ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The occurrence of crime with children as the victims causes different long-term effects. The criminal justice system handles such offenses by offering a wide scope of penalties and imprisonment terms, which depend on several aspects (Bunting, 2014). For instance, they consider the age of the victims, criminal records of the perpetrator, and the magnitude of the caused harm. This essay discusses three articles about children as victims of maltreatment, statutory rape, kidnapping, and attack by a sibling. Nearly 20% of the cases of sexual abuse entail the statutory rape of a minor or attempted rape where girls are the major victims (about 85%) (Bunting, 2014). Most of the reported cases of the statutory rape of a minor occur in the age of between 14 and 17 years. The common cases of maltreatment include wounding, neglect, severe bodily harm, cruelty, and other brutal crimes. Child maltreatment cases are more often reported against boys. The affirmation in the article that only a few victims involving the statutory rape of a minor (about 20%) and maltreatment (approximately 25%) are identified has stern insinuations for the effortlessness of the victims to find justice. In most cases of maltreatment, sentencing entails probation or a short incarceration term. In a case involving the statutory rape of minor or grievous maltreatment, the offender could be sentenced to a long prison term or life imprisonment. Most of the reported cases of kidnapping of children entail forced labor with little or no payment at all, threats of physical assault, sexual abuse, and psychological torture. In 2000, Congress reacted to this international problem by enacting the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) (Reese, 2015). Kidnappers occur in dissimilar forms as they could encompass strangers or family members that employ criminal groups. It is evident that different forms of perpetrators are stimulated by a broad variety of goals such as monetary gains. The criminal justice system handles cases of kidnapping by punishing the offenders by incarceration for any suitable number of years. In cases where the killing of the victim occurs, the punishment given to the criminals is the death penalty or life imprisonment. Cases of attack by a sibling (particularly sexual attack) have a high likelihood of being reported to the law enforcement officers by their custodial parents or the school. Such instances ought to reach a convincing thresh
Mankind’s quest for scientific knowledge is as old as civilization. Yet, never before in history have humans had such a profound impact on the natural environment as now. Frankenstein was written before the advent of the modern scientific enquiry. But it predicts and cautions against the pursuit of knowledge. The book repeatedly points out knowledge, instead of making our life happier, only makes it miserable. The book also points out that irresponsible behavior on the part of scientists could be extremely detrimental. This irresponsibility may be seen as a one off incident of a particularly maverick scientist by some critics. However, this paper argues that even the best intentioned and responsible acts of scientific enquiry can result in consequences which only passage of time can predict. Since humans can never really know what the consequences of their actions will be, it is always better to err on the side of caution. And Shelley’s tale tried to caution mankind long before humans started tinkering with nature. Yet we did not heed, and the ill affects of humans tinkering with nature are now becoming visible to mankind. In her novel, Frankenstein , Mary Shelley presents the account of Dr. Victor Frankenstein and his quest for scientific knowledge in early nineteenth-century Europe. Frankenstein achieves his ambitions by giving life to an inanimate object; however, instead of feeling any elation at his achievement Frankenstein is filled with horror and dread. As a result, not only does Frankenstein su
The documentary that we were supposed to watch and analyze is called “Cracking the Code of Life,” it appeared more than sixteen years ago. In terms of the key topics discussed in the documentary, it tells about the most important mysteries related to the human genome. In particular, the author and the invited scientists reflect on the topic of genome decoding and opportunities that the successful completion of this task involves. The DNA strand is presented as a message from the past that contains all the information that people need to improve the quality of their lives and control their bodies in a more effective manner. The scientists who appear in the documentary highlight that the role of DNA cannot be overstated as it presents a kind of an “instruction book” for humanity. Among the new healthcare options that the extended knowledge about the human genome involves, there is the opportunity to treat any diseases and define potential health threats of children. The documentary reports numerous details about the Human Genome Project that started in 1990 and involved the most talented scientists from numerous countries. As for the weak points of the documentary that can be noticed, it is important to mention that some scenes were not related to the primary topic. For instance, there were a few scenes when detailed autobiographies of scientists and other people who contributed to the Human Genome Project were presented. In general, it cannot