ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Power is a vital component for the advancement of the human civilization. The phenomenal advances witnessed over the last century have been facilitated by huge power sources. Fossil fuels have provided for most of the energy requirements of the world. Industries and electricity plants have relied heavily on these non-renewable sources to satisfy the energy demands of the world. However, these non-renewable energy resources have significant negative impacts. For this reason, the international community has tried to come up with alternative sources of power. One of these alternatives is green power, which promises to provide the energy needed by the modern world without harming the environment. This paper will set out to discuss green power, its merits and demerits, and how this alternative to non-renewable sources of energy can be adopted to safeguard the environment and our energy security. Defining Green Power Green power refers to electricity supplied from energy sources that are more readily renewable than traditional electrical power sources. These sources typically have low or zero emissions making them more environmentally friendly than contemporary sources. By using renewable energy sources such as wind, hydro, biogas, biomass, and solar, the major producers of electricity reduce their carbon emissions. Green power production reduces the emission of SO 2 and NO x therefore diminishing the greenhouse effect associated with electricity generation. Advantages of Green Power The most significant merit of green power is that it is sustainable. Green power utilizes renewable sources that can be expected to provide mankind with energy indefinitely. This is in contrast with non-renewable energy source, which are bound to run out. For example, fossil fuels, which are the major source of energy, are expected to last for only 40 years at the current rate of consumption. This is a very bleak revelation since power producers rely overwhelmingly on fossil fuels. If green power is not exploited aggressively, the world will face an energy crisis when the non-renewable energy resources run out (Moselle 140). The renewable energy sources used to provide green power can guarantee energy security in the world. Sources such as wind energy and solar energy are available in abundance. These sources can be expected to last indefinitely therefore ensuring that the world has a constant source of energy. Green power is friendly to the environment since it typically has a low carbon emission. One of the adverse effects of power generation has been environmental degradation (Moselle 143). Some energy sources such as fossil fuels have contributed to air pollution through the emission of gases when fuel is burned. These gasses have also played a role in global warming leading to climate change. Another major non-renewable source of energy, nuclear power, also has harmful environmental effec
Introduction The educational environment should aim at a significant transformation towards enhanced cultural and religious pluralization. An individual’s sense of self emanates from one’s membership of social categories, including religion (Dixon, 2014). Religion also impacts the development of attitudes that starts at an early stage when humans are socialized into particular attitudes (Hagan, 2014). The emergence of an integrated high school in a town that has previously had single faith high schools might pose critical challenges regarding the development and management of religious-based conflicts among the students. Guidance from School’s Educational Psychologist Psychology plays a pivotal role in finding the proper solution to religious-based conflict management. According to Dixon, Capdevila, and Briggs (2014), it provides the orienting framework for examining the intergroup conflict, and the social and cultural contexts wherein development. The deepened understanding of the relationship between social identities and intergroup emotions is a fundamental challenge in helping behavior that might eliminate the conflict (Manning and Levine, 2014). The conflict arising from religious differences might jeopardize the general educational experience of the students and is, therefore, an important concern to address. Suggestion 1: Finding a balance between the tasks and social-emotional concerns The integrated educational environment promotes social influence that directly affects the students’ attitudes and behavior through the presence of other people. Watts and McDermott (2014, p. 263) emphasize the importance of integrative strategies for dealing with conflict defined by Canary and Cupach that involve the “pursuit of common ground, expressing trust, and seeking to satisfy the interests of both parties.” The group of students and their religious communities can be perceived as the minorities that are defined by Moscovici as the “main engines of social change” (Gibson, 2014, p. 50). Moscovici argued that a will to avoid conflict is at the core of the minority influence effect. Bales states that disagreements and conflicting values can facilitate tensions that will prevent the group from achieving its goal. Moreover, Bales’ phase model and interaction process analysis (IPA) implies that the group should focus on interpersonal relations and goal-directed behaviour to deal with the conflicts (Capdevila, 2014). Therefore, it is crucial to balance task-oriented concerns with social-emotional concerns within the learning environment and tend towards equilibrium to reduce the possible disagreements on the religious ground. Suggestion 2: Supportive environment and group cohesiveness One of the solutions to dealing with the conflicts among the students refers to the Tuckman and Jensen’s stage model of group development. According to the model, the intragroup conflict emerges during the storming stage, when individuals feel more “comfor
Strategies of Business Expansion The primary strategy of growing a company is to expand its operations into other jurisdictions by opening new branches or outlets. Such a strategy allows the company to expand its consumer base and introduce its products or services in new regions. However, a company must ensure that it has enforced effective processes of identifying and managing the risks involved in expanding into new jurisdictions.
