ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The history of the United States cannot be fully understood without examining the phenomenon of slavery, its underlying causes, and long-term implications. It takes its origins in the colonial past of the country when many African people were forcefully brought to the newly established settlements. Overall, slavery can be regarded as a system of legal and ethical norms according to which people could be treated as property. In other words, it was based on the premise that some individuals could be denied the right to humanity. This assumption was often used to legitimize the existence of this social institution. In turn, the owners could treat the enslaved people according to their wishes. In the nineteenth century, many people could perceive slavery as something acceptable. One should note that slavery existed in different parts of the United States, but it was mostly widespread in the southern parts of the country in which labor-intensive industries played a very important role. This argument is particularly relevant if one speaks about cotton industry in Arizona, Florida, or Mississippi. The use of forced labor was welcomed by many planters. The dominance of agricultural production in these areas was one of the reasons why slavery persisted in the South. In contrast, the rapid industrial development in the North gradually marginalized forced labor. This is one of the differences that should not be overlooked. It is possible to say that the enslaved people could perform different kinds of labor. First of all, these people could work on cotton and rice plantations. For instance, one can speak about such activities as cane-cutting, planting, and manuring. In the long term, this work could completely undermine their health. Additionally, these people could act as skilled artisans. In particular, they could be engaged in shoemaking, carpentry, or tanning. Such people could create significant economic value. It should be noted that the work of female slaves had distinct peculiarities. In particular, they had to do a variety of house chores such as sewing or cooking. Moreover, they were partly responsible for rearing the children of their owners. Overall, they could be engaged in various activities that represented different areas. Moreover, the labor of slaves was vital for the economic development of many areas. In order to understand the experiences of slaves, one should first take into account that the owners did not perceive slaves as equal human beings. To a great extent, they were viewed as sub-humans or even animals. Therefore, these people could be subjected to various forms of humiliation. For instance, they could suffer severe corporal punishment such as caning for any failure to follow the demands of their owners. Moreover, female slaves were often the victims of sexual abuse an
Situational Environment Demand/Demand Trends-Industry Trends Euromonitor (2012) reported that Mars was the market leader in 2010 by holding 47% market share and Snickers, Galaxy, Nestlé and other international companies captured additional 30% share in the UAE; however, local companies concentrate on product diversification to increase market demand by changing customer perception; thus, the market growth has increased significantly. Social and Cultural Environment Trends The culture and society of UAE presents a unique set of values and beliefs that are characterised by most of the countries of the Middle East. As an Islamic country, the values and cultures of the UAE are governed by the Islamic regulations, and so the people of the country want to eat Halal foods only. The population of the country comprises of different nationals and ethnic groups where the actual Arabic language are used besides of English (which is popular language in business and other areas of communication). In case of the Countline Healthy Chocolate Bars, socio-cultural factors would have a great influence on the business, and the marketer would make sure that the contents of the product do not contain anything that are contrary with the Islamic values. Economic Environment and Trends Indexmundi (2012) reported that the UAE has an open economy along with economic diversification, which helps to develop the country than any other GCC member states. The economic growth based on many sectors including oil; however, the GDP of the country is $ 342.0 billion and per capita GDP estimated as $ 63,626, and the GDP growth is 5.2%, which demonstrates the current financial progress of the UAE (Indexmundi 2012); at the same time, the economy remained unchanged at the time of global financial crisis. However, the central bank has designed fiscal policy to provide a sustainable way for exempting the negative influence of recession; therefore, the following figure shows more information – Figure 1: Summary of economic status of UAE before, during, and after global recession Source: self-generated from UAE Economy Profile Economic environment is preferable to the foreign investors as the UAE has Efficient, Effective, and Globally Integrated trade Environment as a member of WTO; thus, the market of chocolate industry is too competitive due to have many competitors in this sector. Technological Environment and Trends The technological advancement of UAE is not less the advancement of the western countries, such as, the UK and the US; in addition, the use of Information technology brings huge economic success for this country particularly in Dubai where most of the business transaction takes place; moreover, foreign investors are now more confident to start business here considering excellent progression. At the same time, technological invention will play a crucial role to develop str
