ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Roman history originated and unfolded from intensive contact with the Greek culture. This contact was necessitated by the expansion of the Roman Empire and extension of Roman diplomacy and army. The constant contact between the Romans and the Greek assimilated and completely induced them to Greek literature and art. Several aspects of Greek culture originated from Rome and straight from the services of Greek speaking slaves. There existed private tutors in the household of the rich and wealthy class who were hired to teach culture. Roman history copy a lot from the Greeks but they had their own models that could inspire their historiography. According to the Romans and the Greeks, narratives of history could not be subjected to scholarly inquiry and their understanding lied on ancient literature. The historiography context of the Romans is quite distinct from the Greek one (Anon, n.d.) Oral Tradition The Greek historiography began with oral tradition whereas that of the Romans was based on annals and pontifex maximus which were recorded. The annals maximi contained a lot of information like religious documents, names of consuls and death of priests and all the disasters which happened throughout history. An example of annals maximi was the tabulae albatae which carried information about the origin of the republic. The founder of the roman historiography was Quintas Fabius Pictor (O’Brien, 2006). The historical inquiry of the Romans followed two main traditions: the annalistic tradition and the monographic tradition. In the Roman Empire, two languages were employed: Latin and Greek. Several historical writers of both Greek and Roman emerged from the circles which were defined as senatorial or equestrian depending on their political or administrative functions. There was a formulaic basis in republican Rome which formed a basis of historical composition. The previous or past events were narrated in line with annual consulship which was the highest political office in Rome (Mehl, 2006). Chronicles Romans considered the chronological principle as fundamental and they could modify and refine depending on thematic considerations. Their narratives were characterized by the annalistic principle and it was measured in annus which was equivalent to a year in Latin. Traditionally, historiography is closely linked with ethnography and did not only dwell on the Greek history but also history of other people. The Greeks were not united as a state and hence it was difficult to narrate the past of a political state so it was only the history of individual states that was narrated. In Greek, historians used chronicl
Summary of the article Some of the factors that summarize the article drafted by Baleghizadeh, Timcheh, and Timcheh in 2011 are scaffolding and Zonal Proximal Development (ZPD). The article sets out with a definition of the terms and continues to explain the relevance of the defined terms. According to the article, scaffolding entails aid accorded to students by teachers with the intention of helping them understand issues in an independent manner. The article states that besides teachers, students can also help their colleagues provided they have the requisite skills in the subject under study. Furthermore, the article alludes that the incorporation of student-to-student assistance improves the quality of scaffolding. The article has addressed the issue of limited information concerning classroom scaffolding. Apparently, the article highlights that several scholars have provided information that helps teachers improve student scaffolding. To substantiate its argument, the article sets out to collect and analyze data by sampling a group of Iranian students. The systematic approach utilized by the article in data collection and analysis is very important in compounding the issue and clarifying the essential role of scaffolding. One of the major factors that come out in the study of scaffolding and its role in learning is ZPD. From the findings, scaffolding is more effective when teachers understand the student ZPD and incorporate it into the learning process. It is clear from the article that students who receive aid without regard to their ZPD are unlikely to improve in comparison to their counterparts trained in line with their ZPDs. The article concludes by asserting that to make scaffolding effective, teachers need to incorporate ZPD into the learning process. Strengths and Advantages of the Article Some of the strengths evident in the article include its ability to explain the importance of scaffolding and the systematic nature of data collection and analysis. The article begins its argument by defining terms such as scaffolding and ZPD. The definition of these terms takes about two pages a factor that helps the readers understand the concepts and easily grasp the argument outlined in the article (Baleghizadeh, Timcheh, & Timcheh 2011). The systematic process that comprises data collection and analysis is another strength that the article demonstrates. The article begins its methodology by clearly outlining the participants, the materials used in the study, and the procedure utilized by the study before analyzing the collected data and providing results. The overall
