ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Code of ethics is a worldwide known phenomenon that prevails in every industry. Every organization expects its employees to practice the code of ethics in every field of service. Failure to adhere to the code of ethics is regarded as violation of rules. Business ethics are rules that are set in place to ensure that delivery of service is proficient. It ensures that employees and other stakeholders adhere to certain constitutional rules that are set by the organization. The article ‘Cheating: Making It a Teachable Moment’, describes the manner in which the author handles an exam cheating situation within her own class The author explains a unique approach that was used to deal with the vice by punishing those students who were involved in the scenario. Therefore, there should be strict measures of govern the codes of school ethics to ensure that there is discouragement of falsehood acts in examination situations. There is a need for instructors to understand how to react to cheating cases both psychologically and logically. They should also know how to set up consequential actions should be followed in the procedural justice process. Effective measures should be taken to avoid the repetition of exam cheating vices in the future. This report provides a review of the article ‘Cheating: Making It a Teachable Moment’ with a view of relating its significance to the field of education and other industries. The Stakeholders in the Article The stakeholders in the article comprise the students, the teaching staff, and subordinate staff among other faculty members who are related either directly or indirectly to the education process. Each stakeholder group plays a significant role since they assume different positions in the school organization. They follow a code of ethics to ensure effective delivery of services throughout the different units of the school. Continuous involvement and interaction of the students with teachers has a direct effect on the general performance of the students. Therefore, the reputation of the lecturer is highly regarded. Rosile (2007) advances that students, lectures, and the non-teaching staff are the primary stakeholders who have a great impact on the education system since they are part of the whole process of learning. If any school activity violates the school code of ethics, one of the stakeholder parties is held responsible for influencing the education system negatively. Therefore, the stakeholders are bound to stick to ethics that are set by the education system. The School’s Corporate Reputation Varieties of courses that are offered in the curriculum determine the standards of college education such as the quality level of educational facilities that are used for practical or technical projects. Most importantly, the means of providing quality education determines the delivery of efficient content to the learners. Delivery of content also determines the alleviation of vices such as exam cheating. These practices have enabled colleges to uphold quality education. In the context of the article, the authority a
Introduction Personal development is an important part in an individual’s life because it is from careers that people derive their living. In the path towards achievement of an individual’s chosen career, skills development is necessary in achieving a person’s plans and goals.My names are Steven Chan and I am a Chinese national born on the 22 nd of December, 1986. I was raised in a small family together with my parents and brother in Shen Zhen, a large city in the People’s Republic China. My father works as a manager in a decoration engineering firm while my mother is a housewifewhereas my brother is studying in high school. I attended a large private school at Shun De city for my formal and high school education. I am currently a master’s student at Swiss Hotel Management School undertaking a Master course in International Business. I joined this institution in the year 2008 after working two internships at different Chinese hotels. My first internship was at Sheraton Haikou Resort where I worked as a front office attendant for a period of 4 months. At my second internship, I worked as a starter chef and dish washer at the Kwong Ming Chinese restaurant in Martigny for a period of six months. The hotel industry in China has one of the best potentials in terms of job prospects and growth. Moreover, this provided the motivation for me to study and work in the hotel industry. Five Year Plan During the stages of planning, a lot of factors are taken into consideration in order to come up with a good and sound plan. The development of a plan or strategy requires the skills of decision making, reflective thinking and a lot of motivation. My five year plan focuses mainly on educational development and gaining work experience. My five yearplan will be divided into two stages namely study and work. During the first stage of my five year plan, I intend to continue with my studies for three years,so this is dependent on the results of my current study. Upon successful completion of my studies, I would love to look for an internship position at a sales and marketing department in a hotel (Hesselbein, 2006). The internship should last for a period of 6 months to one year. The internship will make me actualize the skills and learn more on the job as part of my study enrichment. Once I end my internship, I would love to continue with my studies in the United States of America especially in the sales and marketing department. My long term career plan is to learn and understand the marketing aspect of business in particular within the tourism and hospitality sector (Bell, 2004). My passion and ambition in the hotel industry is motivated by the growing Chinese hotel industry which is in need of marketing for the sector to realise its full potential. I plan to major in marketing and gain enough skills in marketing especially from Americans who are good at marketing. After attainment of my marketing Master certificate and skills, I would love to go back to China and start my care
