ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Economists are concerned with three major issues; how to produce, what to produce, and how to distribute outputs from income. The paper shall look at how these principles affect people’s decisions about scarce resources. Money and happiness Money cannot buy happiness because most premises on the benefits of money are based on illusions rather than tangible facts. People do not live in vacuums; consequently, assessments of material success are based on comparisons with other people. An individual is likely to feel elated if he realizes that he or she is earning more money than his neighbors, family, or friends. The problem with such comparisons is that they are never static. When one enjoys a greater status because of his relative income, this position may be drastically altered when more people join his or her income bracket or when more people leave the lower bracket that he/or she was comparing himself to. In other words, the temporary pleasure that one receives from being better off than others quickly disappears when the lives of these ‘others’ improve. The latter issues bring out the fact that pleasure from financial success is very temporary and should therefore not be depended on as a source of happiness. (Easterlin, 2004) Another worrying trend about the pursuit of money is that it can never be enough since human nature is such that it easily adapts to situations. Acquisition of money can cause happiness at the beginning of one’s journey, and however, as one gets used to a wealthy lifestyle, one no longer finds as much pleasure in the purchase of a car as he/she used to at the start. This is because the mind now thinks of such possessions as ordinary, and it is unlikely that one’s sensory neurons will be excited by these same things. In the end, a wealthy individual soon realizes that there are others out there who are wealthier than he/she is. Such people eventually begin pursuing more wealth as their happiness has been compromised. Therefore, money leads to the pursuit of more money and deprives one of the pleasures of enjoying what one already has. (Lee, 2005) Whether it makes sense for people to pursue money From an economics standpoint, money is defined as a measurement unit that facilitates the comparison of transactions. The price an individual pays is the compensation that one is willing to offer another because of the transference of resources. (Mohanty, 2009) This implies that there are certain alternatives that individuals can choose and that pursuance of one alternative prevents one from enjoying the benefits of the other; the phenomenon is called opportunity cost. One must therefore make a choice to increase the value of one’s interests as this is likely to increase satisfaction and hence one’s happiness. Secondly, human beings always operate in a
The article refers to drug courts, their description, purpose, management, development, and dissemination. Drug courts are defined as “specialized court docket programs” that contain all essential information about defendants, criminal offenders, juvenile perpetrators, and parents with pending cases of child welfare who have alcohol, drug, and other substances addiction (U.S. Department of Justice, 2018, p. 1). These programs are traditionally managed by an interdisciplinary team of judges, defense attorneys, prosecutors, treatment service professionals, social workers, and community corrections officers (U.S. Department of Justice, 2018). The purpose of drug courts is the reducing drug use and repetitions of crimes among criminal defendants and offenders through multiple rehabilitation services, medical treatment, supervision, monitoring, and judicial interaction. These programs provide accountability for all included people, they address the issues of drug use, promote awareness, offer education and medical assistance, and help families to strengthen against drug dependency. Family drug courts focus on treatment for parents with substance addiction, these programs have a goal to help parents become financially and emotionally self-sufficient to perform their parental duties efficiently. Drug courts are supported and developed by multiple organizations through sponsorship. The Bureau of Justice Assistance promotes the development of drug courts and their popularization among the targeted population “through financial grants and other assistance” (U.S. Department of Justice, 2018, p. 1). Family and juvenile drug court programs are sponsored by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (U.S. Department of Justice, 2018). According to the researches of NIJ’s Multisite Adult Drug Court Evaluation, drug courts are effective in crime prevention and reducing drug use due to higher investments in treatment services in comparison with traditional court supervision (U.S. Department of Justice, 2018). These programs are currently developing, and new information and services are subsequently included as well. Reference U.S. Department of Justice. (2018). Drug courts [PDF file]. Web.
