ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This research is aimed at studying the relationships between modern popular culture and the English language. In particular, I intend to describe the change that feminist movement brought to the lexicon, like for instance, the arrival of gender-neutral language. In addition to that, it is of the crucial importance to explore the underlying causes of this phenomenon. Expected difficulties It is necessary to take into consideration that this investigation involves a wide scope of activities. As it has already been mentioned, the research should describe the influence of feminist movement on the English language. The main difficulty is how to describe this phenomenon in oral conversation, especially the frequency of its occurrence. Additionally, it is not easy to combine various forms of data collection, some methods can be disregarded, which may have detrimental effects on the validity of the data. Methodology As it has been pointed out this investigation has to cover a great number of aspects. To some extent, it belongs to the field of anthropological linguistics; therefore, it combines research methods of these two disciplines. In this respect, I would like to say that in this case, research techniques can be classified according to two criteria, first, the field of science, and secondly, the relationship between quality and quantity. Regarding linguistic research methods, I can single out the following, descriptive analysis and observation (probably, it would be better to say recording). Sociological methods will include, interview (structured and unstructured,), statistical survey, using grading scale (or Likert scale, as it is also known). Now that we have enumerated the research methods, that can be employed, it is of the utmost importance to describe their peculiarities, their advantages, and disadvantages, especially within the context of this investigation. Regarding descriptive analysis, we should mention that it has always been one of the most productive methods in linguistics. However, one should always clearly state the description unit. In this case, we should focus our attention on the vocabulary, especially gender-marked and gender-neutral words, for example, the names of many professions, neologisms, gendered titles, and stereotypical gender-based adjectives. We should analyze the tendencies in the present day usage of these words (approximately. 300 hundred examples). Speaking about the sources, we can mention dictionaries, newspaper, and magazine articles. However, the preference should be given to the specialized dictionaries. We can also use Internet (especially different search engines) in order to ascertain the frequency of gender-marked and gender-neutral vocabulary (Duranti, p. 22). The subject of descriptive analysis should not only be written communications, we can also analyze oral speech. In what way does feministic movement influence oral communication? It is quite possible to compare and contrast the usage of gender-neutral vocabulary in written and oral speech. If there is any difference what is the reason for such phenomenon. Moreover, t
Executive summary This paper aims at evaluating the benefits of improving the quality and transparency of the trading system in the country. First, the paper provides a brief introduction and background to the topic ‘trading systems and automation. Secondly, it provides a comprehensive review of literature on the topic both from broad and automated perspectives. Thirdly, it presents the procedure used to develop an empirical study to answer the research questions identified for the study. A final section will make a comprehensive conclusion, to sum up, the findings and make them available to interested parties in the Saudi Arabian trading system as well as academics. Introduction In the modern context, most developing nations are increasingly finding better ways to improve their trading systems and enhance general economic growth. One of the most important methods that are increasingly being applied is the use of technology to update and automate trading systems, with an aim of taking the advantage of the existing and dynamic state of modern technology (Black, 2001). Indeed, research has shown that several nations have benefitted from the automation and update of their trading systems using technology. For instance, empirical studies on Israel (Amihud & Mendleson, 2007) and Singapore (Naidu & Rozeff, 2004) provided evidence that the use of technology to enhance trading systems in these nations proved effective, with most of them gaining the ability to attract order flows and improve their liquidity through enhanced quality of execution and level of transparency (Naidu & Rozeff, 2004). In particular, the computerization of the stock market is an important aspect of automation of trading systems, which has become a common phenomenon in most countries in the modern world. The problem of the study In this regard, the recent efforts to use the most modernized technology in Saudi Arabia is no doubt an important step towards enhancing the country’s trading system and the national economy in general. Nevertheless, there is little research evidence to show that the country’s trading systems will improve to the levels of other nations such as Singapore and Israel, taking into consideration a number of other economic, political and social factors likely to affect the systems. Research questions Within the context of trading systems, the automation of Saudi Arabia’s stock markets is expected to improve trading in a variety of ways, especially due to the expected enhancement of the effectiveness of the mechanism involved, the size of the stock traded as well as the level of transparency. To examine these variables, this research will be answering the following questions;  1. What is the nature of Saudi Arabia’s organization of trading systems and how will automation be integrated within the mechanism?  2. What impacts will the automation make on the system from the point of view of investors, traders and the government?  3. What is the overall ability of the trading system to take the advantage of automation technology? Study hypothesis The research hypothesizes that the automation of the trading system in Saudi Arabia is exp
