ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Rapid technological advancement and globalization have entailed new challenges in organizational information security management. The level of data collection and sharing across various media has drastically increased. Moreover, new technologies allow public and private enterprises and institutions to process personal information at the largest scale than ever to pursue their own goals. The given developmental trends are associated with major risks of confidential data breaches, which can violate a natural person’s rights for the protection of personal data. Multiple national and international regulations and standards are created to address this problem. All organizations are expected to abide by laws requiring them to ensure a sufficient degree of data protection enacted at both state-wide and nation-wide levels and to follow recommendations outlined in international managerial guidelines and standards. Considering this, the present paper aims to evaluate the significance of the regulatory aspect of organizational information protection endeavors and identify the extent to which they may facilitate or hinder the work of security managers. To attain the formulated objectives, the review of state, national, and international regulations and standards, as well as recent literature findings, will be performed. Levels of Information Security Management Data security measures as such can be divided into three major levels: legal, organizational, and technological. It is possible to say that laws and regulations f
Introduction The problem of choice between plastic and paper bags is old indeed. At shops, people are usually asked “Paper or Plastic?”; at special institutions, researchers spend much time and effort to prove that one type of bag is more environmentally friendly than the other. This necessity of choice is evident indeed; still, there is no certain answer to this dilemma. In fact, both, plastic and paper, bags have a considerable impact on the environment. The ecologists all over the world share their views on how to save nature, overcome the threats of global warming and ablation, and protect the environment against human activities in general. And governments, in their turn, take numerous legal steps to support the solution of the environmental problem caused by human activities. However, these two sectors do not pay much attention to the fact that even such small things like paper or plastic bags can influence the environment. Though such countries like Italy, Ireland, China, or South Africa have already approved the legislative acts prohibiting or limiting the use of plastic bags, their activities are not enough for people to realize what type of bags, plastic or paper, are more dangerous for them as well as for the environment they have to live within. There is a tendency to exaggerate the effects produced by plastic bags on the environment in comparison with paper bags. Among such factors like slow decomposition, energy-consuming production, pollution of the environment, marine life in particular, and not biodegradable nature of plastic bags prove the harmful nature of the product; but the same factors and harmful effects may be applied to paper bags. The evaluation of all these factors, processes, and even the economic issue should be made to define less harmful material for people to rely on. Though the production of plastic bags is frequently banned nowadays because of considerable harm to the animal world and marine life, the effects of this product on people and the environment seem to be less harmful than those of paper bags; therefore, it is necessary to develop some new approaches to plastic bags’ production and utilization and provide people with clear instructions on how to benefit from plastic bags and make them less harmful to nature. Background Information The historical overview of the use of plastic bags shows that people have been utilizing plastic or paper products for a long period regularly. Nowadays, it is hard to imagine everyday life and shopping without plastic or paper bags. People just cannot stop using them or find a better alternative. Though paper bags are currently implemented as a less harmful alternative of plastic bags because paper ba
Apple is faced with stiff competition in the Chinese smartphone market. In 2016, the company’s sales of smartphones in the country were substantially diminished by cheaper alternatives produced by companies like Huawei, Oppo, Vivo, and Xiaomi among others (Hardwick). A recent report reveals that Apple Inc. took fifth place in total sales for the fourth fiscal quarter of 2016 with its 43.8 million units sold in China (Hardwick). In the same year, Huawei took first place with its 75.2 million units and was followed by Oppo and Vivo with 73.2 million units and 63.2 million units, respectively (Hardwick). The numbers show that Apple drags behind in terms of year on year (YoY) sales in the Chinese market, which is a significant problem for the company. If the issue is not properly addressed by Apple’s management, Chinese competitors have a good chance of stealing the company’s market share in the country. This paper aims to present a marketing analysis of Apple Inc. The report will address the problem of competition in the Chinese smartphone market and provide recommendations for its solution. The paper will also explore competition structure, economic factors, political factors, marketing mix strategies, and other elements of marketing analysis to substantiate a set of alternative solutions. Overview of Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is a multinational company headquartered in Cupertino, California. The company specializes in the development and retail of consumer electronics, online services, and computer programs for its devices. Apple Inc. was created in 1977 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak—two college dropouts—and later became a producer of “one of the first highly successful commercially produced microcomputers in the market” (Yeung). However, the company does not specialize in designing and manufacturing only computers. Instead, it concentrates on penetrating the consumer electronics market and produces mobile and music devices. Recently, Apple Inc. has started working on a project titled “Titan”, which aims to develop “an autonomous driving system” (“Apple Car”) that will explore the self-driving capabilities of modern electric vehicles. