ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In any organization, the focus is based on yielding high profits. The key to this lies in the leader who in turn inspires the staff. Leadership in an organization is usually classified in different categories based on the style the leader uses. Different leadership styles are used to attain desired goals, but Bass (2006) pointed out in his work that the secret to an organization that is effective in achieving its goals lies in the use of transformational leadership. A leader usually uses power and influence to exercise authority. In transformational leadership however, the idea is to emphasize on influence to manage the teams and bring them aboard in understanding the vision the leader has. What Is a Transformational Leader? Transformational leadership can be defined as implementing new ideas through adopting a more flexible and universal method of influencing and continually ameliorating those around them. This type of leadership calls for the leader and the staff to work on improving one another’s motivation levels. Motivational leaders bravely work towards making the staff realize the need for higher ideas and the vision they have for the future of the organization. Transformational leaders naturally role model the followers and pass their enthusiasm by clearly letting them visualize what his ideas are, what he is doing and by outlining his genuine personal beliefs he shows the followers that he has these values. Transformational leaders are able to achieve these results by possessing certain qualities and characteristics. Transformational leaders understand their abilities and confidently stand firm on their beliefs. The confidence in their abilities keeps them motivated and helps them to emotionally connect to the organization. They have high levels of self-determination which helps them attain a sense of direction for the organization and in turn influence the followers and together they propel the organization in the right course. They possess self drive which helps them to visualize themselves as achievers who do not have to rely on luck to achieve good results. It is this understanding of self that help them to transform those around them (Chammas, 2010). Another characteristic of effective transformational leaders is seen in their ability to understand those around them and particularly those under them. Transformational leaders carefully understand and purposefully influence and motivate the staff to understand the goals and together they working the direction of attaining that goal since he assists them to realize its intended worth. This requires the transformational leader to have the right communication skills to be able to relay the vision they have to a point of winning the willingness of the followers such that they too are excited and have the drive to achieve the desired change. A transformational leader fully understands what they hope to achieve and the process carefully relaying the intent to the followers requires idealized influence which ensures the followers are not resistance to the idea. To do so the leader must also be willing to actively involve them in chatting
Ever since British engineer Neil Papworth sent the world’s first text message on December 3, 1992 from his computer to a co-worker’s cell phone, the Instant Message system of communication was born (Breed). However, it was not until 1996 that its popularity took off as a unique method for people to exchange messages with one another in real-time. IM is a form of communication that enables two or more persons to exchange typed text messages in real-time using computers that are linked over communication networks, like the Internet. It is also possible for computer messages to be sent to wireless or PDA mobile devices. IM has changed our way of communication in several ways. Firstly, IM circumvents crucial drawbacks of telephone and email forms of communication. Telephone communication is intrusive, whereas IM allows a person to set a presence indicator, choosing between ‘on-line’ or ‘away message’ status so that contacts are informed when the person is accessible or inaccessible. Email’s typical ‘letter’ format is too impersonal as compared to the IM format that closely resembles real conversation; in addition, riding on the nature of modern-day people to require replies to queries speedily, IM also succeeds in radically reducing the quantity of email exchanged daily. Secondly, not only is IM carried out in real-time, but it also provides the ability for a user to see the other person by the employment of a webcam, and even engage in straightforward conversation with another person over the Internet without any cost . Thirdly, IM allows conversations to be retained in memory for future reference. One of the characteristics of IM is that messages are logged on to a local message history that reduces the insistent quality of emails and enables the speedy exchange of information such as URLs or document snippets . Fourthly, IM is a great help to persons hampered by handicapped hearing, speech, or auditory processing. IM offers these persons the same privileges, rights, and opportunities as others without needing them to have recourse to assistance from special tools or services to overcome their handicap. Fourthly, IM is an excellent medium for friends to maintain a close relationship. The IM friend-to-friend
