ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The normal structure of the digestive system can encounter alterations in various disease states. This article will focus on a case study where the patient had peptic ulcers, the diagnostic procedures and appropriate nursing interventions that could be carried out. Normal structure of the digestive system The digestive tract develops from the yolk sac. It is lined by a mucus membrane, has a muscle layer at the middle and is covered by serosa which is in contact mainly with the peritoneum. The muscular wall has an outer longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer. The mucus membrane has three layers; the epithelial layer is closest to the surface. Lamina propria is the underlying layer made up of connective tissue and the outermost is the muscularis mucosa. The mouth and the esophagus and are mainly covered by squamous non-keratinizing epithelium. The cardia lies between the esophagus and the stomach which is the most dilated part of the digestive tract. The epithelium from the stomach to the anal tract is columnar. The stomach has many secretory cells among which are gastric pits which have mucus secreting cells, peptic cells which secrete pepsin and parietal cells which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. The small intestine has crypts of Lieberkuhn which are glands, villi and microvilli. It has many neuroendocrine cells, villi and microvilli. It is divided into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The ileocecal junction is where the small intestine meets the large intestine which has some crypts with many Goblet cells. There is a change from columnar cells to squamous cells at the upper part of the anal canal (Sinnatamby, 2006, p. 257). Alterations in the Normal structure of the digestive system Alterations may be present due to congenital anomalies, neoplasia, infections, mechanical trauma or endocrinological malfunctions. The esophagus may have congenital anomalies like esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Like most other part of the digestive system, it can get diverticula. Mallory Weiss tears can occur during severe vomiting. Hiatal he
The cosmetics industry is one of the most competitive industries around the globe. This can be attributed to the increased demand of cosmetic products especially among women. As such, business organizations operating in the industry, must equip themselves with strategies aimed at giving them competitive advantage against rivals in the industry. As such, strategies crafted and executed by organizations such as Icelandic Enterprises, Inc., as well as International Cosmetics, must take advantage of opportunities created by international financial policies and the available market. Businesses must lay significant emphasis on feasible pricing policies to be able to be profitable in such a competitive and dynamic industry (Robinson et al., 2012, p.134). The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of financial reporting and changing prices, with regard to the cases of Icelandic Enterprises, Inc., and International Cosmetics Ltd. International Cosmetic’s policy of recouping its investment in Icelandic in terms of dollar, and making the dollar the functional currency of Icelandic Enterprises, enabled them to minimize the impacts of inflation and the devaluation of Icelandic Krona, amid loss of market share by the organization. This policy enabled the organization to effective handle the impacts of changing prices with regard to the organization’s monetary assets and liabilities, as well as nonmonetary items. The policies adopted by International Cosmetics also enabled the organization to maintain its income and expense accounts despite the depreciating value of Icelandic Krona against the dollar. As a result, International Cosmetics was able to maintain a rising profit level or rather earning in the 2001 and 2002 financial years (Choi, Frost, & Meek, 2002, p. 246). The decision by International Cosmetics to translate their financial reports into dollars instead of Icelandic Krona, effectively and immediately approximated the impact of the inflation and the devaluation of Icelandic Krona, on their original equity investment and the general performance of the organization. Therefore, the management of International Cosmetics was correct in stating this claim. This is because International Cosmetics’ original equity investment in Icelandic enterprises was not extensively affected by the inflation and the devaluation of the Icelandic Krona. As can be noted from both the balance sheet and the income statement, the value of the organization was much higher in terms of dollar as compared to Icelandic Krona in both 2001 and 2002 (Choi, Frost & Meek, 2002, p.246). In order for International Cosmetics to continue approximating the impact of inflation and the devaluation of the Icelandic Krona, income and expense accounts should be translated not at an average exchange rate prevailing during the year, but should be deregulated and left to freely respond to the prevailing exchange rates in the markets. This is because the prevailing exchange rates do not remain constant all the time, but are determined by var
