ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Career Description Information on a career is necessary for trainees and job seekers as it enhances understanding of different careers. Knowledge of individuals is necessary when seeking a job. To get this knowledge, a career description is crucial. With well-defined descriptions of various careers individuals can learn what is expected from them, functions and positions of the career, opportunities in the field, the qualifications required to practice, opportunities and threats in the field as well as the positions available in the field. Nursing is involved with many roles depending on the type of nurse. These roles include the provision of primary health care, research, provision of mental health services, supervision, making decisive plans, diagnosing and prescription, and education to the public among others. After graduation, I want to be involved in the doctorate of nursing practice, since I am advancing my nursing degree. I am morally responsible, I am kind, thorough in my duties, considerate, and self-disciplined; characters that will enable me to effectively help the sick and injured out of pain, and participate in promoting quality healthcare. Since the field is involved leadership and providing primary health care to the sick and injured, my character trait together with the knowledge, experience, and skills I have achieved during the learning course, I can easily and effectively help the sick and the injured people to recover, and participate in enhancing quality health. Opportunities in Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP) Nurses in DNP have an advanced nursing degree. They have a greater focus on evidence-based practice and leadership which is involved in immediate impact on the delivery of quality health care. Only a few nurses at the doctoral level have the skills to transform the practice environment to get immediate impact, which is an opportunity in the field, creating extensive opportunities for graduates in doctoral nursing practice. An advanced nursing degree is required to practice as DNPs. During the education, the doctoral program ensures the trainees have covered applied research, human biological sciences, direct healthcare health policies, and health clinical leadership (FITZPATRICK, 2003, pp. 37). Pros and Expectations Doctoral nursing practice is an acceptable and available option in education where nurses are exposed to extensive professiona
The human right system as defined by the United Nation Human Rights System is a system whereby, the fundamental rights of humans are observed as well as character and worth of all the persons. Included in this system is the application of equal rights and system to all persons. The United Nations have set a preamble on the rights that should be assigned to humans. The preamble preaches of application of human rights to all people with maximum fairness and campaigns against discrimination, whether on the age of the person or sexual orientation. Many rights are discussed in the universal declaration of human rights proposal in regard to the rights of individuals in a given country. The thirty articles contained in this declaration all aim at ensuring that the people rights are observed at all means. The rights speak of a general importance of the people having the equal rights to others and living together in the spirit of brotherhood. The purpose of human rights is to be able to protect human agency and to protect humans against abuse and oppression. Negative freedom is fought against through the underlined rights. According to Ignatieff, the rights subsistence is also important as the right of agency, since both of them fight against torture (Gutman, 2001). Though the subsistence right is not, negative freedom is equally as bad because it causes cruelty and punishment to the people. The importance of human right is to protect human agency, which is not always inclusive of the negative freedom only. However, just because human rights are enforced does not mean that the people will live a wonderful life. The sole purpose of these rights is to ensure that individuals do not face any kind of abuse and torture. Proliferation of right is however discouraged, as setting out rights that are not necessarily needed to protect agency may weaken even the power of the enforcers. Achievement of the international human rights may be a problem due to proliferation of rights since it is hard to achieve an intercultural assent to rights. Human right also faces a problem of nationalism. By nationalism it means the right of self- determining. The problem with nationalism is that if it has to be practiced, the majority have their way while minority have just their say. Some people will benefit while others lose. Ultimately, nationalism means that some rights will be observed and others violated; this is however not what human rights stands for since it seeks to make sure that the right of all individuals are observed and equality is the main driving force (Gutman, 2001). The United Nation has a dream of creating a global community, which observes human rights. Anthropology plays a great role in this by carrying out a research on the different culture, and also monitoring the observance of rights and when need arises in fighting against incidences of violation of rights. Anthropology is a big advocator of the human rights through collectively fighting of human rights and for individuals. Anthropologists have also shown great commitment in the political area, inv
