ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Lassister (22) describes evolution as a slow and gradual process through which organisms adapt to their environment. The discovery of evolution is one of the greatest scientific milestones that human beings have ever made. Despite the fact that many scientific types of research and findings are in favor of evolution, many people still deny the existence of this great scientific concept. There are various examples of evolutionary forces in action that can be observed today that serve to underscore the importance of evolution. In addition, they provide proof that this important scientific concept actually exists. One of the commonly used illustrations of evolutionary forces in modern time is peppered moths (Biston betularia). Lassister (51) points out that the nature of the coloring of the peppered moth is a good illustration of evolutionary forces in action. Initially, before the industrial revolution, many of these animals had light, mottled coloration that was a nice adaption that enabled them to camouflage against predators. In addition to the brightly colored peppered moth, there was another variant of peppered moth that was dark in color. During the pre-industrial revolution period, this darker variant comprised of only two percent of the total peppered moth population but after the industrial revolution, the percentage of the dark-colored peppered moth increased to 95% (Lassiter 73). This change in color is as a result of evolution whereby the peppered moth evolved to fit into their current environment. The increased pollution caused by the industrial revolution resulted in most of the environment’s bright surfaces being darkened. This meant that for the months to effectively camouflage within their environment, their body coloration had to evolve accordingly. There have been several critics of the peppered moth’s change in coloration as an attempt to advance an explanation on the current evolutionary forces in action. This is because this example only uses a single trait to explain phenomena that should be looked from various perspectives. Be that as it may, the peppered moth example is one of the most widely used to explain evolutionary trends that have been observed in recent times. In addition to the peppered moth example, the second illustration of evolutionary force in action, which is perhaps more recent is the yellow-bellied three-toed skink (Saiphos equal). This unique animal is usually found in New South Wales, Australia and it is unique since it has the ability to either give birth to live young ones or lay eggs. One of the features that skinks reproduced through egg laying have is that they possess an extra layer of calcium. This is explained by the fact that the mother usually secretes this nutrient for the young one while they are still in their early developmental stages. The secretion of calcium by the mother can be compared to the mammalian placental system that allows nutrients to be passed by the mother to her young ones. Scientific studies conducted on the repr
Nowadays, highly qualified human resources are of paramount importance for contemporary organizations to survive and thrive in highly competitive markets. This means that the selection of employees for a particular job is crucial if a company is to succeed in pursuing its goals (Alfes, Shantz, Truss, & Soane, 2013). Choosing the appropriate people for various positions inside an organization is pivotal because it allows for saving a considerable amount of temporal and monetary resources, for such people permit companies to successfully reach their objectives (Albrecht, Bakker, Gruman, Macey, & Saks, 2015). However, in the situations when individuals who are not appropriate for the job are chosen by the HR department, this means that either the company will not be able to attain its goals effectually as long as it employs unskilled, unprofessional workers, or that it will be forced to devote additional resources such as time and money to find new people and train them to do the required job (Jiang et al., 2012). Importantly, employee selection is a process for finding those workers who are appropriate for the job rather than selecting individuals who are “best.” Because of this, the procedure of preliminary scanning of the candidates for a particular job should be well-designed and clear to permit the human resource specialists to effectually choose the appropriate candidates for that job (Gavino, Wayne, & Erdogan, 2012). Also, such a procedure needs to be thorough and, at the same time, free of excessive elements or details which would hinder the ability of HR professionals to appropriately select suitable candidates (Jiang et al., 2012). On the whole, the procedures of recruitment and selection are some of the most important activities that the HR department is involved in (Fine, 2012). The effectiveness and overall quality of the HR department are directly related to the degree to which the procedures of recruitment and selection are successful, and, as a result, to the overall success of the company (Jiang et al., 2012). On the other hand, an ineffectual HR department creates the risk that the candidates who will be chosen and hired for various jobs within a firm will not be suitable, thus causing a considerable amount of harm to the enterprise by lowering its overall effectiveness and forcing it to re-iterate the procedures of selection, recruitment, and employee training (Fine, 2012). Therefore, it is paramount to use effective procedures for candidate effective initial scanning (CEIS) and selection in the recruitment process (Fine, 2012). This paper provides a research proposal aimed at outlining a study that would allow for identifying the potential problems in an employee selection and recruitment process utilized in a chosen organization. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework that will be utilized in the proposed study will include several theoretical assumptions that can be made based on the review of the academic literature. In particular, it will be assumed that organizations make an effort
