ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Generally, it must be pointed out that teachers of elementary school should combine different learning styles. Auditory, visual and kinesthetic learning styles are of particular attention, as they are recognized to be the basic learning methods children’s ability to process and evaluate information depends upon. Other important learning styles teachers are to rely on include social and logical styles. Kindergarten The specific learning goal (objective): Develop a child’s attention span – The objective can be achieved, while discussing children’s picture books. Teachers can use Lauren Child’s book I am Too Absolutely Small for School , or Kane Miller’s book Little School. A teacher’s task is to give children an opportunity to analyze images and develop imagination. Children should work in small groups and answer the teacher’s questions concerning the plot of the book. Of course, children’s answers are to be based on pictures. A teacher is to ask children about the associations images cause. Thus, a teacher can observe the peculiarities of the ways children accept reality. So, it becomes obvious that it is not only a child’s attention span, which can be developed, but children’s ability to concentrate on an object (a picture) can be also increased. The first grade The specific learning goal (objective): Cognitive development – To help children get ready for reading, math, penmanship, art, music, science, and social interaction, a teacher is to pay attention to different activities. The books, which are to be used to develop love for learning, a sense of the beginning, middle, and end of a story include Frog and Toad Are Friends by Arnold Lobel, Ivy and Bean by Annie Barrows, etc. The books will help teachers in developing children’s phonemic awareness. Moreover, children’s ability to decode words will be also increased. It should be pointed out that Lobel’s books influence children’s ability to distinguish between bad and good . Teachers are to develop children’s ability to think broadly. For this reason, puzzles can be used. Calendar activities are to be used to develop children’s math awareness. Writing and coloring are recognized to be the so-called constant activities. They help develop some physical skills. The second grade The specific learning goal (objective): Independence development – As far as second graders can take care of their daily routines, a teacher’s task is to increase a child’s desire to make more decisions. Margaret Wise Brown’s book Sn
Amicus curiae or amici curiae (plural) is a Latin legal phrase meaning “friend(s) of the court” refers to an independent person who is not part of a case volunteering to give information on a legal point of view which might be used by the court as the basis for decision making in judgment. Information contained in this document may comprise of a summarized legal opinion highlighting a testimony not presented by either of the parties involved or an informed treatise on the case at hand. However, acceptance or rejection of this piece of legal opinion is determined by the court’s discretion. In many instances, people confuse the role played by amicus curiae with the contribution of a party known as an intervener, having a wholesome interest in the final ruling by the court of law make. The role of amicus curiae is to assist the court to identify hidden premises which are revealed impartially through the advancement of circumstantial understanding and appreciation of views of the plaintiff and the other party (Arthur and Shaw, 38). In this scenario, the case on involuntary manslaughter against MJ’s physician, Dr. Connor Morris, has attracted media attention as advocacy groups present a brief on this case before the appellate court irrespective of the litigant inclination. This being a case of public interest, it demands factual records of evidence from either side of the parties involved. Besides, the arguments presented should be reviewed appropriately to connote premises from which a legal opinion can be drawn. Since this case has broader implications, amicus curiae presented below articulates the wider concerns on equity, gender, race, class of an individual, criminal records, and rationality to bring to expound on the legal consequences of the court’s decision, though independent of either of the parties involved. The concerns addressed in this treatise reflect on the hidden aspects which in my opinion should be considered before a decision is made by the court concerning the suit against Connor Morris. Often, it is an uphill task to determine the jeopardy a defendant might be placed in for an offense he/she is alleged to have committed. In the process of doing so, this process may violate the rights of the defendant depending on the level of interest attached to it. Moreover, the same process or conduct may violate or transgress a variety of statutes defined by the law of the United States of America on murder, manslaughter, or homicide. At the global level, law abstracts are specific and sometimes ambiguous especially when two contradicting acts operate simultaneously at independent levels (Arthur and Shaw, 68). One law may violate another. Where a legislature specifically authorizes cumulative punishment under two statutes, regardless of whether those two statutes proscribe the ‘same’ conduct under Blockburger, a court’s task of statutory construction is at an
