ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Incorporating a business allows the owner to enjoy numerous benefits that may be inaccessible for businesses established as sole proprietorships or partnerships. Using the structure of a company enables the creation of a business characterized by a separate legal entity, limited liability, reduced corporate taxes, increased access to capital and continued existence upon the death or exit of shareholders. The rights and obligations of a company are the same as those of a natural person, which means that a corporation can acquire assets, become indebted, enter into contractual agreements and can sue or face charges relating to a criminal offense. The assets and money associated with a company belong to it and not the shareholders, which eliminate interference with the operations of a corporation due to the transfer of its property. On the other hand, the lack of separation between the owner and business entity for sole proprietorships or partnerships requires the transfer of individual assets and documents to the new party. The status of a separate legal entity allows the centralization of the management of a corporation in a board constituting of experts, which eliminate the direct influence of shareholders in the business operations and decision-making. Establishing a business as a corporation protects the shareholders on their responsibility to the company’s debts, which is not the case for sole proprietorships and partnerships where creditors can attach the personal property of owners to offset business’s debts. Corporation shareholders can only lose their investment in the event that a corporation goes bankrupt, and are not legally liable for the debts. The only time a shareholder in a corporation can lose more than his investment is when he has provided a personal guarantee for the corporation’s debts or under certain circumstances as a director of the corporation. On the other hand, owners of sole proprietorships and partnerships stand to lose personal wealth such as a house if the assets of a business are not enough to clear the incurred debt. The taxes paid by corporations are separate from the owners’ income, which allows them to operate with lower corporate tax rates than sole proprietorships and partnerships whose owners incur individual taxes rates. A corporation does not incur the cost of self-employment taxes, which sole proprietorships and partnerships must incur based on their share in a business. Incorporating a business enhances the ease of raising capital through measures such as issuing investors with bonds and share certificates, which is not the case for sole proprietorships and partnerships whose sole source of capital is the owners’ money and loans. Financial institutions perceive businesses established within the structure of a corporation to be less risky compared to sole proprietorships and partnerships, which allows corporations to obtain loans at lower rates than the other enterprises. A business established as a
A clinical laboratory specialist is a profession, which allows one to choose between working in different settings: clinical, hospital, or research. Hence, these individuals can help both run tests for healthcare facilities or aid researchers who find new mediation or study various phenomena. This paper will review literature that helps determine the impact of technology and its development on the profession of a clinical laboratory specialist. Career Field A degree in clinical laboratory science provides a plethora of opportunities for an individual. The primary responsibility of a clinical laboratory specialist is to analyze biological specimens by performing testing and reporting the results (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). For example, they can work in the medical field and both in clinical and research settings. Alternatively, one can choose to become a specialist in consumer product testing labs, working for firms that produce food, cosmetics, or other goods. The knowledge acquired over the course of attaining this degree also can be applied in the field of forensic science. Thus, clinical laboratory scientists gain competencies in the following fields: “include microbiology, chemistry, hematology, immunology, transfusion medicine, toxicology, and molecular diagnostics” (Mayo Clinic, n.d., para. 1). Most importantly, Mayo Clinic (n.d.) notes that from 60 to 70 percent of all decision-making regarding patient’s treatment plans are made based on the clinical testing results. Hence, the career field of a clinical laboratory scientist allows one to choose from a wide range of options. Impact of Technology The first cases of body fluid or tissue analysis that are closely aligned with modern-day clinical science can be traced back to Hippocrates in 300BC (Giovanni, 2018). However, the first clinical laboratory that is closely aligned with the ones used in the 21 century was established at the John Hopkins University in 1896 (Giovanni, 2018). In general, the history of laboratory science is closely linked to medical research since the first laboratories and assistants were recruited to help count the number of bacteria that would allow supporting the medical diagnosis (Giovanni, 2018). After John Hopkins discovered tryptophan in 1900, scientists and technicians began to work on the devices that would help identify the bacteria or viruses. The visual colorimeter was the first tool introduced into medical laboratories in 1902 by DuBoscq (Berger, n.d.). This tool was designed to determine the consent ratio of colored compounds in a solution. Other scientific and technological discoveries that aided the development of laboratory sciences include radioactive isotopes, electrophoresis, electromyogram, and others (Berger, n.d.). Perhaps one of the most significant developments in this field has been the random access analyzer by DuPont in 1968 (Berger, n.d.). Researchers and practitioners have continuously tried to create new ways for employing clinical l
