ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Since the late 1980s, thousands of revelers have been making pilgrimages to the Koh Phangan for the Full Moon Party (Emmons, 2011). Specifically, the Isle of Haad Rin Beach has attracted thousands of people from various parts of the world in the last three decades. The event started in 1985 after a group of tourists realized that the new moon was beautiful when watched from Koh Phangan. They decided to set up a party because the beach was “crescent-shaped” to celebrate the new moon. Within a few years, the event became popular with westerners, local and regional tourists. Currently, it is one of the most visited destinations in Thailand. A number of attractions are available in the area, including a white sand beach and a rising yellow moon. In fact, statistics indicate that more than 30,000 people from different parts of the world visit the facility every month (Hampton, 2013). The event occurs roughly after every 28 days, specifically on the night before or after the full moon. An all-night party involves dancing, music, drums, and other forms of entertainment. In addition, music from a wide range of cultures is played to entertain revelers. However, it is worth noting that the face of the event has changed drastically from its original form. For instance, the original blue moon party at Koh Phangan had few people and varieties of music, dance, foods, and entertainment joints. Morever, various critics have shown that the party has hanged from a humble moon-watching event to a modern-day destination popular for indulgences that proceed towards “Gomorrah”. They note that while the early new moon party was mainly an event for adult tourists, the current event is predominantly occupied by young revelers. Critics argue that the blue moon party is not only affecting the youths but also becoming a possible target for terrorists and criminals. Problem statement Despite the popularity of the facility, the factors that have led to the popularity of the region remain largely unknown. For instance, there are several other regions of the country and the world with similar or even more attract
The Mechanical Water Clock of Ibn Al-Haytham ( Discover the golden Age of Muslim Civilisation par. 5) The first simplest water clock was invented in Egypt about 1500BC. This simplest form of clock was known as the outflow clepsydra; it is shown above from different viewpoints. The water clock had the shape of a cone that narrowed towards its base. The base had a hole that discharged water that was used to measure time lapse. The later design of the water clock was the inflow clepsydra. The upper vessel of this water clock had a hole and a constant supply of water with an overflow cylinder. The cylindrical container received overflow water from the hole in a steady manner that ensured its use in the measuring the time passage. Ctesibius developed the first water clock, an Egyptian Engineer, whose water clock had a cylindrical vessel with a float. A vertical toothed rod was soldered on the lower vessel, such that, with any rise in water level, the teeth of the vertical rod sent audible signals as it meshes with other gears (Hassan 170). Ibn al-Haytham used a tank with a small opening at its bottom; it helped in showing the time. Markedly, an inflow clepsydra occurs when the tank sinks into another container with adequate volume of water. The invention of the clepsydra might have occurred in the early parts of the 5 th century CE in India; however, the Han dynasty in China adopted the sinking-bowl water clepsydra after Ctesibios era. This idea of cylindrical vessel with a float was adopted by a number of Muslim Engineers, who replaced the rod with cord attached to the float at the top. This cord passed through a system of pulleys that activated the visible mechanisms. The design for the control of vessel relied on a famous principle developed by the great scientist, Archimedes. On the lower outlet of a reservoir, stood a vertical float chamber, with a conical valve on the outlet pipe with a vertically bent down tap. The bottom of the float chamber had a narrow outlet pipe, with the valve plugged on a small float. In this water clock, whenever, the tap opened, the float chamber received water, thus shortly closing the valve. On the other hand, when water left the float chamber, opening of the valve initiates, and the cycle continues (Hassan 176). This ensured a steady level of water in the float chamber, resulting into constant speed of the large float as it entered the reservoir (Hassan 177). The float chamber’s outlet discharged into the flow regulator, thus enhancing reading of temporal hours. This Archimedes clock was however, found to be inaccurate, leading to its modification in Syria, during the Umayyad Times where Ibn al-Haytham, the great scientist constructed a modified mechanical water clock. Ibn Alhaytham developed the mechanical water clock based on Al-Jazari’s installation design of water clock that used the automata to indicate time lapse. The automata were activated hourly using mechanica