Introduction Autism is a neurodevelopment condition that lowers several mental capabilities of individuals. Children suffering from autism have reduced social interaction skills and become slow learners. Numerous cases of autism are reported all over the world, but people living with autism have become integrated well into the society due to the scientific advancements in medicine. Children suffering from autism not only get drugs that help to ease their condition, but they also learn how to interact with other people. It suffices to mention that children who have autism get opportunities for education, despite being slow learners (Mastropieri & Scruggs, 2010). In some countries, they have special schools that have teachers who are skilled in teaching them. In other countries, the children are not separated from the other children in class. In the past, teaching other children together with children suffering from autism was a problem because the children with autism were perceived to be aloof (Scruggs, 2008). However, teachers have taken the initiative to understand autism and draft new and better ways of teaching children with autism. This paper will analyze how autism affects children and their social interactions from an
Every member of the global community should learn about history and arts to be able to reflect the vision of the contemporary world. I have decided to visit an art gallery to enrich my experience and knowledge about contemporary arts and other interesting items that can be encountered in such a place. The Saatchi Gallery was the first place that came to my mind when I thought about necessity of spiritual enrichment. A Visit To The Art Gallery Overall impression . The overall impression of visiting this gallery can be compared to the first pictures (images) perceived by a little baby when he/she can see something but does not know what it means or did that. The first thing I saw was the entrance that did not presuppose any of the items I saw inside. There were walls painted with light pink; pictures hung on the walls. The pictures varied in terms of topics and genres; glass walls that were used in the construction helped to keep in the outer world because there were a lot of different pictures and other items that can bring one to another world. Though some items were really interesting, their meaning is still unclear and ambiguous for me. Themes and pieces . Every room or, to be more exact, a hall was dedicated to a specific theme or genre. However, I did not manage to find similarities in most pieces of art presented in the Saatchi Gallery. Some rooms were full of garbage that appeared to be full of artistic expression whereas other rooms were cramped with plates, vases, and other items decorated with original ornaments. Though some pictures were brighter than others, they were created to convey an absurd meaning. On the contrary, pictures with darker colour use seemed to be more appealing than those aimed at attracting attention of the audience. The Saatchi Gallery contains pieces of art that present the history of arts during the last twenty-five years being one of the most valuable collections of items on various themes and genres. “Pink Cher” by Scott King . There was one piece, a painting that attracted my attention and made me learn more about it. This was the picture called “Pink Cher” created by Scott King. The first aspect that grabbed my attention was the bright scarlet colour of it. The second thing was the format as I remembered to have seen something similar before. Moreover, I came closer and saw the portrait of Cher, a singer. This was an unexpected decision as I knew that Che Guevera was depicted in this manner. So, the image of this rebellion leader was applied to a woman. I do not know the reasons for making Cher look like a rebellion leader; either do I know the reasons for the colour choice because scarlet is obviously too powerful and attention-grabbing; this colour should be used to provoke thoughts and encourage people for some actions while the image of Cher does not seem to be provoking. Conclusion The visit to the Saatchi Gallery made me learn more about contemporary arts and different applications and forms that contribute to the overall impression created with the help of certain colours, shapes, textures, light and shadow use. Each piece of art can be considered unique due
