ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In order for a continuous and effective nursing practice, there is the necessity to continuously evaluate and asses work situations where improvement may be attained. To be able to meet this goal, it is necessary that health care learners be able to provide careful analysis of studies and research in order to be prepared in practice. This paper shall try to provide an analysis of the qualitative research report “Using the Ottawa Model of Research Use to Implement a Skin Care Program.” It will try to determine the validity of the study and evaluate the study findings in nursing practice. Purpose/Objectives Using the pragmatic Ottawa Model of Research Use to guide the implementation of clinical practice guidelines in a surgical program of a tertiary care hospital, this study under analysis describes the process of implementing an evidence-based skin care program in a surgical department of a large academic tertiary care hospital and aimed to tailor strategies to address the barriers and as well as to implement the guidelines. Background/Rationale The background of the study under analysis laid down prevalence of annual survey results pointing out an increase in rates as well as severity of ulcers for inpatient surgical populations. The paper provided data on complications of skin breakdown that are caused by hospitalization aggravating length of stay as well as mortality and morbidity as earlier suggested by Nelson (2003). In addition, it was also reported that pressure ulcers acquired in the hospital is a major issue in quality management that even with substantial prevalence and costs estimated at about 3 million patients of $5 billion annual expense, have remained almost unknown (Bechrich and Aronovitch, 1999) and Beitz, 2001). What is also emphasized was that skin breakdown lessens the quality of life resulting to burden to patients, their family and their caregivers. However, it has been suggested in a study (Rutledge and Pravikoff, 2000) that after the implementation of a prevention program, there had been a significant reduction of pressure ulcers making the program timely and essential. Likewise, Graham and Logan (2004) noted that experts earlier pointed out that pressure ulcers can be prevented
Introduction Aerobic exercise is described as a strenuous type of physical activity that increases the heartbeat up to about 65% of the highest rate. (Fitness.com,2006) Performance of aerobic exercise is whereby the individual makes the body use oxygen for the creation of energy by breaking down the glucose in the body. The activities for aerobic exercises normally take longer periods not less than 20 minutes. For anaerobic exercises, the individual’s body will be able to make the energy needed for the exercise without using oxygen. This usually happens in a situation where the body requires vast amounts of energy so it is impelled to use some chemicals in the body to create the energy. This occurs because these activities take short periods of time e.g. sprinting (Doctors Exercise.com) Main body During aerobic exercise, the oxygen that enters the lungs is transported to the heart from where it is pumped throughout the whole body and is used up by the muscles to make energy and carbon dioxide which is expelled. (Fitness,2006) During exercise, the heart rate will establish whether the exercise is aerobic or anaerobic. For males, the maximum heart rate is 220 less than the male’s age, while for females it is 225 less the age. Since the target rate for workouts is usually 70 percent of the maximum heart rate, in the event that the heart rate surpasses the 70% mark then the exercise becomes aerobic(Doctors Senior Exercise). Another way of determining whether the workout performed is either aerobic or anaerobic is through the technique of performing the exercise. Researchers have established that a person doing anaerobic workouts loses more calories than one doing aerobics on ratios of 5 to 1 or even 7 to 1.the aerobics burn up to around 25% muscle and 75% body fat while on the other hand, the anaerobic workouts tend to burn 100% body fat. Some of the workouts classified as aerobics include fast movements(dances), walking on the Treadmills, jogging, using air gliders, exercise bicycles, skiing machines, sports e.g. handball. The other exercises classified under anaerobic are basically resistance exercises e.g. weightlifting, dumbbells, etc (Dana, 2007) Conclusion The other telling difference between the two is that while anaerobic workouts employ resistance routines that aid in building muscles and bones, aerobics tend to work on the cardiovascular and the body’s circulatory system in general. It is advisable to use the two types of exercises so as to achieve the best results health-wise. (Doctors Senior Exercise). To attain this there are machines in modern gyms that are already pre-programmed to either offer high resistance for anaerobic or low resistance for aerobic exercises, the user just chooses either. For a person who is starting exercising routines, it is best to start with the aerobic exercises to help build stamina then gradually proceed to the anaerobic exercises to do the strenuous exercises. (Dana,2007) Works cited Dana. A Size Apple. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Exercise.2007. Web. Doctors Senior Exercise. Anaerobic Versus Aerobic. Web. Fitness. Aerobic vers
