ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Human beings are unique from other animals by their ability to solve problems. Most researches in psychology have focussed their attention on how human and other animal adopts certain behavior or react to some external things in a certain way. However, researchers have been closely interested in the cognitive development of humans together with how it affects their behavior and thinking. Problem-solving is a function that human beings have to deal with in their daily activities. However, there exist obstacles that affect the ability of human beings to solve problems. From early days, human beings had used tools in their day-to-day activities. In the use of tools, a mental block referred to as functional fixedness affects how they use tools. Overview The use of tools to solve problems is evidence of the cognitive capability of human beings. Although this ability is not purely unique to human beings, as with some primates, it is one of the greatest human achievements. As human beings encounter challenges in their daily lives, new tools had been innovated to solve the challenges and come up with easier ways of performing tasks. The wide variety, sophistication and complexity of human artifacts and tools are evidence that human beings are ultimate tool users. In fact, a random observation of the immediate neighborhood would show that human artifacts are far more than natural objects. The use of tools is almost unique to human beings. While it has been so for thousands of years, there is still much that is common about our use of tools. The particular function that we assign a tool over other possible functions limits our potential actions with that tool. This is not necessarily in and of itself bad or faulty, as it has been suggested that our interpretations for the functions of various tools come from the results or difficulties that the tools were meant to solve. However, to be inventive is a desired trait in a human being as well and this extends even to the use of tools. A person that can reinvent the use of tools is considered intelligent, crafty and creative. On the other hand, a person’s inability to reinvent the use of tools leads to functional fixedness. Such a person has a tendency to see only a sole function of a tool and uses a tool in a fixed conventional way (Maier, N. R, 1931, p89). This is a common and perhaps limiting feature of our cognitive development, and as such, there have already been ventures into the study of functional fixedness. Functional fixedness studies have been an area of psychology and cognitive neuroscience that has been investigated relatively little. M
The film that was watched in order to note a number of cases of violence or abuse is For colored girls . The type of abuse that will be taken from the movie refers to rape. In particular, it is the situation around Tangie, who was raped by her grandfather (Perry, 2010). Below, the assessments, implementation, and education within the scope of a care plan will be provided. Initially, it will be essential to evaluate Tangie’s mental state, which can be done after a series of conversations. The latter ones should be conducted with Tangie and her closest people who can shed light on the situation. It is expected that the ones involved will share several details on how the mentioned type of abuse took place, as well as what Tangie is likely to feel now. After this information is obtained, the care plan is to be developed and implemented. The first stage will imply regular conversations with Tangie that will cover the themes of her feelings and view of the tragedy. Then, it will be important to enroll her in a group of those who have been raped that she will attend on a weekly basis. Tangie should feel support around her so that she could abandon the sense of loneliness. This might diminish the possibility of constant depression and avert some severe mental traumas. Throughout the whole care plan, it will also be crucial to educate Tangie on how to deal with the stress resulting from the rape. During the mentioned plan, she will be provided with the recognized literature in the field. The most important points will be discussed with me and in the group. It seems critical to surround her with an environment in which people will hear and listen to her. Reference Perry, Y. (2010). For colored girls . [Film]. 34 th Street Films.
