ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The laws of nature provide the fundamental rights based on the concept of reason. They are different from the common law, which is written and cognized legally. Natural laws are universal; hence, they affect each member of the human society. This paper provides an analysis of Hobbes’ view on natural laws, the concept of reason, and significance of coercive power. Hobbes and the Law of Nature The law of nature refers to the general analysis of flora and fauna through reason. This law supports human protection while prohibiting acts that are harmful to life. The common law refers to the stipulated legal values that are recognized through judicial processes. Contrarily, a natural law depicts values that are universally acceptable by the virtue of human reason. According to Hobbes (1994), the laws of nature are derived from reason (p. 60). In addition, the laws support activities that care for humans while denouncing those that derail human life. Hobbes further moves to highlight the existing laws of nature by providing underpinning evidences. However, the basis of Hobbes view on the laws lies in the philosophy of reason. The concept of reason is perceived as universal and essential for every natural man (Venezia, 2014). Why following Reason in the State of Nature Lead to War Through reasoning, individuals sense things consciously, establish and verify facts, and apply logic. Besides, they justify practices and institutions based on new and existing information. This state of affairs is linked to intellect, thinking, and cognition. Sachs (2013) posits that reasoning enables human beings to think about particular phenomena as right or wrong. Through reasoning, individuals seek to establish freedom and self-determination. Therefore, they can change beliefs, traditions, attitudes, and institutions among others (Cooper, 2013). In the state of nature, there are underlying values that are recognized by virtue of reason. These values form the universal laws of nature. Adherence to these laws of nature provides a safe and harmonious existence of human beings. Since reasoning seeks freedom, justification of practices, and self-determination, it is evident that these laws are subject to violations. Individuals differ in certain areas when justice is denied. Through reason, individual seek to change beliefs and values to satisfy their interests (Cooper, 2013). The First, Second, and Third Laws of Nature and their Relationship The first three laws of nature provide an autonomous and harmonious co-existing platform for man. They form a framework for the other laws of nature. According to Hobbes (1994), the rule of reason states “every man, ought to endeavor peace, as
Modern technology in the field of science has yet again proved to be vital in investigating crimes. The discoveries that have been made over the years about the components of blood are now being widely used by the police to ascertain the individual that may be responsible for involvement in a crime. Such investigations are important in cases that involve murder and rape. Following such laboratory tests, many cases have had to be dismissed due to the fact that the suspected victims that were presented were proved to be innocent with the completion of the tests. The main shortcoming of this investigation is that, it is not possible to prove the guilty and only the innocent are eliminated. Forensic serology is a study of the body fluids like blood and saliva for criminal investigations. Such investigations are usually done in cases that involve murder and rape to determine the exact criminal. Compared to other investigatory measures that may be used, body fluids will provide concrete evidence of the assailant. This is due to the fact that, body fluids differ from one individual to another. The use of forensic serology to investigate crime victims became of importance after it was discovered that, many innocent victims were prosecuted for the crimes they were not guilty of. Dr. Karl Land Steiner was awarded in 1930 following his investigation that human blood could be divided into four major types. This groups are; O, A, B and AB (Stuart, 2005). As much as it is not easy to determine if certain blood came from a particular individual, it is possible to recognize that, a certain blood sample did not come from a certain person. To enhance such investigations, new antibodies have been discovered in the blood. In these discoveries, it was found out that, an antigen named Kell is found among the white population while the Duffy antigen is absent. It has been possible to distinguish between human bloods from that of other animals. Human blood can also be investigated to determine the gender and age of the victim. In carrying out investigations, the shape and pattern of the blood assist in determining the circumstances of the murder. Other evidences to ascertain the assailant include; dried blood stains on the clothes of the suspect, the scene of the crime, the weapons used an
Introduction Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the world’s largest motor vehicle manufacturing corporation. Headquartered in Aichi, Japan, the company’s ‘Toyota’ automobile models are quite popular in nearly all regions of the world due to their comparatively cheap prices and fuel efficiency. As an international corporation headquartered in Japan, the corporation off shores much of its production activities, and procures cheap labor from various countries outside Japan. Off shoring enables companies to reduce operation costs and thus maximize on profit (Meredith & Shaffer, 2007, p.136). The Toyota Motor Company has several divisions in the US involved in production, assembly, and sale of Toyota automobiles. In late 2009 and the early months of 2010, Toyota Motor Company began a worldwide recall of its vehicles, many of which were found to have faulty accelerator pedals. The pedals malfunctioned upon increased application of pressure, leading to accidents which had, by the time