ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The aim of this paper is to analyze the article “Using genetically-modified bacteria to fight cancer at Johns Hopkins” by John F. Cox. To do so, a concise summary of the article will be provided, followed by a review of its relevance to the course. Also, the writer will address the reason why the article caught their attention, as well as give an opinion on the best mode of funding for the research. Summary In his article, Cox (2005) reports how scientists are developing an interesting type of therapy as they seek to find a remedy for cancer. The novel technique involves the use of Clostridium novyi. This is a bacterium that has undergone genetic modification to remove its lethal toxin. Although the experiment has only been tested on lab animals (rabbits, rats, and mice), preliminary results, however, show that when tumor cells are infected with C. novyi, the bacterium renders them vulnerable. C. novyi is mobile by nature and it thrives under an anaerobic environment. Consequently, blood supply to the inner core of a tumor is relatively poor, causing an oxygen-deficient environment. Once C. novyi has been injected into a tumor, its mobile nature enables it to penetrate to the inner core of the tumor without causing any harm to healthy cells. Since the local environment is oxygen deficient, secretion of C. novyi destroys the tumor. Once the trial animals at Johns Hopkins had been injected with the bacteria, the researcher observed that their immune system was triggered to initiate an attack on the tumor. How the article relates to the course The article in question is relevant to the course content in a number of ways. For example, it addresses the issues of the metabolic alterations of Clostridium novyi to rid of its toxin, a process that involves genetic engineering. This process is covered by the topic on DNA structure and function. The article is also relevant to gene expression and control, since genetic modification of a bacterial cell involves gene transfer from one organism to another. The article is also relevant to the topic on cell structure and function. In particular, it describes the anaerobic nature of C. novyi. Why the article caught my attention The article caught my attention because it talks of the limited toxicity of genetically-modified C. novyi on normal cells, and how the bacteria is also highly selective on tumor cells (Patyar et al., 2010). This makes it a very effective remedy for cancer, compared with other more invasive techniques such as chemotherapy. Cancer is among the leading killer diseases. Over the past decade, I have lost a few close friends and family to cancer. A few of my acquaintances are still battling with one form of cancer or another and as such, this alternative cancer therapy could be a source of hope to them. Opinion on funding of this research The research should be funded jointly by the government and the private sector. This would give both parties a c
Introduction Available literature demonstrates that patient safety is a global problem that requires knowledge, skills, and competencies in manifold domains, hence the need to assume a systems engineering approach in dealing with the many diverse perspectives that collaboratively prevent and mitigate factors that compromise patient safety (Carayon & Wood, 2010). Although patient safety is compromised by human and nonhuman factors, it is clear that human factors that affect individual and team performance often lead to devastating consequences on patient safety and the capacity of organizations to provide quality care (Reid & Bromiley, 2012). Indeed, research is consistent that 70% to 80% of medical errors occurring in health care contexts are directly related to interpersonal interaction issues (Kaissi, Johnson, & Kirschbaum, 2003), that teamwork and communication challenges are the strongest predictors of surgical errors (Manser, 2009), and that one in every 300 patients experiences harm while getting health care due to factors related to medical errors or adverse events (Ammouri, Tailakh, Muliira, Geethakrishnan, & Al Kindi, 2015). Teamwork has been proposed as one of the main system-based interventions that can address or hinder patient safety, in large part because the provision of healthcare is intrinsically interdisciplinary in terms of obliging physicians, nursing professionals, and allied health personnel from diverse specialties, units and departments to work in clearly defined teams (Manser, 2009). In light of these observations, the present paper investigates the role of teamwork in promoting patient safety. How Teamwor
“The Glory of Byzantium” is a documentary video by BBC about Byzantine art: how it was born, how it grew and developed, and how it reached its zenith, then faded and died. The Byzantine Empire also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantium (pp. 395-1453 AD), was a state formed in 395 AD as a result of the final division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern parts. By the middle of the sixth century, Byzantium had formed its own identity, which it maintained even during periods of conquest. This film helped me to better understand the Byzantine art by showing how spiritual influence could be traced everywhere in this culture. In political life, it was expressed in the deification of power and the Emperor; in painting, there was no equal to the Byzantine iconography; in architecture, new landmarks and elements of architecture appeared. In the architecture of Byzantium, much attention was paid to the decoration of the temple, not only outside but also inside, and the type of domed Basilica was developed. One of the most significant events was Iconoclastic controversies, formed