Abstract The merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth produced Enron in 1985. The founder, Kenneth Lay became its chairman. It started off slowly specializing in natural gas. It grew to start increasing its product range. The management saw the need to grow faster and increase investor confidence. The process would attract more investments and increase their credit rating. The company pushed for the change of the constitution. The legislature removed the law that allowed the regulation of the industry. They changed the accounting methods to suit their preference. The merchant method allowed Enron to inflate the revenue. The market-to-market method made the company accountants record income that it had not received. The company also vouched for the special purpose entities. It used these partnerships and or companies to hide its debt. The governance issue was also an impediment to the company’s growth. The auditing firm colluded with the company officials to give the wrong report. The results of the malpractices were not good for the company. The court sentenced most of the top management people to prison. Employees lost their pensions and their jobs. The company filed for bankruptcy but later had to close down. It did not have a promising ending. Keywords: Enron, merchant, revenue Kenneth Lay founded the Enron Company by merging two natural gas pipeline companies in 1985. The companies included Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth. The company grew and became one of the biggest players in natural gas distribution. It added other products to its offerings. But there arose major problems with its financial status. The directors, the auditors, and the finance team tampered with the financial records. They provided wrong information to the banks, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the analysts. It led to the steady downfall of the company. The paper would discuss the independent and dependent variables of Enron’s fall. The Causes of Enron’s Downfall Enron and its director pushed for the deregulation of the natural gas. The United States Congress approved the legislation. Enron was able to sell natural gas and electricity at higher prices. Due to the decreased regulation, Enron made exorbitant proceeds from its sales (Benston & Hartgraves, 2002). Enron used the merchant method of accounting to recognize revenue. The model allowed Enron to record the revenue collection from all its tradings. It, therefore, inflated its revenue and led to recording income that the company had not received. The reporting allowed Enron to appear falsely in the wealthiest 50 of the Fortune 500. The company’s revenues grew by over 700% between 1996 and 2000. The industry’s growth was about 2.5% per year, but Enron’s growth was over 50% (Benston & Hartgraves, 2002). The company started using the market-to-market accounting method. The method allowed the company to recognize income from the long-term projects. For instance, the company came up with and recorded the present income from its estimated future value. T
Sachs in his book establishes the heredity of economic success and presents plans for discovering the pathway out of intense poverty for the globe’s poorest citizens. His research for more than 25 years, has taken him to exceedingly 100 countries illustrating 90 percent out of the total world’s population that has resulted in critical problems. Through the analysis and lessons in the book, the author unites practical understanding with attractive professional examination and conviction of ideas. The ideas are well contemplated basing on sound reflection and historical knowledge. This can responsibly help in the eradication of poverty in our midst. In the book, Sachs suggests that extreme poverty can be eradicated worldwide come the year 2025. He presents the difficulty as in inability of each poor country to get to the base rung of the ranking of economic progress if the rank is achieved; a country can drag itself up towards the worldwide market economy hence the call for external aid can diminish (Sachs 47). For a careful approach and remedy of economic uncertainty in various countries, Sachs suggests the utilization of “clinical economics”. By this he means that countries are just like patients; they are difficult systems in need of specific diagnosis. This helps in the comprehension of context as well as monitoring and assessment and professional values of ethics. With clinical economics, there is a systematic analysis and specific diagnosis of a particular country’s economic difficulty. This is followed by a particular customized prescription. A number of factors determine the possibility of a country to penetrate the global market with government corruption, lawful and societal disparities based on sexual ethnicity inclusive. Lack of infrastructure and the presence of diseases like AIDS, malaria is is a commonplace phenomenon. Political instabilities and geographical hindrances are some of the challenges that are faced. Sachs illustrates how clinical economics is used. This is done through his presentations of the scenarios studied in Russia, Bolivia, and Poland. He explains the solutions presented to such particular countries as well as the effects (Sachs 121). The author stresses the Millennium Goals of the United Nations as being the one most first action for eliminating intense poverty that affects a large number of people globally. At the commencement of the recent Millennium, he put across to the globe a significant document well known as “We the Peoples”, from which he challenged the human race to improve in the recent millennium. The document became Millennium Declaration that was agreed to by the globe’s leaders in September 2000. During that time it was the biggest assemblin
