ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Turmoil in the Arab World The recent unrest in the Arab world has caused great apprehensions throughout the world. The rapid fall of Ben Ali in Tunisia and the stepping down of the Egyptian president Husni Mubarak has stunned many nations. The wind of change has also blown across the Middle East and shaken several institutions raising questions about the future of the nations given the prevailing state of events. Closer assessments of the revolutionary waves illustrated by the massive demonstrations and disorder reveal that the uprisings have been directly triggered by the state of the current regimes and the oppressive political environments that have dominated for a long time. The ongoing resistance and mayhems manifested in the Arab countries began in 2011 in Tunisia when the movement began to contest power for Ben Ali and has since then moved to Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Bahrain, and many other countries. The unrest is mainly a protestation against the current unfriendly regimes that are full of corruption and have caused joblessness, high cost of living, injustice, and economic decline. The situation is likely to accelerate and affect other countries in the same region or areas far away that often interact with the regions. Democracy in Southeast Asia Immediately after the end of the Cold war, Southeast Asia became a potential hothouse for political transformation because the previous rival states regularized their relations and their economies began to witness high economic growth rates. Southeast Asia has had one of the most extensive political scales in world history involving new democracies such as the Leninist states, semi-authoritarian systems, and the right-wing totalitarian administrations. The region facilitated the success of the third wave of democracies in the Philippines in 1986 and Thailand democracy in 1988. The most intense democratization process has been witnessed in the Indonesian 1998-1999 evolution, which formed the world’s largest Muslim dominated democracy. Southeast Asia has however faced tremendous obstacles in the evolutionary process. The countries in the same area have had partial democracies for a long time while others have been completely dominated by authoritarian systems of leadership. The Paris peace accords of 1991 and the s United Nations intercession had a significant impact on the Cambodian political atmosphere even though it did not welcome multiparty democracy. Despite the 1990 free and fair general elections, Burma remained unreceptive and inflexible to both internal and external demands for political change. This has been the same case with many other countries in the same region. Ther
The physics of MRI According to the electromagnetism, any material that transmits current generates a magnetic field which surrounds it. When the conducting material is made into a sphere, the magnetic field aligns itself uprightly to the area of the sphere. Comparable to this idea of the magnetic field is the area which is generated by ‘negatively charged electrons’ that goes round the nucleus within a substance. The spinning speed of the material generates a minute magnetic field called magnetic moment. In addition, under general situation, these instants do not have stable direction, thus, there is no common magnetic field. Nevertheless, when nuclei are laid within an exterior magnetic field, for instance, when a sick person is put on the MRI scanner, the nuclei start to align themselves in a specific manner which is based on the quantum physic’s law. As a result, if there were hydrogen nucleus, two distinct levels of energy will be formed. This is a greater energy level in which the magnetic instants are contrasting the peripheral magnetic field and the lesser energy level where the nuclei are lined up with the field (Counter, Olofsson, Borg, Bjelke & Grahn 2000, p 14). Similarly, when the nuclear charge is put on the field, it precesses within the magnetic field in a movement hat is equivalent to the revolving top. The rate of recurrence of precession is based on the Larmor equation. Additionally, the invariable of proportionality in the Larmor equation results into magnetogyric ratio which produces the MR images with the nucleus having particular value. For the positive charge, in a magnetic field having the power of 1.5 T, this rate of recurrence is approximately 63.8 MHz; this refers to the RF (radio-frequency) range. Therefore, the powerful magnetic field of the MRI is formed by moving an electric current via the loops of the wire. As this process continues, some coils within the magnet transmit and obtain radio waves. As a result, this provokes protons (positive charges) within the body to arrange themselves. Immediately they are arranged, radio waves are received by positive charges that encourage spinning. Thus, energy is emitted after the elements are excited and as a result, they release energy signals which are absorbed by the coil. The data that has been gathered is later transferred to an electronic machine which processes the entire signals and produces it into body images (Le Bihan, Breton, Grenier & Cabanis 1986, pp. 404-406). MRI technique and advantages over CT MRI is utilized to effectively recognize and identify tumors, and to examine if the cancer has extended. For instance, MRI scanning can be utilized in examining joints, abdomen, c