Introduction The Olayan Financing Company was founded in 1969 by Sulaiman S. Olayan, a respected prominent businessman not only in Saudi Arabia but in all Arab countries. He co-founded the company with his three daughters under the leadership of Lubna Olayan (Olayan Financing Company, n.d). The vision of the company is to invest in both private and public enterprises including real estate, which is still its main mission. The company has created several investing organisations to target the London and New York investment markets. The Company’s recent performance The Olayan Financing Company has adopted business partnerships adopting an expansion corporate strategy. In terms of management, it is led by Lubna Olayan, whose case application is discussed below. The company is now handling over 200 suppliers and manuals that has made its portfolio one of the most productive in the investment market. Defining Leadership A leader is a person who influences people through the practice of leadership. In fact, leadership is the art of organising people where a leader makes people act and behave in a way he or she deems right to achieve certain common goals. Additionally, it influences the ideology pattern of people to conform to the leader. Therefore, leadership is referred to as an art because the leader will always find the reason to enlist the support of the people they lead. This leadership skills can c
Teaching the visually or hearing impaired students has always been a challenge to educators. This is especially true for students with both of these impairments. As of 2008, about 10,000 children between the ages of 0 and 22 had both of these impairments according to the National Consortium on Deaf-Blindness (Miles, n.d.). Fortunately, developments in technology have made this problem easier to deal with. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief evaluation of the assistive technologies that are currently available and how they can be incorporated into the classroom. Video Magnifiers There are many kinds of video magnifiers available, ranging from desktop fixed models to head-mounted magnifiers that fit over the eyes. This device enables the user to enlarge images on a printed page or a presentation. Typically, a fixed video magnifier uses a camera and a movable table while handheld types are usually on rollers, requiring considerable space to operate (American Foundation for the Blind, 2012). This tool is easy to incorporate into a modern classroom. Video magnifiers can be strategically placed in the front row of a classroom. This arrangement works best where there are less than five visually impaired students. In cases where there are many visually impaired students in a single class, a group of students can share one monitor. This reduces costs and makes the class easier to manage. The two main problems associated with video magnifiers are eye fatigue and huge costs. It is easy to get tired when using a magnifier for extended periods, and the price range for video magnifiers is from $1000 to $4000. However, a magnifier that connects to a television is much cheaper but more limited. Speech Synthesizers Another utility for the visually impaired is a speech synthesizer. It is comprised of software connected to a computer system and it includes a speech reader and synthesizer. Typically, the software is text-to-speech, and is able to convert what is written on a document into spoken words. Since speech synthesizers can work with most desktop and notebook models, they are easily accessible and they work well for those whose visual impairment is profound. Educators should ensure that when this technology is used in a classroom, all the software programs used are functional and up to date. These programs can be installed in class computers or even in students’ personal laptops and I-Pads. Speech synthesizers are limited in terms of interpreting images, graphs, tables, scanned pages and other pictographic data. Most of such software is unable to provide a meaningful translation of these types of data in a manner that the student can easily understand. Braille AT Systems Braille AT systems are also of benefit to both the visually impaired and the deaf-blind. Braille is a code using raised dots on a flat surface and it can be “read” using fingertips. Braille technology includes both tactile display screens and printers. The Braille display is connected to a desktop computer and can show portions of a screen in Braille code, up to 80 characters at a time. This AT is one of the earliest that w
