ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Social/Historical/Rhetorical situation Euthanasia Movement in modern America faced Dowbiggin (1) posits that survival for the fittest and dying for the less fit and the nineteenth century scientific innovations had a point of convergence with clamor for initiation of social reforms to enable Americans to embrace mercy killing in the last two centuries. Such a move had some similarity with the activities of the eugenics. Later in history, abortion, family planning, and birth control were linked to euthanasia movement. In the 1940s and the post war period, questions arose about the value of human life, and its termination. This necessitated heated public debates in the 1960’s. At that point in time, medical innovations ensured that patients lived longer but painful lives. Emphasis was put on the quality of human life. Euthanasia was never seen as a social reform measure but as an entity anchored on personal choice. This elicited the use of the phrases ‘right to die’ and ‘the quality of life’. Dowbiggin asserts that it was not clear what the phrase the right to die exactly meant in the context of those who are old or chronically ill who are thought to be straining health care system. These issues elicited moral issues that divided supporters of the movement into advocates of passive and active euthanasia. The research paper seeks to illuminate social/historical/rhetorical situation the euthanasia society of America went through and how they used communication to their advantage in championing for their recognition. Euthanasia movements in modern America perfected the art of rhetoric in their communication and this worked for them in terms of winning the heart of the public. This made sure that several legislations were effected in different states that favored these movements’ sentiments. Among the rhetoric they made use of was euphemism. Euthanasia movement in America has undergone several transformations from time immemorial. In 1906 the first euthanasia bill was written in the State of Ohio. This bill was however not passed. Killick Millard in 1985 organized the first euthanasia society called the Euthanasia legalization society of London. In 1938, New York swathe birth of the national society for the legalization of euthanasia. It changes its name the same year to Euthanasia Society of America (Derek 5). The name change was kind of a communication strategy aimed at blurring the vision of the general public from the actual activities they were taking part in. Euthanasia society of America in 1939 came up with a legislation limited to voluntary euthanasia. The society contemplated coming up with a legislation that allowed mercy killing to be done on non volunteer patients who c
Many scientists treat constructivism as a psychology of learning that reveals the way people obtain new information. This concept goes back to the 18th century as the core approach to its understanding was laid at this time. The ideas presented by the philosopher Giambattista Vico were later used by such outstanding professionals as Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner, and others. They created the basis of the constructivist theory considering Vico’s belief that people understand only the things that they have constructed. According to Abdullah al Mahmud (2013), “it proposes that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences” (p. 238). Piaget discussed constructivism as a child-centered approach of teaching and considered it in relation to the cognitive development. He believed that the learners have particular ideas and beliefs, with which they come to the class. The task of the teacher is to facilitate this change and expand them with the help of various tasks that put the students in a troublesome situation that requires reflection. Vygotsky paid more attention to social interaction and language usage, claiming that dominant cultural assumptions are critical for the learning process. Unlike Piaget, he emphasized their social but not individual experience of learners that can be used for accommodation or assimilation (Mahmud, 2013). The main peculiarity of constructivism is that it tends to provide the students with the opportunity to conclude what information is significant for them and should be acquired. Other approaches are mainly focused on teachers and textbooks, which makes constructivism distinctive. John Dewey supports such approach of teaching and emphasizes that it is critical for the learners to find their own ways to solve a particular problem if they want to get new knowledge. Still, the educational reformer does not reject the significance of outer help. He states that when this process is maintained in correspondence with the teacher and other learners, it becomes more effective (Mahmud, 2013). For example, discussions and group work allow the students to share their experiences and receive assistance from the educator. Such activities make students think and evaluate the information they receive, altering their own views in this way. It is critical for the teacher to control the process but not just to provide some facts that are to be accepted without consideration. Thus, reflection turns out to be the main process needed for learning in the framework of constructivism. For educators, it is tightly connected w
