lecherous knight Falstaff. The first words of Hardy hardly can be perceiv
Employee relations issues are the day-to-day occurrences in the working environment among employees, friends, family members, strangers, and even employer. They may be positive or negative leading to workplace violence. Workplace violence may involve physical violence, threats, insults, molestation, intimidation, or any act that disrupts peaceful environment at workplace (The USDA Handbook on Workplace Violence Prevention and Response, 1998). Such issues arise when employees are not equipped with the right methods of solving the matters arising in their work place. The probability of work place violence is always high since people spend most of their time at workplace, exercising teamwork in most activities. According to the National Security and intelligence Unit in America and Canada, statistics have shown that the fastest growing crime is workplace violence. This is not only happening in the US but all over the world. Murder cases have been reported many times resulting from work place violence, making the level of security at workplaces wanting. The following essay will cover on the employee relations issues and the potential reasons for workplace violence whose major cause may be interpersonal conflict and management decisions among others. Interpersonal conflict Interpersonal conflict refers to a situation where colleagues in a work place or an employer and his junior collide, and they may not be getting along well. Most people in workstations spend so much time conflicting amongst themselves, avoiding conflicts, or recovering from conflicts. It includes bullying, intimidation, harassment, competition among workers among others. Interpersonal conflicts in workstations may lead to stress since colleagues spend the better part of the day together. It may also lead to physical violence when a solution is not found on time. Below are some of the reasons that lead to interpersonal conflicts at work. Sharing of work among colleagues may lead to conflict whereby some employees feel that their partners are not contributing enough to a share of work given. Other interpersonal conflict arises when employees feel that there is no one to run to in times of conflict especially when senior personnel collides with his/her junior. Different professional groups working in the same unit may also be a source of interpersonal conflict where by one team suffers form superiority complex and intimidate or harass the other group. This is mostly evident in the medical professions where doctors always look down upon nurses thus resulting into conflict. If job description is not clearly outlined to the workers, conflict with the supervisor may arise when one does not accomplish what is expected of him/her or between employees when blaming each other on a piece of work not done. At times, the workload may be beyond the employee ability, where by their leader are not sensitive and they give th
With the modern realities associated with globalization as well as with the growth of global markets, leaders are greatly challenged by developing an effective leadership strategy for running their organizations. Furthermore, the nature of the challenges leaders face is also changing quickly, even though various leadership methods used for developing effective strategies remain unchanged. The two consistent topics that relate to the current state of global leadership development are the complexity of the changes and the pace of the changes that occur in the modern environment of leadership. For example, the last ten years have caused many companies in a variety of industries to engage in rapid and effective changes to adapt. Many experts state that the 2007 recession greatly influenced the speed and the development of the business environment, which became greatly different from the one of ten years before. Roland Smith, the senior faculty at the Center for Creative Leadership, stated that modern global CEOs identified one of the primary issues regarding effective leadership – the inability to adapt to the complexity of the modern global business environments (Petrie, 2014, p. 7). Global Leadership Development Issues A framework for identifying major issues regarding global leadership is made up of four characteristics of the global leadership environment: volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous. Within the volatile and uncertain environment of global leadership, changes occur quickly, so there is a very little possibility to predict the future of the changes with any certainty. The global environment is complex due to the fact several components influence one’s business and very little can be done to resolve the complications. Lastly, the environment if ambiguous due to the little clarity of the possible events as well as the consequences of these events (Petrie, 2014, p. 7). Statistics regarding global leadership trends go hand-in-hand with addressing the issues. Leadership skills are one of the most ‘trendy’ talents required for a company employee to have. According to the survey conducted by Canwell, Geller, & Stockton (2015) from the Deloitte University Press, nine out of ten global human resources departments and companies’ leaders mentioned leadership as the most important issue (para. 1). However, only six percent of the surveyed companies stated that their human resources were prepared for the leadership challenges posed by the current business environment. Furthermore, the leadership capability gap has grown exponentially in the last three years with the largest gap in the Middle East (-44) and the biggest gap in the Nordic countries (-30). The reason behind the leadership gap occurring in companies relates to the fact that many of them do not address the issue of leadership consistently. The process of leaders’ selection is often sporadic; the management selects a small number of employees to promote to leadership positions without caring to invest in training and establishing a unifie