ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract It is in the major responsibilities of any government to take a good care on the issue of Public health and safety. It is one of the essential functions for any government. Food and Drug Agency is responsible to maintain the over all health and safety measure through out the country. Due to diversity in the function of FDA is further divided in to different sub agencies and these sub agencies exercise the power on behalf of FDA. Food related and medicine related work is not as easy as it seems. Especially the medicine sector is much more diversified due to the rapid technological development in the field of medicine and especially in Bio Tech medical world. FDA is still aiming to provide the best safety and security standards by using its full power to maintain the over all public health throughout the nation. Introduction In every human society there are some basic life standards and ways of living. These sets of predefined ethical values are called rules. These rules and regulation are the essential elements to build any human society. These rules and regulations are mandatory to maintain the discipline and to build a healthy environment for the development of the society. In every society there is an authority that is responsible to maintain these rules and regulation in the society. This authority is called government. The application of the word Government is quite broader. Government is the authority which maintains the overall development structure of any society or country. This is also the responsibility of the government to provide every available facilities and benefits to their peoples or to the participant of society in against of restricting them in rules and regulation. Government appoints its executives in the practice of distribution of power to perform different functions to maintain the discipline in the society. These subagent of government are called it agencies. Normally a regulatory process in any field initiate with the proposed observation in a specific field. Then this proposed regulation come in to the phase of legislation. Where legislature members argue regarding different aspects of the proposed regulation and then this legislature approves this final regulation and implement it throughout the country. After passing the regulation the government usually announces an organization to maintain the supremacy of the approved rule or regulation. These agencies or authorities have the responsibility to implement that rule or regulation in to the country. That’s why most of the time these nominated governmental organization is called regulatory authorities. If we define regulatory authority than it means an organization appointed by the government to implement some specific tasks and goals for the betterment of any sector is known as the regulatory authority. For this purpose government authorize the organization to take full measure use of its autonomy and exercise its powers to implement the designated rule or regulation. In other words the major function of a regulatory agency is to implement the government’s wants in any specified field. In any regulatory agency there must
Figure.1: Showing the boundaries of Prussia in the period 1860/1867 Figure.2: Showing the extended boundaries of Prussia in the period 1871 Introduction The history of Europe especially Prussian Empire developed amidst many aspects of unity and kingship but Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck took an outstanding role in the peak and fall of the empire. Bismarck can not go unmentioned in this subject for he was the main character in shaping the entire place during his time. The 19 th century experienced dramatic changes in terms of social, political, and economic aspects, which were mainly influenced by the industrial revolution, French revolution and Napoleon wars. The maps were reorganized politically and this period saw development of nationalism and patriotism, though they ended with the First World War. The rise of the German empire was one of the major events in the age and Bismarck took active role in it. However, without understanding him one can fail to understand German history during his time. Otto von Bismarck retired from politics in 1890. At this time he had been the longest serving member in politics. For more than two decades he had been the prime minister of Prussia and for 19 years he had served as the imperial chancellor of the German Empire in addition to being the minister of foreign affairs and doing some presidential duties; thus he contributed too much change in the Prussian empire (Kent 38). While starting his political career in 1862, German was weak and unstable as opposed to 1890 when he left office. He transformed the German empire to a powerful military and economic power in the whole of Europe. He led three wars and contributed a lot to the unity of Germany. He had two major achievements, alliance with various countries and worldwide social reforms of insurance social insurance laws, Health Insurance Act, Accident insurance and Old age pension. Otto von Bismarck Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898) was a chief figure in the German history, having an active role in the unification of the Prussian Empire. He was known for his conservativeness, loyalty, and patriotism to the state of Prussia. He started his career in the political arena in 1849 in the Prussian chambers of deputies as an elected member. He pushed for nationalism regarding to be called a Prussian and not German. His loyalty to the state of Prussia paid off in 1851 when he was appointed as the Prussian representative to t