Company Background Twitter was conceptualized In December 2005, when Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams and Biz Stone met in San Francisco to lay the foundation for a company that has now taken the world by storm by providing users with a simple yet intuitive way of communicating through Short Message Service (SMS). The budding entrepreneurs launched Twitter in March 2006 using the concept of having people communicate with each other by posting short text messages online (up to 140 characters) and allowing others to subscribe to those messages (Weedmark par. 1-9). The company continued to depend on venture investments to fund its operations until 2010, when it diversified to advertising by allowing advertisers and marketers to have their tweets appear on the Twitter Website every time they registered to use promoted accounts and tweets. The company was able to realize $139 million in advertising revenues in 2011, and analysts are anticipating that it will exceed $1 billion this financial year (Weedmark par. 5-7). Twitter’s Ethics Code Although it is difficult to know when Twitter’s Code of Business and Ethics (hereafter known as ethics code) was enacted, available documentation demonstrates that the ethics code was last updated on October 19, 2013. The ethics code is intended to deter wrongdoing and promote integrity, honest and ethical conduct, compliance with applicable laws and regulations, financial prudence and responsibility, accountability, and prompt internal reporting of violations (Board of Directors of Twitter 1). Twitter’s ethics code is strictly followed by the company’s employees, board members and officers, as well independent contractors and consultants. The code covers several subject areas, including avoiding conflicts of interest, corporate opportunities, fair dealing, compliance with laws and policies, confidentiality, ensuring financial integrity and responsibility, protection and use of Twitter assets and intellectual property, public communications and financial reporting, reporting a violation of code of conduct or law, accountability, and retaliation issues (Board of Directors of Twitter 1-6). It is important to note that Twitter’s ethics code meets the requirements of a code of conduct, particularly in terms of stating the principles and expectations governing the behavior of the company’s stakeholders and describing the minimum requirements for conduct
introduction The boundaries that Mike Rose is talking about are the life circumstances that we find ourselves in for instance growing up in a family where no one ever attended college which is the case with Mike Rose and this further impacted negatively on his education. To begin with, Mike was taken to a remedial class after there was a mix-up of the tests with another student with whom he shared the name Rose (Rose 10). Coming from a background where parents were not so conversant with the education system that they had enrolled their son into, this almost made Mike spend his school years in remedial classes until his high school teacher saw the potential in him. Explication of Mike Rose Background “The basic human conflict – that we are both simultaneously heroes and prisoners” (Rose 115). Regarding this statement, Rose does not discredit that we as individual have the capabilities of achieving in education but at the same time our achievements are a function of our society, that is the environment that we are predisposed to in our early childhood years which also determines what and how we achieve in education. Could this be the boundaries that Mike Rose is addressing in the book Lives on the Boundary? He talks of the boundaries in two forms, those held by the individual, for instance, the individual’s zeal to achieve in life and therefore put more effort into schoolwork and the boundaries created by the sole fact that we are from a particular background. To further exemplify my point, an analysis of Mike’s background would help us draw the application of the social boundary in the book. Boundaries in the American Education System Born to a family where people did not know what college education was, Mike has a better recount of the challenges that are faced by students who attend college in America otherwise called the underprepared. Normally schools grade students based on their chronological age with the assumption that the students have many interests in common than differences. Mike thinks that a school consists of a mixture of learners and educators who do not care to find out the background of each learner when they are teaching them in the classroom. Therefore, Mike concludes that when students fail to achieve in education, it may not be because the students are not bright enough to pass but maybe because of their social background which the students come from in addition to other contributory factors like the methods used by the facilitator in the classroom, the attitude of the teacher towards the student (Rose 17) and the attention given to the student by the teacher, just but a mention of a few. For instance, Mike gives the example of Mario whose childhood experiences are composed of negative things, and therefore during class time when Mario is supposed to be concentrating on his studies, he is busy painting pictures conveying his negative thoughts. Here, the line is drawn of how our dif