Introduction The ideas associated with the construction of an ideal city were a vital part of architecture until the 21st century. It is not surprising that the rulers of many countries were concerned with the role of architecture, especially those in which the dictatorship and authority of one person were manifested. As the representative of Nazism and totalitarianism, Hitler strived for order, universal correctness, and validity, working on the idea of ​​some utopian town-planning project. In the center of attention of Hitler, there was the restructuring of Berlin by the architect Albert Speer. Such buildings as the Volkshalle and the Cathedral of Light were the most expressive projects that illustrated the power and authority of the Nazi regime. To understand the role of the architectural Nazi propaganda in an in-depth manner, this paper will discuss the works of Speer, both internal and external scales, including their inherent aims and perception by people. Albert Speers’ Works Architecture and Nazi Germany A supporter of classicism, Hitler admired the layout of the center of Paris and especially that of Vienna. In his memoirs, Speer mentioned the words of Hitler, who stated that Berlin is a large city, but not a world city; it is nothing more than a disorderly cluster of buildings, and it is necessary to surpass Paris and Vienna. 1 The Third Reich could not exist without the support of representatives of various spheres – not only military and political but also economic, social, and cultural ones. Albert Speer was an architect by profession. Nevertheless, he managed to become one of the most influential figures in Nazi Germany and Hitler’s confidant. At the Congress of the party in Nuremberg, the cultural program of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) was adopted. In particular, it declared that since Germany should consider the eternity of the Empire, works of art were also to become eternal, thus satisfying not only the magnificence of their concept but also the clarity of the plan along with harmony of their relations. These powerful works were also to be an exalted excuse for the political strength of the German nation. It should be emphasized that the above statement concerned primarily architecture. Role of Urban Scale-Relationship with the City in Implementing Nazi Policies Albert Speer developed a project of the so-called new Berlin architecture, which was supposed to be implemented by 1950. According to the mentioned project, several railway stations, a town hall, a soldier’s palace, an opera house, and the Reich’s chancery were to be located on the main axis of the capital. 2 The General Construction Inspectorate led by Speer began with the compilation of lists of Berlin Jews subject to eviction from the city. Many of them owned luxury apartments in good houses, which the Reich planned to use for their pu
Introduction The war between Christians and Muslims was then focused on the holy land, which included Jerusalem and the Middle East. Initially, these lands were controlled by the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope. However, Islam began to spread to other parts of the world, including Europe. In its earliest days, the Islamic faith spread quickly because of its peaceful nature, as not warriors but “the preacher and the trader… carried their faith into every quarter of the globe”. 1 Aziz stresses that the methods of preaching mentioned in Quran are peaceful, since it is stated that “obey God and obey the Messenger; but if you turn away, the duty of Our Messenger is only to deliver the message clearly”. 2 As Fantus observes, Muslims did not try to kill or harm people of other religion until Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah took power and not only killed Christians but also burnt down churches. 3 Walker notes that during his reign (996-1021), this ruler introduced new and often conflicting policies, and had inconsistent attitudes towards other religions, such as Christianity and Judaism. 4 Some researchers suggest that the reasons behind Al-Hakim’s cruelty was his desire to bring order to his kingdom and ensure righteous way of life of his people. 5 Ferguson and Binks claim that the adoption of the “convert or die” philosophy is not confined to religious beliefs, but is a product of people’s personal traits, experiences, as well as their community. 6 The adoption of this approach or radicalization based on religious motifs is based on micro-, meso- and macro-level factors. At this point, Rome and Pope Urban II felt the need to protect Christendom and sought the help of their faithful in declaring war on Muslims. This essay looks into the purpose of the crusades from a Christian viewpoint, including their aftermath and relevance for the Medieval society. The discussions presented in the essay demonstrate the fact that faithful Christians believed that their spiritual wellbeing was negatively affected and corrupted by the growth of Islam. Thus, they had to do everything they could to stop the growth of this competing religion. Early Doctrinal Developments in the Ancient Church Before the crusades, there were significant early doctrinal developments in the ancient church. Arguably, it is these developments that eventually led to the First Crusade, which will enhance understanding of the purpose and intent of the crusades. Fantus notes that leaders in the Christian church, especially the Roman Catholic Church through Pope Urban II believed that their faith was in danger due to encroachment from Islam and other religions between the eleventh and the eighteenth centuries. 7 Not only was the church fighting for its rights based on the conversion of people into Islam, but it was also trying to remain relevant among communities. For instance, the radical conversion under the rule of Al-Hakim was regarded as inappropriate since Christians had to convert to Muslims, flee, or be killed. 8 People who lived in Egypt in the tenth and eleventh centuries practices different religions, including Islam
