ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction For a democracy, the challenges of leadership are many since leaders are subject to a lot of scrutinies (Walter, 2008: 154). This is not a bad thing since it ensures that those who take up the realms of power are continually held accountable for their actions prior to and after ascending to power. This aspect of contemporary democracies is what sets apart countries that have measures of accountability from those that do not have accountability measures. The difference is not only observed in the style of leadership, but also in the quality of leadership that is present in such countries (Little, 1989: 13). The importance of leadership accountability is that those who put the leader in office have the authority to demand what is required of the leader. The public, along with other representative organs of the public, such as the media and political parties, thus, have the right to demand their rights. Apart from the public, institutions such as parliament and cabinet also have a huge part to play in ensuring that a leader delivers, and his or her excesses are checked. Therefore, it is not surprising that for a leader in a democracy such as Australia to rule effectively, a good rapport with his cabinet, party, parliament, media, and the public is necessary. This paper examines the importance of such relationships and how a leader has to juggle competing interests successfully amidst all these relations (Little, 1989: 18). In this regard, these relations are observed with reference to two former Australian Prime Ministers, John Howard, and Kevin Rudd. Cabinet A cabinet is a group of advisors to the PM, who are constitutionally tasked with overseeing government departments (Galligan et al. 1990: 6). Based on this definition, the role of the cabinet is similar to that of the PM, who acts as their leader in driving forward the government’s policies and agenda. In Australia, the cabinet is comprised of appointed officials and members of the count
Melbourne’s Current Economic Situation The economy of Melbourne City is very diverse. The city is a centre all types of transactions. Many business persons specialise in manufacturing, information technology, academics, research, finance, logistics, tourism and transport (Brain and Hylands 14). This city houses the main offices of the four largest companies in Australia. The sizes of these companies were determined basing on their market capitalisation. Melbourne has the country’s largest port, which handles close to 40% of the country’s containers. The approximate value of goods at the port is $ 75 billion per year. The city also houses one of the country’s busiest airports, the Melbourne Airport. It serves as the main point of entry for both national and international flights (Brain and Hylands 14). In the financial sector, Melbourne is a very crucial. The NAB and ANZ Banks have their head offices in this city. It is also the country’s centre for all pension funds. 40% of all pension transactions in Australia take place in Melbourne (Burton and Costello n.p.). Recently, researchers carried out a worldwide study that ranked Melbourne 41st in financial transactions. The study involved fifty financial cities from different parts of the world. Among Australian financial cities, Melbourne was second. Melbourne is the second largest industrial centre in the whole of Australia. Among the items that industries in Melbourne manufacture are Boeing, Iveco, and Bombardier. It also houses industries that manufacture drugs, petrol products, garments and food products. There are other automobile centres such as the Ford Australia Development Hub and the General Motors and Toyota centres (Burton and Costello n.p.). Melbourne also boasts of being the headquarters of Sigma Pharmaceuticals and CSL. These two organizations are the largest pharmaceutical companies in Australia. The ICT industry in Melbourne employs more than 30% of Australia’s ICT personnel (Burton and Costello n.p.). It produces a turnover of approximately twenty billion dollars. Tourism is also a major contributor to Melbourne’s economy. In 2004, it recorded more than 7.5 million local visitors and approximately 1.9 million foreign visitors (Burton and Costello n.p.). Four years later, the city’s expenditure on domestic tourism surpassed what Sydney spent on local tourists. Melbourne spent close to $ 15.8 billion in one year. Many of the tourists, usually, visit the Federation Square, Crown Casino, the National Gallery of Victoria and the Arts Centre (Burton and Costello n.p.
Introduction The popularity of the English tongue as a world language can be traced all the way back to the time when Britain was one of the greatest conquerors in the world, vying for world supermacy along with the Spanish colonizers. As such, all of the conquered countries under British rule came to speak English as their 2nd language. This is a trend that continued to grow over time and reached its peak during World War II when the freed countries within Asia fell under either British or American occupation. That is how a third of the population of the world came to speak in English as of today. Analysis As a business tool, English is the language of choice for most because of its easy to learn and is considered to be an ever evolving language because it adapts the words of certain countries where it is used. In other words, it makes life easier because everybody on the face of the planet speaks the language and you can be understood without the listener giving it a second thought. English is the language most used in business correspondence, technology, and science. Therefore, it seemed useless for people in other countries to try and use their own vernacular tongue in those areas when it would require the person on the other end to learn a new language. Although the thought of English as the dominant language in the world has appeal for most people who have grown up speaking either the American or British version of the language, the reality is that it serves a limiting force as well. The world is becoming a global marketplace that has neither one dominating language because each area of the world is slowly coming into its own in terms of business dominance and financial importance. As such, English can no longer dominate these areas. English is a language that evolves over time and is easily adaptable to the language of various countries. Which is why it seems to be the predominant 2nd tongue of the world. This poses the problem of the the death of the mother tongue in such countries because the tendecy if for English to dominate the language structure of the area. This in effect kills a cultural legacy and is perhaps the most negative effect that English poses as a world language.
