ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The United States became a superpower in the early 20 th century through the hard work of two major components of American society, the native inhabitants and immigrants. But as one looks even further the United States became a nation through the combined efforts of people that originated from other continents. The majority of were whites and they can trace their ancestry to Europe. African Americans on the other hand can trace their ancestry to Africa and the Caribbean Islands. In the past there was no problem with regards to mass movement of people into the US but in recent decades this nation saw an influx of immigrants from Asia, Puerto Rico and Mexico and the issue of immigration began to take shape. It is important to tackle this issue because immigration is both a positive and negative force when it comes to the US economy. The issue when it comes to immigration is based on an economic principle that resources are not infinite. This statement can be expanded to mean that resources are fixed like a family of five sharing a loaf of bread. In an ideal scenario there is enough food for everyone but if this family grows in size not everyone will get enough nourishment. The same thing can be said with the increasing number of non-native born workers coming into the United States and competing with native-born Americans for limited number of jobs. The competition between the two groups is intensified by the fact that immigrant works are willing to work for lower pay. The US Economy There are many who are saying that immigration is always a bad thing for America. The reason for saying so is embedded in this statement: “a surge of low-skilled immigrants should increase the supply of such workers, driving down wages at the expense of working-class Americans” (Henderson 1). It does not require a genius to understand the forces of competition at work. Consider for instance a city’s construction industry. There are only a finite number of houses and buildings that can be built in a given time. Therefore, there are a fixed number of workers that are needed by construction companies. Imagine the sudden increase of immigrant workers into that particular city and in an instant native-born works are out of work. They are suddenly unemployed because they cannot compete with low wages. The concern raised by many Americans is based on alarming numbers. According to the U.S. Census Bureaus’ March 2005 survey it was estimated that the United States is home to “11.5 to 12 million illegal immigrants and of that number 6.2 million come Mexico and about 2.5 million come from the rest of Latin America” (Forbes 1). A few million spread all over the United States should not pose a threat to the job security of US citizens. But 12 million workers ready to accept low-pay can significantly alter the job market. In a weak economy the call to reduce the number of immigrant workers can be deafening. The indirect impact of immigration to the economy is seen in the significant use of resources to prevent illegal immigrants from entering the country as well as
Introduction Interdepartmental conflicts and miscommunication is generally regarded as the serious managerial problems in any organization. Originally, these problems are caused by the improperly adjusted communication systems, and unclearly defined goal, which is understood differently by the departments. It is generally stated that the miscommunication can easily break the effectiveness of any organization independently on the strategy of the company, business goals and experience of the managers and executives. The most serious problem, which may be observed is the passing of the wrong message further, thus causing the chain of miscommunication. These chains are difficult to stop but easy to prevent by arranging an effective communication system, which will regulate all the communication flow in the organization, associated with business performance. The aim of this paper is to provide the analysis of the communication system of the City of Albuquerque Public Health Department, which experiences interdepartmental conflicts and miscommunication associated with Behavior and Process Technology. The research will be aimed at analyzing the problem, incorporating the diagram of the communication flow, pointing out the possible problem, and giving the particular recommendations, directed at solving the problem of communication. The Role of Communication The fact is that, the internal communication process within any organization is often compared with the human nervous system. Thus, in order to perform particular action, the brain needs to communicate the necessary commands and instructions to the parts of the body and organs, like CEO has to communicate the orders and regulations through the communication system exactly to the departments, these regulations directed to. Originally, the communication within any organization can not be oral. All the communication activities are documented either on the paper or in electronic format in order to make the communication process as clear as possible. As for the City of Albuquerque Public Health Department, it should be emphasized that communication process is of particular importance for it, as lives of people depend on it. Miscommunication, which is experienced, is the matter of the close system, which is not originally subjected to evolutional changes, and is not perceptive towards the external influence. Originally, this close system is features with the absence of a feedback for the external influence and factors, which tend to influence the system and change it. On the one hand, these systems stay stable and nut subjected to harmful influence of the environment. On the other hand, close systems do not develop, and eventually become ineffective and unable to survive among other competitors. In spite of the fact that the city
