Article One Literature review The article highlights the fragility nature of the old people in Australian aged care facilities. Old people are faced by several physical health challenges attributable to their deteriorating fitness caused by aging. For example, the article indicates that they have general structure weaknesses and deterioration of their sensory system. The aged in residence facilities are faced by a constant risk of falling because of poor balance and general body weakness. The treatment offered to the victims is of low quality compared to the high risk of bone fractures they face. Researchers have proposed some possible methods of prevention of fractures and treatment of osteoporosis among the aged. The treatment processes involve consultations between a multidisciplinary team, the family, and the patient. A normal profile of the old people in the institutions includes multiple medications; low bone mineral density, poor muscle strength, cognitive disorders, fecal and urinary incontinence. Nursing home Residents are entirely dependent on the staff to assist them with their daily activities. They receive medical administration at specific intervals from the support staff. On the other hand, hostel residents are assisted by support staff but most of the times they are left unsupervised for long periods. According to Parikh, Avorn and Solomon (2009), studies indicate that 85% of residents in nursing homes have osteoporosis with 40% of hip fractures. A study by Chen et al. (2008) conducted a study to infer fracture and falls risk among the elderly population in the residential homes compared to those living in the community. Although institutionalized people face high risk of osteoporosis, treatment in the residential homes is considerably low (Wright, 2007). The existence of the treatment gap can be attributed to limited access to diagnostic methods to help in the identification of fractures and quantification of bone marrow density, little knowledge of osteoporosis interventions in residential nursing homes, assumptions about the victim’s length of stay and patients and family’s concerns about potential side effects of the medication. Fall is a major cause of fractures in nursing homes. Studies show that screening residents for fall risks within the nursing homes reduces injuries, leading to an agreement that residents should be screened for ascertain their stability. Pharmacists should perform annual medication review to identify medical related problems and prescribe medication accordingly. Other factors to prevent falling include strength and balance training. Studies have been conducted to determine the efficacy of hip protectors in the prevention of hip fractures. A Bayesian Meta-analysis of the hip protector effect on reduction of injuries reported that they reduce the hip fracture risk among the elderly in nursing homes (Wright, 2007). Medical treatment of osteoporosis is possible and cost-effective among the elderly when the assessments are based on bone marrow density. Physicians choose a treatment method after consultation with multidisciplinary team, patients, and their families. Physicians also result to use of vitamin D and calcium supple