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Porter’s five forces analysis will help to get a differentiated perspective on Apple Inc.’s strengths and weaknesses within its industry. The analysis will examine the following forces that affect the company: industry competition, the bargaining power of suppliers, the bargaining power of consumers, the threat of new entrants, and the threat of substitute products (Yoffie and Baldwin). Industry Competition Apple Inc. faces a substantial level of competition in the industry. A recent review of the competition structure of the market environment suggests that the main competitors of the co
Specific laws in the areas of equal federal protection, state equal protection, and adequacy of funding and their impact on education funding Studying Title 1 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Black (2010) notices that the initial purpose of the Act was to provide equality about educational opportunities for the students coming from low-income families. The author points out that the more recent versions of Title 1 drive the law away from its basic purpose. For example, the No Child Left Behind Act is based on maintaining proficiency and academic success level of poor students without addressing the needs for resources of such students (Black, 2010). Besides, special education ends up much more expensive than general education (Corbett, 1999). Moreover, education funding is spread unequally between schools of bigger and smaller states. As a result, schools with higher numbers of poor students are underfinanced, and the level of education they provide is much lower. In comparison, Swedish legislation requires that all public schools provide education of the same quality, notwithstanding their location (Funding of the Swedish school system, 2008). At the same time, education is Japan receives very low and uneven funding, over thirty percent of which comes from the private sector. The confusion is caused by the fact that the recent reform assigned some public sector institutions to be privately managed with self-established tuition fees (Higher Education Finance and Cost-Sharing in Japan, 2003). The main sources of revenue for higher education and their strengths and weaknesses In the United States of America, the two
Introduction The case study selected for the investigation of strategic management and planning is devoted to the Walt Disney Company. It is one of the leading mass-media and entertainment corporations with the central office in the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California (Cieply, 2012). At the moment, it is considered the world’s largest conglomerate that is focused on the production of movies, cartoons, and entertaining products such as theme parks that are popular among the population globally. It is an American company headed by its president, Robert Iger who is considered a successful CEO because of a number of effective solutions contributing to the development of the company and it’s becoming a leader in the selected market segment ( The Walt Disney Company announces, 2018). The company also owns other famous franchises and studios such as 21st Century Fox which contributes to the generation of the competitive advantage and significant empowerment of the corporation. Decision The decision that is discussed in terms of this case is the purchase of Lucasfilm for $4 billion by Disney. The given strategic solution became a surprise for the media world because of the popularity of the legendary Star Wars franchise and multiple opportunities related to its possible utilization to create new products such as movies, theme parks, or cartoons (Cieply, 2012). Despite stakeholders’ fears associated with this deal and high risks, the decision turned out successful because of the stable revenue generated due to the licensing agreements, sales of merchandise apparel, toys, and more than $4,8 billion income at the box office (Cowley, 2012). It also improved Disney’s position in the market providing new ways to evolve and broadening the target audience. For this reason, this purchase is selected for discussion and in-depth analysis. In such a way, the deal between Lucasfilm and Disney is taken as the basis for the provided case study. Being one of the leaders in the market segment devoted to entertainment and movie making, Disney accepted the decision to buy the famous franchise regardless of the potential risks and possible negative attitudes from fans. The positive effect of this strategic move provided the corporation with new opportunities for its development and growth via the distribution of products associated with the Star Wars brand. Analysis of this decision will help to acquire an improved understanding of how strategic planning was impacted by internal and external factors and what aspects were considered by CEOs. Structure The following case study has a particular structure that contributes to a better comprehension of the discussed issue. There is the introduction of the central actors who planned the strategic decision and its details. This part is followed by the detailed evaluation of external and internal factors impacting this step with the application of stakeholder theory. Furthermore, the power of rivals and ideological constructs is investigated to determine the degree to which they preconditioned the change. The value created due to
