ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Donaldson’s Type 1 conflict occurs when reasons for a host country’s perceptions are different from those of another country. This is often in relation to their economic development, for instance, where regulations on pollution may not be so stringent. Type 1 conflicts are mostly a mix of both economic and non-economic issues. Donaldson’s Type 1 conflict operates under the premise that a given business practice is ethical in a given situation, say situation B, if it is ethical in the companies original business situation, say situation A ( Poff and Wilfrid, 87 ). It can be further explained in an example where an international company may have low standards in environmental conservation in its mother country, and it may still adopt the same low standards in any other country unless it is forced to conform to certain laws. The managers of the company in country B, in this case, have to make their decisions according to the values and preferences of the people in their mother country or rather what is common practice in their mother country. In this case, Donaldson advocates for industry-specific codes of conduct that provide detailed limitations against self-serving conduct that is often a result of poor or biased interpretation of laws or industry practices. In this case, what would be ethically right, but still remains wrong according to Donaldson’s algorithm, would be a situation where the mother country instills very strict laws on pollution, which the company follows to the latter, but there are no such laws in the host country that was earlier referred to as country B. The company may find itself having to decide whether to save on their operating overheads by disposing of their waste anyhow, hence, polluting the environment, or adopt the stringent waste management practices that are a common practice in their mother country. Though it may not be illegal, too, for instance, discharge chemical waste into a nearby river in country B, Donaldson’s Type 1 algorithm forbids the adoption of such a practice by management since it cannot do the same given the same scenario is in its mother country. The resolution of this conflict lies in the basic principle that the actions of the company would be allowed if they are also allowed, under similar economic conditions in their home county, they would have been allowed. This is the common downfall of ethical business behavior in third world countries that do not have environmental pollution laws, which then allow big multinational companies to argue that if their mother countries were third world countries, they too would not have environmental pollution laws, and they would still go on to pollute the environment. Though Donaldson argues that this is a rather exaggerated hypothesis of the weaknesses of the algorithm, it still remains that decisions made on the basis of what the mother country would be like if in the same economic situation as the host country would lead to actions that on empirical grounds, are contingent. It has always been a challenge for global environmental bodies to force multinationals
Theoretical Foundations To explain the development of fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) in mothers with the focus on its association with posttraumatic growth (PTG), it is necessary to refer to the adult attachment theory and the PTG theory that reflects the principles of the resilience theoretical model. According to the premises of the attachment theory, adults are inclined to develop stable emotional relations with people to feel support and safety. On the contrary, while coping with difficulties, people can choose the avoidant attachment style and limit their communication with relatives. Close people’s behavioral responses play a key role in determining whether a person can feel safe (Forsythe, Romano, Jensen, & Thorn, 2012). Thus, this theory provides an appropriate framework for explaining how FS can influence the atmosphere in the family with the focus on relationships between partners, as well as relationships between parents and children. When a mother in the family suffers from FS, she can demonstrate different attachment styles depending on the presence or absence of PTG. The problem of FS can also be discussed from the perspective of the PTG theory based on the idea of resilience. According to this theory, the recovery from pain and other symptoms is often associated with positive emotions and changes in viewing illnesses. McAllister, Vincent, Hassett, Whipple, and Oh (2015) note that this recovery or improvement in the physical and emotional state can be associated with the person’s resilience. This theory asserts that if a person experiences many positive emotions and increases one’s resilience, psychologists can expect decreases in the pain and development of PTG. In this research, it is possible to predict that women with FS can demonstrate different attachment styles that influence the development of PTG and further positive changes in these women’s daily life. Contributions to Theory The research can contribute to the existing literature on FS and PTG discussed in the context of families and the role of syndromes on persons’ lifestyles and family relations. Although the literature on FS is detailed and there is research on specific features of this syndrome, a few studies can provide the answers to the relationship between FS in women, PTG, and their lifestyles, as well as relations in the family. The current research is important to demonstrate that women or mothers with FS who have signs of PTG can recover from the illness more successfully, the level of the chronic pain can decrease, and the overall quality of the life can increase (Thieme, Turk, Gracely, & Flor, 2016). The research is also important to conclude that the adult attachment theory and the PTG theory can be used by psychologists and healthcare provide