The article outlined the proposal in the bill and its implications, especially on children. The bill indicates that it is illegal to administer therapy on patients without a recommendation from the psychiatrists as well as their own approval (Australia Health Commission 2011). The parent may hinder the treatment even when the child who is above twelve years old requires it. The article further implies that the bill will affect the freedom of persons suspected to be mentally ill (Weare 2000). The fact is that the bill seeks to ensure that mentally ill persons receive treatment effectively without stigmatization associated with mental illnesses. This letter addresses the advantages of the bill that the opponents are not willing to discuss. For a long period, the stigma associated with mental illnesses has prevailed and hindered proper treatment of individuals suffering from mental illness (Power 2010). The government established the Mental Health Commission in Australia to help in handling increased cases of mental illness. Mental illness affects most people through depression, stress or stigmatization. The need to handle the health menace has led to the formulation of the draft Mental Health Bill 2011. The draft bill 2011 seeks to change the way in which patients are treated by formulating better ways of minimising the menace (Richards 2010). The first major proposal in the bill addresses the manner of examining a person to determine whether he or she is mentally ill (Australia Health Commission 2011). Lack of proper policies to diagnose mental illnesses brings stigmatisation of patients. The bill proposes the manner of handling an involuntary patient (Hattie 2004). The need to create a mechanism on how to handle involuntary patients is imperative in reducing such cases, especially where mentally ill persons become violent. After conducting the examination, the bill proposes the patients’ detention of not more than seventy-two hours before being taken to the hospital (Huff 2012) The bill also proposes the manner in which the authorities especially the police officers need to handle such involuntary patients. The bill allows the application of force if the patient is not compliant or turns violent (Australia Health Commission 2011). The bill however criminalises the use of electrodes and electric shocks as a way of calming down the patient if the person applying the shocks is not an auth
Introduction Many different studies have been conducted to determine the considerations and possible applications of spirituality in family therapy. The world is home to many spiritual beliefs that are perpetuated by different religious practices. Spirituality is a term that refers “to the ultimate or immaterial reality, an inner path that guides a person into to discover and understand the essence of their being or the deepest values and meanings by which people live” (Franklin & Lockwood, 2009, p. 33). Spirituality can be exercised through “practices such as contemplation mediation and prayer”; practices that are intended to develop an individual’s inner life (Franklin & Lockwood, 2009, p. 33). Researches conducted regarding spirituality and religions indicate that these two continue to form an important part of society (Rootes, Jankowski, & Sandage, 2010). There is vast evidence indicating that spirituality through religion continues to form an important aspect of family and marital stability whereby more spiritual families are found to be more stable (Anderson, 2009). Thus the inclusion of spirituality in family therapy is thought to have a positive impact on the outcome of the therapeutic process. This paper seeks to review, summarize and integrate current research and literature concerning the application of spirituality in family therapy and then propose research that will extend work in the use and influence of spirituality in family therapy. Spirituality and family According to Walsh spirituality forms the basic bonds that hold family members together and throughout life, a mutual influence is seen between family life and spirituality (2010). Important spiritual beliefs play a role in strengthening members of a family. Any positive spiritual experiences that are shared by the family result in increased faith among the members. On the other hand unfavorable, complicated spiritual convictions can wound family “members, their spirits, and their relationships, and as a result, those who are injured are seen to turn away from their family and faith” (Walsh, 2010, p. 333). Families form basic units in the community or society in which common directions in life are established. Based on the culture and the traditional beliefs that are passed from one generation to another each family establishes its spirituality. Major events that take place in the family may result in the strengthening or establishment of new directions. Many studies indicate that when individuals get married, the vows that they exchange are spiritual. It has further been established that spouses who are similar in religious affiliation, beliefs, and practices report greater personal well-being and relationship satisfaction, less conflict, a
Introduction From a general physiological point of view, several human body activities and systems are controlled by hormones. These biochemical substances may therefore alter the normal body functioning or restore its normalcy depending on the existing conditions of the body. It is important that correct measures of particular hormones are maintained to avoid occurrence of health complications associated with hormonal imbalance in the body. This essay synthesizes Hyperthyroidism, a disease caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone in the human body. Among other sections, the essay covers the definition of the disease, causes, symptoms, prevalence and treatment. Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is a hormonal disease, which occurs when there is excess production of thyroid hormone in the human body system. Thyroid hormone is produced by thyroid, a gland found in the front of a person’s neck. This hormone is very essential to body operations as it regulates metabolic rate, a process through which food is converted into energy (Carlton, 2011). As a result, it affects cholesterol, heart, bones and muscles. This implies that any deviation from the normal production of thyroid hormone can result into a wide range of complications, most of which are fatal. For instance high thyroid production may lead to excessive sweating, faster heartbeat, nervousness and being moody among other changes. In some cases, the disease may be diagnosed accidently due to lack of distinct symptoms. As mentioned in the above segment, Hyperthyroidism can manifest itself in countless ways. It is worth noting that the disease can mimic signs and symptoms associated with other health complications, making it difficult to be diagnosed and treated. Weight loss is a common symptom, where patients drop their weight regardless of their normal appetite. In cases where the heartbeat changes patients may experience tachycardia, irregular heartbeat or palpitations. Changes in bowl movement and physical enlargement of thyroid are also common symptoms. In women, Hyperthyroidism may result into alteration of menstrual cycles (Rowland, Schumann & Ewigman, 2009). It has to be underscored that Hyperthyroidism affects both men and women, since human bodies produce thyroid hormone. However, research indicates that there is variation of prevalence among men and women and the presence of some diseases further act as predisposing factors. For instance, people with leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRw3 are at higher risk of developing the disease together with those having HLA-Bw35 (Iglesias et al., 2010). The presence of iodine in a particular region may determine the likelihood of the disease occurring since the element acts as an immune stimulator. Apart from these predisposing factors, Hyperthyroidism is caused by Grave’s disease. One of the complications of this disease is that the body’s defense systems attacks and destroys thyroid gland (Rowland, Schumann & Ewigman, 2009). The body usually responds to this condition by producing excess thyroid hormone, triggering the onset of the above mentioned complications. Hyperthyroidism can be treated in several ways, depending on a number of fact
“The Murder” by John Steinbeck tells a story of a man named Jim and his wife Jelka. They live on a farm, and their relationship is described as being strange and distant. As Jim is unable to find a true partner in his wife, he leaves the house to meet another women at the local town establishment. Jelka is described as a beautiful and attentive wife who can predict Jim’s wishes. The story ends when Jim finds his wife with her cousin together, kills the man with his rifle, and then beats Jelka, after which she cooks him breakfast as if nothing has happened. “An Error in Chemistry” by William Faulkner centers on a man who kills his wife and calls the sheriff to admit his deed. After he is taken to jail, he amazingly escapes. No one is aware of his whereabouts, and the sheriff, as well as the town people, are dealing with an old man who has locked himself in a room and does not come out. Everything goes according to the murderer’s plan until the moment when he collects the insurance and sells the land. He is then discovered to be impersonating the old man while the real father of his wife was killed (Hillerman, 2001). Both of these stories are filled with mystery, and the reader is left wondering until the very end. In “The Murder” by John Steinbeck, the plot is left unspecified and there are no details that can lead to anything to be understood by the reader. The way Jelka is described cannot be linked to anything in the story as her character is rather strange, even to her husband Jim. The references that are made to the farm and the calf are not revealing any plot details, but seem to confuse even more. The mysterious nature of the story comes to light when Jim decides to leave and Jelka is knitting, as it is unclear why she is acting in such a strange way, and the discovery that Jim makes proves the irregular nature of her actions. William Faulkner’s “An Error in Chemistry” has a plot that is filled with mystery. The reader cannot imagine any possibility of how the murderer got out of jail and why he wanted to go there in the first place. The sheriff contemplates why he would want to admit the murder, instead of quietly and quickly escaping. The mysterious nature of events makes one wonder as to how the plot will unravel and what will be the ending, which greatly adds to the mystery of the story. In the end, the mystery is discovered, but the effect that the story makes is still strong, through the illustration of deception. The stories belong in the mystery genre as there are many questions that are unanswered to the very end. They might be considered criminal or detective stories since both involve murders and somewhat of an investigation. The key to any mystery story is to make sure that the readers are unaware of the truth, thus creati
The sphere of personal freedom is an area of human life that relates to the individual directly. Moreover, each person has the liberty to choose and pursue a purpose of one’s preference, arrange life according to desires, and work together with other individuals to achieve a specific goal. Moreover, the difference of views is a positive phenomenon that stimulates progress and should not be suppressed (Mill, 1859, p. 29). If someone behaves according to inclinations and personal opinions and these actions concern only oneself directly, then unlimited freedom is necessary. However, it is absolute as long as it does not overstep the boundaries of others. The principle of state intervention is that individuals, separately or collectively, may have the right to interfere in someone’s efforts only for self-preservation. Each member of a civilized community can be subjected to some coercion if it is essential to prevent such activities that are harmful to others (Mill, 1859, p. 13). Every person who enjoys the patronage of society owes a reward for this. The fact that individuals live in the community makes it inevitable for them to fulfill specific rules of conduct. A human must perform the labor share to protect the state or its members from any harm (Mill, 1859, p. 25). The state has the right to compel any individual to fulfill these duties, and the urge to prevent the possibility of violations of the rights of others is the only reason for this intervention. Reference Mill, J. S. (1859). On liberty . In J. Bennett (Ed.). Routledge.
