ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Discussions on climate change have gained traction over the years, with nations including Canada aiming to meet their Paris Agreement goals. Governments are putting in enough efforts towards climate change if the declaration by forty-five countries to cut greenhouse gas emission by 2030 is anything to go by (Resource Works, 2021). In the article “When it comes to the new carbon tax, sustainability is a double-edged sword,” Resource Works examines concerns of the economic sustainability of the environmental public policy implementation in Canada (Resource Works, 2021). Whereas the article points out the financial implication of the Canadian government policy on climate change, it failed to appreciate the general ethical benefits that the world will gain if Canada commits to climate change programs. Resource works (2021) put emphasis on the tax implication of the Canadian climate change policy and overlooked other benefits that the tax rule brings to the world. The article negates the regulation by indicating that social and economic activities will suffer in the near future if the policy is implemented. The emphasis on the tax rise on carbon emission to cut down the greenhouse gas emission is a manifestation of the researcher’s way of opposing the climate change initiative. The article outlined key issues in the Canadian climate change activities by examining the socio-economic implications of the regulation. The ethical concerns aboard jobs and income loss due to tax increase helps understand how worldview affects the implementation of public policies. According to Saul Alinsky, “The sixth rule of the ethics of means and ends is that the less important the end be desired, the more one can afford to engage in ethical evaluations of means” (Alinsky, 2010, P. 48). Based on the rule, the article did not point out how less important climate change is to Canada. In so doing, the report failed to convince the reader whether the Canadian government should abolish the push to climate change at the expense of tax implications. In fact, according to the Bible, in Mark 12:17, Jesus told his disciples to give Caesar what belongs to Caesar. Therefore, if Resource works believe that climate change is good for Canadian and the world, they should have looked at the bigger ethical benefits that will come when more taxes at levied on carbon emission to discourage the activities.
Introduction Genetic engineering as the process of identifying and isolating DNA from living or dead organisms and introducing it to a living cell ( Protein engineering 2011). This process has been used in the production of human proteins such as insulin, which is used to manage diabetes type 1 and 2. The production of human protein is done through recombinant DNA technology ( Insulin 2012). Recombinant DNA technology techniques are used to locate, isolate and amplify specific DNA strands. In the production of human insulin, scientists use recombinant DNA technology to insert insulin DNA into bacteria, which under optimum environments multiply into numerous replicas containing insulin ( Insulin 2012). Human insulin manufactured through this technique has been used by people suffering from Diabetes type 1 and 2, because their bodies do not produce the required amount of insulin needed to support normal bodily functions. Despite the benefits derived from the production of genetically engineered human proteins, social issues such as scientists’ self-regulation, bioterrorism and anxiety surround genetic engineering of DNA have taken center stage for the last few decades (Abram et al, 1982). This paper shall set out to give a brief history of genetic engineering of human proteins. The process used to manufacture human insulin in laboratories shall be explained and various social issues that arise as a result of genetic engineering discussed. Manufacturing of Human insulin: Historical overview Manufacturing of human insulin has been existence since 1920’s (Ladisch & Kohlmann, 2008). Before 1900, people suffering from diabetes type 1had no chance of living healthy lives, because there was no medical intervention that could help them produce sufficient insulin. Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best were the first scientists to purify insulin from animal organs (Ladisch & Kohlmann, 2008). Later in 1936, researchers produced a better version of insulin containing protamine (protein strand from fish sperm). One injection lasted for 36hrs because the body breaks down protamine slowly. In 1950, researchers were able to produce a better version of human insulin, which was faster and quickly assimilated by the body. Until 1980, human insulin was extracted from animals such as dogs, pigs and cattle ( Insulin 2012). This was because the natural insulin from these animals was closely similar to that produced by human beings. However, insulin extracted from animals was not as efficient and it took longer to be processed by the body. In addition, Insulin from animals had serious side effects on numerous people whose bodies rejected it ( Insulin 2012). To address this issue, researchers put their efforts towards the production of insulin that mimicked the natural insulin produced by the human body. Efforts to create human insulin paid off in 1977 after a team of researchers discovered that insulin could be produced by inserting insulin genes into bacteria. This process enabled the creation of recombinant bacteria capable of pro
