ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The distinction between Erotica and Pornography The purpose of pornography is not the desire to admire the human body and respect physical intimacy. The culture of pornography was created in order to be able to make money. The main problem in pornography is the attitude towards women; scilicet in candid scenes, women become the object of satisfaction of needs. Indeed, society can say that women themselves agree to such rules, but the choice of a minority forms the idea of the majority of women. Now the question arises, does erotica have such a purpose? No, the idea of eroticism is to recognize that the human body is beautiful. Erotica urges people not to be ashamed of themselves, and to understand that the body is a work of art. Erotic art is not proposed to satisfy physical needs or even humiliate women (Simon, 2016, p. 105). On the contrary, eroticism is an art that is needed to fulfill spiritual needs. Erotica glorifies the beauty of the human body, not making it the object of violence. Production and Consumers The next slide deals with the issue of consumers and producers of pornographic and erotic materials. An erotic work of art should evoke positive spiritual and passionate feelings about what it shows. When drawing the line between pornography and works of art that reflect man’s intimate life, it must be understood that in actual outcomes, this is achieved by artistic means, without cynicism, vulgarization, and crude naturalism (Drabek, 2016, p. 14). Erotic works of art are designed for free people who have a wide range of knowledge and are not limited by standard thinking. They can afford to see the beauty in their bodies and admire the paintings and sculptures created by great artists. As for pornographic materials, they are generated by the film industry. Professional actors perform the roles in the scenes to receive an award. Often without even a plot, they are trendy among connoisseurs of physical intimacy. Pornographic products cannot bring a person joy, pleasure, or spiritual enrichment. They do not perform an ideological and educational function, incorrectly orient a person because they depict his sexuality unilaterally, and separate the physiology of sexuality from the richness of its spiritual, social, and moral content (Drabek, 2016, p. 14). Therefore, the primary consumers of erotic products are people who are interested in art and have a broad outlook. Instead, pornography is gaining popularity among people who want to see only primitive sexual intercourse. Proponents and Opponents This slide wil
Introduction We live in time when exponential progress in the fields of informational technology, biology, medicine, and political science continues to render more and more socio-political and ethical notions hopelessly outdated. For example; whereas, as recent as thirty years ago, the concept of a nation-state was thought to be central to the idea of international law – nowadays, this is no longer the case. 1 The ongoing process of Globalization, which is being aimed at elimination of national borders, and the rise of Internet as a form of virtual reality, which makes possible to instantly transmit huge amounts of information from one corner of the globe to another, had created additional preconditions for people to begin assessing the relevance of classical socio-political notions from essentially post-industrial perspective. In its turn, this explains why as time goes by, the cinematographic adaptations of classical works of literature/comics seem to be affected by contemporary socio-political and scientific realities to ever-increasing extent. One would only need to watch such films as Romeo + Juliet (1996), Batman Begins (2005) and X-Men (2000), with these movies’ plots unraveling amidst distinctively post-industrial urban settings, to realize the full soundness of such a suggestion. And, it is only logical for cinematographic adaptations of classical sci-fi novels to be affected by the same trend. As of today, there is a number of recently produced movies that, despite being based upon classical sci-fi narratives, written prior to the rise of Globalization, deal with subject matters of unmistakably post-modernist essence – Starship Troopers (1997), Hollow Man (2000), Minority Report (2002), and I, Robot (2004). And, one of the main features of post-modernism/post-industrialism, as historically predetermined set of economic, demographic, scientific and cultural variables that define the realities of today’s Western living, is that it prompts citizens to grow increasingly deprived of psychological qualities that allowed their ancestors to create and maintain Western civilization – perceptional idealism, scientific inquisitiveness, racial solidarity and the sense of existential superiority. Thus, the fact that earlier mentioned films were able to win instant favor with audiences makes perfectly good sense – apparently, viewers were able to relate to the adapted storylines on emotional level. This was because these storylines appealed to movie-goers’ deep-seated psychological anxieties as to the fact that, even though being a part of ‘brave borderless world’ provides people with an access to some previously unheard-of domestic comforts, it simultaneously deprives them of their existential sovereignty. While referring to Spielberg’s Minority Report , Sarkar and Adshead (2002) stated: “The film shows things we are facing now: retinal scanning, facial recognition, and the ever-growing intrusiveness that allows everyone who matters to know everything about buying habits, our fant
