ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A Description of End of Life Concerns Death is an inevitable occurrence. While everyone is bound to die, one’s time of death is made possible by human agencies. In the past, it was common and natural to let death set in when it does. Presently, near-death patients or their surrogates can exert control about how and when they want to die. For instance, they can choose to delay death by resuscitation or fasten death by not taking treatments, or by making decisions that end their life. Therefore, end-of-life concerns constitute planning of care towards and after one’s death. It includes talking to people that are close to an individual like one’s family or one’s physician (Center for Bioethics, University of Minnesota, 2005). Such plans normally express one’s preferred treatment and care, as well as a source of information for families and doctors when the patients reach a point when they are no longer able to make decisions. The legal and ethical concerns that normally surround the topic of end of life revolve around patient interests. The principle of autonomy refers to a patient’s ability to express their desire or interest in matters that directly affect their health. Thus, autonomy requires that nurses and doctors show consideration for patients with the ability to make decisions, as well as for those lacking this capacity (Mohanti, 2009). Therefore, the relatives of patients with an ability to make decisions are obligated to respect their decisions, as well as that of health care professionals that effect such decisions on behalf of those lacking the ability. The principle of autonomy supports that an individual should be able to make their own decisions concerning the kind of medical care they desire or otherwise. Not complying with such decisions as effected by an individual would amount to an invasion of one’s bodily integrity, limiting their ability to propel their lives as they so desire, in tandem with their interests, values, and preferences. Despite suffering a terminal illness that is a sure sign of death, nurses and physicians are medically and ethically bound to offer pain management remedies. Terminally ill patients are most likely to suffer aggravated pain as they near the end of life. A common pain-relieving method is through the administration of pain relievers and bed rest. Nonetheless, a key ethical dilemma that surrounds palliative and hospice care systems from offering pain-relieving medication to terminally ill patients (Niemira & Townsend, 2009). However, the use of medication is likely to result in ethical dilemmas about matters of autonomy, the treatment of symptoms and possible drug addiction from the administration of narcotics. It is used to relieve severe pain and address the problem of short breath. However, physicians normally prescribe the medication to terminally ill patients fearing that the right dosage may lead to respiratory depression, which may lead to their prosecution should it occur. There is also the issue of whether to withdraw or withhold medical treatment. Medical interventions can prolong and save a patient’s life (Woo, Maytal & Stern, 2006). However, both the patients and their lov
The objectification of women is a significant concern for several movies set in the previous eras. Through the use of framing devices and framing, directors and storytellers have often positioned female characters as the objects to the story that allows for the development of male protagonists’ personalities. The films Chunhyang and The Road Home are perfect examples of movies where women’s object positions are illustrated through the framing device and framed stories, creating an image of heartbroken and powerless characters waiting for their beloveds. In Chunhyang , the framing device used is the presence of a modern-day narrator who retells the story of a young woman and her husband, a couple married in defiance of the young man’s father’s wishes. However , Chunhyang , the female protagonist, is portrayed as occupying an object position, as the young woman is forced to wait for her husband to return, remaining bound to her home and the position of a wife (Kwon-taek). Moreover, the story further frames the scenario in which Chunhyang is overwhelmed by the power of the male protagonist, a local governor, who punishes her for refusing him. A similar use of a framing story is evident in The Road Home , a movie that also represents the story of two lovers. Similar to Chunhyang, The Road Home reveals the hardships that a couple is compelled to endure in order to remain together. However, while the man is required to return to the city, the woman is portrayed as grieving and heartbroken, even waiting in the snow for her beloved’s return (Yimou). Nevertheless, in contrast with Chunhyang , a different framing device is used here: the major story is distinguished by the use of vibrant colors, while the supporting storyline is black and white. Works Cited Kwon-taek, I’m. Chunhyang . 2000, CJ Entertainment. Yimou, Zhang. The Road Home . 1999, Beijing New Picture.
