ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Pattern, Design, and Strategy The analysis of business approaches and strategies through non-standard assessment practices may be a productive procedure that facilitates a detailed review of a particular business and draws conclusions about its sustainability and growth indicators. As such tools, special techniques are applied, in particular, Morgan’s metaphors and the frames proposed by Bolman and Deal (2017). The organization called the Defense Media Activity (DMA) will be utilized as a target company, and its position of a senior HR specialist will be reviewed. The use of appropriate techniques and concepts can make it possible to describe this business comprehensively from the perspective of implications for both leadership and employees. The use of certain patterns and designs to promote the company in the market is part of a strategy that involves close interaction with the target audience and helps increase the credibility of the organization. Business Patterns and Designs Business patterns may be described as models that represent the structure of work and form the basic principles on which a particular activity is built. According to Beynon-Davies (2018), these app
Introduction All forms of human interaction involve communication, which means transferring and receiving of information between the involved parties. The process involves a sender, a receiver and a message, which is transferred from the sender to receiver through different media, which facilitate the transfer of the purpose or reason underlying the message; but mere communication is not enough. The communication between involved parties should be effective, as this ensures the achievement of the purpose of communication and in absence of an effective communication, there are chances that the message will not convey its intended purpose or might be interpreted wrongly by the receiver. Communication may be verbal or non verbal but in either case, effectiveness is important. In the effective communication process, when verbal, two important constituents may be listening and speaking; speaking is concerned mostly with the sender listening is concerned with the receiver. But in the process of listening and speaking, there might be different communication barriers involved that may prevent the transferring of message and for this reason, it is important to teach people how to listen and speak effectively when communicating with each other. Due to the importance of listening and speaking in the process of effective communication, there are courses that have been designed to improve these skills. This report deals with different aspects of listening and speaking, its importance in the communication process and criteria for evaluating its effectiveness. Besides, it also discusses ways of teaching students to enhance their listening and speaking skills, based on different strategies and methodologies. Background of learning skills Listening and speaking are both important part of communication process but more than often, it so happens that people consider speaking important but do not give sufficient attention to listening. This thought was more prevalent in earlier days when listening as well as speaking were taken as natural tendencies and it was thought that people only require teaching of reading and writing (Nunan, 1997). But this thought changed onwards specially after 1950s. every once in a while the emphasis shifted on listening like in 1960s, the prominence of oral language increased the importance of listening but then it again faded and came back in 1980s with the increased importance on comprehensible
The importance of SBE While discussing the importance of Stakeholder-Based Evaluation, it is necessary to consider some basic points of the case study. First of all, it should be noted that the main purpose of the study is to show how the organizational context and certain evaluation methods can help the stakeholders with feedback for program improvement. The basic advantages of Stakeholder-Based Evaluation include improved evaluation’s credibility of stakeholders, a concentration on certain purposes and staff development. Generally, one is to keep in mind that there are two key approaches concerning program evaluation. On the one hand, systemic collection of certain data is recognized to be one of the most effective ways to reduce uncertainties. On the other hand, program evaluation is regarded as a methodologically oriented application of certain procedures. In other words, one can conclude that there are two different positions concerning program evaluation. Scientific objectivity and its meaning Another important point, which cannot be neglected, is that program evaluation is to be based on communication of findings. Generally, it should be pointed out that the selection of the evaluation criteria is extremely important, in order to meet the requirements of a client. Taking into account this fact, one can probably notice that the interpretation of findings totally depends upon the stakeholders, who seem to be the experts of their program. “Stakeholders must be part of the evaluation to ensure that their unique perspectives are understood. When stakeholders are not appropriately involved, evaluation findings are likely to be ignored, criticized, or resisted” (Milstein & Wetterhall, 2012, para. 28). Rossi, Lipsey and Freeman (2004) emphasize the evaluation of social programs, as according to them such programs are designed “to benefit the human condition – rather than efforts that have such purposes as increasing profits or amassing influence and power” (p. 6). In other words, it is obvious that the concentration on purposes rather than activities can be regarded as one of the key advantages of SBE. Formative evaluations It should be noted that the focus of the evaluation plays a dominant role. For instance, one focus can be related to program design; while another one can be related to program implementation. As far as the focus determines the principal goals of the program, different types of evaluations can be created. To choose formative evaluations, it is necessary to determine the ways, which can be used to make the program more effective. On the other hand, there is a