The ability to fight against infections is confined to specially evolved immune cells such as B-lymphocytes that are destined to produce immunoglobulins also known as antibodies. These molecules have been classified into five types like IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE. Available reports have described the connection between central nervous, neuroendocrine and immune systems (Manfred Schedlowski, 1999).This relationship is crucial to understand the significance of Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI).The present description deals with the description of roles of antibodies and functions of IgA and IgE. During a first antigenic challenge by a foreign body, antibodies especially IgM mount an immune response primarily by activating the complement in a cascade manner (Manfred Schedlowski, 1999).Complements are serum proteins that assist a plethora of immunological functions. It provides an accessory function as a secretory immunoglobulin (Manfred Schedlowski, 1999). Secondary immune response is provided by the antibody IgG when it recognizes a previously known antigen. These antibodies are unique for their potential to cross the placenta and confer (Manfred Schedlowski, 1999) antibody-mediated protection for newborns with negligible amounts of antibodies. These antibodies also bind to Fc receptors on phagocytic cells and thereby promotes opsonization (Manfred Schedlowski, 1999).IgD was considered to possess poor immune function. However, it combines with IgM and is reported to participate in the activation of B cells by antigen. Next, the important immunoglubin IgA.This is widely believed to be present in external secretions like saliva, tears, breast milk, mucus of the bronchial, genitourinary and digestive tracts (Richard, Thomas & Barbara, 2000). As such, the antibodies of secretory IgA class may play a vital role in providing a great defense barrier. For example, when present in breast milk, these antibodies bind to microbial pathogens in the newborn’s gastrointestinal tract and avoids the contact of pathogens along the gut walls and their passage into body’s tissues (Richard, Thomas & Barbara, 2000). The ultimate function of preventing the pathogen entry is to facilitate viral infection and bacterial colonization. This generally happens when the complex generated by the interaction of secretory IgA and antigen gets captured and removed by the epithelial cells resent in the respiratory tract and peristaltic movement of the gut. Finally, IgE antibodies function in mediating hypersensitivity reactions that are important for asthma, hives, hay fever and anaphylactic shock (Richard, Thomas & Barbara, 2000). Its actual physiological mechanism was believed to be present in the defense of worms and metazoic parasites (Manfred Schedlowski, 1999).The ultimate function is that when the surface-bound IgE recognizes antigens on the external portions of parasites, it induces a process of degranulation that causes various enzymes and certai
Introduction The plight of the underclass has been adversely mentioned in the readings. Majority of the authors try to pinpoint at some of the main constraints towards mobility of the underclass. The definition of the underclass is an idea that has been treated with a lot of caution by most the authors. Key issues in the arguments include segregation, poverty, racism and isolation that continue to deny the ghetto people an opportunity to better their living standards. For Mincy, poverty in the underclass can be attributed to out-migration, decline of high-wage employment and social seclusion. These issues have held the people in the ghetto behind in terms of development. His standpoint is a multidimensional approach towards addressing these problems. Mincy defines the underclass from an economical perspective; with female headed households, high dependency, school dropouts and lack of men’s contribution in the labor force. Discussion Massey attributes to the problems affecting the Black community to high level segregation. This segregation is depicted in housing with the black people occupying the ghetto. This is unlike the other races that occupy the middle and upper classes in the society. In this setting, the phenomenon of self reinforcing problems is depicted with characteristics such as crime, unemployment and illegitimacy featuring prominently. As for William Julius Wilson, joblessness that seems to be chronic, is at center stage in the problems of the ghetto. He mainly puts the blame on the events that took place after World War II. He therefore advocates for approaches that do not favor any color in trying to solve the problems of the underclass. Subsidized alternatives in the event to try and help the low income earners in the society have been provided for by the Center on budget and policy priorities. This has been facilitated through the use of the voucher system in collaboration with the landlords. Schiller critics the theories that assert that poverty is caused by cultural and racial phenomenon. He is instrumental in coming up with different arguments concerning the cause of poverty in the underclass. Paul A. Jargowsky and Isabel Sawhill on their part, take a statistical approach in defining the underclass. This is based on the census where indicators such as high school dropouts, female-headed households are characteristic. Their study has been observed to show some progress in the underclass with reducing levels of poverty over time. Generally all the authors using their different approaches bring to light the issues affecting the underclass and the effort that has been put in place to alleviate the problems. From the reading what comes out clearly is that all the authors allude to the fact th