Globalisation and elimination of geographical borders foster the rapid expansion of national and international tourism. For dozens of countries from all over the world tourism has already become an essential source of profits and benefits. Millions of people attend tourist destinations in search of unique impressions and experiences. This is why small and large players of the international tourist market adopt sophisticated strategic planning solutions, to ensure that they can meet customer demands, pursue profitability and safety, and anticipate future challenges faced by the tourism industry. Sustainability is a definitive feature of today’s tourism. It is gradually becoming the main criterion of business success in the tourism sector, a strategic goal pursued by tourist organisations, and a factor attracting those who want to spend a vacation productively but without any damage to the environment. However, most sustainable tourism planning initiatives are still in their infancy. Future research must focus on the development of relevant strategic planning frameworks, to meet the demands of the growing sustainable tourism sector. Tourism Planning and Truths about Tourism Planning encompasses activities and decisions required to meet organisations and industries’ strategic objectives. Without efficient planning, no industry development is possible. Tourism is no exception: “if tourism is to be incorporated into a country’s development plan it must be organised and developed according to a strategy constructed on sound foundations” (Anonymous, p.200). Neither national nor international tourism can develop, unless development planning approaches bring together multiple market players and address existing controversies in their visions of the tourism sector’s future. Why is planning so vital to the future of tourism? The answer is simple: tourism has a propensity to overconsume scarce resources (McKercher, 1993). Tourism is inseparably linked to other industries and communities, and has to compete for scarce business resources (McKercher, 1993). Tourism is so multifaceted that controlling processes and decisions within the industry is virtually impossible (McKercher, 1993). Therefore, tourism planning is what balances tourist agencies’ needs with resource availability, reduces overconsumption, supports businesses in their battle for scarce economic and material resources, and makes it easier to monitor the impacts of tourism on host communities. The impact of tourism on host communities is a matter of international concern. Throughout years, tourism sustained a love-hate relationship with host communities (McKercher, 1993). Just recently the philosophy of mass tourism has shifted toward greater importance of “love” and “no-hatred” in relations among tourist agencies, tourists, and host communities. This is probably when the concept of sustainable tourism emerged. The history of the sustainable business concept dates back t
Introduction Beacon Company has been in the news of the New York Times recently. Kiran Shaw the Chairperson of Beacon got the name, “India’s mother of the invention” as it became the founder enterprise of producing and exporting goods to the United States and Europe. Kiran Shaw, the founder of Beacon, firmly believes that India should make full use of its intellectual capital with a vision rising high in the value chain in a manner that is different from the western model, which did not take into account the affordability of medicines to the patients. Besides, India needs to leverage its affordable costs to deliver elevated modernization to international markets so as to build superiority across the advancement chain from innovation to produce quantifiable improvement. Analysis Beacon Company has floated three subsidiary companies in the process of building up an integrated business model with a view of enjoying the benefits of full integration in the biotechnology business (Pillot, 89). Beacon’s activities center on the Beacon foundation that got recognized with the aim of identifying and putting projects into operation that impact the communal and fiscal situation in the state. Beacon is on an aggressive approach in Bangladesh because of the country’s increasing dependence on lifestyle disorder drugs like cardiovascular and anti-diabetics. Bangladesh which gets viewed as an attractive target for active pharmaceutical ingredients has managed to go ahead in the region. For Beacon, 50 percent of its earnings are from exports. The Karnataka government referred to the issue of Beacon Company lapses in making vitamins used to treat neurological problems among diabetics. Beacon holds a manufacturing license for the product since May 2008 and was to follow a seven-step strategy. However, the company skipped some steps and changed the system by using an intermediate drug imported without a license from China. The state drugs act launched in January 2009 violated section 3 of drugs and cosmetics rules by not intimating the changes in the standard operating procedure. The state Drugs control authority canceled the license in late January. On February 12, 2009, Beacon applied for a fresh license and received it in March. The spokeswoman said that the situation had got rectified, and the company continued to make the drugs based on the new March license. However, she argued that the vitamins in terms of sales and revenue were awful products to the company. In its statement, Beacon emphasized that it had admitted inspecting officials to a procedural lapse in the manufacturing process. Also, imports from the intermediate product from China do not require a license. It had now stopped importing the intermediate. It stated that it had revi