Introduction According to the Senate (2015), domestic violence (DV) has become a serious issue in Australia and does not appear to be decreasing in significance. In Australia, more than a million children are affected (The Senate 2015, p. xiii). The costs of DV include the financial ones as well as “lives lost, the effects on children, physical and mental health, employment, risk of homelessness and financial security”(The Senate 2015, p. xiv). By 2022, the issue is likely to cost the nation $15.6 billion (The Senate 2015, p. 18). An issue that is as socially and economically costly requires policy decisions. In this paper, DV in Australia will be regarded as a problem that requires policy decision-making, and the related terminology and theory will be used to gain insights into the reasons for the persistence of the issue. Literature Review: State of Events Defining Domestic Violence DV is the violence that occurs within the family and that a family member suffers at the hands of another one (The Senate 2015). According to the Family Law Act 1975 (as amended in 2006), DV includes all the parents, children, grandparents, grandchildren, aunts and uncles, nieces and nephews, cousins, step-relatives of these kinds, as well as husbands, wives, and partners, and ex-husbands, ex-wives, and ex-partners. The same Act defines DV as “conduct, whether actual or threatened, by a person towards, or towards the property of, a member of the person’s family that causes that or any other member of the person’s family reasonably to fear for, or reasonably to be apprehensive about, his or her personal wellbeing or safety” (The National Council to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children 2009, p. 187). It is apparent that the term “reasonable” is unclear, but the Act does not seek to specify it. The most common contributing factors of DV include gender inequality and related social norms, being exposed to or witnessing DV as a child, poor parenting, substance abuse, social isolation, mental issues, personality characteristics, conflicts and divorces as well as income, education, and employment level (Cussen & Bryant 2015; The Senate 2015). Also, vulnerable groups like women with disabilities or indigenous people are more likely to experience DV (The Senate 2015). In other words, DV is a most complex issue. Statistics According to the World Health Organisation (2013, p. 16) statistics (that is based on self-reported experiences), 30% of women in the world were subject to DV with the lowest (23%) rate recorded in high-income countries and highest (37%) found in African, Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asia WHO regions. Australia belongs to the high-income part of the world, which means that the rates of DV are not the highest in the country, but they can still be described as very high. ABC Fact Check (2016) provides an overview o
Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart is one of the literary works that prompted many scholars to re-evaluate their assumptions about African people. This paper is aimed at discussing the significance of this book. In particular, it is important to apply the paradigm of cultural thought developed by Linda Myers because this framework can better demonstrate why this novel attracts so much attention. Apart from that, one should consider the so-called cardinal principles of Ma’at that throw light on the worldviews and moral values of African people. Modern scholars argue that African culture has often been misunderstood or misinterpreted. For instance, Lynda Myers notes that the values of African people have been analyzed from the Western perspective (Myers 32). So, this author advocates the adoption of Afro-centric thought paradigm (Myers 32). In turn, the novel by Chinua Achebe can illustrate this point. For instance, it is possible to consider the following passage, “Among the Igbo the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten” (Achebe 5). This quote demonstrates the way in which conversational traditions of Igbo people have certain patterns. More importantly, they can be misunderstood by outsiders, especially colonizers. This is one of the details that can be identified. The author notes that people, who came to Africa from Europe, can criticize the behavior of lifestyles of the native people. The main problem is that they can often misjudge their behavior. He expresses this critique through one of the characters who says, “Does the white man understand our custom about land?” “How can he when he does not even speak our tongue? But he says that our customs are bad” (Achebe 50). This phrase highlights the conflicts between the representatives of different cultures. Additionally, it is possible to apply the cardinal principles incorporated in Ma’at which is one of the worldviews incorporated into African culture. It incorporates such values as justice, truth, balance, reciprocity, and so forth. However, the implementation of these principles may not coincide with the Western norms. Chinua Achebe illustrates this issue by exploring the life of the village in which Okonkwo lives. Overall, literary critics believe that this novel is supposed to challenge the readers’ notions about African countries (Bloom 35). To a great extent, this view can be supported. It should be mentioned that this book can be analyzed by applying the methods of Western literary critique. For instance, one can use such a concept as the tragic hero. This notion is used to describe a person who is destined to suffering and downfall. As a rule, he/she has to struggle against ove
Differences in Perception The importance of co-development is based on the ways Dana, her husband, Kevin, and other characters of the novel interact with each other. In the beginning, Dana describes Kevin as a progressive man who firmly believes in the essential nature of equal rights (Butler, 2004). While their interracial marriage is met with some negative responses from both their families, Dana and Kevin are able to overcome these problems and live as a seemingly balanced couple. However, during the course of the novel, the characters’ experiences and Dana’s stories about their past reveal a different side of Kevin and make the distinction between their perceptions more visible. The lack of details about Kevin at the beginning of the novel is contrasted with an in-depth analysis of his personality that both the audience and Dana have to perform. According to Brown (n.d.), Kevin can be classified as a man born into privilege. Dana, on the other hand, is “born into struggle” – her gender and ethnicity influence her opportunities and experiences (Brown, n.d., para. 11). Mental Losses Dana, being a Black woman, perceives the situation on the plantation to which she travels differently from her husband. Her interactions with white people owning the farm show that she has no authority over anything, even though she does not “belong” to these particular slave owners. She experiences racism and violence similar, if not identical, to that of the local slaves. On the other hand, Kevin, upon arriving at the farm, is