ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Whitehead (2003) states that one of the many reasons why nurses fail to provide quality health services is the lack of evaluation research activity that is needed to be inculcated in their educational models. Consequently, nurses fail to meet the test of proper health provision. As a response, various educational models have been proposed for use in developing curriculums for training senior nurses. Though these models have interesting qualities, many of them fail to provide a comprehensive package that caters for all the educational needs of nurses. Whitehead’s own proposed evaluation model has been criticized for being too limited and lacking in wholesomeness. This research paper seeks first to identify a working educational model for senior nurse curriculums and secondly, to analyse the model with an aim to expose its theoretical framework and its aptitude in light of select learning theories such as cognitive and behavioural. The paper aims at presenting a comprehensive educational model that can effectively design the research utilization course curriculum for senior nurses. Selected Educational Model Research plays such as important role in any profession and nursing is no exception. In designing research utilization courses for senior nurses, it is important to find an educational model that encompasses all aspects of research vis a vis health promotion and education. Whitehead’s (2003) evaluation model is an example of a model that emphasizes on research and gives guidelines on pedagogy in the nursing profession. The reason why I chose Whitehead’s model is because it is research oriented and compared to other educational models, it placing emphasis on health promotion as the end result of learning. Curriculum design is no easy task. Education administrators often have to research into the right model, right learning theory amidst other considerations such as recommendations from government ministries and professional associations. All these are important but a good educational model will easily fit into all the above considerations as long as it is apt. however, the course should always govern the curriculum and administrators should be careful to ensure that the curriculum will equip the student with the skills required in the particular course. Whitehead (2001a) and Whitehead (2001b) provide that a research-based course should encompass the three stages of planning, implementation and evaluation. These three processes have to well structured and systematic for them to achieve the designed effect. He states that the evaluative model is meant to equip nursing students with the right skills for developing evaluation research activity in health-related nursing practice. Though the model is not necessarily designed for senior nurses, its emphasis on research criteria qualify it to be more relevant to senior rather than junior nursing pedagogy. Whitehead’s evaluation model seems to include both the behavioural and cognitive learning theories. It places more emphasis on the individual student while advocating for a more teacher-centred pedagogical approach. Additionally, the model seems to require the student to hav
King Leopold’s Ghost is a history book authored by Adam Hochschild where he explores how King Leopold II of Belgium exploited Congo Free State in 1885-1908. The main reason why Hochschild wrote the book was to make people aware of the European power’s crimes in Congo. King Leopold’s Ghost gives an account of a cruel, heartless and cunning king who raided Congo and took away the lives of the people and economic resources in the nation. It also describes those brave men who rebelled against the king such as the missionaries, young idealists and travelers. Many European powers wanted to own up Africa and Asia in 19 th century. King Leopold II of Belgium decided to make attempts to join imperial leaders in their quest to obtain Africa and Asia. He managed to seize Congo River and its surrounding. He then conducted genocidal raid of Congo whereby he looted rubber, maltreat Congolese people and reduced the population by elimination ten million citizens. King Leopold however considered himself as a great humanitarian for all these evil actions. Archbishop of Canterbury, Mark Twain and many other people joined forces to expose King Leopold’s bad deeds in Congo. This eventually led to the formation of Human Rights Movement. This paper mainly reflects on how colonization undermined Congolese society and why this was a natural result of late 19 th century imperialism. Many countries which were colonized by European powers were gr
Research Design and Approach This research focuses on the language used in advertising; it dwells mainly on English words used in Russian advertisements. The data has been collected from television commercial samples of Coca cola, a popular American soft drink and McDonald’s, a famous American fast food restaurant. In this section the paper will focus on the overall research design that was followed when conducting this research study such as the type of research design, sampling method observed results and analysis of these results. The researcher uses the observation method of data collection; as such the research design for this particular research exercise is mainly qualitative because the dataset to be collected is mainly subjective and not numerical. The researcher compares the number of English words in the Russian advertisements for Coca Cola and McDonald’s and proceeds to explain the tendency of borrowing English words in these advertisements. Because the objective of the research study is to investigate the nature, number and variations of the English-American words introduced to Russian consumers when it comes to advertisements of Coca-Cola and Macdonald products the most appropriate study design to use would be survey research design and descriptive research design. Survey design is most