Introduction Civilization of Man, which has been marked by notable complexity, can be traced back to Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China hundred thousands of years ago. All human societies past and present are multi faceted institutions and have set up and nurtured these institutions in attempts to discover themselves and add meaning to their life through establishment of justice and order. Through them, man has endeavored to find out and comprehend his place, role and destiny in an ever mysterious universe. Consequently, all spheres of human life in most societies have been and are still largely interrelated to an extent that it is difficult to divorce one societal element from the other despite modern man’s attempts to differentiate political, economic and religious roles and duties of these institutions. The purpose of this task is to discuss from a historical point of view interrelationship between politics, religion, and material things in Japan. Japanese cultural conservatism Japanese culture is very old. Today, Japanese together with Chinese and other Asian people have appreciably succeeded in retaining much of their old age cultural practices. This is despite the overwhelming European and to some extent Arabic cultural influences that have swept across different continents courtesy of Western colonialism and imperialism during nineteenth and twentieth century. Japanese culture is certainly one of the most conservative in the modern world. Meyer observes that even if Japan was opened up to the outside world by the United States during mid-1850s, Japan continued to preserve much of its tradition and that its partial isolation led to a relatively high degree of cultural conservatism (9). In other words, alien cultural and imperial pressures did not manage to influence the Japanese way of life. Instead old ways were preserved along side alien culture. Meyer asserts that right from the time Japanese started coming into extensive contact with influential foreigners like Chinese and Europeans, they were able to put up with various religious and secular ideologies such as Confucianism, Buddhism, animism, Shintoism and Christianity (9). Although it is not known precisely whether Japanese comprehended fully the substance of the borrowed foreign ideas, they were cognizant of the differences emanating from foreign ideas (Henning 74). Therefore, even though external influence left noticeable marks upon Japanese way of life they were able to retain cultural practices that were uniquely their. (Meyer 9). According to Meyer (9), this cultural uniqueness was explicitly manifested in the persistence of s
Philosophy is a subject that focuses on the important nature of existence, of human beings, and human’s relationship to their surroundings. For instance, when it comes to cognition one can say that trees are the important components that make a forest while in philosophy one will say that the soil is the vital component that makes up the forest because if it wasn’t for the soil the trees won’t be there. Philosophy is a broad system of ideas concerning human nature and the kind of real human beings live in. It can be compared with a guide for living because the issues it tackles are essential and pervasive in determining how we associate and treat other people and the path human beings take in life, (p, 6). There are several topics that philosophy addresses and they fall under different fields. Some of the vital concerns are Epistemology which is the theory of knowledge, Ethics; (the theory of moral values), Aesthetics (the theory of the nature of art), Metaphysics (the theory of reality), and finally Politics (the theory of legal rights and government). Religions such as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism contribute so much in offering guidance in the philosophical field. The difference between religions and philosophy is mainly not in the subject they both address but the different methods they use to address the subject. Religions have their foundation in mythic tales that pass the discovery of explicitly coherent methods of analysis. Numerous religions or faith organizations these days call to a spiritual faith and revelation modes of belief which claim validity independence to logic and the scientific ways, at least for the prime questions. But many religions are in their basis not anti-rational but pre-rational, for example, a storyteller’s relay of philosophic matters rather than a scientist’s, (p, 25). Philosophy means “The Love of wisdom” in Greek. Philosophy is found in rational debates and appeals mostly to actuality. It should be noted that the account of our scientific discoveries started either with philosophical studies or inquiries, and the systematic ways of testing and proof up to now remains a case of the common approach that truth-seekers try to bring to question; one which
The term ‘Manager’ is often used to describe a continuum of jobs that range from first-level supervision to all the way to top management decision-makers. ‘An organization’s managers are its direct links to its employees- they have a strong influential role and impact on performance and morale. The business environment is changing at an ever-quickening pace requiring ongoing education. Managerial work has become increasingly fast-paced, less structured, and more reliant on strong interpersonal and leadership skills than ever before.’1. The increased complexities of managerial jobs require a selection process that can accurately measure and account for a wide variety of interrelated factors. So it is not necessary to follow ‘conventional wisdom’ when dealing with recruitment and selection of the managerial staff. The process must do more than simply measure the critical factors. It must provide the interpretation of how the individual’s background and skill match a specific role. While specific tasks and responsibilities of each managerial job differ between organizations, still all managerial level assignments share some common elements in terms of responsibilities associated with them like:  1. Accountability for the performance of subordinates,  