ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
City of God is a Hollywood movie that was authored by Paulo Lins and directed by Merelles Fernando (Bronson 593). This movie was adopted in Paulo Lins’s novel and it captures the period from 1960s to 1980s (Bronson 593). The film is set in Brazil and the plot unfolds in the gang slums of Rio de Janeiro. The author of the movie draws the reader’s attention to some of the factors that affect urban planning. In this case, Rio de Janeiro has been used as an example to illustrate some of the challenges experienced in cities across the globe. From a careful analysis of literature, the film has addressed several issues related to urban planning. One of the key themes portrayed in the scene is about the numerous crimes committed in urban areas (Doctorow 5). Some of these crimes result to misgovernment of urban centers reading to acute suffering among the metropolitan dwellers. This paper aims to identify these issues and examine how they affect urban planning as addressed in the film. A good example of the prevailing issues in the film includes war against drug trafficking and drug abuse among urban dwellers (Bronson 593). It is important to note that one of the major aims of planning in towns is to ensure that high quality life is sustained and criminal cases are reduced. Nevertheless, the film portrays that people leaving in slums have the potential to venture into unlegislated acts such as establishing drug empires and the deal eventually becomes very competitive. That notwithstanding, drug abuse has become the chief cause of all the crimes, a factor that lowers the quality of life in urban areas. Research has revealed that drugs not only threaten the health of users but also their lives. Most of them engage in unmanageable behavior and has to face the law. In addition to this, drug abuse leads to stress which graduates to depression expecially on instances where the users have no financial capacity to purchase more. From the scene, there is a clear indicator that drugs are at high demand in urban areas where users have means of dodging from police investigations. In fact, drug dealing in urban has become a common phenomenon that is passed over from one generation to the other. Evidence to support this claim can be derived from the scene where Benny intends to take over the drug business from Carrots (Bronson 594). Another issue that has drawn my attention and is a common phenomenon affecting urban planning is the rise of insecurity. This is evident from the film where a gang of people chase a chicken. As they run they encounter a man who is purely convinced that the gang wants to kills him (Bronson 594). This is a clear indicator that in Brazil urban and more particularly the slums are prone to insecurity where people are gang raided on daily basis. Insecurity interferes with urban development in one way or another be
Introduction Nagorno-Karabakh is a mountainous region in the South Caucasus that has been recognized as the main cause of conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan during the last several decades. A dispute about the territory began in 1988 when Armenians proclaimed it to be their property and demanded all the Azerbaijanis leave Karabakh. Within a short period, the events in the Soviet Union, Perestroika, and the intentions to take control influenced the lives of people in different ways, causing the progress of the war and the inability to gain peace. The Nagorno-Karabakh security conflict began in 1988 and remains to be open today. Many researchers and historians call it one of the famous original “frozen” conflicts in Eurasia that included certain territorial and ethnic questions to be solved. 1 The use of heavy weapons, a number of attacks at the beginning of the 1990s, and the support of neighborhood countries made the conflict not only a local problem but an international concern. This paper aims at analyzing the impact of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict on the security of both Armenia and Azerbaijan, as well as its wider outcomes and the challenge of international relationships. The Essence of the Nagorno-Karabakh Security Conflict Upon the establishment of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1900s, the relationships between the Armenian and Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republics were friendly and peaceful as equal constituents. However, Azerbaijani instabilities in oil and gas made its people consider additional resources that could be available to them. The territory of Nagorno-Karabakh of around 1,700 square miles was a perfect transit zone for both countries and the establishment of stable trade-economic relationships between the Caucasus and Europe. 2 After the Revolution in 1917, despite the fact that Nagorno-Karabakh was mostly the area where Armenians lived (about 80%), the Soviet Union imposed the initial power over the region on Azerbaijan. 3 In 1923, the current ruler of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, approved the creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) under Azerbaijan jurisdiction where the majority of Armenians lived, leaving the possibility of provoking dissent between the nations opened. 4 Such a step made the Soviet Union protected against the revolts of the nations because Armenia and Azerbaijan had to be focused on the control of their people and powers. After the death of Stalin, the situation in the Nagorno-Karabakh region began changing. New concerns and old unresolved problems were under discussion again. Instead of staying neutral and giving enough space for the two nations to divide their powers, Moscow interrupted the process. The position to support Azerbaijan was chosen first, ac
