ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Women are becoming powerful and influential than ever before. Women are also taking new positions in different organizations. The role of women “in global businesses is still minimal” (Woollard, 2010, p. 7). Managerial positions are still unavailable to women. Many American firms are recruiting women from different backgrounds. Such companies have become successful. American women are also looking for jobs in foreign societies. Many countries in “Africa, Asia, and the Middle East do not promote gender equality” (Jassawalla, Asgary, & Shashittal, 2006, p. 136). These gaps make it impossible for women to achieve their potentials. American women are also looking for new job opportunities in India, Japan, and China. Women and Gender Gap in China Gender gaps are prevalent in several parts of Asia and Africa. American women are also undertaking business roles in these countries. Women are also achieving their business goals in foreign societies such as China and India. Such women continue to mentor their employees and stakeholders in these foreign countries. Several “American companies are assigning international roles to women” (Schramm, 2011, p. 156). Women have also established their enterprises in foreign countries. According to Singh (2010, p. 72), “the number of women in management is small.” The above practice has discouraged more women from engaging in international business practices. China has implemented new policies and laws in order to protect its women. This approach has encouraged more women to do business in the country. Mardi Mastain is a successful entrepreneur who has established a reputable consulting firm in Shanghai. According to Schramm (2011, p. 156), “American companies should train their women in order to deal with every socio-cultural issues encountered in foreign countries.” A gender gap exists in China due to the country’s local and cultural practices. The country’s regulations are inadequate towards supporting the needs and expectations of women. China is “influenced by socio-cultural practices and traditions” (Scroggins, 2010, p. 411). Chinese women are unable to participate in different business activities because of prejudice. Chinese women do not have adequate education. This situation prevents them from engaging in managerial practices. The society expects Chinese women to take care of their husbands and children (Scroggins, 2010, p. 411). China must embrace new strategies and frameworks in order to support the educational needs of its women. The country does not promote gender equality. This malpractice discourages more women from engag
Abstract Marketing revolves around gathering information about customers and promote products and services, effectively convincing the general populace that some goods are better than others. There are numerous ethical dilemmas associated with all five types of marketing, as it is heavily influenced by consumerism and the attempts to make money at all costs. This research evaluated customer perceptions of the ethical side of the market. According to the results, nearly all marketing types were considered unethical to some degree or measure. Most customers seem to accept marketing research while demonstrating a unanimous dislike towards direct marketing, describing it as bothersome, forceful, annoying, and unethical. The root of these opinions comes from misunderstanding marketing paradigms. Education of the populace about the intents and purposes of marketing strategies would make them more predisposed to the practice. Introduction Marketing constitutes a set of practices that are used to extract information about customers, focus sales, generate revenue, claim additional market share, and increasing brand exposure. Companies and businesses have different marketing approaches, but nearly all of them involve voluntary or involuntary interaction with the customer. As a practice that limits customer autonomy, enforces stereotypes, and invades privacy, marketing has plenty of ethical issues to contend with. At the same time, customers are aware of what marketing is and its necessity to businesses. Nevertheless, customer perception of marketing ethics differs from one tool to another, as some are considered ethically acceptable, while others are not. These perceptions affect the effectiveness of marketing, as those viewed negatively are likely to generate a negative impression of a company using them. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate customer perceptions of ethics in popular marketing practices. Study Background Sociologists and marketing researchers do not have a conclusive opinion on whether or not marketing is inherently unethical. Some argue that marketing is evil as it damages the personal autonomy of the customer, causes harm to competing for products, and manipulates social values, turning value-based perspectives into those based on materialism (Tong, Zheng, & Zhao, 2013). While the over-reaching claim is disputed, it is clear that most areas of marketing have certain ethical issues associated with them. Marketing research, for example, is connected to the invasion of customer privacy, the marketing audience excludes and disenfranchises certain groups from buying products, while using peer pressure to enforce goods on vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly (Eagle & Dahl, 2015). Marketing based on price often leads to price wars and unfair competition practices to remove the competition from the market (Eagle & Dahl, 2015). Using ethic