Introduction Various scholars present varying viewpoints regarding the viability of the term emotional intelligence (EI) as a subdivision of the overall description of intelligence. While some argue that emotional intelligence is a variant of intelligence as cognitive intelligence, which is measurable via the intelligence quotient (IQ), others argue that it is more of an ability or skill set that one can develop and improve on over time (Locke, 2005). However, most scholars agree on different components that essentially define the concept of emotional intelligence. One of the most comprehensive descriptions of the term defines emotional intelligence as the ability to discern emotions, whether positive or negative, understand them, manage them, and use them to one’s advantage, regardless of whether they are one’s own or belonging to others (Payne, 1986). Goleman (1998) presents a concise integrated model, viz. the mixed model, which comprises a wide variety of skills and qualifications that are definitive in people exhibiting sufficient emotional intelligence. EI is inherent in every individual, thus presenting a justification for the ability to develop skills and qualifications relative to the concept. The mixed model consists of five main assessment areas namely self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, social skill, and motivation (Goleman, 1998). These assessment markers provide individuals with a roadmap to assess their skills and competencies accordingly and establish strengths and weaknesses in addition to employing adequate measures to improve on weak points and enhance the overall EI. Some of the main points that define strength include self-reliance, emotional awareness, objectivity, and impulse control while weaknesses consist of elements such as low achievement drive, poor group orientation, difficulties in adaptability, and contentment. Emotional intelligence: support for teamwork and teambuilding in nursing One of the ways that emotional intelligence helps in the development of teamwork in nursing is through its provision of self-assessment criteria that allow nurses to understand themselves as individuals. The importance of this element originates from the tendency of personal decisions to affect others, especially in a setting where individuals need to accomplish tasks as a team, as is the case with healthcare institutions. According Buckingham (2001), a clear understanding of issues that elicit emotional responses for different individuals is essential for the establishment of objectivity in the decision-making process. Buckingham (2001) explains that the professional longing to achieve objectivity in the executi
Labor unions are entities that have legal mandate to agitate for rights of workers in America. Labor unions bridge the gap between workers and their employers (Schutz, 2012, p.2). Their mandate revolves around matters that concern workers in their places of work. Unions bargain for fair wages, better working conditions, and represent workers in industrial disputes involving employers. Labor unions assist members in negotiating favorable employment contracts (Schutz, 2012, p.3). They ensure that members get a fair deal during negotiations with their employers. Unions lobby for the welfare of workers, particularly on matters that touch on critical labor concerns of their members (Schutz, 2012, p.6). There has been a decrease in union membership in the United States. Union officials attribute this to recurrent and persistent coercion and intimidation by employers. Union membership is low in the private sector due to the fragile nature of relations between employees and their employers in the private sector (Schutz, 2012, p.11). Most active unions are in the public employment sector professions such as teachers and law enforcement agents. Although on a lesser scale, unions are an important organ in the clamor for collective bargaining, especially in political and labor concerns (Schutz, 2012, p.16). The efforts of labor unions are critical in safeguarding the labor and industrial concerns of American workers. Through such efforts, workers achieve a safe and secure work environment, with less hazardous working conditions. Unions achieve their mandate through intensive lobbying and training of members to sensitize them on their rights, duties, and responsibilities in the workplace (Schutz, 2012, p.22). This essay seeks to determine the relevance of labor unions in an ever-expanding labor market in the United States. The essay will interrogate the symbiotic relationship between labor unions and the middle class in the United States. This essay will demonstrate how struggles and accomplishments of labor unions have critically influenced the development of a strong middle class. The essay will achieve this by providing clear and concrete evidence about the relationship between labor unions and a strong middle class. Recently, there has been a decline in the opportunities for middle-class workers in the United States (Morley, 2012, p.32). There have been massive and unprecedented job cuts and unwarranted layoffs. The working conditions of workers continue to deteriorate across the American labor market. Such factors have contributed to the current situation in the middle-class population. Most members of the middle class continue to experience harsh living conditions (Morley, 2012, p.34). Most members of the American middle class are workers in the industrial and manufacturing sectors. Therefore, issues that affect workers have similar effects on the
