ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Chicago Race Riot was the conflict between white citizens and African-Americans on the basis of race. Due to the fact that this conflict lasted for a week, and as a result of it, thirty-eight people died, it is considered the most influential confrontation on the basis of race in the United States (Hartfield, 20). The Chicago Race Riot is an example of the racial tensions that continue to affect modern-day America. The conflict happened in Chicago, where many of the African-Americans from the South decided to settle (Hartfield, 20). This resulted in the rapid expansion of the African-American community. The white Americans began confrontations with the ethnic minorities because the newly arrived African-Americans competed with other ethnic groups for jobs (Hartfield, 20). Moreover, the economic and social environment of the state was changing after WW I, which also contributed to the racial tensions between the two groups. The racial disagreements, interstate migration, and economic difficulties served as the basis for the conflict. The riots began after an African-American minor died because white children threw stones at him. The event that triggered the confrontation was the death of Eugene Williams, who was 17 years old at that time (Bates). He and his friends were swimming at a segregated beach but eventually swum to the area dedicated to white people. As a result, people at this beach began throwing rocks at Williamson, which caused him to drown (Hartfield, 20). This event only heightened the racial tentions that were present before and prompted an open confrontation since black neighborhoods were attacked by a mob after Williams’ friends provided details of the incident. The negligence of the police and the local government contributed to the continuation of the protests. The Chicago race riots have an impact on the lives of people today. This was one of several race-based conflicts in the history of the United States that prompted the legislators to review the existing laws and grant freedoms to all citizens, as guaranteed by the Constitution. In 1922, a commission consisting of white and black Americans was established to investigate the true cause of the conflict (Hartfield, 20). The results showed that the tension was caused by veterans returning from WWI and not being able to return to their jobs caused this unrest. Notably, the majority of the attackers were recent immigrants, yet their worries about jobs, segregation, and black vote prompted them to engage in violence against African-Americans (Green). In his article for the New York Times, Green argues that this riot continues to impact Americans to this day by stating that “Chicago’s 1919 Race Riot was a bridge toward, as well as a break from, a racial order.” Hence, this riot was an example of racially motivated violence that serves as an example of why equality should be the central concern for contemporary society. Overall, this
When compared to other developed and industrialized countries, the United States has significantly higher violence rates, even if the crime rate has been declining recently. The present paper analyzes the social, cultural, and economic factors in the United States in the light of different criminological theories in an attempt to understand the causes of such high rates. In comparison to most other developed countries, the United States usually exhibits a significantly higher violence rate, especially for those crimes that include the use of a firearm (Richardson & Hemenway, 2011). For instance, in 2013, the Canadian police reported about 384,000 violent incidents, compared to approximately 1,163,000 crimes reported by their American counterparts (Boyce, Cotter & Perreault, 2014; Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2013). At the same time, when these numbers are compared to the total population of the two countries, Canada had a higher rate per 100,000 inhabitants. Moreover, there are certain exceptions to this rule, as the British law enforcement agencies reported about 1.3 million violent crimes for the same year (Office for National Statistics, 2015). However, simple statistics like this can also be somewhat misleading for several reasons. For instance, the actual crime rates may vary if violent incidents are underreported. Moreover, all of these countries use different definitions of violent crimes: the United Kingdom includes sexual offenses, including domestic violence, which may explain its higher rates compared to the United States. Several factors may account for the higher violence rates in the United States. Most obvious – and especially salient recently – reason is the country’s relatively relaxed gun control legislation. Regardless of one’s political stance on the issue and policy, it is hard to argue that the United States has significantly higher firearm-induced injury and death rates (Richardson & Hemenway, 2011). Besides that, the United States society is much less economically homogeneous compared to other countries. There is a significant income gap between its citizens, many of whom are not protected by an extensive social net, including health care. I believe that the lack of government support is one of the best explanations of the US high violence rates. On top of the class divide, the United States is also very culturally, racially, and ethnically diverse which may serve as an additional source of conflict and subsequent violence (Williams & McShane, 2013). The potential causes outlined above find support in some criminological theories, particularly, within the positivist school of thought that considers the social and individual factors influencing crime. For instance, the strain theory helps explain the impact of socioeconomic differences on individual behavior in the United States. People, faced with systemic discrimination and structural inadequacies of the social sector, choose to channel their frustration into violent acts (Lilly, Cullen & Ball, 2014). The social control theory helps understand how the values, norms, and customs held by the members of the American
