ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Identification of the Public Health Challenge in the Article The article under analysis aims to analyze university students from Lebanon and their knowledge of prescription drug abuse, including such aspects as prevalence, sources, and motivation. The authors state that the non-medical use of drugs is one of the major topics for discussion in many countries (Ghandour, Sayed, & Martins, 2012). To investigate the chosen topic, the authors develop several important research questions, including the clarification of the most frequently used prescription medications, the reasons for use, and perceptions of young Lebanese on the access of such drugs. Identification of the Authors and Source of the Article “Prevalence and Patterns of Commonly Abused Psychoactive Prescription Drugs in a Sample of University Students from Lebanon: An Opportunity for Cross-Cultural Comparison” is the article written by Ghandour, Sayed, and Martins for the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence in 2012. The first two authors are the representatives of the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health at the American University of Beirut, and Martins is from the Department of Mental Health, the John Hopkins University. Statement of the Rationale for Selection of the Article The article is chosen for the analysis for three important reasons. First, the topic of the article is open for discussion. It is necessary to clarify what American researchers think of prescription drug abuse and the perceptions of young people on this topic. Second, the structure of the article is clear. It is not complicated to identify the main issues and the directions chosen by the authors of the article. In the abstract, Ghandour et al. (2012) introduce the reasons and the results of their study. Therefore, it is possible to conclude if the chosen approach is interesting for reading and helpful for discussing the topic of prescription drug abuse. Summary of the Key Points in the Article In the article, the authors identify the method that is used to answer the chosen research question and explore on prescription drug abuse. An IRB-approved cross-sectional study based on an anonymous questionnaire was developed at the American University of Beirut. The key points of the article include the reasons why young people are eager to use drugs without appropriate prescriptions, the outcomes of such use that could be observed among the students of Lebanon and the recommendations that could be given regarding the current state of affairs. The main reasons include pain, sleepiness, anxiety, and the need for stimulants. Gend
In her book “Nickel and Dimed,” Barbara Ehrenreich describes research made by her in order to find out a bit more about the life of an American minimum wage worker. Her main goal was to find an average job and to live only on the money she would be getting for this job: “My aim is nothing so mistily subjective as to “experience poverty” or finds out how it “really feels” to be a long-term low-wage worker” (Barbara Ehrenreich, 11). She had to choose the most highly-paid average job and to live in the cheapest apartment in order to save more money for living. The main purpose of this project was to find out if it was possible to live in another city, to rent an apartment, even the cheapest one, and to exist somehow on money the employers will be paying to you. For this, Barbara moved to Florida and found a job first as a waitress. Then she was a hotel maid, a house cleaner and then she continued taking the jobs like these in order to find out which one was better. It is very difficult to be always surrounded by people you don’t know, and that’s what Barbara writes about it “From the first day on, I find that of all the things I have left behind, such as home and identity, what I miss the most is competence.” (Barbara Ehrenreich, 17) She laid emphasis on the fact that no matter where you may go and which of the numerous cities you would choose, there will always be places “where tourists and the wealthy compete for living space with the people who clean their toilets and fry their hash browns” (Barbara Ehrenreich, 12). At this, she lived in the cheapest apartments, and what was important for her was safety rather than the beauty of an apartment itself. Barbara wanted to find a job but being a server was not on her list. “Waitressing is similarly something I’d like to avoid because I remember it leaving me bone tired when I was eighteen, and I’m decades of varicosities and back pain beyond that now.” (Barbara Ehrenreich, 13) I can’t entirely agree with Barbara here, and I think that a server will be the best job for young people with no education, as well as for older people having no higher education when they come to another city in order to start their life there. I think being a server is a good start and, as this work is difficult, it should be noted that any job of this kind can be very hard and tiresome. To begin with, the work of a server is one of the most being in demand. Each city, especially if it is a big city, has a lot of cafés and restaurants which very often suffer from the lack of service stuff and that’s where the personnel changes all the time: “there are no jobs now, but there should be one soon, since “nobody lasts more than a couple weeks.
