ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The world is facing problems mainly due to the increasing population that has put enormous pressure on the limited resources of the earth such as land, water, and other natural resources. Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. For instance, the forest is cut down in different parts of the world for agricultural purposes, pharmaceutical needs, infrastructure building, human settlement, and other activities. Similarly, the world’s most important wetlands are destroyed and as a result of this, there is increased degradation of natural ecosystems which is eroding the life-supporting systems that uphold human civilization. The economic and environmental benefits of wetlands make their important natural resources. Though earlier people thought of wetlands as being useless wastelands, today the importance of these lands is realized. Unfortunately, by the time the importance of wetlands is realized, most of it is destroyed by human activities. This paper intends to explain the importance of wetlands particularly the Florida we
Biomedical research includes direct interaction with individuals, and rules exist to set boundaries for studying subjects in a morally appropriate manner. After terrifying experiments conducted on humans during World War II, ethical regulations were established to regulate scientific work and eliminate harm or disrespect to the participants (Piasecki & Dranseika, 2019). History revealed that although rapid technological progress is impossible without research, respect for subjects must always be shown regardless of how it might complicate the process. The latest studies include ethical considerations and peer-reviewing boards also check if the biomedical studies have doubtful aspects in their methodologies. This paper aims to discuss the impact of the history of research ethics on modern approaches and the protection of the rights of human subjects. Ethics are vital for biomedical research because their methodologies include direct intervention into an individual’s private space, body, or mental health conditions. The history of regulations began with the Nuremberg Code established in 1948 which declared that no study could be conducted on a person without their voluntary consent (Dawson et al., 2020). Another significant part of the research ethics in biomedicine is the Declaration of Helsinki which provided the guidelines which, for instance, prohibit the conduct of studies without prior laboratory testing on animals (Piasecki & Dranseika, 2019). The regulations address main principles such as respect, beneficence, and justice through informed consent, risk assessment, and fair outcomes prognosis. Learning the history of research ethics impacts the view of biomedical studies by providing the understanding of the priority of human rights over any scientific progress, even if it promises beneficial results for healthcare. Many modern and old biomedical research articles have been read and studied throughout the nursing educational course, and different ethical considerations were noticed. Furthermore, during the work on the PICOT question, the most recent studies related to the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed and can serve as an example of protecting human rights. The practicum issue for which the PICOT framework is used is the increased number of skipped follow-up visits by impoverished patients in the local clinic (Dawson et al., 2020). Studies about the identified population and the influence of non-attendance on their health outcomes and service quality were selected for retrieving evidence to develop an intervention. For instance, the article “Negative impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on mental health service access and follow-up adherence for immigrants and individuals in
The decision by Southwest Airlines to withdraw the planes from the routes they operate because of impending structural technicalities has caught the industry players by surprise as such a move was least anticipated. Such moves can only be initiated when an airline is buoyed by regulatory directions or when the manufacturer of such airbuses recommends their removal from service. Southwest Airlines obviously flouted the two conditions that have to be met before an airline ground its planes because the manufacturer of its brand of planes Boeing Company was not aware of the action they took. Before an airline withdraws its planes from service, it should contact the plane manufacturers and this can be due to mechanical or structural problems. Furthermore, the regulators, in this case the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), did not give their input into that issue (Martin et al, 2011). FAA supervises all aspects of civil aviation in the US and before a plane is withdrawn or introduced into service, its approval must be sought (FAA, 2010). This article endeavors to critique an article that featured the decision by Southwest Airlines to ground a number of their planes. Even as the government tries to establish what might have necessitated Boeing 737 jet to rip open in the air in the recent past claiming a reasonable number of passengers on board, Southwest Airlines undertook to cancel a number of their flights with a view to carrying inspection on the air carriers. This bold move can set a bad or good precedent in the industry. Bad precedent in the sense that certain airlines may try to justify cancellation of their flights without following due process by citing issues pertaining to inspection of their plains. It can also set good precedent because safety of the passengers will come first and the issue of following the laid down requisites even when there is potential danger to human life will be a thing of the past. This will allow airlines to shape their own destiny without any due influence from any quarter. Institutions will also be put to task on the kind of opinion they express. This includes government regulatory authorities and the manufacturers of airbuses. This is evident in the resolve by the Southwest maintenance and engineering team manager to subject the Boeing Company officials to a series of questions just before they undertook to carry out the maintenance exercise. The management of their aircraft manufacturer could not comprehend how a gash resembling a paper cut could be found on a plane that has hardly lasted for fifteen years since it was manufactured when the chief engineer engaged them in conference call. This shows how negligent the institutions that are trusted with manufacturing planes can get to an extent of not being able to respond to a very glaring mistake. This is absolute ineptitude magnified by their admitting that they never expected such a thing to happen. This is a defeatis