of the recall, killed nearly one hundred persons. In the US, the death figure was about 60. Toyota Motor Corporation ignored early complaints of problems with the floor mats, accelerator, and brake pedals in some of its models. The subsequent reluctance to alert its clients of the stated defects in its vehicles publicly, and denial of the existence of the same defects make Toyota Motor Corporation culpable, and the ensuing product liability lawsuits against the corporation are well justified. Background to the Product Liability Lawsuit Complaints against the faulty accelerator pedals had been made as early as the year 2006. Further complaints from Toyota vehicle owners focused on the floor mats, which seemed to attach to the accelerator pedals, and when this occurred when a driver was in high speed, the driver easily lost control of the vehicle. Additionally, during high speeds, when a driver applied the breaks the vehicle increased its speed, leading to loss of control and accidents, therefore, even the break pads themselves were faulty in these vehicles. Toyota Motor Company as a corporate entity had always been a model company insofar as quality production, employee satisfaction, and customer service were concerned. According to Liker, Toyota’s corporate management style was one of the best in the world, and had always been used as the best example in running successful and sustainable corporations (2010, p.30). However, in 2001, Toyota Motor Corporation’s resolution of increasing its global market share by nearly 20% – thereby making it the world’s largest automaker in terms of units produced and sold – began to erode the corporation’s quality commitments. Toyota Motor Corporation had always had a post for a vice president in charge of worldwide quality production. However, due to the drive to increase sales, this office got engaged in sales increase as opposed to its core business, leading to the decline in quality that led to the production of the vehicle models with the defective floor mats, accelerator and brake pedals. The Product Liability Lawsuit The Product Liability Lawsuit against Toyota for the above stated product deficiencies and n
Introduction Instagram is an application online social network founded in 2010 and focuses on sharing information amongst individuals. The application allows users both to follow and to be followed making it more distinctive from other apps. The Instagram has experienced rising popularity within the current market making Face book Inc. to invest more of its capital for instagram in the social media company’s biggest purchase. The site boasts of increased number of users approximately five million users per week. Instagram provides easier means to upload pictures hence attracting over fifty million users since its inception. Other competitors within the market include Picnik which was Google Inc.’s own photo-editing tool. However, Picnik did not last long within the market hence suiting down in mid 2010. This has made instagram to outstand within the market with good positioning based on its tremendous valuation. The other internet applications with the same technology as instagram include Pixlr, Snapsed, Picplz, Streamzoo, Picmonkey and Camera+. These applications provide users with the opportunity to take photographs using Smartphone and tweak colors hence making it easier to post them on social network such as Facebok and Twitter (Keller and Berry, 2006). Such applic
The general partnership Having identified the supply gap in the new type of bread in Australia, Sam and his partner George have a chance to create the demand for the product, and potentially become the sole producers of the unique product. It is divine for the two business persons to go into a partnership business structure (SBA, 2014). A partnership would be the best business structure for their new bakery because each of the partners has unique assets required by the new business. While George has available cash to start up the business, Sam has ample knowledge and skills in accounting, which will come in handy in budgeting for the business and keeping track of the financial performance of the business. The experience gathered by George in working at a bakery will also come in handy in the management of the production process. George and Sam have a better chance of succeeding if they engage in a partnership business. A general partnership would work for the new bakery. This business structure entails two people co-owning a business developed to generate profits. In this business structure, both parties involved have to bring assets to the table before the business can start. Assets include capital, intellectual property, and material assets for the business. George and Sam are in a perfect position to execute a general partnership because they need each other to implement their business idea. The two business persons complement each other’s strengths and weaknesses, and together they have the ability to make a strong foundation for their new business. In general partnerships, the partners normally build their business without any formal partnership agreement (Spadaccini, 2009). The partnership is normally sealed through a handshake because they usually involve close friends. It is also possible to have a signed agreement between business partners for responsibility purposes. George and Sam should write an agreement and sign it in the presence of an attorney to ensure that there are terms involved in their partnerships (SBA, 2014). As it appears, their new businesses will have to be managed by both partners, and they must have ground rules on their individual responsibilities in the company. A written agreement in the general partnerships will also attract a professional atmosphere between the partners, and this will provide George and Sam with a platform away from their friendship. Advantages and disadvantage of a general partnership A general partnership structure in business eliminates the need for lengthy legal paperwork prior to the starting of a business. It saves partners the time required to pursue an agreement signing, and the cost of hiring an attorney to review the agreement. The entire process avoids hectic formalities. The main disadvantage of this business structure is that both parties in the general partne