Nature of the Research The author of this article primarily conducted a review of the previous data collected by National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth (NLSCY) and Labour Force Survey. Essentially, the research in this article was based on the Canadian child population aging between four to five years through the use of cycles 6-8 of the NLSCY. Conducting quantitative research, the author employed a T-test to explore the cognitive score gaps between the children from rich and poor families. Since many previous studies have been done to explore the cognitive skill disparities between the children from poor and rich families, the author of this article sought to focus on the impact of breastfeeding on children living in poverty and those living in rich families. Summary of the Key findings The findings in this article evidenced that, an educationally rich home environment is more significant to the development of cognitive skills in children than breastfeeding. Though breastfeeding is statistically significant as a key factor influencing the development of cognitive skills among the children; educationally rich home environment was found to be more significant. This implies that promoting breastfeeding alone can be considered as an insufficient policy recommendation to address the issue of childhood poverty. The author of this article proposes that, besides breastfeeding their children, there is need for poor mothers to enrich their children with cognitive skills development with concrete learning skills like reading with them, helping them solve problems and also taking them to higher levels of education. Through this strategy, the author of this article believes that cognitive skills gap between children from rich and poor families would be reduced. How the article fits in the field of sociology Despite that sociologists have largely focused on the factors affecting cognitive development in children, very little has been done on how breastfeeding relates to cognitive skill adoption. With this article focusing on whether breastfeeding can solve cognitive skills inequalities that are usually common among children from poor and rich families, the findings of this study are quite useful for explaining some social problems that less privileged children from poor families face. Besides breastfeeding alone, this research seeks to explore whether the socioeconomic class-based gaps and resource disparities between children from poor and rich families affect the cognitive levels. This article seems to conform to chapter two of the book ‘American Individualism – Child Rearing and Social Class in three Neighbourhoods’ which is based on American individualism and social class revisited. In both the book and the article, the role of resource gaps between children from poor and rich families is explored. Refutations and Similarities with non-scholarly periodicals The findings of this article seem to differ from a study conducted by the Public Health Agency of Canada (2009) which advocates that breastfeeding is the fundamental source of cognitive development; though some
Introduction Sony Pictures Entertainment (SPE) Inc. is an entertainment organization that acquires and distributes media in the form of recorded videos, theatrical motion pictures, and television programs across the globe. In 2011, SPE suffered a breach that was considered as one of the most significant data hacks in history. Sony stated that it had put appropriate security measures in place to prevent any future breaches. However, shortly after, which is three years later, in November 2014, the company was again hacked by a group referred to as the “Guardians of Peace,” and substantial and sensitive information was stolen. The second attack was supposedly associated with terrorism. Moreover, in both attacks, approximately 100 terabytes of data were stolen, and it constituted confidential customer, employee, and other organizational data. Specifically, these comprised usernames, passwords, unreleased movies, sensitive information regarding Sony’s network architecture, and personal information about employees and clients. The second breach elucidated the ignorance and laxity of Sony in implementing stringent data protection measures. Protection of Personally Identifiable Information Personally identifiable information (PII) is described as data that can be used to trace or differentiate a person’s identity. For instance, a name, biometric records, social security number, place, and date of birth. In the event of the SPE breaches, large volumes of PII were stolen, including social security numbers, salaries, and other PII regarding both the employees and users. As a result, according to the “CIS Critical Security Controls: Guidelines,” several critical control measures can be implemented to protect PII. For instance, SPE can begin by securing the configurations for hardware and software on electronic devices and servers through the installation of antivirus software and firewalls to prevent unauthorized attackers from gaining access to the systems. Second, SPE can perform assessments on the operation of security skills and training of employees to fill in the gaps. This is because the most common and conventional methods that hackers use to gain access to systems are by phishing employees. The third is data protection through the encryption of sensitive data. Assess the Impact of the Breach on the Company In 2014, numerous data breaches generated significant media attention; however, none had a substantial impact as the Sony breach. These breaches have resulted in commercial fallouts, large-scale international negotiation and sanction issues, national security implications, and perso