Introduction The current treatment group proposal addresses the needs of prison inmates serving a life sentence without parole or the ability to give consent. The purpose of the treatment group is determined by the reason for the chosen population’s vulnerability and their conditions of life. The lifers’ status of the selected population deprives them of rehabilitation, leaves them with their unresolved psychological problems, which aggravate imposing more adverse issues, including violent behavior, depression, lack of hope, and ultimate issues with health. The current correctional sphere in the USA pays more attention to the inmates who are likely to return to society. Therefore, the majority of in-prison treatment initiatives are aimed at preparing the inmates for their integration into the society after their release from the correctional institution (Balafoutas, García-Gallego, Georgantzis, Jaber-Lopez, Mitrokostas, 2019). Under such circumstances, the offenders serving life sentences are omitted and left hopeless without any prospects for the future. Consequently, it is important to meet the mental health care needs of this population by creating a treatment group to help inmates acquire new thinking and behavioral patterns. The proposed therapeutic interventions are developed to help the group develop coping and life skills, manage their aggression, cultivate hope and gratitude as the basis for a healthy psychological environment. The group form of therapy is imperative to be used for the chosen population for several reasons. Firstly, all the members of the group will have the same characteristics related to their lifers’ statuses and criminal experience, which will provide numerous opportunities for the exchange of emotions, learning from others, and adopting a feeling that they are not alone in their problems. Secondly, the inmates share the same conditions of life and spend most of their time in a group of other offenders. It is only natural to facilitate a group in an environment where the individuals share space and need to learn how to live together. That is why a group approach is the best option for the treatment of prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment. Body of Group Proposed Design Group Objectives In general, the goals of in-prison therapy groups should be flexible and broad enough to meet the needs of the target population. The primary issue that psychotherapeutic interventions need to address is the acceptance of the overall unfavorable prison environment. As claimed by Balafoutas et al. (2019), “prisons promote criminality” and aggressive behavior due to “the psychologically destructive and inhumane conditions” (p. 3). The proposed group will be entitled Lifers Coping Group and will aim at making changes in the members’ thinking and behavior. Thus, the objectives of the group include developing the skills of coping with aggression, cultivating the feeling of gratitude and hope, managing sadness and despair, as well as rethinking the burden of social isolation and a hostile living environment. Type of Therapy Group The chosen type of therapy group is life skills or coping group that is aimed at acquiring new behavioral
Introduction Obesity should be viewed as a lifespan problem because people are at risk of gaining weight throughout all periods of their life. As a result, high rates of obesity can be typical of any age group because the development of this problem largely depends on inappropriate eating habits and a lack of physical activity that can be observed at any age (Berger, 2016). However, older people need to pay more attention to preventing the development of obesity because their possibility to lose weight is usually negatively affected by changes in their body systems’ functioning, as well as the adverse effects of obesity on health becoming more intense with age. Reflection on Obesity To reduce the risk of obesity during all life periods, social and health workers should focus on the same types of interventions, including changes in eating patterns and increased physical activity, but there can be differences in specific approaches depending on an individuals’ age. Individuals should be educated by social workers and helped to understand that weight changes depend on a variety of factors; those who had no problems with weight as a child or a young adult can still develop obesity later on if they maintain unhealthy eating habits and reduce their physical activity. Thus, in children and adolescents, obesity can be addressed with the help of developing a regime of eating and a diet that balances the nutritional value of meals, combined with regular physical activity. In young adults, interventions associated with dietary changes, increasing daily physical activity, and participating in fitness programs usually lead to positive results. Older people need to be educated further regarding the necessity of following voluntary weight loss programs to avoid muscle loss (Raynor & Champagne, 2016). In practice, older people require more counseling and monitoring to address their possible health problems.