Introduction A psychological contract serves as a representation of mutual beliefs, individual perceptions, or informational obligations from an employer. Understanding psychological contract is beneficial because it sets the dynamics for a relationship and defines the detailed practicality of what is to be executed. The understanding psychological contract is essential since it reflects the changes that accrue in the composition of the workforce. The other notable trend of psychological contract is its implication for work-family research related to job insecurity and changes in the nature of the relationship between the employer and employee. According to Drach, employees who do not integrate direct work-family concerns in understanding and interpretation of the psychological contract in their life cycles often land in challenging work situations (27). The understanding psychological contract makes an individual an excellent negotiator because it defines both what an individual gives and expects to achieve to and from the social system. For instance, employees may decide to be loyal or highly creative and expect job security, fair treatment, as well as, exceptional opportunities that are necessary to improve their skills (McGregor 32). Body A role is a pattern of actions expected of an individual in activities that involve others. As an employee, there are roles that I use and they include responsibilities in the workplace, the obligation to act as a parent in the family, and a community leader in various community-based activities. In the workplace, my role is to be oriented towards obedience and dependent on the employer. Furthermore, there is an orientation towards security and benefits and dependence on the organization. Consequently, there is a drive towards job performance and participation which I need to be met. Motivation is a complex concept defining the forces that make an individual act in a given manner. For instance, intrinsic motivation develops within an individual. It makes one feel competent, has personal development, and acts in self-control as one feels that he or she is on the right track doing a smart thing. Thus, I am self-motivated when I believe am getting myself doing the right thing. Work becomes particularly appealing when there is the urge for approval and acceptance. These factors make me stay on a process longer than when I do not feel the urge for approval or acceptance for a purpose. In addition, I become motivated when I feel a sense of achievement, earn recognition, and develop an interest in the work. In addition, I become self-motivated when I have a feeling that I have the right opportunity for growth, as
Throughout the history of criminal justice there has been evolving public policy, change in correctional operations, reforms in sentencing and forms of punishment to conform to the society’s more progressive attitude and response to crime. The society’s progressive attitude has been influenced by the changing customs, socio-economic conditions and political ideals (Bradley 47). True, the decisions of the court are generally based on nature of the crime, evidence and the manner of the plaintiff and defendant. However, public opinion often influences the court decisions in the most intriguing way and has swayed case law over the years. The criminal justice has been reactive to the prevailing customs, religious and social structure and norms. During the colonial period, fornication and blasphemy were considered criminal offences and the courtroom was a public platform with part-time prosecutors who were usually laymen. Whipping, branding and mutilation were the common punishments for such criminal behavior (Zimring 60). In most colonies, capital punishment was rare except for black slaves who were often not spared by the hangman. The society perceived criminals as members of the community who had gone astray and the general public opinion of justice was shame and redemption. Sin and crime were correlative and therefore there was no such a thing as incarceration for repeat offenders. Since communities were mostly close-knit and deeply religious, the criminal justice reaffirmed their popular culture and the society’s religious aspirations. The mobility of American life following the influx of immigrants and the onset of industrial revolution resulted in the need for better social control and more professional administration of justice. Social mobility resulted in the demand for more individual rights
“The Chimney Sweeper” is a part of Songs of Innocence and of Experience collection of poems written by William Blake in 1789. William Blake is an English poet and painter of the Romantic age. The meaning of “The Chimney Sweeper” is about the exploitative state of the society in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when small children were sent to clean a chimney, and how an innocent child seeks freedom in these terrible conditions. The author uses several literary devices, such as imagery, tone, and symbolism, to illustrate how the children escape their hardships through dreams and how their innocence helps them relieve their suffering. The power of imagery in the poem reaches its peak at the end when the reader sees the contrast between two settings of the poem: Tom’s dream and reality. This contrast becomes evident when the last verse introduces the new setting to the reader: freezing children working in the morning, cleaning out the chimneys. The lines “Then down a green plain, leaping, laughing they run, / And wash in a river and shine in the Sun” (Blake, 1789, Lines 15-16) play with the naturalistic imagery, evoking a sense of cheerfulness and joy. There is certain dynamism to the scene: children running through a landscape, where earth (a green plain), water (a river), and fire (the sun) circle them around. The natural scenery is juxtaposed against the lifeless, perhaps industrial imagery of the chimney. Whittaker (2020) argues that the poems from Songs of Innocence and of Experience are associated with either “the love between parent and child, or child and the natural world” (p. 70). The lines “And so Tom awoke; and we rose in the dark / And got with our bags & our brushes to work” (Blake, 1789, Lines 21-22) contrast with Tom’s dream. Instead of the warm sun shining brightly, there is darkness and coldness to the real setting. If in the dream it was the sun rising above the children, in reality, it is the children