Introduction The work of Angela Davis in her book, “Are Prisons Obsolete?”, introduces readers to the current state of the U.S. system of imprisonment and rehabilitation. She reveals the correlation between corporate interests, racial profiling, current laws and how such factors have contributed to the growing population of inmates within U.S. penitentiaries. Her book reveals how rehabilitation practices within prisons at the present are far from promoting a system that helps to transition inmates into normal civilian life. Instead, what occurs is a removal of civil liberties, the promotion of negative forms of behavior and finally the implementation of prolonged periods of incarceration so that private corporations can make more money and profit off of the inmates at the expense of U.S. taxpayers. This was noted in the following statement made by Davis (2003): “ In arrangements reminiscent of the convict lease system, federal, state, and county governments pay private companies a fee for each inmate, which means that private companies have a stake in retaining prisoners as long as possible, and in keeping their facilities filled” (Davis, 95). As such, this paper presents the notion that the current system of rehabilitation within prisons is inherently flawed and needs to be changed in order to resolve the relatively high rates of re-incarceration within the U.S. Based on this, the assumption of this paper is that by implementing a system that focuses on encouraging better social integration rather than punishment this should help resolve the prison problems within the U.S. Current Problems within U.S. Prisons Based on the work of Vasiliades (2005), it can be seen that the current state of the U.S. prison system in no way rehabilitates prisoners (Vasiliades, 71-99). In fact Vasiliades (2005) states that prisons actually promote violent behavior resulting in a greater likelihood for those who enter it to get even worse over time. Vasiliades (2005) explains this by stating the following “…what do you expect would happen if you throw inmates into what is essentially a melting pot of violence and crime with no opportunity for improving their lives once they get out of prison, the obvious outcome would be a smarter and more violent criminal rather than a reformed prisoner that can be integrated into society” (Vasiliades, 71-99). Davis attempts to explain the inherent failure of society to realize the current problems faced by the prison system by saying that: “this is the ideological work that the prison performs – it relieves us of the responsibility of seriously engaging with the problems of our society, especially those produced by racism and, increasingly, global capitalism” (Davis, 16). It is based on the views of Vasiliades (2005) and Davis (2003) that it becomes painfully obvious that some means of change must be implemented in order to resolve the current problem surrounding the current prison system. Gopnik (2012) in his examination of the present day rates of incarceration within the U.S. sho
Introduction It has been noted with concern that the number of overweight and obese children has risen significantly globally. Statistics show that since 1980 the number has increased threefold. Additionally, close to 16.0% of children aged between 6 and 19 years are obese (Amir, YekaninejadII & Hui 44). Studies have shown that countries in Africa particularly in the Northern part have also experienced a surge in children who are overweight and obese, Libya is one of them. It is worth noting that there are various causes of obesity which include unhealthy eating habits, lack of physical exercise among others. However, there are previous studies that have implicated parents to be contributors to the problem. Since mothers spent more time with their children, they are the ones who are often implicated with regards to the problem (Moss and Yeaton 198). Aims and objectives of the study The proposed study aims at establishing the perception held by mothers who have an obese child about their child’s problem, obesity. Based on this, the objectives of the study are:  1. To find out mothers of obese children’s perception about the causes of obesity in their children.  2. To establish their perception with regards to the effectiveness of the various programs to help obese children.  3. To find out the period of time mothers of obese children perceived them to be obese. Research questions:  1. What is the perception of mothers having obese children concerning the causes of the problem?  2. How do mothers of obese children perceive the effectiveness of programs and strategies put in place to curb the problem?  3. For how long have mothers of obese children perceived their children to be obese? Literature review There are various definitions for obesity. However, for the sake of this paper the definition developed by Erica 3 will be used, it is the body mass index which exceed the 85 th or 95 th percentiles. The problem of overweight and obese children happens in the context of the family. Researchers have established that although there are other quotas to blame for child obesity such as advertisement among others, the parenting style is very influential in shaping the eating habits of children (Moss and Yeaton 194). Of particular interest are the mothers since they tend to spend more time with their children hence are responsible for influencing the nature, variety and quantity and quality of food eaten by their children. Mothers are instrumental in shaping children’s attitudes and perceptions towards food (Amir, YekaninejadII & Hui 39). According to Rao 87 mothers are the ones who create the culture of food habits in the family since they are the ones who create the meal timetable. It has been noted that the effort to curb the problem will be possible if the perception of parents particularly mothers are critically analyzed. H
