ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
We test the effects of varying the cosmological parameter values used in the strong lens modeling process for the six Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) galaxy clusters. The standard procedure for generating high fidelity strong lens models includes careful consideration of uncertainties in the output models that result from varying model parameters within the bounds of available data constraints. It is not, however, common practice to account for the effects of cosmological parameter value uncertainties. The convention is to instead use a single fiducial "concordance cosmology" and generate lens models assuming zero uncertainty in cosmological parameter values. We find that the magnification maps of the individual HFF clusters vary significantly when lens models are computed using different cosmological parameter values taken from recent literature constraints from space- and ground-based experiments. Specifically, the magnification maps have average variances across the best fit models computed using different cosmologies that are comparable in magnitude to - and as much as 2.5 times larger than - the model fitting uncertainties in each best fit model. We also find that estimates of the mass profiles of the cluster cores themselves vary only slightly when different input cosmological parameters are used. We conclude that cosmological parameter uncertainty is a non-negligible source of uncertainty in lens model products for the HFF clusters, and that it is important that current and future work which relies on precision strong lensing models take care to account for this additional source of uncertainty.
We propose a directional switching effect in a metallic device. To such end we exploit a graphene-based device with a three-terminal geometry in the presence of a magnetic field. We show that unidirectional charge and valley currents can be controlled by the Fermi energy and the magnetic field direction in the active device. Interestingly, unidirectional transport of charge and valley is generated between two-terminals at the same bias voltage. Furthermore, we quantify the valley depolarization as a function of disorder concentration. Our results open a way for active graphene-based valleytronics devices.
The notion of source states characterizing the X-ray emission from black hole binaries has revealed to be a very useful tool to disentangle the complex spectral and aperiodic phenomenology displayed by those classes of accreting objects. We seek to use the same tools for Ultra-Luminous X-ray (ULX) sources. We analyzed the data from the longest observations obtained from the ULX source in NGC 5408 (NGC 5408 X-1) taken by XMM-Newton. We performed a study of the timing and spectral properties of the source. In accordance with previous studies on similar sources, the intrinsic energy spectra of the source are well described by a cold accretion disc emission plus a curved high-energy emission component. We studied the broad-band noise variability of the source and found an anti-correlation between the root mean square variability in the 0.0001-0.2Hz and intensity, similarly to what is observed in black-hole binaries during the hard states. We discuss the physical processes responsible for the X-ray features observed and suggest that NGC 5408 X-1 harbors a black hole accreting in an unusual bright hard-intermediate state.
In this paper, we consider a time dependent module field on spacetime extension without modifying commutative relation on noncommutative quantum plane. The significant idea is that $Lorentz$ symmetry is conserved in module and unmodule coordinate. We focus on the redefinition of spacetime structure without considering noncommutative bosonic gas in deforming the product between fields. Which the null vector is a vector on orthogonal $D$ dimensional $Hilbert$ spacetime. In $Riemann$ geometry, the equation of motion is deformed from an induced rotation. Particle field survives on the state composed by two theoretical assumed $null$ vectors, one is commutative, another is anticommutative. In the point of view, neutrino and photon mass are produced by its shift, the rotated effect generates a horizon in redefining particle field.
Achieving backward compatibility when rolling out new models can highly reduce costs or even bypass feature re-encoding of existing gallery images for in-production visual retrieval systems. Previous related works usually leverage losses used in knowledge distillation which can cause performance degradations or not guarantee compatibility. To address these issues, we propose a general framework called Learning Compatible Embeddings (LCE) which is applicable for both cross model compatibility and compatible training in direct/forward/backward manners. Our compatibility is achieved by aligning class centers between models directly or via a transformation, and restricting more compact intra-class distributions for the new model. Experiments are conducted in extensive scenarios such as changes of training dataset, loss functions, network architectures as well as feature dimensions, and demonstrate that LCE efficiently enables model compatibility with marginal sacrifices of accuracies. The code will be available at https://github.com/IrvingMeng/LCE.