This study paper is a follow up on the Taglit-Birthright Israel program succeeding at diminishing the divisions between Israel and the Jewish communities in North America. This is done by offering a ten-day trip to Israel in hopes of strengthening bonds and solidarity amongst the two groups. The inception of the program in the year 1999 has seen different people mainly from North America take part in the trips with a small number from other countries. Taglit-Bright Israel program is a half billion dollar joint plan of individual contributors. The main financers of this program include the Diaspora Jewish organizations and the State of Israel. The Taglit-Bright Israel program supports, funds, and licenses the operation of the trips through different groups. The program runs tours to Israel during winter and summer sessions. The introduction of this program has received varied opinions from the relevant parties with main contenders arguing that the program has been effective in its objectives. For those who have been on the trip and involved in the activities of the program, the program has been helpful to their understanding of the Jewish culture. In addition, the programs have strengthened their Jewish activities and beliefs. Some people have the idea that the program has failed because of the notion that once people come back from the trips they do not put the knowledge gained to practice. The difference in the opinion of the relevant parties in the program was the main reason for research on the effectiveness of the program. I carried out a research to get first hand opinions from Jewish people who have been on the trip and the impact the tour had on their lives and belief in the Jewish religion. From the previous paper, it was almost certain that the effectiveness of the tours was only beneficial to the few interested parties. However, the information collected from secondary sources contributed to the conclusion that the programs were effective and achieving their goals even though it is at a slow pace. Concluding that the Taglit-Bright Israel program is a success bases on the other strategies the program employs in achieving its objectives. For instance, apart from the tours, the program also organizes group discussion circles, site rituals, tangible experiences, role-modeling forums, and cross-cultural peer-to-peer encounters (Sachar 64). These other strategies help to integrate visitors by counteracting distance experienced. From such information, it is easier for one to draw conclusions of the successfulness and effectiveness of the progra
Introduction In any country, there are unique prevailing conditions that govern the economy of that country forcing it to move in a given direction, and setting the distinction between different economies in the world as regards to the nature of economic activities undertaken in that of that country. These factors that cause differences in the economy are usually correlated to the factors that lead to the development of a country, determining if the country is a developing one or an already developed one (Cope and Watts 2000). In all the economies, there are cultures that abide and lead to the differences that are noted between the different economies as well as the occurrence of different economic activities in that economy. Usually, these economic cultures are inherited from one generation to another and can be traced as having resided in that economy for a very long time. In fact, most of the economic cultures are a result of the integration between the traditional cultural practices and the economic advancements in that level, especially in terms of modernity. Hence, most of the economic practices are borrowed from the traditions of a country and applied in the respective manner in a more modern economy (Bosch, Huse and Senneseth 1999). However, in most of the modernized and already developed and stable economies, there is no reliance on the traditional ways of trade and culture in economic activities. All these have been replaced by newer and modernized ways of trade and carrying out economic activities, ways that have been birthed by the integration of the economic activities and technological advancements, economic stability, interactions with different economic cultures and many other factors of modernity. The interactions between different economic cultures have an effect of diluting the original culture in any given economy and restatement of such cultures to an advanced version of the practices as the old ways of trade, which usually slow growth and have less benefits in the economy are forsaken even as new and more elaborate and effective ways are adopted for the economic practices in that country. This has been the trend in most of the major economies all over the world (Chacko and Harris 2005). In addition, the factors of competition between economies for both the supply of products in the market as well as the customer base in that economy have led to consecutive revolutions and evolutions of most of the economies as they seek to perform better than their counterparts. In this way, most of the economies have formulated new and more productive and effective practices in their economic activities forsaking the traditional ways that were governed by the culture of a country related to the economic activities carried out in that economy (Corps 2005). China is one of the countries that has been undergoing a lot of difficulties and obstacles in development of its economy. There are a lot of factors that have slowed down the development of the Chinese economy resulting to the countr