Information About the Client The client is a chain of grocery stores, a global food retailer Carrefour with a parent company located in France. The enterprise has been a successful food market member for several decades. The supermarkets of Carrefour chain in many different countries of the world are aiming at satisfying their customers’ needs for timely delivery of high-quality, fresh, organic, and healthy products. The goods offered by the company are affordable and cover a wide range of options. Carrefour works on leveraging the opportunities of profitable cooperation with farmers to ensure that the process for food items will be satisfying for all buyers. Information About the Project/Product The project concentrates on the popularization of the new initiative of Carrefour. This initiative consists in ensuring healthy product delivery for all consumers by providing “food transition for everyone” (“The food transition is underway, Carrefour is meeting consumers’ new requirements,” 2018, para. 4). The company introduces a new approach to cooperation with farmers and food producers. Within this new perspective, the chain of supermarkets shifts the farmers’ work to organic and pesticide-free production to ensure healthy ecological products for everyone. Project/Product Background The issue of air pollution, ecological disasters, and the exhaustion of planet resources is crucial for modern society. People who live in the cities and buy food items on a daily basis are more and more concerned about the methods how food is produced, where it comes from, and how healthy or dangerous it could be (“The food transition is underway, Carrefour is meeting consumers’ new requirements,” 2018). Carrefour’s priority is the health and well-being of its consumers. Since a healthy diet is the core of longevity and the absence of illnesses, it is the food industries’ responsibility to deliver the best quality of products. Regarding the described background, Carrefour initiates Art for Food to popularize ecological farming as the basis for food production for the supermarkets’ customers. Within the project, the client offers the buyers a wide range of organically produced food items for a reasonable and competitive price as opposed to a limited assortment of healthy products from other market members (Developing agroecology, n.d.). Project Details The project aims to create television and radio advertisements to promote organic food choices available in the Carrefour supermarkets. A TV ad will be about 40 seconds long and will portray a big family around
Background The current cultural and technological bifurcation has seen many well-established corporations adopt new management styles by changing their management models in order to improve overall performance. Google Inc. has from its inception been able to transform its management practice to encounter the growing demand for excellence in products and other services provided. As this paper examines, besides key changes in its recruitment management, it is without a doubt that its greatest innovation in the last decade has been innovation management (DuBois et al., 2015). Innovation management Innovation management as a change in its management style has received much support from management scholars for the reason that it supplies managers with the ability to introduce new products, processes, and ideas. It also offers a set of tools necessary for deploying creative capabilities that respond to internal and external business opportunities. In Google, innovation management is a pushed process through which it seeks to find the fresh and profitable application of its new and existing inventions. It also pulls its processes to find solutions that can meet the diverse needs of its clients. Agreeably, innovation management is a strategy that has seen the company increase its management strength and immense growth witnessed in organizational and product innovation. The management of the company has been massively improved with more product line planning, product life cycle management and integration of technology advanced (Yu-Feng Lin, 2014). Innovation management also involves changing an organizational leadership structure to incorporate leaders with new ideas and creativity. Steiber and Alänge (2013) point out that most corporations are yet to embrace change in their business leadership practices. Surprisingly, their vast global enterprises are still run by a single mature CEO. The latter presents numerous impacts. For instance, it illuminates destructive leadership that lacks efficiency and equally outdated. Google has been able to demonstrate changes through the moving out of Eric Schmidt as Google CEO and coming in of Larry Page (Steiber & Alänge, 2013). The changes have also seen transformations in leadership witnessed in the B-I leadership-Bi-Generational management and Boomer management. The later has changed over time to Gen-X and Gen-Y management. Additionally, Google’s preference for Larry Page is a brilliant model of bi-generational leadership. This startup model replaced adult supervision by Eric Schmidt, which was an older Boomer management style that integrates Gen Xers to younger Gen Y. However, as Finkle (2012) indicates, the consideration for young leadership as an effective model of facilitating longer service has come under great criticism. One such criticism is that by closing out older ca