The electric dipole moment (EDM) of electron is studied in the supersymmetric $\rm A_4$ modular invariant theory of flavors with CP invariance. The CP symmetry of the lepton sector is broken by fixing the modulus $\tau$. Lepton mass matrices are completely consistent with observed lepton masses and mixing angles in our model. In this framework, a fixed $\tau$ also causes the CP violation in the soft SUSY breaking terms. The elecrton EDM arises from the CP non-conserved soft SUSY breaking terms. The experimental upper bound of the electron EDM excludes the SUSY mass scale below $2-6$ TeV for five cases of the lepton mass matrices. In order to see the effect of CP phase of the modulus $\tau$, we examine the correlation between the electron EDM and the decay rate of the $\mu \rightarrow e \gamma$ decay, which is also predicted by the soft SUSY breaking terms. The correlations are clearly predicted in contrast to models of the conventional flavor symmetry. The SUSY mass scale will be constrained by the future sensitivity of the electron EDM, $|d_e/e| \simeq 10^{-30}$. Indeed, it could probe the SUSY mass range of $10-20$ TeV in our model. Thus, the electron EDM provides a severe test of the CP violation via the modulus $\tau$ in the supersymmetric modular invariant theory of flavors.
In this paper, via applying the method developed by A. Cianchi and V. Maz'ya, the author obtains the global boundedness of the gradient for solutions to Dirichlet and Neumann problems of a class of Schr\"odinger equations under the minimal assumptions for integrability on the data and regularity on the boundary of the domain. Moreover, the case of arbitrary bounded semi-convex domains is also considered.
We obtain the local existence and uniqueness for a system describing interaction of an incompressible inviscid fluid, modeled by the Euler equations, and an elastic plate, represented by the fourth-order hyperbolic PDE. We provide a~priori estimates for the existence with the optimal regularity $H^{r}$, for $r>2.5$, on the fluid initial data and construct a unique solution of the system for initial data $u_0\in H^{r}$ for $r\geq3$. An important feature of the existence theorem is that the Taylor-Rayleigh instability does not occur.
We present the most precise value for the Higgs boson cross-section in the gluon-fusion production mode at the LHC. Our result is based on a perturbative expansion through N$^3$LO in QCD, in an effective theory where the top-quark is assumed to be infinitely heavy, while all other Standard Model quarks are massless. We combine this result with QCD corrections to the cross-section where all finite quark-mass effects are included exactly through NLO. In addition, electroweak corrections and the first corrections in the inverse mass of the top-quark are incorporated at three loops. We also investigate the effects of threshold resummation, both in the traditional QCD framework and following a SCET approach, which resums a class of $\pi^2$ contributions to all orders. We assess the uncertainty of the cross-section from missing higher-order corrections due to both perturbative QCD effects beyond N$^3$LO and unknown mixed QCD-electroweak effects. In addition, we determine the sensitivity of the cross-section to the choice of parton distribution function (PDF) sets and to the parametric uncertainty in the strong coupling constant and quark masses. For a Higgs mass of $m_H = 125~{\rm GeV}$ and an LHC center-of-mass energy of $13~{\rm TeV}$, our best prediction for the gluon fusion cross-section is \[ \sigma = 48.58\,{\rm pb} {}^{+2.22\, {\rm pb}\, (+4.56\%)}_{-3.27\, {\rm pb}\, (-6.72\%)} \mbox{ (theory)} \pm 1.56 \,{\rm pb}\, (3.20\%) \mbox{ (PDF+$\alpha_s$)} \]
We show that the discrete versions of the systolic inequality that estimate the number of vertices of a simplicial complex from below have substantial applications to graphs, the one-dimensional simplicial complexes. Almost directly they provide good estimates for the number of vertices of a graph in terms of its chromatic number and the length of the smallest odd cycle. Combined with the graph-theoretic techniques of Berlov and Bogdanov, the systolic approach produces even better estimates.