After World War I, the League of Nations divided most of the Ottoman Empire into Mandated territories. The British were given provisional Mandate over Palestine under which one of the conditions was to help the Jews establish a national home. This was opposed by the Palestinian Arabs. The Jews on their part were also unhappy with the British for drastically limiting Jewish immigration and land purchases by them. During World War II the Palestinian Arabs and Jews ceased their resistance to British rule. Many of them joined the Allied forces. After the War the United Nations Special Commission on Palestine recommended that Palestine be divided into an Arab state and a Jewish state, with Jerusalem being put under international control. The UN General Assembly adopted this plan officially in November 1947. The Jews accepted the UN decision but the Palestinian Arabs were against it. The First Arab Israeli War When Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, it sparked off the First Arab-Israeli War on 15 May 1948. The conflict heralded the end of the British mandate of Palestine. It resulted in the deaths of 6,373 Israelis and between 10,000 to 15,000 Arabs. The end of the war that took place on 20 July 1949 was marked by the signing of the last armistice agreement between the new State of Israel and Syria. The end of the war was also marked by the creation of a massive number of refugees – 10,000 of them Jewish and 711,000 of them Palestinian (Mahalo.com). History & Establishment of UNRWA As the First Arab-Israeli War was nearing its end, international organizations like the International Committee of the Red Cross , League of Red Cross Societies and the American Friends Service Committee began providing emergency aid to Palestinian refugees. In November 1948, the United Nations set up the United Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees . It had 2 objectives. The first was to provide assistance and relief to Palestinian refugees. The second was to organize and direct the aid and relief works of Non-Government Organizations as well as other UN agencies like the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund , World Health Organization , Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Relief Organization . However, when the war actually ended in July 1949, the creation of a huge number of refugees forced the UN into believing that creation of a separate UN agency wholly devoted to Palestinian refugees would be more appropriate (Un.org/qa). The UN General Assembly therefore passed Resolution 302 (IV) on 8 December
The story of Victor Frankenstein is one of the most disputable in contemporary literature. Written at the beginning of the ninetieth century, it became a real event of the Victorian era. In her book, The Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, Mary Shelley brought up the topic problem of the correlation between creator and creature, ambitiousness and encroachment upon the right to be God. The destiny of the novel protagonist, Victor Frankenstein, and his creature is just an inevitable result of arguments with nature. Victor was sure that he would manage to create a man, as well as many years ago God did it. Still, he failed to create a beautiful human being and paid for his mistake. “Shelley’s fictional portrayal of grief in Frankenstein not only prefigures God win’s response to an emotional crisis, but it replicates the sensibility of Reason and emotional restraint. Shelley creates the same terrible struggle for moderation between a learned father who shares Godwin’s “philosophy” of logic and a passionate son struggling for self-control” (Hobbs). Still, Victor did not realize the main mistake of his experiment. He did not understand that he doomed not only his family to death: the Creature is the main victim of Victor Frankenstein: More about Frankenstein How Does Elizabeth Die in Frankenstein? 5 717 In Frankenstein, Who Cares for Victor When He Is Stricken with a Fever? 5 525 What Do Victor and Walton Have in Common in Frankenstein? 5 1764 Why Does Frankenstein Feel He Has the Right to Take the Life of His Monster? 5 435 How Are Frankenstein and Prometheus Alike? 5 1117 Which Quote from Frankenstein Brings Out the Theme of Revenge in the Novel? 5 1452 “Accursed creator! Why did you form a monster so hideous that even you turned from me in disgust? God, in pity, made man beautiful and alluring, after his own image; but my form is a filthy type of yours, more horrid even from the very resemblance.” (Shelley 113) Victor did not realize that God created humanity and took care of creature, while Frankenstein sought for the success of scientific experiment: “From the beginning, the creature is unloved: Victor, in his flight and subsequent ignoring of what he has done, seems to treat the creature as a nuisance that if ignored might simply go away, disappear” (Seabury 135). The monstrous feature of Victor Frankenstein is the inability of
Introduction This paper focuses on the problem of global warming and climate change with the attempt of formulating a research proposal. The purpose of this work is to identify and describe this disaster and the way it affects our planet to explain why there is a need to research it. The work will concentrate on certain aspects such as the background of the problem, the current state of the problem, the existing literature on the problem, what has already been attempted to solve the problem, what conclusions have been made, what opinions researchers have on the matter, what the central themes and arguments in the current studies on the problem are, as well as what should be added, changed or rearranged in the studies. As the foundation for developing a potential research proposal, this paper will rely on the latest scholarly, academic, and governmental articles, books, and other sources. Background and Problem Statement Global warming is the semi-natural disaster characterized by a continuous temperature rise on Earth that is threatening to destroy our planet. It makes droughts happen more frequently and spread wider across the continents as the sun emanates more heat. The sea level also rises as the ice caps melt