Map of Kenya, showing various tourist destinations Introduction Kenya is one of the leading tourist destinations in Africa. The sector is the largest foreign exchange earner for this East Africa nation, generating an estimated US $500 million annually in hard currency. The country receives over 800,000 tourists annually, attracted by the white sand Indian Ocean beaches and prolific wildlife safaris. Britain is the main tourist market for Kenya with an average of 200,000 Britons visiting the country every year, ( Joliffe, Tea and tourism pg. 47-59 ). Other tourist attractions include archaeological sites, beautiful scenery offered by the Great Rift Valley, Mt. Kenya, and coffee and tea plantations. Wildlife Tourism Wildlife tourism is a form of tourism where visitors come in a close encounter with nondomesticated animals in zoological gardens or their natural habitat. It involves a range of activities like general wildlife viewing, bird watching, whale watching, visiting zoos and aquaria, hunting, and recreational fishing. ( Myra L. pg. 3 ) Wildlife tourism is the leading kind of tourism in Kenya. The county has over 48 national parks, game reserves, and marine parks spread across the country. Major national parks and game reserves include; Maasai Mara Game Reserves, Tsavo National Park, Lake Nakuru National Park, Amboseli National Park, Mount Kenya National park, Nairobi National Park, and Abedare National Park. Visitors from all over the world flock to the Mara Game reserves from July to October, for an opportunity to see the Great Wildebeest Migration from the Serengeti National park, in Tanzania to the Maasai Mara plains. Over 1.3 million wildebeests cross the crocodile-infested Mara River in a massive herd. Tsavo and Amboseli National park are home to elephants, buffalos, leopards, and Lions. Wildebeest crossing the crocodile infested Mara River from Serengeti National Park to Mara Game Reserves Nairobi National Park was officially opened in 1946 and became the first national park in Kenya. The park is unique in that it is the only wildlife-protected area in the world located close to a capital city. ( Morell, Virginia-Surrounded )The park is home to and the breeding ground for rhinos which are then re-introduced to other parks within the country. ( Source: www.kws.org )Kenya Wildlife Service is the sole body mandated with the management, protection, and conservation of the biodiversity found within the Game Reserves, National Parks, and Marine Parks. Sea, Sand, and Sun Tourism This kind of tourism involves traveling to a place for relaxation on warm, sandy beaches and sea. Due to its strategic location on the East Coast of Africa, Kenya is endowed with a long, scenic coastline with white beaches and coral islands. The beaches offer great opportunities for water sports and other related tourist activities such as snorkeling, diving, catamaran rides and surfing. Lamu Island is one of the destination attracting many foreign tourists. The
Literature Review The school improvement process is significant for all educational facilities of this type because it provides them with an opportunity to enhance their performance, benefiting both educators and students. To reach this purpose, schools need to utilize a collaborative approach and to encourage their leaders and teachers to implement changes needed for enhancement. Thessin and Starr (2011) consider this element to be the most significant one because of the way colleagues work affect their ability to reach their potential. The authors recommend school authorities to develop professional learning communities since they make it easier to identify learning needs and satisfy them. The whole process consists of six stages that start with the investigation of the instructional area. Further, data should be realized to identify those learner-centered issues that require resolution. Student works need to be assessed since they allow understanding the way learners think. Instruction should be provided and examined by other teachers so that it is possible to focus on changes associated with student progress. Finally, educators should reflect on the observed outcomes and think of the future adjustment that may be needed. The idea developed by Thessin and Starr (2011) is supported by Abdullah, DeWitt, and Alias (2013) who state that communication is significant for effective teaching and learning because it provides an opportunity to share information about issues faced by students and ways to overcome them. Moreover, professionals recommend using inform
Leadership is about communicating the desired information either to the co-workers, subordinates and peers (Barrett 34). While passing this information, leaders ought to draw attention from the intended audience. Leaders can utilize several ways of gaining attention from the audience. Some of the methods are effective meaning that the target audience would understand the leader’s information due to the increased attention from the audience (Denning 116). Conversely, some of the methods may be inappropriate, making the audience guess the meaning of the information due to lack of attention. Essentially, attaining the audience attention is one of the major attributes of effective communication (Rice 24). One of the methods of ineffective communication is the use of hype. According to Denning, hype can be applied to attain attention by making the audience believe that all people are concerned over the same issue 152. The problem with hype is that it generates the feelings of manipulation on the audience. Besides, the audience may feel pressured by the leader’s anticipations and beliefs (Denning 152). For instance, creating the impression that a certain product is liked all over the market to excite the co-workers might generate increased pressure on the workforce concerning the augmented expectations of the leader. Besides the use of hype, the leader may attempt to tell the story of the present position of the firm. The use of such stories tends to be ineffective ways of attaining the attention of the audience (Denning 152). The reason is that attention are drawn when the speeches begins from the perspective of the audience (Denning 152). Telling about the firm indicate the position of the leader