ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Transportation has always been regarded as a crucial component of global commerce. For centuries, transportation managers and engineers had to use inefficient and expensive methods of transporting goods from one location to the other. This changed in the mid 1950s when the concept of modern containerisation was successfully implemented by an American entrepreneur. Since then, containerisation has led to a revolutionary change in the history of shipping technologies. For these reasons, containerisation is hailed by many as the most significant and influential development in international transportation in modern times. This paper will set out to highlight the influences of containerisation with emphasis on the advantages that it has brought to trade. The paper will begin by providing a brief history of containerisation and its development over the years. Origins and Development of Containerisation While there is no standard definition of containerisation, most definitions embody the idea of efficiency and the use of standard sized containers to carry goods. Strom (1972) defines containerisation as the idea of placing goods in relatively large box containers common to all modes of transportation and therefore increasing the ease of handling between origin and final destination. Containerisation can trace its origins to the 1800’s when large ship operators used containers to protect cargo from seawater and the weather. Some railroad operators also offered services where wagons could be moved without transferring their contents (Lan & Unhelkar 2006). However, these services were scattered and irregular in nature and eventually they were discontinued. During the 1920s and 1930s, the New York Central and Pennsylvanian railroads offered a container service for their cargo clients but problems led to the services being discontinued. The American trucking entrepreneur Malcolm McLean is credited with starting modern containerisation in the United States in 1956 (Wood, Barone & Wardlo 2002). This innovative entrepreneur hoped to increase the efficiency of his transportation business by moving
Abstract Managerial accounting is a key organizational activity that defines the quality of financial information and serves as a basis for the formulation and implementation of the strategic goals of a company. Rapidly changing conditions of the business environment and the need to analyze a large amount and scope of data have led to the transformation of the traditional managerial accounting frameworks. Many managerial accounting tools have been developed and gradually adopted by major players in their fields in order to respond to the changing demands of the market. The purpose of the research proposal is to outline a research project that will assess the prevalence of managerial accounting tools and methods used in the UAE telecommunications sector in order to determine the preferred approach to accounting in the country’s organizations. To achieve this aim, a series of open-ended, unstructured interviews will be conducted with experienced managers from management accounting divisions of leading telecommunications companies of the UAE: Etisalat and du. The expected outcomes of the research project are to analyze the existing tools and methods used by managerial accountants of the UAE telecommunications sector and determine the most frequently used approaches to managerial accounting. The researcher expects that ABC and ABM are the managerial accounting tools of choice for the telecommunications sector of the country. Introduction The last several decades saw a major shift in consumer preferences resulting in the increase of the amount and scope of data that must be produced and processed by management accounting. Therefore, these changes have affected not only companies’ manufacturing processes but also led to the transformation of management accounting strategies in order to accommodate the increased complexity of economic relations (Yalcin, 2012). Financial activities of the companies engaged in the production of goods and services have become even more complicated as globalization has facilitated the creation of complex supply chains and a full-scale expansion of capital across national borders. The increase in the amount and scope of accounting information has forced many companies to adopt new accounting practices in order to better manage their cost and in a new, competitive environment. As a result, strategic management, strategic management accounting, and strategic cost management, among others, have emerged. Furthermore, in an attempt to retain and strengthen their competitive edge, big and medium-sized companies have started adopting new management accounting practices that include, but are not limited, to “planning and budgeting, costing systems, performance evaluation, decision-ma
Introduction Depression is a psychological pain and affects everyone from children to the elderly. According to Stuart, (2006), depression normally occurs among individuals as a result of disruptions in significant relationships. As a result, the individual may lose social support, leaving him or her vulnerable to depression. According to Long (1998), severe depressive illness is even worse than physical illness. Depressive illness may lead to most premature deaths and disability in the future, particularly in the Western world where depression has even been seen to result in suicide-related deaths (Long, 1998). Depressive disorders include unipolar depression, chronic and mild depression, and bipolar depression. All these impact significantly on the functioning and adjustment of behavior among the adolescents. It is important to note that adolescence is a critical stage of development in an individual since it is characterized by various psychological, emotional, social and physical changes. As a result of depressive disorders adolescents are at a higher risk of being diagnosed with psychosocial and mental illnesses. According to Dorta, Gallagher, Mufson and Young (2004), the most commonly diagnosed disorder in the adolescents is depression with a prevalence rate of up to 8.9%, particularly for adolescents of 18 years and below. These disorders in adolescents increase their chances for committing suicide and substance abuse. Signs of depressive disorders in the adolescents include mood swings, social isolations, drug abuse, anxiety, and defiant behavior and may sometimes talk about committing suicide. These depressive disorders can be treated by applying various therapeutic methods which may include interpersonal therapy, family solution focused therapy among many others. Long (1998) regards interpersonal therapy as a form of psychotherapy in which a therapis
