ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The privatization of social security has become a priority area for many countries in developed and developing countries, in large part due to the inefficiencies that have so far been experienced in pay-as-you-go pension plans (Nishiyama and Smetters 1677-1678). In the United States, the issue of privatizing social security has been discussed in many forums even as the government moves its aging population toward 401(k)-style retirement plans (Hastings 13). This paper uses “The Retirement Gamble” film and other scholarly articles to not only discuss the pros and cons of privatizing social security, but also to reflect on some of the pertinent issues raised in the documentary. Pros of Privatizing Social Security Research has found that privatizing social security is beneficial as it not only deliver price competition and efficiency due to the free market approach, but also guarantees substantial retirement wealth to individuals by allowing them greater control over their investment decisions (Hastings 13). From the film, it is clear that Americans no longer have any control over their investment decisions as their retirement funds are often managed by financial controllers who are more concerned with satisfying the best interests at the expense of the investor. Additionally, the film demonstrates that existing retirement plans such as the 401(k) are yet to give employees control over their own retirement. Research is also consistent that privatizing social security has the capacity to enhance labor supply incentives by minimizing the effective tax rate on labor supply, lower costs, increase national wages and savings, as well as aid in the development of mature financial markets (Nishiyama and Smetters 1678; Santamaria 38). Lastly, privatizing social security reduces government’s role in managing retirement funds and enhances equitability by removing barriers such as mandatory retirement age (Williamson 34-35). Cons of Privatizing Social Security Available literature demonstrates that privatizing social security could trigger the detrimental effect of reducing risk sharing as the private market will not have the capacity to deal with issues arising from progressive benefit formula shares wage shocks and annuity protection (Nishiyama and Smetters 1678). However, the film demonstrates that all risks are placed on employees and hence the argument of risk sharing is just a mirage. It has also been argued that “the ability to elect in and out of the privatized system can cause adverse selection, which will increase costs” (Ferenczy 35). Other disadvantages of a privatized social security system include lack of client-focused education and awareness on how to make wise investment decisions, high administrative costs, elevated potential for errors, uncertainties of the market environment, and the requirement for m
Abstract All living systems are built on carbon compounds to survive. This makes organic chemistry to have a very important role of describing the reaction of the carbon compounds. The experiment was aimed at identifying functional groups of two unknown organic compounds. It followed a systematic manual to be completed. The first step was test for pH and both the two unknowns indicated neutrality. Step two involved an oxidation reaction; however, there was no reaction which took place since none of the unknown compounds could be oxidized easily with KMnO4. The next step involved reaction of the unknowns with 2, 4-DNP. For unknown 1, there was no reaction that occurred where as for unknown 2 the presence of a ketone was detected by the yellow precipitate formed. Formation of an ester in step
Introduction In complicated healthcare settings with multiple challenges and severe issues, medical providers, including organizations, clinicians, and nurses, should know various reliable, evidence-based strategies. Regarding nosocomial infections or HCAIs, effective interventions include frequent, careful handwashing, hospital sanitation, hospital waste management, personal protective equipment, vaccination, medication storage and handling, antibiotic stewardship, and technology implementation. Therefore, this paper aims at providing leadership and change management strategies and communicating and collaborating strategies that can favorably impact the problem. The paper will also examine the importance of state board nursing standards, governmental policies, technology, care coordination, and community resources for preventing HCAIs. Leadership and Management Strategies While adopting particular changes, professionals’ actions should be constantly supervised and supported by competent management capable of implementing practical changes and responding to functional concerns. Furthermore, the management should select a specific approach and determine coherent strategies to promote systematic transition in the staff’s workflow. In this respect, one of the most advanced and effective leadership models that received substantial worldwide support is transformational leadership (TL). Boamah et al. (2018) state that TL has a powerful effect on workplace empowerment, ultimately enhancing nurses’ job satisfaction and patient outcomes and safety, provided that managers serve as a moral and ethical model. Overall, the style requires managers to delegate responsibilities to personnel and stimulate them to transcend the defined expectations. To realize a meaningful change, leaders should follow definite steps. First, Stouten et al. (2017) recommend conducting an initial analysis to identify existing problems, possible obstacles, and change opportunities. In addition, leaders need to form a clear, engaging vision articulating tasks and goals and a specially selected team that oversees the change process. Regarding infections, when leaders strive to implement particular technology, for example, Health Information System (HIS), to record the HCAIs’ incidents better, they should primarily determine staff’s perceptions and attitudes, costs, and organizational concerns. Then, managers need to convey the benefits of EMR implementation, including patient safety and workflow, and documentation simplificat