Introduction The semantic importance of signs, as informational mediums, has been recognized since a long time ago. However, it was only at the beginning of the twentieth century that semiology (the study of sign process), has been formed as a distinctive scientific discipline by Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles Sanders Peirce, despite the fact that the mentioned individuals had different views on the technical aspects of semantic meaning being channeled through signs. Saussure had insisted on the purely psychological essence of signification while suggesting that every sign consists of two integral elements: form and the concept. Whereas forms for signifying a particular concept can vary, the concept itself remains an objective category. At the same time, he admitted the process of signification is much more complex than simply a voluntarist attachment of semantic sense to verbal or visual constructions: “It is a great mistake to consider a sign as nothing more than the combination of a certain sound and a certain concept. To think of a sign as nothing more would be to isolate it from the system to which it belongs. It would be to suppose that a start could be made with individual signs, and a system con
Introduction Communication is the process through which information is passed from one person to another so as to create knowledge and awareness. It is therefore an art that is carried out through a given media. Human communication can either be oral or non-verbal. Concept of human communication involves several and separate elements that are incorporated in the communication process to provide integrated and harmonious information. These incorporations provide what is referred to as a mode or pattern of communication which creates self awareness. It can also refer to the means that facilitate or discriminate barriers to effective communication. A communication concept is to be guided by particular objectives to be achieved in any given communication strategy. Most cases they aim at bringing a change in the cognitive behavior of the persons with an aim of making the person aware of the surrounding. It should start with a particular direction. After deciding to take this cause, I learnt the inherent value of self reliance and self awareness. Before I new the importance of my cause I had to first learn the concept of encoding, decoding, and the effects of stimulus, alienation resulting from boredom and disorientation, demonstration of linguistic order domination, mediation and archetype. Major concepts of human communication revolve around the source, message, medium and finally the recipient (Beebe, S. Ivy, D. Beebe, A, 2007). In this paper, concept of mediation in human communication is discussed exclusively in relation to engineering courses. Mediation simply means to intervene in the case of two so as to bring order. This concept has responsibility of creating an amicable understanding between the major parties involved in the communication process. These comprise the source and the recipient of information. Within a given setting mediators are needed to allow even the voiceless to be heard. In mediation concept, the medium acts as the agent in the process. Having learnt this I became aware of the channel to be used, the range of communication and the agency of the information are taken care of. This is simply creating responsibility (O’sullivan, T and Saunders, D. (1994). An episode on the other hand refers to an instance of a particular sequence of events that are taking place mechanical Engineering is concerned with various procedures. Some times the work schedule represents a drama or simply a literal work. Human communication dealing with an episode should be strategic and have a specific direction. This implies that communication concept focusing a given episode should first identify the objectives that are to be met. Under this episode, communication concept must have an objective statement. These statements should be in simple and in measurable terms. Such goals include creating self awareness to students on the importance of the course and the opportunities that are available for the same The second aspect of the concept should identify the targeted person within the cultural society. In this category the modeler, engineer, system architect and
Introduction Due to technological advancements, many people are now able to listen to or download music over the internet, and even share their favorite songs with their loved ones. Technology has also brought music listening gadgets such as the iPod, which have the capability of storing thousands of songs directly downloaded from the internet. You can either get charged for downloading music from the internet or you can get it for free. In the United States, almost 50 percent, or some 60 million internet users copy movies, music, and other digital goodies for free using online networks such as Morpheus and Kazaa . Such a statistic seems to reveal that a culture of music copying and sharing has already been solidified in the world (Olsen, 2003). Sometimes, musicians set up their websites, where their music is made available for free in the hope that such exposure will get people to buy their music (Wolf, 2008). But available research indicates that people who download free music no longer consider buying as an option after listening to the music. The ethical question to be asked therefore is if we should continue to pay for music even after having the knowledge that we can download or reproduce it for free using the latest technology available over the