ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In recent years, the understanding of the physiologic changes associated with combat related PTSD is growing. As Soldiers return from combat, rapid treatment, and promising medication is important. The introduction of Prazosin offers safer and outstanding results for treating the veterans with combat-related PTSD whose nightmares were reduced. Although preliminary evidence for the use of Prazosin for the management of combat-related PTSD appears promising, there seems to remain an urgent need for further research. The current climate of the United States in two wars, suggests that there be an ongoing effort to find new and effective medication interventions. A variety of traditional agents have been used with questionable efficacy in treatment of PTSD patients. Such agents include anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics and adrenergic-receptor-inhibiting drugs. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) have been in use as a first line agent for treatment of PTSD. It is known to cause insomnia in a few patients. SSRI is known to have stimulating effects on sleep like increasing the number of arousals, suppressing REM sleep and decreasing total sleep time. Two SSRIs fluvoxamine and paroxetine have shown a small improvement in insomnia and among these two, only fluvoxamine has been describe as having effect on PTSD related nightmares. However use of fluvoxamine has been limited due to its drug-drug interaction. Antidepressants have also been used to treat PTSD and have shown significant effects in reducing nightmares and awakenings. They also improve the ability to fall asleep but despite these, they are used rarely because of the potential of hepatotoxicity and daytime sedation. Trazodone has been used as a first line agent in treatment of PTSD but it is associated with the risk of priapism which is a concern to male patients thus its use is limited. All the traditional agents have shown to have several side effects and cannot be fully relied on in treatment of PTSD. Of all adrenergic-receptor- inhibiting agents, prazosin has the largest body data with regard to sleep disturbances. It is the most lipids soluble agent thus it enters the brain easily. It is relatively nonsedative and has been clinically available on a generic basis. Prazosin is orally active and has low effect on cardiac function because of its alpha-1receptor selectivity. After the use of the product among combat soldiers, there were notable positive changes which included a decrease from nightmares four to five nights a week. No patient deteriorated and no side effects were reported. According to Raskind, side effects that come along with use of prazosin can be managed and sustainable use can be for long as far as it’s used in the correct manner. Prazosin is known to cross the blood-brain barrier when taken orally. The optimal dosage has not yet been determined but it has been theorized that patients with recen
Introduction All of us make choices each and every day. A number of our picks are sensible choices concerning what is going to turn out most excellent, in various ways. Those choices do not essentially entail to be correct or incorrect. They are all about effectiveness, accessibility, realism or inclination. But then, a lot of our decisions touch on doing the right thing. Every one of these decisions entails thousands of points spinning within the brain. In a blink of an eye the human mind evaluates the details, looks at one’s thoughts, assesses the probable outcome(s), weighs the alternatives against one’s convictions and priorities, mulls over what other persons may think, and offers the cue for action (Arizona Character Education Foundation, 2010). Choices take place so fast but the end result(s) could stay put for a lifetime. This is the reason as to why watchful deliberation is vital. It establishes the course of virtually every aspect of human life, and thus, the importance that ethical choosing holds. Ethics is a division of philosophy that concentrates on integrity. Integrity encompasses various ideas such as good and evil, right and wrong, etcetera. Ethics and ethical choice(s) Ethics refers to a band of values that guides people on the way in which they should go about in making various choices. There is no single individual with strong personality who goes about minus a code of morals. An ethical choice involves one doing more that he or she has to do. It is choosing to do what one has to do. Since operating with honor at times means not doing what one would like to do, ethical choices call for self-discipline (Miller, 2009, p. 34). An ethical choice entails making out the disparity between right and wrong. It is a dedication to do all that is right, respectable and principled. It involves one asking themselves whether they are ready to bear the price for going ahead with an unethical decision. The right or the ethical choice calls for guts. This is because it can cost an individual more in acquaintance, wealth, stature or gratification as opposed to what he or she may be willing to part with. The ethical decision is not normally the easiest way to go, however, getting used to saying no when one feels like saying yes builds character. How ethical choices are made Ethical choices require time and measured deliberation. To begin with, one has to reflect on the effect of his or her actions on all those involved and/or will be impinged on by the decision. Essentially, one has to establish whoever probably stands to be assisted or hurt, with the main aim being to ensure fairness to all. There are quite a number of basic rules for life and they include; trust, respect, accountability, evenhandedness, and caring, among others. An ethical choice involves the decision-maker questioning whether the choice taken is trustworthy, respectful, responsible, and caring (Arizona Character Education Foundation, 2010). Ethical choices which take into account the mentioned values outweigh and take precedence over unethical ones. The long term outwe