Drug Name The article “Tracing the U.S. heroin surge back south of the border as Mexican cannabis output falls” by Nick Miroff explains why heroin is a major challenge in the country today. The author begins by explaining how cheap heroin continues to spread across the country. The author uses the article to explain why heroin might become the biggest drug issue in the coming years. According to Miroff (1), “the price of bhang has decreased, thus forcing drug farmers in Mexico to fill their farms with opium poppies.” This drug has become common in the American market because more people are abusing prescription painkillers. This situation explains why Mexican traffickers continue to explore new markets for different drugs such as heroin. This article helps the reader understand why heroin has replaced marijuana. The Mexicans are no longer producing marijuana because it has become less profitable. According to Miroff (2), this drug is affecting different populations across the country. Most of the people who use painkillers are now using heroin as a substitute. This scenario has increased the demand for heroin in the country. The drug is widely used by individuals between the age of 20 and 40. This age group has continued to die after overdosing the drug. The study also shows how people in the south are able to access this illegal drug. Recent studies show that more people will be taking heroin in the coming years (Miroff 2). Many people are also using it for medical purposes. The drug makes the user inactive or unproductive. The drug also affects both the short-term and long-term memory of the user. The government should consider the best practices in order to deal with heroin. Summary of the Article This article is interesting because it highlights some new facts about the origin and popularity of heroin in the country. Heroin has replaced marijuana in the United States. The article goes further to examine why farmers have diversified to produce heroin. The current legal changes continue to make heroin acceptable and profitable. These facts are relevant and interesting because they explain why heroin remains a major challenge in the country. The article also highlights how “heroin is smuggled into the country using different concealments” (Miroff 4). The drug has also become expensive because a kilo costs over $60,000. The author has also researched widely to understand how the drug dealers dilute heroin using powdered milk or lactose. The other outstanding fact is that the demand for heroin in the United States is on the rise. This situation continues to keep wholesale prices for the drug extremely high (Miroff 4). The discussions and ideas presented in the article are meaningful. The author reintroduces the issue of drug use in the country. I decided to use Miroff’s article because it explains why heroin has become a threat. The author introduces new facts about the current position of heroin in the country. The argument is likable because it examines the possible origin of the drug in Si
Introduction Consumption patterns follow a logical pattern that the life cycle / permanent income hypothesis attempts to demystify. It is derived from the assumption that people prefer temperance to excesses. LCH and PIH In the life cycle hypothesis, one assumes that people will try to maintain smooth consumption patterns. If a person had a choice between three consistent meals and six unpredictable meals, he or she would prefer the first option over the second one. Many workers have irregular incomes, so they need to decide how to spend their earnings rationally. Adherents of this school of thought assume that a person will save a certain part of his or her income in order to cushion himself during low seasons (Friedman 44). Alternatively, one may borrow during periods of low earnings and pay back the borrowed amount during periods of high earnings. The theory is based on the assumption that people live longer than they earn; consequently, they need to accumulate assets or savings to sustain them during retirement, or when incomes cease. For instance, if a person starts working at 25, and expects to retire at 65, with an annual income of $40,000, he will earn a total of $1,600, 000 over his lifetime. If the person expects to live for 75 years, then he will need to maintain an annual expenditure of $32,000. The person will need to set aside $ 8,000 annually so that he can have $320,000 during retirement. He may achieve this by asset acquisition or direct savings. On the other hand, if the person had inherited assets worth $400,000, he will have a sum of $ 2,000,000 to spend throughout his lifetime. He can afford to spend $40,000 annually until his death at 75 years. In this regard, wealth becomes an important factor in determining consumption patterns. The permanent income hypothesis (PIH) assumes that people’s expenditure patterns depend on their goal of maintaining a certain standard of living. People will ignore fluctuations in income if they believe that the changes are temporary. This will be manifested as a constant spending pattern. For instance, increases in consumer tax may not alter consumption patterns immediately. However, if a change in income is perceived as permanent, such as the outsourcing of industries (customer care centers), or replacement of human resources with technology, then this may affect consumption patterns. A person will reduce his or her expenditure patterns once he or she anticipates lower future earnings. The chief premise of the permanent income hypothesis is that people will make consumption decisions depending on what they expect to earn in the future. They may save or use up their savings in order to smoothen alterations in their income. Both theories attempt to explain consumption. Additionally, both schools of thought are based on the premise that people will
Size effect is a quantity used to determine the impact of an effect in a population, while considering independent details in a study (Cohen, 1992). On the other hand, power is an important factor in studies used to determine significance of the study. An estimation of power in experimental designs can be useful in deciding a sample size. This study will use scenario 2 to evaluate power and size effects. This scenario provides a study by Whiston and
