ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Apostle Paul is one most renowned and most discussed figures in modern Christianity. The book Four Views on the Apostle Paul by Michael Bird aims to provide readers with a comprehensive discussion of the Apostle and his writings. Specifically, it highlights four distinct perspectives on Paul and his views on Christ, salvation, and the vision for the Church: Reformed, Catholic, Jewish, and Post-New Perspective. 1 Overall, the book provides readers with a deeper understanding of the Apostle Paul and his continuous influence on Christianity. The Four Contributors The principal views on the Apostle Paul in the book are provided by four contributors. Thomas Schreiner, Professor at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, delivers the Protestant Reformed view on Paul. 2 The second contributor, Luke Timothy Johnson, is a former Benedictine monk and priest and Professor of New Testament and Christian Origins. 3 He addressed Paul from a primarily Catholic perspective, relying on the Apostle’s writings and his own religious experience. Douglas Campbell, Associate Professor of New Testament, provides the Post-New Perspective on Paul. 4 In his account of the Apostle, he attempts to reassess his work through the prism of Barthianism and Judaism. Similarly, the fourth contributor, Mark Nanos, Scholar-in-Residence at Rockhurst University, discusses Paul from the position of Torah-based Judaism. 5 Overall, all four contributors provide unique and thought-provoking perspectives on the Apostle Paul and his views on different aspects of Christianity and the place of Christ in it. Summary of Arguments The central arguments of the four contributors are highly diverse and distinct. Schreiner argues that Paul believed in the centrality of Jesus Christ and his crucial role in salvation and the final consummation. According to Schreiner, the Apostle thought that “to be a believer is to embrace Jesus Christ.” 6 Similarly, Johnson also views Christ as a central figure in the Pauline framework, reasoning that the Apostle viewed him as a man whose destiny is intertwined with that of humanity. 7 Thus, salvation is not achieved by people but by God through the death and the resurrection of His son. Moreover, Churches are meant to reconcile humankind with the Deity. Campbell attempts to unite Paul with the new perspective on Judaism. He asserts that the Jewish question is crucial to the understanding of the Apostle, and Christ should be viewed as God’s gift that saved humanity and made them closer to God. 8 The Church from the Post-New Perspective is perceived as a missional church that reveals God to the people. 9 Finally, Nanos strongly argues that the Apostle and his views on Judaism have been misinterpreted and states that salvation requires participation in “the Jewish communal way of life.” 10 Within this view, Christ is a central figure, but one of great importance for the non-Jewish followers and one that facilitates the acceptance of the non-Jews into the righteous w
President Harry Truman is remembered by many servicemen because of Executive Order 9981. This order was “issued by President Truman on 26 th July 1948 to ensure all people in the US armed services were treated equality without regard to religion, culture, color, and race” (Davis 22). This executive order played a significant role in ending inequality and racial segregation in the military. According to different experts, these malpractices had defined the military throughout the Reconstruction Period. The order has been embraced by many people because it supported the rights of many American citizens. Racial inequality had affected the performance and effectiveness of the armed forces for decades (Taylor 41). Despite the political and social issues associated with Executive Order 9981, many scholars have argued that it established a new path for race relations in the country’s armed services (Taylor 72). The order also led to the establishment of an advisory committee in the military. The role of this committee was to examine the procedures, rules, and practices of the US armed services (Wynn 18). The committee was also expected to recommend the most desirable ways of dealing with segregation. However, the effects of this order were felt after the end of the infamous Korean War (Davis 84). Most of the units in the army remained segregated after the Second World War and throughout the Korean War. Wynn indicates clearly that segregation in the country’s military ended in 1954 (92). This order is therefore relevant because it presented new opportunities to many Americans from different minority groups. Taylor believes that Executive Order 9981 established the best ground for every serviceman in the US military (68). Significance of the Korean War Historians believe strongly that “the Korean War played a major role in redefining the postwar era” (Stueck 17). To begin with, the end of the war presented new race relations in America’s military. As well, this war led to new changes that are still embraced in different parts of the globe today. The war forced the US government to increase its military expenditure. This move “resulted in a military-industrial complex that defined the future of the Cold War” (Edwards 29). For the first time, the United States managed to use jet aircraft. Many nations across the globe took similar paths to strengthen their military capabilities. As well, the United States was able to establish a strong relationship with Britain (Malkasian 41). The war also made it easier for the US to acknowledge the strength of different communist nations. It was quite clear that all communist countries were ready to support each other. The Soviet Union also supported China thus making it a powerful nation. E