internet. Arguments of why we should pay for music online Many ethical considerations have to be made when considering the above issue. It should not be lost in us that some of the musicians depend sorely on the music they produce for survival. Those who support paying for music that we listen to online argue that the activity of downloading, copying, or sharing a music file for free without the express authority of its author is tantamount to stealing or shoplifting the music from a nearby record store. It is tantamount to stealing the livelihoods of music artists. Stealing is an act that is punishable by law and therefore it is ultimately wrong to download music without paying the loyalties (Olsen, 2003). In many instances, musicians put their music on the internet on the premise that it will expose them to the world. They put downloadable songs on their websites in the hope that people will listen to the music and buy it if it appeals to them. But those who advocate for music paying argues that the artists end up being popular without the real financial translation as people don’t buy the music after listening (Wolf, 2008). This is morally demeaning and therefore must be discouraged at all costs. They, therefore, argue that people should pay for the music they listen to regardless of whether they like it or not. In most instances, we download music online without really bothering on paying for it since it is convenient t
Introduction   * Walmart is an international department store and the world’s largest corporate retail establishment (Garcia, 2018).   * To navigate international expansion, Walmart’s human resources group must create a strategic plan to analyze factors that will impact these plans. Description of Selected Organization   * Walmart was founded in 1962 by Sam Walton, beginning in a small variety store in Arkansas (Garcia, 2018).   * By 2018, Walmart employed over 2.3 million workers across the world.   * Ranging from Botswana to Zambia, Walmart has made their mark on the international market. Today, Walmart operates approximately 11,500 stores under 56 banners in 27 countries and eCommerce websites in 10 countries. We employ approximately 2.2 million associates around the world – 1.5 million in the U.S. alone (Walmart, 2020). Walmart has become a model of consistency of a company that can expand internationally and still be profitable. If the company aims to do business in a country that is close to the U.S., high in population, and easily marketable, Walmart should look to expand to Mexico. The Four Factors That Affect HRM in International Markets   * Cultural Dimensions.   * Education-Human Capital Dimensions.   * Economic Systems.   * Political-Legal Systems. Cultural dimensions are a factor that can affect the coordination and communication of an organization (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright, 2014). Education-Human capital dimensions, economic systems and political-legal systems all represent the potential challenges of international expension for an HRM group. It is important to analyze every aspect of the respected international market that you are intending to go to because cultural and societal norms, business acumen, legality and ethical matters may be different than those of your own country. Discussion of How the Four Factors Affect HRM in International Markets Cultural Dimensions The differences of nations play a significant role in forming the organization’s cultural values and work process.   * examples:       + the individualist state of mind values career opportunities.       + collectivist societies appreciate the possibility of belonging to an influential group.       + feminine cultures are positive about short and well-defined working hours.       + masculine ones focus on the ability to compete successfully (Gravili &
Reasons behind unethical behavior of employees Drastic vicissitudes have happened during the last few years in the position and responsibilities of the managers of the organizations or business formations. Before these vicissitudes the position of a manager was rather unequivocal: the individual in charge stood on top of the team and gave straight and particular instructions. On the other hand, at the present day, the role of the head has shifted as more and more companies embed the strategy of dividing the employees into teams with almost equal areas within them in order to accomplish their goals. The post of the managing person in the organization of the present day is different from the normal direction purpose, as it lies in not controlling and ordering the group affiliates but in guiding and organizing them. One of the most important duties of the contemporaneous manager is to assist the group affiliates in receiving new material, to give grounding in the best-known practice apprehensions, and to interfere in the work procedure at the right moment. What is more, the manager needs to learn how to forward the essential information, how to give complete advice and how to rely on and be reliable. The definition of self-efficacy is applied in order to appraise the self-confidence in a person towards the capability to achieve a certain assignment. It has an influence on the project determination, resolution, conveyed attention to the mission, and the stage of objective application nominated to an enactment. In spite of the prominence of the self-efficacy and its influence on the occupation, little deliberation has been provided on the way to its managerial suggestions. Styles method lies in the behavior of the manager, specifically in what he does and how he does