Introduction The ongoing trade liberalization in the global economy, together with highly diminishing communication as well as transportation costs, there has resulted in a high increase of output in productivity over the past decade (David, 2000). All nations depend on the global economy for their survival and they do this by selling what they produce to obtain what they don’t or what they scarcely produce. The policy of trade involves both costs and benefits, and just like in the local market, costs and benefits are the impacts of the global economy. According to Taylor (1997), transportation is one of the major factors that affect international trade where the costs involved lower the availability of resources and the benefits increase their availability. Where transport economic impacts in trade are benefits, costs are normally reduced and where they are costs, the benefits go down and this therefore implies that costs or benefits are measured in terms of the other. The aim of this study is to look at the transportation costs that have been used in the economic analysis and the way in which they impact the global economy through trade. The major costs include vehicle costs, travel time costs and environmental costs as well as the possible benefits that may come with it (David, 2000). The study entails looking at the possible impacts of transport costs and benefits on the society through trade and evaluating their estimates in terms of policy issues affecting trade. Classification of transport costs These are based on their impacts on trade and the society in general and they may be classified according to the following attributes (Bein, 1997):  1. Internal and external attributes: These arise as a result of the distribution of products during trade. Internal impacts are the costs and benefits that directly accrue to the final consumer of the goods and services. External impacts are the benefits and costs that accrue to other parties other than the consumer and they do not directly affect the consumer’s decision during trade. The internal and external attributes add up to social costs and benefits.Variable and fixed impacts: According to Bein (1997), variable costs are directly proportional to consumption while the fixed costs are not affected by what the consumer spends. This means that unlike the fixed c
The termination process is usually a challenge for human resources managers and employees. This issue should be discussed in detail, focusing on the Roads and Transport Authority (RTA) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The purpose of this report is to discuss the approach that is followed by the RTA regarding the termination of employment. The focus is on describing specific differences between fair and unfair dismissals, explaining the importance of exit interviews, and discussing major stages in managing redundancies. Differences between Fair and Unfair Dismissals Dismissals are regarded as fair when they result from an employee’s misconduct and lack of qualifications. Furthermore, dismissals are possible or required when the employment continuation is prohibited according to the labor law or when there is a case of redundancy (“Fair and Unfair Dismissals”). Also, sufficient reasons for dismissal that are adopted in certain organizations are usually listed in contracts. While referring to the RTA’s termination policy, it is important to note that the organization lists the following reasons as appropriate for dismissal: an employee’s misconduct, the material loss because of an employee’s actions, the lack of capabilities required for the work, and the failure to perform effectively under the labor contract and agreement (“Home Page”). Unfair dismissals are associated with violating human rights. Thus, employees are unfairly terminated if they are fired because of pregnancy and parental leaves or representation and part-time work (“Fair and Unfair Dismissals”). If provided reasons are not sufficient and employees are members of a trade union, such dismissals are also unfair (Sharma 54). In the RTA, unfair dismissals are prohibited. The termination of employees is possible only if the employer and employees agree on termination conditions and the appropriate compensation is provided (“Home Page”). Importance of Exit Interviews Human resources managers use exit interviews to declare reasons for dismissal and get the employee’s feedback. From this point, these interviews are important for both parties because they provide employers and employees with information to improve their skills, practices, and approaches (Sharma 82). While referring to benefits for the employer and human resource managers, it is necessary to state that exit interviews are helpful to collect data regarding the organization’s conditions, policies, and practices to identify possible gaps in operations. Also, employees offer the evaluation of organizations’ cultures and environments (Sharma 83). As a result, focusing on the feedback of departing employees, it is possible to determine areas that need improvement. This practice also has advantages for workers. In the case of dismissal, it is important to inform employees regarding reasons for terminating employment (Sharma 53). An exit interview will provide an employee with opportunities to focus on his or her strengths and weaknesses as well as to identify the areas for further personal and professional development. From this point, an exit interview can be used as a kind of final assessment for employees