Introduction From 1991 up to 2002, the Argentine Currency Board sought to peg the country’s currency (peso) against the U.S. dollar. This was a move that was aimed at stimulating economic growth in Argentina, in addition to eliminating hyperinflation (Baer, Elosegui & Gallo, 2002, p. 67). Although this move received profound success at first, nonetheless, the actions by the board failed, in the long-run. Contrary to the perceptions of many, the supposed pegging was nonexistent, save for the initial stages of the plan. Later, the government only turned back to its foreign exchange reserve as a means of sustaining the peg after it had been hit by a massive recession, forcing many of the banks to withdraw from the plan (Gurtner, 2003, p. 211). Prior to the currency board implementation, debate was rife regarding the most suitable currency for use as a yardstick with which the peso could be pegged on. A majority of the economists maintained that the currencies of the main trading partners to Argentina should have been the basis of the pegging exercise, and not the U.S. dollar (Hanke, 2002, p. 205). Actions of the Goverment On the other hand, there are those who maintained the need to use the dollar as a yardstick for pegging peso, since it would offer a high safety level, simplicity of understanding, enhanced international credibility as well as improved terms of trade. The latter policy was eventually adopted. The intention of the government was to establish global credibility, in addition to limiting the control with respect to fiscal and monetary policy. Besides helping stabilize the peso, the currency board also had the intention of encouraging local as well as foreign investment, along with pushing for improved economic growth. However, there were several flaws in the implementation of the currency board. For example, it manipulated interest rates on several occasions, by creating discount rate, in effect assuming the role of the central bank. It lend out money to the government, meaning that it had assumed discretionary powers that made it impact on monetary policy. It failed to sustain unlimited and absolute convertibility of coins and notes as well as the currency against which these had been pegged on. The board further placed restriction on the capital and current account transactions. The only rule that the Argentine currency board did not violate, was that pertaining to fixed rate of exchange. Results When e
The article ‘Culture and organizational learning’ by Cook and Yanow explores the issue of organizational learning and the types of learning that they undergo as well as answers an intriguing question on if organizations learn. The writer’s argument from the cultural viewpoint is that an important characteristic of human beings is their potential to act or capacity to operate in teams or groups. Groups of individuals, who share a common practice or experience, are considered to be of the same culture. A culture is constructed on the basis of inter subjective meanings where constituents get across in their joint practice through actions, language, and objects (Cook & Yanow 2005, p. 368). The meaning-holding language, acts, and objects are cultural relics through which the combined knowledge possessed by an organization is utilized, expressed, and transmitted. Organizations are persistently engaged in actions that uphold or transform their cultural identity. These activities create organizational learning since organizations, which are viewed as cultures, undergo learning via activities that involve cultural relics. Learning involves organizational attainment, preservation, or changing the capabilities of undertaking initiatives that should be fully understood (Cook & Yanow 2005, p. 370). There are four key points raised in the article regarding organizational learning and culture. One of the points states that there is a possibility that an organization may have numerous cultures, none of which may be dominant or among its numerous cultures, there may be one dominant over the others. Another significant point is that cultural comprehension of organizational learning is an important way of creating appropriate channels of exploring new ideas. The third point states that in most cases, organizations acquire new members who provide a great learning opportunity for the organization. According to the article, error detection and correction are important subjects in organizational learning because a company can learn by detecting its own faults so it is easy for it to seek fir appropriate remedies (Cook & Yanow 2005, p. 378). In my opinion, there are a number of questions that the article raises. The issues are if organizations learn given the fact that they are made up of many people who have different goals and opinions, and if different cultures can promote organization learning as people come from different cultural backgrounds. Thus, if the organizational culture contradicts the values of its members’ cultures, it becomes difficult for them to adopt it. That is why the next questions are if the fear of change affects group learning since this process involves changes in the way people perceive each other and their surrounding, and if detecting errors and correcting them assist in organizational learning aimed at bringing innovations. Moreover, the knowledge gained is not only through learning some facts about the things that g