Introduction France is one of the largest and most advanced economies in the world. The country achieved its success through diversification of its economy and prudent management of the public sector finances. Unlike other developed countries, agriculture contributes significantly to economic development in France. The output from the agricultural sector comes from livestock and cash crops. The leading industries in the country include chemicals, automobiles, electronics, machinery, and textiles. The main minerals produced in the country include iron, bauxite, and coal. Nearly 75% of the country’s electricity is generated though nuclear energy. The government has since reduced its participation in the economy by privatizing most of its firms. This paper focuses on the economy of France by analyzing five of its key macroeconomic variables. Additionally, policy recommendations will be suggested to help the country to revitalize its economy. The analysis will focus on the period between 1980 and 2012. Background France is among the leading producers of automobiles, aircrafts, cosmetics, and luxury goods. It also has highly advanced insurance, telecoms, power generation, and tourism industries. The country’s labor force has the largest number of graduates, especially, in science disciples per one thousand workers in the Euro-zone. Following the end of the Second World War, the country experienced a rapid economic growth due to its massive investment in agriculture. During this period, nearly 40% of the population was employed in the agricultural sector. The country’s GDP expanded at an average rate of 4.1% between 1945 and 1975. Rapid economic growth was maintained through several four-year development plans. These plans had economic development targets that were set by the government, but were mainly achieved by the private sector. From 1945 to 1986, the government focused on implementing policies of nationalization, as well as, intensive intervention in the economy. From 1981, Mitterrand’s regime focused on nationalizing major firms in key industries such as insurance, banking, and pharmaceuticals. Following the failure of the nationalization strategy, the country embarked on large-scale privatization of its firms in the 1990s. Nonetheless, the government still holds a large proportion of shares in the countries major companies such as France Telecom and Renault. In the 1990s, the country’s economy maintained moderate growth through investments in modern technologies such as the internet and the expansion of infrastructure. The formation of the European Union and the Euro-zone contributed to the country’s economic growth by providing a ready market for its exports. However, the economic crisis in Europe and the global economic downturn, which began in 2007, led to severe reduction in the country’s growth rate. In 20
Introduction A terrorist movement is a group of people who use violence, intimidation, or threat to achieve their objectives, mainly political, ideological, or religious (Thefreedictionary, 2010). Terrorist groups have operated in Middle East and Africa for a long time. Middle East in particular has been a haven for terrorist movements for a very long time. These movements have been motivated by politics, religion, and ideological stands. Similarities between Middle-East and Africa Terrorist Movements Most of the terrorist groups in Africa today have their roots in the Middle East. They thus operate across the two continents with some of them having bases in the two continents. For example Al Qaeda, one of the most fierce and largest groups, has its bases spread across Middle East and Africa. It has established its bases in countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, Somali, and Algeria and has links in many other African countries (Mills, 2004). In these countries, it has well established cells, which it uses to launch attacks both within and outside the countries. It also has had several other affiliated groups which assist it in its operation in countries like Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Palestine, Egypt, Sudan, and other North African countries (Schmitt, 2003). Its main goal is to fight against the establishment of Israel and also to challenge the American domination and what they refer to illegal occupation of the holy land and Islamic land. This religious extremist stance is usually their main driving force. As a result they aim to fight and destroy everyone who is sympathetic to Israel and US. Another goal of the terrorist movement is to overthrow the political establishments in their respective countries and establish religious states. In both Middle East and African countries, terrorist movements have taken advantage of instability, political unrest, and poor governance to establish them selves. Many of the host countries have had political unrests or weak governance which encouraged their establishment. For example, Palestine, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, Somali, Algeria, and Lebanon have had political upheavals that provided the groups with a perfect breeding ground. In Somali, the lack of legitimate authority and war has created humble opportunity for establishment of terrorist cells (Menkhaus, 2003). As a result, the groups were able to infiltrate and set up large terrorist cells that have advanced to give rise to other smaller terrorist groups across the world. Differences Unlike African terrorists’ movements, many of the terrorist groups in the Middle East are state sponsored (Foreign Policy Magazine, N.d). Authorities in the Middle East such as Afghanistan, Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan have been known to sponsor and aid terrorist activities. They have also provided bases for the establishment of these groups, thus creating a safe haven for their activities. This has made sure that these groups continue to thrive in these states unabated despite desperate attempts by the international community to eradicate them. Their goal is usually to establish religious authorities in the region based on religi