The article Management Accounting Practices and the Role of Management Accountants by Christina Wiwik Sunarni explores management accounting practices and the roles of management accountants in organizations. Management accounting is the provision of financial and non-financial decisions making information to managers. In the article, Christina Wiwik Sunarni management-oriented accounting or accounting in relation to management accounting (Sunarni, 2013). Among other functions, management accounting explains the financial status of the organization. In return, financial managers advised on the viability of the project that the business is undertaking. In the article Management Accounting Practices and the Role of Management Accountants, the author further argues that budgeting is the most important managerial tool in management accounting practices for both medium and big-scale companies (Sunarni, 2013). Budgeting is very essential in any business set up. A budget is an estimate of likely income and expenditures of an organization for a given period. Budgets are usually prepared at the beginning of a financial year as per the organization’s calendar. It clearly shows possible sources of incomes and spending of the money received. The author further states that budgets are important since they are a spending plan (Sunarni, 2013). Operating a budget or a spending plan makes individuals or organizations not to run on debts in view of the fact that it stipulates how money received is spent. A budget helps organizations to work within their financial set goals and plans. In the article, Christina Wiwik states that management accounting is an important part of the management process in a company, where it provides crucial information to the business (Sunarni, 2013). Managers, through advice and information from management accounting, are able to perform their functions with ease. Management accounting focuses on internal process rather than handling external problems such as dealing with the competition, generating customer value and creating competitive advantage. Management accounting gives information and advice based on decision-making. Management accountants collect information and give their findings that are supposed to be used within the organization. In addition, Christina Wiwik argues in the article that the focus of management accountants is enhancing the organization’s performance and profitability (Sunarni, 2013). For an organization to perform well by implementing decisions from management accounting there must be operative communication between the managers and the end users. Poor communication between involved parties is one of the pr
The inter-sectionalist theory indicates that cultural identifiers such as ethnicity, gender, as well as race, are the prime factors contributing to actions that result in mistreating a group of individuals, and uplifting others. Individuals interested in understanding social inequalities have stoutly held onto this theory. This is because; it is the only practical method that effectively addresses issues affecting the minority, underprivileged, as well as discriminated in the society. To discern the main cause of social inequality, this theory integrates several factors to enhance its appropriateness. This document, therefore, will help to explain Don Imus’ characterization of the Rutgers and the Tennessee Women’s Basketball teams. In addition, it further aims to confirm whether Don Imus and D.L. Hughley’s status as men are indicative of that, maleness brings gender relations, or whether their comments are because of their race. During a show that marked the fourth edition of MSNBC, Don Imus used abusive language when referring to a group of basketball players from the Rutgers basketball team. The Rutgers University basketball team had more black women players than whites. In his comments, Imus referred to them as “nappy-headed hos”. The term hos is abusive since it refers to harlots. Thus, in clear terms, Imus abused the Rutgers university team by referring to them as harlots, and this resulted in his suspension from work for several weeks. Similarly, he identified the Tennessee women as cute and excellent in their game. It is, thus, apparent that Don Imus’s characterization of the two basketball teams has been influenced by his race, as well as his ethnic difference. In the Rutgers University team, black-American players are in large proportions, as opposed to the Tennessee basketball team, consisting of white players only. The fact that the Tennessee team consists of white players led to his strong support for the team. This is a clear indication of how racism, as explained by the inter-sectionalist theory, has a strong effect on decisions made by people. Don Imus himself is white thus his strong support to the Tennessee team. The inter-sectionalist theory designates that black people possess a high chance of suffering from social inequality. It further specifies that black women suffer immensely from racism present in a society that is highly dominated by white. After a careful evaluation of the case together with th