In the ever-memorable epic of a woman in Russian society, trying to achieve self-will, Anna Karenina , is an exemplification of conflicts between the accepted and unaccepted social norms. Anna Karenina is a treatise of conflict between the novel’s commiseration for both the adulterer and the family. Tolstoy, from the very beginning of the novel, is empathetic towards Anna even though he accepts her conduct as sinful, and includes an image of familial life that could prevent it. The problem of adultery of married women gained importance in nineteenth-century novels (for example, Madam Bovary by Gustave Flaubert). The problem of non-adherence to the conventional role of a married woman becomes a paradigm for the analysis of the problems that are created in interrelated patterns. Tolstoy tried to portray that marriage is a mediator of the social, familial, religious, and transcendental realms. Overall, the story of Anna Karenina is the story of a woman in her twenties who is married to a staunch, boring man and leads a dull life. She falls in love with another man who presents her with the passions of life that marriage failed to provide. The affair diminishes into mere sensuality of relationship, most probably due to its illicit nature. With heightened sexuality arises insecurity of love. As time passes, Anna becomes more demanding of her lover and feels out of desperation that she will lose her lover. With time, her jealousy thrives more, and she becomes more demanding, in doing so, only driving him further away. Eventually, frustrated with burning jealously and insecurity, Anna commits suicide by throwing himself in front of a train. The novel deals with the conflict of the adulteress who has broken a human and societal code but stil
Introduction Sports medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with identification, treatment, and prevention of injuries in sports (Edelson 53). In addition, it deals with physical fitness and well-being of individuals who participate in any kind of physical exercise. Sports medicine covers both professional and amateur athletes in all fields of sports. It is a diverse field because it includes healthcare professionals, researchers, educators, and nutritional specialists (Edelson 54). In addition, it encompasses several health careers that include medical doctors, kinesiotherapists, athletic trainers, nurses, nutritionists, exercise physiologists, and doctors of osteopathy (Narvani and Lynn 23). Sports medicine is an important field of medicine because it deals with preventive, curative, and rehabilitative aspects of physical fitness and injuries in sports. History of sports medicine Study and practice of sports medicine dates back to the 20 th century even though certain aspects existed as early as the 5 th century. However, certain aspects of sports medicine can be traced back to ancient times. Greeks and Romans developed ways to improve training of athletes, hence development of physical education. Development of physical education led to careful control and supervision of athletes’ training that led to improved strength and athletic abilities. During ancient times, athletes underwent special training procedures in order to reduce risks to injuries (Snook 252). For example, therapeutic exercises used to heal injuries are attributed to Herodicus and Galen. Galen was a doctor in charge of monitoring the training of gladiator fighters (Snook 252). Modern practice of sports medicine can be traced to the 1928 Olympic Games. A committee was formed to organize the International Congress of Sports Medicine (Snook 253). The congress came up with the idea of involving medical doctors in the games to deal with athletes’ injuries and physical fitness. During the 1968 Olympics, Dr. J. C. Kennedy organized a team of doctors whose responsibility was to deal with athletes’ injuries and physical fitness (Schepsis and Busconi 74). In addition, the doctor formed the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. He was the first doctor appointed to head a medical team in the history of Olympics (Snook 253). Today, every team that participates in ph
Introduction JP Morgan Chase is an American multinational banking and financial services company that was founded in the year 2000. It provides different financial services in different countries around the world. The company has total assets of US $2.515 trillion that makes it one of the four largest banks in the United States. The firm has been accused on several occasions for engaging in unethical financial activities that had adverse financial implications on the economy and the financial wellbeing of its shareholders (Weinschenk par. 3). One such incident was the 2012 trading loss that involved its London branch. The scandal involved a series of derivative transactions involving credit default swaps that led to an estimated loss of several billions of dollars. The scandal tarnished the reputation of the bank and resulted in huge financial losses totaling approximately $6 billion (Weinschenk par. 3). The huge losses resulted from the use of a weak, complex, unmonitored, and poorly executed trading strategy. Background In 2012, JP Morgan Chase reported huge financial losses that originated from a trading strategy used by one of its traders in its London branch. The trader was known as Bruno Iksil and nicknamed the London Whale (Hurtado par. 2). In February 2012, it was discovered that the market in credit default swaps was overly active due to aggressive trading activities that were apparently affecting its effectiveness (Weinschenk par. 5). The trades involved huge bets that disregarded the market’s high risks. Investigations into the matter revealed that the unusual trading activities were being executed by Bruno Iksil, who was a trader at JP Morgan Chase. In order to conceal the unusual trading activities, a certain trading branch of the firm purchased the derivatives that the bank was selling in high numbers (Hurtado par. 4). The bank denied allegations that it was participating in the aforementioned trades that led to huge losses. Iksil trading strategy involved placing bigger bets in order to cover up losses on previous trades. Prior to the incident, the risk level was hinged on $350 billion investment money the bank held (Melendez par. 5). The London market was focused on complex derivative trade that was highly profitable. For example, Iksil executed a trade that raked in $400 million for the bank. Iksil’s trades were known to the bank and existed even before the 2012 debacle. However, in 2012, the bank made bets that exceede