Introduction Security management is unique among all peacetime disciplines for being the only one in which the critical performance measure is a non-event: processes, people, property, and product in storage or transit proceed as expected and are unimpeded. Success on the job is often overlooked because no obstructive or destructive events impede organizational performance towards its goals. Conversely, just one breach into the data center or one case of theft reveals vulnerability and destroys confidence in all policies and procedures so assiduously put in place. Organizations grow complacent when they are secure but a single breach of ethics puts disproportionate blame on the shoulders of security managers. Not surprisingly, institutional paranoia is a way of life for security managers. On whatever scale an organization operates – from small mom-and-pop enterprises to multinationals operating globally and 24/7 – security management takes on the strategy and multi-threat defenses of a U.S. Army outpost in the middle of Sadr city in Iraq. There are hostiles on all sides and static defense just does not cut it when rockets and mortar shells begin flying. There are multiple benefits to proper contingency planning in security management:   * Minimize the potential for property damage or loss of life.   * Imbue confidence that the leadership of the organization does care about the wellbeing of the staff.   * Reduce the chance of panic, an unreasoning and extremely contagious phenomenon that often do
Introduction Several countries today have established legal frameworks that determine how they relate with other nations. The United States of America has a comprehensive foreign policy which governs its relationship with other countries. “Since independence, the economy of U.S. has been flourishing and it is today one of the most developed countries in the world” (Hastedt 65). This has given it a dominant position in the world political arena and it has also influenced how it deals with other nations. “The diplomatic affairs of this country are always under the guidance of the secretary of the State” (Carter 82). However, final decisions on diplomatic affairs are only made by the president. America’s foreign policy has always been shaped in such away that it favors its interests. It protects its corporations and other commercial organizations from any unfair treatment and competition (Kaufman 15). This has always been done to ensure that no country challenge its economic position. United States Foreign Policy U.S. has been using its power to suppress other nations that may be thinking of emerging as its competitor. For example it checked the influence of U.S.S.R. In order to continue dominating many countries, the U.S. government keeps on extending its authority and power over many nations. “It has achieved this by simply influencing the social-economic and political institutions of some countries which are vulnerable to political influences” (Carter 130). Such practices are prevalent in countries which are poor and can not sustain themselves economically. ”Peace, prosperity, power, and principle,” have always acted as the guiding principles of U.S. foreign policy, and its interests revolve around them (Hastedt 29). The U.S. government has been striving to maintain these values, but the only thing that has been changing is the prevailing conditions which influence the manner they are achieved (Hastedt 30). We can therefore examine the foreign policies of U.S in the following phases. USA Foreign Policy during (1815-1941) America came up with the policy of “isolation” after the end of its revolutionary war. According to this policy, US did not engage in conflict resolution programs and it always remained impartial whenever some European countries had a conflict with each other (Carter 101). For example, this was demonstrated during the First World War and it continued until the beginning of the Second World War. The main interest of US during the 19 th century was to develop its economy and this influenced how it conducted its diplomatic activities with other nations. It forged trade ties with other countries which were ready to do business with it. In addition to these, it also engaged in building its territory through bringing more territories under its control. For example in 1819 it managed to conquer Florida; in 1845 it brought Texas under its control and the Russian Empire agreed to sell Alaska to US in 1867. Imperialism was also partially practiced by U.S. “Foreign policy themes were expressed considerably in George Washington ‘s farewell address ; these included among other things, observin