under the influence of old Testament texts. It was directed against the veneration of icons, and for a long time, slowed down the development of iconography. Only by the beginning of the tenth century, icons took their former place. Hagia Sophia (p. 534 AD) became the highest achievement of Byzantine architecture. It is the heiress of ancient architecture; this Church is a complex project of Justinian’s architects. A remarkable achievement of the architects of the Eastern Romans is the cross-domed Church, which replaced the basilica type. It is obvious that the largest number of architectural masterpieces was located in the capital of the state — Constantinople. But as urbanization progressed, so did the architecture of other cities — sights appeared in Thessaloniki (The Church of Hosios David and Saint Demetrius), in Ravenna (San Vitale, p. 547 AD). Byzantine art reached its apogee in the monastery of Hosios Loukas (p. 959 AD), in Phocis. On the glittering golden background of the dome of Hosios Loukas, the descent of the Holy Spirit to the apostles is represented — a quite rare iconography in Byzantium. A grandiose project for its time, Hosios Loukas is an example of a Middle-Byzantine synthesis of architecture, painting, and sculpture, creating an ideal iconographic scheme of a cross-domed temple. Chora Monastery (1315 AD) is perhaps the most studied monument of Byzantium — the last grandiose construction of the Byzantine capital, created by the efforts of Theodore Metochites. The mosaics of this Church are only partially preserved, but they also eloquently testify to the theological education and refinement of the compiler of their program. I found it particularly amusing how
Introduction The presented company is currently doing well due to its ability to offer high-quality services and products to the customers. The customer service department has been focusing on the best initiatives to support the needs of the customers (Adewale & Anthonia, 2013). The current situation indicates that the company is in need of a Customer Service Representative. This discussion outlines the major approaches that can be used to conduct a job analysis and job design for the position of a Customer Service Representative. Evidence-based strategies that can be used to attract and select successful candidates for the position will be described. Job Analysis The process of job analysis is done to understand the issues and attributes associated with a given position in a company. A proper job analysis will ensure the human resource (HR) manager is aware of the attributes of the job. The first method for job analysis is
Introduction Even though slavery has been abolished in the United States, the high-profile scandals of black people’s rights infringement still occur. Many fields do not take into account the interests of black individuals. As a result, the situation escalates, and the Black Lives Matter movement is proof of this pattern (Taylor 41). The paper aims to examine cases of discrimination and racism in the modern world through the fashion, food, toy, cosmetic, and health sectors. Main body Gucci House released a jumper for sale, which was later criticized by users for its racist nature. The wardrobe item with a controversial style was a black balaclava sweater with red fringing in the form of large lips on the collar and an opening for the mouth in the middle. In social networks, people found similar to the comedians’ image, whose caricature depicts black people (BBC News Business). At the beginning of the 19th century, a folk theater in the USA, known as the Minstrel Show, popularized comedians in black makeup who mocked African-Americans by depicting their accent (Hornback 131). Scenes with actors grimed by black people abounded in prejudice and offensive stereotypes, and the wardrobe item became the subject of ridicule. Accusations of racism also touched the food sector, including popular products. For example, PepsiCo Corporation’s Aunt Jemima logo has an image of a dark-skinned woman, the heroine of a song from the famous minstrel show at the end of the XIX century (BBC News World). It is noted that this portrait offends the image of a black servant in a white family. Along with PepsiCo, Mars Inc also plans to change Uncle Ben’s rice product packaging, featuring an elderly African American who worked for a Texas farmer (BBC News World). PepsiCo also announced that it would provide more than $ 5 million over five years to support the African American community (BBC News World). Therefore, many companies are changing their product to achieve racial equality in all areas of life. In the United States, large retailers announce that they will no longer lock individual products for representatives of the African American community in separate boxes. According to Neil and Brown, the woman who faced this problem stated that she felt shame and humiliation. The Walmart hypermarket chain announced the cessation of this practice (The New York Times). The intensified struggle of blacks for their rights has helped African Americans achieve justice from cosmetic stores and drugstore chains that sell cosmetics. Another well-known case was related to the Easter set, and in a box of sweets worth eight pounds were three sweet ducks. According to Young, Products made of white, milk, and dark chocolate were signed “fluffy”, “crispy”, and “ugly” (The Independent News). A dark chocolate duck attracted the special attention of visitors to the store with the signature “ugly”. The super