Introduction The fundamental belief in the need for economic growth, in addition to traditional liberalistic values, is a certainty that free trade will lead to global opulence. Free trade refers to international trade devoid of government interference. Proponents of the globalization process believe that economic theory has undeniably demonstrated the dominance of free trade. Some models have established that free trade may not be the best course for global prosperity. The independence of free trade from political abuse and interference makes it the best option. Proponents of free trade believe that history best speaks for them as most of the world’s developed countries applied the same theory for economic development. A close review of the development of capitalism indicates that developed countries never practiced free trade in their formative years. Instead, they championed for their national corporations through tariffs, subsidies, and other international trade regulatory measures and legal provisions. Main Body Britain was one of the leading proponents of free trade and commanded significant influence on the course of operation. Efforts to liberate trade started with talks about general agreement on trade and tariffs. These efforts failed with the rise of political orientation that emphasized economic growth and international openness. In the late years of the nineteenth century, an epigrammatic period of liberal trade regimes dominated most of the world economy. Intervention efforts by various states during the First World War
The thing present in any global event or arrangement is the ethical aspect of the problem that makes the basis of the made decisions. In the field of sport, the importance of the implementation of ethics in the decision-making process is an integral part of any appropriate and fair action. Additionally, different types of sports are ubiquitously viewed by diverse populations around the globe; hence, sometimes broad-based scandals occur based on the confrontation of opinions or real illegal actions from the football clubs’ side. In recent years, several enormous scandals emerged, and they are mostly connected with corruption and the additional money-earning process as the most crucial aspect for any sports organization. In this case, the 2006 ‘Calciopoli’ scandal can be considered one of the most known and effect-producing brawls with the following hearings in the history of football. This scandal can be looked at from diverse perspectives; however, the ethical aspect seems to be one of the most significant ones. The background of the issue can be briefly described as the mass falsifications of match results among diverse clubs, leagues, and associations to win higher positions in Series A (Rossi et al., 2018). The unfair judgment was based on the connections and premature agreements between diverse clubs, organizations, and referees, as well as the corrupted appointment of those referees. As a result of this scandal, such football clubs as Juventus, AC Milan, SS Lazio, and ACF Fiorentina received club-level punishments and were banned from Italian football for different periods (Rossi et al., 2018). Hence, if looking at the issue from an ethical perspective, diverse discrepancies in misfits in the social and moral norms can be defined. The first ethical problem concerning the scandal is the equality of chances and fair judgment during the leagues. By performing the such illegal activity as the result of falsification, separate clubs and teams are provided with an unseen higher status while others still believe in the competition independent of corruption
Introduction There are significant cultural differences among people of different races, regions as well as tribe. People’s cultures often shape their attitudes and perceptions towards issues of morality and values or virtues as well as how they interact with their environments. People’s norms as well as values are significantly different across the continents and their perceptions are greatly influenced by their cultures. The report therefore examines these cultural differences across the globe from the business perspective. The US-Polish case has been examined in relation to these cultural diversities (Canen 1999, pp. 3-10). Background The report is a covers the effects that cultural diversity has on any business firm and how such diversity can be exploited to the advantage of the firm rather than being perceived as a problem. The firm under focus is a US-Polish corporation which is a multinational corporation with its operations in areas of different cultural backgrounds. In Poland the company did not focus so much on the success of the firm or hard work. An individual was not perceived with great importance as in the US case. This therefore enabled the firm to change its strategies in its operations so as to appeal to the US population hence enabling it to do well. Objectives The main objective here was to determine the significance of cultural diversity and how it affects the success or failure of an enterprise. The report looks at how an enterprise can use cultural diversity to its advantage over its competitors both in the operations and marketing of its products and services. With the increase in cultural interactions due to globalization, one cannot ignore the issue of cultural diversity if he/she intends to succeed in his/her ventures. The report there looks at how exploiting or ignoring such differences can affect an enterprise. Main Body US/Polish Company It was realized that there were significant cultural differences in the firm based in Poland and its US branch. In the US for instance, those applying for managerial posts were for instance subjected to minor tasks like sales before being considered for the position. This was not the case with Poland as those applying for the same were immediately considered. The employees were also subjected to accountability in the US as opposed to the case in Poland. The issue of trust was also significantly different in the two cases. In the US case, employees were trusted and treated with dignity unlike the Polish case where there was the superior–inferi
