ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The psychological perspective in health psychology is interested in trying to explain how biological, environmental, and psychological factors have influenced and affected health psychology and also the prevention and treatment of illness and diseases. Health psychologists work in conjunction with other specialized medical doctors in their various fields to come up with better ways of offering health service in areas such as research, studying behavior change and also in disease prevention (Barkway Pp 18). In this paper, our psychological perspective will focus on investigating the different cultural practices in terms of death and dying. According to some psychologists, the perception of death and dying has undergone quite significant changes. These changes are a result of exposure and also the age of the affected parties. The American baby boomers never experienced death and mourning as they were very young. They only experienced it when they were teenagers, in cognitive perspective they were not prepared psychologically, and having no experience in this regard rendered their mourning habits and response to be different. This was in contrast to Japanese baby boomers, who had experienced the perception of death in their culture due to the devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Jerry Pp 56). Our focus will rely mainly on the Aboriginals of Australia, their culture and their perception of death in contrast to that of the Italian. The Aboriginals had a unique aspect of marriage, kinship and death rituals and also believed in multiple human souls. The human souls were generally categorized into two basic categories, with the ego spirit being the autonomous agency that hovered around the body and was regarded as being benevolent in nature. The ego spirit required exorcism through rituals for it to leave. The Italians, on the other hand, had high regard for their dead and their mourning has still got its traditional aspect where mourning is characterized by people wearing dark clothes and saying prayers for the departed (Korff Pp 6). Reference List American Psychological Association. The American psychologist, Vol 48, Issue 7.The University of Michigan.1993 Barkway. Patricia,. Psychology for health professionals. Australia. Elsevier. Chapter 4 for week 9. 2009 Barkway. Patricia,. Psychology for health professionals. Australia. Elsevier. Chapter 6. 2009 Jerry. Walls, L. The Oxford handbook of eschatology: Oxford handbooks. Oxford University Press, 2008 Korff. Jens, Indigenous Australian Aboriginal Culture. 2009. Web. US Department of Health and Human Services Alcohol Alert. Journal: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). No. 68. 2006. Web.
General information on the disorder of Phenylketonuria Phenylketonuria, generally referred to as PKU, is an inherited disorder in humans arising from an inability to effectively metabolize an amino acid known as phenylalanine derived in protein foods. This is a rare condition found among geographic regions and ethnic groups to varying extents in different parts of the world. Being an inherited disorder, it is mostly detected in early childhood. The condition is identified also by the names Deficiency Disease, Folling Disease, Folling’s Disease, Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency Disease, PH Deficiency and PKU. (“Medicine.net.com”). PKU is known to exist among newborns in the range of 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 15,000. (“Genetics Home Reference”). A normal individual acquires the capability to break down phenylalanine amino acid using an enzyme known as phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) that gives instructions to break down amino acid phenylalanine to other compounds. If genetic mutations (“Genetics Home Reference”) reduce the activity of PAH, phenylalanine from the diet is not effectively metabolized. The most severe form of the disorder is known as “Classic PKU” in which the PAH activity is severely reduced or absent. Other conditions are “Variant PKU” or “non-PKU hyperphenylalaninemia.”(Medicine.net.com) PKU has inherited from either or both the parents through gene transfers. In a patient affected by PKU, the amino acid phenylalanine, instead of being eliminated from the body through the normal metabolic process, accumulates in the blood. This affects the brain eventually leading to mental retardation, seizures and related complications. A newborn child with PKU needs to be nurtured with special diets that are balanced and tolerant, to be able to grow normally. Depending on the severity of the condition, special diet
Purpose Statement   * The people’s life is full of different situations, which require from them to make decisions, respond appropriately, and act.   * It is vital for people to stay confident and concentrated in any situation to make the best decision for quality outcomes;   * Nonetheless, stress becomes an integral part of life so that coping with it is a crucial skill to preserve health;   * The proposed strategies and examples should help students to understand different situations and overcome stress disregarding settings and external factors. What is Stress?   * Stress is a universal mechanism that allows all sentient beings to be flexible in different circumstances.   * American physiologist Walter Cannon introduced the term stress in 1932. The term has become more widely used thanks to Canadian endocrinologist Hans Selye, who explained the underlying mechanisms of body adaptation (Tan and Yip 170).   * All factors that cause pressure are called stressors or stressors. They can be of any nature: physical, chemical, geological (natural elements), biological, social. Stress Symptoms and Impact   * Symptoms: insomnia, anxiety, aggression, depression.   * Chronic stress impact: chronic diseases, psychological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, lethal outcomes. Accept the fact that stress is inevitable   * Something unplanned can happen to you, but you can prepare yourself to stay calm and concentrated in any situation.   * During the study of occupational stress management programs conducted by scientists, the most effective was the one, which included setting precise goals, solving current problems, identifying negative thoughts, time to rest, and time management.   * Instead of trying to avoid or suppress them, try to accep