The tourism industry is one of the fundamental—if not the most important—industries in the world today. However, in order to succeed in tourism, individuals, corporate groups or organizations must ensure that they clearly follow the stipulated guidelines and rules that govern the industry. It is at this point that ethical tourism practices come into play (Wall, 1997, pp.483-490). Nonetheless, aspiring to be ethical without indulging in practical aspects would be of no help since it is the practical endeavors that help translate the ethical aspirations into reality and efficacy in the tourism industry (Fennell & Malloy, 2007, pp.25-40). It is based on this emphatic role of practical application of ethics when compared to the aspirational dimensions that this paper seeks to majorly discuss the intricacies of practical application of ethics in tourism. However, a concurrent delineation of the aspirational aspects will also be done. Regardless of whether one is operating in tourism at a small-scale level like in the community or in large arenas like in the international arena, ethics must be keenly observed and implemented on a practical level if efficacy is to ensue. However, Swarbrooke (1999, pp.33-40) importantly notes that obedience and application of these ethics is a rarity in the current world where “the end justifies the means” and “every man for himself” is the order of the day. As a result, ethically upright people are more often than not the casualties in this perilous competition where wealth and profits are the only variables that are, seemingly, considered sacred (Sharpley & Telfer, 2002, pp.30-40). It is with that in mind, and many other reasons that this paper seeks to discuss the aspirational and practical aspects of ethics in tourism . In doing so, this paper will begin by giving a brief background of the tourism industry and the ethical issues (both practical and aspirational) that concern it. Once that is done, we will delve into the intricacies of these ethical issues in regard to tourism policies and management practices. A succinct analysis of the key challenges to ethical uprightness, the aspirations and practical aspects of ethics in the tourism will then come thereafter followed by viable recommendations towards the same. Finally, a recapitulative conclusion will be given to summaries the paper. It is worth noting that various theories and authoritative arguments from various scholars will be used to further the discussions presented in this paper. Over time, tourism has increasingly become a fundamental part of our lives with the tourism industry being said to be among the fastest growing global industries. In essence, several factors contribute variably to the progress or advancement of tourism. These factors include (but are not limited to): good management policies by the concerned tourism bodies and people, the availability of rich ecosystems which encourage visits, relative efficacy of financial institutions and viable cooperation among stakeholders (Sel
Case Analysis This case is about whether religious and spiritual expressions should be incorporated in the workplace, particularly with regards to for-profit organizations. The main issue of interest is to determine whether private companies should be allowed to outwardly express faith-based priorities and whether it is correct for organizations to discriminate against certain employees based on their spirituality or religious beliefs. The case revolves around two companies, namely Hobby Lobby and AutoZone Incorporated. David Green, the founder, and CEO of Hobby Lobby established the privately held company on a firm Christian foundation and continued to associate the company’s success with its commitment to faith-based ideas. However, the introduction of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 presented new challenges for the company because Green felt that the section mandating organizations to provide contraception coverage to employees goes against the Christian principles on which Hobby Lobby was founded. Green believed that the government was intervening unnecessarily in a faith-based company and hence moved to court to overturn the mandate by requesting a determination on whether a for-profit organization qualifies as a religious employer. The issue of AutoZone revolves around Frank Mahoney Burroughs, an employee of the company who converted to Sikhism only to find that his mandated religious attire conflicted with established AutoZone policies on dress code. The employee was the subject of continuous discrimination from colleagues and some managers due to his religious attire, with some associating him with terrorist activities. Upon reporting the discriminatory incidence to the HR department, Burroughs was asked for documentation from his place of worship detailing the reasons for his religious attire; however, he was fired weeks later for what was termed as job abandonment. Although Burroughs received an out-of-court settlement upon successfully suing AutoZone for the termination, the question remained on whether it was justifiable for companies to discriminate against certain employees based on their faith or religious convictions. Problems The first problem relates to deciding on whether privately-owned companies should be exempted from complying with U.S. law based on their commitment to faith and values. The second problem relates to determining whether it is justifiable for some employees to express outwardly their faith and spirituality in the workplace even when it is clear that not all employees or employers share the same beliefs or values. The next problem relates to whether it is correct for organizations to change their policies and dress codes to accommodate the religious orie