Introduction The hospitality industry is one of the oldest industries, and one that has exhibited some serious changes in various fronts. Technological changes have seen this industry adopt some of the ultra-modern facilities and this has seen it grow more competitive. Players in this industry are keen to ensure that they are not swept away in this competition (Kotler, 2003). In order to remain relevant, many of the star-rated hotels, with their ultramodern facilities have been keen to ensure that they attract customers to their services. Sonoma Mission Inn and Spa Hotel operates in one of the most competitive industries. With a four-star rating, this hotel must be ready to face some of the strongest challenge from the industry leaders like the Sheratons and the Hiltons. Tourist visiting California makes the most attractive segment of the customers, alongside the local travelers. This hotel must ensure that it employs both to-destination and in-destination advertising in order to remain relevant. To-destination advertising Campaign Concept of Operation This type of advertising is very important, especially to a hotel like Sonoma Mission Inn and Spa, which operates in a highly competitive market. Unlike in-destination advertising, to-destination advertising involves adverting to the target customers who are en-route to the destination. Although this concept is considered a little too expensive than in-destination campaign strategy because of its scope, it has proven to be very effective. The marketing department of the hotel can liaise with airplane companies plying the desired destination and advertise on the planes. This can also be done on the airports or such other places that the target customers are likely to see en-route to the destination. The rationale behind this strategy is to positively influence the potential customers’ perception about the hotel at an early stage. By the time the customer reaches the destination, he or she would be aware of the hotel and choosing to stay in it would be easier. In employing this strategy, the marketing team should ensure that visitors coming to California are well aware of the hotel and its competitive edge over other hotels. To-Destination Advertising Campaign Process Map To-destination advertising requires proper planning. The involved parties should have a proper outline of how to conduct the campaign in the targeted region. The diagram below shows the processes that should be taken by the marketing team of Sonoma Mission Inn and Spa. They should first identify the desirable locations where advertising should be done. These may include airports, the airplanes, along the streets of other countries, in the newspapers, magazines or other dailies of other countries. This may require that the marketing team understand the flow of visitors in order to be in a position to identify the locations where a substantial number of visitors come from. The next stage
Persons diagnosed with CAD (coronary artery disease) necessitate years of treatment to control symptoms and at the same time remain employed in addition to carrying out their regular role in the family unit. Due to the augmentation of concern, their personality is negatively affected, with many of them experiencing diminished self-image. (Conn, Taylor, & Casey, 1992). Cardiac therapy programs thus intend to assist these persons to retain or recover their self-care capability and prepare them to deal with physical and psychosocial issues (Brewer & Hoeman, 1996). Because of the failure of adherence of fifty percent of the people involved in the long term cardiac therapy programs which intend to help them achieve rehabilitation goals, there is a high rate of attrition among such people, stressing the need for continued research into self-care behaviors which can enhance the capabilities of these individuals to adhere to the regimens of the specified programs. The cost of health care and rehabilitation of these people has increased tremendously in recent years resulting in the reduced number of deaths attributed to CAD. For example, in 1996, $118.2 billion was spent on direct and indirect costs of treating CAD (American Heart Association, 2000) which continue to increase annually. Because of the great physical and emotional impact of CAD in addition to the exorbitant cost of caring for its survivors, it becomes imperative to identify the factors which influence adherence and self-care behaviors in the current populace and prioritize healthcare research. A study developed and implemented within Orem’s (1995) ‘Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing’ revealed factors that control men’s observance to cardiac therapy by suggesting that investigating an individual’s experiences with health and illness helps involve that person with his or her care. Concerning cardiac therapy pr
Introduction It is the wish of all business organizations, both big and small, to succeed in whatever activities they undertake. Traditionally, all for-profit organizations endeavors to realize improved financial performance, maintain solvency, consistently retain, and increase their capital and client bases. However, various factors, either internal or external, can cause business failure in a given segment of an organization or even the entire organization. This research paper explores a business failure that occurred at Chrysler Group LLC in 2009. The paper aims to describe how organizational-behavior theories could have predicted or explained the company failure. It also compares and contrasts how leadership, management, and organizational structures contributed to the failure. Organizational-behavior theories that can predict or explain a company’s failure Chrysler Group LLC is an American multi-national automobile maker with its headquarters in the Detroit, suburb of Auburn Hills, in Michigan. It was positioned as Chrysler Corporation in 1925 under the leadership of its founder Walter Chrysler. In 2009, Chrysler LLC slipped into bankruptcy and on April 30, 2009, filed for chapter 11-bankruptcy protection from which it emerged on 30 June 2009 after collaborating with the Italian automaker, Fiat (Isidore, 2009). Typically, a well-established business organization like Chrysler Group LLC is run by a management team consisting of senior officials like CEOs and senior financial managers, board of directors, and internal and external auditors. All of these players actively take part in the decision making processes of an organization regarding all of its aspects including human resources management, production, marketing, financial management, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) among others. Even though, there is a tendency to hinge a company’s future success on the shoulders of the CEO, each of the above-mentioned key players is supposed to play his or her part in order to safeguard the future success of the organization. Concisely, a company’s success or failure can be determined by the role played by its key decision makers during a definite period. Former Chrysler Group LLC board of directors failed to play their role effectively or professionally. They over relied on the leadership of CEOs as the principal key to the company’s future success especially during the early years of the 21 st century. Even though, the CEO
