ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Sexuality and its psychological aspects compose one of the main driving forces uniting people and shaping their multi-faceted life, including biological, mental, and socio-cultural factors. Within the framework of human values, sexuality is an innate human need and one of the most significant aspects of their existence (Johnsdotter & Essén 2010). Sexual health can be defined as not only the absence of any painful changes in the human body, which can lead to a decrease in sexual function, but also an integral complex of interacting components of sexuality. The paramount aim of sexual health promotion is to provide sexual behaviour basics, contribute to the optimal sexual adaptation and ensure sexual harmony in accordance with the norms of social and personal morality. This paper will focus on such health issue as female genital mutilation / female genital cutting (FGM / FGC), the practice that still exists in some countries and implies the removal or cutting of women’s genitalia. Despite the current initiatives that are implemented by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international institutions, FGM is considered as a procedure that purifies a woman and makes her less lustful by some nations, living primarily in African countries. In fact, this procedure violates female reproductive system and causes physical and psychological suffering. The promotion of the increase in awareness of FGM’s factual role and impact is likely to eliminate it and ensure that women will avoid it. This paper will analyse how cultural, ethical and legal aspects affect the application of FGC in detail. In particular, traditions, beliefs, the perception of women and laws will be examined with the aim of determining the relevance of the existing sexual health promotion initiatives. Background Sexuality of a modern person is largely freed from biological determinism and depends largely on psychological and socio-cultural factors. The need for reproduction is separated from the need for sexual satisfaction and communication (Bjälkander et al. 2012). Socialisation of sexuality is manifested in the assimilation of sexual and social norms, a culture conditioned by sexual education and, the development of attitudes, the kinetics and postures of sexual intercourse and the development of attitudes towards sexuality and beauty. The WHO specified sexual health as “a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence” (Sexual health n.d., para. 1). In this regard, it becomes evident that FGM violates the rights of women to be free of coercion and discrimination. It should be stressed that females are subjected to this procedure against their will and, as a rule, are given no anesthesia, which makes them suffer for the whole life. Sexual health is considered in terms of a socio-psychological aspect due to t
Introduction Film making is a process that involves various components to achieve a high-quality film that will capture the interest of the viewers and meet their diverse needs. Some of the major components of a film are the plot sound, characters, writing skills, music, ideology, theory among others. The main point of focus in this essay will be writing and analyzing how the aspect has been handled in the film pulp fiction (Penzler 2006). Pulp fiction review Pulp fiction is an American film that was directed and written by Quentin Tarantino and won many awards too including seven Oscars, the Palme d’Or award and it was acted by renowned actors such Samuel Jackson and Uma Thurman. The film which is about crime is a hit film that had very high ratings when it was released this is due to the writing skills used such as dialogue, humor, and irony amid violence, cinema allusions, and references to the pop culture for example Jackson wears a very big afro on his head. The writer intertwines the many different stories that appear chronologically, to create the film. Tarantino (1994) says that “the stories include a mysterious stolen briefcase Los Angeles mobsters, fringe players, and small-time criminals”. The film begins with two small-time thieves (Pumpkin and Honey bunny) in a diner taking breakfast and then they decide to rob the place, the writer then moves to another story where there are two characters involved, Vincent and Jules, who are in a vehicle, one driving while the other talks about his experiences in Amsterdam. They are on a mission to execute another character (Brett) who is in the custody of a very important briefcase that he stole from their boss a renowned gangster, Marsellus. The characters fear their boss who is known to be very brutal and merciless, the writer yet again changes to another story of an aging character (Butch), in a cocktail lounge waiting for Marsellus to strike a deal with him. The character is a prizefighter, he agrees to Marsellus’s demands to lose in the next game, for which he was given a heavy payment in return. The story goes back to Vincent and Jules who deliver the briefcase back to their boss, after which Vincent decides to pass by lance’s house a drug dealer where he obtains heroin. The writer shows the close relationship between crime and drugs and also does not leave out the issue of women as Vincent