Gender performance impact on identity Gender is a broad term used to describe the characteristics of males and females. In gender discussion, this is called masculinity or femininity. Gender and sex can be used to refer to the same thing. Gender is a broad term, is interpreted based on the context in which it was used. It could mean social gender, gender identity, or just sex. Sex is viewed in a more limited scope as it is the overall state of being either male or female (Lee, 1993, p.58). The meaning of gender was recently redefinition after arguments and pressure from feminists. They sought to distinguish between the biological aspects of the social contrasts of gender. It is, therefore, not surprising to find several definitions of gender and their supporting arguments. In this section, we look at the influence of gender on the construction of identity. Gender motivated identity is termed as gender identity. It refers to the self-categorization of a person as being either male or female. The society contributes immensely to this identification by placing certain expectations and responsibility on a person depending on his/her gender. As a man, one will be expected to live to a certain standard and way of conduct (Peletz, 2007, pp. 103). A woman is faced with more challenges than her male counterpart. This is brought about by the society having a subjective identity that has been culturally conditioned and constructed. Women argue that certain domineering belief systems put women below men while they perform a more central role in shaping and influencing society. In other words, they are trying to change the gender identity expectation of the female gender to have a more pivotal and recognized position. They are gearing for a more qualitative consideration of their contribution. Women aim at acquiring the authority of being entrusted with bigger roles than they have previously been allocated (Bierhoff et al., 2000, p.68). To have a better understanding of gender identity, we should consider the element of social identity. This is the formation of a group of people with similar identities and the same cultures. It is tied with gender identity, which classifies people together as belonging to a particular gender. Social identity theory proves that the self-concept of a person is derived from belonging to a particular group. It is mainly influenced by the interactions between the members of the groups. The self-concept generated within these groups defines the social structure the individual will form. It will determine their actions and reaction to society and the role that the group members are supposed to play in the groups. Gender does lead to the formation of the explained social groups, which later define the expectations and responsibility of different people depending on their sexual orientation. All over the world, societies have determined, through ge
Executive summary This report intensively addresses the challenge related to use of social media in businesses. Research studies have documented that there are quite a number of business organizations that are unable to properly manage their social media sites. Due to inefficient and ineffective business management strategies, many users of social networks have become victims of privacy violations. The use of, or viewing of personal materials without express permission from the copyright owner is a violation that demeans intellectual property. Due to lack of thorough regulation, many internet users especially in sites like Nazsa-Klasa, XING, Facebook and Twitter have tremendously violated privacy laws (Basu 49). Lack of strict regulation may be due to the fact that most governments and management teams have given the issue of violation of privacy a laissez-faire approach. The effects seen in escalating infringements of privacy is a clear show of failure of social media managers (Hader & Brown 270). Proper strategies should be instituted, laws against violations tightened and free flow of information managed. This report aims at evaluating possible solutions to this lack of privacy, a problem generated by lack of well established security measures by social media business owners. The following criteria will be used to evaluate possible solutions: Is the solution practical? Is it cost effective? Will it enhance privacy and promote positive behaviour? To research on this problem, secondary data collection method was applied to gather reliable and informative materials. From the findings, the following solutions were proposed:   * Control of free flow of information   * Enhancing security and laws Introduction Aim The aim of this report is to evaluate possible solutions in business management challenges in social media. The objective intends to determine the management issues that have contributed to lack of privacy in social media sites such as Facebook, twitter and MySpace. The report intends to provide the social media companies and governments with recommendation in order to minimize the negative aspects of encroachment on privacy. Background It may prove difficult to draw clear difference between infringement of personal privacy and fair usage of social media due to the availability and ease with online materials can be accessed at any given time (Hader & Brown 270). One may not know which video files, songs or pictures to upload and use without permission. As such, many social media sites users have found themselves using, distributing, sharing and accessing private materials online (Palfrey 6). Research studies have attributed this to failure in the role of the manager of social media companies such as Facebook, twitter and YouTube to protect themselves and their users from infringement of privacy. According to the studies carried out by recent empirical researchers, loss of privacy can be minimized by d