The concept of happiness is undoubtedly an attractive one and the ultimate goal for many people regardless of age, nationality, gender, and other characteristics. Yet, despite being universally desirable, happiness is hard to describe or characterize. Jamie Anderson’s “Is Happiness the Beginning or the End?” discusses the view on happiness in the American cultural consciousness and the perceived ideological conflict regarding the specificities of its nature. An idea of happiness existing “at the end of the chase” is a prevalent one in culture and philosophy, yet other accounts claim it to be an innate right that should be a given. This paper aims to analyze the author’s thesis on the subject and evaluate whether he was convincing in delivering his perspective. American Declaration of Independence conceptualizes happiness as one of the universal rights granted to every individual by virtue of existing. However, as stated in the article, contemporary research indicates broad casual dissatisfaction with life respondents’ lives. Anderson refers to the 2013 Gallup poll stating that only 30% of Americans are happy at work, which constitutes the core of daily activities for most of the population. This data illustrates the general level of unhappiness, mainly due to the high percentage of time working Americans dedicate to their occupation. Whether due to stress or a generally negative attitude towards their field, people are much less happy with their routine than the philosophical ideals demand them to be. Anderson later applies the findings from the lecture of Shawn Achor, who has analyzed the ways the human brain responds to casual failures and successes. Momentary satisfaction is easy to achieve, but it does not equal happiness for the majority of people. The idea of happiness has more in common with the lasting sense of satisfaction and prosperity, which, according to Achor, is not a natural condition for the human brain. As both the paper and Achor’s lecture suggest, lasting happiness from successes and achievements is an exception, rather than the rule. After achieving a goal, people experience a brief sense of triumph and move on to the next goalpost. Therefore, the connection between these achievements and happiness is very relative, and daily successes usually have little to do with the overall feeling of satisfaction. However, as Anderson suggests in the closing section of his paper, perception shapes the facts instead of the opposite. He effectively comments on this idea in the discussion of the role of optimism. The optimistic approach to life and conscious positivity might improve one’s level of simple happiness, as the person becomes aware of the degree to which their attitude is involved. Such ideology requires self-improvement and dedication to the new mindset, which might be emotionally taxing under daily stress. Yet overall, it is a comforting notion to know that everyone has great
According to Bolton, “a computer program is a set of instructions for a computer to perform a specific task” (2012, p.1). Data processing is the process by which information is obtained from data (Articlebase.com, 2012, p. 1). There are four main methods used by a computer program (or application) to process data. These are batch, online, real-time and distributed processing. In the batch method, a program begins to process data once it has been fully collected and organized into a batch (Jones, 2009, p.8). An example where this method of data processing is particularly effective is in computerized payroll cheque processing programs. In such, it is imperative that the program has enough data as this ensures correct debiting and crediting. In the online processing method, processing of data takes place as it is input into the program, that is, unlike in batch processing it does not wait for the data to be organized into a batch (Jones, 2009, p.14). Thus, the computer program responds immediately to the data being input. Examples where online data processing is applied include booking systems for hotels and word-processing programs. In real-time processing, as with online processing, data processing takes place as the data is input into the program (Jones, 2009, p.20). The difference, however, is that the processing has to complete in time because the output it produces affects the next data input to the program (Jones, 2009, p.3). An example where real-time processing is effective is in patient monitoring programs. In distributed processing, data processing is done on more than one computer typically on a server and remote workstations (Dephoff, 2012, p.4). An example where distributed processing is effective is in ATM applications. Having discussed the methods above this paper argues that the methods used to process data in a program do not change as the quantity of data increases. The reason for adopting this argument is that if the methods of data processing changed then there would be a high risk of programs becoming unreliable and inefficient in carrying out their tasks. To discuss the logic behind this argument we will consider two cases in which we will investigate the effect of changing the data processing method. The first case is that of a computerized payroll program. To get an accurate payroll, data has to be collected over a specified period and processed as a whole. This is why the batch processing method is preferred in computerized payroll programs. Let us assume that online processing is used instead of batch processing. The payrolls produced in this case will be inaccurate since online processing does not support collection of data over time and thus, computerized