appropriate where the objective of the research study is to obtain information from a segment of study population for a specific duration of time; what is usually referred as a historical research (Silver). Survey research designs are most appropriate where the research study intends to investigate a topic that has several issues to address as is currently the case (Newman). In this case the duration of time that the research study will focus on is between year 2007 and 2010; during this period various variables from which to collect data would be identified. This method would be most suitable to this particular research given that it’s a retrospective study that involves examining advertisements records of the two Companies from the past. Research Question Research question refers to statements that outline the limits of the proposed study that a researcher intends to undertake (Salant and Dillman). In this case the purpose of this research is twofold; one, it will attempt to evaluate the impact that english-American words have on influencing consumers in advertisements of the two types of brands. Secondly, this paper will strive to provide a rationale why that is so through provision of evidence from the research study by comparing the impact of the adverts when using english-American words and when using Russian equivalents. One of the main objectives of this research study is to determine if there is a causal relationship between the number of english-American words used in advertisements in Russia and the resulting
The term “civilized” comes from the term “civis” and it means city. Thus, in antiquity a person is considered civilized if he or she has come in contact with a city or lives in one. It is not difficult to see that in the 21 st century the most important man-made invention are not the technology driven gadgets and other scientific breakthroughs of the modern era. It is an ancient discovery and it is the ability to build a city in order to contain all that man has created and at the same time allow the possibility of millions of people sharing limited space. The following is a discussion of city life and some of its curious attractions, chief of which is Chinatown. The City A city can be defined in a very simple way. It can be defined based on statistics, the population, the income, and other forms of demographic tools. But it can also be seen and understood based on profound measures, something that numbers and computers cannot grasp; it can only be sensed through what is uniquely human. There is one avid student of cities all over the world and as a result he was able to write down one of the most moving description of how a city is perceived through human senses and he said: Looking at cities can give a special pleasure, however commonplace the sight may be. Like a piece of architecture, the city is a construction in space, but one of vast scale, a thing perceived only in the course of long spans of time. City design is therefore a temporal art but it can rarely use the controlled and limited sequences of other temporal arts like music. On reversed, interrupted, abandoned, cut across. It is seen in all lights and all weathers (Jacobs, p.101). Truly, indeed a city can be assessed as easily as looking at the map or by visiting famous landmarks. But every city is unique and there is no way to understand its complexity with just one visit. Only the local residents can provide the most compelling and complete commentary of their respective cities. A historian can do the same but they will bore you with facts and leaves you wanting more of the human element of any story telling. A city can be taken in with leisurely walks and the unhurried pace of a person happy with his thoughts and not the anxious fast-pace movement of a businessman. A city is complex and at the same time those who are familiar of its sights and smells may feel that there is nothing extraordinary to say. They often wonder at the excited chattering of tourists pointing at something new and yet for those who had been living in that area it is nothing but ordinary. Although cities are integral part of modern existence the opinion regarding cities can be simplified into two. The first one comes from those who consider it a tremendous blessing that mankind had discovered the art and science of building cities. These are people who cannot live without the hustle and bustle of city life. These are the people who cannot stay put in their own homes and would long for the sun to go down because nightlife is meant to be experienced downtown
Exclusive Weddings website is the online business providing services for brides in relation to the wedding organization and shopping. Popularity and profitability of the Exclusive Weddings website depend on the effective planning and organization of the business’s operations, management, budgeting, and security, along with the development and implementation of the e-business strategy. Operating Plan Organization Structure The top management team includes the CEO, the COO, and the CIO. Business operations are organized in relation to 4 teams:  1. The Marketing and Sales Team is controlled by the Marketing Coordinator and the COO, and it includes marketers, sales supervisors, and sales assistants.  2. The IT and Web Design Team is controlled by the CIO, and it includes IT specialists, programmers, designers, and photographers.  3. The Customer Support Team includes specialists in working with customers.  4. The Accounting Team includes an accountant and a financial consultant (Business owners, 2014; Planning for e-commerce, 2014). Systems Exclusive Weddings e-business is oriented to provide the services for customers, and the organization of the business depends on principles of B2C e-commerce (Planning you e-business, 2014). The e-business will be organized to control:  1. the technological support of the website;  2. the work with customers and suppliers;  3. order fulfillment;  4. product delivery, shipping, and channel management. Equipment Exclusive Weddings e-business needs different types of equipment, hardware, and software to run the business effectively. Office:   * Rented office and store.   * Office equipment (tables and chairs). Hardware:   * Laptops.   * Phones to contact the customers.   * Printers (including photocopier and scanner). Software and Applications:   * Windows Installer XML Toolset.   * Photoshop as the image editing software.   * MS Office (including Excel).   * Flash Software.   * Oracle Software.   * iMovie.   * Graphic design software (Building an effective website, 2014). Running Business Exclusive Weddings e-business will be run in relation to several directions. The main direction is selling wedding services to customers, including assistance in the wedding organization, purchasing rings and dresses, additional shopping, and the organization of hone
Introduction Psychology has contributed so much to the understanding of human behavior. Being defined as “ a discipline which seeks to study the thoughts and actions of man in a scientific way…” (Ackerman, n.d.), this field of study has been used extensively in trying to explain and describe several behaviors that greatly affect man’s everyday activities and social interactions. The discipline has been relevant in the education field, especially when it comes to developing effective teaching techniques. Such techniques may be based on a learning theory or on a result of a specific test used to assess learning in students. Psychology has also been useful in the army—there are psychologists who are part of the troops. These psychologists help in determining the possible attitudes of some soldiers towards a specific task, or whether or not some of their members are capable of completing it. Psychologists also help industrial organizations in determining what persuasion techniques might work most efficiently with a specific target market (Miller, 1962). To this extent, we can assume that psychology has been very useful, as its relevance in society ranges from personal to social and industrial to legal. One of the most popular uses of psychology is in marital counsel, which involves one of the most important institutions in society—the family. Recent psychological careers nowadays also involve giving “good death”, which was formerly the job of nurses and doctors only (American Psychological Association (APA), 2005). Main body However, psychology is still in its youth. It is still being criticized and some sectors in the academe doubt if it should really be considered as a science. Such criticisms are rooted in comparing the definition of psychology with the definition of science. The following points were raised by some authors based on their definition of science. One criticism based on a definition is Kaplan’s (1964). Kaplan (1964) defined scientific observation as a “deliberate search, carried out with care and forethought, as contrasted with the casual and largely passive perceptions of everyday life….”. Coming from that vantage point, Kaplan (1964) stated that, in order for an observation to be considered scientific, it is necessary that there is contact control. According to him, several areas in psychology are problematic, or “questionable” as science (Kaplan, 1964). Let us take, for example, unobtrusive measures of systematic observation. We cannot assure that the observer has contact control because: first, there is no assurance that the phenomenon being observed may happen again, or the individual being observed be available for observation again. The second is because a rare phenomenon that was observed only once or twice cannot be fully understood scientifically since the system of data gathering may change as the phenomenon changes its course. These are problems of falsifiability: a characteristic of scie
Jacques-Louis David is a famous French artist that is considered to be one of the brightest figures and initiators of the neoclassical movement in the art. His works were inspired by classical Greek and Rome paintings. From those times, he adopted techniques and some themes. However, Roberts writes, “his (Jacques-Louis David) lifetime of seventy-seven years coincides with the most tumultuous period of history that France and the Western world had yet experienced” (3). Transforming the classical tendencies, David managed to capture and express the moods of that time in a majority of his paintings. He was very close to key figures of the French revolution and many of his works are devoted to this theme. He depicted the heroes of that Revolution giving them a bright “masculine” trait and impressive look of ancient gods. His prerevolutionary work, as well as the works painted during the Revolution, are often interpreted as ones marked with “feminine” or “masculine” traits. It is no wonder as his works were inspired by the traditions of the Classical painters. The “femininity” and “masculinity” are expressed not only through the figures of people, but through themes, colors and other minor details that form a general image of David’s pictures. The most “sound” in the context of “femininity” and “masculinity” are the pictures The Oath of the Horatii, The Death of Socrates and The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of His Songs (“masculine”) and The Paris and Helen and The Farewell of Telemachus and Eucharis (“femininity”). The analysis of these works gives the understanding of the neoclassical art in terms of interpretation of the classical traditions in it. As it has already been mentioned, Jacques-Louis David was one of the first and leading neoclassical artists in France. His works were inspired by classical tradition. These traditions were expressed through antique subjects, heroes and techniques which he used in his paintings. “More than any other painter it was David who gave artistic form to the ideas of those days and he did so as a member of the Academy. The