Introduction Instructional design is the usage of a methodical style to provide a solution to an instructional challenge. It starts with the identification of the challenges facing learners and then establishes whether an instructional method provides the most efficient solution (Wagner, 2011). Such solutions apply appropriate technology and theoretical approach to learning. This essay undertakes an evaluation of the role of instructional design principles and theory on the ability to make rational decisions regarding leadership and learning. The Influence of Instructional Design Principles and Theory Leadership is geared towards the conception of ideas for the future, formation of calculated priorities and building an atmosphere of trust between and inside organizations. Good leadership is a progressive development and requires inspirational influence and the ability to attract a loyal following. Implementation of technology in education, particularly the use of computers and related technology has witnessed rapid growth. The use of such material penetrates all aspects of human life (Wagner & Ice, 2012). Instructional design principles provide model leadership and education due to their capacity to combine practical and abstract skills as the learners work in cooperation. When presented in several media and viewpoints, information on instruction is likely to last longer. The instructional designers play an important role in curriculum development as they have the necessary skill-set in educational theory and strategy. The designers of instructional materials offer institutions with an opportunity for consistency and continuity in the enhancement of courses. An instructional design program aids in the creation of relevant online courses. Research outlook moved from investigating the constitution of course resources to establishing the cognitive status of the student ( Reinventing society in the wake of big data , 2012). Today’s education is more interested in developing what the student already knows than the makeup of the curriculum. Consequently, technology bridges individual knowledge and formal instruction. Technology ought to be adequately accommodating to adjust to the learners’ current instructional requirements. Therefore, an effective educator is capable of recognizing and correcting the misconstruction and confusion of his students. In case of challenges to learning, instruction founded on technology ought to be accommodating and should adjust to the knowledge and life of students. In a classical sense, learning demands that students devote substantial effort in their undertaking ( Reinventing society in the wake of big data , 2012). Since the use of technology i
Customer lifetime value (CLV) is the total profit a company can expect to earn from a customer over time of their relationship. A traditional model for calculating CLV can be written as: . In this formula, GC means gross contribution per customer, r means the retention rate, and d means the rate of discount. This metric is helpful in understanding the reasonable cost of acquisition of a new customer. A regular customer of Starbucks can determine CLV for his or her own use of this service. In order to calculate gross margin per customer lifespan, one should know Starbucks’ profit margin per customer, customer expenditures per visit, and the number of visits for a certain period. One could assume that Starbucks’ profit margin per customer is 21%, customer expenditures per visit are equal to $6, and the number of visits is 4 times a week (which means 208 times a year and 4160 times per 20 years). Therefore, gross contribution per an average customer can be calculated as Assuming that the gross contribution per one customer is $5,241.6, the rate of discount for Starbucks is 10%, and the customer retention rate is 75%, CLV can be calculated as: In other words, Starbucks needs to spend approximately $11,232 in order to acquire a new customer. Even though CLV represents how much an average customer is worth in terms of money, the above estimate might not be accurate. Firstly, the revenue is not recognized at the future value of money, which makes CLV prediction biased (“Customer lifetime value,” 2019). Secondly, in the formula, profit margin per customer instead of net profit expected is used, which also contributes to a slight bias. Thirdly, the concept of CLV is dynamic, not static, which means that one’s average CLV will be different if the model inputs change (Kumar & Shah, 2015). Therefore, the estimated CLV is not accurate and cannot be used in marketing decision-making.