Introduction In the air travel industry, there have been a lot of complaints from both employers and employees. On the one hand, the employers are lamenting about the decrease in the demand for air travel services, hence reduced revenues. On the other hand, the employees are complaining about poor working conditions and low pay. In such a situation, where both parties are at a stalemate, urgent measures are needed in order to avoid the occurrence of losses. Therefore, in this state, collective bargaining is one of the best solutions. State of the negotiation Collective bargaining is a negotiation process that occurs between employees and employers in order to reach an agreement in a certain dispute. The group of employees is normally represented by a leader chosen among the group and he or she is responsible for relaying the worker’s interest to the employer (Watson, 2011). Recently, the American airlines’ pilots approved the new labor contract which enabled the airline to merge with US Airways. Analysts say that this move was fundamental in averting a possible bankruptcy state of the American Airlines company. The pilots association accepted the contract offer, although three months earlier the association had rejected the offer. The second time, the union leaders worked so hard to convince their members to pass the contract and accept it. In the contract, structures have been improved and the pilot’s pay is expected to increase by 4 percent (CBSN , 2012). The contract is a 6-year term of service but after the first contract, the pay rise will be 2 percent every year (CBSN , 2012). This kind of adjustment is seen as a lucrative deal by the pilots and because by the third year after the 6 months term, their payment will be in harmony with pilots in other big companies. Major issues The major issue about the American Airline is the workers and employees relationship structure. Unlike other major airlines, American Airlines has an Us-Versus-You approach when dealing with its employees (CBSN , 2012). The ideal term of service in the airline industry, as in the other major companies, is the profit-sharing plan. This makes the employees feel like part of the company and it creates a sense of belonging. In such an environment, employees are able to work effectively and competently since they know they will reap their rewards. On the other hand, the airline’s current approach seems to alienate workers, hence the stalemate. Since 2003, the airline’s workers have been force
Introduction Ever since ancient times, humans have lived with some kind of relationship with the environment. Nature provides mankind with the elements of survival – food, water, shelter, fire, clothing, etc. and also helps him dispose of the waste. Apart from such products, nature is also beautiful and has been a source of “spiritual and cultural inspiration as well as emotional sustenance” (Fischer and Hajer, 1999, p. 58). While mankind sometimes struggled to cope with the calamities of nature, people also sought to find spiritual meaning within its boundaries. Thomas Berry writes that the earth needs to be viewed as a primary form of divine presence and such basic spirituality can augur well for the future ecological age (Fischer and Hajer, 1999). The world today faces problems of overpopulation, pollution, global warming, loss of biological diversity and natural calamities. It is becoming more and more obvious that the Earth and the living things on its surface are a single ecosystem, a complex network of interaction and interdependence that is being seriously disturbed. Only through spiritual interconnection of mankind and various species, sustainable ecological balance may be attained. According to David Suzuki, “the way we see the world shapes the way we treat it.” (Lauzen and Hales, 2009, p. 438). If man is able to see a mountain as God, a river as a vein of the land, forest as a sacred space, other species as his kin and the planet as his mother, then there will be greater respect and protection for the environment. “That is the challenge, to look at the world from a different perspective” (Lauzen and Hales, 2009, p. 438). Background The connection of human spirit to nature is not a new concept. In fact, there is archaeological evidence that during prehistoric times, humans have sought to personify and worship nature and its various forces. In ancient societies of south-eastern Europe and in many aboriginal and Native American societies, the earth was worshipped as a feminine deity – Mother Earth or the Great Mother (Fischer and Hajer, 1999). Nature deities are also present in various spiritual traditions such as shamanism, pantheism, paganism, and Hinduism. In the context of Western civilization, the Earth was worshipped as Isis in Egypt, Ishtar in Mesopotamia, Demeter and Gaia in Greece and Ceres in Rome (Fischer and Hajer, 1999). However, in the course of time, the philosophy changed and humans could not just accept being subservient to nature. Rather Classical Greek humanists including Aristotle and Plato and the early Stoics believed that humans had a divine right to exploit natural resources to their own advantage. This anthropocentrism became central to Judaeo-Christian principles that justified the domination of humans over all other living things on earth. Moreover, many western philosophers of the Enlightenment period such as Bacon, Descartes, Newton and Hobbes advanced the superiority of man over nature and also laid the foundation of the scientific and industri