Electronic medical records (EMRs) are significant in the health care setting because they allow for storing patients’ medical information in one place and quickly accessing it. Since EMRs can contain protected information, it is necessary to consider how HIPAA applies to them. Firstly, the HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules were specifically created to govern the electronic exchange of patient data (US Department of Health & Human Services, n.d.). This information denotes that HIPAA equally applies to electronic and physical records. According to Myers (2009), every social worker should rely on HIPAA standards every time before sending clients’ data electronically. This information demonstrates that healthcare professionals should ensure that all the data is secured and the way of transmitting it does not have potential dangers (Myers, 2009). In other words, it is not allowed to send the details to dubious websites or unfamiliar email addresses. In addition to that, it is rational to explain whether a social worker is allowed to access patients’ EMRs. As a rule, a patient’s information may only be released when they give official permission for that or in accordance with the law. However, Harman et al. (2012) stipulate medical professionals, including social workers, do not need to obtain a client’s authorization to access their EMRs for administrative, treatment, or payment purposes. In other words, a social worker may access EMRs under particular conditions. Simultaneously, there are no regulations that could prevent a social worker from accessing his or her EMRs. According to Harman et al. (2012), every person “has federal, state, and legal rights to view, obtain a copy of, and amend information in his or her health record” (p. 713). The only requirement is to have access to the portal and know the credentials, including a login and password. As a rule, EMRs may only be accessed by a patient or their healthcare providers. In other words, a social worker cannot access their family members’ EMRs. However, there is an exception to this rule because access can be given when such family members are dangerous to themselves or others (Myers, 2009). Consequently, the answer to the question of whether a social worker can access their relatives’ EMRs depends on external factors. Finally, HIPAA can have positive and negative ramifications on medical social work practice. On the one hand, these guidelines oblige organizations to conduct audit trials to ensure that they have sufficient hardware and software to keep EMR’s secured (Harman et al., 2012). On the other hand, following the HIPAA requirements does not guarantee complete confidentiality, and the 2011 scandal with UCLA employees who improperly accessed celebrities’ records exemplifies the thought (Harman et al., 2012). That is why the HIPAA guidelines should be impleme
Course Overview This course prioritizes cross-professional collaboration and mutual knowledge exchange to enhance the professional diversity and foster versatility among the ranks of nurses. The core course constituents include care for critically ill clients as well as condition assessment and provision of quality assistance under stress and time pressure (Pun et al., 2019). Such a course will benefit the overall practical proficiency of nurses and improve their decision-making expertise. In addition to that, it will advance their theoretical knowledge of the ICU setting and contribute to the base knowledge of nursing concepts and theories. Course Objectives The students who took this course will exhibit the mastery of:  1. Assessment of the need for care under time constraints and in adverse conditions;  2. Provision of assistance to critically ill individuals with precision, speed, and proficiency;  3. Effective use of modern machinery and equipment utilized daily in ICU setting;  4. Collaboration with other professionals in the unit with a maximized synergy;  5. Mastery of knowledge related to the theoretical side of care provision in the ICU unit. Course Requirements The main requirements are attendance and participation
Abstract Apart from the looming climate change and global warming, the world is facing a disaster in her space infrastructure, if space debris continues to fill the orbit. Records from NASA shows that, over 19,000 of debris, which are more than 1 cm in size, have been tracked, but more is believed to exist that cannot be observed. Areas of great concern to astronauts are the Lower earth orbit and the geostationary earth orbit. This calls for hasten
The lack of unity of the international community in defining terrorism presents a problem for states, legal representatives, and authorities. The development of a unified definition of terrorism at the global level is challenging because the domestic laws of several countries differ significantly. The solution to defining terrorism at the national level is faced with a conflict of law: internal concepts, tradition, and the common language of courtesy. Complex terrorism rising nowadays with the usage of online communications and unpredicted acts imposes an issue for society (Homer-Dixon, 2013). One can suggest that terrorism can be defined as following: terrorism – is violence or the threat of its usage against individuals or organizations that creates a risk of loss of life and causes socially dangerous consequences, carried out to violate public security, intimidate the population, influencing the decision-making by authorities, or satisfying other interests that are beneficial for terrorists. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (n.d.), international terrorism is a “violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups who are inspired by, or associated with, designated foreign terrorist organizations or nations (state-sponsored).” The proposed definition coincides with the FBI’s term that highlights violent actions but lacks emphasis on the level (international) of terrorism. Domestic terrorism, on the other hand, is a “violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences, such as those of a political, religious, social, racial, or environmental nature” (FBI, n.d.). FBI’s definition of violence is broader and does not involve victims of terrorism while highlighting the nature and reasons for committing violent acts. The proposed definition searches for finding objectives of terrorists; in contrast, the FBI’s term focuses on one ideological goal that implies others, which should be further researched to identify the best definition.