General introduction into the topic/Thesis The history of the formation of the principles and norms of international law, applicable in armed conflicts, shows that it took thousands of years for the legal provisions in question to attain the status of being universally recognised. After all, it now represents a well-established fact that people have been striving to ensure that wars are waged in the most ethically sound manner since the time of antiquity. In this regard, one can mention the ancient legal manuscript Manusmriti (written around 1200 BC), which contained provisions against shooting poisonous arrows at the enemy. 1 The Book of Deuteronomy (in the Old Testament) also insisted that during the war, the conflicting parties should refrain from killing women and children. 2 Throughout the Middle Ages, it used to account for a commonplace assumption amongst monarchs that there can be no excuse for poisoning welds and demolishing churches as a part of waging a war. Nevertheless, it was namely the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 that created the objective preconditions for the term “war crime” to attain a legal sounding through the centuries to come. The reason for this is apparent: the concerned development made possible the eventual conceptualisation of the term “international law” as we know it. Thus, it will be appropriate to suggest that the discursive significance of the notions “war crime” and “crime against humanity” should be discussed in conjunction with what accounts for the overall principles of historical progress. This coursework will explore the validity of the above-stated at length while promoting the idea that the main prerequisite for reducing the number of war crimes that continue to take place in the world is ensuring the functional practicality of international law, as the guiding principle of international relations (IR). Issues The last few decades saw the establishment of a number of international judicial entities on the mission of persecuting the perpetrators of war crimes. Among the most notable of the judicial entities in question are commonly listed the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY), International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and International Criminal Court (ICC). This, however, did not seem to make the perpetration of war crimes any less of a commonplace occurrence. Such a situation may seem illogical, but a deeper analysis of the issue will reveal that the very specifics of the geopolitical climate on the planet, as well as the realities of Globalisation, undermine the effectiveness of the mentioned bodies’ functioning to a considerable extent. In this regard, one will need to mention the rise of non-state actors as the quasi-legitimate entities within IR, the ongoing privatisation of the public domain in the West, and the gradual delegitimation of the very concept “international law”. What contributes to the problem, even more, is that the current confrontation between the collective West, on the one hand, and Russia and China, on the
Introduction Despite the fact that people accept their existence and usage in the day-to-day life, there has been no agreed definition for the term fallacy. Different people come up with different definitions depending on the applicability of the term and the nature of the situation in which the term is being used. However, some elements of the definition remain constant regardless of the context of usage. The fact that the term is used to refer to an erroneous reasoning that leads to a wrongful conclusion about a fact. In some definitions, a fallacy is referred to as an invalid deductive reasoning instrument while others define it as an argument with minimal validity and strength (IEP, 2011). Despite the differences in the two definitions, it is evident that these they have a commonality of invalidity or error in an argument that has been put forward. Many fallacies are in existence and are applied on several occasions in our lives. The nature of a fallacy depends on the context within which it is being used. This paper focused on one fallacy, guilty by association. Many people in the society apply this fallacy. This fallacy is one among the many version of ad hominem (a fallacy that is made through an outrageous comment of an argument of an individual by stating that the comment undermines the argument and not the individual while in real sense it does). In guilty by association, a person is presumed guilty of an error due to the mere fact that he/she belongs to a particular group. Here, people make unfair judgements based on circumstances rather than the actual argument that has been out forward. Political sex scandals are good example on how the fallacy of guilty by association has been put into practice especially by the media to influence the reasoning and actions of the public. A good number of politicians have been involved in a number of sex scandals. Due to the shame and unpopularity that they face, most of the politicians who have been involved in sex scandals have been forced to resign if they do not step out of office at their ow
‘The use of rubrics to code students’ work makes the expectations for success clear and thereby solves a major problem of traditional assessment to write the mystery of marking or evaluating the students’ performance.’ Rubrics are set standards to guide the teachers on how to evaluate students. The statement is convincing because in designing rubrics those involved have to agree on certain standards. The tool is not solely made for the students but both. Students only use rubrics as a frame of what they are expected to do, attain, and at what level. However, the use of language in designing these rubrics should be student-friendly to enable them to understand the context in the warding of scores or grades (Wiggins, 1998). The copies assigned to both students should as well have supportive examples and the criterion used to achieve the desired goals and objectives. The argument here is that there has to be set standards to base the assessment and awarding of scores as put forward by Wehlage. This is because the learning and assessing of students’ work and the identification of their advancement need to have a basis. The high-quality intellectual achievement/authentic achievement cannot be realized unless there are set standards, just as those adopted by rubrics. Curriculums may use rubrics to evaluate the performance of students. In situations of vigorous learning, instructors are challenged by determining grading that proves accomplishment