Introduction Renowned German-born theoretical physicist Albert Einstein once said that “wisdom is not a product of schooling, but the lifelong attempt to acquire it” (Hager, 2004 p. 23). Today, more than ever before, I hold these words in very high esteem as I chart my way forward and design my strategies to acquire the ‘wisdom’ that Einstein talked about by undertaking the challenge of lifelong learning. This paper is a blueprint of how I plan to go about achieving the goals of lifelong learning. To effectively expound on the various dimensions contained in this paper it is imperative that I create a comprehensive understanding of what lifelong learning entails. The European Association of Executives (n.d.) defines lifelong learning as “…all learning activity undertaken throughout life, with the aim of improving knowledge, skills and competence within a personal, civic, social, and/or employment-related perspective” (p. 22). This definition, in my view, demonstrates that learning can no longer be dichotomized into a place and time to acquire knowledge (university) and a place and time to apply the knowledge (the workplace); rather, it is a necessary life-long pursuit of knowledge that I must engage in if I expect to make a difference and invest into the future of my country Saudi Arabia. Learning Needs Diagnosis As an individual who would like to take up a career in the domain of mechanical engineering, my learning needs revolve around several issues that I believe are key to not only a successful career in the domain, but also to a life that will assist my immediate community in Saudi Arabia achieve its potential through undertaking philanthropic work. Consequently, my learning needs into the future include:  1. Undertaking a comprehensive management course in a world-class learning institution to assist me realize my dreams of becoming a manager at the Saudi Arabian Oil Company;  2. Undertaking short courses in information and communication technology (ICT) to keep abreast of the changing technology trends and learn to use different applications as they hit the marketplace;
The article under consideration deals with the peculiarities of the resource-based view (RBV) of a company in terms of international business (IB) research. The author explores the extent to which this theoretical framework has become common in international business and explains the reasons for this trend (Peng 803). Furthermore, the article includes a detailed review of studies concerning multinational management, emerging markets, alliances and mergers, and entrepreneurship. Finally, the author provides an overview of the possible implications of this trend in the marketplace. It is noted that works by Barney (published in 1991) and Wernerfelt (published in 1984) are regarded as “key developments” in IB research and the RBV of a company (Peng 803). To estimate the extent to which RBV penetrated IB research, the author focused on the reference to certain works of these researchers. The author studied peer-reviewed management and business journals published between 1991 and 2000. Peng reviewed 61 journals and found 526 citations to the sources mentioned above. Importantly, the author states that the growth of interest about an RBV is evident, as the number of citations steadily increased during the period in question. The author stresses that the RBV can be regarded as an innovation, as it is characterized by five features of the innovation. For instance, the approach is associated with a focus on a company rather than an industry, which is an innovative view and regarded as a considerable competitive advantage. It is also easy to use and adapt. Importantly, it is consistent with the values and needs of modern business research (Peng 807). For example, IB research concentrated on macro-level trade, such as industries, up to the 1970s, but the focus changed in the early 1970s. The researcher is focusing on four dimensions when analyzing the use of RBV in IB research. These areas are market entries, international entrepreneurship, MNC management, and strategic alliances (Peng 809). When it comes to MNC management, IB research emphasizes that multinationals should develop a company-specific advantage to remain competitive in different markets, and the RBV provides the necessary framework to develop this kind of advantage. Besides, the RBV provides a wide range of tools to address such areas covered within the scope of IB research as diversification, human resources, and development of subsidiary capability. As far as other dimensions are concerned, the RBV extends the boundaries of IB re
The global healthcare system has significantly improved throughout the course of history and currently possesses different techniques and ways of treatment applicable to a lot of various diseases. However, many people still prefer nontraditional or alternative healthcare practices considering them more effective and less harmful to their health conditions. Though nontraditional methods of treatment have existed since time immemorial, their implementation and application should be guided by a healthcare professional (Ratini, 2021). Apart from that, it is necessary to stress that these ways of treating diseases should not fully replace standard medical practices. Though alternative medicine is widely used in all parts of the world, there exist several cultures these practices came from. Nowadays, due to the rise of the popularity of nontraditional ways of treatment, these cultures thrive and flourish. Usually, China is the first country that comes to mind when hearing about alternative medicine. Alternative ways of treatment have been used there for thousands of years and are still practiced on a regular basis both inside and outside the country (Matthews, n.d.). The most commonly known nontraditional healthcare practices that came from China are acupuncture, acupressure, and cupping. They are used to help the muscles relax and, as a result, alleviate people’s