ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Roman republic which was characterized by Republican form of government is known to have lasted a period of more than 400 years after it started by overthrowing the Roman monarchy. The Roman Republic was controlled by a special group of people who emanated from high class families whose history could be traced back to ancient kingdoms. It is this domination that led to the emergence of the constitution as other talented Romans not from famous families struggled with the aristocrats to have the ruling power. They pushed for laws that allowed individuals to rule not from their family popularity and dominance, but from the current structure of the society. The Roman senate was a political institution that survived most chronological events in the Roman history. Founded in early days, it survived events such as the split of the Roman Empire, the fall of the Roman republic and the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Though the senate was politically weak during the early regime as it was overruled by powerful executive magistrates, it had several roles in the Roman Republic (McManus). The senate was responsible for passing of decrees that were known as senatus consultum in ancient Roman Republic whose main composition was advices to the Roman magistrates from the senate. Though those advices from the senate did not hold any legal force they were followed in practice. These decrees too served in interpretation of the law although in instances where there were clashes between the two, the law overrode the decrees. In cases of conflicts especially military conflicts, the senate was useful in provision of key advices to the chief magistrates known as Roman Consuls. The senate helped manage and run the civil government as it had massive power over it. The senate was key in management of state finances and had the authority to disburse government funding to other projects. Administration of provinces in the Roman republic was done by consuls and praetors. The senate was also responsible for the supervision of the administration in all the provinces and was instrumental in determination and distribution of magistrates amongst the provinces (Brunt, 423-444). Augustus Caesar is known for being the first ruler of the Roman Empire whose rule
Introduction Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) consists of a group of defects of the connective tissue transmitted to a person through genetic inheritance. The disease is primarily a defect of the structural protein collagen. Depending on the extent of this defect the prognosis of the condition can range from favorable to life-threatening; there is no known treatment for the condition; however, it can be managed symptomatically (Lawrence, 2005; Tinkle, 2008). The condition got its name from a combination of two names of Dr. Edward Ehlers, a Dane and Dr. Henri-Alexandre Danlos, a Frenchman; these two were the first to describe the condition. Epidemiology As mentioned before, the condition is hereditary; worldwide, the condition is diagnosed in approximately one in every five thousand births. The condition does not have a race or gender predilection and incidence is evenly distributed in the human population in the world. This had been initially pegged at about one case in every 250,000-500,000; however, these figures have been disputed from an increased volume of medical research information and betterment of diagnostic procedures (Lawrence, 2005). EDS has six different types; the prevalence of these types is not uniformly distributed (Christos et al, 2006). The condition with the highest representation is the Hypermobility EDS; the second-highest prevalence is that of Classical EDS. The rarity of the condition increases dramatically with the other four categories; for example, less than 10 incidences of Dermatosparaxis EDS have been documented worldwide. Pathogenesis The disease is caused by mutation of genes that lead to defects of fibrous and enzyme proteins coded for by the genes. These defects are in the form of changes in collagen protein that affects its strength resulting in the weakening of connective tissues in various organs; various syndromes distinct arise from this weakening in the skin, vasculature, bones and organ tissue parenchyma (William et al, 2005). Various patterns of inheritance are responsible for the transmission of defective genes to the people having the condition. This can either take an autosomal dominant pattern whereby only one copy of the defective gene is needed to cause the defect. Alternatively, the inheritance can take an autosomal recessive pattern whereby both copies of the genes coding for the offending protein need to be defective so as to express the offending phenotype. The clinical signs experienced are mostly attributed to a reduced amount of Type III collagen. Clinical presentation Depending on the system most severely affected by the condition as coded for by the defective genes, there is a wide range of clinical signs associated with EDS. The three most affected organs are the blood vessels, the skin and joints. The skin is usually, smooth and stretchy; bruises occur very easily and wounds heal poorly with excessive formation of scar tissue Blood vessels show poor development and are very fragile thus increasing the possibility of the skin being bruised (Hans-Joachim, 1999; Bieghton et al, 1998). In all classes of EDS, the j
