ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs) are industry-specific organizations focusing on gathering data on technology vulnerabilities, risks, and solutions. ISACs are formed by the owners and operators of critical infrastructures. ISACs gather, analyze, and disseminate information associated with these infrastructures (National Council of ISACs, 2020). The Goals of ISACs ISACs should have a range of characteristics that allow them to protect information concerning a certain infrastructure. For example, it provides 24/7 protection from threats and has a reporting system (Radvanovsky & McDougall, 2013). It collects data from different sources and promotes sharing this information between the ISAC members. According to the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (2017), ISACs can be divided into three groups: country-focused, sector-specific, and international. Moreover, they can refer to such fields, as maritime, nuclear, health, automotive, and others. Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center The first ISAC that will be analyzed in this paper is the Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center (E-ISAC). E-ISAC “provides its members and partners a protection against various threats to the North American electricity industry” (North American Electric Reliability Corporation, n.d.). The ISAC is operated by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and has a portal allowing the data exchange between the members who report on physical threats, such as vandalism, gunfire damage, meteorological events, and eco-terrorist, among other dangers. Oil and Natural Gas Information Sharing and Analysis Center Another ISAC is the Oil and Natural Gas Information Sharing and Analysis Center. It protects the critical infrastructure against insider threats, malware, and data breaches. In 2016, it responded to 290 cyber attacks, 59 of which were within the energy sector (ONG-ISAC, n.d.). It uses the Traffic Light Protocol to share the information between members, which makes the sharing secure. Only the members of ONG-ISAC receive the information classified as Red, Amber, and Green. Others can receive information marked as TLP White. Conclusion Both ISACs reviewed aim to protect specific energy infrastructures against cyber threats. They seem to be successful, as they are reported to have a wide range of functions that provide an ISAC’s efficiency. Both of them are concerned about an opportunity for a secure data exchange between the members. Both ISACs hold webinars and have bulletins for their members. However, E-ISAC seems to have a wider range, as it reports not only on cyber attacks but on physical threats as well.
Introduction Many people consider movies as paramount features that add value to life. Movies serve to entertain human beings and perhaps educate them on certain issues in life. They therefore serve as tools for entertainment, enlightening and disseminating people. After work or during free time such as weekends and holidays, people enjoy watching movies as a form of leisure. However, the art of movie watching depends on one’s perception and the ability to make meaning out of a movie. For instance, depending on one’s perception and art of viewing, the moving image within a movie can entertain, educate or inform. The moving camera is also paramount in giving meaning of the movie to the audience. In most cases, a positive perception towards movies helps the audience to understand the elements of film production hence, analyze it. For example, an informed awareness instills dexterity and background instructions as ingredients of film understanding. In addition to entertainment and education, critical and conscientious film watching is vital when it comes to creating awareness on what is happening in the society and the world at large. It is important to note that viewing a movie not only lifts up a person’s celluloid experience, but also enable persons to understand the complexity, dense language, principles, cryptograms, and signs cinematic attributes exhibited during viewing. Thus, for a person to analyze a movie effectively, he or she must understand these elements on top of reading some facets of cinematography and familiarizing with the terms used in or
Introduction: Our Company, Koffee Grounds has been very successful in the United Kingdom market. The company runs a chain of coffee shops in the UK and has been growing at a rate of 20 % every year for the past five years. Started as a single room coffee shop, the company now owns 50 shops in the country located mainly in London and western UK. Since the growth rate is expected to be maintained for the coming years, further investment is needed and hence a partner was introduced into the company. It has been decided that Koffee Grounds will expand into foreign markets instead of concentrating in the UK alone. I have a personal interest in expanding to the Republic of South Africa, since my roots belong there. My father had returned to England when I was a child, but regular visits to that country takes place every year. Since I have people who can help us with the venture in South Africa, I had suggested the place to my partner. He insists that a preliminary study be made and a report is prepared before investment. Report Value of currency in relation to pound The currency of South Africa is the rand. The rand stands at 14.92 to one ponds sterling. This could make our products a little expensive if we import our products directly. It would be better to source as many products from the local market as possible. Further study on market availability and costs are needed. Unemployment As per April 2007 figures, unemployment stands at 25.5%. But a comparative study with the past five years that the rate is falling though very slowly. Given below is a graph showing unemployment rates from