Rene Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who lived between 1596 and 1650. His writings mark the dividing line between the empiricist school of thought and the rationalist school of thought. A great deal of this thought was based on information gleaned from the senses. Descartes felt the only way to obtain true knowledge was to rely solely upon human reason while ignoring the senses. In Discourse on Method, Meditation III builds off of Descartes’ earlier idea that he exists because he is capable of thinking – “I think, therefore I am.” Assuming that what he is able to perceive as distinct must be true, he strives to erase his mind of all information that has been gained through his five senses to arrive at what he knows deep within himself. One of the first things that he perceived in this line of thought was that he had a basic idea of the existence of God. Since that idea had to have had a cause of some kind, because he had already proven that nothing comes from nothing, Descartes reasoned that this cause must have at least as much reality as the idea itself. At the same time, since he did not consider himself infinitely perfect, Descartes reasoned he could not have been the cause of this idea, so there must be an outside cause that is infinitely perfect – in other words, God must exist. Descartes’ second argument to prove God’s existence lies in his ability to conceive of something perfect despite his own fallibilities. This second argument begins with the knowledge that he exists – again, “I think, therefore I am.” This existence must have a cause of some kind, which Descartes determines to be one of five possibilities. The first is that his existence stems from himself, but if he had created himself, he would have made himself perfect. Since he is not perfect, he could not have made himself. The second possibility is that he is merely a continuation of something that has always existed. However, scientific studies have shown, even in Descartes’ time, continued existence does not necessarily follow from present existence, such as in the case of death. The physical explanation is that his parents were the cause of his existence, but this line of reasoning was determined to lead to an infinite regress and therefore unproductive to follow. If he were made by something that was less perfect than God, as in the fourth possibility, Descartes would still be left searching for the concept of something supreme, which something less perfect than God would not provide. Having eliminated all but one of the five possibilities, Descartes is able to declare with confidence that God exists as he is the only being that meets all of the necessary requirements that have been established. Although there are some significant holes in Descartes’ logic that have been pointed out throughout the centuries since he wrote it down, Descartes’ procedure of doubtful questioning, constantly bringing his assumptions under suspicion, helped to change the course of modern philosophy, raising significant questions regardin
Introduction Inquisition is perhaps one of the most studied topics in medieval history. A proper understanding of European history can never be understood without delving deeply into the issues surrounding inquisition. Religious conflicts that started off with inquisition intensified and introduced European nationalism. Secular rulers started to assert their authority against encroachment from the church. This development was important because people started to desire separation of church from the state. In Spain, inquisition was prolonged than anywhere else, and was more brutal. The process in Spain was started off by Isabella and Ferdinand. Historians have always been interested in discovering the motive behind the action of the monarchs to start inquisition in Spain at a time when elsewhere in Europe it was declining. There have been disagreements about the extent of inquisition in Europe, and its role in defining the Europe that emerged during and after inquisition. Literature review In his book, A history of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, Lea (2010) takes a wider look at inquisition to determine what started it the first place. He concluded that the dynamics in the s
One of the central reasons for the decline and failure of Kodak was the inability to correctly evaluate the current situation and disregard of digital technology and opportunities that were associated with it. The given strategic failure also resulted from the corporate blunders that were inevitable regarding the corporate culture peculiar to the company at that period. By 2011, the traditional photography business was eroded by digital cameras and smartphones with a turnover of about $6 billion. It became fatal for Kodak, which experienced a gradual deterioration of its competitive advantage because of the inability to respond to new changes. The company made incorrect conclusions about the future of traditional photography and its ability to compete with innovations that started to penetrate the market. In such a way, Kodak’s dismissive response to new trends was one of the primary causes of the strategic drift. At the same time, because of the wrong idea about the future of the sphere and the evolution of the film sphere. Instead of devoting much attention to innovative devices, Kodak viewed digital as the method to enhance film business, and this idea failed. Additionally, the corporate culture of the company and its adherence to traditional values impacted the choice of a new CEO Whitmore known for its interest to film business. The given decision influenced the future evolution of the company and its failure to consider new technologies as a way to remain beneficial and preserve the competitive advantage. In such a way, the primary reasons for strategic drift include the wrong analysis of the situation, inability to predict the development of technology, and too conservative corporate culture that was not able to accept new trends and the need to start working with digital technologies as the contribution to the future growth.