and that can be acknowledged by students, instructors/teachers, or even friends (Wehlage, 86). Therefore, to have a standard guideline on how to award scores or marks, rubrics should be adapted. Rubrics give students clues of what is to be tested, the testing standards, their level of learning, and how to score the required grades. The three standards of education are geared to the construction of knowledge, disciplined inquiry, and a value beyond the classwork/classroom. The performance standard analyses the perfection of students in doing their work and under the task/work design, it analyzes on work that the students have to do. In all the three standards, the major focus is on high-performance expectations depending on the agreed models of work that contribute to the validated targets based on the professional verdicts (Quality Assurance, 2004). It is out of common sense that classwork is not only enough to have success, especially in the modern-day world. More multifaceted cerebral actions are also relevant. The agenda here is whether the use of rubrics to code student work makes expectations for success clear consequently solving the major problems of traditional assessments such as the mystery of marking or evaluating student performance. The opening clause in this argument is that there is no coding that is automatic in achieving the desired results without proper implementation and development. Any model is subject to success depending on other governing factors like students
Introduction The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and other organs of digestion such as “the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and exocrine pancreas” (Huether & McCance, 2016, p. 884). Its major function is to break down ingested food, make it ready for the absorption by body cells, take in fluids, and remove wastes. Functional gastrointestinal disorders are common for gastroenterology (Drossman, 2016). Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders frequently have similar symptoms such as pain in the abdominal or chest area, problems with swallowing or painful swallowing, anorexia, changes in bowel movements, and even GI tract bleeding (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). Thus, knowledge of GI tract peculiarities, its normal pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of GI disorders is critical for correct and timely diagnosing, and the following treatment. Normal Pathophysiology of Gastric Acid Stimulation and Production Gastric hydrochloride acid is responsible for the dissolution of food fibers, executes a bactericide function against swallowed microorganisms, and converts pepsinogen to pepsin (Huether & McCance, 2016). It is produced by parietal cells and this process demands the transportation of “hydrogen and chloride from the parietal cells to the stomach lumen” (Huether & McCance, 2016, p. 891). A major process that results in acid formation is the hydrolysis of water. The Vagus nerve is an impetus for acid secretion. It releases acetylcholine and quickens the secretion of gastrin. Gastric acid secretion can be regulated by gastrin (Waldum, Hauso, & Fossmark, 2014). Gastrin, in its turn, provokes the discharge of histamine. At the next stage, histamine activates histamine receptors that stimulate the production of acid (Huether & McCance, 2016). Moreover, caffeine and calcium can stimulate the secretion of acid. Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Peptic Ulcer Disease, and Gastritis Major GI disorders include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and gastritis. GERD is “the reflux of acid and pepsin or bile salts from the stomach into the esophagus that causes esophagitis” (Huether & McCance, 2016, p. 915). This c
The journey to the Land of the Dead has had a gradually changing role for each of the poets that have used it. In Homer’s The Odyssey , Odysseus ventures to Hades, in Virgil’s The Aeneid , Aeneas goes to Orcus and in Dante’s Inferno , Dante ventures into the realm of Christian Hell. While Dante’s journey into hell serves the almost explicit purpose of painting a picture of the afterlife, Homer and Virgil’s depictions are shorter and reveal a different objective that is reflective of the time period in which they are written. However, each depiction of Hades, Orcus and Hell builds on the previous depiction and shows the poet’s perceptions of divine judgment. In The Odyssey , Odysseus must travel to Hades in order to seek out information from the Thebian prophet Tiresias. After an already long journey back to Ithaca and many setbacks following the Trojan War, Odysseus is trying to find his way back. Following instructions of a witch-goddess named Circe, on whose island he had previously been living, Odysseus called spirits from Hades in order to get advice. Tiresias foretells Odysseus’ future path back to Ithaca and offers a couple of warnings in order to expedite his travels. Along with Tiresias, his mother, Anticleia, who tells him of her death from grief while awaiting his return, visits Odysseus. Elpenor, a crewman who had died from falling off Circe’s roof, also visits him and begs for a proper burial. Odysseus also witnesses some of the punishments for the wicked souls in Hades. First is Sisyphus who was the first King of Corinth but was exceedingly deceitful and took pleasure in killing travelers and guests. His punishment in Hades is to repeatedly push a large boulder up a hill only to have it roll back down and have to complete the task again. The second is Tantalus who suffer from a hunger and thirst that can never be satisfied. Tantalus was initially welcomed at Zeus’ table on Mount Olympus, but was banished after stealing from the gods, revealing their secrets to his people and trying to offer his son as a sacrifice in a dinner. Because of the nature of Homer’s work—its early date and its composition orally—it is often hard to decipher Homer’s words from that of mythological tradition. While the visit from Tiresias furthers the plot, the other visions do not necessarily do the same. For instance, when Odysseus meets Achilles they debate the merits of a short life of glory versus a long life of general anonymity. Odysseus argues of Achilles that “there’s not a man in the world more blest than you— / the