Introduction It is relatively easy to draw the line between the animate and inanimate nature; everything that breathes, reproduces and/or moves can be considered a life form. It goes without saying that the inanimate elements of nature are taken for granted often mostly because of their lack of motion. However, when it comes to the motion of these inanimate elements, people realize how powerful and threatening nature can get. Although the nature of earthquakes, which are among the most dreadful manifestations of the force of nature, have been studied for years, there are a number of white spots in people’s knowledge about these phenomena. Hypothesis According to the exiting assumptions, earthquakes occur in the places where tectonic plates meet; known as plate boundaries, these places are typically found in South and North America, Japan, Australia, Africa, India, Haiti, Caribbean and Philippines. Background Before going any further, it is necessary to figure out what actually causes earthquakes. There is a common misconception that earthquakes are caused solely by volcano eruptions. Although the given phenomenon can be considered one of the reasons for an earthquake to occur, it is still definitely not the prior cause of earthquakes. According to the existing researches, earthquakes are caused by the motion of the tectonic plates. Several types of tectonic motion are distinguished; according to the current nomenclature of the types of tectonic plates movement, the following kinds of motion can be spotted:   * Divergent (the plates are drifting apart);   * Convergent (the plates collide);   * Transform (the plates slide against each other with different speed). In the course of the tectonic movement, the edges of the tectonic plates either rub, or collide, or drift apart, which creates disturbances within the lithosphere. As a result, an earthquake ensues. Experiment and Data Analysis: Earthquakes and What Causes Them Since, according to the above-mentioned information, natural earthquakes are most common in the places where the edges of tectonic plates meet, it is reasonable to suggest that earthquakes are most common in the countries that are located at the joint of two or more tectonic plates. Indeed, taking a closer look at the map and specifying the position of the countries listed above as the main locations of the most frequent earthquakes, one must admit that these states are either in the plate boundaries, or are located very close to them. Indeed, according to the following map, the states mentioned above are very close to the plate boundaries: Active volcanoes and plate tectonics, “hot spots” and the “Ring of Fire” . Web. The map above shows clearly that the states specified above are located exactly at the pla
Introduction Art has always been an integral part of human society. People created it as a way to manifest their thoughts and attitudes towards a certain issue or phenomenon. For this reason, the attitude towards art and the way it had to reflect various concerns had been changing along with societys evolution. The appearance of a new tendency could not but impact this issue and introduce some new perspectives. Additionally, the great divergence in mentalities peculiar to bearers of various cultures preconditioned the existence of radically opposite approaches to art and ways to create masterpieces. For this reason, the modern age with its great dependence on money and consumer character of society gives rise to a question of whether there is a significant difference between western and eastern pop art and how commercial management impacts the image of art. Western pop art One could hardly deny the fact that Western and Eastern cultures have different perspectives on similar issues. As stated above, the divergence in mentalities conditions the appearance of a unique way to reflect a certain idea. At the moment, even in terms of globalization, this difference remains significant. If to speak about pop art, in Western society it is associated with big money. There is a tendency to assume that the global art tends to follow the modern trends and is considered a part of a certain lifestyle associated with luxury 1 . People buy expensive paintings to show their success ad emphasize their social status. That is why recognizable and famous symbols and images are used. Pop art is focused on the satisfaction of these needs. Hence, by creating painting or sculptures of mass culture objects, the western pop blurs the boundaries between “high” and “low” culture and introduces a new phenomenon that reflects the current situation and attitude to artworks 2 . Demand begets supply. For this reason, Western pop art is affected by consumerism as TV, radio, magazines, etc. contribute to the popularization of the given approach to artworks. In other words, art satisfies the needs of a certain social class, and that is why it is useless to distinguish “high” and “low” forms as there is a new perspective on the
Theology is the systematic study of the concepts of Deities and religion. The main role of theology is to study Deities, the elements of God and the creation. According to Ormerod (2010), theology is based on the divine truth. The influence of the divinity and the truth of God in the majority of religions, such as Christianity and Islam, has massively decreased. Gorski (2000) noted that the separation of the state and religion, that had prevailed in the 19th century, generated the secularization that completely changed the basis of theological imaginations. The arguments were that the theological imaginations and religious divinity had lost their glitter. As a result, there was a discourse on the issue of theological imagination and secularization. The political, cultural and religious relations that form the behavior of humanity in the 21st century form the basis for this discourse. Secularization can be observed when the role of religion and its influence on people’s lives decreases. On the other hand, Ormerod (2010) asserted that theological imagination was the prime role of religion, in which doctrine of God was raised. In the ancient time, theological imagination formed the basis of the amalgam of state and religion. The two formed cohesion in which religious doctrines were norms that formed the social, economic and political practices. This meant that there was a very thin