pains in different parts of their bodies. The next country that is famous for its alternative treatment ways in India. It is the place of birth of ayurvedic medicine. This type of nontraditional healthcare practice is a combination of diet, exercise, herbal treatment, and lifestyle in general (Matthews, n.d.). It is widely used to ensure a healthy and long-lasting life. Ayurvedic medicine relies on the connection between the universe and people’s well-being, stating that it is necessary to live in balance with the world in order to be healthy and avoid diseases. When speaking about alternative ways of treatment, it is wrong to avoid mentioning American nontraditional medicine. It is also called Native American medicine since its roots lie in the Indian American understanding of people’s health and how different diseases should be treated. Native American medicine is built on the concept of the unity of physical and mental health, so it is used to take care of both the body and the soul (Matthews, n.d.). There exist many different ways and techniques Native American medicine sticks to. Different practices from herbs and a natural diet to ceremonies of greeting the day or changing seasons and group meetings to share positive energy with others help people take care of their minds and souls. When comparing these three practices related to alternative med
Introduction Freedom of speech is a constitutional right in the United States and the majority of other countries worldwide. Before being established, it has been a subject to fight over and is now, no doubt, an essential trait of a liberal, mostly censorship-free state. Yet, even before the era of the Internet, the right to free speech has proven to be a controversial topic. Certainly, authoritarian leaders have tried to take this freedom away from their opposition and the dissatisfied general population, which should not be allowed. However, other questions concerning free speech have remained more morally complex and centered around horrifying social and personal consequences it might sometimes entail. Online spaces allow for increasing anonymity and enable higher levels of harassment than any face-to-face disagreement. On the Internet, unmoderated free speech is simply not feasible, as it would lead to unjustified freedom from consequence, yet a balance must be found to not undermine users’ self-expression. “ Don’t Feed the Trolls”: consequences of online vitriol Social media provides larger opportunities for anonymity than any other tool before: a user can pick and choose which information to disclose publicly. Hence many accounts exist online without ever sharing their real names or pictures while being able to share thoughts and comments on controversial topics or socially charged posts. T
Introduction   * There is need to improve health care delivery in schools.   * This can be achieved through various ways such as stocking of epinephrine in schools to be administered in the case of anaphylactic reactions among students or faculty.   * A bill seeking the stocking of epinephrine in schools was presented to the Mississippi legislature but it died in the committee.   * A policy making visit is to be scheduled to push for the implementation of this bill. Stocking of epinephrine is schools is a priority issue as the cases of allergies among school going children are increasing. They have increased by about 18% from 1997- 2007. Asthma and allergies are one of the leading causes of absenteeism in schools. Equipping schools with the resources needed to manage an anaphylactic reaction will help reduce cases of complications. Sample of auto injectable epinephrine The epinephrine to be stocked in schools is auto injectable epinephrine that is not patient specific. Description of the legislative visit   * An appointment is to be scheduled with the office of the legislator both in writing and verbally.   * On the day of the meeting brochures with the message to be delivered will be printed.   * The message will be delivered in a clear and concise manner and the brochures given to the people who attended the meeting.   * A follow up plan will be agreed upon. The message will consist recommendations and the discussion of the opinion of the legislator on the issue. The policy making process   * In order that a bill becomes policy, it goes through a policy making process that involves:       + An issue is discussed in the public agenda.       + A bill is introduced in the house.       + The bill is then assigned to a committee.       + The committee decides on an action.       + The action of the committee is brought to the floor of the house for voting. In the process the bill may not pass the committee, either because it was not prioritized and therefore not discussed or it was rejected by the committee, in this circumstance the bill is said to have died in the committee. The bill to allow stocking of epinephrine in schools did not pass the committee, so it is termed dead. Purpose of the Policy making visit   * The bill requiring schools to stock epinephrine died in the education committee.   * It will be reviewed again in the next committee meeting.   * The policy making visit is to get a legislator to commit to take action on the matter in order to ensure that the bill becomes policy.   * The people making the visit will include a registered school nurse, a parent of a victim of lack of epinephrine in school and a parent of a child with asthma or allergy. Before the visit the group will book an appointment with the legislator, and set up goals to be achieved during the visit. In addition the group will print out their message and give a copy to the legislator and other members in the office of the legislator. Message to the legislator   * The visit aims at