Introduction   * Oral hygiene in young children is concerning.   * One in three children has cavities at 3 years old, and one in two has them at 5.   * Parents often use non-prescription drugs without consulting doctors.   * Overuse or misuse of antibiotics and analgesics may lead to adverse outcomes. Dentists cannot do much to address the issues of child dental health unless the child is introduced to them early in its life. However, parents often refuse to trust doctors or misjudge the severity of the issues and resort to self-medication. Overuse of drugs may lead to antibiotic resistance, indigestion, and diarrhea for antibiotics and headaches, weakness, and nausea for analgesics. Literature Review   * Garofalo et al. (2015) conclude that 69.2% or more of Italian households participate in self-medication, with 53.4% doing so at least once a year.   * Medical services were considered unnecessary or too expensive.   * Dar-Odeh et al. (2018) state that 59.3% of females in their study reported that they participated in self-medication.   * Unwillingness to visit a dentist, limited access to services, lack of medical insurance, and inappropriate pharmacist behaviors were cited as reasons.   * Nayyar and Tavargeri (2018) note that 61% of parents have medicated their children without consulting medical specialists.   * Socioeconomic class was directly correlated with the incidence of self-medication practices.   * Gohar et al. (2017) claim that 77.25% of their study participants medicated their children, with 66% doing so while the children were aged 1-5.   * 45% of participants have done so 3-4 times per year, primarily due to lacking knowledge, money, or specialist access and the minor character of the issues.   * Shehnaz et al. (2014) note that overall, approximately 70% of parents medicate their children 3-4 times a year for a variety of reasons.   * They also describe practices such as the use of old prescriptions to obtain restricted medications.   * KomalRaj et al. (2015) note that 100% of their study participants employed self-medication and 60% reported to medical drugs to do so.   * Many people practice alternative medicine, sometimes in conjunction with pharmaceutical drugs. People from disadvantaged backgrounds were more likely to medicate their children, usually with antibiotics and analgesics due to their ability to alleviate pain. KomalRaj et al. (2015) propose measures such as education about the dangers of self-medication and improved pharmacy control to avoid a deterioration of the situation. Results   * 87.5% of parents, 76.5% of whom were mothers, used medication without consulta
Introduction Economic indicators show the statistic of an economy. They are used to analyze the economic performance of a country. Besides, they are used to predict future performance. Another use of economic indicators is to study the business cycle in the economy. That is, they can tell whether an economy is at recession, boom, or recovery. Based on timings, economic indicators can be categorized into three. These are coincident, leading, and lagging indicators. Some of the economic indicators include gross domestic product, employment rate, stock market prices, consumer price index, and industrial production (The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 2012). Leading indicators Reflectively, “leading indicators change before changes in the economy are felt” (“The Conference Board: Business Cycle Indicators Handbook”, par. 4). That is, they change direction in advance before the business cycle. Some of the leading indicators include average weekly hours, stock prices, interest rate spread, housing permits, new orders, and consumer expectations. In as much as the indicators are given much attention in the economy, they are meaningful when used within the framework of lagging and coincident. Lagging indicators In the ideal situation, “lagging indicators change after the economy as a whole does” (“The Conference Board: Business Cycle Indicators Handbook”, par. 8). They change direction after coincident indicators. These lags usually occur after a quarter of a year. Therefore, they are not beneficial for economic analysis and are often ignored. In some instances, they help to confirm the movements of leading and coincident indicators. In addition, the series help to warn us of structural imbalances growing within the economy. For instance, “represent costs of doing business, such as inventory-sales ratios, change in unit labor costs, and the average prime rate charged by banks” (The Conference Board, 1999) Coincident indicators Coincident indicators provide information about the current state of the economy. They are expansive series that measure aggregate economic movement. This is because they change approximately concurrently as the whole economy. Some of the coincident indicators are trade sales, production, employment, manufacturing, and personal income. The Principle Federal Economic Indicators are “Consumer Price Index, Employment Cost Index, The Employment Situation (which includes the unemployment rate and payroll employment), Producer Price Indexes, Productivity and Costs, Real Earnings, U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes” (United States Department of Labor, 12). The table below summarizes the statistics for some of the economic indicators. Table 1.0 Statistics for economic indicators.    Type of the indicator  Economic indicator                    Index  1  Leading                Stock prices 500 common stocks        0.0304 2  Leading                Money supply, M2                      0.3034 3  Coincident             Personal income less transfer         0.2830 4  Lagging                The average duration of unemployment  0.0370  Interpretati