Introduction In social sciences, there are two main research disciplines. These include quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research method entails measuring variables in order to obtain numerical values which are used in undertaking statistical or numerical analysis and interpretation. On the other hand, the basis of qualitative research method is making observations which are later summarized and deduced in a narrative report (Gravetter & Forzano 158).The philosophy of the two research methodologies differ significantly with regard to their models, methods, procedures and mode of inquiry. However, in most cases the research methods complement each other in conducting a particular study despite their differences (Kumar 17). In order to develop a better understanding of the two research methods, this paper outlines the differences between the two research methods. A number of aspects are taken into consideration in comparing and contrasting the two research methods. Underpinning philosophy – Quantitative research is based on the philosophy of rationalism. The method asserts that human beings gain knowledge because they have a capacity to reason. On the other, hand, qualitative research is based on the philosophy that human beings only acquire knowledge from sensory experiences (Kumar 17). General framework- The general framework of the two research methods differs significantly. Quantitative research is used in confirming hypothesis of a particular phenomenon while qualitative research is used in exploring certain phenomena. The instruments used to obtain and categorize responses to research questions are more rigid in quantitative research compared to those used in qualitative research which is more flexible. Data collection methods – Quantitative research takes into account highly structured methods for example surveys, structured observations and questionnaires. Observational checklists which have well defined categories may also be used to collect data. On the other hand, qualitative research methods use semi-structured methods of data collection for example use of focus groups, in-depth interviews, socio-metric charts, and participant observation (Bamberger 11). Purpose – The main purpose of quantitative research is to quantify the degree of variation in a particular situation or phenomena. As a result, it enables the research to effectively predict and determine the cause-and-effect relationships. Qualitative research method is aimed at describing the difference in a certain phenomena. Therefore, qualitative research method enables the researcher to explain and describe relationships. Sample size – In order to effectively undertake quantitative analysis, quantitative method takes into account a relatively larger sample size whereas only few cases are taken into consideration in qualitative research. It is assumed that the samples sele
Human history is filled with violence. Since ancient times, murder and mayhem is a common occurrence in every pocket of the globe. The ability to destroy a person’s life is sometimes based on an inequality of power, the victim having less power to defend himself from an aggressor who has take an advantageous position and abuses his power over another. The one who has all the power then takes away the life of a human being. This is no limited to individuals but a government can do the same. Aside from murder there is another human activity that must also be condemned because although it does not immediately take the life of a living person, its gradual effect can be likened to taking life one precious unit at a time. It is none other than torture and surprisingly the Chinese government is known to use it as an interrogation tactic and to silence its critics. This has to stop and China seems heading into the right direction in recent years. After World War the many have come to know the brutality of the Nazi government led by Adolf Hitler. They were experts in the use of torture. For them it was not only about extracting information but to use torture as a means to degrade and to break down the will and the spirit of their enemies. As a result world leaders, especially those working in conjunction with the United Nations, decided to initiate a convention against torture and their rationale for doing so was stated as follows: “Considering that, in accordance with the principles in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world” (UN, p.
Introduction Huntington’s disease is a hereditary degenerative illness of the human central nervous system, manifested by progressive chorea, neuroleptic extrapyramidal syndromes, and mental disorders. While humankind has known the disease for over 130 years, scientists have come closer to understanding it only with the emergence of the foundations of genetics and molecular biology. The study of Huntington’s chorea has been intensively developed by neuropathologists, psychiatrists, geomorphologists, and geneticists, as evidenced by the extensive scientific literature on the disease. In 1993, the discovery of the gene responsible for Huntington’s disease made it possible to perform almost analytical precision genetic diagnosis for the mutant gene. This research paper aims to discuss the disease from the perspective of the mechanism of origin and development and the observed clinical picture. Results OMIM, the medical database that collects information on known diseases with the genetic component and the genes responsible for their development, provides fairly detailed results for describing Huntington’s disease. In particular, information was obtained on the huntingtin protein, whose anomaly leads to chorea ( “ Disease; HD” , 2020). A biopolymer study using the Protein in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database helped to estimate the protein size of 3144 amino acids (“Huntingtin [Homo sapiens]”, 2020). The structure of the huntingtin protein can be different since the gene polymorphism in the protein contains dissimilar amounts of glutamine residues. The molecular weight of huntingtin depends mainly on the number of glutamine residues, but, on average, it is 348 kDa. For this study, the Protein section provided information on the coding sequence for huntingtin. This is the HTT gene found in scientific literature and called HD, IT15, and LOMARS (“ HTT huntingtin” , 2020). The gene was analyzed using the Gene section of NCBI, which revealed more precise details about the DNA fragment. In particular, HTT is localized on the fourth chromosome of Homo Sapiens at 4p16.3. The tissue-specific analysis of this gene for the biological species Homo Sapiens , shown in Figure 1, illustrates that the expression of the gene is characteristic of all organs and parts of the body. The locus in which the gene is located is significant and has a length of about 180 kilobases and 67 exons (Nance, 2017). Using the GenBank section, it was found that the gene encoding huntingtin has a repetitive CAG trinucleotide sequence (“Homo sapiens chromosome 4”, 2020). The Gene database demonstrated that a mutation in the gene could also lead to Lopes-Maciel-Rodan syndrome. This change represents a single-nucleotide replacement of G by A in position 3,177,388 in the fourth chromosome. OMIM analysis showed that this disorder is characterized by mental regression in infancy, delayed psychomotor activity, and cerebral atrophy. Figure 1. Tissue specificity of the expression of protein huntingtin (“HTT huntingtin”, 2020) I