Introduction Alfred Nobel is one of the most prominent figures in the history of chemical engineering due to his role in developing and improving explosives. The key invention of Nobel was dynamite, which had a revolutionizing effect on the industry in the 19th century. His other famous inventions included blasting gelatin, detonating caps, and blasting powder. Alfred Nobel’s legacy also includes the Nobel Prize, which was established in his will and is still used today to motivate and reward great scientists from all over the globe. The influence of Alfred Nobel on the development of explosives can be evaluated through a review of his life and achievements that made him one of the most prominent scientists of the time. Early Life and Education Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 21, 1833 (Nagendrappa, 2013). His father Immanuel Nobel was a civil engineer and an inventor engaged in construction business, and his mother owned a grocery store that provided the family with modest income. Shortly after Alfred Nobel was born, his father’s business became bankrupt, causing him to travel to Russia in order to start a new enterprise there (Nagendrappa, 2013). In 1842, Alfred and his brothers joined their father in St. Petersburg, Russia, where they received excellent private education in science and languages. According to various historical accounts, Alfred Nobel was already fluent in Swedish, French, English, German, and Russian when he was only 17 years of age (Delucca, 2017). At this time, it was already clear that Alfred Nobel would excel in science. Although his favorite areas of study were English literature and poetry, he was also interested in chemistry and physics due to the nature of his father’s business. By the age of 16, he was already a trained chemist with extensive experience and numerous independent laboratory studies (Delucca, 2017). Further study would strengthen his knowledge of chemical engineering, as well as his interest in studying explosive substances. Interest in Explosives Immanuel Nobel played an important part in influencing his son’s interest in explosives. While in Russia, he worked for the government to provide them with a variety of military equipment. During the Crimean War, Immanuel Nobel developed naval mines filled with gunpowder, which turned out to be instrumental in preventing the British Royal Navy forces from entering the Russian territorial waters near St. Petersburg (“Alfred Nobel’s life and work,” 2018). In order to support Alfred’s study of sciences, Immanuel sent him to study chemical engineering abroad. In just two years, Alfred Nobel visited Sweden, Germany, France, and the United States, and has worked with prominent scholars in each country. Studies in France had a significant impact on Nobel’s future development as a chemical engineer because they marked a beginning of his work with explosives
Millipore Cooperation Company is a company that makes implants, such as shoulder and knee replacements and orthodental implants. It actually uses decoagulants which are solutions that prevent blood coagulation. This is principally used in university labs, hospitals during the surgeries, etc. The company makes separation devices which are basically used for all sorts of filtration. Such cases include separating blood from plasma, simple filtrations for water systems and also microelectronic diffusion where the filters are used to purify hydrochloric acid necessary in manufacturing of fibers. Digression Analysis Technique, for instance, involves making glasses which are then packed into boxes, and delivered to the warehouses and stores where customers can buy them. In industrial engineering, the main task is to set standards for the production of products. In case of the above-mentioned example, the boxes are of different sizes with different dimensions and weights. A formula can be worked out based on the parameters of dimension, time and weight. With 150 percent inefficiency in production, the formula to be used to reduce such number is necessary to get the key variables of weight, time and sizes. Using data simulation for the last 6 months, the efficiency level may reduce to about 112 percent if the production level is limited by the number of hours per day. In our case, this number is 8 hours in which one is expected to pack a given number of boxes dependent on their size. Then the rate will increase with more production of the glass. It also deals in receiving goods, packaging, labeling finished goods, warehousing, inspection, and manufacturing, supply of productions, production and finished goods. In pharmaceutical industry, everything should excellently be performed, and certain procedures are to be followed as well as good quality systems and manufacturing practices where everything is determined to ensure accuracy are in place. Labeling is very important as it helps in determining the expiry date of products. There are certain processes which are to be followed. They include IQ which stands for inflammation qualification, PQ which means performance qualification and OQ which is operation