The research design that was used to collect this data was to investigate the rate of deaths that were experienced among the immigrants since the enactment of the immigration policy. The data used for the research was collected from multiple sources. The main source was from the immigration department. The records gave the rate of deaths that were experienced among immigrants on a yearly basis. Information from the National Vital Registration System as well as the statistics from the BSI Incident Tracking System was used to collect the data. These were methods identified to give a clear report of death incidences that were recorded over a period of time. The sampling method that was used included comparison of cases that were reported using both methods. They were compiled to see whether the rate of deaths reduced or increased after the immigration policy was passed in parliament. There was however a slight difference in the results due to the sampling methods used. The dependant variable for this data was the deaths of immigrants that were experienced over the years. The information was obtained from both national and state registration centers and compiled to find out on the changing rates observed. The time limit that was used to collect the data was from 1984 to 2003. This was the time when immigrant deaths were rampant and hence appropriate for the study. The findings of the research revealed that the immigration policy did not help much in reducing the rate of deaths among immigrants. It was expected that the rate of crime reduce after the policy was enacted. It was hence identified that there are other factors that led to such deaths that could not be minimized by the enactment of this policy. The above findings could not be considered absolute because of certain limitations. Even though the overall results showed that the aggregate number of deaths on immigrants did not reduce, it was contrary to information that was collected on state level. The fact was that the immigration policy helped to minimize deaths in certain states by a considerable percentage which the aggregate analysis could not show.
Introduction The practice of marketing concepts and practices in a corporate environment is fraught with challenges and barriers, especially when factors, external, internal, and intrinsic, are involved. Under such market conditions, marketing competence is put to a supreme test. This paper takes cognizance of Starbucks, the US-based coffee conglomerate, and how it approaches marketing issues. Question 1 Differentiation between market development and market penetration There are advantages and risks inherent in both product development and Market penetration. Thus it is necessary to assume company-centric views in order to address strategic issues connected with these options. In product development, the company seeks to increase its volume, or unit turnover, by resorting to certain customer attraction schemes that may draw new customers and also increase volume off takes by existing clients. However, only products that are well entrenched, have a solid brand image and are well received in markets, and are wholly endorsed by customers would benefit through these schemes. In market penetration, corporate take the risk of entering new territories. Besides the aspect of financing new projects, it is also necessary to take local factors in terms of competition, product acceptability, and customer orientation. Starbucks case study Taking the case of Starbucks, the coffee conglomerate, its strategy is the assumption of the product by the non-coffee drinkers. That is why Starbucks started to introduce a wide line of products. “Starbucks has repositioned the Frappuccino line for providing market development.” (Hunt, 2009, para. 5). In the case of market penetration, it is seen that the first question that needs to be addressed is whether to indulge in vertical or horizontal penetration. Next, as is seen in the case of Starbucks, starting from the small locale in US Pacific North West, this coffee conglomerate has worked its way up to major US cities and is now also found in Europe, Asia, and American Latin Markets. (Thrall, 2002, p. 181). Question 2 Strategic planning process Strategic plans are not always short-term plans and need time to gestate. Thus, it would be inconceivable to judge strategic plans within the short term. For strategic plans that are of medium and long term duration, it is essential that market scenarios fall into place the way it has been assessed and forecasted by market forecasts and reports. It is in such environments that strategic marketing plans could be applied and their benefits realized. However, it is necessary to review performance and what exactly when wrong with the strategic planning systems. It is quite possible that crucial aspects have not been covered, or some unexpected occurrence threw the planning off course. However, there is no need to scrap the plans unless absolutely necessary. Strategic planning at Starbucks Taking the case study of Starbucks further, it is seen that
While comparing the state in Ohio, one can highlight the five most segregated cities in accordance with the dissimilarity index (“Segregation: Dissimilarity indices,” n.d.). They are as follows:  1. Garfield Heights city (80.7).  2. Cleveland city (79.4).  3. Dayton city (78.3).  4. Hamilton city (68.7).  5. Toledo city (67.0). With regard to the five least segregated cities in Ohio, the situation differs significantly from the above rank (“Segregation: Dissimilarity indices,” n.d.). The statistics that include the dissimilarity index are as follows:  1. Huber Heights city (18.6).  2. Dublin city (18.8).  3. Gahanna city (19.5).  4. Beavercreek city (21.1).  5. Strongsville city (23.8). The visual examination of the map reveals that the dissimilarity index in Ohio is higher at the state border than at the center. This is probably due to the proximity of neighboring regions in which this parameter is even higher, particularly in the northeast of the country. In contrast to the western states, Ohio and the surrounding regions have historically been characterized by racial intolerance, which explains such a high dissimilarity index. As a result, the map confirms the established forms of social division based on the racial criterion. The review of the analyzed data has surprised me greatly due to such a big distinction among the dissimilarity indices of cities within the same state. Ohio is not the largest state, but even there, the segregation parameters differ significantly. Moreover, I am amazed at this result from a geographical perspective. When examining the data of the states, one can notice that the main share of racial segregation occurs in the eastern part of the country, while in the west, the indicators are minimal or absent entirely in a number of states. This proves a critical difference in the social development of the regions and people’s distinctive views on the aspect of equality. Reference Segregation: Dissimilarity indices . (n.d.). Census Scope.