Recently, there is an increasing attention paid to the ethics of corporate relations. Employers devote more efforts to the questions of corporate ethics and personal mutual relations at the process of personnel selection, employment, and subsequently in the course of the direct employees’ performance of their professional role. Observance of the ethics of business relations is one of the main criteria for an estimation of the professionalism of both the single employee, and the organization as a whole. The implementation of the organization’s norms and rules of business ethics becomes its “business-card” and defines in many cases the fact, whether the partner or the client is going to cooperate with the given organization further, and how successful their mutual relations will be established. The usage of the standards and rules of corporate ethics can be perceived by encircling colleagues and partners benevolently in any case even if the person does not possess enough practical skills to apply the ethics rules. The effect of perception can be repeatedly intensified if the ethic behavior becomes natural, which can be demonstrated when the ethics rules are not only the internal psychological requirement of the person, but also worked out in the process of regular training. In the light of the previous outlines that consider the position of the corporate ethics in the business world today, the position of “Eclipse’s” CEO is totally adequate. Considering the international market of “Eclipse” and the multinational diversity of its employees the question of implementing a business ethics program should not be taken as a counterbalance for money savings, since such an implementation could be considered as a long term investment in the company. In addition taking in consideration that in such market as the airlines companies, where the key investments, i.e. the airplanes have a number of established manufacturers that mostly are identical within all the airlines companies, when the destinations and the prices are swayed approximately in the same level, the factors that might advance the company along their competitors are their corporate ethics. If approaching corporate ethics as an ethical code, the first step could be considered in establishing the arch of rules and norms of behavior which can be divided by all the participants of the group. With the help of such code certain models of behavior and uniform standards of relations and joint activity are set. Practically all directions of corporate ethics have the rules corresponding to the norms of behavior in a broad sense. Besides, without exception all the directions of business ethics are based on basic norms of ethics. This can include respect of self-dignity, the respect of the personal status of other persons, understanding the interests and the motives of associates’ behavior, social responsibility for their psychological s
Introduction Despite the fact that antibiotics are effective in treating a variety of diseases, they can also be used improperly or excessively, which can lead to different complications. Importantly, prescribing antibiotics for a viral infection is not an effective treatment due to the fact that antibiotics are aimed at fighting bacteria (Adams 231). However, the symptoms of viral and bacterial diseases can be similar and, therefore, prescribing such treatment is frequently incorrect. The purpose of this paper is to consider the possible consequences of antibiotics overuse and to analyze the possible ways to minimize their effects on health. Effects and Issues It is crucial to emphasize that the use of antibiotics for erroneous purposes or their overuse can lead to several consequences. If the drug is used incorrectly, its effect becomes insufficient. This is due to the fact that over time the bacteria begin to mutate and develop a drug-resistant strain (Podolsky 93). The same occurrence happens when the treatment is wrong or with an increase and an untimely termination of the treatment. The patient becomes a carrier of resistant infections; accordingly, he or she can no longer be treated with the first-generation antibiotics, and the risk of complications or death increases. One of the main issues associated with their overuse is that antibiotics created to fight infections give rise to new and more complicated infections, which require stronger medication. In addition, the inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause serious harm to the body of the patient. For instance, one of the most common complications is dysbiosis. Drugs like amoxicillin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, and others are highly effective, but they have a negative effect on the intestinal microflora, which is responsible for the gastrointestinal tract (Tamma 136). As a result, the patient’s immune system gets weaker along with all the metabolic processes of the body. The other effects can be expressed in irritable bowel syndrome, allergies, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and even obesity. Minimizing the Usage To prevent the misuse of antibiotics, healthcare professionals should ensure that this course of treatment is necessary. It is important to confirm the appointment of antibiotics through analyses and other health assessments. It is necessary to inform the patient about when he or she needs to start the drug treatment or to observe whether the body can cope with the infection on its own. It is essential to take into account all the patient’s allergic reactions and chronic diseases (Blaser 16). Each specialist should analyze the interaction of antibiotics with other drugs that the patient receives. This is especially important when a person takes antihypertensive drugs or anticonvulsants. Also, it is important to consider when the patient took antibiotics the last time as it is recommended to have this course of the treatment no more than once a year (Myers 108). Needless to say, patients should be knowledgeable about the necessity to not exceed or reduce
Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse is a not just a piece of fiction, it is a great book which dwells upon the way each person should come through. The symbolic meaning of searching for personal self impresses. Reading this novel each person can recognize him/herself. Searching for personal self, many people look at the experience of other people, they try to find their self relying on the skills of others. However, this is not correct as the experience of other people may just give somebody knowledge about the possible events, actions, case, however, enlightenment is reachable to those who want to find it, who walks their personal paths getting personal experience and trying to find their self without relying on the experience of others. The difference of Siddhartha at the beginning of the story and at the end of it is obvious. Attitude to life of a person who does not know what he is living for and why he is doing it differs greatly from a person who knows what he is doing in this world. At the very beginning of discussion, the author describes Siddhartha as a person who was wise enough and who experienced much in his life. However, he himself understood that what he knew was not enough, that he needed more joy and love in his heart which he could experience only by having found the sense of his life. Having started his way, Siddhartha was a person without direct understanding of personal desires, his actions and thoughts were confusing and he did not know what he was living for. The way to the final enlightenment was rather complicated. At the end of a story Siddhartha becomes a new ferryman. He is sure that his life is inevitable and therefore important. He understands that the role other people played in his life was as great as he played some roles in the life of other people. One of the main discoveries Siddhartha does at the end of the story and that makes him different from who he was at the very beginning of his journey is enlightenment. Those who managed to understand it, to discover and to get, are very lucky people as not everyone manages to do it. Siddhartha understood that enlightenment called “…treasure and secret was not teachable, which he had experienced in the hour of his enlightenment – it was nothing
The definition of Bullying Pitney and Cole define bullying as any explicit actions by a student or a group of students that aim to harass, scorn or threaten another student while at class, school bus or school grounds (3). There are various forms of bullying. For example, verbal bullying entail: sarcasm; intimidation; name-calling; and intimidation. Physical bullying involves: shoving; fighting; hitting; and kicking. Psychological bullying may entail humiliating, tormenting or socially segregating a student from a group. Sexual bully may encompass rude comments, unwarranted physical contact or homophobic cruelty (Pitney and Cole 3). This paper will thus use both primary and secondary data to discuss the prevalence of bullying in schools and whether the federal govern should enact federal laws to curb the social vice at school. Bullying is a social crime that has drawn a sizeable amount of domestic and international awareness. Legal scholars, organizational sociologists and psychologists have classified and assessed the personal and communal costs that arise from bullying (Harthill 1). According to my research findings, bullying is a common problem in many schools. For example, over 60% of the students I interviewed reported that they had been bullied at school (Figure 1). Children who are bullied at school may fail to tell their parent about the incident for fear of the repercussions from the bully. It is thus crucial for teachers and parents to be aware of the signs of bullying. Some of these signs are: reluctant to go to school; keeping away from the usual school route; avoiding the school bus; arriving home from school hungry since they failed to take lunch; low self-worth; attempts to commit suicide (Pitney and Cole 4). It is thus vital that parents discuss with their children about school and whether they have witnessed other children being harassed. For instance, my research findings revealed that over 70% of students have seen another student being bullied at school (Figure 2). During the 2006-2007 academic years, over 8, 000, 000 students aged between 12 years and 18 years in the US, or about 31.6% of all students claimed that they were bullied at school. In addition, 3.6% or about 935, 000 of these students claimed that they were cyberbullied during this period. This information was retrieved from the 2007 National Crime Victimization Survey and School Crime Supplement (SCS) which showed the extent of bullying and cyberbullying in schools (DeVoe and Murphy 1). The data presented in the appendix was developed from the 2007 SCS and NCSV which contained statistic on students and attributes associated to student bullying on a national level (DeVoe and Murphy 2). According to Alison M. Smith, the federal and state governments have enacted severa