ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The documents under consideration reveal several important facts from the history of the United States. For instance, The Constitution: Resurrection of an Imperial System exposes the truth about the U.S. Constitution and how it was written and adopted in particular. The Bodies of Men: The Negro’s Physical Nature , in its turn, reveals the real reasons for Western society’s secularization. Correspondingly, The Early Women’s Movement tells a story about women and their rights in the 19 th century, as well as the attitude towards them in those times. Finally, Revolution , Part Two of Africans in America: America’s Journey through Slavery narrates the struggle of the Africans in America. All these readings testify to the fact that the United States of America used to be an elite plutocracy rather than a popular democracy because its constitution was agreed to secretly, racial and gender discrimination started with no tries on the part of the government to stop it, and secularization began due to distinctions between human beings, rather than owing to political or any other factors. The significance of the documents under consideration is difficult to overestimate. The information presented in them is objective because none of the facts is hidden under censorship and no data are falsified. A great number of facts are often concealed from the population. For instance, there are not many people who know how exactly the Constitution of the USA was created and adopted: “When the Constitution was completed, “the majority of the people were completely against it.” The majority instead identified with the document which was the constitution from 1781 to 1789, the Articles of Confederation” (Fresia 47). This shows how meaningless people’s attitude towards the constitution was for the government. The value of other documents is also considerable for the point at the reasons of racial and gender discrimination, as well as trace the development of the country in the unequal conditions of these kinds of discrimination, discrimination based on the distinctions among people of different races and genders. These distinctions, apart from contributing to discrimination, also bred secularization based on “the growing interest in the physical distinctions among human beings” (Jordan 99). This all shows that government did not control what was taking place in the country, which proves that the form of this government was plutocracy for
Introduction Almost in every country, the youth form a very significant part of the general population. There is a trend towards ensuring that the youth are empowered. Empowering of youth has continually become challenging especially when the standards of living are taken into consideration. One of the ways which have been identified to help in the empowerment of the youth is through the youth social initiatives. This essay will briefly examine social innovation in the Middle East. This essay discusses the social innovations with an inclination of showing the contribution such initiatives make towards stabilizing economic development. Social Innovations It has been shown that the youth in Middle East comprise of a third of the population. Definitely this is a huge portion of the population which can affect various aspects within the society. It has also been pointed out that the youth in the Middle East are continuously awakening to the fact that they have to engage in some kind of social innovation if at all they have to keep abreast with the ever increasing standards of life. In fact, it has been pointed out that the efforts brought forth by the youth are significant in assistance of some “impoverished communities all over the region” (Youths 1). What does this mean for the Middle East regions and in particular the GCC? It is clear that the youth by the fact that they form a significant portion of the population have the ability to change the economies of their respective regions. It is a show of the huge economic potential in the GCC region. It is quite encouraging that the youth in the Middle East are rising up against long standing myths as far as social innovations are concern: for instance, in an application for sponsorship of social innovators, 200 applications were made out of which half were from women. Though out of the 22 innovators who were granted funds 4 were women it is clearly a good show that the youth are raising up against all odds to help in sustaining and developing the economy of Middle East. It is worth noting that some of the social innovations hatched by the youth in this region are not only entrepreneur oriented but also have an inclination to promoting peace in the regions taking into consideration the fact the region is continuously destabilized with violence: “Mr. Awwad began Al-Tariq (the Way), a group in the Palestinian territories that incorporates the teaching of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and G
Introduction Night, by Elie Wiesel explores the barbarism and despotism in Nazi camps during the World War II, very fine narrative style and obvious theme of nothingness and hollowness of human civilization. Night, by Elie Wiesel is a true picture of Holocaust, developing great interest for the readers who are much interested in such horrific description of stories. The readers are horror-stricken by observing such horrendous scenes of genocide and persecution of Jews, homelessness and wretchedness of people who are deprived of their precious possessions, very depressing state of mind of people. It is a very appalling situation, depicted in this marvelous piece of fiction where innocent people are victimized of merciless tortures and loss of faith in God in fits of desperation. It is critical interpretation how human civilization leads toward annihilation and extermination of good qualities of human beings like passion of love and pity, intimacy, carefulness, fraternity and peacefulness etc. “Behind me, I heard the same man asking: Where is God now? And I heard a voice within me answer him:… Here He is – He is hanging here on this gallows.”