ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Pain is the unpleasant feeling experienced by an individual’s emotions or senses as a result of tissue damage. Pain is experienced in either acute form which is commonly encountered by most patients who seek help or chronic form which persists for a longer period of time despite being treated. Pain can be managed through a number of ways among them being psychological means. Pain management through psychology can further be divided in the various fields of psychology namely educational, social and health where each field has its own technique of dealing with pain management. Among the variety of pain experiences encountered by human beings include pain from the disease of sickle cell, pain encountered after and before receiving surgery and back pain. (Kaslow, 2000) Sickle Cell Pain Management The management of pain experienced by patients of sickle cell has received extensive contributions from behavioral scientists. Management of pain from sickle cell gives best results when undertaken through a psychological approach, where various interventions are combined among them being relaxation therapy, cognitive interventions, biofeedback and behavioral interventions. A study was carried out to test the effectiveness of these interventions with the study population comprised of both adults and children although there are differences in the level of pain encountered by the two types of patients. Subjective findings argued that, the process of pain management should be initiated by an accurate assessment of the both adult and children. Adult patients were assessed using a different pain questionnaire from the one administered during children patients’ assessment. The pain questionnaires measured various levels of pain among them being chronic, recurrent and acute pain. Other pain measurements covered by the specific pain questionnaires were pain intensity and pain perception in terms of sensory as well as affective qualities. Subjective findings also recommended that, assessments of pain from sickle cell should be carried out through diagnostic interviews where a patient’s family history is provided. The diagnostic interview also addressed disease symptoms, previous pain treatments that have been given to the patient and situations of social environment which are likely to influence perception of pain. Other than subjective findings, there were objective ones suggesting that, pain from sickle cell is managed through a medical diagnosis which should be performed thoroughly including both laboratory and physical examinations. Treatment of both children as well as adult patients of pain from sic
Gitlow Versus New York Background The case focused on the actions of Benjamin Gitlow when he published a 1919 manifesto in the newspaper “The Revolutionary Age” which was then a widely circulated publication (Lendler 14). Due to the contents of the manifesto which the government determined as being “subversive”, he was subsequently arrested under the charge of inciting criminal anarchy. At the time Gitlow was part of the Socialist Party of America and there were numerous instances where members of the local communist or socialist party were arrested due to similar subversive acts. The point of contention, in this case, is whether local state statutes can be considered as a violation of first amendment rights when it comes to the arrest of an individual who is merely expressing his own opinion. Decision The decision of the court in the case of Gitlow versus New York is that it supported the arrested due to the subversive nature of the text that was published. While it is true that a state cannot outright prohibit freedom of speech, there are exceptions to this such as in cases that involve a threat to the stability of the state (Vile 1716). Due to the nature of the manifesto, it was considered as a threat and thus Gitlow’s first amendment rights were not applicable. Long Term Effect The long term impact of this ruling limits the capacity of citizens within the U.S. to post, distribute or otherwise publish anti-government rhetoric that can be considered as being malicious or destabilizing towards the state (Heyman 1). However, what can be deemed under such a category is quite broad and thus can be abused. Schenck Versus U.S.A Background Schenck versus the U.S.A can be described as a case that showcases the “situational” nature of the application of particular rights. Charles Schenck was arrested based on his actions of distributing leaflets to discourage young men from enlisting during the draft of the first World War (Healy 36). This was considered a criminal act since it encouraged young men to violate the draft which was also a criminal offense. Decision Ordinarily, the actions of Schenck could be construed as being protected under this 1st Amendment Right of freedom of speech. However, there were several particulars to this case that were pointed out by the judge that supported the continued incarceration of Schenck. The first is that the 1st Amendment is not an absolute right in that it enables a person to publish whatever they want without consequence. It is still subject to legal limitations based on the circumstances involv