instead of the audience. In other words, audience will not pay attention to information concerning the leader and the firm rather, would attend to issues that concern them. The other ineffective ways of gaining attention of the audience is just stating the facts without providing real life examples (Denning 154. Stating facts without providing the real life illustrations create boredom. In some instances, the target audiences are acquainted with the facts that are being provided. What is required is how to relate the facts with the themes or questions being addressed (Denning 154). As such, leaders have to connect the presented facts with the real life illustrations in order to gain attention of the workers. While the mentioned communication strategies have proved to be ineffective in most circumstances, other methods are slightly effective. The slightly effective communication strategies include the use of real cases, provide related and surprising topic, overemphasize the topic of discussion, include jokes and create frames as well as use of pictures (Denning 156). The use of real cases and objects would only be effective when the attributes of the case or object directly relate to the topic of discussion. The use of surprises
Sexual intercourse that people engage in before marriage is called premarital sex. The term is mostly referred to while referencing young people who are grown up and matured adults and who will have the inclination to get married, but prefer to engage in sexual activities before they get married. Different, cultures and countries look at premarital sex in different ways depending upon their prevailing views whether such acts can be viewed as being moral and acceptable by society. Some cultures have no issues with the practice and consider pre-marital sex an optional activity that is engaged in by adults with the consent of each other. There are several cultures that entirely disapprove of premarital sex and view the practice as entirely immoral. The issue of whether premarital sex should be acceptable or not has now become a matter of intense debate. Teenagers and couples that are planning to get married have to make a decision whether to go ahead with sex before marriage. A loving relationship often heads towards this direction and if the culture of a country is liberal, premarital sex is taken as a natural phenomenon. From a positive angle, premarital sex becomes a matter of pleasure and the satisfaction of sexual desires when it is accepted by one’s peers. If viewed negatively, the practice is seen as immoral and brings in feelings of guilt and the apprehension of pregnancy and contracting of sexual diseases (Bell, 1967). A major consideration while debating the issue of premarital sex is the question of safety. It is known that almost half the HIV-positive people in the world are between the age of 15 and 24. Most of the people who indulge in premarital sex do not care about its emotional consequences. Sex is the most powerful instinct of human beings and is more of an emotional experience since it influences our lives in manners that we usually do not comprehend. Once a couple engages in premarital sex there are chances that they will have feelings of embarrassment, mistrust, anger, disrespect, worry
Introduction Modern times are sometimes called The Age of Change similar to the Dark Ages or the Renaissance. The volume and speed of changes increase, and business has to adjust to them to stay profitable. Still, there is always a resistance to the changes inside a company, as all the innovations seem to cause the loss of confidence among the employees. A leader may succeed in overcoming resistance by following certain rules. There is an elaborated manual of helping a company through a change in the book The Art of Leadership, by George Manning. One could research the implementation of these rules in the case of Meg Whitman at eBay; this CEO managed to drive the company to rapid growth. First Steps Meg Whitman came to the CEO position at eBay in 1998. For a couple of weeks, she conducted one meeting after another with the senior executives to fully understand the culture of the company, its goals, merits, and flaws. It allowed her to define short time priorities such as investments in system capacity, developing the marketing strategy, getting the company ready to IPO. Those were the steps of “establishing a sense of urgency” and “identifying potential crises” (Manning 167). A team-based approach to problem-solving as part of eBay’s internal corporate culture aided Whitman to set the company on a new course. She wanted to gain respect and trust, to rally the team, so every week she held up to a 4-hours meeting with the management paying no attention to the pressure of the constant daily tasks and the crazy work tempo of an internet company. When people seemed ready to follow a new leader, Whitman decided it was time for a team to develop a marketing strategy. During a well-prepared off-site meeting, a new brand positioning was defined. According to Manning, e-Bay CEO worked on “getting the group to work together as a team” and “creating a vision” (167). First Success Whitman and her team were conscious of how important the wide communication of a vision among employees was. She personally and the senior managers thoroughly transmitted the ideas to the lower levels. Meanwhile, the CEO restructured the engineering department. It was made in contravention of the corporate culture and special eBay magic, but Whitman believed that the current system did not enforce the capacity of the company and with the growth of users “was going to present even more of a challenge” (Hill and Farkas 280). Also, she hired a few experienced executives for key directions. Despite breaking some basic principles of the company, all the streamlining actions allowed it to go public successfully. “Getting rid of obstacles” and “changing systems that undermine change vision” appeared to be the right steps as the innovations helped eBay make the business profitable (Manning 167). The safety issues became the new challenges eBay came across. The fraud cases were defeat