year 2003 to April 2007. Unemployment Rates in South Africa. This means that 75% of the population are earning money and may have some surplus to spend on eating out. Inflation rates Inflation rate had been high at 10% in 2003. But fell drastically to 6% the next year. Rate in 2007 is approximately 5.5%, an increase of 1.5% from the previous year. Inflation rate is on the high side, but not out of control and much improved when compared to 2003. Interest rates: The interest rates in the country stood at a relatively high 11.5%. Getting credit in the country would be relatively expensive. It would be better to raise as much capital in the UK than to borrow funds in South Africa. “Governor Tito Mboweni said the decision to raise the repo rate by half a percentage point to 11,5% was also driven by a deterioration in inflation expectations, which predict the 3%-6% official target range would be breached for three more years.” (Isa 2008). Balance of payment Exports and imports in South Africa almost cancelled itself out. Exports stood at 59.15 billion rand and imports were 61.53 billion rand resulting in a negative balance of payment of only 2.38 billion rand. Gross Domestic Product: GDP as of April 2007 was approximately 587 billion rand. It was only 432 billion in 2003. Economy: The economy can be at best called a planned economy. It is still to emerge from the defects of the apart
In Britain and across the globe, the contemporary woman may not have gained full autonomy as well as the liberty to enjoy equal rights as men in society. Nonetheless, it is evident that considerable success has been achieved to liberate women from eminent suppression by patriarchal based ideologies. In spite of this minimal yet significant level of achievement, the modern-day woman might take for granted the fact that she has broad choice in terms of personal career development, education, political and economic decisions. On the same note, it is imperative to underscore the fact that the scenario would have been quite different especially if the 19th century women in Britain would not have aggressively campaigned against suppression by men. To date, there are limited cases where women representation in society is still inhibited by male chauvinistic ideas. For instance, women can vie for political positions without fear of male domination. This was not the case three centuries ago when women could not make some of the most basic choices like when and who get married to, or perhaps how many children to have in a marital set up. In any case, most sensitive decisions were made on their behalf by men. This paper offers an incisive look into the cultural and political significance of the emergence of a women’s
In the modern world, the term baby boomers usually refer to people who were born in the period between 1947 and 1964. In this paper, the issues surrounding the notion of Soviet baby boomers are examined; it will be shown what makes that generation differ from the others: how the events of that time affected or changed the lives of people who grew up at that period, the start of transformations in the Soviet Union, and the pace of these transformations. In this paper, various factors that led to forming an existing generation of people who enjoyed the best era in the evolution of the Soviet Union will be covered. The term baby boomers in the Soviet Union is usually referred to as the”sputnik generation”. The reason lays in the fact that the whole generation had gone to the first-grade school in the same year that the Soviet Union launched the first satellite in the world which was called Sputnik at the time. An event not only nicknamed the whole generation that was born that year but also changed the ideology of the Soviet people. To make this statement more accurate, a brief explanation of the events of that period will definitely help to understand what led to that forming the term “sputnik generation”. After the Second World War, during the period of the Cold War, the competition between the Soviet Union and the west influenced almost every aspect of modern life. The launch of the first artificial satellite in the world gave the Soviet Union an enormous technological advantage at this time. This event started the era which lasted to the peak of Soviet socialism and transitioned from the era of Stalinism to the era of social and scientific transformations. An example of the effect of those transformations can be traced in interv
Introduction ‘Multimedia’, as the term suggests, refers to the use of multiple media and content. The different content forms like “ text, audio, still images, animation, video ” (IET 1) and interactivity are combined into a structured form in multimedia. Multimedia communications are often defined as The electronic means by which multimedia content (voice, text, image, data and video) is created and distributed in the fields of government and public services, business and commerce, education and entertainment (IET 1). One of the more prominent examples of multimedia communications nowadays is the combined use of computer and videoconferencing technology in making long-distance presentations. With the rapid expansion of markets, the need to develop and implement standards related to multimedia communications has been felt more acutely. It is generally believed that standardization of multimedia communications helps in maintaining uniformity, specifying the modes of interactivity and defining the levels of performance, quality and compatibility. However, there are strong objections to the implementation of standards in the field of multimedia communications (Very 593-614). This essay seeks to emphasize the fact that ‘Standards related to Multimedia Communications are necessary to ensure functionality, compatibility and efficiency. Standards should be developed cooperatively and all developers should adhere to standards.’ The next section presents suitable arguments in favor of the above statement. Arguments in favor of standardization The primary aim of specifying standards for multimedia communications is to ensure interoperability. Interoperability refers to the situation where a product or a system can smoothly operate with other products and systems in the absence of any special Endeavour on the part of the user. Standards not only help in achieving this objective but also create the necessary support for current applications as well as future applications. Furthermore, it facilitates the development of a number of implementations (Bozios 243-261). This helps in ensuring the functionality and compatibility of multimedia communications where the main purpose is to deliver the content to the end-users via a combination of media. However, it is often argued that the stress on interoperability reduces the scope for innovation and experimentation which is necessary to address the challenges of the rapidly evolving environment of multimedia communications. Standardization, according to many, impedes the development of functional and efficient multimedia communications by stifling creativity (McFarlane 201-212). The
Cryptocurrencies are a controversial topic in society, as their volatility puts their long-term validity into question. However, older blockchain coins have failed to deliver a scalable and secure currency that will be as decentralized as possible (Hamilton, 2022). Unlike Bitcoin and Etherium, Solana has multiple advantages that make it a worthwhile investment. For this proposal, I would like to highlight the benefits of this cryptocurrency to a business university graduate. Solana is not the newest cryptocurrency, yet it is one with the highest potential. Other blockchains possess a small capacity for transactions, as their operations per second make them unfeasible (Locke, 2021). However, this currency transfers faster and has incomparably small transaction fees (Farrington, 2021). An investment in Solana is a safer choice among cryptocurrencies, yet it has the potential to multiply one’s savings. Safety and speed of transactions are the reasons behind the high chances for future widespread usage of Solana (Hamilton, 2022). My proposed idea is to capitalize on Solana’s recent success on the market, as this currency was up 12000% in the past year (Locke, 2021). I think that this subject deserves more attention, as cryptocurrencies provide a unique take on financial interactions, yet their current state disallows companies to utilize them efficiently. Solana has the potential to overcome these barriers and turn into a globally accepted currency. In conclusion, Solana is a cryptocurrency that is worth one’s attention, as it has several benefits that make it a better choice for investment than other similar coins. Its current solid position on the market and strong backing from a cryptocurrency community is a perfect indication of future prospects. It might be necessary to analyze Solana’s carbon footprint to prove its potential for a long-term success.
Tuberculosis is caused by a Mycobacterium Tuberculosis which is a pathogenic bacterial species in the genus mycobacterium . The treatment of TB usually takes 6 to 12 months depending on how the patient responds. Tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality; it is second only to HIV related complications. “According to the 13th annual tuberculosis report of the World Health Organization (WHO) — published on World TB Day, March 24, 2009 — there were an estimated 9.27 million new cases of tuberculosis worldwide in 2007” (Donald) Ensuring proper patient adherence during this period has proved to be a challenging task for health providers and patients alike. The development of drug resistance has been blamed on laxity of health providers who does very little to ensure that patients adhere strictly to the treatment regimens. Faced with increasing cases of drug resistance medical practitioners and other stake holders are at pains to develop efficient ways of ensuring patient adherence to TB treatment regimen. Why is strict adherence important? During treatment the dose offered is usually aimed at maintaining optimal levels of drug concentration in the body. This is necessary for inhibiting proliferation of the targeted microbial agents. Skipping doses leads to suboptimal drug concentration in the body; this gives an advantage to the microbial agents and may lead to mutation as in the case of TB. The study aims to identify the best methods for ensuring proper patient compliance dur
Introduction Freedom is a rather contradictory theme in Plato’s Republic . Plato’s overview of democracy as a political system based on freedom and liberty is not a positive one. Nowadays, a variety of people do not trust democracy as political leaders have proved them wrong. Moreover, democracy is described as being taken with arms or the use of fear that “has caused the opposite party to withdraw.” Since freedom directly correlates with democracy from a political standpoint, one may argue that The Republic illustrates this notion as a destructive one. While Plato’s quotes may be interpreted as anti-freedom, the philosopher expressed views that allow this concept to succeed under particular circumstances. Plato’s Notion of Freedom Freedom and slavery are two opposing notions that have different meanings. However, slavery is presented as the result of “the most extreme form of liberty.” This notion correlates with the idea that excess in one field leads to an imbalance that affects the opposing side. For example, if all people are granted complete freedom, some individuals will have more means to exercise it. If people in power have the same right as the poor, the ones on top will have more tools to use their liberties. Moreover, their liberties may