Comparison between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that regulates the functioning of visceral organs and plays a role in homeostatic control[1]. The ANS together with the somatic nervous system (SNS) make up the PNS. Autonomic neurons control hormone and enzyme secretion from glands and the contraction of smooth and heart muscles. The somatic division differs from the autonomic division with regard to effectors, efferent pathways, and neurotransmitter effects. The skeletal and heart muscles are the major target organs (effectors) of the impulses relayed by the somatic fibers and autonomic neurons respectively[2]. The two systems also differ in relation to their efferent pathways. In the SNS, a motor neuron (efferent pathway) extends from the CNS to the peripheral effectors. In comparison, the pre- and post-ganglionic nerves constitute the efferent pathway of the autonomic system. Thus, the SNS has only one neuron while the ANS has two. The position of the cell bodies is also varies between the two systems. The cell body of the preganglionic neuron of the ANS is located within the CNS while its axon (myelinated) joins the postganglionic motor neuron, which lies outside the CNS, through its synapse. The postganglionic axon (unmyelinated) transmits signals to the peripheral effectors. The cell bodies of somatic neurons lie within the brain or spinal cord. The ANS also contains ganglia, which are absent in the SNS. The two nervous systems also differ with regard to their neurotransmitter effects. For the SNS, the neurotransmitter released at the synaptic cleft is acetylcholine. In comparison, the autonomic impulse transmission involves acetylcholine and norepinephrine[3].The ANS plays an important role in homeostasis and thermoregulation. Control and Integration of ANS The functions of ANS are regulated by various brain centers. The medulla and spinal cord centers (higher centers) control the reflex activity function of the ANS. In particular, the reticular formation of the medulla plays a big role in autonomic regulation. The medulla motor centers stimulate various reflex activities, including vessel dilation (vasomotor), heart rate (cardiac), gut activity (peristalsis), and breathing (respiratory). Respiratory centers are also located in the ‘
Introduction Main Points of The Yellow Wallpaper The basic aim of The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is to reflect the oppression of women in the 19th century. Generally, while discussing the major themes of the story, it is necessary to analyze some symbolical issues, the author provides us with. Moreover, The Yellow Wallpaper allows us to consider one of the most important problems women faced in the 19th century in detail. Thesis Statement When reading the story, it becomes evident that Gilman was deeply concerned about the role of women as well as the psychological pressure they experienced. For this reason, one can make a conclusion that Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper is to be analyzed based on symbolical interpretations the author wanted her readers to become familiar with. The House in The Yellow Wallpaper and Its Symbolical Interpretation In my opinion, nobody will deny the fact that the protagonist’s oppression in The Yellow Wallpaper is depicted symbolically. For instance, one can notice that Gilman uses such complex symbols as the parts of the house, in order to reflect the psychological state of the main character. Thus, on the one hand, the house the main character lives in can be associated with a desire to become free; however, on the other hand, it is evident that the protagonist cannot avoid a crue
Introduction Globally, researchers have portrayed India as a land of many political and social complexities (Bevan, 2015; Heimsath, 2015; Seal, 1971; Barucco, 2014). For example, Barucco (2014) says it is a country of many contrasts because “it is economically fragmented, if not polarized, and driven by linguistic, religious, caste and even racial cleavages, of great complexity. Yet, it provides the most rigorous and useful proving ground for testing hypotheses correlating the various dimensions of progress” (p. 5). These complexities have infiltrated our understanding of the country’s national identity. Indeed, Indian nationalism has for a long time been the subject of many international scholars who often try to understand the development of the concept of nation-state in the country, which has a rich history, dotted with many cultural and social views (Seal, 1971). This analysis has brought our attention to the concept of Indian nationalism, which strives to espouse some of the social and political principles of the subcontinent that have characterized its independence movement. However, multiple forces continue to influence the politics of India today. One of them is religion. Many studies that have investigated the concept of nationalism in India have revealed that religion is the most controversial and emotionally charged fiber in understanding the politics of identity in India (Bevan, 2015; Heimsath, 2015). Based on a succinct literature review, this paper explains how religion has influenced the politics of identity in India by demonstrating that Hinduism and Islam have been at the center stage of the nationalism movement in India, since its independence in 1947. It also shows that the politics of identity in India have developed on the back of conflicts between the two religions. One research question, which appears below, guided this analysis Research Question How has religion influenced India’s national identity? Theoretical Foundation According to Ünal (2013), national identity refers to a sense of belonging to a specific state. Although many different nations have varied cultures, traditions, and languages, the concept of national identity helps to amalgamate