In the hospitality sector, demand for accommodation rooms fluctuates daily, seasonally and annually. Analysis of these fluctuations in demand produces unreliable forecasts. Effective revenue management realization requires the development of an appropriate forecasting mechanism. Attainment of reliable forecasts is never easy even though the process of forecasting is simple. Hence, Cross, R. G. (1997) suggested some rules applicable in forecasting. Cross suggested that the prediction must stay at comprehensive level. Detailed predictions contribute significantly to current Hotel Revenue Management Systems. The second suggestion is that a large amount of information has to be used in the investigation. Additionally, the predictions must be adjusted regularly to potential changes in the business environment. Precise predictions are vital in improvement of price and availability suggestions for hotel rooms. In addition, precise forecasting improves decisions made on recruitment of workers, purchase of goods and budget preparations. In contrast, incorrect forecasting results into adoption of inefficient decisions on price and availability suggestions that the revenue management systems produce. Such inefficient decisions affect the revenue of a hotel negatively. Talluri (2004) identified two forms of revenue management predictions. The first kind is quantify-dependent revenue management prediction. This is mainly used in aviation and hospitality industries. The other type is price-dependent revenue management prediction. Apart from demand information, quantify-dependent revenue management prediction needs data on the arrival of reservation requests from different types of clients. This data is obtained at the time when clients make orders. This means that the information utilized in lodge demand prediction depends on present reservation activities, past data that relates to every day arrivals or the number of sold rooms. Furthermore, this kind of prediction requires guess on cancelled reservations and the number of clients who do not show up. A reservation is grouped as “No Show” if the client who made the request does not terminate it before the deadline of the hotel reaches and does not come to claim it. Prediction used in hotel revenue management should consider two variables that relate to time. These two variables are reservations and consumption times. There exist other vital issues considered apart from the prediction method chosen. Some of the key issues are the forecast period, aggregation levels and measurement of the prediction’s precision. Weatherford et al (2001) proved that completely disaggregated predictions provide dependable outcomes compared to partially a
Critical thinking is a process that implies the use of reasoning to make decisions in an informed and systematic manner. Important aspects of critical thinking refer to the identification, analysis, and solving of problems; within these aspects, analysis is essential for determining tradeoffs and contributing to making better decisions overall. Another component of critical thinking that can enhance the approach of determining tradeoffs refers to evaluation, which takes place when an individual gets an understanding of a subject and analyzes all possible alternatives for achieving the best objectives, as suggested by Hammong, Keeney, and Raiffa (2002) in Smart Choices . Based on the evaluation, it is easier to decide which goals should be prioritized and which should be discarded. The advantages of approaching tradeoffs through the suggested method (the Even Swap) are associated with a better analysis of possible alternatives for achieving the established objectives and their prioritization. Such a method is beneficial for its practical application to determine and make tradeoffs within the context of set objectives as well as the range of alternatives to them. Essentially, Mankins and Steele (2006) proposed a method for decision-makers to think about the value of each objective and come to a conclusion. The authors underlined the importance of integrating strategic planning in the process of decision-making to avoid issues that complicate the process overall. They found that businesses that think through about every implication of their actions are more likely to make effective strategic decisions compared to companies that only use the traditional model of planning (Mankins & Steele, 2006). Rogers and Blenko (2006) identified four bottlenecks within the process of decision-making, such as “global versus local, center versus business unites, function versus function, and inside versus outside partners” (p. 52). Through exploring the mentioned bottlenecks, the authors explained how to make more efficient and informed decisions to achieve organizational goals. Making good decisions is a vital step for any business that wants to become successful; although, the bottlenecks can hinder this process by making it unclear what roles and responsibilities should be distributed among key decision-makers. Thus, an efficient division of roles and responsibilities can improve performance and avoid bottlenecks that hinder business effectiveness. As mentioned by Davenport (2009) in the Harvard Business Review article “Make better decisions,” there should be a new landscape of decision-making that integrates such components as analytics, small-group processes, and automation. In my experience, the lack of automation has been a tremendous bottleneck in the decision-making process. For instance, when there is a problem that needs immediate resolution, managers spend too much time on unnecessary tasks