In the article Death Comes to the Archbishop , Norman Cantor focuses on the life of Thomas Bradwardine. Cantor details how the archbishop’s endeavours in science and psychology made him one of the greatest scholars of Oxford-Franciscan school of thought. As a young boy, Bradwardine was a bright student. He later joined Oxford University where he studied mathematics, philosophy, and theology. By the age of 30, he had become a faculty member of the university. In the year 1323, Bradwardine joined Merton College where he studied Masters of Arts. At Merton College, Bradwardine met a group of scientists who were devoted to studying astronomy, physics, and mathematics. With the help of these scholars, Bradwardine published several scientific treatises, which made him one the best-celebrated philosophical and theological persons in Oxford-Franciscan school of thought. In the next paragraphs, this article describes the philosophy of the Oxford school towards the relationship between faith and the natural world. As illustrated by Cantor, the philosophers of the Oxford school of thought believed that God was a supreme and infinite being. This implied that from their perspectives human beings could not question God’s deeds. Equally, it was believed that human beings could not understand God’s actions clearly. However, Bradwardine and his fellow scholars believed that human beings had the capacity to investigate and understand the natural world. Based on Bradwardine’s treatises, it is apparent that philosophers of the Oxford school of thought believed that there were relationship between faith and the natural world. For instance, Bradwardine asserted that God created the earth and several other planets in the universe. This view contradicted with the religious doctrines that were widely upheld by the public. As highlighted by the article’s author, Bradwardine’s innovative doctrine was little known outside Oxford. Although Oxford school of thought philosophers had developed innovative theories on nature, these theories were never developed during their lifetimes. For instance, the Bradwardine theory of the universe implications was never developed because the theory could have contradicted with the then religious and moral beliefs. Similarly, deeper understanding in the field of biomedical sciences was blocked by the people’s faith. By then, medical theories developed were ineffective since they had no basis on science but rather on faith and psychology. If the Black Death had not struck down Bradwardine, the modern science would have been different. Althou
Introduction Mr Greg Brown is a fifty eight year old man who was admitted to hospital as an elective admission for a resection of the colon. Past History Medical Blood in his stools for approximately 3 months? Haemorrhoids. Occasional cramp-like abdominal pain. Colonoscopy 3 weeks ago (diagnosed with a mass on the sigmoid colon). Biopsy pathology result revealed adenocarcinoma. Abdominal CT revealed mass in the sigmoid colon no other. Abnormalities detected. Recent episode of bronchitis treated with aztibiotics (completed). Social History Drinks 2 litre of spirits per week (Continued up until his admission). Has recently given up smoking (3 weeks ago) prior to that he smoked. Around 20-30 cigarettes per day. Lives in rural Victoria Gippsland with his wife and two teenage sons aged 15 and 17. Totally independent with all self care activities. He is a dairy farmer and works long hours. He describes himself as being fit and healthy until he started to notice blood in his stools occasionally around 3 months ago. He was prescribed antidepressant medication two years ago by his. General Practitioner. He has not taken the medication for one year. He did not receive any counselling for his depression. His depression coincided with continuing drought in his district and the suicide death of a neighbour. Mr Brown has dark circles under his eyes and appears tired, pale and withdrawn and says he is concerned about how work in the farm will proceed without him. The fact that he is not sure how long he will be in hospital is compounding his concern. Nursing Report 21/1/2010: Evening Shift (Nursing) 1600. Admitted to ward at 1500 for colonic resection for Sigmoid Ca, morning list tomorrow. To fast from 0600. S/B anaesthetist. No pre-med. Consent signed. Temp. 37. P 86 irregular, R 20, BP 145/85, Oxygen saturation 98% on RA. S/B RMO at 1630. Bloods ordered. Bowel prep later this evening. Expected discharge date 26/1/2010. Family aware of discharge date. Patient is supported by family at home. Refused referral to Social worker to assist with responsibilities at home. Main body It is common that individual, especially those who are confronted financially tend to ignore a close monitor on their health; especially when they appear to be healthy physically. The Greg Brown illustration does not just typically identify an example of an individual who neglects monitoring his health closely at an elderly age of 58years but also shows that keeping bad habits against health could be very harmful in a cumulated time. Ordinarily, individuals who are beyond the age of 40 should begin to show a lot of concern about their health and take the slightest medical diagnoses very seriously (Mason & Bencher, 2009). The combination of Greg’s past medical report and extractions form his social life-style is in line with his health-unserious attitude. It has been noted that Mr Brown had blood in his stools for near