ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The proceeding is a review of ten current articles on reading and literacy. The research paper contains an introduction, review of the articles and a conclusion which summarizes the articles. The paper contains a detailed definition of reading and literacy and how the two interrelate. The ten summarized articles focus on how various factors affect literacy and reading across the society. Several corrective measures are proposed in some articles on how to cope up with the challenges of literacy. It is realized that deficiency in literacy is common to all age groups and segments of the community. Introduction The two terms, literacy and reading, have been used interchangeably in some settings. Literacy is described as one’s ability to read and consequently write. In depth, it refers to the ability to recognize, comprehend, infer, craft, commune, work out and use written and printed materials connected with changeable contexts. Reading is the art of decoding and cognition of symbols with an aim of constructing or deriving a meaning. It also refers to the technique of language acquisition for communication and for sharing ideas. Reading requires a continuous process for proper development and fine-tuning so as to gain proficiency in the act. Summary of Articles Beverly’s article outlines the use of phone text messaging among British children especially the abbreviations and language used. Texting has no negative effect on the literacy or language development as being speculated. Language development depends on the age at which the child receives mobile phones. Those who posses phones at an early age do many texti
Executive Summary Shell and BP are two of the global giants in the oil and gas industry, and they are compelled by their status to engage in the development of corporate social responsibility programs that portray them as corporate citizens. Shell has demonstrated a committed position to uphold this requirement of super large companies. The company’s corporate social responsibility program is deeply enshrined in the enhancement of safety for the employees and consumers. Most critics claim that BP has always claimed to be a corporate citizen looking to enhance safety and sustainability in its business processes. It is apparent from its recent disasters that there is room for improvement in its CSR. Companies in the industry are faced with numerous challenges, especially in the past several decades, because of the awareness of the global society of their contribution to environmental degradation. The companies have been forced to develop corporate social responsibility programs to influence sustainable developments and to demonstrate their commitment to bringing positive changes to the society. Shell and BP have clearly spelled out codes of ethics that their human assets and business entities must follow in every activity. Introduction Corporate social responsibility is a concept that has been adopted by many companies across the world in the wake of globalisation. By definition, the concept entails the attainment of sustainable growth in business entities, whereby the companies develop programs that look to eliminate the negative effects of their business activities. Corporate social responsibilities may also be oriented toward the attainment of the requirements of the stakeholders, or they may be designed to meet the legal requirements for licensure purposes. Most companies implement corporate social responsibility programs on utilitarian grounds, whereby they strive to give back to the society and to protect the ecosystem for the benefit of future generations. Shell and BP are two of the largest multinational companies in the world. They operate in the oil industry, which is one of the most controversial business field in the contemporary world owing to its contribution to environmental degradation.
Introduction The development of the society has largely predetermined the fact that there is practically no gender inequality today. Nevertheless, a certain gap between women and men can be observed in working areas, in particular, in the remuneration of labor and obtaining responsible posts. Based on current social norms, it is not often possible to meet women who occupy leading positions and have significantly higher salaries than men. Therefore, the issue of such a gap is quite acute, and its solution will certainly help to settle some public disagreements. Evidence of the Gap Existence Since some professions require a rather high return, many women cannot afford to give themselves completely to work as sometimes some professions “require a kind of dedication and commitment 24/7” (Harvard Business Review 00:01:32-00:01:38). Moreover, there are some psychological factors, for example, women’s fear of great responsibility, as a result of which few of them are ready to decide on top posts with the need to control subordinates (Blau and Kahn 789). Therefore, such reasons can indicate that the gap exists, and its rationale is laid down in psychology. Also, one of the issues is the slow growth of wages, when it is about women. According to the video “Women, Ambition and (Still) the Pay Gap,” it is impossible to say unambiguously that men deserve substantially higher salaries than women, and it is the “issue of dedication and time at work” (00:03:40-00:03:43). Career growth, as it is known, requires constant diligence from the employee. As Azmat and Petrongolo remark, women are considered to be traditionally responsible for maintaining order in the house, and this nuance hardly refers to the issue of discrimination but can be regarded as one of the reasons for the gap (33). Therefore, the facts described above make it possible to assert that the gap is not always the issue of contradiction and can be a deliberate women’s choice. Practical Ways to Narrow the Gap In order to narrow the gap, several methods can be used. For example, as Card et al. note, it is possible to attract women to responsible posts and encourage their successes with the help of premiums (633). It will allow correcting the situation with insufficient payment for work and stimulating women to achieve high goals. A similar method is also proposed by Joshi et al.; the authors consider the possibility of empowering women in those areas that are traditionally thought to be popular among men to equalize the opportunities of both genders (1517). It can give women a chance to receive top posts without the risk of being discriminated b
