ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Carl Jung’s theory of personality is among the most common approaches to personality studies. The theory argued that there are certain types of personality that affect the way people feel, think, and behave. Jung’s writings became the foundation of later typologies of personality. In particular, Jungian theory appealed to Myers-Briggs, who built on it to develop the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality instrument. This instrument is widely used in modern psychology and sociology. The MBTI, as well as Jungian theory, provides a useful insight into the personality and allows for a better understanding of people’s motivations and behaviors. The present paper will apply Jung’s theory of personality and the MBTI to Madame C. J. Walker, a famous African American entrepreneur, with the goal of discussing both approaches to personality studies. Jung’s Theoretical Approach Jung’s theory is rather broad and encompasses various aspects of psychoanalysis. According to Engler (2013), Jung believed that personality is a network of interacting systems, which include the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. The interactions between these systems affected the person’s psychological types. Psychological types, in turn, included three sets of dichotomous attitudes and functions. The two possible attitudes defined by Jung were extraversion and introversion, whereas the functions included sensation and intuition, as well as thinking and feeling (Engler, 2013). Based on this typology, it is possible to examine Madame C. J. Walker from the perspective of Jung’s theoretical approach. First of all, Madame C. J. Walker was extroversive rather than introversive. Extroverts, in Jungian theory, are people whose psyche is oriented outward (Cloninger, 2013). They are usually good at communication and are comfortable in the company of other people. The first set of functions os sensation and intuition. Sensors, by Jung, tend to use facts and rely on their senses, whereas intuitive personalities look for relationships and meanings (Engler, 2013). Here, Madame C. J. Walker appears to be a sensor, as she had to rely on concrete data to be more successful in business. However, it is difficult to assess this function based on historical information alone. The last functions are thinking and feeling. Given Walker’s altruism and experience in social activism, it is most likely that she felt strongly for disadvantaged people and thus had a more developed feeling function. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) The MBTI typology instrument is largely based on Carl Jung’s theory and seeks to place people into one of the 16 personality types based on their a
Introduction Lazybones is a clothing manufacturer, which focuses on ethics, excellence, and design (Qut Gateways, 2012). It plans to expand its clothing line internationally. The products are highly differentiated from the competitors by quality, incomparable design, and manufacturing process, and the dresses are colourful and unique. Consequently, the critical goal of this paper is to evaluate economic, political, and business environments of Chile and Mexico and select the most appropriate country for contract manufacturing. Economic Environment GDP Growth Evaluate the overall economic environment of Chile and Mexico is vital. This assessment offers a general understanding of the financial stability in the selected countries (Hill, Cronk, & Wickramasekera, 2014). Compare the growth of the GDP assists in evaluating the development of the national economy (see Figure 1). Chile has higher growth than Mexico, and, as a consequence, it offers better macroeconomic conditions for the business development. Figure 1. GDP growth in Chile and Mexico (World Economic Forum: Mexico, 2016). Index of Economic Freedom Assessing economic freedom i
BPC’s Problem BPC ventured into the business of providing payroll services to small and medium-sized enterprises. After four years, the business had prospered with an annual return of about $40million. This outcome prompted the business to expand its sales. The expectation was that the founder would collect over $30million from shareholders after the expansion. However, the attempt failed. The company witnessed reduced revenues and sales. When the global financial crisis struck, the board of directors discovered a problem in the marketing and sales department because they (directors) did not know their customers’ interests. Hence, they had to deliberate on the effectiveness of getting in touch with their esteemed clients. BPC’s Initial Solution Initially, BPC attempted to grant six months free service to clients who made a yearly loyalty to the company. The company also introduced various sales incentives to help in fastening its deals. The Research The company collected information regarding the attributes of its clients from its small restaurant stores. Data was collected from annual reports, websites, press reports, and internal financial records. Some of the aspects that were examined during the study include its returns, the number of human resources, and the industry status. The company discovered that the number of personnel directly influenced customer profitability. It was observed that the sales cost was also affected by the selling-cycle length since prolonged cycles existed where more proposals and product advertisement among others things were established. Furthermore, the researchers also noticed that despite the dropping quantity of sales, clients continued pledging their loyalty. Most of them came from the small and medium-sized enterprises. Hypotheses BPC prepared the following preliminary hypotheses:  1. Mid-sized professional service firms qualify as good clients because they consistently need payroll processing services to outsource such services from a firm such as BPC  2. Firms that are situ