The size and magnitude of America’s problems are on a level only a few nations have experienced. Most people are oblivious to the observable symptoms of such an emerging crisis. While America consistently tends to thrive in its superpower imagery, America is now classified as a second-grade company. Unfortunately, America no longer produces to meet its needs and sustain them. They import more than they produce and rely on asset selling, and taking up a high level of debt financing to fuel and maintain the current standards of living. Unfortunately, this was the way America became a superpower and may be the means of losing its status. As the world takes notice of such a deficiency in the American economy, competitors have devised a plan to make America completely dependent on foreign goods, innovation, and means of financing. This is resulting in forgone self-sufficiency, leverage in affairs as well as national security. Americans are also unable to identify the discriminating trade practices against them, which are undermining the local industries. And in turn, Americans design products to sell in third-world countries like Mexico and China. (King 167-172) Economic experienced by the US have been of different forms and magnitudes and served to be one of its worst nightmares. Though the USA provided much focus on the prevalent task environment, the mega environment proved to me the dreaded Achilles heel of their plan. The crux of the strategy lies in the concentration of obvious elements like inflation rates, interest rates, and the business cycle. America found out the hard way that today’s successful strategy can turn out to be lethal for tomorrow if conditions are in constant flux. This is usually the reason for failing corporations in a recession. American industries failed to recognize the strategic flaws, for example, determining the life cycle of products ad services as well as determining their environment. The main mistake was committing and concentrating on short-term profit-maximizing policies, which highly concentrate on price cuts and firing workers etc., the repercussions of such downturns can be drastic. This can be a countries worst nightmare, even a superpower like America’s in this age of globalization where the remoteness of markets is reduced. The effect of a market slowdown will invariably affect other markers with similar trends. The seriousness of such an impact depends on many things like the time lag and how well connected two separate economies are. For example, we see that in Indian software houses, a recession in the American market causes a drastic effect as these Indian firms are highly dependent on US markets for-profits, whereas the steel industry might not be affected at all. It will be fitting to point out that recessions and downturns affect all aspects of management of the business, financial, human resources, and marketing. (Hitt 156-164) Mergers and acquisitions play an empirical role in economic proceedings. In a usu
Summary The chosen dissertation is titled “The use of social media tools in the classroom: Perceptions among community college students,” and it was written by Shivochie L. Dinkins in 2018. The purpose of the study was to examine the perceptions of community college students in Mississippi about the use and effects of social media. The study involved 201 undergraduate students from a large community college, and the author used convenience sampling to recruit participants for the study. The research addressed the following research questions (Dinkins, 2018, p. 52):  1. To what extent do students use social media and social networking sites?  2. What is the relationship, if any, between the use of social media and social networking sites by select student demographics?  3. What is the relationship, if any, between the effects of using social media and social networking sites by select demographics?  4. What are the perceptions of community college students about the effects of the use of social media and social networking sites on their active learning skills? A descriptive quantitative design was used to address each of these questions, with a survey as the primary method of data collection. The survey was a modified version of the social Social Media Updates Survey created by Pew Research Center, an independent research group located in the United States. The author modified some of the questions to fit the goals of the study, so the final survey included 16 statements rated by participants based on the Likert Scale. After data from the participants was collected, the researcher used statistical tools to analyze it. Descriptive statistics, the Chi-Square test, and frequency analysis were used to produce quantitative results. The findings revealed that most students prefer using Facebook, that the use of social networking sites was more important to participants aged 25 and above, and that students’ general perceptions of social media use for learning were positive. Dinkins reports that “41.3% of the respondents agreed to social networking sites help them academically in getting educational materials for assignments or projects in class and 48.8% agreed that social networking sites are an effective tool for e-learning” (p. 96). Based on the information provided by the study, social media can be used to enhance learning and improve students’ engagement. The study is relevant to my dissertation project because the topics and some research questions are comparable. Hence, it would be useful to learn more about Dinkins’ (2018) methodology to understand its limitations and avoid them in my research. Critique Definitions of Terms and Concepts In the introductory section of the dissertation, the author provides definitions of key terms and concepts to be applied in the research. The items discussed include theoretical ideas, such as involvement, technical terms, such as Web 2.0 and social networking sites, and names of specific formats or websites used in