[1] Discussion Wiesel raises a challenging questions about humanity and suffering by depicting such dark aspects of human civilization where darkness is prevailed everywhere and nowhere light of hope is seen under the stress of worst cruelty and brutality. Wiesel narrates his past experiences so vividly that readers are involved deeply, arousing their suspense and curiosity what would happen next! Night, by Elie Wiesel is a masterpiece of factionary story where Wiesel characterizes thoughtful feelings of a young orthodox Jew who was sent with his family to the German, Nazi camps at Auschwitz and Buchenwald. The recurring themes of Night, by Elie Wiesel reflect the poignant feelings of disgust of writer against mankind and gradually his loss of faith in God, helplessness and hopelessness of a child who entirely disgusts with his father s’ moral degradation. He expresses his feelings of repugnance in this way: “Here there are no fathers, no brothers, no friends,” a Kapo tells him. “Everyone lives and dies for himself alone.”[2] Night is a very fantastic novel, reflecting Wiesel s’ personal feelings of despair and hatred how Holocaust has left indelible imprints upon his innocent mind. In Night,” Wiesel said, “I wanted to show the end, the finality of the event. Everything came to an end — man, history, literature, religion, God. There was nothing left. And yet we begin again with night.” [3] The narrative character of Night, Eliezer is a very devout religious and studious orthodox jewish youngster who engages himself all days and nights in his specific prayers according to Jewish faith. The religious theme recurs that there is no more spiritual faith and everyone is doubtful about the existence of omnipresence of God as he thinks God doesn’t care of his innocent people who are dying due to the barbaric and despotic behavior of advocates of Nazism in German. Wiesel narrates whole story of his past experiences in such impressive manner that the reader finds himself physic
Introduction This language investigation examines the effect of texts on social values, and how they may contribute to maintaining or changing values. The texts under study are evolving over time, as seen in a football sport blog, on the European champions’ league. This language investigation looks at various functional features of language, including semantics, lexis, grammar and discourse structure, of a blog written as the football club of Manchester united progresses from the quarter final of the champions’ league, to the semi final, and eventually reaching the final against Barcelona. This investigation attempts to identify patterns in the texts for each context, and how they are likely to be received by the audience, in terms of creating a visual picture of the action, whether from memory or imagination. [1] Sport blogs have various characteristics that pull people to read them, and it is the duty of the blogger to make it memorable for people who may have missed the action, and at times, make them want to watch the match, even if it is a second time. [2] Methodology The investigation material was obtained directly from internet sources; the BBC sports page. Since the web pages were accessible to the public without the need for a subscription or login details, the investigation could continue unhindered. The material available from the three web pages is sufficient to obtain a good comparison of the events, as the matches progressed to higher levels, and as the pressure mounted on the players. The process of investigation included examining the following: the number of words on each match on the blog; the commonly used words and phrases in commentary; the number of instances of play-by-play commentary; the number of instances of colour adding in the commentary; the words used to describe the most mentioned players in the games; the number of words related to the game of football; and the number of instances when the team managers were identified to contribute significantly to the outcome of the matches. Data and Analysis The first task was to find out the number of words for each match, using Microsoft Word . In the quarter final game between Manchester United and Chelsea, McNulty used 744 words in his game review. He used 786 words in the semi final game between Manchester United and Schalke, and 985 words in the final game between Barcelona and Manchester United. The results indicated an increasing number of words as the matches progressed towards the finals. This could be attributed to the increasing intensity of the game. In the quarter finals and semi finals, there were more shots towards the goal, and more fouls, which indicated accessibility of the ball to both teams. The final game can be said to have been more
Introduction Social encounters can create, support or nullify a behavioral expectation about another group. If a target exhibits behavior that is consistent with his group, then a stereotype will manifest. This leads to a phenomenon known as the self-fulfilling prophecy. Numerous researches exist on why a person would confirm a certain stereotype about them. The focus of the literature review will be on theoretical and psychological models that explain how expectancy confirmation occurs. Models and theories Self fulfilling prophecies may occur prior to an interaction with a member of the stereotyped group, during and after the interaction. Prior to an interaction with a target from a biased group, a perceiver may already form opinions about the target as explained by Darley and Fazio (1980). This perception may cause the respective perceiver to cancel any interaction with the target if he is in a position of power. As a result, the perceiver will not give the target the benefit of a doubt and will maintain the