The Effects of Corporate Ownership on Public Accountants’ Professionalism and Ethics In this article, Fogarty (2002) supports the idea that lack of professionalism in the work place does affect the clients negatively. This article was published in the Accounting Horizons Journal on June 1, 2002. Fogarty (2002) is conducting a literature review in this article, meaning that the scholar did not have primary data for the study reported in this article. The scholar focused on professionalism in Certified Public Accountants (herein referred to as CPA) firms in the country and elsewhere in the world. In the introduction of the article, Fogarty (2002) admits that the prevailing corporate acquisitions of CPA firms portend a real threat to the independence and professionalism of practitioners in this field. The autonomy of the professionals in this field is compromised by these acquisitions, and this impact on their ethical standards. The objectivity of the accountants in such situations is put on the line, especially considering the fact that they are put under the direct supervision of individuals that are not accountants by profession (Fogarty 2002). This author is of the view that the effects of this new arrangement are far reaching. The conventional professional values of such practitioners are compromised, and this impacts the quality of services that is rendered to the clients. This is despite the fact that the clients are the same parties controlling the operations of the professional accountants. The effects that this consolidation of CPA firms has on the public can not be ignored. Fogarty (2002) is of the view that despite this being a relatively new development in the world of accounting, it threatens the future of the profession and the quality of services that the accountants render to the public. It is noted that for the first time in history, a significant number of professionals in this field will be under the control of what Fogarty (2002) refers to as “civilian” rule, the rule of outsiders that know little or nothing about the accounting profession. A public accountant is one of the practitioners in the profession of accounting that should maintain high levels of professionalism. This is given the fact that this branch of accounting plays a significant role in safeguarding the public interest as far as public finance is concerned (Fogarty 2002). This view by Fogarty is supported by Goldman (2010) as will be reviewed later in this paper. This role of the public accountant is affected by the corporate employment trend that is discernible in the current corporate consolidation of accounting firms. This has detrimental effects to the clients, the public. This is given the fact that the public accountants will lack in professionalism, and will not be able to discharge these duties effectively. The independence of the public accountant, who can bee viewed as a public auditor, will be greatly impaired. Given the fact that the firms that have acquired the accounting firms need to make profits, they may resort into offering other services to the clients, such as
There is no much difference between management and leadership. Both of these people carry similar activities. However, there are notable differences between these people. PPD Consultants is such an organization that has both leaders and managers. The following are some of the differences between these individuals. To start with, the managers are involved in the development of policies. The policies to be followed in the organization are entirely entrusted on the managers to develop them. On the other hand, leaders are involved in the development of guiding principles in the organization. Another difference is that the manager is involved in finding out solutions and answers to the problems that come up in the organization (Myatt, 2008). The leader, on the other hand, is involved in the identification of the problems, and the questions that arise in the organization. Managers are also known to avoid risk, and if it is impossible to do so, they tend to find a way of fighting the risk. On the other hand, leaders are usually beneficially of the risk that exists around them. The meaning of this is that leaders thrive in existence to the presence of the risk in a bid to exploit them. Managers involve themselves in the
Groups and Group Dynamics Groups in an organisation refer to a collection of individuals who may share common behaviour and interests. The individuals who interact to form groups in an organisation are drawn from various positions within the company. Groups in a firm may be formal or informal, depending on the purpose and the organisation’s commitments towards the groups. For example, informal groups are formed by individual employees with the purpose of solving their own issues. On the other hand, formal groups are formed by a firm with the aim of promoting teamwork and close collaboration among the employees. Unlike informal groups, which focus on the social issues that affect the employees, formal groups focus on work related issues, such as employee productivity, standards of behaviour and organisational policies. Group dynamics can be defined as a set of psychological processes that integrates the system of behaviour of various individuals. Group dynamics also include the elements of social interaction, such as identity, group cohesion and group conflicts. Moreover, group formation lies at the core of every group dynamic. The aspect highlights how various individuals interact to create bonds of attraction, which are necessary for the formation of a group. Social identity and group membership also affect group dynamics in an organisation. The concept of social identity holds that individuals are able to identify themselves with people who have similar elements of identity. Individuals who share common elements, such as behaviour or culture, can easily interact with each other, compared to those who do not share any common factor. The similarity between various people