The term “mental causation” belongs to the philosophical notions and denotes “causal transactions involving mental events or states, such as beliefs, desires, feelings and perceptions (Yoo, 2007). This term is used in cases when a mental state causes a distinct physical reaction. For example, you wave your hand when you see your friend in the distance. This action is subconsciously caused at the mental level. It is considered to be the central notion of all actions performed intentionally. Everything we do is controlled by our neuro-synaptic events. In other words, the synapses and neurons of our brain send impulses for our movements. Nevertheless, there are debates on this subject. There are three basic points of view concerning mental causation. The first one believes that mental events differ from neuro-synaptic events. For example, thinking as a mental event may give impulses to the brain that London is the capital of Great Britain but it does not cause any physical movements, it is just pure thinking which is not caused by neuro-synaptic events. The second point of view considers mental events to be the main reason for physical actions. It is based on the statement that “someone did something because they had a certain belief” ( A Key Problem of Mental Causation, 2011). For example, Susan does not trust John, because he has already betrayed her several times, John called off the meeting because it was going to rain. All people’s actions have definite reasons. What about thoughtless actions? Are they also based on mental actions? The last point of view believes that if the event was caused by a sufficient reason, “nothing else can cause it – unless that other thing would have caused the event all by itself” ( A Key Problem of Mental Causation, 2011). This point of view is more sophisticated. There may be two reasonable causes of one event. For example, during the firing squad “Smith’s bullet enters the right side of the traitor’s brain at the same instant that Jones’s bullet enter the left side” ( A Key Problem of Mental Causation, 2011). Each mental event may cause the traitor’s death. Many philosophers disagree that beliefs are the main causes of physical actions. Even if there is a neuro-synaptic cause, which is sufficient for the action, beliefs do not always cause the action. Many contemporary philosophers consider all our actions to be the product of what happens in our brain. On the other, it seems hard to suppose the beliefs to be the impulses of our actions. Other philosophers do not exclude the beliefs from the main causes of our actions. According to this point of view, all people actions may be explained and have distinct causes. Nevertheless, there are certain exceptions in the mind-body connection. Many ph
Introduction Literature review is imperative to researchers because it is the first step towards a successful research study. On the other hand, literature mapping is the first step in literature review and it entails a set of maps that represent different ideas, concepts, definitions, and methodologies used in relevant research materials. This paper presents a literature map for two scholarly articles relative to the following research question: “ Why does most men in Saudi Arabia continue to wear traditional clothing but women are dressing more modern?” Further, the research question focuses on the concept of stability vs. change in the contemporary dress practices of Saudi adult men and women. Note: The numbers provided in brackets in the maps below represent the primary literature sources given at the end of the summary. APA Style Citation               Forey, C.J. & Rabolt, N.J. (1997). Contemporary outer dress and clothing market source use of Middle Eastern Women. Journal of Consumer Studies & Home Economics , 21, 51-73.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Dress- this refers to a garment which consists of the skirt with the bodice attached to it.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Key Definitions                    * Culture- This refers to a system of values, attitudes, beliefs which are shared within a given society. Culture has an influence on an individual’s perception and behavior.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 * Fashion- This is a general term which is used to describe style and customs which are prevalent within a given time period. The term is mostly used when referring to clothing style.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        * Cultural reformulation- this refers to changes which are occurring in the society with regard to culture (Forey & Rabolt, 1
Throughout the history, crime was one of the biggest problems in the society. Crime is commonly considered a form of behaviour deviated from the social norms and values. Nowadays, people face crime every day both in the real life and on the TV screens. In the reality it threatening the security and the wellbeing of the community, but in art and fiction it becomes a form of entertainment. Many writers, artists, and movie directors tell the amusing and spectacular stories about gangsters and other criminals in their works. The movies and novels have created a new image of criminals who are appealing and prepossessing. The crime and gangster movies and books are meant to entertain as well as to draw the attention of the public to the social problems. For example, “The Godfather,” a movie created by Francis Ford Coppola in 1972 tells the story of the Sicilian crime dynasty located in New York. Coppola depicts the issues of the crime from the perspectives of the criminal group insiders. Although at some points the main characters of “The Godfather” are represented as honoured and fair, the analysis of the events constituting the movie’s plot make it clear that the criminal behaviour can be proliferated and maintained through the relations among the community or family members, and that the actions the criminals undertake on the way to success of their business create the huge problems in the society by violating the human and civil rights. The Godfather “The Godfather” narrates the story of the Sicilian mafia family located in New York. The settings of the movie embrace the period from 1945 to 1955. The movie starts when the paterfamilias, Don Vito Corleone, gives his daughter in marriage. At this time, his beloved son, Michael, comes back home from the Second World War. Michael is the war hero, and all the members of the family are very proud of him. And moreover, he isn’t eager to participate in the family’s cruel business and wants to live a simple and more Americanized life. The main character of the movie, Don Corleone, is the head of the mafia family. He prefers to stick to the traditions and the old-fashioned methods of the business conduction. Never