be regarded as an important weakness that makes people misunderstand the primary concepts. The topic can be rather difficult for those who know a little about genetics and previous research in the field. Therefore, unnecessary details can distract certain viewers from the key ideas. The strong points of the documentary are numerous. To begin with, the film can be interesting for many categories of people because the scientists avoid using specific terms without explaining them. Another important strength of the film is related to the use of different materials that make issues more obvious; thus, including personal stories of guests related to dangerous hereditary disorders, the authors illustrate the way that the lack of knowledge on the human genome influences common people. In addition, it is clear that the information was presented in the right way because of the use of graphic materials. In fact, if the author or his guests were discussing certain concepts that are difficult to be imagined by an average person, additional materials such as pictures, diagrams, or models were presented. Another thing that I like about the discussed documentary is that the information related to the Human Genome Project and other important topics was well-organized, and the key events and project milestones were presented in chronological order. The information presented in the documentary is related to the topic of bioethical issues. The latter is regarded as issues that occur due to
Introduction It has been observed in many practices that equipments or services remain unavailable or stalled due to lack of spare parts. In most instances, such a situation or occurrence is caused by poor planning and control of spare parts inventories. Therefore, the necessity for proper spare parts management is prerequisite in order to realize effective maintenance manpower and support systems (Mishra and Pathak 2004, p.167). At the same time, it is common knowledge that breakdowns are generally recurring in nature. Additionally, it can be observed that during the purchase of equipment, large sum of money is used on spare parts inventory which when analyzed keenly, can be better utilized through effective management. When an audit of various spare parts inventories is undertaken, the previous results have indicated that the primary issues attached to the spare parts management include: high financial commitment to the process of procuring spare parts; the habit of overstocking of spare parts due to unpredictable nature of failures as well as the need to minimize the downtime of the equipment or the facilities; non-availability of suitable type of spare parts due to obsolescence of equipment caused by the advancing technology; non-interchangeability of spare parts caused by the availability of different types of models and specifications; and lastly, purchase of imported equipment causes a lot of problems especially when procuring spare parts in a reasonable time and this affects mostly the lifed components (Mishra and Pathak, 2004, p.167). To ensure that effective spare parts management system is adopted in an organization, there has been need to craft effective and updated inventory policies which have been key instruments in aiding the management of spare parts. Warehouse and spare parts storage The inventory of spare parts for most organizations is stored in warehouses; hence management of the warehouse is an important function whereby it acts as a link between the user and the manufacturer. To this extent, the management of the warehouse and especially one concerned with spare parts has been seen to be specifically responsible in; receipt of orders, processing of orders, procurement of the spare parts, inspection of spare parts, issuance of spare parts, valuation of stock, inventory control, proper storage of spare parts, coding of spare parts and finding solutions to the numerous store problems (Mishra and Pathak 2004, p.172). To further ensure smooth functioning of the stores, the items being delivered to the storeroom have to be verified for the quality, quantity and expiry date of the parts, if any. In many cases, the output function of spare parts has been seen to involve issuance to different departments or sales to the customers. Moreover, to ensure the confidence of clients grows stronger, the lifted items need to be given out on first-come-first-served basis, and when the stock of items reduces to a level that is below the pre-specified, the management needs to be quick in initi
Introduction Homosexuality draws mixed reaction from across the globe. Issues like cultural values, religious context, atheism, political stability, and economic empowerment of the people in a particular setting would play a pivotal role in accepting this sexual orientation. These factors determine homosexual acceptability in the society, although other forces would have a significant role in the determination of its acceptance. This topic is common in most popular cultural setting although there is little literature work on the same to dissect adverse opinion and ways of embracing diverse opinion on the same. In this context, the conservatives draw their arguments from religious teachings whereas the atheists or the liberals embrace the need to have a society of diverse cultural orientation. The debate experiences opposing views from philosophers, most of whom are Christian and Muslims. These conclusions come from their spiritual perspective and thus do not clearly stipulate the desire to accommodate diverse religious inclinations on the same ground. Literature review A decade ago religion was the most important predictor in defining the attitude of homosexuality in the society, Adamczyk and Pitt (2009) bring an elaborate diverse opinion on the debate. They believe that acceptance of homosexuality depends on the existing laws that regulate the same sex marriages, possible penalties when viewed as