Introduction The Walt Disney Company is an internationally famous corporation that operates in the domains of media and entertainment. Having grown from a small cartoon studio, the company now operates in more than 40 countries around the world and includes such major departments as studios, parks, and experiences, and consumer products (“About the Walt Disney Company,” n.d.). The division of Theme Parks and Resorts is one of the busiest branches of the corporation, with 13 parks, over 40 resorts, and more than 118 million visitors each year (Winter, 2010). To succeed in such an environment, the Disney company adopted the best practices of IT service management as outlined in the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL). Although the implementation of ITIL might require significant changes in the work of organizations, the example of the Disney corporation demonstrates that the adoption of the framework is associated with many benefits, like improved customer service and increased business revenues. Reasons for the Introduction of ITIL at the Disney Corporation Glen Taylor, who joined the Disney Parks and Resorts team in 2008, actively supported the adoption of ITIL as the means of creating an integrated approach to service management (Winter, 2010). Aiming to enhance the quality of customer services and provide visitors with an unforgettable experience, the corporation strived to strengthen the “availability, reliability and maintainability” of its IT systems (Winter, 2010, para. 8). Furthermore, the goal was to increase the efficiency and technicality of the Parks and Resorts division while reducing its costs. Thus, ITIL was to serve as the tool for evaluating the quality of IT services and improving them. In addition, the introduction of the framework was expected to help with the management of outsourcing contracts. Challenges for the Implementation of ITIL and Possible Solutions In organizational culture, any major changes are hard to implement due to workers’ reluctance to accept new standards and relearn. People tend to be afraid of new things and need time to become accustomed to novel working approaches. In the case of the Disney corporation, the task of ITIL implementation was even more challenging as the size of the company required major financial and time investments in order to educate and retrain its employees. The decision to introduce the new framework also meant taking great risks since the failure to complete the adoption of ITIL could disrupt the work of IT services. Because of this threat, Taylor had to consider multiple factors that could impede the transition process before initiating any changes. It is likely that the vice president foresaw such challenges as the lack of managerial commitment to the new approach, unrealistic expectations from ITIL, and the long duration of the transition process with little immediate gains. Having previous experience with the adoption of ITIL practices, Taylor appl
Introduction Leadership forms a very integral part of any successful institution; this equally applies in the medical field. Leadership will dictate the management styles and corporate culture adopted in any organization whether small or large. The management styles and corporate culture will to a large extent determine the level of compliance in an organization. By integrating the views of the two authors, this article will bring out the significance of proper management on the performance and success of medical care programs and activities. Discussion Wolper (2011) sheds some light on the significance of management styles, corporate culture, and compliance on the performance of a medical institution. Whether a large scale or a small scale organization management style, corporate culture and compliance are quite significant and have to be upheld if an institution is to perform well. In a study carried out by Kenmore (2008), it was shown that the leadership styles adopted by ward managers have a great influence on staff performance and patient care. The study was carried out to find out the effect of leadership on “staff satisfaction and performance, or the working ‘climate’, and therefore of patient satisfaction” (Kenmore, 2008, p. 24). Wolper (2011) surfaced the fact that while corporate culture is such an important factor, it is often more said than practically accomplished. For corporate culture to be well established and practiced there is a requirement for sacrificing time, capital, and a great need for commitment. Furthermore, the leaders need to spearhead the process of creating and developing a corporate culture. In the study carried out by Kenmore (2008) it was found out that two styles of leadership were dominantly used: affiliative and coaching. The implication of these leadership styles, according to Kenmore (2008) is that “ward managers strive to create harmonious and friendly atmospheres to prevent rifts among staff, and try to encourage their staff’s long term development” (p. 25). A series of challenges were associated with the affiliative and coaching style of leadership especially in the light of their inclination to the creation of harmony. It was argued that ward managers who use the above leadership styles were more likely to avoid confronting awkward scenarios which are likely to cause disharmony at the workplace. There were also fears that the employees would fall prey to reliance on coaching and thus lose creativity. As a solution to these challenges, the study revealed that the highest performing managers tended to use a range of leadership styles. Th