line between religion, social and political orientation. However, the realm has faded rapidly, and the issue of separation of state and religion has been taken to the fist lines. Ormerod (2010) argues that, the new progress is driven by modernity and failure of the theological imagination to resonate with the changing economic, social and political forces. As such, Ormerod (2010) notes that theological imagination doctrines are being overtaken by a modern construct of secularization. The construct of secularization is driven by the consumerism and modern science. Ormerod (2010) stated that secularism had become a mainstream normatively credited for the decline of the spiritual phase of the modern world. Gorski (2000) noted that the world had lost the traditional religious hegemony. In the modern world, there is a clear separation of the spheres that traditionally were bound by the religious doctrines. A clear division exists between the state and the religion. The primary agent of secularization and driver of modernization is the emergence of science (Ormerod, 2010). The scientific discoveries of the 21 st century drive the advancement in medicine and the modern technology; hence, it has become a challenge for theological imaginations to hold the traditional influence. For example, in US and England the huge reduction in the number of Christians attending churches was noted. The perspective that the theological imagination doctrines have been eroded by science and modernization is an assumption that has gained popularity. I believe t
Introduction Donald Macedo‘s concern is the way ignorance is perpetuated in the American education sector and other institutions like the media. He argues that the common culture literacy does not at all address the interest of the students (Macedo, 1994, p.45). Students do not have independent thoughts because it is being locked out by the common culture literacy that has been embraced by the American educational institutions, media and even social institutions. This greatly undermines the students’ interests and exalts what they are compelled to embrace (Freire, 1970, p.23). Macedo immigrated to Cape Verde from western Africa in search of higher education. He argues that he had to triumph through barriers set by world’s monolinguals. His eloquence in his book literacies of power is not bound to culture. He believes that good education is not culture-bound. He feels that education system in America is only preparing students to be good workers but not critical thinkers. It therefore does not at all seek to gratify their interests. The objective of this essay is to analyze and evaluate concepts and information Macebo puts forth about education within the context of what Langer says about mindfulness/mindlessness, What Johnson says about patriarchy, and what Bonilla-Silva says about people behave within systems. Macedo’s educational views He feels that in western cultures and America in particular, there are cultures that hamper the way knowledge and truth are c communicated to students in school. He argued that the teaching methodology in America is full of deceitful literacies. He described true literacy as the ability to overcome educational mythical barriers and other educational constraints. The ability to overcome Political ideologies and social agendas of American culture that affect one’s independent thinking is also factored in true literacy (Hirsch, 1988, p.25). He accused media and American schools of being the main projectors of dominant ideologies that affect independent critical thought (Macedo, 1994, p.44). Macedo’s views on American education are summarised in five main themes in his book literacies of power. These themes include pedagogy of gig lies, poisonous pedagogy, the politics of race, class, gender and language, the tongue-tying of America and literacy and poverty pimps, all in relation to education. The pedagogy of big lies. In this case, Macedo believes that the American pedagogy is away from competence and truth. It does not allow the literacies of power to be fully mastered and their knowledge fully gained (Marsano, 2003, p.34). This therefore denies students independent of thought. Many writers also accused American pedagogy of being adequate in demystifying the myths about the dominant American culture and let people know the origin of this culture. They have argued that the museums in the western only portray the beautiful part of western culture. They suggested that there should be museums for crimes that were perpetrated in the west like the American slavery and Vietnam War among others t
Oceanography basically refers to the study of animals, plants and other microscopic things which live in the oceans. The topic deals with a volume of studies ranging from physics, biology, chemistry and geography which all deal with different studies within the oceans. This research will concentrate with the biological studies of the oceans which generally refer to the study of the ecological characteristics, social and environmental interactions of the aquatic organisms in the marine. A topic of interest would be research on the Albatross (Russ & Shirihai,113). Albatross refers to a biological family of birds that lives in the marines. They are commonly found in the Southern Ocean ranging from Australia, South America, South Africa and Antarctica. They are also present in the North Pacific region of Japan, Alaska and California. These birds fit in this region because they require the high attitudes which give them the pleasure of winds required for gliding. Fossil evidence indicates that these birds were once living in the North Atlantic region although they are no longer found in this region (Cooper, 1996). They