Intravenous fluid treatment incorporates the venous administration of crystalloid solution. The therapy is used in cases where patients are highly dehydrated (Hoorn 485). Patient-specific necessities determine the kind, quantity, and infusion rates of the fluids. Normal Saline (NS or 0.9NaCl) is one of the popularly administered IV liquids for utmost hydration requirements such as bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, drainage from GI suction, metabolic acidosis, or shock (Hoorn 486). It is an isotonic colloid that encompasses 0.9% sodium chloride (salt) liquefied in sterile water. NaCl has largely been used for resuscitation efforts in many institutions. While using NS, it is vital to monitor the patient and the liquid levels around the clock. The above-stated ensures that there is no overload or less than required for the body’s functioning. NaCl should be watched through clinical parameters and laboratory tests to establish the beneficial endpoints (Hoorn 487). Having all details is important for everyone engaged in the care because the human body cells are bathed in a watery fluid that contains primary sodium and chloride ions. These molecules are essential in maintaining proper fluid balance and keeping the tissues hydrated. Additionally, sodium is involved in many cell processes such as muscle contraction, the transmission of nerve impulses, and kidney function (Sahithya 31). It is crucial to maintain these ions within a therapeutic range, hence the criticality of checking and rechecking throughout. The family needs to understand what is happening to their loved one regarding nutrition and IV feeding. Some families might be against various approaches used to sustain life at critical stages. It is vital to make sure the family comprehends everything about venous nutrition to avoid confusion and conflicts. I will have a meeting with the relatives and inform them on the status of the patient in form of a psychoeducation session. I will tell them the exact condition the patient is in, talk about the IV method and the benefits of its application. Conclusively, intravenous nutrition, particularly normal saline, is necessary for people in critical condition because it sustains the functioning of vital organs. However, the approach requires a round clock observation to guarantee the levels are not high or low, for it can be fatal. All individuals involved in the care of such a patient should always be informed on quantity, rate, and days the patient has been on this treatment for a better outcome. Works Cited Hoorn, Ewout J. “Intravenous Fluids: Balancing Solutions.” Journal of Nephrology, vol. 30, no. 4, 2017, pp. 485-492. Sahithya, Sriman. Fluid Resuscitation–Plasma-Lyte a Vs 0.9% Normal Saline for Laparotomy in Acute Gastrointestinal Perforation: A Randomised Double-Blinded Controlled Study . Chennai, Madras Medical College, dissertation, 2017, pp.1-145.
Overview My chosen scenario for discussion is about a man who lands a good job after a long period of searching. Before the job, the man is barely able to provide for his family, a situation that drives him to desperation. Six months into the job, the man discovers that his manager is engaged in corruption, where he embezzles the company’s resources. The man, now in a state of dilemma, does not know whether to blow the whistle and lose his job or just maintain a blind eye to his manager’s unethical acts. The dilemma is further worsened by the man’s family, which he has been unable to provide for before finding the job. In discussing this scenario, I will seek to find out how the five components of wise judgment apply to it. I will finally make a decision based on these components, explaining the rationale behind the decision I finally settle with. Factual Knowledge Facts in this scenario include revolving around ethics, accountability and human conscience. It is common knowledge that corruption is unethical and should not be condoned under any circumstances. We also know that the man must adequately provide for his family since their very livelihood depends on him. The man’s decision, in one way or the other, will affect his family, be it positively or negatively. Procedural knowledge In this scenario, procedural knowledge has to do with how the man tackles problems in life, how he handles conflict, and how he offers advice (Connolly, Arkes & Hammond, 2000). Some of the problems in the man’s life include adequately providing for his family and maintaining a clear conscience, all at the same time. Contextualism or lifespan In this scenario, contextualism refers to the various contexts and roles of life around the man in question. This is mainly about how the man relates with his family, his workmates and seniors, and his friends. Recognition of Uncertainty and managing it The man has to appreciate the fact that there is no known perfect or ideal solution to any problem. Any decision he makes must affect those around him either positively or negatively. He must therefore not focus on a decision that will please everyone around him. Relativism of solutions In making a decision, the man must keep in mind that different people have different cultural and individual values and priorities in their lives (Sternberg, 2000). What the man may regard as unethical or immoral may be acceptable to his manager, family and friends (Hardman, 2009). The course of action and its impact Based on the five components of wise judgment, I recommend that the man reports his manager’s unethical behavior. This will help clear his conscience and save the company a lot of resources. Although such action may put his job in jeopardy, it has more positives than negatives. By blowing the whistle, the man will have put on notice any other officers at the company who may be engaged in acts of corruption. This will go a long way towards making the company a corruption-free z