Although research on the relationship between psychosocial factors and immune mechanisms in cancer regulation is yet to offer conclusive outcomes, academics and medical practitioners are in agreement that psychosocial factors affects the body’s immune system in numerous ways. Indeed, some researchers have hinted that the role of psychosocial factors in cancer progression among populations who already have the disease cannot be wished away (Naaman et al., 2009). These researchers argue that psychosocial factors negatively affects the immune system’s capacity to defend people against common and complex diseases and, as such, the factors directly or indirectly contributes to the spread of cancer in the body as a direct consequence of the inhibited immune system (Gorin, 2010). According to Naaman et al (2009), increased survivorship among patients suffering from cancer has fundamentally transformed the ailment from what was previously acknowledged as a terminal condition to one of chronic magnitude. Since patients of cancer are now living longer, they experience a multiplicity of psychosocial challenges that are inherently beyond the point of medical treatment. Patients, for instance, have to deal with the realities of having being diagnosed with cancer, long-term consequences of toxic treatment procedures, the perceived or real possibility of recurrence even after a sustained period of apparently successful treatment, professional and career interruptions, and financial distress. Many cancer patients, according to Naaman et al (2009), are unable to deal with these issues, hence develop undesirable attributes such as emotional distress, helplessness, anxiety, social inhibition, suppressed negative emotions and fear. In extreme cases, patients develop negative coping responses such as alcoholism and drug abuse. Such psychosocial factors and negative coping responses with the present condition adversely affects immune mechanisms, hence providing the much needed ground for the growth and spread of cancer. This observation implies that cancer can be curtailed from progressing through non-treatment means if cancer patients are able to control their psychosocial stress in addition to adopting positive coping responses. Cells may malfunction or die if the DNA or the cell membrane becomes distorted for whatever reasons. The cells also may turn cancerous when they are destroyed by free radicals, which are atoms or groups of atoms with anomalous quantities of electrons primarily produced when oxygen intermingles with particular molecules (Naaman et al., 2009). The body’s immune mechanism reacts to such occurrences by naturally releasing antioxidants to terminate the interaction before essential molecules are destroyed, hence preventing cellular damage – the ordinary conduit for cancer. Some of the known antioxidants include vitamin E, vitamin C and beta-carotene (Naaman et al., 2009).
The introduction of computer technologies in modern society involves many activities that seemingly do not have a connection with computer technologies themselves, such as the recruiting process. With the rise of corporate culture and the development of a more competitive market of candidates, a detailed candidate selection process required a more straightforward solution than manual filtering. Recently, after assessing the possibilities of wide application of newly developed AI technologies, Human Resource managers started using program software to reduce the workload associated with the selection process. The article by Pardes explores how the candidates learned to manipulate the technology in favor of their own interests. The article starts with an interview with the person who discovered the consistent patterns in the operation of the software’s candidate selection system, Shirin Nilizadeh. According to Pardes, a friend approached Nilizadeh with concerns about her resume. Alizadeh’s friend has come to the conclusion that her resumes do not reach HR managers as they inexplicably seem to lack something. Through a series of enhancements to a collection of random resumes, Nilizadeh defined that using certain words not necessarily associated with required qualifications can increase the candidates’ position in the resume-ranking program. While Nilizadeh’s interest was related to academic purposes, many platforms offer the candidates a chance to improve their resume with all kinds of hacks, such as inserting relevant keywords in invisible font. It turns out that there are many ways for the candidates to increase their chances of to interview, from including the names of prestigious universities to using competitor company names and copying the job description details. Further in the article, the author explains that focusing on efficiency can result in over-dignifying technology. One of the interviewees in the article, Joseph Fuller, suggests that excessive use of artificial intelligence in the recruiting process can create “a high-tech pathway to discrimination” (qtd. in Pardes). Therefore, without knowing the necessary keywords or using the different formulations for the existing skills, a substantial portion of job applicants may never proceed to the next stage of the selection process. According to Julie Schweber’s p