The term “treaty” has regularly been used as a generic term to refer to all instruments binding at international law concluded between international agencies. This has been confirmed at both the 1969 Vienna Convention and the 1986 Vienna Convention. According to the 1969 Vienna Convention a treaty can be defined as “an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation”. The 1986 Vienna Convention has expanded this definition to include international agreements involving international organizations as parties. Since 1946, there has been a large number of treaties being signed partly as a result of the expansion of the international community and partly due to the refashioning of important topics of general international law in treaty form, under the UN auspices (Roseanne and Nijhoff, 28). According to the 1969 Vienna Convention, treaties are a source of international law and they must be seen as a means of establishing peace between nations. A treaty must have the following criteria: it must be a binding instrument – implying that the parties signing it intend to create legal rights and duties; the instrument must be concluded by states or international organizations with treaty-making power; thirdly, it must be governed by international law and finally, the treaty has to be concluded in writing. Thirdly, it has to be governed by international law. Finally, the engagement has to be in writing. The importance of the content, the frequent changes in the personnel of the agencies through which treaties are concluded and the inability to confirm by witness the utterances of a state make it very important for treaties to be carefully expressed in writing (Crandall, 3). Moreover, it must be ensured that they are signed through free consent and in good faith and by persons representing the State. A treaty that is signed by a person who is not authorized to represent the state for that purpose is considered invalid till it is confirmed by that State (Article 8). The adoption of the treaty takes place with the consent of all the States participating in its drawing it is accepted at an international conference by two-thirds majority votes. Interpretation of Treaties The rules of treaty interpretation as codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is applied to virtually all treaties concluded in an international context and within national legal systems where treaties do have an impact. According to the rules of interpretation laid down in international l
At this time heart failure is one of the leading causes of death. We used to believe that smoking, being overweight, and having a family history of such ailments were the main causes of such. Unfortunately, every day younger person without a predisposition to heart failure are dying or suffering from the disease. Doctors and scientists are looking for new options in medication and have created a pill named BiDil as part of an emerging practice called “race-based” medicine (Herper, 2005, para.2). This medication has created dramatic results by reducing heart failure in African Americans by almost fifty percent but it has also caused controversy. Some people believe that is inappropriate to treat people based on race while others think that it might be best to get customized medicine, which can potentially save more lives. I believe that doctors and scientists should develop and use race-based medicine because each race has unique genetic traits or makeup that specialized treatment might provide them a cure or a high chance of survival. Considering race in the making of medicine can be important to understand diseases in different groups of the population. Even though every human being is considered to be unique genetically, some races will have a predisposition for certain ailments. The sociologist Troy Duster noted in the New York Times (Malik, 2005, para.5) that the genetic make-up of human beings is more precise to look at in making medicine than the society itself. Duster’s point can be taken in two different ways; People against race-based medicine fear that scientists will only look at genetics instead of taking into account the environmental effect in certain ailments. I believe that the environment won’t make a huge difference since most countries have standards to provide people with healthy living conditions. The use of “traditional medicine” which takes into account the environment has been successful in some areas but it hasn’t found successful treatments for certain ailments. Using new technology to find treatments that can help us extend peoples’ lives is worth the try. Some drugs for example work better in women than in men and some drugs will work better with certain races than others. BiDil and its success in reducing heart failure in African Americans is a clear example of the new benefits that can be seen by this new way of medicine. Medical “stereotyping” should not be seen as racist as some opponents assert. Because recognizing and understanding the typical patterns of certain people could be a magnificent tool to help us cure them. The article “Race Based Medicine Arrives” from forbes.com by Harper reported that, “Race and ethnicity may act as surrogates, either for slight genetic differences based on ancestry, or physical differences based on upbringing or environment” (2005, para. 4). The study of genetic traits can help us see what is common in each race or what they lack. Analyzing the typical response of individuals to certain factors and environments can help us generate personalized medication that will best suit them. People from South America, for example, love to eat carbohydrates and high cholest