Abstract The purpose of this project is to provide fast effective means of secure telecommunications to protect government interests from parties that intend harm to national security. The scope of this project is limited to personnel and equipment involved in Government Special Programs and Security as required by our agency and not to include gear provided by outside agencies. Introduction Information without exaggeration can be considered as one of the determinant resources of development. In the modern world, information actively influences all spheres of vital functions of not only separate states, but also the global community. However, in certain cases the information can be used not only for a good cause, but also to the detriment of the interests of the individual, the society and the government. Therefore the role of information safety within the system of national security not only essentially increases, but also leads to priorities. Accordingly, the protection of communication channels occupies a special place in the main structure of a complex system of information protection. Communication channels are among the most vulnerable components of Informational systems, where in their structure it is possible to specify a large number of potentially dangerous threats, through which malefactors can access the informational system. Modern technologies and methods of protection of telephone conversations from interception counteract practically all the means of its realization. Nevertheless, in the matter of government interests, the security priority in communications can be influential in making decisions of changing the platforms of communication and upgrading the existing communication principles. In that regard, new technical decisions would allow solving the issues of communicative security in a more complex approach without sacrificing such aspects as flexibility, price, speed and development and implementation of new functions. This report aims to propose replacement of the existent governmental standards in securing communications, STU-III and STE with a sufficiently new and effective approach to communication, i.e. Voice over Internet Protocol. The report provides the general overview of the existing technologies and their drawbacks giving recommendations on how to overcome the obstacles in developing effective and secure communication platforms. Background As of 2008, the US government secure communications are based on Secure Terminal Equipment (STE), which replaced the Secure Telephone Unit – Third Generation (STU- III). STE are capable to operate in PSTN, Tri-TAC, or direct connections to Radio Frequency (RF), although are mostly used through Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). (NSA, 2007)T
Introduction Plans to attain a stable regional future for Cleveland are surrounded by so many challenges. Policies that are exclusionary and discriminatory, complex urban disinvestment as well as the divided and inconsistent suburban growth that gives rise to segregation are part of these challenges. These challenges and associated complexities of Cleveland city have left the metropolitan region dry and almost lifeless. There are heightened disparities within the City of Cleveland that have led to unstable social, economic and health facets of Cleveland’s City. In addition, competition in the region is dangerously eminent. This paper aims to understand how the once highly accredited city in Ohio is now fighting to restructure its current poor economy and deplorable housing conditions. Present Demographic The population of Cleveland is low at an estimated 438, 042 in 2007 and is expected to further decline (Cleveland Land Lab, 2008). According to Mallach & Brachman (2010), Cleveland’s population is less than 50% of what it initially used to be. The worst part is that the population continues to decrease and the situation is not presumed to get any better. Close to 3,300 acres of land are empty space and around15, 000 buildings are vacant. As if this is not enough, current demolishes and fires are consuming the already derelict structures. Most people have deserted the urban core and moved to the edges of the city even after a long-term investment within the heart of Cleveland. Growth on the fringes of the city gives rise to radical and high living standards due to a high need for city services, high taxes and diminishing rural outlook. The mansions that once made up John hay neighborhood do not exist. The Euclid Avenue of Aristocrats is forlorn-looking with long blocks of empty buildings, factories and lots. It is apparently clear that population loss has led to a declined economy for Cleveland. Currently, very few residents are foreign and fewer of the residents have achieved tertiary education. Housing According to “The Plain Dealer” by Lubinger (1992), mortgage rates were at their lowest in 20 years during this time. Housing has been at the heart of issues in Cleveland, escalated by the formidable foreclosures that continue to become worse to the extent of house abolishment (Kotlowitz, 2009). Either one of the following reasons lead to foreclosure as indicated by Mikelbank & Post (2011): “the sale was a sheriff’s sale; the house had sold at a sheriff’s sale in the last 2 years; and the house had a foreclosure filing against it in the last 2 years”. There is obviously substantial land that is unused and various buildings have no one residing in them. This is due to the harsh reality of population and job loss. The following exhibit illustrates the prices of housing in Cleveland’s su