The Cold War was a significant period for the history of the United States, the Soviet Union, and the Eastern Bloc, as well as other countries. The term Cold War is used to describe the period between 1946 and 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed. This essay aims at analyzing the role of ideology in the Cold War, addressing the impact of capitalist and communist ideologies along with the perspectives of realism, idealism, and liberalism. Capitalist and Communist Ideologies It is possible to say that ideology was key to the tensions that arose during the Cold War; this point can be analyzed from several perspectives. On the one hand, the Cold War presented the conflict of capitalist and communist ideologies. Capitalist ideology has several peculiar traits that reflect the values a government has. For instance, capitalist states are driven by the principles of democracy, have clear class distinctions, such as working, middle, and upper class, focus on individuals’ needs as opposed to collective ones, advocate for the freedom of speech, and allow wealth to be distributed unevenly 1 . At the same time, in communist states, the governmental system is totalitarian, education and healthcare are provided by the government, society is classless, and the focus is on the local community rather than individual needs 2 . This conflict is evident, as the economic and political organization of the Soviet Union and the United States were highly different. The former was communist and tried to install communist regimes in Eastern Europe while the latter brought the Western part of Europe under its capitalist influence and feared the domination of the Soviet Union and its ideology. It is possible to conclude that both of the countries were convinced by the superiority of their approaches. The factors presented above show that ideologies were significant in the Cold War. If both the Soviet Union and the United States were capitalist, they would have similar goals, and there would be no contrast in their objectives. However, being a totalitarian state, the Soviet Union wanted to achieve hegemony in Eastern Europe, while the United States aimed at perceiving liberal democracy. As a result, tension emerged and was not eliminated until the collapse of the Soviet Union. Realism On the other hand, the Cold War can be analyzed from the theoretical perspective of realism. This theory emerged as a way to justify the actions the U.S. took to maintain its hegemony. According to the theory of realism, conflicts and tensions in politics arise due to the egoistic nature of humans; it is based on the anthropological pessimism that can arise as a result of collective interests. Realism argues that conflicts between international systems arise naturally because all of them are anarchic and seek to expand their powers. From the perspective of realism, moral principles are not significant for the resolution of a co
Repositioned Target Market Demographics The target market for newspapers is traditionally persons 15 years and above. However, this is the generalized market. Newspaper positioning entails dissemination of information to masses. However, as noted before, this appeal is declining because of the entry of internet, which aids in quick dissemination of information. This has greatly reduced the influence of a printed newspaper (Farhoomand, 2007). To remain relevant appropriate repositioning is required. Printed newspapers need to have particular themes that slightly deviate from the traditional role of disseminating information while keeping that role alive. The product needs to have other appeals because by the time a newspaper reports about certain events, many people will have known about them through internet (Farhoomand, 2007). According to US census data, close to 65% of all people in the United States use internet daily for at least one purpose: check mail, communicate, and search for information, among others. A large number of those people use internet to know about the happenings around them (US Department of Commerce 2012). The printed newspaper needs to have investigative reports, discourses on social issues such as health, fitness, crime, and government. Much overhaul should also be directed towards readjusting the newspapers to fit the urgency with which the current generation attaches to things. Additionally, instead of using traditional reporters, the newspapers may revert to engaging everyone. This participation may help in making the stories friendlier to the consumer (US Department of Commerce 2012). Types of Research Needed to Reposition this Product To reposition the traditional newspaper successfully, relevant stakeholders need to carry out extensive research to understand the market. First, it is imperative to understand the young generation that is more inclined towards using internet. The age group of 0 to 45 years has the most practical understanding of internet technology. This is because they either were born in the internet age or were there when the internet revolution occurred. The characteristics that define this age group are fundamental in any meaningful repositioning. The above qualitative research should be accompanied by relevant quantitative research to have a comprehensive outlook. For example, understanding how quickly newspapers’ readership is declining is crucial in forming a decision. A research may be carried out to ascertain what percentage of the population still buys a newspaper and the reason for doing that. If they buy newspapers because they find business links, find obituaries, or the newspapers have information that is more credible, this is exactly how the newspaper should plan to market itself to the masses (Pew Research Center 2012). Methods to Use to Increase Adoption Rates Various methods may be used to shore up adoption rates of the traditional newspaper. First, it is important to ensure that there is a thorough understanding of the target market. This will ensure that the needs of that market are adequa