Theoretical concepts and effective management practices Introduction Several factors determine the overall performance and success of an organization. According to Drucker (1991) and Armstrong (2006), organizational effectiveness is highly connected to their management performance. The conclusion brings us to a level of need to understand what comprises an effective manager or rather the competencies or skill sets one ought to have to steer an organization to greater heights of performance. Chun (2012) discusses in detail, the top ten management practices that make one an effective manager or leader. According to Chun (2012), the ability of a manager to effectively and communicate, build relationships with employees, and embrace the diversity of people within an organization makes the list of the top ten best management practices embodied by effective managers. According to Barb (2008), one of the most difficult aspects of the business to master, yet a matter of necessity for managers is effective communication. Barb (2008) identifies the need to keep communication lines simple and open, understanding one’s diverse audience when communicating, and finally being a good listener as a critical recipe for effective communication. Work communications (n.d) emphasizes the significance of effective workplace communication, terming it as essential for a successful career and a pleasant workplace environment. Inefficient communication lines within an organization often result in state disgruntlement in the workplace and lead to loss of promotion opportunities. According to Inc. Staff (2010), good staff communication is imperative to organizational success. Companies that effectively communicate with their employees indeed report lower turnover rates and high levels of employee engagement. Communicating effectively with staff Effective communication is a necessity in all organizations and a must-have skill for all managers and leaders in an organization. Denver (n.d) states that creating and encouraging an open communication workplace environment is an essential part of a manager’s job. What then are the essential skills that one ought to have to enhance effective communication in the workplace? According to Denver (n.d), taking time to build relationships with your staff, learning the art of active listening, and giving effective feedback to your staff within the SMART spectrum are essential ingredients of effective communication. Further, Denver (n.d) highlights the importance of the art of learning when prudent to keep quiet, valuing audience diversity and empathizing as the next three other sets of ingredients tha
Introduction to the Problem The Democratic Republic of Congo is one of the postcolonial African countries facing severe crisis. The country has experienced the world’s deadliest conflicts since the Second World War (McMullen et al. 1231). Congo faced the First Congo War in 1986-1987 and the Second Congo War in 1998 (Fisher 25). Though the official end of the second war was proclaimed more than ten years ago, the activity of military groups in the country is still high. One of the most devastating features of the conflicts in Congo is the practice of recruiting child soldiers, aged from eight years. Though the majority of child soldiers were demobilized after the official end of the war, numerous children are still recruited by military groups and put under nonhuman conditions, including violence, abuse, and experience of drug usage. The process of demobilization of child soldiers is complicated, as many children do not find support in the society and have severe psychological problems and drug addictions. Analytic Discussion of the Significance of the Problem The problem of child soldiers in Congo is urgent and finding an effective solution is necessary for ensuring the healthy environment for the population of the country. Analysis of the significance of the problem should include determining the current state and the scope of the problem and its consequences. Currently, thousands of children in Congo remain the members of military groups. Except being recruited on their will, the children are often abducted and forced to serve as combatants. The terrific experience gained by children while being in military groups puts a huge threat to their psychological and physical well-being and serves as an example of the severe violation of children’s rights. While the boys are taught to be aggressive and violent, the girls are sexually abused and humiliated. The children are largely supplied with drugs and forced to become seriously addicted to certain substances to let the military groups easily manipulate and control them. Killing and abusing become the accepted ways of behavior for such children and cause irreversible changes in their worldview and life perception. The consequences of the discussed situation include risks of children’s deaths and severe physical injuries caused by participation in military groups. While physical injuries can be treated to some extent, the severe psychological traumas experienced by child soldiers are difficult to be fixed and need continuous long-term treatment that is hardly available in Congo. The militarization of children and youth leads to irreversible changes in their values and priorities and contributes to the prevalence of aggression in