Introduction An 18 hour childcare for children aged between 6 months to 12yrs is a serviced based business model intended to provide reliable childcare to women and men within communities who are working. The business was invented to capitalize on the market opportunity due to demand for such services (Godin, 2000). Accordingly, a series of market researches were conducted and conclusions were made in regard to the customer preferences for childcare services while at work. Most of the working men and women were finding it a challenge to jargon between childcare and their careers. This essay will describe the business model and potential benefits that will emanate from its establishment. The establishment process will be analyzed to reveal the potential success and problem solving from the business innovation. The opportunity The pilling demand for childcare services has called for realization that such services must be of significantly great quality (Aggarwal et al., 2003). Parents, employers and the society stand to gain a lot from quality childcare services. The changes taking place in the United States and the entire world at large are gradually replacing the ancient function and composition of the community. Besides, the increasing growth in economy has necessitated the unprecedented preference for child care facilities especially with the local community. Accessibility to efficient childcare facilities has a lot to give back to the social, educational and emotional growth of children. There are open gains for the economy resulting for childcare services. The absence of reliable and relevant childcare services complicates many men and women to obtain and sustain job related opportunities and the jobs in particular. It is in this light that a market survey was conducted where it was discovered that the facilities are very few in the locality. And those that are currently available had issues concerning the safety of the children time in time out, reducing the confidence vested in them by their customers. It is due to these discrepancies in the business that an opportunity presented itself to carry out the services more efficiently than the existing facilities. In so doing, success was just but a few meters away. Ensuring success In providing guarantee for success, the previous attitude towards such facilities in regard to security was to be wiped out first. Second, there are various codes of standards set out by the Child Care Act 2002 (Peter & Rowan, 2008). Any business that conforms to the set laws of a particular country has a good base ground for prosperity. In this respect, the business model innovated will ensure total compliance to the laws governing childcare services to promote the level of assurance among the working parents. The business has set up the site of the facility in an area with ample field for playground and all the safety measures fitted to
Introduction of Disease: Dengue   * Also known as breakbone fever.   * Brought about by dengue virus and vectored by female mosquito species (such as Aedes aegypti) (Schmidt et al., 2011).   * 50-100 million cases of dengue in Africa every year which leads to approximately 25 000 deaths annually.   * Symptoms: headaches, fever, joint and muscle pain, skin rash (Guzman et al, 2010).   * Casualty rate 1-5%, but the patients who develop low blood pressure have fatality rate of 26% (dengue shock syndrome or dengue hemorragic fever).   * Spread in over 110 countries worldwide (34 African countries).   * Complications: neurological problems (dengue encephalopathy) – increased mortality and morbidity rates. The rates of dengue awareness in the world are rather low due to the fact that there are other widespread diseases similar to dengue. Malaria is a good example of such disease. The researchers focus on malaria and ignore the growing rates of dengue as these diseases have similar symptoms. Many dengue patients end up getting treatment for malaria to which they do not respond. Lack of systematic surveillance and testing results in thousands of unrecognized cases of dengue and rapid growth of the number of affected individuals every year. Causes of Dengue   * Vector productivity.   * Viral infectivity (a mosquito gets infected biting an infected person, and then passes the virus to multiple victims).   * Host defenselessness.   * Expanding urbanization (larger groups of people living near each other).   * Travelling.   * Ecological and climate variables (high temperatures, high humidity, span of daylight). The disease spreads especially rapidly during the stormy seasons when dampness, winds and rains lead to the maximization of the population of mosquitoes. Urbanization is a powerful factor which participates in the disease transmission as it gathers larger numbers of people in certain districts where they become infected quickly over short periods of time. Individuals with lower immunity are easy targets for the disease as they end up getting worse outcomes. Areas and Populations Areas:   * Almost all African countries are exposed to dengue;   * High risk countries are the ones with higher urbanization and more humid climate (Tanzania, Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Ghana, Zambia, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, Kenya, Angola, Namibia, Somalia among others). Populations:   * The disease affects people of all ages;   * Adults aged 26 to 49 are affected more than children;   * During 2008-2013 men were reported to transmit dengue twice more than women. Travelers are known to be one of the causes of the spread of dengue plagues. One infected person moving around is c
Literature Review Many types of research and investigations prove the harmful influence of smoking. They state that it is one of the most dangerous habits that destroy people’s health. It is estimated that smoking amounts to $27.3 billion in 1976, including $8.2 billion for health care costs (Max, 2001). One of every five deaths in the USA is related to smoking (Chew, 2017). Smokers die from cancer, pneumonia, bronchitis, and other illnesses that result from the inhaling of numerous harmful substances found in smoke. Chemicals and nicotine that cigarette smoke contains destroy lungs, blood vessels, and other important organs that guarantee the efficient functioning of an individual, and smoking cessation mitigates breathing problems (Willemse, Postma, Timens, & Ten Hacken, 2004). Less than six percent of smokers are able to quit the bad habit (Cinciripini, Wetter, & McClure, 1997). In fact, the number of smokers who manage to quit the bad habit clearly indicates that nicotine addiction presents a problem that should be addressed based on facts despite the diversity of opinions concerning the topic. Smoking is a great burden