Introduction Some national cultures are very distinct from each other while others are very similar. A national culture is defined by the special distinctive features that define its people’s way of doing things. The differences and similarities between national cultures manifest in the kind of values, signs and symbols, and general modes of operation. This paper seeks to illustrate to what extent some national cultures are similar. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions After many years of research, Hofstede identified a number of dimensions that inform interaction within different cultures. The dimensions he identified include power distance, individualism, Masculinity/Feminism, uncertainty avoidance, and long/temporal orientation. Through identifying five countries that have similar orientations on each of the dimensions, this paper will show in what way different national cultures are similar. Power Distance Looking at the Hofstede indices, it is clear that quite a number for countries share in given orientations or are similar on one or more dimensions. Considering power distance, China (80), India (77), Guatemala (95), Panama (95) and Malaysia (104) exhibit high power distances. The power distance dimension, identified by Hofstede, refers to how people in a given nation relate to power inequality. Power inequality is a reality all around the world. However, in some cultures power inequality is accepted and tolerated more than in others. In some cultures, people view the leader as a mere team member who can be corrected. In some other cultures, a leader is supreme, infallible, and unquestionable. Nobody can even contemplate or even just imagine questioning. The extent to which people unquestioningly accept a power divide informs the power distant dimension measure. Those high on the indices are national cultures in which power inequality is high and generally endorsed or accepted by both the powerless and the powerful. The high power distance exhibited in China, India, Guatemala, Panama and Malaysia could be associated to the religious or philosophical belief systems generally accepted in the five countries. The dominant religions in the countries advocate for authoritative kind of leadership to which the powerless have to submit with humility; unquestioningly. In Guatemala and Panama, even Malaysia, Roman Catholicism reigns supreme. In India, Hinduism that calls for submission under caste system carries the day. China largely practices Confucianism in which loyalty and obedience are key values to be observed. These belief systems encourage totalitarian leadership because leaders are perceived to have been chosen and instituted by God. Individualism The individualism dimension measures to what extent people relate to a group as unit of operation. Those who engage group or hold group over individual are termed as collectivist cultures. Those that give precedence to the individual’s over group based effort in survival are individualistic cultures. In individualistic cultures, every man or woman is for self; each per
Ever since the state of Egypt proclaimed its independence from the United Kingdom in 1922, it has been engaged in several international, domestic, and one-sided incidents of violence. Generally, these conflicts were linked to one of the following three reasons: disputes over the Suez Canal, disagreements regarding the Sinai Peninsula (particularly, with Israel), and insurgency of Islamist rebel groups. Apart from that, the Egyptian government has a rather poor human rights record, and it has engaged in one-sided violence on several occasions. The present paper provides an analysis of the insurgency of the Islamist group al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya that operated in Egypt from 1993 to 1998, aiming to overthrow the secular Egyptian government to erect an Islamic state. The first part of the paper examines different historical stages and periods of the conflict, as well as the changes in battle deaths and civilian casualties over the course of the conflict. The second part provides an overview of the main actors involved in the conflict and analyses the relationships between them. The final part of the paper considers the primary causes and consequences of the conflict; throughout the paper, visuals are used to demonstrate the key concepts and elements in the analysis. Conflict Cycle: Conflict’s Stages and Periods Even though the al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya’s main activities did not start until 1993, the group was starting to be formed in as early as 1974. The events of the early 1970s led many people – especially youth – to grow discontent with the politics of the Sadat government, such as its friendly stance toward Israel, amicable relations with Iran, and lack of support for the Islamist trends. Until 1984, al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya was also closely linked to other jihadist groups who have collaborated to murder President Sadat in 1981. Despite the subsequent unrest and violence between the militants and government forces, the al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya’s actions did not yet constitute rebellion. The country enjoyed relative stability throughout the 1980s, as many Islamist militants turned their attention against the Soviet Union, following its invasion of Afghanistan. However, the situation changed dramatically when the veterans returned to Egypt in the early 1990s. Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya initiated the rebellion and engaged in a direct confrontation in 1992 by launching small attacks in Southern Egypt. 1993 is considered the first active year of the conflict, as militants and police forces began to engage in frequent violent encounters. The next year, the group appeared to dominate the government forces, but many militants were either killed or imprisoned in 1995. Meanwhile, al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya also engaged in one-sided violence against civilians, which culminated in the 1997 Luxor Massacre that had important consequences in undermining the group’s internal structure. Despite the increasing violence, the government of Egypt refused to engage in peace talks with the militants, even when a truce was suggested by the imprisoned leaders of the group in 1996 and 1997. In fact, peace agreements proved to be unnecessa
Introduction Analyzing financial reports of some major corporations and comparing them to their previous annual reports is essential for understanding how business processes work. Such an analysis allows to get insight ideas regarding the necessity to set achievable goals, have a clear connection between operational and strategic purposes, and probably identify weaknesses of an organization that do not allow it to become more successful. All these insights are useful in achieving the desired level of competence and professionalism. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critique of Apple Inc.’s business financial performance by comparing the company’s 2020 financial report against one from the previous year. Some critical strategic and operational objectives of Apple Inc., its key performance indicators, and the short and longer-term financial goals will be identified and rationalized. State of Apple Inc. in 2019 and 2020 To begin with, it is essential to notice that Apple Inc. was and still is one of the most powerful and influential corporations in the world. Founded on April 1, 1976, this American multinational technology company began developing, designing, and selling various online services, consumer electronics, and computer software all over the world (Payne, 2017). Soon this public limited company became as successful as Facebook, Microsoft, Amazon, and Google, making sure that consumers love their products and mostly choose them over competitors’ analog devices (Payne, 2017). Apple’s success and popularity are the main reason it is rather interesting to explore its financial reports and compare its elements in 2019 and 2020. Moreover, since COVID-19 has affected all spheres of life, including such major corporations, it is even more useful to determine whether Apple’s efforts to maintain profit levels and the quality of its products have been successful. Overall, it is possible to say that the state of Apple Inc. is better in 2020 than it was in 2019. Strategic Objectives of Apple Inc. For every small or major business to be productive and effective, it is vital to set various goals. In order not to lose motivation, some of these aims should be short-term and some longer-term so that organizations continue achieving smaller tasks and approach more significant ones. Petryni (2019) describes strategic objectives as “long-term organizational goals that help to convert a mission statement from a broad vision into more specific plans and projects” (para. 2). Generally, strategic aims are developed to be a part of up to a four-year plan in which unique expectations, weaknesses
Introduction In the banking industry, credit risks are difficult to address or manage, and financial institutions need to separate these risks from other types of critical situations that require insurance. The purchase of such derivatives as credit default swaps (CDS) is often viewed today as an appropriate strategy to reduce potential credit risks (Augustin et al. 176). Citigroup Inc. is one of the largest U.S. banks in which risk management strategy is based on using credit derivatives (Voegeli and Griffin). The purpose of this case study is to analyze Citigroup’s approaches to minimizing or hedging credit risks with the focus on assessing the associated threats and possible advantages or disadvantages for other parties that participate in the agreement. Background Information and Case Details Citigroup is the U.S. bank that is famous for its active use of derivatives to manage credit risks. In August 2016, Bloomberg and other media reported that Citigroup planned to buy credit default swaps of Credit Suisse Group, a financial services company that is headquartered in Zürich, Switzerland (Voegeli and Griffin). According to Voegeli and Griffin, by the end of March 2016, Citigroup “had $2.1 trillion of notional credit derivatives and more total derivatives than any other U.S. lender.” Earlier in that year, the bank purchased credit default swaps of Deutsche Bank to support its risk management strategy, and Citigroup’s leaders decided to apply this approach one more time. In its turn, Credit Suisse was focused on reducing the company’s leverage exposure through selling the CDS portfolio (Voegeli and Griffin). This approach was also followed by some other European financial services companies to address potential changes in the market while gaining immediate and regular payments (Augustin et al. 176; Voegeli and Griffin). Leaders of Citigroup explain their decisions and activities concerning the advantages associated with applying CDS guarantees in case of credit situations (Lewitt). From this point, the number of derivatives owned by a financial institution can be viewed as proportional to the liquidity of this bank (Augustin et al. 177). However, the problem is in the fact that Citigroup’s strategy based on purchasing CDS is extremely threatening to be used as a technique to manage credit risks regularly. As it is stated by