World War 2 To comprehend the events that took place in Germany during Hitler’s era, it is prudent to analyze the geo-political climate of Europe. The changes in the international system in Europe caused the two world wars. European leaders took advantage of the situation since the international system changed from its previous status to the modern form that emphasized on the formation of alliances. Before the World Wars, European politics was characterized by the balance of power. The major powers respected each other since they were all assured of mutual destruction. In this case, it can be observed that the international system was multi-polar since France, Britain, Germany and Russia were all powerful. The states cooperated on mutual basis since there was no need of solving conflicts through war. Hitler took advantage of the European politics to consolidate support and create a totalitarian government that would later lead Germany to fight a deadly war. During the First World War, the central powers were led by Germany while the allied powers included Britain, Russia and France. Italy joined the war on Germany’s side mainly because they had similar ideologies (Mueller 1973, p. 64). The multi-polar international system continued to support the actions of leaders such as Hitler, even after the First World War Western powers allowed Germany to ream itself due to the fears posed by the international system. Britain was weary of Russia and France. In other words, the international system allowed real politicking where states were simply concerned about the national interests. Britain feared that France would embark on its mission of domination just the way it did during the Napoleonic era. In this case, Britain embraced Germany and appreciated it as a development partner in the international system. This gave Germany an advantage and encouraged Hitler to consolidate power around him. The unfolding events in Russia gave Hitler a chance to form a totalitarian regime in Germany. France and Britain were forced to tolerate Hitler’s governance style due to the Lenin’s Bolsheviks acquisition of power in 1918 (Browning 1998, p. 11). The communist ideology and the strength of the Russian military posed a threat to other actors in Europe. Britain and France were therefore forced to allow Germany to revitalize its army. In this case, armed Germany would serve as s rampart against the Red Menace. Furthermore, the grotesqueness of the First World War presented Hitler with an opportunity to revamp the military. Britain and France had encountered many casualties since the young generation was affected greatly. When Hitler t
Introduction The figures below show correlation results between cases of asthma admission and environmental variables in Abu Dhabi’s 12 government hospitals between June 1 st , 2011, and May 31 st , 2013. The correlation shows the results after removing data from July and August. It is shown that the number of patients decreases during the summer. The decrease is attributed to the fact that most people travel during this period [1]. That is why the two months have been excluded. A scientific comparison is made between the previous correlation (before exclusion of July and August) and after removing them. Analysis of Data Humidex (Temperature and Humidity) The data for this section was sourced from SEHA. Temperature Figure 1. Correlation between the effect of temperature and asthma admission cases in Abu Dhabi. Linear Correlation = – 0.4069 P Value = 4.2656e-18 (< 0.05) From the graph above, it is seen that there is a negative correlation between change in temperatures and the number of admission cases recorded in Abu Dhabi. As such, the increase in temperature does not result in a rise in the number of hospitalization cases. On the contrary, higher cases are reported during cold weather [2]. In this case, a large proportion of the population is reported to come down with asthma during the winter season. As observed from the graph, the largest number of persons suffering from the medical condition is recorded at temperatures slightly below 15 0 C. At the time, over 330 persons were reported to have been suffering from the condition. The results of July and August are excl
Introduction Ethnic and cultural diversity is crucial in an organization’s general performance, such as promoting competitiveness and enhancing public relations. In most cases organizations that practice variety in their human resources reflect ethnic inclusivity, presenting various backgrounds and enhancing different experiences. Organizational strategies involving ethnic diversity aim at increasing the number of minority ethnic groups while ensuring inclusivity to avoid racial discrimination. This essay will explore and evaluate several corporate strategies for improving racial inclusiveness and participation in a company, with an emphasis on Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Whites, and Native Americans. Inclusion Programs A good inclusion strategy should not only hire individuals from different backgrounds but also maintain the minority populations in the organization. Inclusion programs promote employee interactions and relationships regardless of age, gender, or racial background (Bernstein et al., 2020). For example, providing recreational sessions that allow different employees to showcase their talents and skills simultaneously promotes inclusivity and gaining new experiences from learning the other exhibition of skills. Moreover, creating inclusivity programs helps identify different talents and abilities of minority populations which helps in task allocation in the various organizational departments (McCallaghan et al., 2019). Inclusivity programs effectively enhance racial diversity and inclusion because in the programs all employees participate in the activities. On the other hand, some majority groups may show hostility and dominance during the recreation programs leading to intimidation in delivering a minority population’s full potential in the recreational activities. The inclusion program is effective when more individuals from the minority population participate freely and equally in group activities and work-related projects. Leadership Accountability Leaders play a significant role in ensuring the smooth running of an organization internally and externally. While inclusivity programs create opportunities for racial interactions, leaders have to observe the effect of the programs in promoting inclusivity. Leaders can plan, execute, and monitor racial interaction programs (Bernstein et al., 2020). By tracking the progress, leaders can obtain the most effective methods to promote inclusivity, enabling the organization to apply them to accomplish the inclusivity mission. Thus, by monitoring the racial interaction progress, leaders gain insight into the challenges hindering inclusivity, which helps find solutions to create a comfortable organizational atmosphere that embraces racial diversity. To ensure accountability, all leaders need to provide timely results of the progr