Sexuality can be seen as behavior and experience that is based on male-female sex differentiation. It encompasses the consciousness of one’s own sex and that of the opposite sex, sexual instincts, sexual desires, libido, and sexual behavior (Janell, 2009, p 5). Recently, sexuality has increasingly become a topic of focus among the various media sources. At the same time, there have been troublesome issues regarding the contents of the media sources in as far as the issue of sexuality is concerned. Some of the problems associated with these issues can have dire consequences to certain members of the society, especially the teenagers. Therefore to enhance greater understanding of the issue of sexuality, it is vital to take comprehensive and critical view of the subject matter as argued from different sources. As Janell (2009, p 3) notes, sexuality has been the subject matter in the news, in recent days. Particularly, all media sources including magazines, New Papers, CD and DVD packaging, television, movies, internet and other visual images such as billboards and advertisements in buses are full of images that are subtly or explicitly sexual. Most of these media aim at attracting customers to purchase their products or services. However, with little understanding of the effects, they do not put a limit on their advertisements and end up polluting their coverage. Most of them do not give regard to the moral aspect of sexuality (Castañeda & Campbell, 2006, p. 1). Of course, this does not go without bringing about negative effects to the vulnerable sections of the society, especially the young people, who end up imitating these sources. According to Janell (2009, p. 5), the development of new technology in the modern world has led to increased access to information regarding sexuality without limit. For example, teenagers in today’s world have rated the media and internet sources as the leading sources of sex information. Pornographic pictures and videos, sexual toys and access to other related sites with such information are readily available to the young people through the internet. Due to their influence, the number of young people exposing themselves to illicit sexual acts without thinking of the dire consequences has increased. Worse still, many of these young people do not use contraceptives while engaging in sex, thereby exposing themselves to the in
Introduction Carbon dioxide is emitted naturally or by human activities. Natural ways of emitting carbon dioxide are mainly through the carbon cycle. Human beings emit carbon dioxide through activities like combustion of organic fuels. The burning of oil, coal and gas and deforestation releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can increase in quantity thereby having adverse effects on the environment. It is therefore prudent enough to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide pollution so that environmental degradation does not occur. This can be achieved by using alternative sources of energy. Alternative sources of energy include wind, solar and geothermal energy among others. The use of incentives to increase carbon credits is also a powerful tool in controlling the amount of carbon dioxide being emitted to the atmosphere. This paper discusses the ways in which carbon dioxide emission can be reduced to enhance sustainable environmental protection. Carbon dioxide uses, storage and greenhouse emission Carbon dioxide has many uses in the current world. It is used in the manufacture of edible substances such as in baking powders. Carbon dioxide is also used in the storage of beverages. It is used to produce carbonated beverages that include the soft drinks. Wines are also produced using the dry form of carbon dioxide gas. In other sectors, carbon dioxide is used as a pressurized gas in pneumatic systems. Many fire extinguishers are made of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is also used to oxidize many metals especially during welding. Pharmaceutical and other chemical processing industries also use carbon dioxide gas in manufacturing their products. The gas also finds its use in agriculture and other biological applications such as during photosynthesis and making of biodiesel. Other uses of carbon dioxide include making of lasers, in coal bed methane recovery, pH control, and as a refrigerant. Human and natural carbon dioxide emission Carbon dioxide emission by human beings is known to alter the natural equilibrium of the carbon cycle. This therefore, causes the global rise in temperatures, known as global warming. Carbon dioxide emission by human beings includes activities such as combustion of fossil fuels, and other industrial emissions. These activities add to the amount of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere thereby causing global warming and climate change (Oberthur & Ott, 1999). The natural carbon dioxide emissions are many times more than the human ways of carbon dioxide emission. They are caused by the systematic mechanism of the carbon cycle. Carbon cycle is the biochemical cycle in which carbon dioxide is passed through the atmosphere, the rocks and soils and the hydrosphere of the earth. Some of this carbon escapes from the cycle thereby adding to the amount of carbon present in the atmosphere. Ways to reduce carbon dioxide emission Carbon dioxide emission can be reduced through internationally coordinated policy action. However, reaching such kinds of decisions is difficult because of the different interests of independent countries. There are also ince