Introduction to Hillgrove High School The Hillgrove High School was founded in 2006. The Hillgrove High School is located in Powder Springs, Georgia. The school accommodates approximately 2400 students in the 9th through 12th grades. The mission of the school concerns excellence of the students in academic, arts, and athletics. The overall performance of the school is higher than 96% of schools in the state. Demographics Demographic Data: Total by Gender Demographic Data: Total by Ethnicity In 2017, the survey did not include last three ethnicity variables, they were merged under the variable “other” Demographic Data: Subgroups Demographic Data Summary   * The approximate number of students equals to 2400   * Majority of the students are White/Caucasian and Black/African-American   * The gender distribution is equal   * A small number of economically disadvantaged students and students with physical disabilities Process The Suspension Rate Chronically Absent Rate Process Data Summary The overall suspension and chronically absent rates do not significantly deviate from the state standards. Achievement CCRPI Single Score. College and Career Readiness. Four-Year Graduation Rate. Achievement Data Summary   * Compared to the general numbers across the state, the CCRPI score is high and equals 94.3 in 2019   * The percentage of students who are ready to enter college and pursue career is higher that the medium number across the state and the county   * The four-year graduation rate is exceptionally high and close to 100% mark Perception Perception Data: School connectedness. Perception Data: Peer Social Support. Perception Data Summary   * Majority of the students enjoy going to school and feel like that fit in   * The relationships among the students are healthy and productive   * The school climate star rating is 4 Discussion Strengths   * Students’ performance   * Gender distribution   * Students’ perception of school connectedness and cultural acceptance Areas for Improvement   * Low percentage of people of Asian or Pacific Ethnicity, Native Americans, and people of mixed race.   * The students’ perception tends to decrease in the process of education (9th grade compared to 12th grade). Data Intersections   * The Hillgrove High School has high academic standards with the overall performance higher than 96% of schools in the state   * 65.3% of students are ready to continue academic studies in colleges   * Four-year graduation rate is 93.6% which is higher than 79% of schools in the state   * Caucasian and African-American ethnicities represent the majority of the students   * 7% of the school’s students are economically disadvantaged and 10% of the students have disabilities.
The contemporary Russian political regime cannot be qualified as democratic despite the fact that the formal rules of the Russian political apparatus clearly provide the foundations for solid democratic institutional structures. Indeed, the Russian constitution is grounded on many established liberal democratic premises viz. competitive elections within a multiparty environment, separation of powers, an independent judiciary, federalism, and protection of individual civil liberties. This paradoxical mode of governance is precisely what Alan Siaroff brands “semi-liberal-autocracy.” Most of the available literature on the post-soviet Russian state deals with traditional arguments such as the democratic transition paradigm or the impact of communism on Russia’s development. However, there is a conspicuous lack of literature addressing the power of institutions and how they can shape political decisions. This paper addresses the impact of the 1993 Russian constitution on democratic development of post-soviet Russia. More precisely, I will argue that the constitutional powers allocated to the presidency have significantly undermined the democratic consolidation as reflected under Putin’s leadership. The primary intention of creating the Russian constitution was to allow the executive office to dominate politics; not to foster compromises. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin was elected the first president of the Russian Federation on the 12 th in June 1991. For a brief period, the triumphant democrats and their nationalist politics led to a substantial unification of the Russian institutions. Regrettably, when they started to formulate their policy agenda, the political debate gradually changed from issues of statehood towards those of economic and institutional reforms. At that point, various diverging opinions and interests started to emerged, which led to a decrease in parliamentary support for the president. In 1991, hard-liners of the Communist Party rallied behind Mikhail Gorbachev and plotted a coup against Boris Yeltsin in an attempt to seize control over the political institutions. Resisting against the maneuver, Boris Yeltsin assumed dictatorial powers and proclaimed himself as the defender of the democrats. The opening stage in a democracy is usually characterized by intense political debates between hardliners and soft-liners. As Thomas Carothers puts it, “the opening period of democratic is ferment and political liberalization in which cracks appear in the ruling dictatorial regime, with the most prominent fault line being that between hardliners and soft-liners.” 1 The April 1992 meeting of the Congress of People’s Deputies unveiled that the parliament was divided into three main groups: soft-liners committed reformists; hard-liners committed Communists, and a determined bloc without any specific ideology. When Yeltsin began to expand his power over the institutions of the state trough personal appointments of governors in the country’s eighty-nine regions and through the accumulation of institutional devices, the executive increasingly dominated the l