for society because it costs a lot and deprives society of certain income. Financial reports indicate that $193 billion is spent annually in the USA because of the spread of this habit (“Cost of smoking,” n.d.). The bigger part of this sum is spent on smoking-related health care. Moreover, statistical data also show that a common household where at least one member smokes devotes a significant part of income to cigarettes (“Cost of smoking,” n.d.). Manufacturing cigarettes also costs a lot. In the modern world, the tobacco industry has high revenues and income that could have been spent to develop other important spheres. I have reviewed several credible sources and statistics related to the issue of smoking and its costs. To me, there are better ways to spend this money and help people by promoting their health. Smoking should be banned internationally to protect people and countries from its negative impact. Smoking can lead to financial consequences due to the amount spent on healthcare and cigarettes. It affects all systems of organs and decreases the quality of life. The research paper argues that considering numerous health issues caused by smoking, the necessity of smoking bans is supported by public opinion. Methods A survey that included ten questions of different types was used
Partnering for Relief Global leaders have what it takes to sustain efforts needed in poverty reduction. There is a probability that at least after the 2005 World Economic Forum whose theme was Partnering for Relief, the measures that were put in place could be sufficient for sustaining a battle against poverty reduction. Since they were inaugurated in the 2005 summit, the Young Global Leaders have launched several task forces in the regions that are likely to be of global priority in 2020. An example is the Reinventing Aid project that is meant to refocus on international aid and channel it toward meeting the Millennium Development Goals in which poverty reduction is inclusive. The task force also focuses on other areas like security, health, education, and the environment. Additionally, after the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan, a delegation responded to the Young Global Leaders’ appeal and established a task force whose key purpose was to revive the tourism sector that has been crucial to recovering the economy. The recent appointment of Rajiv Shah as a chief scientist in the US agricultural department shows the efforts that President Obama is putting in to minimize poverty since Rajiv Shah is a former Young Global Leader appointed by the World Economic Forum. There is a collaboration between the World Economic Forum and the Schwab Foundation of Social Entrepreneurship to give support to profitable businesses whose purpose is public-based. Opening up a networking society for visionary business people who are passionate about adding value to society is one of the aims of this collaboration. Supporting the foundation has enabled the high mobilization of funds for investment by social entrepreneurs. This is also meant to make them be role models that can inspire their own nations and the world over. The publications of World Economic Forums support the work carried out at meetings and summits. One of its key publications is authoritative in addressing the economic competitiveness of nations globally. Different leaders in academia, government, and business use research from World Economic Forums to devise policies that can suit both their private and public sectors. Five Tools and tools for Sustainability Among the tools that sustain international Non-Governmental Organizations is first collaboration. The growth of upcoming local enterprises has been a product of the collaboration between the World Bank and some International Organizations. The joint collaboration between the World Bank and some international organizations enhances the growth of domestic industries through the provision of support in form of information, logistics, and technology. Secondly, there is international governance, which lays down guidelines regarding the economic opera
Introduction During the early medieval epoch the heroic epos was one of the predominant genres of literature. The people imagined different stories about supernatural power of ancient warriors who defeated cruel and devastating monsters and mythological beings. The heroes were immortalized in different kinds of myths, folklore and epical sagas. Various nations have their own folk heroes and epos. The Scandinavians have Nibelungs, the Slavs – Prince Igor and the English and German – Beowulf. This epical saga was revised in the literary work by John Gardner Grindel. This paper is dedicated to the study of the connection between classical epos of Beowulf and Gardner’s work through the analysis of Gardner’s toying with the conventions of the warrior code, the place of heroes in Grendel , and the challenging of the construction of Beowulf, the character and the text by Gardner. The study of the connection between classical epos of Beowulf and Gardner’s work During the Medieval epoch the war and battle were the things that only most honorable and worthy men were allowed to participate in. The honorable death in a battle was the most appreciated and desirable fate for any warrior. Thus, any ancient epos is based on the warrior code. The protagonist of Beowulf is a young, but extremely powerful warrior who releases local population from the violence of a terrible monster Grendel. Beowulf is a violent combatant, who turns into wise king and leader at the end of the epos. All of his actions are strictly subordinated to the serve of the warrior’s dignity or moral code. The essential part of Beowulf’s text is dedicated to manifesting the theme of heroes’ subordination to the Germanic heroic code. According to this ancient moral code each warrior possessed such values as strength, courage, and loyalty. The code also manifested hospitality, generosity, and political skill as the major properties for kings and lords. The set of rules was strictly respected by every ruling man or combatant, it explained that time warriors’ overlook and relations to each other and moral judgments. Thus, any individual actions in epos are regarded only as prove or violation of the code. Thus, the ancient manuscript demonstrates no instances of the personal thoughts or acts of the heroes, every scene or action manifests the supremacy of social opinion or moral code under a personal desire or will. In contrast to classical epos, the author of Grendel, endows the characters of his novel by personal opinio