stereotype. Furthermore, a lack of interaction with the target will deny him an opportunity to change the behavior and thus negate behavior expectancies about his group. Conversely, Kiefer & Sekaquaptewa (2006) believe that self fulfilling prophecies occur prior to an interaction owing to behavioral expectations in the targeted group. If a person fears that examiners will evaluate his performance on the basis of his social group, then this could create apprehensions, which undermine the subject’s performance. These implicit expectations about one’s behavior often emanate from social cues, such as television and newspaper programs or advertisements (Lee et. al., 2011). For instance, most media outlets will market engineering and math as male-oriented subjects. Therefore, a subject will enter the examination room with that stereotype in mind. She will worry that her examiner will also possess these biases and this will lead to negative outcomes. While Darley and Fazio (1980) blame perceivers for behavior confirmation prior to an interaction between the perceiver and the target, Kiefer & Sekaquaptewa (2006) think that the targets are responsible for self fulfilling prophecies. Lee et al. (2011) bring in another dimension to this debate. They believe that stereotype threat, or the belief that others will judge one in accordance to group stereotypes, will cause a target to avoid an interaction altogether. However, this largely depends on whether the potential target is a member of the stereotype out-group or in-group. In these circumstances, a perceiver will assume that the target refrained from interacting with him or her because they possess the stereotype and this will cause them to maintain the bias. During an interaction, it is possible for the target to behave in a totally different manner from the concerned stereotype. However, the perceiver may still maintain the stereotype because of a series of reasons. Scholars use their theoretical backgrounds to explain why this occ
The idea of imago Dei finds its roots in the belief that God created humans in his image. It is one of the key themes in the Bible, and it shapes the Christian vision of a place of a human being in the world. This belief provides a foundation for Christian morals by attaching an ultimate unquestionable value to the life of a human. Despite the secular nature and scientific approach of modern medicine, its ethics is heavily influenced by the principles that are based on the concept of imago Dei. The main goal of medical care is to save people’s lives. The tools and techniques that modern medicine uses are based on the scientific method, but the ethical foundation of healthcare cannot be derived by sheer logic because of its moral nature (Mellon, 2017). Christianity has played a pivotal role in the development of human civilization, and its moral principles provide a set of values that are accepted by most people despite the fact that their religious beliefs might differ. The sacred value of people’s lives in Christianity comes from the idea that all humans carry the image of God that is inherent to a human being by creation. It means that the life of a person cannot be measured in money or be seen as a commodity of any sort. This approach is central to the ethical foundation of medical care and states its main goal in helping people (Cherr
Introduction Questions are rising as to whether the future technology will transform the human life or it will simply put the future of the humanity in jeopardy (Kurzweil 18). Technology has transformed from the house-size computers of the first generation to the sophisticated technologies that have made almost every part of human duties effortless. Innovation has brought about the robotic and the clone technologies that are about to replace the humans. Although these transformations will form part of the human life, as various activities will rely on these upcoming technologies, ethical, moral, and legal debates are questioning whether these technologies will be efficient or will simply bring future threats to the humanity (Kurzweil 25). This essay investigates the notion as to whether the robotic and clone future technologies will be the appropriate innovations that will perform with super intelligence or will just be disruptive technologies to the human survival. Merits and Demerits of the Forthcoming Technology Communication All that the human beings have been anticipating about the forthcoming technology is the enhancement of communication to enable people to communicate regardless of the geographical barriers. One of the anticipated future technologies is the human microchip technology in which a human brain and body system will undergo a biotechnological transformation (Ip, Michael, and Michael 3). This DNA chip technology will boost the human intelligence, but will interfere with the normal functioning of the human brain. Instead of using the master cards and card transactions, which have recently proven to be insecure and prone to fraud, the microchips will use a human body as a safe communication channel (Kurzweil 18). This form of DNA chip communication directly powered to carry out electronic and wireless communication is safer, cheaper, and convenient for the businesspersons and clients compared to the card transactions. Nonetheless, no one, even the scientists are capable of knowing the real repercussions of this future body communication. The DNA microchip technology will be among the most controversial and disruptive technologies of the coming eras (Kurzweil 19). The human safety, individual privacy, corporate privacy, and personal legal rights will remain compromised. The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), the Positive ID (PSID), and the Electronic Product Code (EPC) are capable of revealing the previous and current geographical locations of individuals as well as their purchasing behaviors (Beasley 7). No one knows whether the owners of these disruptive technologies will be alive to face any allegations or whether the human claims against ethical and legal con
