ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The phrase due process implies that laws should be practiced justly and equally to each person, particularly a citizen who becomes accused of a crime. The whole due process originated from founders of the United States, following their colonial experience (Kime, 2011). The founders realized that it was both impossible for democracies to work and individuals be secured unless those accused of crimes obtained the due process of law, through establishing the rights of the accused. They wanted to establish ways of guarding persons against aggressive actions of the state. Therefore, many rights of the accused became established in the in the Bill of Rights as 4th, 5th, 6th and 8th amendments, in order to make it hard for the state to deny people their freedom. Other rights can be found on Article 1, although, the 4th, 5th, 6th and 8th amendments provide for the most rights. These rights of the accused suppose that each person is innocent unless proven guilty (Patrick, 2001). Besides, in 1960, the Supreme Court added to the rights of the accused through establishing that the government should offer an attorney for the accused, whereby the individual can not afford such services. Since then, the rights of the accused have incessantly received enhancements, in courtrooms. Explain how Due Process Protects the Accused against Abuses by the Federal Government The due process protects the accused against abuses by the federal government through several processing steps. First, the 4th amendment deprives of the federal government the right to make broad searches and seizures of possessions. The amendment restricts the police to search the arrested person and places that the arrested can have direct control. This amendment, also, prohibits imprisonment devoid of any logical grounds. Second, the 5th amendment deprives of the federal government the right to force words to the accused, as they have a right to remain silent (Coldrey, 1991). According to the Supreme Court, unconscious or involuntary confessions can not be applied in federal courts although some state courts fail to abide by this provision. Also, the 5th amendment stipulates that an individual should not be accused of a severe crime devoid of investigations by the grand jury. Besides, the amendment prohibits double jeopardy, which means taking a person to trial for a second time due to an earlier crime. The exclusionary rule can be allied to the 4th and 5th amendments, as it supports the notion that evidence that gets collected illegally cannot be applied during a trial. O
Air traffic control (ATC) is one of the most complex and challenging professions. It consists of managing air traffic and airport operations through communicating with, tracking, and directing air vehicles while considering safety, scheduling, and environmental factors. Due to the difficult demands of the job, there are components which affect these professionals, impacting their performance. The most common hazard that air traffic controllers face is occupational stress and equipment issues. ATC has established an infamous reputation for being a high-stress profession. The human factor is essential in the industry, as the workers use their cognitive abilities to fulfill their responsibilities. Occupational stress directly impacts air traffic controllers, but the responsibility of their job has a direct bearing on pilots and passengers of aircraft. Surveys of air traffic control show that primary concerns include operative and organizational structures (International Labour Organization, n.d.). They experience four types of stress factors: psychological, physiological, social, and work pressure related. These lead to devastating health consequences, even if the person practices a healthy lifestyle (Blogut, 2015). The biggest hazard in occupational stress is physical fatigue which affects the air traffic controllers both in performance and efficiency. Fatigue causes to slower reasoning, misjudgments, and inefficient response to stimuli. This is influenced by shift work which is disruptive to the workers because of rapidly rotating schedules and shift length (Tomic & Liu, 2017). Air traffic controllers utilize complex technology to fulfill their duties. It is often outdated, inefficient, and has even basic ergonomic issues. There are no safety back-ups to the system. Meanwhile, any proposed future equipment and software increases automation, but it leads to the air traffic controller feeling disconnected and lacking control of the situation (Breselor, 2015). The relevant occupational hazards are well known and researched, however, there are rarely any sufficient changes made until there is a critical situation. Most enacted controls to the situations are reactive. Training for air traffic controllers is detailed, but it rarely addresses the issues of the occupational stress. The administrative controls in existence simply check-up on the physical health of the employees and their competence. There are some established limits to working hours and management of air traffic flow to prevent overload. Lack of proper engineering controls contributes to dysfunctional equipment which contributes to stress and exhaustion of these professionals. The FAA is attempting to revamp its regulations as well as introduce NextGen technology which focuses on supporting human cognitive processes. However, the industry lacks the necessary funding, so the government is seeking to privatize the air traffic industry so it can expand (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2017). The most valuable assessment tool to determine occupational hazards is surveying air traffic controllers who undergo the daily stress of the job. Airline accidents