Introduction Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders are representatives of the Australian indigenous population who face many difficulties nowadays. The situation with native populations is the same almost in most countries. The colonization and social changes have led to the disadvantageous status of the indigenous population. In the following paper, the current problems of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders will be investigated from the historical and cultural perspectives, and the possible solutions to the problem will be suggested. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders — overview of the current disadvantages The indigenous people of Australia inhabited the territory more than 50 000 years ago. The diversity of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders was immense. Before British colonization, the population comprised of more than 700 000 people who spoke almost 300 different languages and had even more dialects. Aboriginal people differ from Torres Strait Islanders in cultural and social patterns (Anaya 6). Currently, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are regarded as an unacceptable part of society. They do not have access to proper education and healthcare. The rate of unemployment is higher among the indigenous population. The disparities in education are evident. For instance, 96% of the non-indigenous population achieve the benchmark for numeracy, grammar, and punctuation, while only 63% of indigenous people receive the same results. Employment is another problem. Statistics show that the level of employment of the native population comprised 35% in 2009, while 70% of the non-indigenous population is employed (Urquhart par. 18). Also, native people have a lower income in comparison to non-indigenous. All these factors affect the quality of food, access to health, and other general living conditions. The number of the indigenous population was 550 000 in 2011, according to census data. These people comprise no more than 3% of the overall Australian population. The poor quality of life influenced the life expectancy of the indigenous population as well. Thus, non-indigenous people live 10-15 years longer than indigenous. The general lifespan of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders is 65 years (Benevolent Society 3). Understanding the disadvantages The causes for current disadvantages can be understood from the historical and cultural perspective. Aboriginal culture has a direct connection to further disadvantages. It should be noted that their culture has always been based on spirituality and tight contact with land. Thus, Aboriginals never divided the land. According to their religion, they belonged to a particular area. Another significant feature of their culture was close relations between family members (Dudgeon et al. 26). The culture of Torres Strait Islander people differed from Aboriginal’s one. Torres Strait Islanders’ culture was united on an economic basis. As far as they lived on different islands, they had to support each other. Islanders were
Introduction “Green Travelling” is a popular term nowadays, it is associated with such notions as “sustainable environment”, “ecotourism” and “responsible travelling”. A green traveler is the one who tries to save the natural environment and to minimize personal impact on the cultural treasures of the region where he/she is travelling. In this report, I am going to explore the question of the green travelling and research how green traveler I am comparing to other people who also consider themselves “green travelers”. The purpose of this report is to establish a way in which travelers should practice environmental friendly trends, and come up with patterns of traveling. In patterns of traveling, walking over 18k distance takes about 30minutes, in which only six trips can be undertaken. If a bicycle is used, one covers a longer distance of 120kms in only 15 minutes for coverage of 12 trips. If one decides to use a public service vehicle, individual owned cars and trains or by air, there is a tremendous difference in time taken and distance covered. Travelling by air proves to be the fastest method of traveling as 1600kms distance can be covered in only 45minutes, for two trips. The second fastest mode of traveling is by use of train followed by individual owned cars. Nonetheless, the most environmental friendly mode of travel that is fast is a bicycle. (James & Bethany 3
Communication is one of the essential parts of people’s lives. Modern society can be characterized by extensive interaction of people from different countries and different continents. Boundaries diminish, and people start visiting not only neighboring areas, but fly across oceans and learn about different cultures, gain new experiences. However, despite such freedom in terms of overcoming distances, people still have difficulties with cross-cultural communications, since each nation gained particular social peculiarities due to many historic, social, geographic and many others factors. Fortunately, people has started considering this issue, thus, there are a lot of approaches to solving this problem, and many researchers suggest several ways of overcoming difficulties. First, it is necessary to point out that there are several definitions and understandings to the very notion of communication. In 1960s researchers suggested that communication is interchanging of meanings via different “symbols and signs” (Reisinger 2009, p.166). But in 1990s scholars suggested a new understanding of this notion, which is confined to the ability of people to share ideas and reach the same opinion, i.e. people not only communicate some idea but try to convince the interlocutor to accept this idea, thus, the result of communication is shared idea (Reisinger 2009, p.167). Though, this definition cannot be precise, since it is difficult or even impossible, and hardly necessary to make people share the same meaning. The major purpose and result of communication is to transfer one’s idea to other people, so that they could understand it and adequately react. Unfortunately, sometimes people even within the same language and culture fail