Architectural Principles According to Bleek and Hinze (2000), the architectural principles used in the design and construction of Piazza Annunziata and Palazzo della Signoria vary significantly because of the difference in the purpose for which they were intended and the designers. For instance, the final building that is known as Palazzo della Signoria, which is also referred to as the Palazzo Vecchio was successfully build after three design stages between the 13 th and 16th centuries. The main construction of the main building started at the Arnolfo’s palace next to the Loggia dei Lanzi and was later modified by Vasari, after coming to power in the late years of the 15 th century (Burckhardt 1987). Pythagoras theorem The architects who constructed the Palazzo della Signoria used different principles some of which were based on the theories of corrective thinking such as the use of ratios to communicate or share information. Some of the examples of the principles that were applied include the Pythagoras theorem and the stoical principle of internal speech. Trachtenberg (1988) argues that the principles formed the foundation of architect that was used to express the internal geometry of buildings, which changed the qualitative understanding of numbers. Typically, it was Piazza Del Duomo who designed the plan and other views that were used to build Palazzo della Signoria based on the principle of the triangulation of vision. Here, the projecting corners of the Palazzo della Signoria reinforced the oblique view of the structure, which consisted of corners that were at 90 0 subtended at 45 0 from a viewer’s side to the apex of the belfry (Nevola 2007). It is evident from the study that the visual effects created by the geometry used to design the Palazzo della Signoria were the result of medieval optics. However, it is important to conclude that there were other people who made minor contributions to the knowledge used to design the structure besides those mentioned in this study (Marina 2012). For instance, Roger bacon made contributions on how optics to measure the distance between two corners and the angular distance between corners using geometric forms, space and views that were consistent with the geometric principles of medieval optics. Ratio and views On the other hand, the Piazza Annunziata is an architectural design that provides a description of the proper use of town space for setting up buildings in public places (Horváth 2011). Here, Piazza Annunziata is a building with a small rectangular space that has a back that was used as the plan to build the house, which approximates to a perfect square. The designers used the principle of ratios to express distances as ratios, where the ratio of the short direction of the back of the piazza to the effective height was 1:3.3, and the ratio of the piazza in the long direction to the height was 1: 5.4. Ho
The progress of globalization leads not only to the development of global trade and economy but also to the discussion of global health problems which are challenging for many nations. Thus, to look at the health policy issues from the macro perspective means to discuss these issues from the national and global perspectives in the context of creating policies as a result of concentrating on the concrete health problems. From this point, the necessity to find solutions to such health problems as, for instance, obesity, smoking, and the spread of infectious diseases, which are characteristic for different nations, can cause the development of campaigns and policies oriented to health protection within the societies in order to influence and stop negative behaviors and actions. How Problems Become Policy Issues and How They Result in Creating Health Care Policies People all over the world face a lot of problems associated with their health and wellbeing. The intensive spread of infectious diseases, the increased number of persons suffering from obesity, and the spread of smoking among adults and adolescents can be discussed as significant health problems which can be considered as policy issues because these tendencies and behaviors should be ceased in order to contribute to protecting the health of nations (Barnoya & Glynn, 2012, p. 7). That is why, the authorities in many countries develop health care policies to provide the decision and solve the health issues, and they also combine their efforts to overcome health issues globally with references to creating the international health protection campaigns and programs (Longest, 2010, p. 8). The creation of health care policies is an important and influential step in changing the negative behaviors of the people within the society. Smoking as a Controversial Issue and How This Issue Resulted in the Policy’s Creation One of the most controversial issues is the problem of smoking which is characteristic for American society and for the nations globally. The problem is in the fact that cigarette smoke causes a lot of diseases, and smoking is associated with lethal danger. According to Paoletti and the group of rese