Finance as the sphere of knowledge is important and interesting not only for economists, businessmen, and managers but also for many persons who focus on their daily financial activities within the community. Thus, it is important to concentrate on the comparative rhetorical analysis of peer-reviewed journals referred to the field of finance as the part of the discourse. Comparing the individual articles published in the journals as examples of the discourse in the field of finance, it is possible to note that such a reputable source as The Journal of Finance is characterized by the authoritative tone and specialized language to discuss the theoretical aspects of the field, when The Journal of Wealth Management and The Journal of Portfolio Management aim to inform and instruct practitioners in the field of investment; The Undergraduate Economic Review and The Social Science Research Network use more clear language and address the wide audience which represents the academic and professional community. The Journal of Finance is one of the most prestigious journals in the field of finance and economics. The journal presents the articles written by the experts in the field, and the purpose is to discuss the most current tendencies and changes in the sphere. The journal is published and supported by the American Finance Association, and it is discussed as the main example of the professional discourse in the field. The articles in the journal are written by the experts in the field of finance for the audience which has the significant knowledge in the sphere, and this fact is supported by the active use of the specialized language in the journal’s articles. The classical design of the journal divided into large volumes contributes to supporting the image of the most reputable academic source in the field of finance because the text plays the key role in the journal in comparison with the graphics and visuals. The aspects of the language and tone used in the journal can be effectively discussed with references to the article “The Capital Structure Puzzle” written by Stewart Myers, the President of the American Finance Association, in 1984. The language of this article can be discussed as specialized because Myers actively uses many terms and financial concepts without defining them. The tone of the
It seems that the return to traditional architectural styles demanded by the presidential administration was inspired not only by aesthetic or ideological motives. Buildings of classical architecture are designed to return respect for the power and the constitution, to remind us of the antiquity of such things as law and human rights. Modernist architecture completely breaks with the idea of ​​reviving tradition, but it is a continuation and logical stage in the development of culture as a whole. Aesthetic criteria are linked to the principle of reverence for traditional cultural-historical models. This approach seems overly conservative and inhibits architectural development. Moreover, it can be said with great confidence that it would have generated a few architectural masterpieces. This kind of construction requires not only design thinking but also inspiration. The construction of buildings that copy the architectural standards of other civilizations is doomed to be only a semblance. But if you apply this architectural model to all buildings in America, the quality of projects will decrease, and one may end up in a country where bad taste reigns. Of course, the architecture would look impressive and would resonate with traditional culture lovers, who are the majority. However, the full implementation of such a project risks slowing down the development of the architecture for a long time. It seems that it is the architects hired that have to decide what the federal building should look like. It does not belong to politicians who always occupy only a temporary occupation in it. Thus, the architect must be aware that he is building buildings of the present and the future and focus on future generations and not on previous styles. But ordinary citizens also play a role in this, whose perception of both the city and the government largely depends on the surrounding architecture.
It is evident that individuals react differently to certain events that seem to psychologically and emotionally affect them. While some are able to deal with the traumatic experience, others developthe Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This anxiety disorder is an emotional illness that usually builds up in an individual who is unable to cope with a traumatic event (Rubin, 2007). Though some individuals portray immediate symptoms after the event, others may take a whilebefore exhibiting the symptoms. This becomes a worrying trend as the individual is likely to become distressed. Diagnostic symptoms for this disorder include reliving the traumatic events, avoiding such things that may serve as reminder of the event, numbness and increased levels of arousal. PTSD is a rising concern to the society. Recent studies indicate that approximately 7.5% to 8% of Americans are likely to develop this disorder in their lifetime (Egan, 2010). It has further been argued that the occurrence of PTSD is estimated to be higher in sexual abused victims and combat veterans. However, it is evident that some segments of the society are more affected by the disorderthan others.Minority communities such as African Americans, Native Americans and Hispanics have recorded higher rates of PTSD disorder as compared to other communities such as the Caucasians. This can be attributed to the high level of dissociation between the members of the minority communities. The minority groups alsoreceive less social support due to racism perceptions towards the groups hence resulting to higher rates of PTSD. The studies also indicate a likelihood of more women suffering from the disorder as compared to the men in the United States. PTSD patients are encouraged to get i