Introduction Females have always been the underdog in many professions as well as in social settings. They had to struggle, along with color, to have their proper place in society without harm and discredit to their person or group of association. Gender bias, discrimination, and inequality have always been a contention in the workplace, although in most instances, it was the female gender who experiences the imbalance or inequality. Likewise in many forms of mass media, gender bias is always seen, such as the use of the female body in many announcements or advertisements that target male audiences or consumers. Gender bias and challenges, however, are not limited to the female gender. In work environments where the majority of staff or even superior levels are females, there is a high possibility for gender problems. This paper will focus on the problems and issues that male nurses and student male nurses encounter in the workplace or clinical setting. It will also explain how and why this issue is important to the profession and new practitioners and will specify the type of issue in the context, whether it be ethical, legal, economic, social, or political. The paper will further describe the factors that make this issue important and significant at this time, discuss how this issue should be approached or resolved specifically by (1) new nurses, (2) nursing organizations, (3) consumers/patients, (4) other health professionals, (5) hospitals and health agencies, (6) taxpayers, and (7) the federal and state governments. It will base its discussion on peer-reviewed journal articles and studies with relevance to the issue at hand. Discussion According to O’Lynn (2004), men are considered a minority in the nursing practice and poorly understood. In the United States, men represent just about six percent of nurses and just an average of 7.5% in Missouri (Missouri Board of Nursing, 2004). While it was noted that there is considerable effort to recruit more males in the profession, male nurses abandon the nursing profession twice as much as females do at 7.5 % to that of 4.1 % females. Indicated of interest in studies include bias, discrimination, and inequalities encountered by male nurses
One of the causes of the Great Depression was the international economic woes of the United States of America. During World War, the U.S.A. had lent money to its allied countries that they could not pay after the war. However, the US government demanded repayment, causing the American banks to lend to these foreign governments to pay back the war-era loan. These governments defaulted on the new loans leading to a crisis in the American banking industry and consequently the citizens who had saved money with them. One of the actions taken by the Hoover administration to combat the depression was urging the employers to retain their workforce and at the same time urging Americans to work harder. This move, however, maintained Hoover’s lack of acknowledgment of the economic downturn and his optimism that hard work would restore normalcy. This refusal to admit the crisis increased the economic setback as it did not provide a real solution of giving aid to Americans. One of the changes in popular culture due to depression was the shift from individualism to emphasis on community. This adjustment in popular culture happened because of the arising need for having a community around individuals dealing with a tough time. It was an advocacy method to encourage in helping those severely affected economically. President Hoover’s foreign policy was less intervening compared to Theodore Roosevelt’s and Woodrow Wilson’s. The former was harsh to its war allies on debt repayment, while for the last two, it was softer and collaborative. One impact of the Dust Bowl phenomenon was the loss of income and homes for most farmers due to the then prevailing drought. Between 1930-1933, both the rural and urban white-majority face one common predicament, the loss of livelihood. In the rural context, the causes were loss of land or diminished productivity due to the drought that ensued. In both cases, this led to the loss of their homes as they could no longer pay their mortgages and rent. However, the significant difference between the two sides was how they dealt with their situations. In the rural settings, once a family could not sustain itself anymore, they moved in with their relatives. (Corbett et al., 2014). Furthermore, this movement continued once the host family was also sent packing. On the other hand, the urban white became homeless and relied on bread and soup relief once they were ejected from their houses. The two most important reasons for the great depression were poor income distribution and the low-interest loans that forced people into taking unrealistic risks. The insufficient revenue supply aided in the crash of the stock market as it affected the buying and selling of stock. Whereas the wealthy bought the shares, the poor majority could not afford them, and thus, there was no buyer. On the other hand, the low-interest loans promised quick returns in land and stock as hyped, which resulted in loss of lifelong savings due to poor inv