We investigate the procedure of Schmidt modes extraction in systems with continuous variables. An algorithm based on singular value matrix decomposition is applied to the study of entanglement in an "atom-photon" system with spontaneous radiation. Also, this algorithm is applied to the study of a bi-photon system with spontaneous parametric down conversion with type-II phase matching for broadband pump. We demonstrate that dynamic properties of entangled states in an atom-photon system with spontaneous radiation are defined by a parameter equal to the product of the fine structure constant and the atom-electron mass ratio. We then consider the evolution of the system during radiation and show that the atomic and photonic degrees of freedom are entangling for the times of the same order of magnitude as the excited state life-time. Then the degrees of freedom are de-entangling and asymptotically approach to the level of small residual entanglement that is caused by momentum dispersion of the initial atomic packet.Finally, we investigate the process of coherence loss between modes in type-II parametric down conversion that is caused by non-linear crystal properties.
A flag domain D = G/V for G a simple real non-compact group G with compact Cartan subgroup is non-classical if it does not fiber holomorphically or anti-holomorphically over a Hermitian symmetric space. We prove that any two points in a non-classical domain D can be joined by a finite chain of compact subvarieties of D. Then we prove that for F an infinite, finitely generated discrete subgroup of G, the analytic space F\D does not have an algebraic structure.
Magnification changes the observed number counts of galaxies on the sky. This biases the observed tangential shear profiles around galaxies, the so-called galaxy-galaxy lensing (GGL) signal, and the related excess mass profile. Correspondingly, inference of physical quantities, such as the mean mass profile of halos around galaxies, are affected by magnification effects. We use simulated shear and galaxy data of the Millennium Simulation to quantify the effect on shear and mass estimates from magnified lens and source number counts. The former are due to the large-scale matter distribution in the foreground of the lenses, the latter are caused by magnification of the source population by the matter associated with the lenses. The GGL signal is calculated from the simulations by an efficient fast-Fourier transform that can also be applied to real data. The numerical treatment is complemented by a leading-order analytical description of the magnification effects, which is shown to fit the numerical shear data well. We find the magnification effect is strongest for steep galaxy luminosity functions and high redshifts. For a lens redshift of $z_\mathrm{d}=0.83$, a limiting magnitude of $22\,\mathrm{mag}$ in the $r$-band and a source redshift of $z_\mathrm{s}=0.99$, we find that a magnification correction changes the shear profile up to $45\%$ and the mass is biased by up to $55 \%$. For medium-redshift galaxies the relative change in shear and mass is typically a few percent. As expected, the sign of the bias depends on the local slope of the lens luminosity function $\alpha_\mathrm{d}$, where the mass is biased low for $\alpha_\mathrm{d}<1$ and biased high for $\alpha_\mathrm{d}>1$. Whereas the magnification effect of sources is rarely than more $1\%$, the statistical power of future weak lensing surveys warrants correction for this effect.
In the past decade, a consensus has emerged regarding the nature of classical Be stars: They are very rapidly rotating main sequence B stars, which, through a still unknown, but increasingly constrained process, form an outwardly diffusing gaseous, dust-free Keplerian disk. In this work, first the definition of Be stars is contrasted to similar classes, and common observables obtained for Be stars are introduced and the respective formation mechanisms explained. We then review the current state of knowledge concerning the central stars as non-radially pulsating objects and non-magnetic stars, as far as it concerns large scale, i.e., mostly dipolar, global fields. Localized, weak magnetic fields remain possible, but are as of yet unproven. The Be phenomenon, linked with one or more mass ejection processes, acts on top of a rotation rate of about 75% of critical or above. The properties of the process can be well constrained, leaving only few options, most importantly, but not exclusively, non-radial pulsation and small scale magnetic fields. Of these, it is well possible that all are realized: In different stars, different processes may be acting. Once the material has been lifted into Keplerian orbit, memory of the details of the ejection process is lost, and the material is governed by viscosity. The disks are fairly well understood in the theoretical framework of the viscous decretion disk model. This is not only true for the disk structure, but as well for its variability, both cyclic and secular. Be binaries are reviewed under the aspect of the various types of interactions a companion can have with the circumstellar disk. Finally, extragalactic Be stars, at lower metallicities, seem more common and more rapidly rotating.