Media has a great influence on anorexia worldwide. As far as dieting and size discrimination is concerned, media plays a great role. From childhood, children know that their looks matters a lot. Very small children receive comments of how they look cute from the elders if they are slim. This influence, children get it from televisions, as they spend most of their time watching, and a sense of who they are, develops with time. Severally, adverts on television spend much time convincing people on the best ways to loose weight and become more beautiful. Through television, people receive advice on what to use, and become more attractive through slimming. On the tube programs, the characters used are the average and the slim men and women implying that these people have the best lives. Incase there is a big bodied character used, he or she is used to portray laziness and a person without a lifestyle. For the successful and the most powerful people, media portrays them as the slim women and the pumped up men. In most societies, people try to show their children that inside them matters a lot, but on the other hand, media insists on the physical fitness of an individual. This becomes as a contradictory message to the young children, but the power of the media group has proved to overtake the minds of these young children leading to them to eating disorders, as they also want to become powerful people. In all popular magazines, the photos of slim models are all over. The modeling agencies have been e
Democracy solely represents the will and interests of the people. A parliamentary democracy is where the party with the majority votes forms the government. The party may be a coalition of smaller parties that have a common goal. The members who run the government are elected from the elected members of the parliament. The leader of the party with the highest number of elected Members of Parliament votes becomes the prime minister or chancellor. The party with the minority votes forms the opposition. The main work of the opposition party is to challenge the ruling party. The party with the majority votes is sought to be representing the will of the people. In The will of the people: Notes towards a dialectical voluntarism, Peter Hallward states that the will of the people means “a deliberate emancipatory and inclusive process of collective self-determination” (Hallward 17). This is a mobilization of the people based on a common goal which is usually within reach. The support from the people is evident from the landslide wins that most parties get during the elections. But putting aside the popularity within the public, parliamentary democracy does not represent the will of the people. First, in most cases parliamentary democracy requires coalition of smaller parties to join each other and form a coalition. Each party brings their own followers and a landslide win is inevitable. The majority party is a representation of different groups of people with different goals. This is why the majority of the parties do not finish their terms without problems. Some of the problems come from within the party and others constitute dissatisfaction from the public. It is very hard to satisfy the public even when majority came together to put a parliamentary party as the government. The drive towards getting people out there in large numbers depends on the motivation from the party leaders. One advantage that the party leaders use is the common desire from the public which could originate from economic instability, insecurity, high government spending and so forth. The more they strengthen this frustration directed at the government the more they connect with the majority of the public. The politicians understand the rules of the game, politics, and they play it depending on the climate. In The will of the people: Notes towards a dialectical voluntarism, Peter Hallward agrees that “A democratic political will depends on the power and practice of inclusive assembly, the power to sustain a common commitment (Hallward 21).” The goals of the politicians are to make use of the people’s determined aspiration and lead them. Strengthening the people’s frustration assures the political entities of a guaranteed win. Second, the will of the people does not always mean they all have a common goal. This is where we have a group of pe
Common Law and Stare Decisis: Common Law connotes laws and concomitant legal systems that have evolved through decisions of Courts and tribunals. Under this law, judges have the prerogative either to decide cases on the premise of previously decided cases or to make their own new judgments. When Court has to stand by what has already been decided, it is called ‘stare decisis’. In such cases, the Courts abide by what has already by laid down in preceding decisions. (Law Encyclopedia: Stare decisis, 2008). Bailment: The aspect of Bailment arises when one person delivers physical goods or chattels to another on the expressed or implied condition that it would later be returned to its true owner. If X were to park his car in neighbor Y’s garage while going out of town for a few days, it would be classic case of bailment. X has the right of possession upon return, Y, the bailee voluntary accepts the offer of bailment, needs to take good care of the goods and have it returned to X upon completion of bailment. (Bailment, 2002). Statutes: A law instituted and established by an Act of legislature in the United States of America which could be of two types – either Federal or State. When a bill is passed by the legislature and approved by the governor, it becomes a state statute. Similarly, when a bill is passed by Congress and signed by the president, it becomes a federal statute. (Results for Statute, 2008). Civil Law versus Criminal Law: The fundamental difference is one of pun