Introduction Sociology of religion refers to the study of cultural beliefs, practices, and forms of organizations. Sociologists study religion through some of the established tools and methods. Some scholars employ quantitative research while others choose qualitative designs in studying how religion affects human behavior. In particular, the census system, content analysis, demography, and sampling are some of the methods employed under quantitative designs. On the other hand, observation, the use of interviews, comparative analysis, and application of historical methods are some of the techniques employed in qualitative designs. In the study of religion, many issues arise, but the most fascinating ones include theoretical explanations of religion and the major features of religion. Therefore, this article will discuss the views of various theorists on religion, as well as the major features of religion. Views of Various Theorists Emile Durkheim was the first theorist to make use of religion in comprehending human behavior. He undertook a study among Catholics and Protestants to ascertain the rates of suicide. The study was a milestone in the academic circles because it distinguished sociology from other disciplines such as psychology. Durkheim carried out a methodical study of religion in society by employing a positivist approach (Johnstone 9). He was mainly interested in identifying the forces that hold individuals together in the modern society. Durkheim established that religion is indeed the major unifying factor in society. In one of his works, he established that religion is not imaginary, as many would think. In his study, he noted that religion is existent because it affects human behavior in a number of ways. Religion brings out the realities of society. This would imply that each society has its own form of religion. A supernatural power exists in society, which controls human life. The supernatural power is too strong to an extent of forcing individuals to come together to define it. In this case, Durkheim noted that religion is the expression of collective consciousness, which is the synthesis of individual awareness. This consciousness translates to a certain form of reality. To Durkheim, simple societies, such as the Australian Aborigines, have simple religious structures, which are simply associated with particular clans and families. However, complex societies have advanced religious structures that tend to embrace universalism. In the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Max Weber offered an alternative explanation of religion. To Weber, religion is a perfect answer to human necessity for theodicy. He noted that human beings are troubled by the fact that some forces cannot be controlled through human efforts. In this case, human beings try to resolve issues affecting them through the worship of the supernatural. In particular, individuals are troubled with the idea that some people might suffer for long before they succeed
Introduction In the modern world, the media shapes the way individuals view public affairs, threats, and international politics. Fundamentally, media coverage of a particular crisis or an issue can influence the situation just as governmental decisions or activists’ actions. Thus, the overarching power of the modern media can determine not only how people view the issue, but also how the scenario unfolds. Speculations and bias are as common and widespread in media coverage as a truthful narration of events, if not more prominent. Therefore, a modern information consumer has to critically evaluate the knowledge that articles and reports disseminate to the population. However, for a media expert, a more in-depth examination of the media piece can provide more insight into how the readers are affected. This essay will examine whether media has a significant influence on individuals’ perceptions and uncover some hidden bias by exploring the article on COVID-19 coverage via discourse and framing strategies application. History of the Media Analysis In western culture, the affirmation of postmodernist interpretation of truth has activated a new era for media. Although the development of the field began recently, its first manifestations can be traced to the middle of the eighteenth century, when the first media monitoring canter was founded in London by a newsagent named Romeike (Kaulback, 2016). The further growth of media analysis can be seen in the transition from individual media analysts’ practice to agencies, corporations, and governments who predominantly perform media analysis nowadays (Kaulback, 2016). Media analysis is crucial to ensure the unity of understanding of the particular issue. General opinions regarding the interpretation of what media analysis means seem equivalent and conforming. From this perspective, media analysis can be defined as thinking critically about the impact of media on the distribution of power in society, nature, agendas of media powers, and social knowledge (Stocchetti and Kukkonen, 2011). The importance of media analysis appears evident as it is aimed at revealing the strategies and tools intended to manipulate public opinion and, consequently, influence the socio-political situation in a country. According to Hua et al. (2018), media analysis is one of the constituents of the broader notion of media literacy, which, in the contemporary world, is an essential competency for content consumers. Hua et al. (2018, p. 371) state that “as an audience, it is not complete acceptance of information, but a process of “processing” information, from selective acceptance to information judgment to information adoption and information dissemination.” Hence, media analysis and media literacy are two interrelated processes, where the first one leads to the acquisition of the second. The practice of critical evaluation of media by the general public is an outcome that