The insulating ground state of the 5d transition metal oxide CaIrO3 has been classified as a Mott-type insulator. Based on a systematic density functional theory (DFT) study with local, semilocal, and hybrid exchange-correlation functionals, we reveal that the Ir t2g states exhibit large splittings and one-dimensional electronic states along the c axis due to a tetragonal crystal field. Our hybrid DFT calculation adequately describes the antiferromagnetic (AFM) order along the c direction via a superexchange interaction between Ir4+ spins. Furthermore, the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) hybridizes the t2g states to open an insulating gap. These results indicate that CaIrO3 can be represented as a spin-orbit Slater insulator, driven by the interplay between a long-range AFM order and the SOC. Such a Slater mechanism for the gap formation is also demonstrated by the DFT + dynamical mean field theory calculation, where the metal-insulator transition and the paramagnetic to AFM phase transition are concomitant with each other.
In a recently developed approximation technique for quantum field theory the standard one-loop result is used as a seed for a recursive formula that gives a sequence of improved Gaussian approximations for the generating functional. In this paper we work with the generic $\phi^3+\phi^4$ model in $d=0$ dimensions. We compare the first, and simplest, approximation in the above sequence with the one-loop and two-loop approximations, as well as the exact results (calculated numericaly).
For a large class of integrable quantum field theories we show that the S-matrix determines a space of fields which decomposes into subspaces labeled, besides the charge and spin indices, by an integer k. For scalar fields k is non-negative and is naturally identified as an off-critical extension of the conformal level. To each particle we associate an operator acting in the space of fields whose eigenvectors are primary (k=0) fields of the massive theory. We discuss how the existing results for models as different as Z_n, sine-Gordon or Ising with magnetic field fit into this classification.
Stellar astrophysicists are increasingly taking into account the effects of orbiting companions on stellar evolution. New discoveries, many thanks to systematic time-domain surveys, have underlined the role of binary star interactions in a range of astrophysical events, including some that were previously interpreted as due uniquely to single stellar evolution. Here, we review classical binary phenomena such as type Ia supernovae, and discuss new phenomena such as intermediate luminosity transients, gravitational wave-producing double black holes, or the interaction between stars and their planets. Finally, we examine the reassessment of well-known phenomena in light of interpretations that include both single and binary stars, for example supernovae of type Ib and Ic or luminous blue variables. At the same time we contextualise the new discoveries within the framework and nomenclature of the corpus of knowledge on binary stellar evolution. The last decade has heralded an era of revival in stellar astrophysics as the complexity of stellar observations is increasingly interpreted with an interplay of single and binary scenarios. The next decade, with the advent of massive projects such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, the Square Kilometre Array, the James Webb Space Telescope and increasingly sophisticated computational methods, will see the birth of an expanded framework of stellar evolution that will have repercussions in many other areas of astrophysics such as galactic evolution and nucleosynthesis.