it. This manner of learning the leadership contains the performance of the manager in the direction of his subordinates in diverse circumstances. Self-efficacy in constructed on the continuing accomplishment of compound discerning, communal, linguistic, and physical capacities by the means of the present information. The people seem to measure, integrate and evaluate the existing material about their talents; as a result, they make an effort at regulating their determinations and energies in accordance with this information. The concept of self-efficacy comprises of three magnitudes: degree, strong points, and simplification. In addition, self-efficacy is founded on the perceptive valuation of one’s experiences. Implications of organizational diversity on the communication Self-efficacy seems to be relevant to collection in a vast amount of conducts As soon as the selection mechanisms are pragmatic, a number of valuations of self-efficacy could be valuable in combination with an arrangement of other events. Work con
Introduction “My World of the Unknown” is a story written by Alifa Rifaat, which focuses on a woman exploring her sexuality. The distinct feature of this story, as well as other Rifaat’s writings, is the fact that the author does not oppose the Muslim traditions of marriage and patriarchy. Instead, she focuses on the issues that arise as a lack of men’s understanding and adherence to Muslim rules. Additionally, Rifaat challenges the Western perception of Islamic women as submissive and victims, outlining a different point of view in her works. This paper aims to explore the background information about Rifaat and examine the challenges that this story presents for a reader. Background Information about Alifa Rifaat Some background information about the author will be explored in this paragraph, which will help understand the context of “My World of the Unknown” better. Alifa Rifaat’s real name was Fatimah Rifaat, and she was an Egyptian author. According to Al-Tahawy, the main themes that Rifaat chose to write about were female sexuality and relationships, which are controversial topics, even today (p. 50). Western readers interested in Rifaat’s story should also understand the social and cultural background that Rifaat lived in because Egypt is a religious country adhering to Muslim standards. A prominent example is the first story written by this author when she was a child, which revolved around the issues of rural life in Egypt (Al-Tahawy, p. 50). Her family shamed Rifaat because she wrote about the difficulties she saw. This example provides an understanding of the fact that Rifaat lived in conditions that made it very difficult for her to express her opinions, especially on the topics of gender and relationships. Western readers should understand that the social conditions did not allow Rafaar to publish her work freely. To make sense of the story, one should understand the role of women in Muslim cultures. According to the Oxford Islamic Studies Online, from a religious viewpoint, both women and men have equal moral rights, although the former have limited access to some aspects of daily life (“Women”). However, the shifts in the cultural and political life of the Muslim states altered the role of women over the centuries. Before Islam became a widespread religion in the Arab countries, women were regarded as property belonging to a man (“Women”). Therefore, polygamy was not obligatory, and married women did not have financial security or social support to live on their own. As is evident from this description and Rifaat’s story, Islamic women are not oppressed as an outcome o
Introduction An organization can be defined as a deliberately composed entity of two or more people that are working on an incessant basis to accomplish a set of mutual objectives. When two or more people come to work together, there is need for some kind of synchrony and understanding between them. This is to bring about a common objective to their working. This is so because different people have different personalities that make them hold different view points from others on issues as they see them and behave in a certain way towards given situations. Therefore, for two or more people to work together without conflict there is need to achieve some common ground that will at the end of the day give them some form of standard to work on. Organization behavior is a field of study that investigates how individuals and groups behave within an organization and the application of the same knowledge to achieve the objectives of an organization. Self understanding in organizational behavior enables individuals become aware of themselves whenever they are in the organizational setting and are thus able to package themselves in a way that will enable them settle within the organization without trouble (Deci & Ryan). Self-awareness makes people know what is good for them as well as what is not good for them. In an organizational set up, they are able to work with objectives in mind in such a way that their working will benefit them and the organization. How I am motivated to do work, and why do I think that is As an individual, different things motivate me to work and some might be common to other people or at the same time might not be common to other people. One of these is recognition of my efforts and work at the work place. As an individual, I get a lot of impetus to even do better than I have done before when whatever I do is seen and appreciated. In many work places, research show that people leave work more because of lack of appreciation than lack o