Sacred spaces are common in societies since time in memorial. Human beings have always wanted to explain nature, but in cases where some things seem to be beyond their understanding, they tend to associate such things with supernormal powers. As such, sacred spaces have been of help whenever an individual decides to have some form of reflections with these supernormal spirits. Traditionally, sacred spaces were considered special places of worship. This has remained the case even in the modern society. However, some sacred spaces may not necessarily be a place of worship. Some of them are just places where people go to deliberate and reflect on their lives. According to Hale, not all sacred spaces are meant for worshipping the supernatural (67). Some spaces are considered sacred because they evoke emotions whenever an individual visits them, either due to a historical incident or any other incident that evokes memories. Crater Lake is one such place that is considered very sacred. Crater Lake is found in Mount Mazama in Oregon. Scientists estimate that it must have been created in 4680 BC. This lake has been very special to the locals, especially the Klamath tribe of Native Americans who consider the place sacred (Omamo 89). Not only the locals, but also other people who have visited this place consider this Lake and the immediate surroundings sacred. The place is very serene and always brings the feeling that some supernormal spirit is present. The serenity of the place comes from the lake itself and the vegetation surrounding it. According to the views of Swan, Crater Lake is one of the bluest lakes (115). Although the lake is very small, it always gives the impression that it is the largest ocean when one sits on the shore. The locals associate the blue color of the lake with the royalty of the place. According to Sears, “Crater Lake has long been honored as a sacred place by the Klamath tribe of Native Americans, whose myths embody the catastrophic event they witnessed thousands of years ago (37).” According to Sears, locals believe there was a wicked chief of the underworld referred to as Llao, who lived in this place before it turned into a lake. He was so wicked to an extent that all societal members hated him. One day, Skell, a chief of the world above, engaged him in war and subsequently defeated him. The home of this wicked chief was destroyed and in its place emerged this lake. From that moment, people around this place consider this lake and its surroundings sacred, as one way of commemorating the defeat of the wicked chief. Although scientists identify discrepancies in this belief held by the locals, it has largely been accepted that the nature of this place makes it sacred. It is sacred because locals hold the belief that something bad can happen to an individual who does not respect it. However, locals do not have specific reason to fear the place since nothing has ever happened to an individual who does not respect the place. Even though the respe
Introduction A balanced scorecard is an advanced strategy that examines and uses performance management and compares results with benchmarks. It ensures flexibility and revision. Britain’s Terminal 5 construction required highly technical expertise. Therefore, the Balanced Scorecard became the best tool to use for all the major activities, including procurement and transactions. The building of the Airport applied the economic focus, internal focus, learning and growth focus, and the customer experience focus. Heathrow T5’s Application of the BSC The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is relevant to business and industry. Governments and organizations come up with visions and align their strategies and activities with these scorecards ( Customer Perspective , 2016). The BSC helps to improve both the internal and external needs of the business for both profitable and non-profitable organizations. The plan involves putting the vision into two primary focus points that the organization’s leadership will use to measure performance. The Financial Focus The construction of T5 terminus had been a result of various studies conducted by a team of experts. They discovered that air transportation worldwide was becoming very expensive because of the increased costs of managing airports. There was also the necessity to build a world-class airport with affordable charges to the customer. The Airport was also supposed to bring good income to the British Airports Authority. Due to the demands, the management had to find cost-effective means of putting up an airport with world standards. The BSC financial focus requires that the financial department comes up with data. The data should have standards that each commercial activity should measure up to successfully (Basu, Little, & Millard, 2009). Finding private cont