them into one cohesive whole of nationalism. Comprehensively, national identity refers to a set of subjective feelings that people from different backgrounds, bound by a sense of nationhood, share about their country (Ünal, 2013). According to Barucco (2014), the concept of national identity, in contemporary society, is a product of the nature of today’s global politics. Concisely, as Heimsath (2015) observes that religion and national identities are small reference points of the nature of global politics today. Nonetheless, it is difficult to understand the concept of national identity, in India, and the conception of different countries of the concept from different sociopolitical contexts. Consequently, Erikson’s theory of identity provides a framework for understanding national identity by arguing that national identity is a product of axes of relations within the “self” (Ünal, 2013). Relative to the core of its arguments,
In the United States, the president nominates Federal Judges who are currently later confirmed by the Senate to serve judicial courts. Federal judges refer to both Article III and Article I judges serving as magistrates and handling bankruptcy. The selection process has been disputed for a long time, as some suggest that the selection process is more political (Paul 2). Like judges and magistrates, the federal government is committed to protecting people’s rights and providing security. In the recent past, people have been restricted from free movement to avoid the spread of the coronavirus, resulting in an imbalance between people’s liberty and safety. In my opinion, electing judges seems more appropriate than nomination. This essay is a critical exploration of the political influences arising from the nomination and election of judges, alongside weighing the balance between peoples’ freedom and safety. Federal judges include Article III, Article I, and senior judges. Article III judges are appointed to serve for life in courts of appeal, districts courts, and in the court of international trade. The reign of federal judges is determined by their good behavior while exercising the judicial power of the United States. Article I judges are not entitled to life tenure and protection compared to Article III judges. Congress can reduce Article I judges’ salaries depending on their behavior. They serve the appeals court for the armed forces, veterans claims, U.S. tax court, federal claims, U.S. bankruptcy courts, and other territorial courts. The U.S. senior judges refer to the retired professionals who wish to continue their services to serve the law. The minimum age limit for becoming a senior judge starts from 65 up to 70 years. Becoming a federal judge starts with the nomination of a candidate by the United States president. The nominee fills out a questionnaire which the senate committee reviews. After responding to the questions, the Senate holds a physical interview with the candidate to question philosophy, experience, and past rulings. After the encounter, the senate votes for the candidate depending on the satisfaction levels achieved. If the Senate does not approve the nomination, the candidate returns to the president for a re-nomination. If the Senate approves the second nomination, the candidate starts a lifelong commitment to serving as a judge. Still, if the re-nomination fails, the candidate cannot become a judge. There are no formal qualifications to become a judge, which allows the president to choose candidates from different fields. Although judges require prior knowledge about law, the president can choose candidates from other profession
Overview The core of the ethical issue is that a particular software engineer has to make a decision to release software that did not go through all the necessary quality control checks, in order to be one hundred percent certain that there will be no catastrophic errors that will occur when already deployed. The stakeholders are the investors of the company; the employees and staff; software engineers; the hospital staff and health professionals that will use the said software, as well as the patients of the hospitals. By looking at pertinent information the software engineer has two options. The first one is to release the product even before it has passed the stringent quality control test required to determine that nothing can go wrong in the operational phase. The second option is to inform clients that there will be a delay in the deployment of the said software. Ethical Theories Applying the Kantian theory of ethics the software engineer will have to inform the stakeholders including the investors of the company and the clients that there will be a delay in the launching of the product. They will not be able to use the product because more tests are required to determine if the software will not negatively affect the lives of patients when it is already made operational. Using the rule utilitarian approach the head software engineer will have to choose between two options and it hinders on the stakeholders that will be most affected by the action. Thus, the software engineer can say that since the bugs are only minor, then there will be no significant problems that may arise in the future. This will negatively affect the position of the investors that anticipated the launching of the product. On the other hand if the clients outnumber the investors then the software engineer will not release the product knowing that more people will be affected in case of major problems that will arise. Using the act utilitarianism will force the software engineer to halt the launching of the software because he will come to realize that more people will be upset if indeed the