Article Review The article “How will Brexit send flight prices soaring higher?” is devoted to the impact which Brexit might produce on the aviation market in the UK and EU. The article suggests three different scenarios that are available for the UK to follow. Some parts of the article are written in a rather humorous manner, although the general tone of it appears to be serious since the matter proves to be topical and involves much consideration. Airlines would like the UK to make this decision as soon as possible. At the moment, due to the single aviation market which was created in the 1990s, any airline with a base in the EU has a right to fly from any country to any other country. Brexit implies reconsidering this access. The British PM claims that the country is willing to be free from the influence of the European Court of Justice. This is likely to be achieved using excluding access to the single aviation market. Besides, European authorities are acknowledged to have informed airlines which are located in the UK, including EasyJet and Ryanair, that they will have to open their headquarters on the continent or sell their controlling stakes to Europeans in case they are willing to continue being operational on the European routes after Brexit. It is clear that for EasyJet and Ryanair, flights within the EU are the most important source of profits. Such changes in the structure of the airlines and their compelled presence on the continent might result in serious consequences for the UK. The airlines are likely to prefer the possibility to have internal flights on the continent by new European rules. This could entrain staff reductions in the UK. Plane tickets to the UK might have a higher price due to the growth in their cost price. If the UK limits free movement for EU citizens, it could hurt the volume of air transportation. Moreover, due to a stricter visa regime, airlines will have to hire new employees and make redundant those who do not comply with visa requirements. Apart from that, cheap labor is expected to be said goodbye to, whereas training new staff will result in the need for extra funds. Therefore, airlines will be forced to increase airfares to compensate for their losses. Another problem that is likely to appear is a flight timetable for the summer of 2019 when the UK will have exited from the EU. Working out a timetable is stated to take time, and it is supposed to be planned. Therefore, the flying schedule for 2019 is expected to be outlined in 2018. As for the British, expensive plane tickets to other countries might make them stay on the island and visit different places in their motherland. This is unlikely to compensate to the full extent of the potential loss of European travelers. However, a sharp reduction in the number of foreign tourists does not appear to be the outcome since Britain has many attractions. In conclusion, it is necessary to underline that whether the final decision might be, it could influence not only local markets but also the world aviation market. Higher airfare will affect th
Introduction The ASCA nationwide standards were developed to permit the students obtain familiarity and skills and know what they have to be conversant with, as a result of participating in the school psychoanalysis programme. ASCA has various goals especially in the school counseling programme. It enables students to access the counseling programme equally. ASCA puts in place the same goals and outlook for each student. Establishment of ASCA nationwide standards brought about the recognition of key aspects of the school counseling programme. The school counseling has been positioned by ASCA as the vital constituent in the academic mission. Through Grade 12 counseling programmes in schools, the student’s skills and knowledge were identified. This was as a result of pre-k. ASCA nationwide standards also do ensure that the counseling programmes in school are comprehensive and in their designs and are offered to students in a rational format (Galassi & Akos, 2007). Domains in the ASCA National Standards Academic development This domain provides a frame work for the school counseling programme to put into effect relevant activities and strategy. This enforced activities and strategies leads to the maximization and hold up of the learning aptitude of each student. Academic progress domain helps students to succeed in school by achieving the obligatory skills information and approach. Career development This domain helps students to acquire the necessary acquaintance, skills and attitudes that will help make easy the transition from the school setting to the job market setting. It also helps in transition from one job to another and from one post to another within the same job. Personal and social development The domain of personal and social growth builds a frame work for the counseling programme in school to provide a foundation concerning personal and social growth. This foundation enables personal and social growth in students as they progress through school education and in to adulthood (Gregoire & Jungers, 2007). Meeting the needs of students Domain 1 The school counselors meet the needs of the students in academic development domain by ensuring that the students have acquired the essential skills, knowledge and attitudes. These skills, knowledge and attitudes that the school counselors help the students to acquire that will contribute to proper learning in class. This is essential as proper learning contributes to good grades. This will enable the students secure a career of their choice. Students will also be able to relate the aspect of education to work and life in the community and at home. Domain 2 The needs of students are met by the school counselors through career development domain by enabling students to acquire investigative skills. These investigative skills