Chapter one of The basic critical theory for photography , is a summary of Ways of Seeing by John Berger. The chapter explains Berger’s perception on the relationship between people’s perception and their words. Apparently, visual realization precedes words according to Berger. Through visual recognition, people establish their niches, but they employ words to explicate it. However, Berger highlights a clear difference between what people see and what they know. Given that individuals see first and then explain what they have seen using words, experience influences how they see things, and thus the choice of words to describe the same. According to Berger, images depend on the way of seeing of the person who has taken them (La Grange, 2005). In addition, people understand images based on what they see. Berger holds that images conventionally worked as memories of how certain things appeared in the past. Later on, people started seeing images as the vision of their creator. However, when individuals come across historical images, as artistic works, they interpret the meanings therein based on suppositions and experience. Berger is concerned with how individuals see and interpret images from the past in a way that suits their justifications. People do not see images from the past from a neutral perspective; on the contrary, they draw conclusions based on their experiences on what the past should have been and according to Berger, this act amounts to cultural mystification. Unfortunately, this cultural mystification bars people from understanding and appreciating their histories. Berger rues that movie camera photography revolutionized images by making them timeless. Due to the introduction of cameras, artist would see and document different aspects of the same image, and thus when presented to disparate audiences, the images appeared dissimilar. According to Berger, women have dominated nude paintings, especially in the European oil paintings, and this assertion highlights how artists view women as objects of sight. Ironically, men love seeing nude women images, but they (men) accuse them (women) of vanity. Apparently, the nudity lies in the eyes of the beholder (men), and thus women are not nude in their own right. Berger insists that ‘publicity images’ and ‘advertising images’ have the same meanings. These images are used as sentimental tools to convince people to purchase certain products. Therefore, these images are used to propagate consumerism, whereby consumers assume that their lives would be better by buying more stuff. The promoters of consumerism use ‘advertising images’ to create envy in consumers by using publicity to show how other people have become glamorous by consuming certain goods or services. In Berger’s understanding, oil paintings and publicity images are directly related. The relationship is deeply rooted in culture, materialism, art, and spiritualism among other aspects. However, Berger notes that publicity does not yield happiness. Therefore, for publicity to remain relevant in the absence of happiness, it appeals to people’s fant
During the sixteenth century, colonial people in America led very poor family life. Some of them died early due to poverty and disease and the rest of them had a very miserable and terrible life. There was great discrimination among the white and black people in which the black people were treated badly by the white people, but later this attitude changed. “It was not until the reign of Queen Elizabeth that Englishmen came to realize that overseas exploration and plantations could bring home wealth, power, glory, and fascinating information.” (Jordan 3). Through plantation this society started to develop; the hardworking farmers – both the white and black – became rich. All the power came into their hands and the poor black and white slaves were under their control and they worked for the rich and obeyed their orders. “English merchant-capitalists financed the settlement of American colonies, hoping that they would gain profits from their investments.” (Kullikoff). When the tobacco economy flourished, the white laborers expected that they can become rich through it, but later they moved on to rebellion as their hope was discouraged. So, many slaves were imported from Africa, and due to the overburden of work and disease they died soon; but the tobacco economy continued for a longer time. Thus, this country developed through this natural production, and a wealthy life was led by Americans and Africans together. Later, they also did fishing and transport for their living. Evidence In ‘The White man’s burden’, the author Winthrop D. Jordan reveals the attitude of American people towards the black people in the early centuries. In his book, the author talks about what exactly blackness is and about whether black people’s intelligence level is higher than that of white people and all. To disclose the racial discrimination among the people of America, he included some actual events in his book. Among the black, there were also some persons like Benjamin Banneker, “general” Gabriel in Virginia who have been a part of a slave revolt. The author also discusses the cruel mentality of white people towards these personalities. “Most importantly the author discusses the “why” of racism and postulates some theories for the white man’s prejudice.” (Jordan Back Cover ). The export-driven is the major method that influences the American colonial economy. In the colonial economy, the white persons played the superior role and they acquired almost all benefits from the sales. The colonial American economy didn’t make any effect on the slaves because the slaves were all black people (African American) and they didn’t get enough money for their work. The reason behind this was the effect of racial discrimination that ex