Introduction The Emirates Airline is one of the major airlines within the Middle East; it is known to be one of the top ten best carriers and the seventh biggest airlines worldwide. Setting up lucrative business organization and making it stabilize within the airline industry proves very risky. However, the people working for Emirates Airlines counters the risks involved by setting up appropriate strategies through the use of Five Forces for the purposes of analyzing business environment. Generalization of learning associations to other things is done within Emirates Airlines through the use of Porters Five Forces Strategies used to analyze the market environment. The company ensures that their employees undergo frequent training programs within various departments to ensure continuity of excellent service provision within various business circles (Nicholas, 2009). Learning strategies are important to marketers since they are enabled to form appropriate pictures on the kind of market and industry they are operating. This ensures that marketers apply appropriate principles and strategies for the purposes of protecting the business from outside threats owing to high competition. Implementation of appropriate strategies makes it easier for marketers to develop Emirates Airline as one of the market leaders. Studies done on the marketing strategies of competitive businesses prove vital since competition could be realized from other businesses not related to the airline industry. The presence of close substitutes makes it easier for customers to switch alternatives owing to differences in prices, resulting into what is known as high elasticity of demand. Several factors determine the company’s ability to attract customers, these include; the cost switching tastes, perceived level of product differentiation and relative prices (Nicholas, 2009). Description and explanation of an airline example related to Emirates Airlines One of the examples related to Emirates Airlines is Northwest Airlines which is one of the domestic airlines with the ability to serve large market segmentation across nations. Its ability to provide excellent domestic services has been made possible through close operations with other commuter airlines. There is a link provided between NWA and other airlines which provides easy connection channels for jet services within the country of operation. The overall merger makes NWA have superior technical and operational ser
Ideologies are sets of actions and behaviors that an individual or society considers right to follow. Most of the time, society judges its members based on such standards of behaviors and actions. Anybody who goes against these standards is often considered immoral and a traitor to the course of society (Sutherland 143). Pocahontas is a movie that tells the heroic story of a Native American woman who meets British colonists and falls in love with one of them, Captain John Smith. The main theme in this movie is a woman’s capability to make her own decisions and stand by them, even during harsh opposition. The film, however, allows John Smith’s heroic act of blocking a bullet meant to kill Powhatan to overshadow Pocahontas’ role as a hero in the movie. The purpose of this essay is, therefore, to demonstrate how Roy Disney counters the infamous social ideology that demeans women and exalts their male counterparts. At the same time, it also shows the reality about the status of men and women in society; men dominate the leadership and decision-making. Disney portrays women as brave and sensitive through the actions of a female character, Pocahontas, who challenges his father’s authority, but also acknowledges the men’s bravery, using a daring and courageous British Colonist, Captain Smith, who takes a bullet for Chief Powhatan. As such, the movie encourages women to emulate the courage that men exhibit by boldly challenging their bad decisions, no matter their positions in society. Mostly, people’s ideologies determine how they speak, write, and even relate with other people. They represent people’s values and expectations, especially regarding how they would want life to be. Whenever people speak or write, they pass their ideologies to their listeners or viewers and expect them to endorse or refute them. Therefore, Pocahontas airs Disney’s expectations and views about life, and its production is a sign of accepting his ideologies. Disney expects people to treat women in a manner that does not demean them, but views this dream as a difficult thing to achieve because men have set very high standards for women to attain. It is, therefore, a hard task for women to fight for a respectable position in such a society. Women need to be more courageous than they are and dare to challenge the men on issues they believe are wrong. The main character in the movie is a woman whom Disney uses to show the bravery that women need to have before they can earn respect in society. Her sensitivity to other people’s feelings, however, is a major setback to her bravery. It makes her sympathize with people who do not deserve sympathy. In the past, men used to make decisions for their daughters, wives, and mothers. They could not allow them to choose what to study or whom to marry. They made all important decisions for them. Pocahontas majorly proposes a change in ideology to allow women opportunities to make their own decisions. Throughout the movie, Pocahontas opposes most of the decisions that men make for her. She does not fear them or the norms that govern their society. Her daring and bold character is evident when sh