are the largest flying birds. The great species of these birds have the largest wingspans of the extant type of birds. In the history of their evolution, it is believed that the albatrosses existed as a single genus of the Diomedea. In 1852, a researcher is known as Reinchenbach then organized the birds in to four types of genera. These four types then came back together to give rise to 12 kinds of geneses. These 12 geneses were then regrouped into two types of the genus that were referred to as the Phoebetria and the Diomedea. The Phoebetria were considered to be primitive than the latter. In 1996, research conducted by Gary Nunn amongst other researchers indicated that there were actually four and not two types of the genus. This was concluded after they discovered the return of two more genuses (Tickell, 2). Today most Biologists in this research field have accepted the existence of these four types of genera. These four genera’s include the Great albatrosses also known as Diomedea, Mollymawks also referred to as Thalassarche, North Pacific Albatrosses also called the phoebastria and finally the sooties or sooty Albatrosses commonly referred to as the phoebetria. The North pacific have been argued to have close genera of the great albatrosses while the Mollymawks and the sooties have been considered to be very close. The number of species has been discussed to stand between 13 and 24. The generally accepted number of species is 21 and it is feared that 19 of these species have been rendered extinct. This has resulted from the poaching of these birds for the need of their feathers for trade (Shirihai & Jarrett 133). These types of birds are known to have very large structures that are used to support their morphology. They have very strong legs and the tree toes in their feet are all webbed. They have very long, large and strong beaks which are very sharp at the edge. The mandib
Introduction One of the major questions that most international organizations and corporations tend to ask is whether multinational corporations have moral duties to uphold ethical values and global corporate responsibility in their conduct, activities and daily decision-making processes. The recent disaster at Rana Plaza in Bangladesh where over a thousand workers died is an example of the consequences of ignoring ethical values and principles as well as corporate responsibilities that guide actions of corporations operating not only in developing countries but also all over the world. The shocking conditions under which workers in the clothing industry are forced to endure in developing countries, the relaxed labour laws and the low wages paid predominantly to the young and underage women workers should inform the basis of whether multinational corporations should observe ethical values and act responsibly. In fact, multinational corporations are flooding developing countries to take advantage of low wages and relaxed labour laws to manufacture products at reduced cost in order to appeal to the consumers in developed countries and reap huge gains. Bowie, (1990) asserts that the effect of such action
The ghost of gender discrimination will never leave the society. It is still hard for some people to acknowledge that women are capable of the same work that man, though, these days, those who keep to this idea prefer remaining silent. The woman of the 21 st century is strong, confident, and, what is the most important, independent. The transition to this independence cost women much; now, every day they are forced to prove that they are no less strong (both physically and morally), intelligent, purposeful, persistent, convincing, and successful than men. Virginia Woolf’s Professions for Women reflects the beginning of this transition. This story is about a female writer who tried to suppress her subconscious desire to do what the society expects from her. In Woolf’s Professions for Women , the Angel in the House symbolizes the expectations of the society from what a woman should be; this Angel in the House got in the way of Woolf’s writing and should have been killed for her to become successful. What should be mentioned above all is that the Angel in the House in Woolf’s story is the view of the society on women. In those times when the story was written, the gender discrimination was still present in the society, though the first attempts to fight with it have been already occasionally made. This Angel in the House constantly bothered the writer and wasted her time. This angel is a symbol of a woman, a housewife, a mother of her children who got used to oppression and limitation of rights: “She was utterly unselfish. She excelled in the difficult arts of family life. She sacrificed herself daily.” (Woolf 327). This is an image of a woman perfect for those times when most of the women did not work and the sense of their lives was pleasing their husbands and families with clean apartment, tasty dinner, washed dishes, ironed clothes, etc. This is what Woolf’s Angel in the House was like. After discovering what the Angel in the House was all about, another question arises. If this image of a woman is so ideal, why did Woolf wanted and managed to kill it then? Woolf was a writer, and it is practically impossible to forbid these creative people to express what they really think in their works. The Angel in the House attempted to do this: “She slipped behind me and whispered: ‘My dear, you are a young woman. You are writing about a book … written by a man. Be sympathetic; be tender; flatter; deceive; use all the arts and wiles of our sex’” (Woolf 327). She dictated Wolf what to do, she stood in her way, and she did not let her be what she was. However, the most important, she limited