Introduction Since the beginning of the 20 th century, globalisation has been the main driver for international trade. Even though the interaction of communities is not a new phenomenon, globalisation has stirred many debates, both politically and socially, about its potential ramifications to human societies. To this extent, it is difficult to analyse the dynamics surrounding globalisation in one perspective because there are many views surrounding its existence (Study Mode 2013, p. 1). Besides basing its principles on a broad division of labour, globalisation has evolved into a sophisticated international wealth distribution system that transcends traditional structures of trade and economic development. The globalisation debate has created two opposing groups who either advocate or oppose the practice. Proponents of globalisation support one hand of the debate when they say that we live in a globalised world (already) and an attempt to limit globalisation is futile. The other side of the divide is comprised of people who oppose globalisation, based on the presumption that the world is not globalised yet, and attempts to forestall this development should be improved (Volkman 2006). The varied views of these opposing groups trace to the differences in the definition of globalisation that both groups have. Differences in opinions regarding whether it is right to embrace globalisation or not spreads to different companies which also consider whether to embrace globalisation as part of their core business practices, or not. This paper focuses on one such company in California, which focuses on producing personal computers and other communication devices. One group of consultants say the telecommunication company should keep all its activities within California, but another group of consultants say the company should distribute its activities equally in Asia, Europe, and America. This paper explores both arguments by evaluating the impact of currency value, customer behaviour, value addition, competitive advantage, cooperative advantage, outsourcing, foreign direct investments, and the debates for globalisation and against globalisation. Anti-Globalism Perspective Supporters of the anti-globalism movement often highlight the excessive wield of political power by a few multinational companies as a criticism for globalisation. This excessive political power partly thrives from the deregulated financial market and the numerous trade agreements that support international trade. Mainly, people who support the anti-globalism movement say the willingness to make supernormal profits by multinational companies mainly drives their quest to engage in international trade, such that, they overlook the well-being of their workers and other social and environmental concerns (Goodman 2005). Some anti-globalism crusaders have also said multinational companies ignore the sovereignty and legitimacy
Main Points of the Report The current report provides a detailed analysis of risks about the operation of the given hospital (Hospital Authority, 2015). The risks that are identified are mainly clinical, i.e., they are primarily related to medical rather than managerial aspects of the hospital’s operation. The severity of these risks is also assessed. Finally, the report provides recommendations about the ways which may be used to address the risks which were identified. Key Findings of the Report The risks which were identified in the current report, as well as their severity and the possible ways of addressing them, are summarized in Table 1 below (Hospital Authority, 2015). The problems are listed in the order of their priority, from the most important to the least important one. #  The Risk                                          The Crux of the Risk                                                                                                                                                          Possible Ways of Addressing the Risk                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1  Safety of medicines used                          Certain medications which are commonly utilized in the given hospital tend to often cause allergic reactions among patients                                                   Revise the list of medications which are commonly prescribed by the personnel of the hospital and attempt to find analogs which are known to cause allergic reactions more seldom                                                                                                                                                         2  Control of hospital-acquired infections           Patients tend to acquire opportunistic infections while they stay in hospital                                                                                                 Revise and improve sanitary and hygiene protocols; implement the requirement that the medical and the cleaning personnel wear paper face masks at all times, and replace them every 150 minutes; provide the necessary supply of rubber gloves                                                                                            3  Patient falls                                     Patients who are in a weak condition due to their illnesses, especially elderly patients, often fall out from beds or fall while attempting to visit the sanitary facilities  Provide patients with sensor-enabled wearable RFID technologies (Torres, Ranasinghe, Shi, & Sample, 2013).