Introduction In spite of the public’s concerns, the tobacco industry develops in most high-income countries. This situation provokes a discussion on the ethical nature of a business that offers products that are traditionally considered as potentially harmful for consumers. However, the tobacco industry develops according to the laws of the free trade, and it has the right to participate in the market relations while exchanging the products and material resources with consumers because manufacturers of tobacco products follow the standards regarding the product quality. Furthermore, the potential risks of tobacco products depend on the use, and the presence of the tobacco industry in the market addresses the consumers’ interests regarding the free choice. Reasons to Support the Tobacco Industry According to the Utilitarian view, industries should be oriented to promoting the public’s well-being (Shaw, 2013, p. 88). On the one hand, this principle seems to be opposite to the nature of the tobacco industry. However, on the other hand, the tobacco industry directly addresses this requirement while proposing tobacco-users the products of their choice. The manufacturers of tobacco products can be discussed as responsible in relation to following the standards of quality and fair advertising because of the governmental regulations (Deyton, 2011, p. 168). In this case, consumers receive fair information regarding the product and can decide on choosing it without being impacted by an advertisement. Opponents of this idea state that the main criterion to speak about the industry as ethical and sustainable is the product safety (Fox, 2005, p. ii39). However, the tobacco industry proposes products which safety depends on the use, as it is in the case of the automobile industry or chemical producers. Therefore, the industry that depends on the government’s regulations and addresses the principles of social responsibility while supporting the community’s life can be discussed as responsible. Role of Capitalism in Corporate Decision-Making Capitalism plays a key role in different industries’ decision-making processes because capitalism provides the rules for the modern development of the free trade area. In this context, each industry, without focusing on its social image, tends to attract more consumers, sell more products, and receive more revenues. Any negative changes in the balance of demand and supply affect industries dramatically, in spite of their ethical status (Shaw, 2013, p. 128). In this context, the tobacco industry plays according to the rules of capitalism, and corporate decisions are usually influenced by the goals to make more profits (Herington, 2010, p. 14). The tobacco industry is among those industries that are highly limited, and it provides potential consumers with more opportunities to assess the consequences of using the tobacco product. The Company’s Priorities The company needs to follow corporate interests until it does not violate the interests of consumers. Thus, it is important for the company to find balance while playing according to the rules of capitalism because both strategies le
Topic 1 Studying humanities has a major impact on business or technical skills, though not affecting them directly. For example, a range of subjects belonging to humanities demand that various types of analyses should be conducted. Thus, humanities teach people to analyze and synthesize, which is crucial for being an efficient leader or a good technician. As soon as one engages in the process of an analysis, one may also discover the phenomenon of metacognition (Sayre, 2009). Moreover, such a topic as the studies of ancient life may help in everyday environment by showing people the impressive effects of a consistent effort. Various aspects of ancient life, from art to household, can be used as examples of effort and will power being the key driving forces behind a triumph. Topic 2 The so-called Venus of Willandorf is a very basic representation of a woman in the Roman culture (ca. 24,000–21,000 BC (Sayre, 2009, p. 4)). However, a range of details sheds some light on the aesthetics of the Roman culture, the principles of harmony that the latter was based by, and the significance of the family institute. For example, the shape of the statuette shows that fertility and maternity were obviously a cult. I think that the representation of a woman as a mother is an important part of health education for both men and women; however, what surprises me is that the woman has no face. Therefore, I assume that the childbearing function was the only one for the women in the ancient society, which must have made the relationships between the two genders incomplete (Sayre, 2009). Topic 3 Practicing humanities and learning about them makes one aware of the emotional aspect of human life. Humanities, in their turn, help one understand how people emote and how they render their feelings. Thus, Humanities allow for an efficient self analysis. Therefore, Humanities allow for a better understanding of human nature; moreover, they help people learn to express their emotions and, thus, to become more human – and more humane, for that matter. Topic 4 I think that the response of the Student 1 is quite vague, since it does not show the direct link between the technical curriculum and the significance of studying humanities. Particularly, the author did not link the two concepts together, providing solely their ideas about art instead. However, I believe that, much to the author’s credit, the link between ancient art and modern life has been studied rather thoroughly. Topic 5 I believe that the description of the Kachina dolls made by the Student 2 is very insightful. I agree that the attitude of the Pueblo people towards mas