Introduction The challenges of urbanisation are no longer something that urban dwellers have to contend with alone. In the contemporary society, communities living in rural areas can feel the effects of urbanisation as well. The scarcity of clean fresh water is just one example of how the urban population is exploiting natural resources, resulting in the destruction of the ecological balance of both urban and rural areas. As environmentalist would readily tell, the rising demand for water is among the major reasons responsible for the scarcity of the commodity. This is especially because the increasing urban population is demanding more water for drinking, and general sanitation requirements, while the rural population requires huge supplies of water for farming-related requirements, and human settlement development (Eric et al, 2010, p. 1; Gleitsmann, Kroma and Steenhuis, 2007; Sanusi, 2010, p.1). Today, the renewable supply of water is no longer guaranteed since the unquenchable demand for the commodity may soon outstrip nature’s capacity to replenish water sources. According to Power (2008, p.1), “fresh water is the ultimate renewable resource.” However, humankind is using and polluting water faster that the hydrologic cycle is able to replenish the resource. The water situation is even worse with the unpredictable weather conditions, which have seen to crops failing, groundwater disappearing, and rivers trickling much less with each passing year. The situation is so bad that some rivers that used to drain to the sea no longer do so (Power, 2008, p.1). Unfortunately, the water crisis is replicated in all the world’s six continents. This paper will specifically evaluate how water scarcity has affected communities in Kinshasa, Congo and Colleambally, Australia. The author was encouraged by the FOP group members to pursue this communication project on the belief that it would make a significant contribution to existing knowledge on water management. Sustainable urbanisation challenges: Kinshasa, Congo Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of Congo is today an example of what most cities have had to contend with in the pursuit of sustainable urban development. Tucked in one of Africa’s resource-rich countries, Kinshasa has experienced an extraordinary urban growth, which has led to urban housing deficit, increased demand for water, electricity, and basic services such as roads, hospitals, and schools (Eric, Shuoyo & Qin, 2010, p.242). The extent of urbanisation’s effect on water does not just end with its increased use; rather, Eric et al. (2010, p. 242) note that the expansion of informal settlements around Kinshasa is being done on riverbeds and forests areas, something that complicates the water situation even further. The destructions of forests lead to less rainfall and extended drought periods. Consequently, the rain-reliant agriculture in the country suffers. In addition, the urban population’s invasion of wetlands and riverba
Introduction The use of international outsourcing is primarily intended to forward knowledge processing assignments to international partners/agencies, in order to attain sustainable cost and efficiency advantages. Besides the marketing advantages, such outsourcing entails, it is also possible to effect cost savings and reduction in workload of the outsourcing due to use of the international outsourcing techniques. The competitive advantages of international outsourcing could be seen in terms of quicker and speedier responding to market changes, resource planning and allocations, budgetary controls and more efficient and resourceful utilization of human assets. Thinking strategically, “Irrespective of the size of a company, the ability to be able to manage the internal flow or trend of expenses and revenue is key to success.” Eseyin Kehinde: MAC in SAP Business One. The need for international outsourcing may also occur due to shortage of skilled and specialized professionals in the host country, thereby leading to the need for meeting these shortages, by the use of specialists’ knowledge and talents from other countries. Mierau, Alexander: 2007: Strategic importance of Knowledge Process Outsourcing. Besides budgetary constraints and need for efficient outsourcing, this also results in competitive advantages in terms of better output and skill utilization in the countries in which such international outsourcing is conducted. Role of the Management Accountant in international outsourcing The Institute of Chartered Accountant
Introduction In many societies, there is a direct relationship between prevailing economic conditions and crime prevalence rates. There have been a lot of debates on whether limited employment opportunities motivate people to engage in crime. The general belief is that when more people have consistent sources of income, crime rates are likely to reduce. This is because the ability of people in a society to access meaningful work opportunities determines their social status within that society. This paper will discuss the relationship between crime and the economy and how these two phenomena affect social stability. Poverty and Crime There are different types of crimes which are committed in the society. There are various factors which motivate people to commit crimes. Individuals who abet or participate in different unlawful activities, do so for personal gain. Modern, free market economies place a high premium on personal advancement and material wealth. In many parts of the world, economies are controlled by the elite, who own big enterprises that generate a lot of profits. There are many people in these economies who do not have adequate sources of income, to satisfy their basic needs. They are poor and deprived, which makes them lack food and shelter. Deprived people are easily tempted to try out criminal activities to earn a living (Week 10 Presentation, 2013, p. 3). Many people who commit violent crimes are driven by poverty and lack of employment necessary for them to live comfortably. Many people arrested and convicted for different forms of crime are poor people who are unemployed. A study carried out in the U.S. in 2002, showed that many convicted criminals claimed that their inability to get gainful employment was the main reason that motivated them to commit crimes (Bessant and Watts, 2007, p. 82). The study revealed that almost half of the surveyed convicts did not have a good education, compared to their age-mates in the general population. Many people from low socio-economic backgrounds are tempted to engage in crime because they lack required skills and qualifications to get them employed. Criminals who were deprived in their childhood are likely to get involved in violent crimes because they are psychologically affected by their low economic status. The survey also revealed that some of these convicts had taken long without being employed. Many people who commit vicious crimes live in low income residential areas. In these areas, different criminal activities thrive without interruption because some people who reside there feel that it is the only way to earn a living. It is worth noting that some of the most common victims of violent crime are low income earners. This is because, they live in close proximity to dangerous criminals. These criminals are not afraid to commit murder, burglaries, drug trafficking