Economy can be defined as the wealth and resources of a community,especially in terms of production and consumption of goods and services. Currently, the United States is the leading super power in the world and it acts as a role model to other states. The economic trend in the United States influences the economic status of the whole world. This is to say, the economic status in the United States reflects the economic situation in the whole world. At the moment, there is a slight improvement in the United States’ economy. Even with these improvements, it is still not where it had been anticipated before the whole world went through a great depression (Economic outlook, 2012). Over 100,000 jobs have been created in the past seven months by the U.S. economy. However, it still remains halfway below the set bar of 200,000. Jobs stipulated to bring down the rate of unemployment remained at 8.2 percent in the month of March. This has been a major obstacle in re-electing president Barrack Obama among other fiscal matters. There has been a slight growth in consumption levels, Gross Domestic Product and income levels in the U.S., but this slight growth is not what was expected. The housing mortgage market is still dead, one of the major contributors of the bad American economy. The Federal Reserve has continued to stimulate oil prices by reducing the interest rates to almost zero and quantitative ease but to no avail. In the fiscal year 2012/2013, even though weak, the U.S. economy has recorded a positive growth rate of 2 percent in its Gross Domestic Product (World Financial Watch, 2013). Consumption in households has continued to be a major point to be pondered. Consumption households in the U.S. indicated an increase in the year 2012 and the beginning of 2013 because of the additional jobs created and the stimuli of fiscal policies which put it at an additional gain of +2.2 percent in the fiscal year 2011. In this period of 2011 and early 2012, a lower spending rate was recorded of +1.4 percent because people could not afford luxuries. They could not afford to go for vacations and host extra visitors. This is low as compared to the previous 3.3 percent on average that was recorded in the earlier years. This can be blamed on the high unemployment rates, but mostly on the low personal income which is disposable because of the increase in taxes at 0.6 percent year after year. This has also been contributed largely by the acute and steady increase in gasoline prices. To cover up for this consumption, many consumers have continued to borrow through automatic loans, credit cards, consumer loans, corporate junk boards and the commercial real estates. The credits being taken by the consumers have gone up by fifteen, in the past sixteen, months making it just three points before it reaches eighteen as recorded in August 2008 (Economic Outlook, 2012). There have been small forms of development in investment areas in the U.S., insolvencies are on the other hand fa
Introduction In the course of their operation, organizations in different economic sectors experience crisis emanating from various sources. Some of aspects that can lead to organizations experiencing crisis includes global economic recession, regulatory investigations by relevant authorities, occurrence of employee disputes and hostile takeover attempts. Crisis can adversely affect organizations’ performance and hence their long term survival if they are not adequately addressed (Coombs 2012). In an effort to deal with crisis, one of the elements that organizations have integrated is crisis management. Coombs (2012) defines crisis management as the efforts undertaken by organizations’ management teams in mitigating the adverse effects arising from crisis. Public relations is one of the most important elements in crisis management. Galloway and Kwanash-Aidoo (2005) asserts that the role of public relations is fundamental in supporting crisis managers’ deal with the crisis faced. To gain sufficient understanding on the relationship between public relations and crisis management, this paper evaluates the role of that public relation plays in crisis management. Crisis management stages Heath (2005) asserts that crisis management is one of the essential elements in public relations. In the course of executing their duties, firms’ management teams should appreciate the fact that their organizations are susceptible to crisis. Consequently, it is imperative to ensure that they possess sufficient knowledge and skills in order to prepare for any eventuality. To effectively undertake crisis management, it is essential for firms’ management team to understand what constitutes a crisis. Heath (2005) defines a crisis as ‘an unpredictable major threat that can have negative effects on the organization, stakeholders and industry’ (p. 218). Crisis managers should be proactive in preventing disruptive effects arising from crisis. There are a number of steps that crisis managers should take into account in their crisis management processes. These steps include prevention, preparation and provision (Reid 2000). Prevention The prevention stage is aimed at identifying the various risks that an organization faces. One of the techniques that organizations can integrate in their quest to identify the risks faced is conducting a comprehensive internal and external environmental analysis (Cutlip, Center & Broom 2006). Risks can arise from various sources such as weather threats, violence, economic crisis and technology failures. Therefore, it is important for firms’ management team to adopt a systematic approach in their risk identification efforts. Through risk identification, an organization is able to implement effective measures that prevent the identified risk from degenerating into a crisis. Despite this, some risks that firms experience in the course of their operation cannot be eliminated. An example of such risks includes mistakes committed by employees. However, effective mitigation strategies can be integrated. One of the mitigation strategies that firms can adopt in such cases entails training and monitoring employees. By undertaking effective