2. Accountability for support of strategic business initiatives,  3. Responsibilities for effective decision making,  4. Accountability of increased levels of technical or job-specific knowledge, and  5. Accountability of continual personal development and improvement and initiative to develop a career path with the company. That means the managerial selection process starts with the development of a clear description of the respective managerial job. Job development and description This is a very important part of the managerial selection process. A managerial job description is a definition of a manager’s duties and responsibilities within the organization. These descriptions of managerial jobs generally remain confined to the requirements of the following areas of management: Leadership and Management Leadership qualities include abilities to foster teamwork. A leader induces team confidence to face hitherto unknown scenarios and empowers the teams for a common goal. In other words, developing leadership in others is the basic attribute of a leader. Dealing with people This involves the communicating skills of a manager. Not only should a manager possess the attributes of a good orator, but his written communication should also have a persuasive effect. Further, interpersonal skills empower a manager to negotiate with and influence others in order to help achieve key business objectives. Cognitive skills The ability to acquire knowledge through thought, experiences and resulting perception or initiatives equips the manager with skills to solve problems and make effective decisions. Such skills are generally acquired with experiences, but some leaders have these as inborn attributes. Self-management The manager has to remain adaptable, flexible, and oppor
The Supreme Court is the highest institution of justice in the United States that has a special role in the system of the American government. Its ultimate goal consists in solving all ambiguous cases emerging as a result of a violation of constitutional rights. It is empowered to interpret laws and questions the actions of the President and Congress to prevent violation of the Constitution. The Court’s major mission is to ensure equal justice under law to American society (Bartels & Johnston, 2013). The criminal justice system receives unprecedented attention in the Supreme Court as very few courts in the world have the same scope of power and none of them managed to exercise it for such a long period. The unlimited influence stems from the fact that the American society is deeply committed to the adherence to criminal law guarded by the oldest written Constitution (that is still in force at present) under the Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments (Cole, Smith, & DeJong, 2015). Since World War II, the criminal law of the US has undergone dramatic transformations due to the decisions taken by the Supreme Court during the tenure of Earl Warren in the position of Chief Justice. His policies resulted in the following positive changes for the criminal justice system (McCloskey & Levinson, 2016):   * obligatory notification of rights;   * improved questioning procedure (introduction of Miranda Rights) and confessions;   * legal search and arrest permission;   * right for counseling for indigen
Strategic planning refers to a company’s or organization’s plan or practice of developing its strategy in carrying out its plan and making decisive undertakings on how to allocate its resources. The organization basically embarks on a process of allocating resources with the aim of pursuing its strategy with respect to capital and human resource. There are various techniques applied in strategic planning as listed below.   * SWOT – This strategic planning involves evaluating Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and threats.   * PEST – PEST analysis technique focuses on Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis.   * EPISTELS – This analysis technique involves Environment, Political, Informatics, Social, Technological, Economic, Legal, and Finally Spiritual. Strategic planning is an undertaking aimed at preparing a formal or written deliberation on a firm’s present and future plan. It is involved in answering some important organization’s queries like what an organization does, for whom it does what it does and how it succeeds, or why it does. One of the most important questions that an organization’s strategic plan should answer is how it will manage to keep away from competition or defeat it all the same. Organizations prepare their strategic plans to cover about four to six years but some prepare long-term business strategic plans that cover up to thirty years. Mainly the length of time of strategic planning gets longer as the size of and scope of the organization grows bigger. Strategic planning basically points out the direction that an organization is going to take in its years to come and the nature it will take. It however does not automatically predict how the organization will fair in its success since the future is fairly unpredictable. For instance, major companies such as General Motors and Sony and small businesses as well could not predict the current global financial crisis that is threatening their very existence. They however try their level best to keep their strategic plans as intact as possible amidst a tumultuous business climate. Strategic planning has three key components namely vision, mission, and values. The vision part involves outlining the aspired or proposed future state of a firm or business in relation to its major aims and goals and the direction it takes. The mission part describes the major purpose of a company or business and answers the question of why the organization is in existence. Values deal with the beliefs that the owners of a company hold and what guides its culture and priorities. When strategic planning has exhaustively dealt with all the above things then it can be deemed to be complete. Strategic plann