Introduction Social psychology is a scientific study of how individuals think, feel and behave in relation to other people. People behave according to their beliefs, customs and their social norms. One major perspective of human social behavior focuses on the fact people treat one another in terms of what each party expects to gain from one another. People behave differently to different situations and according to what is happening to them at that particular time. Some can behave in a strange way that it can attract the attention of other people. The victims may not realize what they are doing, whether it is not pleasing other people as they treat whatever they are doing as normal. In some other people, you may not notice anything, but on a closer look, the body language tells it all. People have different personalities and this is why they behave differently even if some could be twins who resemble each other but have totally different personality traits (Odetola, T. O. and Ademola A. 1994). Personality can be defined as:  1. What you are,  2. Individual characteristics,  3. The appearance and behavior are described as the expression aspect of personality,  4. The mask which the individual presents to the world because it forms an essential part of his/her description,  5. The impressiveness or social effectiveness i.e. the attitude of other people enable an individual to see himself/herself clearly,  6. The attitude, belief and purpose the person interprets the outer environment. Therefore personality can be defined as the individual interpretation as expressed in his/her characters or behavior, this includes the outer or expressive aspect and the inner, unifying, motivational and directional aspect. It can also be defined as the outward expression of ourselves, which may or may not be the same as our character, depending on how genuine or honest we are. Personality is developed through different criteria through hereditary, maturation and trait development and through learning and attitude (Berkowitz, A. D., 2004). Literature review   * Ideal vs. reel norms: The ideal norms refer to what the society regards as applicable in perfect circumstances while real norms are applicable in the normal day to day life. The universal norms like parenting or marriage demand a perfect situation but due to the normal difficulties associated with life, Americans find themselves living the reality and just using the ideal as a measurement of conformity. Any American will do what he or she thinks is required of a situation without considering how ideal it is because the day to day life do not offer people a chance to go for perfection in most cases, but as long as something is done right, the level of how ideal it is never cross our minds (Odetola, T. O. and Ademola A. 1994).   * Established vs. emergent norms: – The established norms refers to those rules that have been traditionally ground in the human society and therefore enjoy intergenerational transmission over the years; the emergent norms refer to those that are recently evolved by virtue of new situations, people go about their lives sharing their problems with each other and creating s
Abstract Part-time employment has been increasing very fast for the last two decades, particularly in the service sector such as hospitality. Many researchers have argued that there are many benefits associated with part-time employment for both organizations and workers. However, hospitality industry in most countries has experienced comparatively high level of staff turnover that has resulted to increased costs for businesses. The most significant factor contributing to this turnover rate is the level of organizational commitment among employees of these organizations. This paper uses data from the study of Marriott International-a five star hotel in Hong Kong to study the level of commitment among part-time and full-time employees in the hospitality industry. The study established that part-time employees were relatively less satisfied than full-time employees and had lower level of commitment. The case study used numerous methods of data collection and analysis including questionnaires, interviews, and three-dimensional Organizational Commitment Scale. The study results show that lower level of commitment among the part-time workers is the reason for increased cases of staff turnover in the hospitality industry. Introduction There are numerous definitions relating to work commitment. This is because many studies have established relations between work commitment to attitude and behaviors in the places of work (Stredwick, 2005, p. 3). According to Meyer and Allen (1997) the basis for studying work commitment is related to workers behavior and performance efficiency, attitudinal/effective and perception construct for instance job satisfaction, attribute and roles of an employee’s job and individual traits of an employee (Meyer and Allen, 1997, p. 6). Bateman and Strasser (1984) assert that work commitment is multi-dimensional in nature encompassing workers loyalty, their willingness to put more effort on behalf of the organization, sticking to values of the organization and desire to remain in the organization. They also identified commitment related attitudes and behaviors. Work commitment is nowadays considered as one of the most important and controversial element in human resource management (Riley, 2000, p. 5). According to Stredwick (2005) the subject of work commitment is mostly linked to work values, work motivation and work involvement. The problem of work commitment in relation to full-time and part-time working has not been fully explored and therefore requires detailed studying and analysis. This study aims at bridging this gap by adding some more significant information to the subject. The general and basic information on the problem of work commitment as a part of job involvement and work effectiveness is given in the study by Miller et al. (2002). The authors provide the aspects of general management theory and key principles to hospitality organizations (Miller et al.,