Introduction Learning can at times be a very difficult task. Although there is a sense of achievement after one is able to learn something, it is not always easy for such an individual during the process of learning. It is particularly difficult for someone who is trying to learn skills that they are not familiar with or difficult concepts that may require a lot effort to be able to learn. Various scholars have come up with theories to explain how effective learning can take place. For example, Kolb has described learning as an individual’s experiences that happen in cycle. However, this process of learning does not cater for the emotional experiences of the learner. Another theory that has been advanced to explain how learning can effectively take place is the social learning theory. The social learning theory refers to a method of learning that is usually attributed to Albert Bandura. This theory is mostly used in learning institutions. However, it can also be applied in a workplace setting to improve the outcome. The theory purports that learning occurs through observation and socialization. This means that people learn from each other as they socialize and observe one another in a particular setting, for example, in the workplace. By using the social learning theory, one is able to promote the right employee behavior within the workplace, hence increase productivity. This theory helps one to effectively direct the employees’ behavior in order to encourage the appropriate behavior that is necessary for the growth of the organization. This paper shall address the concept of social learning and the situated theories. The paper shall further look into ways in which these two theories can help trainers facilitate effective learning in their places of work Social theory of learning and its application in the learning process at the workplace The main proponent of social theory of learning, who is also the pioneer, is called Albert Bandura. The theory proposes that a lot of learning takes place through observation. He suggests that three models are useful in this theory. They include the live model, verbal instruction and the symbolic. The live model involves learning of desired behavior through demonstration. This happens when a person does the demonstration while those observing are expected to learn the desired behavior from the person demonstrating by mere observation. In verbal instruction model, the desired behavior is expected to be depicted after detailed instructions concerning this desired behavior is given verbally. The listeners are given instructions clearly and accurately and are expected to show this behavior depending on how well they have understood the detailed description of the desired b
Introduction Albert Camus was a French Algerian author who had managed to leave his imprint not only in the sphere of fiction but also became a theoretic. Being an existentialist, most of his papers are related to this theory. According to Camus, existentialism can be defined as a life that does not have “God-given purpose but is shaped by man’s choices and struggles” (Surawicz & Jacobson, 2009, p. 74). Based on this theory, Camus tries to define the word “absurd”, referencing the fact that nothing in this universe has meaning. However, there is still something in human life that has meaning and this is absurd (Bronner, 2009). Foundations of Camus theory Turning to the discussion of Camus’ The Plague and the relation of people to absurd, it is possible to refer to some quotes from the text and the overview of the whole situation. The central absurd idea is that in the city Oran which is isolated from the whole world has appeared plague disease. People constantly die there without this disaster as the city is ugly and dirty. The only reaction which appears as a human reaction to the disaster is that it is incredible, at the same time, agrees that the reasons for the epidemics can be easily found, like the case which had happened many years ago in a European country (Camus, 1991, p. 34). The absurd of the situation that this cannot be a real explanation, still, even if the problem must be explained, it will be. The main absurd issues raised in the novel are as follows. The novel points to the irrational world lacking meaning, to the fact that people in the novel state that the current world is indifferent to their problems, that people are good and they are worth fighting for. However, is it so? People lead their lives in the city like in prison, isolated and without valuing the opportunities they had. They lived with lovers, family, and friends, but without the opportunity to leave that city. When epidemics came, people understood that they were not free due to the quarantine. However, the obvious question appears, have those people ever be free? Is the freedom they tried to reach was freedom? Conclusion The main changes which appear with the citizens after they got to know about the disease appear not at once, but later. At the beginning of the problem occurrence, people go the same indifferent to each other and selfish. But, when the disaster makes people suffer for months and when they decide to struggle with it, they understand that their lives mea