Venice and Genoa, two Italian cities are famous for their influence in the southern Europe along the 13-14-th centuries. Their competing for the control of the Mediterranean, Black Sea Basin and the Red Sea as well as for the finding the routes to trade the Eastern countries transformed to a great rival. If the efforts to win the priority one over another were united and directed to developing eastern routes of trade the whole medieval history and the West-East relationships would be different, providing both cities with even greater power and influence. However, it did not happen. The reasons that caused raising and developing Genoa and Venice into the most powerful states of the 13-th century will be discussed in the present essay. Genoa originating from 5-th century as a small fishing and agricultural town began its fast rise in 11-th century after gaining independence from Byzantine Empire and the decision to join the campaign of conquering Palestine, as a significant number of its citizens answered the Pope’s call to join the Crusaders (Hindley 20). As Crusades provided the constant interaction between the East and the West, Genoa began its development on trade and military issues. On the other hand, Venice, also raised from the small fishing village, by the eleventh century was strongly connected to Byzantine Empire, gaining its military support (Norwich 25). Venice got its trading privileges through rescuing Byzantine fleet and freeing the waterway thought the lower Adriatic from the Norman kingdom blockade. In its profitable position, Venice had a little reason to join Crusades. At this time being separated by the Apennine Peninsula, both cities controlled different parts of Mediterranean. Genoa had trade connections with Muslim Spain and North Africa. Venice was controlling the eastern part of Mediterranean, Aegean and the Black Sea. What Caused the Raise of Genoa and Venice? As the Genoese participated in the conquest of Palestinian cities, they gained one-third of their lands. Venice joined the campaign only when no serious risks appeared to be met, and the high profit was obvious. It also gained the one-third part from conquered town’s lands. The European need for eastern goods and eastern gold and precious metals (Ferguson 25) as well as gaining key trade points in Asia encouraged the development of Genoa and Venice and changing “the role of Italian merchant mariner cities from passive to active” (Abu-Lughod 108). The Crusades caused the development of fleet and marine skills all over Mediterranean, with Italian cities being on the tip of this tendency. New forms of ships were invented as well as the system of convoying and transferring goods to fairs by sea. Both Venice and Genoa developed and transformed pre-capitalism system according to their needs, gaini
Not guilty Robert Blatchford in his essay “Not Guilty” maintains that the existence or nonexistence of a free choice is the point that free will discussion triggers. He acknowledged that people make choices but wondered the motive behind those choices. In his arguments, he emphasized that the will to choose is not free rather it is governed by both heredity and environment. His appeal is on behalf of not just the unsuccessful and downtrodden but of the criminal and degraded classes and a condemnation of what passes for ‘justice’, divine and human. He defended his subjects on the ground that they are helpless casualties of heredity and environment, whose bully instincts have further been bullied by the atrocious circumstances under which they have been raised. Robert Blatchford used several examples to support his arguments. The most notable example was a rabbit stopping on the path of a marksman at target practice. He argued that if the marksman was a sportsman, he would shoot the rabbit but a humanitarian would rather not shoot. The reason the two make different choices is their conscious with which they were born with or inherited and what they have learnt in life. Another similar example is about alcoholism. He argued that the one inclined to alcoholism does not choose to drink but the mind repeats and acts through instinct. Therefore, he denies the right of the society to denounce and punish those who could be the outcomes of such circumstances. Man can make choices but the choices are governed by heredity and environment or what has been learnt and conscious that he was born with rather than divine power or the willingness to choose. Apparently, determinism argued by Robert Blatchford is an excuse for the bad man. It in fact inflicts upon the ethics to wittiness that of reconciling the strict determination of every occurrence with the moral demand that it shall, nonetheless be possible to shatter the bondage of circumstance in order to choose the right. Therefore, Blatchford’s arguments clearly have abundant plausibility and precedents. The scene of human recklessness, misery and crime is so harrowing that only few intellectuals can tolerate to criticize and examine ideas that promise an extensive alleviation of the burden of human beings. The main source of human suffering is not social, that means it is neither an outcome of his imperfect control of his nature nor of the imperfect development of his social empathies and the resulting inhumanity. Rather, it stems from the inadequate control of the forces of nature and can be eliminated by the steady growth of the knowledge. In making allowances for the casualties of unfavorable circumstances, we need to seek support and not to give in to their powers of resistance. Therefore, we should preach freedom rather than fatalism and effort instead of submission. Karma and fr