Introduction “Young Goodman Brown” is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, first published in 1835 and depicting the mid-18th century Salem, a town near Boston sadly known for its “witch hunts” when women were sentenced to death on charges of witchcraft. The writer’s great-grandfather was a judge who participated in these processes, and shame for his ancestor’s deeds forced Nathaniel Hawthorne to change his surname by adding “w” in the middle of it. This paper explores how Hawthorne uses Gothic elements in his writing and argues that the “Young Goodman Brown” short story contains all the necessary elements to be considered Gothic fiction. Elements of Gothic Fiction Traditionally, Gothic fiction contains the following essential elements: mystery and fear, omens and curses, atmosphere and setting, supernatural activity, romance, villain, emotional distress, anti-hero, damsel in distress, emotional aesthetics based on the fear of unknown, morbid scenery, medievalism, and mysterious imagination. The story utilizes plenty of Gothic elements from this list. For instance, it starts with scenes of two lovers’ farewell – Goodman Brown and his wife Faith, who warns him not to go to the forest at night and stay with her. Gentle and trusting relationships between young spouses Goodman and Faith represent the element of romance in the story. Faith also embodies the virgin lady or benevolent lady, incapable of evil, beautiful inside and with her appearances: “And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap while she called to Goodman Brown” (Hawthorne 211). She is also depicted as a “damsel in distress” when Goodman hears in the forest how the townspeople lead her to the devil’s communion. The short story features the anti-hero, a guide of Goodman, who leads him through the forest. The author describes this character as “the figure of a man, in grave and decent attire, seated at the foot of an old tree,” and says that most remarkable thing about this man was “his staff, which bore the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself like a living serpent” (Hawthorne 212). Advancing on the forest path, after several attempts to abandon the venture, Goodman himself turns into an anti-hero w
Models of the Neo-Assyrian palace walls portray a wide range of art and sculptures that recorded the events during that era. The stone slabs represent both beauty and skill by the natives to the visitors. The creators used crenulated and thick walls to protect the palace, and these walls could not be broken down easily. The walls near places that led to the throne had images of military campaigns. Further, their gods were sculpted in several areas inside the palace, which sent a message to the visitors of how strong they were. This was their way of displaying their religious civilization to the world as it shaped their identity. Neo-Assyrians were traders, and a trade route that visitors used run through the city. In that case, cultural artifacts were used to symbolize the Neo-Assyrian civilization. Alexander the Great destroyed Persepolis when he ordered the capital to be burnt to the ground after his victory. The walls were decorated with various sculptures depicting different visitors bringing gifts and trade items from other regions. The fence had statues of people from Ethiopia bringing Ivory to Persepolis, and Indians carrying gold. It was different as they portrayed peace and trade in their sculptures. Neo Assyrian walls portrayed many sculptures that showed how they triumphed against their enemies. It was a way of telling people planning to attack the area to back off. It was their way of boasting of their greatness. On the other hand, the statues in Persepolis showed how they valued their neighbors by making monuments that showed visitors arriving in the area. The guests were mostly traders, and the region wanted to establish Persepolis as one excellent business center.
For the economic wellbeing of a country, it is crucial to carry out financial analysis at the end of each fiscal year. Data from various years can be compared in order to evaluate the economic and financial position of the country. In general, the financial position of a country can be measured using parameters such as income tax, revenue or consumers’ purchasing power. These parameters and variations within the fiscal years can give adequate data that can be used to declare the financial status of an economic entity. Data can be collected from a sample town and assumed as fair sample for a country. In this article, Swobodaville has been taken as the hypothetical sample town and a subject of the analysis. In Swobodaville, it is clear that the revenue per household is constant. It falls slightly in the second financial year, rises in the third year and then remains constant for the next 3 years of the analysis. Additionally, the sales tax as a percentage of the total revenue experiences a constant drop as the expenditures per household rise. This shows that the growing population has a reduced purchasing power, which is an evidence of a retarding economy (Carroll, 2009). Moreover, the data show that the sales tax-exempt households as a percentage of the population increases progressively with time, while the number of low-income earners is on the rise. According to the data, the economic position of the town is deteriorating with each fiscal year. The increase in expenditure despite a constant revenue is a clear evidence that resources are diverted towards other non- profit able activities. Therefore, limited resources are overwhelmed by the constantly increasing population. A decrease in resources implies that there is low employment rate, and higher number of low-income earners. Therefore, this reduces the number of individuals paying tax to the government because significant taxpayers are the few employed individuals. Another factor contributing to a poor economy is the unproductive public, which concentrates on non-profitable activities; thus making their revenue to decrease (Carroll, 2009). In this society, the public should dedicate their revenue to income generating activities in order curb the existing economic crisis in this town. This would ensure that the available resources are multiplied to cater for the growing population. Another possibility would be to implement new management policies. For example, it would be worth reducing the tax burden from the income earners to enable them invest significant part of their savings (Thorndike, 2002). In addition, the government should fund small-scale entrepreneurs to uplift their business capital, hence maximize their profits. This would open up employment opportunities to the public. In this economy, it would also be necessary for the government to diversify their sources of income. This is essential to avoid over dependence on external sources of income such as loans and grants. To achieve this, they ne