Online giving is an efficient strategy to raise funds within a short period. Online channels are effective as they enable the organization to reach vast populations within hours and days. Social media play the essential role in this process. Millions of people in Canada, as well as worldwide, have the Internet access. The vast majority of the Internet users are subscribers of one or several social networks. People are eager to be a part of a digital community and contribute to the development of their local or any other community in the real world. Primary Components of the Plan This project will involve the use of such major tools as the newsletter, email, and social media. The newsletters will be sent to existing donors, which includes any donor that sent any amount of money and who agreed to receive emails from the organization. The newsletter will be inspirational and will include the information on the new project and amount of money needed. It will also include the references to the existing digital community (Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn) and an invitation to join in. The donors will be encouraged to participate in various discussions on such topics as homelessness, joblessness, family issues, coping strategies, personal issue and so on. People will be invited to share not only their money but their ideas, emotions and even parts of their lives. Alongside with newsletters, emails will be sent to loyal donors. Each email will be personalized (as it will contain a couple of sentences referring to the relationship between the organization and the person). The letters will mainly thank for past participation, invite to donate some amount of money. More importantly, it will include an invitation to participate in the discussions that start as a part of the project. Social media use will be the central tool used to fundraise. It is important to start a particular group within the social networks mentioned above. These groups will be the digital communities that focus on the project. Within these groups, subscribers will discuss issues mentioned above. The coordinator of the discussion will provide information on the project, the amount of money collected, the amount of money needed, the importance of a new shelter for people, people who have benefited from existing shelters and who will benefit from the new home. The funds will be raised with the help of the static tool “Donate Now” button. The newsletter and email will have the reference to this tool. The coordinator will also encourage subscribers to donate through the button during online discussions. Those who donate will note the name of the project to make sure that their money goes directly to the project. Resources Required The project does not require significant resources as the campaign is digital. The major resource will be the time of the fundraising manager who will develop the newsletter, emails, create the groups and coordinate the online discussions. The Ask   * FROM: Fundraising Manager, Blue Door Shelters   * TO:   * DATE: March 16, 2016   * SUBJECT: Building for a New Shelter, Home for New Homes and Accomplishm
Following the 9/11 terrorist attack orchestrated by al Qaeda in 2001, America’s world transformed forever. Conspicuous changes included a fresh era and a new term called Homeland Security. Despite the lengthy pursuit of al Qaeda leader, Osama bin Laden and his ultimate killing by the Navy Seal team, the security threat to America’s homeland still continues. As demonstrated by more than 50 terror incidences, some thwarted while others successful, the U.S. must always remain watchful and continue to safeguard the country (Oliver et al., 2015). The principal strategies for responding to any terror occurrences and natural catastrophes are all anchored in local responders. Homeland security remains an organizational and administrative response to actual and potential threats. Therefore, National Incident Management System (NIMS) aligns with the homeland security structure in various ways. Firstly, following the 9/11 attack, the Homeland Security Act ordered every level of a government agency to NIMS for responding to any type and size of emergency. The objective of this direction was to provide a synchronized, unified, and joint response during any disaster. As part of efforts to reinforce homeland security, NIMS has a crucial component called Incident Command System (ICS) to address all disaster-related issues (Oliver et al., 2015). NIMS seeks to allay every friction and accelerate emergency arrangements encompassing various responses from many concerned institutions by acting as the common, scalable, and adjustable system used by involved parties. Moreover, its compulsion was strengthened in 2003 by Presidential Directive 5 on homeland security. Secondly, NIMS can fit into homeland security by offering a comprehensive, national tactic to case management pertinent across functional disciplines and every jurisdictional level. NIMS has matched this role by becoming appropriate across an entire spectrum of potential hazards, incidents, impacts, irrespective of complexity, location, or size (Oliver et al., 2015). It has improved cooperation and coordination between private entities and the public through various incident management undertakings and offering a unified standard for general incident handling. Thirdly, NIMS offers a reliable framework and method t