Introduction The history of psychology traces back to the liberal philosophies of Rene Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician, who espoused the concept of carnal and mind dualism. Other great philosophers who contributed to the development of modern psychology were Plato and Aristotle among other Greek philosophers who upheld prodigious suppositions about human beings and their interactions with the world. These philosophers developed many theories that explained bodily functions in aspects such as retention of information, knowledge, sensitivity, thought, and enthusiasm among others. This essay explores the history of modern psychology by examining how the contributions of great philosophers and physiologists influenced the work of early psychologists. Rene Descartes Rene Descartes was a French Philosopher, scientist, and a mathematician who significantly contributed to what we recognize as modern psychology (Schultz & Schultz, 2012). The authors unveil that Descartes was an intellectual enthusiast who treasured knowledge pursuits and travels. The philosopher’s life characterizes a person who had a great love for philosophy, physics, and mathematics. Contributions of Rene Descartes to Modern Psychology At the outset, Schultz and Schultz (2012) reveal that that Descartes strongly held concepts of empiricism to study the functioning of the human body and it interaction with the environment. The philosopher’s most significant contributions to modern psychology were founded on a mechanistic rather than a scientific model. Descartes used his skills that he acquired from mathematical and philosophical concepts to explain the functioning of the body through performance of correlational analysis and significance tests. Furthermore, Descartes developed analytical geometry methodologies through inductive and deductive reasoning. According to Schultz and Schultz (2012), these analytical geometrical concepts formed a strong foundation for modern psychology. The institution of methodology paved way for accurate and well-thought-out course of assessment and substantiation of psychological deductions. Lastly, but not the least, Descartes determined truth by reason. The philosopher was mostly concerned with what the senses perceived rather than how they perceived. This method of reasoning formed a sturdy framework for modern psychology. Herman von Helmholtz Helmholtz was a German physiologist and a physics philanthropist whose scientific though
Background, products/services, and markets Tico Mas is a fast-food organisation that operates in the American market. Its first store opened in California in 2010.Today, it has 15 more stores in different states within the US. The organisation offers products such as vegetable salads, beef hamburgers, fruit juices, coffee, ice creams, French fries, chicken hamburgers, and pizza. It now mainly focuses on the American markets, although the company plans to expand into international markets in its effort to increase profitability. For example, it is considering targeting the Asian markets in the future. Although the business is predominantly a product-based organisation, customer services are considered an important aspect of enhancing future growth. In the fast-food sector, issues such as the rate of serving customers and effective management of employees-customer relations are all important aspects of service delivery, which the management believes Tico Mas can use in building its long-term competitive advantage not only in the American markets, but also in other anticipated global markets. Role of strategic marketing As Tico Mas manager, I have the responsibility of leading work teams to achieve the organisation’s short-term and long-term growth strategies. To help in building organisational success, strategic marketing is incredibly important. What role can it play at Tico Mas? Tico Mas must apply effective strategic marketing efforts to remain relevant and/or gain market share that can enable it to break even. The objective of any company is to deliver values to its owners (Kotler & Armstrong 2008). For Tico Mas, this value is expressed in terms of its returns on investments. With the increasing concerns about the role of organisations in delivering value to not only the owners, but also other stakeholders who have vested interests in the performance of an organisation as Kotler and Armstrong (2008) confirm, Tico Mas deploys principles of strategic marketing to portray itself as a business that engages in activities in a socially responsible manner. Strategic marketing entails a group of continuous activities and comprehensive processes that organisations use to systematise and align resources. Activities in strategic marketing are aligned with the organisation’s mission, vision, and plans (Dess, Lumpkin & Taylor 2005). Through strategic marketing, Tico Mas acquires a mechanism for changing static plans into strategic performance outcomes that help it to initiate key decisions and/or enable business strategies to gradually develop as change opportunities. Indeed, strategic marketing provides avenues for probable organisational growth by creating an effective mechanism for analysing Tico Mas’ strategic goals, which include its vision, mission, and objectives alongside the analysis of the organisation’s internal and external environment. Strategic marketing determines the success of Tico Mas since it provides a potential way of aligning the organisation’s marketing plans with strategies for gaining a competit