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a self-regulating federal law body that imposes legislation against workplace discrimination. The EEOC investigates various forms of workplace discrimination based on race, age, sex, color, pregnancy, religion, retaliation, sexual harassment, and disability. It has the power to begin court proceedings against employers on behalf of the affected persons and to arbitrate claims of discrimination brought against employers. Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), employers are prohibited from engaging in any form of discrimination against their staff. Whenever any cases of discrimination are reported, the EEOC may enter action to enforce the enactment of this legislation. Generally, attorneys from the EEOC will work with the claimant and defendants to ensure that workplaces conform to the Title VII provisions (EEOC, N.D). Role of EEOC in Age Discrimination Age discrimination occurs when an employee is discriminated against on grounds of age. In paper, the term can refer to employees of all ages, however, studies show that persons aged 40 years and above suffer the highest proportion of all discrimination cases. The United States Code contains a section that deals specifically with this form of discrimination, known as the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA). This legislation aims to protect persons aged 40 persons or more from age discrimination. The Older Workers Benefit Protection Act of 1990 (OWBPA) revised several parts of the ADEA Act to chiefly ban firms from holding back benefits to employees aged 40 years and above. Under SEC 626 of the ADEA Act, the EEOE has the power to investigate reported cases of age discrimination against workers. Employees who feel discriminated due to age by an employer can file for charges with the EEOC. The employee must first file a charge with the EEOC before filing a lawsuit against the employer (EEOC, N.D). Consequently, the EEOC can take up the case and investigate the charge. It may seek to have the victim reimbursed for lost wages, given a promotion, or even get employed, depending on the form of discrimination reported. Besides, various expense reimbursements may be sought: attorney fees, witness fees, and any other expenses incurred in the search for justice. Compensation and punitive measures may be undertaken when deliberate discrimination has been undertaken against a worker (Directgov, 2011). Under SEC 614 of the ADEA Act, the EEOC can undertake appropriate studies or investigations to determine if companies comply to the ADEA legislation on cases such as involuntary retirement. After completing its investigations,
The topic of civil rights in the United States is extensive, with many events contributing to the advancement of liberties for all citizens. Rosa Parks together with Martin Luther King are the two commonly known civil rights advocates. However, most citizens in the United States do not know enough about Park’s life and the protests she contributed to as part of her civil rights advocacy. This paper will summarize articles by Huso, NewsMakers , and Theoharis to discuss the details of Park’s legacy. Parks is a famous figure in the history of this country and specifically in the context of Civil Rights. Huso describes her primary contribution as “sitting down to take a stand” (82). The activist refused to walk out of a bus when asked to give up her seat for a white person. While in modern-day America, the context of events may be challenging to understand, at that time, racial segregation was a legal norm. However, many citizens, including Parks, protested against the unfair treatment for years. The famous events happened in Montgomery, a city in Alabama. At that time, Parks was 42 years old, taking a seat in the black section of local public transport (Huso 82). A common perception of these events is that Parks was exhausted after a long day of working, but Huso argues that her actions were a result of a growing civil rights movement (82). Hence, Parks’ actions were not an example of spontaneous defiance but instead a well-planned effort to oppose the segregation policy. A bus with white and black sections was just one example of how the country treated its citizens from a legal viewpoint. The bus boycott contributed significantly to the civil rights movement in the United States. The initiator, Parks, was arrested and fined a sum of $14 after these events (“Rosa Parks”). This did not stop Parks from engaging in civil rights advocacy in the future. Moreover, with this protest, Parks risked being abused physically, apart from facing legal consequences, due to the social tensions in Montgomery (Huso 82; “Rosa Parks”). These details point to the idea that Park’s actions were more than a protest of a woman tired after a long day at work—it was her statement against segregation and racism. Although Parks’ most recognized contribution is the bus protest, she has been a civil rights advocate for years and has contributed to the movement in other ways as well. According to Theoharis, the conversations about Rosa Parks and her achievements often avoid the “uncomfortable truths” that do not allow one to understand racism in America completely. For example, the famous mug shot that American students see in their history textbooks was not taken after her most famous action—refusal to leave a bus. In fact, this photo was taken at the sheriff’s office a year later, after Parks and 88 other individuals were arrested for protesting in 1956 (Theoharis). Parks was arrested a year after for a protest, yet t