Introduction Ever since the agrarian, industrial and scientific revolution, the world has been experiencing a lot of changes that have affected the lifestyles, cultures and beliefs of every society in the world. It is due to these changes that people started to fight for human rights, democracy, equality and so on. Ever since its early days of establishment, USA has been known to be a nation that contains intellectual and rational individuals. These individuals conatin the knowledge and skills required to make a great nation. As a result, the nation has been renowned for its excellence. The main basis of this excellence has been the sustainable education system of the country coupled with favourable social structures that aimed at developing the cognitive capacity of individuals to a great level. However, with the rapid advancement in technology that has been experienced in the last few decades, the level of rationalism and intellectuality of the people of the United States has become questionable. Is the country losing its intellectual and rational ways? This is the question that many people keep on asking themselves. Some believe that the citizens of the country have become ignorant while others believe that the country is in the middle of a literacy revolution. These claims have come about due to the changes that are being experienced in the print and visual media. Initially, people used to utilize a lot of print materials. Students used to read poems, books, novels, journals and so on within and outside the class. This trend has however changed and now individuals are doing more of watching than reading. At the same time, the internet, especially the social media has changed the manner in which individuals interact, think and write. Due to this fact, a study should be conducted to determine the effects of this advancement of the intellectual capacity of the nation. This essay therefore explores the effects of these developments on the intellectual and rationality capacity of individuals of the United States. Ignorance or New Literacy Severalarguments have been raised pertaining to whether Americans are becoming ignorant to literacy or they are undergoing a great revolution. Several scholars have come up with their theories and opinions pertaining the issue. In her book, The Age of American Unreason, Susan Jocoby states that Americans have changed the manner in which they think and perceive things (Jacoby 1). According to
Election years, almost all over the world, bring in spectacular shows or drama that either leaves the voters enthralled or offended. At other levels serious, campaign strategies bring down a whole party or an individual and in the most extreme levels, and civil wars arise. This is true for developed or developing worlds depending on the context of choice and the level of political maturity. Many a number of candidates have used the elections campaigns seasons to swiftly place themselves at the front, ending up at the highest or desired offices while others have make life time mistakes that extend to kill even their political careers. In America Sara Palin, never made it to her desired position, and eventually fell out with the American voters due to some mistakes out of her own authoring; as well as from her running mate, John McCain. These situations and events still prevent the former Governor of Alaska the needed grip to turn votes into her basket in this year’s elections. These moves have been repeated by her new rival Michele Bachmann who the writer of this article seeks to make the subject of concern. The goal of this work is to discredit Michele Bachmann moves in signing a pact which the writer refers to as controversial. It focuses on anti-gay, anti-abortion and anti-pornography issues. The aim of the author is to let the reader identify Michelle Bachmann’s case cannot be expected to go far with such mistakes; and therefore, her rise will only be just another mistake as done in previous examples in the conservative party. In this article the author attacks the source of the pact to underscore the seriousness of such heavy prices people must pay in political goofs. He has done this using rhetorical techniques of which this paper will analy
The article under analysis is ‘Assessing E-Commerce Systems Success: A Respecification and Validation of the Delone and McLean Model of IS Success’, by Yi-Shun Wang, a Professor of the Department of Information Management in National Changhua University of Education in Taiwan (Wang 2008, p 529). The main focus of the analyzed article can be successfully derived from its title that emphasizes the necessity of assessing the success of e-commerce systems and validity of the use of the model of IS success created by Delone and McLean. Thus, Wang offers the presentation and validation of a multidimensional model of e-commerce system success that is modified and empirically tested. Considering the topicality of the study conducted by the researcher, there is the necessity to resort to the existing and current studies in the field of e-commerce success. First, e-commerce is defined as the use of “technology to conduct business transactions, such as buying and selling goods and services” and, alone with the definition, the authors stress on the importance of e-commerce in contemporary high-tech society (Bocij et al. 2008, p 47). Second, Curtis and Cobham (2008) state that an explosive growth and development in the sphere of e-commerce has become evident in the course of the last decade (p 198). Subramani and Walden (2001) mention great potential of electronic commerce, offering the following statistical data: the base of potential customers “for e-commerce activities that are currently estimated at $25 billion in 1999 and expected to grow to over $233 billion by 2004” (p 135). Grandon and Pearson (2004) mention numerous benefits provided by electronic commerce to both sellers and buyers (p 197). Information systems success has become a sphere of IS research that enjoys great popularity among scientists. Wixom and Watson (2001) studied the factors influencing data warehousing success and they stress the necessity of the creation of the model for information systems success assessment referring to the models of DeLone and McLean and the model offered by Seddon, while both of them are used in the analyzed research (p 19). Vitale (1986) studies the risks connected with information systems success that are conditioned by the absence of appropriate regard for its potential impacts (p 327). System usage as one of the key factors for assessment of the system’s success is studied by Straub, Limayem, and Karahanna-Evaristo (1995). Success of electronic commerce is being investigated in several aspects nowadays. Liu and Arnett (2000) analyze such factors that are associated with Web site success in the sphere of electronic commerce as information and service quality, playfulness, the quality of system design, and system u