due to the exceeding amount of sunlight in the Polar Regions. The winds get stronger as well; the danger of constantly reoccurring tornados and hurricanes will become less avoidable in the future. “Historical records of precipitation, streamflow, and drought indices all show increased aridity since 1950 over many land areas. Analyses of model-simulated soil moisture, drought indices, and precipitation-minus-evaporation suggest increased risk of drought in the twenty-first century” (Dai, 2013, p. 52). According to the previous studies, sea surface drops in temperatures have a huge impact on the land precipitation level. Regional differences mostly depend on natural variations in temperatures of the tropical seas. Compiling the data, the researchers predict “severe and widespread droughts in the next 30– 90 years over many land areas resulting from either decreased precipitation and/or increased evaporation” (Dai, 2013, p. 52). The reason why this disaster is referred to as semi-natural is in the fact that direct sun rays would not have caused so much harm if it was not for the rapidly deteriorating ozone layer. Ultraviolet radiation hardly constitutes even 1% of solar energy. The ozone layer could easily reflect this amount of radiation and protect our planet. Unfortunately, because of the copious quantities of carbon in the atmosphere, the layer starts to disintegrate, which results in the appearance of the so-called “ozone holes”. When people burn gas, oil, coal, etc. to generate electricity, the carbon is released. The carbon-containing gases spread around the whole planet and instead of reflecting harmful sun rays they absorb them and keep them trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere creating a greenhouse effect. This is how the surface of the planet gets warmer and warmer each year. “With human-induced climate change from increased CO2 and other heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere – global
Introduction Utilitarianism classifies morality in form of maximizing the anticipated utility for the benefit of all parties that are to be affected by the decision. It supports the fact that all actions are good only if they work towards the goal of enhancing the greatest good for all people. Utilitarianism resolves issues based on the principle that it is only that which produces better results for everybody or for the greatest number that is considered good. Ethical formalism on the other hand supports the fact that only that which is pure in motive is good. It resolves issues or dilemmas by identifying the solution which is pure and unblemished in motive (Pollock, 2008). Application of Utilitarianism in Sophie’s movie In the context of Sophie’s movie, utilitarianism would resolve that, one of the children be killed and Sophie survives with the other one. Sophie is in a dilemma and because they have been taken to a place where all their rights are deprived especially individual rights, making a choice is inevitable. By sparing the boy, Sophie made a better choice since the boy had a better chance of survival. Irrespective of her choice, it was imperative that she saves one child for the good of society. Application of Ethical Formalism in Sophie’s movie In ethical formalism, what matters is not the result but the motive. Since all people have the duty to protect their children so had Sophie, but because the situation demanded that she protects only one. Sophie was morally justified to save one child; it was also morally justified to choose the son over the daughter because the son was old and could survive in the harsh environment of the concentration camp. Debate over the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is one of the military and political decisions in history that elicits an unprecedented debate. There have been a lot of questions as to why the United States of America opted to drop the bomb especially at the peak end of the war and various arguments have been floated in favor of or in opposition to the bombing. It is worth mentioning that Americans were not informed of the war or the developments leading to the events. To gain a better understanding of the bombing, it is imperative to examine the various competing views in the debate. Those who supported the bombing exercise argue that it was the only measure that could disable Japan and the bombing could lead to the surrendering of Japan. They also argue that the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was only necessary to shorten the war and in order to save the lives of Americans. The proponents argue that the bombing was critical to ensure that the line between defeat and surrender was made clear in the context of Japan. Proponents argue that the bombing was necessary to send signals to the USSR in the imminent Soviet-American conflict. The bombing was considered as a measure to guarantee leverage in future negotiations with the USSR. Those opposing the bombing argue that the US was unethical in the actions since it demonstrated its inh
Introduction Education is one of the most important aspects on human life. Nowadays, educated people are highly valued and the level of education is to be really high. The innovative technologies and the necessity to deal with highly complicated equipment, international partners, etc. make people strive for better education. It is essential to study at college, to get necessary knowledge and to develop them being aware of the latest news. Education is the issue which opens new ways before people as getting knowledge people become aware of the information which is considered to be the main source of personal development. At the same time education is important for those who are interested in searching for the new information. There are a lot of different ways how education may be used. The emergence of the Internet and the availability of much information put under question the very necessity of colleges. It is essential to make sure that colleges are necessary, otherwise, more attention should be paid to the processes which allow students study individually using the Internet