Introduction Today, the U.S. Airline industry has reached a crossroads. In 2005, federal bankruptcy laws and fuel prices had the combined impact of sending Northwest and Delta into bankruptcy, and this is just a minor incident in the challenges and obstacles that America’s airline industry has experienced in the recent past. Between 2001 and 2005, the U.S. airline industry suffered massive losses to the tune of $32 billion as it desperately tried to maintain its footing despite the economic slowdown, declining business travel, increased competition from low-cost carriers, the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the SARS epidemic, and rising fuel costs. Even after these obstacles, some discount carriers like American, Continental, and United still managed to report small operating profits (Current Situation and Future Outlook of U.S. Commercial Airline Industry). The future, however, is an uncertain one. As oil prices continue to increase and reach unprecedented highs, airlines are reacting by passing these costs onto consumers. Other external shocks which the industry is facing are in the form of stiff competition from the LCCs and high fixed costs which make profitability difficult in recessionary times. The ensuing discussion will demonstrate the nature of these obstacles as well as the possibility of a consolidated industry in the future. In the end, the future of the airline distribution system will also be examined. The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Airlines The airline industry has attracted a lot of attention in the recent past and this is well-justified: before the US Airways Group emerged from bankruptcy to merge with America West Airways and started operating as a single airline in September 2005, it wouldn’t have been wrong to claim that almost half the capacity of the airline industry was struggling with bankruptcy. Most legacy carriers have reduced their labor, operational, and other administrative costs, and when left with no other option, have declared bankruptcy. With so many major carriers going bankrupt and the historically high failure rate of airlines, combined with the airline industry’s substantial losses compared to other business sectors, there have been a number of different reasons proposed for this condition. Some blame the structure of the industry where there are few barriers to entry and high fixed costs, while others blame the highly cyclical nature of demand to be the reason for the instability of this industry. Over-capacity in the industry can also be a possible reason, and while bankruptcies might reduce capacity, they will only provide short-lived relief. A major reason for the losses can also be the spiraling high oil prices (Current Situation and Future Outlook of U.S. Commercial Airline Industry). In 2005, the International Air Transport Association announced that the industry has suffered losses to the extent of US$7.4 billion due to high oil prices. That was the fifth successive year of net losses faced by the global airline industry and according to Giovanni Bisignani, IATA’s Director Gener
Before voltage can cause a current flow through resistances to perform work, a complete path or circuit is needed. During the process, electric current flows in electrical conductors such as wires, circuit board traces as well as components (Halliday and Resnick 651). What flows is the electric charge, q, which is measured in coulombs (C). The rate of charge flow is referred to as the Current , denoted as I, and is given as follows; There are four electrical quantities namely; the charge, voltage, current, and resistance (McDermott 11). Current can be defined as the change in charge that flows past a given point per change in time over which the change in charge is measured. Current is measured in units called amperes (A) of which one ampere is one coulomb per second. The amount of current that flows when a voltage is placed is referred to as resistance. Voltage has units of volts, V, and is an “across” quantity, such as pressure and speed. Across quantities are usually measured between two points, either junctions or nodes. Basic components of electric circuits There are several types of circuits and all require the same basic components, like power, conductors, working devices, control devices, and protection devices. A power source (battery or alternator) produces a voltage or electrical potential. Conductors include wires and printed circuit boards and they provide a path for current flow. The working devices (also known as loads) such as lamps and motors tend to transform the electrical energy into another form of energy that can perform work. Switches and relays are control devices that are responsible for turning the current flow on and off. Finally, examples of protection devices include fuses and circuit breakers and their work is to interrupt the current path if there is an overload of current flow. However, too much current flow can damage conductors and working devices hence the use of the protection devices. There are five basic things to look for in any complete circuit. These are; the source of voltage, protection device, load, control, and ground. Types of electric circuit Three types of circuits have been distinguished as series, parallel and series-parallel. These types of circuit are differentiated by the source of power, conductors, loads, and control or protective devices connected (Feynman, Leighton and Sands 28). Series circuit This is the simplest type of circuit. The conductors, control and protection de