Introduction Now-a-days nursing has developed its all functional activities in accordance with technological, political or socio-economical rapid change. Perioperative practitioners are the part of this all nursing activities. Most importantly, in the operating theatre the role of the perioperative nurses vary for several reasons. For example, the different rules and regulation defines the role of perioperative nurses within the operating theatre and generated differently. Furthermore, from the legal, ethical or professional perspective nursing within the perioperative environment has become in new challenges. The changing boundaries of professional responsibility and its influence on their scope of practice have been emerged. This paper is to find out all these roles that the nurses do inside the operating theatre. It has to be mentioned how clinical experience and practice has influenced personal, academic and professional development ( Christina , Kettis, & Patricia, 2007). The paper also enhances professional practice expertise through the application of skills, research and knowledge. The nature of perioperative practice Perioperative practice is to be said the nursing activities done in the operation theatre or in the perioperative environment. Perioperative nursing is in growing status as a profession and it is improving in regarding standards and applicants. The nurse practitioners in a teaching method are the want of current situation at every aspect. It is because the lack of understanding about the nurse practitioners may lead to a negative outcome of the healthcare professional. The perioperative practitioners are obligated to respect the dignity and worth of individual patients. The innovative framework in regard to perioperative nursing profession provides the opportunity to the health and social care which is related with the theatre practitioners. The perioperative practitioners generally wish to extend their professional role through achieving skills and experience. It should be stated that the reflecting of any critical incident in most of the cases helps to recognize the knowledge & experience and also motivations which guide the practitioners during the incident. It provides the personal and professional development through connecting similar incidents. With the help of this method the perioperative nursing practice and knowledge gaps can be exposed. Nursing around the world needs to feel the confident and the essential and significant contribution to the provision of safe, quality patient care. It is known that the nursing workforce is the largest group within the health care system. The theoretical and practical knowledge not only guide the theatre practitioners, but also the beliefs, values and personal thinking help them to emerging advance scope of practice. Though perioperative practice is manipulated by a number of factors, but it is also needed to state that the total outcome of these challenges is in favor of mankind. Therefore, in every practice the reflection provides a professional development of knowledge and skills. “The process of reflecting on practice to develop and maintain a
The goal of curriculum alignment is to make sure that every student can acquire necessary knowledge and skills that will help him or her in the future. Moreover, its purpose is to help learners cope with standardized tests. This paper will show how the task is addressed by educators who teach algebraic thinking at elementary level. The purpose of this lesson was to help student understand algebraic equivalence and find the correct order of operations for solving mathematical problems. This is the main competency that learners were supposed to acquire. The teacher, Ms. Soglin adhered to this purpose and every task that students were asked to do contributed to the eventual goal. Overall, the objectives of the lesson were clear and they manifested themselves in every activity of the class. Furthermore, the teacher relied on the background knowledge and information from the previous lessons. According to the video, these students were used to working with pan balances in order to solve mathematical problems. This attribute is very important because students have to see the continuity of tasks that they do and understand why these activities are necessary Thus, in terms of this criterion the lesson corresponds to the professional standards that are set for teachers. The lesson had a clear delivery method; in particular, Ms. Soglin relied on inquiry. This method implies that a teacher should not give direct answers or instructions to the students; instead the task of a teacher is to encourage children to come up with their own answers and solutions by asking questions that are relevant to the experiences and background knowledge (Nilson, 2010, p. 175). For example, Ms. Soglin asked students whether such a tool as pan-balance had been familiar to them. In response, they compared a pan balance to a seesaw or scales. Moreover, Ms. Soglin did not simply explain how to solve pan-balance equations, but prompted students to offer their solutions to particular problems. Overall, she avoided giving direct answers. Moreover, the method of guided inquiry is closely related to experiment. This is why the teacher encouraged students to work with pan-balances in order to understand how algebraic problems could be solved. This approach places more emphasis on student’s autonomy (Borich, 2011, p. 258). In this way, the teacher tried to make the activities more interesting and she achieved this goal. The lesson was intended for students with various learning styles. For example, there were children who preferred kinesthetic learning. Such children usually prefer to carry out some physical activity in order to understand the concept of algebraic equivalence (Martin, 2011, p. 225). This is why they worked directly with pan balances and weighed different objects to understand the concept of equivalence and solve