In order to maintain a stable economy, it is critical for governments to adopt relevant policies that cushion crucial sectors from economic shocks. The failure in this regard is likely to result in a vulnerable economy that cannot guarantee the survival of vital industries in the aftermath of a global phenomenon such as the Great Depression. Although some economic policies may vary from one region to another, others play a crucial role in the transition of any developing country into industrialization. The political environment in a region is essential concerning the adoption and proper implementation of various economic policies. Policymakers play a central role in reforms and thus possess significant effects on a country’s economic transformation. The Great Depression mostly marked the onset of changes in the economic policies adopted by Latin-American countries. This period adversely affected a significant portion of the Latin America, which largely depended on the role of supplying raw materials to different parts of the world as a means of generating income. Because of the weakening of the global economy, industries in the affect countries minimized the importation of raw materials. This severed the chief source of foreign currency for various Latin-American countries and led to a rising trend of poverty and social chaos. Thus, there was the need for collaborative efforts by various stakeholders within Latin America to draft economic policies that would safeguard different aspects of the Latin-American economy. Leaders in Latin America acknowledged the need to change economic policies and promoted the discarding of the free-market model in favor of import substitution (Cárdenas et al., 2000). The applicability of this model remained satisfactory for various Latin-American countries until the 1980s. The import-substitution model focused on the reduction of the dependence of the economy of a nation on foreign parties. To achieve this objective, countries in Latin America embarked on various aspects of local production. The policies on import substitution ensured the state’s participation in aspects such as nationalization and subsidization of industrial and agricultural raw materials. Other measures included increased tax rates and the imposition of protectionist trade policies. The adoption of these measures focused on the protection of local industries and stabilization of economies in various Latin-American countries. The import-substitution model attracted support among Latin-American countries due to the consideration that most of the industrialized countrie
The results of the inventory showed that among the seven offered learning styles, some are more suitable for me, while the others are less suitable. For instance, with the maximum possible score of 20, my results were: 13 for visual, 15 for social, 12 for physical, 8 for aural, 10 for verbal, 16 for solitary, and 12 for logical learning style. The given scores indicate what learning styles are more or less effective for me personally. They allow focusing on the styles with high scores and involve them more in my studying process. At the same time, the results show what learning styles are unsuitable for my perception and are better to be avoided. Due to the fact that the solitary and social learning styles are the most suitable for me, it is better to use them in the learning process. In addition, the visual learning also has a high score of 13. This means that in order to learn things more effectively, I need to make some changes based on the mentioned results. For instance, using images, pictures, photography, and other things that involve visual perception will help me to remember things better and faster. The visual learning style can be applied both in personal tasks or in group works: the both cases will be equally effective for me. On the contrary, together with the effective learning styles, I had a chance to know about the learning styles that are unsuitable for me. To be more precise, the aural and verbal styles scored correspondingly 8 and 10 points. This means that in my case it is undesirable to involve sounds words in learning things. Using these techniques will take much longer for me to understand and remember information. Therefore, in my future learning practice I will try to avoid these learning styles in order to save my time and efforts. At first, the results appeared to be rather controversial, as far as, according to the inventory, I seem to prefer opposite learning styles. For example, I have got 16 for solitary learning style, which means that I prefer to work on my own; however, another high score of 15 was given to social learning style, which involves working in groups and interacting with other individuals. These styles are mutually exclusive, which confused me. However, with the further analysis of learning styles application it occurred to me that these styles can be combined, or used each in some specific situation. Concerning the other results of the inventory, I totally agree with them. Having analyzed my learning experiences, I realized that the styles that have the highest scores were used most often by me, and those th
Project Rules The trebuchet is a powerful propulsion tool used to launch projectiles of over 500 kilograms in weight through a distance of several meters using a counterweight equivalent to 30 tones. Trajectory projectiles of a trebuchet are precise to the intended target. When designing and constructing a trebuchet, a number of rules are applied in the process specific to a specific project as typically discussed below. In this typical project, the rules include using a counterweight of 4 kilograms that is detachable from the parent machine for the purpose of determining its weight. The project is designed with a center of mass equivalent to 350 mm measured vertically from the base of the projectile. The diameter of the projectile is 66 mm with a weight of 90 grams. The potential energy that is utilized in launching the projectile is from the hanging weight. No other external forces or component part of the system will be mobilized in throwing the projectile except the trebuchet. Each lever shall be on a fulcrum and the number of arms shall not be limited to a specific value (Siano, 5). Every task performed by the machine shall remain the same to establish its performance and the degree of precision of the projectile. It is important to note that the number of parts to be replaced is limited to one in the period of the completion and part that are replaced should have the same technical specifications as the replaced part. Any contact with the machine is when reloading takes place and the machine must be equipped with a reliable triggering mechanism that is operated by a designated individual. Triggering can only take place prior to launch and after a start order has been issued. In addition to that, the device shall be designed to be easily moved to the launch pad and a layout of the test area shall be clearly stipulated. Material selections, payment for materials, safety regulations such as the inability of the launch to oc