Introduction The Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in the US refers to the period after the Union victory in the Civil War when slaves were freed and given the opportunity to change their future. A range of significant changes, programs, and obstacles was encountered by freedmen, among the most critical of which was a new way of thinking, an incredible desire to protect their dignity and culture, and aspiration for education and suffrage. But there was also severe opposition to African-American equality, such as the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and sharecropping labor, resulting in the Black Exodus. Like a moment in the sun, opportunities were missed, and the Reconstruction Era faded. Breath of Freedom The main question for the government to ponder and resolve was how to integrate freedmen in the southern states politically and economically. President Andrew Johnson should be noted for his attempts at reconstruction that focused on Unionism and the promotion of states’ rights. As a result of Johnson’s leniency, however, many southern states adopted the so-called “black codes” to restrict African Americans’ activity, thus suppressing them and trying to increase their dependence (Paddison 621). These laws deprived former slaves of ownership of land and freedom of movement, speech, meetings, marriages with whites, etc. All this led to fears of the restoration of the old system of slavery. The conflict between Congress and President Johnson over the Tenure of Office Act almost led to his impeachment, but two senators voted against impeachment. Many people comprising the “slavocracy,” including some former slave masters, politicians, ex-confederates, etc., still clung to their pro-slavery views. Nonetheless, essential changes in the country’s legislative system were made. With the adoption of the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution, Congress began to completely rebuild the nation’s political structure, and Black suffrage was declared a paramount goal (Anderson 330). The above amendment also deprived the leaders of the Confederacy of the right to hold public office and gave ex-slaves equal rights. The first paragraph of the amendment stated that all persons born in the United States or having acquired citizenship are citizens of the country and citizens of the state they live in, and they may be deprived of the right to life, liberty, and property only by a court decision. This prohibited “black codes.” In this context, African Americans started thinking politically as citizens of the US. They wanted to protect
Introduction & Background Prostitution is one of the oldest trades in the world. It is mentioned as early as 2400 BC in the Sumerian records. According to sources, the word kar. kid used to mean female prostitutes were closely associated with temple service. In the records, prostitution is mentioned together with other professions for women which include lady doctors, barbers, cooks et cetera. This trade is not mentioned only in the Sumerian records. It is present in Hammurabi’s code of 1780 BC, the Code of Assura of 1075 BC, the Hetairai in Ancient Greece et cetera (Boskoff 15). While some kingdoms outlawed it, others legalized prostitution. Surprisingly, prostitution remains an Achilles’ heel to many nations to date. One question remains unanswered, why hasn’t any nation succeeded in eliminating prostitution? Consequently, this paper intends to argue out that prostitution is not a crime. It cannot be controlled through legislative enactments. Instead, it is simply a manifestation of social imbalance. Bridging this imbalance is the only solution to the vice. Failure of Legislative Enactments The first reason why prostitution cannot be eliminated through legislative enactments is that most of these women join the vice as a result of poverty. Without addressing poverty, other legislations will remain unproductive as witnessed in the United States. In 1875, the United States made its first step towards a prostitution-free America with the passage of the Page Act of 1875. Since then, there have been several endeavors to curb the vice. Different states have come up with different legislations all aimed at controlling prostitution. In New Orleans, for example, the first struggle towards controlling this vice was witnessed in 1857 when prostitution was banned from being conducted on the first floors. This ordinance was later declared unconstitutional. More legislative measures were enacted in July 1865. Eventually, the red-light district of Storyville was created. This was the year 1897. Twenty years later, the district was legally abolished after being discovered that it was posing great health risks to US soldiers (Boskoff 24). Poverty as the Main Cause If well addressed, the issue of poverty can help in controlling prostitution. Given that legal enactments have failed, this calls for a different approach. Studies conducted show that these women express that they are in the streets due to their inability to get a decent job that would help them settle their bills leads them to the streets. If this is their position, why could such an approach fail? It means that the participants of this trade are ready to quit it if necessary steps are taken. Most of them say that they would quit the trade