Ever since ancient times, the greatest thinkers and scholars have been trying to find the most efficient and successful ways of teaching. This search is still going on in the world nowadays. Today, a huge variety of teaching techniques and strategies exists, though the professionals would not let go of the idea that teaching could be optimized even more. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the synthesis of articles about learning through play and its effectiveness in teaching various types of skills and abilities. Learning through play in Early Years Over the last couple of decades, educators from all around the world started to pay deeper attention to play as a necessary and natural way of learning for little children. Observation of typical behaviors of elementary and preschool students makes it clear that these children are extremely active, and they cannot be locked in neat classrooms and surrounded by various limitations. The brain of a small child is in constant need of new information and experiences. Touching, tasting, and experimenting with materials and objects is the best way for them to gain the wanted knowledge and skills. Play is an extremely useful way to optimize active learning for younger children, make the learning process interesting and informative. Supervised and directed play by an educator play is now mainly viewed as the best ad only way to achieve advanced learning. Since play is a combination of entertainment, socialization, and communication, thinking, and physical activity, it is used to deliver various lessons that require both theoretical and practical knowledge. For example, Cutter-Mackenzie and Edwards (2013) suggest that play is involved in environmental education because the success of environmental teaching relies on the composition of values, knowledge, and action, and these aspects can be best united in a play. Besides, play maybe also the most suitable way to address national concerns around education level in the United States. Evidentially, play-based, and child-centered kinds of teaching happen to be much more productive compared to the traditional academically concentrated educational programs (Fisher, Hirsh-Pasek, Newcombe & Golinkoff, 2013). Logically, the improvement of the national level of education is better to address the youngest students and then move forward as they grow up. Of course, the employment of learning through play for the younger children may be problematic due to conflicts that are inevitable during the game, as this is a process of active socialization, which often results in personality clashes among children (Bulotsky-Shearer, Bell, Romero & Carter, 2013). Teaching the Teachers To add teaching though play and successfully introduce it to the school program as one of the most basic forms of teaching, the professionals need to be prepared
Introduction A psychological disorder is sometimes referred to as a mental disorder. It normally comprises a series or a pattern of behaviour that has an impact and effect on the perceptions of the patient towards the reality of existence. These impacts can impact on the lifestyle as well as create stress and distress in the patient’s life. There is no concrete definition or description of what exactly comprises mental disorders. This is because it exists in many different forms and manifestations. The diagnosis of psychological disorders normally requires professionals. This is because while the disorder may be similar between two people, the effect and the impact of the disorder might be different between the two people. This is because the psychological disorder is also environmentally influenced. This still does not mean that two people with the same disorder put the same environment will behave the same. For these reasons the diagnosis of psychological disorders is normally a multi-test activity. This includes analysis of the individual’s background as well as other scientific based tests such as neuropsy-chronological tests. The doctor must be competent enough to know when to use what test and how to apply. There are different classifications of the mental disorders. These classifications are quite important as they help the health practitioners and professional to communicate properly and effectively (Schuckit et al., 1997). It also helps in properly grouping together similar form of disorders and therefore ease the treatment methods. The classification also allows for the proper understanding of the natural history and the development of a particular disorder which needs to be studied. The process of Cla
Serotonin syndrome is a condition that is characterized by an overproduction of serotonin, a chemical secreted by nerve cells to facilitate neurotransmission functions. Serotonin enhances communication between brain cells and cells of the nervous system in order to regulate functions such as digestion, blood flow, body temperature, and breathing (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2019). The condition is mainly caused by the administration of a certain medication or a combination of drugs, causing a negative drug reaction. Examples of drugs that lead to an overproduction of serotonin include antidepressants (almotriptan, nartriptan, and sumatriptan), illegal drugs (cocaine and ecstasy), herbal supplements, and cold and cough supplements. Serotonin syndrome manifests through symptoms that include confusion, irritability, disorientation, shivering, muscle rigidity, anxiety, muscle spasms, and high blood pressure. Others are rapid heartbeat, hyperthermia, nausea, tremors, hallucinations, hyperreflexia, and dilated pupil (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2019). In severe cases, patients become unresponsive, experience seizures and irregular heartbeats, and could go into a coma. A specific test for the diagnosis of serotonin syndrome is nonexistent. However, certain tests aid in diagnosis by ruling out other conditions. These tests include drug screens, complete blood count, kidney function test, liver function test, and thyroid function test. The treatment method depends on whether the case is mild or severe. Mild cases are treated through withdrawal of the medication that is cited as the cause of the problem. In severe cases, physicians could administer medications that block serotonin or drugs that relieve muscle stiffness (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2019). A drug known as cyproheptadine is commonly administered to stop the production of serotonin. Moreover, intravenous fluids are used to alleviate fever and dehydration. Prevention involves close monitoring by a doctor in order to ensure that the medications used during treatment are not those that raise serotonin levels. Reference Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019). Serotonin syndrome . Web.