The Center A Place of Hope was founded 30 years ago, by Dr. Gregory Jantz and since then it has been a place of hope for people from all walks of life in Washington and other states around it. Washington, DC is one of the oldest states in America and it has a very diverse community residing there. The Center has changed the lives of many by focusing on the mind, body, and spirit. It has also given people a different and beautiful setting, away from the pressures of home, where one is encouraged to heal, grow and share his/her experiences in a safe, confidential, and supportive environment (The Centre, 2016). The staff has perfected the holistic methods of treatment. This form of treatment deals with the medical, physical, psychological, emotional, nutritional, fitness, and spiritual aspects. Every individual who visits the organization for treatment receives a dedicated team that guides him or her throughout the healing program. Payment for the treatment has been made easy, affordable, and convenient for everyone wishing to get services from the facility. The organization is affordable with the help of the treatment program that aims at working with the patients to achieve the best possible plan for treatment within their budget. The charges for seeking treatment at the facility are based on day-to-day expenses, but they include accommodation, transport, evaluation, treatment, and meal costs. The facility works with major insurance providers but also considers those without a medical insurance cover. Therefore, any person wishing to join the facility is eligible to do so. The Center is an organization that closely works with the government and therefore, illegal immigrants would have a hard time accessing its services. The location of this organization is in the State of Washington within the Edmond locality, and a few minutes drive from Seattle. Edmond is an area accessible by public means of transport and therefore anyone wishing to visit the facility can do so freely. Preventing an illness is much easier and less expensive than managing or treating one after it has begun. Certain conditions such as mental diseases and depression are best detected early and they are easier to contain during their initial stages (NCCC, 2016). Therefore, screening and educating the patients for mental health issues is very important for the organization. Screening tests are used to identify people who are at risk of developing mental conditions as well as other diseases related to the same, to begin treatment. Depression and other related cases happen to be one of the leading reasons why patients come to The Center in search of hope and peace. Depression can de
Introduction Shang Dynasty when preceded by the Zhou dynasty in 2000 B.C. had many similarities. Among the major similarities was the title both the dynasties carried as “Bronze age of China”. The reason was simple; many ritual artefacts came into existence in this age. However the main reason for calling the era bronze was the fashionable and the then latest weapons which were prepared using only bronze, as it was the need of the imperial and materialistic culture of that era. (2007a) In both the dynasties, ‘bronze’ usage was common as bronze was used for making small objects, including ornaments, tools, and weapons. The bronze earring with a fan-shaped end is a notable characteristic of Shang culture later adopted by Zhou. Though the people of Zhou (Western and Eastern Zhou) defeated Shang dynasty, they remained unable to defeat the historical pages which today tells us about Shang dynasty. Main Body The evidence started with the discovery of Oracle bones’ fragments. Found accidentally by the Yin villagers, these fragments were followed by strange markings which later were identified as ancient Chinese language. These bones were sold as ‘dragon bones’, which is a traditional ingredient of Chinese medicine. These ‘dragon bones’ or ‘oracle bones’, were ox scapulae and turtle shells-primarily the under shells or plastrons which had been used in divination by the kings of the late Shang dynasty. This refers to the fact that oracle bones were particularly the identity of the Shang dynasty, which was later carried out by Zhou people. According to Allan, (1991) “These oracle bones had been carefully cleaned, trimmed and been hollowed on one side. While predicting upon these discoveries, when a hot poker to these hollows were applied, crack started appearing on the reverse side. Conventional shapes started appearing and Chinese characters like bu evolved. It is still a mystery how those cracks were translated, however after they were made, the topic of divination was sometimes engraved beside the crack or, occasionally across it”. (Allan, 1991, p. 1). Though at least the Shang ruler was fully literate, the oracle bone inscriptions does not show any relevance to the texts transmitted from Zhou times. (Allan, 1991, p. 16) Archaeologists are still doubtful about the how writing was used in the Shang since there is always the possibility of undiscovered texts. Many bamboo slips tied with strings have been found on which the entire ancient Chinese books were written. Bamboo slips have also been evidenced to rec