Introduction Tourism is one of the largest contributors of economic growth in the world. This sector plays a crucial role in the development of economies by providing employment opportunities to millions of people and creating new jobs. There exist various types of tourism, which fulfil the differing needs of leisure travellers. A relatively new form of tourism is “voluntourism”, which is characterised by tour operators organising for tourists to visit disadvantaged communities in the destination country. Over the past decade, the frequency of this form of tourism has increased. Guiney observes that tourism has diversified greatly over the past 3 decades and people have shown an interest in alternative options of tourism (10). Voluntourism and its various subsets have therefore emerged and thrived over the past few decades. Questions have been raised concerning the ethical soundness of this form of tourism. In essence, it entails tour operators profiting from showcasing poverty and depravation to the tourists. This paper will argue that tourism operators deserve to profit from organising tours to slums, orphanages and refugee sites since their efforts ensure the sustainability of these visits, which have an overall positive impact on the lives of the poor in the destination locations. Defining poverty and volunteer tourism The common feature in all kinds of tourism is the traveling to foreign destinations for leisure purposes. Poverty tourism and voluntourism are two subsets of tourism that involve transforming orphanages, slums, and refugee centres into tourist attractions. Poverty tourism involves tourists visiting impoverished urban areas such as slums and observing the lives of the inhabitants of these places. Other disadvantaged groups such as street children also form part of the attraction for poverty tourism. The tourists are shown what life is like for the most deprived inhabitants of urban areas in developing nations. Voluntourism is the term used to refer to volunteer-tourism and it combines leisure travel with some voluntary activities undertaken by the travellers at destination sites. Connors asserts that voluntourism entails the “utilisation of discretionary time and income to go out of the regular sphere of activity to assist others in need” (56). The voluntourists pay the tour operators to travel and visit the communities in developing countries where they can engage in volunteer work. It is broadly acknowledged that the number of volunteer and social tourists has risen and is rising globally (Butcher and Smith 29). This rising popularity is attributed to an increase in the number of people showing an interest in alternative options of tourism over the past 3 decades. Tours to slums, orphanages, and refugee sites all make up a part of poverty tourism and/or voluntourism. In orphanage tourism, tourists from mostly developed nations visit
Executive Summary The primary goal of this paper is to develop a detailed start-up business for the Michael Jackson festival with the assistance of the business model canvas. Each constituent of the framework is designed based on the literature review, case study, or questionnaires. Discussing each segment in detail helped in understanding the decision-making process and the reasons for including particular elements in the framework. It was revealed that organizing a colorful event with different activities such as various contests and competitions will be of interest not only to fans but also to other individuals. Using s
Religious Group: Jehovah’s Witnesses Jehovah’s Witnesses belong to the Christian movement, but their beliefs differ from the ideals of the mainstream Christianity. Charles Taze Russell founded this religious group during the end of the 19 th century, and he proclaimed the main principles of the movement. Thus, Jehovah’s Witnesses differ from the other religious groups in rejecting the concept of Trinity and hell, in discussing Christ as one of God’s sons but not as God’s Person, in rejecting Christian holidays, in following the norms of morality strictly, and in using the unique interpretation of the Bible based on the different translation. These principles are reflected in doctrines developed by the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses in New York (Holden 21-24). The differences in beliefs and values led to the open opposition between Jehovah’s Witnesses and the representatives of the other Christian movements. Moreover, the opposition in views with the political authorities, following other religious movements, often leads to limiting the activities of Jehovah’s Witnesses at the social level. However, in spite of being discussed as a cult, Jehovah’s Witnesses movement contributed to the development of the American society because millions of Americans identify themselves as adherents to the denomination. Furthermore, Jehovah’s Witnesses are inclined to live focusing on their community without contacting much with the representatives of the other religious groups. As a result, Jehovah’s Witnesses form the developed community of professionals in all the spheres which develop strong connections within the community and follow the ideals of the moral society. Nevertheless, Jehovah’s Witnesses experience a lot of discrimination within the American society. Thus, people are prejudiced in relation to the preachers, adherents who state the closeness of Armageddon, and acquaintances who do not celebrate holidays because of their visions. The sources of the social prejudice and discrimination are in non-accepting the tradition of door-to-door preaching, Jehovah’s Witnesses’ position as the followers of God’s truth, and in their rejecting such civil duties as military services (Holden 56-59). Still, focusing on Jehovah’s Witnesses beliefs in Armageddon, i