Trip overview and description This risk management plan will cover four day trip to Mount Whitney which is the highest summit in the US with an elevation of 14497 feet above sea level. Whitney summit is Among the Sierra Nevada highest peaks. The trail will follow the normal Mount Whitney route which is considered to be less strenuous to the summit. The beginning of the trail will at Whitney Portal situated 8360 feet. The increase in altitude is about 6,100 feet. Trail distance is 11 miles from Whitney Portal to the summit. At most, the trip will take 4 days to complete. All the members of the group will take train, bus or flight to Lone Pine and then driven to Whitney Portal where the trail will begin. The rest of the trail will be on foot covering at least six miles per day. However, this will depend on the distance between the camping sites as well as the day’s weather and other factors put into consideration. The main aim of the trail is to achieve the major objec
Introduction After receiving an urgent call from the investigators, in around 2-45 am, I reached to the crime scene, which is a gas station and stationary shop around the freeway. It was the crime scene and there was a dead body. This is my report: The deceased A white, male person around 45 years of age. Well built and, as reported, the owner of the gas station. He is around 6 feet and well over 75 kg. The bullet was shot from the front, may be from a 2 and 1/2 feet distance and it pierced his body and struck in the back showcase. Witnesses A gas store employee, who was present in the time of the event, nodded to be the witness of the crime. Along with the person there are two persons, a Japanese mother and her child who were on their way to another city came to fill up their gas tank saw the event completely. All the three witnesses are really scared to see the killing. The kid needed immediate medical attention and he was provided that by the emergency team in the crime scene. Killer Witnesses say that the killer was a man in his late thirties and he was medium in height but well built. Though he had a shotgun in his hand but he fired from a black 9 mm semi automatic gun and he has thrown the gun in the gas station. The only one camera of the gas station shows clearly the shooting and the shooter can be identified by this. Other visible items The other visible items in the case are the black 9 mm semi automatic gun which was used for shooting. Eye witnesses say that the main fired four bullets but we can recover only one casing by the entry door. There is a blood strained lottery ticket which is probably the victim’s and we believe he was checking the number in paper when the shooter came. A cigarette carton is ripped open in the floor and a pack is missing, which the shooter had taken away. A wooden cigar box full of cash is on the floor, which probably the shooter came to take but failed (Meyer & Reppucci, 2007). Another fresh cigarette butt is on the parking lot which the killer was smoking before entering the store. Reconstruction of the crime If we clearly go through the items and the situation we can recreate the crime scene very easily. The shooter before entering the store quickly smoked a cigarette and left it burning on the parking. Then he entered the shop and directly demanded the money from the owner. May be he was high on drugs and when the owner refused he shot him by his pistol, not the shotgun he was carrying in his hand, and then he realizes that there are three other persons in the store too. He than threats them by firing two more rounds, but he was unable to lay his hand on the money. So he was violently disappointed and took a pack of smokes from the curtain and fled the crime scene (Heath, 2009). A-Process for collecting evidence We can obtain finger prints from a lot of things. The cigarette butt the gun and the carton of cigarette from which I am certain that I will get the finger print of the shooter. The spent bullet is seen in the counter, it is embedded there, and we can match the bullet from the recovered gun and the bullet casing than it will be easy to charge the killer with homicide (Mann & Vrij 2008