Introduction   * The Heart failure (HF) is a rising healthcare burden which is common among many admitted patients.   * The project will introduce preventive interventions and measures for HF.   * The approaches would be examined to decrease patient readmissions and increase quality of hospital services on the 30-day readmission assessment. Explain the aim of the project and the approaches which will be conducted for the research to be successful. Objective and Intention of the Research The project aims to assess the mortality, entry, and well-being of individuals with heart disease outcomes from cardiac therapy based on exercise. Data Collection Technique And Analysis The research will include randomized controlled trials (RCTs), conducted at least six months after the randomization, in a parallel or cross-over design. Criteria for the Review of Studies Here are different criteria used in the research:   * Study Population: People between 18 to 65 years.   * Types of Interventions: The study covered fitness approaches alone or in systemic cardiac recovery as services with elements such as physical education and psychological interventions. The investigating party is not eligible but could have succeeded (i.e., college, psychiatric surgery) or considered a medical care requirement.   * Outcome Measures: To be considered, one or more findings of the analysis must have been analyzed. Two occasions, up to 12 months of (short-term) follow-up and over 12 (long-term) months (long-term).   * Selection of Studies: Two study authors (D1 & W3) separately screened and discontinued irrelevant research associated with the quest technique by analyzing titles and abstract. Findings   * 44 tests in total (75 publications).   * Inclusion of cardiac failure cases with retained expulsion.   * Definition of cardiac insufficiency with retained expulsion.   * The impact on hospital admissions of disease management programs.   * The effects on self-care of disease control programs. In relation to instances that can cause heart failure, highlight the cases which comes as a result of cardiac failure. Discussion   * Automatic intervention to minimize the risk of heart defect-referred endpoint hospital admission alone and a slight increase in HRQoL relative to standard treatment.   * Both types of research contained instructional elements, actions, or self-help to improve self-management.   * There have been statistical changes to self-care in just three of 9 self-care trials.   * This finding can be explained by program characteristics, effect mechanisms, and efficacy evidence.   * There have been no consistent app features consistently providing a positive effect on the patient meta-analysis of 20 self-management ass
Introduction Music harmony is the art of simultaneously employing pitches and chords in the enrichment of sound. The study of music harmony, therefore, entails unveiling the intricate characteristics of chords, the way they are built and the principles of their connection. Harmony is the opposite of melody since the latter is taken as the horizontal characteristic of music while the former is taken as the vertical characteristic of music. Some definitions of harmony even include the word melody such as; “Harmony is anything that accompanies the melody” (Serge, 1998, p. 1). Forms of harmony In many cases, listeners of music are unable to distinguish harmony from other components of music because it is always the intention of the composer of the harmony to hide it from them. Therefore, an explanation of the different forms of harmony may seem like theory despite their practicability. Some of the forms that harmony takes include chords. These are a combination of notes that are played together. Broken chords can also be used to achieve harmony. Broken chords in this case mean the notes in a given chord that are strategically played one after the other in order to achieve harmony. Among the most basic and the commonest harmonies in music are the triads. The major triad is a perfect example that can be used to make people understand the nature of triads. It produces a nice sound and thus it is used in major scales as the basic chord. Also usable in exemplifying triads is the minor triad which is used in a minor piece as the basic chord (Serge, 1998, p. 1). Harmonic progressions Chords are, essentially, meaningless if they do not help in making the music sound better. This fact is what necessitates the use of harmonic progressions. Harmonic progressions are created as composers of music move from chord to chord in a bid to make the music sound better and create some kind of continuity in the music. There are a myriad of harmonic progressions in music today, and more harmonic progressions are continually developed by creative artists. Cadences are one of the commonest types of progressions in music. They are utilized before sections end since they give the listener a thought-settling feeling. The two main Cadences that are widely used in the music industry are the authentic and the plagal. They have similar and simple composition and thus composers have an easy time using them. However, most composers avoid using them because they may give a listener the impression that the music is ending while it is only the section that is ending (Schneider, 2002, p. 1). Due to this concern, most composers are fond of using cadences when the entire piece of music is ending in order to have that appropriate impression at the end of the music. Inv