Introduction Different concepts of justice derive from distinct perspectives on society, human needs, and potential for positive social evolution. Usually, justice is associated with an equitable and adequate social structure that aims to fulfill essential human rights. It is regarded as a social notion, and harmonic social structure is commonly perceived as the only fair basis for the sound development of global communities. Nowadays, a great variety of theories of justice exist, but the theory suggested by John Rawls is considered the most influential conception of the 20th century. The key role in Rawls’ stance is given to the idea of the social contract. His theory is grounded on the identification of hypothetical ideal situations in which all citizens are responsible for the political and economic welfare of their society. The main argument provided by the philosopher in ideal theory refers to the fact that hypothetically developed principles of justice serve as the only reasonable basis for efficient problem-solving in a world that is far from its ideal state. In this way, another component of Rawls’ perspective, non-ideal theory, strives to find a way to achieve distant ideal goals. His concept aims to detect the effective, realistic, and ethical methods for moving in the desired direction whereas ideal theory principles serve as the basis for the practical implementation of non-ideal theory methods. Rawls’ ideal theory continues to provoke disputes among political philosophers and practitioners. While supporters consider it a practical method for problem-solving, the opponents of the theory impugn its validity and accuse its intuitive nature of insufficiency of rationalization of supporting its practical utility. Despite the potential disadvantages discussed by the opponents of Rawlsian ideas, this paper argues that ideal theory is a useful component of the theory of global justice. The following literature review and analysis of distinct perceptions of justice aims to identify the scope and utility of ideal theory application as a method for the achievement of consent at the level of international political relations. Global Justice Social Justice and Sociality The notion of justice refers to the alignment between the social roles of diverse citizens and their status, their rights and responsibilities, acts and rewards, merits and recognition, etc., while the failure proportionally to correlate these aspects of social performance can be regarded as an injustice. The literature review makes it clear that the conceptual content of justice definition and perceptions of justice are not universal for all times and cultures – they always depend on particular historical experiences and contexts. Philosophers suggest that cultural values and beliefs define the c
Recent research shows that atrazine might result in the complete feminization or even chemical castration of various kinds of animals that live in the areas where this herbicide is used (Hayes et al. 4612). For this reason, questions about the harm done by this substance to the environment, its impact on drinking water supply, and peoples health acquire the top priority today. Being one of the most commonly applied pesticides in the world, atrazine could trigger the development of numerous undesired processes that would significantly deteriorate the health of the nation and pollute the environment (Hayes et al. 4612). Atrazine is a herbicide that belongs to the triazine class and is widely used to prevent the appearance and development of broadleaf weeds in maize, sugarcane, etc. (Hayes et al. 4612). However, there are numerous concerns related to the use of this substance in the agricultural sector. The fact is that atrazine remains in soil for a term from one month to 4 years and can move to groundwaters (Hayes et al. 4613). At the moment, it is banned in the European Union; however, several states still hesitate to do it. For this reason, its further use in countries like the USA or Australia is discussed. Nevertheless, comprehensive investigation of atrazine and its impact on the environment and drinking water supply shows that in many countries that use this herbicide in their agricultural sector, the substance has been found in ground and drinking water (Ackerman 441). It means that atrazine demonstrates the ability to be degraded by microorganisms (Ackerman 441). Being consumed by the groundwater, it can remain there for a long period and deteriorate its quality significantly. Investigations show that animals or human beings who consume this water acquire the risk of the development of ovarian neoplasia and other significant health problems (Villanueva et al
Introduction In 1960s, a league of twelve countries who are giant oil producers from Africa, Asia and America came together to form an enduring intergovernmental organization, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) with a common objective. Four countries from Africa (Angola, Libya, Algeria and Nigeria), one from South America (Ecuador) and seven from Asia (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Venezuela, Iran, the United Arab Emirates and Iraq) agreed to form an umbrella called OPEC. Until 2008, Venezuela was a member state of this organization. These countries agreed to base the headquarters of OPEC in Vienna. Since then, Vienna has continued to accommodate OPEC meetings of oil ministers from these twelve countries. Previously, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had Indonesia as one of the member state. However, Indonesia withdrew its membership from OPEC after realizing that, it had become an oil importer instead of exporting. With a population of over 400 million people, these twelve countries depend on oil as the major export commodity hence, foreign exchange. Outstandingly, oil has been a fundamental key to economic, social and political development of OPEC member states. OPEC member states