Obesity refers to a medical condition characterized by build-up of excess fat around the body tissues. Such a condition threatens the body health. Obesity results in various health complications that can significantly reduce one’s life expectancy. Intriguing is the fact that incidences of obesity are rampant. Obesity does not spare age and sex; it is prevalent among children as well as adults. There are various factors that lead to obesity. For instance, the condition has been associated with lack of a balanced diet, limited physical exercises and genetics. However, it is not uncommon for those that observe balanced diet and exercise to be obese. Additionally, those that have closely studied the genetic factors have noticed the existence of the disparities. More focus has further been directed to the link between socioeconomic status and obesity prevalence. This paper summarizes the article by Knai, Lobstein, Darmon, Rutter & McKee (2012) studing the link between childhood obesity and socioeconomic status. Knai, Lobstein, Darmon, Rutter & McKee (2012) begin by acknowledging the increase in the disparities among children in Europe. They proceed to explore the link between socioeconomic status and obesity. They carry out a cross-country analysis on the relationship between the two variables and they also seek to establish the evidence on the trend of overweight disparities between the socioeconomic states by drawing literature reviews. In the studies reviewed, there are four revealed increasing disparities between the high income families and the low income families. On the other hand, three studies showed insignificant growing differences between the social economic strata. There was no study that revealed decreasing overweight disparities between the socioeconomic strata. They infer that low socio-economic states are the major cause of obesity. They sought to establish the factors contributing to the widening economic disparities. Although being overweight may be caused by behavioral and biological risks, the researchers note that it may be exacerbated by the limited socio-economic capacity. Moreover, the relationships between the variables are often perceived as being complex and intergenerational, and are likely the root-cause of the parental risks factors. Indeed, they concur that parental factors are considered as one of the risk factors that particularly lead to obesity. Additionally, the weight of the mother is perceived to have a significant impact on the weight outcome of a child. For instance, a pregnant obese mother is likely to bear and raise an obese child, considering the mechanisms that underlie in Utero-programming. Behavioral factors such as smoking during pregnancy largely increase the chances of childhood obesity. A social disparity in smoking has been particularly pronounced during the pregnancy’s third trimester. On the other hand, smoking among women in the
Abstract Different types of practices are used to collect the evidence at the crime scene. One of these practices is fingerprinting. Fingerprinting allows detection and fixating human fingerprints that are left by the friction ridges. There are four different approaches in fingerprinting: chemical lifting, cyanoacrylate fuming, visualization/lifting in blood and visualization/lifting on human skin. Each of these types is designed to detect and capture fingerprints left on different kinds of surfaces. Furthermore, every type involves certain methods and instruments to fixate and lift fingerprints. This research will be focused on describing each type of the fingerprinting methods while focusing on peculiarities that each practice has. Also, the process of casting a mold of tire and footwear impressions will be described in detail. Fingerprinting The type of fingerprints collection method that is used in the crime scene is often determined by the surface it is left on. The surfaces, in turn, vary in significant numbers. Fingerprints may be left on glass, marble, metal, plastic, finished wood, etc. These surfaces are called nonporous. Other types of surfaces are called porous. These surfaces will deform under pressure, therefore, creating a fingerprint (Sheridan, 2013). Porous surfaces include soft materials such as butter, clay, soft metals, cement, soil, etc. Nonporous surfaces are generally the areas that are searched for the fingerprints. However, it is much easier to detect and collect fingerprints on porous surfaces. For the nonporous surfaces, forensic science recommends using the most common chemical lifting practices such as dusting with fingerprint powder (NFSTC, 2013). This powder may be made of black granular, black magnetic, aluminum flake or other materials. The process of using the fingerprint powder consists of applying the powder that will stick to the human skin grease and will not reside on the adjacent surfaces. Therefore, the fingerprint is made visible. Specialists then proceed to take photographs of fingerprints that are then analyzed and stored in the police database. However, using the fingerprint powder may contaminate the print area making fingerprint’s quality unacceptable. If there is a possibility of contamination, the recommended course of action is to use cyanoacrylate. Cyanoacrylate, as well as other chemicals used in the process of fingerprint detection, is used to make the latent fingerprints visible without causing additional contamination of the crime scene and the area in which a fingerprint is found. Applying chemicals to fingerprint area causes the reaction which only highlights the outlines of a fingerprint. As well as in the procedure of dusting, highlighted fingerprints are then photographed and passed to fu