style that he brought to maturity in the years before Revolution brought him success and fame”. (Roberts 11) David studied classics in Italy and when he returned to Paris, he promoted anti-Rococo ideas. He became very famous. The works of this period were filled with devotion to one’s duty, sternness and self-sacrifice. He supported Revolution and many of his works express this idea being propagandistic ones. After the Revolution, David became a court painter. The works of this period glorified Napoleon ( The Coronation of Napoleon ). After the fall of the Republic, the artist went to Belgium. The paintings created there were devoted to mythological scenes, “David would turn his attention so completely to the theme of love in his Brussels mythological paintings, for only twice in his entire previous career did he deal with mythical love themes in major painted compositions” (Johnson 37-38). The works of this period are the most “femininity” colored than others creations of the author. Mars Disarmed by Venus and the Three Graces is the last of his gre
Introduction The basic elements of the effective presentation include:   * powerful message,   * appropriate and limited content,   * efficient design. The power of visual aids is based upon the fact that individuals :   * think visually,   * remember visually,   * engage visually way more often that they do with their senses. Making a good impression within the working team is of the utmost importance in modern society. PowerPoint presentations were primarily designed to assist in business meetings (Fig. 1) while introducing the necessary information to draw attention of the audience. The following analysis includes various strategies that lead to the effective presentation and is based upon the studies of Jeavons, Morton, and Kawasaki. Presentations are worth rethinking as they must be created with care and consideration. With that said, visual aids are the powerful element of the presentation formula since individuals think, remember, and perceive information visually. Business Meetings Three steps that can be stated in 90-seconds or less in order to save time and avoid stress include:   * Goal of the meeting,   * Current situation,   * Agenda statement. Figure 1. The use of presentation for the business meeting. Reprinted from Introhive, by Adam Draper, 2019 Within the context of a business world, the effective presentation skills might be helpful during the business meetings, whether it implies the project updates or decision-making. It is generally accepted that business meetings need a clear agenda . First, the communicator has to state the goal of the meeting; however, not his goal but the goal of everyone else in the room. The information presented has to promote achieving or accomplishing the particular goals and the main task is to define these goals. If the person conducts a budget meeting, the ultimate goal might be to save money. In case of a project update meeting, the goal is simply to move on to the next stage of the project. The alternative goal might be to brainstorm ideas. The second step after stating your goal is to state the current situation . This step aims at getting support from other meeting attendees. This might include current problems, challenges or obstacles the listeners face as it refers to meeting the goal. The third step requires stating the agenda excluding any detailed information on any topic. The third step is focused on stating the topic that will be covered in the presentation and might be helpful throughout the meeting as a reference point to keep the conversations on track. Three Techniques for Business Meetings While taking a role of the communicator, it is essential to implement the following three techniques provided by Jeavons (2019):   * 90-Second “Wow the Crowd” Meeting Kickoff: goal – current situation – agenda .   * Command the Room: refer to your agenda – do not maintain eye contact .   * What’s Next? The second technique pursues the control maintenance by keeping the meeting on track and successfully side stepping those who intend to derail the speaker. The first step implies referring back to the agenda in case wh
Presently, there are two major classifications of psychological disorders. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) on one hand and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) on the other. While ICD is the product of the World Health Organization, DSM was produced by the American Psychiatric Association. According to Naidu (2010), the classifications are meant to simplify the process of diagnosis. Regardless of where one is located in the world, standard guidelines ensure consistency in diagnosis. The two classifications are discussed as follows. Chapter V of the International Classification of Diseases deals with mental as well as behavioral disorders. The classification consists of ten main groups made up of smaller categories that are quite specific. In ICD vocabulary, psychological disorder is a term used to refer to the presence of clinical signs or actions commonly associated with anguish and destabilization of the normal functioning of human beings. Sub-classifications in the different groups include schizophrenia, personality disorders, bipolar disorders, and mental retardation among others. ICD differs from DSM because both personality and mental disorders are considered together (Naidu, 2010). The two are completely broken up under ICD. DSM depicts a mental disorder as a psychological or behavioral problem that interferes with the usual functioning of an individual. First published in 1994, DSM originally outlined more than 250 psychological disorders. The different categories under DSM are, however, not completely distinct from one another and a common theme underlies all of them. According to Cherry (2014), five major domains can be identified under DSM, which include general medical conditions linked to mental and clinical disorders.