Informational interviews by SG Cowen The SG Cowen’s informational interviews seem to be in line with the company’s corporate culture that values initiative and ambition almost as much as expertise. On the one hand, such an approach is certainly advantageous since it helps the applicants learn about the company and the industry and allows SG Cowen to filter out unmotivated applicants. At the same time, other selection tools yield the same results. For instance, if the applicants have to go through several application rounds or do a company-related case study, those of them who are not genuinely interested in SG Cowen will also self-select at a certain point. This is important because informational interviews are somewhat morally ambiguous as they emphasize a personal connection to someone within the company. Such a practice resembles nepotism since certain applicants may be able to get a job merely because a company’s employer favors them. Negative hiring experience within an organisation While the SG Cowen’s hiring process is most certainly rigorous, it is, nevertheless, not necessarily efficient. The main flaw of its design is that those making the hiring decisions (that is, the bankers) seem to be there for the wrong reasons: they enjoy asserting influence and being the decision-makers but they do not necessarily have the company’s best interests in mind. Moreover, the selection process is unstructured and not formalized, and the selection criteria are unclear and flexible. While such a design has its advantages as each application is reviewed on a case-by-case basis, it also allows for personal and subjective preferences to come into play. For instance, one application is being evaluated based on her “cultural fit” even though she has lived in the United States and there is nothing to support the claim that she may have difficulties adjusting. Even more importantly, another applicant’s marital and family situation is discussed even though it is illegal to discriminate against a potential employee on this basis. If I could influence the hiring process, I would define at least minimal standards and rules that set the boundaries as to what should or should not be relevant to the decision-making.
Since its release into the global market, Office 356 has gained the reputation of smart software that provides a large number of tools for managing numerous workplace-related tasks. Particularly, the innovative tools that office 365 provides for project management (PM) have to be mentioned. Because of the tools for scheduling, setting goals, prioritising, monitoring, and other PM functions, Office 365 can be considered an important addition to the PM inventory. Among the benefits of Office 365, one should mention its task management functions. The software provides opportunities for organising and scheduling tasks that have to be performed during PM. The specified function is critical to a successful PM since it helps a manager to remember important objectives. Moreover, the device helps to consider the past performance and compare it to the current one. By reviewing previously accomplished goals, one can evaluate the past performance and compare it to the current one (Kegg, Guilmette, Mandich, & Fisher 2017). Thus, the specified tool informs the choice of a new strategy for PM. In addition, the use of the specified function allows monitoring the completion of key tasks properly. The application that has recently been developed to help people with PM should also be considered as an important advantage of Office 365 as a PM tool. Among the benefits that Office 365 offers, the application that allows managing planned projects deserves a mentioning. Known as Microsoft Planner, this tool provides plenty of options for arranging important events, scheduling key tasks, and tracking the completion of important objectives. The capacity of the planner allows its users to engage in multitasking, thus addressing several issues at the same time. The case of Nascar shows that Microsoft Planner is an important tool for managing data ( Learn how these 3 industry leaders use Microsoft Planner 2017). As a result, the use of the tool leads to an improvement in the overall project performance. The fact that the tool allows several team members to manage a project is also an important characteristic that requires attention. By using Office 365, one can collaborate with a range of participants and share important data. The resulting rise in participation rates and the opportunities for using innovative thinking during brainstorming is important for the quality of PM. The application provides a chance for interdisciplinary collaboration, inviting staff members from different departments to work together and create effective decisions for specific problems (Bettermann & Palumbo 2016). For instance, the creation of shared task lists helps engage all participants in the PM and build the setting where all processes are coordinated at the same time. Thus, on