The Christian church nowadays presents a powerful source of influence with its power to define and alter the population’s perception of things. The current state of things was established during the Middle Ages, when Christianity was at its peak of influence and contributed to all areas of human lives, such as society, culture, philosophical perceptions, and ideas. Christianity’s influence during that period served as an accelerator for the cultural development of society. However, certain factors predicted Christianity’s future success even during its’ rise in the Roman Empire. There were periods in history when Christianity first occurred, was not as powerful, and even persecuted by Roman policies. According to Kamm and Graham, the policies allowed existing of other cultures within the Roman empire as long as they accepted imperial rules and religion (436). This research paper will explore the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire. By leveraging the western idea of piety through the prism of equality and freedom of thought, the Christian church was able to outlive the Roman Empire and succeed as a culture-maker of the Middle Ages. Many modern ideas and concepts are similar to ancient ideas because ancient ideas and perceptions formed a foundation for modern concepts. Thus, to explore how the Christian church managed to effectively utilize some aspects of the Roman approach to religion, one should start with exploring how piety was approached in the Roman empire. Ancient Rome was one of the greatest ancient empires and the center of the civilized world. Thus, Roman perceptions of several concepts influenced the modern understanding of things (Boer 1). In the same way, the Christian church was greatly influenced by the Roman understanding of the piety of civilized, honorable, and loyal participants. According to Hoklotubbe, Christianity’s approach to piety was based on Roman virtues (205). The Christian church, the author of Pastoral epistles, appealed to the Roman virtues of piety to alleviate the external pressure and internal inconsistency. A similar understanding of piety and its virtues could be found in the Greek perceptions. In Greek understanding, virtues meant an individual’s excellence or a glorious reputation (Martin 56). In both Greece and Roman Empire, the virtue of piety applied mostly to the socially advantaged population, such as the elite and social and political authorities. Christianity’s approach to piety presented all Christians as bearers of piety, which granted them one of the most esteemed virtues in ancient times. By strategically implementing the idea of piety in all Christians without reference to soc
The five-factor model employs five fundamental and important factors that are useful because organization and companies need to understand the character traits of their employees. Scholars and psychologists presume that the model elucidated by the five-factor theory represents all behavioral traits. According to McCrae (2002), the five-factor model is very useful to many companies and organizations because it clearly explains different personality traits demonstrated by employees. The traits include neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, and extraversion. Neuroticism personality trait has features like sensitiveness, nervousness, ineffective management of emotions, and feelings. In other words, individuals with the trait demonstrate emotional instabilities. The conscientiousness personality trait is associated with interactive, accountable, organized, and objective people, whereas agreeableness trait has features such as teamwork and kindness. In addition, openness personality trait shows discipline, responsibility, organization, and self-control. Extraversion is a personality trait that is associated with characters such as excitement, talkativeness, and assertiveness. In this view, the term paper focuses on openness to experience and conscientiousness, which are two personality traits as elucidated by the five-factor theory. The five personality traits of the five -factor model are very important to organizations and managers as they enable organizations and companies understand how to handle people with different personalities and temperaments. Gully, Payne, Koles, and Whiteman (2002) argue that a good understanding of personality trait also enables individuals to understand and appreciate each other. Since the five-factor model presents five major traits of personality, individuals and organizations can employ the theory in managing their workforce. Moreover, it also enables people create good relationships, which are fruitful and productive, and thus enhance teamwork in a number of organizations and societies (Levy, 2013). The theory is consistent and encompasses a wide range of demographics. Furthermore, the model employs five factors to explain the different personalities of different individuals. Openness to experience is a personality trait that displays features like creativity, inquisitiveness, adventure, and innovativeness. Openness to experience shows the level of creativity, individual preference, and interest of an individual. According to Cattell (2007), openness is a trait that depicts preferences of an individual towards a wide range of activities, which are performed regularly. Individuals who have the trait are innovative and creative. Moreover, openness to experience is associated with high levels of curiosity and desire to engage in new experience and ideas. Furthermore, the personality trait makes an individual more adventurous and less conservative. Cattel (2007) states that people who have the trait are more likely to demonstrate relationships that are productive and reasonable. Additionally, individuals with the trait understand their feelings and express them in an assertive manner.