Aquatic Biome The aquatic biome is the largest of all biomes on the planet, covering about 75% of its surface, providing the majority of the oxygen we breathe. It is divided into two sections: freshwater and marine (Aquatic Biome, 2020). Salt concentrations are poor in freshwater areas such as lakes and rivers and higher in marine areas like estuaries and the ocean. Oceans are divided into four zones: Intertidal, Pelagic, Benthic, and Abyssal. Animals living in the aquatic biome learned to adapt to their nature. For example, many species manage to live in the deepest parts of the ocean, which are too dark to support photosynthesis. Coral reefs are home to thousands of different fish species. River and stream mouths have more sediment and less oxygen, resulting in species like carp and catfish that need less oxygen to survive. The soils, the pattern and pace of water flow, and the local environment all affect freshwater ecosystems. In the last 30 years, the world has lost 50 percent of its coral. If the others disappear, the results would be catastrophic. Without reefs, billions of marine creatures would perish, millions of people would lose their primary source of food, and economies would suffer. Deserts Biome Around one-fifth of the Earth’s surface is covered by the desert biome. Depending on the form of the desert, this biome has a layer of soil that can be sandy, gravelly, or stony (Desert Biome, 2020). Several features can be used to distinguish desert biomes. Deserts are divided into four categories: hot and dry, semiarid, coastal, and cold (Desert Biome, 2020). Cacti in the Americas can consume and store water, allowing them to endure prolonged droughts. Animals have evolved to extract water from the food they consume and to retain what little water they do have. If cacti are removed from the desert biome birds that nest on them will no longer have a habitat, so they will migrate to other areas with a more suitable ecosystem. The number of birds in this ecosystem will be decreased as a result of this. Consequently, since a predator has been eliminated from the environment, the animals that were fed by the birds would have the opportunity to multiply in numbers. Forest Biome Forests now occupy about one-third of the world’s land surface and can be found in a variety of terrestrial environments around the world. Temperate forests, tropical forests, and boreal forests are the three main types of forests. The forest biome plays a significant role in global carbon dioxide absorption and oxygen production; Because of the four distinct seasons at these latitudes, temperate forests experience a wide range of temperatures during the year, which has adapted the flora and fauna of the area. Tropical rainforests, with their mild climate (temperatures ranging from 20 to 31°C), are the epitome of biodiversity. Since temperatures in boreal forests are usually below zero, the animals that live there have adapted to be accustomed to such conditions. A cascading extinction cycle could occur if bonobos were to vanish from all of their habitats. Not only would the trees perish, but many of th
There are a lot of English words and vocabularies used differently by people with diverse personalities when speaking, reading or writing, to convey a particular message. It is mind-numbing and unimaginable to think of a world where people, places or objects would be referred to using one word or a limited number of words. There are however, particular English words that have multiple interpretations and uses. This paper shall look at the various interpretations of the word ‘spirit’, and its uses in the field of nursing. The word spirit is used in reference to the part of a human being that is associated with the mind, will, and feelings. This description of the word spirit gives us the concept of spirituality, which according to Mauk (2004), can be defined as “the core of a person’s being, involving one’s relationship with God or a higher power”. An individual’s spiritual health is evaluated based on their internal and external traits, and not on the basis of the factors that may result in their spiritual health. People who are said to be spiritually healthy are observed to have a clear perception of the world that enables them to understand reality, as well as provide them with a coherent belief system. This clear perception is a product of their belief in a higher power or larger reality. The word spirit is also used to refer to a petroleum distillate that is used as a degreaser, or an industrial cleaning agent (Irvin, 1997). This spirit is also referred to as Stoddard solvent. White spirit, also referred to as mineral spirit, is a clear liquid that is distilled from petroleum. This spirit is an organic solvent that is used in painting and decorating, as an alternative to turpentine when thinning paints and cleaning paint brushes. Another use for the mineral spirits is in degreasing and cleaning of machinery, due to its low volatility. Mineral spirits can also be used as a lubricant for screws (Irwin, 2007). Spirits are a familiar ingredient in the manufacture of alcoholic drinks, garnishes and mixers (Arnold, 2005). Lichine (1987), defines spirits as “Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic beverages that have an alcohol content of at least 20%”. Spirits are made from the distillation of alcohol; a process that involves heating the alcohol until it vaporizes, before it is cooled and condensed. Sollier (1912), provides us with the fourth interpretation of the word spirit; an intangible being with the ability to influence human events. Occurrences such as voluntary determinations, which are divine, are viewed as supernatural by people who advocate a deterministic view of the world that does not believe in free will (Sollier, 1912). There is a particular kind of spirit that is used to treat fainting. The aromatic ammonia spirit is used as a respiratory stimulant in syncope, weakness, or threatened faint (McCrory, 2006). The word spirit can also be used in the field of nursing as a synonym for vivacity. In the profession
Introduction Orhan Pamuk, the Literature Nobel Prize laureate of 2006 writes that “the history of the novel is a history of human liberation.” The question is what does he mean by this and how relevant is it really? Elucidation This statement of Orhan Pamuk is a reflection of his belief in creativity being the source of political protest. Novels encourage people to look into the past and relive their history, which is essential to the evaluation of what they were and what they have become. Thus rendering of history in a novel is seldom an exact replica of what took place, but rather a presenting history in a new light so as to enrich it and change it. The creativity of the novelists causes the reader to imagine living in the book and walking in the shoes of the characters of the book and changing it based on the individual’s imagination and emotions. Such a journey makes richer the values individual and thus creates a vision of a fully liberated world free of the pain experienced and thus in every novel the path that human liberation has taken or has to take becomes clear. In his book “Snow”, 2002, Parmuk takes the reader on such a journey with Ka, who is a poet that has just returned from Germany to his native Turkey. Ka takes the reader along into his investigation of a mass suicide by girls, who have been ordered not to wear headscarves alluring to the ban by Ataturk on the use of headscarves. The strong character Ka in the novel moves the reader back in history and forwards to reality and along with Ka learn to value human res