and other resources. Dwelling about this issue, it is important to turn to the ideas which consider the opportunities people have. First of all, the Internet gives much data which may be read just for widening personal scope. Second, the Internet offers different tests and other tasks aimed at practicing received knowledge. Finally, the Internet contains a lot of teachers who are ready to correct student’s knowledge and to point them to their mistakes. Therefore, it seems that colleges are not necessary. Still, a college systemizes students’ knowledge making them study necessary information (which is to be remembered) and teaching them search for information in case they need something. It is impossible to know everything and colleges are necessary to filter the information which is to be remembered for sure and another one which is to be known and in case of necessity easily found. Opportunities for Advancement and Success through the Internet The Internet has offered too many opportunities for people. First of all, people can read books, journals, the results of research and other important sources online. Second, the Internet allows students to get the curriculum and study in accordance with the college programs that give them all the necessary knowledge, structured and systemized. Third, there are much cheaper organizations online which are able to check students’ mistakes and to point to the fields where more search is to be conducted. Finally, the Internet makes it possible to study without going to college as video lessons direct students at practicing their theoretical knowledge. Considering each of the opportunities mentioned above, we are going to dwell upon the advancement of the Internet in the spheres considered here contrary to their harm. There are a lot of sources online which allow students study. Searching for the necessary information online, students can get good education without college. Books are offered either for delivery or with th
Introduction The Canadian Multiculturalism Act, whose idea was first conceived in the year 1971 under the then Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, was passed in the year 1988 and it aimed at enhancing and preserving multiculturalism in Canada. The Act affirms the policy of the federal government to ensure for equal treatment of every Canadian citizen in the country, no matter their race or ethnicity dimensions. Under the regulations of this Act, the Canadian government would have to recognize and also respect its entire society, which is characterized by diversity in customs, languages, and religions, among other social and cultural differences (Edwards, 2010). One of the most important policies of the Act was to ensure that all citizens were accorded equal protection and treatment by the government, under the provisions of the law, while their diversity was valued and respected. Other key aspects which have been outlined in the main components of the Act include Aboriginal rights, equality rights regardless of one’s religion or skin color, full protection of the Canadian multicultural heritage, English and French as the only official languages even though other languages may be used, and the right of the minorities to enjoy and celebrate their culture. This paper provides an in-depth review and analysis of the multiculturalism policy in Canada whereby social and political locations such as gender, race, sexuality, class, and citizenship are fully examined. Canada is increasingly becoming a culturally and ethnically diverse country and for that reason, multiculturalism policy is observed to be one of the major responses of the Federal government towards this diversity. What is Multiculturalism? As it would be observed, there is no specific definition for this term and various countries across the world would tend to approach the issue in a variety of ways and perspectives, but in related phenomena. Over the years, different and inconsistent strategies have come up through different communities, whereby the term has been applied in a variety of ways in the society, both normative and descriptive. For instance, as a normative, the term would imply a positiv
Civil means a citizen or citizens and responsibilities mean reply or state of being responsible. Civil responsibilities are responsibilities of citizens, which are also the active action that involves taking part in government, democracy, paying taxes, obeying the law, jury services, and respecting others. These actions one can enhance them by being civilly aware and recognizing them in defending the constitution according to the U.S citizenship and immigration services. It can also be defined as the duties to be called upon to respond to actions at law for an injury caused by a felony or crime as opposed to criminal responsibility or liability to be proceeded against in a criminal tribunal (Maley et al. 47). The above-mentioned errands are vital in making sure that American maintains its freeness and prosperity. This is because the responsibilities involve action within the community where the people vote and encourage other citizens to vote as a sign of taking part in the democratic process. This concept of civil responsibility was first recorded in ancient Rome. It was in here that citizens wanted to generate contributions for the good of the whole society and not for themselves as individuals. This idea was amongst other things that were included in the U.S constitution. By the 18 th and 19 th centuries, this idea had spread and was manifested in volunteer participation in fire departments and public works projects (Trakman, Leon and Gatien 78). Civil responsibilities do occur within the community and in addition to the national responsibilities of community service that avails a chance for citizens harboring unique capabilities to participate in the civic duties. The individuals who do not meet their civil duties ought to encounter legal charges. On the other hand, civil responsibilities are voluntary. The civil society organizations also have civil responsibilities. Their role is building and shap