Profitability is one of the major priorities of any business and, to increase it, organizations may implement various methods. One of the ways to balance the firm’s financial needs and customer interests is to create a great working environment and improve employee engagement. The modern world raises the question about the ways to increase revenue and maintain a positive work environment even in situations when the customer is not satisfied. In my opinion, such a balance can be achieved through the implementation of holistic leadership strategies aimed to develop an appropriate corporate culture and understanding of the company’s vision and values among subordinates. Researchers suggest that organizational vision serves multiple purposes − it determines the company’s commitment to financial goals, its identity, value-adding capabilities, and so on (Kofi Darbi, 2012). By adding values to internal organizational activities, the management may both improve employee commitment and customer appeal. Thus, the organizational vision should reflect the company’s responsible attitude to its most important stakeholders (employees, in particular). However, not only should the management state that it values subordinates but must adhere to the proclaimed vision and values by developing efficient reward and motivation systems. Good rewards are core to employees’ engagement in organizational quality initiatives and the development of positive customer relations. The efficient reward and reinforcement system shows that the organization values employees’ efforts and attempts
Abstract Woodstock Music Festival was a three day event that took place in 1969. It involved a “throng of sex, drugs, and rock n’ roll–plus a lot of mud.” Woodstock has turned out to be a 1960’s hippie counter-culture symbol during one of the most unstable years in contemporary history. In this paper, theories regarding the causes of this colossal concert will be discussed and argued, in effect convincing readers to look at the music festival in new point of view and discover the symbolic significance that stirred novelty to a crippling nation. Body In 1969 America summer, numerous huge concerts took place, however none of them were as symbolic and celebrated as Woodstock Music Festival. Woodstock impact on the society and culture of Americans will be remembered in many decades to come. John Roberts, Artie Kornfield, Michael Lang, Joel Rosenman were men who initially established the event. Their initial plan concerning the concert was to back up the plan of opening a recording music studio in Bethel, NY; this is where the concert in fact took place. Intended to become the biggest event that assembled many people in one specific place and time, Woodstock Music Festival represented “three days of love, peace and music” in the middle of Vietnam War terrors (Evans, 48). Woodstock was the most eminent music concert and it took place when Americans were greatly divided; more than four hundred thousand people from all over the country assembled to commemorate “Three Days of Peace and Music.” Those 3 days of celebrated performances, indescribable mud and memorable experiences enabled Woodstock Art and Music turn into be a symbo
El-Tayeb, Fatima. “‘If You Can’t Pronounce My Name, You Can Just Call Me Pride’: Afro-German Activism, Gender, and Hip Hop.” Gender & History 15, no. 3 (2003): 460-486. El-Tayeb’s article focuses on the phenomenon of “black Germans” -the Afro-German people who acquired a “high-profile” status in the country during the mid-1990s. 1 In the introduction, the author makes a profound comparison and contrast between the treatment of colored people in different historical periods, which helps the audience to realize the importance of the subject. Also, the author emphasizes the focus of the current study, which gives readers the possibility to predict what issues the article will investigate. 2 However, despite making rather good statements and providing detailed analysis, the author’s approach to creating the introduction has some negative features. The thesis statement is mentioned as far as on the fifth page of the article, which makes the audience considerably confused for some time. 3 Despite this structural deficiency, the purpose of the article is defined by the author clearly. El-Tayeb performs the analysis of the current Afro-German hip-hop activism taking into consideration the twenty-year experience of the black German political campaign. Moreover, the author investigates the “pan-ethnic” community view of the old school hip-hop. 4 Such an extensive field of research raises interest in the article and also signifies the author’s profound knowledge of the subject. To make the article easier to comprehend, El-Tayeb divides it with the help of several subheadings that make the structure logical and coherent. The author provides an overview of the black German history stating that the theme of exotics associated with blacks has always occupied a central place in German “discourses on race.” 5 El-Tayeb pays sufficient attention to describing the experiences of German men who decided to connect their fate with African women. 6 The author provides an interesting comparison between the hardships of African migrants and Afro-Germans, noting that the “very Germanness” of the latter prevented them from many social benefits. 7 The further sections are focused on the analysis of the beginning and development of hip-hop. The author makes the article more interesting by providing excerpts of narrations made by people living in the mentioned periods. El-Tayeb makes professional remarks about the issue, such as defining Audre Lorde’s trip to Berlin as the “catalyst for events that would radically” alter Afro-Germans’ lives. 8 In the conclusion, the author underlines the most significant parts of the study concisely. 9 Th