The Client Perspective on the Requested Service and the Consulting Approach The major mission of Arts Council England (ACE) is investing public money to create unique art that has a profound effect on people’s lives ( What we do n.d.). The organization supports a variety of activities associated with museums, libraries, and arts. According to the previous framework, issued in 2010 and reissued in 2013, ACE is interested in long-term collaborative action with the prospective supplier (Arts Council England 2013). Drafting a framework involves consulting as an essential phase of the organization’s development ( Our next strategy: the timeline n.d.). There are several vital issues on which the strategic framework should be based. The first one is eliminating the divergences between defining and valuing arts across the population ( Arts Council England 2018). Another aspect is reducing the gaps in the levels of engagement with the culture that is funded publicly. Also, ACE aims at developing opportunities for youths to perceive creativity and culture both inside and outside a school in different regions of the country ( Arts Council England 2018). Next, the client would like to find more flexibility in cultural organizations so that they could resist challenges connected with the digital economy and poor public funding. Because of the defined perspectives on the part of the client, the project needs a consultant with specialist skills (Newton 2006). The most relevant approach in this case is management consulting. According to Newton (2010), a management consultant is a term synonymous with such notions as an operational consultant, business advisor, and strategy consultant. There is a variety of job characteristics and duties of management consultants. The primary function of management consulting is offering recommendations and advice to organizations’ managers and giving help in implementing these recommendations. Another benefit of such consulting is that it is grounded in unique expertise and knowledge (Newton 2010). Also, management consulting is valuable because it allows arranging dialogue between the firm and its employees and the consultant. As a result, specific reeds can be discussed, and clear recommendations can be suggested. The consulting process requires analyzing the environment and coming up with the most beneficial strategy (Chereau & Meschi 2018). Thus, it is important to bear in mind that the collaboration with the client is temporary and select the advantageous approaches through brainstorming the ideas and discussing them with the organization. Finally, a crucial asset of management consulting is that it adds value to both the client organization and its manager by helping them to alter (Newton 2010). As a result of this consulting approach, ACE can count on decreasing its business risk
Introduction Each country across the world serves under certain rules and regulations that either proves significant and continue serving the nation or undergo constant reforms to replenish and improve their effectiveness in governance. Conventionally, laws normally undergo reforms regularly with mixed reactions from the affected population, and thus reforms may sometimes elicit sharp reactions from nationalists. The income tax law has been one of the laws that are integral to countries globally, with its significance affecting employment, domestic investment, and economic growth as it is one way of enhancing government revenues. Decades ago, the Australian federal government imposed the income tax law following its aim of increasing government funding. However, of late, the Australian constitution has been undergoing numerous reforms, especially in the income tax law that has resulted in endless controversies from the public. Based on such issues, this essay aims at exploring the proposed 1st July 2014 reforms on income tax law amendments on self-education expenses targeted by the Australian government. Synopsis of self-education expenses The existing income tax law appeared under the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. According to the Commonwealth of Australia (2013), the provisions of income tax law stipulated in the Income Tax Assessment Act are beyond doubt the main sentiments of the Australian population over the proposed 1st July 2014 amendments that aim at changing policies covering annual self-education deduction. The existing income tax law has important provisions, and section 8 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936) is quite imperative for this discussion. According to the Total Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA), “income derived from a ‘scholarship, bursary or other educational allowance’ to full-time students shall be exempt from income tax” (Baxby & Brash 1994, p. 74). Under the prevailing Australian federal income tax law, stipulated in the provisions of the income tax law, section 8A of the Income Tax Assessment Tax 1936 refutes deductions exceeding $250 of expenses incurred on self-education. Inclusivity of the deductions for self‐education expenses officially started in 1972, after numerous amendments in the tax legislation. Within the employment income, work-related deductibles, including travel, tools, uniform, occupational clothing, and educational expenses, exist within the income tax law. Currently, “the Australian federal income tax law demands the expense to be deductible and there must be a direct connection between production of the taxpayer’s assessable income and the incurring of the expense” (Commonwealth of Australia 2013, p. 6). Section 8-1 of the ITAA denies deductions where the education activity does not enable a taxpayer to acquire employment. Under section 82A, the Income