Introduction Receiving higher education is an important step in life of every person. High school is also a kind of valuable experience that allows a person to think over future professional perspectives and define how it can help him/her understand which professional and intellectual paths to take. However, facing the challenges that other people encounter when dropping school discourages other people to make important decisions in difficult situations. Specifically, reluctance to learn can lead to unpredictable consequences in life. My personal experience and encounter with other people who gave up their education proves that lack of ambitions and goals in life can deprive a person of professional fulfillment and personal realization in various spheres of life. Certainly, general phrases will not impress anybody and, therefore, I decided to elaborate on my personal experience and a person who changed my outlook on education system, as well as the rules triggering individuals’ decision to give up studying. Main body At the current moment, I study at Arizona high school. So far, studying at sc
Article research problem Due to the changing world, it is required to equip students with relevant and appropriate skills. The article endeavors to unveil the meaning of STEM education. There are conceptions of STEM in education (Breiner & Harkness, 2011). These are important in disclosing the relevancy of STEM in the educational programs. According to the article, STEM education program has become a major concern in academic institution. The research endeavors to illustrate how learning institutions can nurture learners to acquire relevant skills and knowledge. Therefore, this gives institutions opportunity to redesign their learning programs to incorporate the provisions and principles of STEM for students to remain relevant in the current market. Article Research Goals (hypothesis or research questions) Critically, the goals of this study incorporate unveiling the meaning of STEM in the educational context. It aims at integrating science, technology, engineering and mathematics in the educational context. Hypothetically, how does STEM influence/impact students’ lives? (Breiner & Harkness, 2011). The study endeavors to uncover the ultimate influence of STEM educational system on the lives of students undertaking the curriculum and beyond. It is hypothetical that STEM education system possesses critical impacts in the educational curriculum assumed in numerous institutions. This phenomenon can be subjected to investigations in order to unveil its validity. To achieve the intended objectives of thise research, the following questions are evident from the article;  1. What is the meaning and strategies for fitting into the STEM education program?  2. How will the identified skills facilitate the integration of fashion merchandising and STEM education program?  3. How does STEM influence and/or impact students’ lives? Type of Research Being Undertaken (historical, descriptive, or experimental) The type of research assumed in this article is descriptive. The study states the conceptualizations regarding the aspects of STEM educational provisions. It indicates how STEM should be adopted and other relevant provisions in the entire context. The research has been conducted based on the existing information. This is meant to analyze the gap between the current skills and the expected skills to operate in the STEM educational environment. Limitations of the research study The research has not elaborated on diverse aspects of STEM educational systems in order to unveil the conceptualizations alleged in its entire contexts. Additionally, the settings of the research have not considered the stipulated objectives in the contexts of STEM. Concurrently, there might be little information available for identifying the requirements of the program to be implemented due to changes in technology. Population This study uses faculty members as respondents in order to unveil the required information regarding the aspects of STEM. This has been an important provision in various contexts. Sampling their opinions regarding STEM educational programs was an important move; however, larger groups (from education arenas) could have b
Prior to the English civil war, control over the American colonies had been a bit relaxed, giving Americans hope of total independence (James, 2006). Unfortunately, after the war, control over the colonies was tightened by King Charles II. He feared that rebellions such as the one in England leading to the civil war could also happen in the colonies. In tightening his grip on the colonies, he closely monitored trade between Britain and the colonies. Again he rewarded some loyal aristocrats with land in the colonies in Pennsylvania and Carolina. In southern Carolina, the aristocrats settled firmly, establishing large sugar plantations in the area. In order to obtain slaves for their farms, they encouraged civil wars among the Native American tribes by giving them weapons. In return, the natives would sell their war captives as slaves to the settlers. Glorious Revolution