treated as a guest and as a person with freedoms, desires, and opinions. He is allowed to read, write, speak, and express emotions. Dana is not given these basic rights. Instead, she is persecuted for “[trying] to act so whitely” (Butler, 2004, p. 165). Therefore, the characters’ experiences vary significantly, making their impression of the place differ from each other. While Dana remains aware of the cruelty and injustice that is inherent to the period, Kevin begins thinking that the plantation life is not that bad. His willingness to ignore the obvious – Black people are not treated as people – shows his privilege. In the novel, Dana’s time-traveling allows her to perceive the history of racism in America not just through books and remnants of old behaviors but through direct presence in the time period. As she and her husband travel from 1976 to 1815, they relive the experiences of their ancestors, bound in the notions of control, fear, and authority (Butler, 2004). Notably, Butler (2004) uses these years to show the differences between her contemporary time period and antebellum American South. However, she also uses time travel to explain how mental pressure and fear can affect one’s ability to adapt to new surroundings or retain old habits. After living in the 1800s, both Dana and Kevin change as people. Kevin forgets how to use modern appliances and develops some controlling attitudes and anger management issues (Butler, 2004). Dana’s mental health suffers much more, as she learns to accept being powerless. The lack of cont
According to the transaction-based theory, stress results from the operations between people and their surroundings. The transactions heavily rely on the intensity of the external stressor. For instance, an individual will assess the stressor and the socio-cultural resources at their disposal. The initial stage in dealing with a stressful circumstance is to evaluate the circumstance. The primary evaluation of a stressor refers to an individual judgment about the stressor. Making a primary evaluation will enable a person to determine the relevance of an event, whether it is positive, manageable, challenging or stressful. The secondary evaluation entails facing the stressor. The secondary evaluation of a stressor requires a person to assess his or her ability to cope with the stress. During the secondary evaluation, an individual is required to determine how he should respond to the particular situation he is facing. This will help to regulate the problem and to develop ways of coping with the problem or the stressor. Complexity science looks into various aspects of living systems that are not adequately addressed in conventional approaches. Complexity science refers to the study of a complex adaptive system (CAS). It studies the relationships that exist between various agents within a system, and their ability to adapt to the system. Complexity science also involves several theories, as well as concepts. Therefore, complexity science employs the use of several theories to explain the complex adaptive system. A complex adaptive system refers to several parts which are
Career choice in bioscience Biological science is related to many areas that play an important role in the lives of many people. Yet, I would like to pursue career in such field as microbiology. This choice can be explained by several factors. First of all, people, who work in these areas, must have expertise in various aspects of bioscience and their tasks can be both challenging and rewarding. Moreover, I believe that in this way I can help people by making discoveries that can be used in medicine, agriculture, food production. The knowledge of microbiologists can be of great value. Finally, I have to admit the work and skills of these professions is well compensated. This is why I want to consider this career path. Microbiology industry On the whole, microbiologists conduct studies that are aimed at examining various characteristics of microorganisms, for instance, molds, viruses or bacteria (Echaore-McDavid 2009, p. 5). They attempt to understand how these microorganisms function, grow or replicate (Echaore-McDavid 2009, p. 5; Edmonds 2012, p. 2). As a rule, these professionals work in a laboratory setting. The most challenging aspect of this profession is that the work of microbiologists can sometimes be too monotonous, but at the same time, they can make unexpected discoveries that can be of great use to many people. These people may work in various organizations or companies; for instance, one can mention hospitals, food industry, or environmental agencies (Winter 2004, p. 20). These organizations will be most important employers of microbiologists. This person can work in such fields as agriculture, medicine, or industry (Echaore-McDavid 2009, p. 5). Thus, one can say that this person can work in many areas. Certainly, I do not expect that one can easily understand various aspect of microbiology. However, this profession will always be required by employees. This is one of its most important advantages. Overall, there are several educational requirements that I will have to meet in order to become a professional microbiologist. For example, I will have to obtain at least Bachelor’s degree in microbiology or some other discipline that is related to it. In some cases, these professionals have to do postdoctoral studies (Echaore-McDavid 2009, p. 5). These are the most important educational requirements. Apart from that, such an individual should have well-developed skills in other sciences such as mathematics or statistics. Moreover, microbiologists should understand the principles of project management, because these professionals often have to coordinate the work of other people. Unfortunately, I did not have many opportunities to work as a microbiologist. Yet, I did some volunteer work. In particular, I participated in various research projects that took place in my school. In the future, I intend to take a more active part in different research projects that are organized in the university. This experience can help me in the future especially when I will have to seek employment. When I was researching the information about microbiology, I used the websites of su