One of the worst situations in an individual’s life is becoming homeless, which means living on the streets without having a regular job and not following ordinary hygiene rules. A terrifyingly high number of people do not have adequate housing (Ayano et al., 2019). For example, more than 100 million persons worldwide are considered homeless; and some of the most common causes for them to lose shelter are domestic violence, unemployment, addictions, family breakdown, and psychiatric illnesses (Ayano et al., 2019). Moreover, this population group is at greater risk of developing various diseases for which they may not receive proper treatment. Unfortunately, some of them become accustomed to the thought that being homeless is not a bad idea. Position Summary Many homeless people believe that they are not in a bad situation. However, individuals without shelter do not have an opportunity to follow sanitation norms, maintain adequate nutrition, and have healthy sleep patterns. Homelessness creates an unhealthy habit of ignorance about legislation and indifference to fundamental problems in society and the country. Overall, I think that becoming homeless is an unfortunate circumstance that has adverse consequences for a person’s mental and physical wellbeing. Ironic Exaggeration Being a homeless person is a good idea because it liberates people from many troubles of life. It allows one not to wake up early, wash teeth, get dressed formally, and go to work every day. Being homeless also means that an individual does not have an obligation to shower every day and buy new clothes. Moreover, it is an excellent opportunity to spend more time outside, days and nights, during every season of the year. Since doctors recommend patients with many chronic illnesses to go outdoors, becoming homeless solves the issue of not having enough fresh air. Another benefit of living on the streets is a chance to be withdrawn from the misery of modern life and technological advancements. It means that these people do read frustrating news about corrupted politicians, a declining economy, and endless pandemics appearing on every screen owned by an average person with the burden of having a home. Furthermore, homeless individuals do not waste their time on social media; instead, they can enjoy nature and think about the meaning of life. Another substantial benefit of everyone becoming homeless is a resolution of environmental problems and preventing future catastrophes. People who live on the streets have low demand for electricity, water supply, new gadgets, and other inventions of the civilized world. Imagine if all toxic plants are stopped, and the environment will not suffer from waste byproducts generated while making new cars, laptops, or smartphones. Moreover, it can significantly reduce the prevalence of many chronic diseases because so many toxins and stressors will be eliminated from people’s lives. If everyone were to become homeless, the problems of environmental pollution and climate change would resolve. Consequently, there would
The Ladbroke Grove rail crash of 1999 remains one of the deadliest in rail incidents in UK history with 31 people killed and over 258 injured. The crash occurred due to a collision of two trains, one with passengers and the other carrying diesel tanks outside Paddington station. The collision resulted in derailed carriages and a massive fire that engulfed the trains. The accident became a morbid part of history but led to significant reforms in national policy on train protection systems as well as management and regulation of rail safety. Emergency service responders faced significant hazards as they arrived on the scene of the crash. First, they had to consider the ongoing fire that resulted due to the crash, as flames rose up to 100 feet in the air. The train carrying diesel had a hazardous and easily flammable substance. Therefore, there was a danger of an ongoing spill of a chemical substance as well, which could be dangerous to health when touched or inhaled. There was a threat of electrical hazard since the trains were running on electric lines and after the crash, many of the lines tripped out. It was not until later that the central control room disconnect the power to prevent residual current. There were physical barriers that proved to be challenging to find survivors and investigate the incident, including wreckage, bent rails, and other objects that limited mobility of first responders. The fire brigade to physically remove the roofs of train carriages to led survivors out. This was endangered by suspended roofs of the carriage and electrical lines dangling overhead. The first responders faced logistical, social, and physical challenges as well. The crash site was difficult to access, and a security gate to the area could not handle the traffic or size of the equipment. There were issues with opening the gate initially. Afterwards, a hole was cut in the fence as well to allow access by medical personnel and allow for removal of live casualties. The operation required significant logistical challenges, including cooperation amongst the emergency service departments that had between 500 and 600 personnel on the ground. The London Emergency Services department had to implement a special protocol to manage a major disaster to coordinate activity. Furthermore, all train routes had to be stopped or redirected. Finally, the physical challenges that the responders faced were extreme. The initial rescue operations took more than 12 hours in arduous, dangerous,