Research Rationale Library sciences are an interesting branch of study from an academic point of view. This student endeavors to understand the applications of myriad research principles from a knowledgeable expert in this field. Dr. Marson is someone with over 24 years experience in various capacities in the given subject (ECU Website, 2008) and has had extensive opportunity to apply her knowledge in a constructive manner. Aims/Objectives and main topics In this interview report, the student presents a description of research activities pursued by Dr. Marson, a fixed term faculty at the ECU Department of Library Sciences. The aim of preparing this report is to complement the student’s own research interests in library science (as explained in rationale above). On a specific note, the report will allow an elaborate understanding of issues connected with original research work in the field of library sciences, a subject of core interest for the student. The findings of this study are discussed in report summary. In order to receive this information, the student conducts an interview (see Appendix VIII) addressing the following topics in future research activities:  1. Challenge of providing library services with shrinking resources; doing more with improvement of programs, services, and collections. Learning about resource utilization is an important feature of library sciences, especially from research point of view.  2. Benchmarking as a means to achieve outcomes; the library’s use of benchmarking and the results, problems, opportunities, etc. All librarians are required to adopt standardized methods to overcome the problems arising due to library resource utilization.  3. Changing role of the librarian from collection development specialists to specialists who develop pathfinder guides (subject, topic) to harness the Internet’s potential for unstructured free-form information in all its aspects. The task of streamlining library resources towards optimum utilization by
Introduction The medical profession is infused with too much dilemma when it comes to whether insisting the right to treat a patient when he or she refuses to undergo it. Professional medical practitioners must attend to the ethical responsibilities and conflicts they may experience as a result of their unique relationships in professional practice. Due to the advances in medical and reproductive technology, clients’ rights, social and legal changes, the medical profession had constructed ethical standards that define their appropriate actions in times of dilemmas. This is why medical practitioners need to be able to apply ethical principles in decision making and consider their own values and beliefs and the values and beliefs of clients, of the profession, and of all other concerned parties. As professionals, they have a responsibility to protect the rights of clients by acting as client advocates. In general, this advocacy derives from the ethical principles of beneficence (the duty to do good) and nonmaleficence (the duty to do no harm) (Davenport, 1997). Discussion When a patient refuses treatment, the medical practitioners generally maintain that if the patient does not want treatment, physicians do not have a duty to start it. Yet, once treatment is started, physicians have a duty to continue it if discontinuing it would lead to the patient’s death. They are not required to force a patient to go on a respirator if the patient refuses, but once the patient has gone on the respirator, doctors have a duty to keep him on it, even contrary to the patient’s wishes, if taking him off would result in his death. Suffice it here to point out one important limit: a doctor is not ethically bound to assist a refusal of treatment which is suicidal, that is, made not because the treatment is futile or excessively burdensome but in order to hasten death (Keown, 2002, p. 253). For example, patient-assisted suicide remains to be a debated issue in the medical world. Although there are those states where it is not a crime, some have intervened in these cases to order life-sustaining treatment in the face of objection by a competent adult. The most widely cited case in which this was done is John F. Kennedy Memorial Hospital v. Heston (1971), where a twenty-two-year-old unmarried woman refused a blood transfusion because she was a Jehovah’s Witness. She was forced to have one anyway on the theory that there is no difference between passively submitting to death and actively seeking it. The state regards both as attempts at self-destruction and may prevent them. Since this case, however, the trend of cases has been away from this reasoning and toward subordinating the state’s interest in the prevention of suicide to the rights of patients to forgo or have withdrawn life-sustaining treatment (Berger 1995, p. 20). Myrtle (2004) mentioned that there is what we call an “advanced directive”, which asserts an individual’s right to accept or refuse treatment and gives direction to relatives, friends, an