Oxygen is the primary component of animal life on Earth. The lack of oxygen can lead to the death of most animals. However, as a result of photosynthesis, plants generate sufficient oxygen to enable animals, sea creatures, birds as well as people to live on Earth. Nevertheless, a large percentage of this oxygen does not come from land plants, such as grass or trees, but from a single-celled organism known as the phytoplankton. This organism contributes to about 80% of the oxygen used for survival on Earth. Since most plants do not generate sufficient oxygen for survival on Earth, they are less effective on Mars, a planet that obtains very little sunlight as compared to the Earth (Hartmann 45). The Mars planet is frosty, lifeless, extraterrestrial planet with an unbreathable air. Even though the planet does not contain large oceans like the Earth, it holds a lot of snow which could flood the planet if defrosted. As a matter of fact, the planet is said to be below freezing point making it an exceptional habitat for terrestrial vegetation. However, the planet makes a very poor habitat for animals. This notwithstanding, scientists are in a constant endeavor to formulate the indispensable technology to transform Mars into a habitable planet with regards to air, temperature and pressure (Golombeck 26). The most probable animals to be sent to Mars are probably those of arctic origins. Hybrid species of water bears could become the first creatures to visit Mars through the use of spacecrafts or panspermia. The water bears, also known as tardigrades, are terrestrial animals that are known to endure insensitive atmospheric combination of low pressure, low temperatures and extreme radiations found in space. This Essay seeks to investigate why the water bears are the most appropriate animals to be sent to Mars for human research. The water bear has been termed as the “most miraculous creature in the universe” (Romano 134). This is because the creature can survive different types of extremely hazardous condition. Despite being found in almost all the parts of the world, the water bears seem to have escaped human attention. The creatures are mainly found in freshwater bodies, salty waters and they can also survive on terrestrial climates. The water bears can also survive in wall crevi
Benbow, S., Forchuk, C., Berman, H., Gorlick, C., & Ward-Griffin, C. (2019). Mothering without a home: Internalized impacts of social exclusion . Canadian Journal of Nursing Research , 51 (2), 105-115. Web. The researchers articulate that homeless mothers experience considerable problems associated with their health and parenting practices. The study utilized critical narrative technique with 41 respondents. The research presented two major themes that include internalized anticipations and control over and above recovering from the limits: sources of flexibility and resistance. Homeless mothers demonstrated increased agency in extant formations of exclusion by working, sometimes fighting untiringly for their children’s welfare, security, housing, and human rights. Their actions depicted strong agency and resistance within the systems of exclusion experienced. To promote their wellbeing, health professionals may support homeless mothers in practices such as the use of strengths-anchored nursing, supporting ideas of good parenting, overcoming stigma, and discovering and eliminating the unsurmountable hindrances encountered within the settings of such populations. Campbell, M., Thomson, H., Fenton, C., & Gibson, M. (2016). Lone parents, health, wellbeing and welfare to work: a systematic review of qualitative studies . BMC Public Health , 16 (1), 1-10. Web. The researchers assert that single parents and their children suffer poor mental health, which make them experience depression, psychiatric disorders, suicidal ideations, drug abuse, low educational status, and behavioral problems. Single mothers in the United Kingdom have a higher possibility than their partnered counterparts to depict their healthiness as ‘bad’. The experiences may be accredited to high extents of poverty among single mothers. Evaluation of the 4703 recognized papers and value examination led to the application of sixteen studies of welfare to work in the US, Canada, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia with respect to diverse welfare regimes. Welfare to work may caused augmented conflict and decreased management, which may translate to negative influences on mental health. Accessibility of social support alleviates the degree of poor mental health. Duke, A., & Searby, A. (2019). Mental ill health in homeless women: A review . Issues in Mental Health Nursing , 40 (7), 605-612. Web. Duke and Searby (2019) assert that homeless mothers encounter a wide range of mental health concerns that are not experienced by their counterparts who have homes. Moreover, there is an increasing number of the homeless population. Furthermore, homeless women have a higher probability to have liquor and/or other substance use disorders. The researchers offer an all-inclusive assessment of the literature that disclosed that homeless mothers face a broad scope of mental health issues that encompass depression, nervousness, post-traumatic stress disorde