I started working with my father’s computer at least four years back. I was always interested in animated games like any other kid. Seeing that I was occupying most of the time my father’s machine, he decided to get one separately for me. The prime purpose was to get me off his neck! But then, that also started off a great interest in me. I started liking the games that were on the computer; not just to play them but also to make them. I started researching the tools that are used to make these animated games and movies. One of the major inspirations came from an interview that I saw on the internet. It was the animation artist, Mike Kane. He was talking about his experiences when he created the Avatar: Origins. He was an inspiration because he started small and was developing himself out of a hobby. He was making an impact out of it even though he was winning his daily bread elsewhere. This was part-time work for him. He made it sound as though it is pretty easy to do. I have also seen some of the works by professional animators and I found them very impressive. The games that they have created or the movies that have been made are all made to be impressive. They are not only artistic but also bring an educative twist to the tale. For young children, it is inspiring and guiding. I have always enjoyed Disney’s Pixar productions like any other youngster. I have loved the way the work has been done by them. This love for the product made me study what is required to become an animator. An animator, I found, should have a flair for art and drawing. I have done a number of paintings during my school. I have also won accolades for these paintings that I did in different media, like water and oil. I have also done work on computer-based artworks. These have attracted the attention of my teachers and my school students; so much so that some of these have been put up on an exhibition recently organized in my school. My interest in art and painting has also cultivated a spirit of creativity. In addition, it also made me admire art in various forms. This could be a painting, a cartoon or a story, or a poem. I have read that an understanding of the underlying story and a keen interest in storytelling is essential to build a good animation. My keen interest in stories and the storytelling methods adopted by a number of storytellers would help me understand the nuances involved. I have always had a flair to learn a software package fast. I, of course, know how to work on most of the Microsoft Software. I have also worked on a number of graphic tools. Though of course, my intention is to learn more about the huge range of software tools available for animation. It is important if I want to master animation that I work towards mastering the tools as well as the methodologie
Describe at least three at-risk behaviors that you would address as this student’s Teacher, and explain why each behavior is problematic At-risk behaviors can be defined as those behaviors people have, which could lead to a high probability of making bad choices that could affect their future. They may include drug use, alcohol consumption, and low concentration among other behaviors (Zhan, 1999, p.91). In reference to the case study, this 16-year-old student has a number of at-risk behaviors. The first involves sleeping frequently in class, which lowers the student’s level of concentration, and important lessons taught in class are likely to pass by, thus affecting the student during exams. Indeed, the student is likely to fail his exams, as his concentration level is low. The second behavior involves refusing to answer question directly, an at-risk behavior that means the student never concentrates in class, and therefore he avoids answering questions directly, as he is not sure of the answers. Another at-risk behavior, defacing of desks and textbooks in class, indicates that this student is careless, and this could be a hindrance to his success in the future, where he may required being careful, yet failing tremendously. His anti-social behavior is of concern, as he is not able to make many friends; this could be problematic in the future where teamwork is expected, and therefore, the victim may find it hard to blend in with others. Due to the fact that the student has only one surviving parent, circumstances force him to work after school, hence, his attention is divided, and thus the main cause of loosing focus in class. Briefly describe at least three instructional interventions that you, as this. Student’s teacher, would implement in the classroom during the regular school. Day to appropriately address each at-risk behavior At-risk behaviors associated with students can be solved through various interventions. According to Hilyer & Walden university (2007, p.4), teachers can rely on improvement programs that focus on knowledge about dealing with students; this can include communication methods. Nevertheless, the student’s behavior of refusing to answer questions directly symbolizes failure to listen to questions, or fear of giving the wrong answer. Therefore, a teacher should ensure that a program of enhancing listening is initiated, such that, the student’s understands the question first before answering it. According to Panahon, et al. (2007, p.36), cognitive behavior therapy intervention assists students in problem solving, whereby, students are taught how to evaluate challenging situations by gathering relevant information, thinking about the responses, and choosing the best response to give in form