Introduction The Sumerian account of creation is founded on the polytheistic nature of its adherents and essentially holds that the universe was created through a complex intermingling of convenience, bad judgement, evil and twists of fate. On the other hand, the genesis creation myth revolves around the monotheistic nature of the Hebrews and Christians. Consequently, the manner, purpose and events in this creation story are founded on Yahweh God. Through a comparison of the two accounts, it shall be argued that the Genesis version is a more satisfactory account. Comparison The story of creation as found in Genesis is quite similar to the Sumerian creation account with regard to the scientific basis of both narrations. The Sumerians and Christians believed that the gods first started with energy through the creation of light and then followed this up with form as seen through creation of the planets, then that form was filled using land and water. Plants were the next item in the creation agenda and then the seasons followed this. Sea animals were next and then beasts that lived on the earth. Man was the ultimate and final creation in both accounts (Dalley, 246). It can be stated that these versions of creation both make scientific sense because certain creatures would not have survived if they were created first. For instance, if light came before the plants, then the plants would lack a means of synthesising their own food and this would have made them extinct. Likewise, animals, came after plants so that they could feed on them. Both the Sumerian and the Genesis version had a fair degree of order and this testifies to the supremacy of their deity. These versions illustrate that the creation actions were scientifically plausible. However, the Sumerian version is less orderly and complex than the Genesis one. Both accounts also allow for the possibility of interpreting the actions in separate ways. For instance, in the Genesis creation story, it is asserted that God created all things within seven days. However, scholars have debated this issue and asserted that the seven days could be interpreted to be longer than the normal 24 hour day as we understand it today. Christian scholars believe that in the eyes of God, time was defined differently meaning that one day could be one week and one week for man could one year to God. Other interpretations of the Sumerian tale have also asserted that the gods discussed in the narrative are not actually real gods but are s
Alzheimer’s Disease A common causative factor of dementia, it is an irreversible and progressive disease of the brain that gradually destroys thinking and memory. Dementia refers to loss of cognitive ability to such an extent that daily activities of a patient are significantly affected. The initial signs and symptoms are usually seen after the age of 60. Alzheimer’s disease affects up to 5.1 million Americans (Alzheimer’s Association, 2011). Its cause is not yet fully understood but may be attributed to a series of complex events taking place in the brain over a prolonged period of time. Age related changes in the brain including atrophy or production of free radicals or inflammation has been cited as a possible cause of this condition. The brain shows notable changes in Alzheimer’s disease notably, development of tangles in deep areas of the brain and also formation of plagues in other areas (Grossberg & Sanjeev, 2009). These accumulate and affect efficiency of healthy neurons which eventually die leading to atrophy of the brain in affected areas. Signs and Symptoms Early stages are characterized by memory problems. As the disease progresses, other cognitive changes become apparent like getting lost, poor judgment, prolonged duration of doing simple tasks, hallucinations, delusions and paranoia, increased confusion. In terminal stages, there is loss of speech and patients are bedridden. The condition is diagnosed by taking patient history or by clinical observation. It can be managed by use of acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors. Psychological intervention can also be used reminiscence therapy.
The eighteenth century is a distinct period in the history of the French fashion because during that time, France became the main arbiter of style in Europe. The clothing created in this country enjoyed enormous popularity in England, Germany, Russia, the United States and so forth (Okonkwo 23). Furthermore, the eighteenth century was the period when fashionable clothing was accessible to a very limited group of people, who mostly belonged to the aristocracy. The French fashion which existed at that time had to emphasize the high social status of a person, his/her elegance, and taste. Nevertheless, the French Revolution changed people’s attitudes toward clothing. These are the main issues that should be discussed. One can even say that, the analysis of this trend can show that fashion is closely tied to the social life of a country. It is not a purely aesthetic concept. First, it should be pointed out that in the eighteenth century French tailors developed a standard which was known as the art de vivre which later became accepted in many other countries (Okonkwo 23). The French fashion industry became an object of desire for many people who wanted to emphasize their high social standing and taste. It was associated with the court of Louis XIV who was regarded as the most powerful monarch of that period. Furthermore, the reputation of French artisans was recognized among by aristocracy of different countries [1] . Additionally, at that time, the French fashion was centered primarily in Paris while the provincial nobility mostly preferred much older styles [2] . Thus, one can argue that the French fashion was extremely popular, but it was accessible to a very limited group of people. These trends were dominant in the eighteenth-century France before the outbreak of the Revolution. There are several peculiarities of the French industry that one can identify. The clothing that people wore usually reflected their social class and they had to correspond to a particular occasion. For example, women’s clothes had to be stiff-bodied and well-decorated (Steele 35). These features were typical primarily of court dresses that had to be more formal. It should be noted that after the French Revolution, women preferred to wear loose and less decorated dresses [3] (Thesander 47). One can also mention that at the beginning of the eighteenth century the French tailors began to create pompous dresses that were supposed to conceal the defects of a person’s figure (Thesander 38). For instance, women wore dresses with farthingales or hoops that helped to spread the dress (Blum 7). Women did not try to emphasize their slim figure. More importantly, they could wear dresses with negligee only on unofficial occasions (Thesander 38). As a rule, negligee was even associated with nudity (Steele 35). In contrast, women, who did not belong to the nobility, did not have to meet such standards in part because they could not afford dresses that were suitable for different occasions. This is one of the trends that emerged in the eighteenth