Decision making in an export/import organization is a very important process in ensuring the success of the organization in the international market arena. The current global market has become more and more competitive as organizations transform their brands to have a more global appeal and also in their endeavor to accommodate technological advancement. The decision making process in an import/export organization entails taking into account the various aspects of import and export business such as use of middlemen versus importing/exporting directly, international market pricing, cost associated with the transactions, risks involved, expected profits, documentation requirements for transactions and the intergovernmental tariffs and regulation on the imports and imports. To progress in the export/import market, business image is important. Therefore, the element of liability is important and should be clearly addressed. For instance, in sole proprietorship, the liability is unlimited and the owner is totally liable for any suit on the business such as offering substandard product and so on. However, in a limited company, the liability is limited to the shareholder’s contribution into the business and therefore tends to be safer as any suit will only affect the separate entity of the business. Export/import potential of the product should be incorporated in decision making. If the product has been available in either countries or if the product has been successful in the home country, then, its success in the target market is more likely especially with proper market research to establish the market demand and segmentation. Market assessment is important to evaluate the foreign trade barriers, potential benefits, price controls and level of competition. This helps to formulate strategies to apply in international trade. For an organization dealing with exports, decision on whether to export directly or use of foreign agents is important. Initial use of intermediaries is attractive due to the low cost involved and market knowledge of the middlemen in the target market. However, cost benefit analysis should be done considering the problem associated with identifying a reliable middleman as well as frequent changes in competition, trade policies and the channel system. Direct exports will be preferable where the two nations involved have relatively close or similar cultures In terms of pricing, the market fundamenta
Power generates authority and powerlessness reinforces subjection. This is the simplest summary of the article Power and Powerlessness written by John Gaventa. In every society, people struggle to be in powerful positions. Individuals struggle to be in position where they can dictate every single aspect human life. Leaders use the power they have to preserve the status quo. The weak in remain fragile because they are too feeble to compete with the powerful. Moreover, because they are too weak, the powerful would always ensure that they do not overcome the limitations surrounding them. The world of status quo, which is a situation where the strong get stronger, as the weak get weaker, is the world that John Gaventa talks about in the article. It is the world, in which the powerful would do everything to retain power. In this article, we are introduced to politics of inequality and the pathetic working environment at Appalachian Valley. The society is unjust to many members in various ways. To begin with, the level of poverty in the society is very high because there is a massive lack of employment in society. However, the relevant authorities are comfortable with the situation. They know very well that poverty is one of the best weapons of retaining power. While ensuring that the poor remain poor, the powerful are sure of retaining power, as the rich would not have the time to think about retaining power. The poor would be too busy fighting for survival but not competing with the rich. To justify the unemployment in such societies, the leaders, as presented in this article, would ensure that the poor is denied education. As such, the inability of the poor to acquire good jobs would be justified by the fact that they have limited education. The society has the majority suffering from malnutrition. The poor cannot till land because they have small parcels, which can hardly generate enough food to sustain them. The intrigue comes in the fact that there are huge tracks of land lying idle because the owners are too busy with other businesses. Those who could till them for economical gains are denied the opportunity to do so because the powerful wants to retain their power, by ensuring that the powerless remains defenseless. The coal miners work under pathetic conditions. These miners are exposed to various dangers at the mines. When mining, miners would be prone to lung infections, dismemberment of body parts and even death. The environment is exposed to massive pollution. The owners of the companies have very little concern as regards to the well-being of societal members. They pay workers wages that are hardly enough to feed them and their families. In contrast, companies generate huge sums of money to owners. The owners might not be in a position to spend such monies in their entire lifetime. However, because of the need to ensure the status quo remains, they would come up with ways to ensure that workers continue working in deplorable conditions. They would always use threats and intimidations to ensure that p