and will include the exploitation of others. This is how someone’s freedom turns into others’ slavery. The narrator views freedom as something that is intrinsically unjust because absolute liberty involves total permissiveness, and if liberty is in the wrong hands, it will quickly shift into tyranny. The Republic illustrates what may happen if liberty becomes omnipotent and replaces such notions as respect, dignity, and humility. The narrator provides examples of a son disrespecting his father and teacher who “fears and flatters his scholars.” In this case, the freedom of one person becomes the chains of another’s. Moreover, liberty is again portrayed as something destructive if being in the wrong hands. It is suggested that individuals are different in terms of their experiences, knowledge, intelligence, and societal status. If the student views himself as equal to his master, he will not have the desire to learn from a person who does not stand above him in terms of knowledge. Moreover, a son who thinks his father is equal to him will disregard advice and guidance, which will make it impossible for him to be a societal member in an ideal country. In another instance, Plato presents democracy as the political system that provides people with liberty yet scolds those who use it. It is illustrated that the regime “punishes them, and says that they are cursed oligarchs.” This situation shows that the concept of democracy and the freedom that correlates with it refers to a flawed narrative that liberty is the same as equality. If people are free to do whatever they want, submit to their intrinsic nature, and live their lives as they please, others will have to pay for this choice. One can live in joy and pleasure, focus on material goods, and disregard kno
The primary aim of this research is analyzed the anti-globalization movements and their impacts on the international firms and international business. This paper conducts scholars’ research to evaluate both sides of the globalization argument. This research paper includes the views of different scientists and authors related to the topic of the anti-globalization movement and their impacts on the business environment. This research study analyzes and discusses the issues or problems related faced by the international companies due to the related to the anti-globalization movement. In the current time, globalization is considered one of the primary factors that have an impact on the financial, administrative, and physical system. According to Cameron & Nickerson (2009), globalization effects on the economy, administrative, and geographical system of the nations in an efficient manner. There are rapid changes in the economies of the states due to globalization. In addition to this, it should also be noted down that, different kinds of issues are also developed or created by the anti-globalization to the countries (Cameron & Nickerson, 2009). The following sections will analyze each debate with a formulated anti-globalization position and define wither if the debate affects a multi-national organization. Meaning: Process vs. Project It is necessary to mention that many scientists support globalization because they think that it would help to increase the access to modern technologies, and delivery speed is especially important in this case. Furthermore, it is imperative to understand that there is an enormous potential that is not yet fully utilized because many individuals all over the globe could become interested in particular devices or other products. On the other hand, many think that it would be quite problematic because it would increase the ability of companies to influence populations with such techniques as marketing. Economic liberalization may also be regarded as an issue in some cases because government regulations are critical at the moment. It is paramount to have an understanding of numerous risks that are associated with this approach. For instance, financial sector could become unstable, and it would lead to many other complications. Interpretation: New Era vs. Nothing New One of the biggest benefits of globalization is that it i
Introduction Speaking about those who made a significant contribution to the development of philosophy, it is necessary to pay special attention to their ideas connected to the structure of a state. As for the latter, they may help to understand primary values and key ideas of certain philosophers deeper. Although philosophy is often regarded as the world of abstract ideas, many thinkers tried to express their attitude towards different government structures and present their concepts of ideal states with wise ruler or rulers and happy citizens. Plato who was one of the most famous Greek philosophers also described his vision of the ideal state in one of his works. Ideal State Concept To begin with, Plato was extremely interested in politics because he believed that its problems and challenges could be addressed only if rulers would be ready to consider the key notions of philosophy. Therefore, he claimed that it was impossible to conduct a policy that would make society better without applying the knowledge from different branches of philosophy. Reflecting on the nature of policy, Plato was likely to associate it with the act of salvation and protecting common people. To him, it was quite obvious that only those political leaders who were philosophers could contribute to the development of the ideal state. Speaking about the key values that such type of state could be based on, Plato paid special attention to the power of truth and the common good. Moreover, it is necessary to consider the great role of the state in the life of humanity that was another idea supported by Plato. To be more precise, he believed that the creation of the new state by the principles of justice working for both particular people a