The cultural practices of different communities cannot exist or be understood if they are not communicated. Therefore, language is the most important tool in the growth and understanding of one’s culture. The ideas carried in a certain culture can only be communicated to the whole world through that society’s language of communication. Culture on the other hand has a big influence in the contents of the language used in that society. This is the reason why same words might have very different and even conflicting meanings. Separation of a language from its culture might therefore be of adverse effect. Study of a foreign language without studying the foreign culture does not give the learner the full satisfaction. The learner does not get a chance to experience the interrelationship of the two. It becomes hard to bring out the desired ideas when the learner communicates in the foreign language, as there is no natural connection between the two. In his work, Leveridge (2008,) tells of his experience as an English teacher in Taiwan where the culture advocated for individualism unlike English that involve active participation of all parties. Failure to understand the culture of a certain language can lead to frustration and in some cases; it has led to depression and even suicide. Different cultures in most cases have one language used to convey their ideas and to pass the culture from one generation to another. When a child is born in such a society, interaction with the members of the society through communication gives the child the components of the society’s culture. The child understands the culture through various terms some of which are unique to that culture. For instance, if a culture is based on farming, most likely that culture’s language will have many words describing various farm tools, seasons, and plants. On the other hand, if it is based on animal keeping or hunting, many terms referring to animals will be characteristic of that culture’s language. Just as it affects the language, culture also has a big influence in one’s point of view in various issues affecting the world. The culture that one grows up in moulds one’s way of thinking and reasoning. Depending on the culture that a language is based on, various terms might have very different meanings. The Romans did not have a word for a woman as a man’s friend because to them, this was impossible. The use of the word dog differs completely between the European culture and the Chinese culture. In Europe, a dog is a friend while in some parts of the world the word may be an insult or even food. Therefore, diversity in cultures also means diversity in languages used. This therefore calls for understanding of both and not one. In China, delivering an apology requires use of many polite words than it would be in English. This is because Chinese culture places politeness at a higher level that English does. In conclusion, it is clear that culture and language are two inseparable elements. A culture cannot be understood and passed on to future ge
This essay involves a discussion on the main components of language learning and teaching within the sheltered approach of language acquisition which involves the incorporation of content and language while dealing with the learners of English language. The essay can therefore act as a guide to both the English Learners as well as their instructors. It contains the various teaching and learning approaches as well as the linguists behind the approaches of language acquisition. The components of language learning and teaching can be grouped in terms of; cognitive, affective, and linguistic principles. There are various components of language learning which include; meaningful learning, automaticity, the anticipation of reward, strategic investment, self-confidence, intrinsic motivation, language ego, risk-taking, native language effect, inter-language, Language-culture connection and communicative competence. On the other hand, there are several components of language teaching within the sheltered approach of instruction. They include; phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary development, reading fluency and reading comprehension strategies. The Main Components of Language Learning Automacity This method of sheltered language learning involves appropriate movement of some language aspects into the involuntary processing of language features. It entails analyzing language and reflecting on its form while consciously evaluating its rules. This component helps the learner to acquire the language automatically (Brown 2007). Meaningful learning This involves the learner- based form of learning where the learner’s interests, goals and objectives are put into consideration. Meaningful learning leads to a better content retention as it focuses on a content based approach of language acquisition. It enables the absorption of new information into the existing information. This is quite different from rote learning which involves the exposure of new knowledge that is not related to the knowledge existing in a learner’s mind, making it less likely to stick. As a matter of fact, in language development, children acquire meaningful language because they are able to relate words, phonemes and discourse features to the relevant existing knowledge. Meaningful learning involves the aural- oral method of teaching where the learners of a language are encouraged to listen to numerous English materials and participate in guided reading (Brown 2007). The reward Anticipation Universally, most human beings tend to work best while expecting some form of gains, which may be in form of long term or short term rewards. Nonetheless, even though we cannot underestimate the weight of giving rewards in a sheltered language lesson, language acquisition require