Introduction Black Death was a plague that ravaged Europe between 1346 and 1353 claiming the lives of a third to half of the population when it hit. The oriental rat flea infected rats with the Yersinia pestis bacteria and the rats infected by this bacterium transmitted it to humans. Scientists have been speculating that Black Death was brought by other factors like typhus, Ebola or the anthrax virus but a tooth from one of the victims 600 years ago prove that the Yersinia pestis bacterium was the cause. This paper will focus on the economic impact of the Black Death and the changes that occurred to European society after the catastrophe. Effects of Black Death in the European society The most noticeable effect of the Black Death was the abrupt decline in the population. It did not only affect families but also stagnated the economy that Europe had been mounting for over 300 years. During this time, not many people were learned and they assumed that the catastrophe was a punishment from God. Possessions were redistributed all the way through heritage and some of the remaining poor survivors became rich as the richer acquired more wealth and this made it hard for the regime at that time. They had a great task ahead of them because they had to balance the revenues between the affluent and the underprivileged. This, in turn, brought a high demand in many career areas such as notaries, teachers, sophisticated lawyers and physicians. Many of the remaining people turned to religion that they had ignored (Byrine, 2004). Economic effects of the Black Death Wages rose significantly due to the shortage of laborers, which was the immediate effect of the Black Death. The regime tried to fix the increments on the wages but the shortage was too hard to ignore and Europe at this time enjoyed the highest increase ever in salaries. Upper earnings and the undersized mechanized caused high price increase and marketable classes attempted in the direction of maintaining their location in receiving laws that were passed in regulating the industries (Nelson, n.d). This meant that with the higher wages, the more people got money that was used on themselves. The population decrease of the country also affected the demand and supply market. The supply was high but the demand was low causing the prices to decrease drastically. This also affected the property owners at that time because the tenants took advantage of the shortage of laborers’ to demand better services hence they started living free (Horrox, 1994). Conclusion On a final note, there is no exact number that is known of deaths that resulted from the Black Death. However, it is believed that a third to half of the population perished. With such a great number of deaths, the population was grea
Introduction The stable functioning of any company depends on several factors that should be considered when selecting an effective strategy. Thus, achieving superior performance levels is a more challenging goal that presupposes the ability to generate a competitive advantage and use it to overcome rivals and attract clients’ attention. For modern, highly competitive markets, it presupposes the analysis of the environment and use of effective marketing strategies, elements of the marketing mix, and focus on specific clients. For instance, NEXT plc can be viewed as a successful British company that attained superior performance. Analysis of its current achievements and strategies will help understand the strategic decisions of the corporation and how it effectively utilized the existing trends to create offerings and products, meeting clients’ demands and increasing their loyalty. Superior Performance NEXT plc is a British multinational retailer of footwear, clothing, and home products headquartered in Enderby. It was founded in 1864 by Joseph Hepworth and experienced a fast rise due to the successful market entry ( Our history , no date). Today, the brand has around 700 stores in different parts of the world, such as Europe, Asia, and the Middle East ( Our history , no date). This factor evidences the corporation’s success and multiple opportunities for further rise. Moreover, Next’s annual report shows stable growth in total sales (+3.3% in 2020) and earnings per share (+5.6% in 2020) (NEXT, 2020). The company’s total revenue constitutes £4.3 billion, which is higher than in 2019 (£4.2 billion) (NEXT, 2020). These numbers evidence the brand’s superior position and its success during turbulent times. At the moment, Next is the largest clothing retailer in the UK, with such giants as Marks & Spencer behind (NEXT, 2020). The organization also has positive forecasts regarding its further growth and the ability to preserve leading positions. Business Model and Marketing Concept NEXT’s success is closely linked to the business model the company uses and the marketing concept it employs. The corporation formulates its goal in the following way “NEXT’s purpose is to offer beautifully designed, excellent quality clothing and homeware which are responsibly sourced and accessibly priced” (NEXT, 2020, p. 54). It means that the brand focuses on combining high-quality products with affordable prices, which results in its growing popularity among clients (NEXT, no date). NEXT has suppliers in India, Turkey, and Hong Kong controlled by a quality officer guaranteeing the desired condition of fabrics and clothes ( Our suppliers , no date). This approach allows the firm to establish lower prices for high-quality products and benefit in the long term perspective. The brand tries to create a single robust aggregation business selling hundreds of third-party clothing, and other goods, such as home brands, along with NEXT branded products (NEXT, 2020). It contributes to increased sales and better client needs consideration. Products and Sales Another element of NEXT’s success is its approach to organizing sales and products offered to clients. The brand f