The sociology of religion is the study of how different sets of people in religious groups interact and how their behavior is influenced by these interactions. People’s religious practices, norms and behavior are influenced by interactions they have with each other in their religious groups. Religion is a collective set of beliefs and practices with a spiritual foundation meant to influence people’s perceptions and behaviors. People who share similar religious ideals have collective behavior which identifies them as followers of that specific religious group. They have strong ties to fellow devotees in their religious groups. These beliefs strengthen people’s adherence to religious doctrines which define the essence of a religion. Followers of a religious group have common ways of interaction which bind them together. They are required to perform specific roles which determine their status and power in their religious groups. They have faith in religious teachings which are strongly emphasized as sacred. Religions has a set of beliefs and practices which all members need to adhere to. Followers of different religions have to be familiar with sacred texts which spell out beliefs and their relevance. They need to satisfy various expectations by performing religious rituals and other activities which have a lot of spiritual symbolism. Members of a particular religious group are socialized to treasure various moral codes of conduct in their lives. By fulfilling moral objectives, members satisfy important tenets of their religion. The sacred aspects of religion make people interpret extra ordinary experiences differently. Any extra ordinary event is associated with a revered form of supernatural power or deity.They believe that a supernatural power guides their lives and as such, they need to reciprocate by devoting by their lives to the religious order they believe in. Religious sociology is important because it helps people understand the value of religion in their lives. This makes one understand the essence of religion and how it shapes human character, identity and personality. People devote their thoughts and emotions to their religion for various reasons. Therefore, this helps one understand how religion binds members of a particular society to enable them have collective practices and beliefs. People are able to understand the relationship they have with their religion and how this con
Introduction Mental counselors otherwise famously referred to as psychiatrists have over the years been challenged by the civil society and well-informed world to be competent when it comes to multicultural awareness issues. This paper identifies multicultural ability as the framework that is very critical in guiding counselors or counselor educators in articulating their roles, motivation and practice to enhance service to their patients. Addressing the issue of cultural diversity is very imperative amidst modern society even as speculation is rife that mental health services need to take into consideration cultural diversity in order to achieve required competence. Multicultural Awareness Is Essential Past studies and literature indicate that multicultural competence should be conceptualized in three basic dimensions namely; self-awareness, skills, and knowledge. These dimensions form the basis for counseling mentally ill people. The multicultural counselors association has also developed its standards based on these aspects (Arthur & Achenback, 2002, p. 11). These standards are regarded as dependable and moral codes of practice for guiding the counselors in their counseling sessions, even as they have to attend to clients with a varied ethnic backgrounds. These three domains are usually incorporated with three traits so as to offer a 3 by 3 design for effective achievement of the counseling goals. This design entails self-awareness by the mental healthcare professionals concerning cultural values and favoritisms (Arthur & Achenback, 2002, p. 12). It also involves professional counselor awareness of the patients’ world perception and culturally correct interventions. These standards present a conceptual structure that helps to promote the multicultural understanding (or sensitivity) and competency of professional counseling. Amidst universal advancement towards achieving competitive healthcare, there is a lot of pressure on professional practitioners to create or rather define a framework of multicultural competent service with evidence for its efficacy and soundness in enhancing the international results (Arthur & Achenback, 2002, p. 12). Critical to offering substantial evidence for the grounds on scholar’s base their concern is the question of multicultural competence evaluation. This means that professional mental counselors have to incessantly assess their multicultural competence. They then have to know the available tools for this evaluation, to create and more importantly, to be certain about the constancy and validity of the grading of these tools. As Arredondo and colleagues have noted, research assessment of multicultural competence is the keystone of this practice (1996, p. 17). Competent practitioners have managed to evaluate multicultural competence from the healthcare provider’s perspectives, patient’s viewpoint, and even third person’s way of thought. Self-Awareness : this can be described as the personal understanding of individual attitudes concerning others (diversity), understanding rights of the minority, character of