use the revenue generated from exporting oil in the expansion of their economy through a vast industrial base. Additionally, the revenue generated after exporting oil helps member state governments to fund social developments like healthcare, education, creation of jobs and increase the general living standards of the citizenry. (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Para. 1-3). Of course, the formation of OPEC accompanied statutes aimed at governing member countries to work within its brackets. For example, the statutes allow other countries with similar interests but oil exporters to join OPEC so long as 75% of member states voter in favor of that country. OPEC composes of three types of membership as stipulated in OPEC statutes. Firstly, there are countries falling under founder membership. These countries held the first OPEC meeting in Baghdad, in 1960, and later on agreed to institute such an intergovernmental organization. Secondly, some countries with same interests gained full OPEC membership following their application to Baghdad conference. The last category of membership comprises of countries that never qualified to attain full membership, but the Conference accepted them under special conditions. The paper will examine the goals and objectives of OPEC as stipulated in its statutes. (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Para. 5-12). The main objective of creating this intergovernmental organization was to oversee and safeguard OPEC interests both jointly and independently. The statutes sought to look for ways, which will guarantee efficient stabilization of oil prices in international oil and petroleum markets. This is because; there had been obstacles in international mark
The study of what rhetorical tools public personalities use in their speech can be a beneficial aspect to study. With its help, people can get an understanding of how, when, and where people can use rhetorical components. This work aims to study Michelle Obama’s opening remarks at the White House Convention on Food Marketing to Children. The main message of the First Lady was to draw attention to the suppression of the advertising of unhealthy food to minors. In addition, the main appeals that Obama uses are logic and emotional. The first aspect of rhetoric used in this speech is logic. It implies the justification and reasons for a particular action or event. Michele Obama stated that “between 2008 and 2011, obesity rates among low-income preschoolers dropped in 19 states and territories across the country” (Read Michelle Obama’s Speech on Food Marketing para. 10). Therefore, Obama provides a justification of how important it is for television changes to encourage a proper lifestyle among the younger generation. The next valuable component of rhetoric in the studied speech of the first lady is the emotional aspect. Thus, Obama emphasizes that “while we have made important progress, when one in three kids is still on track to develop diabetes, and when the diet has now surpassed smoking” (Read Michelle Obama’s Speech on Food Marketing para. 11). In this case, Michele Obama points to the positive results already achieved while also highlighting that children are still at risk. In conclusion, this work was engaged in analyzing Michelle Obama’s speech on the topic of the harm of the media for introducing the younger generation to healthy habits. To better convey the main idea, the first lady used such components of rhetoric as logic and emotion. They helped to better form and give important information, gave the speech solidity, and improved the audience’s ability to persuade. Works Cited “Read Michelle Obama’s Speech on Food Marketing.” Grub Streets , 2013, Web.
For this assignment, I chose the cult movie franchise “Step Up” as my culture media piece. After the first movie’s success in 2006, the franchise continued with five more movies – with the last “Step Up” film, “Step Up China,” released in 2019. The romantic dance films became popular in the American culture, as well as around the world, due to their charismatic characters and impressive choreographies. Although the films are badly rated by critics, 21% on Rotten Tomatoes, the audience reviews are much higher, with the Rotten Tomato score of 83%. Since the franchise has spanned over a decade, the original viewers of the first film witnessed the changes and transformations to the “Step Up” throughout the years, making it a culture media piece. With the popularity of “Dirty Dancing” in the 1980s and still today, and of the endless “Fast and Furious” movies, “Step Up” serves as the concoction of the two. It combines romance and dancing with the nature of a constantly developing franchise, resulting in cult films that are enjoyed by generations. Unsurprisingly, the creators of the franchise have used the influence of the platform to raise awareness of social issues – to different levels of success. For example, one of the most prominent and consistent contrasts and conflicts between the wealthy and the poor. Since the franchise, as I have mentioned, has been developing over the past two decades, there have been noticeable technological advances in the later movies as opposed to the earlier ones. The global reach of the franchise, which was noted further with “Step Up China” (2019), is partially due to the addition of technology to the choreographies, making the dancing scenes more and more impressive every year. Furthermore, the series was greatly affected by social media in its casting, creation, and marketing. For example, Jon M. Chu, who directed some of the “Step Up” films, used MySpace to search for backgrounds for the scenes. Furthermore, the crew used social media casting to discover new talents and include them in the film (“Step Up 5 – Movie,” 2013). This allowed these upcoming actors and actresses to be discovered by other filmmakers, being a highly influential part of their careers.