of 1688 The revolution is sometimes called the bloodless revolution though the latter name is wrong as there were battles involving the armies of the reigning king then, King James II and the rebels. He was being ousted by a group of parliamentarians led by William of Orange. This war led to the introduction of the parliamentary democracy system of governance in England and the abolition of absolute power by the monarch. This revolution had a heavy impact on the American colonies under English rule. Some of the effects on these colonies were mostly felt through the introduction of a parliamentary system of governance. The American colonies had the same parliamentary form of governance introduced in their governments. With the coming of the democratic system, the rules governing slavery were relaxed to some extent allowing the Native Americans relatively more freedom to exercise their rights and even vote. Differences between indentured servants and black slaves Indentured servants had their transport to America paid for by the forthright, and they were entitled to work for an average of five years to repay their transportation cost (Leila, 2007). After completing the five years, the servants obtained their payment and freedom where they were allowed to own property and develop themselves. On the other hand, black slaves had no chance whatsoever of obtaining their freedom and were not allowed to own property. In fact, black slaves were viewed as properties owned by the settlers (James, 2006). Indentured servants offered their services voluntarily as opposed to black slaves. This is because the chances of owning property in America for young men was higher than it was in Britain, for example, or any other European country that transported its people to America to work as indentured servants. On the other hand, black slaves were captured from Africa by force or sold by their fellow Africans against their will. Indentured servants signed contacts regarding the length of their services, while black slaves did not. Similarities between indentured servants and slaves. Both were transported from far away places, and they were usually transported by middlemen called fortnights. Indentured servants, the same as black slaves, could not own property during the
The modern world as well as the future needs historical accounts in order to be aware of how events have changed with time. There are a number of ways of learning about the past. However, archives provide very important resources that give an account of the past. It is therefore crucial for communities to be informed about the importance of valuing and keeping their archives containing precious historical documents. The archives will protect useful documents, diaries, catalogues, reference books, photographs, music, films, minutes, letters, land records, newspapers, censuses and correspondence which will be invaluable for future generations. The essay discuses the power and potential of the Valley Archive collections, a project which happens to be part of the Virginia Center for Digital History at the University of Virginia. The modern world has witnessed tremendous information, communication and technological advancements. Virtually all sectors in the society have made efforts to integrate these significant developments. Historians have not been left behind as far as keeping important records that gives an account of the past is concerned. The Valley of the Shadow is a digital archive of very crucial sources of information about the people of Augusta County, Virginia, and Franklin County, Pennsylvania, during the period of the American Civil War between 1859 and 1870. Most archives contain very limited documentation of the past which makes them look like digital books. However, the Valley of the Shadow archive is more like a large digital library that provides an account of thousands of original documents that paints a clear picture of how men and women of Augusta and Franklin counties lived during the Civil War in America. Despite its huge size, the Valley Archive Project is well structured and easy to use. It contains thousands of census and government records which include maps and images, land and church records, official statistics, and tax records, letters and diaries, newspapers and speeches, and they all provide very detailed information about the day to day activities of people in the two counties during the time of the war. The three major sections into which the archive is divided make it easier to browse and access preferred information. The Eve of the War (1859-1861), The War Years (spring 1861-spring 1865), and The Aftermath (1865-1870) are the three sections of the Valley Archive. The click of a mouse on each section of interest enables one to take a tour into this virtual library. As one goes deeper into the library, one gets access to original documentation of most sectors of the society in the two counties at the time of the Civil War. Archives, therefore, are invaluable sources of historical accounts of any given society. With the nature of the Valley Archive Project, it is evident that historica