Introduction It is to be noted that gargantuan problems have arisen due to emphasis on the use of historical evidence and argument in the tradition rather than for the tradition when it comes to reading, interpreting and understanding the Bible. In the words of Borg (1999), “that myths and symbols are poetic and metaphorical and not to be understood as historically factual”. It has been acknowledged that the book of Borg is the author’s experience of “unlearning” his literal understanding of the Bible from childhood in favour of a “historical-metaphorical” understanding derived from his 35 years of studying the Bible as an academic. Borg is an Episcopalian professor at Oregon State University who offers a readable and succinct introduction to biblical criticism, outlining the kinds of cultural, theological and historical lenses through which people read the Bible. Borg also explains how those readings affect their relation to God of which he presents both the “historical illumination of a text in its ancient context” and a metaphorical approach that enables readers or believers to see and affirm meanings that go beyond the particularity of what the texts meant in their historical setting (PW, 2001). This approach to the Bible is applied by Borg from the creation stories to Revelation even as he advocates a journey from “pre-critical naiveté” or the period of acceptance that the Bible must be taken literally through “critical thinking” up to a degree of “post-critical naiveté” or a deeper acceptance that the Bible is true even if that truth does not rely on factuality (PW, 2001). Discussion The book of Isaiah relates to a period of some three hundred years where chapters 1-39 is set in the closing years of the Northern Kingdom when Judah was still relatively safe (NIV, 1985). Isaiah, at that time worked in Jerusalem preaching and warning about God’s wrath and judgment because of social injustices and religious hypocrisy while he advised dependence on God’s guidance and protection rather on political alliances with foreign nations. Chapters 40-55 is about the Jewish exiles in Babylon where message centres on comfort on God’s new plans as He abandons punishment, pain and the past amongst His people (NIV, 1985). The Bible from Isaiah 1-12 speaks of God’s lamentations and grief as the people of Israel
Introduction This paper reflects on the issue of gender parity in higher education. The paper outlines three major hindrances to achieving gender equity in access to higher education. The three factors mentioned in the paper include; the rights and choices for women education, gender parity in leadership and employment in senior positions. The paper looks at the three factors based on the four motivational frameworks; inclusion, attitude, meaning and competence. The Rights and Choices for Women in Education The curriculum content as well as the teaching and evaluation methods should not appear to be gender biased. Curriculum designers need to bear in mind the issue of gender inclusivity by examining the language used in the curriculum, as well as the proposed teaching aids and methods Cooke (2011). The implementation part should also embrace gender inclusion. Female students can for example feel excluded reading a text that constantly refers to the “he” pronoun without mentioning “she”. Attitude plays an important role too in achieving gender equity in higher education. Certain curricular choices for example are dominantly a male’s preserve since the old days by attitude. This attitude has been passed on from old generations to the current generations and continues to affect enrollment of female students in engineering courses Collard and Reynolds (2005). Curriculum designers and implementers need to break away from this norm by encouraging equal gender enrollment in the various career choices. The curriculum should also be focused on developing the learners’ competency in handling real life situations. Its content should be practical and applicable in everyday life situation of the learner. It is easier for one to comprehend what they can apply directly in their daily life than theoretical facts. The curriculum should provide learners an opportunity to actively participate in the learning process through questions, assignments, practical sessions and excursions. Gender Parity in Leadership There is a widespread gender parity leadership in various institutions, including the education sector. Women are largely disadvantaged in the process of ascending to competitive leadership positions Cooke (2011). This is mainly because of poor democratic institutions and the nature of campaigns that mostly favor male candidates. There is need to strengthen democratic institutions and emphasize more on affirmative action to enable more female candidates ascend to leadership positions. Curriculum should put more emphasis on practical leadership skills in order to empower and enhance learners’ leadership skills Collard and Reynolds (2005). Curriculum designers and implementers should base the curriculum content on well researched facts that include current and emerging life issues. In order to enhance competency in leadership, the curriculum needs to be designed in a manner that it will provide several opportunities to the learner to practice leadership. This can be