Policy making is one of the integral processes in the modern world in general and politics in particular. Its goal is to recognize influential groups of interests, define analytical frameworks, and develop policies and standards for guiding decision-making and achieving required outcomes. Many methods and discussions are developed to explain the worth of policy making, and this paper is based on the article by Stanley A. Feder about the models to be applied for forecasting in policy making. The author underlined that there are many processes that may challenge policy making, including globalization, technological progress, migration, international relationships, environmental issues, population growth, and the emergence of non-governmental organizations. 1 Therefore, it is not enough to specify probabilities or respect varieties. It is important to define theories, ask correct questions, and indicate applicable outcomes. Today, people are in need of clear forecasting activities and successful policy making. Feder’s discussion of two models, political expected utility and multiple scenario analysis, contributes to a better understanding of political events and their influential factors. Despite the intentions of people to predict dangers and threats to society, policy making is weakened due to the impossibility to differentiate such concepts as prediction, forecasting, and probability. Relying on his solid background as a foreign and national security policy maker, political scientist, and analyst, Feder identified several steps to enhance policy making in American politics, which requires the indication of outcomes, the use of analytical methods, and the relation to complexity theory. 2 His ideas help improve the current state of affairs in the United States. On the one hand, there is a quantitative, deterministic model offered by Bueno de Mesquita, the essence of which is to promote political expected utility through exploring long-term implications of changes in a systematic way. 3 On the other hand, there is a qualitative, deliberately open model developed by Herman Kahn and known as evidence-based multiple scenario analysis. 4 In terms of the Mesquita’s model, policy makers must recognize the interests of groups and leaders to predict policy decisions, agendas, and resources and change regimes in regards to these opinions following simple mathematic rules. Multiple scenario analysis consists of a logical line of events when a policy maker defines drivers, identifies interactions, and determines consequences. Regarding this model, the idea of prediction in policy making is diminished because it presupposes the possibility of one outcome only. Forecasting is characterized by several applicable (not possible outcomes), which removes the necessity of probability in policy making as well. In general, both models identified in the article and general recommendations given by Feder make signific
Symptoms and Intensity that Would Indicate a Consultation May Be Appropriate Moderate and severe depression are the most often types of disorders for which antidepressants are described. The list of other diagnoses include bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic attacks with general symptoms. The symptoms which would indicate that a consultation may be appropriate include a state of persistently bad mood (at least two weeks), which may be accompanied by apathy, low activity, and inability to enjoy or be interested in something. Often, other manifestations involve difficulty to concentrate and engage in usual activities, impairment of sleep and appetite, reduction of self-esteem and libido, and the increase in the feeling of guilt. The symptoms have to be present almost daily, most of the day, and at least two weeks (Seretti, 2018). At the same time, one symptome may be more persistent than others and an individual can have related complaints about anxiety, somatic issues, and pain. Side Effects The main side effects of antidepressants include anticholinergic disorders of the central and autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular system, complications from the hematopoietic organs, metabolic, endocrine disorders (changes in body weight, dysfunction of the genital area, allergic reactions) (Seretti, 2018). Side effects often appear at the initial stages of treatment (in the first two weeks) and sometimes persist for 3-4 weeks of therapy, and then undergo a reverse development. With more persistent and at the same time pronounced violations, a decrease in doses is indicated, and, if necessary, cessation of therapy. Potential Benefits a Partner or Family Member May Notice A partner or family member may notice a beneficial change in the individual’s behavior. For example, in the treatment of depression, over time, the person begins to experience positive and negative emotions, which are usually dulled with this disorder. Antidepressants, unlike antipsychotics or other drugs that are used in psychiatry, cannot lead to lethargy or emotionlessness, but they do have other side effects. For example, a person may experience anxiety, and some begin to feel sleepy all the time; others find it challenging to control yawning. Sometimes changing the drug is sufficient, and the side effects go away. Reference Serretti, A. (2018). The present and future of precision medicine in psychiatry: focus on clinical psychopharmacology of antidepressants. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience , 16 (1), 1-6.