In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “The Scarlet Letter” Rev. Arthur Dimmesdale is a main character. In the novel, Dimmesdale comes out as a hypocrite. He is depicted as a kind man, full of wisdom and eloquent speaker. He is a respected clergyman. But he is involved in sin of adultery and he keeps it a secret for seven years. As a result guilt consumes him for seven years until he goes through a transformation. This paper explores the effects of hiding his sin and his transformation. First effect is that, hiding his sin erodes his conscience. He is a preacher of the word of God and encourages the congregation to confess their sins openly. On the contrary, he chooses to conceal his sin which makes his conscience questionable. Keeping his sin a secret punishes him inwardly. He knows the shame that he may face but he prefers to punish himself by remaining silent about his sin. He remains in a state of self condemnation hence eroding his conscience. Dimmesdale feels like a coward because he lacks the courage to admit his wrongs. As a result he chooses to conceal his sin which exposes him to an inward pain. Concealing of his sin also costs him his soul’s peace; he remains disturbed for seven years. Secondly, concealing of his sin affects his physical and mental well- being. He knows revelation of truth about him would make people in the town look down upon him. These thoughts torment him and as a result he goes through a period of depression. His concealed sin leaves him without peace. The thought of shame that may befall him results to mental distress. The burden of his sin wears him out mentally and physically thus resulting to depleted health and which makes him so weak that he even thinks of his death. Sin
Echo Company was formed in the early 1990s following the closure and subsequent auctioning of Kemper Military School. The Military School was closed as a result of bankruptcy. Even though the company was formed in the shadows of an excellent history of a dignified military school, it has maintained success in its undertakings through marine training and marine recruiting. In the Western United States, there are five companies whose sole aim is to offer military assistance under the umbrella of the 2nd Battalion. This Battalion consists of reservists ad are under the command of the 23rd Marine Regiment and the supervision of the 4th Marine Division, (Anton, pp. 34-43). Since it was formed, the company has for some time now been offering these services to the US military; the latest project being at Fort Jackson. Task Force Marshall at Fort Jackson would want its staff to undergo a skill refreshment program. The program is a joint creation of both the Army and the Navy and has been a tradition of the two departments of the US military force for some years now. Echo Company’s primary mission on this program at Task Force Marshall is to offer refreshment skills service to all soldiers that are IRR (Inactive Ready Reserve) and Retiree Recalls. The IRR soldiers who are targeted for this program have been shortlisted from within the ranks of E-1 to E-9. The officers who rank between 0-3 to 0-6 and Warrant officers CW2 to CW4 will also benefit from the program. With the unemployment rate in the job market at over 8%, more IRR and Retiree Recall soldiers are excited about being called back to active duty and have provided excellent feedback on the training, which to Echo Company, has given excellent guidance on ways to improve on its service. While IRR and Retiree Recalls is Echo Company’s primary mission, it also has the opportunity to provide refresher training to the Afghanistan-Pakistan (AFPAK) bound forces. The AFPAK Hands was developed to create a cadre of Afghanistan/Pakistan experts. The program intended to develop a cadre of military experts to Afghanistan and Pakistan. Each personnel in this program is to receive language, culture and COIN training prior to deployment. The personnel selected for this program are drawn from all branches of combat arms, intelligence, logistics, construction, JAG, civil affairs, information warfare, and medical service corps. The training in this program is intense and is scheduled to take a minimum of two years. Due to the intense training involved, most trainees will be looking forward to two weeks of leave. Of the two weeks, trainees in the program are to spend one week with Echo Company for pre-deployment combat skills training. During this week of training, the AFPAK has scheduled a series of events. AFPAK personnel will execute weapons qualifications on the M4 and M9 weapons, First Aid training will also be on the list and is programmed to take place at the Medical Simulation Tra