Although some people might consider nurses to be less critical or qualified than doctors, nursing professionals play an essential role in any healthcare system, since they help to implement medical treatment and facilitate the healing process through providing their patients with psychological support. Considering the need to establish and maintain personal contact with sick people, nurse practitioners must possess certain qualities, as well as uphold the right values and beliefs to excel at their job. In this essay, I will discuss three constructs, namely, competence, compassion, and fairness, which are central to my philosophy of nursing and will explain their importance to the nursing profession. When it comes to administering any medical help, I think that the knowledgeability and skillfulness are paramount, as medical treatment should not inflict any harm and be effective. To achieve good results, a nurse should be competent, attentive, and experienced. Furthermore, it is essential to be motivated by the fundamental value of achievement, which means the internal desire to demonstrate one’s capabilities and excel at one’s goals and be ready to provide high-quality help any time (Schwartz, 2015). Careful consideration of each patient and his or her unique situation, paired with substantial knowledge of nursing practices, can contribute to a successful career in this field of healthcare. Another important quality of a professional nurse is the ability to show compassion. Daily, nursing practitioners have to deal with a wide array of people, which means that they should be understanding, hard to irritate, and capable of creating a personal connection with the most difficult of people. In addition, some patients might experience significant pain, so a professional nurse needs to know how to elevate some of that pain through compassion. Hence, the benevolence value, which can also be defined as the inner desire to enhance and sustain the welfare of others (Schwartz, 2015), is crucial for nurses who want to create a comfortable and supportive environment for those seeking medical help. The last but not least cornerstone of my nursing philosophy is fairness. In the modern world, quality of life and life expectancy often correlate with education level, social status, and income, meaning that economically-disadvantaged members of society have poorer access to healthcare services and might even receive the medical help of low quality. However, I believe that every person deserves equal rights and opportunities when it comes to their health. Thus, the basic value of universalism, or the internal striving for equality, justice, and tolerance (Schwartz, 2015), should be a guiding principle for nurse practitioners. An exemplary nurse for me is the person who is free of prejudice, treats everyone with respect, and provides patients with t
Abstract Modern organisations have to operate in the VUCA environment, which brings to the fore the choice of the most efficient paradigm. Organisations need to choose an effective framework for making decisions. This report includes a brief evaluation of the general equilibrium and bounded rationality paradigms. It is concluded that the latter is more efficient in the contemporary business world especially when it comes to such sphere as IT or services. The leadership is of paramount importance in the process of change implementation as he/she empowers and inspires employees who accept the new culture based on the principles of the bounded rationality approach. Introduction The modern business world is characterised by a VUCA environment, and organisations able to adjust to this environment are the most competitive. The VUCA environment involves such features as Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity, but the majority of organisations are unprepared to respond to the new challenges (Mack & Khare 2015). It has been acknowledged that efficient leadership is one of the central premises for the company’s success. This report includes a brief evaluation of the use of two theoretical frameworks concerning leadership and change. The general equilibrium theory and unbounded rationality framework will be employed. The report will also include a brief description of a particular strategy based on one of these frameworks. General Equilibrium Theory and Its Implications The general equilibrium theory had been the major paradigm up to the 1970s. This framework involves making decisions based on thorough analysis and the focus on particular benefits for the company (Rosanas 2011). The major advantage of the decision is its being evidence-based. The manager can make sure that the right decision is made many facts are taken into account. At the same time, the primary shortcoming of this method is its thoroughness. It requires significant time and effort. It also requires an efficient system where employees share knowledge (data) and collaborate effectively (Eppler & Kernbach 2016). Still, many companies resort to this framework. An example is British Petroleum as the organisation has various standards and rules related to the process of decision making ( Our strategy 2016). All operations, especially those concerned with new sites exploration, involve a thorough analysis of various factors. This strategy requires significant resources that are available in the case of BP. The leader plays the central role in the process of the decision making, and the hierarchy is quite significant. This framework is quite effective for such large companies operating in the industrial or technology segments. These spheres are highly competitive, but the decisions often imply multimillion funds allocation. Thus, the leading companies try to remain on the safe side and implement thorough research prior to making decisions. However, it seems inappropriate for other organisations especially those operating in the sphere of IT, services and so on. Bounded Rationality Paradigm The general equilibrium framework was highly criticised in