The linear ensemble based strategy, i.e., averaging ensemble, has been proposed to improve the performance in unsupervised domain adaptation tasks. However, a typical UDA task is usually challenged by dynamically changing factors, such as variable weather, views, and background in the unlabeled target domain. Most previous ensemble strategies ignore UDA's dynamic and uncontrollable challenge, facing limited feature representations and performance bottlenecks. To enhance the model, adaptability between domains and reduce the computational cost when deploying the ensemble model, we propose a novel framework, namely Instance aware Model Ensemble With Distillation, IMED, which fuses multiple UDA component models adaptively according to different instances and distills these components into a small model. The core idea of IMED is a dynamic instance aware ensemble strategy, where for each instance, a nonlinear fusion subnetwork is learned that fuses the extracted features and predicted labels of multiple component models. The nonlinear fusion method can help the ensemble model handle dynamically changing factors. After learning a large capacity ensemble model with good adaptability to different changing factors, we leverage the ensemble teacher model to guide the learning of a compact student model by knowledge distillation. Furthermore, we provide the theoretical analysis of the validity of IMED for UDA. Extensive experiments conducted on various UDA benchmark datasets, e.g., Office 31, Office Home, and VisDA 2017, show the superiority of the model based on IMED to the state of the art methods under the comparable computation cost.
We derive an equation for the time evolution of the natural occupation numbers for fermionic systems with more than two electrons. The evolution of such numbers is connected with the symmetry-adapted generalized Pauli exclusion principle, as well as with the evolution of the natural orbitals and a set of many-body relative phases. We then relate the evolution of these phases to a geometrical and a dynamical term, attached to each one of the Slater determinants appearing in the configuration-interaction expansion of the wave function.
We explore \emph{folded} spinning string configurations over torsional Newton Cartan (TNC) geometry with $ R\times S^2 $ topology within the semiclassical approximation. We consider the large $ c $ and/or nonrelativistic (NR) limit associated with the world-sheet d.o.f. and compute the one loop stringy corrections to the energy spectrum in the dual Spin Matrix Theory (SMT) theory in the limit of strong ($ \mathtt{g}\gg 1 $) coupling.
We present analytic results for one of two types of planar QED two-loop integrals for $\mu e$ scattering including finite lepton masses. No approximations are made, such that the results are valid not only in the limit of a small electron mass. The results are expressed in terms of multiple polylogarithms with algebraic function arguments in a representation which allows for fast numerical evaluation in the physical phase-space.
The Fe electronic structure and magnetism in (i) monoclinic Ca$_2$FeReO$_6$ with a metal-insulator transition at $T_{MI} \sim 140$ K and (ii) quasi-cubic half-metallic Ba$_2$FeReO$_6$ ceramic double perovskites are probed by soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). These materials show distinct Fe $L_{2,3}$ XAS and XMCD spectra, which are primarily associated with their different average Fe oxidation states (close to Fe$^{3+}$ for Ca$_2$FeReO$_6$ and intermediate between Fe$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{3+}$ for Ba$_2$FeReO$_6$) despite being related by an isoelectronic (Ca$^{2+}$/Ba$^{2+}$) substitution. For Ca$_2$FeReO$_6$, the powder-averaged Fe spin moment along the field direction ($B = 5$ T), as probed by the XMCD experiment, is strongly reduced in comparison with the spontaneous Fe moment previously obtained by neutron diffraction, consistent with a scenario where the magnetic moments are constrained to remain within an easy plane. For $B=1$ T, the unsaturated XMCD signal is reduced below $T_{MI}$ consistent with a magnetic transition to an easy-axis state that further reduces the powder-averaged magnetization in the field direction. For Ba$_2$FeReO$_6$, the field-aligned Fe spins are larger than for Ca$_2$FeReO$_6$ ($B=5$ T) and the temperature dependence of the Fe magnetic moment is consistent with the magnetic ordering transition at $T_C^{Ba} = 305$ K. Our results illustrate the dramatic influence of the specific spin-orbital configuration of Re $5d$ electrons on the Fe $3d$ local magnetism of these Fe/Re double perovskites.
The foldings of a connected graph $G$ are defined as follows. First, $G$ is a folding of itself. Let $G'$ be a graph obtained from $G$ by identifying two vertices at distance 2 in $G$. Then every folding of $G'$ is a folding of $G$. The folding number of $G$ is the minimum order of a complete folding of $G$. Theorem: The folding number of every graph equals its chromatic number.